YUP’IK ESKIMO DICTIONARY
Volume 1 (of 2)

YUP’IK ESKIMO
DICTIONARY
Second Edition
Volume 1

Compiled by

Steven A. Jacobson

Alaska Native Language Center
University of Alaska Fairbanks
2012Cover and section title drawings by Cindy Davis, based on drawings by Edward Adams
in his journal of 1850–1851, St. Michael’s (MS. 115, Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge,
England); used with permission of the Scott Polar Research Institute and Mr. G. E.
Dixon, owner of the manuscript. Adams’s drawings were copied from ivory carvings.
Copyright 2012 by the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
All rights reserved.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation underGrant No. 0732787, International Polar Year: Documenting Alaskan and Neighboring Languages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jacobson, Steven A.
Yup’ik Eskimo dictionary / compiled by Steven A. Jacobson. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55500-115-5
1. Central Yupik language--Dictionaries. I. Alaska Native Language Center. II. Title.
PM63.J33 2012497’.14--dc23
2012025193
A photocopied preliminary edition of the dictionary in 200 copies was distributed in
1982. The first edition of this dictionary was published in 1984 and reprinted eight times
through 2009 in a total of 4,900 copies.
Second edition, two volumes
First printing 2012 		
1,000 copies
Readers are encouraged to submit corrections and additions. They may be sent to
Alaska Native Language Center
University of Alaska Fairbanks
P.O. Box 757680
Fairbanks, AK 99775-7680
Phone (907) 474-7874
e-mail fyanlp@uaf.edu
The University of Alaska Fairbanks is an affirmative action / equal opportunity
employer and educational institution.

CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................... 9

Added to the Preface for the Second Edition, 11

GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 15
Yup’ik Sounds and Spelling .......................................................................................... 15
Dictionary Format and General Content of Entries .................................................. 15
Alphabetization, 15; Basic Format of Entries, 15; Bases That Can Be Both Nouns
and Verbs, 16; Concerning Derived Forms and the Difference in Their Handling
Between the 1984 and Present Editions, 16; Concerning Entries for Words That
Are Neither Nouns or Verbs (or Are Special Categories of These), 17; Exemplification, 17; Multiword Lexemes and Neologisms, 18; Indication of Dialect Restriction,
19; Etymologies (Word Origin), 19; Further Indications of Relation to Other Entries, 20; Citation Forms for Yup’ik Words, 21; A Convention Concerning Genderin Third Person Singular, 23; Concerning Scientific Names for Biota, 23; Explanation of Symbols (Other Than Those Mentioned Above) Used in Yup’ik Entries,
23; “Special” te Versus Regular te Terminating Verb Bases, 24; Roots, 24; Entries
Directing the Reader to a Preferred Spelling, 25; Indication of the Polarity of Verb
Bases, 26; References to Unverified Word Lists and to E. W. Nelson’s Work, 28

Special Problems and Topics ........................................................................................ 28
The Problem of Verb Tense in Translating from Yup’ik to English, 28; The Problem
of Initial e in Yup’ik Words, 29

Yup’ik Dialects ................................................................................................................ 35
General Central Yup’ik, 35; Norton Sound, Hooper Bay–Chevak and Nunivak Island: NS, HBC, NUN, 36; Norton Sound: NS, 36; Hooper Bay and Chevak: HBC,
38; Nunivak Island: NUN, 42; Egegik: EG, 45

Phonology and Orthography ....................................................................................... 46
General Description of the Yup’ik Writing System, 46; Yup’ik Alphabet Chart, 47;
Stop Consonants, 47; Fricatives, 48; Nasals, 49; Vowels, 50; Automatic Devoicing,
50; Marked Gemination, 50; Syllabification, 51; Stress and Related Features ofPronunciation, 51; Primary Stress (Inherent and Rhythmic Stress), 51; Stress Retraction, 51; Loss of Stress in Final Syllables, 51; Rhythmic Length, 51; Automatic
Gemination, 52; Secondary Stress, 52; Stress-Repelling Bases, 52; The Apostrophe,
53; The Hyphen, 53; Comparison of Modern and Older Orthographies, 53

Published Sources of Quoted Examples ..................................................................... 54

BASES ................................................................................................................................. 59
VOLUME 2
POSTBASES ....................................................................................................... 727
ENDINGS ......................................................................................................................... 917
ENCLITICS ....................................................................................................................... 931
UNVERIFIED WORDS FROM OLDER SOURCES ........................................... 939

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 959

Appendix 1. Inflection of Personal Pronouns ....................................................... 961
Appendix 2. Inflection of the Quantifier/Qualifier Construction ..................... 962
Appendix 3. Demonstratives ................................................................................... 963
Appendix 4. Positional Bases .................................................................................. 973
Appendix 5. Lists of Roots by Type ........................................................................ 974
Appendix 6. Numerals .............................................................................................. 977
Appendix 7. Calendar ............................................................................................... 979
Appendix 8. Kinship Terms ..................................................................................... 980
Appendix 9. Diagrams and Map ............................................................................. 982
Appendix 10. Loan Words ......................................................................................... 987
Appendix 11. (Hitherto) Unpublished Texts Used as Sources of Examples....... 1002

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LEXICAL SOURCES ....................................................... 1005
ENGLISH-TO-YUP’IK INDEX ................................................................................ 1013

LIST OF FIGURES
Frontispiece: James King’s Norton Sound wordlist of 1778 ............................................. 8
Map: Central Alaskan Yup’ik ................................................................................................... 14
Demonstratives, Figure 1 ........................................................................................................ 965
Demonstratives, Figure 2 ........................................................................................................ 965
Demonstratives, Figure 3 ........................................................................................................ 966
Demonstratives, Figure 4 ........................................................................................................ 966
Qayaq: Kayak (showing parts) ................................................................................................ 982
Ikamraq: Dogsled (showing parts) ........................................................................................ 983
Akaartaq Ena: Old-style House (showing parts) .............................................................. 984
Atkuk: Traditional Parka (showing parts) .......................................................................... 985
Map: Yup’ik Place Names ....................................................................................................... 986

Dedicated to the memory ofBalassia W. Nicolaiof Kwethluk.

8

PREFACE
From the Preface to the First Edition (with minor adjustments)
The Central (Alaskan) Yup’ik Eskimo language is spoken in southwestern Alaska in the YukonKuskokwim Delta, Bristol Bay area, and nearby regions. All Central Yup’ik dialects are covered in this
dictionary, though some to a greater degree than others.
Central Yup’ik is one of four Yupik Eskimo languages. The three others are (Central) Siberian Yupik,
spoken on St. Lawrence Island and in southeast Chukotka in Siberia, Naukan, formerly spoken at East
Cape Siberia, and Alutiiq or Sugpiaq, spoken around Prince William Sound, the tip of the Kenai Peninsula,
Kodiak Island, and the Alaska Peninsula. These four Yupik languages, along with the now-extinct
and problematical (in terms of linguistic position) Sirenik, of Chukotka, and the Inupiaq-Inuit dialect
continuum spoken in northern Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland, constitute the Eskimo branch of
the Eskimo-Aleut family of languages. The other branch, Aleut, is spoken on the Aleutian chain and in the
Pribilofs. Hereafter Central Yup’ik will be referred to simply as Yup’ik, the apostrophe distinguishing thename from that of other Yupik Eskimo languages.
This dictionary is the culmination of a project started in 1961 by Irene Reed, who, working with Martha
Teeluk and Paschal Afcan, Yup’ik speakers from the lower Yukon, composed Yup’ik-to-English andEnglish-to-Yup’ik lexical files. In 1972 Steven Jacobson started working as the compiler of this dictionary.
Many Yup’ik speakers have contributed to it, including Joseph Coolidge, Anna Jacobson, Lucy Coolidge,
Sophie Manutoli Shield, Marie Nick Meade, Balassia W. Nicolai, Evon Azean, and Elsie Mather, all fromthe Kuskokwim; Mary Toyukak, Nellie Ilutsik Coolidge, and Moses Nick from Bristol Bay; Paschal Afcan,
Martha Teeluk, William Tyson, and Andrew Paukan from the Yukon; Monica Smith and Cecelia Ulroan
Martz from Chevak; Marjorie King from Nunivak; and Flora Peterson from Golovin. There are manyothers, literally hundreds, who contributed words or who elucidated the meaning or use of Yup’ik words
for this dictionary, including students enrolled in Yup’ik classes and Yup’ik bilingual teachers.
The compiler of this dictionary spent many hours discussing dictionary format with Irene Reed, MichaelKrauss, Larry Kaplan, Edna MacLean, and Jeff Leer. This dictionary owes much to those discussions. We
are also indebted to Jane McGary, who did the indexing, copy editing, layout, and typesetting (of the 1984
edition). A special debt is owed to Michael Krauss and Irene Reed for their aid in revising the introduction,in proofreading, and in constantly seeking to ensure high quality throughout the 1984 edition.

9Preface
The roots of this dictionary actually go back two centuries. The first written list of Yup’ik words
was compiled on Captain James Cook’s expedition of 1778 (see frontispiece). Yup’ik vocabularies were
written by many travelers, explorers, and missionaries over the years. All available vocabulary lists havebeen consulted in compiling the present word. The early lists, especially those of Khromchenko (1822),
Wrangell (1839), and Orlov (before 1871), are of special interest because they reveal an older lexicon and asomewhat different dialect distribution from that of today. Of the later lists, those of most value were theones by Lucien M. Turner (1874), E. W. Nelson (1877), Francis Barnum (1901), Ferdinand Drebert (1912–1960), Martin Lonneux (1925–1940), John Hinz (1944), L. L. Hammerich (1950–1952), Gordon Marsh (1956),
Martha Teeluk (1961–1970), Osahito Miyaoka (1969–1982), Paschal Afcan (1967–1974), Carl Christian Olsen(1969), Joseph Coolidge (1971–1976), Elsie Mather (1972), and Anthony Woodbury (1978–1980). Further
information on these and other published or manuscript sources is found in the bibliography for this
dictionary. Historical information from early wordlists and lists of unidentified words are also included ina special section of this dictionary; however, in some cases all the words in a given list could be re-elicitedor accepted as they were (Afcan, Coolidge, Mather, Miyaoka, Olsen, Teeluk, Woodbury) and included
directly in the main section of this work.
In addition to written dictionaries, vocabularies, and other wordlists, that is, sources that represent
efforts specifically to record lexicon, connected speech or text is also a very important potential source oflexicon. Therefore, written texts (manuscript and published) and tape-recordings have been searched forwords to include in the dictionary files.
The Greenlandic dictionary of C. W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1927), the Alaskan Inupiaq dictionary of
Donald Webster and Wilfried Zibell (1970), and the manuscript Alutiiq or Sugpiaq dictionary of Jeff Leer
were also used for elicitation.
This dictionary does not include all possible Yup’ik words; in fact, in any Eskimo language the potential
for building words with productive suffixes is unlimited, the number of words theoretically infinite, so it
would be pointless to try to list all the potential words of the language. This dictionary strives to include
all “bases” and only the derived words whose meanings are not totally predictable from the meanings oftheir constituent parts, or which are otherwise of special interest. Thus, while this dictionary contained
approximately 6,500 entries (and subentries) in 1984 (and 11,200 in the present edition) in the main section,
this figure should be used with caution in making comparisons with other Eskimo dictionaries. Numericalcomparisons will be meaningful only if the other dictionaries have been compiled following the same
criterion (or more generally put, the same spirit of inclusion, the same judgment of non-predictability) thathas been followed in compiling this dictionary.
The modern standard Yup’ik orthography is used throughout this dictionary. This has been done
because this orthography is actually used throughout the Yup’ik area today. Furthermore, this orthography
is technically adequate to express virtually all the distinctions of sound existing in the language. Since
the pronunciation of a word can be precisely determined from the way it is written in this orthography,
phonetic transcriptions are not necessary. The introductory section on Yup’ik Phonology and Orthography
will serve to introduce this orthography to those readers not familiar with it. More extensive discussionof it may be found in A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo Language (Jacobson, 1995).
Also, grammatical terminology in this dictionary conforms to that explained in the Practical Grammar. . . of Yup’ik (Jacobson, 1995). That book should be considered a companion to this dictionary.
The Introduction explains the format of dictionary entries and contains several sections that deal
with issues of interest to dictionary users. These include sections on Yup’ik phonology and orthography(sounds and spelling), tense in Yup’ik, ’polarity’ of verb bases, initial e in Yup’ik words, Yup’ik dialects,

10Preface
and a list of published books from which illustrative quotes are taken. The main part of the dictionary is
an alphabetically arranged list of Yup’ik nouns, verb bases, and other words, with English translations,examples of usage, and other information. This is followed by a similar listing of Yup’ik postbases(derivational suffixes), a section on Yup’ik ’enclitics’, tables of inflectional endings, lists of unidentified
words from old sources, and a bibliography of all published and manuscript lexical sources for Yup’ik.
Appendices to the dictionary include sections on Russian and other loan words; sections on ’roots’ by
type and on ’demonstratives’; labeled diagrams of a sled, kayak, house, and parka; a map of the villages
and main land features in the Yup’ik area; and similar matter. Placed at the end of the dictionary, for theconvenience of the user, is an English-to-Yup’ik index for the Yup’ik-to-English sections.
Every effort was made to be as complete, comprehensive, accurate, and informative as possible
in composing this dictionary. Even words about which there was considerable uncertainty have been
included; except for place-names and personal names no potential entry was intentionally omitted. Thisdictionary includes the Yup’ik names of villages and of major rivers, lakes, and mountains. Adequate
and informative treatment of the majority of Yup’ik place names would require a series of maps with acomplete index or key. Such an atlas would be a very worthwhile project, but one that will have to be done
separate from this dictionary. Common Yup’ik personal names are also not included here, though thenames of legendary Yup’ik heroes are.
Certainly there are errors in this dictionary. No doubt a native speaker reading it will find things hedisagrees with, such as the spelling (which means the pronunciation) given for certain words. Not every
item was checked with a number of speakers, so in many cases accurate and complete dialect and usage
information may not have been obtained. Also, many localisms or regionalisms have undoubtedly been
missed.
The first edition of this dictionary would not have been possible without financial support from the
University of Alaska Fairbanks; the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1971–1975; the Alaska State Operated School
System, 1971–1975; the National Science Foundation, 1978–1984; and the National Endowment for the
Humanities, 1978–1984.

Added to the Preface for the Second Edition
The first edition of Yup’ik Eskimo Dictionary was published in 1984. The typescript had been given overto the typesetter approximately four years previously. During that four-year interval it become apparent
that — as could be expected — more than a few Yup’ik words had been missed. This was made clear byexamining the newly published Yup’ik Lore / Yuut Qanemciit (Tennant et al. 1981), the first book-length
Yup’ik text directed beyond the primary level (other than Kanerearakgtar, the 1945 translation of the New
Testament). The need for a new dictionary edition became even more apparent as more and more adultlevel Yup’ik books were published: two more in the 1980s, a half dozen in the 1990s, a dozen in the 2000s.
This is may be true again in as much as several books have recently appeared in print too late to bethoroughly searched for lexical material to be integrated into this second edition.
In as much as the first edition of Yup’ik Eskimo Dictionary was compiled and produced and without acomputer — in fact before computers were in common use — the first step in preparing the way toward
a second edition was to scan the printed first-edition dictionary pages into computer files (to which new
information could be conveniently added), and then correcting the notoriously error-prone output of thescanning process of the early 1990s. The task of such correcting was soon taken over by Joe Kwaraceius.
At my request, Kwaraceius also converted the Yup’ik Eskimo Dictionary files from their 1984 format of11

Prefacemain base with derivative bases indented under it, which I had increasingly perceived as an impedimentfor dictionary users, into a uniform single-level format. Also, Kwaraceius added new Yup’ik entries (orinformation) from a number of written sources, at times doing his own research. Following his work,
almost a decade elapsed before I resumed active work on the dictionary and took up the task of preparing
a second edition in earnest.
Most of the work which has gone into the expansion of this dictionary and which marks the difference
between the present and previous editions falls into five areas. (1) Where appropriate, proto-Eskimo (orproto-Yupik) forms based on the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary (Fortescue et al. 1994) have been appended
to entries. (2) The results of a certain amount of field research has been incorporated, especially concerning
the dialect of Egegik (Aglurmiut) conducted by myself with Nick and Virginia Abalama of that village, andconcerning the Nunivak dialect conducted by Murielle and Howard Amos and published first in Cup’ik
Eskimo Dictionary (Amos and Amos, 2003) — to whom I owe much thanks. (3) A very large number ofsentence-length word usage examples plus translations and references have been added from the various
published Yup’ik texts (mostly book-length, that is, excluding most children’s-level school booklets).
(4) A number of derived forms given, at most, as examples in the 1984 dictionary edition have now been
elevated to the status to full-fledged entries. And, (5) a large number of lexical entries have been added
to the dictionary files; these were found by systematically searching these texts for forms not in the 1984
dictionary edition and for additional meanings for forms that are there.
The compiler’s work on this new, second edition was done under the Alaska Native Language Center,College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska Fairbanks. This material is based upon work supported by
the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0732787, International Polar Year: Documenting Alaskan and
Neighboring Languages.
Credit and appreciation is due to the all authors, compilers, editors, Bible and prayerbook translators,
and old-orthography transliterators, and to all the Yup’ik elders whose speech is recorded in many of thesebooks. They include Edward A. Tennant, Joseph N. Bitar, Anthony Woodbury, Elsie P. Mather, Phyllis
Morrow, Ann Fienup-Riordan, Marie Meade, Anna Jacobson, Leisy Thornton-Wyman, Alice Fredson,
Mary Jane Mann, Elena Dock, Sophie Shield, Ben Orr, Eliza Orr, Victor Kanrilak Jr., Andy Charlie Jr.,
Alice Rearden, Rebecca Nayamin, Martha Teeluk, Anna Jacobson, and, from an earlier time, John Orlov,
Ferdinand Drebert, John Hinz, Martin Lonneux, Margaret Lantis, E. W. Nelson, and Francis Barnum,and especially all the Yup’ik elders named (not listed here due their number — but certainly no lessappreciated) and unnamed, whose speech the above-named individuals recorded, transcribed, edited,
and/or translated, going back more than a century. Also appreciated are those individuals who haveinformed me of Yup’ik words and lexical sources that they noticed as missing from the first edition: Anna
Jacobson, Irene Reed, Michael Krauss, Roy Iutzi-Mitchell, Frank Keim, Monica Sheldon, Grant Kashatok,
Rebecca Nayamin, Walkie Charles, John Toopetlook, and probably many others whose names I haveneglected to list or forgotten, and to Hiroko Ikuta, who did much of the work digitizing the printed Yup’ik
texts, which has aided so much in finding examples of usage. Also appreciated is the work of Jophina
Avugiak and David DeHass in checking the reference of the examples, and that of Leon Unruh in making
the index and preparing the second edition for publication.
I especially wish to express my gratitude to Joe Kwaraceius for his diligent work, discussed above; toMichael Krauss, who initiated the modern era of scholarship for Alaska Native languages at the Universityof Alaska fifty years ago now, assembled the superb Alaska Native language archive, and seeing the urgent
need for documentation, obtained the grant that helped make this second edition possible; and to the late
Irene Reed, who began the work of Yup’ik lexicography at the University that led eventually to the 1984
edition, and then after its publication kept extensive notes concerning additions or changes for a new12

Preface
edition. Most of all I would like to acknowledge the immense contribution of my wife, Anna Jacobson,
who wrote, edited, or translated a number of the Yup’ik books used in making this new edition, corrected
the translations of the quoted examples herein, and more generally has supported my lexical efforts andpatiently answered my questions about Yup’ik grammar, lexicon, and culture over the years since I firststarted working on a Yup’ik dictionary back in 1972.

—Steven A. Jacobson
2012

13

Preface

RussiaGreenland

AlaskaCanadag

14

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
YUP’IK SOUNDS AND SPELLING
The reader who is not familiar with the sounds of Yup’ik of with the Yup’ik writing system shouldrefer to the section titled “Phonology and Orthography” near the end of this Introduction.

DICTIONARY FORMAT AND GENERAL CONTENT OF ENTRIES
Alphabetization
In this dictionary words1 are alphabetized in the order familiar from English, with the two diacritics(discussed below) and the comma (discussed below) disregarded. Thus, vv, ll, ss, gg, rr, and ng are notconsidered single letters in alphabetization even though they represent single sounds. Furthermore, aform with a diacritic or comma is listed immediately after a form without a diacritic or comma in thesame place. Thus an’uk ‘they2 went outside’, would come immediately after anuk ‘dog harness’; tan’geq‘darkness’, would come immediately after tangeq ‘crackling(s)’; and ¥gasek ‘arctic hare’, is listed as if itwere spelled *ugasek.

Basic Format of Entries
A Yup’ik dictionary entry, in boldface type, is followed immediately by one or more non-bold English
glosses (or translations) separated from each other by semicolons. Dividing the glosses from the rest of theentry, discussed further below, is the symbol “#”.
Most lexemes in Yup’ik are nouns or verbs. Nouns are given in the natural citation form, thus angyaq
1
In this discussion the term “word” applies to any lexical entry including nouns (completed words) and verb bases (which,strictly speaking, are not complete words).

15

General Introduction‘boat’ (rather than, say, angyaqa ‘my boat’ or angyamun ‘to the boat’), but verbs—having no clear-cut
natural citation form—are given in their abstract base or stem form with a hyphen, translated by the
English infinative, thus nere- ‘to eat’. (More on this topic below.)
Homonyms (words that only coincidentally sound, and therefore are spelled, alike) are listed separately
and numbered with superscripts; thus qanir-1 ‘to snow’, and qanir-2 ‘to put siding on’.
Phonetic variants of a given word are listed together as long as they are so close that they do not differ
in their first few letters. Thus, qiuryaq and qiuryak, both forms occurring in Yup’ik, are listed together as
one entry for ‘aurora’, but another variant, kiuryaq, is listed in the k section as another entry. Each of thetwo entries refers to the other by having the other form toward the end entry with an equals sign; thus
toward the end of the entry qiuryaq, qiuryak ‘aurora’ is “= kiuryaq”, and toward the end of the entry
kiuryaq ‘aurora’ is “= qiuryaq”.

Bases That Can Be Both Nouns and Verbs
If a Yup’ik lexeme is both noun and verb, as is frequently the case, then noun and verb are given in asingle entry, with the noun coming first. For example: atkuk ‘parka’ # and atkug- ‘to put on a parka’ #, thetwo followed by both nominal and verbal examples.
In a few cases the noun form is clearly secondary to the verb form, or vice versa; in those cases, noun
forms and verb forms are given as separate entries. The secondary form is labeled a “direct nominalization”
or “direct verbalization”.

Concerning Derived Forms and the Difference in Their Handling Between the 1984 andPresent Editions
Derived words are given their own listings in this edition and are not indented subentries as in the 1984
edition. For example, kipusvik ‘store’ is no longer given as a subentry under kipute- ‘to buy’, but rather islisted at its own alphabetical place, which comes somewhat before the listing for kipute-. Derived words
include those words that are entirely predictable in form and/or meaning, if the form differs markedly
from that of the “parent” word (e.g., acir- ‘to name’ is a dictionary entry though it is predictably derived
from ateq ‘name’, since ac… might not be seen as related to at…)2, or if the meaning can be given in asingle English term (e.g., calissuun ‘tool’ is a dictionary entry though its meaning (’device for working’)and form are predictable from cali- ‘to work’, but then ‘tool’ is a common English word), or if the derived
form as such is to be frequently encountered (e.g., maqivik ‘steambath’ is a dictionary entry though its
meaning and form are predictable from maqi- ‘to steambathe’, since the derived word is so commonly
encountered).

2
However, many endings (inflectional suffixes) and postbases (derivational suffixes) having symantically “thin” meaning(e.g., negation, tense), as opposed to other postbases with more symantic heft, may also alter a “short” base to the point ofmaking it hard to recognize. Forms with these endings are given only as examples under the word in question and not as
separate entries. Thus, given only as examples, under the entry at’e- ‘to put on clothes’, are all’uku ‘putting it on’ (with an
ending), asngaitaa ‘he won’t put it on’ (with a postbase), aqaarluku ‘after putting it’, and apailgaku ‘after he put it on’, as
opposed to asnguar- ‘to try on’, and ac’inqigte- ‘to change clothes’, which are given as separate entries (though with its
derivation from at’e- indicated).

16

General Introduction
Concerning Entries for Words That Are Neither Nouns or Verbs (or Are Special Categoriesof These)
Following the glosses and the symbol “#” may be a brief grammatical label or explanation such as
particle, extended demonstrative adverb, positional base, selectional base, or used in quantifier/qualifer construction.
These are in accordance with, and explained, in A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo
Language (Jacobson 1995), hereafter referred to Practical Grammar of . . . Yup’ik. The most important
grammatical division is between nouns and verb bases, and this will be clear as explained below.

Exemplification
After the gloss or glosses (followed by “#”) and the grammatical label (if any) for many dictionary
entries, there are Yup’ik phrases or sentences with the word in question.
In the case of a verb, any examples coming before the symbol “/” illustrate polarity (see the section ofthis Introduction on the indication of verb polarity).
After any polarity indicators for verbs are other examples. Those written here, without capitals andperiods, were composed for this dictionary.
Certain verb-elaborating derivational suffixes, such as those expressing intensive action, sudden
action, repeated action, transitivization, and action for with or for something /someone, are not quite
entirely predictable in one respect or another, and so examples showing their use are given early in a verb
entry.
They may show suffixed forms of the word that are important and/or frequent or quite different inappearance (and sound) from the form without a suffix. Thus, examples at apte- ‘to ask’ may include
apluku ‘asking him’, apesgu ‘ask him’, apngaitaa ‘he won’t ask him’, apciiqaa ‘he will ask him’, andapepailgaku ‘before asking him’, since these forms all differ by the third letter for apte-. Similarly, at ce÷a‘shore’ is the example imarpiim ce÷iini ‘at the shore of the sea’.
Examples may indicate the grammatical case assignments for entities associated with a verb. Thus, at
cikir- ‘to give’, there is the example arnam cikiraa mikelnguq atkugmek ‘the woman gives the child aparka’, showing that the grammatical object is the recipient and the gift is put in the “ablative-modalis”
case (with -mek).
The examples written here with capitals and periods, with the key word being exemplified in italics(also in the translation), are examples taken from published books or other published texts.3 These examples
have been selected for a variety of reasons. They may illustrate Yup’ik terminology related to the thing inquestion, like an example for cauyaraq ‘kayak rib’ that involves the word saaganeq ‘kayak stringer’, or an
example (from a Bible translation) for kuluvak ‘cow’ that also involves the words for ‘sheep’, ‘goat’, and‘camel’. Sometimes an example has been selected because it illustrates alternates names for things; thus
an example for nuqaq, the common word for ‘atlatl’, uses egun, a less common regionalism for ‘atlatl’. A
pair of examples might show a literal use and a figurative use; thus mayurtuq ‘he/it went up’, showing a
man climbing a hill, and another example in which a person’s spirit is “soaring”. Some pairs of examples
are selected to show a traditional use, like (e)yagtuq ‘he abstains, fasts’, indicating a traditional Eskimo
abstinence practice associated with birth, death, or puberty, and another where the same word is used
for Christian fasting as at Lent. Sometimes an example tells some interesting fact about nature or about
Yup’ik beliefs. Sometimes the exemplified word plays a key role in a well-known traditional Yup’ik story
3

A few come from unpublished stories (texts of which are included in Appendix 11), and websites.

17

General Introduction
or Biblical verse. Above all, these longer examples from books illustrate the richness, power, subtlety, andbeauty of the Yup’ik language.
There are examples from traditional Yup’ik stories, from panel discussions of various aspects of
Yup’ik culture, from imaginative creative writing, from factual descriptions of events in the personal life ofindividuals and generally of communites, from translations of brochures concerning topics such as healthand housing, and from translations of the Bible and other Christian works. Selections come from Norton
Sound, Nunivak, Hooper Bay–Chevak, as well as the majority, General Central Yup’ik, dialect. They comefrom publications dating from the 2000s, the 1900s, and the late 1800s. English translations of the examples
have sometimes been taken from the books in question, but some of the books have no translations andmany of the printed translations have been adjusted (in terms of degree of literalness) for the purposes ofthis dictionary.4 Most of these publications were produced in the modern standard writing systems, butothers have been transliterated by various people.
The interested dictionary user is encouraged to seek the text and particular page where the quote inquestion can be found with its complete context and where the name and dialect of the Yup’ik speaker
whose quote it is can be determined, in as much as many of the books are anthologies or panel discussions
involving multiple speakers. The citations are given with these quotes in this dictionary by the first threeletters in capitals of the title of the book, its date of publication, and the page number. For example, (CAU
1985:37) means that the quote is from page 37 of the book Cauyarnariuq, published in 1985. Books of the
Bible are given as by four or five letters in capitals from the Yup’ik names of those books, with chapter
and verse rather than publication date and page. For example, (AYAG. 12:1) means Ayagniqarraaq, that is,
Genesis, chapter 12, verse 1.
A list of all such capital letter abbreviations with indications to lead one to the listing of the book in thereferences section of this dictionary is found under the heading “Printed Sources of Quoted Examples” at
the end of the Introduction.

Multiword Lexemes and Neologisms
Multiword phrases seen by the compiler as lexicalized are given in small capital letters in the entries
for both (or all) words that compose them. Thus, as part of both the entries for nuna ‘land’ and pekte- ‘tomove’ is nuna pektuq ‘there is an earthquake’.
Words and phrases marked as ‘neologisms’ are consciously invented Yup’ik words that may not be
yet be in general use, are restricted to a certain segment of the population, and so forth. Most of these arelegal, medical, or fish-and-game neologisms from Mumigcistet Kalikait (Alexie et al., 1990), and Catholic
neologisms are from The Graded Catechism in Innuit (Lonneux, 1951). These books also contain a number ofother neologisms of restricted interest that not included in this dictionary.
4
There are a number of Yup’ik terms pertaining to items particular to Eskimo culture for which no single English wordor simple phrase can serve as an accurate equivalent. An example is qasgiq. This is a best described as by something like“traditional men’s community house, workshop, dance and celebration center”, but this is cumbersome. Some writers
merely use the Eskimo word, italicized, in their English, but this does not seem appropriate in a dictionary that serves to
explain Yup’ik. Instead, this dictionary, the word qasgiq is translated in examples as “kashim” (to be found in larger English
dictionaries), though in the entry itself for the word qasgiq the fuller description is given. Other cases of this sort include
akutaq “an edible mixture of berries or greens, seal oil, shortening, sometime dried flaked fish flesh, and sugar”, is translated
routinely in examples as “Eskimo ice cream”, its popular English name, since no commonly agreed upon anglicization after
the fashion of “kashim” exists, uluaq is translated in examples as “semi-lunar knife” (rather than as “woman’s knife” or“ulu” which would have been alternate choices), nukalpiaq is “proficient hunter”, qayaq translated (of course) as “kayak”,
qaspeq as “cloth cover parka”, angalkuq as “shaman”, and kameksak and piluguk as “skin boot” or “mukluk”.

18General Introduction
Indication of Dialect Restriction
If a word is restricted in use to a particular dialect area or areas, the abbreviation(s) for those dialectarea(s) are given. This indication follows all glosses, examples, multiword lexemes, etc. for a particular
entry, unless it applies only to one of several forms of, or one of several glosses for, that dictionary entry,
in which case it is given at the appropriate place in the entry. The following dialect abbreviations are used:
NSU
Norton Sound–Unaliq (northern Norton Sound)
NSK
Norton Sound–Kotlik (southern Norton Sound)NS 		
Norton Sound (both northern and southern shores)
Y 		
Yukon
HBC
Hooper Bay and ChevakNI		
Nelson Island
NUN
Nunivak Island; the letters NUN(A) indicate a word from the Cup’ig Eskimo Dictionary
			(Amos and Amos, 2003)5
K		
Kuskokwim
LK		
Lower Kuskokwim
BB		
Bristol Bay
NR		
Nushagak RiverLI		
Lake IliamnaEG		EgegikUK		
Upper Kuskokwim (i.e., around Aniak)
CAN
Canineq (around Kwigillingok, Kipnuk, Kongiganek, and Chefornak)MY		
middle Yukon
More information about these dialect areas is given in the introductory section on Yup’ik dialects (seebelow). One should see also the book Yup’ik Dialect Atlas and Study (Jacobson 1998) to see, among otherthings, just how very few are the words whose area of use coincides exactly with a particular dialect
area! If dialect limitations are indicated for a given entry, the reader should conclude that there may be
synonyms used in other dialect areas. These can be found through the English-to-Yup’ik Index toward theend of this dictionary.

Etymologies (Word Origin)
The etymology of the word is then given if it is a loan word, a derived form, an imitative word
(onomatopoeia), or a word with a known proto-Eskimo or proto-Yup’ik antecedant.
A loan word (as from Russian, English, Aleut, Athabascan, etc.) is indicated as such along with thesource word in the other language (and a phonetic transcription when needed) in the case of Aleut andInupiaq or an English transliteration in the case of Russian.
A derived word is shown with the symbol “<” and its parent word and the derivational suffixes,
that is, the postbase or postbases (and, in certain cases, enclitics), that compose it; if such postbase(s) are5
While many words in that dictionary are also in this, words noted with “NUN(A)” have not been researched except by
Amos and Amos, and one should look to to their dictionary for details concerning words (and in fact all Nunivak words).
Note that the orthography they use is somewhat different from that of this book (see below).

19

General Introduction
undetermined, then a question mark is used. The postbases are set off by dashes (and the enclitics by theequals sign). Postbases forming parts of derived words will be listed and explained in the postbase sectionof this dictionary (and enclitics in the enclitics section) even if the postbase in question is not productive.
However, postbases that to our knowledge occur on only one word are not listed in the postbases section.
For example, niicugni- ‘to listen’ is analyzed as < niite-yug-neq1-i3-. By looking up the base, niite-, andconsulting the postbases section for the next three components, one can see that niicugni- comes from niite‘to hear’ and postbases meaning ‘to want to V’, ‘result of V-ing’, and ‘to complete N’, so that niicugni- ‘tolisten’ is literally ‘to complete the result of wanting to hear’.
Component postbases are listed here not in the form in which they occur in the word in question, butrather in the form by which they are alphabetized in the postbases section, so that the user can locate themin that section. For example, mingqun ‘needle’ is cited as being composed of the verb base mingqe- ‘tosew’ and the postbase -n ‘device for V-ing’. On consulting the postbases section under the listing -n, one
sees that this postbase has a fuller form, -un, and that this is what accounts for the u in mingqun.
On occasion, some of the postbases in a subentry cannot be identified. In such cases the unidentifiable
postbase is indicated by “?”. For example, mercuullugpak ‘highbush cranberry’, is analyzed as < meq?-lluk-rpak, and so consists of the base meq ‘water’, an unidentified postbase indicated by “?”, and the
postbases -lluk ‘not quite good N’ and -rpak ‘big N’.
Many derived words have only a base but no postbases (just “?”) listed. This indicates that although theform is clearly derived from that base, it is not possible to identify the postbase(s) with which it is formed.
Thus kitngu- ‘to capsize’ is analyzed as < kit’e-?-, which informs the user that it is almost certainly derived
from the base as shown, but that he should not expect to find the apparent postbase (since it occurs only
on this one word) in the postbase section.
Certain entries are labeled as imitative, such as animal names like peleqpel’er ‘frog’, aarraangiiq‘oldsquaw’ and iggiayuli, iggiggiayuli ‘owl’; and such words as Yaayaalria ‘Scandinavian’, pisalria‘Yup’ik speaker of a dialect using s where others use y’, and teggigte- ‘to giggle’, and some of these also
contain an identified postbase.
For words with cognates6 in other Eskimo languages, toward the end of the entry the derivation isshown by the sign “<” and “PE”, “PY”, or “PY-S” (for proto-Eskimo, proto-Yupik, or Proto-Yupik/Sirenik)
along with the protoform from, referring to, and given in the orthography of Comparative Eskimo Dictionary(Fortescue et al., 1994).7 The symbol “+” in connection with PE, PY, or PY-S, indicates a proposed newcomparative set not found in that dictionary though some have been included in the second edition of it(Fortescue et al., 2010).
A word with no etymology shown would be a non-loan, non-derived word found only in Central Yup’ik.

Further Indications of Relation to Other Entries
After the etymology, if any, may be found the symbol “>” followed by various words derived from theword in question. Note that these words would have been indented subentries in the 1984 edition of this
dictionary.
The note cf. followed by another word indicates a possible relationship not certain enough for subentry
Cognates are words of present-day languages that descend from the same word in the ancient proto language from which
the present-day languages derive; they or may not have the same meaning or sound the same.
6

7
Note that a word may have a derivation within Yup’ik and also a proto-form, which implies that the derivation had
occurred at the stage or time before the proto-language divided into the present languages.

20General Introduction
treatment, or a relationship not of the sort that lends itself to subentry treatment. The use of the symbol “=”
to indicate a phonological variant is discussed above.

Citation Forms for Yup’ik Words
Nouns are entered in this dictionary in their unpossessed absolutive singular forms.8 This is the natural
citation form for a noun and is merely the base (i.e., the combining form) with the final letter altered to givean acceptable Yup’ik word.9 An example of a noun entry is angyaq ‘boat’.
Some nouns are simply not used in the singular. They are listed in the dual, meaning two exactly(or plural, meaning, for Yup’ik and other Eskimo languages, three or more); thus ackiik ‘eyeglasses’ orqerrulliik ‘pants’ are dual forms in Yup’ik. Within the entry the dictionary user is informed that these areduals and (usually) what the singular would be (useful when suffixes are added). Other nouns may be
used either in the singular or in the plural (or dual) for a single item, or they may be used either in the dualor the plural for a pair of items. These conventional optional plurals and duals are noted by statements
to that effect in the entries. They are mostly items viewed as consisting of a number of parts in the caseof conventional plurals (for example, ‘village’, ‘parka’), or of two complementary parts in the case of
conventional duals (for example, ‘sled’, ‘belly’).
As discussed briefly above, for verbs, no single completed form stands out as a citation form because
there is no completed form of the verb that involves as minor a change from the base as does theunpossessed absolutive singular in the case of nouns. For this reason, this dictionary uses as the citation
form of the verb the base form of that verb, followed by a hyphen to show that the form is abstract rather
than an occurring (completed) word. An example of a verb entry is nere- ‘to eat’.10 Verbs are translated
8

For an explanation of this see Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 29.

9

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 30. In summary,Unpossessed absolutive singular ends in:prime vowela (with superscript e or following Ct)nkq

Baseform ends in:same prime vowel
e
te
g
r

10
Several alternative possibilities for the citation form of the verb were considered. Since verb bases end in exactly thesame patterns as noun bases do, one might apply the same processes and construct a citation form of the same sort as
the unpossessed absolutive singular for nouns. Some native speakers do this when citing a Yup’ik verb while speaking in
English. However, the forms so given are recognized by all speakers to be artificial. For example, no one would consider
mayuq (from mayur- ‘to climb’) as a real Yup’ik word (except in some very limited circumstances). Furthermore, such forms
would have value only as citation forms; they would still not be identical with the other abstract or artificial form, the baseform which one needs to know to attach suffixes.
Another alternative for citing verbs is to single out an actual ending and let the resulting combination of the verb baseand that ending serve as a citation form. The most obvious choice would be either an indicative form such as mayurtuq‘he is climbing’ or a subordinative form such as mayurluni ‘(he) climbing’. While this has the advantage of using an actual
occurring form of the word for the citation form, it has two disadvantages. First, neither of these forms reveals what thebase is in all cases (thus, from mayurtuq one cannot tell whether the base is mayur- or mayurte-, and from mayurluni one
cannot tell whether the base is mayur- or mayure-). Second, the spelling of these proposed citation forms is often far enoughremoved from the spelling of the base to put the entry at a different place alphabetically from where it would fall if the basewere the citation form; this is especially the case with short bases, e.g., ag’uq ‘he goes over’ or agluni ‘going over’ would not21

General Introduction
with English infinitives (in some cases with split infinitives, e.g., nallu- ‘to not know’), so that an English
phrase beginning with the word ‘to’ signals that it is a translation of a Yup’ik verb base.
The vast majority of Yup’ik words are nouns and verb, though there a small number of words of othergrammatical categories.
Particles11 are uninflectable (or minimally inflectable words), usually adverbs, though some areconjunctions or exclamations. Being uninflectable, the choice of a citation form is obvious. Examples arecakneq ‘very’, wall’u ‘or’, and aren ‘oops’.
Demonstrative pronouns12 are listed in their absolutive singular forms, from which the base may be
determined by deleting the final syllable na. Demonstrative pronouns in all their inflected forms are also
given in tables in Appendix 3. An example of a demonstrative pronoun entry is pikna ‘the one up above’,and its base is pik-.
13
Demonstrative adverbs are listed in their ‘localis’14 case forms, because they have no absolutive forms,
with the localis ending, ni, in parentheses. The base may be determined by deleting the ni from these
localis forms. Demonstrative adverbs in their inflected forms are also given in tables in Appendix 3. An
example of a demonstrative adverb entry is pika(ni) ‘up above; in the area up above’.
The interrelationships between different demonstratives (both pronouns and adverbs) are discussed at
length in Appendix 3 and in Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, Chapter 6 (p. 75 ff).
Although they are a type of noun base, positional bases15 usually appear with a possessed ending inspeech. (Actually, many positional bases can appear with an unpossessed ending, but this gives them anarrow, fixed meaning.) For this reason the unpossessed absolutive form is rather misleading. Consequently,
positional bases are presented as bases rather than as completed words, and they are followed by thehyphen, which shows that the form is a base and not a completed word (thus kete- ‘area toward water of(it)’, rather than the artificial unpossessed absolutive singular noun form *ken, which would likely not berecognized).
The hyphen is also used for those forms that are used only in the quantifier/qualifier construction,16 suchas tamar- ‘all’ and kii- ‘only’, and are neither nouns nor verbs.
Note that, as mentioned several times above, the hyphen is also used with verb bases, which, likequantifier/qualifier bases, are unlikely to be confused with positionals.
For information on forms listed as roots, see the “Roots” section.
appear very near age- in the dictionary, since words starting with agi- would fall between. Since we regard the base as thestarting point and assume that someone with a degree of linguistic sophistication regarding Yup’ik will first determine theprobable base from the form he has read or heard, this is where he should be able to find it in the dictionary.
The disadvantage of using the base as the citation form for a verb is that the casual reader who knows nothing aboutbases is likely to be put off by such abstract listings as age-, mayur-, etc. However, there is no good way to avoid this. We
expect that users of this dictionary will quickly learn to recognize bases of verbs for what they are. At any rate, following thebases and their translations are examples with simple actual occurring forms of the verbs.
See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik p. 19, for a different solution to this problem.
11

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 17, 166.

12

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 75 ff.

13

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 81 ff.

14

Meaning ‘at —’ or ‘in —’.

15

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 99 ff.

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 346 ff. There are, however, a number of verb bases or slightly expanded verb bases thatcan be used in the quantifier/qualifier construction and are listed as such in this dictionary though not in Practical Grammar of… Yup’ik. The quantifier/qualifier construction is called the independent relative in the first edition of this dictionary.
16

22

General Introduction
A Convention Concerning Gender in Third Person Singular
In as much as Yup’ik (like other Eskimo-Aleut languages) does not indicate gender in third person
singular endings (and pronouns), a word with such an ending, such as ang’uq, may mean ‘he is big’, ‘sheis big’, or ‘it is big’. In this dictionary such a word is translated only as ‘he is big’, which stands for all
three.17 Exceptions are when the verb is intrinsically gender limited, so that irniuq is translated ‘she gives
birth’, and kuiguuq as ‘it is a river’, and when the verb appears in quoted text involving a female.

Concerning Scientific Names for Biota
Except in the case of domesticated animals, biota are glossed by their common name without qualifiers(unless necessary to distinguish two or more species in the Yup’ik area) and by the scientific name thatrefers to the particular species occurring in the Yup’ik area. Thus, tertuli is glossed as “lynx” (rather than“Canadian lynx”) and “Lynx canadensis”, which is specifically the Canadian lynx.

Explanation of Symbols (Other Than Those Mentioned Above) Used in Yup’ik Entries
Some Yup’ik entries have *, (aq*), or (ar)- at the end of the Yup’ik word, or the symbol [e] at the
beginning of the word. The meanings of these symbols will be explained here.
* is used after q on a noun to indicate that the base for that noun ends in an (unpredictably) strong r,that is, in an r that is retained before so-called half-retaining endings (marked with %).18 Thus, the wordmaurluq* ‘grandmother’ has an asterisk indicating that when the half-retaining ending %mi is added
to it, the result is maurlurmi ‘at grandmother’s’. On the other hand, angyaq has no asterisk because thefinal r of its base is weak, so that when %mi is added, the result is angyami ‘in the boat’ with the r of thebase dropped. Nouns ending in eq or k have no asterisks because all such nouns have a (predictably)strong final consonant on the base. Thus, even though qaneq ‘mouth’ and kanaqlak ‘muskrat’ do nothave asterisks, one knows that the results of adding %mi are qanermi ‘in the mouth’ and kanaqlagmi‘on the muskrat’. It should be understood that most of the words marked with asterisks are treated bysome speakers as if they ended in weak rather than strong consonants. There is a great deal of individual
variation in such words, but if a significant number of speakers treat the final consonant of a word asstrong, we have marked it with an asterisk.
(aq*) or (ar)- indicates that this segment of the word or base is deleted if it occurs at the end of the word,or before a consonant-retaining suffix that starts with a consonant.19 Thus, the cited form qimugkauyar(aq*)‘puppy’ will be realized in most dialect areas as qimugkauyar ‘a puppy’ with the final aq dropped and r
not changed to q, and the underlying ar (equal to aq) dropped in such forms as qimugkauyartangqertuq‘there are puppies’, from underlying qimugkauyarartangqertuq. However, the a of that aq will appear insuch forms as qimugkauyaranguq ‘he got a puppy’, where the suffix added is not a consonant-retaining
suffix that starts with a consonant.
For the use of [e], see the discussion of “weak initial e” in the section of this introduction titled “The
Problem of Initial e in Yup’ik Words.”
Note that this convention differs from the of Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik which carefully balances the use of ‘he’, ‘him’
and ‘his’, with ‘she’, and ‘her’, in translations of third person singular (for humans).
17

18

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 32.

19

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 50, 173, 187, and 291, and the section of this introduction on Yup’ik dialects.

23General Introduction
Subscripted “2” written after an English word indicates exactly two, as in ‘we2’. This is used in English
translations of Yup’ik words because Yup’ik distinguishes dual, exactly two, from plural, three or more.
Therefore also, an English plural without subscripted “2” following it indicates at least three in number,
except in cases where the English plural normally indicates a pair or where the duality is to be understoodfrom context.

“Special” te Versus Regular te Terminating Verb Bases
In the 1984 edition of this dictionary a degree symbol appeared after certain verb bases ending in te,thus: te-°. Such a t (after e is deleted) becomes l with a certain type of suffixes, while for verb bases ending
te without the degree symbol, the t becomes s or y with such suffixes. Thus, from piniate-° ‘to be weak’,comes pinialngaituq ‘he won’t be weak’, while from aqvate- ‘to fetch something, comes aqvasngaituq‘he won’t fetch something’. Also, verb bases in the type of te- that was indicated by a degree sign take“subordinatives” in -na- rather than -lu- for ‘by V-ing, by being V’, and the postbase -nguq rather than‘-lria/-llria’ for ‘one that is V(ing)’. Thus: pinianani ‘being weak’, but aqvaluni ‘fetching something’, andpinialnguq ‘one who is weak’, but aqvatelria or aqvatellria ‘one fetching something’.
Now it turns out that the verb bases in te-° are the bases that are negative or adjectival in nature, theso-called “special” te.20 Since this is generally a predictable feature, the degree symbol is not used in thisedition. However, if there is any question whether a te on a base is “special”, sufficient examples are
given to show the status of that base. Here are a pair of examples where it is hard to determine from themeaning of the base alone the status of te: the base kumlate- ‘to be cold (water, solid, body part)’, has“special” te, but qerrute- ‘to be cold (person)’, has an ordinary, non-”special” te. This is shown here by
examples kumlalngaituq ‘it won’t be cold’, kumlanani ‘(it) being cold’, but qerrusngaituq ‘he won’t becold’, qerrulluni ‘(him) being cold’.

Roots
A number of entries are labeled root. A root in this sense is like a base, but it cannot be used with an
ending unless a postbase is first added to the root before the ending. Because a root exists by virtue of theexistence of forms containing that root, there are always derived forms listed for each entry presented asa root, and for this reason it has not always been necessary (or possible) to translate every root. There are
five types of roots.
1) There are very basic “deep roots”. An example is ku-, which apparently refers to the flowing of
liquids, as can be seen by such probable derivatives as kuik ‘river’, kuve- ‘to spill’, kuta ‘a drop’, etc.
At the present time we cannot even identify -ik, -ve-, or -ta as postbases. Roots such as this are listed intheir proper alphabetical order in the dictionary along with lists of their probable derivatives, and thesederivatives are listed as entries in their own proper alphabetical positions.
2) There are roots that are simply not in use at the present time, but that lie close to the surface. An
example is ali-, which appears in the bases alinge- ‘to be afraid’ and alike- ‘to be afraid of’. -nge- is
identifiable as a postbase meaning ‘to acquire’, and -ke- is a postbase meaning ‘to have as one’s —’. Thus,ali- may be the base of an obsolete noun meaning ‘a thing that one fears, object of fear’, used in modern
speech only in combination with these and a few other postbases. Such combinations of root and postbase
are listed as entries as is the root, which is identified as a root but not translated.
20

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 104, 198, 231, and 419.

24

General Introduction3) There are roots that deal with dimensions such as width, thickness, loudness, etc. These dimensionalroots21 occur in combination with the postbases -tu- ‘to have to a large degree’ and -kite- ‘to lack to alarge degree’ (both taking intransitive endings only). These roots are given without translations but arelabeled dimensional roots, and their derivatives are given entries. For example, mam- (dimensional root)and mamtu- ‘to be thick’ and mamkite- ‘to be thin’.
4) There are roots that deal with emotional states and feelings. These emotional roots22 occur in
combination with the postbases -ke- ‘to feel thus toward’ (taking transitive endings only), -yug- ‘to feelthus’ (taking intransitive endings only), -tar- ‘to tend to feel thus’ (taking intransitive endings only),-narqe- ‘to cause to feel thus’ and its negative -naite- (both taking intransitive endings only), and for somespeakers, -yagute- ‘to come to feel thus toward’ (taking transitive endings only). These roots are given
without translations but labeled as emotional roots, and their derivatives are given as entries. For example,
paqna- (emotional root) and paqnake- ‘to be curious about (it)’, paqnayug- ‘to be curious’, paqnatar- ‘totend to be inquisitive’, paqnanarqe- ‘to makes one curious’, and paqnayagute- ‘to become curious about(it)’.
5) There are roots that deal with getting into, putting into, or being in a certain posture, position,
situation, or state. These postural roots23 occur in combination with the postbases -te- ‘to get into or put intothat position or state’ (taking both intransitive and transitive endings) and -ngqa- ‘to be in that poaition orstate’ (taking intransitive endings only). In addition, postural roots may be used in the quantifier/qualifier24
constructions in which a possessed relative ending is used directly on the root. For this reason, translationsin the form of English adverbial gerunds or phrases are given for postural roots. An example of a listing
for a postural root follows: kamilar- ‘being barefoot, without footwear’ (postural root), with the example
kamilarmi an’uq ‘he went out without footwear’, and kamilarte- ‘to remove footwear’, and kamilangqa‘to be barefoot’.
Note that some dimensional, emotional, and postural roots have derivatives formed with postbasesother than those mentioned above.
Complete lists of dimensional, emotional, and postural roots will be found in Appendix 5.

Entries Directing the Reader to a Preferred Spelling
Because of certain spelling problems caused by the inaudible initial e (see the section of this introduction
titled “The Problem of Initial e in Yup’ik Words”), a number of words sound as if they should be spelledstarting with a consonant but are actually, or preferably, spelled starting with e because of the way theword is pronounced in its different forms. In such cases the word is cited under its “naive” or “phonetic”
spelling with a note to see the standard spelling with initial e, and the entire entry is enclosed in braces.
Thus, the entry mug- ‘to suck on breast or bottle’ says “see emug-”.

21

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 248.

22

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p.350.

23

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 348.

24

See above, and Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 349.

25

General Introduction
Indication of the Polarity of Verb Bases
Verb bases are translated with the English infinitive construction, ‘to . . .’. Such translations, however,
do not provide complete information about how verbs are used. For example, the information that agiirtemeans ‘to approach’ does not tell one whether he can use an intransitive ending and say agiirtuq ‘he isapproaching’, or a transitive ending and say agiirtaa ‘he is approaching it’, or both. The way that the
English verb ‘to approach’ functions suggests that both intransitive and transitive constructions would bepossible for the Yup’ik verb. This is not so, however; only the intransitive construction agiirtuq is possible
in Yup’ik. In another case, knowing that qecir- means ‘to spit’, and given the additional information thatboth intransitive and transitive forms are possible in Yup’ik, one still does not know what is the object of
the transitive form. In fact, it is the thing spit upon (rather than the thing spit out, as in English). Similarly,
the knowledge that ingqi- is used with a transitive ending, ingqia, to mean ‘he diced it’, and that an
intransitive form also occurs, is insufficient to determine whether that intransitive form, ingqiuq, means‘it is diced’ or ‘he diced something’ (in fact, it means the latter). For these reasons, after the translation
using the English infinitive construction, we have written the Yup’ik verb with the third person singular(unless singular is inappropriate) indicative intransitive ending25 (if such a form exists), translated it, thengiven the Yup’ik verb with the third person singular to third person singular transitive ending26 (if such aform exists), translated it, and then written the symbol “/”. Such information concerns the “polarity” ofthe verb.
Polarity is not indicated for verbs formed from dimensional, emotional, or postural roots, since withthese types of verbs polarity is fully predictable (see the discussion of roots above). The reader should
realize that some verbs function one way according to some speakers and another way according to others,
27
and generally we did not record all possible variations.
Also, many of the verbs in this but not the 1984 edition are rare and/or old words for which polarityand other transitivity information could not be ascertained, and thereof must be here omitted.
Polarity information will be found with the general Central Yup’ik forms of verbs rather than with the
Nunivak, Hooper Bay–Chevak, or Norton Sound variants.
With respect to the question of polarity, verb bases may be categorized in five groups.
1) Intransitive-only verbs. These verbs do not generally take transitive endings directly. They include
descriptive or adjectival verbs such as ange- ‘to be big’ and puqig- ‘to be intelligent’, and also certain
action verbs such as tuqu- ‘to die’ and qavar- ‘to sleep’. These verbs have their polarity indicated in the
dictionary as shown in the following example:
tuqu- to die # tuquuq ‘he died’ /The slash symbol “/” shows that this base cannot be used directly with a transitive ending.
2) Transitive-only verbs. These verbs do not normally take intransitive endings directly. Some examples
25

This is the ending meaning ‘he, she, or it is V-ing’; usually ‘he’ or ‘it’ translates the subject as a matter of convention.

26

This is the ending meaning ‘he, she, or it is V-ing him, her, or it’.

Furthermore, a given verb when used with certain suffixes may be able to take endings it does not normally take. For
example, ikayur- ‘to help’ normally does not take intransitive endings, but when expanded by the postbase -yug- ‘to want’,
which usually does not change polarity, this verb can be used with an intransitive ending: ikayuryugtuq ‘he wants to behelped’. Such information is noted by means of examples occurring after “/”. As a general rule, descriptive or adjectival verb
bases such as ange- ‘to be big’ or assir- ‘to be good’ cannot be used with transitive endings, but in the subordinative mood,they can be so used: angluku ‘(making) it big’, assirluku ‘(acting) toward it in a good way’. The interested reader shouldrefer to Tadataka Nagai’s Agentive and Patientive Verb Bases in North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo (2008) for an excellent discussionof this entire issue.
27

26

General Introduction
are ullag- ‘to approach’, assike- ‘to like’, and tegu- ‘to take’. Some of the verbs in this group can takeintransitive endings, but only marginally and in conjunction with a word such as ellminek ‘himself or
ak’a ‘already’. In such cases the meaning is reflexive: ellminek assikuq ‘he likes himself’; or passive: ak’ateguuq ‘it has already been taken’. A sample entry for a transitive-only verb is the following:		assike- to like # assikaa “he likes it” /The lack of an intransitive example before “/” indicates that this base cannot be used directly with an
intransitive ending, except perhaps in the special reflexive or passive sense, which will be indicated byexamples following “/”.
3) Patientive verbs. These verbs can take both intransitive and transitive endings. The meaning withan intransitive ending is passive or reflexive.28 To put it another way: Given a certain situation describedusing a patientive verb with a transitive ending, describing the same situation as closely as possible withan intransitive ending requires that the noun that was the object with the transitive verb be the subject with
the intransitive verb (the role of the noun in the sentence changes, but the noun remains in the absolutivecase). Some examples of patientive verbs are kuve- ‘to spill’ (meq kuv’uq ‘the water spilled’, meq kuvaa‘he spilled the water’), tamar- ‘to lose’ (tamartuq ‘it is lost’, tamaraa ‘he lost it’), and makete- ‘to get up’(maktuq ‘he got up’, maktaa ‘he put it upright’). A sample entry is the following:		kuve- to spill # kuv’uq ‘it spilled’; kuvaa ‘he spilled it’ /4) Elemental verbs. Secondly, a group of verbs deals with processes of nature and takes both transitiveand intransitive endings with almost identical meanings.29 That is, the meaning stays the same if an
intransitive ending is replaced by a transitive ending, with what was the subject of the intransitive verb
becoming the object of the transitive verb. The subject of the transitive forms of these verbs is never denotedby a separate noun. A sample entry is:ciku- to freeze # ‘cikuuq’ or ‘cikua’ it froze /There is in fact a slight difference between the intransitive and the transitive of elemental verbs. With
the intransitive the emphasis is on result, while with the transitive the emphasis is on process. Thus, one
would say cikuuq (intransitive) to suggest that freezing had occurred and was now probably complete,
while one would say cikua (transitive) to suggest that freezing had occurred and perhaps was still occurring.
Since the difference is mainly one of emphasis and since various speakers might differ in their use of theintransitive or transitive of these verbs to describe the same situation, we translate the intransitive andtransitive of elemental verbs the same way.
One should note that elemental verbs are not the only verbs for which a subject is not denoted by aseparate noun. Other, usually transitive-only, verbs concerned with weather or other natural phenomena
also take an impersonal subject, and this is noted in the entries for those verbs. Thus, pircir- ‘to be storming(blizzard)’ (impersonal subject) pircirtuq ‘there is a blizzard’ /. One does not use an overt subject noun withthis verb.
5) Agentive verbs. These are the third kind of verbs that may take either transitive or intransitive
The dividing line between patientive and transitive-only verbs gets rather hazy. A patientive verb with a reflexive
intransitive such as makte-, where the intransitive maktuq can be interpreted as ‘he put himself upright’, is not so different
from a transitive-only verb like assike-, where the marginally used intransitive ellminek assikuq means ‘he likes himself’.
There is, however, considerable difference between a transitive-only verb which lacks even a marginal reflexive intransitive,
and a patientive verb like kuve- ‘to spill’, where the intransitive kuv’uq is more passive than reflexive.
28

29
Elemental verbs may be considered a special type of patientive verb, since the only difference between the pair of sentences
meq kuv’uq ‘the water spilled’ and meq kuvaa ‘he spilled the water’, and the pair of sentences meq cikuuq ‘the water froze’
and meq cikua ‘it (nature) froze the water’ is the range of entities that can be the subjects of the transitive forms — elemental
verbs cannot take an overt subject, while patientive verbs may take any subject.

27

General Introduction
endings. This group is distinguished from the patientive verbs in that given a certain situation that canbe described with a sentence using an agentive verb with a transitive ending, to describe that situation as
closely as possible with a verb with an intransitive ending, the noun that was the subject of the transitive
verb remains the subject of the intransitive verb (although its case changes).30 Some examples are nere- ‘toeat’ (angun ner’uq ‘the man is eating’, angutem neraa ‘the man is eating it’), tangerr- ‘to see’ (tangertuq‘he sees’, tangrraa ‘he sees it’), and kipute- ‘to buy’ (kiputuq ‘he is making a purchase’, kiputaa ‘he boughtit’). A sample entry is:nere- to eat # ner’uq ‘he is eating’; neraa ‘he is eating it’ /References to Unverified Word Lists and to E. W. Nelson’s Work
A comment in an entry such as “cf. Khromchenko 1824 list” or “cf. Nelson 1877–1881” refers the reader
to the appendectical section of this dictionary titled “Unverified Words from Old Sources”; however, anumber of references read “E. W. Nelson (ESK 1889:–)”, which refers to pages in the pioneering ethnography
The Eskimo about Bering Strait, published in 1889 and reprinted several times.

SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND TOPICS
The Problem of Verb Tense in Translating from Yup’ik to English
Yup’ik does not have a category of verb tense in quite the same sense that English does. Some postbases
place an action in the future (-ciqe-, -ngaite-, -arkau-, etc.), and others place an action definitely in thepast (-llru-, -uma-, etc.), but a verb without one of these time-fixing postbases may refer to an action thatis happening at the time of the utterance or to an action that has happened in the past. This structuraldifference between Yup’ik and English has led to certain problems in translating the examples in the
dictionary.
One may distinguish three groups of verbs for the purposes of this discussion:1) Descriptive or adjectival verbs. These are verbs such as ange- ‘to be big’ and nanite- ‘to be short’. Whenone of these verbs is used without a time-fixing postbase, an ongoing state is being described. Thus ang’uqmeans only ‘he or it is big’, not ‘he or it was big (and perhaps is no longer big)’.
2) Verbs describing actions of more than a moment’s duration. These are verbs such as kuimar- ‘to swim’,
qavar- ‘to sleep’, nere- ‘to eat’ and yurar- ‘to dance’. When one of these verbs is used without a time-fixing
postbase, it may refer to an action occurring either in the present or in the past, depending on the context.
Thus, kuimartuq may mean either ‘he is swiming’ or (if the context is definitely past time) ‘he swam’. In
the context, or rather the lack of context, provided in the dictionary examples, it is most logical to translate
this verb with the English present progressive. Thus kuimartuq is translated ‘he is swimming’ rather than‘he swam’, qavartuq ‘he is sleeping’, and ner’uq ‘he is eating’, even though these verbs could mean ‘he30
For more information on the distinction between agentive and patientive (or non-agentive) verbs and their relation to the“detransitive” (or half-transitive) postbase, see Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik p. 122 ff. It is interesting to note that English also
has a distinction between agentive and patientive. One does not say ‘he spilled’ to mean ‘he spilled something’, but one doessay ‘he ate’ meaning ‘he ate something’. The plain intransitive of the English verb ‘to spill’ (without ‘something’) applies toliquids that spill, not to people who spill them. English and Yup’ik coincide in this respect with this particular verb, though
by no means with all such verbs.

28

General Introduction
swam’, ‘he slept’, and ‘he ate’ in suitable contexts.
3) Verbs describing momentary actions. These are verbs such as igte- ‘to fall’, ane- ‘to go outside’, tekite‘to arrive’, and tuqu- ‘to die’. These verbs present major problems in translating forms without time-fixing
postbases. A form such as igtuq may mean either ‘it is falling’ (i.e., it is in midair or on the point of falling)or ‘it fell’. Our policy with respect to the verbs in group 2 suggests that for uniformity we should translatethese with the English present progressive tense (’it is falling’), but this is in fact the less common meaningin Yup’ik; ‘it fell’ is more natural. Note too that ‘it is falling’ in English may mean either ‘it is in midair’or ‘it is on the point of falling’, but the second English meaning is an uncommon meaning for igtuq. The
common Yup’ik form for ‘it is falling, on the point of starting to fall’ is igtenguq, literally ‘it is beginningto fall’, or igteqatartuq, lit. ‘it is about to fall’. For these reasons, we have translated the verbs of thisgroup with the English past tense, thus igtuq ‘it fell’, an’uq ‘he went out’, tekituq ‘he arrived’, tuquuq ‘hedied’. The English present progressive form (’it is falling’, etc.) encompasses both the present instant andthe near future, while the Yup’ik form (igtuq, etc.) lacking a time-fixing postbase encompasses both thepresent instant and the recent past.31

The Problem of Initial e in Yup’ik Words
The problem of whether certain Yup’ik words have or do not have an initial e has been very troublesome
in compiling this dictionary. It will also be a problem for those using the dictionary. For these reasons, itis worthwhile to discuss in some detail the situation with regard to initial e in Yup’ik and our policy indealing with it.
The transcriptions in brackets, “[ ]”, in the following discussion could be called “semi-phonetic” in thatthe standard Yup’ik orthography is followed for the values of the letters and for automatic devoicing, butinaudible e is not written, barely audible e is raised above the line, and length of vowels, whether rhythmic(i.e., from a single vowel) or inherent (i.e., from a double vowel), is indicated by a colon after the vowel(which is never written double). Consonant gemination, whether automatic or otherwise, is also indicatedby a colon. For example, in this transcription tekituq ‘he arrived’ is [teki:tuq], and tekiituq ‘he doesn’t
have earwax’ is [tek:i:tuq].
Consider the words [ni:ta:] ‘he heard it’ and [mu:ta:] ‘he took her to the clinic, took it for repair’. Bothhave initial nasal sounds followed by phonetically long vowels. The imperative or optative forms of thesewords are [ni:sgu] ‘hear it!’ and [musgu] ‘take her to the clinic!’ Because i is long in both [ni:ta:] and[ni:sgu], one can conclude that the base of these words is niite- and that [ni:ta:] is niitaa and [ni:sgu] isniisgu (where the t of the base has changed to s). However, the u is long in [mu:ta:] but short in [musgu],
so one must conclude that the base of these words is emute-, and [mu:ta:] is emutaa (with rhythmic length
on the second open syllable mu), while [musgu] is emusgu (without rhythmic length on the closed syllablemus).32 The initial e of emutaa and emusgu is inaudible, its presence revealed only through its effectAn alternative way of dealing with this problem, and one that is sometimes followed, is to translate as a convention all
Yup’ik forms which lack time-fixing postbases with the English simple present (’he V-s’) construction, letting this construction
serve as an abbreviation for ‘he V-s, is V-ing, V-ed’. Thus, kuimartuq would be translated ‘he swims’ and igtuq ‘it falls’. While
this convention suits some verbs well (e.g., ‘he likes her’ is the normal English present of the verb ‘to like’ and is a goodtranslation of assikaa), for the most part the simple present in English means ‘he usually or regularly V-s’, and unless one has
become used to this convention and can accept an unusual sense of, for example, ‘he swims’, one will not think of this as agood translation of kuimartuq, but rather of kuimalartuq, kuimarlartuq, or kuimatuuq, all forms with postbases indicating
customary or habitual action.
31

32

In Norton Sound only, however, the base is muute-, as can be seen by the NSU form [mu:sgung], i.e., muusgung ‘take it

29General Introduction
on rhythmic length. In this dictionary these two bases are listed as niite- and emute- and alphabetizedaccordingiy. However, since many people using the dictionary are likely to look under muute- if they hear
[mu:ta:], we have also listed muute- in the m section with instructions to look under emute-.33
Another example of the problem of inaudible initial e whose presence is revealed only in derived forms
is in the homophonous [yagtuq] ‘he is fasting, abstaining’ and [yagtuq] ‘he is stretching out his arms’.34
For the first meaning, the base is eyag-, as can be seen from such forms as [ey:i:] ‘abstain!’ and [ey:aumauq]‘he has been abstaining’. Thus the word [yagtuq] ‘he is abstaining’ should be written eyagtuq, but in this
dictionary yag- ‘abstain’ is listed in the y section with directions to see eyag-, the main entry. On the other
hand the base of [yagtuq] ‘he is stretching out his arms’ is yagte-, as can be seen from the derived form
[yagu:tut] ‘they are stretching out their arms to or against one another’.35 There is no audible difference
between eyagtuq and yagtuq; the presence or absence of initial e is revealed only in other derived forms.
The word for ‘handle, shaft’ is [epu] with a barely audible initial e for some speakers, and for others
it is [pu]. However, for all speakers, the effect of the initial e emerges in such forms as [ep:ua] ‘its handle’and [epu:lek] or [pu:lek] ‘one with a handle’ (where rhythmically lengthened u reveals the presence of theinitial e, thus epulek). Thus, the word for ‘handle, shaft’ is given in the dictionary as epu.
Surveying words that are candidates for having an inaudible or barely audible initial e, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
1) There are very few bases in Yup’ik of the form CV or CVC.36
2) Of the patterns #eCV(C)(V)(C) and #CV1V1(C)(V)(C), the former pattern is by far the more common.
The latter pattern has generally arisen through historical velar dropping or reinterpretation.37
The following is a list of #eCV(C)(V)(C) bases where V is a prime vowel38 and some form of the word
reveals the presence of initial e:eciq taut membraneecur- to be murky
ega- to cook by boilingegaleq windowelag- to dig39
elite- to learn40

in for repair!’.

As we shall see later, among bases where this problem arises, the pattern with initial e is more common, so that perhaps it
would make more sense to list a spelling enite- with directions to see niite- also (though in fact people rarely spell this wordwith initial e).
33

34

In HBC and NUN ‘he is stretching out his arms’ is [cagtuq] rather than [yagtuq], and the base for ‘to fast’ is yaag-.

If the base for [yagtuq] ‘he is stretching out his arms’ had an initial e, the derived form for ‘they stretch out their arms to
one another’ would be *[ya:gutut].
35

36
The only such bases are pi- ‘thing’ and ca- ‘what, thing’, yug- ‘person’, and the demonstrative bases. Even yug- may havetraces of an historical initial e.

For example, the ii in niite- ‘to hear’ is from velar dropping and the associated vowel changes from nagate-, which is theactual form of this base in Siberian Yupik, where intervocalic front velars are not dropped. An example of reinterpretation is
HBC and NUN yaag- ‘to abstain’ (rather than eyag-), as can be seen from their form yaaga ‘abstain!’.
37

38
39
40

Bases of the form #eCe(C) will be discussed below.

In HBC and NUN this base has been reinterpreted as laag-.
In NSU this base has been reinterpreted as liite-.

30

General Introduction
ella weather, awareness41
elli- to whetelli- to put, to place
ellur- to slide
emute- to take or go for medical aid or repair42
enig- to put pressure on
enir- to point at43
enur- to lack
epu handle
equg- to carry on one’s shoulder
equk woodequme- to ravel, to rip at the seam
eriq milt
erina voice
eritar- to pluckerur- to wash
esiq egg yolk
essugi- to scrub
eyag- to fast, to abstain44
eyir- to populate
eyur- to defend verbally; to jell453) Relatively few words have initial fricatives other than y or (voiceless) s. Most words that sound as
if they have initial fricatives actually start with an inaudible e in the standard spelling. Thus [ri:na] ‘voice’is erina and [ga:leq] ‘window’ is egaleq. (This can be confirmed by comparing derived forms, such as
erinvak ‘deep voice’ and egalra ‘its window’.) There are, however, a few (other than loan words) withinitial l, and a very few with initial g or v. It is probable that at one time there were no Yup’ik words withinitial fricatives other than y or s.46
4) Initial e followed by Ce will be fully audible, unlike e followed by CV, where V is prime, which isoften inaudible or barely audible. Thus, compare egesgu, i.e., [egesgu] ‘throw it away’ and egaleq, i.e.,[ga:leq] or [ega:leq] ‘window’. Also, contrast eneq, i.e., [eneq] ‘bone’ and nek, i.e., [nek] ‘two houses’.
In the case of possible initial e followed by CV, where V is prime, sometimes there is no way to tellwhether there is an initial e. For example, [qu:ga:rpak] ‘legendary creature identified with mammoth or
mastodon’ could be either equgaarpak or quugaarpak. In this dictionary, such words are listed without
an initial e unless there are historical reasons to suggest an initial e (as is the case with the example here),and in such cases the word is listed both ways with cross-references at each spelling to the other spelling.
41
42
43
44
45

In the Yukon ella, elli-, ellur- appear as cella, celli-, cellur-, while in HBC these words appear as cilla, cilli-, cillur-.
In NSU this base has been reinterpreted as muute-.

In HBC and NUN this base has an initial k: kenir-; in NSU it has been reinterpreted as niir-.
In HBC and NUN this base has been reinterpreted as yaag-.
In HBC, NUN, and NS this base is igur-.

The few words with initial g or v are recent reinterpretations of words that originally had initial e, as are some of the words
with initial l. Most of the other words with initial l are loan words from Russian or English.
46

31

General Introduction
The above discussion deals with the difficulties involved in determining whether or not a word has an
inaudible or barely audible initial e. The following discussion deals with the problem of initial e actually
being dropped, not only to the extent that it is inaudible, but also to the extent that it cannot be written
without misrepresenting the pronunciation of the word. There are three reasons for initial e being dropped
completely: (1) reinterpretation; (2) loss of initial e in a derived word; and (3) regular dropping of so-called
weak initial e in certain forms of the word.
1) Reinterpretation: Some speakers have reinterpreted a base with inaudible initial e in such a way thatthe initial e is no longer present in their speech. All speakers (outside of HBC and NUN) say [ni:ra:] ‘he ispointing at it’. Some of these speakers say [nirluku] ‘pointing at it’ and [en:iuta:] ‘he is pointing somethingout to her’, while others say [ni:rluku] and [ni:rut:a:], respectively. From this we may conclude that for theformer speakers the base is enir-, and for them [ni:ra:] is eniraa (and the other two words discussed areenirluku and eniutaa). For the second group of speakers, on the other hand, the base is niir- and for them[ni:ra:] is niiraa (the other two words being niirluku, niirutaa). Both patterns are in wide use, and bothforms of the base are listed in the dictionary.47
Some reinterpretations encountered have been judged to be restricted to a very small locality or to anindividual and probably not lasting in the language, and for that reason they have not been entered in the
dictionary. For example, some speakers have reinterpreted egaleq ‘window’ as gaaleq, as can be seen fromtheir plural gaalret, i.e., [ga:lret] (rather than the standard egalret, i.e., [egalret]). Only egaleq and not
gaaleq has been entered, but there is the possibility that such a reinterpretation may become widespreadand lasting or that our judgment of its present-day status is in error.
2) Derived words: In a number of cases there are words without initial e yet that clearly are derived fromwords that do have initial e. This phenomenon occurs primarily (perhaps exclusively) when initial e isfollowed by k or q. Consider the form ek’uq, i.e., [ek:uq] from the base eke-. This form has two unrelated
meanings: (1) ‘he got in’ and (2) ‘it is burning’. There are also the words ekumaluni, i.e., [eku:malu:ni]‘being in’ and kumaluni, i.e., [kuma:luni] ‘being lit’. Both come from the base, or pair of homophonousbases, eke-, the postbase -uma- meaning ‘to be in a state of having V-ed’, with the subordinative ending-luni. However, the expanded base kuma- ‘to be in a lit state’ has dropped the initial e of its parent baseand must now be considered a lexicalized base in its own right, which cannot be written with initial e
without upsetting the rhythmic length pattern. The expanded base ekuma- ‘to be in a state of having
gotten in or having been put in’ follows the predictable pattern and keeps the initial e of its parent base. To
deal with this situation, the derived base kuma- ‘to be lit’ is listed under eke- ‘to be burning’ and also in
the k section with the note that it is from eke-. The derived form ekuma- ‘to be in’ is totally predictable as
to form and meaning, and therefore appears only in an example under eke- ‘to get or put in’.
Further examples of initial e dropping in a derived word are kilir- ‘to wound’ from ekiq ‘wound’,keneq ‘fire, match’ from eke- ‘to burn’, and qenerte- ‘to be angry’ from eqe- ‘to get peeved or infuriated’.
3) Weak initial e: Some bases have an initial e that drops in some or all forms of the word. This is what
Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik calls ‘weak initial e’.48 A weak initial e should not be written in a form inwhich it is not heard lest a misrepresentation of the pronunciation of the word be given. For example, theword for ‘house’ has a weak initial e, which is dropped in such forms as nerpak, i.e., [nerpak] ‘big house’,and nen’i, i.e., [nen:i] ‘his own house’, which contrast with enerpak, i.e., [enerpak] ‘big bone’, and eneni,
The older of these two forms is enir-, as can be seen from the fact that HBC and NUN have keniraa ‘he is pointing at it’,kenirluku ‘pointing at it’, etc., so that for them the base is kenir-, as it is in Siberian Yupik and Sugpiaq. The oldest form iskenir-, followed by enir-, and the newest form is niir-.
47

48

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 44.

32

General Introduction
i.e., [enen:i] ‘his own bone’, from a base where the initial e is not weak.49 We know that the base for ‘house’
does have an initial e, albeit a weak initial e, because this e is preserved in forms of the word where thefollowing consonant is in turn followed by a prime vowel, such as ena, i.e., [ena] ‘a house’, and enii, i.e.,[en:i:] ‘his (another’s) house’. The case of a word that has dropped a weak initial e differs from the case of aword that has an inaudible initial e that must still be written. Compare the discussion above of weak initiale in the word for ‘house’ with the earlier discussion of the initial e of the base emute- ‘to seek medical aid’;in words based on emute-, the initial e, though inaudible, must be written for the sake of rhythmic length
in the word. Weak initial e occurs on some bases that have e as their second vowel. For some bases thathave a weak initial e in General Central Yup’ik (abbreviated GCY henceforth), HBC has an initial e that is
not weak. In NUN, no initial e is weak.
Weak initial e is indicated by enclosing that e in brackets when the word is listed in the dictionary.
Thus, the word for ‘house’, which has an initial e that is weak everywhere except in HBC and NUN, islisted: [e]nae (NS, Y, K, NI, CAN, BB, NI, LI form), enae (HBC, NUN, EG form) house; place.
This dropping of weak initial e may cause problems for a person using this dictionary. If one hears orreads nek’a50 or nerpak, he should look in the e section rather than in the n section. However, we havegiven an entry nae ‘house’ with directions to see enae, enclosing the entire cross-reference entry in braces.
For [e]nae there are forms with audible initial e, but for some words the initial e is not audible in GCY in
any form of the word. Such words are listed both with and without [e], and the listing without [e] notesthat the word underlyingly has [e].51
The following is a list of words or bases starting with weak initial e in GCY:
GCY

HBC

NUN

English translation[e]ceg-/[e]sseg-[e]ceg-esseg-

to cut fish for drying[e]cer-/[e]sser-[e]cer-esser-

to sweat[e]cgar-/[e]ssgar-[e]cgar-essgar-to awaken[e]leg-lege-

legte-

to singe, burn[e]leq

neleq

neleq

fart

[e]meq[e]meq

emeq

water

[e]naeenae

enae[e]nglaekenglae

house

kenglaeboundary

However, very many writers do just this, always writing initial e on ‘house’ words, thus, for example, writing enerpak
both for ‘big house’ and for ‘big bone’, even though the two Yup’ik words sound (slightly) different. In practice there is little
or no confusion.
49

In forms where the weak initial e is dropped and the following syllable is light and open, the consonant after that syllable
is geminated: thus nek’a, i.e., [nek:a] ‘my house’. The reason for this gemination is the tendency of the language to use
gemination as a device for keeping stress on the stem of a word. This tendency also accounts for the gemination in words
such as ner’uq ‘he is eating’ from nere-, yuk’a ‘my child’ from yuk, and ing’umi ‘in that one’ from ingna (see Jacobson 1984,
Stress Conspiracy). Note that many people do write eneka (depending on the presence of “hated” e to indicate gemination ofk) for ‘my house’ rather than nek’a as here, and also enerpak; few would write, for instance, emeqa for ‘my water’ rather
than meq’a as here.
50

Note that in particular that many Yup’ik writers eschew an initial ng (as the language itself did historically) and always
write, for example, engelii. This word can be found in this dictionary at the listing ngelae ‘border’, with example, ngelii ‘itsborder’, and under the underlying form [e]ngelae ‘border’.
5133

General Introduction[e]nglarnenglar-englar-to laugh[e]nglu——

beaver house[e]nglugte-

englugte-—[e]ngva

e

engva

e

engva

[e]nqar-enqar-

enqar-

to recall[e]qe-—eqe-

to shrink[e]ssngur-——

to overflow[e]teq[e]teqeteq

anus[e]vek

evek

—

grass

[e]verte-,
everte, verte-

erevte-to denteerevte-mucus

get a foreign object in one’s eye

The following words, though of the same #eCe form as those above, do not have weak initial e:
GCY

HBC

NUN

English translation

ekae, eke-ekae, eke-ekae, eke-fire, to burn

eke-

eke-

eke-

to get in

eneq

neneq

neneq

bone

epe-

epe-

epe-

to suffocate

eqe-

eqe-

eqe-

to get peeved

In addition to problems caused by initial e in native Yup’ik words, there are two groups of loan words
from Russian whose initial letter configurations cause spelling problems.
One group is the words that start essentially with a consonant cluster: st, sk, or sp. An example is theloan word for ‘table’, [stu:luq] or [estu:luq]. Some speakers admit the non-Yup’ik initial consonant cluster
in words of this sort, and for them the word is entered as stuuluq. For those who use an initial voiceless e
to avoid an initial consonant cluster, the word is entered as estuuluq.52
The second group is those words that begin with l. Given the Yup’ik language’s disinclination to begin
words with fricatives such as l, it is tempting to try to put an initial e on such words. In some cases this ispossible; for example, ‘ribbon’ [lintaq] could be either lintaq or elintaq, and ‘horse’ [lu:ssitaq] could beeither luussitaq or elussitaq. In other cases it is impossible to add an initial e, even an inaudible one, onto theloan word without upsetting the rhythmic length or gemination pattern; for example, ‘cloth’, [luma:rraq],
can be written oniy lumarraq, and ‘spoon, [lu:ska:q], can be written only luuskaaq.53 For the sake of aconsistent treatment of these loan words, and because there are some native, non-loan Yup’ik words that do
begin with l (e.g., luqirte- ‘to slant’), initial e is not added to any loan word beginning with l.54
Other Russian initial consonant clusters are always broken by an e between the consonants in Yup’ik, for example kelipaq’bread’, pelit’aaq ‘stove’.
52

53[lu:ska:q] could be written elu’uskaaq, but this is an unnecessary elaboration, and no such possibility exists for [luma:rraq].

Recall that some Yup’ik writers would use an apostrophe before initial l to indicate that it is not to be devoiced thoughinitial.
5434

General Introduction
YUP’IK DIALECTS
General Central Yup’ik
The Central Yup’ik dialects of the Yukon, the Kuskokwim, the upper Kuskokwim, Nelson Island,
Canineq, Bristol Bay, the Nushagak River, and Lake Iliamna (abbreviated Y, K, CAN, UK, NI, BB, NR,
and LI respectively) have a fairly uniform phonology and will be referred to collectively as General Central
Yup’ik (abbreviated GCY). The remaining four dialects of Central Yup’ik — Norton Sound (NS), Hooper
Bay–Chevak (HBC), Nunivak Island (NUN), and Egegik (EG) — differ in a number of respects from GCY
and from one another, though HBC, NUN, and EG share some traits.
GCY itself can be divided into “core” GCY, which consists of the Kuskokwim and Bristol Bay, and“peripheral” GCY, which consists of the Yukon, the upper part of the Kuskokwim around Aniak, and Lake
Iliamna. Nelson Island and the Nushagak River have elements in common with both core and peripheral
GCY.
After discussing the difference between core and peripheral GCY, we shall discuss NS, HBC, and
NUN, pointing out their points of divergence from GCY.
Lexically, core and peripheral GCY differ in that core GCY has a number of imovative words, especiallyfor body parts, that are not found in peripheral GCY nor in other Eskimo languages (though some of theseterms are used in NS, HBC, and/or NUN, and some have come into use in peripheral GCY in recent
times). The following is a list of such terms:
core GCY

peripheral GCY

English translation

alungun (lit. ‘device for lapping’)ulu

tongueayaun (lit. ‘supporting device’)

kumlu

thumb

unan (lit. ‘hand-working device’)aiggaqhand

cingun (lit. ‘pushing device’)

ikusekelbow

asguruaq (lit. ‘imitation going against’)

negiliq

parka ruff

qamiquq

nasquqhead

kenurraq (from eke- ‘to burn’)

naniq

lamp

canek

evek, vek

grass

Phonologically, core GCY has a greater tendency to begin words with (voiceless) s, while in peripheral
GCY the corresponding words begin with c, though many words begin with c in core GCY, and in someareas of peripheral GCY some words begin with s. Some examples are: core GCY sugtu-, peripheral GCY
cugtu- ‘to be tall’; core GCY sagte-, peripheral GCY cagte- ‘to scatter’; and core GCY sagiq, peripheral GCY
cagiq ‘flounder, sole’. Furthermore, several words begin with ell in core GCY and with cell in peripheral
GCY. By comparison with other Central Yup’ik dialects and other Eskimo languages, the core GCY pattem
with regard to these words can be seen as innovative. The words in question are the following:core GCY

peripheral GCY

English translation

ella

cella

weather, awareness, world

ellur-

cellur-to slide down

elli-celli-

to whetelleg-

celleg-to be thick35

General Introduction
In addition, core GCY forms the endings of the Second contemporative verb mood endings and theConsequential verb mood endings somewhat differently than does peripheral GCY.55 Thus core GCY says
ayainanermni and ayiima where peripheral GCY says ayagnginanemni and ayagngama for ‘while I wasgoing’ and ‘because I left’, respectively.
Within peripheral GCY, one subdialect requires special mention. Some speakers in Mountain Village,
Pilot Station, and Marshall on the Yukon begin with voiceless s all words that elsewhere begin with y. In
this dictionary this is treated as a pronunciation feature rather than as something requiring a different spelling of
those words for that area. The words in question are listed only with initial y and we give the rule for that
Yukon area: Initial y is pronounced as voiceless s. Thus, for those speakers the word yaani ‘over there’ ispronounced as if it were spelled saani.

Norton Sound, Hooper Bay–Chevak, and Nunivak Island: NS, HBC, NUN
Lexical differences between NS, HBC, NUN, and GCY are reflected in the dictionary listings; there
are, however, patterns whereby the dialects NS, HBC, and NUN are linked with one another and withother Eskimo languages, and these patterns are summarized below. Some of the phonological differences
between Central Yup’ik dialects entail different spellings of affected words. For example, NS has (voiced)
s in some places where GCY has y, and this is reflected in our listing of those words with both spellings.
On the other hand, there are phonological differences that entail only a change in pronunciation and not inspelling, similar to the situation of those Yukon speakers who pronounce initial y as voiceless s. This kindof phonological difference between dialects is not revealed in the dictionary listing, but where it occurs
for NS, HBC, and NUN, it is summarized below (as are the differences that do entail different spellings).

Norton Sound: NS
The Norton Sound dialect can be broken into two subdialects (this classification is still tentative). NSU(where U stands for Unaliq, the Yup’ik name of this subdialect) is spoken by the few Yup’ik speakers living
in Golovin, Elim, and Unalakleet (the majority of the Eskimo speakers in that area speak Inupiaq). NSK(where K stands for Kotlik) is spoken in Kotlik, although it was probably more widespread in the past.
The village of Stebbins, although in the Norton Sound area, is mainly GCY because it was settled from
elsewhere; St. Michael is also not NS.
1)56 Lexicon: As one might expect from geography, NS (especially NSU) has some words that havecognates in Inupiaq and/or Siberian Yupik and that are not found elsewhere in Central Yup’ik. Examples
are macaq ‘sun’, also in Seward Peninsula Inupiaq (and also Sugpiaq); cikik ‘ground squirrel’, also in
Inupiaq and Siberian Yupik; aqelqaq ‘stranger, visitor’, also in Siberian Yupik; and nengsuq ‘grandmother’,also in Siberian Yupik. There are also a number of loan words from Inupiaq in NSU, such as aariga’ar- ‘tobe good’ and aakaq ‘mother’.
NSU uses the prefix ta- or tas- for emphasis or repeated reference (anaphora) with any demonstrative(not just una and man’a as elsewhere in Central Yup’ik), as do Siberian Yupik and Inupiaq. See Appendix
3. NSK, however, essentially repeats part of the demonstrative. So while NSU has tasiani for an anaphoric
form from yaani ‘there’, NSK has ya-yaani.
55

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 278 and 287 for the Consequential, and pp. 306 and 319 for the Second Contemporative.

These numbers are keys to discussions of HBC and NUN treatments of the same topics. They should serve to allow thereader to compare NS patterns with the corresponding patterns in HBC and NUN.
56

36

General Introduction2) Lenis (or loose) vs. fortis (or tight) fricatives: The NS pattern for the occurrence of lenis and fortis
versions of v, y, s, and l differs from that of GCY, and there is a slight difference between NSK and NSU in
this respect.57 In NSU, with the exception of subpatterns described below, these fricatives will be lenis if
and only if they are intervocalic and ungeminated. Thus NSU has tuyek ‘shoulder’ while GCY has tusek.
However, in NSU an intervocalic fricative is fortis if it begins a heavy syllable. Thus NSU has ikasuutut‘they are helping each other’, while GCY has ikayuutut. Also, in NSU, a fricative following a consonantand following an unstressed syllable is lenis. Thus NSU has atraryugtuq ‘he wants to go down’, just as
in GCY; however, NSU has mayursugtuq ‘he wants to go up’ (GCY mayuryugtuq) and atrarsuumiituq‘he doesn’t want to go up’ (GCY atraryuumiituq). The reason for the NSU use of fortis fricatives in the
two latter cases is that the preceding syllable has rhythmic stress in the first case and secondary stress inthe second case. The NSK pattern has not been fully studied, but it seems to differ from the NSU patternmainly in that in NSK, if these fricatives follow a stressed vowel, they are fortis even if not beginning aheavy syllable. Thus NSK has pingasun ‘three’ while NSU, like GCY, has pingayun.
3) Treatment of w: The letter w represents a voiced labialized front velar fricative (lenis in word-initial
position) like English w in NS (as it does in HBC), while in GCY it is a voiceless labialized front velar
fricative. Thus in NS wii ‘I, me’ and ui ‘husband’ are homophones (that is, they sound alike).
4) ar-deletion: The NSK pattern of ar-deletion appears to be like that of HBC (q.v.). However, in NSU
there is no ar-deletion except in the postbase -(g/t)ur(ar)- ‘to keepV-ing, to V leisurely’.58 The pattem of ardeletion with this postbase is similar but not identical to that in HBC. The ar is not fully deleted if it follows
a syllable with a rhythmically lengthened vowel or if it follows a heavy syllable. Instead, ar changes to
e if followed by a voiced consonant, and to er (with the preceding r devoiced) if followed by a voicelessconsonant. Thus, from underlying caliurarluni NSU has caliureluni ‘working leisurely’ (HBC has thesame form, but GCY has caliurluni because of complete ar-deletion). From underlying caliurartua NSU
has caliurrertua ‘I am leisurely working’ (HBC caliurretua, GCY caliurtua).59
5) Vowel length modifcation (rhythmic pattern and compression): NS as a whole differs from the rest ofCentral Yup’ik in having a different pattern of rhythmic stress (and consequently of rhythmic length).
The standard Central Yup’ik pattern of stress retraction60 does not apply to NS. Thus, while elsewhere
in Central Yup’ik one gets alîkénritâqa ‘I do not fear it’ with stress retracted from the open syllable ri
to the closed syllable ken, in NS stress retraction does not occur and one gets alîkenrîtaqa. One who isfamiliar only with the standard Central Yup’ik stress pattern may want to spell the NS version of thisword alikenriitaqa; however, such a spelling would imply secondary stress61 on the syllable ken. Thus,
Lenis v sounds like English w. Lenis y/s is y; fortis y/s is s (English z). Lenis l sounds like English l; fortis l is made withthe tongue higher than with lenis l and with more friction, so that one feels an actual buzzing against the teeth. The GCY
pattern is described in an appendix to Yup’ik Eskimo Grammar (Reed et al., 1977), p. 317. To summarize the GCY pattern, lenis
v occurs when this fricative is underlyingly ungeminated and between prime vowels, and lenis y/s occurs when this fricativeis underlyingly ungeminated and between prime vowels or after a consonant. GCY does not distinguish lenis and fortis l.

57

There is also evidence of NSU ar-deletion in several other postbases, but the deletion does not occur as an active processwith those postbases; rather, it oniy leaves its effect on the rhythmic stress pattern.
58

For the GCY pattern of ar-deletion see above and see Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 50, l73, 187, and 29l. In GCY, ar (orrather aq) which is eligible for deletion will be deleted at the end of a word, so that, e.g., underlying qayacuaraq becomesqayacuar ‘little kayak’. ar, which is eligible for deletion, will be deleted if followed by a consonant-initial, consonant-retaining
suffix, so that, e.g., underlying caliurartuq becomes caliurtuq ‘he keeps on working’. ar-deletion following a light syllable
often results in a disturbance to the usual pattern of rhythmic stress (see the uses of the apostrophe in the section of thisintroduction on orthography, where the examples for uses (3) and (4) show the effects of ar-deletion on stress).
59

60

See the remarks on stress retraction in the section on Phonology and Orthography, of this introduction.

61

See the remarks secondary stress in the section on Phonology and Orthography, of this introduction.

37

General Introduction
NS words are spelled following the standard rules, and when the general reader encounters an NS word
not found elsewhere, such as pirtuqciraq ‘otter’, he should bear in mind that the syllable ci has rhythmic
length in the NS pronunciation of this word: pírtuqcîraq. Note that the NS pattern of rhytmic stress is
midway between the standard Central Yup’ik pattern and the Siberian Yupik pattern. Like the standard
Central Yup’ik pattern and unlike Siberian Yupik, NS has initial closed syllable stress, but like Siberian
Yupik and unlike the standard Central Yup’ik pattern, NS does not have stress retraction.
In NSK an e subject to rhythmic stress is deleted (if possible), as elsewhere in Central Yup’ik, but in
NSU an e subject to rhythmic stress is retained and the following consonant is (automatically) geminated.62
Thus NSU preserves the form qánrutékaqa ‘I spoke about it’ with the k automatically geminated, while
GCY deletes the e, giving qánrútkaqa.
A consequence of the NSU retention of stressed e is that a number of dictionary listings must bepresented in an NSU version with stressed e as well as in a version without this e for the rest of Central
Yup’ik. The list below gives all such entries:
NSU

Central Yup’ik minus NSU

English translation

acelliq

atliq, acliq

saucer; cellar

alleqaq

alqaq, al’qaq

older sister

atekuk, ateguk

atkuk

parka

illequq

ilquq, il’quq

brain

ineqe-

inqe-

to coo to a baby

itegaqit’gaqfootkapeciq

kapciqfish scale

keneke-kenke-

to love

perete-perte-

to bendpetenge-pet’nge-to spring off

qacelli-qatli-

to sting

upenerkaq

up’nerkaq

spring (season)

Like GCY, neither NSK nor NSU has any process of compression whereby a heavy syllable sounds short
under certain conditions (see the sections on HBC and NUN for more on this subject).
6) Word-final phenomena: Verb forms that in GCY end in u not preceded by k have final ng after the u
in NSU. Thus, where GCY has merr’u ‘drink it!’, NSU has merr’ung; and where GCY has nerkuniu ‘if heeats it’, NSU has nerkuniung. In this respect NSU is like Inupiaq. Note that HBC has voiceless g in someof the same endings where NSU has ng following u.

Hooper Bay and Chevak: HBC
Though close enough to be considered a single dialect here, these two villages differ slightly from eachother, perhaps most notably in that Hooper Bay, like GCY, has yuk ‘person’, while Chevak has cuk. This
is why Chevak people refer to themselves as Cup’ik but Hooper Bay people refer to themselves as Yup’ik
62
See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 12 and 36 for details of the standard Central Yup’ik (that is, all Central Yup’ik dialects
except NSU) treatment of these es.

38

General Introduction(as speakers of the NS and GCY dialects do).
1) Lexicon: Lexically, HBC differs from GCY to about the same extent that NS does, but not so much as
NUN does. HBC and NUN share some lexical items that are not found elsewhere in Central Yup’ik.
2) Lenis vs. fortis fricatives: The HBC pattern for v and y/s differs from that elsewhere in Central Yup’ik
in that HBC has only fortis v and only lenis y/s, i.e., only y and only lenis l. However, even the fortis v andthe y range somewhat between fortis and lenis in HBC, depending on their positions. In comparison to
the rest of Central Yup’ik, the lack of s and of a truly lenis v is striking.63 HBC thus has qaygiq ‘kashim’
while the rest of Central Yup’ik has qasgiq, and for HBC the v of qavartuq ‘he is asleep’ is fortis, whereas
it is lenis elsewhere in Central Yup’ik. However, the intervocalic [w] in the certain demonstrative adverbs
arising from ¥g in the corresponding demonstrative pronouns is lenis is HBC as in GCY. Thus, while for
GCY the adverb can be written with v, thus pavani ‘back there’, from pronoun pa¥gna, ‘the one backthere’, writing it with v may be misleading for speakers of HBC, who prefer to write pa¥gani.
3) Treatment of w: HBC, like NS, has a voiced labialized lenis front velar fricative represented by w,
while in GCY this letter stands for a voiceless fricative. Consequently, in HBC wii ‘I, me’ and ui ‘husband’
are homophones.
4) ar-deletion: The HBC process of ar-deletion is different from that of GCY,64 but it is like that of NSK.
The HBC pattern differs from the GCY pattern in the following ways:(i) In HBC, ar-deletion does not occur at the end of a word, unlike in GCY, so that HBC has qayacuaraqor qayakcuaraq ‘little kayak’ while GCY has qayacuar.
(ii) In HBC, ar is changed to e after Cr while in GCY it remains ar, so that HBC has atreluni ‘going
down’ while GCY preserves the underlying form as the surface form, atrarluni.
(iii) In HBC ar is changed to e after Vr where V is rhythmically lengthened or is part of a heavy syllable,
while in GCY ar is deleted under these circumstances, so that from underlying tuntuqurarluni ‘continuing
to catch caribou’ and egaurarluni ‘continuing to cook’, HBC has tuntuqureluni and egaureluni while GCY
has tuntuqu’urluni and egaurluni. Furthermore, in HBC, if the consonant following the ar is voiceless,then the r preceding the e is devoiced, so that HBC has egaurretua ‘I continue to cook’. (However, HBCar-deletion will follow the same pattern as GCY if the ar is followed by C1VC2V where C1 is a stop.)5) Vowel length modification (rhythmic pattern and compression): HBC follows the standard Central Yup’ik
pattern for rhythmic stress with stress retraction (unlike NS). In HBC stressed e is deleted even between
two like consonants, resulting in a cluster of these like consonants, the first of which is released. Thus HBC
has tum’mi ‘in the footprint’ (the apostrophe indicates the release of the consonant), where elsewhere theword is tumemi with the second m automatically geminated.
In HBC a heavy closed nonfinal syllable is compressed, that is, pronounced short but with stress. Thisphenomenon of vowel compression is not present in GCY or NS, but it does occur in NUN and in Sugpiaq.
Consider the words angyatgun ‘with the boats’ and angyaatgun ‘with their boat’. In GCY and NS, thedoubled a in the second word is longer than the single a in the first word; in HBC, since the doubled a isin a closed nonfinal syllable, it has the same phonetic length as the single a in the first word, but in thesecond word, the second syllable is stressed as well as the first syllable, while in the first word, only the
first syllable is stressed. When a similar situation arises after an unstressed syllable, a compressed syllable
is distinguishable from an underlyingly short but stressed syllable by the so-called secondary stress (see theremarks on this in the “Phonology and Orthography” below) on the preceding syllable. Thus áqngirtátnga
However, in HBC lenis v can arise from an intervocalic ungeminated ug as in the demonstrative adverb avani ‘over there’,in which the v is lenis even for HBC, as it comes from the ¥g in a¥gna ‘the one over there’. HBC speakers may prefer thespelling a¥gani to avani.
63

64

For the GCY pattern of ar-deletion see Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 50, 173, 87, and 291.

39

General Introduction‘ (why) did they hurt me’ is distinguishable from áqngírtáatnga ‘they hurt me’ by the secondary stress onngir in the second word (even in the first word the syllable tat is stressed, so the stress on the compressedsyllable taat in the second word is not the distinguishing feature). However, the words unra ‘his armpit’(from uneq ‘armpit’) and uunra ‘his burn’ (from uuneq ‘burn’) are indistinguishable in HBC, because in
the case of unra, the first syllable is stressed inherently, being initial and closed, so HBC compression leads
to a situation where such words sometimes do not contrast with regard to stress.
It is our policy in this dictionary to write a compressed vowel double if, without having to explore
outside the dialect in question, there is a way to determine that the vowel is underlyingly double. Thus
for HBC both angyaatgun ‘with their boat’ and uunra ‘his burn’ would be written with double vowels
because in the case of angyaatgun one can hear the extra stress (i.e., this word must be written differently
from angyatgun because they sound different), and in the case of uunra one can tell from the unpossessed
form that the u is underlyingly double (i.e., even though this word in HBC sounds exactly like unra, they
are written differently). On the other hand, if the vowel appears to be a single vowel and there is no way totell underlying length without referring to forms outside the dialect area, a vowel is written single. Thus,
for HBC (and NUN, as we shall see), cisquq is listed for ‘knee’, because there is no way, without checking
other dialects, to tell that the i comes from an underlyingly double but compressed vowel (as seen in the
GCY form, ciisquq).
A cluster of two unlike vowels is also eligible for compression in HBC, and when Vug or Vur iscompressed in HBC, the result is the labialized configuration V¥g or V¥r. Thus from auk ‘blood’ comes
GCY augmi ‘in the blood’ but HBC a¥gmi (since the process in question is automatic for HBC, this word
can be written augmi for HBC as well as for GCY).
6) Word-final phenomena: The GCY endings -mek/-nek, -nuk, and -nak, as in camek ‘of what’, caciqse÷uk
‘what will we2 do’ and pivkenak ‘don’t!’, have the HBC forms -meng/-neng, -nung, and -nang; thus in
HBC those words are cameng, caciqsinung, pivkenang. In this respect HBC is similar to Siberian Yupik
and Diomede Inupiaq. Note that HBC does have words and endings (where mV or nV does not precede
the k) terminating in k — for example, acak ‘aunt’, irniakek ‘their2 children’ — so it is not simply the casethat GCY word-final k always becomes ng in HBC.
Furthermore, GCY verb endings with final u preceded by two vowels have voiceless g following themin HBC; thus HBC has nerkuniug ‘if he eats’ corresponding to GCY nerkuniu (compare the case of NSU
ng in regard to this phenomenon).
7) Treatment of initial e: Some of the words that begin with a weak initial e in GCY and NS have in HBCan initial e that is not weak.65 Thus, the word for ‘water’ has weak initial e in all three of these dialects, as
all have meq’a ‘my water’, but the word for ‘house’ has an initial e that is weak in GCY and NS, but not in
HBC, so that GCY and NS have nek’a ‘my house’ while HBC has enka.
HBC retains initial k on a number of words that in GCY begin with en or eng. On several other words
that in GCY begin with el or en, HBC either retains or adds initial n.66 This is a trait that HBC shares with
NUN. The following is a list of all such words:

For the meaning of weak initial e and a complete list by dialect of words with weak initial e see the relevant section of thisintroduction, above.
65

66
One can say “retain”, in the case of k, by comparisons with other Eskimo languages, as the list shows. Also, it should bepointed out that GCY does have some words which start with k or n followed by e and a nasal, for example keneq ‘fire’ andnenge- ‘to stretch’.

40General Introduction
Sugpiaq

GCY

NUN

HBC

NS

Siberian Yupik

Inupiaq

Englishkente-

ente-

kente-

kente-

ente-

kente-

tinit-

tide ebbs

kengla/engla
kenir-[e]nglakenglakengla[e]nglakenla

killi*

borderenir-

kenir-

kenir-

niir-

kenigh-**—to point

kenegte-negte-

kenegte-kenegte-negte-

kenegte-—to presskenu-

enu(ur)-kenu(ur)-kenu(ur)-

enu-

kenu-

tinu-

to pushenglar-[e]nglar-englar-nenglar-[e]nglar-nenglagh-iglaq-

to laughneneq/
naneq
leq

eneq

neneq

neneq

naneq

—

—

[e]leq

neleq

neleq

naleq

leq

niliq

fart

elte-

elte-

nelte-

nelte-

elte-

elte-

—

to leak air

engluq[e]nglu,
enlu

—

—

[e]nglu

nengluiglu

house, sodhouse,
beaverhouse* Inupiaq ll represents geminated voiced l.
** Siberian Yupik gh is equivalent to Central Yup’ik r.

8) Initial y vs. initial c: Words that in GCY have initial y followed by a single vowel have initial c in HBC(exceptions are yurar- ‘to Eskimo-dance’ and yuk ‘person’, the latter being an exception in Hooper Bay but
not in Chevak). Examples are GCY yaquq ‘wing’, HBC caquq; GCY yukutaq ‘moisture’, HBC cukutaq. In
this respect HBC is like NUN. Note that when two vowels follow an initial y in a GCY base, HBC also has
initial y. Thus both HBC and GCY have yaani ‘over there’ and yuuluni ‘getting out’ (indicating historically*iani and *iuluni, for which there is other evidence as well). Note, however, that to GCY yuuluni ‘being aperson’ corresponds Chevak cuuluni, because it is from yuk/cuk ‘person’, which has a single vowel after
the initial consonant.
9) Retention of intervocalic v and y: HBC retains the intervocalic fricatives v and y, which have been
dropped from certain words in GCY and NS.67 In this respect HBC is like NUN and Siberian Yupik. The
following is a list of all such words:
GCY (and NS)

HBC (and NUN)

English translation

ciu

civu

front, bow

ciur-

civur-

to wring

kiarte-kiyarte-to look aroundkii-

keyir-

alone, only67

One can say “retains” rather than “inserts” on the basis of comparison with other Eskimo languages.

41General Introduction
natquigte-

natquvigte-

to blow along ground (of snow)

nuak

nuvak

saliva

nuuk

nuvuk

point of land

qia-

qeya-

to cry

qiu-

qeyu-

to be bluish

uive-

uyive-

to turn around

yualu

ivalu

sinew

yuar-

ivar-

to search foryuarunivarunsong10) i vs. e between c and an apical: Words that in GCY have ce followed by an apical (see consonant chart)
generally have ci in this position in HBC.68 For example, GCY cetaman ‘four’, ce÷a ‘shore’, ayagcetaa ‘hesent him’, cella/ella ‘weather, awareness, world’ correspond to HBC citaman, cina, ayagcitaa, cilla. HBC
and EG (see below) are the only dialects of Central Yup’ik in which this happens (nor does it occur in
Siberian Yupik or Sugpiaq). In this respect HBC and EG are similar to Naukan Yupik, where the cognates ofthese words have si, and Inupiaq, where the cognates of these words have the “strong i” (i.e., palatalizing
i that comes from Proto-Eskimo i rather than from e).

Nunivak Island: NUN
This dialect is now spoken only at the village of Mekoryuk on Nunivak Island. Both lexically andphonologically, NUN differs more from GCY than do either HBC or NS. In the past, NUN has been called
Cux and considered a language distinct from Central Yup’ik; however, it is a dialect for the most part
mutually intelligible with the rest of Central Yup’ik, despite its significant differences.
1) Lexicon: Lexically, NUN is the most divergent dialect of Central Yup’ik, though it and HBC sharesome words not found elsewhere in Central Yup’ik. NUN has many words found nowhere else in Eskimo,
and some words found also in Sugpiaq but not elsewhere in Eskimo. Thus, lexically as well as in otherrespects (see below), there appear to be links between NUN and Sugpiaq.
2) Lenis vs. fortis fricatives: In NUN the lenis versions of v, y/s, and l occur between vowels (whether
prime or e), and after consonants, while fortis versions appear before consonants only. Thus, the fricatives
are lenis in avek ‘half, tuyek ‘shoulder’, ulu ‘tongue’, nervik ‘table’, neryugtuq ‘he wants to eat’ andnerluk ‘let us2 eat’, but fortis in avga ‘half of it’, tusga ‘his shoulder’, and caqulget ‘angels’.
3) Treatment of w: NUN has a labialized front velar stop where GCY has a labialized front velar voicelessfricative and HBC and NS have a labialized front velar voiced fricative. Thus, for NUN the word wii ‘I, me’
begins with a stop consonant not found elsewhere in Central Yup’ik. However, in this dictionary we do not
introduce a new symbol or digraph for this; we do not write *kwii for NUN.
4) ar-deletion: The NUN pattern of ar-deletion is more like that of GCY than that of HBC and NS. The
only way in which the NUN pattern differs from the GCY pattern is that in NUN, as in HBC, ar is deleted
after Cr as well as after Vr. However, in NUN, when ar is deleted after Cr, the resulting consonant cluster
is broken with an e between the first and second consonants, and the first consonant is geminated, while in
HBC the ar is replaced by e, so that a consonant cluster does not arise. For example, given the underlying
68

Under certain circumstances not yet fully investigated, GCY ce corresponds to HBC te rather than ci.

42General Introduction
form atrarluni ‘going down’, which is also the GCY surface form, NUN has at’erluni while HBC has
atreluni.69
5) Vowel length modification (rhythmic pattern and compression): The rhythmic pattern of NUN is like thatof GCY and HBC. NUN, however, has a process of vowel compression similar to that of HBC, but more farreaching. In NUN any heavy closed syllable is pronounced phonetically short, as is any heavy word-final
open syllable (while in HBC, compression applies only to non-word-final closed syllables). Furthermore,unlike HBC, compression in NUN in a syllable following a stressed syllable leaves no distinction between
a single vowel and a compressed double vowel.70 Thus for NUN angyatgun ‘with the boats’ sounds thesame as angyaatgun ‘with their boat’, and qayaqa ‘my kayak’ sounds the same as qayaqaa ‘it is his kayak’.
We follow the same spelling policy as with HBC (see corresponding section under HBC): If there is a wayof discovering an underlyingly heavy but compressed vowel without having to make comparisons withother dialects, then we write that vowel double.
In NUN, compression does not occur if the closed syllable in question was followed by ar that has
been deleted. Thus from underlying pinircaarartuq comes pinircaa’rtuq ‘he is trying to be good’, where
the apostrophe is used to indicate that compression does not occur.
6) Word-final phenomena: NUN ends words with voiceless fricatives rather than with front or backvelar stops. This is a trait NUN shares with the extinct Siberian Yupik Sirenik language and with Aleut.
In this dictionary we have not spelled NUN words with final voiceless fricatives (g or r), but rather givethe following pronunciation rule for NUN: word-final k is pronounced as voiceless g, and word-final q
is pronounced as voiceless r. Thus arnaq ‘woman’ and arnak ‘two women’ are pronounced in NUN as if
they were spelled arnar and arnag.
7) Treatment of initial e: Like HBC, NUN has initial k or n on a number of words that begin with e in
GCY (see the corresponding section on HBC for complete details). NUN has no weak initial e at all.71 Thus,
while GCY has nek’a ‘my house’, NUN like HBC has enka, and while both GCY and HBC have meq’a ‘mywater’, NUN has emqa.
8) Initial y vs. initial c: Like HBC, NUN has initial c on words that in GCY have initial y followed by avowel and a consonant. The only exceptions found so far for NUN are yungcarista ‘doctor’ and yuguaq‘ball’, at least the first of which is probably a recent loan from GCY. (The HBC exception yurar- ‘to dance’
is not used in NUN.)
9) Retention of intervocalic v and y: Like HBC, NUN keeps certain v and y between vowels (see thediscussion at the corresponding section for HBC).
10) i vs. e between c and an apical: Like GCY and NS, and unlike HBC, NUN has ce before an apicalrather than ci (see the discussion at the corresponding section for HBC).
11) n in place of l: NUN (and HBC to some extent, and EG) has l in certain words in place of n, especiallyword initially. Thus NUN has leqleq ‘white-fronted goose’, legcik ‘gaff’, luussiq ‘knife’, naanguartuq‘he’s playing with toys’, and cacugnilarquq ‘it smells of something’, where GCY has neqleq, negcik,
nuussiq, laanguartuq, and cacugninarquq.
12) Vowel assimilation: NUN pronounces ai as if it were aa unless the ai is part of an ending. In somecases one can determine whether an apparent aa comes from ai without depending upon comparisonswith other dialects, while in other cases this is not possible. Our policy in this dictionary is that if one candetermine within the NUN dialect that an aa (even if compressed) comes from ai, then it is written ai;
In GCY ar-deletion after Cr occurs only with a few postbases and the endings of the concessive mood. See Practical
Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp. 292 and 304.
69

70
71

There may be some speakers of NUN for whom this is not entirely true.

For a complete listing of words in GCY, HBC, and NS with weak initial e see the section of this introduction on initial e.

43General Introduction
otherwise, it is written aa. Thus the GCY base tai- ‘to come’ is listed as taa- for NUN, since one cannot tellfrom any occurring NUN form that the aa comes from ai; on the other hand, the NUN word that sounds
like cukaatut ‘they are slow’ is written even for NUN as cukaitut, because one can tell by comparison offorms within NUN that the aa in this word comes from ai. This policy necessitates the special pronunciation
rule for NUN: ai is pronounced aa except in an ending.72
12) Devoicing of geminated fricatives: NUN devoices geminated fricatives not followed by e. This is
another important trait that NUN shares with some dialects of Sugpiaq. This feature of NUN phonology
is accommodated by the following pronunciation rule for NUN: any fricative, even if written single, isto be pronounced voiceless if it is geminated but not followed by e. Thus the fricatives in the following
words are to be pronounced voiceless in NUN: uluaq ‘woman’s knife’ (l pronounced as ll), kuv’uq ‘itspilled’ (v pronounced as vv), qayaani ‘in his kayak’ (where voiceless y is pronounced as ss). However, thefricatives are voiced for NUN in the words nav’ertuq ‘he is borrowing’, anel’ertuq ‘he went downriver’,and cas’er ‘mouse’, where the geminated fricatives are followed by e. These three words arise throughar-deletion from underlying navrartuq, anelrartuq, and casraq. Under such circumstances, the fricative
remains voiced after ar-deletion, and is fortis because it is preconsonantal in the underlying form.
13. Gemination at end of utterance: In NUN at the end of an utterance a consonant is geminated if it ispreceded by a single, not rhythmically stressed vowel and followed by V# or VC#. Thus for NUN, thesecond n in utterance-final nuna ‘land’ is geminated. This being an automatic process, it is not marked inany way in the dictionary. Furthermore, this rule applies after the rule for devoicing geminated fricatives,
so that, for example, the l in utterance-final ulu ‘tongue’ is geminated but not devoiced, and it is lenis,
unlike the geminated l in anel’ertuq as discussed above.
For information on NUN beyond what is given, see the introduction to the Cup’ig Eskimo Dictionary(Amos and Amos, 2003) and the present writer’s article “The participial oblique, a verb mood found onlyin Nunivak Central Yup’ik and in Siberian Yupik” in Etudes/Inuit/Studies, 2006, 30(1): 135–156.73
Very important: The balance between spelling and pronunciation rules has been arranged in such a
way that the burden falls most heavily on special pronunciation rules for NUN in this book. This policy
reduces as much as possible the need to enter a word twice in the dictionary. Thus, corresponding to the
GCY pronunciation of uluaq ‘woman’s knife’, the NUN pronunciation sounds as if it were written ulluar,
but this need not be written in this form in the dictionary because special pronunciation rules for NUN
allow one to determine the NUN pronunciation from the standard spelling. The same is true to a lesser
extent for HBC. However, where it is unavoidable, words have been entered twice; for example, ‘knee’ islisted as ciisquq for GCY and as cisquq for NUN and HBC, with cross-references. Note that the Cup’ig
Eskimo Dictionary (Amos and Amos, 2003) and school materials prepared for NUN use an orthographycloser to the phonetic surface so that one indeed writes ulluar and kwatua ‘now’ in that orthography, but
to avoid conflicts here that orthography is not used (except to an extent in examples from texts) even forwords restricted to NUN (and even for those noted as coming from the Amoses’ dictionary by “NUN(A)”).
The Cup’ig Eskimo Dictionary should be consulted concerning any question on NUN pronunciation of aword. Note, however, that quoted full-sentence or phrase examples in this book are spelled more or less as
they are in NUN school materials or in the Cup’ig Eskimo Dictionary (except insofar as that spelling would
conflict with other spelling here).
72

Note that there is also a small group of speakers in the Togiak area who pronounce ai as aa.

It has not been determined whether the mood discussed in that article, a hallmark of the NUN dialect, is also present in the
EG dialect (or its historical form, Aglurmiut), which shares so many other features with NUN (see below).
73

44

General Introduction
Egegik: EG
Nothing was known by the writer of these lines about the EG dialect in 1984 when the first edition ofthis dictionary was published. Shortly after that, he learned that Egegik, and to a certain extent nearby
villages such as Naknek, had a dialect quite divergent from GCY. By the late 1980s it was spoken by aminority there and only elderly speakers, the majority speaking GCY or Sugpiaq/Alutiiq (or English only).
On both lexical and phonological grounds the EG dialect is very much like the historical Aglurmiut
dialect.74 Thus, a number of EG words found only on old word lists for Aglurmiut, for example aiviqaq‘crane’, civitriq ‘wolf’, palurngalriaraq ‘mink, marten’, and aavaq ‘ghost’, which are only EG (and not
Sugpiaq). Some are on old Aglurmiut lists and have cognates in Sugpiaq, for example aaquyaq ‘riverotter’ and kuumaqiaq ‘eagle’.
1) Lexicon: As one might expect from geography, EG has some words with cognates in Sugpiaq and not
found elsewhere in Central Yup’ik or only in other divergent dialects. For example, kevgaluk ‘muskrat’,
which is found in Central Yup’ik far to the north in NSU, and has a cognate in Koniag Sugpiaq, [kufxaluk]or [ku!w!waluk]. The EG form is not a loan from Sugpiaq as that language lacks [v], nor is it a loan in theother direction (most probably). However, there are loans from Sugpiaq or shared words with Sugpiaq,
for example, tunglar- ‘to harden’, qupalaaq ‘robin’, ucinguq ‘old lady’, and aalalaq ‘flounder’. There arequite a few EG words also in NUN but not GCY, for example aaluugiq ‘seagull’, and puqlaneq ‘sun’, andEG words in various other divergent dialects of Central Yup’ik, for example, tavigte- ‘to braid’ (also NUN
and HBC). Some words are (apparently) EG only, for example cakte- ‘to be small’.
2) Lenis vs. fortis fricatives: The EG pattern is the same as the HBC pattern. Thus, like HBC, EG has
qaygiq ‘kashim’ and qavartuq ‘he is sleeping’ with [v].
3) Treatment of w: Like NUN, EG has w as a stop, [kw].75
4) ar-deletion: The EG pattern is undetermined.
5) vowel length modification (rhythmic pattern and compression): EG follows the standard Central Yupik
pattern for rhythmic stress with stress retraction (like the other dialects south of NS). Also, EG does notfollow the Sugpiaq pattern.
EG has compression, as do HBC, NUN, and, outside of Central Yup’ik, Sugpiaq. Compression in EG
applies to closed and open final syllables (unlike HBC, but like NUN and Sugpiaq) as well as nonfinal
syllables. Compression in EG leaves a clear residue of stress (unlike NUN, but like HBC and Sugpiaq). In
EG underlyingly long closed initial syllables of Russian loan words are not compressed (unlike NUN and
HBC, but like Sugpiaq).
6) Word-final phenomena: Like the rest of Central Yup’ik, except HBC, EG does not nasalized the final k
in such ending as -mek and -nek. Also like the rest of Central Yup’ik except NUN, EG does not affricate
final q and k. Note that alone among Central Yup’ik dialects, EG reduces the u in the endings -munand -put, saying, for example, nunamen ‘to the land’ and nunapet ‘our land’ (rather than nunamun and
See Yup’ik Dialect Atlas and Study (Jacobson 1998), pp. xv–xvii., and also the article “Eskimo and Aleut Languages” by
Anthony C. Woodbury in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 3 (Sturtevant and Damas, eds. 1984) pp. 52–53. The only
early textual evidence of Aglurmiut, Sbornik Tserkovnykh Pesnopeniy i Molitvocloviy na Aglegmyutsko-Kuskokvimskom Narechiy(Russian Orthodox Church, 1896) and Three Liturgical Gospel Readings (Orlov, 1897), clearly displays the diagnostic traits for
EG. Thus in these texts one sees cilliini (Russian Orthodox Church 1896:45 & 2006:34) rather than elliini or celliini, as in GCY;
tarut (Russian Orthodox Church 1896:55 & 2006:36) rather than yuut, as in GCY; caqulekcuarauluni (Orlov 1897:3), rather thanyaqulecuarauluni, as in GCY; and also “kwangkuta” (Russian Orthodox Church 1896:9 & 2006:8) and “kwiinga” Orlov 1897:4)
rather than wangkuta and wiinga as in GCY.
74

75
This in contradiction to the report on p. 152 of Yup’ik Dialect Atlas and Study (Jacobson 1998). It now appears that there issome variation in EG in this regard, but that reported now is the basic pattern.

45

General Introduction
nunaput). Evidently this EG pattern is borrowed from Sugpiaq.
7) Treatment of initial e: Like HBC, NUN, and Sugpiaq, EG has initial k or n on a number of words thatbegin with e in GCY (see the corresponding section on HBC for details). EG takes a middle path as regards
weak initial e, saying enka (and not nek’a) for ‘my house’ like HBC and NUN but not GCY, etquq (and not
teq’uq) for ‘urine’ like NUN but not GCY or HBC, and mer’a (and not emra) for ‘its water’ or ‘drink!’ like
GCY and HBC but not NUN. EG borrows the Sugpiaq pattern for words beginning with erV or qerrV (orqurrV), in GCY saying erritarluku or equivalently rriitarluku for ‘washing it’, errutaanga or equivalently
rruutaanga for ‘I am cold’, and rrurluni ‘urinating’ (instead of eritarluku, qerrutaanga, and qurrluni forthese).
8) Initial y vs. initial c: EG, like NUN and HBC, has initial c on words that in GCY have initial y followed
by a vowel and consonant, thus saying caquq ‘wing’ and cuvrirluku ‘examining it’, where GCY says
yaquq and yuvrirluku. As regards the familiar shibboleth, EG says neither yuk nor cuk (nor suk or inuk)for ‘person’, and neither yup’ik (or yupiaq) nor cup’ik (nor sugpiaq or inupiaq) for ‘Eskimo’, but rather
has its own words, taru ‘person’ (which is known from historic Aglurmiut and elsewhere) and tarupiaq‘Eskimo’.
9) Retention of intervocalis v and y: Like HBC and NUN, EG keeps certain v and y between vowels (seethe discussion at the corresponding section for HBC).
10) i vs. e between c and an apical: EG follows the HBC pattern, differing from the rest of Central Yup’ik,
from Sugpiaq and from Siberian Yupik, but similar also to the Naukan Yupik and corresponding to
the pattern of Inupiaq. Thus EG has cina ‘shore’, cituk ‘fingernail or toenail’, and cilla ‘world, outside,awareness’, rather than ce÷a, cetuk, and cella or ella.
11) l in place of n: EG, like NUN (and to a lesser extent HBC),76 has initial l in certain words where
elsewere there is initial n, but not always in the same words as NUN. Thus, EG has lagte- ‘to trip and fall’,‘to get snagged’, laveg- ‘to break’, luvak ‘saliva’, and luve- ‘to thread’, where GCY has nagte-, naveg-,
nuvak or nuak, and nuve-.

PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY
General Description of the Yup’ik Writing System
The standard Yup’ik writing system (orthography) uses some of the letters of the English alphabet,though not all of the characters have the same sound values that they have in English. No letters that are
not to be found on a standard keyboard are used in this Yup’ik orthography, though two diacritics areused.
For a given dialect area, a written Yup’ik word can be pronounced in only one way.77 Pronunciation
depends upon the sound values of the individual letters and upon the position of each letter in relation tothe other letters of the word. Certain dialects have special pronunciation rules, described in detail in thesection on Yup’ik dialects.

