15th INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM
HYDROGEN & ENERGY
Hydrogen Production, Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen Applications, Theory andModelling, Fuel Cells, Batteries, Synthetic Fuels, Functional Materials
The 15th International Symposium “Hydrogen & Energy” follows the 14th Int. Symposium
Hydrogen & Energy that took place 5th – 11th January 2020 in Sapporo, Japan together withthe 1st International Symposium Hydrogenomics with more than 70 participants. It serves as
an information platform of the fundamental science and technology and the frontiers of
research on hydrogen and energy.
The symposium consists of top level invited keynote lectures reviewing the key elements of
the hydrogen cycle, i.e. the hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and hydrogen
combustion and fuel cells. Furthermore, contributions on the conversion of renewable energy
in general and energy carriers besides and beyond hydrogen are very welcome. The world
leading experts present the current research challenges and most important results in invitedand contributing talks. Early stage and experienced researchers present their newest results
and the open questions on posters as well as in a one slide presentation.
The symposium takes place in the SEEBLICK HÖHENHOTEL, in Emmetten, Switzerland.
The number of participants is limited to 70 without the accompanying persons.

22. - 26. January 2023
SEEBLICK HÖHENHOTEL
Hugenstrasse 24, CH-6376 Emmetten, Switzerland
T: +41 41 624 41 41, e: info@hotelseeblick.ch
U: http://www.hotelseeblick.ch

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CONTENTS
Timetable

9

Abstracts 11
PROGRAM
Sunday14:00 - 17:00

18:30 - 20:00

22. 1. 2023 Chair: A. Züttel
Registration
Ivana SUTER
Opening of the 15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy
Opening talk by Berend SMIT 'Big-data in chemical engineering: science beyond
understanding'Dinner

23. 1. 2023

Monday morning Chair: Berend Smit

09:00 - 09:50

Robert SCHLOEGL 'Catalysis as science and technology for the Hydrogen Age'

09:50 - 10:15
10:15 - 10:45

Thi Ha My PHAM 'In-situ synthesis of highly active Fe-doped Co-based catalyst
for Oxygen Evolution Reaction'
Coffee break

10:45 - 11:10

Riku HORIE 'Kerosing production with various technologies in switzerland'

11:10 - 11:35

Jinqiu ZHANG 'High Catalytic Selectivity of Copper Nanowires for Ethylene
Production from CO2 Electrochemical Reduction'
Claudio PISTIDDA 'Recycling as the key for developing sustainable hydrogenstorage materials'
Conference photo
Lunch
Monday afternoon Chair: Robert Schlögl

17:00 - 18:00

11:35 - 12:00
12:00 - 12:15
12:15 - 14:00
14:00 -14:50

Jihye PARK 'Recent Trends in the Korean Hydrogen Industry'

14:50 - 15:20

Coffee break

15:20 - 15:45

18:30 - 20:00

Kun ZHAO 'Energetics and Growth Modes of Ni and Pd Nanoparticles onto
Graphene'
Yuanyuan SHANG 'Recycling as the key for developing sustainable FeTi alloys forhydrogen storage'
Mark ALLENDORF 'From Nano to Macro and Back Again: Disruptive Science forMaterials-Based Hydrogen Storage’
Dinner

20:00 - 21:30

Poster session Chair: Andreas Borgschulte

15:45 - 16:10
16:10 - 16:35

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Manhui WEI 'An Advanced Al-Air Fuel Cell Using a Mesh-Encapsulated Anode via
Al-Zn Energy Tranfer'
Jessica RUFFINER 'Thermal Desorption of H2 and CO2 from High Surface Area
Material'
Yasemen KUDDUSI 'Selective thermo-catalytic conversion of CO2 and H2 into
ethylene'
Selim KAZAZ 'Ru-complex based polymeric photocathode for solar water
splitting'
Kataoka YUTA 'Calculation of diffusion coefficients of H on metal surfaces'
Chia-Chieh SHEN 'Hydrogen Purification with LaNiAl5-Based Metal Hydrides'
Andreas ZÜTTEL 'ACHIEVEMENTS SCCER H&E Storage: Hydrogen Storage'
Andreas ZÜTTEL 'Analysis of the Energy Transition in Switzerland'
Andreas ZÜTTEL 'Renewable Energy Solutions for Switzerland'
Andreas ZÜTTEL 'The Economy of Renewable Energy'
Ulrike TRACHTE “EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS WITH FUEL CELLS AND
HYDROGEN”
Emil Høj Jensen ‘Effects of replacing La with Y on the crystal structure of La6xYxNi6.5Mn0.33Al0.17 materials’
24. 1. 2023

Tuesday morning Chair: Sabrina Sartori

09:00 - 09:50
09:50 - 10:15

Andreas BORGSCHULTE 'Proton Coupled Electron vs. Hydrogen Transport In
Electrocatalysis'
Heena YANG ‘K-water’s Hydrogen business development’

10:15 - 10:45

Coffee break

10:45 - 11:10

11:35 - 12:00

Tai SUN 'Cycle and Regeneration Performance of Metal Hydride forCommercialized Storage and Compression System 'Rui LI 'Investigation on Hydrogen storage performance of AB2 type alloy for
700bar Hydrogen compressor'
Cedric KOOLEN 'Electrochemical Wacker Process'12:00 - 14:00

Lunch

11:10 - 11:35

Tuesday afternoon Chair: Susana Garcia-Lopez
14:00 -14:50
14:50 - 15:20
15:20 - 15:45
15:45 - 16:10

Sabrina SARTORI 'The Role of Secondary Phases and Element Substitutions in the
Hydrogenation of Intermetallic Compounds'
Cedric KOOLEN 'Electrochemical Wacker Process'Zohreh AKBARI 'Ruthenium-Supported Catalyst, a Potential New Catalyst for theCatalytic Hydrogen Combustion ''Konstantinos BARDIS 'SIMULATION BASED DESIGN OF A METAL HYDRIDECOMPRESSOR USING REDUCED ORDER THERMAL MODELS ANDCOMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) '6

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

15:45 - 16:10
16:10 - 16:35

Emmetten, Switzerland 2023

Konstantinos BARDIS 'SIMULATION BASED DESIGN OF A METAL HYDRIDECOMPRESSOR USING REDUCED ORDER THERMAL MODELS ANDCOMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) 'Akhil PENMATHSA 'Simulation of Metal Hydride and Fuel Cell Based Hydrogen toPower Systems - 1D Model Based Thermal Management Optimisation'

25. 1. 2023

Wednesday morning Chair: Chair: Björgvin Hjövarsson

09:00 - 09:50
09:50 - 10:15

Susana GARCIA-LOPEZ 'Materials discovery for energy-related applications:bridging process engineering and basic science'
Yunting WANG 'large-scale 3D nanostructured carbon for hydrogen storage'

10:15 - 10:45

Coffe break

10:45 - 11:10'Steven SCHENK 'Membrane-less electrolysis'

11:10 - 12:00
12:00 - 14:00

Shin_Ichi ORIMO 'Super-ionic conduction of mono-/di-valent cations andadvanced battery application of complex hydrides: viewpoint from
“HYDROEGNOMICS” project'
Lunch

14:00 -18:00

Social event

18:30 - 20:00

Dinner

26. 1. 2023

Thursday morning Chair: Jihe Park

09:00 - 09:50

10:15 - 10:45

Björgvin HJÖRVARSSON 'Using Model Systems to Obtain Understanding ofAbsorption And Diffusion of Hydrogen in Construction Materials'
Youngdon KO 'PLATINUM GROUP METAL-FREE DIRECT BOROHYDRIDE FUEL
CELLS
Coffe break

10:45 - 11:10

Liping ZHONG 'Catalyst design and production for CO2 methanation'

11:10 - 12:00

Henning ZOZ 'H2-Barbeque & H2-Cremation, bypassing fuel-cell conversion onroute to stand-alone & subsidies free Hydrogen Energy Economy. 'Closing remarks

09:50 - 10:15

12:00 - 12:15

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SCIENCE OF HYDROGEN & ENERGY AWARD

51

List of Participants

59

Information

63

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SCHEDULE

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ABSTRACTS

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Emmetten, Switzerland

BIG-DATA IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: SCIENCE BEYOND UNDERSTANDING
Berend SMITaaLaboratory of molecular simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
In many areas of science and engineering, we see big data being promoted as the tool that solves all our problems. Like all new
developments, the promises are hyped. When the confetti’s dust is settled, one can better assess how these novel methods canbecome useful tools for scientific research. In this lecture, we illustrate the use of data science in solving some scientific questions
that were too complex to address using state-of-the-art theoretical approaches.

State of the art
One of the aims of reticular chemistry is to design a metal-organic
framework (MOF) that is optimal for a given application. This aim has
inspired many chemists; to date, over 100,000 MOF crystal structures
are reported in the Cambridge Structural Database1 (CSD) for
applications ranging from gas separations, gas storage, (photo)catalysis, and sensing to drug delivery.2,3 The chemical design space of
MOFs and related materials (e.g., covalent organic frameworks,4 COFs;
porous polymer networks, PPNs,5 porous organic molecular crystals6) isenormous. Theoretically, one can combine an infinite number ofpossible linkers with many different metal nodes assembling in all kindsof structures.3,7 In practice, however, one can only synthesize and testa small subset of all possible MOFs.
To complement the experimental efforts, computational screening
studies8-16 have been carried out using brute-force molecularsimulation to predict the properties for a large set of experimental orin silico-generated MOF structures.17 For example, Thornton et al.18
screened 850,000 porous materials the explore the limits of hydrogenstorage. Although we can screen many more materials thanexperiments, computational resources limit these studies to a fractionof all possible materials. For example, Kim et al.19 showed that they
could generate over 100 trillion MOFs. Even with the most efficientalgorithm, near zero CPU time, it would be difficult to have faster I/O
operations) than 1 ms per material (Python, current hardware, or 3,100
years to evaluate 100 trillion materials.
The fact that we have so many MOFs and so many applications createsmany exciting challenges.20 For example, screening studies have shownthat materials synthesized for a particular application were topperforming for entirely different applications.21 For instance, Al-PMOF
was synthesized for its photo-catalytic activity,22 but was later
discovered to be promising for separating CO2 from wet flue gases.23
SBMOF-1 was synthesized24 to capture CO2 but turned out to be an
excellent material for separating Xe from Kr.25 UMCM-152 was firsttested for H2 adsorption26 but was rediscovered as a record-breaking
material for oxygen storage.27 MOFs are synthesized with anapplication in mind, but then groups lack the capacity to test their novel
MOFs for all possible applications. Similarly, for an applied groupinterested in an application, it is nearly impossible to test the several
novel MOFs that are being published every day.

Data-science approaches
If one has to study so many materials, one needs novel methods foreven the most simple tasks. For example, if one wants to do a machinelearning study one typically needs a test and training set. Naively, one
would select 1000 MOFs from the CSD and split them randomly in a test
and training set. However, one would like to ensure that there are no
similar structures in the test and training set, as nothing is easier formachine learning than reproducing the training set. As there are
100,000 MOF structures in the CSD, identifying identical structures byhand is impossible, so we need to develop algorithms to do this.28
Interestingly, we found that one MOF was reported 1000 times in the
CSD.
One also has to realize that even for MOFs, 100,000 structures are asmall number of data points from a data-science perspective. For
example, if we compare this with the number of data points collectedin social sciences. Therefore, in chemistry, we always work within the
low data limit. We show that we can compensate for our work in the
low data regime by having machine learning build on chemical
knowledge. We will discuss some machine-learning examples thatstarted with no experimental data.
If we have designed our ideal MOF in silico, an unresolved question iswhether we can synthesize this MOF and what are the optimal
synthesis conditions. A machine-learning can leverage the fact thatover 100,000 MOFs have been synthesized to make a model that can
predict the most like structure to form for a given linker and metal
node. However, the literature only reports successful experiments, andwe will show the importance of learning from failed and partly
successful experiments.29

OutlookThis lecture will present several examples of how data science can beused to solve practical questions. This lecture aims to initiate a
discussion on how data-science techniques can be used to solve
scientific questions related to the H2 energy landscape.

Short CV

Berend SMIT

Berend Smit received an MSc in Chemical Engineering in 1987 and an MSc in Physics from the Technical
University in Delft (the Netherlands). He received in 1990 his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Utrecht University (theNetherlands). He was a (senior) Research Physicist at Shell Research from 1988-1997, Professor ofComputational Chemistry at the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) 1997-2007. In 2004 Berend Smit
was elected Director of the European Center of Atomic and Molecular Computations (CECAM) in Lyon France.
In 2007 he was appointed Professor of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry at U.C. Berkeley and Faculty
Chemist at the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Since July 2014, he is a
professor at EPFL.

Corresponding author: Berend SMIT, e: berend.smit@epfl.ch, T.: +41 21 693 0079

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

References
The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) (2021)
https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/
2 P. Z. Moghadam, A. Li, S. B. Wiggin, A. Tao, A. G. P. Maloney, P. A.
Wood, S. C. Ward, and D. Fairen-Jimenez, Development of a
Cambridge Structural Database Subset: A Collection of MetalOrganic Frameworks for Past, Present, and Future Chem Mater 29(7), 2618 (2017)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00441
3 H. Furukawa, K. E. Cordova, M. O'Keeffe, and O. M. Yaghi, The
Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks Science
341 (6149), 974 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/Science.1230444
4 H. M. El-Kaderi, J. R. Hunt, J. L. Mendoza-Cortes, A. P. Cote, R. E.
Taylor, M. O'Keeffe, and O. M. Yaghi, Designed synthesis of 3D
covalent organic frameworks Science 316 (5822), 268 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1139915
5 W. G. Lu, D. Q. Yuan, D. Zhao, C. I. Schilling, O. Plietzsch, T. Muller,
S. Brase, J. Guenther, J. Blumel, R. Krishna, Z. Li, and H. C. Zhou,
Porous Polymer Networks: Synthesis, Porosity, and Applications in
Gas Storage/Separation Chem. Mat. 22 (21), 5964 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm1021068
6 J. T. A. Jones, T. Hasell, X. F. Wu, J. Bacsa, K. E. Jelfs, M.
Schmidtmann, S. Y. Chong, D. J. Adams, A. Trewin, F. Schiffman, F.
Cora, B. Slater, A. Steiner, G. M. Day, and A. I. Cooper, Modular
and predictable assembly of porous organic molecular crystals
Nature 474 (7351), 367 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/Nature10125
7 H. Lyu, Z. Ji, S. Wuttke, and O. M. Yaghi, Digital Reticular
Chemistry Chem-Us 6 (9), 2219 (2020)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.008
8 H. Daglar and S. Keskin, Computational Screening of MetalOrganic Frameworks for Membrane-Based CO2/N-2/H2O
Separations: Best Materials for Flue Gas Separation J Phys Chem C
122 (30), 17347 (2018)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05416
9 C. E. Wilmer, M. Leaf, C. Y. Lee, O. K. Farha, B. G. Hauser, J. T.
Hupp, and R. Q. Snurr, Large-scale screening of hypothetical metalorganic frameworks Nat Chem 4 (2), 83 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1192
10 C. Wilmer and R. Snurr, in Topics in Current Chemistry (Springer
Berlin Heidelberg, 2013), pp. 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_2013_490.
11 D. A. Gómez-Gualdrón, C. E. Wilmer, O. K. Farha, J. T. Hupp, and R.
Q. Snurr, Exploring the limits of methane storage and delivery in
nanoporous materials J. Phys. Chem. C. 118 (13), 6941 (2014)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp502359q
12 S. Budhathoki, O. Ajayi, J. A. Steckel, and C. E. Wilmer, Highthroughput computational prediction of the cost of carbon captureusing mixed matrix membranes Energy Environ. Sci (2019)http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02582G
13 D. A. Gomez-Gualdron, O. V. Gutov, V. Krungleviciute, B. Borah, J.
E. Mondloch, J. T. Hupp, T. Yildirim, O. K. Farha, and R. Q. Snurr,
Computational Design of Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on
Stable Zirconium Building Units for Storage and Delivery ofMethane Chem. Mater. 26 (19), 5632 (2014)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm502304e
14 C. Simon, J. Kim, D. Gomez-Gualdron, J. Camp, Y. G. Chung, R. L.
Martin, R. Mercado, M. W. Deem, D. Gunter, M. Haranczyk, D.
Sholl, R. Q. Snurr, and B. Smit, The Materials Genome in Action:
Identifying the Performance Limits for Methane Storage Energy
Environ. Sci. 8 (4), 1190 (2015)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03515A
15 C. M. Simon, J. Kim, D. A. Gomez-Gualdron, Y. G. Chung, R. L.
Martin, R. Mercado, M. W. Deem, D. Gunter, M. Haranczyk, R. Q.
Snurr, and B. Smit, Computer-aided search for materials to store
1

natural gas for vehicles Front. Young Minds 3 (11), 1 (2015)
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frym.2015.00011
16 R. Anderson, J. Rodgers, E. Argueta, A. Biong, and D. A. GomezGualdron, Role of Pore Chemistry and Topology in the CO2
Capture Capabilities of MOFs: From Molecular Simulation to
Machine Learning Chem Mater 30 (18), 6325 (2018)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02257
17 P. G. Boyd, Y. J. Lee, and B. Smit, Computational development of
the nanoporous materials genome Nat Rev Mater 2 (8), 17037(2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.37
18 A. W. Thornton, C. M. Simon, J. Kim, O. Kwon, K. S. Deeg, K.
Konstas, S. J. Pas, M. R. Hill, D. A. Winkler, M. Haranczyk, and B.
Smit, Materials Genome in Action: Identifying the Performance
Limits of Physical Hydrogen Storage Chem. Mat. 29 (7), 2844
(2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04933
19 S. Lee, B. Kim, H. Cho, H. Lee, S. Y. Lee, E. S. Cho, and J. Kim,
Computational Screening of Trillions of Metal-Organic
Frameworks for High-Performance Methane Storage Acs Appl
Mater Inter 13 (20), 23647 (2021)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02471
20 D. Ongari, L. Talirz, and B. Smit, Too Many Materials and Too
Many Applications: An Experimental Problem Waiting for a
Computational Solution ACS Central Sci. 6 (11), 1890 (2020)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00988
21 A. Sturluson, M. T. Huynh, A. R. Kaija, C. Laird, S. Yoon, F. Hou, Z.
X. Feng, C. E. Wilmer, Y. J. Colon, Y. G. Chung, D. W. Siderius, andC. M. Simon, The role of molecular modelling and simulation in the
discovery and deployment of metal-organic frameworks for gas
storage and separation(dagger) Mol Simulat 45 (14-15), 1082
(2019) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2019.1648809
22 A. Fateeva, P. A. Chater, C. P. Ireland, A. A. Tahir, Y. Z. Khimyak, P.
V. Wiper, J. R. Darwent, and M. J. Rosseinsky, A Water-Stable
Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Framework Active for Visible-Light
Photocatalysis Angew Chem Int Edit 51 (30), 7440 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201202471
23 P. G. Boyd, A. Chidambaram, E. Garcia-Diez, C. P. Ireland, T. D.
Daff, R. Bounds, A. Gladysiak, P. Schouwink, S. M. Moosavi, M. M.
Maroto-Valer, J. A. Reimer, J. A. R. Navarro, T. K. Woo, S. Garcia,
K. C. Stylianou, and B. Smit, Data-driven design of metal-organic
frameworks for wet flue gas CO2 capture Nature 576 (7786), 253(2019) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1798-7
24 D. Banerjee, Z. J. Zhang, A. M. Plonka, J. Li, and J. B. Parise, A
Calcium Coordination Framework Having Permanent Porosity andHigh CO2/N-2 Selectivity Cryst Growth Des 12 (5), 2162 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg300274n
25 D. Banerjee, C. M. Simon, A. M. Plonka, R. K. Motkuri, J. Liu, X.
Chen, B. Smit, J. B. Parise, M. Haranczyk, and P. K. Thallapally,
Metal-organic framework with optimally selective xenon
adsorption and separation Nat. Comm. 7 (11831), 11831 (2016)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11831
26 J. K. Schnobrich, O. Lebel, K. A. Cychosz, A. Dailly, A. G. Wong-Foy,and A. J. Matzger, Linker-Directed Vertex Desymmetrization for
the Production of Coordination Polymers with High Porosity J Am
Chem Soc 132 (39), 13941 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja107423k
27 P. Z. Moghadam, T. Islamoglu, S. Goswami, J. Exley, M. Fantham,
C. F. Kaminski, R. Q. Snurr, O. K. Farha, and D. Fairen-Jimenez,
Computer-aided discovery of a metal-organic framework withsuperior oxygen uptake Nat Commun 9 (2018)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03892-8
28 K. M. Jablonka, A. S. Rosen, A. S. Krishnapriyan, and B. Smit, An
Ecosystem for Digital Reticular Chemistry. ChemRxiv (2022)
http://dx.doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-4g7rx
29 S. M. Moosavi, A. Chidambaram, L. Talirz, M. Haranczyk, K. C.
Stylianou, and B. Smit, Capturing chemical intuition in synthesis of
metal-organic frameworks Nat. Commun. 10 (1), 539 (2019)http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08483-9

Corresponding author: Berend SMIT, e: berend.smit@epfl.ch, T.: +41 21 693 0079

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

CATALYSIS AS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE HYDROGEN AGE
Robert Schlögl
Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

Hydrogen Age

Material dynamics

It is now clear, that sustainable energy systems will consist of
free electrons and molecular energy carriers likewise. Volatilityof RES and the need to create global markets for RES requirebulk long-term storage of solar energy that can only occur inmolecular bonds. The first platform molecule in thetransformation process of electrons to molecules (the reversalof combustion) is hydrogen. In the form of gas or as PCET
product H+ +e- it will be further converted to allow easy
handling (derivatives).

