The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 10 (1999)

English-Language Works by JAAS Members
1997
The following citations and abstracts introduce recent publications and dissertations, written in English by the members of the Japanese Association for
American Studies, on topics related to American Studies. The works are listed in the order of articles in journals, articles in books, books, and dissertations.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS
Beppu, Keiko. “Joan of Arc, or an Ideal Androgyne: Mark Twain’s‘Marvelous Child’.” Women’s Studies Forum (Kobe College Women’sStudies Institute) 11 (March 1997): 31–54.
Twain called Joan of Arc the “marvelous Child” in his Personal Recollections of Joanof Arc (1896). She became for him an ideal image of childhood innocence, and offemale heroism. This essay examines the symbolic signiﬁcance of “the Riddle of theAges” for the 19th century American author and for our time; that she may well be anideal androgyne.

Hirai, Yasuhiro. “God in Communism: A Study of the Mormon United Orderof Enoch.” Seijo University Economic Papers (Seijo University) 139 (1998):
237–67.
The Mormon Church, now prosperous in the capitalistic world, has tried twice to organize its members under communistic principles. The ﬁrst United Order, with emphasison equal division of property, was made by Joseph Smith, the church founder, and thesecond by Brigham Young, his successor. Young, more concerned about Utah’s economic independence from surrounding American capitalism, tried to promote homeindustry and self-sufﬁciency just after the ﬁrst transcontinental railroad was completed. The dissolution of the second United Order thus signiﬁed the Church’s assimilation into America’s mainstream religious landscape.

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Kurihara, Ryoko. “Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Hiratsuka Raicho—The FirstLeaders and Theorists of the Woman Suffrage Movements—.” The Journal ofSagami Women’s University 1997, 61 (March 1998): 29–50.
This paper explores the ideology of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Hiratsuka Raicho,
two distinguished feminists in the U.S. and Japan. In the paper, I focused on the following themes, since they seemed basic to their feminism: the idea of woman suffrage, the motherhood ideology, love and marriage, and sexuality and birth control.

Ma, Xiaohua. “The Invisible War between the United States and Japan over
China: A Study of the Abolition of Extraterritoriality in 1943.” The Journalof American and Canadian Studies 15 (1997): 93–111.
This paper explores how the United States and Japan transformed their China policies
during World War II. It concentrates on the process of the American and Japaneseabolition of their unequal treaties with China in 1943, in particular focusing on analyzing the motives of the two countries in the process. By re-examining the complexity ofinternational relations in wartime, we can see that the renouncement of extraterritoriality not only marked a historic turning point in America’s China policy, but also had agreat impact on the transformation of East Asian politics during World War II.

Maekawa, Reiko. “Women and the Philanthropic Impulse in Modern Japan:Believers and Fighters.” Working Papers of the Center for the Study ofPhilanthropy (City University of New York) 1 (Summer, 1997): 1–40.
This article examines the careers of four philanthropic women, namely, Iwanaga
Maki, Uryu Iwa, Hayashi Utako, and Sawada Miki. It explores how their individualistic and non-conformist values led them to go beyond the traditional roles assigned totheir gender and prompted them to create innovative philanthropic institutions in modern Japan.

Murakami, Yoshio. “Emerson and the Bible.” Bulletin of Hokuriku University
21 (1997): 125–36.
The paper argues that Emerson was aiming at writing a new “Bible.” He often shows akind of biblical framework of his own in his discourses: Genesis and eschaton.
Moreover, the very content of his discourses assumes a biblical character: doctrine ofGod, Christology, eschatology, soteriology, theodicy, and a new Weltanschauung.
Seen from this viewpoint, his work would probably become much more understandable.

Nakano, Satoshi. “The ‘Windfall’ Revenue Controversy (1937–1941): A
Perspective on Philippine Commonwealth History.” Pilipinas (Arizona StateUniversity) 28 (Spring 1997): 31–60.
The essay examines Philippine-U.S. relations regarding the coconut oil tax fundknown as a “windfall” revenue during the prewar years of the Philippine Commonwealth, which was established in 1935 as an autonomous government preparing
for full independence in 1946, but which ironically became ﬁscally more dependent on
the United States as a result of the “windfall” revenues.