76This occurs here and there in GCY as well.

77

The converse is not quite true. Certain words can be spelling in two ways. See below.

46

General Introduction
Yup’ik Alphabet Chart
Consonants
labialapical

front
velar

back
velar

labialized
front velar

labializedback velar

stops

p

t

c

k

q

¥k

¥q

voiced fricatives

v

l

s/y

g

r

¥g

¥r

voiceless fricatives

vv

ll

ss

gg

rr

w*

¥rr

voiced nasals

m

n

ng

voiceless nasals

µ

÷

™g

Vowels
high
low

front

back

i

u
e
a

* In the Hooper Bay–Chevak dialect, the Norton Sound dialect and for the villages Tununak and Newtok thevoiced labialized front velar fricative, [!w], is used where [xw] is used elsewhere, and for those dialects (andvillages) w represents this sound (and so for these dialects ¥g and w sound the same, though occurring indifferent positions in a word). Note that in the Nunivak dialects and Egegik dialect the labialized front velar stop[kw], is occurs word initially where [xw] or [!w] occurs in other dialects, but most writers and transcribers will not“stretch” the use of the letter w to cover that, instead writing kw (see below); so also in the examples from thoseareas in this dictionary.

Stop Consonants
Stops are the consonants in the first row of the sound chart. When a speaker forms these sounds, thepassage of air through the mouth comes to a complete stop. Yup’ik stops are voiceless and (except at theend of a word) unaspirated. That is, Yup’ik stops are like the sounds p, t, k in the English words spy, sty, sky.
ptc

Examples of Yup’ik words with p are ipuun ‘ladle’ and pikna ‘the one up there’.
Examples of Yup’ik words with t are tauna ‘that one’ and aatat ‘fathers’.
Yup’ik c is similar to the ch in English ‘church’, but unaspirated. It is never pronounced as k as it is in the
English word ‘cat’. Yup’ik examples are cavun ‘oar’ and ciin ‘why’. When the vowel e follows c, c thenhas the sound of English ts in ‘hits’. Examples of this are cetaman ‘four’ and ceteq ‘mark’.
k
Examples of Yup’ik words with k are ukuk ‘these two’ and kiak ‘summer’.
q
Yup’ik q is a stop consonant produced farther back in the mouth than k, with the tongue against the soft
palate rather than against the hard palate. English does not have this sound. Yup’ik examples are uquq‘oil’ and qayaq ‘kayak’.
¥k A very few words have labialized (made with rounded lips) k. An example is ka¥k’araa ‘he hit it with asudden sharp blow’.78¥q Also quite rare is labialized q. An example is aita¥q’ertuq ‘he made a sudden little yawn’.
78

For the Nunivak and Egegik dialects the labialized front velar stop is usually written as kw (see above).

47General Introduction
Fricatives
Fricatives are the consonants in the second and third rows of the sound chart. These are made in thesame places in the mouth as the stops in the same columns, except that air is squeezed through the closure
rather than being stopped, producing audible friction. Fricatives are continuing sounds, continuants, incontrast to the stops. Voiced fricatives are those in which the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is made,while in producing voiceless fricatives the vocal cords do not vibrate. Except for w, voiceless fricatives areindicated in the orthography by doubling the letter used for the corresponding voiced fricative.
v
vv
l
ll

y
s
ss
g
gg
r

rr
¥g

v next to a consonant or the vowel e sounds like English v, for example avga ‘half of it’ and avek ‘half’;
while v between vowels (other than e) generally sounds like English w, for example calivik ‘workshop’.79
This is the voiceless counterpart of v and therefore sounds like English f. A Yup’ik example is kuuvviaq‘coffee’.
Yup’ik l sounds much like English l, but the tongue is held more fortisly so that there is more friction. A
Yup’ik example is ila ‘part, relative’.
This is the voiceless counterpart of l and is a Yup’ik sound that does not occur in English. It is made byholding the tongue in the position for l and allowing air to be blown out the sides between the tongue
and the back teeth without allowing the vocal cords to vibrate. Examples are allaneq ‘stranger’ andulluvak ‘cheek’. The phonetic symbol for this sound is [@].
Yup’ik y sounds like English y. Examples are yuk ‘person’ and ayii ‘leave!’.
Yup’ik s has the voiced sound (English z) of the s in the English word ‘resemble’. A Yup’ik example iscasit ‘what are you doing?’. Phonetically s is [z].80
This is the voiceless counterpart of Yup’ik s and y, so ss has the same sound in Yup’ik as it does in the
English word ‘assemble’. A Yup’ik example is assiituq ‘it is bad’.
Yup’ik g is the voiced fricative counterpart of the Yup’ik stop k. It does not occur in English. Yup’ik
examples are igaa ‘he swallowed it’ and negaq ‘snare’. Phonetically g is [!].
This is the voiceless counterpart of g, and it also does not occur in English. Examples are maaggun ‘thisway’ and keggaa ‘it bit him’. Phonetically gg is [x].
Yup’ik r is the voiced fricative counterpart of the Yup’ik stop q. It does not occur in English. Examples areiruq ‘leg’ and arnaq ‘woman’. The symbol r was chosen for this sound because of its use for this in older
orthographies developed by missionaries who were familiar with European languages, such as French
and German, and other Eskimo languages, in which r represents this sound. Phonetically r is [3].
This is the voiceless counterpart of r, and it also does not occur in English. Examples are airraq ‘string
story’ and amarru ‘carry it on your back!’. Phonetically rr is [X].
This is a voiced fricative made with the tongue in the position for g but with the lips rounded.81 It occurs

This is the basic rule for “General” Central Yup’ik (that is, excluding the dialects of Norton Sound, Hooper Bay–Chevak,
Nunivak Island, and Egegik). Even within General Central Yup’ik there are subrules according to which certain intervocalicv’s have the sound of English v rather than English w. For more information see p. 317 in Yup’ik Eskimo Grammar (Reed et al.
l977). For a description of the pronunciation of v in Norton Sound, Hooper Bay–Chevak, Nunivak Island, and Egegik see thesection on “Yup’ik Dialects” in this Introduction.
79

For information on the distribution y and z in General Central Yup’ik, see pp. 318 –319 of Yup’ik Eskimo Grammar; for the
distribution in other Yup’ik dialects, see below.
80

81

A few words in certain dialects start with ¥g, and at the beginning of a word ¥g sounds like English w. Examples are48

General Introduction
mainly in certain demonstrative pronouns and words derived from them. Examples are a¥gna ‘the one
going’ and ta¥gaam ‘however’. Phonetically ¥g is [!w].
w For most of Central Yup’ik this is the voiceless counterpart of ¥g, that is, it is a voiceless labialized front
velar that sounds like English wh in ‘which’ (for those English speakers for whom ‘which’ and ‘witch’sound different).82 Examples are wii, wiinga ‘I, me’, and wani ‘right here’. Phonetically w is [xw].
¥r This is the labialized counterpart of r and occurs only in some words containing the postbase -¥rluq‘poor dear one’. Examples are ca¥rluq ‘poor dear thing’ and mingqute¥rluni ‘his poor dear needle(compare tuntuturluni ‘eating caribou’). Phonetically ¥r is [3w].
¥rr This sound, the labialized counterpart of rr, is quite rare, occurring only in words such as yaq¥rrani ‘on
its wing’, also pronounced yaquani without ¥rr. Phonetically ¥rr is [Xw].

Note that some Yup’ik books omit the ligature entirely, thus not differentiating between, for example,¥g and ug, but therein posing little or no difficulty for readers who know the language.

A handful of words borrowed from Inupiaq (or English) and used only in the Yup’ik area adjoining
Inupiaq territory have a retroflex, Inupiaq-type ‘r’, written here r, which sounds somewhat like the r or s
in the English word ‘measure.’

NasalsNasals are produced by the passage of air through the nose. Like fricatives, nasals are continuants.
Yup’ik has voiceless as well as voiced nasals.
m
µ

n
÷
ng
™g

Yup’ik m is like English m. An example is maani ‘here’.
This is the voiceless counterpart of m, made with the mouth in the position for m but with the vocal
cords not vibrating while the air is being blown out through the nose. An example is anµia ‘he also
put it outside’. Phonetically [6].
Yup’ik n is like English n. An example is nuna ‘land’.
This is the voiceless counterpart of n. An example is qayamte÷i ‘in our kayak’. Phonetically [%].
Yup’ik ng is like the English ng in ‘singer’ (for those English speakers for whom the ng in ‘singer’
sounds different from the ng in ‘finger’). An example is angun ‘man’.
This is the voiceless counterpart of ng. An example is qimugte™guuq ‘it is a dog’. Phonetically [7].

Some writers use m, n, and ng with lines over them instead of µ, ÷, and ™g, and some books omit any
marks distinguishing voiceless from voiced nasals, but therein posing little or no difficulty for readers who
know the language.

¥gasek ‘arctic hare’ and ¥gasqituq ‘he slipped’. Note that some people feel uncomfortable with this spelling and prefer towrite uayaratuli for ¥gayaratuli ‘plunderer’, though the first spelling would make the rhythmic length pattern (see below)
incorrect. When it occurs immediately before or after a stop consonant, ¥g is voiceless, for example a¥gkut ‘the ones leaving’,
which could also be spelled awkut.
82
When not next to a stop consonant, in the Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect and the Norton Sound dialect and the villages of
Tununak and Newtok w is a voiced labialized front velar fricative [!w] or [w], as observed above.

49

General Introduction
VowelsYup’ik full vowels (that is, a, i, and u, but not e) may occur either long (written double) or short(written single).83 In addition, two unlike full vowels may form a vowel cluster.
a
u

i

e

Yup’ik a is much like the English a in ‘what’. Examples are ata ‘look here’ and aata ‘father’.
Yup’ik u is like English u in ‘Luke’. Examples are yuk ‘one person’ and yuuk ‘two people’. Next to aback velar, Yup’ik u sounds somewhat like English o in ‘cork’, for example uquq ‘oil’. u may be devoiced
when it occurs between q and rr, or between k and gg; as in nasqurra ‘his head’ and atkugga ‘his parka’.
Yup’ik i has a sound midway between English i in ‘hit’ and English e in ‘he’. Examples are imna ‘theaforementioned’ and iinruq ‘medicine’. Next to a back velar, i more closely approximates the sound of
English i in ‘hit’. Compare the i’s in iqmik ‘chewing tobacco’.
The vowel e in Yup’ik is like the e in the English word ‘roses’. At the beginning of Yup’ik words, e isoften silent or nearly so. Examples are erenret ‘days’ and epulek ‘one with a handle’. Between voicelessconsonants, e is often voiceless, as in tekeq ‘index finger’ and keggestellregket ‘the two that bit them’.
Phonetically e varies between [0] and [4].

Automatic Devoicing
A fricative written single or a nasal written without the accent mark will be voiceless in certain
environments.
1) An s at the beginning of a word and any fricative at the end of a word are voiceless, for example
sugtuuq ‘he is tall’ and qayacuar ‘little kayak’.84
2) A fricative next to a stop or that follows a voiceless fricative is also voiceless. For example, the l is
voiceless in puqla ‘warmth’, elpet ‘you’, and neqerrluk ‘dried fish’.
3) A nasal that follows a stop or a voiceless fricative is voiceless; for example, the ng is voiceless inangutnguuq ‘it is a man’ and allngik ‘patch on a boot sole’. However, a nasal that precedes a stop ora voiceless fricative is voiced; for example, the ng is voiced in tengtaa ‘it blew it away’ and tenglluku‘blowing it away’.

Marked Gemination
If a consonant is followed by an apostrophe and then a vowel, then that consonant is geminated. Thismeans that the preceding syllable ends with that consonant and the following syllable begins with thesame consonant, so that it sounds as if it is being held briefly before being released, as is the case with thek sound in the English word ‘bookkeeper’. Yup’ik examples are taq’uq ‘he quit’ (compare taquq ‘braid’)
and muluk’uuq ‘milk’. These apostrophes are counted phonetically as consonants, since the apostrophe
indicates a doubling of the consonant it follows. (Other uses of the apostrophe are discussed later.)
However, a “rhythmically lengthened” single vowel is just as long as a double vowel in the same position, the difference
between the underlying lengths of the two being manifest in its effect on the preceding consonant (see the explanationof rhythmic length and automatic gemination below). See also the section below on Yup’ik dialects for effects of “vowel
compression,” which shortens a double vowel in some dialects.
83

84
For some writers and books this applies to all initial fricatives, not just s. For those writers, luuskaaq ‘spoon’, would imply
voiceless initial l, so they would write ‘luuskaaq with the apostrophe used to show that l is not “truly” initial and hence isvoiced.

50

General Introduction
Syllabification
Yup’ik syllables are of the following types (where V represents a vowel and C represents a consonant):
CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, and, at the beginning of a word, also V, VV, VC, and VVC. A syllable is open if it
ends in a vowel (CV, CVV, V, VV) and closed if it ends in a consonant (CVC, CVVC, VC, VVC). A syllable islight if it contains one vowel (CV, CVC, V, VC) and heavy if it contains two vowels (CVV, CVVC, VV, VVC).
For example, the word mit’eqataryaaqellruuq ‘it was about to alight (but didn’t)’, is divided intosyllables: mit/’e/qa/tar/yaa/qell/ruuq. The first syllable, mit, is closed and light; ‘e and qa are open andlight; tar is closed and light; yaa is open and heavy; qell is closed and light; and ruuq is closed and heavy.

Stress and Related Features of Pronunciation
Stress is a very prominent feature of Yup’ik pronunciation. It is determined by the pattern of light andheavy, closed, and open syllables in a word.

Primary Stress (Inherent and Rhythmic Stress)
Initial closed syllables (except for stress-repelling bases, discussed below) and heavy syllables haveinherent stress.
Rhythmic stress, on the other hand, falls on every syllable following an unstressed syllable (subject tothe rule of stress retraction described below). For example, in the word nan/var/pag/teng/naq/ngai/cug/
nar/quq ‘he probably won’t try to go to the big lake’, the syllable nan has inherent stress because it isinitial and closed, and ngai has inherent stress because it is heavy. Following these two inherently stressedsyllables are unstressed syllables var and cug, and following these are rhythmically stressed pag, naq, andnar. Using ’ to represent stress, we can display this thus: nán/var/pág/teng/náq/ngái/cug/nár/quq.

Stress Retraction
This principle is followed by all of Central Yup’ik except for the Norton Sound dialects: If the syllable
on which rhythmic stress is due to fall is open, is nonfinal, and follows a closed syllable, then stress isretracted to the preceding syllable. For example, in the word ang/yar/pa/li/ciq/sug/nar/quq ‘he probably
will make a big boat’, after the syllable ang, which has inherent stress, rhythmic stress is due to fall on pa,
but since this is an open syllable following the closed syllable yar, stress is retracted to the syllable yar.
Rhythmic stress next falls on li, and after that on sug: áng/yár/pa/lí/ciq/súg/nar/quq (but in Norton Sound,
where stress retraction does not apply: áng/yar/pá/li/cíq/sug/nár/quq).

Loss of Stress in Final Syllables
A final syllable loses its stress. For example, in angyaqa ‘my boat’ and in angyaqaa ‘it is his boat’, thefinal syllables qa and qaa lose their stress.

Rhythmic Length
A prime vowel of a stressed open light syllable will be lengthened in pronunciation. This is calledrhythmic lengthening. In the above example, angyarpaliciqsugnarquq, the i of the open stressed syllable
li is rhythmically lengthened. The vowels in the syllables ang and sug are not lengthened because even51General Introduction
though these syllables are stressed and light, they are closed rather than open; thus, using the “Phonology
and Orthography” section of this introduction to indicate rhythmic length, áng/yár/pa/lî/ciq/súg/nar/quq.

Automatic Gemination
There are two circumstances in which a consonant will be pronounced geminated though not followedby an apostrophe in the spelling.
1) The initial consonant of a heavy syllable that follows an unstressed open light syllable will be
automatically geminated. For example, the c in angyacuar ‘little boat’ is geminated, but not the c inqayacuar ‘little kayak’, nor in qaicuar ‘little wave’, because in the second and third examples the syllable
preceding c is stressed.
2) The consonant following a stressed e in an open syllable is automatically geminated. For example,
the second m in tumemi ‘on the trail’ is geminated, as is the rr in nipteqerru ‘turn it off, please’.
Automatic gemination serves to distinguish a heavy vowel from a rhythmically lengthened lightvowel; for example, in ataata ‘paternal uncle’ the first t is automatically geminated, while in atata ‘later
on’ the middle a is rhythmically lengthened and sounds just as long as aa, but the t preceding it is notgeminated.

Secondary Stress
A syllable preceding a heavy syllable receives secondary stress; thus in nerciqsugnarqaa ‘he willprobably eat it’, the syllable ner has inherent stress, sug has rhythmic stress, and nar has secondary stress:
nér/ciq/súg/nár/qaa. Note that secondary stress is phonetically identical with primary stress, but in ruleordering is assigned at a later stage.

Stress-Repelling Bases
The semantically empty bases ca- ‘what, something, to do something’, pi- ‘thing, to do’, and ki‘who’ do not have inherent stress even when they are in closed (initial) syllables. Thus in pin/qíg/teng/náq/sug/nár/quq ‘he is probably trying again’, the first syllable does not have inherent stress; instead,rhythmic stress starts on the second syllable (compare mén/qig/téng/naq/súg/nar/quq ‘he is probably
drinking water again’). These stress-repelling bases can have retracted stress and secondary stress, andthey will have inherent stress if they are part of lexicalized bases. An example of the latter situation is
the Kuskokwim and Bristol Bay base cange- ‘to catch fish or game’, which is derived from ca- ‘what,something, to do something’ and -nge- ‘to acquire’, but which gets inherent stress, as in cáng/yug/tuq‘he wants to catch fish or game’, in contrast with the non-lexicalized combination of ca- and -nge-, which
does not get inherent stress, as in cang/yúg/tuq ‘he wants to acquire something’. The standard Yup’ik
orthography does not have a mechanism for indicating that a closed initial syllable is unstressed. Thus,
the standard orthography underdifferentiates in some cases with regard to these three bases. The almost
obsolete base ete- ‘to be’ is also stress-repelling (see its listing in the Bases section).85

85

Concerning the issue of stress-repelling bases, see Jacobson 1984b.

52

General Introduction
The Apostrophe
The apostrophe serves several functions in Yup’ik, depending on the letters around it.
1) After a consonant and before a vowel (C’V), the apostrophe indicates gemination, as previously
mentioned.
2) After a vowel and before the consonant r (V’r), the apostrophe indicates that the syllable in which
it occurs and the preceding syllable as well are both to be stressed, when without the apostrophe thiswould not be so. For example, melugtu’rtuq, i.e., me/lúg/tú’r/tuq ‘he keeps smoking or sucking’ (compare
melugturtuq, i.e., me/lúg/tur/tuq ‘he is eating fish eggs’); and neryartu’rtuq, i.e., nér/yár/tú’r/tuq ‘hekeeps eating berries as he picks them’ (compare neryarturtuq, i.e., nér/yar/túr/tuq ‘he is going somewhere
to eat’).86
3) Between two vowels (V’V), the apostrophe blocks gemination of a preceding consonant. For example,
in atu’urkaq ‘garment’ the t is not geminated, and in apa’urluq ‘grandfather’, the p is not geminated. The
apostrophe has the same effect as if it were a consonant. (It is not, however, a glottal stop.)4) Between two consonants (C’C), the apostrophe either (a) prevents the separate sounds of n andg from being read as the single sound ng, as in can’get ‘grass’ (compare cangacit ‘how are you?’), or (b)prevents automatic devoicing as in it’gaq ‘foot’ where the g is voiced (compare nutga ‘his gun’), and tek’ni‘his own index finger’, where the n is voiced (compare cakneq ‘very much’).
5) At the end of a word the apostrophe indicates that the word is a shortened form; for example, qaill’
is a shortened form of qaillun ‘how’.
6) See the section on Yup’ik dialects, below, for special uses of the apostrophe in particular dialects.
7) In some Yup’ik books, though not this dictionary, an apostrophe is used before a voiced initialfricative.87 Thus one will see ’gilertuq where we would have gilertuq ‘he is moving, traveling’.
Note that uses 2 and 3 are necessitated by perturbations in the rhythmic stress system caused by ardeletion (see the Grammar section).

The Hyphen
The hyphen serves four functions in Yup’ik.
1) It separates elements of a word that are not in the Yup’ik orthography (i.e., English borrowings
spelled in the English way) from the Yup’ik suffixes attached to them, as in college-arluni ‘going to college’.
2) It separates enclitics88 at the end of a word from the main body of the word and from each other. An
example is nuna-llu-qaa? ‘and the land?’.
3) It indicates an overlong vowel in the words aa-ang and ii-i, both meaning ‘yes’.
4) As in English, it is used at a syllable boundary for word division at the end of a line of writing.

Comparison of Modern and Older Orthographies
The modern orthography as used in this book differs in a number of ways from the older orthographies
developed by, or under the influence of, Moravian and Catholic missionaries. The following chart ofcorrespondences indicates the main differences.
86

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, pp.187–189 concerning this issue and the optionality of the apostrophe.

87

See footnote 8 above.

88

See Practical Grammar of … Yup’ik, p. 12.

53

General Introduction
Modern Orthography

Older Orthographiescch, ts, tshqk, k (distinguished from front k, if at all, by choice of symbol for preceding vowelw[see below])
wh

vv

f

ll

tl, @, l ̂

ng

ng, ñ

u

u, or o when preceding a back velarii, or e especially when preceding a back velarei, or no vowel written at all

vowel length

not indicated, or indicated by ^ over the vowel, whether length is rhythmic orotherwise

consonant germination

not indicated, or indicated by doubling the consonant in question, or by ’ on thepreceding vowel, whether germination is automatic or otherwise

PUBLISHED SOURCES OF QUOTED EXAMPLES
Books, booklets, and compact discs (those without comment are school booklets, only in Yup’ik)

AGA 1996 — Agayuliyararput (Fienup-Riordan ed. 1996) [elders from Yukon, Kuskokwin, Nelson Island,and Nunivak talk about dances and masks, and they tell traditional stories and person narratives;transcribed and translated by Marie Meade]
ANG 1977 — Angalgaam Qanemcicuaraak (Afcan 1977a)
BES n.d. — Best Beginnings, Alaska’s Early Childhood Investment (State of Alaska)
CAL 1981 — Caliarkat Qaneryaramek Elicalriani (Paukan 1981a)
CAM 1983 — Cama-i Book (Vick 1983) [includes one traditional story in Yupik with translation by John
Wassillie Sr. from the Kuskokwim]
CAT 1950 — Catholic Manual of Prayers in Innuit (Lonneux 1950) [lower Yukon or Norton Sound (Kotlik)
dialect; published in an old orthography, unpublished manuscript transliteration by Walkie Charles
used here]
CAU 1985 — Cauyarnariuq (Mather 1985) [elders from the Yup’ik entire area north of Bristol Bay talk about
old time celebration and beliefs; no English translated]
CET 1971 — Cetugpak (Blanchett 1971) [traditional story from the Kuskowkim, included in PRA 1995]
CEV 1984 — Cev’armiut Qulirait Qanemciit-llu (Woodbury ed. 1984) [Chevak traditional stories and person
narratives]
CIK 1972 — Cikemyaq (Afcan 1972)
CIU 1977 — Ciutiim Qavangua (Nicori 1977)
CIU 2005 — Ciuliamta Akluit (Fienup-Riordan ed. 2005b) [elders from Yukon, Kuskokwim, Nelson Is.,and Bristol Bay talk about museum objects and the cultural practices associated with them, also telltraditional stories; transcribed and translated by Marie Meade]54General Introduction
CUN 2007 — Cungauyaraam Qulirai (Blue 2007) [Annie Blue of Bristol Bay and the Kuskokwim tells
tradional stories; transcribed and translated by Eliza Orr, Ben Orr, and others]
EGA 1973 — Egacuayiit Kenurraita Tanqiit (Afcan 1973)
ELD 1984 — Elders’ Conference (Alexie and Morris eds. 1984) [with translation]
ELL 1997 — Ellangellemni (Orr, Orr, et al. 1997) [Nelson Is. elders tell traditional stories]
ELN 1990 — Elnguq (Jacobson, A. 1990) [novel about Yup’ik life in the mid-1900s; written in Kuskokwim
Yup’ik; translation published separately (2008)]
ESK 1899 — The Eskimo about Bering Strait (Nelson 1899) [includes one traditional story from Norton Soundin Yup’ik in the author’s own orthography; transliteration from unpublished manuscript by Irene Reed
used here]
GET n.d. — Get the Most Out of Your Weatherized Home (State of Alaska, Department of Community &Regional Affairs n.d.) [translation, in Kuskokwim dialect, of separately published English pamphlet]
GRA 1901 — Grammatical Fundamentals of the Innuit Language (Barnum 1901) [has half a dozen traditional
stories from Nelson Is. and north along the coast; all with notes, one with literal translation; publishedin author’s own orthography; transliteration from unpublished manuscript by Martha Teeluk usedhere]
GRA 1951 — Graded Catechism in Innuit (Lonneux 1951) [published in an old orthography of Yup’ik;
transliterated as needed here by dictionary compiler]
JOE 2008 — Joe Paul’s Yup’ik Songs and Stories (Alaska Native Language Center 2008) [compact disc oforiginal songs, translated hymns and traditional stories with pamphlet transcribed and translated byAnna Jacobson]
KAI 1977 — Kainiqellriit (Samson 1977)
KAP 1998 — Kapuckaryaraq (White 1998)
KAV 1972 — Kaviaren Kavirilra (Teeluk 1972) [traditional story from the Yukon, included in PRA 1995]
KIP 1998 — Kipnirmiut Tiganrita Igmirtitlrit, Qipnermiut Tegganrita Egmirtellrit (Fredson et al. 1998) [elders
from Kipnuk (Canineq dialect) give personal accounts; various transcribers; no English translation]
KUP 1977 — Kupcaar Yugpak-llu (Manutoli 1977a)
KUU 1971 — Kuul’tilakessaaq Pingayun-llu Taqukaat (Afcan 1971a) [Kuskokwim dialect]
KUU 1977 — Kuul’tilaksaq Pingayun-llu Taqukat (Afcan 1977b) [Yukon dialect]
LIT 1972 — Liturgy and Hymns in the Yup’ik Eskimo Language (Eskimo Language Workshop 1972)[transliteration of Moravian prayer book into the modern standard orthography by Joseph Albrite andCalvin Coolidge of YUA 1945 (see below) with a few substantive revisions]
MAC 1977 — Macaaskaarrluk Negair-llu (Gautheir 1977)
MAN 1977 — Management of Change (Alaska Native Foundation 1977) [translation by Anna Jacobson ofEnglish original]
MAQ n.d. — Maqaruaq, Tan’gerliq Usvituli-llu Iggiayuli (Lupie n.d.)
MAR1 2001 — Martha Teeluk-aam Qulirat Avullri Erinairissuutekun Agnes Hootch-aamek (Jacobson, A.
2001a) [traditional stories told by a Norton Sound (Kotlik) speaker; recorded in the 1960s; no English
translation]
MAR2 2001 — Martha Teeluk-aam Qulirat Avullri Erinairissuutekun Ukunek Yugnek Evon Benedict, Charlie
Hootch, Anna Lee, Matilda Oscar, Isaac Tuntusuk-llu (Jacobson, A. 2001b) [traditional stories told byNorton Sound (Kotlik), Lower Yukon, and Kuskokwim speakers; recorded in the 1960s; no English
translation]
MIK 2006 — Mikelnguut Yuarutait Yugcetun (Alaska Native Language Center 2006) [compact disc oforiginally Euro-American children’s songs with booklet of transcriptions and translations]55

General Introduction
NAA 1970 — Naaqsugenarqelriit vol. 1; no. 3 (Eskimo Language Workshop 1970) [journal issue; earlier formof modern standard orthography with English translation]
NAA 1971 — Naaqsugenarqelriit vol. 1; no. 4 (Eskimo Language Workshop 1971) [journal issue; earlier formof modern standard orthography with English translation]
NAT 2001 — Native American Oral Traditions — Collaboration and Interpretation (Mather and Morrow 2001)[traditional story from Kuskokwim with English translation]
NEK 1981 — Nek’a (Paukan 1981b) [Lake Iliamna children’s booklet]
NEL 1978 — Nelget Cali-llu Ekem Arenqiallugcugyailkutiitnek (State of Alaska, Division of Insurance,
Department of Commerce, and Economic Development 1978) [translation by Anna Jacobson of
separately published English pamphlet]
NUK 1977 — Nukalpiaq Ayatuli (Ivon 1977)
ORT 2006 — Orthodox Choir’s Handbook (Nicolai, Martin 2006) [Yup’ik, English, and transliterated church
Slavonic]
PAI 2008 — Paitarkiutenka (Andrew 2008) [elder Frank Andrew (Canineq dialect) talks about kayak building
and other aspects of hunting and trapping; transcribed, translated, and edited by Alice Rearden, Marie
Meade, and Ann Fienup-Riordan]
PEK 1977 — Peksut Piyagaat (Afcan 1977c)
PRA 1995 — Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo Language (Jacobson, S. 1995) [contains
a number of model conversations and other Yup’ik readings written by Anna Jacobson, and several
traditional stories and children’s stories by others; the readings and stories are without English
translations; for quotations from pages 396, 460, 461, and 462 one should see the second, corrected
printing dated 1997 or beyond and indicated here as PRA 1995*]
PUP 1977 — Pupitukaar (Manutoli 1977)
QAI 1984 — Qaillun Issaluum Saskungellra (John 1984) [story by Evon John from Bristol Bay; includes
English translation]
QAN 1995 — Qanemcikarluni Tekitnarqelartuq (Orr and Orr 1995) [Nelson Is. elders tell traditional stories,
with translation]
QAN 2009 — Qanruyutet Iinruugut (Rearden and Jacobson, A. 2009) [elders talk about Yup’ik child-rearing
precepts, traditional absistence practices, etc.; Yup’ik with English tranlations}
QAS 1977 — Qasrulek, Qasrulek (Tunuchuk 1997)
QES 1973 — Qessanquq Avelngaq (Mather 1973)
QUA n.d. — Quarruuk (Berlin and Alexie n.d.)
QUL 2003 — Qulirat Qanemcit-llu Kinguvarcimalriit (Fienup-Riordan ed. 2003) [elder Paul John from Nelson
Is. talks about various aspects of Yup’ik culture, directing his talk toward young adults; transcribed andtranslated by Sophie Shield]
SBO 1896 — Sbornik Tserkovnykh Pesnopeniy i Molitvocloviy na Aglegmyutsko-Kuskokvimskom Narechiy (n.a.
1896) [Russian Orthodox prayer book written in Aglurmiut-Kuskokwim dialect by Netsvetov, Bel’kov,
and Orlov; in Cyrillic orthography for Yup’ik; transliteration here as needed by dictionary compiler]
SOC 1946 — Social Culture of the Nunivak Eskimo (Lantis 1946) [includes four traditional stories written in
an imprecise orthography; transliterated into the modern orthography by Lars Kristofferson 1982]
TAP 2004 — Taprarmiuni Kassiyulriit (Bogeyaktuk and Steve 2004) [discussion of Stebbins dance festival
for Anatole Bogeyaktuk and Charlie Steve (mixed lower Yukon and Nelson Is. dialect), Stebbins elders;transcribed, translated, and edited by Sophie Shield, Marie Meade, and Ann Fienup-Riordan]
TAQ 1977 — Taqukaq Qanganaq-llu (Breiby 1977) [Bristol Bay children’s booklet]
TUK 1974 — Tukutukuarall’er (Joe 1974)

56

General Introduction
UQU 1971 — Uqumyak (Afcan 1971c)
UUT 1974 — Uuteka’aq Mecaq’amek At’lek (Blanchett 1974) [Yukon dialect version by Pascal Afcan]
WHE 2000 — Where the Echo Began (Fienup-Riordan ed. 2000) [includes one traditional Nunivak story by
Robert Kolerak transcribed and translated by Marie Meade]WOR 2007 — Words of the Real People (Fienup-Riordan and Kaplan eds. 2007) [includes several traditional
stories with translation from Nunivak Is. and translated and edited by Howard Amos and RobertDrozda]YUA 1945 — Yuarutit (Moravian Church 1945) [Moravian prayer book, a revised and expanded versionof the 1928 book; in an old orthography by Ferdinand Drebert (and others); transliterated with somechanges in wording as LIT 1972]
YUP 1996 — Yup’ik Phrase and Conversation Lessons (Jacobson, A. 1996) [booklet contains model Yup’ik
phrases and conversations with translations; includes compact disc of the Yup’ik only]
YUP 2005 — Yupiit Qanruyutait / Yup’ik Words of Wisdom (Fienup-Riordan ed. 2005a) [panel discussion
by Yup’ik elders from Nelson Is., Canineq, and Kuskokwim about Yup’ik traditions and rules ofinterpersonal behavior; transcribed and translated by Alice Rearden and Marie Meade]YUU 1995 — Yuut Qanemciit (Tennant and Bitar eds. 1995 [1981]) [traditional Yup’ik stories, personal
narratives, and short topics, by various elders from Kuskokwim, Yukon, Nelson Is., and Canineq;
various transcribers and translators; page references here are to the more readily available 1995 edition]
Unpublished (transcriptions, translations, and some audio in the Alaska Native Language Archives at the Universityof Alaska Fairbanks; transcriptions (only) are also included in Appendix 11.)
UNP1 — Anuurluqellriik [Norton Sound (Kotlik) traditional story (about a boy who, having magicallyeaten too much, couldn’t fit through the door but could fit through the eye of his grandmother’s needle)
told by Martha Teeluk]
UNP2 — Mequpayagaq [upper Kuskokwim story (about an older unmarried woman who married astranger and regretted it; the storyteller’s dog frames the story) told by Charles Fogy of Sleetmiut]
UNP3 — Akerta Iraluq-llu [Norton Sound (Kotlik) traditional widespread Eskimo story (about the originof the sun and the moon) told by Martha Teeluk]
From Websites
WEB1 — Chevak website [traditional story by Joe Friday, transcribed by Rebecca Kelly; no translation]
WEB2 — Mekoryuk website [traditional Nunivak story by several elders; translation included]
Bible translations
Isaiah — (American Bible Society 2007) [abbreviated as ISAI.; see Pentateuch-at . . . below for translation andpublication information]
Jonah — (American Bible Society 2007) [abbreviated as JONA.; see Pentateuch-at . . . below for translationand publication information]
Kaneriarakgtar — (American Bible Society, 1956) [the New Testament translated and published in part in
the early 1900s, revised and published in an old orthography in full 1956 (Ferdinand Drebert and othertranslators (unknown)); books of the New Testament listed by English name (Matthew abbreviated to
MATT.; Romans to ROMA. 1st Corinthians to 1CORI.; Revelations to REVI.); transliteration of the first57

General Introduction
three Gospels to the modern standard orthography by Sophie Shield]
Pentateuch-at Psalm-at Proverbs-aat — (American Bible Association 2005) [large part of the Old Testament
published translated and published in the modern standard orthography (translated by Peter Andrew,
Teddy Brink, Elsie Mather, Elizabeth Howard, and others); books of the Old Testament listed by thenames given in this publication: AYAG. — Genesis (Ayagniqarraaq), ANUC. — Exodus (Anucimallrat),
LEVI. — Levites (Levite-artaat), NAAQ. — Numbers (Naaqumallrat), ALER. — Deuteronomy(Alerquutet), PSALM — Psalms (Psalm-at), and AYUQ. — Proverbs (Ayuqucirtuutet); note that Genesis
was published alone earlier as Ayagniqarraami (ABS 1996) and that minor changes have been made in
it.]

58

BASES

A
aa-ang yes; you’re welcome # exclamatory particle; =aang; cf. anger-; < PE a(a)&aagciuk fish meatball made of the soft meat andbones of spawned-out fish, cooked by droppingin boiling water #aaggacungar- to shake hands # aaggacungaraa ‘heis shaking hands with him’; NUN; < aaggaqcungaq
aaggaq hand # NUN, some BB; = aiggaq; < PE
a9!a(3); > aaggacungar-, aaggiaaggaqtaaq decorated ceremonial glove # BB; =aiggaqtaaq; < aaggaq-qetaaq
aaggi- to wash the hands # aaggiuq ‘he is washing
his hands’; NUN; < aaggaq-i3aaggsak, aaggsaq starfish; decorated ceremonial
glove # < PE a9!a3u9a3 (under PE a9!a(3))
aaggulunguaq Pallas buttercup (Ranunculus pallasii)# NUN(A)aagiiyaar- to dance a particular dance in which
the dancers are in a row one behind another# Nakacuum cali nalliini piyarauguq. Watentua-i tunuqliqu’urluteng, tua-i aagiiyaarturluteng
angutet. ‘During the Bladder Festival, that’s
one of the things they do. For example, the men
danced in a row, one behind the other.’ (QAN
1995:180)
Aaguq area upriver of Brown’s Slough in Bethel #aakaq mother # NSU; from Inupiaq aaka, but note PE
a(a)ka3
aakulagte- to feel confused # aakulagtuq ‘hefeels confused’; aakulagtaa ‘he feels confusedover it’ / Carraat ta¥gaam ilait cimiqaumaut,aakulaggnarqellerkaat naaqesteµeggnun
pitekluku. ‘A few of those, however, are changedon account of the confusion they could cause to
their readers.’ (KIP 1998:xix)

aalalaq flounder (species?) # EGaalemtaalar- to gulp down liquid # Tua-i tuani
Apanuugpak qamllermini taryumek maaken
aalemtaalalliniuq ‘Apanuugpak in his panic anddesperation was gulping down salt water.’ (CIU
2005:46); cf. qaalemtaaraalemyaaq small snail (species?) # Aalemyaalemi,
uluni anlluku / uluni antenrilkagu
tuquciiqamken. ‘Snail, it sticks out its tongue / if
it doesn’t stick out its tongue, I’ll kill you.’ (jingle
spoken when seeing a snail)aaleqciir- to tickle # aaleqciiraa ‘he is tickling her’ /= aavleqciir(ar)-, leqeciraraaliqiliaq ring finger # K, CAN, NI
aalruigte- to argue # aalruigtut ‘they are arguing’
aalukuyaq swing (recreation equipment) #and aalukuyar- to swing (at play) # NUN; =aaluuyaaq and aaluuyaaraaluugiq gull (species ?) # NUN, EG
aaluuyaaq swing # and aaluuyaar- to swing #aaluuyaartuq ‘he is swinging’; aaluuyaaraa ‘he isswinging him in his arms’, ‘he is pushing him ona swing’ / Tua-i-llu aaluuyaaliluteng naparpiim
avayaanun ilavkuum iquuk qillrullukek.
Aqumrraarluteng uivqarluku qip’ilriacetun
aaluuyaaq angiarcetaqluteng. ‘And they made aswing tying the ends of a rope to a branch of alarge tree. After sitting down (on it) they spun
the swing around like something being twisted
and let it suddenly untwist.’ (ELN 1990:101); =aalukuyaq and aalukuyaraamaq female breast # and aamar- to suckle; to suckon breast or bottle # aamartuq ‘he is suckling’;
aamaraa ‘he is sucking it’ / aamak ‘breasts’; < PE
ama-; > aamarcuun, aamarteaamarcuun, aamarrsuun baby bottle # < aamarcuun, aamar-ssuun

61aamarte- — aaqcurliq

Basesaamarte- to breastfeed; to bottle-feed # aamartaa‘she is breast- or bottle-feeding him’ / Aaniinllu aamarqaarluku elliinun aipaqesqelluku
qanruqaarluku kumarrluni. ‘And after her
mother breast-fed him and after she told her tostay with him she lit the fire.’ (ELN 1990:13)< aamar-te3-

aangruyak weapon to kill a sea mammal hit by aharpoon; sea mammal dispatching implement #aangulugtuute- to manhandle; to shake violently
physically # aangulugtuutaa ‘he is manhandlinghim’
aangur- to babysit; to take care of # aanguraa ‘he isbabysitting her’ / HBC
Aaniq, Aaniryaraq indigenous Yup’ik holiday,celebrated shortly after the “Qengarpak” (q.v.)
holiday, involving men called “mothers” (aanak— q.v.) — hence the name — going door to door
and collecting food # Qaariitaaq, Aaniryaraq,
Nalugilallrat-llu ciumek qanrutkeciqaput.
Ukut pingayun cayarallrit Nakaciumun
upyutngulallrungatelliniut. ‘First we’ll talk about
Qaariitaaq, Aaniryaraq, and Nulugilallrat. These
three activities were preparatory to the Bladder
Feast.’ (CAU 1985:42); < aana-liraanir- to become a godmother; to celebrating
the “Aaniq” holiday in fall time # aanirtut‘they are celebrating this holiday; aaniraa ‘shebecame his godmother’ / Qaariitaarraartelluki
taqngata erenret talliman qaariitaami arvinratni
Aanirluteng, kalukarluteng. ‘When the fivedays of the Qaariitaaq holiday were finished on
the sixth day they celebrated the Aaniq holiday,
holding a festival.’ (CAU 1985:53); < aana-ir-1
aanirta godmother # aanirtii ‘his godmother’;< aanir-ta1
aankilaq angel # from Russian ƒyutk (ángel); =aan’gilaq, an’gilaq
aapaq partner; companion; mate; spouse; other of
two # NUN; some BB; = aipaq; < PE a(C)ippa3;> aapaquyuk, Aapirin
aapaquyuk placenta; afterbirth # NUN; < aapaqkuyuk
Aapirin Tuesday # NUN; = Aipirin; < aapaq-irin
aaqassaaq skin to be chewed to soften it;
beluga blubber for eating (NSK meaning) #and aaqassaar- to chew on a skin to soften
it # aaqassaartuq ‘he is chewing on a skin’;aaqassaaraa ‘he is chewing on it’; = taaqassaaq
and taaqasaaraaqatar(ar)- to tiptoe # aaqatarretuq ‘he is tiptoeing’/ aaqatarallruuq ‘he tiptoed’; HBC
aaqcurliq robin (Turdus migratorius) # imitative;< ?-li1-; cf. curcurliq, pitegcurliq

aana mother # aanii ‘his mother’; not used in NSU(see aakaq); > aanak, aanakalliiq, aanakellriit,
Aaniq, aanir-; < PE a(a)naaanak the two men dressed as women whocollect food door to door during the“Aaniq” (q.v.) holiday # Cali ilaitni aanak
maligtestengqerraqlutek tan’gaurlull’ernek
aperluki qimugtekegnek. ‘Also sometimes thetwo “mothers” would have people following
them, boys called “their dogs”.’ (CAU 1985:51);
literally: ‘mothers2’; < aana-dual

aanakellriit the children of the household #literally: ‘the ones having (the same) mother’;Unuaquani-llu unuakumi makcara’arluteng
aanakellriit qusuuliuqataameng, nuv’itkarrluteng
uqvigpagnek. ‘Every day the children of the family
got up early in the morning because they weregoing to work on the smelt, and they’d prepare
stringers from alder shoots.’ (PRA 1995*:461);< aana-ke2-lria-plural
Aanakalliiq, Aanakalliir(aq*) legendary baby
with a big mouth that ate his mother and others# Aanakalliiq ciutegni tekiarrlukek qanerluni.
‘Aanakalliiq had a mouth that stretched to hisears.’ (AGA 1996:208); < aana-?
aanaspuuk lever; peavy # perhaps from English‘handspike’; = anaspuukaang yes; you’re welcome # exclamatory particle;= aa-ang; cf. anger-; < PE a(a)&aangaaq quicksand # HBCaangaayuk spirit of the dead #aangayucuar(aq *) baby # < ?-cuar(aq)aangiikvak spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri)# HBC, NUN; cf. angiikvak ‘common eider’(Somateria mollissima)

aan’gilaq angel # Tanqilria aan’gilaq Michael-aq
ikayurkut caknaallemte÷i, yurnakekikut-llu . . .
‘Holy angel Michael, help us in our struggles, anddefend us . . .’ (CAT 1950:10); from Russian ƒyutk
(ángel); = aan’gilaq, an’gilaq

62Basesaaqe- to find (it) dangerous; to be wary of it #aaqaa ‘he is wary of it’ / Tuani tua-i nangnermi
yuarutmi nutaan aaqsuitait enirarautet. Nutaan
tua-i atularait. Navegyukata, navegyunrilkata-llu
aaqevkenaki nutaan nangermi yuarutmi atularait.
‘Finally at the last song, they weren’t cautious
about the dance sticks. Whether they were broken
or not broken, without concern they sang the lastsong.’ (TAP 2004:106); < aar1-ke4aaqucunguaq doll # < ?-uaq
aaquyaq land or river otter (Lontra canadensis) # EG;
also in Orlov-Pinart 1871 (8) for K
aar-1 wary # emotional root; > aaqe-, aarcirtur-,aarite-, aarnaite-, aarnarqe-, aarallr(aq), aarun,
aaryug-, aartaraar-2 to say “ah”; to open one’s mouth and emit
sound # aartuq ‘he is saying “ah”’; aaraa ‘he issaying “ah” to her’ / < PE a9(9)a(a); > aara-,
aarcillag-, aarpag-, aayuli
aara- to moan; to scream; to shout; to yell # aarauq‘he is screaming’; aaraa ‘he is screaming toher, at her’ / Ellii uisnganganani nem ilua-llu
tangerrluku pektengnaqluni piyaaqluni tuaten
aarangnaqluni caqerluni putukuni pek’arrluku,
nutaan uilluni. . . . ‘She seemed to have her
eyes open and saw the inside of the house, andshe tried to move, but in vain, and also tried
to scream. and soon she moved her big toe alittle, and then finally she woke up, . . . .’ (ELN
1990:80); < aar2-a-; > aarayuli
aarallr(aq*) scarecrow-like device designed to scarechildren (away from undesirable behavior or
dangerous situations) # < aar1-aq?-ll(raq)aarayuli red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) #= aayuli; < aara- yuli
aarcillag- to scream; to yell; to shout; to shriek #aarcillagtuq ‘he screamed’ / Tua-i caviggaa tauna
tekiteqerluku aarcillakarluni tua-i tumellra pagna
kaviriqertelliniluni. ‘When he got to her knife,
he gave a short scream and soon his trail started
getting red.’ (QUL 2003:156); < aar2-llagaarcirtur- to warn of danger # aarcirturaa ‘heis warning her’ / aarcirturai mikelnguut
taqukamun pinayukluki ‘he warned the childrenthat the bear might harm them’; < aar1-cir1-tur1-;> aarcirtuun
aarcirtuun warning # Atanrem-llu Cainaq nallunailkuciraa aarcirtuutngusqelluku

aaqe- — aaruntuqucugtainun. ‘The Lord put a mark on Cainletting it be a warning to those who might want tokill him.’ (AYAG. 4:15); < aarcirtur-n
aariga’ar- to be good; to be nice # aariga’artuq ‘itis good’ / the r in this word sounds like English r
or like English s in measure; NSU; from Inupiaq
aarigaa (aa$i!aa)
aarite- to act recklessly; to act in a foolhardy way #aarituq ‘he acts recklessly, in a foolhardy way’ /aariltaartuq ‘he is acting recklessly in an obvious
way, showing off’; < aar1-ite1aarnaite- to be safe; to not be such as to make one
wary # aarnaituq ‘it doesn’t make one wary’ /< aar-naiteaarnarqe- to be dangerous; to be such as to makeone wary # aarnarquq ‘it makes one wary’ /Marayat et’ulriami mermi aarnaqenruut. . . .
Aarnarqelriit amllertut imarpigmi. Cali-llu
nunami. . . . Ingrit cali aarnarqutait amllertut, . . .
‘Sandbars are more dangerous in deep water. . . .
There are many hazards in the ocean, also on
land. . . . Also the mountains’ dangers are many,. . .’ (YUU 1995:69); < aar-narqeaarpag- to scream; to yell; to shout # aarpagtuq‘he is screaming’; aarpagaa (or aarpautaa) ‘he isscreaming at her’ / alingallallermini aarpallruuq‘when he got frightened he screamed’;Tekicamiu taqukaq nang’errluni aarpalliniluku,
tatamcetaarluku. ‘When he got to the bear, hestood up abruptly and screamed at it, trying tostartle it.’ (YUU 1995:13); < aar2-rpagaarpatuli owl (species ?) # NI; < aarpag-tuli
aarraaliq, aarraangiiq, aarraangiir(aq*), aarraangiq,
aarrangyaraq (HBC form) long-tailed duck(oldsquaw duck) (Clangula hyemalis) # Tuamtell’ uksumi atkugkiurnauraitkut yaqulegnek,
aarraanginek, allanek-llu cali piciatun. ‘And in
the winter they would prepare parkas for us outof (the feathered skin of) birds, oldsquaw ducks,
and others of all sorts.’ (KIP 1998:137); < PE a(a)a(a)&li3; imitative
aarraq string used in telling string stories or making
cat’s-cradle figures # and aarrar- to tell a string
story # NUN, some BB; = airraq, ayarr’aq; < PE
aya3a3a3
aartar- to tend to be wary by one’s nature; to tend tofind things dangerous # aartartuq ‘he tends to bewary’ / < aar-tar1aarun warning # < aar1-n

63

aaryug- — aavcaaq

Basesaaryug- to be wary; to be cautious; to findsomething dangerous; to be afraid # aaryugtuq‘he is wary, finds something dangerous’ /aaryuutaa ‘he feels concerned on account ofwhat might happen to her’; Aren, umyugaa
tua-i qamna aaryugluni iggnayukluni. Tuaten
tua-i tamaa-i atraryarakun atraqsailami. Pillinia
aaryugnian, “Kitak aaryukuvet . . . iggngaituten,
alugken nuagarrlukek atraa. Igciiqenrituten
aaryugpek’nak.” ‘Well, she was afraid she mightfall because she had never gone down a ladder.
When she said she was afraid, he said to her,
“Okay, if you are afraid . . . you are not going tofall down. Wet your soles with your saliva andgo down. You are not going to fall down; don’t beafraid.”’ (QUL 2003:220); < aar1-yugaasgaaq glove # Cali-llu pikuma aasgaanek cali
cikiqanga waten piluku teguluku, elliinllu asnguaqerluki elliluki-llu. Tua-i-llu wii
piksagulluki. ‘And if he gave me gloves, I would
do this and take them and try them on and put
them down. They would become mine.’ (TAP
2004:80); Y; = aisgaaq, aigsaaq, agyaaq; < PE
a9!a(C)a3 (under PE a9!a(3))
aassaqe- to have a secret; to be secretive #aassaquq ‘he is keeping something a secret’,‘he is being secretive about something’;
aassaqaa ‘he is being secretive about it’ /aassaqutaa ‘he kept something secret from him’;
Aassaqusngaitamteggen akiutairuyucimte÷ek. . . .
‘We won’t hide from you the fact that we haveno more money. . . .’ (AYAG. 47:18); Maa-i tua-i
waten aassaqluki-llu taqelteng qemagqurluki
makucimun. ‘They would keep those they’dcompleted (new garments for a son’s new wife’)
hidden, packed away (in bags) like these.’ (CIU
2005:148); < PY atsaq0- or atyaq0-; aassaqeq,
aassaqunaassaqun secret # aassaqutekaa ‘he is keeping it asecret’ / < aassaqe-n
aassektacungir- to hunt for oldsquaw ducks in thespring # NUN(A)aassektaq teeter-totter; see-saw # and aassektar- to
wobble back and forth; to move up and down #NUN(A)
aata father # aatii ‘his father’; aatakellriik ‘father
and child’; Melqumek tangrrami teguluku aatami
kegginaa qungvagciiraraa, aanami inerqungraani
tupagtarkauniluku . . . ‘When she saw a feather

she took it and tickled her father’s face, eventhough her mother told her not to saying that she
might wake him up . . .’ (ELN 1990:6); = ata; < PE
ata1
aataak, aat’aak fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) # cf.
aatagaq; from Aleut aataax ‘fur seal bull’, but cf. PI
a(a)ta(a)qaatagaq sea otter (Enhydra lutris) # NUN(A); cf.
aataakaatangqa- to be gaping open; to be open mouthed #aatangqauq ‘it is gaping open’; NUN; = aitarte-;< aatar-ngqaaatar- gaping open; open mouthed # postural root;> aatar-, aatangqa-; NUN; < PE a!itta3-; = aitaraatarte- to gape open; to open the mouth # aatartuq‘it gaped open, he opened his mouth’; aatartaa‘he spread it open’; NUN; = aitarte-; < aatar-te2aataruaq pylorus; the “J”-shaped hooklike sectionthat connects the stomach to the intestine #NUN(A)
aatetetaaq red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) #NSKaatevtaaq clam (species ?) # NUN; = taavtaaq
aatunaq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) # HBC
aatuuyaarpak small sweet green plant (species ?)part, artichoke-like in appearance, collected forfood from mouse caches in the tundra # NI
aavagun wedge # NUN; = aivagun
aavalkucuk onion dome on Russian Orthodox
church # cf. aavangtak and -qucuk
aavangtak, aavangtaaq burl from birch tree; onion
bulb shaped dome on Russian Orthodox church# iqmiutalillruuq aavangtagmek ‘he made asnuffbox out of a burl’; Tua-i-am qaqimaluni
nanilrarrayaarluni-llu aavangtagmek, ilua
nayuumaluni. ‘It was complete with a lamp
stand too, made from a burl with its inside
hollowed out.’ (CIU 2005:186); K; cf. avegaavangtalkucuk onion bulb–shaped dome on
Russian Orthodox church # < aavangtak-?-qucuk
aavaq ghost # EG; also on Khromchenko 1824 list (2)for EG as ‘scoundrel’aavcaaq dart # and aavcaar- to play darts # . . .
tua-llu tuani qasgimi kalukalriani, malruk
tan’gaurluuk aavcaalinilriik. Piinanermegni
taum aipaan aavcaaq egtellrani aipaan iinganun
tut’elliniuq, iinga qagerrluku . . . at that festivity
in the men’s communal house two boys were64

Basesaavseg- — aci

aayuli red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) #aayulit neqniatut ‘grebes are not tasty’; =aarayuli; < aar2-yuli
aayuqaq large crack or crevice in shore-fast sea ice #acaarrluk aged mixture of greens and berries #NSU; < ac’aq-?-rrluk
acaca how little!; how few! # exclamatory particleacak1 paternal aunt; father’s sister # aciin or acan
‘your aunt’; acakanka aatama alqai nayagai-llu‘my paternal aunts are my father’s older sisters
and younger sisters’; < PE acca!
acakikika, acakikik, acak2 I told you so! #exclamatory particle used to express delight whensomeone else is proved to be wrong; cf. postbase -kika
acaluq tray on front of kayak for coiled harpoon
rope # Acaluneng-llu pitullrit imkut muragat
piliat taprualuum uitaviit, . . . ‘They call those
things made of wood where the harpoon line
is placed, “acaluq”, . . .’ (WEB1); < PE acalu3; >acalurnaq, acaluruaq
acalurnaq skin container # < acaluq-naq2 acaluruaq
snowshoe with upturned front end # < acaluruaq
ac’aq berry; fruit # NSU; = atsaq; > acaarrluk
ac’eci- to give the namesake(s) of the deceased acomplete set of new clothing during “Elriq”,
the ‘Greater Memorial Feast’, or “Merr’aq”, the‘Lesser Memorial Feast’; to give a couple that is
to be married a complete set of new clothing #< at’e-cete1-i2-; > Ac’eciyaraq
Ac’eciyaraq the ceremony of clothing one or more
persons as in memory of the deceased # < ac’eciyaraq
acetu- to be high; to be tall # Mikelnguq-llu
ekraarluku can’get acetulriit kuigem ce÷iini
akuliitnun ellia. ‘And after putting the child inthey placed him between the tall grasses on the
shore of the river.’ (ANUC. 2:3); Piyagait-llu
a¥gkut issurit irniarit melqurrit acetulaameng,qatellriit imkut. ‘Those pups, the young of the
spotted seals, because their hair is long, arewhite.’ (PAI 2008:88); = astu-; < ?-tu-; > aceturun;< PE at0tuaceturun twined grass wall mat # < acetu-?-n
aci area below; area under (positional base used onlywith a possessed ending); mattress; bed; wild potato
Hedysarum sp. (additional LI meaning) # estuulum
acia ‘the area under the table’; estuulum aciani

playing darts. ‘While they were doing that,when one threw the dart it struck the other’s
eye popping out the eye.’ (YUU 1995:8); < PY
aavcaaqaavseg- to distract # Avani-w’ allanek pitaitellruan,carugarnek tangerrnaitellruan, apqiitnekaavsegutnek pitaitellruan, kiimi ta¥gaam
ciulirneq-llu takarnaqluni callerkaa. ‘Because
there weren’t other matters, because one’s
attention wasn’t attracted by lots of things, that is
to say because there weren’t distractions, the only
issue was respect and care of elders.’ (YUP 2005:
18)
aavlaar- to tickle # BBaavleqciir(ar)-, aavlequciir(ar)- to tickle #aavleqciiraraa ‘he is tickling him’ / = aaleqciir-,leqeciraraavurte- to have fun; to entertain; to amuse #aavurtuq ‘he is having fun’; aavurtaa ‘he isentertaining him’ / aavurutekaa ‘he is having
fun with him’; . . . allaneten, aliayugcitevkenaki!
Aavurrluki piki . . . ‘. . . relieve your visitors’
loneliness! Entertain them . . .’ (CEV 1984:85);
Wangkugneng ta¥gaam tangvakuneng,aavurciiqut elluarrluteng. ‘However, if they watch
the two us they will have some real fun.’ (CEV
1984: 86); HBC; cf. aavussaq

aavussaq log hung horizontally with rope from bothends (traditionally in a men’s community house)
for Native games competition # this log is swungback and forth, and in this process a competitor jumps
over the log as it approaches him (or her) and runs to
the other side before the log swings back; NUN(A); cf.
aavurteaayalngu- to be dizzy # aayalnguuq ‘he isdizzy’ / qulvanek kiartelleq aayalngunarquq‘looking around from high places makes one
dizzy’; Kainritniluni piluku meqsugnilunita¥gaam, mak’arteqaataryaaqluni-llu maaten
piuq unaqserteqapiggluni, aqumngami piuq
aayalngurrlugluni. ‘She told her that she wasn’t
hungry but she was thirsty, and she slowly began
to get up and she saw that she was all washedout, and when she sat down she felt quite
dizzy.’ (ELN 1990:49); < ?-lngu-; > aayalngunaq,
aayalnguyaraq; cf. ayaluraayalngunaq dizziness # HBC; < aayalngu-naq1
aayalnguyaraq dizziness # K, Y, NI, CAN, BB;< aayalngu-yaraq

65

aciikuar- — acitmurte-Basesaciirun the part of a river that runs under a bluff or
cut-bank # < aci-ir2-n
acik’aq1 wading boot # LI; < aci-?
acik’aq2 younger sibling # NSU
acilquirissuun root pick; digging stick # < acilquqir2-i2-ssuun
acilqaq floor area at side of fireplace in a sod house# NUN(A); < aci-?
acilquq plant root; tree stump # Tua-illu nagte¥rlurluni-am acilqullermun
paallage¥rlurluni. ‘And then — poor thing — shetripped on an exposed root and — poor thing —fell face forward.’ (ELN 1990:54); < aci-quq;> acilquirissuun
ac’inqigte- to change one’s clothes # ac’inqigtuq‘he is changing his (own) clothes’; ac’ingqigtaa‘he is changing his (another’s) clothes’ / Arnaq
makluni an’uq ac’inqiggluni-llu kegginami-llu
capii a¥g’arluku. . . . ‘The woman arose and went
outside changing her clothes and removing the veil
from her face. . . .’ (AYAG. 38:19); < at’e-linqigteacipluk plant root # NS; < aci-lluk
aciqaq boat sled; area under cache where fish isdried # < aci-qaq
ac’iqaq high skin boot # NUN; < at’e-i2-?
aciqsaq short skin boot # Y, HBC; < aci-?
acir- to name # aciraa ‘he named him’ / arnam
qetunrani Mecaq’amek aciraa ‘the woman named
her son Mecaq’aq’; aciumauq Mecaq’amek‘he is named Mecaq’aq’; apa’urluma atra
aciutekaqa qetunramnun ‘I named my son
with my grandfather’s name’; Atengqellruuq
Paluqtarmek. Taum-llu agayulirtem aciamiu
mumiggluku atra aciraa, Beaver-aamek. ‘He had
the name Paluqtaq. When that priest named him,
he translated his name and named him Beaver.’(YUU 1995:29); < ateq-lir-; < PE acci3- (under PEat03); > aciurta, aciuteac’irci- to lie on one’s side and watch someone work
# NUN(A)acirneq sled runner; bottom of boat or other vessel# HBC; < PE aci3n03- (under PE at(0)); = assirneq;< aci-?-neq4
ac’irutaq1 fathom-long sealskin line to tie kayaks
together # NUN(A)ac’irutaq2 slush under thin ice # NUN(A)acitmurte- come or go downward # tengssuun
acitmurtuq mitnaluni ‘the airplane is coming‘in the area under the table’; estuulum acianun‘to or into the area under the table’; estuulum
aciantuq ‘it is under the table’; Ak’a tamaani yuut
kassuucuitellruut. Yun’erraq piyugngariaqami
yuut aciatgun nasaurlurmek nulirkaminek
yualartuq assilriamek. ‘Long ago people never
had wedding ceremonies. When a young man
became of age he’d look for a girl to marry under
the people[’s vision] (that is, without their being
aware of it).’ (YUU 1995:34); Akertem aciarmiu‘African-American, black person, Negro’(literally: ‘one who dwells beneath the sun’; this isgrammatically anomalous construction); cf. deep rootat-; < PY-S aci1; > aciir-, acilqaq, acilquq, acipluk,aciqaq, aciqsaq, acirneq, acitmurte-, acivagte-,
acivaqaniraciikuar- for there to be a blizzard under otherwise
clear skies # cf. aci; NUN(A)aciir- to go through the area under something #aciiraa ‘it went under it’ / qimugtem nep’ut
aciillrua ‘the dog went under our house (and out
the other side)’ / < aci-ir2-; > aciirute-, aciirutet
aciirucaraq portal of the underground below our
world for the “little people” (“ircenrrat”) #< aciirute-yaraq
aciirute- to go or be taken to the realm
below by supernatural powers #Ta¥gaam aqvaquasqevkenata ilaput-llu
ciullguurasqevkenaki inerqurnauraitkut,
aciiruciiqniluta nunam acianun. ‘However, they
warned us not to run around or get in front of
our relatives (elders), saying that we would betaken below under the earth.’ (KIP 1998:161); Cali
ilait qanemcilriit piluteng qasgimun-gguq taukut
utercaaqellermeggni aciirutellruut. Acitruulluteng
camavet nunam acianun ayagluteng tayima tua-i
catairulluteng. Niitelaryaaqluki-gguq ta¥gaam
cama-i qalrillagayaaqaqata. Ilait cali qanertut
minguilnguut-gguq aciirutetuut. ‘Also in someaccounts it says that when they return to the
kashim they went below (the surface of the earth).
They went down, went below the earth, gone
forever. They say they hear them, however, when
they cry out down below. Some say that thosethat aren’t decorated with face paint go below (thesurface).’ (CAU 1985:44); < aci-ir-te5-;> aciirucaraq
aciirutet the first group of king salmon runningunder the smelt # Y; < aciir-n-plural

66

Basesdown in order to land’; < aci-tmurte1aciurta person who goes into houses and calls out
a man’s name during the “Nakaciuryaraq”, the‘Bladder Feast’ #; < ateq-liur-ta
aciute- to give as a name # aciutuq ‘it is given
as a name’; aciutaa ‘they give it as a name’ /Anvailgan yuut iliit yuunrillrukan taumun
aciutelaraat. ‘If one of the people has died before
he is born, they give (it — that name) to him.’(YUU 1995:29); < acir-te5acivagte- to be sound asleep # acivagtuq ‘he issound asleep’ / < aci-vak (?)
acivaqanir- to lower; to swear; to curse; to utter
profanity # acivaqanirtuq ‘he is lowering
himself; he is swearing’; acivaqaniraa‘he is lowering it’ / acivaqaniutaa ‘he isswearing at him’; mulut’uullerminiu ayautni
acivaqanillruuq ‘when he hammered his
thumb he swore’; acivaqanirluni tangvallinia
un’a palayaq ‘he moved further down towatch the boat down there’; Aipaan atamtangvakarluku acivaqanillinilria. Elliin-llu qaill’
qanruciinaku taum. Quyaksukluni quuyuarluni
nayangalliniluni. Imkuk-llu, acivaqaniucia-ll’
nalluluku. ‘After glancing at him, the second(white) person cursed. He (the Yup’ik) didn’t evenknow what that one had said. Thinking that they
were pleased with him, he nodded his head andsmiled. He didn’t even know that that one wasswearing.’ (QUL 2003:584); < aci-vaqanirackiik eyeglasses # this is a dual; the base isackiir-, as in ackiirpiik ‘big pair of glasses’,
and ackiirtangqertuq ‘there are glasses there’;ackiigka tukniuk ‘my glasses are strong’; from
Russian jxrb (ochkí)-dual; > ackiilek
ackiilek spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) # anapparent calque on the English; < ackiik-lek
acliq* thing underneath; saucer; cellar # Y; = atliq;< ?-li1; cf. aci-, deep root atacsaq berry; fruit # alternate spelling of atsaq (q.v.)
ac’upegglugaq woman’s high skin boot # NUN(A)acuniaqengaq child of a woman by a man to whom
she is not married # < acuniar-kengaq
acuniar- to rape; to have illicit sex with an unwillingor reluctant woman # acuniaraa ‘he had sex with
her against her will’ / cf. qacuniar-; < PE acu-; <?-niar-; > acuniaqengaq
acuraq aunt by marriage; wife of one’s paternal or

aciurta — agarcete-maternal uncle # < PE acu3a3
ac’urun corner of house # < ?-nacu’u yeah?; right! # exclamatory particle; HBC;
< PE acu
aga- to hang; to be suspended # agauq ‘it ishanging’ / cf. agaq, agar-; > agagliiyaq,
agalrussaq, agaruyak
agaa(ni) across there # extended demonstrative adverb;
see agna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; not the form used
in NUN, NSU, some Y and some UK (see iini);agaavet ‘to across there’; agaaken or agken ‘fromacross there’ < dem. PE a!agagliiyaq main horizontal elevated log of fishrack # . . . wangkuta-wa agagliiyanek pilaqeput
qer’at imkut iniviit. Muriik makuk akiqliqlutek
agagliiyauguk. ‘. . . we call the two elevated logs
(set on posts) across which long pieces of wood
are placed to create a drying rack, “agagliiyaq”.
(CIU 2005:190); < aga-?
agalkaq wanderer # cf. agamyak
agalrussaq red currant (Ribes triste) # < aga-?
agamyak person who is unsettled or restless #and agamya- to be unsettled or restless becauseof loneliness; to want to go somewhere else #agamyauq ‘he is restless’ / Mamterillernun
agamyaunga ‘I am restless wanting to go
to Bethel’; Tua-i anluni aneqtara’arluni
caavtaarluku ciuneni; unuakuulliniluni-gguq
tua-i agamyanaqluni-gguq akerta imumek
puqlanga’arrluni. ‘He went out by feeling
his way; it was morning and the sun with it’s
warmth made one wish they could (go out on theland to hunt — in this context).’ (CIU 2005:282);
cf. agalkaq
ag’anga- to be arrogant # ag’angauq ‘he is arrogant’ /agangruyak kind of berry (species ?) # < aga-ruyak
agaq earring with hook-shaped piece to insert inpierced ear # NUN; cf. agaagaqar- to get snagged; to be caught # NUN(A);< aga-qaragar- hanging # postural root; < aga-?- (concerning
the derivation of agar- from aga- compare calla- /callar-); > agangqa-, agaqar-, agarte-, agaussaaq,
agautaq; < PE a!(!)a(3)agarcete- to be listless; be apathetic # agarcetuq ‘heis listless’ / Y; < ?-cete2-67

agarte- — agayumaciq

Bases

agarte- to hang (active) # agartaa ‘he hungit up’ / agarutaa ‘he hung it up for her’;Ciuqlirmi ulligtaruani pia kemgiqtaarluni,
tua-i tangniinani, agarcaaqngani-llu iggluniqa¥gyaurrluni-llu. ‘Her first cut fish was
unevenly cut in the flesh and didn’t look good,and even though she hung it up it fell and got
sandy.’ (ELN 1990:41); < agar-te1agarun skin line to fasten skirt around hatch of
kayak to prevent water from entering # NUN(A)agangqa- to hang (stative); to be hanging #agangqauq ‘it is hanging’; Nuliani-am
pillininauraa, waniwa qamigaquni up’nerkaqupitsaqevkenani tekitenrilkuni atertaukuni,
yaatiinun waten nem qacarneranun qilu
nanilivkenaku agangqauralaasqelluku mermek
imangqerrlainarluku. Imairutlerkaa kellulluku.
. . . Imairut’larciqniluku ellnganrilengraan tayima
mer’aqamegen’gu. ‘He would say to his wife
that, when hunting at sea the coming spring,should he drift away and not arrive home, she
was to always keep a piece of intestine—not a
short piece—filled with water hanging on the sideof their house. . . . He said that at times it would
become empty, even though it was not leaking,when they would drink from it.’ (QUL 2003:59);< agar-ngqaagasuuq cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.) # NS; =agayuuq; from Aleut aa!ayuuX
agaussaaq hanging fringe # Tamakut agaussaat
umyuaqevkalarciqait alerquutenka, . . . ‘Thosefringes will remind you of my commandments,. . .’ (NAAQ. 15:40); < agar-n-?
agautaq* red currant (Ribes triste); clothes hanger;
any hanging thing # < agar-taq1
agayaq a certain fall-time dance festival; messenger
who arrives at a community to announce thisfestival # and agayar- to celebrate certain falltime dance festival # NUN(A)ag’ayaq oval wooden bowl #agayiinraq* cormorant-feather flight stabilizer onarrow shaft (or other cormorant product) #< agayuuq-linraq
agayu traditional mask # Tamakut agayulilri(i)tmurilkervarluki nalluyugnaunaki. Ciumeg
keputerraarluki piyunarikata-llu mellgarameg,
teguyaralegmeg cavigluki elagluku man’a uum
enkaa. ‘I observed the old ones carefully when
they made masks. First they began cutting withan adze, and when it was ready, cut with acarver’s hook with a handle, hollowing it out
for a place for this [the speaker’s face].’ (AGA
1996:98); NUN; cf. agayuagayu- to pray; to worship; to participate in a
religious ceremony; to cross oneself # agayuuq‘he is praying’ / agayutaa ‘he is praying forher’; agayurraarluni ner’uq ‘after crossing
himself he ate’; Elpet atuutamteggen, Elpet
nanraramteggen, Elpet quyavikamteggen,Uaspataq, cali agayuukut Elpenun, Agayutvut
wangkuta. ‘We sing to You; we praise You; wegive thanks to You, oh Lord, and we worship You,
our God.’ (ORT. 2006:25); cf. agayu-, angayu-;< PY a!ayu-; > agayuli-, agayulirta, agayuma-,
agayun, agayuneq, agayussuun, agayuvik,
agayuyar-, Agayuyaraq
agayucir- to say or give a blessing # agayircirtuq ‘hesaid the blessing’ / < agayun2-liragayuli- to sing songs and dance dances ofsupplication during the “Kelek” (’Inviting-In
Feast’) to try induce game to be plentiful; tomake prayers (Y, CAN, NI meaning); to makemasks (old NUN meaning) # Agayuliyararput‘Our way of making prayers’ (the title of the book
AGA 1996); < agayu-liagayulirta clergyman; priest; minister # Agayulirtet
ataput acillruit 1918-aami. Tuaken nutaan
ayagluta kass’atun at’ngellruukut. ‘The ministers
gave our fathers names in 1918. Starting fromthen we’ve been getting names in English.’ (YUU
1995:29); < agayu-lir-ta1
agayuliyar- to go to church; to attend a religious
event # agayuliyartuq ‘he is attending a religious
event’ / < agayu-liyaragayuma- to be devout; to be a Christian #agayumauq ‘he is devout’, ‘he is a Christian’ /Aling, agayumapiallinivakar ciuliamte÷i! ‘Oh my;our ancestors were very devout!’ (YUP 2005:46);< agayu-ma
agayumaciq Christianity # Makut tang maa-i
example-at, taringcetaarutkegtaaraat
niicimayuirulluteng agayumaciq igvallrani
waten qanturillruameng, “Assiilnguuguq
tauna aperyaqunaku.” ‘These examples, thesewonderful metaphors, are no longer heard
because when Christianity arrived, they started
saying, “Do not speak of it, it is a sin.”’ (YUP
2005:158); < agayuma-ciq

68Basesagayumalria Christian # < agayuma-lria
agayumanrilnguq * heathen; gentile # < agayumanrite-nguq
agayun1 medallion worn as a pendant # HBC; <agayu-nAgayun2 God # Ayagniqarraami Agayutem ellarpak
nuna-llu piliaqellruak. ‘In the beginning
God created heaven and earth.’ (AYAG. 1:1);
Agayutem Irniaqestii ‘Mother of God’ (Russian
Orthodox and sometimes Roman Catholic usage);
Agayutem Akqutii Nutaraq ‘the New Testament’;< agayu-n; > agayut’liaq, agayutnguaq
Agayuneq Sunday; week; a week’s time #Agayunermi caliyuitut ‘they don’t work on
Sunday’; Agayunruuq ‘it is Sunday’; agayunrem
akulii ‘weekday’ (NUN(A) usage); < agayu-neq1;> Agayunerpak, agayunerteAgayunerpak Christmas # < agayuneq-rpak;
NUN(A)
agayunerte- for a week’s time to pass #agayunertuq ‘a week passed’ / Agayunerrluni
pingayunek uitallruuq ‘he stayed forthree weeks’; Taum naulluullran kinguani
agayunerteqerluku ellii tupagtuq Qalemaq
yuarluku, tangerrsugngatqapiggluku. ‘After her
illness, right after a week, she woke up missing
Qalemaq, wanting to see her very much.’ (ELN
1990:81); Tua-i agayunerpailgan taukunek ilaluni
yum’inek iqvaryangluni tunumigluku Irr’aq.
‘Before a week had passed, going with her children,
she went to pick berries with Irr’aq on her back.’(ELN 1990:55); < agayuneq-te1agayuqulnguaraq hole in the leading uprightsection at end of keel of boat # NUN(A)agayussuun hymn; hymnal; religious object #agayussuutet yuarutet ‘hymnal’; < agayu-cuun
agayutaq wooden stopper for seal poke # NUN(A)agayut’liaq idol # < Agayun2-liaq
agayutnguaq idol # . . . kuluvagualillruut
suulutaamek, agayuluteng-llu taumun
agayutnguamun . . . ‘. . . they made a golden calf,
and they worshipped that idol . . .’ (PSALM
106:19); < Agayun2-uaq
agayuuq cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.) #agayuliinraat ‘cormorant feathers (as used forarrow fletching on arrow)’; Tauna tuani agayuuq
kuimarluni, angllurluni-gguq iqalluamek
keggmiarluni pugnaurtuq. ‘That cormorant there

agayumalria — age-

was swimming and he dove and would cometo the surface with a arctic cod in its mouth.’(MAR1 2001:3); = agasuuq; > agayiinraq; from
Aleut aa!ayuuX
agayuvik church; place of worship; the Church #Qipnermi Yup’igtun qaneryaraq aturpallularaat
agayuvigmi, qanercetaarvigmi, kipusvigni,
amlleret-llu nem’eggni. ‘In Kipnuk they use the
Yup’ik language in the church, in the court, in thestores, and in many of their homes.’ (KIP 1998:ix);
Caugat arcaqelriit Agayuviim alerquutai? ‘What
are the important commandments of the Church?’(GRA 1951:262); = angayuvik; < agayu-vik
agayuyar- to go to church # agayuyartuq ‘he went
to church’ / < agayu-yarAgayuyaraq celebration held in late February or
early March with masked dancing to request
abundance in the coming season # < agayu-yaraq
agcilir- to inlay a design on (it) # Tua-i-llu cali maa-i
tua-i elatmun cali agciliumalutek. ‘It is also inlaid
with lines going outward.’ (CIU 2005:100);< agciq-liragciq inlaid design # . . . qulmun acitmun-llu
agcingqellinilutek maa-i avatekek. ‘. . . upwards
and downwards it has inlaid designs around it.’
(CIU 2005:102)
agciraraun inlaid design # Ta¥gaam ukut qaralit
ellanguacuaraat agcirarautait tua-i yuut amlleretaturait. ‘But lots of people used the inlaid designsof circles-and-dots.’ (CIU 2005:100); < agciqar(ar)-n
agcirte- to inlay a design on (it) # agcirtaa ‘heis inlaying a design on it’ / agcirciuq ‘he isinlaying a design’; Ukuk waniwa iqmiutaak
ellanguacuarnek agcircimalutek avatekek. ‘This
tobacco box is inlaid with little circle-and dot
designs on its sides.’ (CIU 2005:100); < agciq-?agciun paddle # Piinanermeggni tukuan
qayarkitliniluku agciutmek-llu ayaulluki-llu
kuicuarmun yaaqvaarni. ‘Eventually his hostgave him a kayak and a paddle and took them to asmall creek some distance away.’ (YUU 1993:103);< age-?-nage- to go from one place to another withoutcrossing something extended (river, road, etc.)
in between; for snow to cover it # ag’uq ‘hewent over’; agaa ‘it (the snow) covered it’ or(uncommon) ‘he went over it’ (land area, etc.) /agutaa ‘he took it over (to it or them)’; agutuq

69

agelleq — aglenraraq*

Bases‘he took something over’; ag’uq nem’inekmaurlumi eniinun ‘he went over from his houseto his grandmother’s house’; Kitak, qasgimun
agluten alerquagilrianek niicugniuryartua.
‘Okay now, go over to the kashim and listen to
instructions (about life).’ (YUU 1995:45); “Kitak
tuaken qantaq imirluku qasgimun agulluku
yuraryartua.” . . . Tua-i-am maliggluku maurlumi
pisqellra yuraryartulliniluni akutamek agulluni.
‘“Go ahead, fill the bowl from there, take it overto the qasgiq, and go dance.’” . . . So following
her grandmother’s instructions she went todance taking over some Eskimo ice cream.’ (YUU
1995:11); Uliiret tua-ll’ makut natquigtaqan-llu
agevkarluteng qavatuut. ‘White foxes sleep letting
themselves be covered by the snow drifting overthe ground.’ (PAI 2008:232); cf. agiirte-, ag’ir-; <PE a!0-; > aggsuun, ag’inertu-, agkenge-, agneq,
agnguar-, agqercetaar(aq*), agqertayuli, agqur-,ag’ssuun, agtar-, agviaq, agun, aguun, aguutaq
agelleq white person; Caucasian # NUN(A)agelru- to follow traditional practices associatedwith birth, death, first menstruation, illness, etc.
consisting of abstaining from certain foods andactivities # Taukut nunat yuit agelrusuunatengllu-gguq cang’ermeng, cayuinateng tua-ituquingermeng-llu agelrusuunateng tamaani
tamatum nalliini, uitallinilriit. ‘The people ofthat village never followed traditional abstinence
practices of any sort, didn’t do anything special
even though they had suffered a death they
didn’t follow abstinence rules at that time; they justremained as they had been.’ (MAR1 2001:52); NS;
cf. agler-; < PY a!l03(-)
agenkar- to graze; to slightly touch # of a bullet,
arrow, rock skipped on water, etc.; # agenkaraa‘it grazed him or it’ / agenkautuq ‘it grazed
something’; cf. ageAgeskurpak Venus; the Morning Star #Unuaquani-gguq anluteng piut erenret quliitni
agyarpagtanga’artellinilria Ageskurpagmek.
Cunawa-gguq tua-i ika-i ikavet yuuttangvaurqiitnun upallinilria erenret quliitnun.
Maurlurluan qanruciatun, yuut tamarmeng
unuakumi-llu anelriit takuyarqameng
tangerrlainarluku. ‘The next day they went out
and above where dawn first came they saw alarge new star, the Morning Star. It turned out,
so they say, that she had moved to across there
where people always look above where dawn

first came. As her grandmother had said, allpeople when they go out in the morning, when
they turn and look back, will certainly see her.’(CIU 2005:334); < agyaq-?-rpak
aggetpag- to squirt in an arc in a big way #aggetpagtuq ‘it squirted in a big arc’ / < agtarpag2aggigte- to dance Eskimo-style vigorously andenthusiastically # aggigtuq ‘he is dancing
vigorously’; HBC; cf. assigteaggiyaq axe handle #aggsak light glove # aggsiinka ‘my light gloves’; K;
cf. aigsaaq and aiggaq
aggsuun fishing spear # = ag’ssuun; < ?-cuun
agiirte- to come or approach from the distance# agiirtuq ‘he is approaching’ / ikamraq
agiirtuq kuigem paingan tungiinek ‘the sled isapproaching from the direction of the mouthof the river’; Uterqurainanermegni mat’umek
keglunrungalngurmek pairkengyarturlutek
tumyaratgun agiirtellriamek. ‘While they2 werereturning home they encountered something thatlooked like a wolf approaching on the trail.’ (ELN
1990:89); < PE a!!i3- (under PE a!0-)
ag’inertu- to have long range # of gun, bow, etc.;
ag’inertuuq ‘it has long range’ / elluqutetgun
ag’inertutassiigutleq anglanarquq ‘it’s fun having
contests over how long a range one has with thesling’; < age-?-nertuag’ir- to invite to a feast # ag’irait ‘they invited
them’ / NSU; cf. ageAgissaq Pilot Point # on the Alaska Peninsula
agiyautaq tool used to cut sod to cover the kashim
or used to cut snow blocks #agken from across there # look under agaa(ni)agkenge- to commit gang rape # agkengyaraq ‘gang
rape’; < age-kengeaglenraraq*, aglenrar(aq*), aglenraralria girl who
has recently menstruated for the first time #she is traditionally subject to various restrictions
and also said to have certain powers; . . . a¥gnallu arnangiara¥rluq qanlallrulria, “Tua-i tangmaa-i makut-llu aglenraraat eyaqullunriamengella-llu una assiruskiit. Atataarqu tua-llu
assiirutarkaulria ella yugtuumarmi.” ‘. . . thisolder woman used to say, “Since these pubescent
girls don’t observe traditional abstinence
practices any more they have caused our world
and the people in it to be contaminated and70Basespolluted.”’ (CIU 2005:258); = aglenrraq; < agleqneraq-?, < agler-neraq-a-lria
aglenrraq*, aglenrrar(aq*) girl who has recently
menstruated for the first time # = aglenraraq;< agleq-nrraq
agleq menstruation # and agler- to menstruate# aglertuq ‘she is menstruating’ / Tamaani
ak’a nasaurluut agleqarraaraqata yagcet’lallruit.
Nem’ek anevkayuunaki. Aqumgaurtelluki ilait
ernerni tallimani, ilait-llu yuinarni. ‘Long ago
when girls menstruated for the first time they
had them follow many traditional abstainence
practices. They didn’t let them leave the house.
Some had them stay sitting down for five days,some for twenty.’ (YUU 1995:36); > aglenraraq,
aglenrraq; < PE a!l0(3)aglug- to search through one’s personal belongings;
to rummage # aglugtuq ‘he is rummaging
through things’; aglugaa ‘he is rummaging
through it’ / . . . taquarkameggnek tuamtell’elliviitnek aglugluteng neqautaitnek. ‘. . . next
they rummaged through their (the others’) caches
for food to take with them on the journey.’ (PAI
2008:346); < PE a!lu!agluir- to pass or be connected under the jaw,
as by a chinstrap or string of beads # Ukut
aqlitet agluirucetuumaluteng, tegglipianekllu pimaluteng, cali-wa makut imarmiutaat
tuluyagait. ‘These earrings are connected with afew strings of beads, and there are mink teeth
strung between the beads.’ (CIU 2005:226);< agluq(uq)-ir2-; > agluirun
agluirun string of beads hanging below the
wearer’s jaw connecting a pair of earrings;
chinstrap # Nacarrlutuut nasaurlullraat. Watentua-i ayuqevkenaki tangniriluki, maaggun-llu
aqlit’ruarita nuniitgun agluirucirluki. ‘Girls would
wear dance hats. They were decorated in various
ways, and from the earlobes they had a string ofbeads passing here under the chin.’ (CIU 2005:254);< agluir-naglukaq runner of small kayak sled # NSU; < agluqkaq

aglenrraq* — aglurteqanerpeknak? Aanangqertuten. Aanan
apqaarluku ner’arkauguten . . .” ‘Sometimes
if I helped myself to food because I wanted it
my father would come over to me and take thefood from my hand saying, “Why do you act
like a dog, taking it yourself without asking
permission? You have a mother. You are to eat
only after you ask your mother . . .”’ (YUU
1995:56); Aglumayaqunak nunalgutvet nulirranek.
‘Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife.’(ALER. 5:21); > aglumaneq

aglumaneq covetousness; greed # < agluma-neq2

agluq ridgepole; center beam of a structure #Maaten itertuq tulukaruk, ena man’a, atauciqwa agluq, naparqerri ilait curuqluki. ‘The raven
went in and he observed it was a house and there
was a center beam arched over, and mats.’ (MAR2
2001:25); < PE a!lu3-; > aglukaq, agluquq,
aglurmiut, aglurte-, agluruyak, agluryaq
agluqumtaar(ar)- to shiver so much that one’s jaw
shakes # NUN(A); < agluquq-?-

agluquq jaw; mandible # agluquk jaws; agluqua or
agluqra ‘its jaw’; Yuk-llu nall’arkengkuni allamek
yugmek qerruqatalriamek pinialilriamek,
agluquk-llu keggumalutek. Qerruqatalriitgguq agluquteng kegtuit aitarcesciiganateng,
muragamek ta¥gaam ikugluki aitartaqluki. ‘Ifa person runs into another person who is about
to freeze to death and is very weak, his jaws
will be clenched. People who are freezing todeath clench their jaws and so that they cannot
be opened; only prying with a piece of wood
will open them.’ (YUU 1995:68); . . . cuukviit
agluqrit enqegtut. ‘. . . the jaws of pike are very
sharp (bony).’ (QUL 2003:204); < agluq-quq; < PE
a!luqu3 (under PE a!lu3)
Aglurmiut historic group of Bristol Bay and/or
Alaska Peninsula people; the “Aglegmute” of
19th-century writers # apparently the same as thepresent day (or recent past) speakers of the Egegik(“EG” in this dictionary) dialect; < agluq-miu-plural
aglurte- to be bent; to arc up # Cali
aglurtengyugluteng qayat waten tamakunek
lumarrarnek amilget, assirpek’nateng,assissiyaagpeknateng. ‘Also those canvas
covered kayaks tended to become bent upward,
which isn’t good, not good at all.’ (PAI 2008:316);< agluq-?

agluma- to desire; to covet # aglumauq ‘hecovets something’; aglumaa ‘he covets it’ /Iliini-llu neqmek aglumalua wangnek tegullua
piyaaqaqama atama ullaglua unatemnek
tegularaa neqa, qanerluni, “Ciin atam
qimugtetun pilarcit, elpenek tegulluten,

71

agluruyak — agtur-

Basesskin on (the kayak), they called the ones pullingon (the skin) the skin-stretchers. People would
line up on each side and stretch the skin, pullingit on it so that it would fit there, because the skindidn’t quite reach to the stern. Wanting them pull
it to there, he’d say, “It is time to stretch the skin.
You who want to stretch it, stretch away.”’ (QUL
2003:616); > agqun
agqe-2 to remove the contents of a seal intestine #NUNagqercetaar(aq*) gnat; snow fence # so called
because of a gnat’s flitting motion and because of theintermittent drifting of snow; < age-qar-cetaaq-?
agqertayuli water-strider insect # < age-qar-?-yuli
agqetaaq sling for hunting # HBCagqun one of the two stakes or posts used to holdkayak frame in place while stretching the skinonto it # agqutek ‘the two stakes’; < agqe-n
agqur- to move with one’s possessions from one
house to another; to change one’s residence #agqurtuq ‘he is moving’ / kinguqliqa agqullruuq
aanamegnun ‘my younger sister moved over toour mother’s (house)’; < age-quragsaq star # NS; = agyaq; < PY a!yaq; < ?-yaq
ag’ssuun fishing spear # = aggsuun; < age-cuun
agsumir- to whisper # NS; = agyumir-; < PY
a!yumi3agtar- to spurt or gush out of container in an arc# agtartuq ‘it is gushing out liquid in an arc’;agtaraa ‘it is gushing out liquid at it’ / Aksiikgguq miklirilutek aggetpaggaarluni taq’aqan
miklikaniraqlutek. ‘Everytime he spit out a streamof water his stomach would become smaller.’(KIP 1998:225); < age-?; > aggetpagagtuineq open area in front of brushy or forested
area # cf. agturagtuirtelleq break in the bluffs # . . . iciw’
Naparyarrarmiut kiatiitni imna Unguquutaq,
qemit agtuirtellrat kiani. ‘. . . you know, there’s
this place, Unguquutaq, right above Napakiak,
the place where the bluffs are interrupted backthere.’ (CIU 2005:40); cf. agturagtumyuar- to fondle # agtumyuaraa ‘he is fondlingher or it’/ < agtur-?-yuaragtuqtaar- to play tag # agtuqtaartut ‘they areplaying tag’ / < agtur-qetaaq
agtur- to touch; to come into or be in contact
with# agturtuq ‘he is touching something’;

agluruyak weasel (or ermine) (Mustela sp.) #agluruyiim tumainek tangellruyukluni piuq ‘hethinks he saw weasel tracks’; reported from various
places; < agluq-ruyak
agluryaq rainbow # agluryirtuq ‘there is a rainbow’;. . . qemirraam nallekngalkiini tuarpiaq-gguqtang agluryarpall’er pagna. ‘. . . matching therow of hills it was like an immense rainbow up
there.’ (KIP 1998:239); Amirlungevkaraqamku
ella agluryaq-llu alaitaqan, umyuaqutkelarciqaqa
akqutkellemnun elpenun, ungungssinun-llu
tamaitnun, ulerpagkun piunrinqiggngaunaki.
‘When I cause the sky to be cloudy and when arainbow appears, I will recall my promise to you
not to destroy all living things in a flood again.’(AYAG. 9:14–15); < agluq-yaq; > agluryarraq;< PY a!lu3yaq (under PE a!lu3)
agluryarraq* bow saw # < agluryaq-rraq
agna the one across there # ag’um ‘of the one
across there’; agkut ‘those across there’; extended
demonstrative pronoun; see agaa(ni) or ii(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem. a!agneq a mile’s distance; a small snowbank; a single
stanza of a song; the chorus of repeated nonwords in a song # < age-neq1; > agniuragnguar- to dance non-Native style # literally:‘pretend to go over’; agnguartuq ‘he is dancing’/ agnguarutaa ‘he is dancing with her’;agnguarutuk ‘they2 are dancing with each other’;agnguallgutii ‘his or her dancing partner’; . . .
Maqinermi-llu yuraraqluteng agnguanritaqameng.
‘. . . and on Saturday they had Eskimo dances
when they didn’t have a disco.’ (YUP 1996:54);< age-uaq
agniur- to direct dance motions in an Eskimo danceby moving one’s body to the words and rhythm# < agneq-liur-; > agniurta
agniurta dance director in Eskimo dance # < agniurta1
agqe-1 to stretch the skin over the frame of a kayak# Waten amiit ac’etaqatki cipegtaartet agqeste÷ek
pitullruit. Tua-i imna amia cipegtaarluku
kinguqliqluteng waten yuut, wagg’uq agqelluku,
ngelqayagucet’engnaqtuat nurusngarrlulaata
yaavet at’ellerkameggnun, iquanun waten
tutellriamun, kagaluanun. Taumun-am tua-icipegtaaresqelluku pilliniuq, “Agqenariuq,
agqessulriit agqelluteng!” ‘When they put the72Basesagturaa ‘he is touching it’ / agtuutuk ‘they2 aretouching each other’; kaminiaq uuqnarqellria
agturyaqunaku! ‘don’t touch the hot stove!’;
agtuq’ayunaituq ‘it is tender to the touch’;
Waniwa-llu cami qavaqatarmiuq, tuunrilriit
iliita unani waniwa qavaqatanrakun agtullagluku
cegg’aqercelluku qavarkairrluni tua-i. ‘When
he was about to fall asleep one of the shamansfrom down below accidentally ran into him
causing him to wake up fully, and not sleep.’(MAR2 2001:21); Allanun-qaa agturavkarlartuten
agtumarqenricaaqellriakun? Allat-qaa agturlaraten
agtumarqenricaaqellriakun? ‘Do you let others
touch you where one ought not touch? Do you
touch others where one ought not touch? (CAT1950:79); angutem agtuqsailkii ‘virgin’ (in Bible
translations); > agtumyuar-, agtuq’ayunaite-,
agtuqtaar-; cf. agtuineq, agturtelleq< PE a!tu3agu, agu’u don’t!, no! exclamatory particle, agu,
ayanqigteqeryaqunak! ‘don’t ever leave again!’= angu; > agurrluk
aguagte- to be insistent; to insist # aguagtuq‘he is insistent’ / aguagulluku ayaasqaa ‘heinsists that she leave’; Elliin-llu maliksugluku
piluni aguaggluni, tua-i niitelngulliami tua-imaligucesqelluku. ‘She also wanted to gowith him and insisted on it, and so perhaps
because he was tired of hearing it, he told her
to come along.’ (ELN 1990:58); Nasaurluq
tauna aguagcaaqerraarluni anluni ce÷ami
utaqayarturluni. ‘That girl, after insisting to noavail, went down to wait on the shore.’ (YUU
1995:104)
agugar- to come off; to remove; to take away #agugartuq ‘it came off’; agugaraa ‘he removed it’/ NUN; = a¥g’aragun1 open canoe # Y; = aguun, aguutaq; < age-n
agun2 one of the strips of calfskin connecting thefront and back of a traditional Yup’ik “qaliq”
parka worn on Nelson Island or in the tundra
area # < ?-nag’ur(ar)- to cough persistently # ag’urtuq ‘he keeps
coughing’ / ag’urallruunga ‘I kept on coughing’;< age-ur(ar)-; > ag’uryaraq
ag’urayuli comet # < age-ur(ar)-yuli
agurrluk not ever; never # adverbial particle
used with prohibitions for emphasis; Man’aelpeci nasaurlurni umyuaquralarniarci,
assiitellriakun-llu qingaqeryaqunaci agurrluk

agu — agyaraq1

watqapiar. Elpeci-ll’ tan’gaurlurni agurrlugmek
tuatnaqeryaqunaci. ‘You girls, always consider,
don’t get pregnant through bad actions, never!
You boys don’t act like that, ever! (KIP 1998:121);
Qaillun ayuqengraan agurrluk . . . umyuartek
uqamaiteqercecaaqunategu. ‘No matter what it’s
like, don’t ever . . . burden your minds worrying
about him.’ (ELL 1997:336)
ag’uryaraq whooping cough # < ag’ur(ar)-yaraq
aguumaq basket made from willow roots #aguumiuq ‘she is weaving a basket’; < PE
a!u(C)umma3
aguumar(aq*) bank swallow (Riparia riparia) #aguun, aguutaq open canoe # Caqerlutek-gguq
aguuterlutek asgurtuk Anyarakun. ‘Once the twoof them went up the Aniak River by open canoe.’(YUU 1995:13); K; < age-ur-n, age-ur-taq1
agviaq tunnel entrance to men’s communal house(qasgiq) # < age-vik-aq2
agyaaq glove # HBC; = aisgaaq, aigsaaq, aasgaaq;< PE a9!a(C)a3 (under PE a9!a(3))
agyake- to be attracted to (a young woman) #Nasaurluq una yun’erraraam umyuamikun
agyak’ngaqamiu, tua-iwa assikengaqamiu, maa-i
makunek iqugmiutarnek, yaaruitekaanek-llu
kenugqurluki payugtaqluku. ‘When a young
man became attracted and captivated by a young
woman, he would start wooing her by giving her
carefully made bag fasteners and story knives.’(CIU 2005:236); cf. agyaurAgyalluk North Star; Polaris # < agyaq-llukagyaq star; club (in playing cards) # Tuani unugmi
pagkut agyarugaat piurtellruut tulukaruum
tanglurluni tumellri, ellakun ayallermini. ‘Atthat time during the night all those stars acrossthe sky up there came into being, which are theraven’s snowshoe tracks as he traveled acrossthe heavens.’ (YUU 1995:86); Unuakum Agyartaa‘Venus; the Morning Star’; agyaq aruvilria‘comet’ (literally: ‘smoking star’); agyam anaa
‘meteor; puffball’ (Lycoperdon sp.) (literally: ‘star’s
feces’; meteors are traditionally said to turn into
puffballs when they land); = agsaq; < PY a!yaq;< ?-yaq; > agyam anaa, Agyalluk, Agyarpak,
Agyarrlak, agyaruaq, Ageskurpak, Unuakum
Agyartaa
agyaraq1 tunnel entrance to semi-subterraneanhouse or kashim # NS; < age-yaraq

73

agyaraq2 — aipaa

Basesagyaraq2 boat rib support # NUN
Agyarrlak North Star; Polaris # < agyaq-rrlak
Agyarpak Venus; the Morning Star # < agyaq-pak
agyaruaq starfish # perhaps a calque on
English’starfish’; < agyaq-uaq
agyaur- to desire; to hover over (it) wanting to have(it) # agyaurtuq ‘it is hovering over something’;
agyauraa ‘it is hovering over it wanting it’ /naruyaq agyaurtuq neqmek ‘the gull is hoveringover the fish’; cf. agyake-; < PE a!yu3agyuk gift exchange partner from the opposite
village during the Messenger Feast (Kevgaq)# Kevgilallruut. Wiinga agyungqeqallrunritua.
Amaqliqa ta¥gaam a¥gna agyungqerturatullruuq.
Kinguqliqa-llu cali . . . Aturaqegtaarnek
ac’etaqluku curukaraqameng.’They celebrated
the Messenger Feast. I never had a gift exchange
partner. My older brother, however, always had agift exchange partner. And my younger sibling too. . . She’d receive a complete set of new garments
during the challenge ceremony.’ (CIU 2005:378)
agyimcaar(ar)-, agyimciar(ar)- to whisper #agyimcaartuq ‘he is whispering’ / agyimaarautaa‘he is whispering to him’; Ciuqlikacaaraata
Qalemam pia, agyimcaarluni, “Elnguuq, kitak ata
aturpakalriaten nepengyarceskevkut tang.” ‘Her
older sister, Qalemaq, said to her in a whisper,“Elnguq, because you were singing so much
we attracted the animals.”’ (ELN 1990:19); =agyumciar(ar)-; < PY a!yumi3agyumciar(ar)- to whisper # = agyimciar(ar)-;< PY a!yumi3agyumir- to whisper # = agsumir-; < PY a!yumi3ai1 what did you say?; say it again! # exclamatory
particleai2 spouse’s sibling of same sex as self (or his/her
spouse); same-sex sibling’s spouse; cousin’s
spouse; spouse’s cousin (or his/her spouse) #< PE a!i
aiggacungar- to shake hands with # aiggacungaraa‘he is shaking hands with him’ / Aren, taingan
tua-i aiggacungarluku pillinia, panini-ll’ pakemna
qayagaurluku qullirmetlinian, atraasqelluku.
‘Well, when he came forward, he shook his hand
and told his daughter, who was upstairs, to comedown.’ (QUL 2003:394); < aiggaq-cungaq
aiggacungite- to shake hands # aiggacungituq ‘heis shaking hands with someone’; aiggacungitaa‘he is shaking hands with him’ / aiggacungituk‘they2 are shaking hands’; < aiggaq-cungaq-li2te5aiggae hand; seal flipper # NS; = aiggaq
aiggaq hand # plural also for one pair of hands:
aigganka (as well as aiggagka) ‘my hands’;
Qep’sutairraarluku teguluku yugsaulluku, aiggai
ciimaam qainganun elliluki kaugtualliniluki
ciimarmek allamek, nanrit qagerrluki. ‘Afterthey took off his waistband, in mass they tookhold of him, placed his hands on top of the big
stone and beat them with another stone, breaking
their bones.’ (MAR1 2001:69); = aaggaq, aiggae;
Y, HBC, NR, LI, EG; < PE a9!a and a9!a!;> aiggacungar-, aiggacungite-, aiggaqtaaq,
aiggaruaq

aiggaqtaaq decorated ceremonial glove # =aaggaqtaaq; < aiggaq-qetaaq

aiggar- to dig # aiggartuq ‘he is digging’; aiggaraa‘he is digging it’ / NSU; > aiggaun
aiggaruaq seal-calling stick # shaped like a hand,scratched on the ice to attract seals; < aiggaq-uaq
aiggan seal-calling stick #aiggaun shovel # NSU; < aiggar-n

aigge- to dig # NSK; > aikcaar(ar)aiggsak light inner glove # K

aigsaaq, aigyaaq glove # = aisgaaq, agyaaq,
aasgaaq; < PE a9!a(C)a3 (under PE a9!a(3))

aikcaar(ar)- to dig as best as one can with thehands # Tua-i-am unukataan qanikcaq pakillia,
pakigluku wanirpak, aikcaarluku tamatumek
ayaruminek ciqumqelluku. ‘When night was
about to fall, he pulled away the snow, and after
pulling it away he dug up her hiking stick by handusing it to chip it [the ice].’ (MAR2 2001:62);< aigge-kcaar(ar)aipaa, aipaat the second # the first form givenfunctions as an appositive while the second, alternate,
form functions as a selectional word: Alerquun
aipaa uunguuq: ‘The second commandment is
this:’ (GRA 1951:230); Alerquutet aipaat: ‘The
second commandment:’ (LIT 1972:20 & YUA
1945:41); aipaa . . . aipaa-(llu) ‘the one . . . (and)the other’ or ‘both . . . and’; . . . aipaa peggluku
aipaa tuguluku. ‘. . . letting go of one, taking theother.’ (PAI 2009:180); Aipaa-gguq asaurutmek
piluni, aipaa-llu-gguq anguarutmek. ‘One did it[pushed the boat] with a pole, and the other with74Basesaipaagni — airraq

aipaqellriik, aipaqelriik married couple # Tuamtallu-gguq aipaqelriik ukuk kenkucugpek’natek
pikagnek, apqiitnek qenrucukagnek,
nallunriqunikek cal’ tua ullaglukek eniignun
iterluni qanrullukek tuaten ayuqesqevkenakek.
‘And when he became aware that a couple washaving problems and constantly getting angry
at each other, he would go into their house andadivse not to be like that.’ (QUL 2003:550)
aiparnaarraq, aiparniarraq, aiparnirraq,
aiparnatugaq, aiparnikek’ngaq friend; partner;
one with whom one enjoys doing things # <aipaq-?-rraq, aipaq-?-rraq, aipaq-?-rraq, aipaq-?,
aipaq-nike-kengaq
aiparnike- to like (him) as a friend # aiparnikaa ‘helikes him as a friend’ / < aipaq-nikeaipir- to pair with; to become a partner orcompanion of # aipiraa ‘he joined with him,
kept him company, hung around with him, etc.’(literally: ‘he provided him with a partner — in
the person of himself’; cf. eyir-); ‘he added asecond to it’ / aipirnga ‘stay or come with me’ /Tua-ll’ tua-i qavarraarluku tupiin waniwa tukuan
uum qantamek payugtellinia uimi qantaanek
aipirluku. ‘And when he awoke after he slept his
host brought him a dish along with her husband’s
dish.’ (QUL 2003:534)/ < aipaq-ir1-; > aipiriaipiri- to repeat for the second time. aipiriuq ‘heis repeating his action’ / aipiriluni itertauguq‘for a second time he is in jail’; Aipiriluni
migpallartelliniuq maaken akertem pit’ellran
tunglirneranek. ‘For a second time there was a big
thud from where the sun rises.’ (YUU 1995:5);< aipir-i2Aipirin Tuesday # tangerciqamken Aipiritmi ‘I’ll
see you on Tuesday’; unuamek Aipiritnguuq‘today is Tuesday’; < aipaq-irin
airraq string used in telling stories or making
cat’s-cradle figures # and airrar- to tell string
stories # airrartuq ‘he is telling string stories’/ airrautaa ‘he is telling string stories toher’; Yuurqerinanragni-ll’ angayuqaagteng
taukut irniakek airrangluteng. Ellii cali ilamini
mikenruami irr’iluki, airralriit piciatun
pilillratni. Tua-i-llu-am naspaayugluni ellii
qiangluni. . . . Tunngatgu ta¥gaam tauna airraq
taqluni qianermek. Tua-i-llu airraneq nalluamiu
cacirkaunani tegumiaqluku tauna airraullininilria.
‘While their parents were having tea the children

a paddle.’ (CIU 2005:230); Ekuagaqluku aipaa
unuakumi aipaa-llu atakumi. ‘Thek burned it
both in the morning and in the evening.’ (ANUC.
29:39); < aipaq-possessed ending
aipaagni on the other hand; maybe # adverbial
particle; aipaagni ayagngaitua ‘maybe I won’t
go’; una tang petugluku piu, aipaagni kaviarem
qistellriim keggellruyugnarqaa ‘tie this one up,
for maybe a rabid fox has bit it’; Aturangqerrluta
Yup’igtarrlainarnek pilugungqerrluta,
ivrucingqerrluta-llu. Yup’igtarrlainarnek
sap’akirtaunani-ll’ enurnapiarluteng. 1937-aami
aipaagni nutaan sap’akinek tangellruyugnarqua
tamaani. ‘We only had native Yup’ik garments;
we had skin-boots and gut wading boots. Only
Yup’ik things, no leather shoes. They were
hard to come by. It was 1937 — maybe — when
I probably [first] saw leather shoes.’ (KIP
1998:105); < aipaq-dual localis
aipaineq widow; widower # Yuugai aipainertaat
aturani kegginani-llu capkucirluku . . . ‘She took
off her widow’s garb and removed the veil fromher face . . .’ (AYAG. 38:14); < aipaq-ite1-neq1
aipai(t) counterparts; non-Natives; white people# this is a very innovative (and rather anomolous)construction; Tua-llu makut qatellriit aipaiput
tan’gaurluum ilii nasaurluum-llu ilii assirluni
calilria calisteksuumilaraat, . . . . ‘And thesewhite people, our counterparts, really like tokeep in their employment some boy or girl who
is a good worker, . . . .’ (YUP 2005:72)’; Ukut
aipaimta kass’artamta . . . alaitarkaurcetliniluku
maa-i makunun waten quyurrluteng. ‘These
counterparts of ours, these white people of ours
. . . do make it possible for us to see these thingsgathered together like this.’ (CIU 2005:402);
Man’a atuqengarput tua-i eyagkun ta¥gaam
aturyarauguq tamalkurmi. Makut-llu taqellrat
aipaimta tua-i. ‘This mode of use, following
certain restrictions, is the way with everything.
This includes those things our [non-Native]
counterparts have made.’ (YUP 1995:260); < aipaqpossessed ending (to be followed by further endings)
aipaq partner; companion; mate; spouse; other of
two # cap’akima aipaa tamaraqa ‘I lost my othershoe (of the pair); aipan nauwa? ‘where is your
spouse?’; = aapaq; > aipaa, aipaagni, aipai(t),aipaineq, aipaqellriik; aiparnaarraq, aiparnike-,
aipir-, Aipirin; < PE a(C)ippa3

75

aisgaaq — akag-Basesbegan to tell string-stories. She also, because she
was smaller than the others, gazed at them while
they were making various string-story figures.
And, wanting to try she began to cry. . . .
When they gave her the story-string only thendid she stop crying. And so, because she didn’tknow how to use a story-string she just held whatevidently was the story-string in her hand.’ (ELN
1990:5); = aarraq, ayarr’aq; < PE aya3a3a3
aisgaaq glove # Y; = aigsaaq, agyaaq, aasgaaq; < PE
a9!a(C)a3 (under PE a9!a(3))
aitangqa- to be gaping open; to be open mouthed #aitangqauq ‘it is gaping open’ / < aitar-ngqaaitaqci- to yawn # LI; < aitar-?
aitar- gaping open; having an open mouth # posturalroot; aitarmi qavartuq ‘he is sleeping with hismouth open’; = aatar-; > aitangqa-, aitarte-,
aitaqci-, aitarun, aitaur-; cf. aivkar-; < PE a!itta3-;
cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (19)aitarte- to gape open; to open one’s mouth #aitartuq ‘it gaped open’; aitartaa ‘he spread it
open’ / aitarten ‘open your mouth’; Ciugarrluni
mikelnguaraq, ciutegni ngell’eklukek
qanirluni kegguterrlainaq, aitarrluni apa’urluni
tangerqallia. ‘Looking upwards the little child,having a mouth extending from ear to ear,
all teeth, opened his mouth and looked at his
grandfather.’ (MAR1 2001:10); < aitar-te2aitarun wedge # < aitarte-n
aitaupag- to yawn a big yawn # aitaupagtuq ‘heyawned a big yawn’ / < aitaur-pag2aitaupayagaq* nestling # so called because of theirwide-open mouths; Maaten uyangtuq unglunun
ukut qanerrlainaat aitarmeng aitaupayagaat.
‘When she peaked into the nest there were
nestlings –– all mouth –– there with mouths
gaping open.’ (ELN 1996:24); < aitaur-payagaq
aitaur- to yawn # aitaurtuq ‘he yawned’ / < aitarur-; > aitaupag-, aitaupayagaq
aivagun wedge # = aavagun; < ?-n; cf. aivkaraiviqaq sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) # EGaivkar- to develop a gap; to split off (of sea ice);
to pull away from something creating a gap #aivkartuq or aivkaraa ‘it is developing cracks’ /aivkartaa ‘he pulled it away creating an opening’;
Tua-i tamana qayaqa aivkanglliniami mermek
imangyaaqelriim anagutenrituq. ‘Because my
kayak began to develop cracks, even though it was

filling with water, it wasn’t out of control (KIP
1998:19); Aren, piqainanrani cam iliini ce÷aq
man’ aivkaqertetuami, un’a unanelnginanrani
imna tan’gaurlucuar, ce÷aq man’a tua-i kiatmun
aitartelliniuq-am tua-i qaillun tagyunairulluni.
‘Will, since the ice splits off on occasion, ice on
the shore split while the little boy was down
there, and there was no way to get back on land.’(QUL 2003:682); . . . ingelret pa¥gkut keluatnun
aivkarrluku, yuut pekcararkaat pivkenaku. ‘. . .
moving the benches back from where the traffic
goes.’ (CIU 2005:394); < ?-vkar-; cf. aivagun, aitaraiygaaq glove # HBC; = aigsaaq, agyaaq, aasgaaq;< PE a9!a(C)a3 (under PE a9!a(3))
ak’a past; a long time; already # adverbial particle;
ak’a igallruaqa ‘I already wrote to him’; ak’arpak
or ak’anurpak ‘a very long time’; Unuakumi
tupiimi mak’arrluni maaten piuq aanii kiimi
ak’a maktellrullinilria. ‘In the morning when she
woke up she sat up and noticed that her motheralone had already gotten up.’ (ELN 1990:15); ak’a
imumi, ak’a avani or ak’a tamaani a long time ago;
# ak’a nerellruunga ‘I already ate’; Ak’a tamaanigguq anuurluqellriik uitalliuk imarpiim ce÷iini.
‘A long time ago, they say, a grandmother andgrandson lived at the shore of the sea.’ (UNP1);> ak’allaq, ak’ami’i, ak’anek, ak’ani-, ak’anun,
akauraurte-, akaurte-; < PE akka
akaa ouch! exclamatory particle used when one is insudden pain, or in reaction to an excess of anything;= ak’atak, akekataki; < PE aka(a) and ak0ka
akacag- to have an accident; to overturn accidentallyin a land vehicle, plane on the ground or boat
# akacagtuq ‘he or it overturned’ / kinguqliqa
akacagtuq ingrimek atrallermini ‘my brotherhad an accident when he was coming down themountain’; < akag-?
akacakayak surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata);
white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca) # BB, K;
Kiagmi-gguq Kaugutem nalliini, wall’u Ingutem
nalliini akacakayiit ingtelalriit unani, . . . ‘Insummer, they say, around June or July the scotersmoult down river, . . .’ (KIP 1998:141); < akacagkayagakag- to roll; to be on skid row (NUN additional
meaning) # akagtuq ‘it is rolling’ / akagtaa ‘heis rolling it along, rolling it up, rolling it into
a ball, shaping it into a cylinder’; akagesgu
qilagkaq ‘roll up the yarn’; Elliin assigtami

76

Basesterr’a patuniaranerminiu pengumek tangrrami
tungiinun ayagluni iqvara’arluni tekicamiu
qacarneranek mayutmun iqvarluni, kangra
tekicamiu assigtani pelatuuminek paturraarluku
cingiminek-llu qillruqaarluku inarrluni
tangvaurarraarluku qilak, yaqulecuaraatllu kauturyaraullinilriit tengaulriit cali-llu
amirlurraat irr’irraarluki nutaan cinglerluku
acini, akagluni cikmirmi, tua-i-llu tuc’ami
pengum terr’anun uilluni pagna qilak
tangerrluku, tuarpiaq tamana nuna uivaalria,
ilua-llu cali qungvagyualuni. ‘When she wasabout to cover the bottom of her container
with berries, she saw a hill, and went toward
it picking berries on the way, and when she
reached it she picked berries working her way up
the hillside, and then when she reached the top,
after covering her container with her scarf andtying it with her laces, she lay down and after
watching the sky for a while she saw little birds,
swallows evidently, flying, and after gazing at
some little clouds too, she pushed off from thearea beneath her body and rolled downhill witheyes closed, and when she landed at the bottomof the hill she opened her eyes and saw the sky
up there — it was like the world was spinningaround and her insides became all queasy.’ (ELN
1990:27); > akacag-, akacakayak, akagarcailkun,
akagcuun, akagenqegg-, akagtaq, akaguar-,akagun, akagutaq, akagyailkun, akagyaralek,akakcukuaq, akakupak, akalria, akangluaryuk,
akatrur-; < PE ak9a!akagarcailkun, akagarcailkutaq spear guard;
harpoon rest # literally: ‘device to prevent rolling(away)’; < akag-a(ar)te1-yailkutaq
akagcuun rolling device; wheel; car; axle # < akagcuun
akagenqegg- to be circular; to be spherical; to beround # akagenqegtuq ‘it is round’ / iingqertuq
akagenqellriignek ‘he has round eyes’; < akagnqeggakagenqellria circle; sphere # < akagenqegg-lria
akagtaq dough # literally: ‘one that has been rolled’;akagciuq ‘he is making dough’; Y, NS < akag-te2aq1
Akaguagaankaaq a certain legendary hero of a
traditional story # < akaguar-?
akaguar- to roll around on the ground (or any
surface) # akaguartuq ‘he or it is rollingakagarcailkun — akakupak

around on the ground’ / Tass’uqlutek
agkilik qasgim ciqitainun, tekicamegneki-llu
akaguarlutek. Carayagmek-gguq tangellrettuaten akaguanritaqameng ciqitarni, naulluutmek
ciunermeggnun tekiutetuut naulluuvkarluki.
‘Hand in hand they2 went to the dumping areaof the men’s communal house, and when theyreached it they rolled around. It is said that those
who have seen ghosts, if they don’t roll around in
the dump, they will bring illness to their people
they come in contact with and make them ill.’(YUU 1995:7); < akag-uaq
akagutaq automobile; car # BB; < akag-te2-taq1
akagyailkun, akagyailkutaq something to preventrolling; ivory or bone device on kayak toprevent weapon from falling overboard # Calillu pelatekani inglengqessuite¥rlullruameng
apqiitnek aciliurqameng acilitullruut pelatekam
tua-i man’a iqua akitmek-gguq wa-gguq
elliviknauraat muragmek iquugken’gun waten
muriit kapulluki akagyailkucirluki. ‘And because
the dear people didn’t have any actual beds inthe tents, when they prepared a bed, they would
place a log, which they called akin, right along
the edges and put in a wooden spike on each end
to keep it from rolling. (QUL 2003: 590); < akagyailkutaq
akagyaralek all-terrain vehicle # NUN; < akagyaraq-lek
akakcukuaq biscuit; muffin # Y; < akag-cuk-uaq
akakiik broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) #Akakiiget kumlanruluteng neryunarqelartut.
‘Frozen whitefish are delicious.’ (YUP 1996:41);
LK, BB, CAN; < akag-?
ak’akika so far away!; so many!; so much! #exclamatory particle; ak’akika-wa picaaqelriakuk‘boy, we2 sure caught a lot!’; Anluni qer’amegni
uggluni tegulukek kamguuk, avatni
nallunguarturluni kiartellia, ak’akika yuut makut
avatiigni palungqalriit. ‘Going outside, she got
up on their fish rack and took his boots down
and pretending that she didn’t know what wasgoing on she looked around, and saw those oh, somany people lying on their bellies all around her.’(MAR1 2001:7); < ?-kika
akakupak small hard, round piece of feces # humanor animal; Iqmigyaaqelriim, iqmii pakemkut qaill’
piameng qatlinaipakartat? . . . Qaillukuarluni
tua piinanermini, anerneni nucukii,

77

ak’allaq — akauraurte-

Bases
ak’ani- to take a long time; to let a long time elapse# ak’aniuq ‘he is taking a long time’; ak’ania‘he is taking a long time at it’ / used mostly inthe negative as in, ak’anivkenani ‘(he) not taking
a long time’, ‘shortly’; Ak’anivkenani kiarrluku
tangllinia, kangalria qungut nuniitni. ‘It did nottake him long to spot him when he looked around;he saw him walking around the gravesites.’(YUU 1995:4); < ak’a-neq1-i3akanquq knot in wood # = akquq; < ?-quq
ak’anun for a long time # past or future; adverbial
particle; ak’anun ayaumauq ‘he’s been gone fora long time’; ak’anun maanciiquq ‘he will behere for a long time’; Ak’anun ayagpek’natek cali
allamek taqukamek tanglliniuk neryalriamek.
‘Without traveling long they2 saw yet anotherbear grazing on berries.’ (YUU 1995:13); < ak’aterminalis; > ak’anurrliak’anurrli- to take a long time; to let a long time
elapse # ak’anurrliuq ‘he is taking a long time’;ak’anurrlia ‘he is taking a long time at it’ / usedmostly (only?) in the negative as in, Tua-i-llu tua-iak’anurrlivkenani tauna nukalpiartam arnaa
itertuq. Tauna-gguq tua-i tutgara’urlua aqvaa.
Waniwa-gguq arenqiataa tauna qetunraagnek
piyugaa cakneq. Tua-i maurlurluan imum pia,
“Kitak, tua-i qunukumanrituq anusgu tua-i.”
Tua-i-llu anulluku tayima tua-i. Ak’anurrlivkenani. . . maurlurluni ullagaa. ‘And so without a longtime elapsing that mother of the young man camein. She had come for the granddaughter. He (herson) wanted her very much. The grandmothersaid, “Go ahead and take her with you as they
aren’t too possessive of her.” And so he took herout. Not long later the granddaughter went overto her grandmother.’ (MAR2 2001:107);< ak’anun-rrluk-i3ak’arpak forever; since very long ago # particle;< ak’a-rpakak’atak ouch! exclamatory particle used when one is insudden pain, or in reaction to an excess of anything; =akaa, akekataki; < PE aka(a) and ak0ka
akatrur- to capsize # akatrurtuq ‘he or it capsized’ /< akag-?
akauraurte- for some time to pass; to take along time # akauraurtuq ‘some time passed’;akauraurtaa ‘he took a long time (doing it)’/ . . . tua-i-llu kuigmun tekicameng nunakun
uatmurrluteng akauraurrluku-llu tekilluteng

anarninaqngapakarta! Maaten-am murilkelluni
pilliniuq tutgarayagii tauna anallrulliuq
akakupayaarnek. Iqmiksukluki akakupayagaan
iliitnek iqmillinilria. ‘She chewed alright, but
why was the wad in her mouth so pungent?
. . . She worked on it and when she inhaled,
why did it smell like feces? She started looking
around and noticed that her grandchild hadbowel movements that consisted of round andhard feces. She had put one of his little feces in her
mouth thinking it was chewing tobacco.’ (QUL
2003:588): < akag-qupak
ak’allaq old thing; thing of the past # angyaqa
ak’allaq assiituq ‘my old boat is bad’;ikamrangqertukut ak’allarmek ‘we have an old
sled’; ak’allaat aturki ‘use the old ones’; < ak’allaq; > ak’allar(aq), ak’allau-, ak’allaurteak’allar(aq*) old person # Tua-i yuullerput man’acamek kepqutairucan Kass’atun, apqiitnek
maa-i makut ak’allaraat ilaita, yuurrluteng. ‘Our
lifestyle now, since it doesn’t lack anything, well,they now live like white people according to the
pronouncements of some of the old people.’ (QUL
2003:6); < ak’allaq
ak’allau- to be old # not of humans; ak’allauguq ‘it isold’ / < ak’allaq-uak’allaurte- to become old # not of humans;
ak’allaurtuq ‘it has gotten old’ / Ta¥gaam
qanerluni qimugteteng ak’allaurcata quyaniluni
ukunek Pilim qimugkauyarainek . . . ‘However,he said that because their dogs had gotten old he
was thankful for Pili’s pups . . .’ (ELN 1990:62);< ak’allaq-urteakalria wheel; roller; rolling things; automobile(K additional meaning); fish wheel (Y additional
meaning) # akalriaqa cukaituq ‘my car is slow’;< akag-lria
ak’am again # particle; NUN; < ak’a-?
ak’ami’i that’s all; the end # exclamatory particle usedin telling stories; NSU; < ak’a-?
ak’anek for the first time in a long time; since longago # inflected form functioning as an adverbial
particle; ak’anek tangrramken ‘I’m seeing you
now again since long ago’; nunatai ilani ak’anek
tangeqsailamiki ‘he is visiting his relatives
because he hasn’t seen them in a long time’;< ak’a-ablative-modalisakangluaryuk pancake ice; rounded sheet offloating ice that can tip # < akag-?-yuk78