Derivates of hydrogen can be formed with nitrogen (ammonia)
or CO2 (methanol, methane) to arrive at liquids referred to as“solar fuels or “SAF”. Here catalysts enable complex reaction
networks leading to desired products and side reactions thatneed to be minimized. Chemical dynamics[1] between reagentsand between catalyst and reagents enable thesetransformations. It is critical to design in future catalysts forsuch applications which is currently a dream. Our fundamental
understanding about the mode of operation has improved
enormously in the last decade. By using this understanding andapplication of operando spectro-microscopy and digital
catalysis as modern toolboxes we begin to create a workflow
for catalyst design based on knowledge rather than empiricalknow-how.

Catalysis
Catalysis is the science and technology of controlling the
kinetics of chemical transformations. Catalysts modify by
specific interactions with reactants the energy profile of theirinteraction. The generation of hydrogen through electrolysis isa particular catalytic reaction in which the applied potential
creates at the electrode metastable sites that react in achemical reaction with water in the wo half reactions.

References[1] Schlögl R., Chemische Batterien mit CO2. Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed., 2021. 60: p. 2-25.

Short CV
Robert Schlögl is Director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin as well as was Founding
Director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion in Mülheim a.d. Ruhr. Robert Schlögl's
research focuses primarily on the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts, with the aim to combine scientificwith technical applicability as well as on the development of nanochemically-optimized materials for energy
storage. The application of knowledge-based heterogeneous catalysis for large-scale chemical energy
conversion summarizes his current research focus.
Robert Schlögl

He is President of the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation, Vice-President of the National Academy
Leopoldina as well as an Honorary Professor at Technical University Berlin, at Humboldt University Berlin, atUniversity Duisburg-Essen, at Ruhr University Bochum as well as a Distinguished Affiliated Professor at TU
Munich and an Honorary Professor of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis. He is member at acatech and BBAW andother numerous international organizations, received numerous national and international awards as well as
is partner in numerous European and international joint projects.
He is Author/co-author of more than 1200 publications, more than 550 presentations and invited talks as wellas inventor of more than 20 patent families.

Corresponding author: Robert Schlögl, acsek@fhi-berlin.mpg.de, +49 30 8413-4400

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

IN-SITU SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY ACTIVE FE-DOPED CO-BASED CATALYST FOR OXYGENEVOLUTION REACTION
PHAM Thi Ha My
Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valis/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
EMPA Materials & Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

The Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) in waterelectrolysis requires high overpotential due
multiple steps involving four electrons. Herein, we
reported a simple method for in-situ synthesis Fedoped Co-based catalyst that occurs in the same pot
as OER and does not utilize polymer binder forelectrode preparation [1]. The addition of Co2+ andFe3+ in the alkaline solution and the application of ananodic potential induces a mixed OER-active statethat exhibits an overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 of 329
mV, and a Tafel slope of 28.2 mV dec-1. Fe3+ isincorporated to the Co-based phase by substitution
at Co3+ site. Our findings show that the presence ofFe “doping” helps increase of surface area Co-based
active phase by expanding the crystal lattice, while
promoting the intrinsic OER activity of the Co-based
catalyst by modulating the adsorption of OH- onto
the surface [2].
References[1]

T. H. Shen, L. Spillane, J. Vavra, T. H. M. Pham, J. Peng, Y.
Shao-Horn, V. Tileli, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 15876[2]

C. G. Morales-Guio, L. Liardet, X. Hu, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2016, 138, 8946

Thi Ha My PHAM is currently a PhD student at the Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), in
the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne. She obtained her Bachelor and Master degrees in 2017and 2020 respectively, both from the department of Materials Science & Engineering, EPFL. After that, she
moved to Sion to continue her PhD on developing electrocatalysts for energy applications. Thi Ha My iscurrently working in the National University of Singapore (NUS), as part of the EPFL Doc.Mobility program.

PHAM Thi Ha My

Corresponding author: Thi Ha My Pham, thi.pham@epfl.ch, +41787995530

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

KEROSING PRODUCTION WITH VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN SWITZERLAND
Riku Horie
EPFL MSc Energy Science and Technology, Master Student
Abstract: The use of these Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) allows the achievement of reducing the greenhouse gas emission during
aviation, as it does not rely on coal and fossil fuels. Currently, to achieve this ambitious goal, in the aviation industry, there aretechnological innovations to back up the goal, and the SAF is one of the processes. This report reviews the economic cost of producing
100kL of kerosene per day in Switzerland using various production methodologies under the ASTM regulations. This includes thePower to Liquid (PtL) process producing hydrocarbon fuels via the synthesis of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, HEFA process, AtJ
process, Biomass to Liquid (BtL) process etc. At the end, the report proposes the most suitable fuel for the aviation industry in
Switzerland.

Introduction
This study aims to analyse the currently best technology forkerosene production, by calculating capital expenditures,operating expenses, and revenue. The capital cost for eachmajor component is estimated individually and scaled based on
the facility size and construction cost of commercially existing
plants.

ASTM Specifications
ASTM specifications are set for checking if the fuel can fly fromcommercial flights. This ensures the safety and makes sure thatthe fuel is a reliable operation of aircraft. There are 4 steps,
which are specifying the new fuel, establishing the fitness forpurpose, testing the components and rig operability limits, andtesting the aircraft, engine, and associated durability.
The initial fuels accepted by the ASTM specifications were SPK
blends while the later ones include SPK in which aromatics andcycloalkanes were added. The carbon chain length and level ofbranching can vary dramatically.

Type of Production Methodologies
The first methodology accepted was the Synthetic Paraffinic
Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK) approved in 2009. Its
feedstock is Renewable biomass such as municipal solid waste(MSW), agricultural and forest wastes. It has a wide variety of
waste and residue-based feedstocks. It is followed by the HEFA
Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids, approved in 2011. It uses
lipid feedstocks such as animal and vegetable fats, waste
cooking oil, and algae oil. It is followed by Synthesized isoparaffins (SIP), FT-SPK without Aromatics (FT-SPK/A), Alcohol toJet (AtJ), Synthestic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK)

while it collects CO by the capture of CO2. Traditionally, SAFs of
biofuel origin have been the mainstay of SAFs, but due to thelimitations of their reserves, SAFs of CO2 origin are now
attracting more attention.
This study aims to analyse the currently best technology forkerosene production, by calculating capital expenditures,operating expenses, and revenue. The capital cost for eachmajor component is estimated individually and scaled based on
the facility size and construction cost of commercially existing
plants.
There are 3 main chemical reactions involved in this processwater electrolysis, RWGS, and FT synthesis, as shown below.
For these 3 chemical processes to be involved, 8 key
components during the kerosene production are analysed.
They are 1 Electricity generated by PV or wind energy, 2
Electricity storage, 3 Electrolysis for H2 production, 4 CO2
capture, 5 RWGS process for converting CO2 into CO, 6 FT
synthesis combining H2 and CO for producing hydrocarbon, 7
Cleaning, and Upgrading, and 8 Converting into Kerosene.

References[1] Iea. “Tracking Aviation 2020 – Analysis.” IEA,
https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking- aviation-2020.
[2] European Commission. “Reducing Emissions from
Aviation.” Ec.europa.eu, 2021, ec.europa.eu/clima/euaction/transport-emissions/reducing-emissionsaviation_en.
[3] How to Advance Cellulosic Biofuels Assessment of Costs,
Investment Options and Policy Support -Final Version.

Power to Liquid (PtL) Method[4] Diakakis, Stamatis. Sustainable Aviation Fuels Internship
Project for DMT Environmental Technology.

This type of SAF, which is produced in a process called PtL(Power-to-Liquid) process, collects hydrogen by using
renewable energy sources such as solar PV and wind energy,[5] Analysis of Natural Gas-to Liquid Transportation Fuels via
Fischer-Tropsch OFFICE of FOSSIL ENERGY. 201

Riku HORIE

International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) (2016), Dubai International Academy. Bachelor ofEngineering 2020, School of Creative Science and Engineering, International Program for Science andEngineering(IPSE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan,
International Program for Science and Engineering(IPSE), Bachelor of Engineering, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, MSc Energy Science and Technology (2003), Master of Engineering, Orientation ofEnergy Management and Sustainability, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.

Corresponding author: Riku HORIE, riku.horie@epfl.ch, m: +41 76 378 3171

15th Int. Symposium "Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, Switzerland,2023

HIGH CATALYTIC SELECTIVITY OF COPPER NANOWIRES FORETHYLENE PRODUCTION FROM CO2 ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION
Jinqiu Zhang, Shiji Zhang, Hua Bin, Yueping Xiong, Peixia Yang, Maozhong An
MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry andChemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction reactions of CO2 were carried out on copper nanowires catalysts that were loadedon carbon paper electrodes for production of ethylene. The copper nanowires were prepared by electrodeposition andoxidation-annealing-reduction processes. The effect of halogenation, oxidation, dealloying and alloying treaments on
catalytic properties of copper catalysts were studied, respectively. The existence of cuprous ions and copper silver double
active sites have a great influence on improving ethylene selectivity.

Introduction
The electrochemical transformation of carbon dioxide intohigh valuable chemicals，such as ethylene，is a viable
pathway using renewably sourced electricity. For CO2
electrochemical reduction reaction, copper-based catalyst
has a unique ability for production of multi-carbon
products, which may be due to that copper has a negative
adsorption energy for *CO but a positive adsorptionenergy for *H. A high concentration of intermediate *COon catalyst surface is favourable for C-C coupling.
However, to achieve a high Faradaic Efficiency (FE) forthe production of a specific C2 product on copper catalyst
is still a challenge. Herein, we explored copper nanowires
on carbon paper as cathodic electrode for reduction of CO2
to ethylene and discussed the influence of halogenation,oxidation, dealloying and alloying treatments.

form clusters. Oxidation is a necessary step for the growthof nanowires and it is helpful for providing oxygen
vacancies. Halogenation and dealloying of Zn haveinfluence on the concentration ratio of Cu+ to Cu0 in the
catalysts. The Cu nanowires catalyst derived from KI
modified copper (its TEM image was shown in Fig.1a) and
Cu-Zn alloy showed FEs for ethylene production over 50%
and over 46% at -0.8V (vs. RHE), respectively. The
presence of Ag in the Cu nanowires improved the local
concentration of CO on the surface of the electrode andfavoured C−C coupling. The Cu based nanowires derived
from Cu-Ag alloy (its SEM image was shown in Fig. 1b)
exhibited an improved FE for ethylene production, which
was over 70% at -0.8V (vs. RHE).
(a)

(b)

Experimental
Cu, Cu-Zn alloy or Cu-Ag alloy was electrodeposited on apiece of hydrophobic carbon paper as precursor. Cu
nanowires were obtained by oxidation-annealingreduction process. Potassium halide solutions were usedin some experiments to convert copper into cuprous halide
before the oxidation step. The removal of Zn from the CuZn alloy is carried out synchronously in the oxidation step.
For Cu-Ag alloy, Ag was remained after the reduction step.
The catalytic performances of copper catalysts were
tested in an electrolyte of 1 mol/L KOH at a constantpotential by using a flow cell.

Results and Discussion
After oxidation-annealing-reduction, Cu nanowires withdiameter of about 50~200 nm grew on carbon fibers. The
tops of about 10 nanowires were connected together toFig. 1 (a) TEM image of copper nanowires derived fromcuprous iodide. (b) SEM image of Cu-Ag alloy nanowires
overlying EDS results where copper in yellow, silver ingreen, oxygen in purple and carbon in red.

References
[1]
[2]
[3]

A. Bagger, W. Ju, A. S. Varela, P. Strasser, J.
Rossmeisl. ChemPhysChem. 18, 3266 (2017)
M. Ma, K. Djanashvili, W.A. Smith. Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. 55，6680 (2016)
T. Kim, G.T.R. Palmore. Nat. Commun..11, 1(2020)

Associate Prof. Dr. Jinqiu ZHANG was born in 1979 in Heilongjiang, China. Jinqiu Zhang graduatedwith a Ph.D in Chemical Engineering and Technology from Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in2009. She works at Department of Electrochemical Engineering of HIT and her research filed iselectrodeposition of functional materials.

Jinqiu Zhang
Corresponding author: Jinqiu ZHANG, zhangjinqiu@hit.edu.cn, +86-451-86413721.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Recycling as the key for developing
sustainable hydrogen storage materials

Emmetten, Switzerland[3] Dunn, S. On hydrogen futures: toward a sustainableenergy system - Author's reply. Int J Hydrogen Energ
28, 135-135, doi:Pii S0360-3199(02)00060-5[4] Doi 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00060-5 (2003).

Claudio Pistidda
Department of Materials Design, Institute of Hydrogen
Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, 21502,
Geesthacht, Germany
Abstract Metals play a crucial role in supporting the global
economy and the wellbeing of humankind. Supported by theconstantly increasing demand for metal-based products, theextraction of mineral resources has increased, over the last
decades, at a faster rate than economic growth. This trend isforecasted to steadily increase in the near future, thus leading
to concerns over the exploitation of the Earth´s natural
resources and the environmental impact that the extraction of
metals will have.[1,2] In this scenario, the recycling of metals
from materials or products that have reached their end of life
allows the saving of resources and energy while simultaneously
preventing the depletion of natural sources and the release ofharmful pollutants into the environment.
Hydrogen has attracted great interest in recent decades as anefficient energy carrier, capable of supporting the transition
from fossil fuel-based to renewable-based energy sources.[3-6]However, due to its low volumetric density,[7] even if
compressed or liquefied, the utilization of hydrogen for storinglarge quantities of energy is challenging.[8] The volumetrichydrogen density can be sensibly increased by chemicallybinding hydrogen to metals, metalloids, and metal alloys. To
reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impact that themining of metals for hydrogen storage purposes entails and to
reduce their cost, at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon we pursue
the possibility of obtaining high-quality hydride-basedmaterials from industrial metal waste. A complete overview ofrecent scientific breakthroughs in the synthesis andcharacterization of hydrogen storage materials made fromrecovered metal wastes will be presented.[9-17]

References[1] Ayres, R. U. Metals recycling: economic andenvironmental implications. Resources, Conservation
andRecycling21,
145-173,
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(97)00033-5(1997).
[2] Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., GarcíaGómez, J. J. & López-Serrano, M. J. The Sustainable
Management of Metals: An Analysis of Global
Research. Metals-Basel 8, 805 (2018).

[5] Momirlan, M. & Veziroglu, T. N. Current status ofhydrogen energy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 6, 141-179,
doi:Pii S1364-0321(02)00004-7[6] Doi 10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00004-7 (2002).
[7] Pistidda, C. Solid-State Hydrogen Storage for a
DecarbonizedSociety.
Hydrogen2,
doi:10.3390/hydrogen2040024 (2021).
[8] Winter, C. J. Hydrogen energy - Abundant, efficient,clean: A debate over the energy-system-of-change.
Int
J
HydrogenEnerg
34,
S1-S52,
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.063 (2009).
[9] Hoogers, G. Fuel cell technology handbook. (CRC
press, 2002).
[10] Jensen, J. O., Vestbo, A. P., Li, Q. & Bjerrum, N. J. Theenergy efficiency of onboard hydrogen storage. J
Alloy
Compd
446,
723-728,
doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.04.051 (2007).
[11] Bergemann, N. et al. NaAlH4 production from waste
aluminum by reactive ball milling. Int J Hydrogen
Energ
39,
9877-9882,
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.025 (2014).
[12] Cao, H. et al. Conversion of magnesium waste into acomplex magnesium hydride system: Mg(NH2)2-LiH.
Sustainable Energy and Fuels 4, 1915-1923,
doi:10.1039/c9se01284b (2020).
[13] Hardian, R. et al. Waste Mg-Al based alloys forhydrogen storage. Int J Hydrogen Energ 43, 1673816748, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.014 (2018).
[14] Le, T. T. et al. Efficient synthesis of alkali borohydrides
from mechanochemical reduction of borates using
magnesium-aluminum-basedwaste. Metals-Basel 9,
doi:10.3390/met9101061 (2019).
[15] Passing, M. et al. Development and experimental
validationofkinetic
modelsforthehydrogenation/dehydrogenation of Mg/Al based
metal waste for energy storage. Journal ofMagnesiumandAlloys,doi:10.1016/j.jma.2021.12.005 (2022).
[16] Pistidda, C. et al. Hydrogen storage systems fromwaste Mg alloys. J Power Sources 270, 554-563,
doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.129 (2014).
[17] Shang, Y. et al. Sustainable NaAlH4 production fromrecycled automotive Al alloy. Green Chemistry,doi:10.1039/D1GC04709D (2022).

Corresponding author: Claudio Pistidda, claudio.pistidda@hereon.de, Tel. +49 4152 872644.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

AN ADVANCED AL-AIR FUEL CELL USING A MESH-ENCAPSULATED ANODE VIA AL-ZN
ENERGY TRANFER
Manhui Wei1,2,3, Keliang Wang1,4,*, PuchengPei4, Yayu Zuo1, Liping Zhong2,3, Hengwei Wang1, Siyuan Zhao5
Affiliation 1. Beijing Institute of Technology 2. LMER, EPFL 3. EMPA 4. Tsinghua University 5. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Abstract Al-air fuel cells (AAFCs) are regarded as the potential energy conversion systems due to the ultra-high theoretical capacityof 2980 mAh/g and specific energy of 8100 mWh/g for Al anodes. However, the anodic self-corrosion has severely limited the energy
efficiency, which induces a great challenge to the commercial penetration of AAFCs. Herein, we propose an AAFC using a meshencapsulated anode via Al-Zn energy transfer, and further modify the alkaline electrolyte with a strong Lewis acid ZnCl 2. Finally, ahigh capacity of 2322.91 mAh/g for AAFC are obtained at 20 mA/cm2, and the anode efficiency can reach 77.95%.

Energy storage and conversion systems
Excessive consumption of fossil fuels has seriously deteriorated
the atmospheric environment and forced the transformation ofenergy consumption in human beings. Therefore, the products
in renewable energy market, including Li-ion batteries, protonexchange membrane fuel cells and metal-air fuel cells arewidely favoured and concerned. Metal-air fuel cells, inparticular, have attracted more attention due to theadvantages in consumption, emissions, cost, and efficiency.
Nowadays, Al-air fuel cells (AAFCs) are expected to be theresearch focus due to the high capacity of 2980 mAh/g (close toLi), high specific energy of 21,870 Wh/L (2.32 times of Zn),abundant reserves and low density for Al anodes. Therefore,
many research institutions and companies are racing todevelop the high-performance AAFCs for electric vehicles,
underwater power modules and military communication units.

The mesh-encapsulated anode of AAFC
The energy loss of Al anode is attributed to the self-hydrophilic
reaction [Eq. (1)]. By modifying the alkaline electrolyte with
ZnO, the above problem can be effectively avoided [Eq. (2)].

can accept the fallen dead-Zn and utilize the energy of Zn todischarge. Hence, the share of all Al electrons involved indischarge is increased indirectly, and the energy conversion
efficiency increased by more than 2 times.

Modifying the alkaline electrolyte of AAFC with astrong Lewis acid ZnCl2
Although the dead-Zn is collected and utilized, the Zn film witha large number of holes and cracks still results in the nonmaximization of the electrochemical energy conversion
efficiency for Al metal. For improving the morphology of Zn
film, a single inorganic strong Lewis acid ZnCl2 replaces ZnO tomodify the alkaline electrolyte. The protective effect for Al
anode is further enhanced by the adsorption of the anion
groups formed by Cl- in the alkaline electrolyte. The novel
approach avoids the excessive increase of internal resistancecaused by organic compounds, and does not adversely affectthe energy output of cell. The modified electrolyte ensures that
more energy can be used for discharge and higher output
performance can be achieved, with a high capacity of 2322.91
mAh/g and a high anode efficiency of 77.95% at 20 mA/cm2.

2Al+6H2O+2OH-→2Al(OH)4-+3H2↑(1)

References

2Al+3Zn2++8OH-→2Al(OH)4-+3Zn

(2)

[1]

M. H. Wei, K. L. Wang, Y. Y. Zuo, et al. A high-performance
Al-air fuel cell using a mesh-encapsulated anode via Al–
Zn energy transfer. iScience, 2021, 24(11): 103259.

[2]

M. H. Wei, K. L. Wang, P. C. Pei, et al. An enhancedperformance Al-air battery optimizing the alkaline
electrolyte with a strong Lewis acid ZnCl2. Applied Energy,
2022, 324: 119690.

However, the Zn film is relatively loose, unstable andgravitational. External vibration and turbulence can easily
cause the protective layer to fall off and form dead-Zn, whichbrings challenges to the anti-corrosion of Al anode. Based onthat, a structure of mesh-encapsulated anode is designed. The
mesh size is 1.5 × 1.5 mm and the material is ASTM304. The
mesh can not only be used as a fuel tank for Al anode, but also

Born in 1994 in Tianjin, China, Manhui Wei graduated with a B.E. in Marine Engineering from Dalian Maritime
University (DMU) in 2017. He obtained an M.E. in Power Eng. & Eng. Thermophysics from Beijing Institute ofTechnology (BIT) in 2020, and continued to study for a Ph.D here under the supervision of Prof. Keliang Wang.
Currently, he studies as a visiting PhD at Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER) of École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and is supervised by Prof. Andreas Züttel. His research interests
include the anode/cathode/electrolyte design of metal-air batteries and proton-exchange membrane fuelcells.
Manhui Wei

Corresponding author: Keliang Wang, wangkl@bit.edu.cn, +86 186 1241 7043.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

HYDROGEN STORAGE BY PHYSISORPTION
Jessica RUFFINER1,2, Noris GALLANDAT2, Heena YANG2, Andreas ZÜTTEL2
1) University of Fribourg, Physics Department, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland

2) Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland

Materials with a large specific surface area or nano-porousity, e.g. carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal organic frameworks,
adsorb hydrogen (Van der Waals interaction) with an interaction energy of 5 – 8 kJ·mol-1H2. The entropy of hydrogen at 77K is 72
J·K-1·mol-1H2, therefore, the equilibrium pressure at 77K (-196°C) is 1.5 bar but steep increasing with increasing temperature (200bar at -150°C). The amount of adsorped hydrogen at 77K corresponds to 0.6 monolayer (1 MLH2 = 71’022 m2·mol-1).