ENGLISH-LANGUAGE WORKS IN 1997179Nomura, Tatsuro. “Class and Ethnicity in American History: Studies ofAmerican Labor and Immigrant Histories in Japan.” The Japanese Journal ofAmerican Studies 8 (1997): 3–15.
Originally the presidential lecture at the annual conference of the Japanese
Association for American Studies in 1996. After brieﬂy reviewing the history ofAmerican historical studies in Japan, this article explains the relation of the rise of thestudies of American labor history in Japan to the increase of the studies of American
immigrant history.

Ochiai, Akiko. “Reconstruction Historiography and African American
Agrarianism in Lowcountry South Carolina.” The Journal of American andCanadian Studies 14 (1996): 93–109.
This paper is an attempt to examine how historians in the past century have interpreted
African American desires for land, and to elicit its ideological implications, especially
focusing on lowcountry South Carolina.

Ochiai, Akiko. “So Far Apart: African American Men in A Lesson before
Dying.” GRIOT (Southern Conference on Afro-American Studies) 16:1
(Spring 1997): 39–47.
This paper examines Ernest Gaines’ notion of African American manhood by analyzing the African American male characters (Grant, Jefferson, and Reverend Ambrose)and their relationships in A Lesson before Dying. Gaines emphasizes the negative elements in the African American community which prevent its male members fromestablishing a viable brotherhood and manhood.

Oshio, Kazuto. “Who Pays and Who Beneﬁts? Urban Water Diplomacy inTwentieth Century Southern California.” The Japanese Journal of American
Studies 8 (June 1997): 63–89.
Chronologically examining the political struggle over the allocation of water inSouthern California, this paper challenges the notion that Los Angeles dominated thesurrounding communities. This study illustrates the dynamics of metropolitan politics
where smaller communities have sought to maintain their local autonomy by taking
advantage of alternative water supplies.

Ueki, Teruyo. “The Evolution of Asian American Identity vis-à-vis U.S.
Immigration Policies as Seen through Chinese and Japanese American
Literature.” Bulletin of Kobe Women’s University 31 (1998): 61–79.
This article is a revised version of the paper read at the Literature Section of the 1997
Kyoto American Studies Summer Seminar held at Ritsumeikan University. The article, focusing its exploration on literary texts by Chinese and Japanese American writers, delineates the evolution of Asian American identity formed or transformed insearch of the strategies for survival against the American racism brought on by theapparatus of immigration laws and policies.

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Usui, Masami. “An Issei Woman’s Suffering, Silence, and Suicide in John
Okada’s No-No Boy.” Chu-Shikoku Studies in American Literature (The ChuShikoku American Literature Society) 33 (June 1997): 43–61.
No-No- Boy connotes another story of No-No Boy’s mother, an issei woman who suffers life-long hardships as a picture bride, wife, laborer, and mother of two sons. Yet
she keeps silence in her struggle against mental contradictions, and ultimately commits suicide. This paper is a re-reading of Okada’s novel with particular emphasis on
women’s experiences and perspectives.

Usui, Masami. “Prison, Psyche, and Poetry in Hisaye Yamamoto’s Three
Short Stories: ‘Seventeen Syllables,’ ‘The Legend of Miss Sasagawara,’ and‘The Eskimo Connections.’” Studies in Culture and the Humanities(Hiroshima University) 4 (Dec. 1997): 1–29.
The three stories narrated by three nisei women in prewar, wartime, and postwar societies in Hisaye Yamamoto’s works are examined. Each story illustrates the imprisonment of human psyches that need to overcome the protagonist’s private agony andpublic difﬁculties through creative activities in an internal poetic space.

Wells, Keiko. “Japanese Folksongs Created by Child Nursemaids.”
Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture (Ritsumeikan University) 9:1(October 1997): 251–88.
This essay introduces Japanese nursery songs composed by children who nursed
babies as work in a form of slavery. The songs express the nursemaid’s sadness, loneliness and despair. She describes her hardships and growing ill will toward the baby.
She warns her master to treat her well or else she will mistreat the baby. She often
thinks of her lonely death, yet she ﬁnds joy in singing and saves herself. The nursemaid songs are examples of voices from oppressed people in Japan.

