ContentsPreface ............................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ ix

PART I Aims and Scope
Chapter 1 Levels of Description and the Target of Explanation ............. 2
1.1. Levels of Description in Linguistics ................................................... 2
1.2. The Target of Explanation ................................................................... 3		 1.2.1. What is ‘Explanation’? .................................................................. 3		 1.2.2. The Problem of “Why this form but not that one?”: A Higher
Order of Explanation ..................................................................... 3		 1.2.2.1. Kajita’s (1977) Dynamic Model ................................................ 3		1.2.2.2. Dynamic Model Revised ............................................................ 3
1.3. Outline of the Thesis ............................................................................ 4xi

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A Dynamic Study of Some Derivative Processes in English Grammar

PART II Some Derivative Processes:
Case Studies of Construction Extension
Chapter 2 An Analysis of a Derived Stress Pattern:
The Case of kilometer in American English ............................. 6
2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 6
2.2. Facts and Analysis ................................................................................ 7		 2.2.1. Types of Stress Pattern .................................................................. 7		 2.2.2. Type-Specific Stress Pattern .......................................................... 8		2.2.3. Peculiar Behavior of kilometer ..................................................... 8		2.2.4. Analysis ......................................................................................... 82.3. Discussion ........................................................................................... 10		2.3.1. Problems ...................................................................................... 10		2.3.2. Solving Problems ........................................................................ 132.4. Final Remarks .................................................................................... 14		 2.4.1. Logic of Linguistic Description .................................................. 14		 2.4.2. Other Cases Explained ................................................................ 15		2.4.3. Idiosyncratic Mutations ............................................................... 16

Chapter 3 Epenthesis and a Mode of Extension ..................................... 18
3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 183.2. Facts and a Mode of Extension ......................................................... 193.3. Exceptions and the Logic of Extension ............................................. 25
3.4. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 28

Chapter 4 The Grammatical Naturalization and a Mode of Extension...................................................................................................... 30
4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 30
4.2. Grammatical Naturalization (GN) ..................................................... 30
4.3. A Mode of Extension ......................................................................... 33
4.4. Analysis of GN ................................................................................... 34
4.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 36

Contentsxiii

Chapter 5 The Interpretation of Keats’ To Autumn
and a Mode of Extension ......................................................... 37
5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 37
5.2. Phonological Facts ............................................................................. 39
5.3. Analysis .............................................................................................. 39
5.4. The Case for the Mode of Extension ................................................ 43
5.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 49

Chapter 6 The Genesis of English Head-Internal Relative Clauses(With Appendix: The Intensional Qualification ofQuantification) ........................................................................... 51
6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 51
6.2. Putative HIRCs ................................................................................... 53
6.3. Genuine HIRCs .................................................................................. 55		 6.3.1. HIRCs and Their Syntactic Characteristics ................................ 55		 6.3.2. Semantics of HERC and HIRC .................................................. 61
6.4. The Genesis of HIRC ......................................................................... 63
6.5. The Structure of the English HIRCs ................................................. 65
6.6. Other Data Explained ......................................................................... 66
6.7. Possible Counterarguments ................................................................ 67
6.8. Theoretical Issues ............................................................................... 71
Appendix: The Intensional Qualification of Quantification .................. 74		6a.1. Introduction ................................................................................... 74		 6a.2. Three Types of Definition ............................................................ 74		 6a.3. Definition of Quantification ......................................................... 75		 6a.4. Consequences of Intensional Definition of Quantification ......... 77		6a.5. Summary and Residuals ............................................................... 84

Chapter 7 Water Finds Its Level: Derivatives Find General Rules ...... 85
7.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 85
7.2. Exceptions and Regularities in Phonology ........................................ 86		7.2.1. Primary Stress Placement ........................................................... 86		 7.2.2. Vowel Quality ‘Restoration’ ........................................................ 89
7.3. Exceptions and Regularities in Lexicon/Morphology ....................... 92xiv

A Dynamic Study of Some Derivative Processes in English Grammar

7.4. Exceptions and Regularities in Morphology/Syntax ......................... 93
7.5. Exceptions and Regularities in Syntax .............................................. 95		7.5.1. Nominal Adverbial ...................................................................... 95		7.5.2. Grammatical Naturalization ........................................................ 97
7.6. Theoretical Issues ............................................................................... 98

Chapter 8 The Dungeon Construction: A Syntactic Hapax Legomenon.................................................................................................... 101
8.1. Regularity and Irregularity in Exceptions ....................................... 101
8.2. The Dungeon Construction .............................................................. 102
8.3. Assumptions ...................................................................................... 104		8.3.1. Grammatical Dynamism ........................................................... 105		8.3.2. Major Rules vs. Minor Rules ................................................... 106		8.3.3. Extensional Dependency ........................................................... 109
8.4. Analysis of the Dungeon Construction ............................................ 110		8.4.1. With-Construction ...................................................................... 110		 8.4.2. Adverbial Phrase Preposing ...................................................... 118		8.4.3. Analysis ..................................................................................... 120
8.5. More on the Dungeon Construction: Further Extension ................. 123
8.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 125

PART III Dynamic Model Reviewed and Revised: Theoretical Issues
Chapter 9 Empirical Puzzles .................................................................... 128
9.1. Grammatical Dynamism .................................................................. 128
9.2. Possible but Nonexistent Examples: Accidental Gaps .................... 129
9.3. Improbable but Existent Examples: Accidental Haps ..................... 130

Chapter 10 Theoretical Puzzles ............................................................... 133
10.1. How Far Extension Goes and When to Stop ................................ 133
10.2. Grammatical Roudabout or Else .................................................... 134
10.3. Tautology ........................................................................................ 136

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Chapter 11 The Revised Dynamic Model ............................................... 138
11.1. Dynamic Model Revised ................................................................ 138

Chapter 12 Evidence for the Revised Model ......................................... 141
12.1. Significance of the Revised Model ................................................ 141		 12.1.1. Empirical Puzzles Overcome .................................................. 141		 12.1.2. Theoretical Puzzles Overcome ................................................ 142
12.2. More on the Revised Extension Format ........................................ 145
12.3. Simple Illustration of the Adequacy of the Revised Model ......... 145
12.4. The Nature of Logical Implication ................................................ 147

PART IVConclusion

Chapter 13 Towards a Theory of Explanation ...................................... 150
13.1. The Revised Extension Format as an Explanatory Theory .......... 150
13.2. Summary ......................................................................................... 152
     References ...................................................................................................... 153
Index ............................................................................................................. 161