Result (theoretical)

H2 Adsorption

With the discovery of the carbon nanomaterials and the metalorganic frameworks new materials are available [1] which
exhibit a very large specific surface area up greater than 5000
m2·g-1. Such materials adsorb large amounts of hydrogen up to
0.05 mol H2·g-1 (= 10 mass%) at liq. N2 temperature (77 K). This
capacity is larger than compressed hydrogen at 700 bar (5mass%) or metal hydride storages (1 mass%). However, until
now no such storage is on the market.

The hydrogen adsorption at 77K takes place at low pressureand only slightly increases with pressure (77K > criticaltemperature = 32K). At a pressure of 20 bar the gas phasealready stores more hydrogen than the absorber and above
80bar the storage capacity of the empty cylinder is larger thanthat with the absorber.

BET model [2]The equilibrium pressure of the hydrogen in the gas phase
above the adsorbed hydrogen is given by the Van’t Hoff
equation.

In equilibrium DG=0, the adsorption enthalpy DH0 = 5 – 8
kJ·mol-1H2, and the entropy of hydrogen at T = 77K is 72 J·K1·mol-1H . R is the gas constant 8.314 J·K-1·mol-1. The amount2of adsorbed hydrogen is determined by the BET-model.

n
c ×b
=
n m (1- b) × (1+ (c - 1) × b) ,DH ads - DH V
k ×T
c=e

n is the number of mol adsorbed hydrogen, nm is the numberof mol H2 in a monolayer, c is a temperature dependent
parameter with the enthalpy of adsorption DHads and theenthalpy of evaporation DHV and b = p/p0 the gas pressure
divided by the saturation pressure.

Fig. 1 Amount of hydrogen adsorbed (dotted line) on 187.5g HSAG 500
vs. the pressure at 78K in the cylinder (0.5 L). The corresponding
amount of hydrogen in the gas phase of the empty cylinder (thin line)
as well as the total amount of hydrogen (adsorbed and in the gas
phase, thick line) are shown.

References[1]

Maurice Schlichtenmayer and Michael Hirscher,„Nanosponges for hydrogen storage“, J. Mater. Chem.,
22 (2012), 10134.

[2]

Stephen Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, Edward Teller:
Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. In:
Journal of the American Chemical Society. Band 60, Nr. 2(1938),
pp.
309–319,
doi:10.1021/ja01269a023

Experiment
A storage cylinder with a volume of 0.5 L is wrapped with aheating tape, isolated with silicon and immersed into liquid
nitrogen. The amount of adsorbed hydrogen is measured as afunction of pressure and temperature.
Short CV

Born 23. 10. 1999 in Visp, Switzerland, Matura from Kollegium Spiritus Sanctus Brig 2020, BSc. in Physics, andEnvironmental Science from Science Faculty University of Fribourg 2023.

Jessica RUFFINER

Corresponding author: Jessica RUFFINER, email: jessica.ruffiner@bluewin.ch, Tel. +41 77 445 64 34

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

SELECTIVE THERMO-CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF CO2 AND H2 INTO ETHYLENE
Yasemen Kuddusi1,2, Andreas Züttel1,2
1Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
2Empa Materials Science & Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Abstract: Ethylene is a key chemical building block in the chemical industry with an annual production of around 200 million tons. It
is a cornerstone in the production of polymers, adhesives, food supplements and pharmaceuticals. Its industrial production routes
are fossil-based, energy-intensive and large CO2 emitters. In this work, it is examined how CO2 can be used as a source for ethylene
production. We hereby focus maximizing the ethylene formation rate by means of Ga-based bifunctional catalysts. The incorporationof gallium oxide is found to have a positive effect on both activity and selectivity towards ethylene.

Introduction
The rising levels of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in theatmosphere force scientists and engineers to rethink how highvalue-chemicals can be produced with a minimal carbon
footprint. Carbon dioxide when used as a carbon feedstockalong with green hydrogen retrieved from renewable resources
offers a green pathway to produce hydrocarbons. Direct CO2hydrogenation to olefins follows either a methanol-mediatedor a modified Fischer-Tropsch pathway. The selectivity in thelatter is strongly limited by the Anderson-Schulz-Flory
distribution 1. An efficient catalyst for methanol-mediated CO2hydrogenation to olefins is bifunctional and should be active forboth methanol synthesis and methanol dehydration/couplingunder the same conditions 1,2. In this work, we will investigate
the effect of gallium oxide incorporation to the designed
bifunctional catalyst on ethylene and light olefin formation ratefrom methanol mediated thermo-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation.

Experimental
Indium oxide (In2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and mixed oxide
catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation of aqueous
solutions of respective nitrate hydrate salts under vigorous
mixing. The precipitates were aged, filtered, washed with
deionized water, dried and then calcined. Both metal oxides
and SSZ-13 zeolite were crushed and grinded separately. Thenthey were physically mixed.
Crystallinity and phases of the samples were checked by XRD.
Electronic properties and surface oxygen vacancy
concentrations were analyzed by XPS. Textural properties of
the catalysts were retrieved from N2 sorption experiments. For

Yasemen Kuddusi

acid side density of the samples, NH3-TPD and for surface
basicity analysis, CO2-TPD was conducted. Surface metal
hydrides and H2 dissociation on the samples were analyzed byin-situ DRIFTS. Catalytic performance results were acquired
from a microreactor coupled with a gas chromatography.

Results and Discussion
By tuning of metal oxide content of the bifunctional catalyst,
undesired CH4 and CO formation were suppressed and lightolefin formation was enhanced. With increasing atomic Ga ratio
in the metal oxides of the bifunctional catalysts, C2H4 selectivity
increased. No C2H4 was detected in the products for the same
operating conditions for pure In2O3/SSZ-13 highlighting the roleof gallium oxide.
The tuning of the product distribution of CO2 hydrogenation toshorter chain hydrocarbons by gallium oxide incorporation issuggested to be linked to surface acid site density modulationand surface metal-hydride formation. It is postulated that thesurface acid-base properties of mixed metal oxides play adecisive role in the C=C bond functionalization.

References[1]

Z. Ma and M. D. Porosoff, “Development of Tandem
Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Olefins,” ACS Catal.,
9, 3, 2639–2656, 2019.

[2]

R.-P. Ye et al., “CO2 hydrogenation to high-value products
via heterogeneous catalysis,” Nat. Commun., 10, 1, 5698,
2019.

Yasemen Kuddusi was born in 1995. She graduated as the 1st ranked student in her BSc of chemical engineering
degree from ITU in 2019. Her BSc thesis was entitled as “Oxy-fuel pressurized fluidized bed combustion andCO2 capture” under supervision of Prof. Hasancan Okutan. In 2021, she received her MSc of chemicalengineering degree from UGent with a minor in Environment and Sustainable Development as one of therecipients of MasterMind Scholarship. Her MSc thesis work was entitled as “Experimental investigation into
the effect of CO2 on the oxidative coupling of methane” under supervision of Prof. Joris Thybaut and Prof.
Pedro Mendes. Now, she is a 1st year PhD candidate in EPFL under supervision of Prof. Andreas Züttel working
on enabling green synthesis of ethylene and acetylene from CO2 hydrogenation.

Corresponding author: Yasemen Kuddusi, e: yasemen.kuddusi@epfl.ch, m: +41 78 215 5734.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

Ru-COMPLEX BASED POLYMERIC PHOTOCATHODES FOR WATER SPLITTING
Selim Kazaz,a,b Andreas Borgschulte,a,b Daniel Denzler,c Stuart Robertsonc
aLaboratory

for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology,Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH8057 Zürich, Switzerland; cH2 Solar AG, Alter Postplatz 2, CH - 6370 Stans, Switzerland
Development of key components for Ru-based polymeric photocathode to combine the advantages of homogeneous andheterogeneous solar water splitting.
xx

Polymeric photocathodes
Photo-electrochemical water splitting has intrinsic advantages
over established hydrogen production via photovoltaics
coupled to electrolysis such as high electro-catalytic conversion
due to low current densities and the lower demand ofelectrically conducting materials. However, current systems
have not shown to be competitive due to a variety of challenges
despite promising economic studies [1].

xxxStructure of the polymer on the device
Optical excitation and decay mechanism of Ru(bpy)3
based polymer
Energy and charge transfer mechanism
Electronic conduction through metal polymer
interfaces, charge separation
Solar to hydrogen efficiency

Results
Optimization of monomer synthesisxxFig. 1: (a) scheme of a photo-electrochemical cell based on a photocathode(hydrogen evolution catalyst, HEC, with polymeric photo-sensitizer) and photoanode (oxygen evolution catalyst with 2nd photosystem). (b) shows the Ru(bpy)3
monomer. The exact structure of the polymer and electronic conduction is notcompletely understood yet.

Recently, a novel system has been discovered showing
significant photocatalytic activity [2]. The core of the device is aRu(bpy)3 based polymer opening a new opportunities forpromising photo-electrochemical cells (Fig. 1 (a)). The
monomer of the polymer consists of Ru complexated with thiol
alkane functionalized bipyridine (Fig. 1 (b)). Advantages of thepolymeric photocathode come from the fact that it combines
both the advantages of homogeneous (molecular) systems andthose of heterogeneous systems. However, as to be expected
for a new system, various scientific and technological questions
remain open.

xxDevelopment of new synthesis route to overcome
challenges of the complexation reaction: the long
thiol alkane chains interact via van der Waals forces,
which is a competitive interaction to thecomplexation
New procedure allows gram scale production, which
is sufficient to coat a square meter
UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence lifetime
measurements confirm good absorber properties
Water splitting experiments under way

Perspective
H2Solar intends to license or sell the technology, once proven,to industry and has this year agreed with Swiss energy suppliers
the installation of such membranes affixed to motorway
infrastructure, producing and storing hydrogen for transport.
Costs are expected to be competitive against current market[1].

References[1]

B. Pinuad, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1983–2002[2]

Patents WO 2009/056348 A1, and WO 2019/115012 A1

Scientific questionsx

Upscaling of monomer synthesis for prototype
development

Researcher at the Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies at the Swiss Federal Laboratories forMaterials Science and Technology (Empa). BSc and MSc degrees from the University of Zurich. Researchinterests revolve around solid-state chemistry and hydrogen spectroscopy for energy conversion and storage.

Selim Kazaz

Corresponding author: Selim Kazaz, selim.kazaz@empa.ch, Tel. +41 58 765 6510

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

CALCULATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF H ON METAL SURFACES
Yuta Kataoka, Jun Haruyama, and Osamu Sugino
Instistute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo
Abstract : We calculated the diffusion coefficients of H on (111) surfaces of Cu, Ni, Pd, and Au. In the calculation, we combined thetransition state theory with free energy surface obtained form 2 dimensional wave function of diffusing H. the quantum-classicalcrossover of diffusion coefficient is reproduced by this calculation.

Introduction
Hydrogen (H) is known as a material with pronounces quantum
effects and exhibits interesting behaviour in surface diffusion.
At high temperatures, diffusion proceeds by thermal activity,
whereas at low temperatures it proceeds by tunnelling. The
temperature at which this diffusion mechanism transitions iscalled the crossover temperature. In the theoretical calculation,
the diffusion coefficient was calculated using path integral
molecular dynamics [1] and ring polymer molecular
dynamics [2]. Since these methods are based on stochastic
simulation, the computational cost becomes high at low
temperatures. Therefore, this study proposes a calculation
method that complements conventional stochastic simulations
by calculating diffusion coefficients using a method that is notbased on stochastic simulations.

function obtained fromequation for H nuclei.

2-dimensional

Schrödinger-likeResults
We calculate the diffusion coefficients of H on (111) surfaces ofCu, Ni, Pd, and Au (Fig.1). The crossover temperature isconsistent with the one calculated from WKB based formula.

Calculation Methods
The diffusion coefficient between site A and site B was
expressed as!=#$ &'→) &)→'.
2 &'→) + &)→'

where &'→) and &)→' is jump rate from A to B and jump ratefrom B to A, respectively. The jump rate was calculated basedon transition state theory (TST). Since the free energy surface(FES) was available in our calculation, we used FES instead ofpotential energy surface (PES) in TST [3]. Jump rate from A to B
was calculated using the distribution of H at transition state ,-.
and the distribution of H at site A, ,',&'→) =/

456

0$123 47,

where m and 9 is the mass of H and inverse temperature,
respectively. The distribution was calculated from the wave

Fig. 1. Diffusion coefficients of H on (111) metal surfaces

References[1]

E. M. McIntosh, K. Thor Wikfeldt, J. Ellis, A.
Michaelides, and W. Allison, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4,1565 (2013).

[2]

Y. V. Suleimanov, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 11141 (2012).

[3]

G. H. Vineyard, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 3, 121 (1957).

CV Yuta Kataoka
2019 – 2021 : master’s degree at Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
2019 – Present : MERIT-WINGS, Tokyo University
2021 – Present : Ph.D, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
Yuta Kataoka

Corresponding author: Yuta Kataoka, e: y.karaoka@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp , T: +81-7136-3292.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

HYDROGEN PURIFICATION WITH LaNiAl5-BASED METAL HYDRIDES
Chia-Chieh Shen1, 2* and Jui-Yu Hsieh1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan and 2Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan

Abstract;
Hydrogen purification with LaNiAl5-based metal hydrides was studied in a single reactor at operational temperature range of 20-70oC.
Pressure-composition temperature (PCT) curves showed LaNiAl5-based have the absorption plateau pressure with approximately 1
atm at 30oC and desorption plateau pressure with 5 atm at 70oC, respectively. LaNiAl5-based alloys exhibited stable hydrogenation
properties after 3000 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption, indicating that it is a suitable metal hydride candidate forapplication in hydrogen purifications. In this study, approximate 50 grams of commercial LaNiAl5-based alloy powders were filled intoa single stainless steel reactor. Purification performance of hydrogen gas with starting purity of 99.99% was analyzed by a mass
spectrometer. Operational parameters including reaction temperature, pressure and time were examined for designing an optimizedhydrogen purifier.

Introduction
High pure hydrogen is important for applications in fuelcells, semiconductors and food industries. Hydrogen
purifications divided into two categories of physical andchemical methods. One of hydrogen purification method is toemploy metal hydride materials to purify hydrogen gas to highpure of 99.9999%. However, poisoning, pulverization anddisproportionation of metal hydride alloy are problems to
restrict the development of metal hydride purification.
Previously, one author of this study reported that substitutionof Ni with Al in LaNi5-based alloy can remarkably hinder thedisproportionation to keep its cyclic stability of hydrogenationand dehydrogenation [2]. The effect of impure hydrogen on thealloy poisoning of LaNiAl5-based has not been examined.
Therefore, approximate 50 grams of commercial LaNiAl5-based
alloy powders were filled into a single stainless steel reactor to
study its purification performance.

heat released during the hydrogenation. After thehydrogenation complete, impurity gas valve was open to
release the impurity gases while the water flow at medium
temperature T = 20-30 oC was supplied to the purifier reactor.
The outlet compositions of the desorbed gases were sampled
by a MS detector. Then, closed the impurity gas valve andopened high purity hydrogen valve, the compositions of purehydrogen gases were monitored by a MS detector during thedehydrogenation. The warm water at 50-70 oC was supplied to
the reactor for maintain reactor temperature. Effect of reaction
temperature, pressure and time were presented for thedevelopment of designing an optimized hydrogen purifier.

Experimental and results
Commercial 50 grams of LaNiAl5-based alloy powders
were supplied from HyTec Co., Ltd., Taiwan [1]. They were filled
into a single stainless steel reactor. Purification performance ofhydrogen gas with starting purity of 99.99% was analyzed by areal time mass spectrometer (MS) measurement using aquadrupole MS (Agilent 5975B) with electron ionization.
Purification procedure was shown in Fig. 1. In beginning,when the starting hydrogen gas flowed into the reactor, cold
water at T = 10-20 oC was supplied to remove the exothermic

Chia-Chieh Shen

Fig. 1 Schematic of hydrogen purification using metal hydrides.

Reference[1].

C.C. Shen, T.P. Perng, On the cyclic hydrogenation
stability of an Lm(NiAl)5-based alloy with differenthydrogen loadings, J. Alloys Compd., 392 (2005) 187-191.

Dr. Chia-Chieh Shen is presently Associated Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering and also
Deputy Director of Fuel Cell Center at Yuan Ze University in Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. from Department ofMaterials Science and Engineering at National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan in 2006. After a postdoctoral
researcher career, he joined the faculty of Yuan Ze University, as assistant professor in 2008. His researchinterests include metal hydrides (Ti-based, Mg-based and AB5 type), fuel cell applications andthermohydrogenation. He has published over 20 international journal papers and 8 patents about metal
hydrides.

Corresponding author: Chia-Chieh Shen, Email: ccshen@saturn.yzu.edu.tw, Tel: 886-34638800 Ext 2447.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

TRANSITION FROM FOSSIL TO RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH HYDROGEN
Andreas Züttel
Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
Abstract The main challenge of the energy transition from abundant fossil to intermittent renewable energy is the conversion andstorage of the renewable produced electricity in order to provide energy on demand. A entirely electric energy system is mostefficient as compared to the conversion to hydrogen or synthetic fuels. However, seasonal storage of electricity is in batteries very
expensive. Hydrogen can be transported over long distances and stored under ground and then used in combined cycle power plants
for electricity production.

CO2 emissions and limited reserves
The global consumption of fossil fuels is increasing
exponentially since forty years, doubling approximately every
27 years. Close to 50% of the emitted CO2 remains in theatmosphere, i.e. nature is able to absorbs 50% of the CO2
emissions. However, until 2047 the world will emit the sameamount of CO2 as was emitted since 1850. The fossil resources
are limited and will be consumed between 2047 and 2073.
Therefore, a fast transition to renewable energy is required.

to winter. The global renewable energy production is growing
exponentially and if it continues like that will reach the worldenergy demand in 2035. The energy requirement are analysedon the example of Switzerland and the opportunities for the
replacement of the fossil fuels with renewables are shown aswell as the technical and economic consequences aredescribed. In addition the opportunities for Australia to provide
renewable energy for the world are discussed.

Seasonal storage
The seasonal storage and the production of the fuel for aviation
are the main challenges. Importing renewable energy during
the winter time slightly reduces the storage requirement andthe size of the photovoltaics needed, but large storage
capacities in the hydroelectric storage lakes as well as forhydrogen remain a big technical challenge. Furthermore, thecost of the energy depends on the storage form and the overall
conversion efficiency and has a significant economic impact.

HydrogenHydrogen plays a crucial role in the renewable energy economy
since it is rather easy to produce, abundant and much more
efficient than synthetic hydrocarbons. The future energy
system will use electricity, hydrogen and synthetic fuels,
depending on the requirements of the applications.
Fig. 1 Energy demand in Switzerland 2019

References

Renewable energy[1]

Beside the production of electricity from renewables thestorage is essential for a future energy economy based on
renewables in order to provide energy on demand from anintermittent source of energy and to shift energy from summer

Andreas ZÜTTEL, Noris GALLANDAT, Paul J. DYSON, LouisSCHLAPBACH, Paul W. GILGEN, Shin-Ichi ORIMO, “Future
Swiss Energy Economy: the challenge of storing
renewable energy”, Frontiers in Energy Research: Process
and Energy Systems Engineering,
9 (2022),https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.785908

Short CV

Andreas ZÜTTEL

Born 22. 8. 1963 in Bern, Switzerland. 1985 Engineering Degree in Chemistry, Burgdorf, Switzerland. 1990
Diploma in Physics from the Unversity of Fribourg (UniFR), Switzerland. 1993 Dr. rer. nat. from the sciencefaculty UniFR. 2004 Habilitation in experimental physics at the science faculty UniFR (www.unifr.ch). Presidentof the Swiss Hydrogen Association „HYDROPOLE” (www.hydropole.ch). 2006 Head of the section “Hydrogen &Energy” at EMPA (www.empa.ch) and Prof. tit. in the Physics department UniFR. 2014 Full Professor for
Physical Chemsitry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
EPFL (www.lmer.epfl.ch), Switzerland. 2017 Co-Founder of GRZ Technologies Ltd. (www.grztechnologies.com). 2020 Member of the Swiss Academy of Technical Science (SATW, https://www.satw.ch)

Corresponding author: Andreas Züttel, EPFL, Switzerland, e: andreas.zuettel@epfl.ch, m: +41 79 484 2553, U: http://lmer.epfl.ch15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

Effects of replacing La with Y on the crystal structure of La6-xYxNi6.5Mn0.33Al0.17 materials
Emil Høj Jensen 1*, Matylda Guzik 1,Pamela Whitfield 2, Sabrina Sartori 1
1.
2.

Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Gunnar Randers Vei 19, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, Park InnovAARE 5234, Villigen, Switzerland

Abstract: In order to limit some of the major issues of using Mg in RE-Mg-Ni A2B7-type hydrogen storage alloys. Mg is being
replaced with Y. The effects of single-substituted compounds are known, but for compounds with multiple element substitution. In
here it is found that the addition of Y has an effect on where the other substituted elements are located in the structure, and that it
induce the formation of a hexagonal-type phase at low amounts, but at higher amounts rhombohedral type structures are induced.