Basesnanvam kuiganun. . . . ‘and when they reached
the river they went downriver on the land after
taking some time, and then they got to the lake’s
outlet stream.’ (ELN 1990:70) / < ak’a-ur(ar)urteakaurte- to have been a long time ago; to be longpast # akaurtuq pek’ngucia ‘it’s been a long timesince he started walking’; Tua-i tuqu’urqatartua,tuquyaucilqa akaurtuq. ‘I am going to go ahead
and die. The time I should have died is long past.’(QUL 2003:116); < ak’a-urteakcaniq handmade net float #akekataki, akeka ouch! # exclamatory particle used
when one is in sudden pain, or in reaction to an excess
of anything; = akaa, ak’atakakemkumiu distant outsider; one from a place
separated from here by some natural barrieror topographic feature like outside of Alaska #akemkumiumek elitnauristengqertua ‘I have ateacher from outside Alaska’; < akemna-miu
akemna the one across # obscured demonstrative
pronoun; ak’mum ‘of the one across’; akemkut‘the ones across’; see akma(ni), the corresponding
demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; > akemkumiu; < PE dem. ak0m
akengqupagaq round pod # Tua-i-llu qaqicata
nutaan, ayunek imkunek makunek — ayut iciw’akengkupagangqellriit — tamakunek qengait
imiqaqluku, . . . ‘After they [the seals] werereadied, those Labrador tea plants here — youknow how Labrador tea has those round pods —they would fill their noses with those, . . .’ (PAI
2008:74)
akeq barb; stair; rung of ladder # used for stairbecause the notches on a ladder made from a log
resemble the barbs of hooks or spears; Tua-i atraamek
tuavet pe÷am waten kanallranun uyangtelliniuq
akret makut acitmun kan’a-w-gguq iquatni waten
tua-i tuss’ararraq angevkenani kana-i. . . . Aren,
tauna tua-i imna tuss’ararraq tekicamiu kanani
tua akret iquatni kelutmun takuyalliniuq ukut
wani ikirtuqarrraat, tupigaaraat tua-i maani
qacarnermi. ‘When they go to the edge of thecliff, she looked down and saw a ladder going
down, and one step that wasn’t very big at thefoot of the ladder. . . . Well, when she reached thesingle step down there at the end of the ladder,she looked toward the bank side and noticed
a small door or woven grass on the side of theakaurte- — akervak

cliff.’ (QUL 2003:220); cf. akquq; < PE ak03
akeqnerrlugte- to threaten # akeqnerrlugtuq ‘hethreatened’; akeqnerrlugtaa ‘he threatened him’
/ akeqnerrlugcaqunaku ‘don’t threaten him’;< akqe-nerrlugteakeqnerrlugun threat # Waten-llu kinguqliput
makut piarkaqenrilkeput wall’u ciuqliput, ciutait
imirluki akeqnerrlugutmek. ‘And, we fill the earsof those who are younger than us and whom weought not to trouble, or our elders, with threats.’(ELL 1997:22); < akeqnerrlugte-n
akeqniaq debt; promised thing # < akqe-ni-aq1;> akeqniarvik
akeqniarvik creditor # < akeqniaq-vik
akercir- to be sunny # akercirtuq ‘it is sunny’ /Unuaquani ellii makcarturtuq yaqulecuaraat
qalrialriit, uituq akercirluni, anuqa-llu tayima.
‘The next day as she was stirring from her sleep
she heard little birds singing when she opened
her eyes, the sun was shining, and the wind wasgone.’ (ELN 1990:42); < akerta-ir1akerkari- to warm oneself in the sun # Tuaniaqumgauralliuq tuani akerkariluni. ‘He kept
sitting there warming himself in the sunlight.’(MAR2 2001:52); NS; cf. akerta
akerta sun # akerta kingyartuq ‘the sun is looking
back over its shoulder’ said when sunlight
breaks through the clouds or the sun appears rightbefore sunset after an overcast day; Tupalliniuq
tuan’ maktelliniuq erqaarallinilria, akerta yaa-i
pug’qatarallinil’. ‘He woke up in the early dawn,
and the sun was just beginning to appear on thehorizon.’ (AGA 1996:206); akerta aqumuq ‘the sunsits low (in the sky, even at mid-day; meaningthat it is around the time of the winter solstice)’;akerta nalauq ‘there is an eclipse of the sun’;akertem ayarua ‘sun column’ (a meteorologicalphenomenon caused by ice crystals in the air;
literally: ‘the sun’s walking-stick’); Akertem
aciarmiu ‘African-American, black person; Negro’(literally: ‘one who dwells beneath the sun’; this isgrammatically an anomalous construction); Y, NSK,
HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; > akercir-, akervak
akervak bright sunlight # and akervag- to be very
sunny # akervagtuq ‘it is very sunny’ / . . .
tauna arnat iliit, nem’eng tunuani qerqullu(li)lria
akervagmi iitallernek. ‘. . . one of the women was
sitting behind their house in the bright sunlight
braiding reed grass (YUU 1995:84); < akerta-pag2-

79

aki — akimiaq*

Bases

aki other side; area across; reponse; equivalent;value; coin; money # and aki- to reciprocate; toanswer back; to answer a letter; to return a favor;
to take revenge; to return an evil # kuigem akiani‘on the other side of the river’; akia kipukengaan‘the cost of his purchase’; nakukellran akia ‘theresponse of the person he picked on’; akia ‘hereciprocated towards her, he answered her’ />Akiaq, akicar-, akicugte-, akigar-, akigir-, akiite-,akikite-, akilir1-, akilir2-, akilite-, akiliur-, akimiaq,
akimitagaq, akin, akinaur-, akinge-, akingqerr-,
akinguaq, akinqar-, akiqarate-, akiqliq, akirri-,akissuq, akissur-, akitaq, akitgun, akitmun,
akitu-, akiuk, akiur-, akiute-, akivigte-, akiviutaq;
cf. akir1-, akir2-, akitnaq; < PE aki(-)

akiilnguq* debt; one without money # < akiitenguq; > akiilngirvik

akiite- to be free; to be without cost; to be valueless# akiituq ‘it is free; it is valueless’ / < PE aki&it(under PE aki(-)); < aki-ite1-; > akiilnguq

akikite- to be cheap; to be inexpensive # akikituq ‘itis cheap’ / < aki-kite2-

akikiur- to budget; to deal with money’ # akikiurat‘the budget’; akikiuryaraq ‘act of budgeting’;< akikiur-yaraq

akiliquraun tax; tribute; insurance premium;installment (or other recurring) payment #akiliqurautnek quyurcista ‘tax collector’ (in the
Bible); < akilite-ur(ar)-n

akilir- to pay; to compensate; in NSU, to buy# akiliraa ‘he is paying her’ / akiliutaa ‘heis paying for it’ or ‘he is paying her way’;
Maani akiliuyuitukut. Mamterillerni ta¥gaam
akilircecilartut. ‘Here we don’t deal with money.
They have one pay them in Bethel instead.’(YUP 1996:49); assiilngumta akiliutait ‘penance’(Catholic neologism); < aki-lir-; > akiliun,
akiliquraun

Akiacuar Akiachak # village on the Kuskokwim;< Akiaq-cuar(aq)Akiaq Akiak # village on the Kuskokwim; < aki-?;> Akiacuar

akicar- to buy; to trade # akicaraa ‘hebought it’ / Alingnaqvaa-ll’, nerlunuk
urumaniqeryungramegnuk, neqkailngukuk.
Akicararaqerlunuk ta¥gaam pikumegnuk. ‘Oh
dear, even if we2 want to thaw ourselves out by
eating, we have no food. We should just do a little
trading.’ (YUU 1995:21); < aki-?-akilitarkaq debt # akilitarkanun kinguqsigilleq‘delinquent (in payments)’, akilleq akilitarkamek‘promissory note’ (legal neologisms); < akiliteaq1-kaq

akicir- to provide with a barrier or pillow #akicirtuq ‘it is provided with a barrier or pillow’;akiciraa ‘he provided it with a barrier or pillow’/ < akin-ir1-

akilite- to pay # akilitaa ‘he is paying her’ / HBC;
< aki-li2-te5-; > akiliquraun; akilitarkaq

akiliun payment; reward # avvutellrem aipallminun
akiliutii ‘alimony’; < akilir-n;

akicugte- to make a reflection on calm silvery water# NUN; cf. aki

akiliur- to deal with money # akiliurtuq ‘he’s
dealing with money’; akiliuraa ‘he’s dealing withmoney for, or of, hers’ / < aki-liur-

akigar- to carry evenly between several people (aswhen carrying a coffin) # akigaraat ‘they arecarrying him bodily’; Pektesciiganani, kiarrlunita¥gaam. Akigarluku atraulluku, qasgimun.
Tuani angalkuut tuunrilluku assirivkarluku. ‘She
couldn’t move, but only looked around. ‘Carrying
her bodily they brought her down into the men’scommunal house. There the shamans used spirit
power on her and cured her.’ (YUU 1995:84); <aki-?; > akigaun

akiliurta treasurer; bank teller # < akiliur-ta1

akiliurvik bank # < akiliur-vik

akimiaq* fifteen # the singular form is used whencounting, as in, akimiarunrita’ar, akimiaq, akimiaq
atauciq ‘14, 15, 16’, but as an appositive the plural isused, as in, akimiaret yuut taillruut ‘fifteen people
came’; Qavcirluten kassuutellrusit? “Tayima
akimiarnek allrakunglua kassuutellruunga.” ‘How
old were you when you got married? “I got
married then when I became fifteen years old.”’(KIP 1998:155); see Appendix 6 on numerals;; < akimik; > akimiarunritaar(aq); < PE akimi!a3 (under
PE aki(-))

akigaun stretcher # < akigar-n

akigir- to hold the other side of something for (him/her) # akigiraa ‘he is holding the other side forher’ / < aki-?
akiilngirvik creditor # < akiilnguq-lir-vik

80Basesakimiarunritar(aq*) fourteen # the singular form
is used when counting, as in qula pingayun,
akimiarunrita’ar, akimiaq ‘13, 14, 15’, but as anappositive the plural is used, as in akimiarunritaraat
yuut taillruut ‘fourteen people came’; ‘Allrakutllu akimiarunritaraat aturluki calillrulrianga
paniigken nuliqsagutnalukek. ‘For fourteen years
I worked in order to get your two daughters
as my wives.’ (AGAG. 31:41); see Appendix 6 on
numerals; < akimiaq-u-nritar(ar)akimitagaq game of tag # Y; < aki-?; cf. alakiitaaq,
yakiitaaq
akin log placed at edge of sleeping area as aheadrest or elsewhere as a divider; pillow # akitii‘his pillow’; . . . imna ikiitugnek caqurraarluku
nemerluku, akitem ngeliinun kaputaqluku. ‘. . .
they would wrap that one with wild celery, bindit up, and stick it next to the boundary log.’ (YUU
1995:39); = akitaq; < aki-n; > akicir-; < PE akin(under PE aki(-))
akinaur- to take revenge; to retaliate; to pay back# akinauraa ‘he is taking revenge on him’
/ akinauriuq ‘he is taking revenge’; Itrata
taukut anguyagtet, aqumngata-llu, ilain taukut
anguyagtain, ullagluku ciutiinun pull’uteng
pilaryaaqelliniat, taukuk qetunraak akinaurullukek
tamakut anguyagtet tekitaat tuqucugluki. ‘When
the warriors came in and sat down, some of
his own warriors came to him, bent down tohis ear, and said to him that to take revenge forhis sons2 they wanted to kill those warriors
that had arrived. (YUU 1995:17); akinaurutkat
agayussuutet ‘penance’ (Catholic neologism); <aki-naurakinge- to get money; to earn money; to get payed #akinguq ‘he is getting payed’ / < aki-ngeakingqerr- to cost # qavcitun una akingqerta? ‘howmuch does this cost?’; tallimatun akingqertuq ‘itcosts five (dollars)’; < aki-ngqerrakinguaq penny; one cent # < aki-uaq
akinqar- to reflect # akinqeraa ‘it reflects it’ /nanvam qilak akinqeraa ‘the lake reflects thesky’; < PY aki3- (under PE aki); < aki-?; cf. akiqar-,ciqenqarakiqar- to shine upon # Puqlanilartuq, ernerpag’akertaiqaarlun’ tua-i-ll’ atakuqerluni
tevirniararluni akerta alairrluni, assirluni
capairulluni nuna man’a akiqerluku
teviqatangermi. ‘It is warm; after there had beenakimiarunritar(aq*) — akissurno sun all day, as evening approaced before
sunset, the weather changed, darkness liftedfrom the earth and the sun shined down on it
even though it was about to set.’ (KIP 1998:35);< PY aki3- (under PE aki); < aki-?; cf. akinqar-,ciqenqar-akiqaar(ar)- to play a game similar to volleyball but
without a net # akiqaartut ‘they are playing the
game’ / akiqaaratuut ‘they (regularly) play thegame’; NUN; < aki-?

akiqliq* one directly across; opposite # Tua-i
uitaaqellriit, ikegkugnek-tang kuigem akiani
tutgarqelriignek akiqlingqellriit. Akiqlingqellriit
maurlurluqellriignek, tutgarluni nasaurlurmek.
‘There they lived and they had a grandchildand grandmother living on the other side of theriver from them. They had a grandmother andgrandchild across from them, the grandchild beinga girl.’ (MAR2 2001:85); < aki-qliq
akir1- to help push up; to lift up # akiraa ‘he pushit/her up’; NUN; cf. akiakir2- to shine light (on) # EG; cf. akiakirkarar(aq*) serving dish # NUN

akirri- to gamble # akirriuq ‘he is gambling’ /< aki-rraq-li2akirtaq container; vessel # NUN; cf. ak’irte-2

ak’irte-1 to dance and give away one’s catch # NUN
ak’irte-2 to pass by across a bay or river # NUN; cf.
akirtaqakissaar- to prospect for valuable minerals; to seek
money # NSU; < aki-ssaarakissuq prostitute; whore; harlot # Canrituq-qaa
nayagarpuk akissutun pitarrluku pingraatgu?
‘Is it okay if our sister is treated like a whore?’(AYAG. 34:31); < aki-cur-akissur- to prospect for valuable minerals; to seek
money # akissurtuq ‘he is prospecting or seeking
money’; akissuraa ‘he is seeking money fromhim’ / suulutaamek akissurtut mainaat ‘theminers are prospecting for gold’; . . .
arenqiallugeskan-llu tumiini-ll’ kaassarkailkan,
kaassaa ilaluku akissurpek’naku tuavet nuniinun
tekitarkaurtelluku. ‘. . . on his way if he is indesparate need of necessities and he is out of gas,
they add some to his gas without asking him formoney thus enabling him to reach his destination’(QUL 2003: 350); < aki-cur-; > akissulria

81akissulria — akivigte-

Basesakissulria prospector # akissulriit ‘prospectors’;< akissur-lria

northern phalaropes during the spring thaw;
these are called “akitnat” because they fly swiftly
through the air when shot.’ (CIU 2005:34); cf. aki
akitnaq2 slope; wall # NUN
akitniute- to blend in with the background; to be
camouflaged # NUN
akitu- to be valuable; to be expensive # akituuq ‘it isvaluable, expensive’ / < aki-tu-; > akitutaciq
akitutaciq value; price # akitutacia ‘its value or
price’; < akitu-taciq
akiugte- to echo; to reflect # the ‘reflect’ meaning isperhaps only figurative # akiugtuq ‘it is echoing
or reflecting’; aarpallemni pe÷aq cauluku
akiugtellruuq erinaka ‘when I shouted facing thecliff my voice echoed ‘; “Tua-llu-qaa tua-i qaillun
kiartellren ayuqa?” Pilliniuq tuarpiaq tang man’atanqigmek akiugcarpiaqalria kiartellra. ‘“Well thenhow is your vision?” He replied that it was asthough he could see the reflections of the light.’(ELL 1997:16); < akiuk-?
akiuk echo # < aki-?; > akiugteakiur- to fight back; to retaliate; to answer back;to reciprocate # akiurtuq ‘he is reciprocating’;
akiuraa ‘he is reciprocating towards him’ /Ta¥gken akilerluku pikumteggu elliitun tua-iangtaciluku akiurluku pikumteggu, waten
waniw’ aqumgainanemte÷i umyuamte÷un
a¥g’arciigalkan aliayuutekluku . . . ‘However,
if we retaliate, fighting back in equal measure,then while we are sitting there it will lead tounhappiness which one cannot get past . . .’ (QUL
2003:336); akit, cat-llu aklut akiurcugngalriit
amllertaciit ‘capital’ (legal neologoism); PE aki3u3(under PE aki(-)); < aki-ur-; > akiurviiteakiurviite- to be invincible # akiurviituq ‘onecannot fight back against him or answer him
back’ / < akiur-viiteakiun one’s supply of money # akiutenka‘my money’; akiutaitua ‘I have no money’;akiutairutua ‘I don’t have any money anymore’;< aki-unakivigte- to prop up # akivigtaa ‘he is puttingit (boat, sheet of plywood, etc.) on its edge,
propping the opposite side’ with poles, against awall, etc. / Tagqerrulluku qayaq ayuqucillratun
akiviggluku, palurrluku. ‘He quickly brought the
kayak up and put it back the way it was propping
it on its side, with the bottom side up.’ (ELL
1997:112); < PE akivi!-; < aki-?

akitaq, akiteq log placed at edge of sleeping area asa headrest or elsewhere as a divider; pillow #< aki-taq1, aki-n; = akinakitmig- to carry a burden # akitmigaa ‘he iscarrying it’/ < aki-?
akitmirnarqe- to be stout, strong # < ?-narqeakitmite- to bump into an obstacle sideways; tosideswipe something # akitmituq ‘it sideswiped
something’ / ikamrak canirruggualriik
akitmitellruuk ‘the sled, sliding sideways,
hit against the side’; Tuarpiaq-llu imna nuyat
akagqaarluki natquigem tenglluki, qengarugmun
tekitaqami akitmiarrluni qecengluni pagg’un
piaqluni. ‘The wind on the surface seemed to
wrap the hair into a ball and blow it away, andwhen it came to snowbank it would hit it andbounce off through the air up there.’ (MAR2
2001:74); Qapengteqerluku akitmiaqerluteng
taukut imkut nagiiquyain kangrit
pekangruyagluteng tua tayima kit’elliniluteng.
‘As his spear pierced through and came to a halt
the butt-pieces of his spear quivered to and fro
and then sank.’ (ELL 1997:392); Tamakut tua-ielaturram natrani qanikciurutiikun alairaqluteng,piiragiqeggluni, akitmiaqerluni. ‘Those would
appear on the floor of the porch when he’d bumpagainst them with his shovel it would slip acrossthe floor.’ (CIU 2005:162); < aki-?; < PE akitmi(C)akitmun transversely; toward the other side;
across # adverbial particle; Pivallagarraarluku
cingqallinia akitmun taukut curut tungiitnun,
cingqaani taukunun tut’elliniuq tuc’ami
ayuqucia man’a uqamairtelliniuq. ‘After she had
dealt with him harshly she shoved him across inthe direction of that mat, and when she shoved
him he landed there and when he landed hiswhole being felt very weak as if very hungy.’(YUU 1995:95); < aki-tmun; > akitmuuqarakitmuuqar- to stitch back and forth # NUN;
< akitmun-?akitnaq1 small bird arrow with blunt tip # . . .
canun piyagarnun wall’u yaqulecuarnun,
ayungnaarnun, augtaarnun, imaqcaarnun-llu
urugyugmi emiqami pissurcuutekaqamegteki,
kat’agluteng tua-i ayatuata, akitnanek pitullinikait
makut. ‘. . . for hunting any kind of small bird
such as knots, phalaropes, red phalarope, and82

Basesakiviutaq wallet # < aki-viutaq
aklanquq humerus; upper arm bone; partof a seal’s front flipper bones # Nuqani
nalkarkaunriqercamiu issurilinrarmek-llu
aklanqumek . . . tua-i yualaagluni nalaqucami tua-iatralliniluni. Tua-i-am tekicamiki issurilinramekaklanqumek nuqalirluni angutnguneni-am
allurtelliniluki. ‘When she couldn’t find her atlatl
right away, she quickly looked for a flipper bonefrom a spotted seal. . . . And when she found one
she went down to the shore. And so when she
got to them she used the spotted seal flipper bone
as an atlatl surpassing her brothers in the kill.’(CIU 2005:68); < ?-quq; > aklanqurrun
aklanqurrun weasel (or ermine) (Mustela sp.)
# Angulaurarraarluku keniqurarraarluku
as’artellia, aklanqurrutngurrluni. Tavani
nec’illermeggni uitauralliuq. Tavatelluteng
tamakut aklanqurrutet nec’illerni uitauratuuq . . .
‘After he chewed it (the skin) and after he hadsoftened it he put it on, and he became a weasel.
He remained there in their old house. From thenon those weasels have lived in old houses . . .’(MAR1 2001:93); NS, LY; < aklanquq-?
aklegaq seal-hunting harpoon with line andfloat attached; bird arrow with a blunt pointand four crosspieces # Aklegallerani taunateguaqamiu taumun piluku egkaqussialallinilria
ciunerkameng tungiinun, pagg’un tua-iqulvaggun agevkarluku. ‘He’d take his spear andthrow it toward the area in front of them, letting
it go way up above.’ (CIU 2005:40); < PE akl0!a3(under PE ak03)
akleng poor thing! # exclamatory particle used
when one feels sympathy; Akleng wangkuta
tan’gaurlurni, tupagtaqakut egmian
qavarningramta makluta ayalualuta ellamunan’aqluta. ‘We poor boys, whenever they wokeus, even if we were sleepy, we’d immediately riseand stagger outside.’ (YUU 1995:39); NSK, Y, K,
NI, CAN, BB, NR; = nakleng; cf. naklegaklicaraq small peg at end of atlatl; joint at end of
spear used to attach point #aklivik sealskin bag used to keep things dry while
hunting # NUN; < aklu-li2-vik
aklu, akluq clothing; bedding; merchandise;fitting(s); accouterment; possession(s) #and aklu- to put on clothing # aklunka
iqaillruanka ‘I washed my clothes’; ikamram

akiviutaq — akngirnarqe-

aklui ‘the fittings of the sled’; kipusviim aklui‘the store’s merchandise’; Tua-i-am elliinqellekqapiggluki taukut aturaqegtaarani
ciuqlirmi, pingssiyaayuilami unuaquaqan
nutaranek aklunek. ‘And she was very carefulwith those new garments of hers at first, because
she certainly didn’t get new clothes every day.’(ELN 1990:22); > aklivik, akluinqun, akluvik;< PE akluakluinqun clothing bag # < aklu-?-n;akluviik suitcase; trunk # < akluvik-dual
akluvik closet # < aklu-vik; > akluviik
akmagartaq willow-bark lashing # (?)
akma(ni) across on the other side # akmavet ‘toacross there’; akmaken ‘from across there’;akmaggun ‘through across there’; obscured
demonstrative adverb; see akemna, the corresponding
demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < PE dem ak0makmaliarallr(aq*) raven (Corvus corax) # (?); but notecognate word in Siberian Yupik and Naukan meaning‘auklet’akngia- to suffer pain # akngiaguq ‘he is in pain’ /< akngir-aakngikutak recurring sudden sharp pain # andakngikutag- to suffer recurring sudden sharp
pains # < akngir-?
akngiq nerve # and akngir- (root)# tememikun
akngiringalria ‘one bodily, physicallytraumatized’; umyuamikun akngiringalria ‘onementally or emotionally traumatized’ > akngia-,
akngirnailitaq, akngirnarqe-; < PE at&i3akngirqun the departed person for whom his loved
ones perform the ceremony of clothing his/her in
new clothes during the Elriq (“Greater Memorial
Feast”) # < akngir-rqe2-nakngirnailitaq thimble # Maaten uyangtuq,
qasgim natrani yucuayagaat unkut puallalriit,
mingqutnek ayarurluteng; akngirnailitanek
nacangqerrluteng amllerluteng. ‘When he looked
in, on the floor of the kashim there were little
people down there dancing, with needles fordance batons, and thimbles for hats, and they
were many.’ (GRA 1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453);
NI, CAN, LK, BB; < aknir(te)-naq1-ilitaq
akngirnarqe- to be in pain; to be hurting of bodyparts to cause pain # akngirnarquq ‘it hurts; it ispainful’ / < akngir-narqe-

83

akngirte- — akulipraq

Basesakngirte-, aknirte- to hurt; to get hurt # akngirtuq‘he got hurt’; akngirtaa ‘he hurt him’ /qamiqumikun akngirtuq ‘he got hurt on his
head’; . . . aanaklinikiin-llu-gguq qianganmurilkarrluku taumun pairtiinun akngircukluku
ullagarrluku, canek qalarrluni. ‘. . . the one thatwas evidentally her mother, it is said, when she
began to cry, got her attention, thinking thatthat one which had licked her had hurt her andrushed to her saying something.’ (ELN 1990:3);
NS, Y, K, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; = aqngirte-,
angqirteakqe- to promise; to swear (a promise) # akquq(or akqiuq) ‘he promised’; akqaa ‘he promised
her’ / akqaanga taiciqniluni ‘he promised methat he would come’; Taumek akqikina waniciuqerrani Agayutem piciugarkauluten wangnun
irniamnun-llu wall’u kinguvemnun. ‘Therefore
swear now before God that you will be true to me
and to my children or my descendants.’ (AYAG.
21:23); > akeqnerrlugte-, akeqniaq, akqun; < PY-S
ak0q0akqulek bolt action rifle #akqun promise; promised thing # akqutka
nalluyagutellruaqa ‘I forgot my promise’;akqutkaa ‘it is the thing he promised’; Agayutem
Akqutii Nutaraq ‘the New Testament’; Akqutem
Yaassiiga ‘the Ark of the Covenant (Biblical)’(literally: ‘the Box of the Promise’); < akqe-n
akquq knot in wood # akquituq or akqurrituq ‘itdoesn’t have any knots’; akquunani ‘(it) being
without knots’; = akanquq; < ?-quq; cf. akeq
aksagtaar- to compete # NUN
aksaqar- to stiffen (of one’s body or a garment one iswearing) in such a way as to prevent movement# Aren uitelliniuq, aren tua-i aksaqaumaluni
man’a qainga. Cunawa-gguq taukut aklut
yukuciumaluteng tua-i unairutqapiartelluki
tuaten tua-i maqarcetellriatun ellirluki
pillrullinikait. Kinqaateng-llu qavallrani
aksaqautelliniluku. Aksaqaucatni tua-i uicami tua-ipektaarciiganani. ‘He woke up and realizedthat the surface of his body had gotten very stiff.
The brothers had dampened his new garments
to make them feel very soft and velvety before
they were presented to him. And while he slept
his new garments had stiffened on him. Because
they had stiffened on him when he awakened hecouldn’t move.’ (CIU 2005:76); < aksar-qar-

aksar- to resist or pull back against a force which ispulling on one # either literally or figuratively;. . . aqvaqurluni atraqercan, tekiteqatanga’arcani
maa-i qimagarcaaqekiini ang’uqercamiu
teguq’allinia. Arenqiapaa-ll’ aksa¥rluryaaqel’. ‘. . .
as he came running down and as he was about toreach her, she ran away from him, but he caught
up with her and grabbed her. The poor dear, shetried to fight against his grip.’ (QUL 2003:460);
Aren ayainanermegni-gguq cukarilriik, kiituangguq tua-i aksarturanguk, cukarillermegni.
‘As they2 were on their way going faster andfaster, even as they gathered momentum they
began to pull back.’ (KIP 1998:85); Taum-am
imum angulvallraam aatiin, niitaqamiu nani
nunani kina tauna pinirniluku yuk, qetunrani
imna tauna unayaqluku taumun apqiitnek
aksaryarcecartulalliniluku, pinirtaarucarturtelluku.’
Whenever the big man’s father heard there wasa very strong man in a certain village, he would
ask his son to go to that village and compete
in strength, which was called aksaryaraq.’(QUL 2003:274); Ayimcilriit anguarutmeggnek
maktasciigatut. Egmian kitnguciquq tua-iaksalerviinani-llu. ‘Those who break their paddles
can’t stay upright. Immediately one will capsize,
without being able to resist the force pulling athim.’ (PAI 2008:290); > aksaqaraku, akuq lower part of garment # akurtuuq ‘it(garment, curtain, etc.) is too long’; > akulugci-,
akuraq, akurun, akupek
akucissuun eggbeater; mixing bowl # < akutaq-li2cuun
akulae midsection; area between; land between two
topographical features such as the river and theocean; tundra # positional base; napat akuliitni‘amongst the trees’; napak akuliigni ‘between
the two trees’; Ekvicuarmiut Mamterillermiut-llu
akuliitni kuigtangqertuq Iinrayamek piaqluku.
‘Between Eek and Bethel there is a river called
Iinrayaq.’ (YUU 1995:4); = akunleq; > akuleqliq,
akulipeq, akuliq, akulmiqurataak, akulmiu,
akulneq, akulqucuk, akultu-, akuluraq; cf. akute-;< PE akul0- (under PE aku(3))
akuleqliq* middle one # < akula-qliq
akulipeq middle finger # LY, K, BB, LI; < PY
akulipaq or akulip0q (under PE aku(3)): < akuliqpeq
akulipraq middle finger # UY; < akulipeq-aq

84Basesakuliprun finger-pulling contest # and akulipruteto engage in a finger-pulling contest #akuliprutuk ‘they2 are having a finger-pulling
contest’ / E. W. Nelson (ESK 1899:339) states,“Finger Pulling (a-gu’-li-phun) (St. Michael). Thisis played in the kashim by four men; the twostrongest players hook their right second fingers
and each man is grasped about his right shoulder
and under the left arm by his second; then all
pull until one is defeated by losing his hold.”;< akulipeq-n
akuliq middle # < PE akul(l)i3 (under PE aku(3));< akula-li1; > akuliraq
akuliraq bridge of nose; area between eyes # < PE
akul(l)i3a3 (under PE aku(3)); < akuliq-aq3
akulmiqurataak, akulmiqurcetaaq two-pointed
bird-hunting arrow # < akula-?;akulmiu person who lives on the tundra, (inparticular a person in Nunapitchuk, Kasigluk,or Atmauthluak) in contrast to those who live
along major rivers or on the coast # . . . avani
ciuqvani waten imarpigmiut catun imutun
atanvagtun puqiglitun pitullrulliniit pa¥gkut
akulmiut, nunamiut. ‘. . . long ago the people fromthe tundra used to think of the coastal people asknowledgeable leaders.’ (QUL 2003:628); < akulamiu
akulneq valley; dale between hills # NUN; < akulaneq1
akulqucuk gap; crack between boards, etc. # < PY
akulqucuk (under PE aku(3)); < akula-qucuk
akultu- to be far apart # akultuut ‘they are far apart’/ < PE akultu- (under PE aku(3)); < akula-tuakultuqucuk gap; crack between boards, etc. #< akula-tu-qucuk
akulugci- to wear a long garment # NUN; < aku-?akuluraq channel connecting lakes or other bodies
of water # Una waniw’ kangra; tua-i akuluraq
uuggun anumauq; ikaggun-llu. Here is where
it begins; this is where the channel goes out; andacross there.’ (PAI 2008:386); < akula-?;> Akuluraq
Akuluraq Akulurak, the former site of St. Mary’s
Mission on the Yukon Delta; Etolin Strait
between Nunivak Is. and the mainland #Tuani pissullruukut unani Akulurami Qaluyaat
Nunivaam-llu akuliigni. ‘We hunted out there in
the Etolin Strait between Nelson Is. and Nunivak

akuliprun — akuqar-

Is.’ (YUU 1995:25); < akuluraq
akuna- to be true; to be what happened # akunaluni‘truly’; Y; < aku-?
akunkaq root mesentery of the small and large
intestine # NUN
akunleq midsection; area between; land between
two topographical features such as the riverand the ocean; tundra # Tuamte-ll’ unatek
qillrullukek, ciisqugkenun, put’evkarluku-llu
cali uyaqurrikun qillrutaq piluku, qamiqurra
ciisqugken akunliignun piluku. ‘And they tiedhis (the corpse’s) hands and bent his bodyforward, and, wrapping the rope around hisneck, they placed his head between his knees.
(CAU 1985:87); . . . ilumun-gguq akunlemte÷i
ilagalaryaaqengraitkut nallularaput. ‘. . . truly
even though they (the spirits of our relatives)
are in our midst we are not aware of it.’ (CIU
2005:134); = akulae; < PE akul0- (under PE aku(3))
akungqa- to be soaking (as to leach out
salt from salted fish or loosen hair fromsealskin) # akungqauq ‘it is being soaked’/ Akungqarraarluku nuggluku keligluku,
melqurrirluku, murqelluku nutaan-llu
kinercirluku. ‘After being soaked they pulled itout, scraped it, removed the hairs, rinsed it, andthen let it dry.’ (YUU 1995:66); < akur-ngqaakunriur- to consume (especially water)
without restraint or limit # Tamaani
mermek akunriuresqevkenaki ayagyuatengpilallrulliniit. Meqsugyaaqngata-llu qanrit
neqcugniiruteksaitniluki, nerellmeng kinguatni,
atatakutaqluki. ‘Back in those days they would
advise their young people not to consume water
without limit. When they said that they werethirsty they were told to wait, since the tasteof their food was still in their mouths, andthey would go through the evening that way.’(CIU 2005:198); Nall’arusngalalliniluteng-am
tamakut, tuaten tua-i mermek akunriurcetevkenaki
anglicallrit, tua-i uqgelkelluteng tamaa-i temteng
man’a uqgelkelluku yuutullrulliniluteng. ‘They
were right on target (with their advice); when
not allowed to drink a lot of water as they weregrowing up, their bodies would be quite limber
and robust when they grew up.’ (CIU 2005:198)
akupek woman’s skirt # NUN; < aku-?akuqar- to catch with the hands; to grab hold of; toembrace # akuqertuq ‘he grabbed something’;85

akur- — akusraruteke-Basesakuqeraa ‘he grabbed hold of it, caught it’ /Atkullrani matarcamiu, akuqerluku ac’etengnaqaa
atkullraminek. ‘When he took off his old parka
grabbing her he tried to put his old parka onher.’ (MAR1 2001:76); Joseph-aam qetunraagni
iluvautak Jacob-aam canianun, elliin-llu
akuqerlukek melugarlukek. ‘Joseph brought in
his two sons to the area beside Jacob, and heembraced them and kissed them.’ (AYAG. 48:10);< PE aku3-1
akur- root; > akungqa-, akurteakuraq lower abdomen; lower part of torso# akuraculnguyaraq, akuralnguyaraq, or
akuriqsaraq ‘cramps or pain in the lower
abdomen’; < aku-aq3
akurte- to dip in; to put into a liquid # akurtuq‘he or it dipped in the liquid’; akurtaa ‘he put
it into liquid’ / neqerrluut akurtai uqumun
arumaarrluliluni ‘he put the dried fish into oil
to make “poke-fish”’; Meqsukata-llu, ayagyuat
melqurrarkun ta¥gaam mercetaqluki. Melquq
mermun akurrluku. Elitnaurluki mer’ilengraata
cakneq nangteqesqevkenaki. ‘And they’d havethe young people drink from just a feather if they
were thirsty. They’d dip the feather in water. Thatway they’d teach them not to feel the hardshipeven though they didn’t have water.’ (YUU
1995:38); < akur-te2-; < PY-S aku3-2
akurtuq communion bread; Host # nominalization of
akurtur-; NI, HBC
akurtur- to receive # akurturtuq ‘he received
something’; akurturaa ‘he received it’ /Mikelnguum-llu aaniin qantaq akurturluku, neqet
iliitnek a¥g’aulluni, akutaquinermek-llu camavet
nunam akuliinun elakaulluku. ‘The baby’s
mother would receive the dish, take a small
piece of food and a small portion of “Eskimo ice
cream” and bury it underground.’ (YUU 1995:30);
Kristussaam kemgan auggaan-llu akurtullra‘Holy Communion’ (Catholic terminology; literally:‘receiving the body and blood of Christ’); < PE
aku3-1akuruar- to carry # NUN
akurun, akut trim at hem of parka, often made ofpieces of black and white calfskin sewn together
in a geometric design; skirting around crawl
space under house # Kanaqlagnek atkugluni,
akuruterluni, aliruterluni-llu terikaniamek. ‘She
wore a muskrat fur parka with wolverine furtrim at the hem and sleeves.’ (YUU 1995:5) see
Appendix 9 on parts of the parka; < aku-n, akuplural
akusrarte- to fool around; to make a commotion;
to engage in physical activity just for recreation# akusrartuq ‘he is fooling around’ /akusrartevkenak neri! ‘eat without commotion!’;Arnat, nasaurluut tan’gurrat-llu avukluteng tua-i
neplirluteng atakuarmi waten angqatullruut.
Akusraruciqluku. ‘The women, the girls, and theboys would play together boisterously, playing
ball in the evening. That was their way of playful
recreation.’ (ELL 1997:534); Tua-i-llu caqerluni
taum uingan inerqulliniluku tauna nuliani, tua-i
akusrarneruqapiggluni-gguq tauna picingssauluni,
picingssauniluku tauna kinguqlirteng, pingraaku
camek kegginaakun uluryacaraqaasqevkenaku.
‘And one day that husband of hers admonished
his wife saying that their younger brother likes toclown around and is comical and even if she gets
irritated at him not to threaten his face.’ (MAR2
2001:65); < akute-?
akusraruteke- to mistreat; to use as a plaything;
to fool around with (it, him, her); to fornicate
with (him, her); to commit adultery or otherwise
have illicit sex with (him, her) # Cali-llu
qanrutkumatuluteng akusrarutekesqevkenaki
makut tulukaruut, nangcikesqevkenaki. ‘Also
they told us not to tease these ravens or abuse
them.’ (ELL 1997:258); “. . . yug’e¥rlurpuk
tayima akusrarutekraarluku-ll’ unitelliak!”Tua-i tauna equaluni angun tauna. Pilliniak,“Arenqiapaa, akusraruteksugnaunaku . . .”‘. . . they2 probably mistreated our poor son
and left him behind!” The man was peeved.
They2 said to him, “Oh goodness, we didn’t
mistreat him . . .”’ (QUL 2003:668); Qang’a-llu
irniaminun naanguaqevkaryukuniki, makunun
mikelrianun, tua-i waten akusrarutekevkarluki,‘Or one might give it as a toy, to her little
children, letting them use it as a plaything, . . .
(TAP 2004:63); the meaning pertaining to sexualmisbehavior is strongest in Moravian Protestantinfluenced areas; Alerquutet malrunlegat:
akusrarutekiyaqunak ‘The seventh commandment:
thou shalt not commit adultery.’ (YUA 1945:43& LIT 1972:21); . . . qayagaurluku-llu Lotaaq, Nauwa imkuk angutek ullagtellregken?
Anuskek wangkutnun “akusrarutekniagput.”‘. . . they called out to Lot, “Where are those86Basesakusrarutekineq — alai-

akwarpak forever # adverbial particle; akwarpak
tayima catairutuq ‘it is gone forever’; . . .
tunutellgem kayanguinek tekicami-am tua-i,
malruulutek, tua-i teguqatarlukek tunutellek
ciuqerranun mip’allalliniluni. Aarpagluk’,“Aa-aa-aa, aa-aa-aa, irniagka atam taukukuitatqa¥rluqerkek! Elpecicetun tang irniamte÷ek
qivrularyaaqelriakut allakaunrilngurmek
elpecicetun ellangqerngamta. . . . Tegunrilkuvkek
nunulirciqamken akwarpak unguvakarpenek
irniarpenun kinguvarluni.” “. . . when she cameupon loon eggs, two of them, as she was about
to take them the loon landed right in front of her.
It screamed at her, ‘Aa-aa-aa, aa-aa-aa, let mytwo children be! Just like you we grieve over theloss of our children because like you we havefeelings. If you don’t take them I will reward you
with eternal life which will also be passed on to
your children.’” (AGA 1996:214); < akwa-rpak
akwaugaq yesterday # adverbial particle; akwaugaq
maqillruuq ‘he took a steambath yesterday’;unuamek nengllinruuq akwaugami ‘today it iscolder than yesterday’; < akwa-?; > akwaugarpak
akwaugarpak all day yesterday; since yesterday #adverbial particle; < akwaugaq-rpakala1- root; > alair-, alaite-, alake1-, alange1-, alangaar-,alapen’erte-, alangru, alaruteala2- root; > alake2-, alange2al’a, al’aq, alaalaq older (or oldest) sister # informal
term; the normal term is alqaq
ala-i oh my! # exclamatory particle used when one isamazed, surprised, or frightened
alaciq fried bread # EG; = alatiq; from Russianfkƒlmb (alád’i)alagnaq type of red berry (species ?) # BB; from Aleut
halagna-x̂ (hala!na-X) ‘salmonberry’alagnarqe- to be such as to cause one to feel it isfeasible # alagnarquq ‘it seems to be feasible’/variant used by some NUN of alegnarqe- (q.v.);
cf. alkealagyug- to be confident; to think that something isfeasible # alagyugtuq ‘he is confident; he thinksthat something is feasible’ / variant, used by some
NUN, of alegyug- (q.v.); cf. alkealai- emotional root; > alainake-, alainarqe-, alaiyug-,alainiur-; note use of alainake- rather than *alaikewith this emotional root; < PE ali!a-; = alia-

men2 who came to you? Bring them out to us
so that we can (carnally) know them.” (AYAG.
19:5); Akusrarutekekuniu pingnatugturyarani
pingnatullerkani man’a cat paivngalutellerkaattamaaggun navgaa, nasaurlurkun tuaggun.
‘They said he would disrupt the availability ofgame animals for himself if he had sex with ayoung woman.’ (YUP 1995:152); the following arelegal neologisms: qessangraan akusrarutekluku‘rape’; nakmiin ilaminek akusrarutekiyaraq‘incest’; akusrarutekiyaraq 18-aaqsailngurmek‘sexual abuse of a minor’; < akusrarte-teke-; >akusrarutekineq

akusrarutekineq fornication, adultery # Kiaken
yuut ircaqruitnek anlaata umyuarluut, . . .
akusrarutekineq, . . . ‘From inside, from men’shearts, comes evil ideas, . . . fornication, . . .’(MARK 7:21); < akusraruteke-i2-neq2

akutaq mixture; “Eskimo ice cream” # a mixtureof berries, sugar, seal oil, shortening, flaked fish
flesh, snow, etc. # Ayumian, qavaken qantamek
atrarciluni ciuqerranun ellia akutamek imarluni
tan’gerpalegmek. Ner’uk, akutaq imna
neqniqluni, tunurnek avungqerrami. ‘She took
a bowl down from in there and put it in frontof him and it had “Eskimo ice cream” in it madewith crowberries. They2 ate and that “Eskimo ice
cream” was delicious since it also had caribou orreindeer back-fat in it.’ (YUU 1995:106); < akuteaq1; > akutauqmak
akutauqmak mixture of seal-intestine tissue andseal oil; mixture of berries, seal oil, and sugar #HBC; < akutaq-?

akute- to mix; to stir; to make “Eskimo ice cream”# akutuq ‘he is making a mixture, making“Eskimo ice cream”’; akutaa ‘he is mixing it’;Kinguani taum quagcilluteng kenirluki-llu
puckamun qemaggluki uksurpak cali akutaqluki
nerciqngamegteki. ‘After that they gathered wild
spinach leaves, cooked them and stored them ina barrel because they also will eat them all wintermaking a mixture with them.’ (ELN 1990:43) /> akucissuun, akusrarte-, akutaq, akutessuun,
akuyun; cf. akulae; < PE akut- (under PE aku(3))
akutessuun eggbeater; mixing bowl # < akute-cuun
akuyun wooden mortar for preparing tobacco #NUN
akwa- root; > akwarpak, akwaugaq

87alailun — alake2-

Basesalailun grave marker; object placed on burial asa memorial to the deceased; trail marker #especially an old time grave marker composed of two
posts with boards between them and carved symbols
associated with the deceased, often including a mask,
mounted on the boards; Tamaani yuut tuquaqata,muraganek yuguanek pililuteng taumun
tuqullermun alailutkevkalalliniit. ‘Back then whenpeople died, they made wooden images and letthem be their grave markers. (YUU 1995:83);< alaite-nalainake- to find (it) lonely # alainakaa ‘he finds itlonely’ / < alai-nakealainarqe- to cause loneliness # alainarquq ‘it causes
loneliness’ / < alai-narqealaingqa- to be visible; to be in sight # alaingqauq ‘itis now in sight’ / < alairte-ngqaalainiur- be lonely # alainiurtuq ‘he is lonely’ / Tuai-wa alainiurpakaama manussuugtellrianga. ‘It isbecause I am so lonely that I am hanging my headin dismay.’ (GRA 1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453);< alai-niuralair- to appear; to come into view; to come on
the scene # alairtuq (alairluni) ‘it appeared’/ Tuatelluteng-gguq tamakut pektaqameng
yugnun alairlartut cat tamakut tuavet
tekitaqameng. ‘For that reason, it is said, whenthose ones traveled they became visible to people
when they arrived there.’ (MAR1 2001:13); Maanialairumanrituq. ‘He hasn’t come out here (before).’(TAP 2004:53); < ala1-ir2-; < PE alla3(i3)alairte- to suddenly appear; to suddenly bringit out into view # alairtuq (alairrluni) ‘it
suddenly appeared’; alairtaa ‘he brought it out
into the open’ / Yuum nallunrilkengani una
alaircecugaqamiu alaircet’laraa, . . . ‘Whenever a
person wants to bring up what he knows, he lets
it be brought out in the open, . . .’ (TAP 2004:53);< alair-?
alairvike- to appear to; to come into the viewof # alairvikaa ‘it came into his view’ /alairvikellruatnga ‘they appeared to me, cameinto my view’; < alair-vik-ke2-

about this young man who was a novice shaman, avery young person. So it was said about someone
who was just making his debut as a shaman.
These shamans, when they are just becoming
shamans, they would call them “alairyuaralria”’.
(QAN 1995:156); < alair-yug-?-lria

alaite- to be visible or audible; to be here, present
and available (being perceptable) # alaituq ‘it isvisible, audible’ / Tua-i-llu taukut naparugaat
pelluamegteki maaten Elnguq piuq un’a kuicuar,
terr’a ta¥gaam alainani. ‘And when they went
past the many trees when Elnguq looked there
was a little creek down there, but the bottom of
it was visible.’ (ELN 1990:18); Amllerinivkenaku
tua-i pissuusqelluta alaitellratni. Waten ayuqut
tua-i alaunateng tayima-llu tua-i catairulluteng. . . ‘Without saying that it (game to catch) was
becoming plentiful, they’d tell us to hunt when
they (the game animals) were here. It is like this,they are here today and then they are gone thenext . . .’ (YUP 2005:86); < ala1-ite1-; > alailun
alaiyug- to be lonely # alaiyugtuq ‘he is lonely’/< alai-yug-alak’aa is that so! # exclamatory particle; from Inupiaq
alakkaaalake1- to come upon; to notice; to encounter; tobecome aware of one’s presence; to find out# alakaa ‘he came upon it’ / Angalkuq-wa
kiugna imna nallunritellra taklauralria kiani
egkumi. “Kia-i cunawa kiugna angalkuq,
alake’¥rlurciqaanga ta¥gaam.” Tua-i eglertuq.
. . . Tua-i taklaurainanrani elaturramun itertuq,
alakelkiaksaunaku kiugum. ‘The shaman he knew
was lying down further in the corner of thehouse. “So the shaman is in there, the dear one
will notice my presence.” He went on. . . .
While the shaman was still lying down hewent into the porch, and still that one in there
hadn’t noticed him.’ (MAR2 2001:32); Qanemcian
kangircilliniluku, nutaan alakelliniluki taukut.
‘When he spoke they understood it, and thenwhat they had done dawned on them.’ (MAR1
2001:48); Tua-llu tua-i alakekunikuk tailuni
allurrlunuk. ‘When she realized what we’d done
she’d come over and take (it) away from us.’
(CIU 2005:320); < ala1-ke2-; cf. alaqe-

alairyuaralria novice shaman # Tua-i a¥g’umekgguq alairyuaralriamek qanerluteng
yun’erraarmek a¥g’umek, yun’erraaraulriamek.
Tua-i-gguq alairyuaralriamek. Makut angalkut
tua-i-w’ angalkurcugararqata alairyuaralrianek
pitullrunilaqait. ‘It is said that they were talking

alake2- to be attracted to a member of the opposite
sex # alakaa ‘he is attracted to her, she is attracted
to him’ / < ala2-ke2-

88Basesalakiitaaq game of tag # E. W. Nelson (ESK 1893:338)
states, “Tag (u-la’-ki-ta-g’uk) — (St. Michael).
This game is played at any season by men andwomen divided into equal parties, which are
subdivided into pairs. Then a designated player
starts off, pursued by the others, the players
on the opposite side and try to overtake andtouch him before he can touch the mate he wasgiven from his own party. This mate strives to
get within reach of his companion, the opposite
side meanwhile using every effort to interfere
between the two by running after the first andhindering the latter. If the player succeeds intouching his mate before he is touched he wins
and another pair of runners comes out fromhis side. If he is touched first by one of his
opponents, he loses, and a pair of runners comeout from among them and take his place.”; cf.
akimitagaq, yakiitaaq; note also that the Naukan
word for ‘tag’ is ulakitaq
alangaar- to be surprised # alangaartuq ‘he issurprised’ / alangaarcetaa ‘she surprised him’;
Tekitellratni nunanun taukut angalkut cakneq
alangaalliniut, Anngamacimek tangllermeggnek
tuqutellruamegteggu. ‘When they arrived at thevillage those shamans were very much surprised
when they saw Annamaciq because they had
killed him.’ (YUU 1995:115); < ala1-?
alange1- to come into someone’s presence; toappear to someone # Tamaani agayulirtet
alangeqerraallermeggni ellaitni tua-i assiitut
pillrat, tamaani tekiteqerraallermeggni
agayulirtet. ‘At that time when the first priests
came around, in their thinking the use of these wasbad, (that was) at that time when the priests firstarrived.’ (CIU 2005:276)
alange2- to be attracted to a member of the opposite
sex # alanguq ‘he is attracted to a woman’, or ‘sheis attracted to a man’ / < ala2-ngealangqa- to be in error; to be mistaken #alangqauq ‘he is in error’ / irniara alangqauq
maurluminun aanaksukluku ‘her child mistook
his grandmother for his mother’; < alar-ngqa-;
cf. alartealangru, alangruq a thing that appears
unexpectedly; unexpected discovery; surprisevisitor; apparition; ghost # and alangru- toexperience an unexpected sight; to make an
unexpected discovery; to have a surprisealakiitaaq — alap’aar-

visitor; to see or sense a ghost # alangruuq‘he experienced something unexpected andghostly’ / iqsainanemni aatama aptaanga
alangrullrucimnek ‘while I was hooking
for fish my father asked me if I had sensed
an unnatural presence’; Agayulirtengamta,
aviukayuirucata yurayuirucata-llu alangrut
taqluteng. Alangrutullermeggni yuut tuqullret ilait
tangtullruit aciit qerrataluteng, nangerngaluteng
pekcuunateng. Yuut-llu caumayuunaki.
Alangruaqameng-gguq ta¥gken qimangraiceteng,
ciunritni uitaqatuluteng. ‘When we got
preachers, since people stopped making foodofferings and ceased dancing, the ghosts quit
coming. When people saw ghosts some would see
those who had died. They would be hovering
above the ground, and would stay very still.
They never faced the person. When people saw
a ghost, even if they ran away from it, it would
always end up in front of them.’ (YUU 1995:118);< ala1-; > alangruke-, alangruualangruke- to (somewhat unexpectedly); to
experience (his) appearance # alangrukaat ‘itappeared to them’ / alangruksaaqamken ‘youamazed me by your unexpected presence’; Tua-illu piinanermini alangrukenglliniluku caaqameng;
payugtellriit alangrukaqluku Illugngali tauna.
‘And then after a while he began to appear tothem sometimes; the ones who brought gifts offood would see Illugngali.’ (ELL 1997:538);< alangru-ke2alangruu- to appear (somewhat unexpectedly); tobe seen (somewhat unexpectedly) # alangruuguq‘it appeared’ / Nutget ciuqliit alngruuqerrallratni
avani nutengluteng tua-i. ‘When the first guns
started to be seen, in those days they started
to get guns.’ (PAI 2008:386); . . . August-aam
nangyartuqatallrani, makliit alangruungarrluteng
nunamni un’gaani, . . . ‘. . . when August isalmost over bearded seals begin to appear in myarea down at the coast . . . (PAI 2008:50); Tuai-am piinanratni alangruullrani anglakumun
pivkalliniluku. ‘So eventually when he did that,when he did appear, they had a shaman deal with
him.’ (ELL 1997:536); < alangru-ualap’aa how cold it is! # exclamatory particle; NS, Y;> alap’aa; from Inupiaq alappaa
alap’aar- be cold # alap’aartuq ‘it is cold’, ‘he iscold’ / only NSU uses this as a verb; < alap’aa

89alapaq — alassaq

Basesalarqiigute- to mistake for something or someone
else # alarqiigutaa ‘he mistook her for someone
else’ / < alar-?-te5alarqiqe- to be in error # NUN
alarqur- to tell to do something; to advise; tocommand; to order to do # Ayagmeng-ggur
kaugtuutarkameggneng, uyurani taukut
alarqualuki, cugneng kaugesqelluki ta¥g’. ‘They
had prepared war clubs beforehand; and he had
instructed his brothers to club the people in the
kashim.’ (CEV 1984:85); HBC; = alerqur-;cf. inerquralar’ussaq northern red currant (Ribes triste) #alarte- to err; to make a mistake # alartuq ‘hemade a mistake’ / elitnauristem naaqivkallrani
alarqaqellruuq ‘she kept making mistakes when
the teacher had her read’; tauna alarulluku
tegulqaa ‘he took it by mistake’; Tua-w’
ellmegnek ayuqucirtuaguraullutek aipartek
uumek alarrluni piaqan aipaagnek qanrutaqluku.
‘They constantly taught one another andwhenever one made a mistake, the other would tellhim.’ (ELL 1997:406); tegustem piyanricallranekalartelluku ‘entrapment’ (legal neologism);< alar-te2-; > alarun
alarun error; mistake; wrong decision # Ta¥gaam
una tamarngaunaku ellam piunrillranngeliinun piciryararkicimayaaqellerput imutun
alarutkun ilaitni wangkuta tamarilriatun
ayuqellrulliniukut. ‘We were to maintain andpractice our cultural heritage that we’ve been
given till the end of the world, but through awrong decision part of it has been lost.’ (CIU
2005:272); < alarte-n
alarute- to approach by surprise; to come up on #alarutuq ‘it is approaching’ / Tekiteqatanrakun
amiik, kitngiik pamkuk alarutliniuk kingunrakun.
‘When she was about to reach the door, twofootfalls came from behind her.’ (YUU 1995:12);
Pellaqerluni, tua-i waten kingyarturaamek,
ak’anivkenani imum tua-i-gg’ cukanqelluku
alarulluni-am tua maa-i. Cali-am tua alarutellriaam cukarikanirluni! ‘She disappeared and they
kept on looking back, and it didn’t take long
before she was coming up on them, even faster.
Again she was coming up on them, even fasterand faster!’ (ELL 1997:486); < ala1-?
alassaq cutting board # NUN, EG; = ayallaq; from
Aleut a@ayaX

alapaq rubber boot; black person # the second
meaning is probably from the fact that rubber boots
are often black in color; EG; from English ‘rubber’
alap’aq rubber boot; # BB, LI; = ulap’aq; from English‘rubber’alapen’erte-, alapeng’erte- to surprise #alapen’ertuq ‘he is surprised’; alapen’ertaa‘he surprised her’ / Tua-i-gguq aaryungami
pitsaqevkenaku caskungqerrnayuklukullu alapen’errlun’ pinayukluk’ unitaa
talinengucugpakaani. ‘And, he left him, so it
is said, because he was becoming apprensivethat he (the other) might have a weapon andmight surprise him when he felt that darkness
was approaching him.’ (QUL 2003:570); < PE
alap0n3a3-; < ala1-?
alaqe- to find; to notice # alaqaa ‘he foundit’ / alaqutuq ‘he found something’;
Alaqarcamegteggu-gguq ilaita, anuurulur-am,
nukalpiaq, kautuuryuareluni-gguq, anuuruluum
atkussaarai pilugullraak-ll’, mikelkelluki. ‘Someof them noticed him, this “grandmother,” a great
hunter who was stuffed inside meager clothing,
the grandmother’s meager parka and worn-out
boots, all too small.’ (CEV 1984: 80); Maaggunllu maa-i ayagngami Nash Harbor-armi alaqluku
tauna nulini. ‘And as he traveled along here, inNash Harbor he found his wife.’ (WHE 2000:199);
HBC; NUN cf. alake-1, nalaqeAlaqnaqiq Aleknagik # village, and Lake Alaknagik(one of the Wood-Tikchik lakes) near Dillingham
alar- being in error # postural root; < PE ala3-; >alarte-, alangqa-, alarcaquq, alarcauk, alarcuaq,
Alarneq1, alarneq2, alarqiigute-, alarqiqealarcaquq appendix (anatomical) # A¥g’umek-gguq
tengmiam yaq¥rranek takelriamek cavilirluni
pillruuq. Alarcaqiqelliniluni-gguq. Pilagturlukugguq taun’ alarcaqrua a¥g’allrua. ‘It’s said
he used a long bird wing feather as a knife.
Apparently she had appendicitis. He took her
appendix out surgically.’ (AGA 1996:158); K, Y,
HBC; < alarte-?-quq
alarcauk appendix (anatomical) # K, NI, CAN, BB;< alarte-?
alarcuaq appendix (anatomical) # K; < alarte-?
Alarneq Alakanuk # village on the Yukon Delta:< alar-neq1; < alarneq
alarneq error; mistake; wrong decision # < alarneq1; > Alarneq

90Basesalatiq fried bread # BB; = alaciq; from Russian fkƒlmb
(alád’i)alavvilaq high-powered rifle # BB; from English‘rifle’alcagar- to salvage; to make use of discarded things;
to pick up things here and there for later use #questioned; = algacagalciq red wood; reddish colored wood # NUN
aleg- emotional root; > alegyug-, alegnaite-,
alegnarqe-, alegtar-, alegyagute-, alke- or al’kealegyug- to be confident; to feel somethingis feasible # Tauna-am iliit alegyunglliniuq
imarpigmek. ‘That one, one of them, started to
become confident about the ocean.’ (QUL 2003:628); Ta¥ga-i alegyukarngami kilngarlun’ taun’aparrluggaat Naparyarmiuneg keggaken. ‘And
then, when he felt that it was the appropriate time,
their grandfather came here from Hooper Bay
across there.’ (WHE 2000:200); < aleg-yug-;= alagyugalegnaite- to not be such as to make one feel it isfeasible # < aleg-naitealegnarqe- to be such as to make one feel it isfeasible # Aleknguaryaqunaku! Alegnarqenrituq.
‘Don’t even dare to think you can deal with him.
He’s not such as to make one feel he can deal with
him.’ (QAN 1995:46); < aleg-narqe-; = alagnarqealegtar- to be self-confident by nature # < aleg-taralegyagute- to come to feel confident toward (it);to become able to handle (it) # . . . qanikcaatllu alaitelaameng, alegyagucamiki aritviigni
tegulukek all’ukek nutaan tuaken nem’inek
ayagtuq. . . . ‘. . . since their snow was also
visible he felt confident now that he would makeit, so he took his mittens, put them on and thenleft the house. . . .’ (KIP 1998:7); Cali man’a ca,
alegyaguqurraucimcetun kevgiurluta. ‘Also, we
worked on chores that we were able to handle.’(QAN 2009:186); < aleg-yagutealek strip of willow bark # Amllerugarnek-llu
pitenrilnguq, uqvigaat amiitnek, alegnek-gguq
makunek kuvyiluni tauna imna. ‘In as much as
he didn’t catch a lot, that person made a fishnetof willow bark, of those strips of willow bark.’(MAR 2001:6); Y; = allek
alemqar- to sneak a taste # alemqertuq ‘he sneakeda taste’; alemqeraa ‘he sneaked a taste of it’ / <alme-qar; cf. alqar-; cf. alqimar-; < PE al0mqa3-

alatiq — alerquun

aleq file (metal tool) # allret ‘files’; allra ‘his file’ (noteirregularly devoicing in forms like these); NUN
al’erpak placenta; afterbirth # K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC,
BB; Aullu-waa-i! Pissiyaagpek’nak; al’erpiin
aneksaituq! ‘Be careful! Don’t move too much;your placenta hasn’t come out yet!’ (CUN
2007:34); < PE al03; < ?-rpak
alerqua- to give serious advice concerning proper
conduct # alerquagaa ‘he is giving him advice,telling him how to conduct herself’ / alerquagiuq‘he is giving advice’; tutgara’urluni alerquagaa
murilkesqelluku ‘she is advising her grandchildto be watchful’; Angayuqallemta ta¥gaam
qanrut’lallruitkut waten, “Kitak, qasgimun
agluten alerquagilrianek niicugniuryartua.” ‘Our
parents, however, would tell us like this, “Goahead, go over to the kashim to listen to the ones
giving advice.”’ (YUU 1995:45); < alerqur-aalerquista advisor; consultant; legislator; lawmaker# < alerqur-i2-ta1
alerqur- to tell to do something; to advise; tocommand; to order to do something; to instruct# alerquraa ‘he advised him’, ‘he ordered him’
/ Tua-llu pistailamek anuurluan tutgara’urluni
alerqurnauraa unavet ce÷amun atrarluku
mallussuugaasqelluku. ‘And so because they
had no one to provide for them his grandmotherwould instruct her grandson to go down to theshore and beachcomb for carcasses.’ (UNP1);= alarqur-; < PY al03qu3-; > alerqua-, alerquista,
alerquun; cf. inerquralerquuciurtet legislature # alerquuciurtet
caliarkaat ‘legislation’; < alerquun-liur-ta1alerquun precept; instruction; rule; commandment;law # alerquutekaa ‘it is his commandment’;
Alerquutnguuq wani, kia pinrilengraakut
kalivqinalria ullagluku ikayuusqelluku. ‘It is arule that even if he doesn’t ask us, one should
go to whoever is in distress and help him.’(KIP 1998:59); the following are legal neologisms:
alerquun ak’a taqumalria caqtaarviirulluku‘ratify’; alerquun ayagnerrluku ‘enact’;
alerquun ellmeggnun auluksaurcaramun‘IRA (Indian Reorganization Act)’; alerquun
kituggluku ‘amend’; alerquutem ilaqautii‘provision (of an act)’; alerquutet maliggluki‘legitimate’; alerquutet maligtaquluki‘constitutional’; alerquutet maligtevkenaki‘unlawful’; alerquutnun nall’arusngavkenani

91

Alerquutet — alingcitaar-

Basesaliiman mitten; also glove in areas where a separate
word is not used for glove # Yuut ilateng tuquaqan
uptetullruat akluluku. Aturarluku, pilu’ugluku,
aliimaterluku, nacarluku-llu. ‘When he dies
people would get their relative ready clothinghim. People would prepare their relatives byclothing them after they had died. They would
put clothes on them, gloves, skin boots, mittens
and a hat too.’ (YUU 1995:42); Y, NI, K, CAN, BB,
NR, LI; = aliuman; < aliq-u-ma-nalikaite-, alikekngaite- to be fearless # alikaituq,
alikekngaituq ‘he fears nothing’ / < alike-ite1-,
alike-kengaq-ite1alike- to fear; to be afraid of # alikaa ‘he fears
it’ / Ta¥ga-ta¥g’ ellii tauna, cat makut
uluryakevkenaki, alikevkenaki, cat angalkut-ll’
alikevkenaki. ‘He himself didn’t wince in the faceof anything, he did not fear them, not even the
shamans.’ (CEV 1984:41); < ali-ke2-; > alikaitealing oh my! # exclamatory particle used when one isafraid or surprised; truncated from alingealingallag- to get scared suddenly #alingallagtuq ‘he suddenly got scared’ / Tua-i
tangvauraqarraarluku alingalliimi qalrillagluni
aanani-llu ullagarrluku, teguamiu-llu aaniin
piluku alingnaitniluku tauna. ‘After she looked
at it for a while, she suddenly started crying
because she became scared suddenly, and hermother rushed over to her and picked her upsaying that that thing wasn’t frightening.’ (ELN
1990:6); < alinge-?-llagalingcetaar- to try to frighten # alingcetaaraa‘he is trying to frighten him’ / Apa’urluan-ll’
alingcetaarutekluki quq’uyat tamakut caskum
tuqusngailkai. ‘And his grandfather would try tofrighten him concerning those “quq’uyat”, fierce
polar bears, that weapons wouldn’t kill.’ (QUL
2003:320); < alinge-cetaar-; = alingcitaar-;< alinge-cetaaralingcirar- to try to frighten # alingciraraa ‘he tried
to frighten her’ / NS; < alinge-cir-?alingcirar(ar)- to threaten # alingcirararaa ‘histhreatening him’ / alingcira’arluku ‘threateninghim’; < alingcirar-?
alingcitaar- to try to frighten # alingcitaaraa ‘he istrying to frighten him’ / Naliata-kir maa irnianka
alingcitaartaki . . . ‘I wonder which one of themhere is trying to frighten my children . . .’ (CEV
1984:43); HBC; = alingcetaar-‘unconsitutional’; < alerqur-n; > alerquuciurtet,
alerquutet
Alerquutet the Biblical book of Deuteronomy #< alerquun-plural
alevlaq tree burl (especially spruce) # NUN
algacak salvaged thing # and algacag-, algassarto salvage; to make use of discarded things; topick up things here and there for later use #algacagtuq ‘he salvaged things’ / algassaqina
qivyunek ‘please save some down feathers’;
maqivilillruuq algacallerrlainarnek ‘he built asteambath house entirely out of salvaged things’;
Pingraani-am elliyartuusqelluki tuquarqauniluki
ilangcivkenaku qunguturaqarkauniluki umyuani
aturluku tua-i algacakluki taukut unglutuumaita.
Although she told her to go put them (thenestlings) back saying that she would kill them,she ignored her saying that she would have themas pets, following her own whim regarding themas discarded salvageable things along with theirnests.’ (ELN 1990:24); = alcagaralgarcaraq ivory buckle or connecting link on
harpoon line #algiq salvaged thing # NUN
ali- root; > alike-, alingealia- emotional root; > alianake-, alianarqe-, alianiur-,
aliayug-; note use of alianake- rather than *aliakewith this emotional root; = alai-; < PE ali!aalianake- to find (it) lonely # alianakaa ‘he finds itlonely’ / < alia-nakealianarqe- to cause loneliness # alianarquq ‘it makes
one lonely’ / Nunakumanrilngurni capurciulleq
alianarquq cakneq, ella assiitaqan. ‘Being stranded
in a place that isn’t one’s home makes one very
lonely when the weather is bad.’ (YUU 1995:126);< alia-narqealianiur- to be lonely # alianiurtuq ‘he is lonely’ /Aanii-llu tauna uini ayangraan alianiunriqerrluni,
taumek irniaminek aipanga’arcami. ‘Also,
his mother, although her husband had left,
was no longer lonely because she had gotten acompanion in the person of that child of hers.’(YUU 1995:107); < alia-niuraliayug- to be lonely # aliayugtuq ‘he feels lonely’/ Tuantengllermegni uyuraa aliayunglliniuq
cupeggluni. ‘While they2 were there his
younger brother became lonely and homesick.’(YUU 1995:126); umyuiqsaraq aliayugpagyaraq‘depression’ ((in HBC usage); < alia-yug-

92

Basesalinge- to be afraid; to be scared # alinguq ‘heis afraid’ / camek alingsit? ‘what are youscared of?’; alingua carayagnek ‘I am afraidof bears’; alingevkenak ‘don’t be scared!’;. . . irugni-llu perriamikek piuq cat makut
akalriit kemgan qaingani. Kemgiutnayukluni
pian, aanii ngel’arluni qanrulluku iqauniluku
tamana akalria. Tua-i alingyaaqluni kemggani
qunukngamiu. ‘. . . and when she wiped herlegs she saw that some rolled stuff on her skin.
Because she thought her flesh was coming
off, her mother laughed and told her that therolled stuff was dirt. She’d been scared since
she had wanted to keep what flesh she had.’(ELN 1990:33); < ali-nge-; > aling, alingallag-,alingcetaar-, alingcirar-, alingcitaar-, alingite-,alingnaq, alingnarqe-, alingniur-, alingtar-,alingenguartur-; < PY ali&0alingenguartur- to be paranoid #alingenguarturyaraq ‘paranoia’; < alinge-uartur1alingiltaar- to be foolhardy # alingiltaartuq ‘heis foolhardy’ / Aling, inerqullruamken-ggem
alingiltaaresqevkenak! Calriaten-kiq tua-i maancit!
‘Oh dear, I told you not to be foolhardy! It’s awonder that you are even here!’ (QAN 1995:54);
Ellii-gguq carayiim pikani, itempagaciqaa. Watentua-i alingiltaalriit-gguq tuaten pilartut. ‘He saysthat if a ghost appears to him, he would kick it.
Thus it is with daredevils.’ (QAN 1995:204);< alingite-aalingite- to be fearless # alingituq ‘he is fearless’/ alingilnguut anguyagtet ‘brave soldiers’; <alinge-ite2alingnaq hazardous thing # < alinge-naq1
alingnarqe- to be frightening. alingnarquq ‘it isfrightening’ / alingnaqvaa ‘how frightening!’; Caalingnarqenrullrua? — Carayagnek-wa ta¥gaam
alingelallrulrianga wii, carayiit amllellratni.
‘What was most scary? — I used to be scaredof bears when there were a lot of bears.’ (KIP
1998:299); < alinge-narqealingniur- to be apprehensive # alingniurtuq ‘he isapprehensive’ / < alinge-niuralingtar- to be cowardly; to be very timid #alingtartuq ‘he is cowardly’ / Tua-i wiinga
alingtaama alingerrlugyaaqlua. ‘Since I was quite
timid I was little bit scared at the time.’ (CIU
2005:382); < alinge-tar1-; > alingtarli

alinge- — alke-

alingtarli coward # < alingtar-li1
aliq sleeve # Aliit-llu tamakut ilutmun murugtelluki
waten. Ilulirnerkun camaggun ukatmun
pivkarluku, nanerluku qamaggun, nek’etuluki.
‘And they pulled their sleeves inside. Then they
put weights around the inside bottom and used it(the gutskin raincoat) as a shelter.’ (PAI 2008:156);
NS, Y, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, LK, BB, NR; >aliiman, aliuman, alirun, alirnaq, alirpak, aliruaq;< PE a9i3
aliqiliqiaq ring finger # a name used in a fingernaming jingle; cf. alqiliq
alirnaq stream # < aliq-naq2
alirneq righthand side # alirnerani ‘on its righthandside’; UY, UK
alirpak legendary little person # literally: ‘big
sleeve’; Y; < aliq-rpakaliruaq razor clam # literally: ‘thing like a sleeve’;< aliq-uaq
alirun, alinrun trim around parka cuff #Kanaqlagnek atkugluni, akuruterluni,
aliruterluni-llu terikaniamek. ‘He had a muskrat
fur parka with wolverine fur trim at the hem andcuffs.’ (YUU 1995:5); see Appendix 9 on parts of theparka; < aliq-un
aliuman mitten; also glove in areas where a separate
word is not used for glove # UK, CAN, BB, NR =aliiman; < aliq-u-ma-naliurtuq ghost; apparition; supernatural presence# and aliurtur- to see a ghost; to experiencea supernatural presence # aliurturtuq ‘heis experiencing something supernatural’ /Aliurtuqallruuten-qaa? Aliurtuqerpeknii. Ta¥gaam
qialriamek niitellruunga maaken nunam
akuliinek. Qalrialun’ qasturiinarluni . . . ‘Did you
ever see a ghost?’ ‘I haven’t seen a ghost. However,I heard something crying out from under the
ground. The noise it was making became louder
and louder . . .’ (KIP 1998:51); < PE ali(C)u3tu3alkar- to tear a little # alkartuq ‘it tore a little’;alkaraa ‘he tore it a little’ / . . . taqukat qiluitnek,egalengqellinilria. Allegluku, alkarluku
qinertelliniuk qavalriit. ‘. . . it had a seal-gut
window. Tearing it, tearing it a little, they2 peeked
in and saw that they were sleeping.’ (ELL
1997:420); < alleg-qaralke-, al’ke- to consider (it) feasible; to feel confident
with respect to (it); to be mentally ready for93

alkuaq — allakauke-Bases(it) # alkaa or al’kaa ‘he thinks he can do it’ /aleknguaryaqunaku! ‘don’t even consider it; it’s
impossible!’; An’aqami-tang maa-i ngelaunani
uksuryunga’arcan kiarqurnauraa imarpik, ingrit
agaa-i alaunateng, tua-i elliin alekluki. ‘Whenever
she went out, because it without a doubt winter
was in progress, she would scan the ocean,the mountains were visible over there, andshe felt confident about being able to reach them’.
(MAR2 2001:76); Tua-i taum imarpik umyugaanal’kenriqertaa. ‘So that one’s thinking he lost
confidence concerning the ocean.’ (QUL 2003:632);
Aren, taq’ercami atnermek taukunek aturaminek
ngelqiuquralrianek kanavet natrem qukaanun
nangercan atrarluni atii tauna qanlliniuq, “Kitaki,
al’kestii atrarli. . . .” ‘When he got through putting
on those perfectly fitted clothes, he went to thecenter of the floor and stood there, and then his
father said, “Now a person who thinks he canbeat him should go down [to the center of the
kashim].”’ (QUL 2003:276); < aleg-ke4alkuaq dark layer of flesh under skin of fish; corneaof eye # < alku-aq3
alku covering for (or insulation in) inside wall of
dwelling # may be vertical wall planks; Canek tua-iqasgim aklukainek ciumek piyugviku’urluki.
Alkungyugvikluki, egaleryugvikluki,
nacitengyugvikluki-llu. ‘They’d request fittings
for the kashim first. They’d request wall coverings,
windows, and flooring.’ (AGA 1966:120); . . .
tang taukuk imkuk wani pugumalriik tegqak
nevumun qamavet alkut makut putuluki, . . .
‘. . . those two pieces of wood were sticking out
through the sod to the inside piercing the wallcoverings, . . .’ (QUL 2003:282); see Appendix 9 onparts of house; > alkuaq
alla different one # allamek angyangqertuq ‘hehas a different boat (from this one); allanek-llu
neqkanek taitelliniluni ‘and he also broughtsome other kinds of food’; Cat-llu neplilriit
piciunrilngurmek-llu pilriit, yuullerpet yaatiikun
allakun pilriit, ilaganrilngerpeki cavkenani. ‘Asfor those who engage in immoral practices andwho are doing what is wrong, whose way of life
is distinct and apart from yours, it is better toavoid them.’ (ELL 1997:24); > allakaq, allakar1-,
allakar2-, allakuciq, allami, allamtaunek, allaneq,
allau-, allayuk; < PE atla
allakaq strange thing; different thing # andallakar- (or allakarte-) to become separate fromothers; to separate from others; to remove;separately (when used in the quantifier/qualifier
construction) # allakartuq ‘he went out on his
own’ / allakaraa (or allakartaa) ‘he separated
it from the others’; Anngami kiarrluni qasgiq
tauna tangllinia, aruviryaaqellriim-gguqta¥gaam allakauluni aruvii aurnerullinilria.
‘When he went out he looked around and saw
that kashim, and although there was smoke
coming from it, its smoke was different being avapor.’ (YUU 1995:8); Ta¥gaam taumi ernermi
Laban-aam allakarai qusngirngalnguut angucalut
keptalget kukupalget-llu wall’u qatellriartalget
qaimegteggun. ‘But on that day Laban separated
the male goats that were striped and spotted,
every one that had white on it.’ (AYAG. 30:35);
examples showing use in quantifier/qualifier
construction: allakarmeng ayallruut ‘they left
separately, independently of the others’; Tuai-llu tekipailgan aataseng caqerluni Qalemaq
una allakarmi cururluni inartengluni, tamaanillu pelatekami uitaurangluni aneksaunani,taumi curumi aqumgaurluni kiingan-llu
egamaarrlugnek ner’aqluni. ‘Before their dad
arrived Qalemaq began to sleep on a bed separate
from the others, and began to stay in the tent all
the time without going outside, and she would
just sit on the bed and eat only boiled half-dried
fish.’ (ELN 1990:37); Cali-llu taum taqestemta
ilumun allakamta piciryararkirluta caggluta
ellillrullinivaa tamarngaicaaqelrianek nutem
pikarkauyaaqellemnek ellam piunrirvianun.
‘And our Maker designed all of us and placed
us in different places all over the world, granting
us customs and traditions that we should never
have abandoned and should maintain until theend of the world.’ (AGA 1996:94); Tamaa-i-am
angalkut tamakut waten maa-i anernemtenek
qanlalriit, anernerput allakaan yuuniluku. ‘In
those days the shamans used to talk about oursouls, that our soul is separate from the body.’(QUL 2003:540); < alla-kaq; > allakauke-, allaki-;< PE atlakka3 (under PE atla)
allakariyagaq allocation # legal neologism; < allakar2i2-yagaq
allakauke- to act toward (it) considering it different;
to reject (it) # allakaukaa ‘he is treating it as
strange’ / allakaukevkenaku ‘treating him fairly,
no different than others’; < allakaq-u-ke3-;> allakauki-

94Basesallakauki- to act toward things treating them as
strange; to discriminate; to resent relatives’
staying with one # allakaukiuq ‘he resents his
relatives’ staying with him’ / < allakauke-i2allakaukiyaraq discrimination # legal neologism;< allauki-yaraq
allaki- to think that something is different fromthe norm # allakiuq ‘he thinks that something isdifferent’ / < allakaq-li2allakuciq different kind of thing # allakucimek
taqmagmek aturciqua ‘I’ll wear a different kindof dress’; < alla-kuciq
allami last year; another place; a different location# Tua-i talligni manuminun nengllukek
tangrraarlukek piluni ellenrunilukek allamirmi.
Aaniin-llu piluku ilumun keminruniluku
allamirmi. ‘And stretching her arms in front of her
she first looked at them and saw that they were
thicker than in the previous year. Her mother told
her that indeed she had more flesh than in theprevious year. (ELN 1990:75); adverbial particle;< alla-localis ending; > allamiku
allamiku next year # adverbial particle; allamikuani‘during the year after it’; < allami-ku
allamtaunek occuring one after the other # particle;< alla-?-abl.-mod.; NUN(A)allaneq stranger; guest; visitor from outside thevillage # allanret tekitut ‘the visitors have come’;Caaqami-llu imkunek allanernek qalartaqluni
aaniit qanraqan iirpiluni irriaqluni qanyalriamek.
‘Once in a while their mother would talk about
these guests from far away and when she spoke,she (the daughter) would be wide-eyed inamazement at what was said.’ (ELN 1995:31);
Cali tamaani ellangellemni allanret tekilluteng
uqunek kiputaqluteng. Melqulegnek atkugkanek
akilirluteng. ‘Also back then when I first becameaware of things, strangers would arrive to buy
seal oil. They’d pay with furs for parkas.’ (YUU
1995:46); < alla-neq1; > allanite-, allaniur-,
allanivik
allanite- to come as a visitor to (him) # allanitaa ‘hecame as a visitor to him’ (literally: ‘he produced
a visitor–in the person of himself–for him’;
cf. yit’e-) / Maaken kiatiinek tekitevkenaku,
naken ta¥gaam yuilqumek tekisnguarulluku
allanitqeryaqvuk aanii cakemna. ‘Not coming fromupriver of where she is, but rather appearing tocome from the wilderness we may come as guests

allakauki- — alleg-

to his mother downriver.’ (QUL 2003:434);< allaneq-li2-te5allaniur- to welcome # allaniurtuq ‘he iswelcoming people’ into his house; allaniuraa ‘heis welcoming him’ / Kiingan angniutnguniluku,
quuyurnitnguniluku, allaniurutnguniluku, calillu-gguq tungayangqerrutnguluni. ‘They say it is
the only reason for happiness, the only reason forsmiling, the only thing to offer to a guest, and theonly reason one had relatives.’ (YUU 1995:54);< allaneq-liur-; > allaniurta
allaniurta hotel clerk; host; receptionist #< allaniur-ta
allanivik, allaniurvik hotel; inn # Nauwa allanivici?
— Maani allanivigtaituq. ‘Where is your hotel?
— There isn’t a hotel here.’ (YUP 1996:53); . . .
ungungssit-llu nerviatnun elliluku, allanivigmi
enailamek. ‘. . . placed Him in the manger
because there was no room at the inn.’ (LUKE
2:7); < allaneq-li2-vik, allaniur-vik
allau- to be different; to be strange # allauguq ‘it isdifferent’ / allauvkenani ‘not being different’,‘being as usual’; . . . pailaagluku kegginaakun.
Tatame¥rlurluni allauyukluku, cunaw’
Piliullinilria. ‘. . . it licked her on her face. Poor
thing, she was startled thinking it was somethingelse, but it turned out to be Pili.’ (ELN 1990:16);< alla-uallaurte- to change; to become different #allaurtuq ‘it has changed’, ‘it became different’;allaurtaa ‘he changed it’ / allaurtekanirtuq
ayaumarraarluni ‘after being away he haschanged a lot more’; Neq’akellrin-ll’ nunat
allat aturlaryaaqekait, Imangami-llu allaurrlukita¥gaam ilaita pilaraat. ‘Some other villages that
remember it still sing it, including the singers
from Emmonak, but some groups change it when
they sing it.’ (AGA 1996:124); < alla-urteallayuk unusual thing or person; strange
thing or person; different thing or person #Keggutai-wa imkut quugaarpiit keggutaicetun
ayuqngacaaqellriit ta¥gaam allayuuluteng. ‘Its
teeth seemed to be like those of a mastodon, only
different.’ (YUU 1995:24); < alla-yuk
alleg- to tear # allegtuq ‘it tore’; allgaa ‘he tore it’ /allgartellruuq ‘it tore suddenly’; allgumauq ‘itis torn’; Egalermun tekicami egaleq pakigluku
ulpiarrluni pakmavet egaleq allegluku, ulpiarrluni
anqertuq cellamun. ‘When he reached the95allegpak — allirtet

Bases

window he pulled on the window frame andsomersaulted out on top tearing the (gutskin)window, and he went somersaulting outside.’(MAR2 2001: 18); . . . cetugmiaqcaarturalliniluku
skin-aq tamana cayaqlirluni alcuayagarluni.
‘. . . he strove to scratch that skin with his
nails and finally tore it a little.’ (ELL 1997:114);. . . pugyaraanek ayagluku qaspeq taun’ alkiia¥g’arluku-llu. ‘. . . starting from its neck
opening he tore the cover parka, removing it.’
(AGA 1996:124); < PE a@0!1-; > alkar-, allganeq,
allgur-, alpag-2
allegpak willow-bark fishnet # (?); < allek-rpak
allegtur- to wipe dishes # EG; < PY-S a@0!2allegyailkutaq reinforcement to prevent tearing #Pugyaraa allegyailkuciumaluni merigngalriamek
kassutmun. ‘Its collar had a reinforcing hem
around it.’ (ANUC. 39:23); < alleg-yailkutaq
allegyaq slab of bark # soaked, flattened and used inroofing; < allek-yaq
allek strip of willow bark # Enrilnguat qeltaita
iluqlia allek. Tua-i waten puqlam nalliinia¥g’arluki tua-i qalliirraarluku a¥g’arluki
kinercirluki. Kinercirraarluki-llu talutmek
taluluki. Nutaan-llu tua-i talurraarluki piirriluki.
Qip’aq-wa tua-i maa-i. ‘Allek is the inner fibrouslayer of young willow bark. During the warm
season the bark is peeled off young willow trees,
then the outer layer of bark is removed. What isleft is then dried. After it dries then it is split into
strands with a fiber-splitter. These strands arethen intertwined into a more stable twine.’ (CIU
2005:84); K; = alek; > allegpak, allegyaq
allemaaq cooked blackfish fry # HBC
alleqaq older sister # NSU; = alqaq; < PE al0qa(3)allganeq accidental tear in cloth, skin,etc. # Allganruarmek kiarcaaqvigminek
cetugmiaqcaarturalliniluku skin-aq tamana . . .
‘Having searched for a little tear to no avail, hestrove to scratch that skin with his nails . . .’ (ELL
1997:114); < alleg-a-neq1
allgiar(aq*) long-tailed duck (formerly called
oldsquaw duck) (Clangula hyemalis) # allgiinraq‘male oldsquaw feather’; Tuamte-ll’ taqngamiu,
tamana qatellria, imkut allgiaraat, teqsuqrit— icigg imkut allgiaraat teqsuqrit tak’lalriit— kangrat-am qivyurrarnek elliqervikaqluki
kapusvikliniluku. ‘Moreover, when he wasdone with it [he took] that white part and [from]tails of an oldsquaw duck — you know the tailsof oldsquaw ducks are long — he took those andput downy feathers on the tips of them, sticking
them in.’ (ELL 1997:366); < PE a@!i3; < ?-ar(aq)allgiliyaq high priest; bishop; pope # Ta¥gaam
agayulirtemta allgiliyamta-llu imutun
umyuarniurpangllerteng niilluku . . . ‘However,
our priests, and our bishop heeded their troubled
conscience . . .’ (CIU 2005:272); Tanqilria
Allgiliyaq Aataq Innokenty, . . . ‘Holy Bishop
Father Innocent, . . .’ (ORT. 2006:44); from Russianfh[bth®q (arkhieréy)
allgirneq greater scaup (Aythya marila) # NSK
allgur- to tear up on purpose # allgurtuq ‘it is beingor has been torn’; allguraa ‘he is tearing it up’/ Ciumek angun pill’uni qangqiirnek. Arnatllu allgurluki amiit. Melqurrit-llu eritayuitait
qangqiiret, lagit pilauciicetun. ‘First the man
catches the ptarmigans. Then the women tearoff the skin. They don’t pluck the feathers ofptarmigans like they do with geese.’ (YUU
1995:62); < alleg-ur
alliit mitten palms # < ?-plural
alliq homemade curved tanning board; hearth #NUN; cf. atliq
alliqaq something, such as paper or grass, used as aworking surface # < allir-qaq
alliqsak, alliqsaq woven liner for skin boot,made by twining dried grass, burlap fibers,
etc. # alliqsiigka or alliqsagka ‘my boot liners2’;
Canegnek piinirluki ciumek tua-i-llu alliqsanek
iluqlilirluki nutaan all’ukek. ‘The boots were
lined with grass in the bottom and were wornwith woven grass socks.’ (CIU 2005:344); < allir-?,
allir-?
alliqupak moose or caribou skin used as a mattress,
bedding skin # Tua-i unuaquaqan tupagaqami
alliqupii imna maklaarmek tapirluku anulluku
egcarturluku. ‘Every day when he woke up
he would take out her bedding along with thebearded seal skin and throw it out.’ (MAR2
2001:14); Y; < allir-qupak
allir- root; > alliqaq, alliqsak, alliqupak, alliraq,
allirtet; cf. at-, alqin
alliraq insole; bedding skin; mattress # < allir-aq3
allirtet pants with attached socks made of fur # usedin plural for one pair of pants; NSU; PE < a@i3t0;< allir-ta1

96Basesallneq dried fish stripped of its skin # Anrraarluni
itliniuq qantamek tegumiarluni qaingani-wagguq man’a neqerrluum kemga qeltairumaluni,
apqiit allneq . . . ‘After going out he came backin with a bowl in his hand, and in that bowl wasdried fish that had been stripped from its skin,which they call “allneq” . . .’ (QUL 2003:530)
allngignaq small hill # Ayainanermeggni
allngignamek tekiciiqelliniut, naunraat tua
qaingani tua-i amllerrluteng. ‘While they weretraveling, they reached a small hill with lots ofplants on it.’ (QUL 2003:60); < allngik-naq2
allngiguaq marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) # socalled because its edible leaves look like the patches on
the soles of skin boots; allngiguat mermi nautuut,
naucetaarluteng-llu esirlinek marsh ‘marigolds
grow in the water and have yellow flowers’;< allngik-uaq
allngik round patch on the sole of a skin boot #and allngig- to patch the sole of a skin boot #allngigtuq ‘she is patching a skin-boot sole’;
allngigaa ‘she is patching it’/ > allngignaq,
allngiguaq; < PE a@&i!
allrag- root; > allragni, allraku, allrakuq, al’rrakuq
allragni last year # adverbial particle; < allrag-dual
localis; > allragniku
allragniku, allraku next year # adverbial particle;
allrakum iluani akit aturarkat ‘fiscal’ (neologism);< allragni-ku, allrag-ku; > allrakuaqan
allrakuaqan yearly # particle; Tua-i panini
kassiyuutekaqekii allrakuaqan, ugaani tua-ikenkem. ‘He held a feast for his daughter every
year because of his love for her.’ (YUU 1995:121);< allraku-contingent moodallrakuq year # pingayuni allrakuni uitallruunga
maani ‘I’ve lived here for three years’; also
used in asking and telling one’s age: qavcinekallrakungqercit? ‘how old are you?’;tallimanek allrakungqertua ‘I’m five years old’;
Allrakuqegcikina! or Allrakukegcikina! ‘Happy
New Year!’; = al’rrakuq; < allrag-?; > allrakurte-;<PE al3ani and al3aku (under PE al03)
allrakurte- to stay somewhere or engage insome activity for a year # Ak’anun-gguq
uitang’ermeng assiirucuitut, allrakurteng’ermeng
malrugnek. ‘Even though they are in storage fora long time they do not spoil even if they stay
two years there.’ (YUU 1995:50); Tauna ta¥gken

allneq — almigaq*
imna Kassauyugluni umyuangluni Kass’anunayagluni allrakurtaarluni uitamalleq, tua suitcaseagni ta¥gaam tegumiaqlukek tekicami. ‘But theone that took off into the white people’s world,
thinking that he would like to become like awhite person, and was gone year after year, comeshome with just a suitcase in his hand.’ (QUL
2003:344); < allrakuq-te1-

all’ugaq hat # EGallungak bottom part or piece of container sucha bentwood bucket or bowl, or a barrel. # . . .
qantamek waten calillinilria, allungagkiurluku,
imkukiurluku-gg’ tua-i mat’um pertam
atlirkaanek atlirkiurlku. ‘. . . working on abentwood bowl, preparing the bottom side forattachment to the bent wooden rim.’ (QAN
1995:24); cf. at-; > allungilleq; < PY-S a@u&$ak

allungilleq bottom groove line in an oval bowl #NUN; < allungaq-li2-lleq

allurte- to take something from # allurtaa‘he took something from him’ / qimuga
neqiinek allurtaa ‘he took away the dog’s
food’; Ellii-llu teguqaarluni irumek cikirluku
mikellrat tangvaurluku-llu nerellrani ilainun
allurrnayukluku cikiutminek irumek. ‘After she
took the leg (of meat) she gave it to the smallest(puppy) and watched it as it ate, thinking that its
littermates would grab the leg that she had givenit.’ (ELN 1990:90); < PY-S a@u3t0alluvagaq rash # NUN

alme- lick; taste # almuq ‘he tasted something’;almaa ‘he tasted it’ / Y, HBC; > alemqar-; cf.
alunge-, alqimar-

almigaq* young bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)# Makut maa-i melqulget, melqulegyugluteng
pilriit almigarnek-llu piyulriit qavcinek pikarrluni
pikan, tauna tua-i pinertulriarkauguq.
Qavcin almigat, wall’ pingayun, wall’u
cetaman, kaviaret-llu wall’ talliman, wall’u
cetaman. Tua-i pinertulriarpauguq tauna,kinguqlirpiaruarkauguq. ‘Now the furs were
presented; some had requested seal pelts anda man who brought several animal pelts wasconsidered to be the highest giver. If he brought anumber of seals, say three or four, or if he brought
four or five fox pelts, he would be regarded as aman bringing the most valuable gift and would
be the last to present.’ (TAP 2004:83); NS; < PY-S
almi!$aq97alngaq — alrapaq

Basesalngaq hanging decoration on a parka or boot;tassel; mark; symbol # and alngar- to mark; towrite # alngartuq ‘he is writing’; alngaraa ‘heis writing to him’ / alngautaa ‘he is writing it
down’ or ‘writing for him’; Tamatum nalliini
alngaulluki piyuitellruut. ‘At that time they didn’t
write things down’ (TAP 2004:44); Piuq-gguq
atkui melqurriutelliniluteng, alngai-llu-gguq
tayima nanglliniluteng, napanun nagqaqellret.
‘She saw that her parka had become fur-lessand that its tassels were gone where they had
gotten snagged on the trees.’ (YUU 1995:84); themeaning, to write, is in Y, HBC, NUN, NS;> alngarat, alngarcuun, alngarkaq, alngarta
alngarat correspondence; letter # Y, HBC, NUN, NS;< alngar-aq1-pluralalngarcuun, alngarrsuun, alngarin, alngarissuun
writing implement; pen; pencil # Y, HBC, NUN,
NS; < alngar-cuun, alngar-ssuun, alngar-i2-n,
alngar-i2-cuun
alngarkaq dye # < alngaq-kaq
alngarta writer # Y, HBC, NUN, NS; < alngar-ta
alpa, alpak murre (Uria sp.) # Ta¥gaamam cali tamana ce÷aq imkunek alpanek
pitukaitnek, maani tayim’ tangrruutulriit
caaqameng. Alpat-llu tamakut caaqameng
nalalartat? Alpalitulliniameng camani, alpanek
tep’aryagtangqelliniluni nalamalrianek taumce÷ii qikertam. ‘But there were some dead murreson the beaches — we see them here occasionally.
Why did those murres die anyway? Apparently
that place had an abundance of murres, there
were many dead murres that had floated onto
the shore of that island.’ (QUL 2003:102); < PE
alpa(!); > Alpaarusvik, alpacurrlugaq
alpacurrlugaq murre skin and feather parka #NUN; < alpa-?
Alpaarusvik July # NUN; literally: time when themurres leave; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;< alpa-irute-vik
alpag1- to come through; to emerge # Itertuq,
alpakartuq, nug’uq-wa kanaggun. ‘He came in,came through (the entrance), came up through (thetunnel entrance) through down there.’ (MAR2
2001:32); Tua-i tuaken elakam elanran iluanek
anqerrluni alpakalliniluni. ‘He quickly came out,
emerged, from the water hole.’ (CIU 2005:128);< PE alpa!alpag2- to tear with force; to rip # alpagtuq ‘itripped’; alpagaa ‘he ripped it’ / < alleg-pag2alqaq older sister # alqerput or alqaput ‘ourolder sister’; alqaat or alqiit ‘their older sister’;alqairutii ‘his deceased older sister’; . . . alqaqellriit
kiugkut uyuraatnek nuliarluni maantelalria.
‘. . . he is here with a wife who is the youngest of
those sisters upriver.’ (YUU 1995:108); Y, NSK, NI,
NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG = alleqaq, al’qaq;> alqaruaq; cf. al’aal’qaq older sister # . . . al’qaat-gguq ta¥gaam un’pekcitngunaurtuq, anluni. ‘. . . their sister decided
to walk and went outside.’ (CEV 1984:74); HBC;= alleqaq, alqaq; cf. al’aalqar- to gobble up food # alqertuq ‘he gobbled
some food’; alqeraa ‘he gobbled it’ / NSU;
< ?-qar-; cf. alemqaralqaruaq one’s spouse’s sister # < alqaq-uaq
alqiliq middle finger # < PY alqiliq; cf. aaliqiliaq,
aliqiliqiaq, alqimar
alqimar- to put one’s fingers in one’s mouth andlick particles of food off them; to take a taste ofsomething with one’s fingers # alqimartuq ‘helicked something off his fingers’; alqimaraa ‘helicked it off his fingers’; ‘he licked it’ (hand) /Tamakunek tua-i paqnayukapigcami agturluku
tamana qevleqtaarturalria qatellria alqimaqerlukullu cali. ‘Because she was very curious about
those things she touched that sparkling white
stuff and tasted it from her fingers.’ (ELN 1990:4);< PY alqima3-; cf. alme-, alqiliq, alemqaralqin grass mat # cf. alliralqunaq suddenly # adverbial particle;
Ayainanermini alqunaq ellangartuq nutaan
ellangarcami nunanun uterrluni. ‘While she wastraveling suddenly she became conscious andwhen she became conscious she returned to thevillage.’ (YUU 1995:118); has also become a noun
meaning instant coffee, as in alqunarturyugtenqaa? ‘do you want instant coffee?’; > alqunaqar-;< PE alquna3alqunaqar- to die suddenly, as by a heart attack #alqunaqertuq ‘he died suddenly’ / < alqunaqqaralr(ar)- to go toward the exit, i.e., toward the door or
downriver # al’ertuq ‘he is going toward the exit’/ alrallruuq ‘he went toward the exit’; NUN;
= anelraralrapaq, alrapak back-to-back sitting partner #98Basesal’rrakuq — alutur-

alungqe- to feed a dog homemade dog food
# alungqaa ‘he is feeding it’ / alungqiuq
qimugte÷ek ‘he is feeding the dogs’; < alungerqe2alungun dog-feeding trough; tongue (LK, BB, NR,
NUN additional meaning) # callakayangqertua
alungutemkun ‘I have a canker sore on my
tongue’; . . . alunguteteng keggmarait nangteqem
ugaani. ‘. . . they gnaw their tongues from pain.’(REVE. 16:10); < PE alu(C)un; < alunge-n;> alunguksuar
alungutaya(g)aq*, alunguksuar uvula # K, BB;< alunge-taq1-ya(g)aq, alungun-ksuar(ar)alungyar(aq*), alungyaq blackfish fry; young
blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) # < alunge-?, alunge-?
aluqan, aluqaq, aluqun, aluqutkaq beaver
scent-gland; castor # ilait yuut aluqatkanek
iinrulartut ‘some people use beaver castors as
medicinal amulets’; Elagyameggnun ellillinikii,
ima-llu-qaa amllelliniluni-llu. Paluqtaam, wagguq aluqatkak, neryugnarqelriik. Tuani ellaita
pirpakek’ngameng nalliini. ‘He put something intheir cache, not much of a thing. It was what theycalled a beaver castor, a delicacy. It was back when
they considered them delicacies.’ (QUL 2003:270);< PY aluqaq
al’uruyak oval, originally wooden oval bowl # BB;= aluuyaq
alussiq spoon # Y; cf. alungeAlussistuaq Christmas # Alussistuaqegtaarmek
piamken ‘I wish you a merry Christmas’;
Alussistuami cikiriyullermeggnek yugnek
cikirilartut umyuaqluki tuqullret. ‘During
Christmas people give gifts commemorating thedeparted.’ (YUP 1996:56); from Russian Hj;ltcnd˙(Rozhdestvó)
alutuke- to take care of # alutukaa ‘he is taking
care of her or it’ / Kenekluku aaniin atiin-llu
alutukliniluku, mikelnguaresuumiamek taukuk
angasuqaak, apa’urlua-llu. ‘Loving her, herfather and mother took care of her because they
yearned for a child those parents of hers, andalso her grandfather.’ (MAR1 2001:9); Y, NS;< alutur-ke4alutur- to take care of someone or something# aluturtuq ‘he is taking care of someone orsomething’ / Iinrunek-qaa aluturlartuten, qang’allu aturluki tuunralget taitellritnek? ‘Do you takecare of (rather than discard) amulets, hang on toalrapaa or alrapii ‘the one sitting back-to-backwith him’; alrapaqaa ‘he is sitting back-toback with her’; qayakun alrapaqlutek ayagtuk‘they2 went riding back-to-back in the kayak’;
Taqngamek anlutek, qayamun atrarlutek.
Alrapakluku tauna arnaq ayagtuk. ‘When theyfinished, they went outside and went down
to the kayak. They traveled with that woman
traveling back-to-back in the kayak with him.’ (YUU
1995:106); < PE al3apak (under PE al03)
al’rrakuq year # HBC; = allrakuq; < PE al3ani andal3akual’tuutaq mercury; cinnabar # UK; from Russian
hnenm (rtut’)alu, aluq sole of foot; sole of boot or shoe # aluk‘soles of (both) feet’; qerrartellruunga alumkun ‘I
got a sliver in the sole of my foot; = atungaq;< ?-luq; > aluilitaq; cf. at-; < PE alu(3)aluilitaq sandal; insole # Akqellruaqa Ataneq
Agayun Quyinrulria, piliaqestii qiliim nunamllu, tegusngaunii yualukarraungraan, aluilitamllu cingiqengraaku . . . ‘I have promised the Lord
God on High, maker of heaven and earth, that I
would never take a thread or a sandal-thong . . .’(AYAG. 14:22–23); < alu-ilitaq
alulaq, alunaq tiller; sled handlebar; steering wheel;
tail feather of bird (NUN additional meaning) # andalular-, alunar- to steer; to guide # alulartuq ‘heis steering’; alularaa ‘he is steering it’ / alulaq
asemcan alularciigaliunga ‘because the tiller
broke I cannot steer any more’; from Russian hekm
(rul’); see Appendix 9 on parts of sled; > alularta
alularta captain # Sun’am-ll alulartiin nalaqellinia
tuani qanrulluku-llu, “Caluten qavarcit?” ‘The
ship’s captain found him there and said to him,
“Why do you sleep?”’ (JONA. 1:6); < alular-ta1
alumcug- to lick # NUN; < alunge-?alungae homemade dog food (a boiled mixture of fishand meat products) # and alunge- to lap with the
tongue # to lick # alunguq ‘it is lapping’; alungaa‘it is lapping it’ / . . . tua-i nuliagken taukuk
alerquuciatun neqkiurqamegnegu tua-i imutun
alungetun ellirluku neqkiuraqluku. ‘. . . those
two wives of his, as he ordered, whenever they
prepared food for him they would prepare his
food with the consistency of dog food . . .’ (QUL
2003:202); < PE alu!-; > alumcug-, alungqe-,alungun, alungutayagaq, alungyar(aq); cf. alme-,alussiq99

aluturta — amaquayaaq

Bases

the items the shamans have brought you?’ (CAT1950:76); Y, NS; < PE alutu3-; > alutuke-, aluturta
aluturta provider # Tua-i nekayuyuunani ayuqluni,
elliini ta¥gaam imna anuurluni alikuarallerluku
pilaraa aluturtekngamiu. ‘He never got
emotionally hurt but he did somewhat fear
his grandmother because she was the one who
provided for him.’ (MAR2 2001:5); Y, NS; < aluturta1
aluuyaq oval, originally wooden oval bowl # K,
NUN; = al’uruyak
aluvik teardrop # Agayutem-llu aluviit tamalkuita
perrirciqai iingitnek. ‘And God will wipe all thetears from their eyes.’ (REVE. 7:17); < PY aluvik;> aluviliur-, aluviliyaraq
aluviliur- to be teary-eyed; to weep # aluviliurtuq‘he is teary-eyed, weeping’ / Nayagaan taum
tangrramiu umyuarteqa’artelliniuq anngaminun
tuqukuni utercungraan ut’rusngaitellerminek.
Tuaten umyuarteqngami aluviliulliniuq. ‘When
she saw him, his younger sister thought that if
she were to die even if she wanted to return, herolder brother wouldn’t bring her back. Thinking
that way she wept.’ (YUU 1995:113); < aluvik-liuraluviliyaraq tear duct # aluviliyarak ‘tear ducts’;< aluvik-li-yaraq
aluyak chum salmon; dog salmon (locally)(Oncorhynchus keta) # BB, NR, LI
alvik wooden bowl; large food container; washingvessel for women’s clothes (NUN meaning) #Quarruuget imkut kumlanret itruskuni, wagg’uq
alviim imai, passilercugluki makuciminek tua-i,
waten tua-i piciqai ullikaniraqluki qantam imai.
‘She’d come in with a wooden bowl full of frozen
needlefish, which she’d crush with this kind ofthing (a pestle) making sure all the fish werecrushed inside.’ (CIU 2005:184)
amaaq* willow (or other tree) root used in making
baskets, lashing fish traps or kayak frames, etc. #Y; < PE amaa3
amag- curved # postural root; > amagte-, amangqaamagte- to get curved # amagtuq ‘it got curved’;
amagtaa ‘he put a curve in it’ / sayalleraat
qengait amagtelartut ‘the noses of spawningsalmon get curved’; < amag-te2amagugualek type of parka # (?); < amag-?-uaq-lek
ama(ni) over there # obscured demonstrative adverb;
see amna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;

see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > amaqliq,
amarriigute-, amataite-, amatiigni, amatiiku
amangqa- to be curved # amangqauq ‘it is curved’ /< amag-ngqaamaq load carried on the back; stone of a ring #and amar- to backpack; to carry on one’s back #amartuq ‘he is carrying something on his back’;amaraa ‘he is carrying it on his back’ / Alqaan
taum amalliniluku, amarluku ayautellinia. ‘His
older sister indeed carried him on her back, andcarrying him on her back she took him away.’ (YUU
1995:99); > amarcuun, amaqaute-, amaqaayak,
amaqatak, amaqsuq, amaquayaaq
amaqaayak pink salmon (locally humpback salmon
or humpy) (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) # UY, NSK,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; < amaq-?
amaqatak back of fish; hump on back of fish;
adipose fin (NUN meaning) # < amaq-qatak
amaqaute- to remove or put down something slung
over one’s back # < amar-qar-te5amaqigci- to sit cross-legged # (?)
amaqigute- to cross (one’s legs) # Tekicami, tua-i
tekicamek qasgiluni pilliniuq, imna tauna,
maqinerralliniameng-llu, ingluturtekautii
picumayuurluni taklauralria irugni amaqigullukek.
. . . Tuatnamaurluni taun’ picumayiurluni
uitaluni. ‘Upon arrrival he went to the kashim
and saw his opponent lying down on his backwith his legs crossed, because they had justtaken a sweatbath. . . . That person was doingthat because he had caught something.’ (QUL
2003:162); < amaq-?
amaqliq* one on the other side of an area;
older brother # Unuk-gguq qavangurturtuq
amkut amaqliita, angalkuut taukut cetaman,
ikayuqluteng tuquskiit. ‘At night, he said, hedreamt that those four shamans on the otherside of the area were helping each other to kill
him.’ (YUU 1995:112); Caqerluta up’nerkami
pingayuuluta qamigallemte÷i, amaqliqa-llu . . .
ilu’urpuk-llu. ‘One time in spring when thethree of us went hunting with sleds and kayaks,
my older brother and me, and our cousin.’ (YUU
1995:23); < ama-qliq
amaqsuq, amaqsuk pink salmon (locally humpback
salmon or humpy) (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) # NI,
NUN; < PE ama3tu3; < amaq-?
amaquayaaq backstrap of dog harness # < amaq-?ya(g)aq100Basesamarcuun backpack # < amar-cuun
amarriigute-, amarriiyaagute- to pass each otherout of each other’s sight when intending to meet,to miss each other in this way # < ama-?-te5-,
ama-?-te5am’arulkarar(aq*) snow bunting (Plectrophenax
nivalis) # NUN
amatae area behind; area beyond; area on the far
side # positional base; amatiini ‘in the area on thefar side of it’; Tua-i-ll’ qungum amatiinun tua-i,
tekicamiu qunguni tauna, tekicamiu amatiikun
uivluni pilriim tua-i-ll’ tamarluni tayima. ‘When
she reached the other side of the coffin, when she
reached her own coffin, as she went around theother side of it, she disappeared.’ (ELL 1997:482);< ama(ni)-te3amatair- to go through the area behind # amatairaa‘he went around behind it’ / Nang’errluni
qayami qaingakun aqvaqurluni ingna tua-i
ukinqucua tekicamiu amatairluki qayat qeceglun’
pavavet nunam qainganun tuc’ami aqvaqurluni
ayakalliniluni. ‘Suddenly he stood up and ran
on the deck of his kayak, and when he got to thetote hole he jumped behind the other kayaks andwhen he landed on the (dry) land he got away byrunning.’ (QUL 2003:486); < amate-iramataite- to have no meaning # amataituq ‘it ismeaningless’, literally: ‘it has nothing backing it
up’ / < ama-te3-te1amatiigni the day before yesterday (NSK, HBC, NI,
NUN, CAN, and EG meaning); the day before theday before yesterday (K, Y, and BB meaning) #adverbial particle; < amata-dual localis; cf. yaaliagni
amatiiku the day after tomorrow (NSK, HBC, NI,
NUN, CAN, and EG meaning); the day after the
day after tomorrow (K, Y, and BB meaning) #adverbial particle; < amata-ku; cf. yaaliaku
amatngurte- to appreciate something; to feel
unworthy of what one has received or what
has been done for one; to have gratitude #amatngurtuq ‘he feels grateful and unworthy’ /Piluku ta¥g’, amatngurpakaami taw’ nuliqnaluk’
ullagyaaqniluku; ta¥gaten, anautellermineng
amatngurpakaami. ‘He said to her that out ofgratitude he was coming to ask her to be his wife,
out of gratitude that she had saved him as shedid.’ (CEV 1984:61); Tekiucamegtekek-llu-gguq,
amatngurtem ugaani.’ They brought the two homewith them in gratitude for what they had done.’amarcuun — ameltu-(CEV 1984:88); HBC, NUN
amaunqigtaq great-great-grandparent #= amauqigtaq; < amauq-nqigte-aq1
amauq* great-grandparent # < PE ama(C)u3;> amaurrlugaq, amaunqigtaq
amauqigtaq great-great-grandparent # =amaunqigtaq
amaurrlugaq great-grandparent # NUN, HBC;
< amauq-rrlugaq
amci hurry up!, let’s go! # exclamatory particle;= ampiamekaq mixture of berries, sugar, seal oil,shortening, fish, etc.; Eskimo ice cream # NSU
amel- dimensional root; < PY-S am0l0; > amelkite-,
ameltu-, amelraq; cf. amlek
amelkite- to be narrow # amelkituq ‘it is narrow’;Aren, tua-i ayagturalnguqerluni ernerpak
tua-i waniw’ unugarkaurrluku kuigem
painganek tekicartulliniuq, tua-i maa-i tua
kuigem man’a kelutmun miktessiyaagpek’nani,amelkitsiyaagpek’nani. ‘Well, getting tired fromtraveling all day, as night drew near, he cameupon the mouth of a river, and the river, goinginland, was not too small nor too narrow.’ (QUL
2003:152); < amel-kiteamelcikar(aq*) small hunting-knife # NUN;
< amel-?
amellmikar- to grasp between one’s legs #amellmikaraa ‘he is grasping it between his legs’/ < amlek-?
amelmig- to stand over (someone prone orsomething) straddling (him or it) with one’s legs
# amelmigaa ‘he is standing over him or it’ /Yuum maaken atrarluni amelmigluku cunguakun
patkarluku makciiqaa uungulliniluni. ‘A personfrom here would go down and standing over his
body slap him on his forehead and lift him up to
see who he was.’ (TAP 2004:33); < amlek-migamelraq ulna, large bone of the forearm # < PE
amil0qa3 and amit0(l)qa3- (under PE amit-);< amel-?
ameltu- to be wide # ameltuuq ‘it is wide’ too wide tojump over; Man’a tua-i avatni waten ameltungraan
tauna tuani cingineq cikuq tepumakii kiakaraaniuitaluni. ‘Even though (the span of water to thenext ice flow) was wide around him, there was aspit of ice beached on the upstream side.’ (QUL
2003:682); < amel-tu-

101amelvag- — aminari-Basesamelvag-, amelpag- to take a big step # amelvagtuq‘he took a big step’; amelvagaa ‘he took a big stepover it’ / Cunawa-gguq tua-i tuntut tamakut
tumait tua-i elaqvaarnun tua-i amelvagluteng
avtaqluki. ‘It turned out that they’d separate
themselves from those caribou tracks taking big
steps to the side.’ (QUL 2003:268); < amllir-pag2amigpite- # to form into two lines as apassageway for (him) to walk through # Tauni
tua-i amigpilluku tua-i piarkaurcamegteggu
anesqelluku amci qayaugaurluku,
qayaugauraqluku. ‘They formed into two lines as apassageway for him and repeatedly called for him
to come out.’ (PAI 2008:328); < amik-rpak-li2-te5amiguyuk passage leading from the porch into thehouse; entrance # < amik-?
amiik door; entranceway # amiik palusgu! or amiik
patuu! ‘close the door!’; amiik ikiresgu! ‘open
the door!’; amiigem ikircailkutii ‘door-latch’,‘door-stop’; Ugkut-wa-gguq cali nakacuut
amiigem quliini cuupiat. ‘Those bladders at theexit end of the house above the door were very
dark in color.’ (YUU 1995:86); Maaten amiik
imna amiigiutelleq cumikaa ataam amiingellini-ll’.
‘When he looked at the doorway that didn’t havea door any more he saw that it had gotten a door
now.’ (QUL 2003:626); Tagngama-llu nutaan yuutamllerluteng amigpillua. ‘When I came up, lots ofpeople gave me a wide berth.’ (KIP 1998:23);= amik; cf. avik; < PY-S amik
amiingirayuli ghost that blocks doorways # Tamaani
tamaa-i qantullruut-ll’ amiingiqengniluki
carayiit. . . . Tamakut-gguq tamaani kenluqsaugut
amiingiq’ngaqameng carayiit. . . . Tamakulkuutam tamaani kenluqsaulalliniameng, waagg’uq
tamakut amiingirayulit. ‘In those days they said
that ghosts could block a person’s way in. . . .
They say those ghosts react the opposite way
from what one wants them to do when they blockdoorways. . . . Those ugly things that always
move opposite to what one wants them to are“amiingirayulit”.’ (QUL 2003:124 & 130); < amiikir-?-yuli
amiir- to skin; to remove the skin of # amiirtuq ‘it has
been skinned’ or ‘he is skinning animals’; amiiraa‘he is skinning it’ / kanaqlagnek amiiriuq ‘he isskinning muskrats’; Uitaqanratgun aatiit iterluni
pitaminek maligluni, cikumaata tamaani nem’iurugciisqelluki amiirnariviatnun. ‘While they were

there their father came in with his catch, andbecause the catch was frozen he wanted them tothaw out in the house until they were ready to beskinned.’ (ELN 1990:71); < amiq-ir2amik door; entranceway # = amiik; > amigpite,
amiguyuk; < PY-S amik; cf. avik
amikuk a certain type of legendary creature #E. W. Nelson (ESK 1899:442) states, “The a-mi’kuk is said to be a large, slimy, leathery-skinsea animal with four long arms; it is very fierce
and seizes a hunter in his kaiak at sea, dragging
both under the water. When it pursues a man it
is useless for him to try to escape, for if he getsupon the ice the beast will swim below and burst
up under his feet; should he reach the shore thecreature will swim through the earth in pursuitas easily as through the water. . . . The idea of thiscreature may have had its origin in the octopus.”;Balassia W. Nicolai of Kwethluk (p.c.) described
an amikuk as being like an otter but without fur,
impossible to capture, and said that when shot it
multiplies into eight (note that in Sugpiaq (andin adjoining EG in Yup’ik), and in Greenland,
amikuq is “octopus”); Joseph Evan of Napaskiakstated (AGA 1996:143 translation only given here),“It is said that some people hear amikuk out inthe wilderness as they move about in the spring.
It’s hard to tell where the sound is coming from.
And though it sounds like it’s coming from theland, there’s nothing there. It isn’t visible. Whena person hears the sound it would get louder
and louder. He would keep hearing the sound.
They say when the creature swims around in theearth near the person, the ground he is walking
on becomes like quicksand. And if a person isholding a walking stick when an amikuk comes,
he begins to feel very different. He becomes
weak. They say this happens when the creature
begins entering inside him and begins to swim in
his body.”; < PE amik(k)u3
amikuq octopus # EG; < PE amik(k)u3aminaq leftover food; excess # < PE amina3; cf.
minaq; > aninari-, aminariqeaminari- to have and excess of something; to havesomething left over # Cunawa taum aanani
ner’llia perriq’apik camek aminarivkenani. . . .
‘It turns out that it seems he’d eaten mother up
completely with nothing left over. . . .’ (MAR1
2001:13); < aminaq-?-102Basesaminariqe- to suffer from an excess # Atamgguq aminariqlua; aunrarluteng-wa pilallilriit,
aminariqniartua augmek. ‘She said I might
hemorrhage [from the womb] — perhaps they
bleed a lot — I could suffer from an excess ofblood.’ (QAN 2009:44); < aminaq-?-liqeaminkite- to save some food for someone # NUN;
< aminkuk-ite2aminkuk leftover food # NUN; > aminkite-; < PEamina3; cf. minaq
aminraq* old worn-out skin # Atkui-wa
ak’allauluteng, aminraat, melqurrunateng,piluguk-llu nayillrek aminraulutek. ‘Her parka
was old, made of furless old skins, and her boots
were of made of sealskins with fur worn off.’ (YUU
1995:82); < amiq-nraq
amiq pelt; skin # Uksuumainanrani tua-i aaniita ellii
ulqucunaliluku piciatun aminek, qayuqerrlinek,
kaviarnek, qugyuum-wa amia. ‘During thewinter their mother made her a fur-in parka ofvarious skins, jack rabbit, fox, and of swan skin.’(ELN 1990:31-32); < PE ami3; > amir-, amiir-,aminraq, amiracetaar-, Amiraayaaq, Amirairun,
Amirairvik, amirak, amirkaq, amirrluk, amiruaq
amir- to put the skin on a kayak or skin boat withwaterproof stitches # amiraa ‘he is putting theskin on it’; amilria ‘one putting a skin over a
kayak frame’; Angyilliniuq, taqngamiu-llu tuntut
amiitnek amirluku. ‘He made a boat, and when
he was done with it [the frame] he covered it withcaribou skins.’ (YUU 1995:100); < amiq-ir1amiracetaar(ar)- to chew on a dried fish skin # . . .
kuc’utun tamuagurluku, cat amiracetaaralriani
tuaten tua-i, mecua ig’aqluku. ‘. . . she’d bechewing it like chewing gum — when chewing
the dried fish skin like that he’d swallow its juice.’(MAR2 2001:62); NS; < amiq-?-cetaaq
Amiraayaaq September # see Appendix 7 on the
Yup’ik calendar; < amiq-?-ya(g)aq
Amirairun August # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < amiq-aq3-ir2-n
Amirairvik September # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < amiq-aq3-ir2-vik
amirak, amiraq waterproof skin boot made of fishskin; fish skin to be used in clothing # yuutamirateng aturlarait up’nerkami qanikcaq
urugyungaqan ‘people wear their salmon-skinboots in the springtime when the snow begins tomelt’; < PE ami3a3 (under PE ami3); < amiq-aq3

aminariqe- — amitatuk

amiragglugaq fish-skin clothing # < amirak-rrlugaq
amirkaq young bearded seal; sealskin ready for
use with hair removed # Tua-i irniartuumaan
maklak, amirkaq, tapeqlukek pitaqlukek.
Tua-i aanaleggniluku una qanrutektuat, tua-igguq aanaleggluni. ‘So, they catch a bearded
seal along with its baby, a young bearded seal,
and they say that a person caught “one witha mother”.’ (ELL 1997:328); A¥g’utun cali
yurarluteng ayuqenrilngurnek yuraulluteng-am
piqertuutarnek, pelatekanek, mulut’uugnek,
imanek, amirkanek-llu. ‘They would dance forgoods, axes, tents, hammers, shells, and sealskins.’(YUU 1995:43); < amiq-kaq
amirli-, amirlir- to be cloudy # amirliuq or
amirlirtuq ‘it is cloudy’ / Ingrit cali aarnarqutait
amllertut, amirliraqan-llu pe÷aq nallunaqtuuq.
‘Also the hazards of the mountains are
numerous, and when it’s cloudy a cliff is hard to
make out.’ (YUU 1995:69); < amirlu-i3-, amirluir1amirlu, amirluq cloud # and amirlu- to be cloudy# amirluuq ‘it is cloudy’ / An’gilanek qilagmi
uitalrianek aanani qanlaan umyuarteqluni
amirluni unaitqapiaralriani qavalaryukluki calillu qaillun tuaten amirlut tengaulauciitnek-llu
igteksaunateng. ‘Because her mother would
speak of angels being in heaven she would thinkof them sleeping on very soft clouds and how theclouds would fly around like that without falling.’(ELN 1990:47); > amirli-, amirtu-; < PY ami3luq
amirluar(aq*) small cloud # Imarpiim qulii
kiarqurniaran amirluarmek, tangerquvet,
piniaran tuquvailegpet kat’um amirluaraam acianneqtaanek nertullerpenek neryugluten. ‘You
should scan the sky above the ocean for a small
cloud and when you see one tell her that before
you die you wanted to eat food from below that
small cloud, the kind of food you used to eat.’(YUU 1995:96); < amirlu-ar(aq)amirrluk scab # NUN, HBC, NI; < amiq-rrluk
amirtu- to be cloudy # amirtuuq ‘it is cloudy’ /< amirlu-tuamiruaq membrane # < amiq-uaq
amitatuk weasel (or ermine) (Mustela sp.) # Equut
amllerrlaameng tamaani imarpiim ce÷iini,
piqerluni piuq equggluut akuliitni amitatuk
man’a, aklanqurrun, ava-i pangalgaluni. ‘Because
there was a lot of driftwood there on the shore of103amite- — amllerr-Bases

the sea, he happened to see, between the piecesof old driftwood, that a weasel was runningaround.’ (MAR2 2001:30); LY, HBC, EG; cf. amite-,amikuk; < PY-S amitatuk (under PE amit-)amite- to be thin in diameter # amituq ‘it is thin’/ Tua-i-llu-am aaniita ayagtuutarkarcesqelluki
ellimerluki. . . . Tamaani pulaarinanermeggni
tua-i yuarluteng napackellrianek amitenraaraitnekllu avayat. . . . ‘And then their mother told themto get wood to make spreaders for drying fish.
. . . While they were going through the thicket thewere looking for straight thinner branches. . . .’(ELN 1990:23); < PE amitAmi’ulikaq America # from English
amiutekaq, amiutaq (NUN form) thread for sewing
kayak skin #amlek crotch of pants or body; area between legs #may be used in dual, amelgek for a single crotch;< PY-S am0l0; cf. avler-, amllir-, mamlek
amlleq much; lots; many; many a — # and amllerto be much; to be many; to be numerous; tobe lots; to be enough # amllermek mermek
imangqertuq ‘it contains much water’; amlleretyuut taillruut ‘many people came’; amllernekqiingqertua ‘I have a lot of gray hairs’; amllertuq‘it is a lot’; amllertut ‘they are numerous’; singularforms can be used even if plurality is clearly meant,e.g.: qimugtem amllerem keggengnaq’laraanga‘many dogs try to bite me’ (the Yup’ik construction
is somewhat like the English format: ‘manya dog tries to bite me’); . . . ukilluki qaniita¥g’arluki, tamaaggun uyangqalartuq yuk
amlleq, nunakailameng. ‘. . . they would makea hole by removing roofing boards, and many
people would look down through there, because
they didn’t have room (inside).’ (TAP 2004:44);
Angevkenani-gguq angutecuaraq, qacegtulunita¥gaam uqilaqapiggluni, yuk amlleq tuqutaqluku
pitgaquluku. ‘A little man, not big they say, he
had a lot of stamina, however, and ran very fastand he killed many people shooting them witharrows.’ (MAR1 2001:8); Uka-i-am tua-i nutaan
agiirrniluku qayaq amlleq. ‘He told them many
kayaks were approaching.’ (CIU 2003:686); Yuum
iliin taringutkaqaa man’a eyagyaraq. Nallua
amllerem. ‘Some people understand the basis of
this abstinence practice. Many don’t know it.’(YUP 2005:260); . . . neqem amlleren iterngairutaa.
‘. . . lots of fish won’t come into it anymore.’(QAN 2009:448); = amllerte- > amllenru-,
amllequtaq, amlleri-, amllerqunek, amllerutaq;< PE am0l(0)3a(3)amllenru- to be more # amllenruut ‘there are moreof them’ / taukut amllenruut ukuni ‘there are
more of them than these’; Yuut imkut atullrit
nutaan amllenruluteng maani uitalliniluteng.
‘Most of the objects here were used by Yup’ik
people.’ (CIU 2003:408); > amllenrulria; < amllernruamllenrulria member of the majority #Maligarutaaryaqunaci amllenrullrianun
alarrluteng pikata. . . . ‘Don’t go along with the
majority if they do wrong. . . .’ (ANUC. 23:2);
amllenru-lria
amllequmtaq tussock of grass # NUN; < amlleq-?
amlleri- to increase in number or amount #amlleriuq ‘it is increasing’ / Tua-i-llu aaniita
aurraarluki enret alqiitnun tunluki. “Ukutunuaqu egcartuqiki elakamun, qanrulluki
amlleriluki taisqelluki.” ‘And then their mother,
after she had gathered the bones, gave themto their oldest sister. “Tomorrow go throwthese in the water hole in the ice, and tell them(the animals’ spirits) to come (again) in greaternumbers.”’ (ELN 1990:5); < amller-i1-;> amllerikaniryaraq
amllerikaniryaraq multiplication # < amlleri-kaniryaraq
amllerqunek many times # inflected form serving as
an adverbial particle; qanrutellruaqa amllerqunek‘I told him many times’; < amlleq-rqu-ablativemodalis
amllerutaq person related to one, through one’s
parents, through many relationships # < amllertaq1
amllerr- to be or become numerous # Kelutmungguq kiartuq muragugaat pa¥gkut amllerrluteng.
‘He looked toward the land and observed that
there were many trees back there.’ (ELL 1997:114);
Cunawa-gguq tuaten yuut amllerrsaaqellinilriit
elkegtun ayuqellriit. ‘The reason, it turned out,
was that people like them2 were numerous.’(MAR1 2001:44); Anguyautellrunrikata yuk
amllerrsartuq maa-i. ‘Had they stopped having
wars the population here would be large now.’(YUU 1995:8) (see comment at amlleq for the use of
the singular rather than plural here); = amller-

