※The PowerPoint slides for Japan Coast Guard was translated by Japan Coast Guard staff.

20 years after the NAKHODKA accident~ Looking Backward and Looking Forward ~Japan Coast Guard
KatsuakiYoshida
海上保安庁

Director for Maritime Disaster Prevention
Marine Environment Protection and Disaster Prevention
Guard and Rescue Department

February 2, 2017
JAPAN COAST GUARD

【Introduction】【Section 1 ： Summary of the accident】〜What I saw when responding to the accident〜【Section 2 ： Issues and countermeasures】〜What were the Issues and how were they improved〜【Section 3 ： New issues】〜Things to tell from my experience regarding the accident 〜【 1: Summary of the accident】
2:51 AM on January 2, 1997
Japan Coast Guard received a distress signal from the Russian Tanker “NAKHODKA”
Name of vessel: NAKHODKA
Type: Oil tanker
Gross tonnage: 13,157t
Loaded oil: heavy oil 19,000kℓ
Crew: 32 persons

Sinking position of the stern
Location where the accident occurred

Toyama Pref.
Ishikawa Pref.

Fukui Pref.
Ship’s hull broke into two parts and the stern part sank.
The bow part floated to the Mikuni Town of the Fukui Pref. with 2,800kℓ
of the heavy oil remaining inside.
Tottori Pref.
Kyoto Pref.

Shiga Pref.

※The Mikuni Town in Fukui Prefecture is now called the Sakai city, Fukui Prefecture.

Japan Coast Guard/National Strike TeamThe national Strike Team is a specially trained team that responds to oil spills incident and hazardous andnoxious substances spill incident in the marine environment. Their primary mission is to provide technicaladvice, support, and guidance on installations and related regulations. (Established in April 1995)

Crew rescue operation

The drifting bow part of NAKHODKA

Drifting oil from the patrol vesselDrifting oil from the patrol vessel

Red flagBamboo rod

Stopping the drifting bow part of NAKHODKA by a patrol vessel

2:30 PM on January 7, 1997
The bow part of NAKHODKA was stranded some 200m from the shore near the Mikuni town in Fukui Pref.

-Why do we have to recover oil in rough sea conditions until we risked our lives?−

Why must we dothis recovery
operation underrough seaconditions?

People in Japan prefer to eat fish and shellfish.

It takes time to collect and process them.

In order to protect the lives of fishermen and maintain the natural ecosystem,
we conducted oil recovery in the sea.

−How about dispensing a lot of oil dispersants?−

For heavy oil, the effect of oil dispersants which had beenmarked in the past could not be expected.

Local fishermen were negative in using oil dispersants due topast examples, which were not so positive.

Lessons from past accidents：① MARITIME GARDENIA
January 1990, Stranding of the MARITIME GARDENIA.
Location: Off kyoga promontory, Kyoto Pref.
Spilled oil: heavy oil, 916kℓ

Stranding position

Name of vessel: MARITIME GARDENIA
Type: Timber Carrier
Gross tonnage: 2,027t

Recovery of moose forming oil is very difficult
Started development of oil dispersants for high viscosity oil

Kyoto Pref.

Fukui Pref.

Lessons from past accidents:② JULIANA
November 1971, Stranding of the Juliana
A moored JULIANA was blown onto a reef by strong winds.
Location: Off the port of Niigata
Spilled oil: Crued oil, about 7,000kℓ

Highly toxic oil dispersants have a great impact on marine organisms.

Establish high toxicity standards.

Niigata Port-Cannot use oil skimmers?
You cannot efficiently recover oils with dipper-Cannot recoverhigh viscosity oil withoil skimmers

Oil does not go beyond the weir of the oil skimmer.

Lesson from past accidents: ③ TOYOTAKA MARU
October 1994, Collision of the TOYOTAKA MARU
A domestic tanker collided with a moored tanker named TOYOTAKA MARU .
Location: Wakaura Bay in Wakayama Pref.
Spilled oil: Crued oil, 570kℓ
Wakaura Bay

Name of Vessel: TOYOTAKA MARU
Type: Oil Tanker
Gross Tonnage: 2,960t
Loaded oil: Crude oil, 5,137kℓ

Oil viscosity was high and oil was quicklyenclosed by oil booms. So almost all the oil has
been recovered by the bucket of the crane ship.

- Should we recover the oil drifting along the coast? -We must avoid damage to the fishery industries.

Cleaning the coast

Recover with people’s power⇒Carry to the tank by personnel delivery system.
Thousands of volunteers gathered from all over the country recovered oil every day.

Oil skimmer installed on the coast

Oil skimmer is utilized simply
as a pump to send oil.

Oil temporary storage area

Create a big oil pit in Fukui-shinko PortCleaning the beach with a vacuum carNew ideas!
Cleaning the coast with a concrete pump truck

Expansion of oil booms
Ever if you extend the oil booms in good weather･･･

In bad weather after hours･･･

Thus, the oil booms tear off
and drift back to the coast･･･

Oil booms drifted back to the coastOil booms extended to the coastal partof the nuclear power plant．

First breeder reactor MONJU

Fukui Pref.
Mihama Nuclear Power plant
Takahama Nuclear Power plant

At that time
Reactor Out of 14・Takahama 4・Ohi 3
・Mihama 3・Tsuruga 2・Monju 1
Driving 13

Tsuruga Nuclear Power plant
Ohi Nuclear Power plant

Kyoto Pref.