Introduction
RE-Mg-Ni A2B7-type hydrogen storage alloys havegained increased interest in recent years due to thehigher electrochemical storage capacity (~400 mAh/g)
compared to commercial AB5-type materials (theoretical
capacity of 372 mAh/g) when used as the anode in NiMetal-Hydride batteries. An issue is that Mg has a highvapour pressure, making the exact composition
challenging to control during production using
conventional metallurgical production routes. At thesame time, Mg is easily volatilized into ultra-fine
powder particles, thus becoming a safety hazard [1]. A
possible solution is to replace Mg with Y, since a similar
crystal structure and electrochemical capacities arefound [2]. Though the electrochemical stability of thesematerials needs to be improved [3].
Findings
Here we report the location of the substituted Y
element in the crystal structure of the primary
hexagonal Ce2Ni7-prototype phase (space group
P63/mmc). It is known that for single substituted
materials that Y prefer to enter specific sites initially[4,5]. Here a similar trend is found in that Y prefer toenter the A2B4 subunit first, and subsequently the AB5
subunit secondly. This also affects which sites the Al andMn elements are located. It is also found that Y induce

Emil Høj Jensen

the formation of the hexagonal Ce2Ni7-prototype phase(space group P63/mmc) initially, and with more Y added
the rhombohedral Gd2Co7 and PuNi3-prototype phases(space group R-3m)
References
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Yan, H.; Xiong, W.; Wang, L.; Li, B.; Li, J.; Zhao, X.
Investigations on AB3-, A2B7- and A5B19-Type La Y Ni
System Hydrogen Storage Alloys. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 2257–2264.
Baddour-Hadjean, R.; Meyer, L.; Pereira-Ramos, J.P.;
Latroche, M.; Percheron-Guegan, A. An Electrochemical
Study of New La1−xCexY2Ni9 (0≤x≤1) Hydrogen Storage
Alloys. Electrochimica Acta 2001, 46, 2385–2393.
Belgacem, Y.B.; Khaldi, C.; Boussami, S.; Lamloumi, J.;
Mathlouthi, H. Electrochemical Properties of LaY2Ni9
Hydrogen Storage Alloy, Used as an Anode in NickelMetal Hydride Batteries. Journal of Solid StateElectrochemistry 2014, 18, 2019–2026.
Zhang, J.; Charbonnier, V.; Madern, N.; Monnier, J.;
Latroche, M. Improvement of Reversible H Storage
Capacity by Fine Tuning of the Composition in the
Pseudo-Binary Systems A2-La Ni7 (A = Gd, Sm, Y, Mg).
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2021, 852, 157008.
Paul-Boncour, V.; Crivello, J.C.; Madern, N.; Zhang, J.;
Diop, L.V.B.; Charbonnier, V.; Monnier, J.; Latroche, M.
Correlations between Stacked Structures and Weak
Itinerant Magnetic Properties of La2 - x Y x Ni7
Compounds. J Phys Condens Matter 2020, 32, 415804.

My name is Emil and I come from Denmark. I took my Bachelor in Nanoscience from the university of Aarhus
where I graduated from in 2015. The project I worked on was a parameter study on the ratio ofsupercapacitor material, binder and activated carbon to find the optimal ratio. I took my masters through the
Sino-Danish Center program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology graduating in 2017 where I worked tofabricate free-standing bendable cathode electrodes for simpler and bendable Li-ion batteries. I am currently
working on my PhD, focusing on the utilization of metal hydrides in hydrogen gas storage that can be coupled
to the electric grid.

Corresponding author: Emil Høj Jensen, emilhoj@its.uio.no, +47 935 83 271.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS WITH FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN
Ulrike Trachte
Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Engineering & Architecture
More than 15 years ago, a fuel cell system for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with fuel cells (FC) was tested in the field on anantenna for telecommunications at the roof of Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Engineering & Architecture. In
Switzerland, this was the first application at an installation in operation. Hydrogen was used as fuel.
Further installations followed for applications in the telecommunications sector and for the POLYCOM security radio network. The
systems were subjected to extensive stress tests with measurements in the field. Hydrogen handling and service aspects were
included in the evaluation. The results demonstrated a high reliability of the systems and a high technical maturity of the systems.
However, the technology is (still) expensive and there is so far no widespread use in Switzerland.

Introduction
According to a national risk analysis [1], the failure of mobile
communications is one of the three biggest risks in
Switzerland. Typically, batteries are used for emergency
power for short downtimes and diesel generators for longer
times. As an environmentally friendly alternative, fuel cells are
suitable for emergency power applications thanks to their highelectrical efficiency and clean and quiet operation for long
operation times. In a nationally funded project [2], five fuelcell systems were long term tested in the field. The installed
fuel cell systems had an electrical output of between two andsix kilowatts. The systems were air-cooled. Hydrogen was
supplied from 50 liter compressed gas cylinders.

Approach
The FC systems were integrated into an existing UPS system or
installed as a stand-alone system. At one site, the system wasrebuilt as a stand-alone system using supercapacitors insteadof batteries for start-up.
The systems were installed at different locations and are
exemplary for different environmental conditions. Threesystems were located indoor and one outdoor. One of thesystems was located at an altitude of 2’400 m above sea level,
another at a tunnel entrance, and two systems were installedin the open field. Thus, the air quality for the operation of thefuel cells was quite different depending on the location.

During the testing period reliability and operational suitability
were tested. The tests were carried out remotely and on aregular basis. All sites were provided with measurement
equipment. Performance data and ambient conditions wererecorded continuously. Current data could be accessed in realtime via remote monitoring.

Results
After a total of seven years of operation the systems had areliability of 99.6% to 100%. With the good reliability andstable operation, the systems fully met the expectations of theend-users. At the end of testing, there was no significant
damage of the FC, and no signs of aging could be observed. All
systems were still fully functional.
However, in Switzerland there is still potential for
improvement in the service availability for FC products and in
the handling of hydrogen, particularly in the service of cylinder
supply and cylinder replacement.

References[1]

Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (BABS) (2020):
Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse. Katastrophen undNotlagen Schweiz 2020. BABS, Bern.

[2]

U. Trachte, P. Sollberger, T. Gisler: Langzeittest USV mit
Brennstoffzellen, BFE, 2019.

Short CV

Study of Mechanical Engineering at University of Karlsruhe, Germany
1993

Degree Dipl.-Ing.

1993 – 1998

Project engineer in plant engineering in Germany

1999 – 2002

Project manager at SIG Transver AG, Switzerland

2003 – today

Scientific engineer at Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts

Ulrike Trachte

Corresponding author: Ulrike Trachte, ulrike.trachte@hslu.ch, Tel. +41 41 3493 249

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

RECENT TRENDS IN THE KOREAN HYDROGEN INDUSTRY
Jihye Park
Hyundai Motor Company, Korea
Hydrogen is an excellent energy carrier with potential for next-generation transportation and energy storage. However, several
challenges remain before hydrogen's full potential can be realized. Because all sectors of the hydrogen industry – production, storage,transportation and utilization – are closely intertwined, consistent government policies or support are required for the sustainablegrowth of the industry. The Korean government is actively pursuing policies to revitalize the hydrogen economy, thereby expandinghydrogen market and achieving balanced development of hydrogen industry. Introducing the latest technology development trendsof domestic companies including Hyundai Motor Group.

Korean government’s Hydrogen Roadmap
South Korea adopted the Hydrogen Economy Roadmap in 2019[1-3]. In order to prepare the legal basis for the government'shydrogen promotion, the “Hydrogen Law” (Hydrogen Economy
Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act) was
enacted in 2020 and implemented the following year. The
Hydrogen Law stipulates several important industrial strategy
elements, such as supporting hydrogen-centric companies
through research and development (R&D) subsidies, loans, andtax exemptions. In 2022, the Korean government announced
new policies and goals to foster the domestic hydrogen
industry. The government's three major growth strategies('3UP') are establishing global supply chain and creating largescale hydrogen demand ('Scale-Up'), legal framework
establishment ('Build-Up'), and technological innovation('Level-Up').

Hydrogen industry trends in Korea
Recently, trends in the Korean hydrogen industry are changing.
Over the past few years, it has struggled to lead the industry inhydrogen utilization, particularly in fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs) and fuel cells for power generation and buildings. Now,
from the perspective of an energy transition toward carbon
neutrality, the Korean hydrogen industry is facing a new turning

point as more investments in infrastructure have been madeand more companies and institutions have entered the fields ofhydrogen production, storage and transportation.

HMG’s activities
In 2013, Hyundai Motor Group (HMG) succeeded in massproducing fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) for the first time in
the world. Since then, HMG's hydrogen project has shifted theparadigm, showing HMG's vision for a hydrogen society byintroducing next-generation FCEVs, FC trucks & buses, andfuture mobility solutions [4].

References[1]

Hydrogen Economy Roadmap of Korea, January 2019,
Government of Korea (https://motie.go.kr)[2]

Jae-Eun Shin, Hydrogen technology development andpolicy status by value chain in South Korea, Energies, 15(2022) 8983.

[3]

Troy Stangarone, South Korean efforts to transition to ahydrogeneconomy,
Clean
Technologies
andEnvironmental Policy, 23 (2021) 509-516.

[4]https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/

Jihye Park is a senior research engineer at Hyundai Motor Company. She received her BS and PhD in
Metallurgical Engineering from Yonsei University in South Korea. As her postdoctoral fellow at Korea Instituteof Science and Technology, she developed hydrogen storage materials and computational alloy design
techniques. After joining Hyundai Motor Company, she was responsible for establishing technology strategy
and driving business in the field of hydrogen storage and transportation. She is currently researching hydrogenstorage and applications based on solid hydrogen storage materials.
Jihye Park

Corresponding author: Jihye Park, jihyepark@hyundai.com, Tel.+82-31-596-0632

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

ENERGETICS AND GROWTH MODES OF NI AND PD NANOPARTICLESON GRAPHENE/Ni(111)Kun ZHAO1, John R. RUMPTZ2, Nida JANULAITIS2 and Charles T. CAMPBELL1,2
1Department of Chemistry, and 2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,

USA
The use of carbon supports for late transition metal nanoparticle catalysts has grown substantially in recent years due to efforts todevelop electrocatalysts for clean energy applications and catalysts for new aqueous-phase biomass-related conversions, and due tothe evolution of new carbon materials with unique properties (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.). However, much less is known
about the bonding energetics of catalytic metal nanoparticles on carbon supports in comparison with oxide supports, which are morecommon for thermal catalysis.
Here we investigated the growth morphologies and heats ofadsorption of Ni and Pd vapor deposited onto
graphene/Ni(111) at 300 K and 100 K using He+ low-energy ion
scattering (LEIS) and single crystal adsorption calorimetry(SCAC). For Ni/graphene/Ni(111), the SCAC results showed at
300 K the heat of adsorption of Ni vapor increases rapidly from
336 kJ/mol initially to the heat of sublimation (430 kJ/mol) by 2
ML, and at 100 K from 230 kJ/mol to the heat of sublimation
slower by 3.5 ML.

at 100 K. The particle size and morphology differences accountfor the differences in the heat of adsorption versus coverage atthese two temperatures. The Ni chemical potential as afunction of average particle diameter in the 0.5 to 4 nm range
at 100 K was determined from the LEIS and SCAC
measurements, and the Ni adhesion energy of 3.6 J/m2 wasdetermined from fitting the chemical potential vs diameter toa theoretical model.
For Pd/graphene/Ni(111), the heats of adsorption of Pd
increase with coverage similarly to Ni at 300 K and 100 K andreach the heat of sublimation (377 kJ/mol) by 2 ML, with an
initial heat of adsorption at 300 K (273 kJ/mol) that is 45 kJ/mol
higher than at 100 K. The trends in the heat of adsorption aresupported by the growth model from the LEIS results. Similar toNi growth, but with smaller particle size and larger particle
density than Ni, Pd grows as flat-topped islands at 300 K with athickness of ~1 nm, and hemispherical cap shape at 100 K witha larger number density (6 × 1016 particles/m2) than at 300 K.
The evolution of Pd chemical potential along with particle size
was determined in the average particle diameter range of 0.6 –2.5 nm at 100 K and the Pd adhesion energy was found to be
3.5 J/m2.

Acknowledgement
Figure 1. Differential heat of adsorption of Ni gas atoms onto
graphene/Ni(111) as a function of Ni coverage at 300 K (red,filled points) and 100 K (blue, open points). The inset shows the
low coverage regime (<0.3 ML) on an expanded scale.

The authors acknowledge the Department of Energy, Office ofBasic Energy Sciences, under Grant Number DE-FG0296ER14630, for support of this work.

The growth models derived from LEIS results suggested that Ni
grows as flat-topped islands with a thickness of ~1.5 nm when
deposited at 300 K, and smaller hemispherical cap shape with ahigher number density (2 × 1016 particles/m2) when deposited[1]

Rumptz, J. R.; Zhao, K.; Mayo, J.; Campbell, C. T. ACS Catal.
2022, 12,12632−12642.

[2]

Zhao, K.; Janulaitis, N.; Campbell, C. T. submitted, 2022.

References

Dr. Kun Zhao. 2012 B.S. in Applied Chemistry, and B.S. in Physics at Central China Normal University, Wuhan,
China. 2015 M.S. in Physical Chemistry at Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China. 2020 PhD at EPFL in
the group of Prof. Andreas Züttel with the thesis of Mechanisms of the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction of
CO2 hydrogenation on Transition Metal Surfaces. 2021 to present, Postdoc Researcher at University ofWashington, discovering the energetics and morphology of metal atoms and nanoparticles on graphene andmetal oxide supports using advanced techniques of Single-Crystal Absorption Calorimetry (SCAC) and LowEnergy Ion Scattering (LEIS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) equipment.
Kun ZHAO

Corresponding author: Kun ZHAO, email: kzhao20@uw.edu, Tel.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE FETI ALLOYS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE BY RECYCLING
Yuanyuan Shang1, Shaofei Liu2, Zhida Liang3, 4, Florian Pyczak3, Zhifeng Lei5, Tim Heidenreich1,
Alexander Schökel6, Ji-jung Kai2, 7, Gökhan Gizer1, Martin Dornheim1, Thomas Klassen1, 8, Claudio
Pistidda1
1 Department ofMaterials Design, Institute of Hydrogen Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, 21502, Geesthacht,

Germany
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
3 Department of Metal Physics, Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
4 Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
5 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
6 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
7 Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
8 Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany

Abstract
Intermetallic alloys such as FeTi have attracted ever-growing
attention as a safe and efficient hydrogen storage medium.
However, the utilization of high-purity metals for the synthesisof such materials poses considerable concerns over theenvironmental
sustainabilityof
theirlarge-scale
production. Here, attempting to drastically reduce the carbon
footprint associated with the synthesis of FeTi alloys, withoutcompromising their hydrogen storage properties, we report anapproach for synthesising FeTi from industrial scraps of Fe(steels C45 and 316L) and Ti (Ti alloy Grade 2). Remarkably, at
50 °C in the range of hydrogen pressure between 0 bar and 100
bar, the alloys obtained by using C45-Ti Grade 2 and 316L-Ti
Grade 2 can absorb a maximum amount of hydrogen of 1.61

wt.% and 1.50 wt.%, respectively (high-purity FeTi 1.70 wt.%).
Moreover, depending on the type of steel utilized, thematerial´s thermodynamic properties can be modified. Ourfindings pave a new pathway for developing high-performance,
environmentally-sustainable FeTi alloys for hydrogen storage
purposes using industrial metal wastes.

References[1] Shang, Y., Liu S., Liang Z., … & Pistidda C. (2022). Developing
sustainable FeTi alloys for hydrogen storage by recycling.
(Accepted by Communications Materials)

Short CV
Yuanyuan Shang received her M.Eng. degree in materials science and engineering from the University of
Science and Technology Beijing, under the supervision of Prof. Zhaoping Lu. She is now a Ph.D. student at
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. Her research interests mainly focus on developing hydrogen storage materials,
i.e. Mg-based systems, NaAlH4, FeTi, NaBH4, and so on.

Yuanyuan Shang

Corresponding author: Yuanyuan Shang, yuanyuan.shang@hereon.de15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

From Nano to Macro and Back Again: Disruptive Science for Materials-Based
Hydrogen Storage
Mark D. Allendorf
Sandia National Laboratories, USA
Hydrogen has the highest gravimetric energy density of any energy carrier and produces water as the only oxidation product, making
it extremely attractive for both transportation and stationary power applications. However, its low volumetric energy density causes
considerable difficulties, inspiring intense efforts to develop material-based storage using metal hydrides, liquid organic hydrogen
carriers, and sorbents. The controlled uptake and release of hydrogen by these can be described as a series of challenges — optimal
properties fall within a narrow range that can only be found in few materials and often involve significant tradeoffs. As a result, theslow pace of infrastructure development for hydrogen transport and storage is affecting both its economics and consumer appeal.

In this presentation I will discuss three current thrusts in our
research that are transforming our approach to materials
design and discovery:1) Confinement of metal hydrides in non-innocent nanoporous
hosts such as MOFs and COFs [1,2].
2) Co-design of materials, in which synthesis andcharacterization efforts partner with systems modeling toaccomplish both forward and reverse engineering of new
storage systems
3) Explainable machine learning, in which model prediction tovalidated material discovery was accomplished in only eighteenmonths [3].
Together, these strategies are enabling us to overcome
challenges that have blocked discovery of successful storage
materials for decades [4].

References[1] V. Stavila, S. C. Li, C. Dun, M. A. T. Marple, H. E. Mason, J.
L. Snider, J. E. Reynolds, F. El Gabaly, J. D. Sugar, C. D.
Spataru, X. W. Zhou, B. Dizdar, E. H. Majzoub, R.
Chatterjee, J. Yano, H. Schlomberg, B. V. Lotsch, J. J. Urban,
B. C. Wood, M. D. Allendorf “Defying Thermodynamics:
Stabilization of Alane Within Covalent Triazine
Frameworks for Reversible Hydrogen Storage” Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 25815-25824.
[2] Y.Cho, S. Li, J. L. Snider, M. A. T. Marple, N. A. Strange, J. D.
Sugar, F. El Gabaly, A. Schneemann, S. Kang, M. Kang, H.
Park, J. Park, L. F. Wan, H. E. Mason, M. D. Allendorf, B. C.
Wood, E. S. Cho, V. Stavila “Reversing the Irreversible:
Thermodynamic Stabilization of Lithium Aluminum
Hydride Nanoconfined Within a Nitrogen-Doped Carbon
Host” ACS Nano 2021, 15, 10163-10174.
[3] M. Witman, G. Ek, S. Ling, J. M. Chames, S. Agarwal, J.
Wong, M. D. Allendorf, M. Sahlberg, V. Stavila “Datadriven discovery and synthesis of high entropy alloy
hydrides with targeted thermodynamic stability” Chem.
Mater. 2021, 33, 4067.
[4] M. D. Allendorf, V. Stavila, J. L. Snider, M. Witman, M. E.
Bowden, K. Brooks, B. L. Tran, T. Autrey “Challenges todeveloping materials for the transport and storage ofhydrogen” Nat. Chem. DOI 10.1038/s41557-022-01056-2.

Mark D. Allendorf

Dr. Mark D. Allendorf is Co-Director of the DOE Hydrogen Materials – Advanced Research Consortium(HyMARC) and a Senior Scientist at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. He holds an A.B. inchemistry (Magna Cum Laude) from Washington University in St. Louis and a Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from
Stanford University. At Sandia, his research focuses on the fundamental science and applications of metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) and on hydrogen storage. Current interests include metal hydrides and MOFs forhydrogen storage, chemical and radiation sensing, MOFs for electronic devices, and catalysts for biofuels
production. His research has generated over 230 journal articles and proceedings papers, as well as thirteen
patents. He is Past President and Fellow of The Electrochemical Society and has received Sandia awards forresearch, leadership, and teamwork, as well as a 2014 R&D100 Award for a novel approach to radiation
detection.

Corresponding author: Mark D. Allendorf, e: mdallen@sandia.gov, T: +1(925)294-2895

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

PROTON COUPLED ELECTRON VS. HYDROGEN TRANSPORT IN ELECTROCATALYSIS
Andreas Borgschulte,a,b Marin Nikolic,a,b Filippo Longo,a,b Emanuel Billeter,a,b Alessia Cesarini,a,c
Selim Kazaz,a,b Mirushe Suloska,a,b Pavel Trtikd
aLaboratory

for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology,Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH8057 Zürich, Switzerland; cInstitute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich,
Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland; dLaboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut,
Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Abstract: Hydrogen is more than a reactant and/or adsorbate: it changes the physical and chemical properties of the (electro-)
catalyst, specifically the electrical conductivity as a crucial property of redox catalysts.

Hydrogen mobility as an enabler of hydrogentechnology
The controllable hydrogen transport in matter is key parameterof the usability of hydrogen as an energy carrier. While it isobvious that hydrogen stored in a tank should not escape, butshould move as efficient as possible in hydrogen selective
membranes for hydrogen purification, the mobility of hydrogenvaries over orders of magnitude on the atomic scale inconversion devices. I will highlight the various beneficial as well
as detrimental effects of the ambivalent hydrogen allowing thegreatly differing dynamics along the following practicalexamples: the Ni-MH battery, water splitting by Ni-electrodes,
and hydrogen spillover in Ni-based catalysts. Despite theirdisparities, the unifying scientific question of the applications
boils down to the question, why the transport of hydrogenconsisting of a proton and an electron is different from electron
coupled proton transport.