104Basesamllerta- to be a certain quantity or amount# amllertauq ‘that’s how much there is’ /amllertauq ‘that’s all there is’; amllertaut yuinaq
qula pingayunek cipluku ‘they numbered thirtythree’; qaillun amllertaceci? ‘how many of you
are there?; < amller-ta-; > amllertaciq
amllertaciq quantity; amount # aptellruanga
amllertaciatnek ‘he asked me how many they
were’; < amllerta-ciq
amlliq1 obstacle to be stepped over # and amllirto step over # amllirtuq ‘he stepped oversomething’; amlliraa ‘he stepped over it’ / Tuai-llu-gguq nunamun amllirraarluni kingyartuq
a¥g’na qapnerrlugpall’er atqerreskii. ‘Then
after stepping onto the land he looked behind
him and saw that a huge mass of foam was
drifting away.’ (YUU 1995:102); . . . ug’umllu qimugtem amlliutekaanek neq’ak’ngaunak.
Ug’um ta¥gken nalluluten nallunrilkuniten
unguvavkaryanritaaten. ‘. . . you don’t recall
side-stepping that dog near the entrance. But thatone by the entrance is unaware of you, for if it
was aware of you it would not have let you live.’(YUU 1995:82); > amelvag-; cf. amlek; < PE
am@u3amlliq2 legendary monster fish # Tamakut-gguqam nanvami amllit tamakut pugleraqameng
kukupaitenricuitut. ‘They say that those monster
fish in lakes are never seen without spots
when they surface suddenly.’ (CIU 2005:234);
Maaten-am kinguani piaqa, tamatum nalliini
amllirtangqellinilria. ‘Later on I found outthat there were “amlliq” monsters there.’ (KIP
1998:313)
amna the one over there; the one in anotherbuilding # obscured demonstrative pronoun; amkut‘those over there’; am’umi ‘in the one over there’;see ama(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. amamngaq female breast; milk # and amngar- to suckle# amngartuq ‘he is suckling’ / amngartaa ‘she isbreastfeeding him’; Y, NS
amnginaq type of Eskimo ice cream (akutaq) madewith roe, (salmon)berries and seal oil whipped
together #ampi hurry up!, let’s go! # exclamatory or adverbial
particle; Piqerluni aaniita ampi unuakutaasqelluki
pii nengllissiyaagpailgata unuakutarkat. ‘Then
their mother told them to hurry up and haveamllerta- — amta-llu

their breakfast before the breakfast food got
cold.’ (ELN 1990:6); Tua-i-ll’ pillinia, “Kitaki ampi
ayagnaurtukut.” ‘Then he said to him, “Okaynow, let’s go, we’d better go.”’ (QAN 1995:254);= amci; > ampiirampiir- to tell to hurry # ampiirtuq ‘he said, “let’sgo”’; ampiiraa ‘he said, “let’s go” to him’ / Elliiam cukangnaqevkenani aturarluni ampiirangraani
Turpiim. ‘She didn’t try to be fast putting on her
clothes even though Turpak was telling her that it
was time to go.’ (ELN 1990:81); < ampi-ramqar- eat berries while picking them # amqertuq‘he is eating berries as he picks them’; amqerai‘he is eating them’ (berries) / amqallruuq ‘he ate
berries while picking them’ / NUN, NS; < PY-S
amqa3amraq sleeve # UK, LI, UY, NR, EG; > amrayak; from
Aleut hamĝa-x̂ (ham3a-X)
amrayak backpack # < amraq-?
amru- emotional root; > amruke-, amrunarqe-,
amruyugamruke- to be overwhelmed by # amrukaa ‘he is
overwhelmed by it’ / < amru-ke4amrunarqe- to be overwhelming # amrunarquq ‘it isoverwhelming’ / amru-narqeamruyug- ‘to feel overwhelmed’ # amruyugtuq ‘hefeels overwhelmed’ / amru-yugamsak small clam that is black on the ends (species?) # NS; = amyak; < PY amyak
amta-llu nevertheless; however; but; and yet #conjunctive particle; Tauna kass’aq pilliniuq
alingengaitniluni amta-llu-gguq alingluni cakneq.
‘That white person said that he wouldn’t
be frightened, but he was very frightened.’(YUU 1995:5); Una wani Ciuliaqatuucia wii
pirpakenritaqa, tua-i-gga imumek tua-i-gg’
pirpakenritniluku wanigg’ qanlartua una wani
Tulukaruk; amta-llu maa-i mat’um nalliini
amlleriluni niicugtai, amlleriluteng. ‘As for his
being the Ancestor, he doesn’t rate very highin my estimation. Well this Raven character, I
always say this, he just doesn’t rate high in myestimation; but then nowadays there are quite
a few who want to hear about him, quite a few
of them.’ (ELL 1997:216); Qasgimi-llu cangraata
ilagaucuunateng cali ce÷ircuunateng amta-llu
mertaraqluteng, equgnek-llu equgkameggnek
aqvataqluteng yuilqumek. ‘Even though there
are activities in the kashim they did not join in105amu- — anagtassiigute-Bases
anacruq front component of gunsight # from Aleut
aanachx̂uudax̂ (aanacXuu9aX)
anag- to escape; to get away; to “make it”; toprevail; to survive; to endure # anagtuq ‘he or
it got away’, ‘he made it, prevailed, survived’ /anautaa ‘he helped him escape’, ‘he delivered
him from danger’; angun anagiuq kaviarmek‘the fox got away from the man’; Elliraurrluni,
mikcuayagauluni elliraurrluni, ellminek tua-ianangnaqu’urluni anagluni. ‘He had become
an orphan, becoming an orphan at a very
young age, and trying to make it on his own,
he survived.’ (ELL 1997:424); Tutgarrlung,arenqiatua aipaqngairutarpenga, anagtuten tua-i,
pikegtarivailegpet ta¥gaam pi¥rlurnayuklua
tua-i nanikualallruunga. Watua anagtuten
anangyuumariuten. ‘Grandson, it’s too bad andI can’t do anything about it, but I won’t be withyou anymore, yet you will survive; before you
became capable, however, I had thought I’d die
and I would feel panicky (on account of it). Now
you will endure; you are ready to begin to prevail.’(MAR2 2001:13 ); cf. anagte-; < PE anna!- >anagyaaqute-, anangnaqe-, anangniaranagkengaq winnings # < anagkenge-aq1
anagkenge- to win; to have exceptionally good
fortune in hunting; to prevail # anagkenguq ‘hewon’ / Arnaungermeng anagkengaqluteng. ‘Even
though they were women they could win.’ (QUL
2003:196); Atren Jacob-aarungairutuq ta¥gaam
Israel-aarurrluni callullruavgu Agayun yuutllu anagkengluten-llu. ‘You shall no longer becalled Jacob, but Israel, for you have striven with
God and with humans, and you have prevailed.’(AYAG. 32:28); < anagte-kenge-; > anagkengelria,
anagkengaq
anagkengelria winner # < anagkenge-lria
anagtaar- to overdo; to act haughty # anagtaartuq‘he is doing too much’, ‘he is acting haughty’/ Qailluqtaq kiugna angalkuqtaq tuknitalriim
anagtaaqtarpakarta? ‘I wonder how strong thatshaman who lives upriver is that makes him act
so haughty?’ (QUL 2003:498); < anagte-aanagtassiigun competition # < anag-taciigun
anagtassiigute- to compete # anagtassiigutuq ‘he’s
competing’; anagtassiigutaa ‘he’s competingwith him’/ anagtassiigutut ‘they are competingwith each other’; Pinirtaarluteng, cakneq-wa
tua-i pinirtaaruciunrilengraan ta¥gaam imumek

them or visit others, but nevertheless they would
go to get water and go to get firewood fromthe wilderness.’ (MAR1 2001:46); Amta-llu tua-iilagarluta yuungaqluni uitavigkailmilliami tua-iwangkuta ilagalaqiikut. ‘But maybe then he’s
staying with us, trying to be human, because hedoesn’t have anywhere to stay, and that’s why hestays with us.’ (CUN 2007:110)
amu-, amug- (NI, CAN form) to pull out; to extract;
to be diminished # amuuq (or amugtuq) ‘it cameout by itself’, ‘it was diminished’; amua (oramugaa) ‘he pulled it out’ / amutuq ‘he pulled
out something’; Maaten pitegcautni amurraarluku
pilliniuq ak’a quyigillrullinilria tuavet imumun
atami inerquutek’lallranun ingrimun. ‘Afterhe had pulled out his arrow, he noticed that he
was already high up on the mountain where hisfather had warned him not to go.’ (YUU 1995:92);. . . qayami iluanek amutelliniuq nuqamek
asaaqitmek. ‘. . . from inside his kayak he pulled
out an atlatl (spear-thrower).’ (YUU 1995:21);
Imkut tamakut nuusaarpani amugluki. ‘Hepulled out those spears of his.’ (QAN 1995:48);
Nerangnaqlerput-gguq atam amuniartuq
aglumakikumta akusrarutekikumta-llu arnamek.
‘They said our hunting skills would diminish
if we desired and had sexual relations with awoman.’ (YUP 2005:84); < PE amu-; > amun,
amuqeryaraq, amute-, amuvik; cf. amuvkaramun line used to set and reset a net under the ice #< PE ammun; < amu-n
amuqeryaraq drawer of dresser # < amu-qar-yaraq
amutaq cod fish (Gadus macrocephalus) # EGamute- to pull something out; to extract something# amutuq ‘he pulled out something’ / < amu-te5amuteqe- to be sad # NUN; < ?-teqeamuvik lower bow piece of kayak # see Appendix 9
on parts of the kayak; < amu-vik
amuvkar- for the wind to lessen, die down #amuvkartuq ‘the wind is dying down’ / cf. amuamyak small clam that is black on the ends (species?) # = amsak; < PY amyak
anaana maternal aunt; stepmother # Tua-i
anaanaurrniluki piluni. Nurr’aqniluku-llu tauna
mikelnguq piluni.’Then they said that she had
become a maternal aunt. They said that that child
was her niece/nephew (of a woman through hersister).’ (ELN 1990:106); < PE ana(a)na; cf. aana106

Basesanagte- — anaqauner-anangniar- to go somewhere else in order to escapefamine and survive # Cali yuut up’nerkami
cirirrlainayuitalaata, nunat niitelartut nunanek
allanek cali neqautelegnek. Anangniarluteng
ayalartut tuavet nunanun ciunrita-llu nunat
naklekluki ciuniunqegcarluki ciuniuraqluki
pikangqerrutaciramegcetun nerevkaraqluki.
‘In spring when people didn’t have much toeat, they’d hear about another village whichstill had some food. They’d go to that village toescape their situation and its people would havepity on them and welcome them and feed themwith what little food they had.’ (YUU 1995:47);
Arenqialameng tua-i, pinialissiyaagpailegmeng
piyugluteng piata, tuavet tua-i Qissunamiunun
anangnialliniut, . . . ‘Because they were desparate
they decided that before they became too weak
they would go in order to survive to Kashunak . . .’(PAI 2008:374); < anag-nge-niaranap’ag- to defecate a lot of feces # anap’agtuq ‘hedefecated in a big way’ / < anar-pag2anaq feces; excrement; dropping # and anar- to
defecate; to move the bowels # anartuq ‘hedefecated’; anaraa ‘he defecated on it’ /Takusallia-m’ imna takusaasqelleq qayuqegglim
tauna elagallra tauna qavalliniluni, qayuqegglitwa tamakut anait. ‘He looked back at that
one that had told him to look back and it was
the diggings of a jack rabbit where he had
slept; there were some jack rabbit droppings.’(MAR1 2001:92); . . . teggelriarrlainarnek-gguq
anarlalliuq. Ilai-gguq ta¥gken tamakut imkunekgguq tua-i qetulngurnek ana’aqluteng. Tua-igguq taumek nulirturluni teggelriarrlainarnek
anatulimek. ‘Maybe she had hard feces. Her
relatives, however, regularly had soft feces.
And he took as his wife the one who had hardfeces.’ (MAR2 2001:53); agyam anaa ‘meteor;
puffball (Lycoperdon sp.)’ (literally: ‘star’s feces’);meteors are traditionally said to turn into puffballs
when they land; ciiviit anait ‘fly eggs or larvae’;> anaiq, anaqauner-, anaqupak, anarnilnguq,
anarngalnguq, anarrluk, anap’ag-, anaqsartur-,
anaqsug-, anara-, anarcetaaq, anarciigate-,anaririyaq, anarcuun, anarniq, anarninarqe-,
anarsaraq, anarvik, anaun, aniurta; cf. anarkiurta;< PE ana3(-)
anaqauner- to be constipated # anaqauneryaraq‘constipation’; NUN; < anaq-?

anagtassiigulluteng ca una pinruaqamegteggu.
‘Now, they used to compete in those days tosee who was the strongest. They weren’t reallycompeting for strength but just to see who would
come out ahead.’ (QUL 2003:196); < anagtaciiguteanagte- to surpass; # anagtaa ‘he surpassed him’ /cangtamikun anagtaa amaqlini ‘he surpassed hisolder brother in his catch’; anagpaa! ‘too much!’;ner’lliniluni nerlall’ni anagtaa ‘he ate more thanhe usually does’; cf. anag-; Up’nerkaqu wani
nukalpiartaata kiugkut nunat inglukluten . . .
anagtengnaqluten . . . ‘Next spring the best hunterfrom that village upriver will be your rival . . .
trying to surpass you . . .’ (QUL 2003:160); < PE
an(n)a!-; > anagkenge-, anagtaar-, anaguteanagute- to do socially undesirable things toexcess; to misbehave; to be “out of hand”; to beunbearable # anagutuq ‘he is misbehaving, beingnaughty’ / una yuk’a anagutsiyaagtuq ‘this childof mine has gotten out of hand’; cikiraqamia
akimek anagut’lartuq ‘when he gives me money
he gives me too much’; Ciin tua-i anagulluki
aatan niicuipakarciu, qaill’, elluarrluten-qaa
yuuciquten waten yuukuvet? ‘Why do you
disobey your father to such an extent; are you
going to live well if you live this way?’ (YUU
1995:121); . . . ikirtai qemaggviit, tun’ivikelaraillu Egypt-aarmiut tamaani piitnaq anagucan.
‘. . . he opened the storehouses and sold foodto the Egyptians there because the famine was
unbearable.’ (AGAG. 41:56); < anagte-te5-; < PY-S
an(n)a!- (under PE an(n)a!-)anagyaaqute- to defend # anagyaaqutaa ‘he isdefending her’; < anag-yaaqe-te5anainessaaq onion # from English ‘onions’; =anianessaaq
anaiq dung fly (Musca stercoraria) # anairet
anarvigmi amllertut ‘the dung flies are numerous
in the outhouse’; < PY ana3i3(ya3)- (under PE
ana3(-)); < anaq-iq
anangnaqe- to try to survive # anangnaquq‘he is trying to survive’ / Canek-wa tua-inerangssaarturluteng pillret, ellmeggnek
anangnaqu’urluteng. ‘Seeking whatever they
could to eat some kept trying to survive.’ (KIP
1998:331); < anag-ngnaqe-; > anangnaqucistaanangnaqucista counsel # neologism; < anangnaqete5-i2-ta1

107

anaqsartur- — ancurtur-Bases

anaqsartur- to go to defecate # anaqsartuq ‘he went
to defecate’ / anaqsukuvet anaqsartua! ‘if you
have to defecate, go defecate!’; < anar-yartur-; <PY anaqya3tu3- (under PE ana3(-))
anaqsug- to need to defecate # anaqsugtuq ‘hehas to defecate’ / anaqsugpaa ‘I really have todefecate!’; < anar-yug-; < PY anaqyu!- (under PE
ana3(-))
anaqupak dried prune # NUN < anaq-qupak
anaraq diarrhea # and anara- to have diarrhea; todefecate repeatedly at short intervals # anarauq‘he is repeatedly defecating’; anaraa ‘he isrepeatedly defecating on it’ / Aqsiuq-gguq
avani-gguq malluturpallagluni anarallagtuq.
‘He said he was full; back there he had gorgedhimself on a carcass and he had suddenly gotten
diarrhea.’ (QAN 1995:90); < anar-aanarcetaaq laxative; food known or thought tocause loose stools # < anar-cetaaq
anarciigate- to be constipated # anarciigatuq ‘he isconstipated’ / anarciigacaraq ‘constipation’;< anar-ciigateAn’arciiq lower Johnson River # < ane-?
anarcuun, anarvik indentation on edge of firedrill next to socket for drill tip # tinder is putin this indentation and the spark that lights
the fire appears there; Una-gguq waniwa
anarcuutii, una ciuqerrani. Wavet wani imna
puqla, mat’um nangugtellra anluni wavet,
an’urluni kumangarkauluni wani ciuqerrani.
‘The indentation here, in front of it (the socket for
the fire-drill tip) is its “anarcuun”. The heat fromthe friction comes out here, and coming out it
ignites it in front of this.’ (CIU 2005:204); althoughanarcuun means literally ‘device for defecating’ andmay indeed refer to the fire coming out at that point,
the word might actually be from earlier *anercuun,from now obsolete *aneq ‘spark’, as presently in
Siberian Yupik; < anaq-cuun (?)
anaririyaq house fly (Musca domestica); dung fly(Musca stercoraria) # NUN; < PY ana3i3(ya3)(under PE ana3(-)); < anar-?
anarkiurta idle person; lazy person # NUN; cf. anaq
anarngalnguq* prune # CAN; < anaq-ngalnguq
anarniq odor of feces # Cunawa-gguq tepngartaqan
anarnimek taq’lallinikiit! ‘It turned out that they
stopped whenever it began to smell like feces!’(CUN 2007:46); < anaq-?

anarninarqe- to smell like feces # anarninarquq ‘itsmells like feces’ / < anaq-ninarqeanarniilnguq* goldeneye (Bucephala sp.) # considereda bad omen warning of death when it hovers or
behaves strangely above a person’s house; K; < anaqniite-nguq, anaq-?
anarnissakaq Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri)# Makut-llu qecigkitut anarnissakat, lagitun
makucetun qecigtutaut alkaryugluteng
imarpigmiutaungermeng anarnissakat. ‘These
Steller’s eiders have thin skins, being (only) as
thick skinned as Canada Geese their skins tears
easily even though Steller’s eiders are sea birds.’(PAI 2008:166); < anaq-?
anarrluk feces stain; trace of feces # < anaq-rrluk
anarsaraq sea anemone # so called from their anus-likeappearance; NSU; < anar-yaraq
anarvik outhouse; toilet room # < anar-vik
anaspuuk lever; peavy # perhaps from English‘handspike’; = aanaspuuk
anau- to hit or bat with a stick # anaugaa ‘he hit it’ /Y, NUN, NS; = anaur- > anautaq; < PE ana!uanaullelek kayak type # NUN
anaun large intestine; colon # < anar-nanaur- to hit or bat with a stick # HBC; < PE ana!u-;= anauanautaq club # < PE ana!uta3 (under PE ana!u-);< anau-taq1
ancarneq mist of cold air coming into a warm
house, or warm air going out, when the door isopen and it is very cold outside; outgoing tide
(NUN meaning) # ancarnirtuq ‘the cold mist iscoming in’ or ‘the tide is going out’; < ane-te2-yarneq1; < PE an(0)ca3n03 (under PE an0-)
ancurtuke- to be hesitant about; to be cautious
about; to dread # ancurtukaa ‘he is hesitant aboutit’ / akinek kaigallerkani ataminek ancurtukaa‘he hesitates to ask his father for money’;Ancurtukek’ngamte÷ek yuut ilaunateng. ‘Thereweren’t any people we’d be hesitant (to see).’(QUL 2004:334); < ancurtur-ke4ancurtur- to be hesitant; to be cautious; todread # ancurturtuq ‘he is hesitant’ / akinek
navrallerkaminek ancurturtuq ‘he dreads
borrowing money’; Qetunraqngamiu tua
ancurturluni caviggarmek piqpagluki uyaqurri
keplerkait. ‘He hesitated to strike his neck witha knife because he was his own son.’ (QUL108

Bases2003:34); > ancurtuke-, ancurturtarancurturtar- to have a reserved attitude; to tend tobe cautious # ancurturtartuq ‘he is cautious by
nature’ / < ancurtur-tar1ane- to go out; to be born # an’uq ‘he went out’
/ antaa ‘he put it out’; anutaa ‘he took it out’;
irniara an’uq ‘her child was born’; kuigem
painganun an’uq ‘he came out at the mouth of
the river’; aniuq ‘he has lost something becauseof it going out’; Tua-i-llu Elnguq ellarvangaarcanam anesqenrilengraatni anluni talligni yagglukek
kegginani-llu pagaatmun caulluku cikmirluni
anuqliurluni tuaten ellalliucelluni. ‘And thenwhen it got stormy, even though they told her
not to go out, Elnguq went out holding her arms
out and turning her face upward with her eyes
closed to experience the wind and the rain.’(ELN 1990:29); the following are legal neologisms:
akqun cimiriarkauluni anssuutekellminek‘bail bond’; anssuutmek yuvrinqigciyaraq ‘bailreview’; anucimirqecetaarutem akiliutii ‘fine’;
anevkarluku picirkirluku ‘conditional discharge’;> An’arciiq; anelgun, anelrar-, anenrraq,
an’gir-, aninguaq, an’iraute-, anllite-, anllullag-,anllugneq, anqenkiyagaq, anqerri-, anqiitayagaq,
anssiir-, ante-, anuma-, anura-, anute-, anutiiq,
anutiir-, anvik, Anvik, Anyaraq, anyarar(ar)-;cf. anlleq, anlu; < PE an0anelgun peer; one of the same age group; one who
emerged into the world at the same time; anysibling # anelgutkaqa ‘he is my age-mate (orsibling)’; anelgutii ‘his age-mate (or sibling)’;< ane-lgun
anelrar- to go toward the exit, i.e., toward the door
or downriver # anelrartuq ‘he is going toward
the exit of the building’, ‘he is going downriver’/ Angliriuraan, piyualutek imarpiim ce÷iinun
anelrarlutek ce÷irtelliniuk, mallussurlutek. ‘As
he grew older they2 would walk downriver tothe ocean to comb the beach.’ (YUU 1995:2); =anelr(ar)-, alr(ar)-; < ane-?, ane-?
anelr(ar)- to go toward the exit, i.e., toward the door
or downriver # anel’ertuq ‘he is going toward theexit’ / NUN; = anelrar-, alr(ar)anenerraq*, anenerrar(aq*) newborn child; neonate;
infant # < ane-nerraq, ane-nerraq-?
aner- root; < PE an03-; > anerneq, anerquciar(ar)-,anerteksaar-, anerteqe-, anertevkar-, aneryaaranerneq spirit; soul; breath # Anngami piuq ella

ancurturtar- — anerqe-

tanqigingaaralria ngelii ava-i tanqinruluni
qilagmi. Akercirciqnganani amirluilami, ta¥gaam
nengllian-llu anerneq tangerrnaqluni. ‘When she
went out she saw that the outside was getting
lighter, and the horizon was brighter than therest of the sky. It looked like it would be sunny
without clouds but because it was cold one’s
breath was visible.’ (ELN 1990:68); Anerneq
cumigcaaquq ta¥gaam kemek piniatuq. ‘The
spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.’ (MATT.
26:41); Anerneq Tanqilria ‘the Holy Spirit’; <aner-neq1; > anerniqe-, anernerite-, anrenqegcaun
anernerir- to stop breathing; to breathe one’s last;
to die # anernerirtuq ‘he stopped breathing; hebreathed his last; he died’ / Yuaraluki tekitankaqalliqluteng uitalriit. Qalliat teguluku piaqa
anernerillrullinilria ak’a. ‘After searching for them
I came upon them lying one on top of the other.
Taking the top one I saw that he had alreadydied.’ (YUU 1995:68); < anerneq-iranernerite- be short of breath # anernerituq ‘heis short of breath’ / Waken tua-i kuvyasengcivcariqata’arqamegteggu anernerteng
nucuggaarluku anernerunateng aqvaqutulliniut
mer’em ngeliinek kelutmun. Tua-i-ll’ imumek
epsalnguqerrluteng pikuneng, arulaiquneng tua-ikuvyarteng civcivigkiurluku tugerluteng. ‘When
they were going to set their nets, they would
hold their breath at the edge of the water and startrunning toward the shore. They stopped when
they needed air, and that’s where they prepareda spot for their net with an ice chisel.’ (QUL
2003:506); < anerneq-ite1anerniqe- to suffer asthma or other breathingdifficulty such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) # anerniquq ‘he is having
trouble breathing’ / < anerneq-liqe2anerqe- to take or put (them) out one after another;to take or put (them) all out # anerqai ‘he istaking or putting them out one after another’,‘he is taking or putting them all out’ / aneqluki‘taking/putting them out one after another’,‘taking/putting them all out’; Kitaki atraquvet
waniw’ unuaqu makeskuvtek . . . ullagluki
enret imkut quyurqurluki ciqiquralallrenka
anerquryartuqiteki. . . . unuaqan ullagluki enretanerqeltek ayuquciqsuku’urqevtun elliurniaten
tua-i yaaqliqluki enret, tuntut enrit. ‘Okay, when
you two get up tomorrow, go to those bones I

109

anerqi- — angak

Basesused to hear in one place, and take them out. . . .
in the morning go back to the bones you took out
and place them according to how you thoughtthat they had been placed side by side, thecaribou bones.’ (QUL 2003:86); < ante-rqe1-;> anerqi-, anerquciar(ar)anerqi- to take or put things out; to spit blood #anerqiuq ‘he is taking or putting things out’, ‘heis spitting blood’ / pugtauciqngami anerqiuq‘because he has tuberculosis he is spitting blood’;< anerqe-i2anerquciar(ar)- to yell out an announcement# Maurlurluum-gguq pillrua, ima-tam,tauna imna yunengqurra’ar, tauna tua-imalrulluni-ll’ tekitaqan, malrutliniaqan, pikani
anerquciaratuniluku elluqata’arqan. Wagg’uq
taukunun tua-i nunalgutminun niicetaarluni
pitellni nallusqumanritaqamiu. Atauciq cipluku
pitliniaqan tuaten tua-i pikani elluqata’arqan
anerquciaratuniluku qayagpagaluku. Tua-i
kellusnginanrani tua-i-ll’ pika-i ingrim tuaken
kangrakun uyangtuq. Aren, uyangteqerluni
pikna yaggluni tua-i, talligni yagglukek,
anerquciaralliniluni. ‘Oh yes, the grandmother
had told the young man that when the successful
hunter had caught two, he would yell and makean announcement just before he slid down. They
said that he did that just so his fellow villagers
would know that he caught something. If hecaught more than one, he [proudly] yelled justbefore sliding down. While he was watchingout for him, he appeared up there at the topof the mountain. My goodness, as soon as heappeared, he stretched out his arms and made anannouncement by yelling.’ (QUL 2003:156);< anerqe-?
anerrluaq springtime Dolly Varden (Salvelinus
malma) # BB; < ?-rrluk-aq2
anerteksaar- to pant # anerteksaartuq ‘he is panting’/ . . . pilliniak, ulpiartaaresqelluku tallimarqunek,
tegulayunaitniluku. . . . Ulpiarqaarluni
tallimarqunek mernuqerrluni anerteksaaralliniuq
taqsuqluni cakneq. ‘. . . they told him to do fivesomersaults, saying that he was too filthy to be
touched. . . . After he did five somersaults hebecame exhausted, panted and was very tired.’(YUU 1995:98-99); < aner-?-ya(g)aq
anerteqe- to live; to breathe; to be alive # anertequq‘he is breathing, alive’ / anerteqellria ‘living

animal’; Ellaput-gguq piurteqarraallrani tamaani
cat tamarmeng waniwa tua-i ayuqucimegtun
anerteq’lallruut ta¥gaam tamarmeng
angnirrlainarluteng, nunaniryugglainarluteng,camek-llu alingyuunateng. ‘When our world
first came into being, they say, back theneverything lived in its own way but everything
was happy, enjoying nature, without fearing
anything.’ (EGA 1973:3); Anerteqellmi taktaciatun
utercuumiramaciquq. ‘He regrets it for as long as
he lives.’ (NAA 1970:7); < PE an03t0q0- (under PE
an03-); < aner-teqeanertevkar- to gasp; to breathe rapidly andshallowly, as during illness # anertevkartuq ‘heis gasping’ / Cukangnaqurluni anertevkarturluni
angungnaqluki ilani cayaqlirluni-llu anguluki.
‘Trying to go fast she’d gasp and try to catch up
with her family members and finally she caught
up with them.’ (ELN 1990:45); < aner-tevkar-;> anertevkarcuun
anertevkarcuun windpipe; trachea # > anertevkarcuun
aneryaar-, aneryaapag- to take a breath; to sigh# aneryaartuq ‘he sighed’ / Tuani keluvuk
yaaqsinrirluku aneryaarngalngurmek niitua.
‘Nearing the area behind us2 (behind our2 village)
I heard what seemed to be someone taking abreath.’ (YUU 1995:24); < PE an03ya(C)a3- (under
PE an03-); < aner-ya(g)ar-, aner-ya(g)ar-pag2An’gaqtar legendary creator, said to be the daughterof Raven # her menstrual blood is said to be theorigin of the soft red rock, kavirun or uiteraq, used todye skinan’garaq woman’s brother’s child; niece or nephewof a woman through her brother # an’garaqaanga
acakngamni ‘I am her “an’garaq” because she is
my paternal aunt’; < PE an(0)!a3(a3)
ang’aq older brother # LI; = anngaq
ang’aqe- to take along # ang’aquq ‘he is taking
something along’; ang’aqaa ‘he is taking it or
him along’ / Taqngameng mertailan tamana
ena elkek Qalemaq-llu mertarlutek tan’gercelanellassuutmek kenurramek ang’aqlutek. ‘When
they were finished, because the house didn’t
have any water, she and Qalemaq went to getwater taking along a lantern because it was dark.’(ELN 1990:85); < PY-S a&a3angak maternal uncle # angii ‘his maternal uncle’;angakaatnga usruqngamteng ‘I am their “angak”

110Basesbecause they are my neices and nephews throughmy sisters’; < PE a&a!
angala- to flutter; to wobble; to move back andforth; to shake # angalauq ‘it is fluttering’ / < PEa&ala-; > angalateangalaci- to wave one’s hand # angalaciuq ‘he iswaving’; angalacia ‘he is waving to her’ /< angalate-i2angalate- to shake; to mix by shaking or stirring# angalataa ‘he is shaking or stirring it’,‘he is mixing it by shaking or stirring’ /Paqnayagulluku ullagluku qavarpakaan
angalaartaa. “Anuurluuq, aling qavanqegpaa-llu
elpeni.” Angalaarcani aren tamarmi angalakili.
‘Getting curious about her he went over to her
and because she was sleeping so soundly hegave her a good hard shake. “Grandmother, ohdear, you sure are sleeping soundly.” When hegave her a good shake, all of her shook.’ (MAR2
2001:14); < angala-te2-; > angalaci-; cf. angulate-;< PE a&alat- (under PE a&ala-)angalki- to perform shamanistic acts #angalkiuq ‘he is performing shamanistic
acts’ / Ala-i, angalkumek ak’a tangerrlua.
Angalkuunilaryaaqekait, takumni ta¥gaam
angalkiyuunateng. ‘Oh my, I’ve seen a shaman.
People said they had been shamans, but in mypresence they never performed shamanistic acts.’(KIP 1998:63); < angalkuq-i3angalkumirte- to perform shamanistic acts #Allatgun cali tamaani teq’uq aturaqluku,
angalkut-llu angalkumirtaaraqameng aturaqluku.
‘In other ways too at that time they used urine,and shamans would use it too when they
performed shamanistic acts.’ (CAU 1985:95);< angalkuq-mirteangalkuq, angalkuk shaman; medicine man# Tamakut-gguq angalkut, qanemciktuit,tuunriaqameng canek caperrnarqellrianek
catullruut, tuunrateng aturluki. ‘Those shamans,
this is what they say about them: when they
conjured with the spirits they did very difficult
things using their helper spirits.’ (YUU 1995:41);> angalki-, angalkumirte-, angarvak; < PEa&alku3angange- to almost go out (of embers) # NUN
angaqe- to strain at the leash; to be eager togo # usually applied to dogs, but sometimes
figuratively to people; angaquq ‘it is eager

angala- — angayaq

to go’; angaqaa ‘it is eager to go to it’ /Ikamraat tua-i uciaqapiararluni, qimugtaitllu angaqeqapiggluteng. Qimulaata ciuqlirmi
qimugtet, tamarmeng ekluteng ikamragnun.
‘Their sled was fully loaded and their dogs werestraining at the leash. Because the dogs would pull
hard at first all of them (the family) got into thesled.’ (ELN 1990:11); > angaqun, angaqurta
angaqun tow-line # see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled;< angaqe-n
angaqurta, angaqu’urta dog # CAN; this now
uncommon word appears on several old word lists
for K, and may have been in more widespread use in
the past than at present; < angaqe-ur-ta1, angaqeur(ar)-ta1
angarvak powerful shaman # Tamaani
angalkut tukniuralriit nunanek allanek
qanemciutulliniameng, camiuni tuani kina
angalkuuniluku tukniluku tua-i, angarvauniluku
apqiitnek. ‘In those days they spoke about
powerful shamans in other villages, that a
particular person from that certain village wassaid to be an “angarvak”.’ (QUL 2003:496);< angalkuq-vak
angasaar- to sway # angasaartuq ‘it is swaying’; NS;< angay-?
angassaq ladle # Egmian-llu tuavet qavavet muriim
qainganun tulurcamegteki imna a¥gna angassaq,
murak piliaq, mermek imiqerluku . . . ‘And assoon as they placed them there on the woodplanking, leaning them against the back, they
filled that ladle made of wood with water . . .’(ELL 1997:280)
angay- root; > angasaar-, angayaq, angayegte-,
angayiite-, angayiteangayaq, angayaaq* swamp; bog; mire # Cat
imkut nunat ilait, nunam ilii acia camna
mer’ung’ermi pugtalria angayaarrlugnek
pituit tamakut. Nuna tua-i imna acia camna
mer’ung’ermi pugtaluni acia mer’uciinani. Wagguq tamaa-i angayaarrluut. Waten pektellriani
atrariinaraqluteng. ‘That type of ground that has
water underneath it is very springy, and theycall those “angayaarrluut” [swamps, bogs]. Even
though there is water below, the ground above
is floating, and it doesn’t look as though there iswater underneath. That is called “angayaarrluk”.
When you walk on them, they sink some.’ (QUL
2003:650); < angay-?

111

angayegte- — angernak

Basesangayegte- to slant; to tip # said of something thatis supposed to be upright; angayegtuq ‘it tipped’;
angayegtaa ‘he slanted it’ / < angay-?
angayiite- to suffer motion sickness; to be seasick #angayiituq ‘he is seasick’ / < angay-?
angayite- to stagger; to get stuck in soft mud; to feel
dizzy # < angay-?
angayu- root; > angayuk, angayuqaq, angayuurraq,
angayuvik; cf. agayu-, angayukliq
angayuk partner # angayukaa ‘he is her partner’;
BB; < angayu-?
angayukliq bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) # NS;
cf. angayuangayuqaq* boss; chief; parent # angayuqaqa ‘myboss’; angayuqaagka ‘my parents2’; note the special
alternative pattern of treating underlying ara andari for this word: angayuqrat (from underlying*angayuqarat, as an alternative to angayuqaat)‘their chief’; angayuqriutuq (from underlying*angayuqarituq as an alternative to angayuqaituq)‘he no longer has parents’; Avani ciungani,angayuqrita aulukellruit nasaurluut tan’gaurluutllu. Ciuqvani angayuqat ta¥gaam atanrullruut.
Angayuqaagken nasaurluq uingevkaraqagni,
uingelallruuq . . . ‘In former times their parents
looked after the girls and boys. Back thenparents, however, were the ones in charge. Whenher parents had a girl get a husband (or gaveconsent), then she got a husband (and only
then) . . .’ (KIP 1998:265): < PE a&ayuq(q)a3(under PE a&ayu!); < angayu-?; > angayuqaruaq,
anayuqauvik
angayuqaruaq councilman; mayor # < angayuqaquaq
angayuqauvik, angayuqauciq kingdom # Atavut
qilagmetellria atren kenciknarili angayuqauviin
tekilli . . . ‘Our Father who art in heaven,hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come . . .’(MATT. 6:9–10); < angayuqaq-u-vik, angayuqaqu-ciq
angayuurraq sweetheart # (?); Y; < angayu-?-rraq
angayuvik church # NSU; = agayuvik; < angayu-vik
ange- to be big, large # ang’uq ‘it is big’ / una
angenruuq taumi ‘this one is bigger than that’;angenrat ‘the biggest one of them’; angenrit‘the biggest ones of them’; angvaa ‘oh how big
it is!’; piliaqellruaqa angluku ‘I made it big’;
angenruvakar! ‘what an enviable situation!’;Keluatni im’ nanevpaar a¥gna angluni,
angssauluni, . . . ‘There was a big lake back fromthe river; it was big, a very big one, . . . (ELL
1997:286); > anengqaq, angenquq, angenruyug-,angli-, angli-lli, angta-, angtaciq, angtatke-,angtuaq, angunquq; cf. anglutugaq, angruyak,
angruyarneq; < PE a&0angengqaq* large, moving ice floe that breaks awayfrom shore ice after an ocean swell # < ange-?
angenquq biggest one of a group; big toe # NSU,
EG; = angunquq; < ange-quq; > angenquyuk,
angenqussuar(ar)-; < PY a&0nquq (under PE a&0-)
angenquyuk biggest one of a group; big toe # NUN;
= angunquyuk; < angenquq-yuk
angenqussuar(ar)- to tiptoe # angenqussua’rtuq ‘heis tiptoeing’; NUN; < angenquq-?-ar(aq)angenruyug- to feel emotionally hurt #angenruyugtuq ‘he feels hurt’ / NUN; < angenru-yugangeq chewing gum; tree pitch (hard) # either storebought gum or pitch from trees that is chewed, but
usually only store-bought; with the word angiyaq
used for tree pitch for chewing; angerturyugtua ‘Iwant to chew gum’; angernek kipuciiqua ‘I’ll
buy some chewing gum’; . . . cali-llu tamalkuita
kanvviitanek pilliniluki, angret-wa. ‘. . . and forall of them she brought candy and chewing gum.’(ELN 1990:56); Y, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB,
NR, LI, EG; > angertur-, angernak, angerqun,
angeryak, angeryuk, angiyaq; cf. angiinaq; < PY
a&0q
anger- to agree; to say ‘yes’; to answer whensomeone calls # angertuq ‘he said ‘yes’’; angraa‘he said ‘yes’ to her’, ‘he agreed with her’ /Tua-i-llu avelngaam pia kaviaq, “. . . Tang
atuyulriaten, erinakegciluten-llu.” Kaviaq
qut’garrluni erinakegciniani angerluni. ‘And
then the mouse told the fox, “. . . Look, you singwell and you have a nice voice.” The fox feelingproud because he had said that he had a nicevoice agreed.” (KAV 1972:11 & PRA 1995:317);
qessam angraaten ‘you are indeed lazy’ idiom;literally: ‘laziness says ‘yes’ to you’; arnacalum
qimugtem anaan angraaten idiom; said when one
hears a non-human, dead person’s, voice calling frombehind; literally: ‘the female dog’s excrement says
“yes” to you’; cf. aa-ang, aang, angqutegken
angernak, angernaq tree pitch; sap # < angeq-?

112Basesangertur- to chew gum # angerturtuq ‘he ischewing gum’; angerturaa ‘he is chewing it’ /Tamaani arnat qingaqerraaraqata inerqutullruit
angertuusqevkenaki, qingait nepuciiqniluki.
‘Back they, when women first became pregnant,they told them not to chew gum, saying that
their fetuses would stick [inside them].’ (YUU
1995:36); < angeq-turangerqun rosin and soot; mixture of ash and wood
sap for lapping two pieces of wood together as afriction stop # NUN; < angeq-rqe?-nangeryak, angeryuk tree pitch (soft) # < angeq-yak,anger-yukangi- to become loose of laces, screws, knots, lids, etc.
# angiuq ‘it became loose’ / > angite-; cf. angiar-,
angivkar-; < PE a&iangiar- to stretch a skin by working it with an
implement, pushing away from the center as theskin is spread out on a surface # angiaraa ‘he is
stretching it’ / NS; > angiarun; cf. angiangiarun handheld implement for stretching skins #NS; < angiar-n
angicissuun screwdriver; wrench; other tool used toloosen things # < angite-i2-cuunangiikvak common eider (Somateria mollissima) #Tua-i tuavet kanaami nanvamun, metrarmekgguq — negeqlimta-w’ angiikvagnek pilaqait —tamakucimek tua-i pitegkengami, qayamikun
ekluni aqviimiu, teguamiu-gguq tua-i ciumek
qamiqurrakun teguqerraallrua. ‘As he came
down to the open water, when he caught acommon eider — our northern Yupiit call it (thecommon eider) “angiikvak” — he grabbed it firstby its head when retrieving it with his kayak.’(CIU 2005:8); cf. aangiikvak (spectacled eider,
Lampronetta fischeri)angiinaq homemade chewing gum made from theboiled blubber of rutting male seals # cf. angeq
an’gilaq angel # Qavangurturtuq mayuryaranek
tekisngaluteng nunamek qilagmun, an’gilat
mayurluteng atrarluteng-llu taukutgun. ‘He
dreamt about a ladder reaching from earth toheaven with angels ascending and descending it.’
(AYAG. 28:12); = aan’gilaq, aankilaq; from Russianƒyutk (ángel)
angilurneq eddy # NUN
angimurte- to get back into one’s original condition# angimurtuq ‘he is back in shape’ / < PE a&itan’gir- to go outside for fresh air; play outside #angertur- — anglani-

an’girtuq ‘he went outside’ / Y, NUN, NS; < PE
an0!i3- (under PE an0-); < ane-?; > an’giun
angite- to loosen; to unfasten; to untie; toundo # angitaa ‘he loosened it, undid it’ /Tua-i-llu pissunermek taqngameng waten
aipangeksailngurnun makunun tan’gurrarnun
ataita tunluki tamakut qillrutait keniqurluki
angiquraasqelluki imairturluki. ‘When they were
finished hunting their fathers handed the boys,
who hadn’t gotten spouses yet, those to untie
after soaking them and softening them andremoving their contents.’ (ELL 1997:282); < angite2-; > angicissuun
an’giun man’s traveling boot # Y, NUN, NS;< an’gir-n
angivkar- to become soft from moisture # NUN; cf.
angiangiyaq tree pitch used for chewing # and angiyarto gather hardened pitch from a tree to use it for
chewing # angiyartuq ‘he is gathering pitch’;angiyaraa ‘he is gathering pitch from it (the tree)/ Kevraartunun tekicameng ilateng angiyaryuan
angiyarluteng. ‘When their group got to the
spruce trees, because she wanted to collect pitch tochew, they collected pitch.’ (ELN 1990:12); < angeqli2-yarangla- emotional root; > anglake-, anglanaite-,anglanarqe-, anglani-; cf. angniq
anglake- to enjoy (it) # Tua-ll’ tua-i qavarlutek,
qavarraarlutek unuaquan tupiimi uingan taum
pillinia, ellii uitayuitniluni, ayagturatuniluni
unuaquaqan yuilqumun, pissurturallni
anglakngamiu. ‘And they slept, and after sleeping
when he woke up the next day her husband
told her that he never stayed (home) but insteadwould go to the wilderness every day because heenjoyed hunting.’ (QUL 2003:224)
anglanaite- to not be enjoyable; to be unpleasant #anglanaituq ‘it is unpleasant’ / < angla-naiteanglanarqe- to be enjoyable; to be pleasant; to beamusing # anglanarquq ‘it is amusing’ / Tua-i
iluriurulluteng tua-i. Anglanarqaqluteng tua-ikiingan tua-i anglanarqengnaquciqlaamegteggu
tamaani tua-i. ‘They would have fun with theirteasing cousins. They would be fun to watch for
it was their only way to have fun in those days.’(AGA 1996:66); < angla-narqeanglani- to have fun; to enjoy; to watch# anglaniuq ‘he is having fun’, ‘he is113

angli- — angniq

Bases
angllur- to dive under water; to submerge; tobe baptized # angllurtuq ‘he or it dived in or
into the water’, ‘he or it submerged’, ‘he wasbaptized’ / angllurvikaa ‘he dived after him’;Tua-i-am kiartelnguqercami, imkut yaqulget cali
irriurluki kuimalriit caaqameng anglluqa’aqluteng.
‘And when she got tired of looking around, shegazed at the birds swimming and diving now andthen.’ (ELN 1990:47); > angllurayuli, angllurcete-,anglluuciq, anglluun; cf. anglluaq; < PE a&@u3angllurayuli osprey (Pandion haliaetus); submarine #BB; < angllur-a-yuli
angllurcete- to baptize # angllurcetuq ‘he had
himself baptized’; angllurcetaa ‘he baptizedher’ / Maa-i agayulirtem mikelnguq acitua
angllurtelluku. ‘Nowadays a preacher names achild at baptism.’ (YUU 1995:30); < angllur-cete1-;> angllurcecissuun
anglluuciq baptism # Catholic term; < angllur-ciq
anglluun fish head # BB, EG; < angllur-n
anglutugaq natural mound of earth several feethigh # HBC; cf. angeangniite- to be unhappy; to be sad # angniituq‘he is unhappy’/ angniilutkaa ‘he is unhappyover it’; . . . tuquvigmun tekitelliniuq imkut
makut ciungani tuqulallret. Ilait-gguq
angnirluteng, ilait kanavirrluteng ilait-llu-gguq
mecungluteng. . . . Kingunrit-gguq angnilriit
angnirluteng, angniiluskait angniinateng cali-llu
ilutequteku’urluki pikait mecungluteng. ‘. . . hewent to the place of the dead and saw those who
had died before him. Some were happy, somedowncast, and some wet. . . . If their descendants
were happy, then they themselves were happy, ifsad, then they were sad, and if they kept grieving,then they were soaking wet.’ (YUU 1995:112);< angnir-ite1-; > angniiterpagangniiterpag- to be depressed # angniiterpagyaraq‘depression’; < angniite-rpagangniq happiness; joy # and angnir- to be happy #angnirtuq ‘he is happy’ / qetunrama kassuutellra
angniutekaqa ‘I am happy on account of
my son’s marriage’; Iqvani-llu tangercecaki
aanaminun, aaniin piluku iqvarnirniluku. Tuai-am ellii nanraani aanami angnim tull’uku. ‘She
showed the berries she’d picked to her motherand her mother told her that she was very goodat picking berries. And then, when her motherhad praised her, a feeling of happiness came overwatching with enjoyment’; anglania ‘he iswatching it with enjoyment’ / Caqerluteng
ikamraruangluteng. Ciuqlirmi pillermeggni tua-ianglaniqapiggluteng, qayuw’ nanvani wall’ kuigni
aaniita ikamraruaresqevkenaki ciku ta¥gaam
mamturiqan piyaurciiqniluki. ‘And then they
were playing, sledding. When they did this, atfirst they had a lot of fun, though this time theirmother had told them not to sled on the lakes orrivers until the ice got thick and only then could
they start sledding on them.’ (ELN 1990:57);< angla-neq1-i3angli- to grow; to become big # applies to humans,
animals, and inanimate objects; angliuq ‘he or itis growing’ / angliriuq ‘he is growing more
and more’; Tua-i anglilliniuq tauna tan’gaurluq
pavavet-llu kelumegnun ayangssiaqluni,
caaqami ingrim taum kelumegni uitalriim
avatiini tuntunek tangerrnaurtuq. ‘So that boy
grew and would go for walks back there behind
their2 place, and sometimes around the hillbehind their place he would see caribou.’ (YUU
1995:2); < ange-i1-; > anglicaq; < PE a&(0)li- (under
PE a&0-)anglicar- to raise (a child) # anglicaraa ‘heraised him’ / Tua-i-gguq tuani qiini nunani
nukalpiaq tauna qetunrangqellria tan’gurrarmek
kaigcetevkenaku anglicarluku. ‘They say that in avillage up north that man in his prime had a sonand he raised the boy not letting him go hungry.’(MAR1 2001:68); < angli-car-, angli-?
anglicaraq stepchild; adopted child; foster child;ward; child that one has raised # tutgaraminek
anglicarangqertuq ‘her ward is her own
grandchild’; < anglicar-aq
anglicarta foster parent; stepparent; one who
raises one # Aanaka wiinga anglicartekellruamku
niisngallruaqa. ‘I payed heed to what my mothersaid because she was the one who raised me.’ (KIP
1998:157); < anglicar-ta
angli-lli too much! # exclamatory particle used byitself or together with a verb ending in the postbase-paa/-vaa; angli-lli kilinerpeni angvaa! ‘my, yourwound is big!’; angli-lli uumi qanaalarpaa! ‘my,much this one talks!’; < ange-?=lli
anglluaq fishing or water hole cut through the ice #NSU; = anluaq; cf. angllurangllurcecissuun baptism # Moravian term;< angllurcete-i1-cuun

114

Basesangpar- — angu

got hurt’; angqirtaa ‘he hurt him’ / NUN; =akngirte-, aqngirte-; < PE at&i3angqun, angqutaq something held that one intends
to throw # < ?-n, ?-taq1
angqute- to trip and fall down # angqutuq ‘hetripped and fell’ / NS, Y; < PY a&qut0angqutegken exclamatory particle used when one ispeeved at another who keeps saying ai? ‘what did
you say?’; cf. angerangriinaq a type of dwarf willow with big catkins(species?) # CAN; < ?-inaq
angruyak large dart used to practice spear-throwing# cf. angeangruyarneq blood clot # NUN; cf. angeangsaq boat # any boat or ship other than a kayak or
canoe; NS; < PY a&yaq; = angyaq
angta- to be that big # nek’a angtauq nevtun ‘myhouse is as big as your house’; Nerenriata
uitaqainanratgun itqertuq ugna angaklinikiit
tegumiarluni tan’gaurlurmek elliicetun
angtalriamek, tua-i-llu elliin canianun elliluku. ‘Awhile after they ate one who was evidently theiruncle came in all of a sudden holding a boy equalin size to her, and set him down next to her.’ (ELN
1990:7); < ange-taangtaciq size # angtacia ‘its size’; angtaciitaqa ‘I
don’t know how big it is’; < ange-taciq
angtatke- to be the same size (as) # angtatkuk‘they2 are the same size’; angtatkaa ‘it is thesame size as it’ / . . . tan’gaurluullemteni
pitegcautek’lallemta angtatekluku . . . ‘. . . when
we were boys our arrows at that time were thesame size as this . . .’ (CIU 2005:36)
angtuaq big thing # angtuamek nel’iyugtuq ‘hewants to build a big house’; Cali-llu un’a imarpik
qaingqetuuq angtuagnek . . . ‘Also the ocean
down there usually gets two big waves . . .’(YUU 1995:67); Imiucimallruluni ak’allarteggun
erinairissuutetgun angtuatgun uivuralriatgun
akiqliqlutek. ‘(It was) recorded on an old taperecorder with big reels that turn around andaround across from each other’ (KIP 1998:3);< ange-tu-aq1
angu, angu’u don’t!; no! # exclamatory particle;
Tutgara’urlumkutagaq. Angu! Cagmarciqenrituq.
Kiingan mingqutkapuk. ‘Lousy grandchild.
Don’t! It must not be lost. It is our only needle.’(GRA 1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453); < PE a&&u;= agu

her.’ (ELN 1990:28); K, CAN, Y, BB; > angniite-,cf. angla-; < PY a&ni3angpar- open # postural root; > angpangqa-,
angparte-; < PE a&va3- (under PE a&va-); =angvarangpangqa- to be open # angpangqauq ‘it is open’/< angpar-ngqaangparte- to open # angpartuq ‘it opened’;
angpartaa ‘he opened it’ / Pikna tua-i
tangerqallia can’get quurulluku acitmun
elivqerringaluteng pika-i, angpartelliniluku.
‘When she looked up above her she saw thatthe grass had flattened downward covering thehole, so she parted the grass to open it up.’ (MAR2
2001:72); < angpar-te2angqacukuaq, angqacunguaq, angqayagaq biscuit;muffin # < angqaq-cuk-uaq, angqaq-cuk-uaq,
angqaq-a(g)aq
angqaq ball # and angqar- to play ball #angqertuq ‘he is playing ball’ / Tuamte-llu
aquingamta, angqerluta lumarrallruar camekuqamaitaralriamek imirluku mingeqluku,
taumek tua-i angqerluteng. Akusraruciqluku
tua-i tamana. Iliini unugpak-llu errvianun
akusrarrnaurtukut. Angqerput-wa, tauna
lumarrallruar. Angqanek-llu canek allanek
piilamta. Tua-i tamana angqaq tegussaagluku,
ukut-llu inglukluki. A¥gkutun angqalriatun
kal’utalriatun, wall’u angqalalriaci maa-i
teguluku ayagarutaqluku tuaten wangkutallu tamakunek lumarallruarnek pilirraarluta
angqeraqluta. ‘Well when we played we used aball made of an old cloth with somewhat heavy
filling sown inside; they used that as a ball. We’dplay that way. Sometimes all night until dawn,
we’d play. That was our ball, made with an old
cloth. We didn’t have any other balls. We’d pickup that ball, and pass (kick) it back and forth.
Like those hockey pucks, or when you play ball
we’d take it and go with it like that; we’d playball after we made one of an old cloth.’ (KIP
1998:149); > angqacukuaq, angqessnguaq; < PY-S
a&qaq
angqessnguaq, angqissnguaq biscuit; muffin # <angqaq-?-uaq
angqin, angqitaq something held that one intends
to throw # angqitengqertuq teggalqumek ‘heintends to throw a rock’; < ?-i2-n, ?-i2-taq1
angqirte- to hurt; to get hurt # angqirtuq ‘he115

angu- — angukaraq

Basesangu- to catch after chasing; to catch something forfood; to overtake; to have witnessed (it) during
one’s lifetime # anguuq ‘he caught up withsomething’, ‘he caught something for food’;angua ‘he caught up with it’, or ‘he witnessed
it during his lifetime’ / angullrenka ‘the things
that happened in my life’; Tua-lli-wa-gguq una
Kaviarara’urluq ayalria nanvam ce÷iikun. Tua-ll’
ayainanermini neqlermek ingtarmek tanglliniuq.
Malirqerluku anguamiu-llu uirrluku tuqutellinia.
‘It is said that this poor ol’ Fox went along theshore of a lake. As he was going he saw a molting
goose. He chased it, overtook it, fought with it andkilled it.’ (YUU 1995:74); Ellangyaaqlua ta¥gaam
anguvkenaki, cumikevkenaki apa’urluunka.
Ta¥gaam a¥gna arnassagaurluq, aanama aanii,
tauna ta¥gaam tua-i anguqallruaqa. ‘Though
I had become aware of my surroundings, I
didn’t experience my grandfathers. However,that old lady, my mother’s mother, I did haveas a part of my life.’ (KIP 1998:145); Amiitnek
tamakut ulap’angqellruukut imumi. Wiinga-ll’
angullruanka. Wiinga-ll’ aturaqluki. ‘We used(fish)skin instead of rubber back then. I also
witnessed their use. I too wore them.’ (AGA
1996:182); Tua-i nangtequaluteng yuullrunilartut
iqluvkenateng. Wii angucuaqallruanka carrarmek.
‘They say that they lived a difficult life and they
are sincere. I myself witnessed a little of that.’(QUL 2003:4); > angumayutar-, angussaag-,
angute-; cf. anguar-, angun, anguur-, anguyag-,anguyararaun; < PE a&uanguar- to paddle an open boat, kayak, or canoe# anguartuq ‘he is paddling’ / Kiagmi-llu
angyatgun ayagaqameng, upagaqamengllu anguarturluteng ayagaqluteng. Arnat-llu
anguaraqluteng. ‘And in the summer wheneverthey went with boats and whenever they moved
to camp they went by paddling. And the women
did the paddling too.’ (YUU 1995:38); > anguarun,
anguarussaq; cf. angu-; < PE a&u9a3anguarun single-bladed paddle; propeller #Tuani ima-tam alerquqii, anguarut’rugarnek
tua-i qayaa imirluku, taquarinek mer’anek-llu
pillruluku, anguarutii atauciureskan taprartaq
tallian ingluanun qillrulluku, anguarutiinunllu qillrulluku, nangneq tua-i anguarutii elliqan
piurangesqelluku tamaa-i egilraukan. ‘Oh, atthat time he advised him — having loaded his
kayak with a lot of paddles and also provisions

and water — to fasten his last paddle ontohimself while he was traveling. (QUL 2003:518);< anguar-n; > anguarutnguaq; < PE a&u9a3un(under PE a&u9a3-)
anguarussaq front fin of fish; pectoral fin #< anguar-?
anguarutnguaq three-cornered needle; glover’s
needle # literally: one that resembles a paddle;< anguarun-uaq
angucaluq1 male animal non-human; derogatory:
woman’s lover # Angyamun-llu ekluki
malruuqaqluki arnacaluq angucaluq-llu
tamalkuitnek ungungssinek yaqulegnek-llu,
nangenritniartut. ‘It put into the ark, by pairs,
male and female, all the animals and birds,
without exception.’ (AYAG. 6:19,20); < anguncaluq
angucaluq2 wild rhubarb (Polygonum alaskanum)stage # LI
anguciuqsailnguq* virgin # Angutem unayaqluku
akusrarutekekaku anguciuqsailnguq arnaq, . . .
‘If a man seduces a virgin woman, . . .’ (ANUC.
23:16); < anguciur-ksaite-nguq
anguciur- to associate with men; to chase men;to have sexusal intercourse with a man #anguciurtuq ‘she is always with men’ / < angunliur-; > anguciuqsailnguq
angukaaq, angukaq wild rhubarb (Polygonum
alaskanum) # Kiagumainanrani angukaat
tegg’iqerpailgata Mikellaq-llu elkek aurlutek.
Amllessiyaanrilata-llu angukaat tegumiarrarlutek
uterrlutek. Aaniita-llu kenircelluki cuyait
tua-i-llu akulluki. Temait-llu angukaat ellaita
qeltairraarluki saarralirluteng nerluki. ‘Insummer before the wild rhubarb got hard she andMikellaq gathered some. Since there wasn’t somuch wild rhubarb they took a little and wenthome. Their mother let them cook the leaves
and make Eskimo ice cream. After they removed
the skins from the stalks of the wild rhubarb theyadded suggar and ate it.’ (ELN 1990:43); NSK, Y,
K, NR, LI
angukaraq old man # . . . ayakatallermeggni
angukaraat-llu pillinii maligutesqelluki allakaita
angyirluki. ‘. . . when they were about to leave
he told the old men too to come along providingthem with a separate boat.’ (YUU 1995:18);< angun-kar(aq)1; > angukara’urluq; < PY
a&uka3aq (under PE a&un)

116Basesangukara’urluq* old man # Angyaq-gguq
angukara’urlurrlainarnek ucililliniat. ‘It is said thatthey loaded the boat with old men only.’ (YUU
1995:18); < angukaraq-r(ur)luq
angula- to chew on a skin to soften it (as for sewing)# angulauq ‘she is chewing on a skin’; angulaa‘she is chewing on it’ / Angulaurarraarluku
keniqurarraarluku cupqerluku as’artellia,
aklanqurrutngurrluni. ‘After chewing the skin
to soften it, and after the liquid penetrated it,
he inflated it and slipped it on, and became aweasel.’ (MAR 1 2001:93); cf. angulate-; < PE
a&ulaangulate- to mix; to stir # angulataa ‘he is stirring it’/ K; cf. angula-, ingulate-, angalate-, arulateangulluaq old man # Cali man’a: qagaani
tangerquvet calilriamek arnamek wall’
angutmek, angulluamek-llu tangerquvet ullagluku
ikayuqiu. ‘Also this: if you see someone working
outside, a woman or a man, or an old person, go
over to him or her and help him or her.’ (QAN
1995:342); < angun-lluk-aq2
angullugaq old man # EG; < angun-lluk-aq3
angulluguaq, angulluguaraq old man # < angunlluk-uaq
angumayutar- to play tag # angumayutartut ‘they
are playing tag’; NUN; < angu-ma-?
angun male human; man # angutet ‘men’;angutmek tutgara’urlungqertuq ‘she has a malegrandchild’; angulvak ‘big man’; Uyangtelliniuq,
arnamek, angutmek-llu, yungqellinilria. Angun
kan’a takelqacilria, arnaq-wa calilria. ‘He peeked
down and saw that it was inhabited by a woman
and a man. That man down below was lying
stretched out, while the woman was working.’(YUU 1995:86); angutem agtuqsailkii ‘virgin’(in Bible translations); > angucaluq, anguciur-,
angukara’urluq, anguliur-, angulluguaraq,
angutengiaraq, angutnguneq, angutngurte-,
angutvak; cf. angu- (although this word would
seem to be from angu- ‘to chase and catch (game)’,and the instrumental postbase, evidence from Inuit/
Inupiaq Eskimo languages argues against this (seeFortescue et al. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary.
1996:35)
angunquq big toe # CAN; = angenquq; < ange-quq;> angunquyuk; < PY a&0nquq (under PE a&0-)
angunquyuk big toe # HBC; < angunquq-yuk
anguqa or # conjunctive particle; NUN; < angu=qaa

angukara’urluq* — angutngurte-

angurrluk absolutely not; in no case; certainly not# adverbial particle; Tayima-llu ayaumaaqata
nunat inerqunqegcalalliniit watqapiar angurrluk
ellamun anqetaaresqevkenaki. ‘While they wereaway on their journeys the village was told thatabsolutely under no circumstances should they
venture outside.’ (YUU 1995:41); < angu-rrluk
angusaurta soldier; national guardsman; also whenused in the plural: government # NS; < anguyagur-ta1
angussaag- to hunt; to try to catch game #angussaagtuq ‘he is hunting’; angussaagaa ‘heis hunting it’ / angussaagutaa ‘he is providing
for her by hunting’; Caumak’ngucirpetun tauna
panigpuk angussaagaqluku pinaqsaaqan. Angutet
aipateng angussaagarkaqluki aipaqsagutetuit.
Angussaagaqluku pinaqsaaqan. ‘As you havestarted being with our daughter, it is advisablethat you try to hunt some game for her too.
Men get wives and must provide food for them.
You should try to hunt some game for her food.’(QUL 2003:600); < angu-ssaag1-; > angussaagta,
angussaagun
angussaagun subsistence hunting device #< angussaag-n
angussaagta provider; hunter # Yuk angussaagta
arnam murilkarkaullinia, aturai-llu murilkelluki.
‘The woman must take care of the hunter, andkeep his clothing mended.’ (YUU 1995:55);< angussaag-ta1angute- to be on time # NUN; < angu-?angutengiar(aq*) old man # < angun-ngyaar(aq)anguteryuk marsh marigold bulb (Caltha palustris)# NUN
angutnaraq old man # < angun-?
angutnguneq brother # older or younger brother;. . . angutngunri, qayateng aminqigqelluki
cateng nutarrluki, . . . ‘. . . her brothers put newskin coverings on their kayaks and renovatedtheir equipment . . .’ (CEV 1984:77); Taunagguq arnaunra qialuni aq’vekili quletmun.
Angutngunran-llu maliggmiluku. ‘That sister ofhis, crying, ran upwards. And her brother also
followed her.’ (UNP3); NUN, HBC, Y, NI, NS; <angun-u-neq1; < PE a&ut&un03 (under PE a&un)
angutngurte- to become a man; to come of age (ofa male); to become an old man # angutngurtuq‘he is becoming a man, or an old man’ /Tauna Aqsarpak taum nalliini, angutngurrluni,

117anguturluq — angyaqatakBasesayagyuanrirluni. ‘At that time Aqsarpak became aman, no longer a teenager.’ (YUU 1995:88);< angun-urteanguturluq poison water hemlock (Cicuta
mackenzieana) # NUN
angutvak bull caribou # Tua-llu-gguq tua-i tuaniam tua-i nuliqsagucamiu angutvagtelliniuq,
angutvagmek imumek, tuntumek. ‘So, it is said,
that when he married her he caught a bull
caribou.’ (CUN 2007:86); < angun-vak
anguur- to urinate accidentally; to release amniotic
fluid # anguurtuq ‘he urinated, unable to hold it
anymore’, ‘he wet his bed’; ‘her water (amniotic
fluid) broke’ / cf. angu-; < PE a&u9u3anguyak battle; war; warrior # and anguyag- tofight in battle; to make war. anguyagtut ‘they
are fighting’; anguyagaa ‘he is fighting him’
/ anguyautut ‘they are fighting each other ina battle’; Anguyaneq nalluq’apiggluku. ‘They
didn’t know a thing about making war.’ (QUL
2003:610); Anguyiit ak’a tamaani anguyalallratni.
Pitegcautetgun-llu-gguq ta¥gaam anguyalallruut
nutegkun piugnaunateng. ‘Back then when
warriors made war they fought with arrows only,
never with guns.’ (KIP 1998:115); > angusaurta,
anguyagcuun, anguyagta; cf. angu-; < PEa&uya!(-)
anguyagcuun weapon of war # < anguyag-cuun
anguyagta, angusagta warrior; soldier; national
guardsman; government # Anguyagte™gullruunga
ciuqlikacaarmek A.T.G.-ni a¥gkuni Alaska
Territorial Guard-anek at’legni, cali-ll’ kinguakun
National Guard-ani cali anguyagte™gulua. ‘I was asoldier for the first time in the A.T.G., the Alaska
Territorial Guard, and also after that I was asoldier in the National Guard.’ (KIP 1998:257);
anguyagtem aulukaa ‘the government takes careof him (he is on welfare).’; < anguyag-ta1
anguyararaun first catch of the season that
one manages to take no matter how small #Qamurruarrangqerran, nayirtaminek ta¥gaam
ucirrarluni uka-i agiirtuq, anguyararautminek
apqiitnek. Tua-i ciriyuite¥rlullratni, . . . ‘He waspulling a little sled, having loaded it with the seal
he caught, and he was coming up with what theyterm the first catch, however meager it may be, ofthe season. It was when the dear ones did not live
during a time of plenty, . . . .’ (CIU 2005:6);< angu-yarar(ar)-n
angvaneq1, angvanuq sternum; breastbone # CAN;
< angvar-neq2
angvaneq2 measurement, the distance from thecenter of the chest ( or the armpit ?) to the end of
the fingertips of the outstreched arm and hand #< angvar-neq2
angvarqur- to act under the open sky # NUN;
< angvar-?angvangqa- to be open # angvangqauq ‘it is open’ /NUN; < angvar-ngqaangvar- open # postural root; NUN; > angvangqa-,
angvarte-; = angpar-; > angvaneq, angvarqur-,angvarun, angvassurliq; < PE a&vaangvarte- to open # angvartuq ‘it opened’;angvartaa ‘he opened it’ / NUN; angvar2-;> angvarun
angvarun key # NUN; < angvarte-n
angvassurliq clam (species ?) # < angvar-?
angyapiaq skin (covered) boat # Wangkuta-llu
maaten ellangua angyarluta angyapiamek, tua-i
imkunek maklagnek amilegmek. ‘We too —when I became aware of my surrounding — hada skin boat, made with these bearded seal skins.’(CIU 2005:16); < angyaq-piaq
angyaq boat # and angyar- to go by boat # any boator ship other than a kayak or canoe; angyartuq ‘heis going by boat’ / angyarluteng ayagtut ‘theyleft by boat’; angyiuq ‘he is making a boat’;Angyateng-llu aqvaluku cupumarian un’a kuik.
‘And (they) went and got their boat after the icein that river had gone out.’ (ELN 1990:17); Y,
HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, K; = angsaq; < ?-yaq; >angyapiaq, angyalek, angyaqatak, angyarrluk,
angyayagaq, angyayuk, angyiur-; < PY a&yaq
angyalek boat owner; captain # NUN; < angyaq-lek
angyaqatak makeshift skin-covered boat # with awooden (often cottonwood) frame and skin covering,
it is used to get back downriver after the ice goes out
from a springtime camp (to which one has earlier comeby sled or other means); Maavet-llu uternariateng
iliit angyailan angyaqatagmek aturcetaqluku.
Pikestiin-llu qunuksuunaku, akimek-llu
qanyuunateng. ‘When they were ready to return
here if one of them didn’t have a boat they’d let
him use a makeshift skin boat. The owner wouldn’t
hold back or ask for money.’ (YUU 1995:48);< angyaq-qatak

118

Basesangyarrluk raft; large skin boat # also plural
angyarrluut for one raft. < angyaq-rrluk
angyayagaq* shrew (Sorex sp.) # literally: ‘baby
boat’, so called because of its shape; Tauna tang
kinguqliurlua piqertuq nuyain akuliitni man’ —angyayagaq. “Ila-i tang man’ angyayagaq!” “Aullugga-i taisgu ingqiqaqa!” ‘Her dear younger sistersuddenly saw a shrew among her hairs. “Eek!
look at this shrew!” “Be careful; give it to me; it’s
my louse nit!”’ (WOR 2007:16); < angyaq-ya(g)aq
angyayuk back of bird # < angyaq-yuk
angyiur- to move by boat to fish camp or seal camp
# angyiurtuq ‘he moved to fish camp’; NUN;
< angyaq-liuranianessaaq onion # from English ‘onions’; =anainessaaq
aniguyaq temporary snow shelter, dug into thesnow and provided with a door # and aniguyarto make a snow shelter # Aniguyarangtuutgguq waten uksumi qanikcarpangaqan elakait,
qilirluki qanikcanek enecuariluki amiilirluki
net’un. ‘In the winter when there was lots ofsnow they made a snow shelter for the water holewith a roof and a door on it just like a house.’(QUL 2003:52); cf. aniu; < PE ani!utya3 (under PE
ani!u)
aninaq Catholic brother # perhaps frommispronunciation of anngaq ‘older brother’ by nonNative priests, nuns, and Catholic brothers; Y;
cf. ang’aq, anngaq
aninguaq boil; carbuncle # < ane-i2-uaq; < PE
ani&uaqaniniq, aningiq spawning blackfish (Dalia
pectoralis); blackfish in a school melting the ice
at the edge of a lake or stream# Tua-llu imumek
uksumi kuiget umkaquaqaki paingit, can’giiret
imkut uruulluteng nanvam ce÷iini wall’u-qaa
kuigmi, puget anininek tamakut pituit. ‘In thewinter when the ice starts to form on the surfaceof the rivers, the blackfish melt a spot in the ice
near the edge of the lake or in the river; they callsuch fish coming to the surface “aniniq”.’ (QUL
2003:578); Taukut tua-i aningiliyarturvikuratullruit
allamiaqan. ‘They were their places togo harvesting blackfish every year.’ (KIP
1998:197); Waten ta¥gken, tamakut aninit
nengllirturassiyaagaqan, kuiget imairaqaki, . . .
‘Now, when the weather was too cold, for too
long, the rivers dried up down where the blackfish

angyarrluk — an’iraute-

spent the winter . . .’ (CEV 1984:37); > aninirpak
aninirpak loche (or burbot) (Lota lota) # EG;< aniniq-rpak
aninqe- to conserve; to economize; to be careful
with; to ration # aninqaa ‘he is being carefulwith it’ / Ayainanermini nakacuut elcetaqluki,
aninqevkenani. Ayainanermini aninqengamiki
taukut nakacuut, ellma ell’arcet’lallinii. Tamaani
aninqevkenani elcet’lallrani erneq takliniuq,
aninqingan-llu erneq nanililuni. ‘While hewent on his way, he began to freely let the airout of the bladders. As he went on further hestarted conserving the air letting only a little
bit out. When he was carelessly wasteful withthe air, the day became long. When he started
conserving the air, the day became short.’(YUU 1995:87); Tuamtellu ilii tamaa-i neqmek
ciriyuitellermeggni, aninqut’ngaqamegteki
neqkaaraurluteng, Kass’inrarmek
piitellermeggni, . . . ‘When they did not have aplentiful food supply, some people would start
to conserve their precious food when they didn’t
have Western style food.’ (QUL 2003:4); Mermek
puqlamek atulci ikeglicaquvciu, tangerciqerci
akimek aninqucirci. ‘If you reduce your use of
hot water, you will see how you conserve yourmoney.’ (GET n.d.:10); < PY aninq0aninqiyaraq conservation # < aninqe-i2-yaraq
anipa, anipaq snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca) #Uuminaqvaa anipangnagaam irniarraanka
picirtaarutkellii! ‘Darn it, the lousy owl hasruined my little children!’ (MAR1 2001:75);< PY-S anipa
aniqlaa- to curse; to threaten with undesirable
things # aniqlaagaa ‘he put a curse on him,threatened him’ / niitenrilan aniqlaagaa
elluatuuluku yuungaitniluku ‘because shewouldn’t listen (to the warning) he cursed her,saying that she would not live a good life’;Atanrem-llu Agayutem qanrutaa ciissirpak,“Aniqlaamaciquten waten pillruavet; ungungssini
tamalkuitni elpet kiivet aniqlaan aturciqan . . .”‘The lord God said to the serpent, “You will becursed because you have acted like that; among
all the animals you alone will have the curse . . .”’(AYAG. 3:14)
an’iraute- to race or contend to get outside before
others # An’irautevkenata akusrartevkenata-ll’
waten elitnaurvimte÷i, elicetengnaqluta. ‘We

119

anirnake- — anlii-

Basesanirtuumauq ‘he has been rescued’, ‘he has beensaved’ in a religious sense; Tauna-ll’-am tua-i
Quscuarmek piaqluku kegginaquq arnaruaq
nalqigeskiliu-am qerruyarpiallermegni taumun
anirtullrunilutek, kinguqliirutni-ll’ . . . ‘There wasa man called Quscuar who explained that themask depicted a woman that he said had saved
him and his brother when they almost diedof hypothermia.’ (AGA 1996:131); > anirtua-,anirturta, anirtuun
anirturiyaraq salvation; deliverance # Anirturiyaraq
Atanrem pikaa. ‘Salvation is of the Lord.’ (JONA.
2:9; < anirtur-i2-yaraq
anirturta, anirturista savior; rescuer; redeemer;
the Savior # Taum-llu qanrullukek cama-i
nuliangellruniluni, taukuk alqaqelriik
anirturtellregmi alqaanek. ‘He told them that
he had a wife, the older sister of the two girls
who had rescued him.’ (YUU 1995:101); Niiskut
ikayurluta-llu Anirturta naklegtalria. ‘Hear us
and help, merciful Savior.’ (YUA 1945:59, and LIT
1972:29); < anirtur-ta1, anirtur-i2-ta1
anirtuun, anirturin something that saves one;salvation # anirtuutekaa ‘it is the thing that savedhim’; Ilunglua piicagtua anirtuun taisqelluku. . . ‘I fervently pray for salvation to come . . .’(PSALM 53:6); < anirtur-n, anirtur-i2-naniu snow on the ground # and aniu- to snow #aniuguq ‘it is snowing’ / NS; = aniuk; < PE
ani!u; > aniullugte-; cf. aniguyaq
aniuk snow on the ground # EG; = aniu
aniullugte- to be soft and melting of snow on the
ground # aniullugtuq ‘the snow on the groundis soft and melting’; aniullugtaa up’nerkami
ikamrainanratni erenrani ‘in spring during the
day while they were traveling by sled the snow
got soft on them’; < aniu-llukaniurta sanitation worker # NUN; < anaq-liur-ta1
anlii- to make a hole in the ice (for getting water orfor fishing) # anliiguq ‘he made a hole in the ice’
/ Qaltayagmeg cali uss’armeg pinevkarameg
cikirluki. Taukut ta¥ga cun’errat tekicamengta¥ga¥get anlliilliniut, kalevluku-llu. Qaltayagsiimameg uqamalkucirarluku, ta¥gg’am etranun
tut’enritliniur. ‘They give them a bucket and ahide rope. When those young men arrived there
they made a hole in the ice and dangled it (therope) down. They weighted down the bucketwith a rock, but it didn’t land on the bottom (ofdidn’t contend to be the first to get outside nor makea commotion in the schoolhouse; we strove to betaught.’ (KIP 1998:65); cf. itriraute-; < ane-?-te5anirnake- to resent (it); to be infuriated by (it) # (?)
anirta thank goodness!; how fortunate! # exclamatory
particle; anirta taigukut ‘good thing we came!’;
Aling, quyana tanem, anirta tanem akilenritaqa
imna pingraanga. ‘Gee, I am so glad; thankgoodness I didn’t say anything back to him eventhough he attacked me.’ (QUL 2003:336); >anirtaar-, anirtaqulluk, anirtima; < PE ani3ta;> anirtima
anirtaar- to say “thank goodness”; to have noregrets; to be glad because of what one has doneor because of what has happened # anirtaartuq‘he has no regrets’ / anirtaarutamken ‘I’m glad
you did what you did’; anirtaarutkaqa ‘I haveno regrets over it’; anirtaarutii ‘the act or event
over which he is glad, has no regrets, says
“thank goodness”; Uitakuni-llu kingukuureskan
anirtaarluni, “Anirta-tam akilenritaqa.”‘And if he stays silent, he will be glad later on[thinking], “I’m glad that I didn’t retaliate.”(QUL 2003:338); Anirtaaraqlua-llu, tamalkumta
qenqertetuyaaqukut wiinga-llu. ‘And I say“thank goodness (I refrained)”, for we all become
angry, myself included.’ (KIP 1998:183); Alqunaqgguq caleryanrilkuma anirtaarutkelarciqanka. ‘If
I’m not rash in my actions I’ll have no cause forregret.’ (KIP 1998:255); < anirta-?-ranirtaqulluk serves him right!; serves you right! #exclamatory particle refering to good or bad outcomeof one’s actions; < anirta-?-lluk
anirte- to be alive # Tua-i anirtarkauguten wangtun.
‘And, you will be alive, just like me.’ (MAR2
2001:93); NS
anirtima so that’s why!; no wonder!; good thing
then! # exclamatory particle; anirtima tanem
taiyunrituq ‘no wonder she doesn’t want tocome’; Nerngameng Cung’uq qalamciluni elkek
anirtima-gguq maliklutek pillruuk. ‘While they
were eating Cung’uq told how it was a good thingthat the two of them went along together.’ (ELN
1990:72); < anirta-?
anirtua- to help; to come to the rescue of #anirtuagaa ‘he is helping her’ / < anirtur-aanirtur- to rescue; to save one’s life or soul; toredeem; to heal # anirturaa ‘he saved him’
/ ellminek anirturtuq ‘he saved himself’;120Basesthe lake).’ (WEB 2); < anluaq-lianlleq edible tuber of the tall cottongrass (iitaq) #locally: “mouse food” or “mouse nut” because
they are taken from mouse caches; anlleret akutami
assirtut ‘“mouse nuts” are good in “Eskimo
ice cream”’; Nutaan ta¥gken inerqurluki
waten, qanikcam-gguq qaingani tekiskata
uugnaraat antellritnek anllernek, watqapikggur’ atauciungraan tamakunek neryaqunani.
Ta¥gaam ut’rulluki, nutaan kingunrita kenirluki
nerengnaqutekarkauluki. ‘They were warned
that if they came upon edible tubers that had
been taken out of their storage by the mice, theyshould not eat even one of them. Instead, they
were to bring them back home and those attheir home could cook them and have them forsustenance.’ (KIP 1998:333); < PY an@0q; cf. aneanllite- to have a birthday # anllituq ‘it is hisbirthday’ / < ane-ite3anllugneq mist of cold air rushing in; warm air
rushing out an open door or window; aura
emanating from a person # Nepturillrani
piviinret iliitni waniw’ anllugneren
qevleqtaalriartanga’artellria. Atam qevleqtaalr
iartanga’arteqertelluku anllugneren imna taunaniiskengaqelallren iluvaryaaqellriim taumun
akitmigcami qevleqtaalriamun elaqvaqanill’. Allanek maa-i piyaaqaqan anllugneren
qevleqtaangartaqan ellavaqaniraqluni. ‘Soon,
when it got very loud, the aura that emanatedfrom you started to have glittering particles.
When your aura started to glitter, the one youheard appeared, but it moved farther awaywhen it bumped into that shiny thing. When it(would make that noise) again, it moved farther
away when your aura started to glitter.’ (QUL
2003:536); < anllugte-neq1
anllugte-, anllullag- to rush out of warm air; torush in of cold air through a door or window #anllullagtuq ‘warm air is rushing out or cold air
is rushing in’ / < ane-llugte-, ane-lluk-llaganlu seal’s breathing hole in ice; muskrat’s feedinghole in the ice made by blowing bubbles underfreshly frozen ice late popping them and lining itwith mud # > anluaq; cf. ane-; < PE anlu

anlleq — anqerrit
akurqurciqait. Tua-i-ll’ kassukuniu nutaan
camavet anluamun kalevvluki, cingluki. ‘When all
the seal bladders were deflated, going over to thehole in the ice, they would poke each bladder witha seal spear, and then they would dip each of the
bladders into each corner of the hole, and when
all was done, push them down through the holein the ice.’ (YUU 1995:40); = anglluaq; < anlu-aq3;> anlii-, anlui-; < PE anlu(C)a3- (under PE anlu)

anlui- to make of fishing or water hole throughthe ice # Tua-i-ll’ manaryarat tekicamteki
anluisqelluku ukicisqelluku tugerluku. ‘Whe wereached the ice-fishing site I told them to use theice chisel to make a hole in the ice.’ (QAN 2009:186);< anluaq-lianngaq older brother # Ta¥ga-llu-ggur ukut
anngaqelriit, etliniaqelriit kuigem ci÷iini. ‘Then,they say, these brothers were living on the
shore of the river.’ (CEV 1984:71); = ang’aq; >anngaqlikaca(g)aq, anngaruaq; cf. aninaq; < PE
an0&a3anngaruaq one’s spouse’s brother # < anngaq-uaq;

anngaqliq*, anngaqlikaca(g)aq oldest brother #Cali-gguq, iquatneng ayagluki anngaqliatneng,
ivruciliurciqai tungliqutaciggluki. ‘And theirsister, starting with her oldest brother and working
down to her youngest, made waterproof boots
for all in turn.’ (CEV 1984:72); < anngaq-qliq,
anngaq-qliq-kaca(g)aranqarar-, anqarar(ar)- to tell a story through songs
and drumming # > anqarar-

anqaraun song composed to celebrateaccomplishment, escape from danger, victoryin battle, etc. # Wagg’uq iniqsakarluteng wall’u
arenqialluga’arrluteng; tua-i nauwa anguyagnillu anqarauciniaqekait. ‘After an accomplishment
or experiencing a close escape as in war, theywould compose celebratory songs and create theparaphenalia that accompanies them.’ (CIU
2005:22); < anqarar-n
anqenkiyagaq newborn baby # NUN; < ane-?ya(g)aqanqerri- to develop a rash; to have measles, chicken
pox, or other disease causing a rash # anqerriuq‘he is breaking out in a rash’ / < ane-qar-i2-;> anqerrit

anluaq fishing or water hole cut through the ice #Tua-i ta¥gken nakacuut qagertelteng nangkata
anluaq tauna ullagluku, nanerpiit cingilgitnek
niiqerluku. Anluam kangirainun nallaruartaqluku

anqerrit measles; rashes # Y, HBC; < anqerri-nominal
plural121

anqerte- — anucimirqecetaar-

Basesanqerte- to dash out # anqertuq ‘he dashed out’ /< ane-qerteanqiitayagaq, anqiiyaaq newborn infant # Maaten
ellii murilkartuq aanii kiani curumi iggangqalria,
caniani-wa anqiiyaaq. . . . Tua-i-llu ellii
kiavaqerrluni ullagarrluku aanani alangaarluni
anqiiyaarmek. ‘When she looked about she saw
her mother in there on the sleeping pad propped
up on her elbow and beside her was a newborn
infant. . . . She went in and went over to hermother and she was surprised about the infant.’(ELN 1990:103); < ane-?-ya(g)aq, ane-?-ya(g)aq
anqulleq area dug up by mice for food storage #< anqur-lleq1
anqur- to remove items one after another from acontainer, a house, etc.; to move from one houseto another with one’s possessions # anqurtuq ‘heis moving out’; anqurai ‘he is moving them out’
/ < ante-qur-; > anqulleq, anquun
anquun scoop used to clear ice fragments fromwater in a hole made in the ice # Y; < anqur-nanrenqegcaun breath freshener # < anerneq-kegtecar-un
anrucilluk stomach sack # NUN; < anrutaq-?-lleq1
anrutaq stomach of a human or other mammal;
gallbladder (EG additional meaning) # Tamaaniuqut assigtangqelallruut issurit anrutaitnek,
meciarutanek ‘In those days dried seal
stomachs were used for containers for seal
oil.’ (YUU 1995:16); Yuum-gguq anrutaa
qamna, waten kaigi-llu ellarrluum nalliini,
anrutam-gguq eqsullra nangteqnarquq cakneq.
‘(About) a person’s stomach, it is said, fromthe hunger during a time of weather so bad as
to keep everyone inside, the shrinking of thestomach is extremely painful.’ (CIU 2005:324);
Anrutaicungaqameng waten kiagyungaqan, erneq
takliriaqan, makuneng ta¥gaam, cukilegneng
nerangnaqaqluteng, kuigneng. ‘When theirstomachs would shrink from lack of food at
the end of spring as the days grew longer,
they would start getting sustenance from the
sticklebacks from the rivers.’ (CEV 1984:33);> anrucilleq
anssiir-, anssiur- to hunt seal downriver #anssiurtuq ‘he is hunting seal downriver’ /Pissulriit anssiirluteng taqukassulriit qamaken
kangianek kuigem, tauna tua pissuryaraat
yuc’illiaciqniluku. ‘People from upriver that hadgone down seal hunting will have been the ones
to make it evident that people had been there.
He told them that the place where the [people]
hunted would have signs.’ (QUL 2003:406);
Anssiiraluteng unguvalrianek avulaameng
avurluteng taukut, cali ilait anssiiranritqalriit
yuilqumun ayagluteng tua-i pavaken
ungungssinek canek piciatun, cuignilngurnek
tuaten picirraatun yuilqurmiutarnek avuluteng.
‘They hunted downriver for sea mammals,
and some that didn’t hunt that way went to
the wilderness upriver for otters and otherwilderness animals.’ (MAR2 2001:105); < ane-?ante- to put out(side) # antaa ‘he put it out’
# Caqerluni Irr’am antaarpakarluku tauna
can’giiq igcelluku natermun qimugkauyaraatllu iliita canianun tull’uni, teguvailgagu-llu
qimugkauryaraam ak’a tamualuku igqalliniluku.
‘Pretty soon, as Irr’aq kept taking out theblackfish, she dropped it on the floor and it
landed next to one of the puppies, and before she
could pick it up, the puppy had already chewed
it up and swallowed it.’ (ELN 1990:78); < ane-te2-;> anerqe-, anqur-; < PE an0t- (under PE an0-)
anu, anuk dog harness # Tua-i-llu aatiita
anutuumaan Pili a¥g’arluku qangqiiret tungiitnun
enirluni. ‘Then their father detached Pili andhis harness and pointed in the direction of theptarmigans.’ (ELN 1990:12); NS, NUN, K; < PEanuanuci- root; < PE annut- and annuci-; > anucimirqe-,
anucingeAnucimallrat the Biblical book of Exodus # < anutema-lleq-3p-3s ending
anucimirqe- to repent; to want not to repeat
one’s actions; to learn from one’s mistake #anucimirquq ‘he repented’ / anucimirqevkaraa‘he made her not want to do again what
she did’ by punishing her, talking to her, etc.;
Anucimiqsunaunani-llu-am atrarluni nutaan
naspaanaluni pinaluni. ‘In as much as it was
not such as to cause her to learn from her mistake,she went down in order to try (again).’ (ELN
1990:22); < anuci-?-rqe2anucimirqecetaar- to reprove; to chastise;to rebuke # Kainiqnayukluteng-llu cali,
qanruyuterluteng waten: tamakut-gguq
neqkarrait uqlautekengkatki ellam yuan
anucimirqecetaarciqai. ‘And thinking that they122Baseswould suffer famine they had this saying: thespirit of the universe will reprove them if theyscatter scraps of food about.’ (KIP 1998:325);< anucimirqe-cetaaranucinge- to become wiser through experience; tolearn one’s lesson # anucinguq ‘he learned his
lesson’ / < anuci-ngeanuilite- to descend toward the coast to the snow
during spring (referring to reindeer) # NUN
anuma- to flow out into something; to be outside# anumauq ‘he is outside, has gone out’ or‘it (river) flows out’ / Kuigat-gguq man’a,imarpigmun anumaluni, . . . ‘This river of theirs,
so they say, flows into the ocean, . . .’ (CEV
1984:71); < ane-maanuqae wind # anuqenguq ‘the wind is picking up’(literally: ‘it’s getting wind’); . . . nuyai tuaten
tengaurluteng iik-llu uisngasciiganatek anuqem
ugaani. ‘. . . her hair flew around like that andher eyes couldn’t stay open on account of thewind.’ (ELN 1990:41); < PE anuqe; anuqekegte-,
anuqellugte-, anuqessuun, anuqlir-, anuqsaar-,anuq’vag-, anurvag-, anuqetuliar(aq)anuqataq (?) grandmother # NUN; cf. anuurluq
anuqekegte- to blow in a favorable direction # ofwind; anuqekegtuq ‘there is a favorable wind’
for traveling; anuqekegtaa ‘the wind is blowing
favorably for him’ / < anuqa-kegteanuqellugte- to blow in an unfavorable direction# of wind; anuqellugtuq ‘there is an unfavorable
wind’ for traveling; anuqellugtaa ‘the wind isblowing unfavorably for him’ / < anuqe-lluk
anuqessuun any device used in the wind, such as awindsock, windmill, flag, or windproof lantern #< anuqe-cuun
anuqetuliar(aq*) yarrow (Achillea sp.) # (?); a plantwith a strong almost minty odor, which is inhaled;< anuqa-?
anuqlir- to be windy # anuqlirtuq ‘it is windy’ /anuqlirpaa! ‘how windy it is!’; anuqlingraan‘even though it is windy’; < anuqe-lir-; < PE
anuqli3- (under PE anuqe)
anuqsaar-, anuqsagar- to be breezy # anuqsaartuq‘it is breezy’ / Anuqsaarii cauluk’ tua-i anuqa
yuryiullinikii ellacugnimek ak’anek naruraami.
‘She faced the direction the breeze was comingfrom and kept inhaling, since she was smellingthe smells of the world for the first time in a longanucinge- — anute-time.’ (QUL 2003:229); < anuqe-ya(g)aq
anuq’vag-, anuqvag- to be very windy #anuq’vagtuq ‘it is very windy’ / Tua-llu taukut
angalkulget cetamanek ungalalirnermi nunat
pissurnarian anuqengutellinii qacarnermek
up’nerkarpak anuq’vagturluni pissurciiganateng.
‘In the village on the south side where the fourshamans were the wind came in from the south
during hunting season and blew right onto
their beach, and the wind blew hard all spring sothat the people could not go hunting.’ (YUU
1995:114); < anuqa-pag2anura- to keep going out # anurauq ‘he keeps
going out’ / anurayunaituq ‘it isn’t conducive
to going (or being) out’; . . . aaniita inerqurluki
kiagpailgan ancuitniluki nengelvanglarniluku
ellam yuan tangrraqaki inuguat. Nengllirqan
anurayunaitelaan tua-i niilluku aanaseng. ‘. . . theirmother warned them that before summer comespeople never take them (dolls) out saying that itgets very cold when the ruler of the universe sessthe dolls. When it was cold since it generally was
not conducive to going out, they listened to theirmother.’ (ELN 1990:15); < ane-ur-aanuraqe- to want to do something but feelconstrained by circumstances or authority;
to wait patiently # anuraquq ‘he feels
constrained’ / anuraqngami ‘because he feels
he shouldn’t’; anuraquraa! ‘be patient!’; Tua-i
cangimirteng’ermi anuraqngami uitaluni tua-i.
‘Even though he wasn’t satisfied with how much
he got, because he felt constrained, he let it be.’(MAR2 2001:101)
anurvag- to be very windy # anurvagtuq ‘it is very
windy’ / Piaken ta¥gaam negeqvam, calaramllu akuliignek anurvagaqami nutaan qaililartuq.
‘However, whenever it’s very windy from backthere from between the north and the east, thewater is rough.’ (KIP 1998:45); < anuqa-pag2anute- to take out(side) # anutaa ‘he took it out’ #. . . kiullinia. “Unuaqu anuteqerciqamken
ellamun.” . . . Unuaquan atakuyartumi pillinia,“Qaku-mi tua-i anuteqatarcia, tang tua-i
tuquvailegma, ellamek narqeryugyaaqellrianga.”
Taum pillinia, “Ilumun anuteqernaamken tua-i
tuquvailegpet ellacugnimek narqerniartuten.”‘. . . she answered him. “Tomorrow I’ll take you
outside briefly.” . . . The next day in the evening
he said to her, “Now when are you going to take123

anutiiq — anyurnarqe-

Basesme out; before I die I would like to smell the great
outdoors.” She said to him, “In truth I’ll take youout before you die so that you can smell the scentof the world.”’ (YUU 1995:97); < ane-te4-;> Anucimallrat
anutiiq birthday # and anutiir- to have a birthday# anutiirtuq ‘he is having his birthday (today)’/ angniq anutiiq elpenun ‘happy birthday toyou’; Erenret taukut pingayuatni Egypt-aarmiut
angayuqrata anutiirtuq, nerevkariluni-llu
kelegluki piste÷i tamalkuita. ‘On the third day
the king of the Egyptians (Pharoah) had hisbirthday and held a feast inviting all his servants.’(AYAG. 40:20); Kayangut Anutiit ‘May’ (literally:‘hatching time of eggs’); Ta¥gaam Kayangut
Anutiitni anutiingqerrlua. ‘However, I have mybirthday in May.’ (KIP 1998:141); Maniit Anutiit‘May’ (Y, NS usage); < ane-tiiq
anuurluq*, anuureluq*, anuuruluq* (HBC form)
grandmother # this is the usual term in NSK,
but occurs also in stories from other areas where
the usual term for grandmother is maurluq or
marrlugaq; Tua-i-llu anuurlumi eniinun tekicami
elatiinun nangqertuq. . . . “Anuurlung, naw’un
iterciqsia?” ‘And when he came to the door of
his grandmother’s house he stook outside. . . .
“Grandmother, where will I come in?” (UNP1);< ?-r(ar)luq; cf. anuqataq; > anuurluqellriik
anuurluqellriik, anuureluqellriik,
anuuruluqellriik (HBC form) grandmotherand her grandchild # Tua-i-llu-gguq-am
taukuk anuurluqelriik-am uitauk. Angutmek
tutgara’urlungqerrluni. ‘And so, it is said, there
were those two, grandmother and her grandchild,a boy’. (MAR1 2001:76); . . . elliriqlutek taukuk,
anuuruluqelriik cuugaqelriik ta¥g a, imarpiim
yaqsinrilkiini. ‘. . . oh those two were poor, thegrandmother and grandchild living not far from theocean.’ (CEV 1984:65); < anuurluq-ke1-llriik-dual
anvik exit; squirrel den # Anvigcuuciraluta waten
ayagaaqamta up’nerkami, miluutaquq tua-iqanikcarmi yaaqvani. ‘When we looked forsquirrel dens in the springtime, it (the den) reallystood out in the snow in the distance’. (CIU
2005:150); < ane-vik
Anvik Anvik # Athabascan village on the Yukon;
literally: ‘place to go out’; Qamkut-wa-gguq
qamani kiatiitni, Anvigmiut-gguq taukut nutaan
nunat, nunauluteng taukut nunarpauluteng.

Taukut tua-i tuani uitainanratni tamakurmiut
Anvigmiut taukut tekitelliniluteng angutet
tuqucarturluki taukut imkut ilakellriit. Tua-igguq tamaani nunautmeggni pissurvimeggni
uitiita taukurluut. ‘Upriver of them the Anvik
people constituted a large village. While they
were staying there those Anvik people came tokill the men. This was because they were in their(Anvik’s) hunting grounds.’ (KIP 1998:95);< ane-vik
Anyaraq Aniak # village on the Kuskokwim;
literally: ‘the way to go out’; Caqerlutek-gguq
aguuterlutek asgurtuk Anyarakun. ‘Once they2
were going by canoe up the Aniak river.’ (YUU
1995:13); < ane-yaraq
anyaqturte- to not come out from the houseto welcome a visitor # Uitayaaqluni tuani
yugpallarayaaqluni yuk anyaqturcan itliniluni.
‘After she had waited and made human sounds(giving evidence of her presence), when no one
came out to welcome her she went on in.’ (MAR2
2001:64); NS; < ane-?anyarar(ar)- be born prematurely; go out too early #anyara’artuq ‘he was born prematurely’ /< ane-yarar(ar)anyuk trout (species ?) # BB
anyuqe- to be repeled by # applies to game animals
repeled or frightened away by the hunter’s being
contaminated; Alikait-gguq tamakut, nalluvkenaki
tua-i anyuqluki, alikluki, tuaten pimalriit,
uqlautekluku pivkaqiit tan’gaurluq nasaurluqllu miktellrani. ‘They say that they (animals) can
detect and don’t want to go near those who havebeen exposed to (the saliva and urine of) male orfemale infants.’ (YUP 2005:100); < anyur-ke2anyur- emotional root; > anyuqe-, anyurnarqeanyurnarqe- to repel # applies to contamination that
repels or frightens away game animals; Uuggun-llugguq camek maq’uq iiragmikun, pitarkaulriani
anyurnarqellriamek. . . . Naqugucirturluki
pisqellarait camek ik’imek sagcinayukluki
anyurnamek natermun. ‘They say that something
emanates from her thyroid area that repels game
animals. . . . They want them (the women) towear belts thinking that they would spread abad substance — that which would repel game— onto the floor (where the hunter might becontaminated with it).’ (AGA 1996:68); < anyurnarqe-

124Basesapa, ap’a, apaq grandfather # apii or apaa ‘his
grandfather’; Qaillun taun’ ap’aka tua-i-w’imkullrulliniuq, iliini picirkani nalluyuunaku.
‘At times that grandfather of mine knew what wasgoing to happen to him.’ (QUL 2003:546); Tua-illu aatan irniarpet ap’akluku. ‘And your father
is your child’s grandfather.’ (YUP 2005:226);
less commonly used than the extended form,
apa’urluq; > apa’urluq, aparrluguaq; cf. apakcuk,
apakussutaq; < PE ap(p)aapaa- to repeat; to reiterate; to mention; to callout; to mention by name # apaaguq ‘herepeated something’; apaagaa ‘he repeatedit, called it out, mentioned it several times’/ apaagiuq ‘he called out something several
times’; Canek piukengameggnek apaagiluteng
piugviktullruit tamakut curukartekateng, cali-ll’
taukut curukartekaita taukut pisqumastetengcali ellmegcetun cali piullmeggnek apaaluki
piugvikluki. ‘Naming what they (the hosts)
wanted, they made requests for thing fromtheir guests, the “mock-attackers”, andtheir guests would name their own requests
from them.’ (CAU 1985:165); Elliinginaq
apaayaqunaku Atanrem Agayutvet atra, Atanrem
pinarqelriaruniciqngaku at’mi elliinginaq
apaastii. ‘You shall not utter the name of theLord your God in vain. For the Lord will not be
indifferent to one who utters His name in vain.’(ANUC. 20:7); < aper-aapaguaq windpipe # NUN
apakcuk sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) # NUN; cf. apa
apakussutaq clam (species ?) # HBC; cf. apa
apallir-, apallirtur- to call out as song leader foran Eskimo dance # apallirtuq ‘he is singing’;
apalliraa ‘he is singing it’ / < apalluk-lir-,apalluk-lir-tur1-; > apallirturta, apallircuun
apallircuun, apallirturcuun dance baton # Una-wa
apallirturcuutiit murak. Iquani-wa kegginarluni,
tengayuq-wa man’a asguruara. Taumek tua-i
apallirturcuutengqetullruut. ‘This dance baton of
theirs is of wood. At its end it has a face, with
its ruff of caribou neck hairs. They used to havedance batons of this sort.’ (CAU 1985:206);< apallir-cuun, apallir-tur2-cuun
apallirturta, apallirtulria song leader # < apallirturta2, apallirtur-lria
apalluk, apalluq stanza; lyrics of dance song# apallutairutuq ‘there are no more lyrics’ aapa — apa’urluq

call to begin improvised, comic Eskimo dancing;
Atulgullruat tamana. Ta¥gaam apallui ukut
cimiqetaararluki. Yuarun ta¥gken taman’cimirpakanritliniuq. ‘They would sing that song
all the time during those presentations. However,they would change the words in the lyrics of thesong. But actually the song didn’t change verymuch.’ (AGA 1996:146); > apallir-, apalluk; cf.
aper-; < PY-S apa@uk
apallulek song with lyrics # < apalluk-lek
apamaq gunwale of kayak # Amkut-llu kinguqliita
pilriameng tua-i kitngiarluku tuaten qayaq
taman’ mamcarrluku, apamaq-ll’ ayemqelluku.
‘When the next ones came around, they kickedthat kayak around and made it collapse and evenbroke the gunwale to pieces.’ (QUL 2003:616); see
Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak; < PE apumma3
Apanuugpak legendary folk hero from the
Kuskokwim and Nelson Is. areas # Apanuugpak
taun’ tan’gurrauluni ayagluni, waten
tan’gurraarauluni, elliraurtellinilria, angayuqaak
tamarmek tuqulutek. Tua-lli-wa-gguq tua-itaukut ilain, tua-w’ yuut, nakukuraurlungraatnill’ akiqayuilkai. Caluki-ll’ kiulerluki-ll’ piyuunaki
umyuarteqluni anglirikuni akinaullerkani
amlleran. ‘When Apanuugpak was a young boy,just a little boy, he became an orphan, both of
his parents having died. And it was said that
although those around him, the people, pickedon him and tormented him, he never foughtback. He never yelled back at them, thinking
when he grew up there would be time enoughfor revenge.’ (ELL 1997:404); < ?-rpak
aparrlugaq* grandfather # NUN, HBC; < PE
apa3u3luq and apa3u3lu!aq (under PE ap(p)a);< apa-rrlugaq
apat’ag- to have dirt debris clinging to one’s
flesh or clothing # Angutem ilii tangerrnauraa
ilii arnatun ayuqluni camek apat’agluni
peketnaurtuq. ‘Some men appeared like women
moving around with dirt and debris clinging to theirclothes.’ (MAR2 2001:24); NS
apa’urluq, apaurluq (in EG) grandfather;
grandparents (when used in the plural) #Apa’urluunka amllellruut, nalluvkenaki
apa’urluunka maa-i ta¥gaam watua apa’urluirutua,
Qelpauralria ta¥gaam apa’urluqaqa aipaagni.
‘My grandparents were numerous, and I knew
my grandparents, but now no longer have a125

apenge- — apqara’arcuun

Basesaperyaraq pronunciation; terminology #aperyaraa ‘its pronunciation’; Tua-i-llu
Qalemam igarcuutengqelliniami igaulluki
yaassiillermun tamakut igat aperyaraitnek
ciumek elicungcarlukek elkek. ‘Since Qalemaq
had a pencil she wrote the letters on a pieceof cardboard showing the two of them theirpronunciation.’ (ELN 1990:87); < aper-yaraq
apete- to inquire; to ask in the sense of asking aquestion # look under apte-; NSU; = apteapiataq lunch # and apiatar- to eat lunch #apiatartuq ‘he is eating lunch’ / Seven-klaagmi
unuakutalartukut, twelve-klaagmi-llu apiatarluta,
tua-i-llu six-klaagmi atakutarluta. ‘We eatbreakfast at seven, lunch at twelve and dinner atsix.’ (YUP 1996:54); from Russian j,®l (obéd)
apiterte- to smear with oil without letting it
penetrate # Tua-i uqumek apiterrluku. Uqurrluku.
‘He smeared it with oil. He oiled it.’ (NAT
2001:222)
ap’nerrlugun verbal expression of negative opinion# < aper-nerrlugte-n
ap’nge- to bend # of something that is not normally
bent; ap’nguq ‘it bent’ / apengtaa ‘he bent it’;apengtuq ‘he bent down’; apengcimauq ‘it isbent’; apengneq ‘a bend’; Qavarngan qecignek
taptaarluki qillerqelliniluku, pamatmun
tallik qillertellinilukek, uyaq¥rri-llu napirluki
irugkenun wavet qillrullukek apenglluku. ‘When
he slept she doubled the rawhide tying his armsin the back and tying his neck to his arms bending
them back.’ (MAR1 2001:90); alternate formulationof base is apenge-; opposite of pet’nge-; cf. penge-;< PY ap0&0apqara- to ask about something # apqarauq ‘heis asking about something’; apqaraa ‘he isasking her about something’ / also refers to ashaman’s rite usually performed by a female shaman
using a small drum; Camaken tang nem acianek
nepeng’an, tuar ca itellria. Qanersaaqlallriami
kangingnaqevkenani cauga. Taumek tang
alingqerrtellrulrianga cakneq. Wagg’uq
apqaraluku. ‘Something seemed to enter fromunder the house when he started making noise. It
would speak but we couldn’t understand it. That
was why I got so frightened. He was questioning
it.’ (AGA 1996:54); < apte-?; > apqara’arcuun;< PY-S ap0qa3- (under PY-S ap0t(0)-)
apqara’arcuun shaman’s drum, small in size #< apqara-?-cuun

grandfather; however, Qepauralria could be mygrandfather.’ (KIP 1998:265); more commonly usedthan the basic form, ap’a; < ap’a-r(ur)luq; < PE
apa3u3luq and apa3u3lulaq (under PE ap(p)a)

apenge- to bend # of something that is not normally
bent; ap’nguq ‘it bent’ / apengtaa ‘he bent it’;apengtuq ‘he bent down’; apengcimauq ‘it isbent’; apengneq ‘a bend’; see more at alternative
formulation of base, ap’nge-

apelcir- to ask permission # apelcirtuq ‘he asked
permission’ / apelciutaa ‘he asked permission
for her’; apelcirtuq ayagyugluni ‘he asked
permission to leave’; Apelcirluku aanani
aturaqluki elliin pik’ngermiki. ‘Only after after
asking her mother for permission would she
use them, even though she owned them.’ (YUP
2005:114); < apte-cir-aper- to say; to pronounce # apertuq ‘hepronounced something’; apraa ‘he pronounced
it’ / aperciigataa ‘he can’t pronounce it’; < PY-S
ap03-; > apaa-, aperyaraq, apertur-, apervikua-,aprun; cf. apte-, apalluk

apertuatesta, apertuacista guide # < apertuate-ta1-,
apertuate-i2-ta1
apertur-, apertua- to demonstrate; to point out; toshow; to indicate # aperturaa ‘he pointed it out’
/ nantellra aperturaa ‘he pointed out where
it is’; Tua-ll’ ayainanerpece÷i imkut makuat
qevelqaquciqut. Tamakut aperturciqaat akertem
tunglirnera. ‘And while you are traveling those
ice crystals in the water will sparkle. They will
indicate the direction of the sun.’ (YUU 1995:67);< aper-tur1-, aper-tur1-a-; > apertuute-apertuute-, apertuate- to point out to; to tell what
to do; to inform; to teach # apertuutaa ‘hepointed something out to her’ / apertuutaanga
aanaminek ‘he pointed out his mother tome’; Nayagaan-llu qaillun a¥g’aryaraanek
aptengraaku angurrluk’ apertuuteqaasqevkenaku.
‘Even though his younger sister asked him how
it is removed he forbade him to show her.’ (QUL
2003:366); < apertur-te5-, apertua-te5apervikua- to talk about what someone did; totestify; to bear witness # apervikuaguq ‘he istestifying’ / apervikuataa ‘he is testifying aboutit’; apervikuan ‘religious testimony’; Tua-i waten
pitaluku watua apervikuagamci. ‘In this way I
shall now bear witness to youpl.’ (KIP 1998:22);< aper-vike-?-126Basesapqaur- to ask questions; to make confession inchurch # apqaurtuq ‘he is asking questions’;
apqauraa ‘he is asking her questions’ / apqauraa
camek tangellrucianek ‘he asked him about what
he saw’; Ayaumariata ilai aaniin qalarutaqluku
apqauraqan-llu kiugaqluku. ‘After her siblings
had gone away her mother spoke to her andwhenever she asked her questions, she (her mother)would give her the answers.’ (ELN 1990:13); <apte-?; > apqaurciryaraq, apqaurta, apqaurun,
apqauriyaraq; apqaurviit
apqaurciryaraq judgement # Catholic neologism
as are the following: kiirrarmi apqaurciryaraq‘private judgement’; tamarmi apqaurciryaraq,
kinguqlirmek apqaurciryaraq ‘generaljudgement’; < apqaur-cir-yaraq
apqauriyaraq interrogation # neologism; < apqaur-i2yaraq
apqaurta questioner as in a courtroom; interrogator;
survey taker; magistrate # < apqaur-ta2
apqaurun questionnaire; confession of sins inchurch # < apqaur-n
apqaurviit judiciary # neologism; < apqaur-vik
apqiitnek what people call ––; as people call it;
as people say # particle (from ablative modalis);
Elkek-wa tua-i cikum qaingani waten qavarlutek,
qavaraqlutek, uitauralriik ugingalutek,
ugtarlutek apqiitnek. ‘The two of them were on
top of the ice, sleeping; they would stay, being
on top of it, “ugtarlutek”, as people say.’ (QUL
2003:48); Maaten tua-i nuniinun tamaavet
apqiitnek apuutelliniuq, tekitelliniuq, . . . ‘Then, to
his village there, what people call “apuutelliniuq”,
that is, he arrived, . . .’ (KIP 1998:227); < aper-ke13p-3s abl.-mod.
apquciq ailment; fault; sickness; illness #Waten-ll’-am apquciq qaneryariruarnauraat,
una wani kangangyararatuli nall’arrluku
apqucim taum ullagyaaqekuniu
kangaryara’arqan ilami qavaatni, apquciagguq imna uitalqegcivkenani yugmek taumek
uitaurayuitellinian, inangqaurayuitellinian,
nunakegcivkenani taumek uitacurlalriatun
ayuqluni taumi yugmi. Tua-i-llu-gguq apquciqgguq umyuarteqciquq, “Aling, uumi-ll’
nunakarniitellinivaa uitayuunani. Tang uum
nunalliqevkaqatallinikiinga.” If a sickness
came upon a person who gets up early andstarts working, that sickness isn’t going to

apqaur- — apur-

be comfortable staying in that person who
never lazed around, never lay around. Then,giving voice to it, that sickness would think,“Gee, this one isn’t very comfortable to live
in. This one is going to make me live so
uncomfortably.” (QUL 2003:330); Kina imna
apqucingelria mamyuilngurmek taicimaarkauguq
agayulirteµun. ‘Whoever gets a affliction (onthe skin) that does not heal must be taken to thepriest.’ (LEVI. 13:9); cf. apteaprun trail # < aper-n; > aprulluk; < PE ap3un
Aprun Aphrewn River # near Chevak
aprulluk game trail # Uterrnginanermeggnillu ellii aprullugnek tangrrami apyutekluki,
tangerpaalugngalamiki-llu. Aaniin-llu
carayagnun aprullukniluki piluni. Aprulluit-llu
carayiit atuyuitniluki yugnun piluni. ‘While they
were on their way home, when she saw a game
trail, she asked about it because she was seeing
it for the first time. Her mother said that it was abears’ trail. Also she said that people never usedbears’ trails.’ (ELN 1990:100); < aprun-lluk
apsiaq dart # NUN
apsiaraq bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) withvery dark shoulders # NUN
apsir- to be smoky or dusty (in the air) # apsirtuq ‘itis smoky’, ‘the air is dusty’; < apsuq-lirapsirvik stovepipe; chimney # NS; < apsir-vik
apsuq smoke; haze; dust in air # apsuriuq ‘it is hazy,smoky, or dusty’; > apsir-; < PE apyu3
apte- to inquire; to ask in the sense of asking aquestion # not in the sense of asking someone forsomething (kaiga-) or to do something (postbase-sqe-). aptuq ‘he asked’; aptaa ‘he asked her’ /apesgu! ‘ask him!’; ciin apcit? ‘why do you ask?’;
apluku ‘asking him’; apterraarluni or apqaarluni‘after asking’; apetnia or apnia ‘he says she
asked’; apepailegpet ‘before you ask(ed)’;apcavnga ‘because he asked me’; aptellinia ‘heevidently asked him’; aptellruanga nuliaqa
nanlucianek ‘he asked me where my wife is’;= apete-; cf. aper-, apquciq; > apqaur-, apyun,
apyutke-; < PY-S ap0t(0)apun snow on the ground # NSU; < PE apun (underPE ap0-)apur- to reach; to get as far as; to arrive at; to run
against; to bump into; to encounter; to land #apuraa ‘he encountered him’ / apuutuq ‘he127

apyun — aqeste-

Bases

encountered something, arrived somewhere’;
apuutut ‘they encountered each other’; Tawallu-gguq apurpegnaku-ll’, apurpegnak’ kana-i
keteqvani, keteqvaareni. ‘Well now, he did notjust land on the bank; he did not quite get there,
but stayed far out.’ (CEV 1984:75); Cali wangkuta
apuucetenrilkut iqlumun ta¥gaam aviuskut
wangkuta tungiinek iqlum. ‘And lead us notinto temptation but deliver us from evil.’ (in the
Russian Orthodox Lord’s Prayer; ORT 2006:27);
Ak’a tua-i kingunepuk canimellirtut, atamtekitengramta-llu uitaviggamegnun egmianun
apuusngaitamegten. ‘We’re already near ourplace of origin, but even if we arrive at the place
we stay, we won’t let you in right away.’ (KIP
1998:247); < PE apu3apyun question # apyutengqertuten-qaa ‘do you
have a question?’; < apte-n; > apyutkeapyutke- to ask about (him, it) # apyutkaa ‘heasked about it’ / Maaten elliin murilkai negat
ayuqevkenateng ilait-wa caviyagaat, cali-llu ilait
qatellriit, cauciilamiki-llu aanaminun apyutekluki.
‘When she observed the various different snares,
some of wire and some white in color, she asked
her mother about them because she didn’t knowwhat they were.’ (ELN 1990:100); < apte-tekeaqaa hello; what’s the matter?, what are you doing
here?, what can I do for you?; “what’s up?”;exclamatory particle; UK; = waqaa
aqak mold; fungus that sometimes forms on dried
fish # HBC; = aqataq; < PE aqaya!; > aqatarteaqataq mold; fungus that sometimes forms on dried
fish # NS; = aqak; < PE aqaya!; > aqatarteaqatarte- to be moldy # aqatartuq ‘it is moldy’ / NS;< aqatar-?
aqavsik cloudberry (locally salmonberry) (Rubus
chamaemorus) # NSU; = aqevsik; on Zagoskin 1842
list (19) for K; = aqevyik; cf. aqev-; < PE aq0v9i!
aqe- to kick # aqaa ‘he kicked it’ / < PE aq0aqelqaq stranger; visitor from outside the village# Tava-ll’ iterngan waqaallia, “Waqaa, aqelqat?”‘And when he came in, she greeted him, “Hello,
visitors?”’ (MAR1 2001:91); NS; < PY-S aq0lqaq
aqelqur- to go from one point to another(particularly moving in an unusual or unnatural,
often elevated, way); to hover; to hand oversomething # aqelqurtuq ‘he is moving’, ‘heis hovering’ / Taukut calistet Apataassuum
ilai qanlalliniut yugmek uurpagayulimek

tanglarniluteng, ingrit-llu qaingatgun
kangratgun-llu aqelqurluni ayalriamek
uurpagaluni. ‘Those men working with Apatasok
would say that they saw a man who made aloud hooting noise and who would abulate overthe mountains and on the mountain tops.’(YUU 1995:77); Piyuavkenani. Nangrrarmi
aqelqurturluni ellakun talligni aturlukek. ‘Not
walking on the ground, rather it was upright andhovering propelling itself with its hands.’ (YUU
1995:78); Naqugutmiarluni-gguq qakiiyarmek
aqelqurluni, tengaurlutek. ‘With a silver salmon
tied to her belt, the two of them went flying
through the air, moving without touching the
ground.’ (KIP 1998:349); > aqelqurrun
aqelqurrun inclined plane # < aqelqur-naqelrurte- to be gelatinous # aqelrurtuq ‘it isgelatinous’ / K; < PE aqil3u3- (under PE aqit-)
aqervik woman’s ivory labret # NUN
aqesgiq willow ptarmigan; (Lagopus lagopus) #Canek-gguq nerengnatugnaurtuk mallurrarnek,
aqesgirrarnek-llu negarturlutek, canek-llu atsanek
kiagmi ilikurlutek. ‘The two of them would live
off various things, a few beached carcasses, a few
ptarmigans caught in snares, and adding various
berries in the summertime.’ (MAR1 2001:80);
Tua-i-llu-gguq tangvaurainanermini, iigni
calligarrlukek piqalliniuq, kenquinraag’ ukuk,
tua-i-gguq taukuk aqesgiaraam iik. ‘While he waslooking at it, he took his eyes off it for a while,and when he looked again he saw two small
sparks of fire, which were referred to as ptarmiganeyes.’ (KIP 1998:315); NS, Y, UK, NI, NUN, CAN,
NR; = aqeygiq; < PE aq09!i3
aqessngaar- to sneeze # aqessngaartuq ‘hesneezed’; aqessngaaraa ‘he sneezed on him’ /= aqessngiir-, aqeste-; > aqessngaapag-; < PY-S
aq0st0aqessngaapag- to sneeze loudly # aqessngaapagtuq‘he sneezed loudly’; aqengaapagaa ‘he sneezed
loudly on him’ / < aqessngaar-pag2aqessngiir- to sneeze # aqessngiirtuq ‘he sneezed’;
aqessngiiraa ‘he sneezed on him’ / EG; =aqessngaar-, aqeste-; < PY-S aq0st0aqeste- to sneeze # aqestuq ‘he sneezed’; aqestaa‘he sneezed on him’ / Ilaitni tua narniqnaurtuqta¥gaam aqespagalartua ilait piaqata. ‘Some ofthem smell good, but I sneeze when others passby.’ (ELL 1997:338); = aqessngaar-, aqessngiir-;< PY-S aq0st0-128

Basesaqev- root; > aqevla-, aqevlerte-, aqevyak; cf. aqevyik
aqeve- to run hard; to run in a straight line #aq’vuq ‘he is running hard and straight ahead’ /aqevluni ‘(he) running’; aqevngaituq ‘he won’t
run’; see more at alternative formulation of base,aq’veaqevla- to dangle # aqevlauq ‘it is dangling’/ Agayutiita atama, Agayutiin Abrahamaam Isaac-aam-llu, nayullrunrilkanga ak’aayagcecallruarpenga talligka aqevlakenka. ‘If
the God of my fathers, the God of Abram andIsaac had not looked after me, you would havealready sent me away empty handed (literally:
with my arms dangling).’ (AYAG. 31:42); < aqev-?;> aqevlaun, aqevlequtaq, aqevlunguayak; < PY
aq0vl03aqevlaun earring # Y; < aqevla-?-n
aqevlequtaq dangling ornament # < aqevla-qutaq
aqevlunguayak dangling ornament # < aqevla-?
aqevlerte- to dangle; to lower on a rope; to beready to penetrate in sexual intercourse #aqevlertuq ‘it is dangling’; aqevlertaa ‘hedangled it’ / Pikna tua kenurram tegyiurallrakun
aqevlertellerkaa cumiknginanrani tua-ll’ man’amaa-i ungungssiruacuar aqevleqataaralliniuq
qipaarmek uskurarluni. Nutaan uskurarriin
iquanun usaaq qilqausngalria. Ayumian tua-i
aqevleqataarauciatun pikavet teguqerluku
nuqtaksuarturluku atrariinarcetlinia
cukavkenaku. ‘While he was watching to see
when it would come dangling down, paying close
attention to the rays of light that went up, thereplica of an animal came dangling down tied toa woven rope. The line of a spear was tied at theend of its woven tie. As soon as it dangled down,
he grabbed it and gently pulled on it and made it
go down very slowly.’ (QUL 2003:566); < aqev-?;< PY aq0vl03aqevyak dangling ornament of wolverine fur orbeads on a parka # NUN < aqev-?
aqevyik cloudberry (locally salmonberry) (Rubus
chamaemorus) # HBC; = aqavsik; cf. aqev-; < PE
aq0v9i!
aqeygiq willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) # HBC,
EG; = aqesgiq; < PE aq09!i3
aqigtaq, aqigneq soft melting snow on the ground #< aqigte-aq1, aqigte-neq1
aqigte- to start melting # of snow on the ground;aqev- — aqngirte-

aqigtuq ‘it (snow) is starting to melt’ / Y;
> aqigtaq
aqituqerte- to feel overly full with food to the pointof lethargy # aqituqertuq ‘he feels very full’ /< aqiturte-qerteaqiturte- to lack firmness of flesh of fish no longer
fresh; be full of food # aqiturtuq ‘it lacks
firmness’; ‘he is full’ / > aqituqerte-; < PY aqitu3(under PE aqit-)
aqla woman’s emanation according to traditional
belief # Arnam mallguurayuunaku angun
aglenrraraunrilngermi. Piyukaaralriit-gguq
angutet aqlii narellni pitekluku naulluutuuq. ‘Awoman must not be near a man even if it’s not
the first time she’s menstruating. It is said thatthe men who are starting to go out hunting getsick on account of inhaling a woman’s emanation.’(CAU 1985:75); > aqlarnir-, aqlate-; < PE aqlaaqlarnir- to begin to blow; to arise; to start up # ofa light breeze; aqlarnirtuq ‘it is getting windy’ /NUN; < aqla-neq1-ir1-; < PE aqlaaqlartar- to make a bed, sofa or floor move up anddown # NUN(A)aqlate-, aqlagte- to be in motion of air; to emanate
odor especially body odor; more specifically: to affectwith one’s adverse female presence # aqlatuq‘the air is in motion’; aqlataa or aqlagtaa ‘sheaffects him adversely with her female emanations
by stepping over him’ (said of a woman stepping
over or being too near a man or his equipment, an act
that was said to adversely affect his hunting); < aqlate?-; > aqlatlag-. aqlayun; < PE aqlaaqlatlag- to begin to blow (of wind) # NUN;
< aqlate-llagaqlautaq earring # HBC; < ?-taq1; cf. aqlin
aqlayun fan # < aqlate-n
aqlin, aqlitaq earring # specifically the decorationthat is attached to the as’un, ‘earring hook’, whichgoes through the ear; Taguterraarluku aritvallrani
tegua, imarluni aritvii. Tagucamiu qasgimun
kiavet egkumun kuv’llia aqlit’rugarnek imarluni,
cagtai. ‘When he brought it up to the kashim
he spilled it out in the corner; it was filled withlots of earrings, and he strew them out.’ (MAR1
2001:66); < ?-n, ?-taq1; cf. aqlautaq
aqngirte-, aqnirte- to hurt; to get hurt # aqngirtuq‘he got hurt’; aqngirtaa ‘he hurt her’ / HBC; < PE
at&i3-; = akngirte-, angqirte-

129aqsak — aqume-Bases

aqsak, aqsaq abdomen; belly # also dual for one
abdomen; aqsaka, aqsaqa, aqsiigka, aqsagka oraqsiigka ‘my abdomen’; Tua-i-llu cat iliitni tuaten
pillrani keneq, ta¥gken kenermek, aqsiigkenun
qeckili tull’uni. Qagerrlutek aqsiik. Cat tuaten
anluteng neqet, nayiit, makliit, cetuat tuaten,
mermek tuaten avuluteng. ‘Then one time when
he did that a spark jumped out of the fire andlanded on his belly. His belly exploded. Out came
fish, seals, bearded seals, and belugas, along withwater.’ (UNP1); > aqsairute-, aqsali-, aqsamirte-,
aqsamuq, aqsaqiurneq, aqsaquq, aqsatuyak,
aqsi-, aqsiqe-; < PE aq(0)ya3-

aqsi- to have a full stomach; to be visibly pregnant(NUN, NS meaning) # aqsiuq ‘he is full’; ‘sheis pregnant’ / aqsivaa! ‘oh how full I am!’;aqsiuten-qaa? ‘are you full?’; Tua-i-am igaa.
Tua-llu aqsingluni ataam ayagluni tamaaggunce÷akun ce÷irqurluni. Tekiskili-am cetuamek.
‘And then he swallowed it (the seal). And, getting
full he went on walking along that shoreline.
Then he came upon a beluga.’ (UNP1); Tua-i-llugguq piqerluni nasaurluq tauna qingangluni,
aqsingluni. ‘Then soon that girl got pregnant,getting a big belly.’ (KIP 1998:71); < aqsak-i3aqsiqe- to have a stomach-ache # aqsiquq ‘he has a
stomach-ache’ / < aqsak-liqe2aqu stern of a boat # NS; < PE aqu; > aqutaq, aquteaqui- to play actively # running, jumping, etc.,
usually outside, in contrast to sedentary playing
with toys; aquiguq ‘he is playing’ / aquitaa ‘heis playing (together) with him’; aquitekaa ‘heis playing with it, having it as a plaything’;aquiyuumiinateng naanguartut ‘not wanting
to play actively they are playing with toys’;
Tutgara’urlua tauna anglilliniuq, ellamillu kiimi aquiyaurrluni. Nem’ek keluani
qulvarvingqelliniuk, tuavet tua-i tutgara’urlua
mayuqetaalangluni, aquigaqami. ‘That grandchildof hers grew and began to play outside byhimself. Behind their house they had anelevated cache and her grandchild would climb
up and down it when he would play.’ (YUU
1995:2); Tutgarrlung, qimugkauyara’urluunam tan’gurraat aquitekengqataraat
itrulluku, qavailkuvkangciqaatngaa-am
qilugcetaangekunegteggu . . . ‘Grandson, theboys are going to start teasing your little puppy,
so bring it in, for they will keep me from sleeping
when they start making it to bark . . .’ (QUL
2003:153); > aquivik; < PE aqu(C)iaquivik playground; play area; gymnasium #< aqui-vik
aqume- to sit down; for the sun to reach its
lowest noon elevation at winter solstice; to beincapacitated by age or illness (and only standor walk with difficulty if it all) # aqumuq ‘he sat
down’ / aqumtaa ‘he sat her down’; aqumvikaa‘he sat on it’; aqumi! ‘sit down!’; Tua-i itrarluni
aqumluni uitaqanrakun ak’anivkenateng-am
tuaten igvaartelliniut. ‘Then after she wentin, she sat down, and they appeared shortly
afterwards.’ (ELL 1997:170); akerta aqumuq

aqsairute- to have no more belly; to act (laugh)
until the stomach hurts # Ilani ngelaata tua-i ellii
ngel’arturluni aqsairulluni. ‘Because her family
members were laughing, she laughed heartily
until her stomach hurt.’ (ELN 1990:74); < aqsaqiruteaqsali- to be pregnant # NUN; < aqsak-li2-

aqsallin cordury material for making clothing #NUNaqsamirtaq cooking pot that has rounded sides #NUN; < aqsamirte-aq1

aqsamirte- to have a rounded shape # NUN;
< aqsak-mirte-; > aqsamirtaq

aqsamuq outside part of a fish belly # considered adelicacy; < aqsak-?; < PE aqyamu! (under PE
aq(0)ya3)aqsaneq animal belly fur # . . . aanii tauna
atkugmek imarmiutarmek pilikili, kanaqliit
aqsanritnek ilupirluku . . . ‘. . . his mother made aparka out of mink skin, with a lining of muskrat
belly . . .’ (YUU 1995:85); < aqsak-neq?
aqsaqiurneq bay on the edge of a lake # < aqsak-?

aqsaquq stomach; belly; stomach organ specifically;
gizzard # aqsaqum ilulirnera ‘stomachlining’; Qingateng-llu anguterkaugaqata
kukupangaqluteng kegginait, aqsaquit-llu
angliluteng, uquringariluteng. ‘And if theirfetuses are male their (the pregnant women’s)
faces get freckles, their bellies grow, and they get
fatter.’ (ELN 1990:92); < aqsak-quq

aqsarqelleq hide cut in a spiral pattern producing along narrow strip of babiche # NS; < ?-lleq1
aqsatuyak, aqsatuyaaq beaver (Castor canadensis) in
its first year # < aqsak-tu-yak, aqsak-tu-ya(g)aq;
cf. paluqtaq, the general term for beaver

130Basesaqumci- — aqva-

aqumkallak2 helicopter # NUN; < aqume-llagaqumkengaq stepchild; adopted child; foster
child # . . . aqumkengani tua pamailkuratukni
takuyallinia, . . . ‘. . . turned to his adopted son
who he always said was slow responding, . . .’(QUL 2003:662); < aqume-kengaq
aqumlleq chair; seat # also dual for one chair;
Pillinia tauna, waniw’ ellii unuaqu nangnermek
aqumgaciqniluni wani aqumlleregmini. ‘He told
him that finally tommorow he’d be sitting in
his chair here.’ (QUL 2003: 394); = aqumllitaq,
aqumvik; < PY aqum@0q (under PE aqum0- andaquv0t-); < aqume-?
aqumllitaq, aqumllin chair; seat # also dual for one
chair; = aqumlleq, aqumvik
aqumtaq cache built on the ground # neither elevated
nor underground; NUN; < aqume-?
aqumun dance performed while seated #< aqume-n
aqumvik chair; seat # also dual for one chair;= aqumlleq, aqumllitaq; < aqume-vik
aquq middle finger # = qaq’uq
aqutaq rudder # NS; < aqu-taq1
aqute- to be last in a race; to steer a boat (in NS); in
general: to be at the rear # aqutuq ‘he is last in the
race’; ‘he is steering’ / < PE aqut- (under PE aqu);< aqu-te1aquun1 form inserted into skins of squirrels, mink,
otter, muskrat, etc. to stretch them # Unyuuq,
unyuuq cuignilngurrlugaaq, pamyuliik
aquutekamek, neqemnun ikavet tuutaruanun
qer’aqrutnayallikevnga. ‘Hey you down there,
you old otter with a tail which is a form that will
be used for stretching skins, perhaps you could
take me across to my food, the rosehips.’ (CIU
2005:262); < ?-naquun2 one of two strips of calfskin connecting
the front and back of a traditional Yup’ik parka,“qaliq”, worn on Nelson Is. or in the tundra area
# < ?-naqva- to fetch; to go to get # aqvaa ‘he is getting it’ /aqvatuq ‘he is getting something’, ‘he is fetchingsomething’; aqvataa ‘he is getting something forher’; aqvau! ‘go get it!’ when handline fishing, thisis often said for luck while throwing out the baited
hook; Angyateng-llu aqvaluku cupumarian un’akuik. ‘He went to get their boat after the ice on theriver had broken up.’ (ELN 1990:17); < PE aqva-;> aqvai-, akvak’ngaq; cf. aq’ve-‘the sun sits low (in the sky, even at mid-day;meaning that it is around the time of the wintersolstice)’; Tauna aqumyaraa ava-i aperturqa.
Tua-i tuani nem’inek pekteksaunani erenretnaniliinarluteng tua-i. Tauna-llu tua-i tekicanerneni, tua-i tuaggun nem’ikun piuraqerluni.
Tua-i-gguq akerta aqumgaqerluni. ‘I have justtalked about when the sun comes up and goes downat the shortest days of the year. In the shortest
days of the year, the sun would rise in the sameplace and set a little distance from where it
rose. That is the time when they say the sun is“sitting down” for a little bit.’ (CIU 2005:368); >aqumci-, aqumga-, aqumkallag-, aqumkallak1,
aqumkallak2, aqumkengaq, aqumlleq,
aqumllitaq, aqumtaq, aqumun, aqumvik; < PE
aqum0- and aquv0taqumci- to terminate someone’s public service(s) #NUN; < aqume-te2-i2aqumga- to be sitting # aqumgauq ‘he is seated,
is sitting down’ / Elpengyarturtuq ilai ak’amaktellrullinilriit, aanii-wa una aqumgaluni
murilkekii. ‘As she regained consciousness she
saw that her family members had already gotten
up and her mother was sitting here watchingher.’ (ELN 1990:49); can be used in the quantifier/qualifier construction: Piinanermini aqumgarmi
qavaqalliniluni. ‘Meanwhile being seated hefell asleep.’ (YUU 1995:102); < aqume-nga-; >aqumgaurvik, aqumgautaq, aqumgavik; < PY
aqum!a- (under PE aqum0- and aquv0t-)
aqumgaurvik bar; tavern # LI; < aqumga-ur(ar)-vik
aqumgautaq seat plank in kayak; chair # < aqumga?-taq1
aqumgavik place to sit; seat; men’s community
house; kashim # < aqumga-vik
aqumkallag- to fall down on one’s buttocks; toland of a ptarmigan # aqumkallagtuq ‘he fell on
his buttocks’; aqumkallagaa or aqumkallagvikaa‘he fell on his buttocks on it’ / Qacarpak neqem
tuc’ani Turpak kegginaakun umyuarteqvailegmi
aqumkallagluni caniani-wa una pektellria talaariq.
‘With a smack, when the fish landed on Turpak’s
face before she could think she fell on her buttocks
and next to her was that thrashing rainbow
trout.’ (ELN 1990:23); < aqume-?-llagaqumkallak1 parietal bone in head of fish #derivation semantically unclear to compiler;< aqume-?