Yorifuji, Michio. “A Study of the Signiﬁcance of ‘Setting’ in the Faulkner
World.” Tsuru Studies in English Linguistics and Literature (TsuruUniversity) 25 (March 1997): 69–75.
William Faulkner described many characters and their backgrounds in his novels
based on his native land, northern Mississippi. This paper tries to make clear the signiﬁcance of landscape settings in his novels. By examining his setting we can know
his world more deeply. This study is based on the author’s ﬁeld investigation.

Yorifuji, Michio. “On William Faulkner and the Lost Generation” The Tsuru
University Review (Tsuru University) 47 (October 1997): 61–65.
William Faulkner is regarded as a member of the Lost Generation writers. AsAmerican professors often point out, however, he does not belong to the Paris Groupof Gertrude Stein. Surely he went on his own way as a Southern author. However, wecan identify Faulkner as a L.G.writer especially in his early novels.

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Zmijewski, David. “Mark Twain and Hawaiian Politics: The Attack on Harrisand Staley.” Mark Twain Journal 31:2 (Fall 1993): 11–27. This number waspublished in Spring 1997.
At the time of Twain’s 1866 visit, Hawaii was a constitutional monarchy, but several
foreign-born residents were attempting to control the government. Inﬂuenced by proAmerican opposition, Twain viciously attacked the Minister of Finance, Charles
Cofﬁn Harris, and the Anglican Bishop of Honolulu, Thomas Nettleship Staley. This
article investigates the abuse of power and its effect on the writer.

Zmijewski, David. “Slavery in Welfare: The Specter Lives On.” Baika
Literary Bulletin (Baika Women’s College) 31 (1997): 57–79.
Lincoln emancipated the slaves in 1863 but the oppression of black people has neverstopped. This article proposes the thesis that the Welfare System is a modern projection of hereditary disempowerment which creates a permanent underclass, and thereby
perpetuates the specter of slavery.

ARTICLES IN BOOKSFujita, Fumiko. “Eleanor Roosevelt’s 1953 Visit to Japan: American Values
and Japanese response.” In Living with America, 1946–1996, 310–16, editedby Cristina Giorcelli and Rob Kroes. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1997.
Under the U.S.-Japan Intellectual Interchange Program, Eleanor Roosevelt visited
Japan. While she had expected to talk on women’s status and rights, she found therearmament of Japan and the presence of American bases the overriding concern ofJapanese women. The Cold War, the primary reason for the inauguration of the program, hampered mutual understanding between her and the Japanese.

Kurihara, Tamiko. “Direct Foreign Investment in Canada by Sogo Shosha.”
In Canada and Japan in the Paciﬁc-Rim Area: Focusing on the Economicand Cultural Relations, Proceedings of the Second Ritsumeikan-UBC
Seminar, 57–72. Kyoto: Ritsumeikan University, 1997.
Direct foreign investment in Canada by sogo shosha represented a signiﬁcant part ofthe overall Japanese DFI until the late 1970’s. With the new developments in the1980s and 1990s, especially after the implementation of NAFTA, the trading companies have actively participated in joint ventures in the market-oriented, auto-related
sector with Japanese manufacturers, while retaining their established business.

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Maekawa, Reiko. “The Allied Occupation, the Cold War, and American
Philanthropy: The Rockefeller Foundation in Postwar Japan.” In
Philanthropy and Cultural Context: Western Philanthropy in South, East,and Southeast Asia in the 20th Century, 115–28, edited by Soma Hewa andPhilo Hove. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1997.
This study focuses on Charles Burton Fah of the Rockefeller Foundation, assessing his
contributions to the development of a democratic press, the reformation of university
instruction, and in fostering creative literature. The author suggests that postwar philanthropy conducted in Japan was initiated in the ironic context of an occupying force
whose responsibility was to establish democratic liberties.

Takezawa, Yasuko. “Multiculturalism and Citizenship: The Effects of the1996 Immigration Laws.” In Diversiﬁed Migration Patterns of North
America: Challenges and Opportunities, 237–60, edited by Kitagawa Otsuru
Chieko. Osaka National Museum of Ethology, 1997.
This paper examines how the concept of citizenship has been challenged in relation tothe issue of immigration in the United States and what impact the passages of the newwelfare law and the immigration law in 1996 have had on issues surrounding immigration and citizenship.