Proton or electron mobility?
As a depictive entry, I present neutron tomography images of a
Ni-MH battery. The principle of the Ni-MH battery relies on theelectrochemical shuffling of hydrogen from one electrode to
the other [1]:ܱܱܰ݅‫ ܪ‬+ ‫)ܪܱ(݅ܰ ֖ ܪܯ‬ଶ + ‫ܯ‬(1)

M is a hydride forming metal alloy. Neutrons are sensitive tohydrogen, allowing following the change of the hydrogen
distribution in the electrodes upon charging/discharging. In
addition to the desired electro-chemical exchange of protons
and electrons, neutron imaging also detects gaseous hydrogen,which leads to a battery discharge; i.e., reaction (1) can takeplace without transport of charges, i.e., by exchange of neutralhydrogen. The peculiar electro-catalytic properties make Ni(oxy-) hydroxide surfaces also superior active electrodes foralkaline water electrolysis [2]. In particular, it is well known
that highest performance for the oxygen evolution reaction is
obtained only after prolonged cycling [3], i.e., exchange of H in
Ni (oxy-) hydroxide. Using hard X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (HAXPES), we were able to address the highelectrical conductivity to the self-organisation of ion channels
in the extended Ni (oxy-) hydroxide surface. Hydrogen spilloveris a concept, in which hydrogen is transported via the surfaceof the oxide supporting the active metal catalyst [4]. Althoughobvious, that the high hydrogen mobility boosts catalytic
conversion, we cannot confirm this idea using a novel highthroughput method based on neutron imaging. Instead, it
appears that oxides containing practically immobile hydrogenare superior to oxides taking up hydrogen reversibly. The longestablished theoretical backbone of hydrogen spillover
distinguishes between hydrogen transport and proton coupledelectron transport. In the latter, no long-range hydrogentransport takes place. With this, we can close the line ofthoughts from catalysis to electrolysis: also the oxygen
evolution reaction on Ni is accelerated by hydrogen treatment,
despite the fact that hydrogen is not supposed to take place inthe reaction.

References[1] Notten, van Beek, Chem. Ind. 54 (2000) 102[2] Klaus et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 119 (2015) 7243
[3] Medway et al., J. Electroanalytical Chem. 587 (2006) 172[4] Prins, Chem. Rev. 112 (2012) 2714

Physicist with focus on Applied Spectroscopy; PhD in physics from TU Braunschweig (D) in 2002, Postdoc VU
Amsterdam (NL) and Helmholtzzentrum Geesthacht (D); since 2006 Group leader of the group Hydrogen
Spectroscopy @ Empa, Lecturer at University Zürich and ETH Zürich.

AndreasBorgschulte

Corresponding author: Andreas Borgschulte, Andreas.borgschulte@empa.ch, Tel. +41 58 765 4639

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

K-WATER’S HYDROGEN BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTHeena YANG
Water Energy Research Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation(K-water), 462-1 Jeonmin-dong, Yousung-Gu, Daejeon, Korea
Abstract
Green hydrogen is produced by renewable energy without greenhouse gas emissions. Korea Water Resources Corporation(K-water)
has the largest renewable energy in Korea and plans to expand the green hydrogen production business through renewable energy.
The hydrogen is produced using all of renewable energy from K-water by 2050, will be supplied nationwide to establish the hydrogen
infrastructure. It will be a great success for Korea's energy independence.

Introduction
K-water, established in 1967 as a water-specialized publiccompany, has played a leading role in securing safe water in the
country and ensuring water-oriented welfare for the people. Kwater is also striving to cope with climate change, perform its
social responsibility and resolve water-related issues aroundthe world. Hydrogen is one of solution to respond to climatechange, it can be produced through various routes, and used asa fuel. K-water has the largest amount of renewable energy(2,102 GWh/year from hydro, tidal, solar and wind power
generation) in Korea and is also developing water-based
renewable energy such as floating photovoltaic system andhydrothermal energy system.
Therefore, it is possible to play a key role in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by producing, and distributing greenhydrogen using renewable energy. By 2026, it aims to install
3.3GW of floating solar power and supply 2.66 million tons ofgreen hydrogen per year. Accordingly, various hydrogendemonstration projects are ongoing, and some of them are
introduced.

Hydropower based green hydrogenhydrogen using the small hydro power generation of the water
purification plant at the Water Purification Plant in Seongnam
City. It signed a business agreement with Seongnam City,
Hyundai Motor Company, and SK E&S on the establishment ofa green hydrogen cycle (production-distribution-utilization).
This project is the first case in Korea to utilize renewable energy
small hydro power generation. In the Water Purification Plant,
water pressure is generated in the process of sending waterfrom the Paldang Lake water intake to the water purification
plant, and there is a 0.7MW small hydro power plant. It can beproduced 69 tons of green hydrogen per year which is enoughto charge 38 hydrogen cars for a day.

Hydrogen business in the future
The hydrogen demonstration using small hydro power inSeongnam will be built without a hitch and will be expanded
nationwide as a model case.
From 30% (by 2030) to 100% (by 2050) of small hydro power
station will be used for hydrogen production. In addition, Sihwa
Tidal Power Plant, the world's largest tidal power plant, will bea source to produce hydrogen by 2030. It will be a great
achievement to build a hydrogen chain(production-supply) andcontribution of hydrogen economy in Korea.

Recently, K-water has begun construction of the ‘Green
Hydrogen Demonstration Facility’, which produces green
Born in 1986 in Seoul, Republic of Korea, Heena YANG graduated with Ph.D. Degree in Materials Chemistry andEngineering from Konkuk University in 2016. During this time, she worked as an undergraduate research
assistant in the field of nanostructured materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs). From
02/2017, she moved to Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL) Valais as a Postdoc and started herwork on the hydrogen storage materials such as complex hydrides and carbon based porous materials.
Currently she works as a senior research at Korea water resources corporation(K-water), her work is focusedon green hydrogen production system and its application.
Heena YANG
Corresponding author: Heena YANG, e: heena.yang@kwater.or.kr, T: +82 42 629 7676

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

CYCLE AND REGENERATION PERFORMANCE OF METALCOMMERCIALIZED STORAGE AND COMPRESSION SYSTEMHYDRIDEFORTai SUNGRZ technologies SA, CH-1772 Grolley, Switzerland
Abstract: The cycle stability of the metal hydride is critical to the service life of commercialized hydrogen storage and compression
system. A number of researches report the bad cycle performance of AB5-type metal hydrides, while some others report high cycle
stability on AB5 with high Ce-content. This work presents our experimental studies of the cycle performance of the AB5 and AB2 metal
hydrides designed for industrial scale storage and compression. All AB5 alloys show bad stability during cycling. Serious capacity
degradation, plateau slope increase, plateau pressure deduction were observed even on alloys with optimized composition andpreparation. This situation becomes worse when working at higher temperatures. Regeneration is proof to be effective in recovering
capacity and plateau performance. However, the degradation rate of the AB5 metal hydride becomes higher, with the increasement
times of regeneration. In order to maintain the high-quality performance of our commercialized hydrogen storage and compression
systems, we developed AB2 alloys with high capacity and better performance. The degradation rate of the alloy is only
0.001wt%/1000cycles.

References[1]

G. Friedlmeier, A. Manthey, M. Wanner, and M. Groll,“Cyclic stability of various application-relevant metal
hydrides,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 231,
no. 1, pp. 880–887, Dec. 1995.

[2]

Tarasov, B.P., et al., Cycling stability of RNi5 (R = La,
La+Ce) hydrides during the operation of metal hydridehydrogen compressor. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 2018. 43(9): p. 4415-4427

Dr. Tai Sun is now the material scientist of GRZ technologies SA. He has been working in the metal hydride formore than 13 years. Now he is the leader of the material science team of the company and in charge of theplanning and management of hydrogen storage materials development and manufacture for the company’scommercial hydrogen systems.

Tai SUN

Corresponding author: Tai Sun, e: tai.sun@grz-technologies.com, T: +41 78 213 1537

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

INVESTIGATIONS ON HYDROGEN STORAGE PERFORMANCE OF AB2-TYPE METALHYDRIDE FOR 865BAR HYDROGEN COMPRESSION
Rui Li1,2, Akhil Penmathsa1,2, Tai Sun2, Noris Gallandat2, Konstantinos Bardis2, Andreas Züttel1,＊
1. Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
2. GRZ technologies SA, CH-1772 Grolley, Switzerland
Green hydrogen is considered as a a prominent alternative to fossil fuels thanks to its emission-free use in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
in the transportation sector [1]. The refueling pressure of hydrogen fuel trucks is around 350bar, while the refueling pressure ofhydrogen fuel passenger vehicles is done at approximately 865 bar[2]. Considering the safety and high pressure requirement during
the refueling process, the development of compressors for hydrogen refueling stations has been investigated as an alternative [3].
Compared to the traditional mechanical hydrogencompressors, metal hydride hydrogen compressors (MHHC)
have certain advantages such as increased safety and lower
maintenance requirements [4]. The purpose of this study is todevelop a two-stage MHHC at 865bar.The MHHC compresses
hydrogen from 35bar to 370bar in the first stage, and further
to 865bar in the second stage. The effects of substitution of
Ti by Zr, of Mn by Fe, and different Ni contents on thehydrogen storage performance of AB2 alloys have been
investigated. The most important results were the following:
1) With the increasing of Ni content, the B/A value increases,
and the plateau slope of the alloy is the lowest when the Ni
content is 0.18. 2)

With the increasing of Fe content, the plateau slope of thealloy first decreases and then increases; at an Mn content of
0.3, the alloy has the smallest slope. 3) In the study of A-side
elements, the increase of Zr content will have a significant
impact on the plateau pressure of the alloy. 4) Deviation
between the experimentally measured PCT curve and thetheoretical Van’t Hoff equation, even after the inclusion of
the fugacity effect[5], has been demonstrated. Further
investigation is required to properly judge the reason of thisdiscrepancy.

Reference[1] L. Schlapbach and A. Züttel, “Hydrogen-storage materials
for mobile applications,” vol. 414, 2001.
[2] Q. Li et al., “Optimization of Ti-Zr-Cr-Fe alloys for 45 MPa
metal hydride hydrogen compressors using orthogonal
analysis,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 889, p. 161629.
[3] P. Liu, et al, “Hydrogen storage properties of (Ti0.85Zr0.15)
1.05 Mn1.2Cr0.6V0.1M0.1(M=Ni, Fe, Cu) alloys easily activatedat room temperature,” Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., vol. 27,
no. 6, pp. 652–657.
[4] Z. Peng, et al. “Overview of hydrogen compression
materials based on a three-stage metal hydride hydrogencompressor,” J. Alloys Compd., p. 23, 2022.
[5] V. Charbonnier, et al. “Tuning the hydrogenation
properties of Ti1+yCr2-xMnx laves phase compounds forhigh pressure metal-hydride compressors,” Int. J. Hydrog.
Energy, vol. 46, no. 73, pp. 36369–

CV: Rui Li
Born in 1995 in Hubei, China, Rui Li graduated with a BA in Materials Science from the CTGU university in 2016.
He then continued his postgraduate studies at South China University of Technology and obtained a master's
degree in materials engineering in 2021. His master thesis and work is focused on the study of Ti-based hydrogenstorage alloys. He is currently pursuing PhD in chemistry and chemical engineering at EPFL and GRZ technologies
SA in the topic of the development and research of high-performance metal hydrides.
Rui LiCorresponding author: Rui LI, e: li.rui@grz-technologies.com, m: +41 78 249 11 00

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

Low-temperature non-equilibrium synthesis of anisotropic
nanosurface alloys for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction

multimetallic

Cedric David KOOLENa,b, Emad OVEISIc, Jie ZHANGd, Mo LIa,b, Jack K. PEDERSENe, Jan ROSSMEISLe, Wen LUOf*, Andreas ZUETTELa,baLaboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Sion, 1951, Switzerland.
bEmpa Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
cInterdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland.
dDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119077 Singapore, Singapore
eCenter for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
fSchool of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Multi-metallic nanoparticles (MMNPs) are of interest as functional materials for their highly tuneable properties. However,synthesizing homogeneously mixed MMNPs with immiscible components is limited to high temperature conditions. Here, we reporta low-temperature (≤80 °C) non-equilibrium synthesis of nano-surface alloys (NSAs) with tuneable size, shape and composition
regardless of miscibility [1]. We further demonstrate our synthesis as a screening platform to investigate the effects of crystal facet
and elemental composition by testing shaped NSAs as catalysts in the electroreduction of CO2. Finally, we resort to machine-learning(ML) to predict and synthesize both multi-carbon-product selective and phase stable Cu-Ag-Pd compositions [2].

Synthesis

Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the conventional and nonequilibrium galvanic replacement reaction, where multimetallic
heterostructures and surface alloys were formed, respectively.
(B) STEM-EDXS elemental maps of cubic Cu-Ag, Cu-Ag-Pd, CuPd and Cu-Au NSAs prepared by the non-equilibrium method.
Kinetic control allows to overcome miscibility gaps as
evidenced by the Cu-Ag system.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction

eCO2RR. (A) Activity-selectivity plot of CO2RR/CORR of theternary alloy system. Orange colored dots indicatecompositions with ≥74 at.% Cu, light blue and purple coloured
with <74 at.% Cu and >13 at.% Ag and Pd, respectively. Blacksymbols (circle, star and square) denote the predicted values
from the ML-based algorithm. Blue symbols and error bars
indicate molar yields as calculated from experimental data in(C) (B) STEM-EDXS elemental map of as-synthesized C-Cu-Ag-Pd
NSA with Ag:Pd equals 1:3. (C) Time averaged FEs of C2+ liquid
fuels, C2H4 and H2 of the C-Cu79Ag21, C-Cu79Ag16Pd5 and CCu79Pd16Ag5 MMNPs, respectively.

References[1] Koolen, C. D. et al. High-Throughput Sizing, Counting, andElemental Analysis of Anisotropic Multimetallic
Nanoparticles with Single-Particle Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry. ACS Nano (2022)
doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c01840.
[2] Pedersen, J. K., Batchelor, T. A. A., Bagger, A. & Rossmeisl,
J. High-Entropy Alloys as Catalysts for the CO2 and CO
Reduction Reactions. ACS Catal. 10, 2169–2176 (2020).

Figure 2. Theory-guided optimization of the ternary alloyfor extended phase-stability and C2+ selectivity in the

Cedric D. KOOLEN is a doctoral assistant and safety engineer in the Laboratory of Materials for Renewable
Energy (LMER), at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) – Wallis-Valais headed by Prof. Dr.
Andreas Züttel. His interests lie with CO2 electrolysis and plasma-based techniques for the synthesis andcharacterization of nanoparticles.

Cedric D. KOOLEN

Corresponding author: Cedric D. KOOLEN, e: cedric.koolen@epfl.ch, m: +41 76 202 5649

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

THE ROLE OF SECONDARY PHASES AND ELEMENT SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE
HYDROGENATION OF INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
Sabrina Sartori
Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Norway

Abstract
In this keynote talk we will discuss the role of secondary phases and element substitutions in intermetallic alloys, linking theirhydrogenation performances with structural and microstructural properties. After setting the context with highlights on the factorsthat define capacity, thermodynamics, kinetics in the case of various classes of intermetallic alloys from literature, we will consider
recent results from our investigations. For TiFe-compounds, we present the influence of specific microstructure and chemicalcomposition of secondary phases on hydrogenation performances. In the case of La-Y-Ni-Mn-Al-type compounds we discuss the roleof Y content in the phase formation and hydrogenation plateau pressures. The talk will offer some perspectives on the use ofintermetallics for stationary applications.

Content of the talkIntermetallic compounds provide a viable solution to thechallenge of energy storage from renewable sources, due totheir ability to absorb and desorb hydrogen in a reversible way
with a proper tuning of pressure and temperature conditions.
Therefore, they are expected to play an important role in theclean energy transition and in the deployment of hydrogen as
an efficient energy vector. An overview of properties andapplications of various class of intermetallics will be given.
Recently it was shown that TiFe with 4 wt.% Zr greatly improved
the first hydrogenation kinetics, after processing the sample via
ball milling [1]. Here we report the use of scanningphotoemission microscopy (ESCA Microscopy beamline at
Elettra synchrotron facility, Trieste, Italy) to investigate thecomposition and chemical state of the various phases present
in this alloy and how they change upon hydrogenation anddehydrogenation [2]. Our hypothesis is that the improvement
in kinetics is caused by the specific microstructure and chemicalcomposition of the secondary phase, and the variation ofcomposition at the interface matrix/secondary phase. The ascast alloy confirmed the higher abundance of zirconium at theedge of the zirconium-rich secondary phase. The edge is also
the site of a Zr-Ti phase that was not detected using
conventional SEM. For zirconium, the reduced/oxidized ratio ishigher in the zirconium-rich region while for titanium it is higher
in the region with low content of titanium. The hydrided sample
showed the presence of a possible Zr-Fe hydride phase. In thedehydrided sample the TiFe phase was not oxidized, and in the
Ti-Zr phase, oxidation is only on Zr. In the case of La-Y-Ni-Mn-

Sabrina SartoriAl-system we performed a systematic study of a series ofcompounds with increased Y content, focusing on the analysis
of material structural/microstructural properties and hydrogen
sorption behaviour. Data collected at the synchrotron radiation
powder X-ray diffraction (MCX beamline, Elettra, Italy) andneutron powder diffraction (BT-1, NIST, USA) were jointly
analysed by Rietveld refinements using the Fullprof Suite
program. Pressure-Composition-Temperature measurements
were performed with a Hy-Energy PCTPro-2000 Sieverts
apparatus to link the hydrogenation properties of thecompounds with their phase composition.

Conclusion
Intermetallics can be easily tailored with elemental substitution
to favour activation, kinetics, cyclability, and to adjust theplateau pressure at system conditions of application. Ourinvestigation showed that TiFe + 4 wt.% Zr alloy presents a wide
range of different oxides. As the nature of the various oxide
phases change upon hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, it may
indicate that these oxides play a more important role in thehydrogenation than what was previously believed. For La-Y-NiMn-Al-system it was found that higher Y content helps tomaintain the material crystallinity during the hydrogenation
cycles and increases its H-storage capacity.

References[1]

et al. S. Sartori, J. Huot. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8,
1828–1834.

[2]

S. Sartori, et al., J. Huot. Inorganics 2023, 11, pp 26

Sabrina Sartori is full professor of Physics at the University of Oslo (UiO), Norway, and leader of the section
Energy Systems. She studied physical chemistry at the University of Padova and graduated with a PhD degree
in materials science and engineering from the University of Bologna in 2003. Her current main researchinterests are focused on energy storage materials and hydrogen-based systems for the integration ofrenewable energy sources in stationary applications. She is leading the master program Renewable Energy
Systems at UiO and is engaged in interdisciplinary collaborative projects with academic and industrial
partners. Sartori is active in several science organizations, for instance she has been elected in the presidential
line of the Materials Research Society for 2022-2024, serving as President in 2023.

Corresponding author: Sabrina Sartori, sabrina.sartori@its.uio.no15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

RUTHENIUM-SUPPORTED CATALYST, A POTENTIAL NEW CATALYST FOR CATALYTIC
HYDROGEN COMBUSTION (CHC)
Zohreh Akbari1,2, Andreas Zuttel1,2
1 Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty (SB), École

Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
2 Empa Materials Science & Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

Abstract The high exothermicity of the hydrogen oxidation reaction makes it a great potential candidate to use in the heating sectors
on industrial scales as well as in our daily life. Catalytic Hydrogen Combustion is a way to overcome the drawbacks of conventional
combustion. In this study, the sub-nano-sized Ru-supported (< 1 nm) alumina catalyst is synthesized through the incipient wetness
impregnation method, and its catalytic activity toward hydrogen and oxygen recombination reaction under lean hydrogen conditions
is investigated. Stable catalytic activity after 45h, and complete hydrogen conversion with a conversion rate of 4 ml/min.grcat under
GHSV of 3000 h-1 is achieved.

Catalytic Hydrogen Combustion

Catalytic Hydrogen Conversion Performance

Hydrogen is a carbon-free energy carrier with the largest
energy density (33.3 kWh/kg) among all other energy sources.
This chemical energy can be valorized by hydrogen and oxygen
recombination through the following exothermic reaction:

The catalytic performance of the synthesized Ru-based catalyst
toward the CHC reaction is investigated using a plug-flow
microreactor. The exhaust gas is then analysed using a Mass
Spectrometer (MS). In this work, the effect of Cl ion
contamination, Ru wt%, H2 to O2 ratio, GHSV, and H2 vol% in thefeed gas on the catalytic performance of the catalyst under the
CHC reaction is studied. The obtained hydrogen conversion rate(<*+ ) vs temperature curves are sigmoidal. Starting with the
kinetically controlled regime, the activation energy is calculatedusing the Arrhenius equation.

!" +1' → !" '2 "0∆!*+,(.) = −241.82

67;
89:

Water, the only by-product of the reaction, makes hydrogen apotential future fuel. However, the application of conventionalhydrogen combustion is hindered by drawbacks such as flame
flashback risk and NOx emission. Catalytic Hydrogen
Combustion (CHC) is a promising solution to overcome thesedrawbacks [1]. Pt and Pd are the state-of-the-art catalysts for
the CHC, which can completely convert hydrogen into water
under lean hydrogen conditions (< 4 vol% H2 in the gas mixture)at room temperature (RT). However, by far, the utilization of
Ru-based catalysts for the CHC has not been addressed.

g-Alumina
Ru-supported
Characterization

SynthesisandAs a result of a high surface area (BET surface area of 234
m2/gr), availability, and low cost, g-alumina is chosen as the
support material. In a typical synthesis, RuCl3.xH2O as the Ru
precursor is dissolved in Et+DI water, and the sub-nano-sizedRu particles are synthesized through the incipient wet
impregnation (IWI) method.

<*+ =!",>? −@",>?
× !",ABC@",ABC
× 100!",>?

Results showed that although the catalyst is active at RT, acomplete hydrogen conversion is granted at temperatureshigher than 200°C under lean hydrogen conditions. Moreover,
Cl ions removal significantly enhanced the catalytic activity. In
addition, the Ru-based catalyst showed a stable catalytic
performance at 240°C over 45h on stream. In the end, themechanism and probable origins of the catalytic activity of the
Ru-based catalyst toward the CHC reaction are proposed.