131

aqvalgir- — araq

Basesaqvalgir- to retrieve; to go get # Tekitaqata-llu-gguq
aqvalgirceteng nulirrit antullruut imarnitnek
aturluteng, asvertellriit Nunivaarmiut. ‘It issaid that when Nunivak men arrived, having
caught walrus, their wives, wearing their sealgut
raincoats, went out getting — bringing up — thewalrus for them.’ (PAI 2008:32); < aqva-lgiraqvai- to get things (dried fish, supplies, etc.) fromfish camp or from another relatively distantplace; to go get potential participants in a festival# aqvaiguq ‘he is getting things from fish-camp’,‘he’s getting guests’ / Egmian nunameggnun
piluteng, unuaquani-llu aatiita cateng aqvaluki
cali-llu aqvailuni neqkaitnek taukut ilami
kass’areskuni neqaitnayukluki, . . . ‘Right away
they went to their village, and the next day theirfather went to get their belongings, and also
he went and got some food thinking that when
he went to town his family wouldn’t have any
food, . . .’ (ELN 1990:55); Cali-llu curukararkanek
amkunek aqvaiyung’e’rmeng tumkarteng tamana
ikiungan . . . ancurturluteng. ‘Even though theywanted to get some people for the festival overthere because their trail was in poor shape . . .
they hesitated.’ (QAN 1995:306); < aqva-i2aqvak’ngaq girl or boy who the two messengers
have been asked to go see by the person giving
the feast during the “Kevgiq” (Messenger Feast)# CAN, NI; < aqva-kengaq
aqvaqua- to run around # aqvaquaguq ‘he isrunning around’ / Nem’eggnun agluni pillinia
irniara aqvaquangelliniluni. ‘Going over to theirhome she saw that her baby had started to run
about.’ (YUU 1995:84); < aqvaqur-aaqvaqur- to run # aqvaqurtuq ‘he is running’/ Cukatacirramitun aqvaqurluni nem’egnun
aggliniuq. ‘Running as fast as she could she went
over to their2 home.’ (YUU 1995:12); < aqeve(aq’ve-)-?; > aqvaquaaqvate- to go get something; to fetch something# aqvatuq ‘he is going and getting something’/ this is the half-transitive for aqva- with theusual half-transitive meaning; Maaten piut aaniit
kiugna taklalria caniani-wa ca qatellriamek
imgumaluni, maurluat-wa natermi suugilria.
Tua-i-llu maurluata pii aaniit mikelngurmek
aqvatellruniluku. ‘They saw that their mother was
lying down back there beside her was somethingwhich was all wrapped up in white and their

grandmother was scrubbing the floor. Their
grandmother told them that their mother hadgone and got a child.’ (ELN 1990:9); < aqva-te5aqvaute- to run in a race; to run # aqvautuq‘he is running in a race’ / aqvauyutaa‘he is racing against him’; Akaar
aqvautaarturluteng waten pitullermeggni
uqilalriit nalluyuitellrulliniamegteki
arnaungraata angutngungraata pinilriit
nalluyuitellrulliniamegteki pinirtaarturluteng
pitullermeggni. ‘In the old days when they used
to have races, they knew anyone who was a fastrunner, whether man or woman. They even knew
who was strong because they used to compete.’(QUL 2003:208); < aqeve-(aq’ve-)-?-te5aq’ve- to run hard; to run in a straight line #aq’vuq ‘he is running hard and straight ahead’/ Ellii-am tua-i aqevluni tungiinun tengellragnek
murilkenrilami tua-i tumyaraminek pitangyuum
ugaani nag’arrluni acilqullermun mecagmun
paallagluni, . . . ‘Then she ran toward where thebirds had flown off from without watching were
she was going because she wanted so much toget eggs, and she tripped on an old root and fell
face down in a puddle, . . .’ (ELN 1990:36); Tua-ill’-am tekitniaraameng ilani elliin ciullengnaqluki
cukangnaqurluni piyualuni kituamiki-llu
aq’veqa’aqluni piluni. ‘And so, because they weregoing to arrive home very soon she tried to getahead of her family members, walking at fast
pace and when she’d pass them she’d run now
and then.’ (ELN 1990:39); > aqvaqur-, aqvaute-;
alternate formulation of base is aqeve-; cf. aqva-;< PE aqvaarakaq1 type of small plant, burned to make ash
after the plant has died and turned gray (species?) # HBC; < araq-kaq
aralleq site of a fire # < araq-lleq1
araq ash; in many areas, specifically: ash made frombirch-tree fungus (“punk”) (kumakaq) or otherspecial plant products and then mixed withchewing tobacco (iqmik) # qamlleq is used forall other kinds of ash; arairucarpiaramegnuk
kumakartellruunga nengelvangraan ‘since wewere almost out of ash for making chewing
tobacco, I gathered birch-tree fungus eventhough it was very cold’; Waten-gguq tegulrianiaracetun kaivnaurtuq ugaani arum, anuqem
nangluku tauna equgpak napartellra. ‘It is said132

Basesthat if someone would take hold of it it would
crumble like ashes on account of being rotten, andthe wind would bring an end to that wooden
post which he erected.’ (MAR1 2001:90); >arakaq, aralleq, ararkaq, arir-, arivik; < PE a39a
ararkaq, arakaq2 punk; birch bracket fungus;
flecked-flesh polypore (Phelinus igniarius (formerly
Fomes pinicola or Poria obliqua) # formerly used tokeep embers going for the fire, now used for reducing
to ash (araq, peluq) that is mixed with leaf tobacco
for chewing; < araq-kaq
ararun sealskin rope fastened around hatch to keep
water out of a kayak # NUN; < ?-narca don’t do what you’re doing so excessively!;
hush! # exclamatory particle; Ilumun yuullgutput
waten unguviit man’a arca nanilicarpiiqnaku!
‘Indeed we have to stop cutting short the lives ofour fellow men.’ (ELL 1997:53); < PE a3ca3-;> arcaar-; cf. arcararcaar- to say “quiet” or “quit it” (to) # arcaartuq‘he said, “quiet” or “quit it”’; arcaaraa‘he said, “quiet” or “quit it” to him’ /Mikellam-llu tua-i arcaaryaaqluku Elnguq cali
pingraani kingungyulliami cali piluni, “Ciinmaliksuumiitakek?” ‘In vain did Mikellaq say“hush” to Elnguq, since even though she said
that to her, because she (Elnguq) still wanted an
explanation she asked, “Why doesn’t she want togo with them2?” (ELN 1990:376); < arca-rarcake-, arcaqe- to favor; to consider important; totreat in an excessive way # arcakaa ‘he favors
it’ / arcakuq ellminek ‘he puts himself before
others’; < arca-ke2arcaqake- to consider (it) very important; topay special attention to (it) # arcaqakaa ‘heis paying special attention to it’ / amllernek
qanerkangqerrsaaqua, ta¥gaam una atauciq
arcaqakluku qalarutkeciqaqa ‘I have a lot to say,but I will talk especially, or above all, about this
one thing’; Qayumi! Una waten kiimi yuungami
kenkataungami ilani arcaqakenrilkai! ‘No wonder!
This one’s a pampered only child and that’s
why she’s not considerate of her relatives!’ (YUU
1995:56); < arcaqar-ke2arcaqanru- to lay stress more; to regard as more
important # arcaqanrua ‘he regards it as
more important’ / Ta¥gaam up’nerkamek
ayagluteng neqnek arcaqanruluki quyurtelartut,
neqkameggnek. ‘However, starting in Spring

ararkaq — arcik

they lay more stress on getting food, their food forthe future.’ (YUU 1995:54); Elkegnun pillerput
elpenun arcaqanruluku piciqerput. ‘We will deal
more severely with you than with them2.’ (AYAG.
19:9); < arcaqar-nruarcaqar- to stress something; to regard somethingas very important; to be very important; to standout (positively or negatively) # arcaqertuq ‘it issomething of importance’, ‘he finds somethingimportant’ / Neqa kiimi arcaqertuq wangkutni.
‘Food (fish) alone is of importance to us.’ (YUU
1995:54); Aatama arcaqerluni qanrut’lallruanga
qavaq, qessa-llu aturpiiqnakek pisqellua. ‘It was
my father who would stress to me that I shouldn’t
follow the path of (excess) sleep and indolence.’(YUU 1995:32); Tua-i imkut murilkeqarraallemni
elliraat aulukestailnguut, aanailnguut-llu,
tamaa-i tua-i ungilagyugluteng arcaqatullruut;
avani elliraat nangtequatullruameng ciuqvani.
‘When I first began to observe things I saw thatthose orphans, children without guardians andwithout mothers, mostly, were infested withlice; back then orphans suffered a lot.’ (CIU
2005:212); although mainly used in the intransitive,
this base may be used in the transitive subordinative:
Tamana arcaqerluku wiinga umyuaqela’arqa,
ilaput nakleku’urluki yuusqelluta. ‘I think aboutthat regarding it as important that we should live
having compassion for our fellow men.’ (KIP
1998:57); < arca-qararcar- to eat fast # EG; cf. arcaarcari- to become more severe; to worsen # arcariuq‘it got worse’ / Ellam uivurallrani akerta
puqlanilria yaaqsigiaqaku nengla arcariaqluni
kiituani uksurtuq tamaani akertem yaaqsinra.
‘In the orbit of the world whenever it got farther
from the warm sun the cold became more severe
until finally winter came there at the furthest
distance from the sun.’ (EGA 1973:13); Anngaangguq piyaaqnauraa, “Qiaviiqnak, cam iliin’
uterciiqukuk ella assirikan.” Cakaniqsaunani
qialalliniuq ta¥gaam arcariinarluni. ‘His brotherwould tell him, “Don’t cry so much, someday
we’ll go home when the weather becomes good.”
But he didn’t stop but cried more than ever.’ (YUU
1995:126); < arca-i1arcassi wow! # exclamatory particle; HBC
arcik man’s wife’s sister’s husband; brother-inlaw (taken loosely in English) # malruk angutek

133

aren — arenqiate-Bases

arcikutuk nuliagtek alqaquskagnek ‘two men are“arcik” to each other if their wives are sisters’;
angutet arcikait nuliameng arnaunrita uingit‘men’s “arcik” are their wife’s sister’s’ husbands’
aren oops!; oh!; oh no!; unfortunately # exclamatory
or interjectional particle used when something goes
wrong or when one makes a mistake; . . . qanertuq,“Aren qavarnivaa cakneq wangni, tua-i-tang
unuk-am segg’ayuapakaama qavarniuralrianga,. . .” ‘. . . she said, “Oh dear, I’m so sleepy; I was
sleepless last night and that is why I keep being
sleepy . . .”’ (MAR2 2001:79); Aaniita-llu apcani
nerellruciagnek aren nereqsaitnilutek ernerpak
piluni. ‘Their mother asked him if they2’d eaten
and he said that, unfortunately, they2 hadn’t eaten
all day.’ (ELN 1990:67); probably shortened fromarenqiatuq ‘it is unsatisfactory’arenqiallugcugyailkutaq* insurance # literally:‘something to prevent a hopeless, dire or
distressing outcome’; < arenqiallugte-yugyailkutaq
arenqiallugte-, arenqialliqe- to be mentally or
physically uncomfortable; to be poor; to be
deprived; to be troubled # arenqiallugtuq
or arenqialliquq ‘he is in discomfort’ /Neqyarcagaam cali pillinii, ellii waniwa kaigluni
arenqialluggngaitniluni yugtarnek nertuami.
‘Neqyarcagaq told them again that he wouldn’t
be troubled by hunger since he ate native food.’(YUU 1995:16); < arenqiate-llugte-, arenqiatelliqearenqiallugun distress; dismay; problem #Yungcaristem medicine-aanek iinrunek
cikiraqatkut tua-i-llu pisquciicetun nerkumteki
imumun taumun arenqiallugutemte÷un tua-inall’arulluni. When a doctor gives us medicine,
pills, if we take them as instructed, it will go
directly to what ails us.’ (QUL 2003:324); . . .
arenqiallugutii-gguq tan’gaurluum amllertuq.
Qanrut’lallruit tuaten. Ta¥gken-gguq arnam
arenqiallugutii tan’gaurlurmi ikgellruluni.
‘. . . the problems of (being) a boy are many.
They told them that way. However, theproblems of a woman are less than those of aboy.’ (KIP 1998:119); Leah qingartuq irnilunillu qetunrangluni acirluku-llu Reuben-aamek,
qanerluni, “Atanrem tangrraa arenqialluguteka,nutaan uima kenegyaguciiqaanga.” ‘Leah got
pregnant, gave birth to a son and named him

Reuben, saying, “The Lord has seen my distress;
now my husband will come to love me.”’ (AYAG.
29:32); < arenqiallugte-n
arenqianake- to consider (it) to be uncomfortableor distressing # arenqianakaa ‘he feels that it willcause discomfort or distress / < arenqiate-nakearenqianarqe- to be uncomfortable; to cause
distress # arenqianarquq ‘it (situation) is causing
discomfort or distress / < arenqiate-narqearenqiapaa too bad!; oh dear me!; well that’s
how it is and it can’t be helped # Taumpillinia, “Arenqiapaa-ll’ nukalpiayaurluuq
usuuq, neqkaqsugnailkemnek,
nerevkarpakalaavnga waniwa tangercetellrianga
quyavkarpakalaavnga.” Taum angutem pillinia,“Aling arenqiapaa, usuuq, waniwa-qaa itraulluten
aipaqsukumken qessayciquten?” ‘That one said
to him, “Oh dear me, you poor young man, since
you always brought me food I would not have
had otherwise, now I’ll let you see me because
you’ve always made me thankful.” That man
said to her, “My, oh my goodness, if I take youhome and if I want you to be my wife, will yougo?”’ (YUU 1995:106); exclamation; < arenqiatepaa
arenqiartekaq man’s wife’s sister’s husband, loosely
in English: brother-in-law # derivation semanticallyunclear to compiler; NI; < arenqig-?
arenqiate- to be inopportune; to be inconvenient;
to be unsatisfactory; to be distressing # with the
implication that it is too bad that things are thatway, but there is nothing that can be done about it;
arenqiatuq ‘it is unsatisfactory, inconvenient’/ arenqiapaa! ‘too bad!’; arenqialami ‘becauseof the unfortunate but irremediable situation’;ayaksaituq arenqiapakaan ellalluk ‘He haven’t
gone because of this lousy weather’; Aaniit,
aatiit-llu tua-i arenqianatek ak’anek-llu allanicatek
ilaliuqapiggluki taukut yuut. ‘Since theirmother and father, very distressingly hadn’t hadguests for a long time, they were very receptive
to those people.’ (ELN 1990:30); Arenqialami
tua-i taqsuq’ngengami, neviarcar-llu tauna
taqsuqsunrilan pillinia, “Kitak’ tua-i arenqiatuten
iternaurtukuk.” ‘That being how it was because
he was getting worn out, and that girl wasn’t,
he said to her, “Okay, you are too much for me,
let’s go in.”’ (YUU 1995:93); < arenqig-ate-; >arenqianake-, arenqianarqe-, arenqiallugte-

134Basesarenqiayug- to feel uncomfortable; to have an
uncomfortable feeling # arenqiayugtuq ‘shefeels uncomfortable’, ‘she has an uncomfortablefeeling’ / Tua-i-llu tuani palungqainanermini
arenqiayunga’arrluni, cam tuar irr’ikii. ‘And while
she was lying on her stomach she suddenly
started to feel uncomfortable as if someone waswatching her.’ (ELN 1990:54); < arenqiate-yug-(?)
arenqig- to be opportune; to be agreeable; to besatisfactory; to be feasible; to be comfortable;
to be successful # arenqigtuq ‘it is satisfactory’/ arenqiutaa ‘it is satisfactory to him’; unuaqu
iqvallerkaq arenqinruciquq ‘it will be morefeasible for us to pick berries tomorrow’;arenqigtaa ‘he made it satisfactory’; Tamaani
nunamini uitaarqelliniuq, cali pissullri
arenqigaqluteng. ‘He continued to live in his
village there, and his hunting was always
successful.’ (YUU 1995:105); arenqigillranun
qalarutekluku ‘negotiating’; > aren,
arenqiartekaq, arenqiate-, arenqiirtur-, arenqike-;< PE a30nqi!arenqiirtur- to resolve; to confer; to discuss# arenqiirturtut ‘they are conferring’;
arenqiirturaa ‘he is resolving it’ / Tamaani tua-iarenqiirtullermeggni pilliniat, arenqiatniluku ellii
ataucirrauniluku qagkut ta¥gken amllerrluki
ayagyuat. ‘When they conferred, they told himthat it was too bad but he was only one person
and those young people out there were many.’(YUU 1995:112); < arenqig-ir2-tur1-;> arenqiirturtet
arenqiirturtet commission; committee #< arenqiirtur-ta1-pluralarenqike- to find satisfactory # arenqikaa‘he finds it satisfactory’ / Tua-ll’ tua-i iliit
pillinia, arenqikallrani aptevguarallinia tauna
qavcitellranek. ‘When an opportune time came, hequietly asked one of the men how many the otherman had caught.’ (QUL 2003:162); < arenqig-ke3arenvak big woman # < arnaq-vak
ari- to become mashed to a granular consistency #ariuq ‘it got mashed’ / < PE a3i(t)-; cf. aripa, arin;> aritearilla moisture # and arilla- to be moist; to be damp
# arillauq ‘it is moist’ / NUN; cf. ari-, aripa-; < PE
a3i@a3- (under PE a3i(t)-)

arenqiayug- — aritvak
mecungniurcuutek’lalput avani, makut dog
salmon amiit. ‘They call our waterproof wearof former times that is made from dog salmon
skin, “arilluk”.’ (AGA 1996:183); Pissuryungaqata
qalililuki-llu arilluliluki–ll’, aritviluki neqet
amiitneng, . . . ‘When it came time to go hunting,she always made gut rainwear, and waterproof
mittens, that is, she made mittens out of fish skin,. . .’ (CEV 1984:72); < arin-llukarin waterproof fish-skin mitten; any mitten (inNUN, NS, EG) # cf. ari-; > arilluk, aritvak; < PY-S
a3in
arinaciraq slightly aged meat # < arinar-cir-aq1

arinaq spoiled or rotten food, especially fish # andarinar- to be spoiled. arinartuq ‘it is spoiled’ /arinarninarquq ‘it smells rotten; > arinaciraqar’inaq sealskin hunting bag # Y, HBC, NS;= arr’inaq; < PE a33i(t)na3

aripa- to eat raw food; to be raw # aripauq ‘he iseating raw food’; ‘it is raw’; aripaa ‘he is eating it
raw’ / cf. arilla; < PE a3ipa

aripaciteke- to sneer # aripacitekaa ‘he is sneering
at him’ / < ?-teke-; cf. aripluar(ar)-, ariva1-, arive-,arivte-; < PE a3iva-

aripluar(ar)- to grumble; to complain # ariplua’rtuq‘he is grumbling’; aripluareraa ‘he is grumbling
about him’ / Anuurulur-ggur aripluariyaaqlun’:“Aal’ atkullraanka piunrirlug’ ilall’!” ‘And the
grandmother complained, “Oh! My old parka is
being ruined, oh my goodness!” (CEV 1984:84);
HBC; cf. aripaciteke-, ariva1-, arive-, arivte-; < PE
a3iva-

arir- to be full of ash of the air; to add ashes # arirtuq‘there are ashes in the air’; ‘he is adding ashes’ tohis tobacco; ariraa’ he is adding ashes to it’ /< araq-ir1-; > ariryak; cf. ariraq
ariraq a certain sand dune plant # NUN; cf. arirariryak gray thing # < arir-yak

arite- to mash to a granular consistency # aritaa ‘heis mashing it’ / < ari-te2-

aritvak mitten # Itertuq-gguq maaten angun ugna
atkugluni qanganarnek keglunermek negilirluni,
keglunrem nasqurranek aritvagluni, . . . ‘When hewent in, they say, the man had put on a squirrel
skin parka with a wolf ruff, and wolf-headmittens, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:41); NS, HBC, NUN;
< arin-vak

arilluk waterproof fish-skin mitten; any mitten(in NUN, NS) # Arillugnek pilaqait a¥gkut

135

ariva1- — arnalquar(aq*)

Basesariva1- to argue # arivauk ‘they2 are arguing’ / NS;
cf. aripaciteke-, aripluar(a)-, arive-, arivte-; < PE
a3ivaariva2- to call; to term; to recount; to relate# Nalluyagutenganka nunait. Arivaluki
pilallruyaaqanka. ‘I’ve forgotten the names of thevillages where this took place. I used to be able
to name them as I related the story.’ (CIU 2005:72);
Tua-i tuani tua-i, kiani kia-i, Ngel’ullugarmiunek
arivatukemte÷i nunangqerrlutek. ‘So there they
lived, back there in what we call Ngel’ullugaq.’(ELL 1997:228); Tua-i arivalarait Yaaruillernek.
‘They call that place Yaaruillret, “the one withformer story-knife pictures”.’ (ELL 1997:242)
arive- to call by offensive names; to rebuke; to insult
verbally # Tamatum nalliini waten ayuqellruut,
qaillun pitaluni pingraatni yugugaat ciuqerratni
arivengraatni-llu yuk qenqercesqumanritaat. ‘Atthat time, even if a person was ridiculed in frontof many people, he was to refrain from getting
angry.’ (TAP 2004:102); Waniwa-llu watua waten
kasmurrautekun ariveciqsaaqaat ingluni, ingluanll’ qenrutellriatun ayuqluku, iqukluku-ll’ yuarun
tayima-ll’ tamarluni. ‘One might rebuke anotherin public, but as soon as the song was over, theyboth would forget about the whole thing andnot think about it again.’ (TAP 2004:104); cf.
aripaciteke-, aripluar(ar)-, ariva-; < PE a3ivaarivik ashtray # < araq-li2-vik
arivlurte- to be clanging; to be noisy # HBC; =avirlurtearivniate- to flex one’s joints # Kumelqaaku
im’ arivniataqlukek irugka. Ukuk wani
arivniallrek kumlatenrirlukek. Aren tua-i
imna qerrucallemnek qerrucugnaunii tua-i
peklua piurallemni tuartang imkuk uategka
kit’ellrunrilnguuk. Iluprenka-ll’ kinerluki,
qaingak ta¥gaam man’a, qaika kumlanaku. Tuai-w’ arivnialkek ta¥gaam assirlutek. ‘When they
got cold, I started bending my knees. The part
where my knees are was no longer cold. I shouldhave been cold, but I wasn’t. When I started
moving around, my torso felt as if it hadn’t fallen
into the water. My underwear started drying out,
but my outerwear was cold. The areas where myjoints were located were okay.’ (QUL 2003:730);< arivneq-li2-a- (?)
arivneq movable joint; hinge; knuckle; spinal disk
(additional meaning in K, Y, NI, HBC, BB) # Makut-

llu maan’ yuaraini arivneyagait kepurturluki. ‘Heeven cut up his fingers by their little joints.’ (QUL
2003:316); uivam arivnera ‘spinal disk’ (NUN
usage);> arivniatearivte- to call by offensive names; to rebuke; toinsult verbally # arivtuq ‘he called someone
offensive names’, ‘he rebuked someone’; arivtaa‘he called him names’, ‘he rebuked him’ / Atamelaturramek piaken anqerrluni . . . nukalpiartam
ariveskek, “Man’aqtaq ta¥gken picuilngurmek
uingluni, kiugna ta¥gken . . .” ‘From the porch
up there emerged the man in his prime andinsulted them, “This lousy one got a husband
who never catches anything, while that one
inside . . .”’ (MAR2 2001:88); = arive-; < PE a3iva-;
cf. aripaciteke-, aripluar(ar)-, arivaarliaq black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla); mew
gull (Larus canus) # = qarliar(aq), tarliaq, from
Aleut arligax̂ (a3li!aX)
arliarte- to be busy # arliartuq ‘he is busy’ /Tua-llu-gguq ukuk yaquleyagaak up’nerkami
arliarteqapiaralriik. Kiakataan, up’nerkaan
unglulilaagtuk.’ And, they say, these two little
birds were very busy in the springtime. Because
supper was coming, because spring was here,
they quickly made a nest.’ (PEK 1977:2-3); Y; < PE
a3li(C)arlunaq polar bear (Ursus maritimus) (K, NI, NUN
meaning); type of bird (species?) (EG meaning) #Wagg’uq tamaa-i quq’uyat. Imkuciuyaaqluteng,arlunauyaaqluteng ta¥gaam ak’allat . . . ‘They callthem “quq’uyat”. They are actually polar bears,
but old . . .’ (QUL 2003: 318)
arnacaluq female animal non-human # may bederisively applied to humans; Arenqiapaa-ll’ tua-iamllerian tua-i kiimecuumiilami — naugga-mi
ilai tulukaruut ilakai? — ilakarrsuavakarluni
imarmiutayagarmek arnacaluarmek
aiparkanglliniluni, unayaqluku. ‘Oh dear, since
there was a lot and he didn’t want to be alone —where were the other ravens that he could sharewith? — and searching around for somebody
to share with, he found a small female mink for
a companion, inviting her to join him.’ (ELL
1997:266); < arnaq-caluq; < PE a3nacallu3 (underPE a3na3)
arnalquar(aq*) old woman # < NI, NUN, HBC;
<arnaq-?-ar(aq); < PE a3nalqu(C)a3 (under PE
a3na3)

136

Basesarnamirte- to be or act effeminate # < arnaq-mirtearnangiar(aq*) middle-aged or old woman# Qaillun-w’ pia, cali-ll’ pillrullian,peksutellrulliata tuaten qanelria taun’ arnangiar.
‘I can’t really say, but perhaps the old woman was
saying that because before the above incident
occurred, someone else had found an egg likethat.’ (AGA 1996:180); < arnaq-ngyaar(aq)arnaq woman; female human; queen in cards# Angutet-llu qasgimi qavatuluteng, nem’ipiyuunateng. Arnat ta¥gaam mikelnguut-llu
kiimeng qavatuluteng nen’i. ‘Men slept in
the kashim not in the house. Women however,and children, only slept in the houses.’ (YUU
1995:72); > arenvak, arnacaluq, arnalquar(aq),arnangiar(aq), arnaqatak, arnarkara’urluq,
arnassagaq, arnalquar(aq), arnamirte-, arnartaq,
arnassagaq, arnauneq, arnayagaq, arniqe-,
arniur-; < PE a3na3
arnaqatak cow moose; cow caribou; cow reindeer #< arnaq-qatak
arnaraq girl; young woman # NS; < arnaq-aq3; < PY
a3na3aq (from PE a3na3)
arnarkara’urluq* old woman # < arnaq-kar(aq)1r(ur)luq
arnartaq* thing belonging or pertaining to women# qerulliik arnartaak ‘a pair of woman’s slacks’;
Taumek cali cikiatni quuyurmi atelliniluku,
arnartarmek. ‘When it was presented to him,smiling he put it on. The garment was made for awoman.’ (CIU 2005:76); < arnaq-taq2
arnassagaq* old woman; Bering wolf fish
(Anarhichas orientalis) (also, in NI, slang term) #Miklemni alerqualaatnga piyugngarikuma-ggur’atam, qessaqaqsaunii . . . takumcunarqellriit
tamakut ikayuangnaqluki, arnassagaat
angukara’urluut-llu. ‘When I was small theywould instruct me that when I became capable
I should not be indolent . . . that I should help
those pitiful ones, old women and old men.’ (KIP
1998:57); < arnaq-ssagaq
arnauneq sister # Tawa im’um arnaunrata,
pitacirramitun, unalliniaqkai pitait. ‘And thatlittle sister of theirs did the best she could to takecare of whatever they caught.’ (CEV 1984:72);‘Arnaunra-gguq ta¥gken akerte™gurrluni. Anngii
iraluurrluni. ‘His sister however, it is said,
became the sun. Her brother became the moon.’(UNP3); Allanilluku piyaqitni taumeg-am nut’anarnamirte- — arrliur-

arnameg nevviarca’armeg cali, arnaunra(a)tneg,
nullianglliniur. ‘They took him in as a guest, andwhen they did that for him he took that woman,the young woman, their sister, for his wife.’(WOR 2007:116); HBC, NUN, Y, NI, NS; < arnaqu-neq1;; < PE a3na3un03 (under PE a3na3)
arnauq small edible sea creature, pink, orange,
white, and red in color (species ?) # NUN >arnauruaq; < PY a3na3uq
arnauruaq fingertip # NUN; < arnauq-uaq
arnaurluq* wild rhubarb (Polygonum alaskanum)stage # LIarnayagaq* queen in cards # LI; < arnaq-ya(g)aq
arnineq east # NUN
arniqe- to be totally preoccupied with women andenervated thereby; to be adversely affected by awoman’s emanations # said of a male; Uqriquniugguq nasaurluq tepii narkuniu arniqciquq, ala-i.
‘It is said that if he passes downwind of a girland smells her odor (her female emanations) hewill be adversely affected thereby, oh dear.’ (KIP
1998:129); < arnaq-liqe2arniur- to have sexual dealings with a woman;
to womanize; to commit adultery (of a man)(in Catholic writing) # arniurtuq ‘he is having
sexual dealings with a woman’; Arvinrat
alerquutet inerquumaakut arniuresqevkenata
anguciuresqevkenata-llu, ‘The sixthcommandment forbids us from improper sexual
conduct with women, and from improper sexual
conduct with men.’ (GRA 1951:248); Tamakutgguq ta¥gken anguyait ingluit, qagken pillretarniuryugluteng, arnat-llu nangelraksugluki. ‘It
is said that the enemy warriors from up north,however, tended to rape and torture women.’(PAI 2008:370); < arnaq-liur-; > arniurneq
arniurneq lust # Catholic neologism; < arniur-neq2
arr’inaq, arr’inarkiuraq sealskin hunting bag # =ar’inaq; < PE a33i(t)na3
arrliur- to prepare things for a visitor # arrliurtuq‘he’s preparing things’; arrliuraa ‘he’s preparing
things for him’ / Tua-i-am taukut tamarmeng
maligulluteng ikayuryugluku aataseng,aaniita arrliullraku. ‘And so they all went alongwanting to help their father while their motherprepared things for him.’ (ELN 1990:56); Tua-i-llu
qemaggluku tua-i arrliulliniluni neqkiurluku
caluku pikegcarra’arluku. ‘She prepared andpacked some of the food with care.’ (CIU
2005:378)

137

arrluk — arucetaaq

Basesarrluk killer whale (Orcinus orca) # Tua-i
imkut imarpiim unguvalriari qaqilluki,
tekiteqatarqamegneki tamakunun
pisqessaaqaqluni, kituraqluki. Tua-i arrlugnun
tekiteqataamek, a¥g’umeg-am ava-i aturluni . . .
‘They passed every living thing in the ocean;
every time they were about to reach a groupof animals, she would implore him to give her
to them, but he would just pass them by. Then
when they were about to reach the killer whales,
she sang that song . . .’ (ELL 1997:20); < PE
a(C)a3@u!
arrnaq sea otter (Enhydra lutris) # Ta¥gaam
nunat naliita, Aleutian Island-aarmiununllu qerruinalqessukluku, ta¥gken tua-i
waniwa igamini Kusquqvagmiutaulliniluni.
Ta¥gaam nayiuvkenani cali-llu issuriuvkenani,arrnauyukluku tua-i evsiarikun wii kamayugtua.
‘Perhaps people from the Aleutian Islands used
it as a float, although it says on this paper that itcame from the Kuskokwim. It’s not a hair seal or
spotted seal, but by looking at its nipples I thinkit’s a sea otter.’ (CIU 2005:12); < PY a3(a3)naq
arrsak, arrsagaq (NUN form) poor person; destituteperson # arrsauguq ‘he is in dire need’;
Qanlallruut yuk-gguq arrsauyaaqeciquq canek
aklunek caunani. Cakegtaamek acuileng’ermi,
nertukuni camirrluni tua-i tukuulriatun
piarkauguq. ‘They say that a person might
be poor, lacking clothes. Even if he never hasa change of clothes to put on, if he eats tosatisfaction it will be just as if he were a wealthy
person.’ (YUU 1995:54); > arrsake-, arrsiqearrsake- to hold in contempt # arrsakaa ‘he holds
him in contempt’ / < arrsake-ke2arrsiqe-, arrsitqe- to be poor; to be deprived;
to endure hardship # arrsiquq ‘he is poor’ /Paniagnek uingekuni uimi unangkengaanek
neqkaagnek payugcaureskatek, tua-i-gguq
nutaan tukuucessek tuani tekitarkaugaak
imkuk nulirqelriik. Elluarrlutek tuani
irniangetullermegni arrsitqurangermek
yuungnaqurallrukunek navguatevkenatek. ‘Afteracquiring a husband, their daughter will bringthem some food that her husband has caught.
That will be the time when that couple will be
wealthy. This is if they have lived in harmony
among themselves while they had children andtaken care of their children, even though they

were going through hardship.’ (QUL 2003:194);< arrsak-liqe2-, < arrsak-?-liqe2artuqaite- to be mighty; to be powerful # artuqaituq‘he is powerful’ / artuqaunani ‘(he) being
powerful’; Agayun artuqailnguq ‘almightyGod’/ < artur-?-ite1artuqlite- to barely have the strength to do what
one is doing # artuqlituq ‘he can barely manage’/ Turpak-llu tekicaqlian anertevkarturluni
murilkaa Elngum, tuar qagqatalria tua-iuivenqeggngatqapiggluni, caaqami-llu ellminek
artuqlitngataqluni. ‘When Turpak finally arrived
Elnguq observed that she was breathing hard
as if she was about to explode; she seemed very
round, and at times it seemed that she could
barely manage herself.’ (ELN 1990:46); < artur-ite3-;> artuqaiteartur- to be unable to, manage, handle or bear# arturtuq ‘he can’t manage something’;arturaa ‘he can’t manage it’ / arturnarquq ‘itis unmanageable’; Tua-i atmani kitugqaarluki
atmagluki maktengnaqsaaqnaurtuq arturaqluki.
‘And after he rearranged his backpack he put
it on his back but when he would try to standup, he found that he couldn’t manage it.’ (YUU
1995:93); > artuqlite-, arturyagute-; < PE a3tu3arturyagute- to be unable to manage (it) anymore# arturyagutaa ‘he can’t bear it any more’ /Tua-i-llu ukut qimugtet cukairutengluteng
ayainanratni anernerpallagangluteng-llu,
arturyagutengluki-llu ikamrak ucikek taukut.
‘While in route the dogs slowed down, andbegan to breathe heavily, and became unable
to manage the load of the sled anymore.’ (ELN
1990:11); < artur-yagutearu- to ripen to a soft, mushy state; to rot # aruuq
or arua ‘it ripened’, ‘it rotted’ / arumauq ‘it isripe’, ‘it is rotten’; Maaten tanglugni tekitelliak
qakilliuk ak’allaurrlutek. Tegumiakek qeciik
tutnekek pilliak arulliuk. ‘When he got to hissnowshoes he saw that they’d become pale andold. When he picked them up he saw that theleather harness had rotted.’ (MAR1 2001:92); >arucetaaq, arumaarrluk, arumaneq, arumalria,
Arungalnguq; < PE a3uarucetaaq skin (especially of a dried fish) that one
chews # and arucetaar- to chew on a dried fishskin # arucetaartuq ‘he is chewing on a dried
fish skin’; arucetaaraa ‘he is chewing on it’ /138

Basesarucetaaryunqegtuq legtararaumalrianek ‘helikes to eat driedfish skins which have been
singed; Tua-i-llu Pili ucuryugngatqapiarluni
keggmiarluni taumek qangqiirmek tailuni, tuavet
caniatnun igcelluku. Elliin-llu taum Elngum
arucetaarkuaminek cikirluku. ‘And then, looking
very proud, Pili brought a ptarmigan clutched inher teeth and dropped it next to to them. Elnguq
gave her a scrap of dried fish skin to chew.’ (ELN
1990:12); < aru-cetaaq
arula, arulaq dance # and arula- to be in motion; tomove back and forth; to be loosely attached; todance # arulauq ‘it is in motion’, ‘it is loose’ /kegguteka arulauq ‘my tooth is loose’; . . . tuargguq angyam iluanllutek angyaq puukalria.
Arulallaglutek tamarmek. ‘. . . it was like they2
were inside a boat and the boat hit something.
They were both subjected to a jerking motion.’(YUU 1995:5); < PE a3ula-; > arulair-, arulamirte-,arulan, arularaq, arulate-, arulayaraq
arulaci- to wave one’s hand; to make themotions in a dance # arulaciuq ‘he is waving’;arulacia ‘he is waving to him’ / Puallalriit
tamaa-i aturpagluteng yuratulliniut imkutun
tangvatukevciucetun pivkenateng, atauciq waten
arulaciqevkenaku. ‘The ones that do a standing,northern-style dance don’t dance like you see
around here; they don’t do movements in unison.’(QUL 2003:446); < arulate-i2arulair- to stop moving # arulairtuq ‘it stopped’/ arulairtaa or arulaircetaa ‘he stopped it’;arulairrluni ‘(it) being stopped’; arulairutaa‘he stopped for him’; Ankan-llu nutaan
tan’germek tekiskan, nacarluku piyuasqelluku,
arulairpeknaku. ‘She told her that when she wentout if she came upon darkness she should put
her hood on and walk on without stopping.’(YUU 1995:82); < arula-ir2-; > arulaircissuun,aruliaqer-, arulaituli
arulaircissuun brake # < arulair-te2-i2-cuun
arulaituli stop consonant # p, t, c, k, q are the stop
consonants in Yup’ik; < arulair-tuli
arulamirte- to stir; to use a ladle # arulamirtaa ‘hestirred it’ / < arula-?; arulamirun
arulamirun long-handled ladle # < arulamirte-un
arulan, arulaun bow of bow-drill # < arula-narulaq man’s Eskimo dance # see arulaarularaq a legendary monster with three toes oneach foot and six fingers on each hand, identified

arula — aruvir-

as “Bigfoot” # LI; < arula-?
arulate- to shake; to cause to move back and forth;to stir # arulataa ‘he is shaking it’ / Kuvluku-llu
egatmun arulaqu’urluku. Kenirluku cetyaarni
tallimani, tua-i-llu taggluku. ‘Pour it into the pot
and keep stirring it. Cook it for five minutes, andthen remove it from the heat.’ (YUU 1995:63); <arula-te2-; > arulaci-; cf. angulate-; < PE a3ulat(under PE a3ula-)arulayaraq, arulaliyaraq indigenous religious rite
performed during the Kelek, (“Inviting-In”) # Y,
CAN, NI; < arula-yaraq, arula-li-yaraq
arumaarrluk, arumaarrluaq fish slightly smoked
and stored in seal oil; locally: poke fish # < arumaarrluk
arumalria rotten ice from underneath, not safe fortravel # < aru-ma-lria
arumaneq rotten wood # < aru-ma-neq1
Arungalnguq Dall Lake # inland of the Canineq area;< aru-ngalnguq
aruqe- to distribute gifts or shares of a catch #aruquq ‘he is distributing things to people’;aruqai ‘he is distributing things to them’ /aruqun ‘distributed share of something’;
Selavimi aruqelliniuq perriuksuarnek ‘during
Russian Christmas he distributed washcloths’;
Kina imna neqmek pitaqami utrulluku ilaminunaruqutkelaraa, imarkuartuumaan. ‘If anyone
caught a fish, he would take it home anddistribute it, including the broth, to his relatives.’(YUU; 1995:27); < PY a3uq0-; > aruq’leraruq’ler- to abruptly distribute valuable and/or rare
gifts to those who complain of being slighted #< aruqe-leraruvaar(ar)- to make smoke to kill insects #< aruvak-?
aruvak smoke; fumes # > aruvaar(ar)-, aruvarqi-,
aruviraruvarqi- to smoke fish # aruvarqiuq ‘he is smoking
fish’ / < aruvak-rqe2-i2aruviar(ar)- to make smoke to kill insects; to burnincense # aruviartuq ‘he is making smoke’;
aruviararaa ‘he is making smoke in it’ / < aruvirar(aq)aruvir- to be smoky; to smoke (fish) # aruvirtuq‘it is smoky’; aruviraa ‘he is smoking it’ /Anngami kiarrluni qasgiq tauna tangllinia,
aruviryaaqellriim-gguq ta¥gaam allakauluni aruvii

139aruyek — aryuqe-

Basesyoungest of them, the seventh, was two years
old.’ (PRA 1995:427); Iralut-llu arvinlegatni
an’gilaq Gabriel-aaq Agayutem ayagcetaa . . . ‘In
the sixth month God sent the angel Gabriel . . .’(LUKE 1:26); Arvinelgat Nanvaat ‘Grant Lake’(one of the Wood-Tikchik lakes near Dillingham);< arvinelgun-possessed ending
arvineq sixth one # a selectional word; arvinrat ‘theirsixth’, ‘the sixth one of them’; malitvat arvinrat‘the sixth prayer’ (SBO 1896:29 & 2006:19);
alerquutet arvinrat: tuquciyaqunak ‘the sixthcommandment: thou shalt not kill’ (Moravian
Protestant YUA 1945:43; changed to arvinlegat(see arvinlegen above) in LIT 1972:21); arvinrat
alerquutet uunguuq: arniuryaqunak ‘the sixthcommandment is this: thou shalt not commit
adultery’ (Roman Catholic GRA 1951:247); Ilait
piut Qaariitaarraartelluki uksuarmi ernerni
tallimani taukut erenret arvinratni Aanilarniluki.
. . . ‘Some people, after the five day celebration of“Qaariitaaq” in the autumn, say that, on the sixthday, they celebrate “Aaniq”.’ (CAU 1985:51);< arvir-neq2
arviqrun crosspiece pole for hanging fish # < arvirqer-un
arvir- to cross over # arvirtuq ‘he is crossing
over’; arviraa ‘he is crossing over it’ / arvirtaa‘he is getting it across’ by pushing, throwing,etc.; arviutaa ‘he is taking it across with him’;Tua-i-am ellimerngani, tauna qantaq teguluku
arvilliniluni ikavet qasgimun. ‘As instructed, shetook the bowl and went across to the kashim.’(QAN 1995:298); NI, UY, UK, CAN; < PE a3vi3-;> arvinlegen, arvirun; arvinrat, arviqercaraq,
arviqrun, Arviryaraq
arvirun crosspiece of a boat # < arvir-?-narviqercaraq portage # < arvir-qerte-yaraq
Arviryaraq the portage route between the Yukon
and Kuskokwim Rivers # < arvir-yaraq
aryua- to scold # aryuagaa ‘he is scolding her’/
NUN; < PY-S a3yu3aryuqe- to be glad to see someone or something
after not having seen him or it for a long time #aryuqaa ‘he is glad to see her’ / aryuqutuk‘they2 are glad to see each other’; . . .
tangrraqa kanguruaq ciuqamni qalriaguralria.
Qalarutellruaqa ciuqamni qalriagurallrani,aryuqngamku cakneq. ‘. . . I saw a snow bunting
crying out in front of me. I spoke to it when it

aurnerullinilria. ‘When he came out and looked
around he saw the kashim but although it was
smoking its smoke was different, being a vapor.’(YUU 1995:8); agyaq aruvilria ‘comet’ (literally:‘smoking star’); < aruvak-ir1-; > aruviar(ar)aruyek large sea anemone (species ?) # NUN
arvak palm of hand # arvaka ‘my palm’; arviigka‘my palms’ # NUN, HBC; < PE a3va!
arveq black or bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)# Makut-gga ikamraita pirlaarit, arevret inarutait,
ilait tugkaarneng, pirlaangqerraqluteng. ‘They
had sled runners of bowhead whale ribs, and someof ivory.’ (CEV 1984:29); < PE a3v03
arviiq a particular type of dark-colored whetstone; aparticular type of dark-colored sharpening stone# Una waniwa ipegcarissuutnginauvkenani, . . .
ipegcautnguluni tuatiingermi. Waniwa tua-i
aptukiit una teggalquq, waniwa-gguq arviiq.
Tua-i-llu maa-i nunatangqertuq Kass’atun
at’legnek Platinum-aarmiunek, makucinek
taggalqungqerrata Arviirmiunek pilarait Yugtun.
. . . Wiinga arviingqertua Platinum-aamek
pillemnek. ‘This now isn’t only a sharpeningstone; it has other uses, even though it isindeed a sharpening stone. They call this stone“arviiq”. There’s a village with the English name
Platinum, while in Yup’ik they call it “Arviiq”
because it has this type of stone. . . . I have a
sharpening stone which I got from Platinum.’ (CIU
2005:156)
Arviiq Platinum # village at the mouth of Goodnews
Bay so called due to the whetstone rocks found nearby
arvinlegen, arvinelgen six # this is a plural (using
the special plural ending, n, for numbers); the baseis arvinleg-; arvinlegen (or arvinelgen) qimugtet
qilugtut ‘six dogs are barking’; arvinleguut ‘they
are six in number’; arvinlegnek irniangqertuk‘they have six children’; though from a Yupik verb
(arvir-) for ‘to cross over’ based on crossing fromone hand to the other when counting on the fingers(unless from arvak (q.v.)), this word is used even inareas where a word other than arvir- is used for ‘crossover’; see Appendix 6 on numerals; < arvir-neq2-lek(unless < PE a3vin(0)l0! (under PE a3va!))arvinelgat, arvinlegat sixth one # a selectional
word; Ellii-wa arvinlegat taukut ilain tallimanek
allrakurluni, kinguqliat-wa ellaita malrunlegat
malrugnek allrakurluni. ‘She, the sixth of thosesiblings of hers, was five years old, and the140Basescried out in front of me because I was very glad
to see it.’ (YUU 1995:84); < PY-S a3yuq0- (under PE
a3(0)yu-); cf. aryuraite-, iryiqearyuraite-, aryuqaite- (in HBC) to be disrespectful
toward relatives, visitors, or friends; to be overly
forward; to lack scrupples in one’s relations toothers # aryuraituq ‘he is disrespectful’ / cf.
aryuqe-, iryiraiteAsaacaryaq, Asaacarsaq Mountain Village # on thelower Yukon; = Asaucaryaq; < asau-?, asau-?
asaaqin three-pronged bird spear used witha spear-thrower # Tua-i tauna akurtuamiu
iqertaaraminun qemagqaarluku qayami iluanek
amutelliniuq nuqamek asaaqitmek. ‘He took it
and after he put it away in a fish-skin pouch, hepulled out an atlatl and bird spear from inside his
kayak.’ (YUU 1995:21)
asaaquq spear used to kill seals sleeping on theice; toggling harpoon # Waten qinerneminekgguq, asaaquni egeskaku, usaara tauna nengkuni
tuaken, yuk-ggur tuar imna qiluminek yaani
maqelria. ‘As one throws his spear its line looks
like his entrails unraveling through the air whenviewing the scene peripherally.’ (CIU 2005:56);= asauquq, ayaaquq, ayauquq; < asau-quq
as’arcaraq pullover clothing # < at’e-ar(ar)te1-yaraq

aryuraite- — asguq

urluviluku. ‘And since their weapons in the olddays were the bow — and also the spear — hemade him a bow.’ (MAR2 2001:108); = asaaquq,
ayaaquq, ayauquq; < asau-quq
asaur- to pole a boat (usually) # asaurtuq ‘he ispoling’; asauraa ‘he is poling it’ / asgurtuq
asaurluni ‘he came upriver by poling’; Manigianam qamigautegminun ekluni tuavet asaurturluni
tua-i aka’aktara’aralliniluni. ‘On the smooth ice
he pulled himself into his small flat sled. Riding
on his belly, he moved along slowly, pushinghimself along with his arms.’ (AGA 1996:150);< asau-?; > asaurun
asaurun pole, oar, etc., used for poling a boat #Aipaa-gguq asaurutmek piluni, aipaa-llu-gguq
anguarutmek. ‘One was using a pole, the other apaddle.’ (CIU 2005:230); < asaur-n
asemqar- to take a shortcut # for example, in winternot following a bend in the river but rather cutting
across the land; = ayemqar-; < asme-qarasemte- to break in two of relatively long, slenderobjects # asemtuq ‘it broke’; asemtaa ‘he broke it’;asmesmia or asemḿia ‘he also broke it’;= ayemte-, ayimte-; < asme-te2as’ercir- to act mischievously; to be naughty #as’ercirtuq ‘he is naughty’ / NUN; < asriq-?
asgiq pancake; fry bread # “fry bread” is thecharacteristic widespread Native American homemade
deep-fried biscuit, sometimes called “Eskimo
doughnut” locally, known as “bannock” in Canada; #NS, NUN; nominalization of asgirasgir- to fry; to roast # asgirtuq ‘he is roastingsomething’; asgiraa ‘he is roasting it’ / NS, NUN;
> asgiq; < PE a9!i3asgircuun frying pan; barbecue stick # NS, NUN;
< asgir-cuun
asguilitaq windbreak as used with kayak # < asgurilitaq
asgulirneq upwind or up-current side # Cali
waten tan’gaurluum-gguq pairteqataquniu
arnaq, anuqliqan-gguq naken asgulirnerakun
tan’gaurluum kiturarkauluku. ‘Also, they say, if
a lad is going to encounter a woman, and if it iswindy from some direction the lad should passher on her upwind side.’ (KIP 1998:129); < asgurlirneq
asguq upriver area; windward side # and asgurto go against a natural force such as water

as’arce÷a(aq*) ephod (Biblical priestly vestment)# Maa-i makut aturat piliarkait: qat’gailitaq,
as’arce÷a’ar, qalliq qaraliliumalria, nacaq
nemrucaraq, iqtulria-wa naqugun. ‘These are
the garments they shall make: a breastpiece, anephod, a robe, a checkered tunic, a turban, and asash.’ (ANUC. 28:4)
asau- root; = ayau-; > Asaacaryaq, asaaquq,
Asaucaryaq, asaupiaq, asauquq, asaurAsaucaryaq, Asaucarsaq Mountain Village # on thelower Yukon; = Asaacaryaq, Ayaucaryaq; < asau-?,asau-?
asaun1 thumb (NSU meaning); oar (NSK meaning) # =ayaun1; < ayag2-n; < PE aya!un (under PE aya!-)asaun2 deck beam next to and aft of coaming of
kayak; see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak; =ayaun2; < ayag2-n
asaupiaq walking-stick; cane # < asau-piaq; < PE
aya3u3 and aya(3u)vi3a3 (under PE aya!-);asauquq spear used to kill seals sleeping on theice # Tua-i urluveq ta¥gaam cali-llu asauquq
caskukellruamegteggu avani ciuqvani, tua-i

141

asgura- — asmuur-Basesasgutmun in the upriver direction # adverbial
particle; asgur-tmun
Askinaq Askinuk Mountains #Askinarmiut people of the Scammon Bay area #< ?-miu-plural
asmarte- to snap in two # Ukut-llu pingayun
cingilgin, wagg’uq qukaqmikarluku yaqrua
tuskunegteggu, tua-i asmareskatgu yaqulgem
yaqrua, tua-i igutekaqluku yaqulgem. ‘And if
this three-pronged arrow hits a flying bird on
its wing, it would snap it and make the bird fall
down.’ (CIU 2005:32); < asme-arteasme- to break in two # of relatively long, slenderobjects; asmuq ‘it broke’ / . . . taumek yugmek
qalamciluni, uumi-gguq agayunertellilriallu-gguq-wa tauna Nalaur talliirrluni
aunraumayaaqluni-llu-gguq tauna tallia
asmelliniami-llu-gguq enra. ‘. . . he talked aboutthat person saying that recently, a week ago, that
Nalaur had hurt his arm with lots of bleeding
since the bone evidently broke.’ (ELN 1990:84);= ayme-; < PY-S ay0m0-; > asemqar-, asemte-,
asmarte-, asmegte-, asmuma-, asmuurasmegte- to get or give a short haircut # asmegtuq‘he got a (short) haircut’; asmegtaa ‘he cut
her hair short’ / Wiinga kep’ilallruatnga
pupsuugnek, pupsuarluki asmegtelallruatnga.
‘They cut my hair with scissors, they used togive me a short haircut with the scissors.’ (KIP
1998:259); < PY ay0m0!t0- (under PY-S ay0m0-);< asme-?
asmuma- to be broken # asmumauq ‘it is broken’/ Caqerluni qecengvikngani nuussirpaminek
enilerluku, tuc’an kanavet pia irua aunrarluni
asmumaluni, tua-i-llu ullainanerminiu
umyuarteqluni tuquyukluku tupagarrluni. ‘And
when it leaped at her she pointed her big knife
at it, and when it landed she saw that its leg was
bleeding and broken, and while she was goingover to it she thought it was dead, and then she
woke up suddenly (from her dream).’ (ELN
1990:81); < asme-maasmuur- to break a rule; to disobey # asmuuraa ‘hebroke it’ (rule) / asmuuriuq ‘he broke a rule’;Ta¥gken maligtaquuranrilkuvki asmuurluki
niicuunaki nangteqluten, inerquasteten-llu
asmuuquvki picurlagciquten tuquluten-llu. ‘But,
if you do not keep following them [their advice],
disobeying and not heeding them, you will

current or wind; to go upriver # asgurtuq ‘heis going upriver’; asguraa ‘he is going up it’ /asguutaa ‘he is taking it (boat, passenger, etc.)
upriver’; Tuamta-llu-gguq pinaurtut kuigkun
asgulria angyarpall’er kenurrarluni, tayima-llu
tekipailegmi tamarluni. ‘And then they would
also see a great big boat with lights coming up theriver, and before it arrived, it would be gone.’(YUU 1995:119); Kitak wani asgua tangerqerru
qanungeqatalliuq. ‘Take a look at the upriver area;
it’s about to snow.’ (KIP 1998:82); Cali-llu angun
waken anuqliqan asguakun maaggun pekngauniita¥gaam uqrakun. ‘And a man — if the windblew from this direction I would not walk on
his windward side, but rather on his leewardside.’ (YUP 2005:156); = aygur-; > asguilitaq,
asgulirneq, asgura-, asguraq, asguruaq,
asgutmun; < PE a9!u3asgura- emotional root; < asgur-a-; > asgurake-,aguranarqe-, asguratar-, agurayug-,asguranairtet; < PE a9!u3a- (under PE a9!u3-)
asgurake- to not believe (him/it); to doubt (it)# asgurakaa ‘he does not believe him or it’ /Cali maa-i qanlaryaaqut elitnaurumanrilnguq
neresciigaliciqniluku kinguqvaarni. Tamana
umyuarteqlemni asgurakelaraqa. ‘Now they saythat he who has no formal education will not
be able to provide food in the future. In mythinking, I do not believe this.’ (YUU 1995:32);< asgura-ke4asguranairtet references # for employment, in research,etc.; neologism from Alexie et al. (1990) # < asguranair-ta1
asguranarqe- to be hard to believe; to be doubtful# asguranarquq ‘it is unbelievable’ / < asguranarqeasguraq obstacle < K, BB, NR, LI; asgur-aq1
asgurayug- to not believe something or someone;
to doubt something / asgurayugtuq ‘he doesn’t
believe something or someone’; Asgurayukuvet
kingunrirtuqiu. Tumii-ll’ taman’ tangerrluku. ‘If
you don’t believe (me), follow its path. Look at its
trail’ (YUU 1995:84); < asgura-yugasguruaq parka ruff # literally: ‘imitation goingagainst’; so called for its usefulness when going into
the wind; Terikaniat amiit asguruaqtuit. ‘They use
wolverine skins for parka ruffs.’ (YUP 1996:41); see
Appendix 9 on parts of the parka; K, BB, NR, LI;< asgur-uaq

142Basesasngerte- — assigarnaq

asriq naughty child (or young animal); mischievous
child (or young animal) # asriuguq ‘he isnaughty’; Cunawa-gguq useqniit imkut
useqnagaat issuriurteksailnguut. Asriulutengllu. Tua-i nakuksugluku-llu ilaita. ‘It turned outthat they were two-year-old spotted seals, thoseyoung spotted seals which have not reached their
final stage of growth. They were also mischievous.
And some of them would pick on him.’ (ELL
1997:322); = ayriq; > as’ercir-, asrircirasrircir- to act mischievously; to be naughty #= as’ercir-; < asriq-?; > asrirciryaraq
asrirciryaraq malicious mischief # legal neologism;< asrircir-yaraq
asrurtur- to bless # asrurturaa ‘he is blessing him’
/ asrurtuumauq ‘he is blessed’; Agayutemta
asrurtuqikut, ukut-llu cali asrurturluki cikiuteten. . . ‘Our God, bless us, and bless these things you
have given us . . .’ (CAT 1950:56); Y; = ayrurtur-;> asrurtuun
asrurtuun blessing # Tayima-tuq Agayutem
asrurtuutain, atrakun Aatam, cali Qetunraancali Tanqilriim Anernerem, atrarviklitgen cali
elpenlluteng. ‘May God’s blessings, in the name of
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, descend
on you and may they be in you.’ (CAT 1950:57);
Y; < asrurtur-n
assali- to fry; to make pancakes or griddlecakes# assaliuq ‘he is making pancakes, frying
something’; assalia ‘he is frying it’ / Tamana ak’akiiringllinilria ena aaniit-wa assalilria, kinguqliatwa Irr’aq qavalria curumi. ‘The house wasalready getting warm, their mother was frying
griddlecakes, and their younger sibling, Irr’aq, wassleeping on the mattress.’ (ELN 1990:13); from
Russian; ƒhbnm (zhárit’); > assaliaq, assalissuun
assaliaq pancake; other fried food; fry bread #“fry bread” is the characteristic widespread Native
American homemade deep-fried biscuit, sometimes
called “Eskimo doughnut” locally, known as“bannock” in Canada; Unuaquani uicarturtuq
kuuvviam assaliat-llu tepiignun. ‘The nextmorning she opened her eyes to the smell ofcoffee and pancakes.’ (ELN 1990:6); < assali-aq1
assalissuun frying pan; skillet # < assali-cuun
assigarnaq beluga; white whale (Delphinapterus
leucas) # LI, EG; < + PY asi!a3naq (cf. Alutiiq
asiya3naq or asi’a3naq ‘beluga’ if not a loan from
Alutiiq or vice versa)

become sick. Should you disregard the one who iswarning you, you will have an accident and die.’(QAN 1995:338); < asme-urasngerte- to rub (it) against something # asngertaa‘it is rubbing it’; tuntum asngertaa ciruneni
napamun ‘the caribou is rubbing its antlers
on the tree’; Kinraqata kinerciaramaaqerluki
asngerrluki keneggluki cakneq. ‘After the paintdried, you would rub it, pressing on it very hard.’(AGA 1996:100); Y, NUN, EG
aspiar- to be excellent # aspiartuq ‘it is excellent’ /Melulilallruut nepucanaqkacagarnek ner’aqlukill’ wangkuta, aspiaraqluteng. ‘They prepared[aged] fish eggs which were very sticky, and we
ate them, and they were excellent.’ (KIP 1998:111–113); < assir-piaraspiar! excellent!, superb! # exclamation
asqapiar- to be excellent # asqapiartuq ‘it isexcellent’ / < assir-qapiar(ar)asqapiar! excellent!, superb! # exclamation
asqialliqe- to feel uncomfortable; to be in agony #physically or emotionally; of a person; asqialliquq ‘hefeels uncomfortable’ / Tua-i qaillun ca-llu man’tangerciiganaku tua-i iigminek qakemkugnek
asqialliqluni. ‘He was unable to see anythingaround him and was in agony from his eyes.’(ELL 1997:12); < asqig-alliqeasqiate- to be uncomfortable # of a situation;
asqiatuq ‘it is uncomfortable’ / Tuamte-llugguq waten kiagmi puqlam nalliini tua-i
makut cali asqialutnguluteng qengaitnun tuaten
iteryugluteng, qaingitnun tuaten.’ During thewarm summer months they also had these
botflies that were extremely bothersome, getting
into their nostrils and under their skins.’ (QAN
1995:134); < asqig-ateasqig- to satisfactory; to be right # asqigtuq ‘itis right’ / asqiutaa ‘it is right for him or it’;Ayumian tua-i ukatmun kangivarrluku, natmun
maavet qillerrlukek. Tamarkeggenka pikek
asqigiqerrlutek. ‘So then she pulled [the looseskin] up this way, and tied it here. Having donethat to both sides it felt better.’ (ELL 1997:158); >asqialliqe-, asqiate-, asqili-; cf. assir-, arenqigasqili- to be just right; to do the right thing# asqiliuq ‘it is just right’; Tua-i-ll’-am
asqilillinilriaten terr’akun kapullerpeni. ‘And you
did the right thing when you stabbed it throughthe rectum.’ (QUL 2003:322); < asqig-?

143

assigtaq — assinru-

Basesassigtaq vessel; tray; boat # < PY aci!taq or asi!taq(under PE at(0)-); cf. aci
assigte- to Eskimo-dance # assigtuq ‘he is dancing’;
cuuget assigtut pinirluteng ‘the people are
dancing well’; NUN, also reported by Orlov-Pinart
1871 (27) for K; cf. aggigte-; < PY as(q)i!t0assiilke- to dislike; to hate # assiilkaa ‘he dislikes
it’ / assiilkessagutaa ‘he has come to dislikehim’; Assiilkengraitki elitnaurluki nerlallerkaitnek
neqnialengraata neqet. ‘Even though they dislike
them they should be taught to eat them even if
the food is unappetizing.’ (YUU 1995:50);< assiite-ke3assiilleq worst one(s) # assiillrat ‘the worst one ofthem’; assiillrit ‘the worst ones of them’; < assiitelleq2
assiillru- to be worse # assiillruuq ‘it is worse’ /una assiillruuq taumi ‘this is worse than that’;< assiite-llru2assiilngir- to sin # assiilngirtuq ‘he is sinning’ /assiilngiumalria ‘sinner’; Camek assiilngillrua? ‘In
what has he sinned?’ (MATT. 27:23); < assilnguqlir-; > assiilngircetaarassiilngircetaar- to tempt (to sin) #assiilngircetaaraa ‘he is tempting him to sin’
/ . . . assiilngircetaanrilkut ta¥gaam avviuskut
iqlum tungiinek. ‘. . . lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.’ (CAT 1950:1) (fromthe Catholic translation of the Lord’s Prayer); <assiilngir-cetaarassiilnguir- to make a confession; to absolve #as in church; assiilnguirtuq ‘he is confessing’;
assiilnguiraa ‘he absolves him’ / assiilnguiryaraq‘confession’; < assiilnguq-ir2assiilnguq* something that is bad; evil; sin # as in
the following Christian religious translations: cali
pellugcellaqiki asiilnguput (Roman Catholic; CAT
1950:1); assiilngumte÷ek-llu a¥g’ariskut (Moravian
Protestant; YUA 1945:41 & LIT 1972:20); and calipegeski wangkutnun assiilnguput wangkuta(Russian Orthodox; ORT 2006:26) meaning ‘forgive
us our sins’ (from the various translations of the
Lord’s Prayer); the following are Catholic terms:
assiilnguut ayaganillret ‘capital sins’; angelria
assiilnguq, tuqumanarqelria assiilnguq ‘mortalsin’; assiilnguum ayaganillra or assiilngurput
ciuliamte÷ek ‘original sin’; assiilngurnun
ayautesteput ‘occasion of sin’; assiilnguut
atulput ‘actual sins’; mikellria assiilnguq,

tuqumanailnguq assiilnguq ‘venial sin’; ilakuarit
assiilnguut ‘remains of sins’; assiilngurneka¥g’aryaraq ‘penance’; < assiite-nguq;> assiilngir-, assiilnguirassiirute- to become worse; to worsen; to get
bad # assiirutuq ‘it got worse’ / Unuaqutang kavirlinek iqvaqici. Kavirlit assiirucuitut.
‘Tomorrow, pick cranberries. Cranberries nevergo bad.’ (ELN 1990:102); Neq’liurqamta kiagmi
assiirucetenritengnaqluki pilaraput. ‘When we
prepare fish to preserve them during the summer
we try to ensure that they won’t go bad.’ (YUU
1995:54); Kiitawani-gguq-taw’ cuucia assiirutuq.
‘As time passed his life grew miserable.’ (CEV
1984:50); < assir-ir:uteassiite- to be bad # assiituq ‘it is bad’ / assiinani
yurartuq ‘he is dancing poorly’; assiipaa! ‘how
bad!’; Ernerpak tayim’ mulumalutek atakuaqan
tekitaqlutek. Ta¥gaam tua-i ellalliutaqatek,
ella assiitaqan, ayagpegnatek erniuratulutek.
‘They2 would be gone all day and when evening
came they would return. But when they2 were
weathered in, when the weather was bad, insteadof going out they2 would stay home all day.’(ELL 1997:142); < assir-ite1-; > assiilke-, assiilleq,
assiillru-, assiilnguq
assike- to like # assikaa ‘he likes him or it’ /Tang kasnguyaguskeka nuliqsungraatgen
qessavakallren, assikenriraqa. ‘See, I’m getting
ashamed of the fact that you keep refusing theneven though they want you for a wife, and I
don’t like it anymore.’ (YUU 1995:121); Maatengguq-tang tarenriurtuq, nutaan atam assikluni
ellminek. ‘When he looked in the mirror, thistime he liked himself.’ (YUU 1995:75); < assir-ke3-;< PY asik0- (under PY asi3-)
assili- to enjoy things # assiliuq ‘he’s enjoying
things’ / assilitkaa ‘he’s enjoying it’; Nutaan tua-i
assilinga’arrluteng tuani taukuk. ‘Finally things
began to improve for them.’ (QAN 1995:68); <assir-?
assiller- to turn out to be good # assillertuq ‘itturned out to be good’ / < assir-? (?)
assineq best one(s) # assinrat ‘the best one of them’;
assinrit ‘the best ones of them’; < assir-neq3
assingaq sled runner (K meaning); long jawbone,
possibly whale bone (NUN meaning) # seeAppendix 9 on parts of the sled; cf. aci
assinru- to be better # assinruuq ‘it is better’ /144Basesangyan assinruuq angyamni ‘your boat is better
than my boat’; . . . tua-i-llu ellii piluni egmian
muragtateng aqvarraarluki assinruciqngatniluku
atraquneng, kuicuar una neqlillrat uakariitnun
anumaniluku. ‘. . . and she said, immediately
after they got the wood, that it would be better ifthey went down the creek since that creek cameout right at the downriver end of their fish-camp.
(ELN 1990:39); < assir-nruassipaq, assipek cutting board; chopping board;skin stretching and scraping tool # cf. aci
assipiaq very good!; just fine! # exclamatory predicate;
Kinraqata puyurqaarluki nerlarniluki nutaangguq tuaten assipiat. When they were smoked,
they’d eat them and they were very good.’ (ELN
1990:41); < assir-piaq
assir- to be good; to be nice; to be well # assirtuq‘it is good’; ‘he is well, healthy’ / assirpaa ‘oh,how nice!’; aataka assirluni yuralartuq ‘myfather dances well’; “Qaill’ ayuqsit?” “Assirtua.
Quyana.” ‘“How are you?” “I’m fine. Thankyou.”’ (YUP 1996:6); Maaten erenret cetamiitni
ertuq assirluni ella. ‘When the dawn broke on the
fourth day, the weather was good.’ (YUU 1995:23);
Tutgara’urlua tauna tan’gurrauluni, maurluantaum aulukeqcaarallinia, assirluku anglirikan
yuusqumaluku. ‘That grandchild of hers was aboy, and his grandmother did her best to takecare of him so that when he grew up he would
live decently and well.’ (YUU 1995:2); assirneq‘goodness’ (Catholic neologism); NSK, Y, HBC,
NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG > aspiar-, assiirute-,
assiite-, assike-, assili-, assiller-, assineq, assinru-,
assipiaq, assircaar(ar)-, assircar-, assiri-; cf. asqigassirange- to have calluses # NUN
assircaar(ar)- to behave oneself; to treat well #assircaartuq ‘he is behaving himself, trying to
be good’; assircaararaa ‘he is treating it well’ /Ernerpak at’ kitak assircaarluten pikina, ilavet-llu
nakukengraatgen akiuqsaunaki, assircaarluten.
‘See here, today behave yourself, even if others
pick on you, don’t counterattack, behave.’ (YUU
1995:49); < assir-caar(ar)assircar- to fix; to repair; to make good #assircaraa ‘he fixed it’ / Angalkut tamakut
caliangqellrulliniut yuut apqucilriit piaqacetengtuunrilluki assircaraqluki. ‘Those shamans had
their occupation, whenever people with ailments
came to them, they’d use their helper spirits toassipaq — asvair-

aid them to become well. (KIP 1998:275); < assircarassiri- to become better; to improve; to get well# assiriuq ‘it is better now’ / assirikina ‘getwell (soon)’; Angukaat-llu kinguaraatni
atsat assirilaata tua-i iqvangluteng ciumek
atsalugpianek. A little after the wild rhubarb, theberries became ripe and they began to pick berries,
beginning with salmonberries.’ (ELN 1990:43);< assir-i1assirneq sled runner; bottom of boat or other vessel# = acirneq; cf. aci; < PE aci3n03 (under PE at(0)-)
assungutaaq see-saw; teeter-totter #astarte- to urinate raising one leg (referring to maleanimals) # NUN
astu- to be tall or high (of inanimate object) # NUN;
see also atgite-; = acetu-; < ?-tuasuirun welt; leather seam reinforcement #Tua-i kelurquaraat-llu makut, waten-wa tua-i
asuirucirturluki taqtullrukait makut amiriit.
‘And these fine stitches were used to fasten welts
consisting of these strips of skin put between thetwo pieces.’ (CIU 2005:344); < asvair-n
as’un pullover garment; hook of earring #Cali-llu ukuk waniwa as’utek tangniqpiak.
Tua-i ayuqluteng waten as’uka’arluteng ukut
pingqellinlriit. ‘Also these earring hooks look sobeautiful. They all have little hooks like this.’ (CIU
2005:226); < at’e-nasuq pot # EG; from Aleut asu-x̂ (asu-X) ‘pot’
asvailnguq* piled ice mixed with sand # < asvaitenguq
asvailun stabilizer; by extension: copyright #Qanruyutengqellriim ta¥gken qanruyutni
asvailutekluki piarkauluni. ‘If a person has thesewords of wisdom he will have them as a source ofstability.’ (YUU 1995:53); < asvaite-n
asvaiqe- to stabilize (it); to solidify (it); to make(it) immobile # Tua-i-llu napat akuliitnun piata
ikamratek asvaiqluku tamakunun napanun
petukeggaarluku tanglurlutek malikurluki tumet. . . ‘And when they were amid the trees they
made their sled immobile in those trees tethering it
well, and followed the tracks on snowshoes . . .’(ELN 1990:59); < asvair-ke?asvair- to stabilize; to solidify; to become
immobile # asvairtuq ‘it stabilized’ / cikuq
asvairuteksaituq ‘the ice has not become solid145asvairun — atailnguq*

Basesyet’; Tuavet kingunermeggnun uksuan, asvairankankiirluni ayalliniuq tuavet kingunermeggnun.
‘When winter came and the ice became solid, heskated to their winter home.’ (QAN 1995:320);= ayvair-; < ?-ir2-; cf. asvaite-; > asvaiqe-; < PY-S
ayvaasvairun reinforcement, stabilizer # < asvair-u
asvaite- to be solid; to be stable; to be immovable# asvaituq ‘it is stable’ / = ayvaite-; Tuntuviitwa yualuit. Kelugkani tamakut asvaitenruut.
Kevkarcuinateng-llu. ‘They are moose sinew.
They are stronger than twine. They never snap.’(ELN 1990:100); < PY-S ayva-; <?-ite1-;> asvailnguq, asvailun; cf. asvairasveq walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) #asveret or asevret ‘walruses’; . . . qayani
atrarteqatainanerminiu asveq pugluni. ‘. . .
when he was about to launch his kayak, awalrus came to the surface.’ (KIP 1998:3); Cali
waten kanaknirluni qacarrluku anuqlillruaqan
ungalirluni, atrarqami iliini caaqami
mallungnaurtuq cetuamek, maklagmek-llu
iliini-llu asvermek. ‘Also whenever there wasa westwind hitting or a southwind, when hewent down (to the shore) sometimes he’d finda beached carcass, a beluga, a bearded seal,and sometimes a walrus.’ (MAR2 2001:4); in
NUN, where kaugpak rather than asveq is used for
walrus, asverpak is ‘“rogue” walrus’, a dangerous
walrus that attacks seals and boats, and asverrluk is‘beached walrus carcass’; NS, Y, K, CAN, BB, NR,
NI; > Asveryak; < PE ayv03
Asveryak St. Lawrence Is. # Cunawa-gguq tua-i
kanavet kana-i teplinikii St. Lawrence Islandaamun. Asveryagmek yugtun pituat kan’a. ‘Itturned out that he was beached down thereat St. Lawrence Is. They call that place down
there “Asveryak” in Yup’ik.’ (QUL 2003:510);
Asveryagmiut-llu-gguq asevret arcaqerluki . . .
‘And to the St. Lawrence Islanders, it is said,
walrus were very important . . .’ (CAU 1984:41);
there is a particular site on St. Lawrence Is. called
Ayv03ya!0t, ‘(place with) lots of walrus’, by thepeople there, and this may be the actual source of theCentral Yup’ik word here, indicating that Central
Yup’ik familiarity with St. Lawrence Islanders was
through people of that particular place; < asveq-yagat- deep root: down; below; under # cf. atrar-, aci-,
atliq, aterte-, atsaq, allungak, assingaq, assipaq,

assigtaq, atungaq, alu, alliqaq, allngig-, allngik,
ategtuata- to be attached; to be dependent; to be connected# atauq ‘it is attached, dependent’ / unguvaka
atauq ircaqumnun ‘my life depends on my heart’;
Enirarautet ukut yugmek yuitut ataucimek. Yuut
ukut nunat tamarmeng pikait. . . . Qasgimun
ataut. Qasgim pikai. ‘The dance sticks do notbelong to one person. The whole village ownedthat dance stick. . . . They are connected to the
kashim. They belong to the kashim.’ (TAP
2004:60); > ataneq, atanirtur-; cf. atauciq, atanqe-,
atarte-; < PE ataata1 father # atii ‘his father’; ataka ‘my father’;atakellriik ‘father and child’; Tagucimariamegteki
angyam ucii tamalkuita, nutaan atiita
aruqutekluki tuyuutai maurluata. ‘When they
had finished bringing up the entire cargo of theboat, then their father disributed the things their
grandmother had sent.’ (ELN 1990:56); Atavut
qilagmetellria . . . ‘Our Father who art in heaven. . .’ (Moravian Protestant YUA 1945:41/1972:20);
Atamta, qiliit qingatnelnguq, . . . (the same from
Roman Catholic CAT 1950:1); aata; > atailnguq,
ataliumasta; < PE ata1; cf. ataataata2, ata’a let me see; well then # exclamatory
particle; often used with optatives; Tua-i kitak,qavartaravkenak ata tainiartuten. ‘Go ahead then.
Well, without camping overnight come homeright away.’ (MAR2 2001:96); = ataki, atak; < PE
ata2
ataam again # adverbial particle; ataam
tangerciqamken ‘I’ll see you again’;
Uitarraartelluki nuggluki mermek . . . erurluki,
ataam cali akurtaqluki. ‘After letting them staythere, pull them out of the water . . . wash them,and again soak them some more.’ (YUU 1995:60);
cf. atata, ataku
ataata paternal uncle; stepfather # ataatakai atami
anngai uyurai-llu angutet ‘his paternal uncles
are his father’s older brothers and younger
brothers’; Maaten pia ataataklinikii. . . . Tua-i-ll’
ataatani apluku aatani tekiyucianek. Ataatiita
piani tekitellruniluku, . . . ‘Then she saw that it
must be her uncle. . . . Then she asked her uncle
if her father had arrived. Their uncle said that hehad arrived, . . .’ (ELN 1990:39); cf. ata1, aata; < PE
ata(a)ta
atailnguq* child of unwed mother # < ata1-ite1-nguq

146

Basesataki, atak let me see; well then; come on #exclamatory particle; often used with optatives; ataki
tauna tangercetqerru ‘well then, would you
please let me see that’; qaillun ataki piqerlaku
una ‘I wonder what I should do with this’;“Aat, wii atak naspaaqerlii civcilua.” Piluni tua-i
naspaaluni picuqcaarluni civciluni. ‘“Dad, comeon, let me try setting a trap.” Saying this she tried
to set the trap as best she could.’ (ELN 1990:52);= ata2; cf. atam, taaki
ataku, atakuq (this) evening (noun (especially whenwith final q) and adverbial particle) # and ataku- tobe evening # atakuan ‘when it was evening;
atakuaqan ‘every evening’; atakut iliitni ‘one
evening’; Aciraa-llu tanqik “Ernermek”, tan’geqllu “Unugmek”. Atakuq pelluggaartelluku
unuakurtuq — tua-i tauna erenret ciuqliat. ‘And
He called the light “Day” and the darkness“Night”. And there was evening and there wasmorning — the first day.’ (AYAG. 1:5); Atakuwa caliarkanka amllerata, amllerilliniut-am
ayaumallemni. ‘Because I’ve got so many chores
to do this evening, (you see) they’ve piled up
while I was away. (YUP 1996:36); Atakurpak-wa
calikuma taqiuciiqngalnguq. ‘If I work all evening
I might be done with my chores.’ (YUP 1996:36);
atakumi utertellerkiuraq ‘curfew’ (neologism);< ?-ku; > atakaur(aq), atakuar(ar)-, atakutaq; cf.
ataam, atata
atakuar(aq*) early evening; dusk; twilight time #and atakuar(ar)- to be evening; to be dusk; tobe twilight time # may imply a calm evening after
the wind has died down; impersonal subject verb;
atakuartuq or atakuararaa ‘it is (a calm) evening’/ atakuarli atak ‘I hope it calms down thisevening’; < ataku-ar(aq)atakutaq supper; dinner; evening meal # andatakutar- to eat supper # atakutartuq ‘he is eatingsupper’; atakutaraa ‘he is eating it for supper’/ atakutaryartuqina unuaqu ‘come for dinner
tomorrow’; Pilliniuq, “Ngarr’, atakutanrilluk; tua-icanrituq. Unuaqu pinarquskakuk anguaqiluk
neqkangengnaqlunuk.” ‘Then he said, “Heck! No
supper for us. That’s all right. Tomorrow, if wecan, let’s paddle around and see if we can catch
something to eat.”’ (YUU 1995:21); < ataku-taq2
atakuyartuq twilight time; late afternoon # andatakuyartur- for it to be twilight time; forit to be late afternoon # impersonal subject

ataki — atanerruaq

verb; Atakuyarturluku anuqa tekitelliniluni
negeqlirmek. ‘When it was late afternoon awind came from the north.’ (YUU 1995:115);
Tuquvailegma tang unuaqu anqauteqaqia
atakuyartumi, maantelngunglaryaaqellriangatang, cali itrutniarpenga. ‘Before I die, see,tomorrow for a change take me out at twilighttime, — you see, I’m getting tired being here
— then you can take me back in again.’ (YUU
1995:97)
ataliumasta guardian # < ata1-lir-ma-ta1
atallgaq ankle-high skin boot # cf. at’eatam notice!; look! # exclamatory particle; often usedwith optatives; atam, tauna tangerqerru! ‘look atthat!’; atam ukna tengssuun agiirtellria, a¥kutllu atam tengmiat tumiin aciani teng’uraniartut‘look, the plane is approaching and all thosebirds underneath its path will fly away’; Unagguq atam elliraar ircinraat teguyaaqekiit tuai-llu-gguq nunameggnun piulluku. ‘Look, thisorphan, so they say was taken by the little people
and they spirited him away to their land.’ (ELN
1990:32); cf. ataki
atanekuyuk clan # Ukut waniwa atanekuyuut
kinguvallret Esau-mek . . .’ ‘These clans are thedescendants of Esau . . .’ (AYAG. 36:40); < ataneqkuyuk
ataneq boss; chief; lord; the Lord; head; director;
superintendent; determinant # Tua-llu
Qinarmiuni angukara’urlurtangqellrulliniuq,
malrugnek qetunrarluni, taukut Qinarmiut
ataneqluku. ‘There was an old man at Qinarmiut
who had two sons and he was the chiefof the Qinarmiut.’ (YUU 1995:17); Lower
Kuskokwim School District-aam-llu atanran. . . cingumallruakut . . . ‘The superintendentof the Lower Kuskokwim School Districtencouraged us.’ (KIP 199:xxiii); Atanrem
qanrutaa Abram-aaq . . . ‘The Lord said unto
Abram . . .’ (AYAG. 12:1); ella atanruyugtuq ‘theweather is the determining factor’; Atanrem
Nerevkaritii ‘Holy Communion’ (Moravian
Protestant); allamek atanrunateng ellmeggnek
auluksaraq ‘sovereignty’ (neologism); < ata-neq1;> atanerruaq, atanirtur-, ataniuma-, ataniur-,
atanvak; < PE atan03 (under PE ata-)
atanerruaq officer in charge of others but also under
the command of someone else # Joseph-aaq
ayaucimallruuq Egypt-aamun, Potiphar-aam-llu

147atanirtur- — atauciq

Bases

Egypt-aarmiut angayuqrata atanerruaran kiputaa. . . ‘Joseph was taken to Egypt, and Potiphar, anofficer of the pharoah of Egypt bought him . . .’(AYAG. 39:1); < ataneq-uaq
atanirtur- to govern; to rule # < ataneq-lir-tur1atanirturilria ruler # Ellaita qanrutaat, “Joseph-aaq
unguvalliniuq atanirturilriaruluni tamalkuan
Egypt-aamun.” ‘They told him, “Joseph is alive
and is the ruler of all Egypt.”’ (AYAG. 45:26);< atanirtur-i2-lria
atanirturta government; head of governing body #the following are neologisms: state-am atanirturtai‘state government’; nunarraat atanirturtait ‘local
government’; nunarraat atanirturtaita akikiurait‘municipal budget’; nunarpamta atanirturtai‘federal government’; < atanirtur-ta1
ataniuma- be master over (it) # ataniumaa ‘he ismaster over it’ / Ataniumakiciki-llu unguvalriari
nunam, ellam, imarpiim-llu. ‘Youpl shall be masterover the living creatures of the land, sky and sea.’(AYAG. 1:28); < ataneq-lir-ma-; > ataniumasta
ataniur- to be in charge of (him or it); to boss over(him or it) # ataniuraa ‘he is in charge of it’ / Wii
cali ataniurciiganaku. ‘I can’t tell him what to do.’(TAP 2004:25); < ataneq-liuratanqe- to wait for; to await # atanquq ‘he iswaiting’; atanqaa ‘he is waiting for her’ /atanqengnaqluku imna maancimaunga ‘trying to
wait for him (i.e., waiting to see if he will come)I’ve been here for a long time’; Anumanranpaingani, atanqeciqanka kuvyacuarlua. ‘Where theslough flows out, I’ll wait for them, setting a smallgauge fishnet.’ (CEV 1984:77); HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, K; cf. ataatanrautaq sinew binding on a toggling harpoon #atanruvik nation # Ta¥gaam
anucimirqecetaarciqaqa atanruvik kevgiuqengaat. . . ‘But I will bring judgment on the nation thatthey serve . . .’ (AYAG. 15:14); < ataneq-u-vik
atanvak leader # < ataneq-vak
at’arrlugaq* thigh-high waterproof skin boot. NUN;
< at’e-aq1-rrlugaq
atarte- to copulate; to mate # of animals, especiallydogs; atartuq ‘it (male) is copulating’; atartaa ‘it(male) is copulating with it (female)’ / atarutuk
qimugtek ‘the dogs2 are copulating’; Ta¥gallu-ggur ta¥ga peknginanrani atarrluku ta¥ga-i
cun’i tauna aqsalivkarluku. ‘Then as the girl was

moving around, he (the dog) copulated with hergetting her pregnant.’ (WHE 2000:198); cf. ataatasuak, atayuak dual summer pants # (?)
atata later on # adverbial particle; Tua-i-tang taunauitalluku atata piciqaput . . . ‘Well then, let it
be, later on we’ll do it . . .’ (YUU 1995:124);> atataarqu, atataku; cf. ataam, ataku
atataarqu a little later # adverbial particle; < atataar(aq)-ku
atataku after a while; wait a while! #adverbial or
exclamatory particle; < atata-ku
atatakuar(ar)- for it to be a while later #impersonal subject verb; Tua-i-llu atatakuaraani
nerniararluteng elliin paqnakngarcamiki aatami
putukui imkuk qercuallrek tangerrsuglukek
piluku. ‘A while later, when they were going to
eat soon, because she suddenly became curious
about her father’s toes and wanted to see the twothat had gotten frostbitten, she went over to him.’(ELN 1990:78); < atataku-ar(ar)atatek red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) # NUN
atauciik one pair # < atauciq-dual
atauciin one group; a single set # this is a plural(using the special plural ending, n, for numbers);
the base is ataucii- (see second example); Makutta¥gken tumet atauciin tumkegpak. ‘But thisone set of footprints (constituted) a very goodtrail.’ (YUU 1995:28); Issracilliniuq angtuamek,
ivrucinek-llu atauciingunrilngumek pililuni,
qaspiluni tuaten. ‘She made a large carrying bag,and she made not just one pair of wading boots,
and also a cloth cover parka.’ (YUU 1995:107);< atauciq-?; cf. tauciin
ataucikun all together; at once; at the same time;
simultaneously # inflected form serving as adverbial
particle; Nutgegni tegulukek ingluklukek.
Ataucikun qet’elliniak, nutegluku tauna
uurpayuli kegginakun. ‘He grabbed his two
guns, one each side. He squeezed both (triggers)
at the same time shooting that creature in the face.’(YUU 1995:78); < atauciq-vialis; < PE ata3uccikun(under PE ata3uci3)
atauciq one # ataucirrarmek pingqertua ‘I have
only one’; atauciungraan ‘even though it is
only one’; ataucimi ernermi ‘in a single day’;atauciurtut ‘they have become one’; ataucituq‘he caught one’; Nangengata maaten pilliniut
una tang atauciq atkuk yuunani. ‘When all weredone they saw that one parka did not have an148

Basesowner.’ (YUU 1995:19); Maaten kiarrluni piuq
tumet makut, ataucim tungiinun ayagluteng. ‘Helooked around and saw some footprints going in
one direction.’ (YUU 1995:78); Luuskaarpagmek
ataucimek taryirluku. ‘Add one tablespoon ofsalt.’ (YUU 1995:63); Ellarpiim yui ataucimek
qaneryarangqellruut qanellrit ayuqluteng. ‘The
people of the world had one language, with
their speech being the same.’ (AYAG. 11:1); see
Appendix 6 on numerals; > atauciin, ataucikun,
atauciqerrnaq, ataucirqumek, atauciqtaarar-,
ataucitaar-, ataucitun, atauciqaqe-; < ?-ciq; cf.
ata-; < PE ata3uci3
atauciqerrnaq arrow with point that detaches in thequarry # < atauciq-?;
ataucirqumek once # inflected form serving as anadverbial particle; ataucirqumek pillruuq ‘he did it
once’; ataucirquunrilngurmek ‘not once’, ‘morethan once’, or ‘not even once’ depending on context;
Ukveqliniluku allrakumi ataucirqumek tuqullrettarnerit puglarniluki nunamek. Qaivarluteng.
‘They believed that once a year the spirits of thedead emerged from the land. They came to thesurface.’ (CAU 1985:48); < atauciq-rqu-ablative/
modalisatauciqtaarar- to act on one at a time # used in
the subordinative; atauciqtaararluteng ‘(they)acting one at a time’; atauciqtaararluki ‘acting
on them one at a time’ / Tua-i-llu tekican,
canegcesqe™gatni ilalirluki tua-i caneggluni
atauciqtaararluki qecugaqluki. ‘When she arrived,since they told her to gather grass, she joined
them pulling up grass plants one at a time.’ (ELN
1990:46); < atauciq-?
ataucitaar- to act on one at a time # used in thesubordinative; ataucitaarluteng ‘(they) acting
one at a time’; ataucitaarluki ‘acting on them
one at a time’ / Caarkairucameng, mikelnguut
imkut nanvamun egqaqelteng tagutelalliniit
ataucitaarluki. ‘When they had nothing more todo, one at a time they carried up those children(their bodies) which they had thrown into thelake.’ (YUU 1995:19); < atauciq-taar2ataucitun like one; simultaneously; in unison #inflected form serving as adverbial particle;< atauciq-equalis
atauciuqaqe- to act on one at a time # used in thesubordinative; atauciuqaqluteng ‘(they) acting
one at a time; atauciuqaqaluki ‘acting on thematauciqerrnaq — at’e-

one at a time’ / Atauciuqaqluki ungungssinek
yaqulegnek-llu menuilngurnek tegutuq,
ekuagiluni-llu cikiutekluki Agayutmun. ‘One ata time he took the animals and birds that were
without blemish, and made burnt offerings
giving them to God.’ (AGAG. 8:20); < atauciq-uqaqeatawa benefit; goodness # and atawa- to bebeneficial # atawauguq ‘it is beneficial, it is a
blessing; he is perfect’; . . . nangtequmavilqa
man’a necuallerqa unilluku atawauyalria . . .
‘. . . it would be a good idea for me to leave mylittle house that I have been sick in . . .’ (QUL
2003:188); Una ta¥gken anglanaicaaqluni
wangkuta tangllemte÷i, aturluku iqua
tekiciiqerput atawanaqluni anglananruluni-ll’.
‘Though this (way of life) doesn’t appear to be
any fun at all, when we go through it and areat its end, we will see that it is better and morejoyous.’ (QUL 2003:346); > atawaqaratawaqar- to be fortunate; to be blessed #atawaqertuq ‘he is blessed’; atawaqaraa(or atawaqercetaa) ‘he blessed him, madehim fortunate’ / atawaqaa! ‘bless you!’;
Atawaqaasqilriit elpenek atawaqerceciiqanka,
aniqlaasteten-llu aniqlaaluki. ‘I will bless those
who bless you, and curse those who curseyou.’ (AYAG. 12:3); Atawaqertut ellmeggnek
picalquqenrilnguut, pikngamegteggu qiliim
angayukauvia. ‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, fortheirs is the kingdom of heaven.’ (MATT. 5:3);< atawa-qar-; > atawaqaun
atawaqaun blessing # Atawaqerciiqamken atren-llu
angelriarurtelluku, atawaqautngurrniartuten. ‘Iwill bless you and make your name great, so thatyou will be a blessing.’ (AYAG. 12:2); <atawaqar-un
at’ayagglugaq waterproof sealskin hipboot for
women # NUN
at’e- to put on clothing; to don # at’uq ‘he isputting something on’; ataa ‘he is putting it
on’ / ac’amiku ‘when he put it on’; ac’etaa‘he is having her put something on’; ac’ugaa‘he wants to put it on’; all’uku ‘putting it on’;
apailegpegu ‘before you put it on’; aqaarluku(or at’erraarluku) ‘after putting it on’; arqai ‘heis putting them on one after another’; as’arrluku‘slipping it on’; asngaitaa or ayngaitaa ‘he
won’t put it on’; atnia ‘he says she put it on’;149

ategtu- — aterpagte-

Bases

At’elliniluku tauna tua-i qavciim imna amia. Tua-i
qavciurrluni tuani. ‘He put that on, that wolverine
skin. So he became a wolverine then and there.’(ELL 1997:92); > ac’eci-, ac’inqigte-, as’arcaraq,
as’un, at’arrlugaq; cf. atallgaq, atasuak, atkuk,
atmak; < PE at0ategtu- to be deep # of a net; ategtuuq ‘it (net) is
deep’ / < PE at0tu- (under PE at(0)-); < ?-tu-;
cf. atatekngui- to tell stories, illustrating them with astory knife # ateknguiguq ‘she is telling stories
using a story knife’ / NSU; < ?-uaq-li2-;> atknguin
ateknguin story knife # NSU; = atiknguin;< atekngui-n
atekuk parka # NSU; = ateguk, atkuk; < PE at0k0
and at0ku!
atellgun one having the same name; name-sharer# usually people stand in this relationship if they
were named after the same deceased person; nulirqa
tallimanek atellgutengqertuq nunamini ‘my wife
has five people in her village who have the same
name as she’; anngan atellgutkaqa ‘your brotheris my name-sharer’; atellguten ‘one whose nameis the same as yours’; < ateq-llgun
atemkar- to put a small load in one’s pack; to carry asmall load on one’s back # < atmag-qaratempag- to put a heavy load in one’s pack; to carrya heavy load on one’s back # atempagtuq ‘he iscarrying a heavy load’; atempagaa ‘he is carrying
it’ which is heavy ‘/ < atmag-pag2ateq name; the person after whom one (thepossessor) is named # atqa ‘my name’ or ‘theperson who I was named after’; atren tuqullruuq
yuurpailegma ‘the person after whom you werenamed died before I was born’; atengqertuq
Mecaq’amek ‘he has the name Mecaq’aq’;
kituuga atren? ‘who are you?’, ‘what is yourname?’ literally: ‘who was the person after
whom you were named?’; Kayungiaraam atra
taluyinaurtuq . . . ‘the person after whom (presently
alive) Kayungiar is named (that is, the deceased
Kayungiar) would make fish traps . . .’ (KIP
1998:127); Aaniin-llu piluku ilungaqniluku taunaatra-llu elliin elilluku cunaw’ Puyuullinilria. ‘Her
mother told her that she was her cousin and shelearned that her name was Puyuq.’ (ELN 1990:30);
Avani ciuqvani kiingan yugcetun atengqellruut.
Kass’atun atrunateng. Agayulirtet acillermegteki,

ataita atritnek iqulirluki pillruit. ‘Back then they
had only Yup’ik names. They didn’t have English
names. When the priests named them, they put
their father’s names at the end (as last names).’(YUU 1995:29); Caqerluni taukuni nunani
Ayikatarmiuni, angalkurtangqellrulliniuq,
aterluni “Aqsarpagmek”. ‘Once in that village
Ayikatarmiut there was a shaman with the name
“Aqsarpak”.’ (YUU 1995:88); > acir-, aciurta,
atellgun, aterpagte-, atrilnguq; < PE at03
ater- to get down from something; to go down #atertuq ‘he is getting down’ / aterluni ‘getting
down’; Nutaan-llu kasnguyukarngami taum atiin
kalngaucaqniu qagken, una kwan’ Nuni¥gar
tangerrngamiu aterluni cakma¥get Nash
Harbor-armiunun yuullinia tauna panini. ‘Outof shame, her father took her away from thevillage, and when he saw Nuniwar he went down
and dropped his daughter off at the village ofNash Harbor.’ (WHE 2000:198); NUN, NS, EG;> aternir-, atertaar-, atrar-; cf. at-, aterte-, Atneq;< PY at03- (under PE at(0)-)
atercete-, aterceta’arte- to fish with a driftnet# atercetuq ‘he is driftnetting’ / Aatii
atercetaararaqluni ketmeggni ivrarturluni.
‘Her father fished with a driftnet wading in thewater below where they were.’ (ELN 1990:22);
Atercetararaqluteng, angyam kinguanun kuvya
iqairissuulvagmun assigtallni piluku, tua-illu aterceta’arqataami cavescirluni civvluku
kuvya. Akiqvaaraanun kuigem piluni ciunga
angyam agaatmun caulluku. Cavesta-llu
cavngan civvluku kuvya, . . . Tua-i-llu cav’urluni
aterqurluni uatmun. ‘When they fished with adriftnet, he kept the net in a big tub in the stern ofthe boat, and when he readied the net for driftinghe’d have someone row as he fed out the net.
He’d face the front of the boat toward the far sideof the river. And, he fed out the net when therower rowed, . . . And he kept rowing as the boat
drifted downstream.’ (PRA 1995*:461); < atertecete1-, aterte-cete1-ar(ar)te1aternir- to blow from shore out to sea # of wind;impersonal subject verb; aternirtuq ‘there is a windblowing out to sea’ / NUN; < ater-neq1-ir-1
aterpagte- to address by name; to mention byname # aterpagtaa ‘she addressed him by name’/ Tamarmeng niitaat, aterpagtaa camna uini,
aterpaggluku apalluqluku. ‘They all heard it.