Tanaka, Toshihiro. “Thorstein Veblen Studies in Japan: A Bibliography.” In
Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Archival
Supplement 6, Contributions to the U.S., European and Japanese History ofEconomic Thought, 263–286, edited by Warren J. Samuels. Greenwich,Conn.: JAI Press, 1997.
This is the ﬁrst bibliographical and analytical introduction of Veblen studies in Japan,1905–1995. The history of Veblen studies in Japan is divided into two periods. Theﬁrst period, 1920s–1945, is the introductory stage, and the second period, 1945–1995,
is the one of full-scale studies. The latter period is further subdivided into four stages.

Yamana, Shoji. “A Rehash of Days Without End ? Notes on Some Apparent
Carry-Overs into The Iceman Cometh.” In Otsuma Joshi-daigaku Bungakubu
Sanjusshunen Kinen Ronshu, 135–48, Tokyo: Otsuma Joshi-daigaku, 1997.
The Iceman Cometh is a sequel to Days Without End, in spite of surface differences.
Eugene O’Neill seems to have felt he had handled various issues inadequately in theearlier play and addressed the same issues anew, during the so-called period of hybernation in which he had no new plays produced, to face himself more honestly.

Yorifuji, Michio. “A Study of William Faulkner and Nagano.” In The
Literature of Faulkner—Its Making, 198–206, edited by Michio Yorifuji.
Tokyo: Seibido, 1997.
William Faulkner visited Japan in August, 1955. He spent eleven days in Nagano toattend the Summer Seminar of American Literature. This essay examines the relation
between Faulkner and Nagano (Japan) as well as its meaning.

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BOOKS
Furuya, Yasuo, edited and translated, A History of Japanese Theology. GrandRapids, Mich: Willam B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.
This is the ﬁrst book on the history of Japanese theology written by Japanese theologians: Akio Dohi, Toshio Sato, Seiichi Yagi, and Masaya Odagaki. The work clariﬁes
the tumultuous history of Japanese Christianity and describes the context, methodology, and goals shaping Japanese theology today.

DISSERTAIONS
Katagiri, Yasuhiro. “The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: CivilRights and States’ Rights in a Deep South State, 1956 to 1977.” Ph.D. dissertation, International Christian University, 1997.
In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court’s Brown rulings, Mississippi became the mostnotable leader in the South’s ofﬁcial “massive resistance” movement. Resurrecting atheory of states’ rights constitutionalism in defense of the state’s “segregated way oflife,” Mississippi created the State Sovereignty Commission in March 1956 as its
executive agency. This dissertation illuminates the history of the state agency during
America’s civil rights years.

Narita, Masahiko. “The Fate of American Spiritual Orphans in Hawthorne’sWorks.” Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1997.
This dissertation aims at elucidating the signiﬁcance of Hawthorne’s characters as
spiritual orphans generated by the cultural and religious crisis in nineteenth-century
America. Besides mirroring Hawthorne’s personal orphan consciousness, these spiritual orphans, who have lost sight of their heavenly father, faithfully reﬂect people’sreligious anxiety and sense of uprootedness in the dawn of modern America.

Takai, Yukari. “Migration, Family, and Gender: A Longitudinal Analysis ofFrench-Canadian Immigrants in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1900–1920.” Ph.D.
dissertation, Université de Montréal, 1998.
This work analyses the impact of the radical socioeconomic changes that occurred inQuebec and New England on the process of French Canadians’ movement to, and settlement in, Lowell in the early twentieth century. This study also seeks to shed light on
the gender relations within the immigrant families. To achieve these objectives, myresearch methodology combines assessment of nominative records and qualitative
sources.

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Yoshihara, Mari. “Women’s Asia: American Women and the Gendering ofAmerican Orientalism, 1870s–WWII.” Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University,
1997.
The dissertation examines the roles of American women in the development ofAmerica’s gendered discourse about Japan and China between the 1870s and WWII inthree areas of cultural production: material culture, literature, and anthropology. It
demonstrates that American women played pivotal roles in inscribing gendered meanings to Asia in the American mind. It further argues that their participation in
Orientalist discourse offered many American women an effective avenue throughwhich to gain authority and agency which were denied to them in other realms ofsociopolitical life.