References[1]

Vogt U, Fumey B, Bielmann M, Siong V, Gallandat N, Züttel A. Catalytic
Hydrogen Combustion on Porous SiC Ceramics. Eur Fuel Cell Forum
2017:45–54.

Zohreh graduated with an M.Sc. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Tehran, Iran, as the 1st
rank in 2018, where she was working on layered structured perovskite materials as an electrocatalyst for the ORR/OER
reactions in solid oxide cells. For two years, she was a research assistant at the University of Tehran, working on state-of-theart layered oxide materials for advanced Li-Ion batteries. Since April 2021, she has been a Ph.D. student at the Laboratory ofMaterials for Renewable Energy (LMER), where she is working on the design, synthesis and characterization of the supported
catalysts for Catalytic Hydrogen Combustion (CHC) and studying their mechanistic and catalytic performance in the CHC.
Zohreh Akbari

Corresponding author: Zohreh Akbari, e: zohreh.akbari@epfl.ch, T: +41 21 693 38 57.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

SIMULATION BASED DESIGN OF A METAL HYDRIDE COMPRESSOR USING REDUCEDORDER THERMAL MODELS AND COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
Konstantinos Bardis1, Akhil Penmathsa1,2, Noris Gallandat1, Tai Sun1
1. GRZ technologies SA, CH-1772 Grolley, Switzerland
2. Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
Abstract: Green hydrogen is seen as a prerequisite to the clean energy transition for both the transportation and energy sector. The
safe, compact and efficient compression and storage of hydrogen can accelerate the wider adoption of it. To this end, metal hydrides
compressor offer an undeniable advantage in comparison to traditional mechanical compressors, since hydrogen is stored at low
pressure and the possibility of leakages is significantly reduced. The process of hydrogen absorption and desorption is thermallycontrolled requiring the supply or removal of heat. Therefore, if such heating or cooling sources are freely available e.g. waste heat,river cooling etc., the overall efficiency of such compressors is higher.
In this study, such a compressor is thermally modelled anddesigned. It is a part of larger installation located in thepharmaceutical company Lonza Group AG (Visp, Switzerland)
used for continuous compression and fueling of hydrogentracks at 200 bar pressure and a maximum flow of 30 kg/h.
Compression is carried out in two stages using two different
materials and there two modules of low- and high-pressure
stage guaranteeing the continuous supply of hydrogen. As aheating medium, steam is used, while, for cooling, water fromthe local river is utilized. The individual cells (cylindrical tubes)
containing the metal hydride material are placed in a “shelland-tube heat exchanger” type of arrangement within abigger cylindrical container to form the overall compressor
system (as show in the Figure). Around the cells is the flow of
the thermal medium; baffles are used to further enhance theheat transfer and achieve the target compression ratio.
For the design of the compressor an hierarchical approach isadopted. Initially, the overall compressor characteristics are
determined, such as the container diameter, the cells number

and diameter as well as its’ length, using a simplified thermal
model. After the main design parameters have been
specified, detailed 3-D CFD simulations were carried out toobtain the baffles number and width. The results from the 3D simulation were very illustrative about the optimum
geometry, allowing for a significant increase of thecompressor effective capacity (more than 20 %) with almostnoincreaseinthedesigncomplexity
andmanufacturing/operation cost.

Fig. 1 Thermal picture of the compressor.

Short CV:

Dr. Konstantinos
BardisBorn in 1992 in Athens, Greece, Konstantinos Bardis graduated with a Diploma degree in Naval Architectureand Marine Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). He completed his Doctoral
studies in the Aerothermochemistry and Combustion Systems Laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology of Zurich (ETH-Zurich) in September, 2020 under the supervision of Prof. Konstantinos Boulouchos.
The topic of his dissertation was the Development of a Phenomenological Combustion Model for Prechamber
Gas Engines. He worked in the ETH-Zurich until April, 2021 as a Post-Doctoral Researcher in the field ofhydrogen combustion for heavy duty engines. He is currently employed in GRZ technologies SA as a thermal
engineer.

Corresponding author: Konstantinos Bardis, e: konstantinos.bardis@grz-technologies.ch, m: +41 76 529 27 72.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

SYSTEM SIMULATION OF METAL HYDRIDE AND FUEL CELL-BASED HYDROGEN TO
POWER SYSTEMS – 1D MODEL BASED THERMAL MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION
Akhil Penmathsa1,2,*, Rui Li1,2, Konstantinos Bardis2, Noris Gallandat2, Tai Sun2, Andreas Züttel1
1. Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
2. GRZ Technologies SA, CH-1772 Grolley, Switzerland
Abstract: Metal hydrides are attractive for safe and reliable storage of hydrogen owing to their high storage density and low
pressures. The thermodynamics of absorption/desorption of hydrogen allow thermal integration with fuel cell for efficient operationof hydrogen to power systems based on metal hydrides and fuel cell[1][2].

DASH
In this work, DASH (Dense And Safe Hydrogen) hydrogen to
power system, based on metal hydrides and PEM fuel cell,
developed by GRZ Technologies S.A is described[3]. Due to thethermal nature of the system, when the initial temperature ofmetal hydride and ambient air is low, the system cannot be
started due to inadequate heat available for desorption andrequires auxiliary means to provide heat of desorption. In thiswork different scenarios and candidate systems for startup arepresented and studied by a system model. All the scenarios
presented involve supplying heat to a fraction of metal hydrides
initially by different techniques to desorb hydrogen and using
waste heat from fuel cell to heat up remaining metal hydrides.

kinetics[4]. A 0D model is used to describe the waste heat of fuelcell and integrated mathematically with the MH model togenerate a 1D system model. Various functions of the required
auxiliary startup system are described, solutions areformulated leading to different design candidates. 1D systemmodel is used to simulate the startup system of DASH andoperating limits are determined. Final design candidate ischosen among considered candidates and the operation andperformance of the system is presented for real life conditions.
Considering space limitations the design candidate with heatedtank is ideal albeit requiring a complex control strategy for thestartup process. The higher ambient temperature ofsurrounding air also improved the startup performance of thesystem.

References[1] L. Schlapbach and A. Züttel, “Hydrogen-storage materials
for mobile applications,” vol. 414, 2001.
[2] Nguyen, Huy Quoc, and Bahman Shabani. "Review of metal
hydride hydrogen storage thermal management for use in
the fuel cell systems." International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 46.62 (2021): 31699-31726.
[3] https://grz-technologies.com/dash-storage[4] Mohammadshahi, S. S., E. MacA Gray, and C. J. Webb. "Areview of mathematical modelling of metal-hydride
systems for hydrogen storage applications." international
journal of hydrogen energy 41.5 (2016): 3470-3484.

1D ModelA 1D model is used to describe the dynamics of metal hydride,
incorporating heat and mass transfer along with chemical

C.V. - Mr. Akhil Penmathsa

Akhil Penmathsa

Born in 1996 in Hyderabad, India, Akhil Penmathsa graduated with a B.Tech. in Mechanical engineering fromthe SRM university in 2017. He then went on to pursue graduate studies at the Delft university of technology
at Delft, The Netherlands where he obtained his MSc degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2021. His masterthesis and work were focused on boundary layer flashback studies focusing on hydrogen combustion in gas
turbines. He is currently pursuing PhD in chemistry and chemical engineering at EPFL and GRZ technologies SA
in the topic of thermal management of metal hydrides storage and compression systems.

Corresponding author: Akhil Penmathsa, e: akhil.penmathsa@grz-technologies.com, m: +41 78 241 7324

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

MATERIALS DISCOVERY FOR ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS: BRIDGING PROCESSENGINEERING AND BASIC SCIENCE
Susana Garciaa
aResearch Center for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS,

Edinburgh,UK

Climate change is likely the greatest challenge that humanity will face this century. According to greenhouse gas emissions reduction
scenarios, to avoid the most severe effects of climate change, achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050 is required. This is a very
demanding landscape despite the striking development of renewable energy, since more than 80% of global primary energy is still
fossil fuel-based. Most decarbonizing scenarios highlight the role of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies,
which are expected to play a relevant role in the next decades. For instance, natural gas reforming with CCUS is expected to be acost-effective option for an industrial-scale low-carbon hydrogen production, so-called blue hydrogen. In line with the EU hydrogenstrategy, it can therefore help lay the foundation for much higher use of hydrogen across the whole economy. To accelerate thediscovery, development, and deployment of novel advanced materials for carbon capture applications, it is critically important thatefforts between experimentalists, theoreticians, and process engineers are coordinated. The PrISMa project(https://prisma.hw.ac.uk) addresses this challenge by integrating materials design with process design and environmental
considerations to allow for tailor-making carbon capture solutions optimally tuned for local sources and sinks.

State of the art
CCUS is a key technology for achieving the global emissions reduction
targets because of its role in power and industrial decarbonization [1,2]. Decarbonisation from a variety of industrial emission sectors
highlights a marked need for capture technologies that can be
optimized for different sources of CO2 and integrated in an equally
diverse range of applications of captured CO2 as a feedstock. At highTechnology Readiness Levels (TRLs), there are substantial efforts
focusing on optimizing a single particular carbon capture technology(e.g. amine-based capture) for a single typical stationary source (e.g.,coal-fired power plants). However, significant gains in energy efficiency
and other economic benefits as well as environmental impacts can beobtained if we tailor make a capture technology for a particular CO2
source and a particular CO2 destination, such as utilization or transport
via pipeline, or ship to permanent storage. Such tailoring requires asystematic view of separation methodologies, microscopic processes,
and engineering design.

Our innovative approach

performance indicators (KPIs), e.g., CO2 purity, recovery, productivity,and energy consumption, that should lead to improved carbon capture
processes. These performance indicators are further translated into
targets for the design of novel materials. This allows us to deeply
understand the material properties and requirements underpinningsorbent-based carbon capture processes. This platform integrates,
material screening, process design, techno-economics, and life-cycle
analysis, and provides us with a holistic assessment of the potential forcost reduction. A series of case studies have been investigated where
CO2 is captured from different point sources (e.g. natural gas and coalfired power plants, cement plants) and sent for geological storage. By
interrogating the vast materials and process design space with the
PrISMa platform, we were able to identify materials that outperformcurrent benchmark ones. We also make use of big-data science anddeveloped multiscale workflows that enable us to find correlations
between the properties of materials and their performance in a process[3]. Our results so far confirm the importance of bridging materials
discovery with process design for accelerating the deployment ofadvanced sorbent-based carbon capture technologies.

The innovative aspect of this work is the integration of recent
developments in material science to generate a large number of novel
materials with process design and techno-economic and environmental
analyses. The lack of such integration has been identified as one of the
key bottlenecks that limit the prospect of novel materials for CCUS
technologies to reach the market. Here, we present a methodology forsystematic knowledge exchange between material science and processengineering.

We plan to extend our approach to support low-carbon hydrogenproduction through CCUS, and we expect this approach will have a longterm impact on the way we integrate fundamental science with processengineering.

[1]

B. Smit, S. Garcia, Europhysics News 2020, 51 (2), 20-22. DOI:
10.1051/epn/2020203.

Materials Discovery by bridging processengineering and basic science[2]

J. R. Fernández, S. Garcia, E. S. Sanz-Pérez, Industrial &Engineering Chemistry Research 2020, 59 (15), 6767-6772. DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01643.

In the PrISMa platform, advanced techno-economic material screening
models are used to identify and quantify the relevant process key[3]

S. M. Moosavi et al., Nat. Mater. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41563022-01374-3.

Susana Garcia

References

Susana García is Professor of Chemical and Process Engineering and Deputy Head of the Institute of Mechanical, Process
and Energy Engineering at Heriot-Watt University. She is also the Associate Director in Carbon Capture and Storage at the
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), an interdisciplinary world leading engineering centre, inspiring and delivering
innovation for the wider deployment of technologies needed to meet necessary carbon targets. Her current research focuseson advancing materials and separation processes for energy, industrial and environmental applications. She ambitions tochange the paradigm on how novel processes based on advanced materials are developed through the integration of processengineering and basic science.

Corresponding author: Susana Garcia, e: S.Garcia@hw.ac.uk, T.: +44(0) 131 451 8083

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

LARGE-SCALE SYNTHESIS OF GO/MWCNTS COMPOSITE FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE
Yunting Wang, Andreas Züttel
aÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute ofChemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), CH-1950 Sion, SwitzerlandbEmpa Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Abstract
Here we proposed a large-scale synthesis method for GO/MWCNTs composite as hydrogen storage material. This method comprises
a feeding/mixing step wherein KMnO4 and graphite are fed into H2SO4 separately and then mixed to prepare a graphite/oxidant
mixture, an oxidation step comprising oxidizing the graphite/oxidant mixture through two-step oxidations to obtain a graphene oxide
dispersion, and a composite synthesis step, comprising mixing, sonicating and stirring the graphene oxide dispersion with a sonicateddispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to obtain the final product. As a result, the morphology and structure of GO/MWCNTs
composite synthesized by large-scale method exhibit high similarity to that synthesized by traditional method. GO/MWCNTs
exhibited a 3D nanostructure composed of MWCNTs linked to the graphene oxide layers. The hydrogen capacity of GO/MWCNTs canbe more than 5 wt.% at ambient temperature and 50 bar. Therefore, this large-scale synthesis method is promising for industrial
applications to enable the process of industrialization and to build small storage units for the investigation of the properties of the
new storage system.

Introduction
Hydrogen (H2) is a clean form of energy that has the potential
to fuel vehicles. However, efficient hydrogen storage fordeveloping a sustainable hydrogen economy remains asignificant challenge. [1] Graphene oxide and multi-walledcarbon nanotubes (GO/MWCNTs) composite with a 3D
nanostructure shows an excellent hydrogen storage capacity,which can be up to 5 wt.% at 50 bar and room temperature. [2]This material can replace high-pressure vessels in the future,enables small-scale applications e.g. lightweight cars, as well as
allows easy and safe distribution of hydrogen at low pressure
or in small cartridges. However, the synthesis of this carbon
nanostructure material currently only allows producing small
amounts of less than 1 gram in the lab. Among the composite
synthesis procedures, the development of a large-scalecontinuous process to synthesize GO materials and the
GO/MWCNTs composite are big challenges.

allows longer residence times and the necessary heat removal.
In the oxidation process, a continuous flow reactor increased
the contact area and improved the heat exchange.

GO/MWCNTs composite for hydrogen storage
The results of SEM, TEM, XRD, and Raman indicated the
GO/MWCNTs composite was successfully synthesized by thelarge-scale synthesis process. The MWCNTs were aggregatedon the graphene layer to form a 3D nanostructure. The
GO/MWCNTs composite shows a hydrogen storage capacity of~5.0 wt.% under room temperature and 50 bar, which is thesame as the small-scale composites. It is worth noting that theadsorption capacity will increase to around 8.0 wt.% as thepressure increases to 90 bar.

References[1]

Allendorf, M.D., Stavila, V., Snider, J.L., Witman, M.,
Bowden, M.E., Brooks, K., Tran, B.L. and Autrey, T., 2022.
Challenges to developing materials for the transport andstorage of hydrogen. Nat. Chem., 14(11), 1214-1223.

[2]

Yang, H., Lombardo, L., Luo, W., Kim, W. and Züttel, A.,
2018. Hydrogen storage properties of various carbon
supported NaBH4 prepared via metathesis. Int. J. Hydrog.
Energy, 43(14), 7108-7116.

Large-scale synthesis method
GO/MWCNTs composite was synthesized by the following
steps, including the pre-treatment of graphite, mixing ofgraphite with oxidants, and the oxidation process for thesynthesis of GO, and the following composite synthesis step.
Particularly, for the dissolution of KMnO4 in H2SO4, two glass
jacketed bottles build a continuously stirred reactor, which

Short CV
Dr. Yunting Wang is a postdoc scientist from École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis.
She received her PhD degree in Environmental Material at China University of Mining and Technology of Beijing
and carried out Joint PhD research at Korea University in South Korea, and focused on developing novel
nanomaterials/electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion and wastewater treatment. She is now
working on the hydrogen storage materials, for example, 3D carbon materials.
Yunting Wang

Corresponding author: Yunting Wang, e: yunting.wang@epfl.ch, T: +41 76 702 6567.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

REMA – MEMBRANE-LESS ELECTROLYSER
Steven A. Schenk (1), Ioakeim Sioutis (1), Pooria Hadikhani (2), Demetri Psaltis (1)(1) Optics laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland(2) Computational Science & Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Abstract
Clean hydrogen can be produced by water electrolysis. Commercial electrolyzers rely on a physical barrier called membrane or
separator to separated hydrogen and oxygen products. Membrane-less electrolyzers use fluid mechanics to maintain the gas productseparated. Therefore, these electrolyzers do not need membranes or separators. By avoiding the use of a membrane, these systems
could work with reduced losses induced by membranes, provide flexibility in the catalysts used and the reaction operated, simplify
its construction and its design, decrease the price of the system and increase its attractivity, and increases the efficiency of thesystem. However, products separation is a challenging task in membrane-less electrolyzers. In this study, a millimeter scale
membrane-less electrolyser is introduced based on a proven micro-scale technology from the laboratory of optics at EPFL. The scaledup stack of this technology is necessary to make the production of hydrogen economically interesting. 99.99% purity hydrogenproduction at larger scale has been maintain by an appropriate fluid channel design and allow to operate a current density above
500mA/cm2. And a membrane-less electrolyzer stack has been design, fabricated and tested for higher hydrogen production
validating the technology for larger scale and industrialized hydrogen production applications.

Introduction

Stack

Green hydrogen is seen as the Swiss knife of decarbonization
because if me make it cheap enough it can be used in manydifferent applications. The challenges to get cheap greenhydrogen are various along its value chain. Here we focus on its
production from water and electricity by the mean of anelectrolyser. Nowadays, commercial electrolyser efficiency
reaches up to 70% efficiency for a consequent investment cost.
To reduce the price of hydrogen and make a viable solution for
the energy transition, cheaper, more efficient, more robust andeasy industrialized production of electrolyser are needed. We
see here an opportunity for membrane-less electrolyser to fill a
gap in this field.

Industrial application of electrolysis for hydrogen production
relies on the possibility to stack electrolysis cells to be able toproduce larger amount of hydrogen and reduce its price bysharing one balance of stack. Membrane-less electrolyser
stacking challenges are combining the stacking of the fluidic
behavior and the electrochemical behavior in a compact
construction. A 4 cells, 28 channels, membrane-less stack has
been designed, built and tested to show the stacking capacityof this technology, see fig. 2. By an appropriate fluid channel
design and mechanical design, the separation of product has
been maintained at high quality and the hydrogen production
is increased.

Scaling-up

References

In the last decade, membrane-less electrolyser has been
investigated at a micro-scale, demonstrating the possibility to
produce high quality hydrogen at high efficiency without theneed of a membrane [1-2]. The scaled-up of this technology toa millimeter scale fluidic channel has shown the possibility tomaintain a separation of the gases produced using fluid
mechanics, see fig. 1. With a 99.99% hydrogen production anda simplified and more robust system, millimeter scale
membrane-less electrolyzer can be then produced byconventional fabrication method permitting them to target
industrial application.

[1]

Hadikhani, Pooria, et al. "A membrane-less electrolyzer
with porous walls for high throughput and pure hydrogenproduction." Sustainable energy & fuels 5.9 (2021): 24192432.

[2]

Hashemi, S. Mohammad H., et al. "A versatile andmembrane-less electrochemical reactor for theelectrolysis of water and brine." Energy & Environmental
Science 12.5 (2019): 1592-1604

CV of Steven Alexandre Schenk
Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (2012 – 2016), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Master in MechanicalEngineering (2016-2019) EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, Master Thesis (2019), MIT, Boston, United States.
Scientific Assistant (2020 -Now) Laboratory of Optics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Corresponding author: Steven Schenk, steven.schenk@epfl.ch, +41 21 693 73 18

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

6XSHULRQLFFRQGXFWLRQRIPRQRGLYDOHQWFDWLRQVDQG
DGYDQFHGEDWWHU\DSSOLFDWLRQRIFRPSOH[K\GULGHVYLHZSRLQWIURP³+<'52(*120,&6´SURMHFW
Shin-ichi ORIMO1
1 WPI-AIMR / Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan

Hydrogen in materials exhibits a wide range of concentration, high mobility, quantum
nature, and superior chemical reactivity. All these features of hydrogen originate
from its bonding and size flexibilities. The goal of the MEXT (Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan) project is to develop a newmaterials science on hydrogen and hydrides as a guideline to “fully utilize” thediverse functionalities of hydrogen in materials [1].
One of the research targets of this project is a seriesof complex hydrides exhibiting various energyrelated properties [2]. So far, we have reported thesystematic studies on lithium super-ionic conduction
and all-solid-state lithium-ion battery using an
optimized solid-solution phase of complex hydrides
LiCB9H10/LiCB11H9 [3]. A detailed molecular
dynamics simulation on the order-disorder phasetransition behavior, re-orientational anion motion,and cation conductivity was recently reported on therelated system [4].
In addition to the mono-valent cations, lithium andsodium [5], we have been also focusing on the divalent cations, magnesium [6] and calcium. We havebeen developing a highly stable and efficient Caelectrolyte composed of a new complex hydride
Ca(CB11H12)2 for RT-operating calcium-ion battery[7]. This Ca(CB11H12)2 electrolyte exhibits excellent
electrochemical performances; that is, the highconductivity, wide potential window, and reversible
Ca plating/stripping with high Coulombic efficiency.
Furthermore, we are studying complex hydrides withpseudo-rotational anion motion, such as Li5MoH11
with [MoH9]3−, as new candidates of super-ionic
conductors of various cations [8].