150BasesShe addressed her husband down there by name,mentioning him by name in the lyrics.’ (MAR2
2001:74); < ateq-rpak-?atertaar(aq*) strange drifter (person) # NUN
atertaar- jump rope # atertaartuq ‘she is jumping
rope’ / E. W. Nelson (ESK 1899:337) describes theEskimo game as being very similar to Euro-American
jump-rope; NS; < ater-aaterte- to drift with the current # atertuq or atertaa‘it is drifting with the current’ / Unungraan
carvanermun atertelluteng arulairpek’nateng
qavaryugluteng angyami. ‘Even though it
became night they let themselves drift without
stopping, planning to sleep in the boat.’ (YUU
1990:100); > atercete-; cf. ateratgiaq (BB form), atgiiyaq (NUN form) arctic
cod (Gadus macrocephalus) # (or possibly either
saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) or Pacific tomcod(Microgadus proximus); from Aleut atxidax̂
(atxi9aX)
atgite- to be low in height (of an inanimate object) #NUN; see also astu-; < ?-ite1atiknguin story knife # NSU; = ateknguin
atkallaq wild potato (Hedysarum alpinum ?) thatgrows near cliffs # NUN
atkiksaaq pancake # (Scammon Bay and elsewhere?);from English ‘hotcakes’
atkucuar(aq*) shirt # HBC; < atkuk-cuar(aq)atkuk parka # and atkug- to put on a parka #atkugtuq ‘he put on a parka’; atkugaa ‘he put aparka on him’ / especially traditional homemade
fur pullover parka in contrast to a manufactured
or a zippered parka (paltuuk, pal’tuuk, ullirtaaq);
also plural for one parka; atkuunka ‘my parka’ (aswell as atkuka); Tamaani-llu melqulegglainarnek
akluluta. Qerrulligluta atkugluta-llu maqaruanek.
‘Back then we had only fur clothing. We had
pants and parkas of rabbit skin.’ (YUU 1995:27);= ateguk, atekuk; > atkucuar(aq), atkupiaq; cf.
at’e-; < PE at0k0 and at0ku!
atkuliggiiq great gray owl (Strix nebulosa)# a nickname; Piqerluteng iggiayulimek
misngalriamek tangerrluteng. Piqerluni-llu
tangvainanratni acitmun tengqerluni camekllu yaa-i teguleruterraarluni tungulriamek
tengluni tua-i ipluni napanun. Ellii-am tua-ialingyaaqellria unugmi-llu qalriagaqata
atkuliggiggiarluteng niitaqamiki alingelaami-

atertaar(aq*) — atmautaq

llu. ‘One time they saw an owl perched (onsomething). As they were watching, it swooped
downwards, grabbed something black and flew
off disappearing in the woods. She felt scared;
when owls hoot at night and she hears them shewould always be afraid.’ (ELN 1990:71); imitative
atkupiaq Yup’ik fur parka made of ground squirrel,
muskrat or mink pelts with traditional fancy
decorations (such as one style that has a bandacross the chest area and eight tassels hanging
front and back) # < atkuk-piaq
atliq* thing underneath; saucer; cellar; skin scraping
board (additional HBC meaning) # = acliq;> atlirneq; cf. at-, alliq
atliliyaraq addition (in mathematics) # from the way
addition is done with numbers written in a column
with a line under it and the sum at the bottom; #Ta¥gaam makut igat naaqsaurrluki, naaqutet,
nallunrirluku-llu atliliriyaraq. ‘However, theylearned to read these letters, and they got toknow the numbers, and how to do addition.’ (KIP
1998:49); < atliq-li-yaraq
atlirneq sewing-machine bobbin; lead line of fishnet# < atliq-neq4
atmag- to carry on one’s back # and atmak
backpack; knapsack; costume (additional meaning
in HBC) # atmagtuq ‘he is carrying a backpack
or something similar on his back’; atmagaa ‘he iscarrying it on his back’ / atmiutaa qimugteµun‘he is loading it onto the back of the dog’;Maktesciigalami atmani yuuluki tauna iruqa¥g’arluku allanek tulimanek ilaqerluku cali
allamek atmagyaaqelliniluku. ‘Because he couldn’t
stand up he took off his backpack, removed
that leg from it, and put in some other ribs
and sought to carry it on his back again.’ (YUU
1995:92); < PE natma!-; cf. at’e-; > atemkar-,
atempag-, atmagcuun, atmautaq
atmagcuun carrying device; yoke; backpack# mertaneq caperrnaituq atmagcuuterluni‘carrying water isn’t hard with a yoke’; < atmagcuun
atmaliq a particular card game played by four
people # NUN; from Russian jngfh∫hjdfnm(otparírovat’); = atvaliq
Atmaulluaq Atmauthluak # village west of Bethelatmautaq carrying device; yoke; backpack #Maaten piqalliniuq neviarcam uum atmautak
tegulallinikek. ‘All of a sudden he noticed that a151

Atneq — atsiyar-

Basesgirl was holding on to his packing straps.’ (YUU
1995:93); Atmautaqa qacignarquq atmagkiurankallu uqiggenateng. ‘My yoke is easy and myburden is light.’ (MATT. 11:30); < atmag-taq1
Atneq Cape Darby # near Golovin; cf. ateratqataq figure of human hanging inside theellanguaq, a hoop used for special dances #atqesta namesake # atqestii ‘his namesake, the
one named after him’; Nutaan tua-i cakneq
kenkataqellrukunegteggu tuqulleq, tauna atqestii
cikiqanricuunaku. ‘Yes, if they had really loved
the departed, then they would never fail to give
gifts to his/her (the departed person’s) namesake.’(CAU 1985:106); < ateq-ke2-ta1
atrar-, atr(ar)- (in NUN) to go down; to descend #atrartuq (at’ertuq in NUN) ‘he is going down’;atraraa ‘he is going down it’ / atrartaa qulqitmek‘he is taking it down from the shelf’; atrautaa
qullirmek ‘he is bringing it down with him fromthe attic’; atrainanermini or atrarnginanermini‘while he was going down’; < ater-aatrarun hair growth in fore ear; sideburn # NUN
atrilnguq* ring finger # Y, BB; literally: ‘namelessone’; perhaps a calque from the Russian term for thisfinger; < ateq-ite1-nguq
atsaanglluk black currant (Ribes hudsonianum) # K;
< atsaq-?-ngllukatsaarrluk aged mixture of greens and berries # Y;
= acaarrluk; < atsaq-?-rrluk
atsakutak salmonberry (Rubus chahaehorus) leaf andstem # NUN; < atsaq-?
atsalugpiaq cloudberry (locally salmonberry) (Rubus
chamaemorus) # Kinguani taum cali iqvaraqluteng
puckanek imiriluteng atsalugpiarutengluteng.
‘After that they also picked berries filling many
barrels, and they got a supply of salmonberries.’(ELN 1990:30); K, BB, LI, UY, NR; < atsaq-lugpiaq
atsameq wild rose (Rosa aciculari) # < atsaq-?
atsaq berry; fruit; nut; in LY, especially cloudberry(Rubus chamaemorus) # atsaliraa or atsiraa‘she added berries to it’; Ak’a tamaani
atsat mecuitnek, napat-llu qeltaitnek
kepcissuutengqelallruut. ‘Long ago they used
to use berry juice and tree bark for dyes.’ (YUU
1995:60); Iliini kiagmi atsam nalliini qavavet
ayalliuq . . . ‘One time in the summer during
berry season he went upriver . . .’ (MAR2
2001:71); PE < atya3; > atsaarluk, atsakutak,

atsalugpiaq, atsameq, atsarpak, atsarpiaq,
atsaruaq, atsayagaq, atsiuraq, atsiyaratsarpak apple; orange; any other large fruit or nut# Yaani-llu qiurpaungalngurnek atsarpagnek
tangrrami ullagluki, agturluki, naspaayung’ermillu alingami uitaluni. Makunek-llu kavirlinek cali
atsarpaullinilrianek tangerrluni. ‘When she saw
fruit that were like large blueberries over there
she went over to them and touched them, andalthough she wanted to try them she was afraid
and refrained. She also saw what was apparently
a red apple.’ (ELN 1990:113); < atsaq-rpak
atsarpiaq cloudberry (locally salmonberry) (Rubus
chamaemorus) # . . . akutelliniluni assircaararluku
neqniringnaqluku, atsarpianek-llu qivirluku.
‘. . . she made Eskimo ice cream with great care,trying to make it tasty, adding in salmonberries.’(MAR1 2001:6); LY < atsaq-pik2
atsarrluk tall plant with many smooth, rather
thin, alternate leaves and berries on a long
stem, which grows on grassy areas, possibly“watermelon-berry” (Streptopus amplexifolius) #NUN
atsaruaq false chamomile; pineapple weed
(Matricaria matricarioides) # the state of the flowersof these plants serves as an indication of whencloudberries are ripe; also used for medicinal tea;
< atsaq-uaq
atsayagaq* raisin; dried currant; any small fruit #< atsaq-ya(g)aq
atsiuraq mixture of berries and other ingredientssuch as sugar, fish eggs, flour, and seal oil,cooked to the consistency of thin pudding # Ilain
atsiurisqelluku piatni aaniit qiulegmek atsiuriluni.
‘When her siblings asked her to make berry
pudding, her mother made berry pudding withblueberries.’ (ELN 1990:43); < atsaq-liur-aq1
atsiyar- to go on a berry-picking trip, usually ofseveral days’ duration # atsiyartut ‘they aretaking a berry-picking trip’ / Tua-i atsiyarluta. . . .
Atsat-gguq nautukiitnun. Pelatekiurluteng arnat
tua-i. Kuuliarkanek-ll’ imkunek ciamruulkunek
ayaulluteng, . . . Equgtaitelartuq tamatum
atsiyarviit tungiit. ‘We began our berry-picking
journey. . . . They say it was a place where
salmonberries grew in abundance. The women
began putting up the tent. They had broughtsome wood for tent stakes, . . . The area where
they went to harvest berries usually didn’t have152

Basesany wood.’ (AGA 1996:176); Kiagumainanranillu atsalugpiat pingata iqvarluteng, ilait-llu
yuut atsiyaraluteng. ‘During the summer whensalmonberries are ripe, they pick them, and somepeople go on berry-picking trips moving from place
to place.’ (PRA 1995*:461); < atsaq-li2-yaratunem matching; mutually; complementary;conforming to # adverbial particle; atunem
angtatekliullukek ‘make them the same size’;
Tua-i, waten ta¥gaam qanqauqurluni atunem
aipaqelriik pikunek tua-i nallunrilullutek. ‘If acouple would communicate with each other, eachwould know the other’s whereabouts.’ (QUL
2003:258); Ta¥gaam tuaten ayuqevkenatengpilangermeng cayarait ilait atunem aturluku
ayuqluki. ‘However, even though they did
have customs that were different, some arefollowed mutually in the same way.’ (CAU
1985:59); Qamkunek kiaqlimeggnek uksurqan
inglungqerrluteng kevgirtaagulluteng
pilalliniameng, atunem qamkut-llu aqvaaqluki,
qamkut-llu ellaita aqvaaqluki. ‘When it was
winter, they had those upriver people as theirrival team when they had the “inviting in” feast,and vice-versa the upriver people would comeget them, and they’d go get the upriver people.’(MAR2 2001:35); cf. pegnem and tanem forsimilarly ending particles; < PE atun0m
atungaq sole of foot; sole of boot or shoe #atungarkaq ‘boot sole material’; NUN; = alu; cf.
atatuq useful thing # and atur- to use; to wear; to sing;
to follow tracks, rules, but not people or animals #aturtuq ‘he is using something; he is singing’;
aturaa ‘he is using, following, wearing, or
singing it’ / atuuguq ‘it is a useful thing’; atuutaa‘he is singing for him’; mellgarani aturluku
caliuq ‘he is working with his curved knife’;pisqutet aturki! ‘follow the rules!’; aturnirquq
or atuyunarquq ‘it is good to use, wear or sing’;
atullra ‘its use’ or ‘the thing he used’ or ‘the song
he sang’; tumet aturluki ayagtut ‘the hunters
are following the tracks’; aturarkaq or atu’urkaq‘something to be used, worn, followed, or sung’;
pikestengqengraan nuna allat aturyugngakiit‘easement’ (legal neologism); “Elnguuq, kitak
ata aturpakalriaten nepengyarceskevkut tang.”. . . “Wii-qaa? Atuqsaitua. Mikellaq ta¥gaam
niitellruaqa aturpallrani.” ‘“Elnguq, see hear,because you were singing out loud you attracted

atunem — a¥g’ar-bears to us with your noise.” . . . “Me? I haven’t
been singing. However, I did hear Mikellaq
when she was singing out loud.”’ (ELN 1990:19);
Urluvni imkut ullagluki tegullii arulliut equut,
cakaunrirluteng atusunairulluteng. ‘Going
over to his bow and arrows he picked themup and the wood had rotted, was no longer
serviceable, no longer useable.’ (MAR1 2001:92);
Cali tamaani nuliangaqameng umyuatengaturluki piyuitellruut. Angayuqaita ta¥gaam
nulirturcet’lallruit. Angayuqameggnek
niisngaircirteng aturluku tuaten pilallruut.
‘Also, in those days when young men wanted
to get wives they didn’t act following their own
inclinations. Rather their parents chose wives forthem. Since they had heeded their parents wishes.’(YUU 1995:34); Kuigteng tamana aturluku
anelralliuq . . . ‘He went downriver followingthat river of theirs.’ (MAR1 2001:92); > aturaq,
aturcetaaq, aturnirqe-, atusaaq, atuyunarqe-,
atuun; cf. aturrlugaq; < PE atu3aturaq article of clothing; garment # Qungum-llu
yaatiinun keneq kumarrluku aturai ekualuki.
‘And over from the grave they lit a fire andburned (the dead person’s) clothing.’ (YUU
1995:42); <atur-aq1
aturcetaaq musical instrument; phonograph; radio #also plural for one device; < atur-cetaaq
aturrlugaq* sling used to throw stones # NUN cf.
aturatusaaq musical instrument; phonograph; radio #NS; < atuq-?
atuun song; useful thing # < PE atu(3)un (under PE
atu3-); < atur-n
atvaliq a particular card game played byfour people # from Russian jngfhb́hjdfnm(otparírovat’); = atmaliq
au- to supplement; to have bread along with
one’s tea or coffee # auguq ‘he is having breadwith tea’; augaa ‘he is adding something toit’ / mermek auluku ‘adding water to it’;Nernginanrani-llu assalianek ellii, Melnguq
tupagluni, aaniit-llu kuuvviarcelluku auluku
assalianek. ‘While she was eating griddlecakes
Melnguq woke up and their mother let him havesome coffee supplementing it with griddlecakes.’(ELN 1990:75-76); = avu; > aukaq; < PE avua¥g’ar- to come off; to remove; to take away #a¥g’artuq ‘it is coming off’; a¥g’araa ‘he is153

a¥g’arissuun — augtur-

Bases

removing it’ / a¥g’arru ‘remove it, take it
away!’; a¥gaa! or a¥g’a! ‘get out of the way!’;
Erurraarluki-llu mermek imirluki, keligluki,
qalliit qamkut-llu iluqliit a¥g’arluki. ‘Afterwashing them, fill them with water, scrape
their outer parts and remove their inner
lining of it.’ (YUU 1995:60); pitengqerrana¥g’aqerluku ‘excused’ (neologism, legal termfrom Alexie et al. (1990)); the following are
Catholic neologisms): a¥g’arcuutii nangtequtekat‘indulgence’; a¥g’arcuutii iliin nangtequtekat‘partial indulgence’ a¥g’arcuutii tamalkuan
nangtekutekat ‘plenary indulgence’; = agugar-; <a¥gna-?; > a¥g’arissuun, a¥g’arite-, a¥g’ariyaraq;< PE av(v)a3i3a¥g’arissuun something used for removing things;
eraser; stain remover # < a¥g’ar-i2-cuuna¥g’arite- to forgive; to pardon; to ritually shakehands and kiss on cheeks in Russian Orthodox
Church # a¥g’arituq ‘he forgave’; a¥g’aritaa ‘heforgave him’ / assiilngumte÷ek-llu a¥g’ariskut,
wangkutnun assiilngilriit a¥g’aritelaucimcetun‘forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin
against us’ (Moravian Protestant YUA 1945:41 andLIT 1972:20); < a¥g’ar-i2-te5a¥g’ariyaraq subtraction # < a¥g’ar-i2-yaraq
augglir- to be bloodstained # augglirtuq ‘it isbloodstained’ / < auk-rrluk-ir1A¥gkumiut plural Kuskokwim people, from thepoint of view of NS # < a¥gna-miu
a¥gna, augna (in NSU) the extended one over there;
the one going away # extended demonstrative
pronoun; a¥g’um ‘of the one there or going away’;a¥gkut (also spelled awkut) ‘those over there orgoing away’; a¥gna anngaqaqa, ukna iluraqaqa‘the one going away is my older brother, theone coming is my cousin’; a¥guulluuq ‘it wasthat one (going away)’; Tua-i tuar ayaumalriit,a¥gna-llu nuna nel’ilria kiturluku, cunaw’
Uksiyaraullinilria. ‘It was as if while they weretraveling for a long time, they went past that(one we’ve gone away from) village with lots ofhouses, and it turned out that it was Uskiyaraq.’(ELN 1990:111); Qanemcitnaamken niitellemneka¥g’umek Neqyacagarmek pilallratnek. ‘Letme tell you about that one (who is not here, who
was encountered in some way previously) which
I heard about the one they call Neqyacagaq.’(YUU 1995:15); Awkut-llu (a¥gkut-llu) ciuliaput

cayarangqellruut ukverluteng-llu canun. ‘Those
ones (who have passed on), our ancestors, hadcustoms and believed in certain things.’ (CAU
1985:9); A¥guungacaaqelliniuq. ‘It seems to be that
aforementioned one, or person of thing seen before.’(YUP 2005:78); see ava(ni), the corresponding
demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < dem PE av-; > a¥g’ar-, agugar-,A¥gkumiut; cf. avi-, avaliq
augqe- to vomit blood # NUN; < auk-?
augtaar(aq*) red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicaria); redknot (Calidris canutus) #; = augtaar(aq); < auk-?ar(aq)a¥gtar- emotional root; > a¥gtaqe-, a¥gtarnarqe-,a¥gtaryug-; < PY a!wta3a¥gtaqe- to feel hesitant about acting toward; tofeel inhibited by; to feel uncomfortable becauseof # a¥gtaqaa ‘he feels hesitant about acting
toward it, feels inhibited by her or it, feels
uncomfortable with her because of what she
has done’/ a¥gtaqaqa kevgullerkaa imartulriim
ervigissuutem ‘I feel incapable of lifting the fullwashtub’; Nutaan tua-i waniwa tuquniluten
niiskunegteggen camkut curugtektukemta
nutaan tua-i waniw’ a¥gtaqevkenata
nangyarturluta ullagciqkaitkut. ‘When the ones
down there that come around to attack us hearthat you have died, they will come and wipe
us out without being inhibited toward us.’ (QUL
2001:684); <a¥gtar-ke4a¥gtarnarqe- to be inhibiting # a¥gtarnarquq ‘it isinhibiting’ / a¥gtar-narqea¥gtaryug- to feel inhibited # a¥gtaryugtuq ‘he feels
inhibited’/ a¥gtar-yugaugtuar(aq*) red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicaria);
red knot (Calidris canutus) # NUN, HBC; =augtaar(aq); < auk-?-ar(aq)augtur- to take communion (Russian Orthodox term,
basically) # literally: ‘partake of blood’; augturtuq‘he is taking communion’ / augturcuun taqmak‘communion dress’; Taringnarcautekluku
imna augturyaraq makuni ilaitni agayumacini.
Iciw’ augtuqarraarpailegmeng yun’erraat
elicalalriit agayumacim alerquutainek, tua-i-llu
elicamegteki pinariameng nutaan augturluteng,taqnertun tua-i ilaucugngariluteng. ‘For someof these Christians it helps one learn about
taking communion. You know, before they takecommunion for the first time young people

154

Basesauguqsuliq — auqiir-(euphemistic) # aulukaa ‘he is taking care ofher’ / aulukuq ellminek ‘he is taking careof himself’; Aulukestengqerturngaitniluku
yuullrani ellminek cali-llu makut uilingiataat
ayuqnialarniluki calirpagturluteng-llu
ellmeggnek aulukengnaqaqameng. ‘(They)
said that she wouldn’t always have someone
to look after her when she was living on herown, and also (they) said that spinsters weregenerally poor and worked very hard when
they tried to care for themselves.’ (ELN 1990:76);“Nulirqutek-qaa agtuucuunatek?” “Qaillun?”“Ayuqucirturciqamken.” “Qaillun?” Ullagaa
nukalpiam nem qaingani. Ayumian-tang uum
aulukekiliu. Aren qanrutaa pegcamiu, “Uintekiskan ayuqucirtuqiu waten pisqelluten.
Irniangciqutek,” ‘“You two are husband andwife without any physical contact?” “How?”“I’ll demonstrate to you.” “How?” The young
man went to her on the top of the house. And
then and there he did it to her. When he released
her he said to her, “When your husband arrives
show him like I’ve instructed you. You2 will
get children.”’ (MAR2 2001:97); the following
are neologism and other legal terms: aulukiyaraq‘custody’; allakaukevkenaku aulukarkauluku‘justice’; ellmeggnek auluksugngaluteng‘independent’; pinritevkenani auluknarqellria(e.g., akiilngut, picurlautet, allat-llu) ‘liability’;> aulukaaq; < PY a(C)uluk0aumaq, aumak ember; glowing coal; jade or othercolorful stone (NUN additional meaning) #> aumarngalnguq; < PE a(C)uma3
aumarngalnguq dark red thing; maroon thing; dark
bead with white inside; ruby stone # NUN;
< aumaq-ngalnguq
aunrar- to bleed # aunrartuq ‘it is bleeding’;aunraraa ‘it is bleeding on it’ / Tauna-llu
kilineni aunraan alingallagluteng uterrluteng
aunranriryuumiilan, arturyagucami-llu alqiit.
‘Because that wound of hers was bleeding, they
got very scared and went home since it wouldn’t
stop bleeding and their oldest sister couldn’t bear
it anymore.’ (ELN 1990:9); aunranrirciiganani,aunrarpagluni ‘hemorrhaging’; < auk-?; < PE
a9un(0)3a3- (under PE a9u!)
auqiir- to gather scraps of wood # auqiirtuq ‘heis gathering scraps of wood’ / Caqerluteng
unuakumi makyutarraarluteng aanateng alqiita
pia, aaniita auqiiresqellruateng, “Ce÷’armun

study the Christian commandments, and when
they learn them, they become ready then to
take communion, they’ve become more able toparticipate like an adult.’ (CAU 1985:212); K;< auk-tur2auguqsuliq alder (Alnus sinuata) # < auk-?
augurte- to get bloody # augurtuq ‘it is getting
bloody’; augurtaa ‘he is getting it bloody’ /< auk-urteaugyaq dark mole on the skin # < PE a9u!ya3(under PE a9u!); < auk-yaq
auk blood # auga ‘its or his blood’; auguuq ‘itis blood’; Nutaan ullircamegteggu augutnek
caqussayugnek piluteng auga caqulliniluku.
Tamakunek-gguq qayat tamarmeng
pingqetullruut auget assigtarkaitnek. ‘Afterthey cut it open they drain its blood into blood
containers. Every kayak has vessels for the
blood (of caught sea mammals).’ (YUU 1995:22);
augglugmek avuluni ‘being a bloody liquid’;
the following are medical neologisms: augem
nutngallran cuqii ‘blood pressure’; auga
quyigluni ‘hypertension’; > augglir-, augqe-,
augtuar(aq), augtur-, auguqsuliq, augurte-,augyaq, aulir-, aulquq, aunrar-; < PE a9u!
aukaq crackers or bread eaten when one isdrinking tea or coffee # Tua-i-llu yuurqamek
angayuqaagket taukut irniatek aukanek
masslirraarluki, saarralamek-llu kanverraarluki
avqukcaarluki cikirluki. ‘When their parents
drank tea, they gave their children bread after
putting butter on it, sprinkling sugar on it, anddividing it up.’ (ELN 1990:5); = avukaq; < au-kaq
aulir- to contain a lot of blood; to put blood in #aulirtuq ‘it has a lot of blood’; auliraa ‘he put
blood in it’ / < auk-liraullu, aullu-wa-i careful!; watch out!; don’t eventhink of it! # exclamatory particle; aullu! kaminiaq
uuqnarquq ‘watch out! the stove is hot’;
Aulluulliniuq tauna Qilagtam Atra. ‘That one,the late Qalagtaq, was quite a character.’ (CIU
2005:30); > aullutarr’u; = naullu-wa-i
aullutarr’u be careful of it/him!; watch out for it /him! # particle < aullu-?-optative
aulquq cooked meat # < auk-quq
aulukaaq ward; foster child; stepchild # < auluke?-aq1
auluke- to watch; to care for; to tend; to havesexual intercourse with (man to woman)155auqumiar(ar)- — avaliqe-

Basesauqiiryaqatartukut, tamaani amllernek auqiirkanek
muragnek tangaalartukut aquigaqamta.”
Elnguq-llu ilagaulluni. “Wii-llu auqiirciqua
malikluki.” ‘One time in the morning after they
had breakfast, their sister said to their mother,because their mother had told them to gather
small pieces of wood, “We’re going to go gather
wood; we always see lots of wood to gather when
we play there.” Elnguq joined in, “I’ll go gather
wood with them.”’ (ELN 1990:17–18); < aur-?
auqumiar(ar)- to crawl # NUN; cf. aurreauquyugte- to sneak up on something while in a
crouching position # NUN; cf. aurreaur- to gather; to collect bit by bit # aurtuq ‘he isgathering things’; aurai ‘he is gathering them’/ Tua-i-llu aaniita aurraarluki enret alqiitnun
tunluki. “Ukut unuaqu egcartuqiki elakamun,
qanrulluki amlleriluki taisqelluki.” ‘Then theirmother first gathered the bones and then gavethem to their older sister, saying, “Tomorrow go
throw these into the water hole in the ice, tellingthem to come again in greater numbers.”’ (ELN
1990:5); = avur-; < PY-S avu3-; > auqiiraurneq vapor, especially vapor rising from a
relatively warm, damp object in the cold #traditionally, the whitish vapor in the cold wasconsidered to be the breath of the dead; uksumi
aurneq anuqem cupellrua kianermek ‘in thewinter the wind blew the vapor from the open
hole in the ice’; Tua-i-llu-gguq amiigmek,
man’a aurneq akagluni itqili. Nem ilua uivluku
avatiikun, tekillukek-llu. Kumlatpiarluni. Tuargguq elliini cikumun agtuutellria. ‘Then, fromthe door this vapor rolled in. It rolled all aroundinside the house, and then got to them2. It wasvery cold. To him it was like the touch of ice.’(YUU 1995:5); < ?-neq1
aurraar(ar)- to begin to crawl # of a baby; aurraartuq‘he is beginning to crawl’ / aurraarallruuq ‘hebegan to crawl’; < aurre-?-ar(ar)aurrar- to crawl # NSU; < PE a9u3-; = aurreaurre-, aurrur- to crawl # aurruq ‘he is crawling’;aurraa ‘he is crawling across it’ / irniara
aurrsaurtuq ‘her child has learned to crawl’;Anlliuq aurrluni agaa-i, augmek tepervagluni.
Tua-i-ll’ ena tauna tekicamiu aurrluni egalrakun
mayurluni tayima kanaqalliniluni. ‘It crawled
outside over there, with its mouth smeared withblood. And then it crawled up on it, and thenwent head first down through the window.’(CAM 1983:322); = aurre-; > aurraar(ar)-,aurrmar-; cf. auqumiar(ar)-, auquyugte-; < PEa9u3aurrmar- to crawl # < aurre-maravair- for the sky to be clear and cloudless; to wipe
clean (in EG) # avairtuq ‘it is clear’ / avainguq‘it is beginning to clear up’; Anucani pilliniuq
ella tua-i tanqigce÷ani, avairluni quunirluni,
nunaniqluni cakneq. ‘When she brought him out
he saw that the sky was bright, clear and calm,and very beautiful.’ (YUU 1995:98); < ?-ir2-; < PE
av(v)a3i3avaknir- for there to be a westerly wind # <ava(ni)-?avaliite- to be lacking something # avaliituq‘he lacks something’ / akinek avaliilami
kiputesciigataa ‘he couldn’t buy it because hedidn’t have any money with him’; Waniwa tua-icamek avaliinani, ta¥gaam tua-i neqa’arnek calillu espickaarnek, kenrrarnek-wa avalirluni. ‘Now
he lacked nearly everything, but he did have a bitof food, matches, and fire stuff available.’ (KIP
1998:7); < avaliq-ite1avalin reason; justification; excuse; alibi # Kitak
at’ ernerpak assircaarluten erningnaqkina.
Ilaten navguangnaqevkenaki. Cali-llu
avalitngungnaqevkenak calrianun. ‘Okay, try to begood throughout the day. Try not to upset yourfellow people. And try not to be a target of blame
for the acts of others.’ (QUL 2001:328); < avaliq-n
avalingqerr- to have something on hand #avalingqertuq ‘he has something’ / akinek
avalingqertua ‘I have some money with me’;ellirarmek avalingqertuq ‘he has an orphan in his
care’; < avaliq-ngqerravaliq thing that one has with him, or on hand;foster child # A¥gkut Yupiit yuullermeggni
yuullruut arenqiallugun aturpek’naku
avaliqevkenaku, tua-i nutem yuuciqngamegteggu.
‘Those old-time Yup’ik people in their lifetimes
lived without distress, free of it, and that wascharacteristic of their lives.’ (CIU 2005:170): < PEavali3-; > avaliite-, avalin, avalingqerr-, avaliqe-,
avalissaq, avaliugarkaunrilnguut; cf. a¥gna,
avani
avaliqe- to watch; to have (it) at hand; to take careof (it) # avaliqaa ‘he has it at hand’, ‘he is taking
care of it’ / Amllertut wiinga pinka; elpet piten

156

Basesavaliqiki. ‘I have enough; keep what you have foryourself.’ (AYAG. 33:9); < avaliq-ke2avalissaq, avalissaun reason; cause; justification;excuse # irniani avalissaqluku ayagyunrituq‘having her child as an excuse, she doesn’twant to go’; Tengruluteng nallunrilkengateng,yuullermeggni calteng, piluaqaasqutetengllu tuvqakutekluki qanrutkellruit
elitnauranun. Camek avalissa’arpek’nateng, cali
akingellerkameeggnek umyuarteqevkenateng.
‘Enthusiastically they generously shared,
telling the students what they knew, what had
happened in their lifetimes, their formulas for
success. All this without any reservations ormonetary considerations.’ (KIP 1998:iii);< avaliq-?, avalissaq-n

avalissaq — avaqutarkartaqutaqainanermini umyuarteqengluni qaill’ nunaangtacianek, nunam ngelii avani tangvagluku,
ellait-llu kiimeng yuuyukluteng. ‘And since she
was little, the dear little one had became awareof things very recently, she began to think of
how big the land was, and, seeing the horizon
extending out over there, she thought that theyalone were the only people in existence.’ (ELN
1990:9); avani ciuqvani ‘back in the old days’;
the v in this word sounds like English “w” even for
HBC, because it is in fact an intervocalic ungeminated¥g. HBC writers may to use ¥g in their spelling; seea¥gna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > avaknir-,avallakar-, avatmun, avate–; cf. avi-, avaliq;< dem. PE avavankuq son # HBC; cf. avaqutaq, avayaq
avallakar- to fall on the side # < ava(ni)-llag-qaravaq cyst # < PE av9a31
avaqutaq son # a special vocative form, avaqutaa(often as avaqutaa-ata) ‘my son’, is used sometimes
in stories even in some areas where rather thanavaqutaq is not (now) used for ‘son’ and is therefore
sometimes explained in the story; Atiin taum,
nutaan atapiaran pillinia, avaqutaminek piluku,“Avaqutaa, kitaki, ernerpak qaillun ayuqluni
unani imarpigmi pillerpenek qanemciqaa.” ‘His
father, that is, his biological father, said to him,
calling him his “avaqutaq”, “My son, please tellme what you did and how it was down there
on the ocean today.”’ (QAN 1995:22); Piqerlunita¥ga-ll’ ati’ ikn’ qanlliniuq: “Avaqutaa-ata,
allaneten, aliayugcitevkenaki! . . .” ‘Just then his
father spoke from across there: “My son, takeaway the sadness of your visitors. . . .”’ (CEV
1984:85); Nernermek taq’ercamek atiin im’
qetunrani tauna tuqlullinia. Tamaani qetunratengavaqutameggnek pitullrulliniamegteki ciuqvaat.
“Avaqutaa-ata uitavkenak, qagken muragamek
aqvalluten net elatiitnek maqivkarkut.” ‘When
they got through eating, his father called hisson. A long time ago the people of those days
used to call their sons “avaqutaq”. “My son, be
active and go get some wood from the outside of
the houses out there and prepare a fire bath forus.”’ (QUL 2003:274); NUN, HBC, UK, EG (andelsewhere in stories as explained); > avaqutarkartaq;
cf. avankuq, avayaq; < PY avaqutaq
avaqutarkartaq adopted son # NUN; < avaqutaqkaq-?

avalitaq stringer above ribs of kayak # NUN

avaliugarkaunrilnguq* contraband item # < avaliqu-arkau-nrite-nguq
avamiqaq tusk socket in walrus jaw # > avamiqiuravamiqiur- to chop walrus tusks from skull #< avamiqaq-liur-avan area around (positional base); one of a pair oftassels on the sides of the piece of calfskin in the
middle of a tradional Yup’ik parka # see avate–avangcaq mask # Avangcamek tang a¥g’umekatellria tangkuraqallemni. Alingqercaaqlua
murilkaqa. Cetamaungatut a¥gkut ukinretpikani. Avangcarpall’er. ‘While I watched him, he
put on a mask. I watched although I became very
frightened. I think there were four holes up on
top of it. It was a great big mask.’ (AGA 1996:54);
Elitaqamegteki ataam tamakut yuarutetengavangcalirluteng equgnek, caliluki canguanek,
ungungssiruanek, maklaguanek, tunturuanek
ca tamalkuan ungungssiq ayuq’liluku,
avangcirluteng yuraraqluteng angutait
ciisqumiggluteng. ‘Whenever they learned theirsongs they made dance masks of wood, they
made images of mammals, of bearded seals, of
caribou, likenesses of every animal, and usingmasks the men would dance kneeling.’ (MAR1
2001:24); NS, Yava(ni) (a¥ga(ni)) over there; then; in those days
# extended demonstrative adverb avavet ‘to overthere’; avatmun ‘toward over there’; avaken‘from over there’; avaggun ‘through over there’;avani atsartangqertuq ‘there are berries overthere’; Mikngami-llu ellangenrra¥rluami-llu

157

avaryug- — aveg-

Bases

avaryug- to feel uncomfortable about using
someone else’s belongings #avataq bladder float; sealskin float; boat bumper #NS; < PE avata3
avatarpak bladder float; sealskin float; boat bumper# this term, with the postbase for ‘big’, is used inCentral Yup’ik beyond NS; < avataq-rpakavate- to place pressure on the carotid artery; loosely
strangle # avatuq ‘he is pressing on his own
carotid artery in order to pass out’ for allegedly
desirable effects; avataa ‘he is pressing on her
carotid artery / = evateavatae (a¥gatae) area around positional base; oneof a pair of tassels on the sides of the piece ofcalfskin in the middle of a traditional Yup’ik
parka # nanvam avatii ‘the area around the lake’;
qimugtenka uitalartut pelatekam avatiini ‘mydogs stay around the tent’; Net-llu avataitgun
keneq kumarrluku ekuavkalliniit taukut nunat.
‘They lit fires around the houses and burned
the village’ (YUU 1995:19); Tamana tua-i terr’atangnirqeqapiggluni piciatun ayuqenrilngurnek
angtatkenrilngurnek teggalqunek aciluni,
avaterluni-llu. ‘The bottom of the creek wasvery pretty, it, along with the side of the creek
being covered with all sorts of different rocks ofvarious sizes.’ (ELN 1990:18); Napat-wa unku,
yaakariitni-wa nanvarpak avalviluni. ‘Down
below there were some trees and not far from thetrees was an enormous lake with a large border (ofreeds).’ (ELN 1990:35); the v in this word sounds
like English “w”, even for HBC where writers may
prefer to use ¥g in their spelling: Angalkut kankut,
tamalkurrarmeng-ta¥g’, waten pugyarama¥gatiinun uyungluteng. ‘The shamans wereon the floor, all of them around the opening to
the entrance passage, squatting down.’ (CEV
1984:54); < PE avan (avat0); < avani-te3avatmun (a¥gatmun) toward the entire area overthere or to over there # Tua-i avatmun tanglleq
nunapigglainaq a¥gkut-wa ingrit. ‘It looked
like there was only tundra extending to the entire
area over there and there were mountains in the
distance.’ (ELN 1990:45); < ava(ni)-tmun
avaur- to forget; to forget to take (it) with one; toleave (it) behind accidentally # avauraa ‘he forgot
to take it along’ / Tauna nukalpiaq qanlliniluni
caviggani-gguq avaullinia. ‘That young man
spoke and said that he must have forgotten his

knife.’ (MAR1 2001:10); NS, Y, HBC, NUN, CAN,
K; < PY ava(C)u3- > avaurilke-; avaurtaravaurilke- to be unable to get something out of
one’s mind # avaurilkaa ‘he can’t get it out of his
mind’ / < avaur-ite1-ke3avaurtar- to be forgetful # avaurtartuq ‘he isforgetful’ / < avaur-tar1avayacilleq knot in wood # < avayaq-cilleq
avayaq branch; limb of tree; knot in wood (in NUN)
# Qalemaq-llu curuliurluni, ciumek napayagaat
avayaitnek elliiluni, tua-i-llu canegnek, taqngamillu aminek curunek elliiluni. ‘Qalemaq arranged
the sleeping gear, first she put down branchesof little bushes and then grass and when she
was finished she put out the pelts for sleeping.’(ELN 1990:97); Cali nunam naunrainek kiagmi
katurrluki, cat tamalkuan uqvigaat-llu avasait
qungalluki cungagcetellratni uqumek egnirluki.
‘Also in summer they gathered the land plants,
and they put away the first shoots of willows
while they were green and added seal oil asa preservative.’ (MAR1 2001:23); < ?-yaq; >avayacilleq; cf. avankuq, avaqutaq; < PY-S
avayaqavayig- for weather condition or the like tomake easier to see (than before) # Tua-i
ayagiinanrilkumta imumek icuw’ maa-i waten
tangerrnariqerrnertuaqluni yaaqvaarnun pilalria
assiileng’ermi apqemte÷ek avayigiqertaqluni.
‘When we’re traveling and, you know, it happensthat one can see far in the distance even though
it had been bad, that’s when we say it suddenly
becomes “avayig-”’. (QUL 2003:724)
avcellngaq* vole (Microtus sp.); locally, mouse # Y,
NS; = avelngaq; < PE av0l&a3
aveg- to divide in two; to halve # and avek
half; half-dollar; person who is half Native# avegtuq ‘it split in two’; avgaa ‘he divided
in two’ / avgumauq ‘it is divided in two’;avegvingqertuten-qaa saarralamek? ‘do you
have any sugar to spare?’; cikirnga avganek!
‘give me half of it!’; avvgaanek cikillruanga‘he gave me only half of it’; iraluq avegtuq ‘itis the middle of the month, the moon is half
full’; Tua-i taukut aatiita pitani ellirraarluki
piluni imna puckaq kavirliun carayagmunam caarkaitutellrulliniluku kiingan tua-i avga
ellircelluku. ‘After he set down his catch theirfather said that a bear had messed around with158

Basesthe barrel of cranberries and that they were down
to half level.’ (ELN 1990:72); avenrita tallimaingit‘one fifth of them’; > avegteqe-, avegvingqerr-,
avelqurpak, avenqegciyaraq, avgute-; cf. avte-,
aavangtak, avelngaq, avenqiag-, avnguq; < PE
av0!avegteqe- to be emotionally pained; to be bereaved;
to grieve # avegtequq ‘he is bereaved’ / < avekteqe-; derivation semantically unclear to compiler
avegvingqerr- to have enough of something to
be able to spare or share some with others# avegvingqertuq ‘he has enough to spare’/ aramek avegvingqertuq ‘he has ash (formixing with chewing tobacco) enough tospare’; Irniameng-llu aturait avegvingqerraqata
ikniutekaqluki ngelqaqestaitnun. ‘Whenevertheir own children’s clothes could be spared theywould give them away to whoever would fit
them.’ (YUU 1995:52); < aveg-vik-ngqerravelngaq* vole (Microtus sp.); locally, mouse #Kaviarem uum avelngaq pitaqengnaqu’urnauraa.
Avelngaq unuaquaqan makiranaurtuq,
neqkaminek anllercurluni. ‘This fox would
continually try to catch the mouse. Every day
the mouse would dig for his food, hunting forthe tubers of the tall cottongrass plant.’ (KAV
1972:3 & PRA 1995:317); avelngaat neqait ‘tubers
collected by mice and harvested for food bypeople; locally “mouse food(s)” or “mousenuts”’; Ceturrnat tenguit kenirraarluki avelngaat
neqaitnek keniranek avularait. Makut avelngaat
neqait naunraat acilquqait. Elagyaitnek avelngaat
makunek yuut makiralartut. ‘When preparing
tomcods, people would take the livers and cookthem. Then they would add cooked “mousefoods”. These “mouse foods” are plant roots. People
dig them out from the mice’s food caches.’ (YUU
1995:61); K, BB, NR, EG, LI; = avcellngaq; cf.
avek; < PE av0l&a3
avelqurpak lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus) # LI;< avek-?-quq-rpak
avenqegciyaraq division (mathematical) # < aveknqegg-i2-yaraq
avenqiag- to be impatient # cf. avek
avenrir- to lose one’s spirit for life # Alingallaglunigguq pikuni avenrirciquq; tuquqerluni. ‘If it
happens that one becomes terrified [in a certainway], he will lose spirit for life, and drop dead.’(CAU 1985:107); Avenriutengani taum carayiim,

avegteqe- — avirake-

nulirqeqataryaaqellran. ‘The ghost, that person
he had been going to marry, was beginning to
sap the spirit for life out of him.’ (CEV l984:50);< avneq-iravgute- to share with # often, though not always,
referring to chewing tobacco; avgutaa ‘he gave hersome’ / avgusnga! ‘share (tobacco) with me!’;
Kitaki imna nengaugaq tangerquvgu avguskiu.
Nallunailngurmek cama-i taquariutuq. ‘All right,
if you see our son-in-law, give him half (of thisfood). Very likely he has already run out of food.’(YUU 1995:20); < aveg-te5avik door # also plural for one door; Camaggun
pekqangaqluteng, avingqerrsugnaunani-ll’ ugna.
‘And they went outside only through the lower
entrance, for the upper entrance had no door
leading through its covering.’ (CEV1984:30);
HBC; cf. amiik; cf. aviraviqiarcete- to sprain # aviqiarcetaa ‘he sprained it’/ < aviqite-arte-cete1aviqite- to sprain; to get (it) out of joint; to dislocate# . . . tenglugaa iruan kangiakun aviqitelluku‘. . .punched him causing him to get it (his leg)put out of joint at the end of his leg (his hip
socket)’ (AYAG. 32:25)
avir- to brace a log against a door to keep it
shut # Unuakumi-gguq tang qavarraarlutek
tupagyara’angnaqluni tupagnaurtuq, ak’a tayim’tauna arnaq catairutellrullinilria. Amigkunllu-gguq anssaangermi tua-i anesciiganani.
Amigtek avirluku anlalliniluni. ‘It is said that in
the mornings after they2 had slept he’d try towake up early but he would wake up to find thatwoman was already gone. Even though he tried
to open the door to get out he couldn’t. Evidently
when she went out she would tilt a log against
the door to keep it closed.’ (KIP 1998:347); cf. avik,
aviraunavira- (a¥gira-) emotional root; the v here sounds like
English “w”, even for HBC, where writers may prefer
to use ¥g in their spelling; > avirake-, aviranarqe-,
avirayug-, aviraun; cf. a¥gna, avani; < PE av9i3(under PE av9a32)
avirake- (a¥girake-) to not want (him or it)
around one # avirakaa ‘he doesn’t want her or
it around him’/ Avirakeksaunaku aturtuarqiu,
yuumaqaqsaunaku-llu. Nanikuaqaquvtek cam
iliini aturciqertek. ‘Carry it all the time without
being bothered by it, and don’t take it off. You will159

aviranarqe- — aviukaq

Bases

use it some day when you need help.’ (QUL
2003:404); < avira-ke4aviranarqe- (a¥giranarqe-) to such that one
doesn’t want him or it around # aviranarquq‘it is something that one doesn’t want around,it causes discomfort’ / Tekicami nererraarluni,taum elautellran nalliinun qeterrluni
encinerciaralliniuq. Qetercan tauna arnaq
piciqaangaalliniuq. Tua-ll’ tauna uinga pilliniuq,“Ca-mi pamna aviranarqa?” ‘After he returnedand ate he leaned against the spot where she hadburied [the boy] and let his food settle. As heleaned back the woman was filled with dread.
Her husband said, “What is it then, behindme that makes one feel uncomfortable?”’ (YUU
1995:127); < avira-narqe
avirayug- (a¥girayug-) to not want somethingaround # avirayugtuq ‘he doesn’t wantsomething around’ /< avira-yugaviraun (a¥giraun) obstacle; hindrance # andaviraute- (a¥giraute-) to be in the way # #avirautuq ‘he or it is in the way, blocking theway’ / aviraupiiqnak! ‘stop being in the way!’ /murak una avirautnguuq ‘this log is in the way’;< avira-?-n; < avira-?-te5avirli- to make clanging and banging noises as one
is doing something # NUN; < avirlur-li2avirluqutaq bell # < avirlur-kutaq
avirlullag- to clang; to clatter # avirlullagtuq ‘itmade a clattering sound’ / Kaugtuayuunatengllu wall’u eqiuyuunateng nakaciuraqameng.
Neplillagallerkaq avirlullagallerkaq-llu
inerquutekluku cakneq ilaita, arcaqerluteng
qasgimi tuani nakacuut agallratni. ‘They didn’t
hammer or chop when they were holding theBladder Fest. Some of them strictly forbade noiseand clanging, considering this very importantwhen the bladders were hanging in the kashim.’(CAU 1985:61); < avirlur-llag-aavirlur- root; > avirli-, avirlullag-, avirluqutaq,
avirlurte-; < PE avi(3)lu3avirlurte- to be clanging; to be noisy; to ring of bells# avirlurtuq ‘it is making noise’ / Piuraqerluni
cakemna avirlurrluni iteryartulliniluni.
Puggliniuq tauna! Tua-i mecungluni kumlalluku,
mayurluni-llu akluni tamakut yuularterluki.
‘By and by something out there was coming in,
making a clanging noise. Then he emerged! He
was wet and cold as he climbed up. He quickly

removed his clothes.’ (QAN 1995:320–322);= arivlurte-; < avirlur-te?avirpag - for weather to clear up # NUN
avisgaq blue-black dye from a certain soft stone# . . . tua-i kavirquraumalutek-llu, tua-ikenugngalutek avisgarmek-llu makut akluit
mingugturaumaluteng. ‘. . . and it was colored
red, and also prettied up by having its fittings
painted with black dye.’ (CIU 2005:98)
avisnga- (a¥gisnga-) to be separated from others(said of a girl having her first menstrual period
or a woman bearing her first child) # NUN; <avite-ngaavite- (a¥gite-) to get out of the way # avituq ‘he got
out of the way’; avitaa ‘he got it out of the way’ /aviten ‘get out of the way’; Cunaw’-im wanirpak
elucia. Teng’aqluni avilluku, pinrilmiami-llu
unran aciakun anqertaqluni. ‘This was how
he behaved all the time. He would spring up,
getting out of its way. At other times he’d dashout going under its foreleg.’ (YUU 1995:12); Tuai-llu qeckarvikluku, aatii-llu aviarcan elliinun
tauna tut’enritararluni migpak canianun tull’uni.
‘When it jumped at him, her dad got out of the way
and it barely missed her when it landed next to
her with a thud.’ (ELN 1990:63); the v here sounds
like English “w”, even for HBC, where writers prefer
to use ¥g in their spelling; > avisnga-, aviute-; cf.
a¥gna, avani
aviu-, aviulrar- (in NS) to scream; to yell; to holler #aviuguq ‘he screamed’ / < PE avi3uaviukaq offering of food or water # and aviukar-,aviukarte-, aviukarqe- to make an offeringof food or water (to the dead, to animals that
one would catch, etc.) # aviukartuq ‘he madean offering’ / aviukaqsaraq — neqrarmek
pupeskaulluni wall’u merr’armek eg’arciyaraq
cam tungiinun tarneq cikirluku ‘the practiceof making offerings — taking a pinch of foodor a little water and throwing it in a certain
direction as a gift to a spirit of the dead.’(CAU 1985:99); Tua-i-llu iluvaucamegteggu
aviukaqvikluku tauna tuqumalria, natiinun
teruanun-llu aviukaqraarluteng nutaan qantam
imaa naivluku. ‘And when they brought itin, they would make an offering to the deadperson, and after they made an offering by his
feet they’d pour out the contents of the bowl.’(CAU 1985:122); . . . piciryarangqellrulliniameng160Basesaviurnarqe- — avqur-

avneq a felt presence of something immaterial; aghostly humming noise coming from a cornerof the house; shaman’s spirit helper (identified
with a voice of the dead); shaman’s “otherhalf” # . . . imarnitegnek pisqelluni tuunriluni.
Imarnitegni arulallukek pirraarlun’ aptellinii
avneni, “Waqaa tua-i ella ayuqucirci tamana
canritaraqtaryaaquq?” ‘. . . he requested a sealgut raincoat and then made an incantation. After
waving his seal-gut parka around, he asked his
spirit helper, “Do your surroundings seem tobe okay?”’ (QUL 2003:504); < ?-neq1; > avnir-;avenrir-

qamigalriit kanaraqameng tua-i waten mermun,
wagg’uq pitarkateng aviukaqluteng neqkaitnek
cikirluki. Taquateng-am ilairtaarluki mermun
eg’artetullrullinikait. . . . Wagg’uq pitarkatengaviukaqluki neqkaitnek. ‘. . . they had a custom
when they went seal-hunting, to make an offeringof some of their food giving it to their potential
catch. They took a portion of their food andthrew it in the water. . . . That’s how they gave
a portion of their food to their catches.’ (QUL
2001:48); Tua-i-ll’ tauna kaviarem-am tua-i
igtii, aviukarqelallni, taum aviukarqessartullmini,
arnamek tangerrluni, tua-i kavickeggluni. Tua-i
kaviarullilria. ‘Then he went to that fox’s den, at
which he usually made food offerings, and when hewent to make the offerings, he saw a woman who
was bright red. It may have been a fox.’ (QAN
1995:102)
aviurnarqe- to be of interest; it is memorable #aviurnarquq ‘it is interesting’ / piciryarait yuut
ayuqenrilnguut aviurnarqut ‘the customs ofvarious peoples are interesting’; < ?-narqeaviute-, a¥giute- (HBC form) to lead away fromdanger # aviutaa ‘he led her away fromdanger’ / . . . elpet tua-i tauna yuurutellriatun
aviutengnaqerkaugan. . . . Aviuskumteki-gguq waten
piciqukut, tauna aviuskeput nemte÷un agulluku
uitavkarluku . . . ‘. . . you should try to lead that
person away from harm as if you were defending
him. . . . When we lead a person out of harm’sway, we are to take the person we’ve led awayfrom the danger to our house and let him stay outof the danger . . .’ (YUU 1995:45); . . . ta¥gaam
assiitellriamek aviuskut. ‘. . . but deliver us fromevil;’ (Moravian Protestant; YUA 1945:41 and LIT
1972:20); the v in this word sounds like English “w”
for HBC (only), where the derivation of this wordfrom avite- with its v pronounced like English “w”, istaken into account; < avite-te5-; cf. a¥gna, avani
avler- with legs spread #postural root; avlermi
angyam ciungani nangengqauq ‘he is standing at
the bow of the boat with his legs spread apart’;< PE avl03-; > avlengqa-, avlerte-; cf. amlek
avlengqa- to have the legs spread apart #avlengqauq ‘his legs are spread apart’ / < avlerngqaavlerte- to spread the legs apart # avlertuq ‘hespread his (own) leg apart’; avlertaa ‘he spreadhis (another’s) legs apart’ / < avler-te2-

avngulek balsam poplar (locally cottonwood)(Populus balsamifera) # . . . qulvarviit waten
tutemqangqetullruut imumi, avngulek
man’a, qugniilnguq, imna ellegpak, waten
ak’lirturaumaluni . . . ‘. . . back then the raisedcaches had ladders, a thick cottonwood log,
cottonwood (another name for it) with notches
carved into it for steps . . .’ (CUN 2007:80); NS, Y,
HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < avnguq-lek;> avngulgaq
avngulgaq balsam poplar (locally cottonwood)(Populus balsamifera) sapling # < avngulek-aq3

avnguq burl # Y; < PY av&uq; cf. avek; > avngulek

avnir- to take supernatural revenge through mental
powers; to perform shamanistic practices using
the voices of the dead; to conjure with thespirit of the dead # angalkuq avnirtuq allamun
angalkumun ‘the shaman is conjuring revenge onanother shaman’; Avniraqami qaligni arulallukek,
camna-llu-gguq emyuggluni tuqulleq qaivarluni.
‘When he conjured he shook his seal-gut parka,
and the dead one down below would make amuffled noise and come to the surface of theearth.’ (CAU 1985:106); < avneq-ir2avqaar(aq*) thin strip of wood for lashing material# < avte-?-ar(aq)avquiqar- to go their separate ways # NS; < avur-?avqur- to divide into multiple portions #avquraa ‘he is dividing it up’ / avquriuq ‘he isdividing something up’; Tua-i-llu aatiin taunapalurutarpak avqukcaarluku tamalkuita taukut
ilani naspaavkarluki. ‘Her father divided up the
big mushroom as evenly as he could and let thewhole family try it.’ (ELN 1990:29); < avte-qur-;> avquiqar-

161

avte- — ayag1-

Bases

avte- to divide; to separate usually into two parts# avtuq ‘it divided’; avtaa ‘he divided it’ /avvutaa ‘he divided something to share withher’; avvingauq or avcimauq ‘it is divided’;
tumyaratgun eglerrnginanemni malrugnun
avvenregnun tekiskilii ‘while I was goingalong the road I came to a place where it
forked’; avvluku ‘dividing it’; avqaarluku (oravterraarluku) ‘after dividing it’; avpailemmku‘before I divide it’; Tuaken kuik avtuq
cetamaurrluni. ‘From there the river divided
becoming four (rivers).’ (AYAG. 2:10); >avqaar(aq), avqur-, avvute-; cf. aveg-; < PE av0t(under PE av0!-)
avu- to supplement; to have bread with tea or coffee# avuuq ‘he is having bread with his tea’; avua
‘he is adding something to it’ / mermek avuu!
‘add water to it!’; yuurqertuq avuluni kelipamek‘he is drinking tea, supplementing it with bread’;
Puqlamun ekluki passiluki, enrit-llu qell’uki
nugqaarluki, tayarunek ingqiluki avuluki. ‘They’d
put them (needlefish) in hot water, mash them,squeeze the results to remove the bones, and add
chopped mare’s tail.’ (YUU 1995:61); = au-;
> avukaq, avuyute-; < PE avuavukaq supplement, such as bread to be eaten withtea (especially in Y, HBC, NI, CAN, LK, and BB), or
motor oil to be mixed with gasoline for a twostroke engine # Unuakumi tua-i maktaqamta
camek cikiqerluta neqkamte÷ek, avukaquinernek
wall’u assaliaquinermek carrarnek
yuurqayuunata-llu. ‘In the morning when we got
up they’d give us very little food, maybe a little
bread or pancakes, but not any hot beverage.’(YUU 1995:49); < avu-kaq
avukegcagte- to mix together with something# Imkut-llu call’ utngungssaraat
papitussaayaarngalnguut, tua-i-gguq
tuaten quunanek avukegcagtesqevkenata,
inerqunqegcatullruitkut. ‘They forbade us to mix
those round “mouse foods”, the ones similar tolittle beans, with sour things.’ (KIP 1998:193)
avulluksagute- to become aware of a shaman
intending to kill people # NUN
avungnak variety (different kinds) of food # NUN
avuqiir- to gather scraps of wood # avuqiirtuq ‘he isgathering little pieces of wood’; = auqiir-;< avur-?
avur- to gather; to collect bit by bit # avurtuq ‘he isgathering things’; avurai ‘he is gathering them’ /Kiagmi melquruat naumaaqata, arnat avutullruut
qemaggluki-llu mecungcugnailngurmun. ‘In thesummer when tundra cotton was full grown,
the women used to gather it and store it indry places.’ (YUU 1995:52); = aur-, > avuqiir-,avussak
avussak small driftwood # NUN; < avur-?
avutatur- to place the blame on someone; to blame# NUN
avuyute-, avuute- to mix in; to join # avuyutuq‘he is joining in’; avuyutaa ‘he is mixing it in’ /isuumayagaat avuyutai akutamun ‘she is mixing
raisins into the “Eskimo ice cream”’; < avu-?-te5-,
avu-?-te5avverqe- to divide (them) up one after another #avverqai ‘he divided them up one after another’/ <avte-rqeavvinga- to be divided in two # avvingauq ‘it isdivided in two’ / < avte-ngaavvute- to divorce # avvutuq ‘he (or she) got
divorced’; avvutaa ‘he (she) divorced her(him)’ / avvutuk or avvuyutuk ‘they2 got
divorced’; avvusngauq ‘he is divorced’; Ta¥gaam
picurlautengaqameng avvutaqluteng. Allamek
nulirturaqluteng, picurlautessiyaagaqameng.
Ta¥gken elluarrluteng pikuneng, avvucuunateng
aipaqusngaarkauluteng. ‘Only if they had serious
problems would they get divorced. They’d marrysomeone else if the previous marriage had too
many problems. But, if they acted correctly
they’d never get divorced, they’d stay together.’(KIP 1998:191); the following are legal neologisms:
umyuallguteklutek avvucaraq ‘dissolution (ofmarriage)’; umyuallgutkevkenatek avvucaraq‘divorce’; avvutellrem aipallminun akiliutii‘alimony’; < avte-te5ayaakutaq young boy #ayaaquq spear used to kill seals sleeping on theice # Qamigautek, legcik-gga, anguarutekgga malruk, legcikcuareq-gga, imkut-gga . . .
ayaaquneng pitullrat maklaggsuutngutullret. ‘The
kayak sled, the gaff, two paddles, the small gaff,
the ones called seal spears — these were the tools
for catching bearded seals.’ (WEB1); HBC;
= ayauquq, asaaquq, asauquqayag1- to leave; to go away; to depart # ayagtuq‘he left’; ayagaa ‘he went away through it’, ‘hestarted it (from a certain point)’ uncommon in the162Basesayag2- — ayagcuun

ayagacuaq deck beam of kayak third from bow orfrom stern # see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak;< ayagaq-cuar(aq)indicative but see examples with ayagluku below /ayagtaa ‘he shoved it away’; ayautaa ‘he took it
away’; tengssuutekun ayagtuq Mamterillernun
Anchorage-amek ‘he is going by airplane to
Bethel from Anchorage’; ayii! ‘go away!’; ayiilta!
or ayalta! ‘let’s go!’; ayaumauq ‘he is gone, hasleft’; ayiimta or ayagngamta ‘because/when
we left’; Unuaquani-llu aatateng ayaumariluku
ilain aanateng aptaat ikamrarluteng negateng
paqluki ayagyugluteng, ilii tamatum nunam
qanikcaiqetaangengraan. ‘The next day when
their father had gone her siblings asked theirmother if they could go by sled and check theirsnares even though some of the ground hadsnowless patches.’ (ELN 1990:14); Tavatelluteng
tamakut aklanqurrutet nec’illerni uitauratuuq,ta¥gken ayagluteng. ‘Consequently those weasels
have been living in old houses, from then on.’(MAR1 2001:93); Tamana-gguq tutmallranek
ayagluku naruralaagnauraa, naruralaagnaurtuq.
‘It is said that she would smell him out, starting
this action from his tracks.’ (CUN 2007:50); . . .
tan’gaurluullranek ayagluku . . . ‘. . . starting (it)from when he was a boy . . .’ (CAU 1984:90);
Waken-gguq . . . ayagluku kiarciiqaa . . . ‘Startingit (looking) from here . . . she’d look around forhim . . .’ (ELL 1997:488); Anaanalkuan-am taum
kenkenritellruamiu ayagmek, apqangllinia . . .
‘Since that darned stepmother of hers hadn’t
liked her from the beginning, she started tointerrogate her . . .’ (QUL 2003:74); > ayaga-,
ayaga’arte-, ayagaarun, ayagcete-, ayagcuun,
ayagmek, ayagneq, ayagyaaqun, ayakar-,ayakatarcuun, ayakpag-, ayalegte-, ayanerraq,
ayangssi-; cf. ayagyuaq, ayani-; < PE aya!ayag2- deep root carrying the concept of ‘leaning
on a support’; > ayagaq, ayagta, ayaktar-,ayakutar(aq), ayakut’e-, ayaper-, ayaun1, ayaun2,
ayaur-; cf. ayalur-, ayaruq; < PE aya!ayaga- to travel around; to go here and there #ayagauq ‘he is traveling around’ / Unuanellamun anluni piuq, pircirluni natquikayagaluni. ‘That night when he went outside hesaw there was a blizzard with blowing snow
near the ground going here and there.’ (YUU
1995:17); ayagaruciyaraq yugmek qessangraan‘abduction’, (legal neologism from Alexie et al.
(1990)) literally: ‘taking a person even though heis unwilling’; < ayag1-a-; > ayagassuun
ayagaaraun kindling wood # NUN; < ayag1-?-nayagaq deck beam of kayak (other than the twopiece deck beams at the stern and bow) #tukervik ayagaq ‘deck beam just fore or aft of the
cockpit deck beam of a kayak’; see Appendix 9 onparts of the kayak; < PE aya!a3 (under PE aya!);< ayag2-aq3; > ayagacuaq
ayaga’rte- to leave or start suddenly #ayaga’rtuq ‘he left suddenly’ / Nutaan
ullalliniluku ipesnganrakun, cali-am
igvarluku pitgaqatanrakun ayagartelliniluni.
Tuaten tauna tuntuyagaq qimagauralliniuq,
pitgaqataryaaqaqani ayagartaqluni. ‘This time
he approached it without being seen, but when
he had it in view and was ready to shoot (withan arrow), it ran away. In that way the caribou
calf would flee; whenever he was about toshoot it, it would run away.’ (YUU 1995:92);< ayag1-ar(ar)te1-

ayagassuun wagon # . . . taitut elliitekluki
Atanermun ayagassuutnek. . . . Atauciq
qilakutalkek ayagassuun malrugnun
ciuliqagtegnun tusngaluni, . . . ‘. . . they brought
their offering to the Lord with wagons. . . . One
covered wagon for each two leaders, . . . (NAAQ.
7:3); < ayaga-ssuun
ayagcecissuun starter of an engine # < ayagcete-i2cuun

ayagcetaaq missionary # literally: ‘one who wassent’; Qaneryaram Ayagcetaallra ‘Missionary
Service’ (YUA 1945:66 & LIT 1972:33); < ayagcete?-aq1
ayagcete- to start (an engine, activity, etc.); to sendaway or send forth # ayagcetaa ‘he started it,or sent it away’ / massiinaq ayagcetesciigatuq‘the engine won’t start’; ayagcecimauq ‘he or
it has been sent out’; Allrakuq tua-i nutaraq
ayagnirpailgan nakacuut ayagcetaqluki, tamatumi
tuar allrakumi nutarami pitarkaugarkauluteng.
‘Before the new year began they would send the
bladders on their way, it being like they would be
the game to be caught in the coming year.’ (CAU
1985:42); ayagcetuli qurrun ‘flush toilet’; < ayag2cete1-; > ayagcecissuun, ayagcetaaq
ayagcuun skin boot, thigh-high with fur out; anyother item used in traveling # < ayag1-cuun

163

ayagmek — ayakutar(aq*)

Basesayagmek from the beginning # particle;
Elitnaulallruunga elitnaurvingqerraallratni
maani Qipnermi, tua-i ikircan elitnaullruunga
ayagmek, . . . ‘I used to go to school when theyfirst had a school here in Kipnuk; when it opened
I went to school from the beginning, . . .’ (KIP
1998:257); Ayagmek-llu tamaa irniaput
alerqualaraput qaillun yuullerkaitnek. ‘From the
beginning then we would instruct our children on
how they should live.’ (CAU 1985:34); < ayag1abl-mod
ayagneq beginning; start # ayagnera ‘its beginning’;
Ak’a avani niitelallruaqa anguyautellrata
ayagnera. ‘I used to hear about the beginning ofwars a long time ago.’ (YUU 1995:8); Qanqumtagguq yuut inglukutengciqut calluulluteng
wangkuta qanllerput ayagneqluku. ‘They said
that if we talked (about things we shouldn’t talkabout) people would get enemies and fight eachother having its beginning in what we said.’ (YUU
1995:46); < ayag1-neq1; > ayagnirAyagniqarraaq the Biblical book of Genesis #< ayagnir-qar-rraarayagnir- to begin; to start # ayagnirtuq ‘he or it
is starting’; ayagniraa ‘he is beginning it’ /Ayagniqarraami Agayutem ellarpak nuna-llu
piliaqellruak. ‘In the beginning God createdheaven and earth.’ (AYAG. 1:1); . . . melugnek
naryarcetaarkanek aqvatniluni piluni,
melugnek tegulluni, atranqiggluni nutaan
ayagninqiggnaluni. ‘. . . saying that she wasgetting fish eggs for chum, she took some fish
eggs and went down again to begin again.’ (ELN
1990:22); < ayagneq-ir2-; > Ayaniqarraaq
ayagta, ayagtuutaq prop; support # especiallya small stick used to keep a cut fish open as
it dries; Aaniin-llu ulligcugluku piluni
maurluanun tuyutekarkauniluku uksuaqucali aatiit kass’areskan. Tua-i-llu-am aaniita
ayagtuutarkarcesqelluki ellimerluki. ‘Her mother
wanted to cut fish for drying so that she could
send them along to her grandmother when theirfather went to buy supplies in the fall. And sotheir mother told them to get sticks for spreaders
for the drying fish.’ (ELN 1990:23); < PY aya!ta(under PE aya!-); < ayag2-ta1, ayag2-tuutaq
ayagyaaqun fuzz-stick; fire starter # made of curledshavings connected at one common end; <ayag1yaaqe-n

ayagyuaq, ayagyugaq (HBC form) adolescent;teenager; youth; in some areas male teenager only
# and ayagyuar-, ayagyugar- to be an adolescent;to be young # ayagyuartuq ‘he is young’ /Qalarut’lallruitkut wangkuta ayagyuallemte÷i,neqa kiingan yugmun yuutekniluku. ‘They used
to tell us, when we were young, that fish alone
was a source of life to a person.’ (YUU 1995:54);
Tuquyunrilkuni-gguq tuquyanricaaquq, ta¥gaam
cali tuqunrilkan taukut nunain ayagyuarit
tuquciqlinilriit. ‘If he didn’t want to die, theysaid, he didn’t have to die, but if he didn’t die
the young people of his village would die.’ (YUU
1995:112); ayagyuaq 18-aaqsailnguq ‘juvenile’; cf.
ayag1ayakar- to flee; to run away # ayakartuq ‘heis fleeing’ in a physical sense or by avoiding
responsibility / ayakautaa ‘he fled with it or withhim’; Tupiimi-llu aatiin kegleruarluku ellii-llu
qiilerrluni ayakarluni uliit-llu aciatnun iirluni.
‘When she woke up her father pretended totake a bite out of her, and she got excited andfled hiding under the blankets.’ (ELN 1990:6);
yugmek ayakauciyaraq ‘kidnapping’; < ayag1qarayakatarcuun large hook dug into snow or arounda tree, post, etc. to temporarily hold a dog teamand sled in place before it is time for it to go # <ayag1-katar-cuun
ayakpag- to leave very fast # ayakpagtuq ‘he left
very fast’ / “Tua-llu-q’ tua-i ayagceciiqerpekuk?”Tua-i angerluku. Teguluku tauna tua-i pikiitek
tyaim’ ayakpaglutek taukuk. ‘“Now will you let
us2 leave?” He agreed to that. Taking the hide
they2 left quickly.’ (ELL 1997:46); < ayag1-pag2ayaktar- to pole a boat # ayaktartuq ‘he is poling’;
NUN < ayag2-qtaq
ayakutar(aq*) temple (anatomical); side of face #ayakutarak ‘sides of face’; Ataam eglerrluni
nunanun ataam igvarluni arnaq a¥gna atralria
eruriyarturluni taryaqviim pamsuanek
tegumiarluni. Teguqerluku ayakutaraminun
ellilliniluku, ataam ilii piunani naatevkenani.
‘Traveling on again to a village he chanced upona woman going down to the water carrying aking salmon tail to wash. He grabbed it (the tail)and put it on the side of his face, and yet again partof him wasn’t complete.’ (MAR1 2001:29); < PY
ayakutaq (under PE aya!-); < ayag2-?

164Basesayakut’e- to rest one’s face on one’s hand withthe elbow resting on a surface such as a table #ayakut’uq ‘he is resting his face on his hand’; LI;< ayag2-?
ayalegte- to chase; to scare away # ayalegtaa ‘he ischasing it away’ / Ta¥gaam, tamaku’ — pistai
malirqarastai — taum kanaqliim, ayalegtellii
taun’ igurluk’ kanaqlak. ‘But then she saved themuskrat by dispersing the boys who were chasingit.’ (CEV 1985:60); HBC; < ayag1-?
ayallaq cutting board # Egalertek-am ayallarminek
milqerluku amigtek-llu ciimarmek . . . ‘She
heaved her cutting board at their2 window and astone at their2 door . . .’ (MAR1 2001:44); Arnaqgguq-am cailnguq, ayallaunani-llu yuulria,
arnaunrilngurcetun ayuqulluku nukalpiamun
ayuqekutaqaat. ‘It is said that a woman lacking
one, living without a cutting board, is likened to
one who is not a woman, and they see her as
being like a man.’ (CIU 2005:192); = alassaq; from
Aleut ahlayax̂ [a@ayaX]
ayalua- to stagger # ayaluaguq ‘he is staggering’ /Akleng wangkuta tan’gaurlurni, tupagtaqakut
egmian qavarningramta makluta ayalualuta
ellamun an’aqluta. ‘Poor us boys; when he’dawaken us, even though we were sleepy, we’d
get up and stagger outside.’ (YUU 1995:39);< ayalur-aayaluqerte- to lose one’s balance # ayaluqertuq ‘helost his balance’ / Pitgaqiini ayaluqertelliniluni.
Ayaluqercan ullagluku pillinia waniwa
tuqullinilria. ‘When he shot an arrow at it, it went
down. When it went down he approached it andsaw that it had died.’ (YUU 1995:92); < ayalurqerteayalur- leaning # postural root; > ayalua-,ayalungqa-, ayaluqerte-, ayalurte-, ayaluryug-;cf. ayag2ayalungqa- to be leaning; to be tilting #ayalungqauq ‘he is leaning’, ‘it is tilting’ / Tuai-gguq taum uingan ayakata’arqami qivyunguat. . . tua-i natermun naparqurnaurai. Tua-i-gguq
ta¥gken tekicami iliit ayalungqakan nulini tauna
nanglluku. ‘And, they say, whenever that
husband was about to go somewhere, he’d erect“qivyunguat” (a certain plant) on the floor. And,
they say, when he arrived if one of them wasleaning, he’d punish his wife.’ (KIP 1998:111);< ayalur-ngqa-

ayakut’e- — ayaniite-

ayalurte- to lean; to be tilting # ayalurtuq ‘heleaned’, ‘it tilted’ / ayalurtaa ‘he leaned or tilted
it’ / Ayarumaang macuuq, yugtangqerqan yuuttungiitnun ayalureskina. ‘Oh my walking staff, if
there are any people, lean in the direction of thepeople.’ (MAR2 2001:63); < ayulur-te2ayaluryug- to stagger; to tend to stagger #ayaluryugtuq ‘he is staggering’ / ayaluryugtuq
piyuaguq ‘he is walking staggering’; Ellii-am
tua-i nangercaaqluni ayaluryugluni iik-llu qatlim
ugaani uisngasciiganatek. ‘Standing up she
staggered and couldn’t open her eyes on accountof the stinging.’ (ELN 1990:49); < ayalur-yugayaneq deck beam of kayak next to and forward of
coaming # see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak;< ayag2-neq2

ayanerraq* adolescent; teenager # < ayag1-nerraq

ayangssi- to go out leisurely or casually towalk, hunt, picnic, pick berries, etc., without
intending to accomplish much; to go for astroll # ayangssiuq ‘he went out for a walk’ /Caqerluni, ayangssirraarluni maurluni pillinia,
urluveq tamana uumiku ayakuni ayaucugluku,
pitarkanek tangaalarniluni tuntunek. ‘One time,after he’d gone out for a stroll, he told his motherthat next time he goes out he’d like to takethat bow, saying that he usually saw caribou,
potential prey.’ (YUU 1995:3); < ayag1-ngssi-

ayani- to have stamina; to have endurance #ayaniuq ‘he has stamina’ / qenange’rmi tarrituq
ayaniami ‘because he has stamina he is walking
around even though he is sick’; Tava-llu-gguq
tangerqaamiu pia, “Waqaa! Naken piyit?”Ayanivkenani-gguq kiugaa, ilain-gguq a¥gkut
unitaat! ‘And then when he saw him, he said
to him, “Hello! Where are you coming from?”
Without stamina he answered him saying that his
relatives had left him behind!’ (CAU 1985:38);> ayaniite-; cf. ayag1-

ayaniilnguq child # EG; < ayaniite-nguq

ayaniite- to be infirm; to lack stamina or will-power;
to be unable to take adversity # ayaniituq ‘heis infirm’ / Maaten itertuq anuurlua taunaarnangiar, tauna anuurluani ayaniillruluni. ‘Hewent in and saw that his grandmother, that old
woman, was more infirm than his (the other’s)
grandmother.’ (MAR2 2001:17); < ayani-ite1-,> ayaniilnguq

165

ayankuq — ayauquq

Basesayankuq young child # Ayankuuluku
pessurnairutekngaitan aavurutekeng’erpeggu.
‘He is a little child, and you won’t be satisfied
with him even though you’re having fun with
him now.’ (CEV 1985:85); HBC
ayaper- to lean on one’s hand; to support oneself
with one’s hands resting on something #ayapertuq ‘he is supporting himself, leaningon his hand’; ayaperaa ‘he is leaning on it withhis hand’ / note that when a vowel-initial suffix
follows this base, the semifinal e is not deleted, hence
its presence in ayaperaa (cf. also ellimer-, andpostbase -ler- as in teguler-) Nakacuum nalliini
ugna iteryaraq qaygimi atuyuunaku, camaggunta¥gaam. Cakmani mayuryarauluni, tuamtell’ itraqluni pugluni. Avategni-llu’ ayaperlukek
nugluni. ‘During the Bladder Festival they didn’t
use the (regular) entrance in the kashim, butrather a lower one. Out there there was a way tocome up, and they would come in emerging frombelow. They went through supporting themselveswith their hands on the sides.’ (CAU 1985:70);< PE ayap03- (under PE aya!-); < ayag2-?-;> ayaperyaraq
ayapervik, ayaperyaraq kayak stanchion (centeredat side of coaming); one of the pair of timbers
at the entrance to the men’s communal
house (kashim) # Tugkaraagneng ukuk
ayapervingqerrlutek. ‘They (the two sides) had
hand supports of walrus tusk.’ (CAU 1985:70);
see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak; < ayaper-vik,
ayaper-yaraq
ayara- to covet something; to desire something; tobe envious; to envy # ayarauq ‘he really wants
something’; ayaraa ‘she envies her’ / HBC; =ayari-; < PY aya3i-; > ayarake-, ayaranarqeayarake- to desire; to covet; to yearn to have #ayarakaa ‘he really wants it’ / HBC; = ayarike-;< ayara-ke4ayaranarqe- to be desirable # HBC; < ayara-narqeayari- to covet something; to desire something;
to be envious; to envy # ayariuq ‘he reallywants something’; ayaria ‘she envies her’ /ayarinarquq ‘it is desirable’; Tangrraqama
yugnek canek calilrianek, ayarilua wiinga-llu
ellaicetun calingnatugalallruunga. ‘WheneverI saw someone making something, I was
envious and I tried to work hard like them.’(YUU 1995:56); Irr’aq-wa taqsuqsugnaunani

qannguarturalria elliin tua-i ayariluku calimikngan tunumiyunaqluni. ‘Irr’aq appeared
not to be tired and kept on babbling away andshe (Elnguq) envied her (Irr’aq) being small andsuitable for being carried on someone’s back.’(ELN 1990:45); < PY aya3i-; = ayara-; > ayarike-,ayarinarqeayarike- to desire; to covet; to yearn to have #ayarikaa ‘he really wants it’ / = ayarake-; < ayarike4ayarinarqe- to be desirable # ayarinarquq ‘it isdesirable’ / < ayari-narqeayarr’aq string used in telling string stories or
making cat’s-cradle figures # and ayarr’ar- totell a string story # NSU; = aarraq, airraq; < PE
aya3a3a3
ayaruq cane; improvised temporary walkingstick # and ayarur- to walk with a cane or an
improvised temporary walking stick # ayarurtuq‘he is walking with a cane’ / Maqartuq-gguq
qanikcaam akulii. Pikna-llu qulni ayaruminek
ayarungqerquni wall’u napamek ukiartaqluku,
ukimaurtelluku, epsalnguyailkutekluku. Tuatengguq pikuni mecungengermi nengelvangraan-llu
qerrungaituq tamaa. ‘It’s warm in the middle ofthe snow. Up above him with his walking stick, or
if has a stick (branch) for walking stick, he shouldmake a hole, penetrating it (the snow) so that hewon’t suffocate. If he does that even if he gets
wet and even if it’s very cold, he won’t freeze
to death.’ (YUU 1995:68); Tulukaruum Ayarua‘the constellation Orion or Orion’s belt’ (literally:‘raven’s walking staff’); akertem ayarua ‘suncolumn’ (a meteorological phenomenon causedby ice crystals in the air; literally: ‘the sun’s
walking-stick’); < PE aya3u3 and aya(3u)vi3a3;
cf. ayag2Ayaucaryaq Mountain Village # on the Yukon =Asaucaryaq
ayaun1 thumb (LK, BB meaning); oar (HBC meaning)# literally: device for supporting; Waten-gguq
nasaurluq arnaurtaqan aliumacituat ayautii
pugumavkarluku. ‘They say that when a girlreaches puberty they would have her use mittens
with her thumb protruding.’ (CIU 2005:258);= asaun; < ayag2-n
ayaun2 fore or aft cockpit deck beam of a kayak #= asaun2; < ayag2-n
ayauquq spear used to kill seals sleeping on the ice

166Bases# = ayaaquq, asauquq; < ?-quq
ayaur- to pole a boat # HBC = asaur-; < ayag2-?
ayeggsik metal blade or point barb of seal harpoon# NUN
ayemqar- to take a shortcut; to cut across #Kangiakun ua-i uatevtegnegun qipnerkun
amatmun ayemqaquvtek kuigem mat’um iqua
kanarciqertek. ‘Instead of following this bend, if
you cut across you will reach part of this river.’(QUL 2001:364); = asemqar-; < ayme-qarayemqe- to break one after another # of relatively
long, slender objects; ayemqai ‘he broke them
one after another’ / Cagniimqurraamggur-am im’ ercan, qungut kaulliniluki
napautait-ll’ ayemqelluki. ‘And when dawncame Cagniimqurraq was clubbing thegraves, breaking the markers in half one after
the other.’ (CEV 1984:43); Mecungluni-llu,
canegtailkan napalegmi pikan, napayagaat
kangritnek ayemqiluni iluminun iterrluki,
aturani mecungelriit qerratarrluki, kemni
agtuusngavkarpeknaku. ‘When wet, if there is no
grass around but there are trees, one should snap
off the ends of the willows and put them under
the clothing to keep the wet clothes away fromthe body.’ (YUU 1995:68); < ayemte-rqeayemtaaq shotgun that “breaks” in the middle forloading # BB; < ayemte-?-aq1
ayemtaq snare # NSU; < atemte-aq1
ayemte- to break # of relatively long, slender objects;
ayemtuq ‘it broke’; ayemtaa ‘he broke it’ /Qavani ta¥gaam ayemlluku makcara’arluni
cangnaqutaqami ellminek nutaan . . .
atu’urkaminek taqutetuuq. ‘Breaking off one’s
sleep and getting up early, when one tries hard
he can complete for himself the things he’ll use.’(QUL 2001:330); Qerrum Ayemnera a certain
constellation (literally: ‘the break in/of the arrow’;
English name not known to compiler); = asemte-,
ayimte-; < ayme-te2-; > ayemqe-, ayemtaaq,
ayemtaqaygunguaq plant type (species ?) # locally called“wild corn”; EGaygur- to go against a natural force such as water
current or wind # HBC; = asgur-; > ayguruaq
ayguruaq parka ruff # HBC < aygur-(ng)uaq
ayi- to be satiated; to get whatever one wants #ayiuq ‘he is getting what he wants’ / maantelleq

ayaur- — ayugesvik

ayinarquq ‘by living here one gets what one
wants’
ayimnga- to be ugly # Igvaqataararaa neviarcaq,
kegginaa ayimngaluni, carayiim amianek
kumakiraralria, pukiartaqluni nerestainek. ‘As
he slowly moved to view the girl fully, her facelooked ugly and she was picking lice from a bearskin, plucking them off and popping them in her
mouth.’ (MAR1 2001:78); NS
Ayimqeryaraq Kalskag # village on the Kuskowkim;> ayimte-?-yaraq fromayimtaq skin that has been rendered pliant; breakaction rifle or shotgun # < ayimte-aq1
ayimte- to break; to soften (it) by breaking some of(its) fibers # of relatively long, slender objects; Tua-ill’ im’ atiin una wani miineq, maani qacarnermi,
miineq tugerluku tua-i ukiuvailegmi-llu
cikuliurutii ayimlluni. ‘And so her father waschipping away at a spring of water on the side of
the hill with an ice chisel, and before he made it
through, his ice chisel broke.’ (ELL 1997:226);= ayemte-, asemte-; > Ayimqeryaraq, ayimtaq
ayme- to break in two # of relatively long, slenderobjects; = asme-; < PY-S ay0m0-; > ayemqar-,ayemte-, qerrum ayemnera
ayriq naughty child; mischievous child # HBC;
= asriq
ayrurtur- to bless # HBC; = asrurturayu, ayuq Labrador or Hudson’s Bay tea (Ledumsp.) # both plant and infusion; Nakacuut civuatni
Aanituut. Civumek aanak, angutek malruk
enet pulaluki. Cakma iternaurtuk aturturlutek.
Civuagni una ena ayuneng neqnircarluku
elegcinaurtut. ‘Before the Bladder Feast theywould hold the “Providing Mothers” celebration.
First the “mothers”, two men, went throughthe houses. They came in out there singing.
Preceding them people would make the housefragrant by burning Labrador tea.’ (CAU 1985:54)
ayu- to progress; to spread; to enlarge; to go farther
and farther away # ayuuq ‘it is progressing,spreading, enlarging’ said of a fire, rip, rash, aproject, ice, etc. / ayutaa ‘he enlarged it’; eka
ayuuq ‘the fire is spreading’; unuaquaqan
ayuurtuq ayallra ‘every day his travel progresses’i.e., he goes farther along; < PE ayu-; > ayumian,
ayunrirayugesvik bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) with
red head #167ayugiugiq — ayuqenrite-Basesayugiugiq pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) # BB
ayugturute- for snow to melt faster around an object
such as a rock during springtime # NUN
ayumian (and) then; (and) so; subsequently;
consequently; for that reason; after that #adverbial particle; usually the first word of thesentence, or preceded by a “because/when” clause;
Itertuk, ena man’a tanqigcetkacagarluni,
iqaitkacagarluni ilua, nunaniqkacagarluni.
Ayumian, qavaken qantamek atrarciluni
ciuqerranun ellia akutamek imarluni
tan’gerpalegmek. ‘They2 went in and saw
that that house was very bright, clean inside,and pleasant. Subsequently she took a bowl
from in there and placed it, full of crowberry“Eskimo ice cream”, in front of him.’ (YUU
1995:106); . . . maurluni pillinia, urluveq tamana
uumiku ayakuni ayaucugluku, pitarkanek
tangaalarniluni tuntunek. Ayumian maurluan
alerquallinia qaill’ pissullerkaanek, qaillunllu urluveq atullerkaanek. ‘. . . he told his
grandmother that next time when he goes out
he wants to take that bow, saying that he’dseen caribou for prey. And so his grandmother
instructed him how to hunt and how to use abow.’ (YUU 1995:3); Elaturraanun itqercami
nacairluni, taqsuqluni. Anerneni kitugian
ayumian iterluni. ‘When she came into thestormshed she pulled back her hood; she wastired. When her breathing eased, then she wentinside.’ (YUU 1995:110); Tua-i-llu uksurluni
asvairluni ciku. Imumek iralvalangan ayumianatakumi irniani nerqurluku kainricetengnaqluku
tamualiluku aamarrluku-llu. ‘And so wintercame and when the ice became firm, then, in theevening, she fed her child trying to keep himfrom being hungry, pre-chewing the food for him
and breast-feeding him.’ (MAR2 2001:76); < ayu?-consequential mood; cf. egmian for a similarly
ending particle
ayungnaar(aq*) red knot (Calidris canutus); redphalarope (Phalaropus fulicaria) # < ?-naq2-ar(aq)ayunrir- to be fatigued # ayunrirtuq ‘he is fatigued’;< ayu-nrirayuqae likeness; copy # and ayuqe- to resemble; tobe like; to be alike; to be a certain way # ayuquq‘he is a certain way, it is like (something)’; ayuqaa‘it resembles it’ / ayuquk ‘they2 are alike’;
mikelnguq ayuquq aatamitun or mikelnguum

ayuqaa aatani ‘the child resembles his father’;ayuqutaa qetunramitun ‘she treats him as
her son’; qaillun ayuqsit? ‘how are you?’;
qaillun ayuqa? ‘how is it?’, ‘what is it like?’;tuaten ayuquq ‘it is that way’; ayuqsarpiaraa‘it is almost like it’; ayuqeliuq ‘he is making alikeness’; ayuqelia ‘he is making a likeness ofit’; ayuqaituq ‘it is unique, has nothing like it’;Maurlumi-llu eniini ellii Elnguq irr’iqapiggluni
qaraliaralegmek kaminiamek tuaten ayuqellriamek
tangerpaaluami. ‘At her grandmother’s house
Elnguq was quite astonished because for the firsttime she was seeing a stove with decorations
like that.’ (ELN 1990:7); Elpeci waten yuut
ayuqerrlainallruyukluki umyuarteq’laryaaqelliuci.
Angayuqamta-llu qalarut’lallruakut cakneq
ayuqucirtualuta. Piaqluta ella-gguq man’apaq’ertellriatun ayuqaput. Maa-i elpeci
imumicetun ayuqenrirtuci. ‘You may think thatpeople were always like they are now. Ourparents used to talk to us earnestly telling us how
we should be. When they talked with us they’dsay that we are like a world, something checkedon but briefly (i.e., our lives are short). Now you
fellows are not like people were in those days.’(YUU 1995:27); < PE ayuq0-; > ayuqekute-,
ayuqeltassiigun, ayuqenrite-, ayuqlir-, ayuqniar-,ayuquciq, ayuquciite-, ayuquteayuqekute- to compare or liken (it) to something# Kela’askamun ayuqekulluku yaaqvanun
tangenrrilamegteggu. ‘Looking at it close up they
compared to paint.’ (AGA 1996:106); < ayuqe-?ayuqeltassiigun, ayuqestassiigun parable;comparison # Tua-i amllermek elicungcarai
ayuqestassiigutetgun, . . . ‘He taught them manythings by parables, . . .’ (MARK 4:2); Wiinga
waniwa taringumiimki tuqluutet, maa-i elpeci
nalluvce÷i ayuqeltassiigutengqelartua uumek
reservation-aamek. ‘Because I understand about“calling names”, and you don’t know about
them, I have (for you) a comparison, illustrating
them, with making a reservation.’ (YUP
2005:220); < ayuqe-tassiigun
ayuqenrite- to differ # ayuqenrituq ‘it is notlike (something)’; ayuqenritaa ‘it is not likeit’ / ayuqenrituq anngamitun ‘he is not likehis older brother’; ayuqenrilnguut ‘various
differing things’; Elngur-am nalluyagulluni
auqiirarkauciminek teggalqussungluni piciatun
ayuqenrilngurnek aurluni. ‘Elnguq, forgetting that168

Basesshe was to collect sticks for firewood, began tolook for and collect all sorts of different rocks.’(ELN 1990:18); < ayuqe-nriteayuqlir- to become like something # Watuata¥gken tua-i catun imucetun qimugkauyartun
ayuqlirtukut, maligarucukaarluta. ‘But nowadays
we’ve become like little puppies, very, very easy topersuade and entice.’ (TAP 2004:20); < ayuqe-?ayuqniar- to envy because of deprivation; to bepoor # ayuqniartuq ‘he is envious, feels deprived
compared to others, is poor’; ayuqniaraa ‘heenvies him’ / Imumi avani tan’gurraullemte÷i
angturingarcamta, ilamnek ayuqnialallruunga
cakneq, kass’allarnek nertulrianek,
cakegcilrianek-llu. ‘Back then when we wereboys as we got older I envied my relatives verymuch for their eating store-bought foods and fortheir getting good new things.’ (YUU 2001:32);. . . uilingiataat ayuqnialarniluki calirpagturlutengllu ellmeggnek aulukengnaqaqameng. ‘. . . sayingthat spinsters were poor and had to work hardto try to take care of themselves.’ (ELN 1990:76);< ayuqe-niarayuquciicaraq confusion # < ayuquciite-yaraq
ayuquciite- to be confused; to be puzzled; to be
bewildered; to not know what something is like# ayuquciituq ‘he is bewildered’; ayuquciitaa‘he does not know about it’ / Kassuutelleq-wa
qaillun ayuquciinaku wii, ta¥gaam pisqellerput
maliggluku kassuulluta. ‘Without knowing
what marriage was like we got married doing
as we were told.’ (KIP 1998:153); < ayuqe-ciite-;ayuquciicaraq
ayuquciq what something is like; its condition;
characteristic # aptellruanga qaill’ New York
City-m ayuqucianek ‘he asked me what New
York City is like’; Ciulirneret qigcikumaut
nallunritnarqelriit qemangqastekngaceteng
imumirpak qaillun yuullerkam ayuqucian. ‘The
elders are to be respected because they havepreserved the knowledge of what life was likelong ago.’ (KIP 1998:vii); qilagmiutaat ayuquciit‘the virtues’ (Catholic term); < ayuqe-ciq;> ayuqucirturayuqucirtur- to instruct; to show how; to teach# ayuqucirturaa ‘he is showing her how’ /arnam ayuqucirturaa panini mingqe/ermek ‘thewoman is showing her daughter how to sew’;
Ayuqucirtuutek’lalqa cali qanruteknaluku piaqa

ayuqlir- — ayvaite-

wani. ‘I want now to speak also about what I wastaught.’ (YUU 1995:32); < ayuquciq-?ayuqute- to treat (him in a certain way); to regard(him in a certain way) # irniamitun ayuqutaa‘he treated him like his own child’; ciunganitun
ayuqutenriraanga ‘he stopped treating me as in
the past’; Tuaten tua-i ayuqutellruitkut. ‘That’s
how they treated us.’ (YUP 2005:56); < ayuqe-te5ay’utaq hockey stick # and ay’utar- to play hockey# actually a traditional game similar to hockey;
ay’utartut ‘they are playing hockey’; E.W. Nelson(ESK 1899:337) states, “HOCKEY (ai-yu-tal’’-u-g’itor pat-ku-tal-u-g’it) — (St. Michael). This is playedwith a small ball of ivory, leather, or wood, and a
stick curved at the lower end. The ball and stickare called pat-k’u-’tuk. The ball is placed on the
ground or ice and the players divide into twoparties. Each player with his stick attempts todrive the ball across the opponent’s goal, whichis established as in the football game.”; < PEayyuta3-; cf. kal’utaqayvailun stabilizer # HBC; = asvailun; < ayvaite-n
ayvair- to stabilize # HBC; = asvair-; < PY-S ayva-;< ?-ir2-; cf. ayvaiteayvaite- to be solid; to be stable; to be immovable #HBC; = asvaite-; -; < PY-S ayva-; < ?-ite1-;> ayvailun; cf. ayvair-

169

Basesca — caagnite-Cwould succeed.’ (AGA 1996:200); special usesin the divergent dialects: castun NUN, EG ‘how’(rather than qaillun) as in castun ayuqa? ‘how isit?’; NUN ‘why’ (rather than ciin) as in caluten
kaagcit? ‘why are you hungry?’; see Introduction
on “stress-repelling bases”; derivatives of ca and caare too numerous to be listed here; < PE cu(na)caa front area of hill, mountain, etc. # caanga ‘its
front’; Kiagluni piyalria tauna qaltayag teplinia
Pengurrlit caangatnun. ‘In the summer, thebucket had washed ashore in front of Pengurrlit.’(WEB2); NUN; = sayangaq; < PE ca90caacunguaq carved arts and crafts item # NUN;
> caacunguicaacungui- to carve ivory or wood # NUN; =cacungui-; < caacunguaq-licaacuk bad person; amoral person # Tua-i
mikelnguum man’a caacuurtellerkaa ta¥gaam
uluryanarquq, arcaqalriaruuq. . . . Tuaten-gguq
tamana aturluku anglicariyaaqekunek irniarak
tauna caacuurciiquq teglengarluni, iqlungarluni,
ca tua-i aturyugluku ellminek pingkuni. ‘The
possibility of a child becoming a bad person isvery serious and reprehensible. . . . If one usesthat (means of discipline) to raise a child, he or
she will become a bad person, a thief, a liar, andwill follow the same path when he begins (toraise his or her own children).’ (YUP 2005:48-50)
caaganeq kayak side-stringer # . . . qayillrani
apqiitnek caaganri elliluki tamakut tamaa-i
cauyarait; makut ayagyuangermeng nemtuittamaani, wagg’uq nemertarluteng. ‘. . . when he
was making a kayak he fastened the so-called
stringers to the ribs; even though they wereyoung men they did the lashing.’ (QUL 2003:614);
see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak; = saaganeq;
cf. cagtecaagnite-, caagniite- to be restricted fromengaging in certain activities due to death,first menses, miscarriage, or childbirth; topractice rite-of-passage abstinence # Tua-igguq inerquutngullruuq caagnilluni kinga
iverngaunani tuani. ‘It’s a warning for anyone
being under ritual restriction not to wade there.’Tua-i-gguq paalraayiit tamakut waten tamaani
caagnitellrianun; . . . Ingrirmiunguameng tua-ieyatullratni tamaani inerquusngatullrulliniut
caagnitellriit ayagangaunateng. Makut-llu kiingita
pivkenaki, cali ircenrraat tuacetun cali tamakut

ca in interrogative contexts: what?, in non-interrogative
contexts: something # and ca- in interrogative
contexts: to do what?; in non-interrogative contexts:
to do something # examples from the nominal
base: ca man’a agiirta? ‘what is approaching?’;
camek piyugcit? or cayugcit? ‘what do you
want?’; casqessia? ‘what do you want me to do?’;camiungusit? ‘where are you from?’; calisit?
‘what are you doing, what specific activity
are you engaged in?’ literally: ‘what are you
making?’; camun aturciqsiu? ‘what will you
use it for?’; cami ayagciqsit? ‘at what specifictime will you leave?’; cakauga? ‘what is it for?’;mermek caunateng ‘not having any water at all’;ca pia? ‘what’s up?’; cam iliini ‘sometime’; catiliitni ‘one time’; cat ilaitni ‘once in a while’; catanerteqellriit ‘things that breathe, that are alive’;caqerluni ‘one time it happened’; cavallercit!
‘good for you!’; carrluarnek nernaurtukut ‘let’s
eat whatever we have on hand’; caknaluku
qunukau? ‘for what purpose is he hanging on toit?’; caitenriciiquq ‘he won’t lack anything’, ‘he’ll
have everything’; examples from the verbal base:casit? ‘what are you doing?’; caciqse÷uk? ‘whatwill we2 do?’; casqessia? ‘what do you want me
to do?’; caameng ukut angnirpakartut? ‘for what
reason are these people so happy?’; cacirkaitua ‘I
don’t have anything to do’; canrituq ‘it’s nothing,it’s okay’; cakucinek ‘what kind’; caa-kiq? ‘sowhat?’; caste™gusit? ‘what are you (in terms ofoccupation)?’; caaqami ‘whenever; from time
to time’; Caaqamek-am tua-i mallungnaurtuk
tuntumek keglunret tuqutellratnek. ‘Occasionallythey2 would find a carcass, a caribou that wolves
had killed.’ (YUU 1995:2); Aren, cavagta, wiingall’ Mamterillermiunguunga. ‘Oh how interesting;I’m from Bethel myself.’ (YUU 1995:82); Tua-i-llu
tauna Kukugyarpak kingunitliniluni assirluni
cavkenani. ‘And so Kukugyarpak returned homein fine condition without any problems.’ (YUU
1995:104); Anglinglun’ tua-i piyugngaringengluni
anuurluan taum tangvallrani. Cakuni
tua-i piarkaurrluni. ‘He grew, and in his
grandmother’s perception he was becoming
ready to fend for himself. If he did something, he

170

Basescaagnitellriit inglukaqluki. ‘Those “paalraayiit”(a certain type of legendary creature) picked on
people under ritual restriction; . . . Because they(the “paalraayiit”) were mountain creatures
when people were practicing rite of passage
abstinence, people under ritual restriction were
warned not to go there (to the mountains). It
wasn’t just them (the “paalraayiit”) but the“ircenrraat” (a certain type of legendary little
people) were also enemies of those under ritual
restriction.’ (CIU 2005:78)
caalaq shortening; lard # NSK, HBC, NI, NUN; from
Russian cƒkj (sálo); = saalaq
caallivik trash can; slop bucket # NUN
caamiirte- to be disappointed; to be saddened #caamiirtuq ‘he feels disappointed, saddened’/ Neryuniurturallruami Elnguq caamiirrluni
uitangaluggluni cayuumiinani-llu taklangliluni.
‘Because she had been so excited withexpectation, Elnguq became downcast and justlay there, not inclined to do anything.’ (ELN
1990:21); = icamiirtecaanginar- to do something without achieving any
results # Equgmek tangerpek’nani uterrnaurtuq
perrirpak tekitnaurtuq caanginarluni. ‘Not
seeing any firewood he’d return, and he’d arrivecompletely without having achieved any results.’(ESK l899:475); < ca-?-inarcaanguaqe- to waste; to play around with #caanguaqaa ‘he is wasting it’ / Mat’um nalliini. . . yuk piyugtacimitun tegulluni nerluni-llu
pitacimitun. Kainriquni-llu caanguaqluki, qantam
iluanelnguut calligtaarturluki piaqluki. ‘Thesedays . . . a person takes as much as he wants
and eats what he wishes. When he is no longer
hungry he plays around with them (foods),
moving the food here and there in his bowl.’(YUU 1995:49); < caanguar-ke4caanguaq something not to be taken seriously;
arts and crafts item (NUN meaning) # andcaanguar- to waste something; to act without
serious purpose; to engage in hobby activity #caanguartuq ‘he is wasting something’ /< ca-?-uaq; (the second a here is probably not a suffix,
but rather is present because ca is monosyllabic);> caanguaqecaanik, caaniik kettle # . . . kenirrsuun kumarrluk’,
caanik-ll’ qallangkan ilaita-ta¥g’ nipluku, una
uqurkaarteng aninquurluku. ‘. . . they light thecaalaq — caarrluk

campstove, bring the kettle to a boil, and rightaway turn it off to conserve fuel.’ (CEV 1984:37);
from Russian xƒqybr (cháynik); = cainik, saanik
Caapaniq Japanese (person) # Maa-i cam iliini
naaqitulriaci Kass’at anguyallritnek wall’u
tayima Caapanit piciatun. ‘Nowadays, at one
point or another, you have read about the white
people or the Japanese going to war.’ (QUL
2003:610); Tua-i kan’a angun tangllemni tuartang kanani Caapaniq. Kegginaa tua-i qakimaluni.
‘That man that I saw down there looked like aJapanese. His face was all pale.’ (CIU 2005:352);
from English ‘Japanese’ (with “s” treated as the
English plural) or ‘Japanee’
caaraat five-year feast # (?)
Caarilluk Shageluk # Athabascan village on the InnokoRivercaarilluk white alder (Alnus sp.): < caarin-llukcaarin white alder (Alnus sp.). < ?-n; > caarilluk
caarkaitur- to mess around; to do things that aren’tsocially approved; to not have anything to do# caarkaiturtuq ‘he is messing around, etc.’/ caarkaituutekaa ‘he’s messing around, etc.,with it’; Ellii-llu piteksailami caarkaitungluni
Turpak-llu cangliqenruan Mikellami ullagluku
cimiucugluku elakamek. . . ‘And because she
hadn’t caught anything she started messing
around, and when Turpak caught more than
Mikellaq she went to her wanting to exchange
fishing holes . . .’ (ELN 1990:70); < caarkaq-ite1-ur
caarkaq chore to be done # caarkaituq ‘he has
nothing to do’; Nererraarluteng angutek ayiignek
ellii caarkairucami Qalemamun elicungcaasqelluni
iganek. ‘After they ate when the two men left,
since she had no more chores, she asked Qalemaq
to start teaching her the letters.’ (ELN 1990:87);< ca-(ar)kaq; > caarkaiturcaarralaq sugar # . . . kass’allartutullruukut tamaani,
mukaameng, caayumeng, iliini-ll’ caarralameng. . .‘. . . we used to eat white man’s food, flour,
tea, and sometimes sugar . . .’ (CEV 1984:38); from
Russian cƒ[fh (sákhar); NS, LY, HBC, NI, NUN;
= saarralaq
caarrilquq treeless country # NUN
caarrluk dust; dirt; lint; transgression; evil; evil
spirit; sin; debris; brush (plants) # Taqsuqairucan
taukuk teguluku evcualliniak, tua-i caarrlugmek
kanvelliniuq. ‘When he had rested they2 took
him and dusted him off and he shed the dust and171caarrliqe- — cagi-

Basesdebris.’ (YUU 1995:99); Naugiciquq caarrlugnek
cukilananek-llu, nerlararkauguten-llu yuilqum
naunrainek. ‘It will bring forth thorns andthistles, and you will eat of the plants of the field.’(AYAG. 3:18); Tanqilriim Mary-am caarrluunanipiurtellra ‘Immaculate Conception’ (Catholicterm); = carrluk; < ca-?-rrluk; (the second a here is
probably not a suffix, but rather is present because ca
is monosyllabic); > caarrliqecaarrliqe- to menstruate # Y; caarrluk-iqecaaskaq, caaskaaq cup # . . . cali caaskaq carrarmek
iqailngurmek mermek imirluku. ‘. . . also fillingthe cup with a little clean water.’ (CAT 1950:92);
from Russian xƒirf (cháshka); = caskaq, saskaq
caavarrnguar- to ask for a sex partner # Kia imum
caavarrnguaryullrem waniwa una qantaq neqkaa.
Pinrilnguarpek’nani watua waniwa teguliu,
tua-i qanellni aturluku unuku ullagniaraanga.
‘This bowl of food is for the man who asked fora sexual partner. He should come take the bowl
now without fail and come visit me tonight asrequested.’ (CIU 2005:378); < caavte-ar(ar)te-uaq
caavtaar- to feel around; to grope; to play a game ofblind-man’s-bluff # caavtaartuq ‘he is groping,
he is playing blind-man’s-bluff’; caavtaaraa ‘heis feeling it or feeling around for it’ /Egmianllu tua-i itqercami cavtaaqerluni keluketukiinun
angukaraam taum, nalaqluku. ‘Immediately hewent in and felt around behind that old man’s
usual place, and he found it.’ (AGA 1996:210)< caavte-acaavte- to feel or touch intentionally with one’s
hand # caavtaa ‘he is feeling it’ / = cavte-, savte-;> caavarrnguar-, caavtaar-; < PE cav0tcaayuq tea (either the leaves or the liquid) #and caayur- to dring tea # Naklegnaqluteng
yuullrullinilriit yuurqayuunateng,
caayurtusuunateng, kuuvviartusuunateng-llu
neqekarrlainarnek ta¥gaam ner’aqluteng. ‘Poor
things; they lived their lives without having hot
beverages — no tea, no coffee; they just ate fish.’(MAR1 2001:23); Y, NS, HBC, NI, NUN, UK, NR,
LI, EG; from Russian xfq (chay); = saayuq
caayuryaq silver or coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) # NUN, NS; = ciayuryaq
cacarqaq design or front-piece of parka # cacarqerra‘its design or front-piece’caceskite- to lack fortitude; to be weak; to lackcourage # caceskituq ‘he lacks fortitude, strength,and or courage’ / < cacet-kitecacet- fortitude; strength; courage; self-confidence#dimensional root; > caceskite-, cacetu-; = cas-,
taces-; cf. cayaq; < PE tat0
cacetu- to be strong; to be stable; to be brave; to be
unwavering; to be self-confident # cacetuuq ‘he isunwavering, strong, stable, brave, self-confident’/ < cacet-tu-; > cacetuqun, caceturi-, caceturqaurcacetuqun something on which one depends;
inspiration; source of encouragement; sourceof moral support # cacetuqutekai Qaneryarat
ukveqngamiki ‘he uses the Bible for support
because he believes in it’; Tua-i tang waniwa
nallunrilkevcia, cacetuquteku’uryugaqavcia-ll’
qessayuunii elpece÷i makut tuunraaraankatukninruata. ‘Now look here, youpl know mewell, whenever you want to use me as a source of
support, I am willing because these spirit helpersof mine are more potent than you all.’ (QUL
2003:494); < cacetu-?-ncaceturi- to recover # caceturiuq ‘he is recoveringfrom the effects of illness, fright, etc.’; < cacetu-i1caceturqaur- to reassure; to encourage; to comfort;
to inspire # caceturqauraa ‘he is encouraging
him’ / “Taumek alingenrici; neqkarpeciuggun
aulukciqamci irniaci-llu.” Tuaten caceturqaurai
qarulluki. ‘“Don’t be afraid; I’ll provide food foryou and your chilren.” Encouraging them thatway, he reassured them.’ (AYAG. 50:21); < caceturqe-?cacigmigute- to give detailed information to another# NUN
caciirte- to be idle after being busy hunting or doingother activities # NUN
caciitevkar- to be disappointed # caciitevkartuq ‘heis disappointed’ / NUN; < ca-ciite-vkarcacungui- to carve # cacunguiguq ‘he is carving’ /NUN; = caacungui-; < ca-cuk-nguaq-li2cagarcite- to be busy working # HBC; = yagarcetecagevqar- to shove (off or over) # NUN
cagg’ite- to have nothing # cagg’inani ‘(it)having nothing’; . . . avatii yuvriaryaaqaa
cagg’itqapiggluni. ‘. . . she searched its vicinity
in vain; there was absolutely nothing around.’(MAR2 2001:92); NS
caggluk wormwood (Artemisia sp.) # NSU; =caiggluk; < ?-rrluk; < PE ca90!(i3)cagi- to lose (something small); to get lost (of172Basessomething small) # NUN
caginraq* pelt of caribou taken just after the long
winter hair has been shed in spring # Tua-igguq taukut arnat akillinilriit, taqucameng-llu
qasgilluki. Tua-ll-gguq imna caginraa teguluku
nukalpiartam. Tua-llu-gguq nukalpiartam tuanaarnaq nuliqluku. ‘And those women made aparka, and when they were done they brought
it to the kashim. And the strapping young man
took the prime caribou pelt (parka) (for his bride).
And he married that woman.’ (GRA 1901:286);< ?-nraq; < PE ca!!a3 (presently PI)
cagiq starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) or
arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias); sanddab (Cithatichthys sp.); halibut (Hippoglossus
stenolepis) (NUN meaning) #= sagiq; from Aleut
ca!iX
cagmak mucus; phlegm from mouth # cagmii
elngurtuq ‘his mucus is thick’; cagmiquq ‘he hasa cold with excess mucus in his nose and throat’cagmar- to lose; to misplace; to be lost; to foolishlyexpend; to squander; to waste # cagmartuq ‘itis lost’; cagmaraa ‘he lost it’ / cagmariuq ‘helost something’; Tutgara’urlumkutagaq. Angu!
Cagmarciqenrituq. Kiingan mingqutkapuk.
Natmun cagmarciu? Cagmallerpeni ik’ikika
yuarru! ‘Darned grandson. No! It must not belost. It’s our only needle. Where did you loseit? Quickly, where you lost it, search for it!’
(GRA 1901:280–281 & PRA 1995:453); Nev’etassircallran mat’ukan umcigciyarakun amllernek
akinek cagmanricecciiqaaten. ‘An improvement of
your house by weatherization, will result in yoursaving (that is, not wasting) lots of money.’ (GET
n.d.:1); < PE ci9a!ma(3)- (under PE ci9a!-)cagneq fathom # HBC, NUN; < cagte-neq1
cagner- to have sore muscles; to be fatigued #cagnertuq ‘he has sore muscles’ /cf. cagni-; < PE
ca!n03cagni- to be taut; to be tight # cagniuq ‘it is taut’, ‘it
is tight’ /urluvrem qelutii cagniuq ‘the bowstringis taut’; cagnitai pelatekam petui ‘he is tightening
the tent’s ropes’; Mingqerraarluki-llu qaingani
qecgaurluteng, cikumek tuaten tugaurluku,
aunrarcetaarluku-gguq. Aunrangami-llugguq tauna cagniriluni. ‘After sewing them (itswounds) up they jumped on top of it and jabbed
it with pieces of ice, trying to make it bleed.
When it bled (the skin) became more taut.’ (YUU

caginraq* — caiggluk

1995:22); > cagnirqun, cagnite-1; cf. cagnercagnirqun, cagniun (NUN form) cross-lashingholding the sinew backing onto the body of a
traditional bow; handle to pull seam tight on
kayak skin # < cagni-rqe1-n, cagnite1-ncagnite-1 to tighten # cagnitaa ‘he tightened it’/ cagnitaa sass’ani ‘he wound his watch’;
Nayagani pillinia, “Kiik’ patagmek cingigken
cagnillukek.” Aren, nayagaan tua taum cingigni
cagniqualukek. Tua-i aqevluteng ayakalliniut. ‘He
said to his younger sister, “Hurry up, quickly
tighten your bootlaces.” And so his younger sister
quickly tightened her boot laces, and then they
took off running.’ (QUL 2003:472); < cagni-te2-;> cagnirqun
cagnite-2 to work harder or put effort into what
one is doing to make up for lost time; to exert
oneself fully # Tutgara’urluq-gguq tuaten tua
aqvaquksuaraqtaqili. Tauna-gguq ta¥gken
ak’a-gguq cagnitengkili anguqtall’er tauna. ‘The
grandson kept an easy pace. However, thatmighty man was already exerting himself fully.’(NAA 1970:9); NS, Y, HBC
cagpaaluk long roots of a tree trunk # NUN
cagqralria three in cards # NI; < cagte1-ur(ar)-lria
Cagquralriit the constellation consisting of thealigned stars of Orion’s belt # means ‘strewn
ones’ in Yup’ik; three or four stars; = Sagquralriit(q.v. for details); < cagte1-ur(ar)-lria-plural
cagta fishing line # HBC; cf. cagte1-, cagte2cagte1- to scatter; to spread out; to be in disarray #cagtuq ‘it is in disarray’, ‘it is spread out’; cagtaa‘he is spreading it out’ / Tagucamiu qasgimun
kiavet egkumun kuv’llia aqlit’rugarnek imarluni,
cagtai. ‘When he brought it up with him to the
kashim he spilled the content in the back of theroom, it contained lots of earrings, and he strew
them out.’ (MAR1 2001:66); = sagte-; < PE ci9a!-;cf. cagta
cagte2- to stretch one’s arms; to raise one’s hand;to engage in hand-to-hand combat; fight #cagarrvikaa ‘he extended his arms to her’; HBC,
NUN; = yagte-; > cagneq; cf. cagta
Cagtulek Shaktoolik # village on Norton Sound;< ?-lek
caguyaq semi-conical bentwood hat # NUN; from
Aleut ca!u9aX “visor”
caiggluk wormwood (Artemisia sp.) # used as a173

cailkakuaq — cakanir-

Basescakaar- to disregard; to pay great attention andrespect (meaning in BB) # cakaaraa ‘he isdisregarding it’; ‘he is paying attention to it’(BB) / alerquutii cakaraa ‘he is disobeying
her precepts’; kenekngamiu cakaaraa kiingan
panini ‘because he loves his only daughter
he is watching over her closely’ (BB); Taumtua-i imum, mallukestellran, tua-i cakaarluku
nat’ariinek-llu tegutevkenani unitelliniluku
tauna beluga-rpall’er. ‘The person who had
found this carcass let it be without taking any partof it, he left that great big beluga behind.’ (ELL
1997:266)
cakaitur- to be uncertain as to what to do #cakaiturtuq ‘he is uncertain as to what todo’ / Piluku-llu uyurangniluku, cali-llu
anglikan aipaq’larciqniluku aquigaqan Irr’aq,
cakaiturnganani tua-i kinguqlinga’arcami naken
piciilngurmek. ‘She told her that Irr’aq had
gotten a younger sibling and when it grew it
would keep her company when she played, andIrr’aq appeared uncertain as to what to do since
she’d acquired a sibling who seemed to haveappeared from out of nowhere.’ (ELN 1990:103–104); < ca-kaq-ite1-ur- (?)
cakanir- to change; to be affected by what
has happened or what has been done to
one # cakanirta-kiq? ‘what does he haveto gain by it?’; Mak’ussaaraat-ll’ maani,
anglaningnaqliniaqelriaci, mikelngurmengkiq cakanirnaluci anglaningnaqaqtessi? ‘You
ugly people, who have been amusing yourself,
how could you be affected by a child, adding
to your pleasure?’ (CEV 1984:87); very oftenwith a negative postbase and so meaning ‘to notchange; to not be affected’: cakaninrituq ‘it
didn’t change’; Umyuarteqluni iqlungaicukluni,
cakanirpek’nani qanrutengraani cali makcaraarluni
kiarquralallinia. ‘Thinking he wouldn’t lie toher, even though she’d been told otherwise, she
did not change her mind, and continued to get up
early to look for him.’ (YUU 1995:10); Tua-i-llu
qerrutenglliniami keggutai-llu kavcagtengluteng,ilain-llu ulivsiangraatni cakanirpek’nani. ‘And
so because she was getting cold, her teeth werebeginning to chatter, and even though her family
members put more blankets on her, she wasn’t
affected.’ (ELN 1990:4); Tamana-llu alerquun maa-i
cakaniqsaunani. ‘And that law has not changed tothis very day.’ (AYAG. 47:26); < ca-kanir-

general medicine in a brew made from the leaves;also used for steambath switches; Tua-i-gguq taunanasqurrutii Taglangaam, . . . , nangyun-gguq
evcugluku caiggluk wani, nangyun evcugluku.
‘. . . Taglangaq used the wormwood headdress toward off sickness. She was trying to shake off thesickness in her body.’ (TAP 2004:73); EG, Y, NSK,
HBC, NI, CAN, UK, NR, LI; = caggluk; < ?-rrluk;< PE ca903(i3)cailkakuaq child of unwed mother # BB; < cailkaqkuarcailkakuar- to go overland, not following a trail #cailkakuartuq ‘he is going off the beaten path’ /< cailkaq-kuarcailkaq anywhere non-specific; tundra; ground;floor; somewhere (or someway) other than thenormal # cailkaq man’a nengllirtuq ‘the groundhere is cold’; . . . kiarrluni at’arkaminek piuq
keglunrem amia cailkami . . . uitalria.
‘. . . looking around for something to put on
she noticed a wolf’s pelt on the gound . . . lying
there.’ (ELN 1990:80); Ellii tua-i peggluku,
cailkami aqvaqurnaluni ‘He released it sothat he could run alongside.’ (QUL 2003:472);
Ayagaaqlutek tua-i maaken cailkamek tuntunek
tuaten ayagaqamek pitaqlutek. ‘They2 began totravel around from here, and from the tundra
they would get caribou whenever they went
out.’ (ELL 1997:78); Ta¥gken maligeskuvkek
qanellrak tamalkuan, cailkaungraan
aanakenrilngerpegu, inerquasten alerquastenllu maligtaquuralaquvgu, elluarrluten nutaan
ayagciquten. ‘But if you follow whatever they2
say, even if she’s not specifically your mother, if
you always follow the one who instructs andadmonishes you, then you will go the right way
in life.’ (QAN 1995:338); cailkakun yuurtelleq‘child of unwed mother’; < ca-ite1-kaq; >cailkakuaq, cailkakuarcaimik liver #cainiguaq, cainiiguaq teapot # < cainik-uaq,
cainiik-uaq
cainik, cainiik kettle # from Russian xfqybr(cháynik); = caanik, saanik; > cainiguaq
caitqapik absolutely nothing # adverbial particle;
Tua-i-gguq tua uksurpak, uksuarpak camek
pitenrilnguq caitqapik. ‘He said that all fall andwinter he didn’t catch anything — nothing at all.’(QAN 2009:430); < ca-ite1-qapigte-

174

Basescakarnir- to be suitable for making things; to havepotential # Tua-i-llu nutaan encan angutet nutaan
ayagaluteng, kegglanek piluteng, caskunek,
piqertuutarnek, muragnek cakarnilrianek yualriit.
‘And when the tide is down the men go out withsaws, tool and axes looking for (drift)wood thatis suitable for making things.’ (PAI 2008:244); < cakar-nir(qe)-; > cakarniirute-, cakarniitecakarniirute- to become unsuitable for use; tobecome good for nothing # Nuna tamarmi
cakarniiruciiquq, patumaluni kenngetulimek
taryumek-llu; . . . ‘The entire land will becomea wasteland, covered with readily inflammablematerial (sulphur) and salt; . . .’ (ALER. 28:23);< cakarnir-i:rutecakarniite- be unsuitable for use; to haveno potential # Tua-i-gguq tauna, tamana
tamaa-i yuk qaimikun ta¥gaam assirualria
tangllermikun, ilua ta¥gken caarrluuluni tua-i,
cakarniinani, . . . ‘They say that a person may begood to look at on the surface, but his interior
may be rotten, have no potential, . . .’ (YUP
2005:81); < cakarnir-ite1cakemna the one downriver; the one toward
the exit; the one in the front room. obscured
demonstrative pronoun; cak’mum ‘of the
one downriver’; cakmumek ‘from the one
downriver’; cakemkut ‘the ones downriver’;
Qilungarcan, qamna arnassagauluni qanertuq,“Arenqiapaa, tutgarrluung, cakemna
qimugkauyara’urluun, qakemkut-am
tan’gaurlullraat pingciqaat; aqvau.” ‘When it
began to bark, that one in there, an old lady,said, “Oh dear, dear grandson, that puppy ofyours near the exit, the boys out there will startbothering it; go get it.”’ (YUU 1995:108); seecakma(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives
cakegtake- to regard favorably # cakegtakaa ‘heregards it favorably’ / Nutaan cayaqlirluteng
kass’angameng yuurqaturiluteng saayumek.
Ta¥gaam saayut cakegtakellrunritait. ‘First when
the white people came they started drinking
tea. However, they didn’t really care for the tea.’(YUU 1995:27); < ca-kegte-aq1-ke3cakemte- to neglect # cakemtaa ‘he is neglecting it’/ NI
cakenqar- to feel sick after eating just a little
subsequent to starving # cakenqertuq ‘he feels

cakarnir- — cakiyun

sick’ / Taumek-gguq tuaten qusuurem pamyuan
kemgan ingluanek, nerkuni cakenqerciqsaaquq
yuk nerellmi kinguani. Ta¥gaam-gguq
cakenqerraarluni pellugciqaa. ‘And after eating
just one side of a smelt’s tail, that person will feelvery sick. However, after feeling very sick, he will
get over it.’ (KIP 1998:337)
cakete- to work hard # NSU; cf. cakner-; < PE
cak0(t0)caki- to cut out a piece of something; to plane(wood) # cakiuq ‘he is cutting a piece of wood’;
cakia ‘he is cutting it’ / > cakite-; < PY-S caki(t0)cakiaq, cakiak sternum; breastbone # < PEcaki(C)a!
cakiq parent-in-law # . . . taum nengaugam
ikayullrui tuaggun pitallmikun. Taum-llugguq cakimi assiinani pillrungraani ayuqiinek
pivkenaku assilriamek ta¥gaam piluku. ‘. . .
that son-in-law helped them with his catch.
Although his father-in-law had treated him badly,
he did take revenge, but rather responded withgoodness.’ (YUU 1995:22); > cakiraq; < PE caki
cakiraq sister-in-law or brother-in-law in the senseof sibling of one’s spouse, not the spouse of one’s
sibling # < cakiq-aq3; < PE caki3a3 (under PE caki)
cakite- to chop; to cut with an ax or adze # cakitaa‘he cut into it’ / cakitellrua it’gani ‘he chopped
into his own foot’; . . . taumek keputiinek
aqvalluni aturluni tua-i cakilluki muriit ilua
ayagtekiurluku. ‘. . . getting that adze of his she
used it to cut the pieces of wood making frame
members for its (the kayak’s) interior.’ (QUL
2003:115); < caki-te5-; > cakiyun
cakivcissuun skin scraper # HBC, NUN, NS;< cakivte-i2-cuun
cakivquun tanning tool blade # NUN; < cakivte-?-ncakivte- to tan skin by scraping it # cakivtaa ‘he isscraping it’ / cakivciuq ‘he is scraping a skin’;
HBC, NUN, NS; > cakivcissuun, cakivquun,
cakivun; cf. cakuug-; < PE cak0v0t- and cakucakivun tanning tool blade used with tanning board# NUN; < cakivte-n
cakiyun, cakiun chopping device # Canek-llu
equgnek cakicuunani tauna uinga, cakiutnek
tamaani qalqapangqellermeggni, aciraqluki
keputnek. ‘Her husband did not cut any woodback then when their axes were those chopping
devices called adzes.’ (MAR1 2001:54); < cakite-n

175

cakma(ni) — cakviur-

Basescakma(ni) downriver; toward the exit; in the frontroom # Tua-i-ll’ unuumainanrani uitaqertelluku
cakemna amigmek yuuniaralriartanglliniluni
cakma. Aren tua-i cakma taringyaaqeng’ermiu,
uiksukluku ping’ermiu ikirucuumiinaku
ikirutenritliniluku!’ ‘Sometime during the night
while she was waiting, someone out there
began groaning just outside the door. Oh dear,though she seemed to recognize that person
out there, and although she thought he might be
her husband, she didn’t want to open the door
for him; she did not open it for him!’ (QAN
1995:280); Nutaan-llu tua-i kelucairissuun
tauna tegurraarluku tegukuvgu ayagciqelriatek
uatmun. Cakmani nakirnerem iquani,iqugyartuani pulayaranek ukunek tekiskuvtek
atu’urrluki kelutmun ayakarlutek anqerciiqutek
carr’ilqaq kan’a, qukaani-wa nek’egtaakacagaq
lavkaaruluni. ‘After you2 take that key, take it
and go downriver. In the area downriver at theend of the straight stretch of river, nearly at
its end, when you2 reach a trail through thebrush follow it inland and you2 will emerge,
and there will be a clearing down there and in
the middle a beautiful house.’ (QUL 2003:364);
obscured demonstrative adverb; see cakemna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. cak0mcaknaa- to labor hard; to strain physically,
emotionally, in illness, etc. # caknaaguq ‘he isstraining’ / Caknaaluni cayaqlirluni ipugartaa
nasqukuyuk . . . ‘Straining hard finally he pried
up a skull . . .’ (MAR2 2001:33); < cakner-acakneq very much # adverb; quyana cakneq‘thank you very much’; cakneq pivkenak!
‘don’t do it hard or roughly!’; Ta¥gaam-ta¥g’,
pingremeng cuyaitellerkarteng ta¥ga, cakneq
kapiakqapigtetulqaat cali caayuaraitellerkartengcali kapiakqapiggluku. ‘But more than those
things though, they were very much afraid of
running out of tobacco, also, of running out oftea.’ (CEV 1984:39); cf. caknercakner- to struggle to function # said of machinery,or of a person who is ill, or carrying a heavy load,or struggling not to laugh, etc.; caknertuq ‘he or
it is having a hard time’ / massiinaq caknertuq‘the motor is struggling to run’; > caknaa-,
caknernarqe-; cf. cakneq, cakviur-, caketecaknernarqe- to be difficult; to cause difficulties# caknernarquq ‘it causes difficulties’ /Ella-llu nengllirtura’arqan caknernarqetuuq
qamigalleq cikuyugaqan. ‘Whenever there isextended cold weather and the water starts
to freeze it makes it hard to hunt seals by sled.’(YUU 1995:20); Maurluulleq caknernaqsaaquq
elpece÷un tutgaramte÷un, niisnganritaqavcimaurlumeggnek. Ta¥gaam cali quyanaqluni.
Tutgaraat caknernarqut maligtaqutenritaqameng
maurlurmeng qanruyutiitnun. Caknernarquq
iluteqnaqluni, angniitnaqluni. ‘Being a
grandmother can be made difficult by you,our grandchildren, if you don’t heed yourgrandmother. However, it still makes one
thankful. Grandchildren can be difficult when
they do not follow their grandmothers’ precepts.
It’s difficult, and makes one sad, unhappy.’ (KIP
1998:57); < cakner-narqecakngarkaq task to be done # NUN; < ca-?-arkaq
cakte- to be small # EG
cakuciq what kind? # cakucimek levaangqercit?
‘what kind of outboard motor do you have?’;
cakuciuga? ‘what kind is it?’; < ca-kuciq
cakucuk illness; skin sore # and cakucug- to be ill;to have skin sores # cakucugtuq ‘he is ill, hassores’; < ca-?-cukcakug- to have a hard time # EG
cakukegte- to be adept # cakukegtuq ‘he is adept’;
Y, NS; < ca-?-kegtecakunglluut plural internal organs; viscera; guts;
entrails # < ca-?-nglluk
cakuug- to tan a skin by scraping it # cakuugaa ‘heis scraping it’; NSU; > cakuugun; cf. cakivte-;< PE cak0v0t- and cakucakuugun skin scraper # NSU; < cakuug-n
cakviur- to have a hard time; to work hard; toendure troubles; # cakviurtuq ‘he is having
a hard time’ / cakviurutkaa ‘he is having
a hard time on account of it’; calillermini
ernerpak cakviurtuq ‘he worked hard all day’;cakviurnarquq ‘it is difficult, trying’; Qavamekllu cakviuraqluta unugmi. ‘And, we’d have a hardtime with sleep at night.’ (YUU 1995:31); . . .
inerqurluku-llu cakviuresqevkenaku. ‘. . . and hewarned her not to work too hard.’ (YUU 1995:103);
Cakviurluten kiiryugluten-llu caliaqeciqan nunanaugivkangnaqluku neqkarpenek . . . ‘Laboring
hard and sweating you will work the land trying
to grow your food . . .’ (AYAG. 3:19); cf. cakner-176

Basescalaraq east; northeast # . . . utumariami ayalliniuq
ernerkarcurluni, calaram tungiinun. ‘. . . whenhe (Raven) got well he went off hunting fordaylight, toward the east.’ (YUU 1995:86);
Unani una-i wangkuta Nelson Island-aam
avatiini keluvaraqnilararput, kanaken Qipneq
ayagluteng caninermiut cala’arrnituluku,
keluvarnivkenaku anuqa waken northeast-amek
piaqan cala’arrnituluku. Ta¥gken call’ makut
Kusquqvagmiupiat kiugkeknirniluku. ‘We,
villages of the Nelson Is. area, say “keluvaq”,
but starting from Qipneq, the coastal people
say “calaraq”. They don’t say “keluvaq” when
the wind is blowing from the northeast;
they say that it is blowing from “calaraq”.
But then the ones from the Kuskokwim say“kiugkeknirtuq”.’ (QUL 2003:701); Nunautseng
nengciiqaat negetmun, ungalatmun, calaratmun,
kanavatmun-llu. ‘They will extend their territory
toward the north, toward the south, toward theeast, and toward the west.’ (AYAG. 28:14)
caleryag- to act or react violently or abruptly #caleryagtuq ‘he is acting violently’; caleryagaa‘he is treating it in a rough and carelessway’ / caleryagauq ‘he is handling things
roughly’; Alqunaq-gguq caleryanrilkuma
anirtaarutqelarciqanka. ‘If I don’t react abruptly
I won’t have any reason for regrets.’ (KIP
1998:255); < ca-leryagcali more; furthermore; again; also; still; yet; and #adverbial particle; cali-qaa kuuvviaryugtuten? ‘doyou want more coffee?’; cali! ‘do it more!’; caliqaa? ‘do you want more?’ or ‘shall I do more?’;calirraq ‘a little more’; kaigtua cali ‘I’m still
hungry’; < ca-?; < PE cu(na)li (under cu(na))
cali- to work; to make something # caliuq ‘he isworking, making something’; calia ‘he is making
something for her’ / calisit? or caliyit? ‘what are
you doing?’, ‘what are you making?’, or ‘what
are you working on?’; calingeksaituq ‘he hasn’t
started to work’; nani calilarcit? ‘where do you
work?’; < ca-li-; > caliaq, calinguar-, calissuun,calista; calivik
caliaq a job done; a thing worked on; task
done; chore done; job (employment) #Elitnauqsaileng’ermeng aatameng qanruyutellrit
maligtaqustellrit imucetun elitnaurumalriacetun
caliangqelartut caperrnarqellrianek. ‘Even though
they haven’t gone to school, if they followed

calaraq — calla-

their fathers’ advice, they hold jobs, even difficult
ones just like those who’ve gone to school.’ (YUU
1995:32); < cali-aq1; Uksuarmi qimugtetgun
ayagatullratni, qanrut’lallruitkut ayagatulit
angutet aturait ciumek, nenglengvailgan
caliaqesqelluki. ‘When they used to travel bydogteam in the fall, they would tell us to workon the clothes of the traveling men first before
it becomes intensely cold.’ (YUU 1995:55);> caliarkaq
caliarkaq task to be done; chore to be done #caliarkairutua ‘I don’t have anything more
to do’; Cunaw’ maurluat-llu nunatellinilriit
neqet pingssiyaagpailgata, caliarkateng-llu
amllerissiyaagpailgata. ‘It turned out that theyand their grandmother had come up to visit
before the fish migrated up and their tasks
become overwhelming.’ (ELN 1990:39)
caligaq large flat rock # Kuten-ggur caliger una
angtuarwaarur, siimar. ‘It happens, that thisparticular flat rock was very large.’ (WEB2);< PY cali!aq
calinguar- to play at working; to work on things
such as arts and crafts that are not for direct
serious use (though perhaps to be sold)# Unugmi ta¥gaam canek calinguaraqlua
mingeqlua. ‘At night, however, I sew, working onarts and crafts.’ (YUU 1995:55); < cali-nguaq
calissuun tool; device for working; Social Security
card or number # Qunguk-llu paturraarlukek,
muragamek naparciluteng aklui agarqelluki,
calissuutai-llu. ‘After covering the grave they
put a piece of wood there and hung on it his
equipment, and his tools.’ (YUU 1995:42);< cali-cuun
calista worker # caliste™guut ‘they are
workers’; Cali maa-i calisteryulriit imkunek
elitnaurumalrianek elisngalrianek
calisteryugaqluteng. ‘Also nowadays the ones whowant workers want workers to be those who havegone to school and are knowledgeable.’ (YUU
1995:57); < cali-ta1
calivik workshop # < cali-vik
cal’kuuyaq casserole of meat or fish with potatoes,
onions, etc. # HBC; from Russian; fhrj́t (zharkóe)‘roast’; = salkuuyaq
calla- to be spread open as a wound or a crack does
# callauq it is open / > callakayak, callalleq,
callaneq, callar-177callakayak — calrite-Basescalligte- to move a short distance; to movesomething out of the way; to scatter; to strew
about; to discard; to put aside # calligtuq ‘hemoved’; calligtaa ‘he moved it over’ or ‘hescattered it’ / calligtaarluni ‘moving fromplace to place, running around’; Taqngamengllu nernermek aaniita piluki calligcisqevkenaki
neqallernek. ‘And when they finished eating
their mother told them not to strew about thebones and other leftovers from the meal.’(ELN 1990:5); Eliskunegteggu-am tua-i imkut
yuarutellret calliggluki taukunek yuarucirluteng.
‘And once they learned the new songs, they put
the old songs aside and sang those songs at thefestival. (TAP 2004:58); < PE ca@i!-2
callirneq driftwood on the shore (Y meaning); palmof hand (NUN meaning) #callmak patch on clothing # and callmag- to patch #callmagtuq ‘he is patching something’; callmagaa‘he is patching it’ / uimi qerrulliik callmagak‘she is patching her husband’s pants’; callmii ‘its
patch’; Quyurcameng tua-i nutaan tan’gerian
qayait yuvrilliniluki, assirnerit waten tan’germi
ellaigaarturluki callmangqerrnayukluki. ‘When
they got together and it became dark they
checked their [the villagers’] kayaks, stroking
their hulls with their hands in the darkness,
thinking that they might have patches.’ (PAI
2008:346); NI, CAN, LK, BB, NR; > callemkar-;< PY ca@mak
callug- to fight physically # callugtuq ‘he isfighting’; callugaa ‘he is fighting with him’ /callugtuk or calluutuk ‘they2 are fighting witheach other’; Tua-i tauna anguyiim ayagnera.
Callungelliniut. . . . Kiituan’ tamarmeng
yaggluteng callungelliniut tuqurqulluteng.
‘That was the beginning of war. They started
to fight. . . . Finally everyone started to fightstriving against each other, killing each other.’(YUU 1995:8); Iquan tamarmeng callugluku,
pinqiggngaitniateng ta¥gaam taqluku.’ Whenhe fell they all bounced on him and pummeled
him and stopped only when he promised not tobother them again.’ (ELN 1990:110); nelgutminek
calluayaraq ‘domestic violence’; < ca-lluk
calluk storm # NUN; < ca-llukcalqutagaq earthly possession # NUN
calrite- to be healthy; to be immune to illness #CAN; < ?-ite1- (?)

callakayak open sore; canker sore; cold sore; ulcer;
thrush # and callakayag- to have an open sore #< calla-kayagcallalleq wound; crack # . . . cali-llu qimugtet
ullalaraat callallri pairaqluki. ‘. . . and the dogs
came to him and licked his wounds.’ (LUKE
16:21); < calla-lleq
callaneq canker sore; cold sore; ulcer; ulcer #< calla-neq1
callangqa- to be spread open; to have an open sore
# callangqauq ‘it is (spread) open’ or ‘he has anopen sore’; callangqauq ‘it is open’ or ‘he hasan open sore’ / yaassiik callangqauq ‘the box isopen’ having split open; < callar-ngqacallar- spread open # postural root; < calla-?(concerning the derivation of callar- from callacompare aga-/agar-); > callarte-, callangqacallarci- to open something; to get an open sore #callarciuq ‘he opens something’ or ‘he got an
open sore’ / Tan’gaurluq callarciaqan, aaniin
pitsaqutmek qengani kapluku aunrarcet’laraa.
Aunraqan-llu taum tan’gaurluum qanranun
kakeggluni. Nasaurluq-llu pikan aatiin tuaten
piarkauluku. ‘Whenever a little boy had an open
sore in his mouth, his mother would purposelypoke her nose and make it bleed. When it bled
she’d let it bleed into that boy’s mouth. And fora little girl her father would do the same for her.’(YUU 1995:52); < callarte-i2callarcissuun letter opener; can opener; box opener# < callarcicallarte- to spread open; to get or make a holethrough (it); to have a rash (additional NUN
meaning) # callartuq ‘it opened’; callartaa‘he opened it’ / Ayumian tua asveq tauna
una aqsiigken qukaak iquklitevkenaku
pilagluku callarrluku, asverem tua taum kemga
anerquralliniluku uqua tuaten amian ngeliikun
aug’araqluku. ‘He cut open the walrus in the
middle of its belly, but he didn’t slit it open all
the way, and he took out its meat and cut its
blubber right against its skin.’ (QUL 2003:114);
Tua-i-llu tauna tuavet nanvamun [ayagluni],
ak’a civuuluku nanvaq callartellruluku qukaakun
ukilluku camavet tua-i. ‘He’d take that down
to the middle of a lake, where earlier they had
already made a hole in the ice.’ (QAN 1995:176);< callar-te2callemkar- to put a little patch on # < callmag-qar-

178

Basescaltuqite- to get stuck in or have difficulty withsomething that is too small # caltuqituq ‘hegot stuck’ / lumarramek at’essaagyaaqellria
caltuqituq ‘he tried to put on a shirt but found it
too small’; < caltur-ite3-

caltuqite- — camir-a long time, or when first meeting someone; K, BB,
NI; > cama-iir-; cf. camani; < PY cama-i
cama-i-ir- to say “cama-i” to, and shake hands with# cama-i-iraa ‘he shook hands with him’/ camai-irutuk ‘they2 shook hands’; Iteryaqlian Cung’uq
tua-i aaniita aatiita-llu aryuqluku tua-i camai-rluku. ‘When Cung’uq finally came in, theirmother and father were glad to see him and shookhands with him.’ (ELN 1990:67); < cama-i-rcama(ni) in the area down below or toward the river# obscured demonstrative adverb; Mikelnguumllu aaniin qantaq akurturluku, neqet iliitneka¥g’aulluni, akutaquinermek-llu camavet nunam
akuliinun elakaulluku. ‘The child’s mother took
the dish, broke off some of the fish and little bitof Eskimo ice cream and buried it down below
in the soil.’ (YUU 1995:30); Alpalitulliniameng
camani, alpanek tep’aryagtangqelliniluni
nalamalrianek taum ce÷ii qikertam, Qayaassimgguq. ‘Because down at the ocean there are anabundance of murres, there were many deadmurres that had floated onto the shore of thatisland they called Qayassiiq.’ (QUL 2003:102); see
camna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. cam-;
cf. cama-i
camataq metal (copper or brass) and bead foreheadornament # < cama-taq1; < + PY camataq (cf.
Siberian Yupik samataq ‘iron forehead ornament
used by shaman for healing’)
cami when? # inflected form; < ca-localis
camiite- to not be satiated; to have an insatiableappetite # camiituq ‘he is not satiated’ /Tua-i-llu kinguvri tuaten tua-i camiinateng,
camiiterrlugluteng pilliniut. Camiirutnaqluni
tamana. Maaten ilumun murilkaput kinguvritaum tua-i wangkutni camiillruluteng. ‘His
descendants were able to eat and eat and neverget satisfied. That particular song could cause
people to eat a lot of food. And from observation
we could see that his descendants were able to eat
and eat.’ (CIU 2005:390); < camir-ite1camir- to be satiated # camirtuq ‘he is satiated’ /camirnarquq tepa tuknissiyaagami ‘the aged fishhead is quite satisfying because it is so piquant’;
Cakegtaamek acuileng’ermi, nertukuni camirrluni
tua-i tukuulriatun piarkauguq. ‘Even if he neverputs on nice clothes, if he does eat his fill he will
be just like a wealthy man.’ (YUU 1995:54); < ca?; > camiite-

caltur- to be too big to fit into something # calturtuq‘it is too big to go through’; calturaa’ he is too
big for it’; ‘he finds it too small for him’ / . . .
anlliniuq, amik tua-i waten wani qasgim amia,
calturluni tuani. Pekcetsaagyaaqekiini-ll’ . . .
pekcesciiganani, kumlatkacagaqii-gguq tuar.
‘. . . when he went out the entrance right here,
the door of the kashim wouldn’t open. He tried
to move it . . . it couldn’t be moved, as though
it were, it is said, frozen stiff.’ (QAN 1995:184);. . . igqaqsaaqluteng pugyarangqerrami,
kangtunrilngurmeng qaygiq. Igqaqsaaqluteng,atauciq ta¥g’ igaarrlun’ malruk-ll’ ukuk
ataucikun igglutek, calturlutek, acivarciiganatek.
‘. . . they tried to go down the entrance passage,
but it was not very wide. They kept trying andone made it; then two others went down at once,but they got wedged in together, and could not
go down farther.’ (CEV 1984:54); = tastur-;> caltuqite-; < PE tat(0)tu3- (under PE tat0-)

calugcissuun skin scraper # < calugte-i2-cuun

calugte- to tan a skin by scraping it # calugtaa ‘heis scraping it’ / calugciuq amiitnek imarmiutaat
uimi pitallrinek ‘she is scraping the skins of
the minks her husband caught’; Kinrakullu caluggluku, nutaan eliqluku mingeqluku
ivrucililuku. ‘When it dried she scraped and tanned
it. Then she cut it out and sewed it for waterboots.’ (YUU 1995:66); Arenqiapaa-gguq, uinga
tauna calugtarkaminek nayirmek cikiisqelluni
calugciuq pilu’ugkiurluku. ‘Goodness, herhusband asked to be given a spotted seal thathe could tan. He tanned one to be used for [theboy’s] skinboots.’ (QUL 2003:110);> calugcissuun; < PE calu!-

calugun skin scraper # < calugte-n

cama- to be worked (of metal) # . . .
peresciigalngurtun cavigtun camasciigalngurtunllu punernertun. ‘. . . like inflexible iron or
unworkable brass.’ (ISAI. 48:4); < ca-ma-; >camataq
cama-i hello; greetings; pleased to meet you; good tosee you again # exclamation; usually accompaniedby handshaking and used after not seeing someone for179

camlaate- — cangalliur-

Basescamlaate- to be flimsy; to not be sturdy; to be easily
broken # NUN
camna the one down below or toward the river #obscured demonstrative pronoun; cam’umek ‘fromthe one down there; camkut ‘the ones down
there’; Tuunriinanermini qanlliniuq, “Meq tangcamna pekcestengqeqatallinilria.” ‘While he was
conjuring he said, “The water down below is about
to have a traveler (appear in it).”’ (YUU 1995:88);
see cama(ni), the corresponding demonstrative
adverb; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem.
camcamru tobacco pouch made from seabird skin #NSUcana-, canar- to carve wood; to whittle # canauq‘he is whittling’; canaa ‘he is whittling on it’ /canaluni inugualiuq muragmek ‘he is making adoll, carving it from wood’; Canaurluni waten,
ilulikii, canassuutmek aturluteng pitullermeggni.
‘He was carving like this, hollowing it out, usinga whittling tool like they used to do.’ (QAN
1995:24); > canalleq
canake- to dislike; to criticize; to reject; to disagreewith # EG; = cangakecanalleq wood shaving # Canaurluni, canallri makut
waten egtaqateng cikaaruluteng ayagartaqlutengtua, cikaaruluteng. Makut maa-i cikaaret. ‘He
was whittling and when his shavings fell, they
became capelin and swam away. These are thepresent-day capelin.’ (ELL 1997:250); < cana(r)lleq1
caneggete- to be thin # of skin, ice, wall, etc.;
caneggetuq ‘it is thin’ / NSU; = can’ggete-,
canegte-; cf. can’u-; < PY can0!(0)tcangegngalnguq* bullet with lines on the top(resembling grass roots) # < canek-ngalnguq
canegtar- to gather grass # canegtartuq ‘he isgathering grass’ / < canek-tar2canegte- to gather grass # canegtuq ‘he is gathering
grass’ / Tua-i-llu tekican, canegcesqe™gatni
ilalirluki tua-i caneggluni atauciqtaararluki
qecugaqluki. ‘When she arrived, they told her togather grass, so she joined them pulling up one
grass at a time.’ (ELN 1990:46); < canek-te1can’egte - to be thin # Man’a-gguq nuna man’a
can’egtellrani waten cat alailluteng-llu pilallrulriit.
Tua-gguq cat alaillallruut nuna can’egtellrani
watuacetun ayuqenritellrani. ‘Many things wereseen when the earth was thin. Things would

appear when the land was thin, not the way
it is today.’ (AGA 1996:39); = can’ggete-; < PY
can0!(0)tcanek grass # general term; can’get ‘blades of grass,a number of grass plants’; can’ggaq ‘a little bit ofgrass’; canegnek Yupiit tuc’eńalilartut ‘Yup’iks
make insoles out of grass’; can’gucirtuq ‘he hasa large supply of grass’; canegpiit ‘tall grass’;
Napat akuliitnun pulaamek Qalemaq-llu ellii-ll’
piuk nuna patumaluni canegnek nalamalrianek,
akuliitni-wa tamakut naugaaralriit can’get. ‘When
she and Qalemaq went into the grove of trees,
she saw that the earth was covered with areas ofdead grass, and with fresh growths of shoots ofgrass growing between them.’ (ELN 199N:36); Y,
K, CAN, NUN, NI, BB, NR, LI; > canegngalnguq,
canegte-, canegtar-, can’gurneq; cf. can’giiq; < PE
can0!
canerlak bad season; time of famine; epidemic #Cali-llu una, man’a canerlak allrakunek qavcinek
cuqengqertuq, tauna nallairaqan tut’aqluni.
‘Also this one, this epidemic had a period ofseveral years, striking when that time came.’ (KIP
1998:329); = cangerlak
canga- emotional root > cangake-, canganarqe-,
cangatar-, canganarqe-; < ca-?; cf. cangatecangake- to dislike; to criticize; to reject; to disagreewith # cangakaa ‘he dislikes, rejects, disagrees
with it’ / Tamaa-i ilaita ilateng cangaknaurait-llu
arnat, uingit cumikenritniluku waten apqiitnek,
tua-i-w’ angenruluni-gguq uimini. ‘Some of thewomen criticized their fellow women and said
that one of them was not being attentive to herhusband’s welfare. They would say that she putherself above her husband, just being a snob.’(QUL 2003:194); < canga-ke4-; = canakecangalke- to be critical of; to be concerned orworried about # cangalkaa ‘he found something
the matter with it’ / Kayukilan cangalkenritniluku.
‘Since the wind wasn’t very strong, he said hewasn’t very worried about it.’ (QAN 1995:324);< cangate-ke3cangalliur- to find fault with something; to beconcerned or worried about something #cangalliurtuq ‘he finds fault with something’ or‘he is worried about something’ / Taukuk-llu
angayuqaak cangalliurpegnatek tua nallunrilamek
qiperrlugpegnatek-llu nallunrilamek tua
piarkaungan. ‘And her parents were not perturbed

180

Basesor bothered since they were informed about it, andthey didn’t fuss or complain since they knew thatthat’s how it must be.’ (ELL 1997:135); < cangateliurcangallrunrite- to be no less than or more thananother or others; to be no different from anotheror others # cangallrunrituq ‘it is no different’;cangllrunritaa ‘he regards it as no different’ /cangallrunrituq nunalgutmini ‘he is no different
than his fellow villagers’; cangallrunritaqa
nunalgutiini ‘I regard him as no different
than his fellow villagers’; Tua-llu cal’ tua
kampaassaq pikuvciu tamakucimi cangallrunrituq
nunangualiurcuutmi. ‘Well, if you were using
a compass it is no different from the ones on
the map.’ (QUL 2003:714); Ephraim-aankuk
Manasseh-llu qetunraqagka cangallruvkenatek
Reuben-aankugni Simeon-aaq-llu. ‘I hold mysons Ephraim and Manassah as no different than
Reuben and Simeon.’ (AYAG. 48:5); < cangatellru2-nritecanganarqe- to be objectionable; to be offensive #canganarquq ‘it is objectionable’ or ‘it/he causes
one to feel hurt, be offended’ / canga-narqecangatar- to be critical by nature / cangatartuq ‘he iscritical by nature’; < canga-tar1cangate- to have something amiss; to have what
amiss # cangatuq ‘something is wrong withit’; cangata? ‘what is amiss with it?’; ‘how isit?’ / cangacit? ‘how are you?’; cangatenritua‘I am fine, there is nothing amiss with me’;cangatenrilkumegnuk up’nerkiyarciqukuk ‘ifeverything is well with us2, we will go to spring
camp’; > cangalke-, cangalliur-; cf. cangacangayug- to dislike something; to reject something;
to be offended; to have hurt feelings /cangayugtuq ‘he dislikes or rejects something,he has hurt feelings, is offended’; Tua-i
qemitauciqapiggluteng ilait-llu kass’areskuni
aatiita ang’aqluki qemitarnek piarkauluni
maurluat cangayugnayukluku umyuaqenrilkatni.
‘They had so many dried squirrels that theirfather thought he would take some to thechildren’s grandmother when he went to tradefurs, realizing that if he forgot to do that their
grandmother would surely be hurt.’ (ELN
1990:17); < canga-yugcange- to catch fish or game # cang’uq ‘hecaught something’ / Tua-i-llu kanevvlukek

cangallrunrite- — can’giiq*

carangllugnek taukuk ayuqucirturluku
Elnguq civtellregni kapkaanaak qalarrluni
alaicessiyaagqata cangyuit’larniluki. ‘Then hedemonstrated to Elnguq how to sprinkle grass,leaves and twigs on the trap that he had set,saying that traps don’t catch animals if they are
too visible.’ (ELN 1990:52); K, CAN, BB, NR,
LI, EG; < ca-nge- (though derived from the “stressrepelling” base ca ‘something’, this derived andlexicalized base is distinguished — in the areas
where it is used — from the more general cange- ‘toacquire something’, with like derivation, in that thatbase shows the stress-repelling nature of its parent
word; thus, for example, canguten ‘you acquired
something’ vs. cang’uten ‘you caught fish’, andcangyúgtuq ‘he wants to acquire something’(with no stress on the first syllable) vs. cangyugtuq‘he wants to catch fish’ (with predictable stress on
the first syllable); > cangliqe-, cangtaq
cangerlak bad season; time of famine; epidemic #Cali-llu una, man’a cangerlak allrakunek qavcinek
cuqengqertuq, . . . . ‘Also this one, this pestilence,lasted several years, . . . .’ (KIP 1998:329); =canerlak
can’ggelngunaq thin flat stone resembling ice #< can’ggete-nguq-naq2
can’ggelquq fontanelle; the soft spot on a baby’s
head # < can’ggete-quq
can’ggete- to be thin # of skin, ice, wall, etc.;
can’ggetuq ‘it is thin’ / Ak’a-gguq tamaani
una can’ggetellrani kiagurrlainalallruuq. ‘Long
ago, it is said, when this (world) was thin
it was always summer.’ (EGA 1973:1); Y; =caneggete-, can’egte-; > can’ggelquq; cf. can’u-;> can’ggelngunaq; < PY can0!(0)tcangig- to stroke gently on the head # NUN; >cangigar-; < PE ca&i!cangigar- to massage # cangigartuq ‘he is massaging
himself’; cangigaraa ‘he is massaging it or her’ /< cangig-?-; < PE ca&i!can’giiq* blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) # Tauna-gguq
atam can’giiq kuimararalria, tua-i-llu-gguq
ukunun taluyanun tekilluni, maaten-gguq
pikestait tangrrai calliggluteng tumyaraitnigguq-wa neqallret. ‘Once a blackfish was leisurely
swimming upstream when it came upon ablackfish trap. The blackfish looked at the ownersof the trap; they were very messy and theirpaths were strewn with scraps of food.’ (ELN181

can’gurneq — canimelli-Bases

1990:5); Caviyaarnek kass’at casgukautaitnek
qunguturameggnun, taluyilangamta
can’giircuutnek maa-i. Qacignariluni taluyilleq
calirpagnairulluni. ‘Since we started using
chicken-wire to make blackfish traps, it has
become easier. We no longer have to work hardmaking them.’ (KIP 1998;321); HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, LK, UK, BB, NR, LI; < ?-iq; cf. canek
can’gurneq grassy knoll; grassy area; meadow /Tekicamiu tua-i pilliniuq pia-i pengurraq pingna
can’gurneruluni. ‘Reaching it, he saw the knoll up
there covered with grass.’ (QUL 2003:236); < canekurte-neq1
cangimirte- to want to get more; to not be satisfied
with what one has gotten # cangimirtuq ‘heis not satisfied’ / cangimirutamken ‘I didn’t
see you enough’; cangimircaaqua akutamek ‘Ididn’t get enough “Eskimo ice cream” ’; . . . ampi
neryartuusqelluku, atrarluni tua-i qavanguminek
tuaten cangimirteng’ermi tupiimi. ‘. . . (hermother) told her to hurry up and come eat, andshe came down even though she wasn’t satisfied
with her dream, since she woke up too soon.’(ELN 1990:48); < ca-?; < PE ca&immi3canglanguarrar- to prepare a grass mat for the seal
bladders after they are pulled out from the water
during the Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder Feast”) #NUN
cangliqe- to catch a lot # cangliquq ‘he caught a
lot of fish or game’ / Turpak-llu cangliqenruan
Mikellami ullagluku cimiucugluku elakamek. . . ‘Seeing that Turpak caught more than
Mikellaq she went over to her wanting to tradefishing holes . . .’ (ELN 1990:70); < cange-liqe1cangssaar(aq*) unusual thing; secret thing; special
thing # Can’ggaat aullni pelatekamun ut’rulluki
Turpak qanrucarturluku ak’a cangssaarnek
nerellruniluteng tekipailgan ak’a nangluki . . .
‘She took what little grass she had gathered tothe tent then went and told Turpak that they’deaten something special before she arrived andfinished it all . . .’ (ELN 1990:46); < ca-ngssaar(aq)cangssagaq clothing; garment # NUN
cangssiur- to tinker around # cangssiurtuq ‘he istinkering around’ / < ca-ngssak-liurcangtaq something caught # cangtaqaqa ‘it is
the thing I caught, I caught it’; Taqngamek
neqtatek tagulluki taglutek. Elnguq ucuryugluni
cangtarpaminek aanaminun nasvagluku. ‘When

they finally quit they went up taking their catchwith them. Elnguq, feeling so proud of herself,
showed her mother the big fish that she hadcaught.’ (ELN 1990:23); < cange-taq3
canguaq decoration picturing or representing
something; figurine; figure on a mask;
representation; arts and crafts item #Aipait-wa canguat: neqnguat, yaquleguat,
allat-llu ungungssiruat. Cali-gguq makut
angalkurtaulartut. ‘Along with them are
representations of certain things: figures of fish,of birds, and of other animals. These too areshaman’s things.’ (CAU 1985:198); < ca-nguaq
cangu- to turn back (NUN, NS meaning); to look for
eggs (HBC meaning); to walk (additional NUN
meaning) # canguuq ‘he turned back’ / < PE
ca&ucangur- lacking symmetry # postural root; >cangungqa-, cangurte-; < PY-S ca&urcangungqa- to lack symmetry; to be lopsided; to be
making a face # cangungqauq ‘it lacks symmetry,is lopsided’; ‘he is making a face’ / < cangurngqacangurte- to become lopsided; to make a face #cangurtuq ‘it became lopsided’; ‘he made a face’;
cangurtaa ‘he made a face at her’ / < cangur-te2-;> cangurruaq
cangurruaq visor # NR; < cangur-uaq
cangutar- to make fun of # Caluci tuunramaa
at’e¥rluqa una cangutarpakarcessiu? ‘Why are you,my helping spirits, making fun of this poor dearname of mine so much?’ (QUL 2003:504)
canguya(a)lkun stern piece fitted to keel; tracking
stabilizer of a kayak # NUN; < cangu-yailkutaq
caniir- to go through the area beside # caniiraa ‘hewent through the area beside it’ / < caniq-ir2caniissaq combination knife and scraper for ivory
with curved stone blade and wood handle #NUNcanikliute- for weather to warm up after a cold
spell # NUN
Caniliaq Chaneliak # old village site on the Yukon
Delta; < caniq-liaq
canimelli- to come near # canimelliuq ‘hecame near’; canimellia ‘he came near to it’ /Maaten-gguq canimelliuq maa-i imna tauna
Nukalpiartayagaq. ‘When it came nearer, it issaid, she saw that it was that little Nukalpiartaq.’