Oil booms extended to the coastal part of the Aquarium.

Water Intake

Oil boom expansion to the coast near the bow part of NAKHODKA.

NAKHODKA bow
Ojima island

Oil boom 300ｍ
Oil boom 120ｍ

Oil boom 300ｍ

Mikuni town

Tojinbo

Fukui Pref.

Extended Oil booms

above sea level≧30cm

freeboard

Below sea level
≧40cm

skirt
Use oil absorbents to hold oil

By the wind and wave・・・
Wind direction

Ocean current

Passing over
1〜3mPassing throughAbsorbent for high viscosity oil

Extracting oil from the bow part of NAKHODKA （On sea）

Extracting oil from the bow part of NAKHODKA（On land）

Construction of a temporary road from the coast to the bow part of NAKHODKA

Lessons from past accidents: ④ JULIANA

Plant piping from the coast to JULIANA on the seabed.
Remove oil remaining in Juliana from the land side.
Crude oil extraction operation
Extraction ship

Power supply ship
Land

Extraction ship

Removal of the bow part of NAKHODKA

April 20: The bow part of “NAKHODKA” was removed by a big crane.

The coming up oil from the stern part of “NAKHODKA”

Hull sank the stern part of “NAKHODKA”
Rope

Picture2

Picture1

Bottom of the sea

The stern part of “NAKHODKA” was surveyed by an
unmanned deep-sea vehicle called “Dolphin-3K” with theassistance received from Japan Agency for Maritime-Earth
Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC).
Carrying about 10,000kℓ of heavy oil,
The ship body sank to the bottom at a depth of 2,500m※Photo offered by JAMSTEC

【Section 2: Issues and Countermeasures】〜 What are the issues and how were they improved 〜“Revising laws and plans”● Revising the “Law Relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster”
・Liability for owner of the ship is clear!
・Adding countermeasures in the open sea to “Plan for the cleaning of spilled oil”
● Revising the “National Contingency Plan for Oil and HNS Pollution Preparedness and Response”
・Establishment of “Precaution Headquarters”(headed by the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard)“Improvement of JCG systems”●Reinforcement of the National Strike Team
“Equipment of JCG”
●Providing heavy oil recovery devices●Providing heavy oil dispersants− Revising laws and plans −Outline of rules and Plans

Occurrence of oil spills accidents

Possibility of far-reaching damage the coast from oil spills(Analyze the disaster situation, and report the results, and coordinate various emergency measures.)

Hold a Disaster Management meeting at the high-ranking senior official level(Necessary to coordinate various emergency measures strongly)
Policies for the establishment of a Vigilance Headquarters（Cabinet Secretariat/ Cabinet Office/ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism/ Japan Coast Guard ）Establishment of the Vigilance HeadquartersReport【Local】Contact the local adjustment
headquarters

PrimeMinister(In the event of large-scale disaster)

Policies for establishment of the Headquarters for Major Disaster Management activities（Cabinet Secretariat/ Cabinet Office/ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism/ Japan Coast Guard ）Establishment of the Headquarters for Major Disaster Management activities【Local】 On-site major disaster management Headquarters

The accident onboard the Tanker DIAMOND GRACE
July 1997
Tanker DIAMOND GRACE struck the sandbank, Nakanose, in the Tokyo bay.
Some 1,550kℓ of Heavy oil spilled out.

NakanoseEstablishment of the Headquarters for Major Disaster Management activities
based on the Basic Act for Disaster Countermeasures, and response to accidents

− Improvement of the available systems −Reinforcement of the National Strike TeamApril 1998
Establishment of The Yokohama National Strike Team Station

Appointed 12 team members from 8 member units（ Appointed 16 team members in 2007）

− Provision of necessary equipment −New heavy oil recovery devices

LSC（LORI SIDE COLLECTER）

Rolling brushTransfer capacity: 25m3/h
To oil tankMoving

Air sprinkling device of oil dispersants【Section 3: New issues】
In 1997
January

NAKHODKA

Korea

Sunken Position
Tsushima Is.

April

OSUNG No.3
KyusyuJuly

DIAMOND GRACENo large-scale oil spill accident has since occurred,generating a corresponding national emergency!

Decrepit equipment
Renew and maintain in good condition
There should be oil spill protection
systems as below:
・There should be strict regulation forbuilding safe tankers.
・There should be suitable regulation on
ship’s fuel oils and alternative fuel oils forships must be developed.
But accidents cannot be altogether eliminated.

Therefore, we must continue to look for ways to prevent such accidents from occurring.

We must not forget the memory of this accident, and should rather continue to talk about it.

After removal of the bow part of NAKHODKA , a monument was built on the sea coast.

Condition of the Coast at that time of the accident(January, 1997)

Condition of the Coast at present(January, 2017)

Condition of the Coast at that time of the accident(January, 1997)

Condition of the Coast at present(January, 2017)