References[1] Referred to as “HYDROGENOMICS (hydrogenomics)
project”,
andseeplease;https://hydrogenomics.jp/[2] R. Mohtadi and S. Orimo, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(2017) 16091.
[3] S. Kim, H. Oguchi, N. Toyama, T. Sato, S. Takagi,
T. Otomo, A. Dorai, N. Kuwata, J. Kawamura, S.
Orimo, Nat. Comm. 10 (2019) 1081.
[4] K. Sau, T. Ikeshoji, S. Kim, S. Takagi, S. Orimo,
Chem. Mater. 33 (2021) 2357.
[5] K. Yoshida, T. Sato, A. Unemoto, M. Matsuo, T.
Ikeshoji1, T.J. Udovic, S. Orimo, Appl. Phys. Lett.
110 (2017) 103901.
[6] K. Kisu, S. Kim, M. Inukai, H. Oguchi, S. Takagi,
S. Orimo, ACS Appl. Ener. Mater. 3 (2020) 3174.
[7] K. Kisu, S. Kim, T. Shinohara, K. Zhao, A. Züttel,
S. Orimo, Sci. Rep. 11 (2021) 7563.
[8] S. Takagi, T. Ikeshoji, T. Sato, S. Orimo, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 116 (2020) 173901.

Shin-ichi ORIMO received his Ph.D. in 1995. He was a JSPS research fellow, a research associate
in Hiroshima University, and a guest researcher in Max-Planck Institute for Metal Research awarded
by Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship and MEXT Fellowship. He worked as the Special Advisor to
the University President, and is currently Director of WPI-AIMR, and Head of Research Section of
Institute of Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University. He received “Metals Meritorious Award(Japanese Institute of Metals, 2011), “The Commendation for Science and Technology (The Ministerof MEXT, 2012)”, “Hydrogen & Energy Award (2015)”, “Honda Frontier Award (2021)”, and so on.
He is also a Guest Professor, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).
Shin-ichi ORIMO

http://www.hydrogen.imr.tohoku.ac.jp/

Corresponding author: Shin-ichi ORIMO, Email: shin-ichi.orimo.a6@tohoku.ac.jp, Tel. (+81)22-215-2093.

21

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

USING MODEL SYSTEMS TO OBTAIN UNDERSTANDING OF ABSORPTION AND
DIFFUSION OF HYDROGEN IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Björgvin Hjörvarsson
Uppsala University, Materials Physics, Uppsala Sweden
Hydrogen is widely used as a chemical agent and its importance for energy storage is steadily increasing. Consequently,
understanding the interaction of hydrogen with materials is essential in many perspectives. In this contribution I will discuss ideas
which can be used as a base for understanding absorption and diffusion of hydrogen in materials. The discussing starts by analysing
the influence of the local atomic concentration in transition metal alloys on the hydrogen absorption, followed by discussion on theeffect of imperfections such as grain boundaries. The role of large angle grain boundaries on absorption and hydrogen embrittlement
will be dwelled upon, illustrating the fascinating interplay of symmetry and boundaries. Finally, the relation between crystalline orderand absorption will be mentioned.

BackgroundThe development of material related technology has enabled
new avenues, and sometimes unexpected understanding. For
example, we can now observe and identify atoms on a surface,
as well as mapping the internal chemical composition in alloys,
as illustrated in Figure 1. This type of detailed information on
the local concentration of elements enables e.g. prediction ofchanges in the spatial dependence of the local hydrogenconcentration, as we as elastic and magnetic interaction of theatoms in alloys [1]. Not only has the analysis of materials
developed, deposition techniques now allow controlled growthof fractions of monolayers, forming single crystals or

can even be patterned to form threeheterostructures [2].

dimensional

This progress, in combination with the detailed information
available on the effects of interfaces [3], strain [4], clamping [5],and finite size [1] on the hydrogen uptake, allows us to predict
how randomness and defects influence the hydrogen uptake inconstruction materials. The theoretical framework which isused for the discussion is based upon the work of Nörskov andAlefeldt [6].
These ideas will be used to discuss the underling effects ofactual challenges such as hydrogen embrittlement andhydrogen storage, highlighting the use of fundamental sciences
addressing societal challenges such as the storage andtransport of energy.

References

Figure 1. Illustration of the atomic distribution in random alloys ofFe1-xZrx. The resolution in the analysis is 1 nm3, which is acompromise between resolution and statistical certainty using Atom
Probe. The figure is adapted from reference [1].

[1]

Ryota, Gemma;et al. Scientific Reports (Nature Publisher
Group); London Vol. 10, Iss. 1, (2020)[3]

Erik Östman, et al. Nature Physics
doi:10.1038/s41567-017-0027-2 (2018)[3]

B. Hjörvarsson, et al. Phys. Rev. B 43, 6440 (1990)[4]

S. Olsson, et al. J. of Physics: Cond. Matter 13, 1685-98(2001).

[5]

B. Hjörvarsson, et al. J. of Appl. Physics 9, 73-85, (1997)[6]

Alefeld, G. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 76, 746 (1972)
J.K. Nörskov Phys. Rev. B 26, 2785 (1982)(2018),

amorphous layers with desired elemental distribution, which

Professor
Björgvin
Hjörvarsson
isheading
theMaterials
Physics
program(https://physics.uu.se/research/materials-physics+/ ) at the Department of Physics, at Uppsala University. His
research concerns the underlying principles of absorption and transport of hydrogen in materials, especiallythe impact of confinement and composition on the obtained properties. This knowledge is of relevance forstorage of hydrogen as well as design of any device where hydrogen has a function or a presence. Changes inphysical properties of materials can also be profound upon absorption of hydrogen, e.g. mechanical, magnetic
and optical properties. Understanding and utilization of these changes is therefore expected to be of vital
importance in the utilization of hydrogen for both energy storage as well as processing of materials.
Hjörvarsson is an elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of Sciencesin Uppsala.

Corresponding author: Björgvin Hjörvarsson, e: bjorgvin.hjorvarsson@physics.uu.se , T: +46 18 471 3837

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

PLATINUM GROUP METAL-FREE DIRECT BOROHYDRIDE FUEL CELLS
Youngdon Ko1,2, Junkil Park3, Xiong Zhang4,5, Liqun Kang6, Thi Ha My Pham1,2, Victor Boureau7, Cuong PhamHuu4, Jihan Kim3, Liping Zhong1,2, Andreas Züttel1,2Affiliation 1. LMER, EPFL 2. EMPA 3. KAIST, 4. University of Strasbourg 5. DICP 6. MPI 7. CIME, EPFL
Abstract Catalyst replacement in direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) is studied for reducing the price of catalysts. The platinumgroup metals (PGMs) are replaced with a nickel catalyst and transition metal with nitrogen-doped carbon materials (M-N-C). The
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (PRR) activity of Fe-N-C and Co-N-C are compared. Itshows that the Co-N-C is the more suitable catalyst in DBFC cathode due to its durability.

Hydrogen storage and utilization
Hydrogen storage and utilization are the technologies toachieve carbon-neutral energy systems with renewable energy
sources. The demand for safe and high-density hydrogenstorage methods increasing attention such as material-basedhydrogen storage. Among the various materials that havebeen investigated, complex hydrides can be a candidate
material for high gravimetric hydrogen storage and usinghydrogen reasonable temperature ranges (Room temperature
to 200 °C). The utilization of hydrogen technology needs toinvestigate efficiently producing electricity and heat with compatible cost. Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) areinvestigated by converting the chemical energy of sodium
borohydride and hydrogen peroxide to electricity and heat.

Palladium replaced with nickel catalyst in DBFC
anode
The nickel catalyst can substitute expensive palladiumcatalysts even with high performance and efficient fuelutilization. The complex anode reaction with anion-exchangeionomer (AEI) and cation-exchange ionomer (CEI) is evaluatedin half-cell and single-cell configurations. The ionomer typeproduces high (AEI) or low local pH (CEI) at the active site of
the catalyst in the single-cell configuration, generating
different catalytic reactions. The selective catalytic activities
for the borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR) and hydrogenoxidation reaction (HOR) are the key parameters for achieving
good performance. Furthermore, fuel utilization and H2evolution measurement in a single-cell configuration provide
more information on the complex anode reaction in DBFC.

Platinum replaced with M-N-C catalyst in the
DBFC cathodeThe M-N-C materials are used in the DBFC cathode forhydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (PRR). The PRR activity
and durability of M-N-C are evaluated with half-cell andmembrane electrode assembly (MEA) configurations. The FeN-C has higher activity on PRR than Co-N-C. However, the CoN-C is more stable than Fe-N-C under the DBFC operation
condition. The post-mortem XPS and Raman spectroscopy aremeasured to observe M-N-C degradation. In addition, thedensity functional theory (DFT) calculation supports the Co-NC stability on the catholyte. In the DBFC durability test, Fe-N-C
shows 18.6% performance loss after the accelerated durability
test, whereas Co-N-C shows a more stable performance only
6.7% performance loss.

References[1] Y.D. Ko, J. Park, X. Zhong, L. Kang, THM. Pham, V. Boureau,
C. Huu, J. Kim, L. Zhong†, A. Züttel, Activity and Durabilityof M-N-C catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction andHydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction in Platinum Group
Metal-Free Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells, In preparation.
[2] Y.D. Ko, L. Lombardo, M. Li, THM. Pham, H.N. Yang, A.
Züttel†, Selective Borohydride Oxidation Reaction on
Nickel Catalyst with Anion and Cation Exchange Ionomer
for High-Performance Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells,
Advanced Energy Materials, (2022) 2103539.

Born in 1992, Republic of Korea. Youngdon Ko graduated B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree from Konkuk University in
2019, Republic of Korea. Currently, he is a Ph.D. student at Prof. Andreas Züttel’s group in EPFL. His research
topics are investigating hydrogen storage and utilization using complex hydride materials and directborohydride fuel cells (DBFCs). The various catalysts are studied to replace platinum group metal catalysts infuel cells such as nickel and transition metal with nitrogen-doped carbon materials (M-N-C).

Youngdon Ko

Corresponding author: Youngdon Ko, youngdon.ko@epfl.ch, +41 21 695 8212

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF CATALYST FOR CO2 METHANATION PILOT
Liping Zhong1,2*, Thi Ha My Pham1,2, Zohreh Akbari1,2 Youngdon Ko1,2, Solaimon Mohamad1,2, Yasemen
Kuddusi 1,2, Noris Gallandat,1,2,3 Andreas Züttel1,2
1. Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty(SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
2. Empa Materials Science & Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
3. GRZ technologies SA, CH-1772 Grolley, Switzerland*Corresponding author: liping.zhong@epfl.ch

Abstract
The conversion of CO2 and green hydrogen to methane withhigh selectivity via Sabatier reaction has attracted muchattention for replacing the natural gas fuel of clean fuel. This
process validates not only the application of H2 green fuel but
also re-utilization of CO2. [1] However, the high efficiency of
CO2 methanation requests well-designed reactor and idealistic
catalyst material. An idealistic CO2 methanation catalyst needs
to be active and selective at low temperature and meanwhile
has a long life-time for the utilization. [2] In this work, wedemonstrate the strategy and process for designing andproducing an idealistic catalyst for a CO2 methanation pilot of
200KW. The process includes the selection of active metal
phase and support, the development of economic synthesis
process and the scale-up production. As shown in Figure 1, ourlab designed and synthesized catalyst has shown a superior
reactivity compared to the commercial catalyst.

Figure 1. The CO2 light-off conversion of synthesized andcommercial catalysts evaluated at different temperatures.
In a scientific view, we have also demonstrated that the CO2
conversion and CH4 selectivity is significantly affected by themetal-support interaction of catalyst and the metal particle
size. [3] [4] Herein, we have developed a synthesis method fortunning the particle size and the interaction between metal andsupport. A series of characterization methods were used tounderstand the mechanism.

References[1]

Ashok, J. et al. A review of recent catalyst advances in CO2
methanation processes. Catalysis Today 356, 471–489(2020).

[2]

Mutschler, R., Moioli, E., Luo, W., Gallandat, N. & Züttel,
A. CO2 hydrogenation reaction over pristine Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
and Al2O3 supported Ru: Comparison and determinationof the activation energies. Journal of Catalysis 366, 139–
149 (2018).

[3]

Chen, S. et al. Raising the COx Methanation Activity of a
Ru/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst by Activated Modification of Metal–
Support Interactions. Angewandte Chemie - International
Edition 59, 22763–22770 (2020).

[4]

Kwak, J. H., Kovarik, L. & Szanyi, J. CO2 reduction on
supported Ru/Al2O3 catalysts: Cluster size dependenceof product selectivity. ACS Catalysis 3, 2449–2455 (2013).

P=1bar, H 2/CO 2= 4mol/mol, N 2%= 20%, GHSV=5.85(L/gcata/h)
Thermo dynam ic equilibrium
Synth es ized
Commercial

CO2 Conversion (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0
150

200

Liping ZHONG

250

300
350
400
Temperature ( oC)

450

500

Liping Zhong is a postdoc researcher in Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER)at EPFL working
with Professor Andreas Zuttel. She was born in 1992 in Yunnan, China. She received her B.S. in Environmental
Engineering from the University of Jinan in 2014 and her Master's training in Environmental Engineering in
Kunming University of Science and Technology from 2014 to 2017. She has obtained her PhD degree in
University of Strasbourg in 2020 under the supervision of Dr. Zafeiratos. Since her Master's study, she has beenworking in the field of transition-metal-based catalysts for CO and CO2 conversion in H2 atmospheres. In
particular, she has mastered advanced technologies for designing and monitoring active phase of catalyst
under real reaction conditions. Currently, she is contributing to design and synthesis of catalysts for CO 2
methanation in a pilot scale.

Corresponding author: Liping ZHONG, liping.zhong@epfl.ch, Tel: +41 216938934

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 2023

Emmetten, Switzerland

H2-BARBEQUE & H2-CREMATION, BYPASSING FUEL-CELL CONVERSION ON ROUTE TOSTAND-ALONE & SUBSIDIES FREE HYDROGEN ENERGY ECONOMY.
Henning Zoz1, Shengyu Lai2, Albert Hesse3
1Zoz Group, Wenden, Germany,
2Zhongshan Guanjian Metal Products Co., Ltd, Zhongshan City, China,
3Albert Hesse Familienstiftung, Wenden, Germany

Almost 10 years ago, Zoz was nominated for the German Environmental Award (2013) with Power-to-Gas-Fuel (P2G2F®). Since
gasoline and diesel represent the cost-peak in fossils, P2G2F® was and is expected to becoming one of the first economic applications
in hydrogen energy technology. Still today, this is not achieved, the diesel- engine remains the most economic and ecologic drive
system of mankind. P2G2F® particularly fails at the still too high reconversion cost utilizing fuel-cells. Hydrogen for fueling combustion
engines fails on the cost of the required pre-compression, the hydrogen turbine additionally on the high-temperature materials thatare either not or only available at very high cost. ODS/NFA materials from nuclear fusion (19YAT, 20YAl and 14YWT, namely ZozPM2000, PM2017 and PM2018) may help in near future. Hydrogen transportation sector, even after decades, does not see any
significant products that can stand without permanent subsidies and/or political market interventions, which is not acceptable. No
matter if the CO2-szenario is true or fairytale, fossils are too costly and too valuable to just burn away.

Power Plant + Hydrogen = H2F2Go = human,efficient and environmentally friendly cremation

alone clean replacement is not expected to require any
economic subsidies, given market-drivers should be sufficient.

If reconversion is still too costly, for the time beeing,technologies where this is not required, are most attractive. In
result, the inventions Power Plant and H2F2Go (DE 10 2022 122
862 + 863 # 08.09.2022) describing CO2-free Hydrogencremation, were claimed where Hydrogen is replacing fossil gas
in a burner to producing heat. Since late 2022, modern
industrial countries such as Germany are worried about"getting through winter", which also describes anunprecedented high demand for energy self-sufficient systems
for all areas of life.

HydrogenGasgrill + Electrolyser + H2Tank2Go® =Power to Gas to Heat + Power
Addressing this additional eco-market demand, the invention
Hydrogen Gasgrill with Electrolyser (H2Grill2Go # 07.12.2022)
was claimed where again Hydrogen is replacing fossil fuel toproducing heat but also provides energy for mobility and homeheating from multiple small solid-state tanks H2Tank2Go®.
Power is provided by photovoltaic and wind energy via a buffer
battery, rainwater quality is sufficient, only sun, wind and rain
are needed. Once applying ideal H2 combustion, even rainfall isconverted into purest water. All three inventions require
neither electricity for an electric drive motor nor a fuel gas atcorrespondingly high volumetric energy density in order to feed
a combustion engine. Pressurized storage of hydrogen in thesecases is not an option due to high compression cost. Stand-Fig. 1 Powder manufacturing installations at ZOZ
Virtually bypassing so far insuperable barriers, the combinationof a thermoprocessing plant with regenerative energy
generation, electrolysis, H2-solid-state storage (virtuallypressureless) and H2-burner (P2G2H, H=heat), H2-Cremationand H2-Grill can therefore serve as an economically operated
bridging technology at enormous importance.

References[1]

joint patent-applications 08.09.2022:
https://gmbh.zoz.de/patents/[2]

joint patent-application 07.12.2022:
https://gmbh.zoz.de/patents/Dr. (IPN) Henning Zoz was born 1.4.1964, is the CEO of Zoz Group, headquartered at Wenden. ZOZ
manufactures process engineering equipment as well as nanostructured materials for nanotechnology
from nuclear to hydrogen and so in electromobility. Zoz was Professor in Mexico & Japan till 2014, in2011 elected in South Westfalia as the Manager of the Year and holds multiple patents & awards. Zoz ismarried, 58 years old and father of five children.
Henning ZOZCorresponding author: Henning ZOZ, e: info@zoz.de, T: +49 2762-97560

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

SCIENCE OF
HYDROGEN &ENERGY AWARD
The “Science of Hydrogen & Energy” award is a prize, just similar to the Nobel prize, for an
extraordinary contribution to the sciences of hydrogen. The aim is to award a prize to a distinct
scientist for his scientific work of a life time.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

2007

2008

2009

Prof. Dr. Ronald Griessen

Prof. Dr. Louis Schlapbach

Dr. Gary Sandrock

2009

2010

2010

Prof. Dr. Jens Norskov

Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Bormann †Prof. Dr. Ivor Rex Harris †

2010

2011

2012

Prof. Dr. Rainer Kirchheim

Prof. Dr. Koji Hashimoto

Prof. Dr. Mogens MOGENSON

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

2013

2014

2014

Mr. Katsuhiko HIROSE

Prof. Dr. Hans GEERLINGS

Prof. Dr. Qidong WANG †

2014

2015

2015

Prof. Dr. Andreas ZÜTTEL

Prof. Dr. Bernard DAM

Prof. Dr. Shin-Ichi ORIMO

2015

2015

2016

Dr.Michael HIRSCHE

Prof. Dr. Bjørn HAUBACKDr. Young Whan CHO

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

2016

2016

2016

Prof. Dr. Craig JENSEN

Prof. Dr. Torben R. JENSEN

Prof. Dr. Min ZHU

2017

2017

2018

Prof. Dr. Ping CHEN

Dr. Robert BOWMAN

Prof. Dr. Michael GRÄTZEL

2019

2020

2020

Prof. Dr. Henning ZOZ

Dr. Martin DORNHEIM

Dr. Michael LATROCHE †15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

SCIENCE OF HYDROGEN & ENERGY AWARD 2023
Prof. Dr. Robert Schlögl (born February 23, 1954) has
been Director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max
Planck Society, Berlin since 1994 and since 2011
Founding Director and Managing Director at the Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI
CEC), Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Prof. Dr. Robert SCHLÖGLRobert Schlögl is a chemist and catalysis researcher. His research focuses on heterogeneous catalysis andmaterials for energy storage concepts. With his work he has contributed to a new understanding of
catalytically active materials. Most recently, he has been working on future energy systems and the complex
challenges of the energy transition.
Robert Schlögl and his team research energy conversion processes in nature and the importance of catalysts
in these processes. It is about questions of generation, storage and transport of energy. In nature, energy isstored through photosynthesis. In the process, carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic
molecules such as sugar and oxygen. However, photosynthesis cannot be replicated using synthetic
chemistry, the molecules involved are too sensitive.
The scientists around Robert Schlögl therefore want to understand the basic chemical reactions of theseprocesses in order to be able to use them for new energy systems. In individual research projects, forexample, they deal with the conversion ofLight into electrical energy, storage materials for hydrogen, the catalytic splitting of water and the further
development of fuel cells.
Catalysts play a major role in all of these processes. For example, solar energy cannot be stored withoutcatalytic converters. The aim of Robert Schlögl's research is the development of new, more efficient catalysts.
He attaches great importance to the sustainability of the processes. Substances used as catalysts must be
available and accessible in sufficient quantities on earth. He has also developed a process that could be used
to significantly reduce energy consumption in the chemical industry using carbon nanomaterials. The
chemical raw material styrene can thus be produced more energy-efficiently than before.
In his research, Schlögl works in an interdisciplinary manner and combines scientific model studies with thehigh-performance systems of technical catalysis. He developed new methods with which dynamic
phenomena at interfaces can be observed. As a result, catalysts for industry can be developed more
effectively.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

SCIENCE OF HYDROGEN & ENERGY AWARD 2023
Prof. Dr. Berend SMIT (born November 8, 1962) received an
MSc in Chemical Engineering in 1987 and an MSc in
Physics from the Technical University in Delft (theNetherlands). He received in 1990 cum laude Ph.D. in
Chemistry from Utrecht University (the Netherlands). He
was a (senior) Research Physicist at Shell Research from1988-1997, Professor of Computational Chemistry at the
University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) 1997-2007. In
2004 Berend Smit was elected Director of the European
Center of Atomic and Molecular Computations (CECAM) in
Lyon France. In 2007 he was appointed Professor ofChemical Engineering and Chemistry at U.C. Berkeley andFaculty Chemist at the Materials Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Since July 2014, he is a full professor at EPFL.