182

Basescanimete- — caniurtaq

caniqliq* thing right beside # Tua-i-am
quyaurlurlutek agqertuk. Maaten pilliniuk
maklak una irniaminek caniqlirluni. ‘Being
so grateful they rushed over. Then they saw
this bearded seal with its baby next to it.’ (ELL
1997:340); < caniq-qliq
caniqtaq door bolt # NSU; < caniq-?
caniquyaq crosspiece on bed of sled # see Appendix 9
on parts of the sled; < caniq-?
canir1- on the side; beside something # posturalroot; Caumkacagarpek’naku-llu-gguq canirmi
tekicartuarluku. ‘And he wasn’t facing him
directly; he approached him turned sideways.’(QUL 2003:538); > caningqa-, canirte-; < PEcanni3- (under PE cani-)
canir2- to sweep # canirtuq ‘he is sweeping’; caniraa‘he is sweeping it’ / Agngameng Qalemam
canircelluku ellii, canek qemagcillermini Turpakllu iterquriluni eqiarinek Mik’am. ‘When theywent over, while Qalemaq unpacked she had
Elnguq sweep the floor, and Turpak brought in thewood that Mik’aq had chopped. (ELN 1990:85);
NSU, NUN, CAN, K; > canircuun; < PE cani3canircuun, canirrsuun broom # also plural for one
broom; < canir2-cuun, canir2-ssuun
canirtaq windbreak; log cabin shelter # < caniq-taq2
canirte- to put on the side; to put beside something# canirtuq ‘it went on its side or besidesomething’; canirtaa ‘he put it on its side or put it
beside something’ / < canir1-te2canirun crosspiece; axle # < canirte-n
caniryak separate extra point placed on theshaft of an arrow behind the main point #Taukut tua-i caniryait tak’urluki, wagg’uq
caniryanqermigcetaarluki pitgaq’ngatengpilaameng. Iliini tua-i uum nuugan
menglairtengraaku, caningqalriim taum aipaan
tua-i agturluku pitaurtaqluku. ‘They would
make the extra points on these arrows a bit longer.
When they shot at a target they purposely shot sothat if the main point didn’t hit it the extra point
would hit and kill it.’ (CIU 2005:34)
canitmun sideways; to the side # < caniq-tmun(YUU 1995:11); < canimete-i1canimete- to be near; to be close # canimetuq ‘it isnear’ / Napaskiaq canimetuq Mamterillernek‘Napaskiak is near Bethel’; canimellinartuq‘it is getting nearer’; Utercunga’artelliniuk
Ekvicuamun, Mamterillermi canimellruan. ‘They2
decided instead to return to Eek because it wascloser than Bethel.’ (YUU 1995:7); < caniq-meteCanineq the coast area between Nelson Is. and themouth of the Kuskokwim, including Chefornak,
Kipnuk, Kwigillingok and Kongiganek (andformer settlements) # < caniq-neq4
caningqa- to be on the side; to be beside something# caningqauq ‘it is on its side, it is besidesomething’ / Maaten itertuq kiugkut can’get
curuluut, avatiitni-wa muriit kevraartut
caningqaluteng, uani-wa kaminiaq piliaq, kiatiiniwa qulqitet, natra-wa marayaq. ‘When she
went in she saw woven grass mats on the floor
partitioned off by spruce logs placed on their sides,
and near the door was a home-made stove, andfurther in from it shelves, and the floor of thehouse was of earth.’ (ELN 1990:12); < canir1ngqacanipengayaq crosspiece in floor of sled # NUN
caniq area beside; space next to # positional baseused only with a possessed ending; Kiani-wa
kiugkut ingleret, ukut-wa eqiat kaminiam
caniani. ‘Further back in there were beds,
and a pile of chopped wood was next to thestove.’ (ELN 1990:4); Tamatum kuigem nuniini
nunallertangqelliniuq, ik’iki-gguq qungurugaat,
caniitni-wa-gguq cat aklut ellilallrit tuquaqata. ‘In
the vicinity of that river there was an old village,
and oh my it had lots of graves, and beside were
their belongings that were placed there whenpeople died.’ (YUU 1995:5); > caniir-, Caniliaq,
canimete-, Canineq, caniqaq, caniquyaq,
caniqtaq, canirtaq, canirun; cf. canir1-; cf. Barnum
1901 list (6); < PE canicaniqaq appendix (anatomical); flank; side of body;wall # caniqak ‘sides of waist’; Atraami-llu
tekicamiu tauna arnaq, sugg’egminek nuulerluku
caniqerrakun, tuamta-ll’ akiakun. ‘When it came
down it went over to the girl and prodded her
on her side and then her other side with its snout.’(YUU 1995:83); < caniq-qaq, > caniqayagaq,
pingayunek caniqalek
caniqayagaq bacon # < caniqaq-ya(g)aq

caniurtaq quiver; gun case # NS, Y, NUN;
Anuurluum ciqertarai, cetamiriluni ciqrai
urluvqegtaaraat tamakut qerrulirluteng,
caniurtaq-wa man’a qerrut caquat. ‘The
grandmother splashed water onto them, and183

canqaurte- — capngiaq

Bases
caperqe- to find difficult # caperqaa ‘he finds it
difficult’ / caperqengramku una atkuk caliaqaqa‘I’m working on this parka even though I find it
difficult’; < caperr-ke4caperrnaite- to not be difficult # caperrnaituq ‘it
isn’t difficult’ / < caperr-naitecaperrnarqe- to be difficult; to be formidable #caperrnarquq ‘it is difficult’ / ingrikun atralleq
caperrnarquq uverteckeggngan ‘climbing
the mountain is hard because it is steep’;Ayuqucirrlugcessiyaagngatsiyaakapiggngalami
tua-i callerkaq-llu caperrnaqngalan temni-llu
akngiangalan tua-i inarrluni taqsuqa’arrluni.
‘She felt so very sick and doing anything seemedso impossible in her condition and since her bodyseemed to ache she lay down all tired out.’ (ELN
1990:49); < caperr-narqe-; < PE cap03na3caperrsug- to hesitate to act # caperrsugtuq ‘heis hesitant about acting’ /caperrsukaa ‘hehesitates to act toward it’; caperrsung’erma
elitnauryallruunga ‘though I thought it would be
hard, I went to school’; Camek-llu tumllugmek
caperrsugpeknateng ayagaqluteng. ‘And they don’t
hesitate to travel on account of the rough trails.’(YUU 1995:31); < caperr-yugcapir- to impede; to block # capiraa ‘he is impedingor blocking it’ / ilangciarallrani capiraa
qanerviirulluku ‘when he was teasing her, sheteased him back of otherwise made it such thather did not anything more to say’; Qavaryuan
qayani unilluku pissurluku qenurrarmek
capirluni igvaumaarluku nutegluku, nalataa-w’
tua-i. ‘Because it was sleeping he left his kayak
and hunted it, blocking its view with a block ofsnow and poking his head above it, he shot it
and killed it.’ (KIP 1998:9); < capa-ir1-; < PE capi3(under PE cap0-)
capkuq curtain; cloth or other material used tocover a shelf or a cabinet # NUN; < capa-?
capkutaq shield; veil; covering # Kangcirarrlugaq
capkutaqluku. ‘They used a canvas for a curtain.’(AGA 1996:58); Amirlumek-llu capkucillrui, . . .
‘He spread a cloud for a covering, . . .’ (PSALM
105:3); < capa-kutaq
capngiaq, capngik (NUN form) oblique area at
end of kayak gunwale that fits flatly against
corresponding part of other gunwale # capngiak‘place where the gunwales merge at stern or
bow’; see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak

when she splashed them for a fourth time there
were good new bows there complete with arrows
and a quiver, that is, a wrapper for the arrows.’(MAR1 2001:81); < PY cani&u3taq

canqaurte- to relax after a hard day’s work # NUN
canraq* wild celery (Heracleum lanatum) # <ca-nraq (?)

canrilvag- to be very much okay # canrilvagtuq ‘it’s
just fine’ / < canrite-pag2canrite- to be okay; to be all right # canrituq ‘it isokay’ (also said in response to pitsaqenritamken ‘Ididn’t do it to you on purpose’, ‘excuse me’) /canrircecimauq ‘it has been made okay now’;< ca-nrite-; > canrilvag-

can’u- to be thick # canuuq ‘it is thick’ / Kitaki
callirneret avani amllertut, yuarluten atamaqvalluten callirnermek avaken taiteqaa, waten
per’urluni ayuqellriamek qulmun pikina,
waten can’utanganaku. ‘Okay, there is a lot ofdriftwood over there; look around and bring one
that is bent upward like this, and is this thick.’(MAR2 2001:9); Tua alaicuiruciiqniluki tamakut
unguvalriit-llu pilallrulriit nuna can’urikan, yuutllu ayuqenrirluteng. ‘They predicted that animals
and other things would go extinct when the land
becomes thick, and they said that there would bemany people of different races.’ (AGA 1996:38);
Y, EG; cf. can’ggete-; < PY cannucapae barrier; curtain; partition; veil # and cape- toclose passage; to block from view; to cover up# cap’uq ‘it got blocked, covered’, capaa ‘he or
it is blocking it’ / amirlum akerta capaa ‘thecloud is covering the sun’; Kuvyaukcuaralria
kuik capekvagluku, qayaa-gguq tua-i ak’anapangyagcequrangellrulliniluni pitainek.
‘The river was totally blocked by a small-meshfishnet and his kayak was already starting to tipfrom the weight of its catch.’ (QUL 2003:490);> caperr-, capir-, capkuq, capkutaq; cf. capu;< PE cap0capacuk pail; bucket; slop pail # Y, BB, HBC

cap’akiq* shoe; manufactured boot # cap’akiigka‘my shoes2’; from Russian cfgju∫ (sapogí) ‘shoes’;= sap’akiq

capciq fish scale # Y; = kapciq

caperr- emotional root; < cape-?-; > caperqe-,
caperrnarqe-, caperrnaite-, caperrsug-, caprite-

184

Basescaprite- to be bold; to be indomitable; to beperseverent; to be persistent; to lack reserve #caprituq ‘he is bold’ / Taumek maa-i terikaniat
caprit’lalriit. ‘That is why wolverines areindomitable today.’ (YUU 1995:128); Ukvertua
Agayutmun Atamun caprilngurmun qiliim
nunam-llu piurcestiignun. ‘I believe in God, thealmighty Father, creator of heaven and earth.’(YUA 1945:45 & LIT 1972:22); < caperr-ite1capu cover; enclosure # and capu- to cover; toenclose; to hide from view # capua ‘he iscovering it’ / ellminek capuuq ‘he is covering
himself’; Tua-i ta¥gaam tua-i carayauluni
alikluku tua, alingnaqluni tua-i. Kegginaata¥gaam tua-i alaitevkenani nuyain capumaluku.
‘But she was a ghost and they were afraid ofher since she was terrifying! Her hair, however,concealed her face, which wasn’t visible.’ (ELL
1997:488); cf. capae; > capun; cf. capurcapun weir; fish fence; wall; electrical or thermal
insulator # angutet capucirtut uqvianek
manignarrnaluteng taluyakun ‘the men set a
weir of willows to catch loche with a fish trap’;< capu-n, > Caputnguaq
capur-, capurau-, capurci-, capurciur- to be
weatherbound # capurauguq ‘he is prevented
from traveling by the bad weather’ / Maaten
unuaquan ertuq cali ella assiinani pircirluni
natqugpagluni. Tuani-llu capurciurluta ernerni
pingayuni. ‘The next day dawned the same
— bad weather with blowing snow. We were
weatherbound for three days.’ (YUU 1995:23);
Capurluku tua-i kayukiterrluan qakemna
up’ngartelliniluni. ‘He was weatherbound andwhen the weather let up a bit, he got ready togo.’ (QAN 1995:324); cf. capae
capuraun diaphragm (anatomical) # < capa-ur(ar)-nCaputnguaq old name for the present site of
Chefornak # village near the coast south of Nelson
Is.; literally: ‘imitation weir’; < capun-uaq
caqanak lung # NUN
caqaneq side; wall # of building, hill, etc.; Qemim
im’um nangyuilngalnguum tungiinun ayaglutek,
tuani-gguq caqanrani igtelilriami aatiin
qanganarcuutai civingaluteng. ‘They went in the
direction of the ridge of hills that seemed to haveno end, which was where her father’s squirrel
traps were set, on the side of the ridge, where
there were lots of squirrel dens.’ (ELN 1990:50)

caprite- — caqir-

caqciq event; community activity; celebration # andcaqcir- to hold an event # cacim nalliini ‘during
the time of the event’; . . . tua-i nuliani tauna
arenqianaku ak’a qanrut’laryaaqniluku maa-i
caqciq man’a pellugpailgan tuaten pisqelluku.
‘. . . he said that he usually told his wife to takepart in the event before it had passed by.’ (CIU
2005:13)caqelnga- to hop # caqelngauq ‘it hopped’/ Inglupgayuuguq-gguq. Tua-i-gguq
caqelngaurturluni pinaurtuq. ‘He was
Inglupgayuk (“one sided”). He always hopped
around with one leg.’ (AGA 1996:154); =caqillnga-; > caqelngataq

caqelngataq* butterfly; moth # caqelngataat neqait‘mountain harebell (Campanula lasiocarpa); forgetme-not (Myosotis alpestris)’ (literally: ‘butterfly
food’); < caqelnga-?; < PE caq0l0kita3- andcaq0l&ataq
caqelngataruaq petal of flower # literally: ‘imitation
butterfly’; naucetaam caqelngataruarita
nayumiqassuutait ‘sepals’ (literally: ‘supports ofthe flower’s petals’); < caqelngataq-uaq

caqelngauq one leg area of a seal # (?)

caqerte- to rip # caqertuq ‘it ripped’; caqertaa ‘heripped it’ / NUN, HBC; < PE caq02- (?)
caqiar(aq*) Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri) #< ?-ar(aq)caqicugte- to feel uneasy because one is being
watched # (?)

caqillnga- to hop # caqillngauq ‘it is hopping’ /NUN; = caqelnga-

caq’iqerte- to turn suddenly # caq’iqertuq ‘it made asudden turn’ / < caqir-qertecaqingqa- to be turned; to be crooked # caqingqauq‘it is turned’, ‘it is crooked’ / < caqir-ngqacaqiqsak, caqiqsaq side labret; crescent-shaped
labret worn on woman’s chin #caqir- turning # postural root; Ciunratnun
elliqata waten ciunerkaatnun caqiayuitniluki,
tunutkacagarluki aqumesqelluki utaqaluku.
‘When they (people) reach the spot that they
(bears) are heading toward, saying that they
(bears) never turn aside from their path, they tellthem (people) to sit and wait with their backs
turned toward them (the bears).’ (QUL 2003:120);> caqingqa-, caqirte1-, caq’iqerte-; < PE caq0-1

185caqirte1- — carangllukBasescaqirte1- to turn # caqirtuq ‘he or it turned’;caqirtaa ‘he turned it’ / Nanvat-llu tekitaqamiki
qukaatgun iverluki qeraraqluki. Ciuneni
ciuneqluku ayalliniuq caqircuunani. ‘Even when
he came to any ponds he headed straight for the
middle and waded through them. He kept on astraight course (without turning).’ (YUU 1995:79);< caqir-te2caqirte2- to tear # EG
caqlak edible root of rosewort (Sedum rosea) # HBC
caqtaar- to mess around; to test various ways of
doing something; to try to resolve things (as ata meeting); weather to change # caqtaartuq ‘he’s
doing various things’, ‘he’s messing around’ /caqtaarutaa ‘he’s doing various things with it’,‘trying to resolve it’; Tua-i-ll’ qimugta Pili itrannaanguaqluku caqtaarutengraagnegu taukuk
aaniin uitallukek tauna qimugta qenngailan.
‘When the dog Pili when it came in they playedwith it, and even though they were doing various
things to it her mother let them be because that
dog wasn’t easily angered.’ (ELN 1990:7); < caqtaarcaqte- to chip; to get torn or ripped (NUN meaning)# caqtuq ‘it got chipped’; caqtaa ‘he chipped it’ /una ararvika caqcimauq ‘this ashtray of mine ischipped’; < PY caq0-2
caqu wrapping; shell # and caqu- to wrap # caqua‘he wrapped it’ / ak’a caquuq ‘it is alreadywrapped’; ellminek caquuq uliminun ‘hewrapped himself up in his blanket’; caqukaq‘something to be used as wrapping’; caquiguq‘he is wrapping things’; caquiraa ‘he unwrappedit’; Nunat-llu-gguq Ayikatarmiut tekitai,
qiurmek caqumaluteng naugg’un iterciiganani.
‘Then when he arrived at Ayikatak, the village
was covered with stone, and there was no way
to enter it.’ (YUU 1995:90); Uliit-wa melqut,
caquluteng tangnirqellriamek lumarrarmek.
Tua-i maqarngatqapiggluteng. ‘And their
comforters were filled with feathers withcoverings of attractive fabric. They looked very
warm.’ (ELN 1990:97); > caqun, caqunguar-,caqussayucuar(aq), caqutaugaq; < PE caqu-2
caqulegpak swan # EG; < caqulek-rpakcaqulek angel (in NUN); bird (in HBC, NUN, andEG) # literally: ‘one with wings’; = yaqulek;< caquq-lek; > caqulegpak
caqun container; sealskin poke; in some areasalso, mother (from one’s being contained in his
mother’s womb) # Nutaan-llu piyalria taum
arnam pillinia, uquryungami-gga ta¥ga-i,
ta¥gaken atamineg, Naparyarmiuneg keggakenuqumeg aqvatesqelluku caqutmeg. ‘As time
went by that woman told him, because shewanted seal oil, that he should fetch a pokewith oil from her father, of Hooper Bay acrossthere.’ (WHE 2000:199); Tamaaggun qerqulluut
akuliitgun tangllinia ak’a tua-i caqutmi keggatii
nanglliniluku, nerrlinikii aamaanek ayagluku
aamallermini egmiutelliniluku. ‘Through the
weave of the partition he saw that it had alreadyeaten its own mother’s upper torso, had eaten her
starting from her breast while nursing, and had
killed her.’ (CAM 1983:322); < caqu-ncaqunguar- to ritually cleanse oneself by rubbing
one’s body with charcoal or soft rock after adeath # CAN < caqu-uaq
caquq wing # HBC, NUN, EG; = yaquq; > caqulek
caqussayucuar(aq*) small poke of seal oil # NS;< caqu-?-cuar(aq)caqutaugaq fine-mesh net for dog salmon # workedby hand by men standing in the water, not left
unattended; NUN; < caqucaqvir- splay-footed; with shoes on the wrong feet
# postural root; piyuaguq caqvirmi ‘he is walking
splay-footed’; > caqvingqa-, caqvirte-; < PE
caqvi3- or caqvi!- (under PE caqvi!)
caqvirte- to put footwear on the wrong foot; topoint toe area of feet outward # caqvirtuq ‘he ispointing his toes outward’, ‘he put his shoes on
the wrong feet’; caqvirtuk ‘they2 (shoes) are on
the wrong feet’; caqvirtaa ‘he put his (another’s)
shoes on the wrong feet’ / mikelnguum
sap’akigni caqvirrlukek at’elarak ‘the child puts
her shoes on the wrong feet’; < caqvir-te2caqvingqa- to have one’s footwear on the wrong
way; to be reversed (of footwear); to have one’s
feet pointed outward # caqvingqauq ‘his shoes
are on the wrong feet’ / < caqvir-ngqacaranglluk debris; chaff; leaves in picked berries;
grass (especially dry grass gathered for use);
vegetation in general # caranglluirai atsat
iqvallni kallugyaramek aqlayutmek aturluni‘she removed the debris from the berries
she had picked, using an electric fan’; Tua-i
yuaramiki ellii piuq alaiksuarluteng cat kankut
carangllugnek patumaluteng. ‘When she looked

186

Basesfor the eggs she saw something visible throughthe covering of twigs and leaves.’ (ELN 1990:36);
Pilu’ugluta-ll’ tua-i carangllugnek-llu piiniraqluta,
makunek-llu cataunani. ‘We’d put on boots withinsoles of dried grass; there weren’t any of these(modern types).’ (YUP 2005:54); Caranglluut
makut, napat-llu, ingrit-llu makut ungungssitllu, yaqulget-llu imarpiim-llu ungungssii,
pillgucirluki yuusciigatuten. ‘[When following
traditional abstinance practices due to certain
life events] you cannot be out dealing with thevegetation and these trees and mountains andthe animals and birds and sea mammals.’ (YUP
2005:254); < ca-?-nglluk
carayak monster; bear (Ursus sp.); ghost # literally:
terrible, fearsome thing’; Kass’am taum
kalikani ellilerluki mak’arrluni aptelliniuq,“Cauga a¥gna?” Ellii tauna imna qanlleq
carayagtaitniluku. Tua-llu pillinia taum yuum,“Anenaurtukuk. Carayiit pingaitaitkuk.”Ta¥gaam tauna Kass’aq qessalliniuq
anyuumiinani, carayagmun tangerciqnilutek.
‘The white man put down his book and stoodup asking, “What’s that?” He was the one who
had said there were no ghosts. And the Eskimo
answered him, “Let’s go out. The ghosts won’t
get us.” But that white man didn’t want to goout, saying that the ghosts might see them.’ (YUU
1995:5); < ca-kayag-; < PY ca3ayak
carayar- to attempt to murder (of a shaman) # NUN
carca to drink tea # - LI, EG; from Aleut chaXsaX ‘fish
broth’; = sarrsacarevpag- to have a very strong current # Ala-i,
ayallemte÷i kuigem, arulaillemte÷i quliinun,
aren iggnayuklua car-amek, un’a tua-i aciqvani
carevpiin alingkacagarlua. ‘Oh my, when wedrove and stopped above the river, I thought I’dfall in from the car, because down below there
the current was so strong and I was quite scared.’(KIP 1998:59); < carve-pag-2
cariar- to gnaw # of a dog gnawing on skin, leather, etc.;
cariartuq ‘it is gnawing’; cariaraa ‘it is gnawing
on it’
carir- to scrape # EGcarliaq youngest child in family; child held in lap orarms # LI, HBC, NUN; < PE ca3li!a3
carqullugaq stormy weather # NSU
carr- root; > carr’ilquq, carrir-, carr’ite-; cf. carraq
carraq* a little bit # carraugut ‘they are few, minor’;carayak — caruyak< ca-rraq; > carrarmek; cf. carrcarrarmek a little bit # particle; egaleq carrarmek
ikiresgu! ‘open the window a little!’; Inarcamengllu carrarmek qavarluteng, erpailgan-llu
makluteng. ‘When they lay down they slept a
bit, and before day broke they got up.’ (YUU
1995:39); < carraq-abl.-mod.
carr’ilnguq field # Atakuarmi Isaac-aaq an’uq
umyuangcarluni piyualuni carr’ilngurmi. ‘In
the evening Isaac went out to walk in the field.’(AYAG. 24:63); < carr’ite-nguq
carr’ilqaq, carr’ilquq clearing; clean area; open area;
meadow; field # tuntuvagnek kiartellruukut
carr’ilqumi ‘we looked for moose in the openarea’; Ayainanermini carr’ilqamun anqertelliniuq,
nunapigmun napatailngurmun. ‘While he wastraveling he came out into a clearing, to a tundra
area without trees.’ (YUU 1995:80); < carr-ite1-?,
carr-ite1-quq
carriqaq seal pup that has shed its newborn skin #< carrir-?
carrir- to clean; to clear away dirt from # carriraa‘he is cleaning it’ / carririuq ‘he is cleaning up,
cleaning things’; Tua-i-llu aaniit tupigirraarluni
iitarnek epulirluki, assigtarkaitnek atsalugpiat,
imirluki tamakut carriranek. ‘Their mother wovebaskets with handles out of tall cottongrass forcontainers for the salmonberries which, whencleaned, they put into them.’ (ELN 1990:43);< carr-ir2carr’ite- to be clean # carr’ituq ‘it is clean’ / < carrite1-; > carr’ilnguq
carrluitneq chastity # Catholic term; < carrluk-ite1neq2
carrluk dust; dirt; lint; transgression; evil; evil spirit;sin; polution # and carrlug- to do evil; to sin #carrlugtulit evildoers; sinners; = caarluk; < carrluk; > carrluitneq
carumik left hand; left arm # < PE ca3umi!
caruyak bad thoughts; fornication; somethingevil # and caruyag- to fornicate; to be unchaste# caruyagtuq ‘he or she is fornicating’ /caruyautekaa ‘he is fornicating with her’;Waniwaugut-llu ircaqumek anyulalriit:
Umyuarrluut, tuqucineq, akusrarutekineq,
caruyaneq, tegleneq, piciliqengneq,
qacungakineq-llu. ‘For out of the heartcomes evil intentions, murder, adultery,
fornication, theft, false witness, slander.’187carvaneq — cassuun

Bases(MATT. 15:19); Wiinga ta¥gaam qanertua: Kia
im’um nuliani avveskuniu caruyallrunrilnguq
akusrarutekevkaraa . . . ‘But I say: Whosoever
will divorce his wife, who has not beenunchaste, causes her to commit adultery . . .’(MATT. 5:31); Umyugaa taq’inglliniuq taum
tutgara’urluan, canek caruyagnek, waniw’
tua-i assiiruskan-llu unguvavkanritnayukluni
taumun maurlurluminun. ‘The thoughts of that
grandson of hers started changing with all sortsof terrible thoughts, how if things got bad for her
his grandmother might not let him live.’ (CUN
2007:8); < ca-?
carvaneq main current # angyaq atertellrua
cukaluni carvanermi ‘the boat drifted fast in
the current’; Tua-i up’nerkami carvanertuaqluni
tamana kuik. ‘And in the spring that river had astrong current.’ (ELN 1990:17); < carvar-neq1
carvanir- for there to be strong current; to havea strong current # carvanirtuq ‘the current isstrong’ or ‘it has a strong current’ / carvanirtuq
ketiini ekviim ‘there is a strong current below thecliff’; Carvanian tamana kuik egmian tekiarrluni
taumun napartamun tua-i tegulerluku pugleraminutaan aneryaarluni. ‘Because that river had astrong current, she reached that pole immediately
and grabbed onto it, and when she surfaced shequickly gasped for breath.’ (ELN 1990:27);< carvaneq-lircarvaq current; stream with a strong current #and carvar- to flow; to stream # of water current;
carvartuq ‘it (river, water, etc.) is flowing’ / Yuktamaagguiquni egmian kit’arkauluni, carvam-llu
ayautarkauluku, qerrluku cikum acianun. ‘If aperson goes across there he will fall in the water
immediately and the current will carry him away,pulling him under the ice.’ (YUU 1995:69);< carve-aq1; > carvaneq
carve- to flow, to stream # of water current; carvuq‘it (river, water, etc.) is flowing’ / > carevpag-,
carvar-; < PE ca3va3
cas- dimensional root; HBC, NUN; = cacet-, taces-; cf.
casaite-, cayaq
casaite- to lack fortitude # casaituq ‘he lacks
fortitude’ / NS; = cayaite-; < ?-ite1-; cf. cas-, cayaq
casguq fence; partition; reindeer corral # . . . nutaan
imkut qasgim tuaken amianek ayagluteng yuut
imkut kanavet tua-i casgulilliniluk’ tagglerkaak
tuavet tua-i qasgim amianun. ‘. . . the people

formed two parallel lines as an aisle for themextending from the bank up the to kashim door.’(QUL 2003:448); fences were also used in hunting
caribou; = cayguq1; < PE ca90!u3
caskaq, caskaaq cup # from Russian xƒirf (cháshka);= caaskaq, saskaq
caskite- to lack fortitude, strength or courage #caskituq ‘he lacks fortitude, strength, courage’ /HBC, UN; < cas-kitecaskuk, caskuq implement; tool; weapon #equgtaqatallemni caskulillruunga piqertuutamek
kegglamek-llu ‘when I was going to gather wood
I took with me as my tools an axe and a saw’;
Nutaan taukut calingartelliniut caskuliluteng,anguyagcuutnek. ‘And so those people quickly
went to work making weapons, intruments ofwar.’ (YUU 1995:18); = saskuq; > caskuyaqur-;< PE ca9ku
caskuyaqur- to use a tool or weapon for
hunting, chopping wood, cutting something,etc. # Tamaani ciuqvani ilateng tuquaqan
caskuyaquyuunateng ernerni tallimani. Icugg’uluarayuunateng piqertuarayuunatengllu, kingunrit taukut tuqulriit caskumek
pingaunateng. ‘Back then, when one of theirrelatives died, they did not use tools for fivedays. You know, they did not cut with semilunar
knives, and they did not chop anything; thoseleft by the deceased would not use tools.’ (KIP
1998:89); < caskuk-?casraraq* shrew (Sorex sp.) # casrarermektangellruunga ‘I saw a shrew’; NUN; = cayraaraq
casrauksugaq young shrew # NUN; cf. casraraq
cass’aq clock; watch; hour # qavcinun kaugta
cass’aq? ‘what time is it?’, literally: ‘to how many
has the clock struck?’; from Russian xfcß (chasy);= sass’aq
cassinga- to be poised in readiness # cassingauq‘he is poised’ / Piinanrani tua-i tauna
tua-i maruarpalliniluni; cassingaluni, tua-i
urluvni, pitegcaullugpagminek tegumiarluni.
‘Meanwhile, that one howled, and he was poised
in readiness, with his bow, the huge arrow drawn
back.’ (QAN 1995:116)
cassuun implement; device for doing something;reason for acting; cause of action # Man’a tua-iavatii nem caitevkenani canek, cassuutaitevkenani.
‘The environs of the house lacked none of
the necessary things, nor any implements.’

188Basescaste- — caumake-cau1- to turn one’s entire body; to face # cauguq ‘heis facing something’; caugaa ‘he is facing her’/ cautaa egalermun ‘he is facing it toward thewindow’; qanruquraraa qetunrani caumaluku‘he is talking to his son, facing him’; Taunakass’aq pillinia caugarrluni nangertesqelluku.
Piluku-llu-gguq kingupiarluku, cukaunaku,
ayasqelluku . . . ‘He told that white man to standup facing him. He told him to back away from
him slowly . . .’ (YUU 1995:5); Tua-i-llu Elnguq
ellarvangaarcan-am anesqenrilengraatni anluni
talligni yagglukek kegginani-llu pagaatmun
caulluku cikmirluni anuqliurluni tuaten
ellalliucelluni. ‘When it suddenly started raining
hard Elnguq went outside, even though they
told her not to, stretched her arms out and turned
her face upward with her eyes closed feeling thewind experiencing the rain.’ (ELN 1990:29); >caumake-, cauman, caukia
cau2- to be something; to be what? # cauguq ‘itis something’; cauga? ‘what is it?’ / caucia
nalluaqa ‘I don’t know what it is’; Iliit teguluku
yuvriakiliu cauciinaku. Atakuan maurluni
pillinia, “Piani qulvarvigmi caugat pa¥gkut?”‘He picked up one of them examined it without
knowing what it was. That evening he said to his
grandmother, “What are those things up there
in the cache?”’ (YUU 1995:2); < ca-u-; > caunrir,
caunrilke-, caunritecaukia a certain traditional game #Caukiaqata’arqameng qantam allungalgem iluanun
uivcetaaq piluku waten-llu elliurluku. Tua-i-llu
waten waniwa ayagluni, “Kitaki wani caukia,
caukia, caukia.” Qalrialuci. “Caukia, caukia,
caukia.” ‘When you play “face me,” you would
spin the wooden top inside a bentwood bowl,
and as it spins you would say, “Okay, now faceme, face me, face me!” All the players would say,
“Okay, now face me, face me, face me!”’ (CIU
2005:316); < cau1-optativecaumake- to confront persistently; to pay attention# caumakaa ‘he is face-to-face with her’ /Tua-i tamaa-i qimugtem taum caumak’ngellrani
caqerluku atiin taum qimugcesseng pillinia,“Caumak’ngucirpetun tauna panigpuk
angussaagaqluku pinaqsaaqan.” ‘When that dog
started paying attention to her, her father said to it
one day, “As you have started paying attention to
our daughter, you should also try to hunt somegame for her.”’ (QUL 2003:600); < cau1-ma-ke4-(QAN 1995:256); Tua-i-am cassuutaunatek calianllerkartek pilaamegen’gu. ‘It was because
they2 were afraid to go out without any
particular reason.’ (QUL 2003:206); Nepiami
uitaurayuunateng it’lang’ermeng tua,cassuutengqerraqameng . . . ‘They didn’t remain
continually in the sod house, although theywould go in whenever they had cause to . . .’(QUL 2003:6); < ca-ssuun
caste- to fray of rope, thread, etc. NUN; = tastecastu- to be unwavering; to be stable; to be brave;to be strong # castuuq ‘he is unwavering, stable,
strong, brave’ / HBC, NUN; < cas-tu-;> castuqsagtecastuqsagte- to change one’s behavior in an
abnormal way; for something to be amiss #NUN; < castu-?catae inner side of a pelt # catii ‘the inner side of it’;> caterrluk; < PY-S cat0
cataite- to be absent # cataituq ‘he isn’t here’ /Taukut-am mikelnguut ayagasqenrilengraateng
aaniita aatiit catailan ce÷’armun aquiyaraqluteng.
‘Even though their mother told those children
not to go off because their father wasn’t around,they would go play on the beach.’ (ELN
1990:17); Ellii-am tua-i nallunrillruamiki erenretmurilkurarai naaqluki-llu qavcini ernerni
cataicecianek aatani, ak’a agayunerrluni tayima
cataunani. ‘Since Elnguq had learned the days of
the week she kept track of them, counting thedays that her father had been away, and alreadyhe’d been gone a full week.’ (ELN 1990:56); UY,
HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < ca-taitecaterrluk membrane on the inner side of a pelt
# Wagg’uq caterrluirluki, ilulirneq qamna
ilulirelriam imna. Tuar’ amiirturluku pilalriit.
Imna caterrluk-gguq tamana imegturnaurtuq
tuarpiaq mamkilnguq ami. ‘They say they’dremove the membrane from the inner side [of themoosehide]. It’s like skinning it. They would rollaway the membrane on the inner side; it is like avery thin skin.’ (QAN 2009:296); < catae-rrluk
catngu- to be essential; to be effective; to be helpful;to be worthwhile # catnguuq ‘it is essential,
effective, helpful / unguvatka catnguuq auka
ayagavkarluku ‘my heart is essential for myblood to flow’; atuqengan catngunrituq ‘what
you are using is of no help’; < ca-n-ucatquk skin boot made of dyed sealskin # (?)

189

cauman — caviggaq

Basescauman, caumalleq face # NUN; < cau1-ma-, cau1ma-lleq1
caunrilke- to treat or regard as nothing; to disparage# caunrilkaa ‘he treats it as if it were nothing’/ Anguyalallratni tamaani anguyagaqameng
ingluteng tuquqaarluki ataitnun wall’angayuqagkenun qanruteksartulalliniit
caunrillekluki. ‘When they used to have wars
back then when they had war after killing theirenemies they would go talk their [the enemies’]
fathers or parents disparaging them [the slain].’(YUU 1995:17); < caunrite-ke3caunrir- to reduce to nothingness; to wear out; tobelittle # caunrirtuq ‘it is reduced to nothing, isworn out’; caunriraa ‘he reduced it to nothing’/ ciin caunrirtau ingna tan’gurraq? ‘why is hebelittling that boy?’ < cau2-nrircaunrite- to be nothing # caunrituq ‘it is nothing;
he is no help at all’ / Tua-i tang caunrilngurtun
pitarrlua piugaqkevcia. ‘You have treated meas though I were nothing in that you kept on
harrassing me.’ (QAN 1995:192); Agayutem cellaman’a caunritellranek piurcetellrua. ‘God createdthis world out of nothing.’ (GRA 1951:1); < cau2nrite-; caunrilkecauspakayallr(aq*) huge drum # Yuraqatarluteng
tua-i cauyat upluki merqelluki, causpakayallraat.
‘Getting ready to dance they prepared the drums
moistening them, those great big old drums.’ (CIU
2005:384); < cauyaq-rpak-kayag-llr(aq)cauyak pair of calfskin pieces on the traditional
Yup’ik “qulitaq” parka # as worn in the coastal(Canineq?) area; the pieces represent two drums;< cauyaq-dual
cauyaq drum # and cauyar- to drum; to beat on adrum # cauyartuq ‘he is drumming’; cauyam ecia
‘drumskin’; cauyaliyartuq ‘he went to attend adrumming session’; uksuum cauyai ‘the drumsof winter’; cauyarnariuq ‘it is time for drumming(or, to celebrate with drums)’ (CAU 1984); . . .
makut cauyalriit uvaaluteng piyugaqameng
pilartut, waten atunem. . . . Cauyaq-llu cali taunatuaten uvaaguratuuq. ‘. . . the drummers swayedfrom side to side in unison as they drummed. . . .
The drum also was in motion, swaying from side
to side.’ (TAP 2004:47); ciutem cauyaa ‘eardrum’;> causpakayallr(aq), cauyaraq, cauyarcir-,Cauyarvik, cauyaun, cauyatequ-, cauyaquciaq,
cauyara’arcuun; < PY-S ca!uyaq

cauyaquciaq added dance motion accompanied bydrumming # < cauyaq-?
cauyara’arcuun drum song # < cauyaq-?-cuun
cauyaraq kayak rib # . . . qayillrani apqiitnek
caaganri elliluki tamakut tamaa-i cauyarait,
makut ayagyuangermeng nemtuit tamaani,
wagg’uq nemertarluteng. ‘. . . when he wasmaking a kayak, those called its “caaganret”(stringers) put or lashed to the ribs; even though
they were young men they would do the lashing.
(QUL 2003:614); see Appendix 9 on parts of the
kayak; < cauyar-aq3
cauyarcir- to give various small gifts to the twomessengers associated with the “Kevgiq”(“Messenger Feast”) # said of the people in thevillage of destination who receive the messengers;
cauyarciragket ‘they (the hosts) give them2 (themessengers) gifts’; NI; < cauyar-cirCauyarvik November # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < cauyar-vik
cauyaun drum stick # < cauyar-ncauyautequ- to sing unaccompanied by drums
or dancing during the Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder
Feast”) # CAN; < cauyar-te3-qucauyuikar- to dance a particular dance in which
one man dances, or pantomimes, and others singslowly #cave- to row # cav’uq ‘he is rowing’ / Kiagmi
anguarturluteng ayatullruut, cavluteng-llu
natmun upangnaqaqameng ayagaqluteng. ‘In thesummer they traveled by paddling and rowing
when they endeavored to move to anywhere.’(KIP 1998:291); = save-, yave-; > cavevik, cavun;< PE yav0caveg1- to work # (?); NS; cf. cavisra-, cavvliur-; < PE
cava!cavek toggling harpoon point # andcaveg2- to harpoon # cavgaa ‘he harpooned it’ /Iqertaarani anlluku kaalegturaqerluni ancilliniuq
cavegmek . . . ‘He took his fish-skin pouch,searched around in it, and took out a harpoon
point . . .’ (YUU 1995:21); < PE cav0!cavesra- to make something; to work # cavesratuli‘one who is good at making all kinds of things’;< ca-?; cf. caveg-, cavvliurcavevik oarlock # < cave-vik
cavigcir- to tag (a game animal) # < cavik-taq2-lir
caviggaq cutting knife # not semilunar (and therefore

190Basescavignalquq — cavvliur-

caviliurcuun hacksaw; cold chisel; metalworking
tool # # < cavik-liur-cuuncavinga- to have one’s hands on something # . . .
tua-i-ll’ assiriluni cavingallra. ‘. . . and so it would
get better where he [the shaman] laid his hands.’(AGA 1996:65); . . . tekitelliniuq una, tauna imna
tulukaruk, iigni cavinga¥rlukek. ‘. . . the ravencame back, with its hands on its eyes.’ (CUN
2007:108); < cavte-ngacavirrutnaq round whitefish (Prospium
cylindraceum); locally, candlefish # K, BB, LI;< ?-naq2
caviya(g)aq* wire; foil # caviyaaq ‘a wire’;caviyagaat ‘wires’; Keggi’anallernek-llu
kuuvviarutlernek avurluni, epukaitnek-llu
caviyaarnek piluni. ‘She gathered old coffee cans,and wire to make bail handles for them.’ (ELN
1990:26); < cavik-ya(g)aqcavte- to feel or touch intentionally with one’s hand# cavtaa ‘he is feeling it’ / cavtaartuq ‘he isfeeling around; Ilain caaqameng unatai cavtaqluki
aliimatairraarluku. ‘From time to time her family
members would feel her hands after removing
her mittens.’ (ELN 1990:4); Tuamta-llu-tang
kasngunarqellria cavtaa, “Gguun atam aneniartuq
mikelnguq, alingyaqunak.” ‘He touched her
private parts, “Through here, see, a baby will
come out, don’t be afraid.”’ (MAR2 2001:98);= caavte-, savte-; > cavinga- < PE cav0tcavuciutaq oarlock # NUN; < cavun-lir-taq
cavun oar # cavutek ‘two oars’; = Y, HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; savun, yavun; < cave-n;> cavuciutaq; < PY yavun (under PY yav0-)
cavur- to divorce # cavurtuq ‘he or she got
divorced’; cavuraa ‘he divorced her, or she
divorced him’ / cavuutuk ‘they2 got divorced’;
Tua-llu-gguq taumek nengaumeggnek
paqricikilit. Cunawa-gguq umyuarniurami,
cakian taum nall’arrluku tegulliniani, ayallinilria
tua-i kingunerminun cavurluni nuliani tauna
unilluku. ‘The son-in-law was not seen in thatvillage after that. He apparently had gone backto his village shamed, divorcing his wife because
his mother-in-law had taken his “request-token”(petugtaq).’ (CIU 2005:378)
cavvliur- to do housework # cavvliurtuq ‘he isdoing housework’; cavvliuraa ‘she is doinghousework for him’ / < ca-?-liur-; cf. caveg-,
cavisra-sometimes referred to as ‘man’s knife’ in contrast to
the semilunar or ‘woman’s knife’); Uitallinilutek
taukuk nulirqellriik pekteksaunatek cetamani
ernerni. Aneksaunatek, mingqeksaunani nulirra,
caviggarnek-llu pisuunatek. ‘That husband
and wife stayed for four days without going
anywhere. They didn’t go out, his wife didn’tsew, and they never used knives.’ (MAR1
2201:54); Y, HBC, NI; < cavik-rraq
cavignalquq scrap metal # Kuik man’a waten
paankaalleret-llu cavignalquq-llu man’a maavet
igpakaan neqem amlleren iterngairutaa. ‘Because
empty cans and scrap metal are thrown in thisriver so much, lots of fish won’t come into it any
more.’ (QAN 2009:448); < cavignaq-quq
cavignaq metal # < cavik-naq2; > cavignalquq
cavignarcuun hacksaw; cold chisel; metalworking
tool # < cavignaq-cuuncavigpaguaq paintbrush plant (Castilleja sp.) #< cavik-rpak-uaq
caviguuyar- to be silvery calm (of water) # NUN;
< cavik-?
cavik metal; iron; steel; cutting knife (not semilunar)(NS meaning); curved wood-carving knife (NUN
meaning) # and cavig- to cut smooth with a knife# uksuarmi angutet pirlaalilarait ikamratengcavignek ‘in fall men use metal runners on theirsleds’; N.C.-q tauna caviuluni. Caviit tamakut
qaliqallri uitaut Johnny Paul-am eniin yaatiini
elagyauluteng taum kipusviim qaliqallri. ‘The
N.C. (store) was (corrugated sheet) metal. Those
pieces of (sheet) metal which were its covering
are now over from Johnny Paul’s house as acache –– those ones that covered that store.’(KIP 1998:323); Tua-i-am tamakut ayagniqiliki
amilnguut tamakut cavigluki. . . . Ataam tamana
atauciq cavigaa. ‘He began cutting smooth thethin ones with a knife. . . . Again, he cut that(special) one smooth with a knife.’ (MAR2 2001:9);> caviggaq, cavignaq, caviguuyar-, caviksuar-,cavikucuk, caviliurcuun, cavigpaguaq, cavilek,
caviyagaq; cavigcir-; < PE cavi!
cavikaq copper # NUN; < cavik-?
Cavikartuli Lake Chauekuktuli # one of the WoodTikchik lakes near Dillingham
caviksuar- to whittle (wood) # NUN; < cavikksuar(ar)cavikucuk metal # NUN; < cavik-?-cukcavilek high-powered rifle # < cavik-lek

191cavvlugte- — cayumlerte-Basescavvlugte- to putter around; to do various chores;
to do things in way that manifests one’s anger #Cavvluggnginanermini camek niicami . . . ‘While
doing some chores she heard a noise . . .’ (YUU
1995:113); < ca-?-rrlugtecayailkun, cayailkutaq shield; protection # Ataneq
cayailkutkarput; . . . ‘The Lord is our shield; . . .’(PSALM 84:11); < ca-yailkutaq
cayaite- to lack fortitude # cayaituq ‘he lacks
fortitude’ / = casaite-; < cayaq-ite-1
cayak red or sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) #= sayak; < PY cayak
cayagalek log with a groove soaked with sap #NUNcayaq pleura; more generally, the upper part of thebody; lungpower. cayarpagluni ‘breathing hard’;> cayaite-; cf. cas-; < PE caya(!)
cayaraite- to be easy # cayaraituq ‘it’s easy’, ‘there’s
nothing to it’ / < ca-yaraq-ite1cayaraq custom; habit; method; way of doing
something # Tamaani waten elpeciucetun
ayagyuallerminek ayagluni tua-i waten uksumi
niitetukni imarpigmiut cayarait umyuamikun
aturturatullinikai. ‘When he was a youngman, like you, he traveled in the winter time;
he followed the customary ways of hunting sea
mammals (which he knew) from his memory.’(QUL 2003:634); Ak’a tamaani, maa-i-tun
piyuitellruukut. Takaqellruaput ciuliaput
cali-llu cayaraput. ‘Back then we never acted
like they do now. We respected our ancestors
and our customs.’ (YUU 1995:49); Yuuttamarmeng ellarpiim iluani cayarangqelartut
ayuqenrilngurnek, . . . ‘All peoples of the world
have different customs.’ (CAU 1985:9); < ca-yaraq
cayguq1 fence; partition # HBC; = casguq; < PE
ca90!u3
cayguq2 type of blackfish# EG; (?)
cayraaraq shrew (Sorex sp.) # EG; = casraraq
cayug-1 to twitch; to jerk (of body or body part) #cayugtuq ‘it is twitching’ / iika cayugtuq ‘myeye is twitching’; Tuar elliin ircaquan kaugtuqii
akngirpak man’a-ll’ temii cayulerluni, tua-i
cavailegmi nalluqerluni. ‘Her heart poundedwith excruciating pain, her body jerked, andbefore she could do anything she fainted.’(ELN 1990:39); > cayugglugte-, cayumlerte-,
cayumlirte-; < PE cayu!-

cayug-2 to pull or draw (toward oneself) # cayugtuq‘he is pulling something toward himself’;cayugaa ‘he is pulling it’ / Tua-i-ll’ pik’um
urluvni cayuaku, elliin-llu cayugluku. ‘When the
one up there drew back his bow (with an arrow),
he too drew his.’ (QUL 2003:100); > cayukaryaraq,
cayukaun, cayuketaaq-; < PE cayu!cayug-3 to want something; to want what? #cayugtuq ‘he wants something’ / cayugcit? ‘what
do you want?’; Ellii-llu up’nerkiyaryuumingluni,
umyuaqurangluku up’nerkiviteng tuaten-llu
qessangluni cayuumiirutengluni. ‘She began to
yearn to go to spring-camp; and their springcamp was all she could think about, and she
no longer felt like doing anything else.’ (ELN
1990:93); > cayugnaite-, cayugtuutecayugcetaaq medicinal plant type (species ?) # EG
cayugciryar- to be maneuverable # Aling,
qayamnek-wa tang cayugciryarturalriamek
atunrilnguten. Qayan tang un’uqamaicessiyaagpakartuq. ‘Gee, you are notusing my kayak that is more maneuverable. Your
kayak down there is too heavy.’ (QUL 2003:420);< cayug2-ciryarcayugglugte- to be twitching # < cayug1-llukcayugnaite- to leave ample time; to not be ready yet# literally: to not make one want to do anything(in a rush); cayugnaituq ‘it allows time’ /Cayugnaitellinian ayallerkateng tua-i makluni
unuakutarluni-llu. ‘When it became clear that
their forthcoming departure left ample time she
got up and had breakfast.’ (ELN 1990:92);< cayug2-naitecayugtuute- to try to acquire firewood (especiallyfor steambaths or firebaths) by requesting
it from other or trading for it # Tua-i-w’-am
cayugtuuskata cali qanagaarniarutkeciqellikevnga.
‘You’ll probably tell me to trade myself for woodfrom some roof.’ (CIU 2005:166); cayugtuucaraq‘game or process of trying to get wood for asteambath’; < cayug2-tur1-te5cayukaryaraq dresser drawer; drawstring #< cayug2-qar-yaraq
cayukaun twined grass mat used in a kayak whenpulling in fish or game # < cayug2-qar-n
cayuketaaq dresser drawer; drawstring # < cayug2qetaaq
cayumlerte- to be twitching # NUN; = cayumlirte-;< cayug1-?

192

Basescayumlirte- to be twitching; to have a seizure #HBC; = cayumlerte-; < cayug1-?
cayurte- to Eskimo-dance # of men; cayurtuq ‘he isdancing’ / NS, Y; < PE cayu3cecuar bleach/disinfectant such as Clorox # NR
ceg- to cut fish in preparation for drying #underlyingly [e]ceg-; cegtuq ‘she is cutting fish’;cegaa or ceggaa ‘she is cutting it’ / ceg’aq or
cegg’aq ‘a fish cut for drying’; sek’uma ‘if or
when I cut fish’; NS, LY, HBC, NI, UK, LI; = seg-,
esseg-; < PE ci90!cegaaq zipper # NI; from the sound a zipper makes
cegar- to search for food or anything needed # NUN
cegerte- to make a scraping noise; to shriek #Tua-i-ll’ wanigg’ nangenruqatallinilukugguq cunawa aturluni imumek-llu tua-iquyigiqerlun’ cegerrluni pillrani qasgiq man’aarulallagangartelliniluni . . . ‘Then, it is said, she
was going to sing for the last time, and as before,
when she concluded in a high-pitched shrieking
voice, the kashim started shaking suddenly . . .’(ELL 1997:204); NI; imitative
cegg’ar- to become more active; to become wideawake # underlyingly [e]cgar-; cegg’artuq‘he became fully awake and active’ /cegg’anqegtuq ‘he is physically active’; Imnatua-i taqukaruk cegg’artuq. “Aa, aling aullut’ar
cangimircaaqvakar! Kitak, tua-i wiinga
piqernaurtua. Tua-i elpetun niicugniniarpenga
pinga!” ‘That huge bear became wide awake. “Oh
my, it wasn’t enough! Now I’ll perform. You’lllisten to me, like I to you!”’ (MAR2 2001:113); =segg’ar-, essgar-; > ceggauma-; < PY 0s!a3(a3)(under PE 090)
ceggauma- to stay awake # ceggaumauq ‘he isstaying awake’ / . . . qavaranga’arteqanrakun
aipaan uum enuuqallinia, “Aling, usuuq,
ceggaumangnaqluten-ggem pisqellruamken!”
Nutaan tua cegg’aqangnaqluni pilriim
qavarniirrluni. ‘. . . when he started to fall asleep,
his companion started nudging him, “Oh my,
I thought I told you to try to stay awake!” He
stopped being sleepy and tried to stay alert.’(QUL 2003:50)
cegnayuk valley; ravine # Tua-ll’-am caqerluku
qertulriik cegnayuuk akuliignegun pillrani
ayakallran arulairngan ullagturalliniluku. ‘Then
soon when it went into a deep valley and stopped
there, he gradually approached it.’ (QAN

cayumlirte- — cella1995:222); Qemit tamakut mayurturaqerluki
pilliniuq ikani cegnayuum akiani tuntuyagaq.
‘As he climbed the hill and he saw a caribou
calf on the other side of the valley .’ (YUU
1995:92); . . . tangercecaaqevkenani tua cegnayuut
aturluki . . . ‘. . . so as not to be seen he followed
the valleys . . .’ (QUL 2003:428); cf. kuignayuk
cekavte- to scatter; to be in disarray # cekavtut‘they are scattered’; cekavtai ‘he scatteredthem’ / enii cekavtuq ‘his house is in disarray’;Tua-i-llu-gguq cali asgurluni cali-am allanun
taluyanun tekilluni. Maaten-gguq yui tangrrai
menuitqapiarluteng. Tua-i pitaulliniluni
taukunun, cekavcessngailatni. ‘The blackfish
continued its journey upstream and came uponanother blackfish trap. The blackfish looked at
the owners of this trap and saw that they weretidy and clean. The blackfish let itself get caught
by them because they would not let it be strewn
underfoot.’ (ELN 1990:5); = eskavte-, cikavtecekpiipiir(aq*), cikepiipiiq chickadee (Parus sp.) #imitative
cekpik, cekpiq biceps muscle # = cikpik
cella world; outdoors; weather; sky; universe;
awareness; sense # cellii ‘his or its world’;cellakegtuq ‘the weather is good’; cellakegcivaa!
‘my, what good weather!’; cellaculnguunga‘I am feeling out of sorts’; cellakayagtuq ‘hewent berserk’; cellangqertuq ‘he has his wits
about him’; Ellmini cellamini nallunrituq cellam
iluani amani-gguq yaalirnermini tayima, nani
tayima yaaqvani, angalkumek . . . ‘Withinhimself, in his own consciousness he knew
about a shaman within the world, over there,
somewhere away from him . . .’ (MAR2 2001:29);
Tua-am cella pinarqellinian tauna nukalpiartaq
pilliuq, “Arenqialnguq-gguq cellakeggluni
keggna uitaurnarqenrilnguq.” ‘And when theweather was such that things were possible,that young man said, “Well now, outside theweather is good and it is not conducive for one
to stay home.’ (NAA 1970:7); Pucikalliniluni
paallagvikluku. Cellii-ll’ tayim’ tamaq’alliniluni.
Cellangyungami cellangelliniuq mamteram
iluani. ‘He fell hard, fell on his face on it. He
suddenly lost his consciousness. When he start
to regain consciousness, became aware that he
was inside a smokehouse.’ (CAU 1985:111);
Tua-i-wa tanqilriakun Christ-arpegun cellam

193

cellairute- — cen’aq

Basesyui anirtullruavki. ‘It is because through Yourholy Christ You have saved the people of theworld.’ (CAT 1950:62); cellam cuqyutii ‘barometer,
thermometer, etc.’; NS, Y, UK, LI, EG; = ella, cilla;> cellairute-, cellaite-, cellalluk, cellam cuqyutii,
cellamqaci-, cellange-, cellarrlir-, cellatecellairute- to lose awareness, consciousness, one’s
good sense # < cella-i:rutecellaite- to behave foolishly, unsensibly # < cellaite1cellallir- to rain; to snow heavily (meaning in NS) #impersonal subject; cellallirtuq ‘it is raining’ / Y,
UK, LI; < cellalluk-ir1cellalluk rain # Y, UK, LI; < cella-lluk; > cellallircellamqaci- to go outside for a while as for astroll or to get fresh air # Tua-i-llu-gguq cat
iliitni maurlurlua cellamqaciuq. Tua-i-llu-gguq
cellamqaciinanrani tutgara’urluan atkullrani
allgurpakaan, maurlurlumi kakivii teguluki,
atkullrani mingqaa. ‘And one time his
grandmother went out for fresh air. And while she
was out having fresh air her grandson, because hetore his old parka badly, took his grandmother’s
needlecase and sewed up his old parka.’ (GRA
1901:280–281 & PRA 1995:453); < cella-?cellange- to obtain awareness; to have one’s firstexperience that leaves a lasting memory #cellanguq ‘he obtained awareness’ / mikelnguq
cellanguq tallimanek allrakungeqerluni ‘thechild acquired awareness as he reached theage of five’; Tuunraq tauna ikayuqellriatun
pikaqluku, kiingan anirtuutekluku tamaani,
yuungcaristetaunani-llu cellangeqarraallemni.
‘He had shaman’s spirit as a helper; it was
the only source used for healing; there wereno medical doctors from outside, when I firstbecame cognizant and aware of my surroundings.’(AGA 1996:34); Tua-ll’ imna, maaten-gguq
imna tutgara’urlua cellanguq nuniik tauna
nunarpaullrullinilria. ‘And that grandchild ofhers became aware of things and saw that theirvillage had been a very large village.’ (NAA
1970:2); < cella-nge-; > cellanguaq
cellanguaq a feast said to have originated at
Russian Mission, held during the seasonof plenty, involving among other things adramatization of an eagle carrying off a person;
the representation or model of that event #A¥gna cellanguaq tauna kiugkumiutaunricaaquq

nutem [Tuutalgaq}. Ak’a tamaani imumi waten
kevgirluteng pitullermeggni kiani Iqugmi —Iqugmiutaullrulliniuq taun’ cellanguaq. ‘The
“cellanguaq” didn’t actually originate fromup there {Pilot Station}. Long ago when theygathered for dances and ceremonies up in Iquk
— that particular “cellanguaq” belonged to peopleof Iquk [Russian Mission].’ (AGA 1996:88);< cellange-uaq
cellarrlir- to snow # impersonal subject; cellarrlirtuq‘it is snowing’ / NS; < cella-rrluk-ir1cellate-positional base used only with a possessed
ending; area outside of. cellatiini ‘outside of it’;= elate-, ellate-; < cella-te3celleg- to be thick in diameter # cellegtuq ‘itis thick’ / Qupurluku tua-i tuaten pitaluku
qupuusqe™gaku, tua-i qula atauciuluku
una waten cellegtasqaqluku, una-llu watencellegtasqaqluku, ukut-llu pingayunelgencanegliluki anglivkenaki qupurai. ‘Splitting
them up into ten equal pieces, making sure one
was cut to a certain thickness, and another to therequired thickness; then these eight were split
thinner, cutting them not too big.’ (MAR2 2001:8);
Y; = elleg-, cilleg-; < PE cil0!-1
celli- to whet; to sharpen # cellia ‘he is sharpeningit’; cellisqelluku uluani uini pia ‘she asked herhusband to sharpen her knife’; Y; = elli-, cilli-;> cellin; < PE cili- or ci@icellin, cellissuun whetstone # = ellin, selin < celli-n,celli-cuun
Cellitemiut Sleetmute # village on the Kuskokwim
upriver from Bethel; < cellin-miu plural
cellur- to glide or slide down # cellurtuq ‘it isgliding or sliding down’ / . . . celluryugluni
cellurtuq. Celluami qanertuq, “Tua-i wiinga-llu
uitaurngaiteqertua anglanirrlainarpakarlartua.”‘. . . wanting to slide down he slid. When he slid hesaid, “Well, I just won’t stand around, I’m having
so much fun.”’ (MAR2 2001:18); Y; cellurvik,
celluryaraq slope, ramp; = ellur-, cillur-;> cellu’urtecellu’urte- to dive in the air; to glide down fast #cellu’urtuq ‘it is diving’ / Y; < cellur-(ar)tecemerliq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax); eulachon(Thaleichthys pacificus) # reported from various
places; = cimigliq; < ?-li1
cen’aq snipe (Gallinago gallinago) # ?; NUN; < cena-?

194

Basesce÷a, ce÷aq, cena (NUN form) shore; coast; rim; edge# ce÷a (or ce÷aq) ‘the shore’; ce÷ii ‘its shore’;
imarpiim ce÷ii ‘the shore of the sea’; qantamce÷ii ‘the rim of the bowl’; Tua-i-llu-gguq taukuk
nulirqellriik uitalliuk kuigem ce÷iini kiirrarmek,
yugmek-llu nallulutek. ‘They say that thishusband and wife lived by the shore of the river
all alone, not knowing any (other) people.’ (MAR1
2001:41); Tua-i-llu-am ellii umyuarteqengluni
meliullermini qaill’ ayuqucianek mer’em
iluani tangneq, avatiinun angyam piluni ce÷ii
tegumpagluku kegginani akurrluku uisngarmi.
‘While she was playing around with the water
she started thinking what it would be like to
see down in the water, so she moved closer tothe side of the boat and firmly gripping the topedge of it she dipped her face in the water withher eyes open.’ (ELN 1990:26); Tua-i piqerlunice÷aq alairngan, tangrrarkaunriatni tagluni.
‘And when the beach was no longer visible,
since they wouldn’t be able to see him, he went
up on the land.’ (QUL 2003:98); Aren, tua-i ellii
pinrilatni, tan’gurraukluku-w’ tayima kingumek
tuqutnaluku piyaaqellikiit, ellii pinrilatni urluvni
teguq’erluku ce÷amun kanavet atraqercami
mer’em ngeliinun, atkullrayagani tua yuuqerluki
matkacagarmi mermun qecegluni angllulliniluni.
‘Since they were not after him, saying he was justa little boy and they could kill him later, grabbing
his bow (he ran) down to the shore, and when hegot to the edge of the water, he took off his parka
and, being completely naked now, dove in.’ (QUL
2003:96); = cina; > ce÷air(aq), cen’aq, ce÷’aq,ce÷aaqiiq, cenarayak, ce÷armiu, ce÷artaq, ce÷i-,cenirnir-, cenliarun; cf. ce÷irte-, ce÷iq’aq; < PE cin0ce÷air(aq*) western sandpiper (Calidris mauri);yellowlegs (Tringa sp.) # < ce÷a-iq; > ce÷aiyaaq,
ce÷airpakce÷airpak dunlin (Calidris alpina) # < ce÷air(aq*)rpakce÷aiyaaq western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) #< ce÷air(aq)-ya(g)aq
ce÷’aq sandy beach # this word is probably a blend ofce÷a and en’aqce÷aqiiq rock sandpiper (Calidris ptilocnemis) # NR;ce÷a-?
cenarayak ribbon kelp; “sea lettuce” # NUN; < ce÷a-?
ce÷armiu coast dweller # animal or human; < ce÷amiu

195ce÷a — cenirnir-ce÷artaq wild celery (Heracleum lanatum) # < ce÷ataq2
cenek bruise # and ceneg- to bruise # cenegtuq ‘heor it got bruised’; cen’gaa ‘he bruised it’ / = cinek
and cineg-; < PY-S cin0k
cen’gaq kayak bow or keel protector #ceng’uq spring (water) # and ceng’ur- to overflow;
underlyingly [e]cngur-; ceng’urtuq ‘it overflowed’/ NS; = seng’ur-; < PY ci&u3cengqe- to crackle # cengquq ‘it made acrackling noise’ / Ala nawima-gguq imkut,
qanrucateng, cengqurpak angutngunri, qayateng
aminqigqelluki cateng nutarrluki, . . . ‘Oh, when
she told them, like a clap of thunder those brothersof hers put new skins on their kayaks and fixed
their equipment, . . .’ (CEV 1985:77); HBC; =cingqe-; < PE ci&qu3cengqulleqcitaaq bunchberry; ground dogwood(Cornus canadensis) # said to be so called from thecrackling noise they make when chewed; HBC; =cingqullektaaq; < cengqe-?-citaaq
ce÷i- to go along the shore; to go along from place
to place (within the village) # . . . imna tua
aanani nerellrullia enertuumaan qangqurluku
nangkacagarluku. Nangengamiu tua tamaa-ice÷iyaaqellinikai net. Tua-i-gguq tua-i maurluugnill’ taukuk tua-i apaurluni-ll’ neryarlukek
nanglukek anellrunrilkagnek. ‘. . . he had
eaten his mother’s skeleton and all, crunchingon it and finishing it completely. When hehad finished with her he went from house tohouse but to no avail. He would have eaten his
grandmother and grandfather if they had thennot gone out.’ (QUL 2003:268); . . . nutaan tua-i
anuqsaavguarii-llu-gguq nallunairtuqallruamiu
natetmuruciilngaunani, nutaan tua-i
pugcuaqaqluni ce÷illuku ce÷aq. ‘. . . and since
he had noted the direction of the wind too, hedefinitely knew which way he was going, andthen finally he followed shoreline coming for air
now and then.’ (QUL 2003:96); < ce÷a-i3 (?)
ce÷ingqa- to be visiting # ce÷ingqauq ‘he is visiting’/ < ce÷irte-ngqace÷iq’aq beaver (Castor canadensis) or land otter(Lontra canadensis) # equal numbers of generally
reliable old word lists give each identification; NSU;
cf. ce÷a; < PY c0niq
cenirnir- to blow along the shore # of wind;impersonal subject; cenirnirtuq ‘there is a windce÷irtaar- — cetaman

Basesblowing along the shore’ / NUN; < cena-?-neq1ir1ce÷irtaar- to visit around, going from house tohouse; to walk back and forth along the shore# ce÷irtaartuq ‘he is visiting around, walking
back and forth’ / Net tamaani takarnarqellruut,
piciatun-llu ce÷irtaallerkaq takarnaqluni.
‘Households back then were treated withrespect, and one was hesitant about visiting door
to door randomly.’ (YUU 1995:45); Tauna tua-i
Ukinqucugpalek aanangqelliniami aanii-gguq
tua-i ce÷irtaalria maani. ‘Since Ukinqucugpalek
still had his mother, she was walking back and forthalong the shore.’ (ELL 1997:390); < ce÷irte-ace÷irte-, cenirte- (NUN form) to visit (within
a village or city); to walk along the shore #ce÷irtuq ‘he went visiting, went walking along
the shore’; ce÷irtaa ‘he went to visit her’;Tekipailgata-llu taukut angutet aaniin taukuk
mikelnguuk ce÷irullukek maurluatnun. ‘Before
the men arrived her mother took the twochildren to visit their grandmother.’ (ELN 1990:7);
Angliriuraan, piyualutek imarpiim ce÷iinun
anelrarlutek ce÷irtelliniuk, mallussurlutek. ‘When
he grew older they2 walked down following theshoreline of the ocean, and going along it looking
for edible carcasses (that had drifted ashore).’(YUU 1995:2); = cinirte-; > ce÷ingqa-, ce÷irtaar-;cf. ce÷a
cenkaq land otter (Lontra canadensis) # LY, NSK, NI,
NUN; = cinkaq, senkaq
cenke- to have it as its shore or edge # cenkaa ‘it is
its shore’ / ce÷ekluku ‘(it) having it as its shoreor edge’; NS variant of ce÷ake-; < PE cin0 and pb.
-k01cenkutak sty in the eye # = cinkutak; < PE cinkuta!
cenliarun trimming on hem of garment # . . .
aturameng-llu cenliarutait angliriluki. ‘. . . they
make the hems of their garments larger.’ (MATT.
23:5); < ce÷a-liur-n (actually from an obsolete formof ce÷a with final e on the base as in the protoform)
cep’irrlugaq red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus
lobatus) # NSK
cepqer- to fall into water without making asplashing sound (of a rock or the like); to diveinto water without making a splash (of a person)# NUN
ceq sweat; perspiration; condensation # and cer- to
sweat; to perspire; to have condensation form on

it # underlyingly [e]ceq- / [e]cer-; = esseq / esser-,seq / ser-; < PE 09i3ceqcaaq red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) #imitative, and/or < PY c0qtaaq
ceqcerte- to be excitedly active, making a lotof noise # ceqcertuq ‘he is active and noisy’;aatani tekican ceqcertenga’artuq ‘because herfather arrived she became excitedly active’; cf.
ceryarpak
ceqpilunaq sparrow # general term; Y; imitative,
and/or < PY c0qtaaq; < ?-naq2
ceqvallertar- to throw liquid onto (it) #Ceqvallertautelarciqaci augit ekuavigmun . . . ‘Youpl
shall dash their blood on the altar . . .’ (NAAQ.
18:17); cf. ciqpagcer- to sweat; to perspire # see ceq
ceremraq dunlin (Calidris alpina) #ceryuq (NUN form), ceryarpak (HBC form),
ceryirpak (HBC form) loud noise as of breakers
on the beach # Maaten-ggur–itraameng,
apuryarturait, ceryarpag–nenglarluteng, . . .
‘When they went in (to the steambath) andapproached them, there was great noise andlaughter, . . .’ (CEV 1984:80); cf. ceqcerte-; < PE
ci3u3u39u!
cetaaq, cetaar(aq*) little bird # general term;
Taqngamiu pillinia anluku qagaani cetaarnek
yaqulecuarnek napani naspaasqelluk’
pitgaquluk’. ‘Then when she finished it she told
him to go outside and try it out on the little birds
in the trees.’ (AGA 1995:202); imitative, and/or< PY c0qtaaq; > maram cetaara
cetamain four groups or pairs or bundles #this is a plural (using the special plural ending,n, for numbers); the base is cetamai-; Yugpet
kinguvallrita cetamaingit maavet uterciiqut . . .
‘They shall return in the fourth generation . . .’(AYAG. 15:16); < cetaman-?
cetaman four # this is a plural (using the special
plural ending, n, for numbers); the base is cetama-;
cetaman qimugtet qilugtut ‘four dogs arebarking’; cetamanek qimugtengqertuq ‘hehas four dogs’; cetamaugut ‘they are four innumber’; Mukaamek kiingan atuquvet, cetamanek
luuskarpagnek mukaamek qantakun ilutulriakun
piluten, mirluku nepcanarqevkarluku ta¥gaam
mer’uvkenaku. ‘If you use only flour, put four
tablespoons of flour in a deep bowl, add water
enough to make it sticky but not runny.’ (YUU

196

Bases1995:63); Elnguq ellii kayangutlinilria kiingan
pingayurqunek ilak-llu cetamarqutaarlutek. ‘Itturned out that Elnguq had found eggs only
three times and her sisters only four times each.’(ELN 1990:105); Cali tamakut angalkut tuaten
cikum aciakun ayatulit wa-gguq kill’uteng,
kiingan cetamarqunek pituut. Tallimiriyuunateng.
‘Also those shamans travel under the ice like
that, they say, sinking four times maximum.
They never added a fifth (time).’ (YUU 1995:41);
Maaten kiarrluni piuq tumet makut, ataucim
tungiinun ayagluteng. Atauciugaqluteng
malruugaqluteng, pingayuugaqluteng, iliini-llu
cetamauluteng itukaqluteng. ‘He looked aroundand saw some footprints going in one direction.
There would be one, two, three, and sometimes
four side by side.’ (YUU 1995:78) see Appendix 6
on numerals; = citaman; > cetamarraq, cetamain,
cetamii, cetamiit, Cetamirin
cetamarraq four in cards # NI; < cetaman-rraq
cetamii fourth time; its fourth # used in counting;Tua-ll’ yugcetun tallimarqunek ulpiarcesqelluku
pikani naaqikuni-w’, tauciim, aipaa, pingayua,
cetamii, tallimii. Tang yugtun naaqiyaraq. ‘If she
told her to somersault five times in Yup’ik, shewould count: first time, second time, third time,
fourth time, fifth time. That’s the way to count in
Yup’ik.’ (QUL 2003:72); < cetaman-3s-3s possessed
endingcetamiit fourth one of them # a selectional word;
Erenret cetamiitni anlliniuq, anngami-am
tamaaggun cikurrluaraat aturluki ayalliniuq. ‘On
the fourth day she went out, and following iced
patches she resumed her journey.’ (YUU 1995:18);
Cetamiit Nanvat ‘Mikchalk Lake’ (one of the WoodTikchik lakes near Dillingham); < cetama(n)-3p-3s
possessed ending
Cetamirin Thursday # Cetamiritmi ‘on Thursday’;
Cetamiritnguuq it is Thursday; = Citamirin;< cetaman-irin
cetegglug- to peel improperly (as when peeling cow
parsnip wrong) # NUN
cetegneq monkshood (Actonitun delphinifolium) #NUN
cetegtaq frozen fish or meat to be eaten in thatstate # Tua-i imkunek nerlallemte÷ek qaurtunek
cetegtanek nerlartukut, qaurtunek-llu kinertarnek
avuluki. ‘Those that we’ve been eating — weeat frozen whitefish, and some dried whitefish.’cetamarraq — cetuaq(MAR2 2001:49); Y, NS; cf. cetengqitecetengqite- to be frozen stiff; to be rigid from cold;
to get stuck #literally or figuratively. cetengqituq‘it is stiff’; cf. cetegtaq
cetengqurrit cartilage # NI, CAN, BB
ceteq mark; line # and ceter- to mark; to engrave# cetraa ‘he marked it’ / cet’riuq ‘he marked
something’; cet’rauq ‘he made repeated marks’;Uluani anlluku tumllertek cet’rallinia. Tamatumgguq maligcestiignek cet’rallra tekicamiu
arulaiqili tayima-llu tangrruunqigtevkenani.
‘Then he pulled out his knife and made marks
with it across their2 trodden path. When thething that was following them2 came to where
the lines were drawn, it stopped and was not seen
again.’ (YUU 1995:7); = citeq and citer-; >cetya(g)aq, cet’raar(aq), cet’raarcuun, cet’rautaq,
nunam cetra; < PE t0t03cetgate- to be thin; to be lanky # cetgatuq ‘he islanky’ / < ?-atecetiinkaq pig # from Russian pfl∫yrf (zadínka) ‘back
cut of meat’; = cetuinkaq, citiinkaq, setiinkaaq,
sitiinkaaq
cet’raar(aq*) etched design; mark / < ceteq-aq1ar(aq)cet’raarcuun, cet’rassuun device for engravingivory, bone, or wood # < ceter-a-cuun
cet’rautaq etched design; mark / ceteq-a-taq1
cetu- to go with the river current; to go downriver;to go along the shore; to slide down (in NUN) #cetuuq ‘he or it is going with the current’; cetua‘he is going down it’ / Ayalliniut ak’arrarnun
cetuluteng. . . . Unungraan carvanermun
atertelluteng arulairpek’nateng qavaryugluteng
angyami. ‘They traveled for a long time going
downriver. . . . Even though night came theywanted to drift without stopping, sleeping in
the boat.’ (YUU 1995:100); = citu-; > cetuaq,
cetuqupak, ceturrnaq, Cetuyaraq; < PE citucetuaq beluga (or belukha); white whale(Delphinapterus leucas) # Tua-i tekicamiu tua,“Aling arenqiapaa-ll’ piluaqalliniuten-am
mat’umek cetuamek!” Aren tua-i-gguq man’aceturpakayall’er tua-i tuqullrullinilria-gguq tua-i,
ekiinani-llu-gguq tua-i. Uqurikayagluni-gguq
tua-i tamana cetuaq tua-i. ‘When he reached him,
(he said) ‘“Oh my, you are very fortunate to havefound this beluga!” Oh, this great big beluga,
he said, evidently died of something; it had, he197

cetugmiarun — ceva

Bases
cetuqupak gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) #< cetuaq-qupak
cetur- stretching one’s legs # postural root; ceturmi
aqumgauq ‘he is sitting with his legs stretchedout’; > cetungqa-, ceturailitaq, ceturte-, ceturyaq,
cf. cetuk; < PE cittu3ceturailitaq kayak mat; kayak bottom board #< cetur-?-ilitaq
ceturkaaq edible fiddlehead of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris dilitata) # = cetuguaq, ceturqaar(aq),ceturuaq
ceturpak large beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) # NSceturqaar(aq*), ceturqaaq edible fiddlehead of
spreading wood fern (Dryopteris dilitata) # =cetuguaq, ceturkaaq, ceturuaq
ceturrnaq pacific tomcod (Microgadus proximus)# Kuvyait-wa cali qip’at yualut. . . .
Quarruugcuutnek ceturrnarcuutnek-llu qalunek.
‘Their fish nets were made of twisted sinew. . . .
(They made) dipnets for sticklebacks and pacifictomcod.’ (YUU 1995:66); < cetu-?-naq2
ceturte- to sit with legs stretched out # ceturtuq‘he stretched out his (own) legs’; ceturtaa ‘hestretched out his (object’s) legs’ / < cetur-te2ceturtelleq base of a slope # NSceturuaq edible fiddlehead of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris dilitata) # = cetuguaq, ceturkaaq,
ceturqaar(aq)ceturyaq front area of kayak # = cituryaq; < ceturyaq
cetuskaq white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca) #NUN; < cetuskar(aq)cetuskar(aq*) harlequin duck (Histrionicus
histrionicus) # < cetuskaq
Cetuyaraq New Stuyahok # village on the Nushagak
River; < cetu-yaraq
cetvilitaq quarter; twenty-five-cent piece # LI, EG;from Russian xtndthnƒr (chetverták) ‘25 kopeks’cetya(g)aq* inch; minute; any other small unit ofmeasurement # Qallarvaulluki-llu cetyaarni
tallimani wall’u qula tekilluku. ‘Let it boil fiveminutes or as much as ten.’ (YUU 1995:62);< ceteq-ya(g)aqsaid, no entry wounds. That beluga, it is said, wasvery fat.’ (ELL 1997:266); < cetu-?; > cetuqupak,ceturpak; < PE citu(C)a3
cetugmiarun seal-calling stick # shaped like a hand,scratched on the ice to attract seals; < cetuk-mik-n
cetugmig- to scratch hard with nails or claws;
to claw # cetugmigtuq ‘it is scratching’;
cetugmigaa ‘it is scratching him’ / Maaten-gguq
imna nukalpiaq tekitaat ungungssim imum
cetugmillrullikii maaggun nuyain ngelkacagaikun.
‘When they arrived, they saw the bear had clawed
him right here along his hairline.’ (QUL 2003:92);< cetuk-mik
cetugnaq implement to catch fish swimming nearsurface # < cetuk-naq2
cetuguar(aq*) edible fiddlehead of spreadingwood fern (Dryopteris dilitata) # Y; = ceturkaaq,
ceturuaq; < cetuk-uaq-?
cetugyugun seal-calling stick # < cetuk-?-n
cetuinkaq pig # from Russian pfl∫yrf (zadínka)‘back cut of meat’; = cetiinkaq, citiinkaq,
setiinkaaq, sitiinkaaq
cetuircuutek nail clippers # < cetuk-ir-cuun-dual
cetuk fingernail; toenail; claw # Nernginanranigguq tauna arnassagaq cetuminek
naanguarturqili. ‘While he ate, that old woman
kept playing with her nails.’ (CET 1971:11 &PRA 1995:451); cetuum ciutii ‘hangnail’, literally:‘the nail’s ear’; cetua ciutairtellruuq ‘he had ahangnail’; = cituk; > cetugmiarun, cetugmig-,cetugnaq, cetuguar(aq), cetugyugun, cetumquq,
cetuircuutek; cf. cetur-; < PY-S cituk
cetumquq talon; claw of bird; hoof; humannail deformed by injury # Tua-i-ll’-am
tamana avateteng paqnakengluku murilkaa
ellivicuartarluni keluaraatni, tua-i-llu
paqluku mayurluni igvaraa ilua ikingqaanllu kapkaanartarluni canek-llu tuntuviit
cetumquqlinikaitnek-llu tangerrluni. ‘Being curious
about the area around them, she observed that
there was a little cache behind their camp, andbeing curious about it she climbed up to lookand since it was open she peered into it and saw
leg-hold traps and some moose hooves.’ (ELN
1990:46); < cetuk-quq; < PY citumquq (under PY-S
cituk)
cetungqa- to be sitting with ones legs stretched out# cetungqauq ‘he is sitting with his legs stretchedout’ / < cetur-ngqa-

ceva, cevak low altitude; area near ground orother surface # and cevag- to flutter near
the ground to distract intruders from its
young # of a bird; cevagtuq ‘it is fluttering
near the ground’; cevagkun tengssuun

198

Basesayagtuq ‘the airplane left at a low altitude’;
Maaten tua-i avavet meciknaurluku pillinia,
tua-i imutun pitarkamek pissulriatun
anguarutni man’a cevakun waten mumiggluku
anguarturallininaurtuq. Ataam maaggun cevakun
mumiggluku anguartura’aqluni. . . . Angualriit
tangerqatullerpece÷i ilait tua-i angualalriit waten
pagg’un anguaruteteng arvirtaqluki. Ta¥gken
pissu’urqameng pitarkanek anguatullruluteng
waten tua-i, tua-i-ll’ anguaruteteng yaaggun
waten arvirqaarluki nutaan, wagg’uq tua cevakun
anguarturluteng. ‘He took a better look at him
and noticed that he had already started paddlingthe way men do when they are after their prey.
They don’t lift their paddle up in the air. . . . When
you’ve seen people paddling, some of them lift
their paddle [to paddle again on the other side].
But when they were following their prey, they lift
their paddles over there they paddled [moving it
on to the other side barely over the front of their
kayak], and that was what they called “low lift-up
paddling”.’ (QUL 2003:644)

Cev’aq — ciamci-alqunaq waniwa-llu tekiteqarraqatanritaak
cevv’artuq tanqigmun, arenqiatuq
tengauyunaircami iggluni kiarcunailagnek
pamkuk iigni qitngiryuum ugaani. ‘While
moving, suddenly when they2 hadn’t quite
caught up with him he came out into the light, ohdear, because he couldn’t fly he fell because his
two eyes back there couldn’t see on account of
the glare.’ (MAR2 2001:23); Pavavet ayalliniluni,
tag’aqami-gguq pulasaratgun maramun
cevv’arlartuq. Tamaaggun-am tagluni cevv’arluni
tamaani marami pekesnginanermini, maaten
kiarrluni pilliuq ca man’a cetamanek ipigluni,
nasqumikun uqvigalirluni. ‘He went back there,
and when he came up by the trail through thewoods he would emerge at a marshy clearing.
When he went up that way and emerged, when
he stopped at the marshy clearing he saw
something there with four legs with branches on
its head.’ (MAR1 2001:80); Ataam, cevv’arluteng
allat tua-am kegginaquit cimirluteng, tavaten
cimirtaarturluteng. ‘You see, they’d emerge andtheir masks would be changed, like that, eachtime changing.’ (AGA 1996:56); Y; cf. ceve-;> cevv’arneq
Cevv’arneq Chefornak # village on the coast below
Nelson Is. # < cevv’ar-neq1
cevyirar(aq*) dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.) # NUN
cialiur- to swiftly walk over thin ice as it makes awaving motion and crackling sound # NUN
ciamci- to bring clothes or food for distribution
into the kashim during the Nakaciuryaraq(“Bladder Feast”) # Mat’um-llu-wa welfare-am
amlleret tegganret uilgaat-llu auluk’ngengkai.
Tamaani ak’a Nakaciumi-llu arcaqerluteng
tegganret auluktullrulliniit neqkatgun. Iliit
qanelria Nakaciuraqameng ciamcilallruniluki.
Watnaaqameng neqnek canek-llu allanek
qasgicilallruut qasgi tua-i cikirluku, nutaanllu tamakut taitellrit ayagasciigalngurnun
aruqutekluki. ‘Nowadays the welfare systemprovides for many elders and widows. Back thenduring the Bladder Feast they provided foodfor elders. One term used when they held the
bladder feast is that they were “distributing useful
items” to them. When they did this they brought
food and other things to the kashim, giving itout, and distributing it to those who came forthose who were house-bound.’ (CAU 1985:94);
HBC, NUN; < ciame-te2-i2-

Cev’aq Chevak # village that, along with Hooper Bay,has its own distinctive dialect (see Intro.); because theCevak people (though not the Hooper Bay people) say‘cuk’ rather than ‘yuk’ for “person”, they call theirdialect (and ethnicity) Cup’ik rather than Yup’ik;< ceve-aq1

cev’aq cut-through place where the river has carved
a new channel; manmade channel # < ceve-aq1
cevcilleq cleft palate; one with a cleft palate #< ceve-te2-i2-lleq1

ceve- to get cut through # often (but not exclusively)of land; cev’uq ‘it (land) got cut through’(by a river cutting a new channel) / cevtaat‘they cut a channel through it’; Tamarmeng
iqumangareskata aaniin taum ullagluki
tekiciiqellinii tuntut qamiqurrlainaam imum
irniaran qakerliit keggmarluki cevverqelliniaqekai
ukuit tuqurqelluki. ‘When they were all dead,his mother would go to them and see that her
child who was nothing but a head had bittenthem on the upper part of their esophagus andkilled them. He would tear this part (on them)and kill them.’ (QUL 2003:286); > cev’aq, Cev’aq,
cevcilleq; cf. cevv’ar-; < PY civ0cevv’ar- to emerge into an open area; to comeout into the open # cevv’artuq ‘he emerged,
appeared’; Eglerrluni, eglerrluni imumek

199ciame- — cii2-

Bases

ciame- to crush; to break; to crumble # ciamuq‘it got crushed’ / ciamtaa ‘he crushed it’;Imumek-am yuk kiskuni cal’ tuaten, wagg’uq
qamkuni, patagmek nugnaluni, tua-i man’apinertutacimitun ciamtengnaqluku pikuni, tua-inayumiqaviilkan cikum merugulluku tayim’
cikum acianun qertarkauguq. ‘When a person
falls in and panics and tries to get out quickly, hewill use all his strength and chip away the edges
at the same time, and he will end up being takenby the current and going under the ice if there isnothing for him to hold on to.’ (QUL 2003:732);
Nuggluku nutaan kemga ciamtenqegcaarallinia.
. . . Ircaqurra-ll’ imna nutaan ciamtenritellni
tua-i ciamlluku uklikcaayaarluku. ‘He pulled
him out of the water, and this time he really cut
up his flesh. . . . And he cut up his heart, that
he hadn’t cut up before that, into small pieces.’(QUL 2003:316); > ciamneq, ciamruq, ciamci-,
ciamurrluk; cf. cii2-; < PE ci9am0(t)ciamneq small broken piece of ice # ciamneretbroken pieces; < ciame-neq
ciamruq driftwood # Y, NS; < ciame-?; < PE
ci9am3u- (from PE ci9am-(t))
ciamurrluk short piece of dried wood found on the
ground # Y, NS; < ciame-?-rrluk
ciayaq semiconical bentwood hat # Wiinga-wa tua-iilait tuunrilriit, elqiarnivkenateng-llu ciayamekgguq all’uteng tuunriaqluteng, taukucimek
tua-i melqiumalriamek pillruyukluki waniwa
kamayugtua. ‘I’ve heard that when shamans
did their rituals they put on bent-wood helmets
without visors. I suspect that was the kindthey used with feather decorations on it.’ (CIU
2005:248)
ciayuryaq silver or coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) # NUN; = caayuryaq
Cicing Cheeching # former village between Chefornak
and Kipnuk
cigur(aq*), ciguq, ciguraq pigeon guillemot(Cepphus columba); or Kittlitz’s murrelet(Brachyrampus brevirostris) # exact identification
uncertain to compiler; Cigu’urnek pituit
yaqulecuaraat imarpigmiutaat a¥gkut
qaterluteng, imarpigmi angllurayunqeggluteng.
Tayim’ ilaci tan’gurrarni imarpignaalangkunengtanglarciquq yaqulecuarnek a¥gkunek
qateryaaqelriameng yaqurrit ta¥gaam
tungulkialuteng. Wa-gguq tamaa-i ciguraat. ‘They

call those little white ocean birds “ciguraat”; they
like to dive in the ocean. When one of you boys
starts going out to the ocean, he will see little
birds that are white with a little bit of black on
their wings. Those are “cigurat”. (QUL 2003:50);< PY ci!uq or ci!u3aq
cigvigquq hand-hold at lower end of seal harpoon
attached to seal poke float # NUN; < cigvik-?
cigvik nose bead # worn in former times, a bead on ashort string placed through a hole in the septum of
the nose; Tua-i-llu nulirqelriik uitalriik. Nuliara
cigvingqerrluni. Ataucimi ernermi itellriamek
niituk, maaten-gguq pug’uq, ca-gguq ugna
arnaq qanertuq, kameksiignek tegumiarluni,
kipucuglukek imkuk cigviik. Tua-llu im’um
nuliaran pia: “Wiinga tunngaitagka ukuk
cigviigka,” tua-llu tauna arnaq qanqerpek’nani
an’uq. ‘There was a man and wife. His wife
had nosebeads. One day they2 heard someone
coming in, and when she came up, some woman
in the entryway holding a pair of skinboots
said that she wanted to buy those nosebeads.
That one’s wife said to her: “I won’t sell thesenosebeads,” and so that woman went out withouta word.’ (GRA 1901:285); Suulutaatun kulutetun
setiinkaam cigvikekiitun; tuaten ayuquq arnaq
kenegnalria ta¥gken ellatuvkenani. ‘Like agold ring as a pig’s nosebead — so is a beautiful
woman that lacks sense.’ (AYUQ. 11:22); >cigvinguaq, cigvigquq; < PY ci!vik
cigvinguaq plant that is like reindeer moss and thatis sewn inside seams of kayak cover # NUN;
< cigvik-uaq
cigyak split strip of spruce used to make a fish trap
or other device; strip of sinew used for making
thread (NUN meaning) # Anuurlua imna akianun
piluni tangkevkarluni qupuriuq cigyagnek . . .
‘That grandmother of his, went across from him,
speaking and had him watch her split strips ofwood . . .’ (MAR2 2001:7)
cii inconnu; sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys) # from
Inupiaq sii (ultimately from Athabascan); = ciiq; cf.
Adams 1851cii1- to get chapped # ciiguq ‘it got chapped’ /ciissuun ‘skin lotion’; > ciileqtaaq, ciilerte2
cii - to get smashed; to crack # said of something witha soft inside and a harder shell, such as an insect, anegg, a berry, an eye, roe; ciiguq ‘it got smashed’/ Kavirlit tua-i ciiyugluteng, nutaracetun

200Basesciikaq — ciiqauma-

ciilmak black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala);
black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola);lesser golden plover (Pluvialis dominica) # < PY
ca!0lmakciilqaaq fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) # < PY
ciilqaaq
ciilraq* dragonfly; helicopter # = ciilernaq,
cilraayak; < PY ciil3aq (under PE ci!i- andci!!i(t)-)
ciilvik heart in cards # LI; from Russian x®hds(chérvy)
ciimaq* stone; rock # Kenermek-llu kenrunateng,keningnaqluteng canek ciimarnek
kenerpallatulinek keniraqluteng. ‘Not having
matches they would try to make fires with certain
rocks that give off sparks.’ (MAR1 2001:23); Kan’a
cam iliitni-gguq uyangtaa ik’iki kan’ yungnaaq
ciimarnek cangqerrluni. ‘Once when she peeked
at the thing (reflection) down there it was ahumanoid having some sort of stone (face).’ (AGA
1996:162); LY, NR, NS; = siimaq; < PE ya(C)amaq
ciin why? interrogative particle. ciin ayagyuumiicit?
‘why don’t you want to go?’; apesgu ciin
qavarnivakaucianek ‘ask him why he is sosleepy’; ciin-kiq kaigpakarta ‘I wonder why
he keeps being so hungry’; cii¥rluq? ‘why?’
endearing form; ciin-gguq? ‘why (would you say)’;< consequential mood; cf. ca-; > ciinllugguar-;< PY-S ca&an and ca&ami (under PE cu(na))
ciinllugguar- to ask oneself why; to regret #ciinllugguartuq ‘he asks why he (himself)
did what he did’ / . . . kaigaqameng-gguq
umyuaq’larait ciinllugguaraluteng ciin
nerellrunrilucimeggnek taumek neqmeggnek.
‘. . . they say that when people are starving
they’d think about it and reproach themselves
for not eating their food (in the past).’ (ELN
1990:5); Ciinllugguarauq ilulliqluni-llu yugmek
pilillruciminek. ‘Sick at heart He regretted having
made humankind.’ (AYAG. 6:6); < ciin-llu-gguqarciiq* inconnu; sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys) # from a
Inupiaq sii, siu (ultimately from Athabascan); = cii
ciiqauma- to be encrusted (of liquid) (?) # Tua-ill’ makpailgan tuani tauna egatii uyangtellinia
imumek-gguq ciiqaumaluni pugii tuntum, tunuq.
‘So, before she got up, he looked into that pot
and saw hardened caribou fat on top of the broth.’(CUN 2007:12)

ayuqevkenateng. ‘The cranberries (picked when
the snow melted in spring) tended to crack notbeing like fresh ones.’ (ELN 1990:102); cf. ciame-,ciikar-; > ciite-; < PE ci!i- and ci!!i(t)ciikaq diarrhea; runny feces; soft stool # and ciikarto have a runny bowel movement; to have anattack of diarrhea # ciikartuq ‘he had an attackof diarrhea’; ciikaraa ‘he had diarrhea on it’/ Ilait-llu tayim’ poison-aarularyaaqellilriit.
Ilait ta¥gaam tamakut ciikallagnaqninaurait,
iluliqnaqniluki tuaten. ‘Some of them were
probably poisonous. They would cause some ofthe people to have bad diarrhea, to have intestinal
pains cramps’ (KIP 1998:141); > ciikara-; cf. cii2-;< PE 0t0!(ta3)- or 0ci!(ta3)ciikara- to have repeated runny bowel movements,
to have repeated episodes of diarrhea # ciikarauq‘he is repeatedly having episodes of diarrhea’;ciikaraa (ciikaraluku) ‘he is repeatedly having
episodes of diarrhea on it’ / < ciikar-aciikvak large grass basket for holding fish # < ?-vak
ciilaq, ciilaviq three-cornered needle # NI
ciilavik edible fiddlehead of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris dilitata) # < PY ciilavik
ciileqtaaq cellophane; plastic sheeting # Tua-i-llu
taqiucameng itrucinermek Qalemaq kaalegluni
anciluni ciileqtaamek, kanvviitaullinilriit cunaw.
‘When they finished bringing in their belongings
Qalemaq searched through her things and took
out something wrapped in cellophane, and it
turned out to be candy. (ELN 1990:84); < cii1qetaaq; cf. cillerteciilernaq dragonfly # LI; = ciilraq, cilraayak; < PY
ciil3aq (under PE ci!i- and ci!!i(t)-)
ciilerte- to be crisp, dried to a crackly conditionof skins, dried fish, etc. ciilertuq ‘it is crackly anddry’ / Kiituani unuakumi yukutarteqerluni
tamana qilu egaleq ciilerpallaksuaryaurtuq.
Tuaten ciilercaurteqanrakun tuaken aciminek
maknanrilliniuq. . . . Tua-llu akerta
quyigiuraqertelluku ciilerpalla’artelliniuq pikna
egaleq. ‘The sealgut on the window, whichused to be damp in the morning, started to dry
out and begin to crackle. As it started to dry andcrackle he could not get up from his mat any
more. . . . When the sun climbed higher, he heard
the window suddenly crackle up there.’ (YUU
1995:96); < cii1-lerte-; < PE ci(!)il03t0- (under PE
ci!i- and ci!!i(t)-); cf. cilleqtaaq

201

ciirqe- — ciissirpak

Basesciirqe- to smash one after another # Tamaaninerescitullratni yuut, imumek teguurluki
qemakelliaqamegteki keggluki nuyait cipeggluki
nerestait ciirqaqluki. ‘Back in those days, whenpeople had lots of lice, when they thought thelice were slow enough, they would grip thelice from the base with their teeth and smash
them.’ (QUL 2003:46); Tamakut tamaa-i neguyat
mamturiaqata aturluki, anerneteng ciiqluki,
ukilluku-ll’ tua-i nanvaq. ‘When the ice got thickthey’d use those bubbles, [made] with theirbreath, popping them, and make a hole in thelake.’ (PAI 2008:229); < ciite-rqeciirnarqe- to be sour # ciirnarquq ‘it is sour’ / NSU;
< ?-narqe-; from Inupiaq siignaq- (sii3naq-)
ciisqukiirar- to be in up to the knees # in water, mud,tall grass, etc.; ciisqukiirartuq ‘he’s in up to hisknees’ / Qalemam pii painga taum kuicuaraam
ciisqukiirarnaqniluku. ‘Qalemaq told them thatthe mouth of that creek was knee-deep.’ (ELN
1990:18); < ciisquq-kiirarciisqumig- kneeling # postural root; ciisqumigmi
piicagtuq ‘he is praying on his knees’; >ciisqumillag-; ciisqumigte-, ciisqumingqa-;< ciisquq-mik
ciisqumigte- to kneel (act) # ciisqumigtuq ‘he knelt’;ciisqumigtaa ‘he put her in a kneeling position’ /Abraham-aam pistiin ciisqumiggluni piicagvikaa
Ataneq, . . . ‘Abraham’s servant going down on his
knees prayed to the Lord, . . .’ (AYAG. 24:26);< ciisqumig-te2ciisqumillag- to suddenly fall on one’s knee(s)# ciisqumillagtuq ‘he fell on his knees’ /Piinanermeggni alqiit tauna ciisqumillagluni
kilirluni ciisqumikun cikumun. ‘While they were
doing that, one sister happened to fall on her knees
and cut herself on the jagged ice.’ (ELN 1990:9);< ciisquq-llagciisqumingqa- to be on one’s knees; to kneel (state)# ciisqumingqauq ‘he is kneeling, is on his knees’/ Elliqaamiu taman’ kapuun, tuaken cal’ tuapikavet mayurrviim kangranun tengengami
tut’elliniuq irumi inglua ciisqumingqaluni,
curuqeqerluku, ak’a pitegcautmek
pakiusngangellrulliniluni. ‘When he put the
spear down, he flew again to the top of the
fish cache and landed with his other knee on the
ground, already aiming a bow and arrow.’ (QUL
2003:688); < ciisqumig-ngqa-

ciisquq knee # puukaraa aqumllitaq ciisqumikun‘he bumped into the chair with his knee’;Ukimarpangraan atkucuaramta ukuit
atuyuirulluki qerrullimta-llu cal’ ciisqurrit
ukimangraata nulluit-llu atuyuirulluki. ‘We nolonger wear parkas that have big tears, nor do wewear pants with big holes on the knee and on theseat anymore.’ (QUL 2003:6); Y, NS, NI, CAN, K,
BB, NR, LI; = cisquq; > ciisqukiirar-, ciisqumig-,ciisqurrilitaq, ciisqurraq; < PE ci!09quq; cf.
Nelson 1877–1881 list (27)ciisquilitaq sealskin leggings coming down to justbelow the knee # = ciisqurrilitaq; < ciisquq-ilitaq
ciisqurraq patella; kneecap # = ciisqurrnaq;< ciisquq-aq3; < PE ci!09qu(C)a3 (under PE
ci!09qu3)
ciisqurrilitaq, ciisquilitaq sealskin leggings coming
down to just below the knee # = ciisquilitaq;< ciisquq-ilitaq
ciisqurrnaq patella; kneecap #= ciisqurraq;< ciisquq-naq2
ciissiq insect; bug; cold-blooded crawling thing;pimple # and ciissir- to become infested with
insects; to be infected # ciissirtuq or ciissirai ‘hasbugs on it’ / Elngum taukut qunguturaqciqniluki
piluni pelatekamun itqerrulluki anngami-llu
apluku aanani canek nertuciitnek. Ciissinek
pilarniaki Elnguq avurluni piciatun ciissinek,
amlleringalata-llu elliin nerqutekluki taukunun.
‘Elnguq took them with her into the tent andsaid that she would keep them as pets, and when
she came out she asked her mother what thebaby birds ate. Her mother told her that theyusually ate various kinds of insects, so Elnguq
gathered insects and when they seemed to beenough she fed them to them.’ (ELN 1990:24);= siissiq, tiissiq; > ciissirpak, ciissiyagarcuun,
ciissiryailkun; < PE
ciissirpak serpent; snake; dinosaur; legendary“great worm” # Alaskami ciissirpagtaituq ‘in
Alaska there are no snakes’; Uyangtelliniuqgguq maaten egalerkun: aanii kana-i aqumgalria
ciissirpallraam-gguq, ciissim, tauna nemrumaluku
pekcesciiganani. ‘It is said that he peered down
through the window: there, lo and behold,
was her mother, sitting there with a great big
serpent — a serpent! — wrapped around her andshe couldn’t move.’ (ELL 1997:122); Ta¥gaam
ciissirpak usvituyartenruami ungungssini

202

Basesciissiryailkun — cikir-

cikaaq, cikaar(aq*) capelin; candlefish; grunion(Mallotus villosus) # > Canaurluni, canallri makut
waten egtaqateng cikaaruluteng ayagartaqlutengtua, cikaaruluteng. Makut maa-i cikaaret. ‘He
was whittling and when his shavings fell,
they became capelin and swam away. These
are the present-day capelin.’ (ELL 1997:250); >cikaarturta, cikii-; < PY cika(C)aqcikaarturta northern right whale (Balaena glacialis) #literally: ‘capelin eater’; NUN; < cikaaq-tur2-ta1
cikalaq cigar # Tua-i nutaan puyurtunga’artut
cikalanek. ‘And they started to smoke cigars.’ (KIP
1998:19); from English ‘cigar’
cikavte- to scatter; to be in disarray # HBC =cekavtecikcenar- to sleep with clothes on # NUN
cikempag- to close one’s eyes tightly # cikempagtuq‘he closed his eyes tightly’; may be used in thequalifier/quantifier construction: cikempagmi ‘(he)with his eyes tightly closed’ / < cikme-pag2cikepiipiiq chickadee (Parus sp.) # NSU; imitative;= cekpiipiir(aq*)
cikete- to close in of weather, hole, etc.; to bend overor bow closing in on oneself # look under ciktecikignaq lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) # < cikiknaq2 (derivation semantically unclear to compiler)
cikigpak marmot (Marmota caligata) # NS, Y, HBC,
K, NR, LI, EG; < cikik-rpak (note that this word iseven used in areas where qanganaq rather than cikikis used for ‘ground squirrel’)cikii- to harvest capelin # NUN; < cikaaq-licikik arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) #Anlliniluni tan’gurraq tauna, cikigmek atkulirluni,
kegluneq-wa negilia, qainga kitugcimaluni
cakneq. ‘That lad went outside wearing a squirrel
skin parka with its wolf ruff, having carefullystraightened out his apparel.’ (MAR1 2001:69);
NS; > cikignaq, cikigpak; < PE cik9i!
cikir- to give; to give one something to have or
consume; to give one an illness; to give a gift
to # cikiraa ‘he is giving something to her’ /the object is the recipient; the thing given may be
expressed with the ablative-modalis case: arnam
cikiraa mikelnguq akinek ‘the woman give thechild some money’ (compare cikiute- below);
neqkamek cikirnga! ‘give me some food!’; camek
cikiisqessit? ‘what do you want to be given?’;Tua-i-llu yuurqamek angayuqaagket taukut

tamaitni Agayutem piliarini nunami arnaq aptaa,. . . ‘However, because it was more clever than
all the creatures that God had created on earth,
the serpent asked the woman, . . .’ (AYAG. 3:1); E.
W. Nelson (ESK 1899:443) states: “Ti-sikh-pak, thegreat worm . . . figures in numerous tales. . . .
Among the carvings in ivory representing thiscreature were several having the body shaped
like a worm with a human face on the head.”;< ciissiq-rpak; see also tiissiq

ciissiryailkun insect repellant; antiseptic # < ciissiryailkutaq
ciissitsaaq one thousand # LI; from Russian nßczxf
(tysyacha); = tiissitsaaq
ciissiyagarcuun disinfectant; chlorine bleach # K;
< ciissiq-ya(g)aq-cuun
Ciissussaq, Ciissussaaq Jesus # from English; =Yiissusciitaarayuli varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius); hermit
thrush (Catharus guttatus) # imitative and < -yuli

ciite- to smash; to crack # ciituq ‘it got smashed’(equivalent to ciiguq); ciitaa ‘he smashed it’/ciiskumku ‘if I smash it’; egturyaq keggestellni
ciigartaa ‘he squashed the mosquito that bit him’;Pilaryaaqaqa takaryuglua, “Ciiciiqelliaqa-llu ikika
kaugtuaqumku.” Pilaraanga, “Canrituq. Ciillukullu canrituq atuquvet.” ‘Intimidated I used to
say to him, “I might break it [the drumhead]
if I pound hard on it.” He’d reply to me, “It’sokay. It’s alright to break it, if you sing.”’ (CIU
2005:298); < cii2-te2-; > ciirqeciitsaaq, ciitessaaq lightweight cotton cloth # from
Russian c∫ntw (sítets)ciivaguat black beads between the decorative
stitching on the calfskin panels of a traditional
Yup’ik parka # literally: ‘things like flies’;< ciivak-uaq plural

ciivak housefly (Musca domestica) # ciiviit ‘flies’;
Tua-i-gguq ciiviit amlleret anarluki taukut uliutet
kelikallret. ‘Well, lots of flies lay their eggs on
the scraped top layers of backbone muscle.’(CIU 2005:190); ciiviit anait ‘fly eggs or larvae’(literally: ‘fly feces’); Y, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; =ciuvak; < ?-vak; > ciivaguat; cf. PE n0vyuva!
ciivcivciuk yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia);
Wilson’s warbler (Wilsonia pusilla) # imitativeciivikaaq whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) # imitative203

cikirtur- — cikmir-

Bases

irniatek aukanek masslirraarluki, saarralamek-llu
kanverraarluki avqukcaarluki cikirluki. ‘When
their parents drank tea they gave the children
sourdough pancakes which they had buttered,sprinkled with sugar and cut up.’ (ELN 1990:5);
Taukuk kenekngamegnegu camek cucukliraqan
cikilalliniak. . . . Cikilaryaaqelliniak taukuk
taukuunrilngumek. ‘Because they2 loved him
whenever he wanted something, they’d give(it) to him. . . . They would give him anythingother than those.’ (YUU 1995:86); Tua-i-llu yuk
imna caliyulriim ullakateng application-aamek
waken cikiraa, “Kitak tauna imirru elpet . . .”‘And so, if a person who wants to work goes to aperson in charge, the one in charge will give him
an application, “Please fill that one out yourself. . .”’ (QUL 2003:296); Taukut qikertarmiut
ircinrraulliniut. Tauna angun naulluutekaanek
cikirluku. ‘Those islanders apparently were
“little people.” They gave that man his illness.’(YUU 1995:42); Alussistuami cikiriyullermeggnek
yugnek cikirilartut umyuaqluki tuqullret. ‘At
Christmas they give people whatever they want
to give them in memory of the deceased.’ (YUP
1996:56); cikiqenglleq vote-arcuutminek ‘proxy’(neologism); > cikirtur-, cikiun, cikiutekecikirtur- to give repeatedly # cikirturaa ‘herepeatedly gave him something’/ Agayulirtetgguq nengakluki tuaten pillrat assiilnguuniluku.
. . . Cikirturisqevkenaki aklunek makunek yugnun.
Ellaitnun pikestaitnun pikesqelluki. ‘The priests
disapproved, saying doing that was evil. . . .
They told them not to give clothing to the people
here. They told them to keep it for themselves.’(AGA 1996:92); Egglarait cikirtuutekluki-llu
mikelnguarnun pilarait. ‘They generally
discarded them (the masks after ceremonies), andthey gave some to the children.’ (AGA 1996:70);< cikir-tur1cikiun gift # the possessor is the giver and not
the recipient of the gift; Cali mikelngurnun
cikiutekamnek piliaqlua. Mikelnguut
cikiryulaamki. ‘Also, I make things forgifts to children. It’s because I like to givethings to children.’ (YUU 1995:55); cikiutii
Tanqilriim Anerneram ‘gifts of the Holy
Ghost’; ciuniurumarrlainalria cikiun ‘grace of
perseverance’ (Catholic religious neologisms): <cikir-n; > cikiutnaar(aq), cikiutnguyaraq
cikiuteke- to give # cikiutekaa ‘he gave it’ / theobject is the thing given; the recipient may be
expressed with the terminalis case: arnam cikiutekaa
aki mikelngurmun ‘the woman gave money tothe child’ (compare cikir- above); Tekicameng Pilim
tauna pitani cikiutekluku qimugkauyaraminun.
‘When they arrived Pili gave that catch of hers to
her pups.’ (ELN 1990:90); < cikir-tekecikiutnaar(aq*) green-winged teal (Anas crecca) #< cikiun-naq2-ar(aq) (derivation semanticallyunclear to compiler)
cikiutnguyaraq sacrifice; offering # Catholic term;< cikiun-u-yaraq
cikivik needlecase # NUN; < cikuq2-i3-vik
ciklaq, ciklauraq pick; pickaxe # and ciklar- to
use a pickaxe; to thrust oneself or dig into
something # Imkut qasgit eqiurcuutengqellruut
ciklauranek, tulurnek asevret tuluitnek nuugit
imkut waten ayuqluteng, . . . ‘In their kashims
they had axes for chopping wood, with walrus
ivory tusk heads like this, . . .’ (PAI 2008:422);
Uum-gguq tua-i asevrem ciklallrua, qayaan
natiinun ciklak kapullutek, tuluuk. ‘This walrus
dug into somewhere on his kayak, stabbing
with its “pickaxes”, its ivories.’ (CAU 1985:179);
Tuamta-llu-gguq tuaten tua-i muluyaurcami,
qaillun elliami ayagaqami, ayaumarraarluni
caqerluni aguukara’arluni waten uksumi
alaruciiquq qanikcam qaingakun paangerluni.
Qengaruarnun tekitaqami qayaa ciklaraqluni,
merkun ayalriatun. ‘When he was old enough tostart staying out for a long period of time, after
being out for a while he would appear paddlingin his kayak on the surface of the snow in thewinter. Whenever he reached snow berms, his
kayak would pass through (the snow), like going
through the waves.’ (QUL 2003:272); < PE cikla3
cikme- to close one’s eyes; to become blind #cikmuq ‘he closed his eyes’ / cikmumauq ‘hiseyes are closed’; ‘he is blind’; cikemluten! ‘close
your eyes!’; = cikmir-; > cikempag-; < PY cikmi3cikmir- to close one’s eyes; to become blind #cikmirtuq ‘he closed his eyes’ / cikmiumauq‘his eyes are closed’; ‘he is blind’; cikmirluten!
‘close your eyes!’; Inglernun tagluni, maaten pia
kegginaa mikelnguum kavirpak qacuqapiggluni,
iik-llu cikmiumalutek. ‘Going up to the bed
she saw that the infant’s face was all red andwrinkled and its eyes were closed.’ (ELN 1990:10);
Tuaten-llu cikmiumallgutkelriik tass’uquskunek