Prof. Dr. Berend SMIT
Berend Smit’s research focuses on the application and development of novel molecular simulation techniques, with anemphasis on energy-related applications.
Together with Daan Frenkel he wrote the textbook Understanding Molecular Simulations and together with Jeff Reimer,
Curt Oldenburg, and Ian Bourg, the textbook Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration.
Carbon Capture is the topic I started working on after I moved to Berkeley. Separating CO2 from flue gasses is an
important topic, much more important than most people realize. Our addiction to fossil fuels has caused alarmingly highCO2 levels in the atmosphere. As it is very unlikely we will stop using fossil fuels in the coming years, Carbon Capture andstorage is the only way to mitigate an even further increase in CO2 levels.
Our research focuses on using molecular simulations to find the optimal material for carbon capture. At present we focus
on metal organic frameworks. These materials are ideal for molecular simulations. We know the crystal structure and one
can envision many more materials than one can realistically synthesize. In addition, the chemistry in these materials isvery different from what our intuition tells us. In short, much work exiting work to do.
A few highlights were our molecular simulations were able to give us a better understanding of the properties of materials
that are of interest for carbon capture
Which MOF is the best for Carbon Capture? With our molecular simulations we wanted to screen millions of materials tofind the best for carbon capture, but before we could do this we needed a metric to compare two materials. Finding sucha metric was not easy, but with some help from EPRI we found a good metric that allowed us to screen millions of zeoltes.
In our Nature Materials article you see how the best zeolite looks like
MTV-MOFs are MOFs synthesized with different linkers, but the conventional experimental methods do not allow us totell the exact location of these linkers. In a Report in Science we describe how we could solve this issue ofapportionement using a combined NMR and computational study.
An example of how different the chemistry in some of the MOFs can be, we found out by looking at the adsorption of
CO2 in MOF-74. This material has a so-called open metal site. In MOFs without such open metal sites the force fields inthe literature predict the adsoprtion isotherms very well, but the same force fields are off by two orders of magnitude if
there is an open metal site. With Laura Gagliardi’s group in Minessota we developed a method to derive force fields form
quantum chemistry calculations. Our Nature Chemistry publication shows that this approach gives a good prediction ofthese isotherms.

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

BEST POSTER AWARD
2007

2012

2013

Ms. Alondra TORRES TRUEBA

Mr. Andreas BLIERSBACH

Mr. Moreno DE RESPINIS

2014

2015

2015

Mr. Yixiao FU

Dr. Shunsuke KATO

Mr. Nikolai BILISKOV

2016

2016

2017

Ms. Efi HADJIXENOPHONTOS

Ms. Guanqiao LI

Ms. Marina CHONG

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

2017

2018

2019

Ms. Katherine HURST

Ms. Stavroula (Alina)
KAMPOURI

Dr. Young-Su LEE

2019

2020

Mr. Marco CALIZZI

Mr. Masaaki KITANO

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

PARTICIPANTS
Name
Ms. Zohreh AKBARI

Address
EPFL
Rue de l'Industrie 171950 Sion, Switzerland

Work phone, mobile, email
T: +41 21 693 3857
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e: zohreh.akbari@epfl.ch

Dr. Mark ALLENDORF

Sandia National Laboratories
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94550 Livermore, United States

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Dr. Konstantinos BARDISGRZ Technologies SA
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EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129
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Prof. Dr. Susana GARCIA-LOPEZ

Heriot-Watt University, Institute of
Mechanical Process and Energy
Engineering
Room 2.12, James Nasmyth Building
EH14 4AS Edingburgh, UK
Uppsala University
Box 516751 20 Uppsala , Sweden

T: +44 131 451 8083
m: +44 7476 93 0920
e: s.garcia@hw.ac.uk

Mr. Riku HORIE

EPFL
FMEL Vortex, Route de Praz-Veguey 29 BP 927, 1022 Chavannes-pres-Renens
1015 Lausanne, SwitzerlandT:m:e: dortohoriesv20@gmail.com

Mr. Emil Høj JENSEN

University of Oslo
Gunnar Randers Vei 19
2007 Kjeller, Norway

T:
m: +47 935 83 271
e: emilhoj@its.uio.no

Mr. Selim KAZAZ

EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129
8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandT:m:e: selim.kazaz@empa.ch

Prof. Dr. Björgvin HJÖRVARSSON

T:
m: +46 70 425 0715
e: bjorgvin.hjorvarsson@physics.uu.se15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

Name
Mr. Youngdon KO

Address
EPFL
Rue de l'Industrie 17, LMER
1950 Sion, Switzerland

Work phone, mobile, email
T: +41 21 695 8215m:
e: youngdon.ko@epfl.ch

Mr. Cedric KOOLEN

EPFL
Rue de l'industrie 171950 Sion, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 76 202 5649
e: cedric.koolen@epfl.ch

Ms. Yasemen KUDDUSI

EPFL
Rue de I’Industrie 171951 Sion, SwitzerlandT:
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e: yasemen.kuddusi@epfl.ch

Mr. Rui LI

GRZ technologies SA
Route du P.A.A 27
1772 Grolley, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 78 249 1100
e: li.rui@grz-technologies.com

Mr. Dima MUKHIN

accompaning Kun ZHAO
, USA

T:
m:
e:

Prof. Dr. Shin_Ichi ORIMO

Tohoku University
2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku
980-8577 Sendai, JapanT:m:e: orimo@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

Dr. Jihye PARK

Hyundai Motor Company
Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do
16082, Korea, Republic ofT:m:e: jihyepark@hyundai.com

Mr. Akhil PENMATHSAGRZ Technologies SA
Route Joseph Chaley 41
1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 78 241 7324
e: akhil96ajith97@gmail.com

Ms. Thi Ha My PHAM

EPFL
Rue de l'Industrie, 171950 Sion, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 78 799 5530
e: thi.pham@epfl.ch

Dr. Claudio PISTIDDA

Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH,
Dept. Materials Design, Inst. ofHydrogen Technology
Max-Planck-Str. 1
21502 Geesthacht, GermanyT:m:e: claudio.pistidda@hereon.de15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

Name
Ms. Jessica RUFFINER

Address
EPFL
Chemin Saint Marc 71700 Fribourg, Switzerland

Work phone, mobile, emailT:
m: +41 77 445 6434
e: jessica.ruffiner@unifr.ch

Prof. Sabrina SARTORI

University of Oslo
Welhavens gate 21A
0316 Oslo, Norway

T:
m: +47 98 676 975
e: sabrina.sartori@its.uio.no

Mr. Steven SCHENK

LO - EPFL
Rue de carouge 211205 Genève, Switzerland

T: +41 21 693 7605m:
e: steven.schenk@epfl.ch

Prof. Dr. Robert SCHLOEGL

Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-PlanckGesellschaft
Faradayweg 4-6
14195 Berlin, Germany

T: +49 30 8413 4409
m: +49 151 2922 6328
e: acsek@fhi-berlin.mpg.de

Ms. Yuanyuan SHANG

Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
Max-Planck-Straße 121502 Geesthacht, Germany

T: +49 (4152) 87 2687m:
e: yuanyuan.shang@hereon.de

Prof. Dr. Chia-Chieh SHEN

Yuan Ze University
No. 135, Yuandong Rd.,
Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ChinaT:m:e: ccshen@saturn.yzu.edu.tw

Prof. Dr. Berend SMIT

EPFL
Rue de l'industrie 171950 Sion, SwitzerlandT:m:e: berend.smit@epfl.ch

Mr. Tai SUN

GRZ Technologies SA
P.A.A 27
1772 Grolly, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 78 213 1537
e: tai.sun@grz-technologies.com

Ms. Ivana SUTER

EPFL
Rue del'industrie 171950 Sion, Switzerland

T: +41 21 695 8304
m: +41 78 916 6904
e: ivana.suter@epfl.ch

Ms. Ulrike TRACHTE

Hochschule Luzern – Technik &Architektur, Maschinentechnik
Technikumstrasse 21
CH-6048 Horw
Schweiz

T: +41 41 3493 249
e: ulrike.trachte@hslu.ch15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

Name
Dr. Yunting WANG

Address
EPFL LMER
Rue de I' industrie 17 LMER
1950 Sion, Switzerland

Work phone, mobile, emailT:m:
e: yunting.wang@epfl.ch

Mr. Manhui WEI

EPFL
Rue de l'Industrie 17, LMER
1950 Sion, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 76 239 7360
e: manhui.wei@epfl.ch

Dr. Heena YANG

K-water Resource Corporation, Carbon
Neutrality Planning200, Sintanjin-ro, Daedeok-gu
34114 Daejeon, South Korea

T: +82 10 8985 0729
e: heena.yang@kwater.or.kr

Mr. Kataoka YUTAThe University of Tokyo
5-1-5 Kashiwanoha
Kashiwa, JapanT:m:e: y.kataoka@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Dr. Jinqiu ZHANG

Harbin Institute of Technology
No.92 Xidazhi St.
Harbin, China

T:
m: +86 1394 518 9262
e: zhangjinqiu@hit.edu.cn

Dr. Kun ZHAO

University of Washington
747 16th Ave E
98125 Seattle, United States

T: +1 206 643 9579
m:e: quen.zhao@gmail.com

Dr. Liping ZHONG

EPFL
Rue del'industrie 171950 Sion, SwitzerlandT:
m: +41 78 220 0832
e: liping.zhong@epfl.ch

Dr. Henning ZOZZOZ GmbH
Maltoz Strasse
Wenden, Germany

T: +49 276 297 560m:
e: office@zoz.de

Prof. Dr. Andreas ZÜTTEL

EPFL Valais/Wallis
I17 1 G1, Rue de l'Industrie 171950 Sion, Switzerland

T: +41 21 695 8210
m: +41 79 484 2553
e: andreas.zuettel@epfl.ch15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

Information
HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
HYDROGEN & ENERGY
15th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 24th - 29th
2021 was postponed to 22. - 27. January 2023 due to the global
Corona virus situation.

14th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 5th - 10th
2020 combined with 1st Int. Symposium Hydrogenomics
Hotel Monterey Edelhof, Sapporo, Japan
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Martin DORNHEIM, Michele LATROCHEBest poster award for Masaaki KITANO
13th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 20th - 25th2019
GYEONG WON JAE AMBASSADOR, 200, Techno park-ro, Yeonsu-gu,
Incheon, Korea
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Henning ZOZ, Germany
Best Poster Award sponsored by HYDROPOLE for Young-Su LEE, KIST,
Korea and Marco CALIZZI, EPFL, Switzerland
12th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy February 11th - 16th
2018
SwissTech Convention Center, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Michael GRÄTZEL
Best Poster Award for Stavroula (Alina) KAMPOURI
11th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy February 26th March 3rd 2017
HILTON WAIKOLOA VILLAGE, 9-425 Waikoloa Beach Dr, Waikoloa
Village, HI 96738, USA
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Robert BOWMAN and Ping CHENBest Poster Award for Marina CHONG and Katherine HURST

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

10th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 21. - 25. February
2016
Laforet Zao Resort & Spa, 2-1 Nanokahara Togatta Onsen, Zao Town,
Katta-gun, Miyagi Prefecture
Opening talk by Andreas ZÜTTEL, "Do we need hydrogen?"Hydrogen & Energy Award for Young Whan CHO, Min ZHU, Craig
JENSEN and Torben R. JENSEN
Best Poster Award for Efi HADJIXENOPHONTOS and Guanqiao LI
9th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy 25. - 30 January 2015
Hotel Seeblick, Emmetten, Switzerland
Opening talk by Klaus LACKNER, ‘Closing the Carbon Cycle with
Synthetic Fuels and Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Ambient Air’
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Bernard DAM, Shin-Ichi ORIMO, Michael
HIRSCHER, Bjørn HAUBACKBest Poster Award for Shunsuke KATO and Best H2FC Poster award for
Nikola BILISKOV
8th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, 16. - 21. February
2014
Xinghu Dadao, Zhaoqing, 526060 Guangdong, P. R. China
Opening talk by Andreas ZÜTTEL, 'Closing the Cycle with Hydrogen'Hydrogen & Energy Award for QiDong WANG and Andreas ZÜTTEL
Best Poster Award for Yixiao FU "Study on the hydrogen exchange
behavior in the metal hydride-LiBH4 composite"
7th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 21 - 25, 2013
Seminar- und Wellnesshotel Stoos, Switzerland
Opening talk by Katsuhiko HIROSE, 'Hydrogen as energy vector for fuelfor future transport and energy optimization'
Hydrogen & Energy Award for Katsuhiko HIROSE and Hans GEERLINGSBest Poster Award Moreno DE RESPINIS

6th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 22 - 27, 2012
Seminar- und Wellnesshotel Stoos, Switzerland
Opening talk by Mogens Bjerg MOGENSEN, 'Electrolysis and Recyclingof Co2 into Co2-neutral Fuels'
Hydrogen & Energy Award Mogens Mogenson
Best Poster Award Andreas BLIERSBACH

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

5th International Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 23 - 28, 2011
Seminar- und Wellnesshotel Stoos, Switzerland
Opening talk by Paul EKINS, “Hydrogen Energy: Policy Responses to
Economic and Social Challenges"
Hydrogen & Energy Award Koji HASHIMOTOBest Poster Award Alondra TORRES TRUEBA
4th Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 24 - 29, 2010
Hotel Hirschen, Wildhaus, Switzerland
Opening talk by Boulouchos Konstantinos, "PROPERTIES, RISKS AND
POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES"
Hydrogen & Energy Award Rüdiger BORMANN, Rex HARRIS and Rainer
KIRCHHEIM
3rd Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 25 - 30, 2009,
Hotel Alpenblick in Braunwald, Switzerland
Opening talk by Heinz Berke, "Metal-Induced and Metal-Free Reactionsof Dihydrogen as a Base for Chemical Hydrogen Storage"
Hydrogen & Energy Award Gary SANDROCK and Jens NORSKOV

2nd Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 21 - 25, 2008
Hotel Alpenblick in Braunwald, Switzerland
Opening talk by Louis SCHLAPBACH "History of Hydrogen"Hydrogen & Energy Award Louis SCHLAPBACH
1st Symposium Hydrogen & Energy, January 21 - 25, 2007
EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Opening talk by Andreas ZÜTTEL "Hydrogen and Energy"

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

MAPS

Map from Zürich (upper left corner) to Emmetten (center bottom)

Map of the region Emmetten

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

Travel to Emmetten from Zürich airport:
Please go to the ticket counter in the airport and ask for a ticket to Emmetten (roundtrip). Please also ask the
person at the counter to print you the timetable for your connection e.g.:

Station/Stop

Date

Time

Platform Travel with Comments

Zürich Flughafen

So 25. 1. 15 dep

13:38

3

Luzern

arr

14:51

6

Luzern

dep

15:10

12

Stans

arr

15:23

1

Stans

dep

15:26

Emmetten Post

arr.

15:57

Duration: 2:19; runs daily
http://www.sbb.ch/en/home.html

IR 3268

Direction: Luzern

IR 2976

Direction: Engelberg

Bus 311

Direction: Seelisberg

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Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS
countrycode
Switzerland +41...
POLICE

117

FIRE FIGHTERS

118

AMBULANCE144

RESCUE HELICOPTER (REGA)

1414

Ivana SUTER
Administration / Organizer+41 78 916 69 04

Andreas ZÜTTEL
Organizer+41 79 484 2553

SEEBLICK HÖHENHOTEL
Hugenstrasse 24
CH-6376 Emmetten
email: info@hotelseeblick.ch
URL: http://www.hotelseeblick.ch+41 41 624 41 41

for15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

WEATHER in Emmetten

Temperature [°C]

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

Emmetten, SWITZERLAND 2023

SOCIAL EVENTS
Rütli
Bus to Beckenried, Ship to the "Tellplatte" and short walk to "Rütli".
Gided tour with information about the cradle of Switzerland.

SkiingFree skiing, skipass will be provided(depending on the snow condition)

Sledging
Free sledging from Stockhütte(depending on the snow condition)

Snowwalk
Guided tour
(depending on the snow condition)

15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

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15th Int. Symposium Hydrogen & Energy

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HISTORY OF SWITZERLAND
From the beginnings to the present.
Much of the territory covered by present-day Switzerland is mountainous. For this reason, the Alpine
passes have played a significant role in the development of the country, as have the powers thatsought to control these important communication and trade routes.
The inaccessible mountains with their particular living conditions provided the area with protection
and a great deal of freedom because they made it difficult for foreign powers to enforce their control
in the longer term. This enabled the population to develop its own traditions and forms of government.
This situation also favoured the neutrality that has been in force since 1515 and which has also served
the neighboring countries by forming a safety zone between the European states. The state of
Switzerland as we know it today only assumed its current form in 1848. Prior to this time there was noreal Swiss history as such; rather, it was the history of the various territories that gradually coalesced
up until 1848 in order to form modern-day Switzerland.
From thebeginnings to the
RomansThe oldest traces of human existence are about 150,000 years old, while the oldest
flint tools that have been found are about 100,000 years old. The territory of thepresent-day Switzerland developed in a similar way to that of the rest of Europe.

Under Roman
influence, 58 BC

In 58 BC, the Mittelland-based Helvetians tried to avoid the Germanic incursion fromthe west and migrate to the south of France. But Caesar sent them back and settled
them as a "buffer people".

Switzerland after
the Romans

After the departure of the Romans, the Alemanni gradually colonised Switzerlandfrom the north. Western Switzerland was ruled by the Burgundians, while the Alpine
regions were dominated by local Gallo-Roman rulers.

The rise of
Christianity, 6th
century

Initially brought to Switzerland by the Romans, Christianity only really started tospread in the 6th century when the wandering monks from Ireland began establishingmonasteries.

Under German rule

Supported by noble families, non-aristocratic landowners, abbots and bishops, theGerman Emperor Conrad II ruled over large parts of western and central Europe –and united the Swiss territories in 1032.

Switzerland in thelate Middle Ages

1291 is traditionally regarded as being the founding year of the Confederation – thiswas when three rural valley communities banded together in order to be better
prepared for attacks from the outside.
In the 14th and 15 centuries there developed a loose federation with rural and urban
members. By the end of the 15th century it was strong enough to affect the balanceof power in Europe. Various wars were fought in which the Confederates displayedcourage and ingenuity, and they gained a reputation as a formidable opponent incombat. The Confederation was enlarged in various ways with some areas joining
voluntarily and as equal members while others were more or less forced. The
members of the Confederation mainly administered the affairs of their own regions
but representatives of each area also met regularly to discuss issues of common
interest.

Rise of the Swiss
Confederation

The desire for freedom on the part of rebellious miners in their ancestral country
prompted the Habsburgs to enforce their claims to power by the force of arms. In theprocess they suffered heavy losses - while the Confederates grew increasingly
confident.

Dissension and the
Burgundian Wars

The relationships between the Confederates and other parts of what is now
Switzerland were very diverse. At the instigation of Bern and of the French king, theConfederates went to war against the Burgundian duke, Charles the Bold, who
suffered a crushing defeat in three battles.

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Independence andthe end of
expansion

Following the success of the Swabian wars the interest of those in central Switzerland
now turned towards the south. The Confederates’ dreams of having great power
finally came to an end with their crushing defeat at Marignano.

Reformation andthe 17th century

The 16th century in Western Europe was dominated by the Reformation, a movement
which divided western Christianity into two camps. Although the riots and destruction
were fought on a religious level, this reflected, above all, the desire for social change
and the social tensions that existed primarily between town and country. The 17th
century saw three further landmarks in the development of modern-day Switzerland.
All came as a result of the 30 Years' War (1618-48). While large parts of Europe wereinvolved in this war, the Confederation remained neutral. An important consequenceof the Thirty Years' War was Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire,
which was formally recognised by the Treaty of Westphalia.

Two Reformers:
Zwingli and Calvin

The 16th century was marked by reformations, counter-reformations and religious
wars - and also by renewal within the Catholic Church.

Political structure in
the 17th century

The rights and freedoms within the Confederation varied greatly depending on thelocation. There were rural cantons, city cantons, cities dominated by aristocrats,
common lordships ruled by bailiffs as well as subject territories.

Thirty Years’ War
and independence

The Confederation was able to keep out of the Thirty Years’ War – had it been
involved, it would have led to the collapse of the Confederation due to confessional
differences.

Peasant revolts andreligious peace

Whereas a currency devaluation led to a peasant uprising, it was the confessional
divide that sparked the Villmergen Wars that led to the restoration of a balanced
religious peace and an end to Catholic hegemony.

18th and 19th
century

In 1798, French troops invaded Switzerland and proclaimed a centralised state. Later,
the old cantonal system was restored - albeit in a more centralised form. In 1798,
French troops invaded Switzerland and created the centralised Helvetic Republic. For
the first time in its history, Switzerland was forced to abandon its neutrality and toprovide troops for France. After the Sonderbund War, the foundations for the modern
Switzerland were finally laid down with the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. It
brought about a more centralised form of government and a single economic area,
which put an end to the cantonal rivalries and enabled economic development.
Despite this progress, the 19th century was a difficult time for many people in
Switzerland. Poverty, hunger and poor job prospects led to a wave of emigration,
including to North and South America.

20th century

The 20th century was generally marked by a series of striking developments in thepolitical, economic and social arenas. Domestically there was a shift towards a multiparty system. While at the beginning of the century one party occupied all the
positions in the government (Federal Council), there were four parties represented
there at the end of the century. Agrarian Switzerland developed into an industrial statewith the result that there were more immigrants than emigrants and the standard ofliving rose significantly. Working conditions and social security steadily improved andthere was greater access to a more extensive range of consumer goods. The
development of the export sector changed the country’s relationship with Europe andthe rest of the world. Although Switzerland remained politically neutral – it did not
actively participate in either of the two World Wars – neutrality remained the subjectof intense debate.

Ref.: http://www.myswitzerland.com/

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