204

Basestamarmek elanermun igtarkauguk. ‘If the blind
lead the blind they both fall in a pit.’ (MATT.
15:14); may be used in the quantifier/qualifier
construction (with or without the postbase -rrar-),Tua-i makluni ayalliniuq-am cikmirrarmi-gguq
ayalartuq, tamana yuarutni yuarutkurluku.
‘Then getting up he would go with eyes closed; hewent on his way singing that song of his.’ (QAI
1984:9); = cikme-; > cikempag-; < PY cikmi3cikna- to be jealous; to be envious; to be covetous;
to be jealously possessive of what one has# ciknauq ‘he is jealous’ / ciknatkaa ‘he isjealous on account of someone else’s havingit’; Ciknayaqunak ilavet eniinek. Ciknayaqunak
ilavet nulirranek, . . . ‘Thou shalt not covet thyneighbor’s house. Thou shalt not covet thyneighbor’s wife, . . .’ (ANUC. 20:17); Ta¥gaam
Rachel-aaq irniarituq Jacob-aami, taumek
ciknanguq alqerminek. ‘However, Rachel didn’t
have children with Jacob, so therefore she
became jealous of her older sister.’ (AYAG. 30:1);
Man’a irniaminun ellangcautekani allamun
irniaqenrilkeminun niicesqumavkenaku, irnianita¥gaam nall’araitgun niicetengnaqluki. . . .
Tauna-am tuatnatuli ciknalriamek apraqluku.
‘He didn’t want anyone but his children to hear
the sound advice that he was giving. . . . They
called someone who did that jealously possessive.’(QUL 2003:12); > ciknake-, ciknaneq, ciknatar-,ciknataite-; < PE ciknaciknake- to be jealous of; to envy # ciknakaa ‘he isjealous of her’ because of what she has and he doesn’t/ Taukuk-am imkuk taum anglicarteksaguskiinuyuraagken ciknakliniluku pingnatunqellra
pitekluku umyugaagnek. Tua-i-am ciknakucirtek
niilluku qamna ciknacirtek, tauna imna
anngartek pilliniak caqerlutek . . . tuquciiqniluku. . . ‘The younger brothers of the one who
adopted him became jealous of him because hewas successful at subsistence. Heeding theirjealousy, their jealousy inside them, one time they
told their older brother that they would kill his
adopted son . . .’ (QUL 2003:166); < cikna-ke4ciknaneq envy # < cikna-neq2
ciknataite- to not be an envious person; to not
be a jealous person; to be generous by one’s
nature # ciknataituq ‘he is a generous person
who isn’t given to envy others’ / Ta¥gkengguq imna ciknatailnguq yuk tua-i ayagyuat

cikna- — ciku

tamalkuita waten pisqumiimiki elluarrluki
eglertengnaqesqumiimiki, qasgimi ta¥gaam
ayagyuat tamarmeng angutet-llu uitaaqata
qasgimi . . . ‘But a generous person spoke to theyoung men and older men together in the kashim
because he wanted all of them to live a positive
life . . .’ (QUL 2003:12); < cikna-taiteciknatar- to be jealous by nature; to be envious by
nature # ciknatartuq ‘he is an envious or jealous
person’ / < cikna-tar1cikpik biceps muscle # HBC; = cekpik
ciktaar- to bow repeatedly; to worship by bowing;
to pay one’s respects to # ciktaarvikaa ‘heis worshipping it, bowing down before it/him’; Allanret-llu tamakut tauna imna
iingitleq atanvaurtellria allanret tamarmeng
ciktaarvikqatalliniluku, ugaan pirpakngatgu taukut
nunat. ‘All the visitors arriving were paying theirrespects to the one who had lost his eyesightand then became a leader because the villagers
esteemed him.’ (QUL 2003:394); Wangkuta-qaa
ilavni tamalkumta ciktaarvikciqamteggen? ‘Shall
we, your relatives, all bow down before you?’(AYAG. 37:10); < cikte-acikte- to close in of weather, hole, etc.; to bend overor bow closing in on oneself # ciktuq ‘it closedin’; ‘he bent over, bowed’ / cikvikaa ‘he bowed
to it’; Unugpak tua-i manussuugluni aliirluni
manuminun cikluni atkumi iluani uitalliniluni . . .
‘All night he hung his head down having taken
his arms out of from the sleeves and bending overinside his parka he stayed there . . .’ (MAR2;
2001:64); Tekicamek caviggaminek nangcautaa
kepluku unilluku-ll’ egmian-llu arrluut
cik’arulluku. ‘When they2 got there, he cut the linewith his knife, leaving her there and right away
the killer whales closed in on her.’ (ELL 1997:22);
Tua-i Joseph-aam anelgutai taingameng ciktut
ciuqerranun nuna kegginameggnek agturluku.
‘And Joseph’s brothers when they came bowed
down before him touching their faces to theground.’ (AYAG. 42:6); > ciktaar-, cikvagute-,
cikvangqaur-; < PE cik0tcikuaq thin ice # < ciku-?; < PE ciku(C)3 (under PE
ciku)
ciku, cikuq ice; iceberg; ice floe # and ciku- tofreeze # cikuuq or cikua ‘it froze’ / cikumauq ‘itis frozen’; cikuirtuq ‘it has become free of ice’;Tamaaggun cikuq aturtuarluku, qanikcarmun

205cikuilquq — cikuquq

Basestut’enrilkurrluni ayalliniuq kingunermi
tungiinun. ‘Following the ice and keeping herself
from stepping on the snow she went toward herhome.’ (YUU 1995:17); Kaugpiit atam makut cikutta¥gaam qertunqurraitni ugingangnaquratuut.
‘These walrus would always try to stay up
on the highest of the icebergs.’ (QUL 2003:64);
Cikum aciakun ayagluteng, neqet tumyaraatgun
gilerrluteng. ‘They would travel under theice, following the pathways of the fish.’ (YUU
1995:84); Tua-i-llu pinginanermeggni caqerluteng
nuna, nanvat-llu cikungluteng, kuik kiimi
cikunaciarluni. As their life went on this way, theground and the lakes started to freeze, and only
the river was late in freezing.’ (ELN 1990:57);
Imarpik-llu cikuirucan qavavet neqlillernun
upagluteng. ‘And when the sea was free of
ice they’d move back there to the fishcamps.’(KIP 1998:53); Negquraani imna tauna carayak
acitmurtelliniuq, nunamun iterluni, nuna
tamana cikusngangraaku. ‘As he pushed downon the ghost it went downwards into theground even though that ground was frozen
solid.’ (YUU 1995:6); Nanvat Cikutiit ‘October’,literally: ‘ponds’ freezing time’ (NUN usage);
NS, Y, K, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG,
NUN; > cikuaq, cikuilquq, cikuliurun, cikullaq,
cikulqaraq, cikulraar(aq), cikulrii-, cikulugpiaq,
cikunguaq, cikuquq, cikuyuilquq, cikunerraq,
cikurlak, cikurpak, cikutaarin, cikutagci-,
cikutagquq; < PE ciku
cikuilquq, cikuirneq, cikuineq open hole in river
ice during winter; polynya (especially in riveror lake); fontanelle, the soft spot in a baby’sskull # Tua-i qavarluteng unugpak, unuaquani
maqiqataata tuavet cikuilqumun atrarluteng
kuimaaraqilit kanani. ‘They slept all night andthe next day when they were going to take asteambath they went down to the open hole in theice and they swam down there.’ (MAR1 2001:50);
1< ciku-ite1-quq, ciku-ir2-neq1, ciku-ite1-neq
cikuliurun ice spud; ice pick; ice chisel # Tuaten
tua-i cikuliurutni tauna ayimcan cingilgaanqullmi qaingatnun tua elliqalliniluku, tua
elliqerluku. ‘When the tip of his ice chisel broke,
he put its tip on top of his pile of ice chips hehad taken out of the hole, placing it there.’ (ELL
1997:230); < ciku-liur-un
cikullaq thawed and refrozen ice over a layer ofwater covering the ice, newly frozen sheet of

ice # Cunawa-gguq tamaa-i meqsungaqamek
cikullarkun qamigaarangllermegni taum imum
angayuqran cikullaq tua man’a negciim tugranek
ukiceqaarluku pillininauraa, kitak five-aarqunek
qanren imirluku mer’a. . . ‘So it was that when
they2 became thirsty while going on the ice with
their little kayak sled, he would chip into the icewith his gaff, and when it opened, he would tell[his little cousin] to fill his mouth five times anddrink water . . .’ (QUL 2003:58); < ciku-llaq
cikulqaraq thin ice # < ciku-?
cikulraar(aq*) thin ice; smooth glare ice # andcikulraar- to walk on thin ice; to skate #cikulraartuq ‘he is walking on ice or skating’;< ciku-?; > cikulrii-; cf. qenulraar(aq)cikulrii- to play sliding on ice # cikulriiguq ‘he isplaying sliding on the ice’ / < cikulraar(aq)-i3cikulugpiaq, cikupiaq thick, clear, blue ice comingfrom the north # < ciku-piaq, ciku-lugpiaq
Cikumnek Cikuminuk Lake # one of the WoodTikchik lakes near Dillingham
cikunerraq* new, freshly formed ice # < ciku-nerraq
cikunguaq glass # < ciku-uaq
cikuq2 needle # Utercami elturr’a anuqataminuntekicami tuqlurr’a, “calturtua, itqanrirtua . . .”. . . anuqat’an kakivini tegungamiu, cikurpani
tegungamiu elturani qanrut’a, “kugg’un
cikurpama iingakun iterciquten.” ‘When she
returned, her grandchild called to her grand‑
mother, “I don’t fit through, I can’t enter . . .”. . . her grandmother took up her sewing kit,
and took hold of her big needle, and said to her
grandchild, “through here, through the eye of
my big needle, you will come it.”’ (SOC 1946:308);
NUN; also reported in Orlov-Pinart 1871 (28) for K;> cikivik; < PE ciku3
cikuqaq freeze-up; time when ice forms on lakes
and rivers # and cikuqar- for it be freeze-up time;
for ice to form on lakes and rivers # Ayumianuksuaran cikuqami upluteng upalliniut. ‘And thenwhen it was autumn during freeze-up they got
ready and moved.’ (YUU 1995:111); Uksuarmi
nengelqallrani tumaglit wall’ tan’gerpiit
cikuqallrani iqvaryarlutek. ‘In the autumn when
it first got cold when it was freeze-up time they2went out picking cranberries or crowberries.’(KIP 1999:81); < ciku-qarcikuquq jagged ice # < ciku-quq

206Basescikurlak ice from wet weather; freezing rain # <ciku-?
cikurpak thick, clear, blue ice coming from the north# < ciku-rpakcikutaarin bone snow-knife used with kayak #NUN; < ciku-?-ncikutagci- to get ice to melt for drinking water #NUN; < ciku-?cikutagquq sleet # NUN; < ciku-?
cikutaq bladder of a small mammal such as asquirrel #cikuyuilquq fontanelle, baby’s soft spot on head #NUN; < ciku-yuite-quq
cikvagute- to close in on (of fog, grass, etc.) #cikvagutaa ‘it (fog, grass, etc.) is closing inon him/it’ / Tagluni nes’eng pillinia can’get
naumaluku, amiiga-llu cikvagulluku. ‘Going
up to their house he saw that grass had grownon it, and closed in on its doorway.’ (YUU
1995:101); Taum imum pengurpallraam qamavet
kuigmun canegnek cikvaguskiin aciakun
nayugiqeryuglutek iirvigkiurlutek. ‘This timethey2 wanted to dig and prepare a hiding place atthe bottom of that big hill back right by the river
where it was closed in by grass.’ (QUL 2003:204);
Napat makut cali kavirlit cikvagusngaluku kuik.
‘These red trees overhang and close in on the river.’(PAI 2008:136); < cikte-?-te5cikvangqaur- to close in on (of fog, grass, etc.) #Ta¥gaam negilillraan cikvangqaurluku piniartuten
it’ngerpet nacairpek’nak. ‘However, keep yourhood on so that your ruff will flow down toconceal it (your face) even though you comeinside.’ (CIU 2005:222); < cikte-?cilig- tilting; at an angle # postural root; > ciligte-,
cilingqaciligte- to tilt; to put at an angle # ciligtuq ‘it tilted’;ciligtaa ‘he tilted it’ / Tuamta-ll’ kiarnarpagluku
tamakucit tamaa-i cumikekuvciki
kiarnarpagluku, . . . makut maan’ tangaaluki
nunaci amna tungii tangerciqerci, tua-i-ll’
ella assiireskan tamakut natetmun aturluki
piciqellinilriaci imutun qanllemtun ciligulluki,
qang’a-ll’ kepkacagarluk’, qang’a-ll’ atuk’acagar’.
‘And again, if you really paid attention to thoseduring clear weather, . . . you will notice the layof the land in relation to the direction of yourvillage over there. And when the weather gets
bad, you will go just as I said. You may go at an

cikurlak — cill’aq

angle from them, cut right across them, or you willgo parallel with them.’ (QUL 2003:704); < ciligte2-; > ciligtellria
cilingqa- to be tilting; to be at an angle # cilingqauq‘it is tilting’ / < cilig-ngqaciligtellria tilted thing, such as a parallelogram #< cilig-te2-lria
cilkia- to train physically, mentally, and spirituallyin order to become a better person # following
a particular ascetic program; Tua-i cilkialuni
ellminek makuggluni yuuluaqaqanillerkaminun,
unangyurikanillerkaminun aturcuutekluku,
wagg’uq cilkialuni tua-i qessani aturluni. ‘When
undergoing training, taking upon oneself ahard life toward the goal of having good life,
one would have this is an instrument towardfurthering one’s objectives, self-improvement
through overcoming one’s sloth.’ (CIU 2005:162)
cilla world; outdoors; weather; sky; universe;
awareness; sense # and cilla- to become
weathered (faded, dried, and cracked) # . . .
qakemna nenglengqercilluku cilla, nengelmeng
waten uksuryungqercilluku. ‘. . . the weather was
getting cold and winter was approaching.’ (CEV
1984:74); . . . evegneng amaqlirluteng nunameng
cillaqlikacagirluteng. ‘. . . there was grass on top
with an outer layer (literally: one nearest theoutdoors) of sod on top of that.’ (CEV 1984:30);
Uatiitni tekiqaallermeggni, enerrlugaak kiugna
kia-i nunat cillairrluki; nunaqulluut. ‘They arrived
just below the main village, but their host’s oldhouse was upriver, some distance past (literally:in the area out in the world from it) the main
village, that huge village.’ (CEV 1984:78); . . .
taw tayima cillani nalluyagulluni. ‘. . . losing his
awareness.’ (WEB1); Takarnarqelriaruuq tamana
wii cillarramni. ‘That is an honorable matter, to
my way of thinking.’ (QAN 2009:338); Cillam Cua(Chevak form) or Cillam Yua (Hooper Bay form) ‘theperson of the universe, God’; HBC; EG; = cella,
ella; < PE cila; > cillacilla- to become weathered (faded, dried, andcracked) # cillauq ‘it is weathering’ HBC; < cillafading, drying, cracking / < cillacillapak broad-brimmed hat; cowboy hat # NR; EG;from Russian ikΩgf (shlyápa); = selapaq
cill’aq circular calendar with a pointer that is moved
to point to the days of the week # Waniwa tua-i
una cill’aq. Waniwa tua-i una Pekyun, Aipirin,

207cillarte- — cina

Bases

Pingayirin, Cetamirin, Tallimirin, Maqineq, unawa Agayuneq. Ernercuun waniwa. Agayuneq
tua-i nallunrirluku. ‘This is a circular calendar.
Here are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and this (in thecenter) is Sunday. This is a calendar. People had
started to observe Sunday when this came intouse.’ (CIU 2005:358); from Russian xbck˙ (chisló)‘date’
cillarte- to open; to flare out # Kan’a-w’
ikampallraak iluagni caqunraukcugpall’er
ekviucilluk, angkayagluni tua-i. Tauna imna
cillarrluku tuavet im’ ekaak. ‘And inside the big
sled was this large bag, a very big container.
They opened that big bag and placed her inside.’(QUL 2003:466); Urugcirraarluku nutaancillaqaniyunarikan at’engnaqlukek. ‘When
they were able to open up after being thawed,
they tried putting them on.’ (QUL 2003:2); . . .
yuuyaaqelriameng qengait ta¥gaam cillarrluteng,
qaill’ maatekiirluki nuyangqerrninganaki
ciutait-llu waten ayuqluteng. ‘. . . although they
appeared to be human, their nostrils were flared
and it seemed that their hairline went down tohere, [to their eyebrows], and their ears were like
this, [pointed].’ (ELL 1997:170); cf. callartecilleg- to be thick in diameter # HBC; = celleg-,
elleg-; < PE cil0!1cilli- to whet; to sharpen # HBC; = celli-, elli-; < PEcili- or ci@Icillupkaar(aq*) heavy sewing thread # NUN
cillur- to glide or slide down # HBC; = cellur-,ellur-; < PY cilu3cilluvak salmon egg, especially aged salmon egg #HBC; < ?-vak; < PE ci@uva!
cilraayak dragonfly # EG; = ciilraq, ciilernaq; < PY
ciil3aq (under PE ci!i- and ci!!i(t)-)
cilte- to have an irritated throat # ciltuq ‘he has an
irritated throat’ / Y
cilumcuksugaq snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis);
any small bird # NUN; < cilur-?
cilungaq sparrow (species ?) # NS; < cilur-?
cilur- to glide in air; to skip on water; to descendfrom the sky # cilurtuq ‘it is skipping on thewater’; ciluraa ‘he made it skip’ / Piinanranigguq akerta taliucaku ciugartuq, yuk pagna
cilulria. ‘As she sat there a shadow crossed thesun. She looked up and saw a person gliding

down from the sky.’ (YUU 1995:84); Tua-i-ll’ imna
tekitniaraami cilungelliniluni, cilungelliniluni.
Ingrit-llu pellugluki kelutmun mararuaraq-llu
man’a ingritairulluni . . . ‘When she got closer
to land she began to descend, going lower andlower. She slowly came down and flew over themountains and reached the lowland area. . . .’(AGA 1996:218); > cilumcuksugaq, culungaq,
cilurnaq; < PY cilu3cilurnaq small flat stone # < cilur-naq1
cima- to hesitate to do a chore thinking thatsomeone else will do it # NUN
cimigliq, cimerliq, cimerliaq, cimirliq rainbow
smelt (Osmerus mordax); eulachon (Thaleichthys
pacificus) # Waten-gguq kavirliturraarluni,
imkunek qunackellriit icugg’ kavirlit, makunek
cimerlinek, wall’ cukilegnek, tamakut tamaa-i
cali inerquulluki. ‘After eating cranberries, thosevery sour cranberries, you know, these smelt, or
sticklebacks were forbidden (for eating).’ (KIP
1998:193); LY, Scammon Bay, HBC, NI, CAN, LI;= cemerliq
cimiq substituted item # and cimir- to change; tosubstitute; to exchange one state or item foranother, to replace; to pay back a loan # cimirtuq‘it changed’; cimiraa ‘he replaced it’ / cimiraqa
ak’allaq nutaramek ‘I replaced the old one witha new one’; cimiriuq ‘he changed clothes, orsomething else’; maqaruam melqurri cimirlartut
up’nerkami ‘the rabbit’s fur changes in spring’;
cimiriyaqunak, akluten iqanritut ‘don’t change,
your clothes aren’t dirty’; umyuani cimiraa‘he changed his mind’; Tua-i-llu tagngami
inerqungraatni pillruami iirturluni pelatekamun
tagluni cimiriyarturluni. Tua-i-llu pelatekamun
itqerrluni cimiriluni, aturrallni-llu agarrluki.
‘Recalling that they had warned her not to go,
she surreptitiously went up to the tent in order tochange her soaked clothes. Going into the tent shechanged her clothes hanging the wet ones to dry.’(ELN 1990:22); Nunamte÷i yuuyaraq cimirpagtuq
ciuliamta yuuyarallracetun ayuqenrirluni. ‘In ourvillage the way of life has changed greatly and is
no longer the same as that of our ancestors.’ (KIP
1998:vii); > cimiqapigcaraq
cimiqapigcaraq transubstantiation # Catholic term;< cimir-qapigte-yaraq
cina shore; coast; rim # Taqngamek-llu
nangercamek . . . nangerrlutek atiigneng-ll’

208Basescin’amerlak — cingickegg

cingartur- to ask for the bestowing of special favors
usually through grandchildren # cingarturtuq ‘heis asking for favors’; apa’urluq cingarturtuq
tutgaraminun ‘the grandfather asked throughhis grandson that someone bestow something onhim’; Tua-i-am qetunraak tauna irniangnariani
cal’ irniangluni. Tua-i-ll’ irniangluni
kassiyuameng-am tutgariik tauna cingartulliniluku
apa’urluan qanemcianek niicugluteng. ‘When
it was time, their son got a child, too. After they
had gotten a baby, during the time they had acelebration, someone asked a favor, by way of that
grandchild, to hear his grandfather’s story.’ (QUL
2003:116); < cingar-tur1cingayak surf scoter (Melanitta Perspicallata) #Amllelaameng yaqulget, ayuqelriit quyurqurluki,. . . cingayiit, kukumyaraat, . . . ‘Since there weremany birds, they gathered the ones that were
the same species together, . . . the surf scoters, theblack scoter, . . .’ (PAI 2008:162)
cinge- to push; to encourage # cing’uq ‘he gave apush’; cingaa ‘he gave it a push’ / arnam irniani
cingumaa elitnauresqelluku elitnauqsaitellruami‘the woman encouraged her child to go to school
because she had never gone herself’; Cali-llu
uksurqan ikamracuarturluteng, cing’urluteng
qugtaraqluteng-ll’ angutet cing’urluteng unakence÷amek. ‘And, when it was winter, using a little
sled, pushing, the men would get firewood fromthe shore down there, by pushing (the sled).’(KIP 1998:293); > cingeqpag-, cingesta, cingqar-,
cingqeri-, cingun, cinguur-; cf. cingarcingeqpag- to shove hard # cingeqpagtuq ‘he gave a
big shove’; cingeqpagaa ‘he gave it a big shove’ /< cinge-pag2cingesta instigator; person responsible; the person
or village that sends out the two messengers
during the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”) (in CAN)
# Cingestetuumaan-gguq, qagertaa. Tauna cingestii
unguvaviluartelluku. ‘He burst it along with theone who was responsible . He left the one who was
responsible for it barely alive.’ (YUU 1995:90);< cinge-ta1
cingickegg- to be sharply pointed # cingickegtuq‘it is sharp’ / . . . iqukek-llu canalukek,
nuv’itnguyunaq’laata cingickellriit. ‘. . . and they
whittled down their2 (the sticks’) ends because
sharply pointed ones were better for stringing(fish).’ (PRA 1995*:461); < cingik-ckegg-

qaill’ aaniigneng-ll’ upuartevkenakek anngamekta¥ga-ll’ unavet cinamun atrelutek qaugyam . . .
‘When they2 were finished, when they stood up,
without telling their father or mother in any way,
when they went out they went down to the shore
down there . . .’ (WEB1); n becomes voiceless whengeminated: ci÷ii ‘its shore’; Cuuluteng ta¥g’ cuutta¥gaten, nunauluteng ta¥gani, kuigem ci÷iini.
‘They lived there, there was a village there on
the shore of the river.’ (CEV 1984:60); HBC, EG;= ce÷a; > cinarayak; < PE cina

cin’amerlak pea (store-bought) # NUN; < cin’aq-?cin’aq cheese-like fish aged in a pit (in Y, HBC, LI,
and NUN); aged fish eggs (in NUN and EG) #> cin’amerlak
cinarayak seashore mollusk (species ?) # HBC:
< cina-?

cineg- to bruise # and cinek bruise # HBC, EG;= ceneg- and cenek; < PY-S cin0k
cinegyaq aged fish egg(s) # NUN

cingallineq thawed or melted spot in the snow ontundra in spring # NUN

cingar- to kiss; to make a gesture of affection
consisting of a slight pressure of the nose
against another’s face, accompanied by a quick
upward motion; to make actual contact with(it) or between (them) # cingartuq ‘he kissed
someone’; cingaraa ‘he kissed her’ / cingartukor cingautuk ‘they2 kissed’; . . . kinguqliniam Irr’aq cingaralaaggaarluku anagulluku
pisqenrilengraagu aanami tua-i pirraarluku
anqerrluni ilani aipiryarturlukek. ‘. . . after shequickly kissed her little sister Irr’aq many times,
even though her mother told her not to overdo
it, she went out to join her family members.’(ELN 1990:53); Quyurrlukek tua-i apamak waten,
quyurrlukek, ilangarrlukek-llu tua-i cingaullukek.
‘They joined the gunwales at the engs, planed
them down to fit first and put them together.’ (PAI
2008:256); > cingartur-; cf. cinge-; > cingartur-;< PE ci&a3cin’gar- to beach the bow of boat or kayak #Kangiraarkun kanaggun cin’garyaaqumallrani
at’erterutelliniut cun’eraaralgutai cetaman arnarkua una tallimit. ‘When he beached at the bay
down there his peers rushed down to meet him;
there were four of them and one woman as thefifth.’ (WOR 2007:116) NUN

209

cingigalek — cingqe-

Basescingigalek small-caliber bullet # < cingik-?-lek
cingig- to be sharp; to sharpen # cingigtuq ‘it issharp’; cingigaa ‘he is sharpening it’ / NUN;
< cingik; > cingikarcingigturaq arrow with barbed ivory point #< cingik-?
Cingik Golovin # village on the north shore of Norton
Sound; < cingik
cingik point; tip # igarcuutema cingia asemtuq ‘thepoint of my pencil broke’; Pitegcaucisqelliniluku
malruinek waten imkunek-gga tugkaraagnek
cingilirlukek. ‘She told him to make a coupleof arrows with the tips made of walrus ivory.’(QAN 1995:110); Uterrlutek ayaglutek cingigkun
qipcagnek taukut-am angalkut cetaman egmian
up’ngartelliniut tuunriyugluteng. ‘They wereon their way home and when they went behindthe point, the four shamans immediately madepreparations to conjure again.’ (YUU 1995:115);> cingig-, cingigturaq, Cingik, cingikegte-,
cingikeggliq, cingilek; cf. cingssiik; cf. Nelson
1877–1881 list (31)cingikar- to sharpen to a point # Tua-i qupurrellni
amilnguaraat, taingan cingikaqluki-am tunuanun
maavet qainganun kapurquralliniluki. Nuugit
imumek cingikaumaaqluteng tegg’iqercetaarluki
tua-i pilallikai. ‘When he (the porcupine) went
over, he (the raven) sharpened those thin pieces
of wood he had split off and poked them one
after another into the back and sides of his(the porcupine’s) body. Their points had been
sharpened and stiffened.’ (QAI 1984:31); BB; <cingig-qarcingikeggliq whitefish with pointed head (species ?);perhaps round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum)# K; < cingik-keggliq
cingikegte- to have a sharp point #cingikegtuq ‘it is sharp (pointed)’ /Pissurcuutengqetullrulliniameng tamakut wagguq ugtarcurcuuterluteng nacanek waten
muragnek pertanek cingikeggluteng. ‘Those
people had bent wooden hunting hats withpointed tips that they used while hunting for seals
resting on ice.’ (QUL 2003:50); < cingik-kegtecingileguaq one sent as a prodder; messenger #< cingilek-uaq
cingilek, cingilegaq arrowhead; spearhead; pointof a multipointed harpoon # Nuusaarpiit
taqumaut tulumek pingayunek cingilegluteng.

‘“Nuusaarpiit” (a type of spear) were made withthree ivory spearheads.’ (YUU 1995:66); Egmianllu tauna pitegcautii pugluni cingilga anluni
amatiikun. ‘Immediately his arrow emergedwith its head sticking out the other side.’ (QAN
1995:116); < cingik-lek, cingik-lek-?; > cingileguaq
cingilleq ankle # Acia-gguq qerrataluni
tayima ataucimek it’ganrungalngurmek,
acini tusngavkenaku. Tallik-gguq ta¥gken
takenrulutek cingillrini. ‘It was up in the air
about a foot from the ground. Its arms, however,reached below its ankles.’ (YUU 1995:77); <cingiq-lleq1; cingillertutecingillertute- to play a game in which two
individuals facing in opposite directions pull
against each other using a string looped over one
foot # NUN; < cingilleq-?cingiq* shoelace; bootstring # and cingir- to tie
ones shoelace # qimugkauyar naanguartuq
cingiigemnek ‘the puppy is playing withboth of my shoelaces’; Cingik-gguq cagniuk.
Tuquteqataqani-gguq qimagnaluku cingilartuq
cingisqenrilengraani cingigni cagnillukek,
kamilqereskuni paarvaganayukluni. ‘He said his
bootlaces were tight. He said that, even thoughhe’d been told not to tie his laces, he had tied his
bootlaces tight, thinking that he might fall down
if his boots came off while he ran away from her,should she decide to kill him.’ (MAR2 2001:82);> cingilleq; < ci&i3
cingkissaag- to take more than what is needed; tobe greedy; to greedily take more of something
one has already taken # NUN
cingpaci- to be a bum; to live off other people
letting them work for one; to freeload # HBC;
> cingpacista
cingpacista freeloader # HBC; < cingpaci-ta1
cingqar- to jab; to abruptly push # cingqeraa ‘hejabbed him’ / Cali-am tua-i anguqataateng
alqaan taum ayaruminek cingqalliniluku,
cingqaani-am tua-i tayima nepaiteqalliniuq. ‘As
she drew nearer to them, her older sister jabbed
her with her cane, when she jabbed her she fellsilent.’ (YUU 1995:99); < cinge-qar-; > cingqericingqaqu- to play pool or billiards # cingqaquuq ‘heis playing pool’ / cingqaquvik ‘pool hall’;< cingqe-qar-qucingqe- to crackle # cingquq ‘it is crackling’ / =cengqe-; > cingqutui-, cingqur-; < PE ci&qu3-

210

Basescingqeri- to have a strong urge to defecate after
a meal; cingqeriuq ‘he has to defecate after his
meal’ / < cingeqar-i2cingqullektaaq, cingulleqcitaaq bunchberry;ground dogwood (Cornus canadensis) #cingqullektaat yuilqumi ta¥aam nerlarait
assiirrngiata ‘bunchberries are usually eaten
only in the wilderness as they go bad easily’;< cingqur-?-qetaaq
cingqur- to make loud popping noises# An’aqameng-gguq qagertaqluteng
cingqurvagluteng. ‘When they came out theywould explode with loud popping noises.’ (YUU
1995:36); < cingqe-urcingqutui- for there to be a sudden crashing sound;
for a storm to suddenly approach before night
falls # NUN; < cingqe-?cingssiik elf; dwarf; one type of legendary little
people having conical hats resembling traditionalfish traps # see also ircenrraq, and egacuaya(g)aq,
other types of legendary little people; = singssiiyaq;
cf. cingik
cingun elbow # cingaa amiik cingutemikun‘he pushed the door with his elbow’; Waken
cingutemnek nengcamku una wani enuqerluku
ellma. ‘Extending it (along my arm) from myelbow here I see it is a little longer.’ (CIU 2005:52);
LK, CAN, BB, NR; < cinge-ncinguruuq the sun # found (so far) only in ajingle said when one wants the sun to come out:
Cinguruuq, cinguruuq / avaten tukarru /melquilngutayagaam / enaiqataraaten ‘Sun,sun / kick all around you / the little furlessone (a cloud) / is going to take your place.’(from Kwethluk); note that cinguruuq is the Alaska
Peninsula Sugpiaq word for ’the sun’cinguur- to push repeatedly # cinguurtuq ‘hepushed repeatedly’; cinguuraa ‘he pushed it
repeatedly’ / cinguurutevkenaci! ‘don’t pusheach other!’ < cinge-urcingyaaq, cingsaaq tarpaulin used to cover
the load on a sled or boat # Taqngamiki
qamigautegminun ekluki maklagmek
cingyaarkaminek pirraarluni, aminek-llu ucilirluni
tuntunek, neqkaminek-llu, urluvni ta¥gaam
tamana ang’aqluku. ‘When he was done withthem he put them into his sled, and after
arranging a bearded seal skin for his tarpaulin heloaded moose meat and his food, but his bow hecingqeri- — cipegte-

carried with him.’ (MAR2 2001:14); < PE
ci&9a(C)a3
cin’gar- to land and disembark (?) # Cin’gaumallrani,
atraqerrluteng tekiarcamegteggu-ggur
aparrlugarteng uirqaraat nalateqerluku,
atameggneg taumeg qunuluteng. ‘When he
had landed and disembarked, they ran down
and jumped on their grandfather, fighting
and gnawing at him, and killed him instantly,
because they had treasured their father so much.’(WHE 2000:200); NUN;
ciningqa- to be visiting # ciningqauq ‘he is visiting’/ HBC; < cinirte-ngqacinirpiir- to go beachcoming # Piqerluni-gguqta¥g’ cinirpiirluni ta¥g’ . . . umyugami ta¥g’
piyuumiryaaqellran pitaciani, ivarutmeng
aturtuurluni, cinirtelliniluni. ‘And so one day as
he was beachcombing . . . he was singing a songwhich came to him through the power of his
mind’s helpless longing, he was singing this songas he walked along the shore.’ (CEV 1984:67);
HBC; < cinirtecinirte- to visit within a village or city, to walk along
the shore # cinirtuq ‘he went visiting, went
walking along the shore’ / Piqerluni ta¥ga,
waten ta¥g’ kiagutaqatek, imarpiim ci÷iikun,
cinirtellininaurtur taw’ mallussuareluni. ‘One day
during the summer, he was walking along theseashore, looking for dead sea mammals.’ (CEV
1984:66); HBC; = ce÷irte-; > ciningqa-; cf. cina
cinkaq land otter (Lontra canadensis) # HBC; =cenkaq, senkaq
cinkutak sty in the eye # HBC; = cenkutak
cipegte- to circle with one’s fingers and run one’s
hands down while squeezing slightly to remove
liquid, slime, clinging particles, etc. # cipegtaa‘he is running his hand along it, squeezing it’ /tangviarrluut cipegtaarluki aneski putiil’kaamek!
‘take the rendered strips of seal blubber out of
the bottle, squeezing the oil from each strip!’;
neqa cipegcia ‘the fish slipped out of his hands’;
cipeggluki kuluviit emulgit muluk’uungelartut‘they get milk by squeezing their hands down
the cows’ nipples’; Amllermek-llu meyuunani.
Naruyinraq-gguq yaquq mermun akurqaarluku
qanminun-llu cipeggluku. ‘She didn’t drink agreat deal of water. She took a wing feather
from a seagull, dipped it in water, and squeezed
the water off into her mouth.’ (YUU 1995:37);

211

cipinga- — ciqelpak

Bases

Tamaani nerescitullratni yuut, imumek
teguurluki qemakelliaqamegteki keggluki
nuyait cipeggluki nerestait ciirqaqluki. ‘Back inthose days, when people had lots of lice, when
they could retain the lice, they would grip thelice with their teeth, strip them off the hairs, andsmash them.’ (QUL 2003:46); Tua-i imna amia
cipegtaarluku kinguqliqluteng waten yuut. . . .
ngelqayagucet’engnaqtuat nurusngarrlulaata
yaavet at’ellerkameggnun, iquanun waten
tutellriamun, kagaluanun. ‘People would line
up on each side and stretch the skin. . . . They
stretched it so that it would all fit there. They
did it because the skin didn’t quite fit to thestern of the kayak.’ (QUL 2003:616); Talliteng-llu
qulmun yagqaarluki qaiteng pikaken ayagluki
cipeggnguarluku — tuar-gguq ca qaimeggnek
cip’geskiit. ‘After extending their arms upward
starting from the top they’d make the motionof running their hands down to remove what wason their bodies — it was like they were stripping
their bodies clean.’ (CAU 1985:140); < PE cip0(!)cipinga- to have in addition # Atam tiissitsaat
yuinaat arvinelgen cipingakiit camek
pinarqenrilnguut mikelnguut, amllernek-llu
ungungssirugarnek pitarluni! ‘There are in
addition six-times-twenty thousand innocent
children and many animals too!’ (JONA. 4:11);< cipte-ngacip’lagaq crested auklet (Aethia cristatella) # NUN
cipluku having an additon # subordinative formof cipte- is used in forming numerals higher than
10 in a special way different from the normal
use of the subordinative; e.g., qula ataucimek
cipluku ‘eleven’, literally: ‘ten with one left
over’; yuinaat cetaman arvinlegnek cipluku‘eighty-six’ (literally: ‘four twenties with six left
over’); Alaska-m Nutem Yuin Qaneryaraitnek
Calivian qanrutkellrui, 1982-aami-gguq tiissicaat
qula pingayunek cipluku yuut Yup’igtun
qalartetullrulliniut, yuinaq-llu tallimanek cipluku
nunani yuut tamarmeng qantuluteng. Allrakut
qulngunritaraat kinguatni 1991-aami piut,
kiimeng pingayunelgen nunat qantullinilriit
yugtun. Akimiaq-llu malrugnek cipluku (17)qitevpallungluteng. ‘The Alaska Native
Language Center has stated that in 1982 thirteen(ten and three) thousand people spoke Yup’ik,
and that in twenty five (five and twenty) villages
everyone spoke it. Nine years later, in 1991, only

eight villages spoke primarily Yup’ik. Seventeen(fifteen and two) spoke mostly English.’ (KIP
1998:ix); < cipte- subordinative
cipnelget additional ones #sometimes used informing numerals higher than 10; Taukut-llu
qulen malrugnek cipnelget taisqai . . . ‘And heasked those twelve (ten with two in addition)
to come . . .’ (MARK 6:7); . . . elkartellruanka
picirkiriste™gurrluki tiissitsaanun, yuinarnun
tallimanun, yuinaak malruk qulmek cipnelegnun,
qulnun . . . ‘. . . I have appointed them ascommanders over the thousands, over thehundreds, over the fifties (forty plus ten), over thetens, . . .’ (ALER. 1:15); < cipte-neq1-lek-plural
cipnermiutaq dangling end of woman’s belt;< cipte-neq1-miutaq
cip’ngiar- to color by rubbing with ochre #cipsaq hip # NS; < PE cipya3cipte- to have something left over; to have an
excess of; to overflow (additional meaning inNUN) # ciptuq ‘it has something left over, there
is something left over from it’; ciptaa ‘he hassomething left over from it, he took more than heneeded’ / qavcinek cipcisit? ‘how many do you
have left over?’; Waken ayagluni unguvangaituq
allrakut yuinaat arvinelgen cipluki. ‘Startingfrom now one won’t live in excess of — thatis, more than — 120 years.’ (AYAG. 6:3); . . .
tua pillininauraa mer’esqelluku ciptevkenaki
taukut five-aat igneret. ‘. . . told him to drink
water (but) not more than five swallows.’ (QUL
2003:58); Tua-i-ll’ waniwa cuqnermek ataucimek
pitegcautekaqa cip’arrluku man’ taktalliniluni . . .
‘It’s about one inch in excess of the length thatmy own arrow would be . . .’ (CIU 2005:34); >cipinga-, cipluku, cipnelget
cipurvike- to give away an item that the owner nolonger wants; to give someone a task that one nolonger wants to do # NUN
ciq- deep root; deals with flashing of light and splashingof water; > ciqenqar-, ciqeq, ciqer-, ciqertar-, ciqi-,
ciqite-, ciqpag-, ciqvallerteciqamciq egg in fomative stage, inside bird #ciqauyaq, ciqay’aq ruffle at hem of cloth parka
cover; skirt # Atunem-ll makuk nungirucirlukek,
cillarrluni tauna waten ciqay’agcetun ayuqluni. ‘Itlooked like a short flared skirt with drawstringson top and bottom.’ (AGA 1996:138); Y
ciqelpak large underground cache # NUN;

212

Basesciqenqar- — ciqite-

ciqima- to assign a task to; to will something to #NUN
ciqin, ciqissuun can used for bailing < ciqi-n,
ciqi-cuun
ciqineq ray # of the sun; Ayaqyaqliqataamek
anqerrluni ciumek, ella tua-i nenglaitqapiarluni,
anuqliarluni, akerta-wa iingna qilagmi,
matnill’erluni ciqinra. ‘Finally when they wereboth set to go she rushed outside first. It was
warm and somewhat breezy, and there was the
sun in the sky, and its rays felt so very warm.’(ELN 1990:16); < ciqite-neq1; > ciqinqerte-;cf. ciqilitalek; < PE ciqin03
ciqinqar- to flash light at; to shine # Talinret nuniitni
uitallruut, ta¥gaam maa-i tanqik ciqinqertuq
ellaitnun. ‘They lived in a land of darkness, but
now a light has shone down upon them.’ (ISAI.
9:2); < ciqineq-qarciqirqe- to repeatedly pour out or dump things #ciqirqista ‘one who has the duty of dumping slop
pails and chamber pots’; < ciqite-rqe1ciqitat dump; midden # Carayagmek-gguq
tangellret tuaten akaguanritaqameng ciqitami,
naulluutmek ciunermeggnun tekiutetuut
naulluuvkarluki. ‘When people experienced aghost, if they did not roll around in the dump,
they’d bring sickness to the people they came incontact with.’ (YUU 1995:7); < ciqite-aq1-plural
ciqite- to pour out; to dump # ciqitaa ‘he dumped it’/ ciqiciqatartua ‘I’m going to dump (the honeybucket, etc.)’; ciqitaq ‘something that has been
dumped’; ciqitarkaq ‘something that is to be
dumped’; Aanama qanrutetullruanga atam-gguq,
arnassagaat qurrutait ciqitelaqumki, tamakut
arnassagaat umyuartequtniaraatnga assilriakun,
picullerkamkun-llu. Qanrutaqlua-llu ciqiciaqama
qanlaasqellua pitarkanek picuglua. ‘My motherused to tell me that if I dumped the honey-buckets(commodes) of old women, those old women
would hope that I would do well and would
become a good hunter. She told me that whenI emptied the honey-buckets, I should say that
I wanted to be a good hunter.’ (YUU 1995:58);
Wagg’uq tua-i tuavet nanvarra’armun quyuita
nerkuateng ciqiquratukunegteki taqukinraat,
imkut tua-i nerkuat tuarpiaq unguirluteng ataam
yuilqumun ayagarkauluteng, ataam imum
pissulriim pitaqenqigeskateng ataam yugnun
payugutkarkauluteng neqkiutekluteng. ‘It was< ciqlugaq-rpak
ciqenqar- to flash; to glare; to shine # ciqenqertuq‘it flashed’; ciqenqeraa ‘it is shining on it’ /Tanqiulit pagaani, nuna tanqigmek ciqenqerluku.
‘. . . and them be lights in the dome of the sky togive light upon the earth.’ (AYAG. 1:15); < ciq-?;
cf. akinqarciqeq offal from cleaning fish # used in plural: ciqret;Ciqret-llu qimugte÷un nerevkaraqluki. ‘And,
they let the dogs eat the offal from the fish.’ (PRA
1995*:461); < ciq-?; cf. ciqerciqer- to splash water; to throw water # ciqertuq‘he splash water’; ciqraa ‘he threw water on
it’ / meq ciqrutaa elatmun ‘he tossed thewater outdoors’; Tuqullrem-llu tauna atra
mermek qaltamek cikirluku, taum-llu unatni
qaltamun malrurqugnek akurqaarluki natermun
ciqertaqerluni. ‘Giving that one the name of thedeparted with water from a bucket, after dipping
his hands into the bucket twice he’d sprinkle
some water on the floor.’ (CAU 1985:141); < ciq-?;< PE ciq03- and ciq(q)iciqertar- to splash in small amounts repeatedly #ciqertartuq ‘he or it is splashing’ of water whenboating in rough weather; ciqertaraa ‘he or it(water) is splashing on him’ / qairmi angyalriani
ciqertalaraakut mer’em ‘when we were riding
in a boat in the waves the water splashed on us’;Anglicallermeggnikut angayuqamta unuakumi
qavainanemte÷i tupagtelaraitkut qanrulluta,“Usuuq, qavarpiiqnak ciqertaraatgen!” ‘When ourparents were raising us, in the morning while we
slept our parents would wake us up saying to us,“You there, don’t sleep so much, they’re splashingwater on you!”’ (YUU 1995:28); < ciq-?
ciqi- to bail a boat # ciqiuq ‘he is bailing’; ciqia ‘he isbailing it’ / < ciq-?; > ciqin; < PE ciq03- andciq(q)iciqicivik slop pail; dump; trash barrel # Tua-ill’-am cali enret piciatun egcuitetacirmeggni
tutmalitaqsuitetacirmeggni cali-am nunat imkut
nunauluteng, ataucimek ciqicivigluteng nerkuarit. . . ‘And because they didn’t discard the bones
just anywhere or carelessly step on them, avillage would have a single dump for the bones.’(QUL 2003:82); < ciqite-vik
ciqilitalek cap with visor such as a baseball cap #NUN; cf. ciqineq
ciqilluk slop bucket # EG; < ciqite-lluk

213

ciqlugaq — ciriteke-Basessaid that if they threw the seal bones all together
in a pond, it would be as though the bones
would come alive again (as seals) and go backout to the wilds. When that person goes hunting,they will present themselves again to that person
and have him catch them for their food.’ (QUL
2003:82); < ciq-?; > ciqicivik, ciqineq, ciqilluk,
ciqitat; < PE ciq(q)it- (under PE ciq03- and ciq(q)i-)
ciqlugaq partially underground food cache # NUN;
> ciqelpak; < PE ciqlu!a3
ciqpag- to throw a lot of water; to splash #ciqpagtuq ‘he threw a lot of water’; ciqpagaa‘he threw a lot of water on it’ / ancarpiaraanga
ciqpagallermini maqinginanemegni ‘healmost drove me out by all his throwing ofwater on the rocks while we2 were taking asteambath’; . . . tua-i takuyartua una nasquq
tangeklua wavet. Qaillun tua-i picirkailama
pitacirramtun tugpakilaku pamaggun
tunuakun. Aqumlellemni-llu ciqpaglua mermek.
Wanirpaagaq tua-i pitaqarrluku puguciatun
maklagglua! ‘. . . as I turned I looked right into
the watching eyes of the seal floating rightnext to our boat. Since I wasn’t sure how toreact, I speared the seal as hard as I could on its
vertebrae. It splashed me as I fell on my seat. I
killed my first bearded seal!’ (CIU 2005:66);< ciq-pag2-; cf. ceqvallertarciqsaneq good quality piece or strip of wood
# Teguluku anuurluan imum man’aciqsanra keggmarararraarluku pia, “Man’anemiarutkauciqngatliniuq man’a ilii.” ‘Picking
up a good strip of wood, working on it (softeningit) with her teeth first, that grandmother of
his said to him, “Some of this piece will be forlashing.”’ (MAR2: 2001:7)
ciqtagte- to start turning up the sides of a coiled
grass basket as it is being made # NUN; >ciqtagneq
ciqtagneq folded skirt of a parka or kuspuk # NUN;
< ciqtagte-neq1
ciqualleq fragment or chip of wood from chopping# ciquallret ‘wood chips’
ciqume- to crumble to pieces; to break # ciqumuq ‘itcrumbled’ / Taumek umyuaqa ciqumyaaqellruuq
cakneq qanruca’arluki taum qanercuutellriim.
‘My mind was absolutely shattered when a person
called on the phone too soon about the festival.’(TAP 2004:32); > ciqumte-; < PE ciqum0(t)-;cf. ciquq
ciqumtaq change (monetary) # < ciqumte-aq1
ciqumte-, ciqumqe - to crumble; to break; to change(money) # ciqumtuq ‘it got crumbled’; ciqumtaa‘he crumbled it; he made change for it’ / una
tamalkuq ciqumcugaqa ‘I would like change
for this dollar’; Tua-i-am ernerpak eglerrlutek,
atakuarangan-am qanikcaq pakilliniluku,
aiggarluku, taumek ayaruminek aturluni
ciqumqelluku pillermini cikuq tekitellia, cikuuluni
camna acia qanikcaam. ‘They2 traveled all day,and when evening came they made a dugout inthe snow, using their hands to dig it, and using
her walking staff she broke off the hard snow, andwhen she got to the ice, she saw that it was stillfrozen under the snow.’ (MAR2 2001:62);< ciqume-te2-, < ciqume-?; > ciqumtaq
ciquq cottonwood (Populus balsamifera) drift log #Maani uaqvani napailngurni tua-i a¥gkut imkut
avngulget ciqut qupurrluki waten nalqilriit
arviqrutkiurturnaurtut, . . . ‘Downriver where
there are no trees they’d split those straightcottonwood drift logs and use then for thehorizontal pieces on which to hang fish, . . .’ (PAI
2008:144); = ciruq; cf. ciqume-; < PY ciquq
ciqvallerte- to splash # ciqvallertuq ‘it is splashing’;
ciqvallertaa ‘he splashed (on) it’ /ciq-?
ciri- to have an abundance of things # ciriuq ‘he hasan abundance of food and supplies’ / Cali yuut
up’nerkami cirirrlainayuitalaata, nunat niitelartut
nunanek allanek cali neqautelegnek. ‘Because
people didn’t have an abundance of food to eat in
the spring, one village would hear about anothervillage that did have some food.’ (YUU 1995:47);
Aren, aanani tua-i tauna kaigcecugnaunaku.
Cirivkarluku. ‘Goodness, he never allowed his
mother to go hungry. He always allowed her tohave plenty to eat.’ (QUL 2003:286); > cirirqe-; < PE
ci3iciriiq snowshoe hare; varying hare (Lepus
americanus) # (?); < ?-iq
cirimci- for the weather to suddenly become calm
after it “captures” a person #cirirqe- to to provide plentifully for (him) # NS;< ciri-rqe2ciriteke- to mock; to deride; to scoff at # . . .
inglukeste÷i-llu ciritekaqluki.’. . . and he scoffs at
his foes.’ (PSALM 10:5)

214Basescirla impure subtance with the power to harm;
sickness # Tua-i-gguq cirlani ciukluku
tan’gaurluq yuurtaquq. Tua-i-llu-gguq
angliriami nutaan cirlani katagluku, katiimiullu tua-i camun pisqumanrirluni. Man’a-gguq
ta¥gken nasaurluq cumacinaillruluni waten
qetulnguarauluni, tua-i cirlani-gguq kingukluku
yuuguq. ‘It was said that a boy was born with
his impure power. And when he got bigger,
they would lose his impure power and become
more vulnerable. However, a girl was more
protected at birth, and in her later years her
impure power became evident.’ (CIU 2005:136);
Tuamta-ll’ pinaurait, irniangekunek-gguq taukuk
irniakek-llu waten angliqataarallermeggni
aturarrliqerrlainatuyaaqeciqut, aturallraitll’ allgurturatuyaaqeciqut, tua-i-w’ yuum
cimiritkaitem ugaan, mikelnguq-gguq
man’a cirlatmun ayayuilami taukuk imkuk
angayuqaagteng nuqliqu’urlutek arrsiteqlutek
aulukesteltek caunrilkevkenaki mikelngukenka
angayuqaagteng pingnatuutengkatki,taukuk-gguq imkuk tuani mikelngumegnek
anagcecingnaqlermegni, ilatek makut
tukuuluteng yuullret anagtengelriatun
ayuqeciqakek. ‘They used to tell them that if a
couple had some children and they were poor,and their children always wore torn or old
clothes because they didn’t have any others,
their rich reward would come later when theirchildren grew up. ‘It is said that even thougha child grows up in poverty, it is not going toweaken him if they respect the children while
they raise them. It will be as though they
are surpassing the rich ones, even though inthose days they were hardly making it.’ (QUL
2003:194); cf. cirlak
cirlak weakling; invalid; one who has been sick #cirlauguq ‘he is weak’; cirlaurtuq ‘he became
weak’; A¥gkut, Kuigpagmiut, Tacirmiut-llu
pekqurluteng utertelartut tua-i cirlaurcameng,kayulriarunririameng. ‘People from the Yukon
and from Saint Michael walked home because
they had become weak and were no longer strong.’(TAP 2004:43); > cirlake-, cirliqe-, cirlite-; cf. cirla
cirlake- to dominate; to overcome; to overpower; todefeat; to prevail over # cirlakaa ‘he overcame
him’ / Tua-i taukut Kuigpagmiut ingluteng tua
cirlakluki nangllinikait. ‘Those Yukon people
overcame their enemies and evidently wasted

cirla — cirukutaq

them.’ (ELL1997:354); Tua-i-llu tauna-gguq tua-iallaneq qusvalluni-wa mikngan tauna tangellni
elliin cirlaknasukluku tauna ciuneni. ‘That
stranger, so they say, rejoiced, because the one
he saw in front of him was small and he thought
he’d get the best of him.’ (MAR1 2001:55);< cirlak-ke2cirliqe- to have a hard time because of emotionalor physical weakness or disability; to beincapacitated # cirliquq ‘he is having a hardtime’ / Cali-llu ikayurnarqelriamek tangrraqavet
ullagluku ikayuraqluku. Arcaqerluki
cirliqelriit makut ak’allaurtellriit arnassagaat
angulluarurtellriit-llu. ‘And when you see
someone who needs help, go and help, especiallythe ones who are having a hard time — the oldmen and the old women.’ (QUL 2003:328);= irliqe-; < cirlak-liqe2-; > cirliqsuun
cirliqsuun (first) barb on harpoon point #cirliqsuutem kangiqliik ‘third barb on a barbed
harpoon point’; cirliqsuutem qullia ‘second barb
on a barbed harpoon point’; < cirliqe-cuun
cirlite- to be tired of eating the same food # cirlituq‘he is tired of the same food’ / = irliqe-; < cirlak-?
cirmik mountain; high mountain covered withsnow and ice # (?); > cirmiute-; < PE ci3mi3
cirmiute- to be iced in # of a squirrel-hole; cirmiutuq‘it is iced in’ / < cirmik-te5ciru something used as a cover # and ciru- to coverwith snow, dirt, grass, etc.. ciruuq ‘it is covered’;cirua ‘he covered it’ / > ciruirci-, cirukataq; < PY
ci3u-; cf. ciruneq
ciruirci- to find and gather eggs by removing thegrass that covers them # ciruirciuq ‘he is getting
eggs /< ciru-ir2-te?
cirukutaksuar(ar)- to cover a sick person’s headwith a seal-gut rain parka as part of a curing
process # NUN; < cirukutaq-ksuar(ar)cirukutaq temporary body covering used,
for example, so as to keep rain off one’s
body # Tamaa-i-am imarniteteng-wa tua
waten acaaqekteng ta¥gaam pugyarait ukut
pugevkenaki, apqaitnek tua-i cirukutaqluki,
tua-i-gguq cirukutaqluki. It is when they puton their seal-gut rain parkas but don’t let theirheads go through the neck openings. He isusing it as a body covering, a process called“cirukutaqluki”.’ (QUL 2003:576); < ciru-kutaq;> cirukutaksuar(ar)-215

cirunel’kayak — citukBasesciss’uq fermented herring or capelin that have beenburied underground for two weeks # NUN
citaaq old-style coffin in which a person wasinterred with his knees folded and drawn up
near his chin # formerly elevated on four shortposts; Cali ak’a tamaani tuqullret wiingall’ tange¥rlullrukenka yuut tuquaqata, acia
qerratarrluku waten ellitullrukait. Cetamanek
waten naparyirluku qaingatnun-llu elliluku,
nayuutevkenakek ellami maani; wa-gguq citaat.
‘Also, a long time ago, the dead whom I used
to see whenever people died, these they placed
raised above the ground. Using four posts,
and putting [the grave box] on it, they placed
it above ground instead of burying it; thiswhat they called citaat (coffins).’ (ELL 1997:558);
Tua-i vegtarraarluku elagluk’ pilliniuq citaak
ukuk qalirnerak. ‘After removing the grass, hedug down and saw the top of the coffin.’ (QUL
2003:238); = sitaaq
citaman four # HBC; = cetaman; > Citamirin; < PEcitamatCitamirin Thursday # HBC; < citaman-irin
citeg- to scoop entrails out with one’s finger whencleaning small fish # HBC; > citegtaq
citegtaq* fresh tomcod with entrails removed, readyfor hanging# HBC; < citeg-?-aq1
citeq mark; line # and citer- to mark; to engrave #HBC, EG; = ceteq and ceter-; < PY t0t03citiinkaq pig # from Russian pfl∫yrf (zadínka)‘back cut of meat’; EG; = cetiinkaq, cetuinkaq,
setiinkaaq, sitiinkaaq
cit’gallag- to scold (of a squirrel making its sound);to make characteristic alarm calls (of a squirrel) #Tua-i-llu aatii enirluni avavet pia tangrresqelluku
ingna qanganaq nacessngalria cit’gallakaqluni. ‘Hepointed and told her to look at a squirrel overthere that was surveying its surroundings from amound while making alarm calls.’ (ELN 1990:16);< imitative-llagCitnacuaq Nome # NSU; < ?-cuar(aq)citu- to go downstream; to go with the river current;
to go along the shore # HBC, EG; = cetu-; >cituaq; < PE citucituaq beluga; white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) #HBC; cf. citukvagaq; < citu-?; < PE citu(C)a3
cituk fingernail; toenail; claw # HBC, EG; = cetuk;cf. citukvagaq; < PY-S cituk

cirunel’kayak caribou (Rangifer tarandus) # this word
is used in stories; literally: ‘one with enormous
antlers’; < ciruneq-lek-kayagcirunelvialuk legendary sea creature; perhaps
narwhal (Monodon monoceros) # this word is usedin stories; literally: ‘strange one with antlers or
horns’; < ciruneq-lek-vialuk

ciruneq horn; antler # Maaten . . . maktuq, yaa-i
yaaqvaarni yaani cirunrek ingkuk alaiksuarlutek.
‘Just when . . . he stood up, he noticed that in
the distance the tips of a pair of antlers wereshowing.’ (MAR2 2001:108); > cirunel’kayak,
cirunelvialuk, ciruneruat, cirunqatak, cirunvak;
cf. ciru; < PY-S ci3un0q
ciruneruat reindeer moss; lichen (Cladonia
rangiferina) # < ciruneq-uaq-plural

cirunqaaraq* antler story knife # < ciruneq-?

cirunqatak old antler; parietal bone, bone on side ofhead; (in NUN) back of head, occipital region #Cirunqatagmek nagiiquyanek cingilegluni, . . . The
spearpoint was made from an old antler, . . .’ (CIU
2005:46); < ciruneq-qatak
cirunvak very big antlers # Imna tua-i tuntupiaq,
civunvauvakarmia waten! ‘This caribou sure hadgreat big antlers!’ (QAI 1984:17); < ciruneq-vak2
ciruq cottonwood (Populus balsamifera) drift log #NSU; = ciquq; < PY ciquq

ciruraq parakeet auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula) #NUN, NIcirurtar- to make a face # cirurtartuq ‘he made aface’; cirurtaraa ‘he made a face at her’ / NSU

ciryaarute-, ciryairute- to fling oneself downor out; to toss out bodily # qang’a, qang’a,
qessakan amiigmun ciryaaruskiciu ‘no,no, if he feels disinclined to act, fling him
out the door’; caaqamek tua-i natermun
ciryaarutnaurtuk ‘sometimes they2 would flingthemselves down on the floor’; . . . an’aqameng
ciryairulluteng-ll’ aarrarrarraalriit arenqianateng,taqsuqcissiyaagluteng-gguq tua-i pillret. . . .
when they did go out (of the steambath) they’dfling themselves down, after repeated audible
exhalations of breath; those are the ones
that overdid things (in the steambath).’ (KIP
1998:193); < ?-te5cisquq knee # HBC, NUN, UK , EG; = ciisquq;< ?-quq; < PE ci!09qu3

216Basescitukvagaq* young beluga # HBC; cf. cituaq,
citukvagaq
cituryaq front area of kayak # HBC; = ceturyaq
ciu area in front (of it); time preceding (it); bow ofa boat; forepart # positional base used only witha possessed ending; opposite of kingu; angyama
ciunga navgumauq ‘the bow of my boat isbroken’; ciungani tekiterraarluni ataam ayagtuq‘he arrived before her and then left again’; ciuli!
‘you go first!’ (literally: ‘make (of yourself) a
first’); arnam ciungani uitauq ‘he is in frontof the woman’; Maaten-gguq tang kinguqliin
taukut paqnakngamegteggu piat unatet ingkut
qayam ciungani pugumaluteng, yuum unatai.
‘When those behind him got curious about it
they looked at and there were hand protrudingfrom the water at the kayaks’ bow, human hands.’(CIU 2005:124); avani ciuqvani ‘back in the olddays’; NS, Y, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG;= civu; > ciuksuk, ciulek, ciuliaq, ciuliaqatuk,ciuliaqagta, ciuliqagte-, ciulista, ciulleg-, ciumek,
ciumuar-, ciumuu-, ciuneq, ciunganitun, ciunir-,
ciuniur-, ciunrir-, ciuqaq, ciuqelvak, ciuqliq,
ciutmun; < PE civuciucekaaq candle # from Russian cd®xrf (svéchka);= cuicekaaq, cuucekaaq, suicekaaq
ciucin earring # < ciun-i3-n; NUN
ciuciqe- to have an earache # ciuciquq he has anearache / ciuciqsaraq ‘earache’; ciuciqsuun‘earache medication’; < ciun-liqe2ciug- with one’s head tilted up # postural root; =civug-; > ciugte-, ciungqa-; < PE civ(v)u!ciugte- to tilt one’s head up # ciugtuq ‘he tilted
up his head’; ciugtaa ‘he tilted up her head’ /Tua-llu tua-i piuraqerluni tua-i piinanermini,
qaillukuarluni piinanermini, tua ciugtelliniluni
pilliniuq tungulria pagna atralria uskurarluni,
uskuraa-gga qevlerpak tua quletmun tayima.
‘Then after this went on for a while, as he wastrying to think of what to do, he looked up andsaw a black thing up there descending attached
to a thread, which was glittering all the way up.’(ELL 1997:238); < ciug-te2ciukaraq lovage (Ligusticam hultenii) # NUN; < ciunkar(aq)1
ciuksuk forefoot of quadruped; bangs of hairon human head # aatama kepliallerminia
ciuksuunka kepellrui ‘when my father cut myhair he cut my bangs’; < ciu-?

citukvagaq* — ciuliqagta

ciulavik a certain beach grass root # used for
scrubbing dishes when dried; Ngelqanganissratmegnun ekluku, taukugnek-llu
qasperpiignek imgulluku patuqcautaa ciulavignek
imarpiim ce÷iini tag’am erullrinek, imkunek
canyagaat aciitnek patuluku. ‘When the depth
was just right, she placed him in the women
grass bag, wrapping him with those two large
cover parkas, and put in there covering it withbeach grass roots which the waves had exposed;
she covered it with the roots of those little
grasses.’ (MAR2 2001:90)
ciulek northern pike (Esox lucius) # NSU; < ciu-lek
ciuliaq ancestor # Cakneq-lli a¥gkuni
ciuliamta piciyarallritni tamallerkaatni tua-iqununaqsaaqvaa makunun kinguliamte÷un.
‘Oh how those cultural ways of our ancestors,
which could be lost, should be treasured by thesedescendants of ours!’ (CIU 2005:170); A¥gkut
yullret ciuliaput nallunritellruut qaillun yuumeglertellerkaanek. ‘Those ancestors of ours who
have lived their lives knew how a person should
proceed (in life).’ (CAU 1985:34); < ciu-liaq; < PE
civuli3a3 (under PE civu)
ciuliaqatuk person of long ago (NUN meaning);a certain legendary distant ancestor, creator of
Nelson Is., identified with the raven (NI meaning)# Tua-i-gga tamana pisqumakengaat una
Tulukaruk wanigga wiinga [qanrutkeqata’rqa],
una wani Tulukaruk. Ciuliaqatugmek avani
qanrutketullrukiit, ta¥gaam pirrlainarpegnaku
akultuluku una tua-i qanqerqelriit
Ciuliaqatugmek.’ Because they want me to tell
about this Raven, I am going to talk about thisRaven here. They used to talk about Ciuliaqatuk,
the Ancestor, back then; however, they spokeof him infrequently, speaking now and then of
Ciuliaqatuk.’ (ELL1997:216); NUN; NI; < ciu-liaq-?
ciuliqagta leader; director # Aqvakakut
qessangaitukut, qessavkenata tua-i. Wangkutawa tua-i ciuliqagtekaungamta waten qanrarkani. ‘Ifthey came to get us, we would not be reluctant,
we would not hesitate. It would be because
we were the future leaders, the present-day
spokesmen.’ (TAP 2004:1); . . . quyavikaput
kalikamte÷ek taqucilleq, Alaska Native Centeraam ciuliqagtii Michael Krauss-aq, . . . ‘. . . we
express our thanks to the ones who enabled thisbook to be completed, the director of the Alaska

217ciuliqagte- — ciunerkiungnaqe-

Bases

Native Language Center, Michael Krauss, . . .’(KIP 1998:xxv); < ciu-li2-?-ta1
ciuliqagte- to lead # ciuliqagtuq ‘he is leading’;
ciuliqagtaa ‘he is leading her’ / Amllermillu cauyartiit ciuliqaggluni, tauna-llu cakneq
qigcikumaaqluni. ‘In much their drummer leadthe way, and was much revered.’ (PRA 1995:459);
Wiinga Atanruunga anutestekellren ciuliqaggluten
Ur-amek Babylonia-mi . . . ‘I am the Lord who
took you out, leading you from Ur in
Babylonia . . .’ (AYAG. 15:7); < ciu-li2-?
ciulirneq elder; old-timer # Ilavnek-llu
ayuqniarpeknak yuuciquten; yuut tamalkuita
qanellrit ciulirnerpet maligtaquuralaquvki. ‘You
will live without envying those around you if
you follow everything your elders say.’ (QAN
1995:338): < ciu-lirneq
ciulista leader # especially of a dog team; ciulistem
tunglia ‘the dog behind the leader’;. . . assilarniluki-llu Pilim irniari, iliit-llu
ciulisteliyugluku kemyunaqngalnguq. ‘. . . he also
said that Pili’s offspring were generally good,
and that he wanted to train one with a leadership
potential as a leader.’ (ELN 1990:62); < ciu-li2-ta1
ciulleg-, ciullegte- to get ahead of # ciullegaa ‘hegot ahead of him’ / Tua-i-llu tekitniaraameng
Irr’aq cukaringluni aqvaquqaqluni ciullengnaqluki
ilani. ‘And when they were going to arrive Irr’aq
began to go faster running now and then trying
to get ahead of her family members.’ (ELN 1990:
103); < ciu-?, ciu-?; < PE civul0!- (under PE civu)
ciulvak big ear; thing with big ears; donkey #Qayuqeggliqtallraam tumkaarqa menuurtaa!
Cassuaqtarta una ciulvak? ‘This no-good oldtundra hare is messing up the trail I’m goingto use! What’s the darn thing after, this bigears?’ (QAI 1984:7); . . . cikirluku-llu qusnginek
qusngirngalngurnek, kuluvagnek, ciulvagnek,
piste÷ek, ungungssinek-llu qulugnelegnek. ‘. . .
giving him sheep, goats, cattle, donkeys, slaves,and camels.’ (AYAG. 12:16); < ciun-vak
ciumek first # adverbial particle; ciumek ayagtuq‘he left first’; Angukaat-llu kinguaraatni
atsat assirilaata tua-i iqvangluteng ciumek
atsalugpianek. ‘A short time after gathering
wild rhubarb, the berries started to ripen andthey started gathering them, beginning withsalmonberries.’ (ELN 1990:43); Wangkuta
ciumek niitlemteggun piluku ava-i a¥gna

iquklitevsiarluku tua-i-ll’ elpet cali niitlerpeggun
cali pivsiarluku taqkumta.’ We will relate it first
the way we heard it, and then you can also tellit the way you heard it when we’re done.’ (ELL
1997:316); < ciu-abl.-mod.
ciumuar- to go forward; to be persistent; to dosomething though told not to # ciumuartuq ‘heacted anyway’; ciumuaraa ‘he violated it (rule)’/ maqiyugluni ciumuartuq ‘he was determined
to take a steambath’; ciumuarpiiqnak! ‘stop
being so persistent!’; Piyaaqengraani tua-i kan’aciumuarluni, taum atiinek yuarluni. ‘Although
he tried to have his way with her she persisted
in what she was doing, looking for that child’s
father.’ (ELL 1997:492); < ciu-?
ciumuu- to be persistent # NUN; < ciu-?ciun ear # ciutii ‘his ear’; ciutegken qercuaguk‘your ears are getting frostbitten’; ciutaituq ‘hedoesn’t hear’ (literally: ‘he doesn’t have ears’);
Anakalliiq ciutegni tekiarrlukek qanerluni.
‘Aanakalliiq had a mouth reaching to his ears.’(AGA 1996:208); Pusngainanermini ua-i nacaani
taukut ciuksuaraak pek’arteqalriik . . . ‘Whilehe was bending forward, at his hood two little
ears suddenly poked out . . .’ (KIP 1998:91);
tuunram ciutii ‘mushroom’ (NUN usage), literally:‘spirit’s or devil’s ear’ (note similar phraseology
and meaning in Siberian Yupik); cetuum ciutii‘hangnail’, literally: ‘the nail’s ear’; ciutem cauyaa‘eardrum’; = cun; > cetuum ciutii, ciucin, ciuciqe-,
ciukaraq, ciulvak, ciutailitaq, ciutailin, ciutaiq,
ciutair(ar)-, ciutairute-, ciutaite-, ciutemquq,
ciutengar(ar)-, ciutequluk, ciutequmlak,
ciutnguaq; = ciun; < PE ci!unciuneq what lies ahead; foreground # Ullallinia
ciunrakun narulkarcuutni upingaluku. ‘Heapproached it with his spear ready throughits foreground.’ (YUU 1995:22); Tauna watua
qasgiyuirutleq, kevgaq ayakuni ciunerkangqertuq.
‘There is no longer a kashim (communal men’shouse), but if a messenger travels, there is a place
where he can go.’ (TAP 2004:33); < ciu-neq4; < PE
civun03 (under PE civu-)
ciunerkaq future # . . . waten pilallrukaitkut,
ciunerkarput-ggur’ nalluarput. ‘. . . they’d tell usthat we don’t know what our future will be.’ (KIP
1998:313); < ciuneq-kaq; > ciunerkiungnaqeciunerkiungnaqe- to plan; to prognosticate; forecast# ciunerkiungnaqellriit ‘planners’; < ciunerkaq-

218

Basesliur-ngnaqeciunganitun as previously; as in the past; as before(it) # semi-particle; Laban-aam-llu cali ciunganitun
ayuqutenrirluku. ‘And Laban stopped regarding
him as in the past.’ (AYAG. 31:2); = civuanitun;< ciu-possessed localis - equalis
ciungqa- to have one’s head tilted up # ciungqauq‘he has his head tilted up’ / < ciug-ngqaciunir- to arrive (often, as a guest) # ciunirtuq‘he arrived as a guest’; ciuniraa ‘he arrived
as her guest’ / Ayakatallermini tanga¥g’um qanrutellrukiinga tekiskuni-gguq
nuliqsaguciiqaanga, cali-llu-gguq wangkugnun
ciunirciqluni, qanrutellrulua, tekiskuni. ‘As he
was preparing to leave, he told me that when hereturned, he would take me for his wife; he told
me also that he would come to our house when hegot back.’ (QAN 1995:292); < ciuneq-ir1-;> ciunirvik
ciunirvik hotel # < ciunir-vik
ciuniur- to receive as a guest; to welcome #ciuniurtuq ‘he is welcoming someone’;ciuniuraa ‘he is welcoming her’ / Itertuk
maaten maurlurluquralriarullinilriik, tutgarii
tauna nasaurluulliniluni. Aren, tua-i itragnek
arnassagaarallraam taum tua-i ciuniurlukek.
‘They2 went in and observed that there wasa grandmother and her grandchild, and that
grandchild of hers was a young girl. When they2came in, my, that old lady really welcomed them.’(QUL 2004:288); < ciuneq-liur-; > ciuniurtekaq
ciuniurtekaq beneficiary # legal neologism; < ciuniurteke-aq1
ciunrir- to get in front of # ciunriraa ‘he got infront of it’ / aqvautellermeggni snuukuutgun
ciuqlini ciunrirai ‘while they were racing withsnowmachines he went in front of them’;Tamakucit-am tamaa-i alerquutektulliniitki
tangrraqatki tuqutengnaqevkenaki ciunrirlukita¥gaam narugluki. They said that a person
shouldn’t try to kill ones he sees in thatcondition. Instead, he should place himself in the
direction it is going toward. (QUL 2003:120);< ciuneq-ir2ciuqalek fancy skin boot made with a piece of dark
fur over the shin part (and back part) #< ciuqaq-lek
ciuqaq area directly in front of (it) # ciuqerra ‘thearea right in front of it’; Keniratek uungata

ciunganitun — ciuqliq*

Makalam itrulluki Ivgam ciuqerranun ellillinii.
‘When their cooking was done, Makalaq
brought it in and placed it right in front of Ivgaq.’(YUU 1995:13); Kassuutarkak nallunricestekek
ilaklukek nangengqaarkauguk agayulirtem
ciuqerrani, . . . ‘The pair who are to be wed stand,in the presence of their witnesses, right before theminister, . . .’ (LIT 1972:15 and YUA 1945:30); >ciuqalek, ciuqi-, ciuqinraq; < PE civuqa3 (under
PE civu)
ciuqelvak age difference # ciuqelvaminek-wa
kassuutellrulria ‘she married someone quite a bit
older than herself’; < ciu-?-vakciuqi- to dance the first dance when a visiting
village group arrives for the Messenger
Feast (Kevgiq) # Tua-i-llu yurarpailegmeng
tekicata nutaan ciuqivkarlunuk. Wiinga-wa
ciuqitullrulrianga. ‘Then when the guests arrived,
before the main dance festival, they would let
us two dance the first dance. I usually did the firstdance.’ (CIU 2005:390); Agayumi wall’u Kelegmi
yuranek yuraraqluteng nunat ciuqerratni
nani wall’u angyami una-i tekicameng.
Tuamte-llu-gguq ciunrit nunat yurarluteng
ellami, ciuqiluteng-gguq. Waten-gguq kiagmi
Kevgirqameng piaqluteng. ‘During Agayu or
Kelek festivities they’d dance dances in frontof the village somewhere or at the boat down
there when they arrived. And the people of thehost village would dance in front of the village
outside, doing the first dance, it is said. They did
this in summer when they had the Messenger
Feast.’ (CAU 1985:164); < ciuqaq-liciuqinraq front of thigh # CAN, BB; = civuqinraq;< ciuqaq-linraq
ciuqliq* first one; predecessor; ancestor; elder;older sibling # for the meaning ‘first one’ this word
function either as an appositive: ciuqliq alerquun‘the first commandment’; or as a selectional word:
alerquutet ciuqliat ‘the first commandment’;
ciuqlirmi ‘at first’; ciuqlikacaarmek ‘for the firsttime’; ciuqlirmi angniitellruuq ‘at first he was
unhappy’; Tua-i-llu-am naspaayugluni ellii
qiangluni. Igg’imun-llu nepengyarciqniluku
ciuqliin piluku taqengcangluku. ‘Soon she wanted
to try too and she started to cry. Her older sisters
tried to get her to stop crying, saying that Igg’iq
would come, attracted by the noise she wasmaking.’ (ELN 1990:5); Waten-llu kinguqliput219

ciur- — civqar-

Basesciutmun forward # adverbial particle; Tua-ialingallangermek ciutmun ayagturlutek
cukatacillermegtun. ‘And so even though they2
got scared they kept going forward at their own
same pace.’ (ELN 1990:90); < ciu-tmun
ciutmurte- to go forward # < ciu-tmurteciutnguaq dried apple, pear, peach, apricot, etc.; acertain edible green vegetable with yellow thatgrows on beaches or bluffs and is boiled with fish
(species ?) (NS and LI meaning); literally: ‘thing likean ear’; < ciun-uaq
ciuvak housefly (Musca domestica) # HBC, NS, NI,
EG; = ciivak; < ?-vak
civa (root); > civacugnilarqe-, civanr(aq), civatugte-;< PE civa
civacugnilarqe- to taste of seal oil # NUN; < civacugnilarqecivanr(aq*) fibrous leftover piece when seal oil has
been obtained by heating diced seal blubber in apan; crackling # Civanrat egqaqlertulliniyaqiiteng
nunam qaanganun tutmartualliniut ta¥gaten.
‘As the cooked seal blubber pieces were thrown theyscattered all over the tundra.’ (WOR 2007:114);
NUN; < civa-nraq
civatugte- to dice seal blubber and heat it in a pan
to get seal oil # Nutaraneg pitaqnerra’arrneg
imkuneg tuqukaneg civatugglutegmaklit
uquitneg. ‘They were dicing and heat-rendering
the blubber of recently caught seals.’ (WOR2007:110); NUN; < civa-?civassaaq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) # NUN; EG;= cuassaaq, suassaaq
civatriq wolf (Canis lupis) # EGcive- to chase a seal or other sea mammal # (?)
civignilnguq* heavy material used to make parka
covers for men; khaki; dark yellow thing or color# NUN; < civigniq-?-nguq
civigniq* yellow thing # NUN; < civigte-?;> civignilnguq
civigte- to urinate on # of an animal marking its
territory; civigtaa ‘it urinated on it’ / civigtaq‘place where an animal has urinated’; NUN;
> civigniq*; cf. cuignilnguq-; < PE cuvi&nitcivissaar(aq*) young seagull at first season flight #NUNcivnerturpak oysterleaf (Pulmonaria maritima) #NUN
civqar- to fall in water with a splash # civqertuq ‘itfell in’ / NUN; < ?-qar-

makut piarkaqenrilkeput wall’u ciuqliput ciutait
imirluki akeqnerrlugutmek. ‘And those whoare younger than we are, whom we ought not
to trouble, or our elders, we fill their ears withthreats.’ (ELL1997:22); Tanqiluryaq Ciuqliq‘December’ (literally: ‘first cold month’) (NUN
usage); < ciu-qliq; < PE civuqli3 (under PE civu)
ciur- to wring liquid out # ciuraa ‘he is wringing
the liquid out of it’ / ciuriuq ‘he is wringing
something out’; ciuvsiaqiki ‘please wring themout some more’; Qerrulliigka tuamta-ll’ yuulukek
kamilarqaarlua iluprenka ciurraarluki all’uki.
Qalliigka-ll’ cal’ ciulaaglukek. ‘I took off my pants
after I removed my boots and after I wrung out
my items of underwear I put them back on.
Then I quickly wrung out my overpants.’ (QUL
2003:730); = civur-; > ciurrsuun; < PE civvu3ciurrsuun clothes wringer # NUN: < ciur-cuun
Ciuraq (NUN form), Ciuqaq (NS form) St. Lawrence
Is. # Ciurarmiu or Ciuqarmiu ‘St. Lawrence
Islander, Siberian Yupik’; < ciu/civu-qaq note thatin the St. Lawrence Is. / Siberian Yupik language theisland is called Sivuqaq
ciutailitaq, ciutailin ear protector; headband;
earmuff # < ciun-ilitaq, ciun-ilitaq
ciutaiq, ciutair(aq*) insect (species ?) # said to crawl
into a person’s ear; < ciun-iq, ciun-iq; < PY
ci(!)utaiq (under PY ci!un)ciutair(ar)- to have cold ears # ciutairtuq or
ciutairaraa ‘he has cold ears’; ciutairtua or
ciutairaraanga ‘my ears are cold’; < ciun-ir(ar)ciutairute- to have become deaf # ciutairulluni‘having become deaf’; from Alexie et al. (1990);< ciun-i:ruteciutaite- to not hear # ciutaituq ‘he doesn’t hear (isdeaf, out of earshot, preoccupied, etc.)’; < ciunite1
ciutemquq, ciutequluk snail shell # also used as
pejorative for a person who doesn’t seem to hear; <ciun-quq, ciun-quq-?; < PE ci!ut0qu3 (under PE
ci!un)
ciutengar(ar)- to reach the stage of young when aperson begins to hear and comprehend # literally:‘to get ears’; ciutenga’artuq ‘he has begun tocomprend’ / ciutengaralria ‘one who has begun
to comprehend’; < ciun-nge-?ciutequmlak dried apple, pear, peach, apricot, etc. #NUN; < ciun-?

220

Basescivte- to set (a fish trap, snare, net, trap, etc.); to
set up (a tent) # civtuq ‘it was set’; civtaa ‘he issetting it’ / civciuq ‘he is setting something’;
civcimauq or civinguaq ‘it is set’; kuvyaq
iqallugcuun civciiqaqa ‘I shall set a dog salmon
net’; Cavesta-llu cavngan civvluku kuvya,
civcimariamiu-llu caveste÷i cimirluku. ‘And
when the oarsman started to row, he set thenet, and after he had set it he would relieve
his oarsman.’ (PRA 1995*:461); Qemim im’um
nangyuilngalnguum tungiinun ayaglutek, tuanigguq caqanrani igtelilriami aatiin qanganarcuutai
civingaluteng. ‘They went on toward thatseemingly endless ridge of hills where herfather’s squirrel traps had been set where there
were a lot of animal dens.’ (ELN 1990:50);
Mik’ankuk-llu Qalemaq-llu pelatekamek
civcilutek, iterqurluki-llu cautetek. ‘Mik’aq and
Qalemaq set up a tent, and they brought in theirthings.’ (ELN 1990:97); > civtu-; PY-S civt0civtu- to stretch out on the ground (or ice) #civtumauq ‘it is spread out’ / Maaten ankanirluni
pilliniuq imkut amillrit qimugtengullermeggni
amiit cailkami civtumaluteng. ‘She went out
a little farther and saw their old skins thatthey had when they were dogs stretched out
on the ground.’ (QUL 2003:606); Qaspermek
aturluni man’a-llu kinguqerra civtumaluni. Tuai-llu ullagluku maaggun tua-i imarnitegken
kinguqerragnegun civtumallrakun, tamaaggungguq tua-i narulkarqaa tua-i. ‘It wore a coverparka with the back part spread out (on the ice).
He approached it and then he thrust his spear
through the spread out back part of its gutskinparka spearing it.’ (CIU 2005:280); < civte-?
civtulgaq Aleutian tern (Sterna aleutica) # NUN
civu area in front; time preceding, bow of a boat;
forepart # positional base used only with a possessed
ending; angyam civua ‘the front of the boat’;
Nakacuut civuatni Aanituut. Civumek aanak,angutek malruk enet pulaluki. ‘After the Bladder
Feast they held the Providing-with-Mothers
Feast. First, the two “mothers”, actually twomen, went into the houses, one after another.’(CAU 1985:54); Pilnguani ta¥g’, angaqutiinun
agqerrlun’ ta¥gavet ikamrak civuagnun, angaqun
taman’ ayaarluk’ ayakalliuq. Elli(i)n-llu-gguqta¥g’ kaymurra(a)luku.’ Finally she gave in, andshe ran toward the towline at the front of the sled,
slipped it on herself, and took off. He meanwhile

civte- — civyegte-

was pushing.’ (CEV 1984:49) HBC, NUN; = ciu;
> civuanitun, civuaq, civuqinrak, civuqucuk; foradditional derivatives see ciu; cf. civuaq, civuura-;< PE civu
civuanitun as previously; as in the past; as before(it) # functionally a particle; Waniwa tamatum
nalliinitun ulerpiim civuanitun, yuulriit
nerluteng, merluteng-llu nulirturluteng-llu
uingluteng-llu . . . ‘Now, as at that time, as (inthe time) before the flood, people were eating, anddrinking, taking wives, and taking husbands . . .’(MATT. 24:38); = ciunganitun; < civu-possessed
localis–equalis
civuaq incisor tooth # < PE civu(C)a3 (under PE
civu)
civug- with one’s head tilted up # postural root;
HBC; = ciug-; > civugte-, civungqa-; < PE
civ(v)u!civugte- to tilt one’s head up # civugtuq ‘he tilted
up his head’; civugtaa ‘he tilted up her head’/ HBC; < civug-te2civungqa- to have one’s head tilted up # ciungqauq‘he has his head tilted up’ / HBC; < civug-ngqacivuqinraq front of thigh # HBC; = ciuqinraq;< civu-qaq-linraq
civuqucuk bow end of a kayak # HBC;
< civu-qucuk
civur- to wring liquid out # civuraa ‘he is wringing
the liquid out of it’ / civuriuq ‘he is wringing
something out’; HBC; = ciur-; < PE civvu3civuura- to be concerned; to be worried; tobe reluctant # civuurauq ‘he is worried’/ Pikaitellerkaq civuuranarqaqluni, camek
pingqerrsuumiryaaqnaqluni. ‘Lacking thingscauses one to worry, causes one yearn to havethings.’ (CAU 1985:27); . . . kiarterraarluku-llu
anqata’arqami pilaami-gguq civuurangengami
ilalkessuglaani. ‘. . . she would look aroundbefore she’d go outside, being apprehensive
about encountering him since he would
pick on her.’ (MAR2 2001:55); Ta¥g’a-ta¥g’
umyugarturnaqlun’ ta¥g’ cakneq civuurateklukuman’’ cullni, egelranaqluni. ‘Well, that madeus think, and we worried about how we would
get our living as we went through life.’ (CEV
1984:35); cf. civu-; < PE civu(C)u3acivyegte- to not be frozen well (of fish or meat thathas particles of ice in it) # NUN221ciyaktar- — cugg’aliq

Basesciyaktar- to have scratches on one’s body # Qaillunkir-gguq tayim uklimair’ qainga ciyaktaumalr’mamtau? ‘How in the word could one who is cut
in pieces, whose body is covered with scratches, behealed?’ (CEV 1984: 88); HBC
ciyaneq sore; wound # Cuareluk’ taun’, piurluk’
wanirpak mamluki ciyanri. ‘She did somethingwhich healed his wounds immediately.’ CEV
1984:88); HBC
ciyuq small thrush-like bird (species ?) # = siyuq
cuagte- to pout # cuagtuq ‘he pouted’ / cuagutaa‘he is pouting at her’; > cungqa-, cuaqerte-; < PE
cu!a!cuak aged roe; aged fish eggs # NSU; cf. cilluvak;> cuakayak; < PE ci@uva!- (?)
cuakayak cooked seal lung # < cuak-kayak
cuangqa- to be pouting # cuangqauq ‘he is pouting’/< cuagte-ngqacuaqerte- to lose one’s temper; to fly into a rage;
to suddenly get angry. # cuaqertuq ‘he lost his
temper’; < cuagte-qertecuaraq finger; toe; digit # HBC; = cugaraq, yuaraq;< cuk-ar(aq)cuassaaq wild greens that can be cooked # Nunamllu qaingani cali naumalriit ayuqenrilnguut
atu’urkait paivvluteng kiagpak: cuassaat
ayuqenrilnguut, atsat, wall’u can’get, naumalriitllu allat. ‘On the surface of the ground various
growing things that people use are present for
use all summer long: various greens, berries, or
grasses and other growing plants.’ (CAU 1984:
213); = suassaaq, civassaaq
cucangiali- to become hard of hearing; to becomedeaf # NUN; cf. PE tucila3cucu- to want to emulate; to want (one thing rather
than another) # cucuuq ‘he wants to do whatsomeone else is doing’; cucua ‘he wants to dowhat she is doing, she wants it’ / apa’urluum
neqerrlugtulria cucua ‘the grandfather wants
to eat dried fish too’; Tamaani piyuaniararluni,
taukut cucungellinii tanqigcelnguut nakacuut. ‘Atthat time when he began walking he started towant the bright bladders.’ (YUU 1995:87);> cucukecucuke- to choose; to prefer; to opt for; to want (onething rather than another) # cucukaa ‘he prefers
it’ / cucukaa kuuvviaq saayumek ‘he prefers
coffee to tea’; Anchorage-aamun ayallerkaqa

cucukenruaqa ‘I would rather go to Anchorage’;
Tauna angun qanlliniuq, “Tua-i kiugkunek
cucukellrinek cikirru; kelluciiqapuk.” ‘That man
said, “Well, give him those in the back that hewants; we’ll keep a close eye on them.’ (YUU
1995:87); cucukelciirun kalikaq ‘election ballot’;< cucu-ke4-; > cucukelciirun kalikaq,
cucukiyaraq, cucuklircucuki- to vote; to have a preference and express it# cucukillruunga ‘I voted’; < cucuke-i2cucukiyaraq election # < cucuki-yaraq
cucuklir- to choose something; to prefer something;
to want something # cucuklirtuq ‘he prefers
or wants something in particular’ / Taukuk
kenekngamegnegu camek cucukliraqan
cikilalliniak.’ Those two, because they loved
him, whenever he wanted something, they’dgive (it) to him.’ (YUU 1995:85); Aling, tua-lliwa kaigtura’urlurraarlua cucuklirlua neqmek
kaigakuma tun’ernaqciqvagcia. ‘Gee, it would be
so shameful for me to choose what kind of fish I
want to eat after being hungry for so long.’ (QUL
2003:68)
cug- root; > cugkite-, cugtu-; see also cuk, yuk; = sugcugalek bow with ivory backing for strength #NUNcugalluutaq landmark made of stones; cairn # NUN
cugamkuyuk end of ulna at wrist where the bone
projects # NUN
cugaq, cug’aq small doll; figurine # HBC, EG;= sugaq, yugaq; < cuk-aq3, cuk-aq3; > cugaruaq;
cf. inuguaq
cugaraq finger; toe; digit # cugaram nuvua‘fingertip’; = yuaraq; < cuk-ar(aq); < PE i&u!u3(under PE i&u!)
cug’ar(aq*) fist or knuckle of hand # NUN
cugaruaq small doll; figurine # HBC, EG; < cugaquaq; cf. inuguaq
cugayunar- to appear large (of waves on thehorizon) # NUN
cugg’alinguaq cookie # EG; < cugg’aliq-nguaq
cugg’aliq cracker; pilot bread # specifically means
the manufactured, substantial unsalted crackers
known as “pilot bread” (or “hardtack”) common in
the North but not elsewhere; Cali-ll’ neqkamte÷ek
nuryugciyuirulluta, makut cugg’alit Kass’inraat,yuurqam mat’um kanavircuirutevkarluta. ‘And
we never experience shortages of food anymore,

222

Basescugg’elurnaq — cukcugnir- to have rosy cheeks # NUN
cugtuvik common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) # NUN
cugtu- to be tall # of humans; cugtuuq ‘he is tall’ /though clearly from yuk ‘person’, this form, withinitial c, is also used in Hooper Bay and NI, where‘person’ is yuk, rather than cuk (as in Chevak);= sugtu-; < cug-tucuicekaaq candle # from Russian cd®xrf (svéchka);= ciucekaaq, cuucekaaq, suicekaaq; > cuicekaaq
cuicekaarkaq wax # . . . ircaquqa-llu cuicekaarkatun
urugluni. ‘. . . and my heart melts like wax.’(PSALM 22:14); < cuicekaaq-kaq
cuicuicuaq type of small bird (species ?) # EG
cuignilnguq* land otter (Lontra canadensis) # . . .
aanii tauna atkugmek imarmiutarmek pilikili,
kanaqliit aqsanritnek ilupirluku, qerrullililuni-llu
cuignilnguugnek, tuntut-llu iruitnek piluguliluni.
‘. . . his mother made a mink parka, with amuskrat belly lining, and she also made otter skinpants and caribou leg boots.’ (YUU 1995:85); UY,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < ?-nguq; cf. civigte-; < PE
cuvi&nitcuinaq twenty # NUN; Chevak; < cuk-nginaq;= suinaq, yuinaq
cuite-to get a sudden sharp pain # of body parts;
NUN; = cugitecuk person; human being # cuut or cuuget ‘people’the doubled u of cuuget is probably from an ancient
initial e (ecuget); see discussion under eyir-; . . .
qanengremi, taringyuunak’-ta¥g’ cuut makut,
qaygim iluani. ‘. . . so though he spoke, thepeople in the men’s communal house could notunderstand.’ (CEV 1984:56); Qaygi-gga-ggurman’(a), pugyararraa keyim’ cugneng. ‘The
men’s communal house (was full of people),its entrance passage alone (was clear) ofpeople.’ (CEV 1984:82); Nut’an-am angturilunipi¥gagyalri(i)m tar’ qayartussuunani pilliniurta¥ga-i, qass’aatenrilngermi. Ta¥gg’am-ggur
cun’ereryalrim imna tengmiarcuqapiaraugur.
Kuten uksuarmi. ‘Soon the little boy grew up.
He never used a kayak, although he had one.
As a young man he was very good at hunting
birds in the fall.’ (WEB2); NUN, Chevak (but not
Hooper Bay, which uses yuk); most words derived
from yuk are also used in NUN and Chevak withinitial c rather than y, for example, cuinaq ‘twenty’;
cuilquq ‘wilderness’; Cup’ik ‘Southwest Alaskan
Eskimo’; cugyagtuq ‘there are many people

as these things, pilot bread and tea, from theWestern World make it so that we don’t have totravel down to the coast anymore.’ (QUL 2002:6);
from Russian ce[ƒhm (sukhár’); = sugg’aliq;> cugg’alinguaq
cugg’elurnaq triangle # NUN; < cugg’aq-?
cugg’eq upper or lower part of a snout or beak;lip # cugg’rek or cuggrek ‘its beak, its or his
lips’; Atraami-llu yun’i tauna taisqelluku
elucira’arluku cugg’egminek. ‘When it went down
it motioned with its snout for its master to comeover.’ (YUU 1995:122); = sugg’eq; > cugg’elurnaq;< PE cu!9u! or ci!!u!
cuginqurraq tallest one # not of people; . . . tua-i
nel’illinia kia-i, nel’iyarturluku qulmegnun
pikavet; kia-i kiugna Ngel’ullugarmiut quliitni,
kiugna cuginqurraq waten yaatminek alaitaqelria.
‘. . . he evidently made a house back there for her,going up there above from where they were to
make a house for her; it’s that one up there above
Ngel’ullugarmiut, the tallest one, which is visible
from a distance.’ (ELL 1997:232)
cugir- to remove the facial area of a seal before
reaching into it # NUN
cugirte- to be sharply peaked # of a mountain;
Ingna-wa-gguq yaani ingriq cugirrluni.
‘That mountain over there is sharp peaked.’(QUL 2003:152); Tua-llu-qaa tua-i nevtegnek
tangyuitaqellruuten ingrimek cugirtellriamek,
canimetenrilami-llu qiugara’arluni tangellra?
‘Haven’t you ever seen from your house amountain peak that appeared blue since it wasn’t
nearby?’ (QUL 2003:228)
cugite to get a sudden sharp pain # of body parts;
cugituq ‘it hurts in a sudden sharp way’ /cugilluni ‘getting a sharp pain’; akekataki
putukuqa camna cugituq ‘ouch, my big toe
down there gave me a sudden sharp pain’;
Maaten imna cugitelleq tauna kingunra yuarluku
caavtaarluku, tangrraa nerestem uum kegglinikii.
‘He had a sharp pain, looked for it, and felt
around where it came from, and he saw that thislouse was biting him.’ (MAR2 2001:100); = cuite-;cf. cukitecugkite- to be short in stature # of humans; cugkituq‘he is short’ /though clearly from yuk ‘person’, thisform, with initial c, is also used in Hooper Bay andNI, where ‘person’ is yuk, rather than cuk (as in
Chevak); NUN, HBC, NI; = sugkite-; < cug-kite2-223

cuka- — cukite-Bases(there)’; cuurtuq ‘he was born’; cuureskan‘when he is born’; cuuguq ‘he is alive’; for otherderivatives, see yuk; = suk, yuk; cf. cug-; > cugaq;
cungcarta, cusr(aq*), cuucunguaq; < PE i&u!
cuka- to be fast # cukauq ‘he is fast’ / qimugta
pangalegtuq cukaluni ‘the dog is running fast’;cukangnaqluni ‘trying to be fast’, ‘hurriedly’;
una cukanrulartuq taumi ‘this one is fasterthan that one’; cukassiyaagtuq ‘it’s too fast’;a¥g’umi-ll’ cukavaa! ‘wow, how fast that one
who past us is going!’; aqvaqua cukacirpetun‘run as fast as you can’; Tua-i-am ciuqlirmi
qimugtet cukaluteng ayakarluteng pulayaratgun,
pulamaqarraarluteng-llu anluteng kuigmun.
‘And at first the dogs went swiftly over the
trail through the trees, and shortly they cameout at the river.’ (ELN 1990:11); > cukacar-;cukate-; cukaite-, cukamek, cukanrar-, cukari-,
cukarissuun, cukactaciq, cukcarissuun; cf.
cukangegautaq; < PE cuk(k)acukae, cukaq (NUN form) post; pole; stake # < PEcuka3
cukacar- to cause to be fast; to accelerate #cukacaraa ‘he sped it up, caused it to be fastin some sense, accelerated it’ / < cuka-car-; >cukacarissuun
cukacarissuun accelerator # < cukacar-i2-cuun
cukaite- to be slow # cukaituq ‘he is slow’ /cukaipaa! ‘my, how slow!’; cukaunak! ‘slowly!’;
cukaiqanirluten! ‘slow down!’; cukailcarru! ‘slow
it down!’; cukailcaarpiiqnak! ‘don’t be so slow!’;
Taukuk ayalliniuk cukaunatek, tuma assiilan.
‘Those two went slowly because the trail wasbad.’ (YUU 1995:4); < cuka-ite1-; < PE cuk(k)a&it(under PE cuk(k)a-)
cukamek quickly # adverbial particle; cukamek pi!
‘do it fast!’; < cuka-abl.-mod.
cukangegautaq sinew-backed bow # Y; cf. cukacukanrar- to travel at a steady fast pace #cukanrartuq ‘he is traveling at a good steadypace’/ Tua-i-ll’ tupanqigtut: ak’a pekluni,
aqvaquanguq; uqilariuq cukanrarluni. ‘And theywoke up again, and already moving he had
begun to run; he was getting more fleet-footed,
moving at a good pace.’ (ELL 1997:104); < cuka-?
cukari- to speed up; to go faster; to accelerate #cukariuq ‘it is going faster’ / cukarikanirluten!
‘go a little faster!’; Tua-i tekitniaraameng Ir’aq
cakaringluni aqvaquqaqluni ciullengnaqluki ilani.

‘When they were about to arrive Irr’aq, getting
faster and breaking into a run now and then,tried to get ahead of her companions.’ (ELN
11990:103); < cuka-i1-

cukarissuun accelerator # < cuka-i1-cuun

cukataciq speed; pace # Cukatacirramitun
aqvaqurluni nem’egnun aggliniuq. ‘Walking at
her own slow pace she went over to their house.’(YUU 1995:13); < cuka-ta-ciq

cukate- to cause to be fast # cukataa ‘he sped itup, caused it to be or go fast (in some sense)’/ Ik’atak tulukarucilleqtaq neqkaaraput
cukateqtarluki! ‘You lousy raven, you made ourfood supply go faster!’ (ELL 1997:270); < cuka-te4-

cukilek stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) (HBC,
NUN, NI, CAN, K, NR meaning); porcupine(Erethizon dorsatum) (Y meaning); small sea bird
(species ?) (NUN meaning); literally: ‘one withquills’; Allakarmeng-ll’ arnait, cukileggsurluteng
makuneng-llu ugnaraat neqaitneng nunam
maan’ akuliinelgngurneng, tamakuneng-llu
neqtengnaqluteng . . . ‘By themselves theirwomen fished for these stickleback, and got mousefood from under the ground . . .’ (CEV 1984:28);< cukiq-lek

cukilanaq thorn # Naugiciquq caarrlugnek
cukilananek-llu, nerlararkauguten-llu yuilqum
naunrainek. ‘It will grow with brambles
and thorns and you will eat the plants of thewilderness.’ (AYAG. 3:18); < cukiq-?

cukiq quill, thorn # Issaluut cukiitellruyaaqut ak’a
ciuqvani. Taikanilaraat tua-llu-gguq Tulukaruum
tamakunek cukiliani maa-i cukingluteng
piqayunairulluteng. ‘Porcupines used to nothave quills long ago. That’s how it’s interpreted,that because Raven made him quills of that kind,
porcupines began to have quills, and were nolonger easy prey to other animals.’ (QAI 1984:35);
Jesus-aaq . . . cukinek-llu nasqurrucirluten . . .
‘Jesus . . . they also gave you a crown of thorns. . .’ (CAT 1950:23); > cukilanaq, cukilek, cukite-,cukituliyaaq; cf. culuk; < PE cuki(3)cukite- to get something sharp in one’s foot, tostep on something sharp # cukituq ‘he steppedon something sharp’ / kamilarmi pektellermini
ussukcamun cukituq ‘walking around barefoothe stepped on a nail’; < cukiq-?; < PE cukkit(under PE cuki(3)); cf. cugite-

224

Basescukituliya(g)aq* — culurte-

culugyi- to whistle # of the wind; NUN; < culug-?
culuk wing feather; fin of fish; dorsal fin of afish or whale; spine; backbone # pitegcautem
cului ‘the fletching of an arrow’; Tuaten-gguq
pilangraani cam agtuyuunaku. Ta¥gaamgguq — makut maa-i neqet imkut kanaggun
culuyaangqetulriit qurrsarameng aciitgun — tuai-gguq taum nuniinek waten cikirturangani uini
tauna, tamakut-gguq ta¥gaam tua-i agtullruat.
‘Though she kept adding bad things to his food
he didn’t change. There are fish that have little
fins below their vents. When she started feeding
her husband that part of the fish he was finallyaffected.’ (CIU 2005:138); > culugaq, culugcineq,
culugiaq, culugpauk, culugpaugaq, culuksuk,
culuksugun; < PE culu!
culuksuk, culuksugun hanging decoration on aparka; spine, backbone # see Appendix 9 on partsof the parka; culuksuut ‘spinal process, processus
spinosus, dorsal projection on vertebrae’; Tua-i
Aqsarpak qaill’ piviilami culuksuni ayimngiin,
taklartelliniuq. ‘Since there was nothing Big Belly
could do with his back broken, he lay down.’(YUU 1995:88); < culuk-?, culuk-?-n; < PE
culu!9u!un (under PE culu!)
culunallraq salted and dried salmon strip #< culunaq-ller(aq)culunaq salted fish or meat eaten after it is cut up
and soaked to remove excess salt # from Russian
cjk=ysq (solyónyy) ‘salted’; = sulunaq;> culunallraq, culunivik
culunivik saltery # = sulunivik; < culunaq-li2-vik
culurrvik, culurcaraq dock; wharf # < culurte-vik,
culurte-yaraq
culurte- to dock; to land (a boat); to beach (a boat)# applies to either the boat or the people in the boat;
culurtuq ‘it docked’; culurtaa (or culurutaa) ‘helanded it’ / Tua-i-llu tekicamegteggu culurrluteng
petugluku-llu angyaq. ‘And so when theyreached it they landed and anchored the boat.’(ELN 1990:112); Atam tauna qasgiq nurrluku,
tekipailegmegteggu culurtellriit ce÷amun.
Aren, culurcameng pilliniak taukuk, “Kitakam qasginaurtukut.” ‘Before they reached the
kashim when they reached it they landed on the
shore. When they landed, they said, “Okay, let’s
go to the kashim now.”’ (QUL 2005:416);> culurrvik; < PY culu3t0-

cukituliya(g)aq* stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) #HBC, NUN, NI, CAN, K, NR; < cukiq-tuliya(g)aq
cukluuk hair ornaments worn attached to the bangs
at each side of the forehead # < ?-dual; < PY
cuklukcukpiar- to be very fast # cukpiartuq ‘it is very fast’/ kitu’urtaanga cukpiarluni ‘he passed me goingvery fast’; < cuka-pik
cukunaq, cukunak cast-iron pot # from Russianxeu´yjr (chugúnok); = sukunaq, kucunaq
cukutaq moisture; mildew; dampness # HBC; =sukutaq, yukutaq; < PE iyukuta(3)cukvak northern pike (Esox lucius) # HBC, NUN;
= cuukvak; < PY cuukvak
cularlussaq northern black currant (Ribes
hudsonianum) # (?)
culengciqe- to act mean; to act violently # NUN
culgussuk barnacle # NUN; = cuulguyuk
culug- root; > culugyi-, culuguyug-, culu’ugteculugcineq erect, pointed piece of ice, broken byocean swells # < culuk-?
culugaq dorsal fin of fish # < culuk-aq
culugiaq neural spine of fish # part of fish backbone;< culuk-?
culugpauk, culugpaugaq arctic grayling (Thymallus
arcticus) # Maaten piuq imna watua kit’ellermini
kuv’allallra naryarcetaarkalleq kana-i, makutwa talaarit tuaten culugpauget nerelriit taukunek
melugnek kisngalrianek. ‘She saw the bait down
below that she had spilled when she had fallen
in before, and there were many rainbow trouts
and graylings eating from the sunken roe there.’(ELN 1990:22); < culuk-rpak-?, culuk-rpak-?; <PE culu!pa(C)u! (under PE culu!)
culugtaq* hyssop (in the Bible) # probably also ororiginally an aromatic local plant; Waten tua-ipiluni menuircarciqaa ena aturluni auganek
yaqulgem, mermek, unguvalriamek yaqulegmek,
murakegtaarmek, culugtarmek, kavirlimek-llu
pelacinagmek. ‘Thus he shall cleanse the housewith the blood of the bird, and with the fresh
water, and with the living bird, and with thecedarwood and hyssop and crimson yarn.’(LEVI. 14:52)
culuguyug- to sigh # culuguyugtuq ‘he sighed’ /< culug-?-yug-225culu’ugte- — cumilngu-

Bases

culu’ugte- to whistle # of the wind or of one
breathing audibly while sleeping; culu’ugtuq ‘thewind is whistling’ / Ellii-llu tua-i inarcami
culu’ugcinguarluni inarutekluku, angayuqaak
akemkuk qaneksugcaakvimegnek nepairtuk.
‘And when she lay down she pretended to makethe gentle whistling noise of one sleeping as soon as
she went to bed, and her parents across there,
from their quiet talking, fell silent.’ (MAR2
2001:80); < culug-?
cumaci-, cuma- (NUN form) emotional root;> cumacike-, cumacinarqe-, cumacinaite-,cumacitar-, cumaciyug-, cumanaq
cumacike- to find repulsive; to feel revulsion toward(it); to be squeamish toward (it); to regard (it) as
disgusting # cumacikaa ‘he finds it repulsive’/ Cali tua-i cumaciksugnaunaku qantaan imaa
ilumun tua-i nerellrullinilutek. ‘And they seemed
to have really eaten from his bowl without
thinking that it was repulsive.’ (QUL 2004:670);< cumaci-ke2cumacinarqe- to be repulsive; to be repellent# cumacinarquq ‘it is repulsive, repellent’ /cumacinaqvaa ‘so repulsive!’; paralungengateng
neqet ce÷ami uitalriit cumacinariut ‘the fish on
the beach are becoming repulsive because they
are getting maggots’; < cumaci-narqecumacinaite- to not be repulsive or repellent #cumacinaituq ‘it is not repulsive’ / < cumacinaitecumacitar- to tend to find things repulsive by one’s
nature; to be a squeamish person # cumacitartuq‘he tends to find things repulsive’ / < cumacitar1cumaciyug- to find something repulsive; to feelsqueamish; to be disgusted by something #cumaciyugtuq ‘he finds something repulsive’ /tangllerminiu qimugtelleq cumaciyugtuq ‘when
he saw the remains of the dog he felt squeamish’;< cumaci-yugcumerte- to be concerned about one’s supply offood or other necessities, and to work on it; togather or prepare food or other items for the
future # cumertuq ‘he is worrying about his
supply of food and working on it’ / cumrutaa‘he is gathering a supply of food for her’;cumertenqelarpagcit! ‘my, what a good foodgatherer you are!’; Cali atsat naugaqata kiagmi
piitenritengnaqu’urlua cumertaqlua. ‘Also whenberries grow in the summer, trying not to lackany, I gather (them).’ (YUU 1995:55); Nutaan
tua-i cumrulluki tamakut irniameng agyuit. ‘They
would then prepare items for their children’s
gift exchange partners.’ (CIU 2005:380);
Ayuqestasiigutkiciki naunraat tangerrsunarqelriit
yuilqumi, qaillun naulauciat, cumercuitut,mingeqsuunateng-llu, . . . ‘Consider the lilies ofthe field, how they grow; they neither toil nor
do they spin, . . .’ (MATT. 6:28); > cumerteqe-,
cumrun; < PY-S cum03(t0)cumerteqe- to be depressed about one’s lack offood or other necessities # cumertequq ‘he isdepressed’ / < cumerte-?cumigte- to hurry; to be anxious; to be relentless; tobe persistent; to be preoccupied; to inquisitively
look around (NUN meaning) # cumigtuq ‘he isin a hurry, is anxious, relentless, preoccupied’or ‘he is looking around’ / . . . cumigglunipiyualuni pelatekam tungiinun piluni taumek
qalarutkellranek aanami umyuartequ’urluni. ‘. . .
deep in thought she walked in the direction of thetent, thinking about the things her mother had
said.’ (ELN 1990:20); PE cumi!cumiite- to be careless with one’s belongings; to nottake care of one’s possessions # NUN
cumike- to take care of; to be attentive; to pay
attention (to) # cumikuq ‘he is attentive’;
cumikaa ‘he is taking care of her’ / cumikiuq‘he is taking care of someone’; Kan’a-ll’
qasgilleq tuaten ayuqellruuq cumikeqarraallemni,
pugyararluni. ‘That old kashim down there waslike that, when I first began paying attention,
having an underground entranceway.’ (QAN
1995:112); Tua-i-am piciulriatun, wagg’uq
neqalleruaraam cumikurtii neqkaicuillrutulunigguq. ‘It is truly said that a person who takes careof any food is the one that doesn’t run out offood that often.’ (QUL 2003:80)
cumilngu- to be peeved over being surpassedor bested by someone # cumilnguuq ‘he ispeeved’ / cumilngutkaa ‘he is peeved overit’; yakiicimaagutlermeggni piurpakaami
cumilnguuq ‘because he kept being “it” at tag, he
was peeved’; Cumilngunarquralriamek yuarutmek
yuarluteng pilartut. ‘They would seek out a songthat was aggravating.’ (TAP 2004:43); Tua-llu
tukutukuarall’er cumilnguqertuq, “Uuminaqvakar,
kinaqtall’er tanem camna?” ‘And then the snipe

226

Basesgot irritated all of a sudden, “Darn it all; whoon earth is the lousy one down there?”’ (TUK
1971:5); cf. cuminge-; < PY cumil&u- (under PE
cumi!-)
cuminge- to come almost to a boil # when water
makes a sound right before it boils; to seethe withanger # cuminguq ‘it is almost at a boil’ or ‘he isseething with anger’ / cf. cumilngucumrun winter supply # < cumerte-n
cun ear # iu has been changed to uu under the
influence of Sugpiaq and the vowel is short due to“compression”; cuutet ‘ears’; EG; = ciun
cuna-gguq and so; apparently # adverbial particle;
Cuna-gguq tamaa-i tuaten atrit tun’aqacetengatkugkilluki, pilugugkilluki, nerevkarluki
neqnek, cuna-gguq tua tuavet tua tuqullermun
tut’elallinilriit tamakut. ‘So apparently when
they gave their [the deceaseds’] namesakes
parkas, skin-boots, and food to eat, apparently
these things came to the one(s) who died.’(ELL 1997:45); Cuna-ggur un’ nuliqluku ta¥g’
nuliqsagulluku. ‘And so he married this one andgot her as his wife.’ (CEV 1984:61); Cuna-gguq
un’ ta¥g’ nutaan ta¥g’ uterteqataraqami-ll’ ta¥g’
utercuglun’ ta¥g’ uterrnaurtuq cakneq. ‘And sowhenever he was going to return, wanting toreturn, he would indeed return.’ (WEB1);< cuna-gguq
cunawa, cunaw’ the explanation is —; it turned
out that actually — (thus explaining it); nowonder since — # adverbial particle; often, but
not always, calls for use of the participial mood;
expresses explanation with an element of surprise; Wii
nallullruaqa yuum qaillun agayumalallra Cunawa
Agayutem wangkuta auluklinikiikut. ‘As for me,
I didn’t know how a person worshipped God.
But, it turned out, God evidently was watchingover us.’ (YUU 1995:57) Cali yuut ilait tuquillret
tuavet nunamun tekitaqameng, neqrarmek
pupeskaulluteng nunamun elakautaqluku.
Tua-i-gguq tuatnaaqameng tamakut ilalteng
nerevkaraqluki. Cunaw’ tuunraq nerevkarluku
tuatnatullermeggni alangrutullruata. ‘Also
people who had had relatives die, when they got
to the village there, they would take a pinch offood and bury it in the ground. And when they
did like that they’d be feeding their relatives.
The explanation was (so we thought) that they’dbe feeding a familiar spirit because when theycuminge- — cungagcete-

used to do that sort of thing they’d be haunted
by ghosts.’ (YUU 1995:117); Tangvallerminiu
Elngum pia cuqerciaqluni unatmikun, cunaw’
tuaten elirqilallinilriit. ‘When Elnguq watched
her she saw that she was measuring withher hand; it turned out that they would cut
out patterns in that way.’ (ELN 1990:98);
Teguqaulluni-gguq mermek ek’arcinaurtuq
qayaminun. Cunawa-gguq makut maa-i
pitegcautet umiita qisrakaraitnek, caqurraitnek.
‘He’d grab them from the water and put them in
his kayak. It turned out that they were arrowheadcovers, little wraps for them (thus explaining
his actions).’ (CIU 2005:42); Maaten-gguq
atrartut net; elataitni equut makut napalriit,
net tamalkuita elatait ellivikliit tamakunek
equgnek. Cunawa qalqapagnek. ‘When theywent down they saw these wooden things thatwere standing upright by all the houses. It
turned out that they were axes.’ (MAR2 2001:70);
Ataam-llu kinguqlingnariami tan’gurrallermek
kinguqlingluni. Ilanglutek. Cunawa-gguq tuaten
yuut amllerrsaaqellinilriit elkegtun ayuqellriit.
‘And again when it became time for him to get ayounger sibling, he got a younger sibling, a boy.
They acquired a family. It turned out that there aare lot of people like the two of them.’ (MAR1
2001:44); < PE cuna-uvva (under PE cu(na))
cungagaq alder inner bark dye applied to reduceshrinkage # < cungak-aq3
cungagartaq dyed leather piece used to decorate
sewn items # < cungagarte-aq1
cungagarte- to treat with a dye with alder innerbark # Tua-i-llu cuukvaguanek qeltairiluni.
Cuukvaguat tumagaitnek meq imirluku
tua-i. Tua-i-llu cuurian ekluku cungagarrluku.
Cungagarrluku tua-i eqsairrluku. ‘Bark was takenfrom alders. Then the bitter part of the alder(bark) was removed and added to the water.
After the water became dark, it (the skin) was
put into it to dye it. Dyeing it helped keep it fromshrinking.’ (CIU 2005:350); < cungagaq-te6-;> cungagartaq
cungagcete- to be green # cungagcetuq ‘it is green’/ Cali nunam naunrainek kiagmi katurrluki,
cat tamalkuan uqvigaat-llu avasait qungalluki
cungagcetellratni uqumek egnirluki. ‘Also insummer they gathered, from the plants of theearth, various things — everything, they put

227cungagliq — cungarrlugaq*

Basescungaq gallbladder # Unguvalria-ll’ im’ tua-i
tamaq’apiaraan qamiqurrartuumaan,
it’gartuumaan, unatetuumaan, ilutuumaan,
ner’aqluku wall’ cakluku. Kiingita nakacua,
cungaa-llu qiluan-llu ilua, neryuunaki.
‘They’d eat or otherwise use the whole animal
including its head, its feet, its appendages, its
internal organ. Except its urinary bladderand its gallbladder and the inner layer of its
intestine — those they would never eat.’ (KIP
1998:53); K, CAN, NI, Y, HBC, BB; cf. cungak;> cungarninarqellria; < PE cu&a(3)cungaqvak hawk (species ?); jaeger (Stercorariussp.) #
cungaralukvak, cungaralugpallr(aq*) a certain
shrimp-like creature or large water beetle(species ?) # Kenurram ketiinun taggluk’ pilliniat,
maklakayag’ im’ amiq, icugg’ imarpigmiutat
cungaralugpallraat, imkut-wa call’ inarayulinek
pitukait, tuarpiaq-gguq paralut miryami
tamaani-ggur’ mermi ilait kuimatay’agluteng,tamaa-i-gguq tapqulluki mellri. ‘When theybrought the bearded seal, the skin up in frontof the light, you know, those sea creatures,“cungaralugpall’eraat”, they also call them“inarayulit”, just like maggots on vomit, somewere swimming in the water, and he drank them
too along with what he was drinking.’ (KIP
1998:225); < ?-vak, ?-rpallr(aq)cungarninarqellria vinegar # Qessanqurrulria
ellimerte÷un cungarninarqellriatun qanrani,aruvagtun-llu iigkeni ayuquq. ‘The lazy person
is to his employer like vinegar in his mouth andlike smoke in his eyes.’ (AYUQ. 10:26); Kaillemni
tuqunarqellriamek neqkamnek cikillruatnga,
meqsullemni-llu cungarninarqellriamek merr’illua.
‘When I was hungry they gave me poison for
food, and when I was thirsty they gave me
vinegar to drink.’ (PSALM 69:21); < cungaqninarqe-lria
cungarpak1 all green # predicative particle;
Qanikcartairulluni urugluni, imarpiim-llu mer’aalairtuq cungarpak, cikutaunani watqapiar. ‘There
was no more snow, having all melted, and thewater of the ocean became visible, and it was all
green, having no ice at all.’ (MAR2 2001:90); =cungagpak; < cungag(liq)-rpak
cungarpak2 labret # = cungapak; from AFR
cungarrlugaq* jaeger (Stercorarius sp.) # HBC;

away young willow branches when they weregreen marinating them with seal oil.’ (MAR1
2001:23); < cungak-cete2cungagliq green thing # cungagliuguq ‘it is green’;< cungak-li1
cungagglugcete- to be greenish in color# cungagglugcetuq ‘it is greenish’ /cungagglugcetellria ‘greenish or off-green thing’;< cungak-rrlug-cete2cungagi- to turn green; to become brighter #cungagiuq ‘it became green’ / Maaten murilkut
ak’a tamana neqlillrat ellma cungagingllinilria.
‘When they observed things, (they saw that)
already their fish-camp was starting to turngreen a little.’ (PRA 1995*:460); < cungak-i1-; >cungagiararcungagiarar- for dawn to come # Unugpak
tutgara’urluq qavaluaqanrituq, egaleq
tangessngua. Cayaqlirluni cungagiluni,
cungagiaraan makcami, amllermek-llu nerenrituq,
ayagtuq. ‘The grandson didn’t sleep well allnight as he was watching the window. Finally it
became brighter, when dawn came, and he arose,
ate a little and left.’ (MAR1 2001:81); Y, NS;< cungagi-ar(aq)cungagpaguaq wild green grass (species ?) #< cungak-rpak-uaq
cungagpak all green # predicative particle; Tuai-llu pinginanratni taukut tamana neqliviat
nunaniriluni napat, can’get-llu cungagpak, neqetllu pingluteng. ‘While they continued to do that,
their fish-camp became more beautiful, with thetrees and grass all green, and the fish starting tocome.’ (ELN 1990:22); = cungarpak;< cungag(liq)-rpak
cungagyak green thing # NUN; < cungak-yak
cungak gall; bile # > cungagaq, cungagarte-,cungagcete-, cungagglugcete-, cungagi-,
cungagliq, cungagpaguaq, cungagpak
cungagyak, cungakcuarnaq; cf. cungaq; < PE
cu&a(3)cungakcuarnaq, cungaqcuarnaq, cungakcaar(aq*)
yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia); arctic
warbler (Phylloscopus borealis); Wilson’s warbler(Wilsonia pusilla) # < cungak-cuar(aq)-naq2,
cungak-cuar(aq)-naq2, cungak-?-ar(aq); < PY
cu&aqcua3(naq)cungapak labret # (?); = cungarpak2

228

Bases= yungaq; < ?-rrlugaq
cungartak longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) #cungarteqe- to suffer anguish # (?); < ?-teqecungavseq, cungasveq, cungausaq (in NS),
cungauyaq (in Y), cungavleq (in LI) bead #Arnait-llu kituggluteng nasquteng-llu ellivikluki
keglunernek, manuteng-llu agarrvikluki
cungausanek . . . ‘Their women fixed themselvesup, putting wolfskin headdresses on their heads
and hanging beads on their chests . . .’ (MAR1
2001:24); Tua-i-am iliit tauna cungavsermek
tegumiarluni kaigavikellinii nengilitqaasqelluni.
Kaigavikerraarluki-llu tua-i tauna cungavseq
kic’etliniluku mermun. ‘Then one of the peoplecame forward with a single bead in his hand andbegan to appeal to them to kindly share their killwith him. After he made the request, he dropped
the bead into the water.’ (CIU 2005:122); < + PY
cu&av$0q (under PE cu&a3) (cf. Naukan Yupik
su&av$0!aq ‘bead’)cungcarista, cungcarta medical doctor # these formsof the word are used in LI and NR where ‘person’ isyuk, not cuk, whereas in NUN where ‘person’ iscuk, not yuk, ‘doctor’ is yungcarista; LI, NR, EG,
Chevak; = yungcarista, sungcarista; < cuk-ngecar-i2-ta1, cuk-nge-car-ta1
cungcaun medicine #EG; < cuk-nge-car-n
cungiallag- to cry out in a loud repeated whimper
as from pain #; cungiarallagtuq ‘he suddenly
broke out in a loud whimper / Aren, teguluku
imirluku pikiini cungiallalliniuq, “Aling, tua-itang nutenritqernga. Nutgumallma tangnangcessiyaagpakaraanga . . .” ‘Oh, just whenhe (the other) took it (the gun) and loaded it hecried out in pain, “Oh dear, please don’t shootme. See, my having been shot before is causing
me so much agony . . .”’ (QUL 2004:540);< cungite-?-llagcungite- to whine; to whimper # cungituq ‘he iswhining’ / cungiyutkaa ‘he is whining about it’;> cungiallag-; < PY-S cu&it0cungu- to die down or get dim # of stove, lamp;
cunguuq ‘it got dim’ / cungutaa ‘he turned it
down’; NUN; cf. suyutecunguilitaq dog muzzle to prevent biting #< cung’uq-ilitaq
cung’uq forehead # puukpallermini cung’umikun
puvqertellruuq cungua ‘when he bumped

cungartak — cupegte-

hard on his forehead his forehead swelledup’; Qavayuirulluni. Qavaryaraa-wa wavet
cung’uminun. . . . Wangkuta cung’umek
piuratuarput. Allani-ll’ nunani qauramek.
Allani-ll’ nunani tategmek. ‘He virtually stopped
sleeping. His method of keeping awake was toarrange things so that if he fell asleep a stickwould wake him by hitting on his forehead. . . .
We call it (the forehead) “cung’uq”. In othervillages it’s “qauraq”, and in others “tatek”.’(CIU 2005:164); cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (37);
NSK, LY, NI, CAN, NR, LI; > cunguilitaq; < PE
cu&&u3
cupcir- to apply ointment (especially aged urine andthen seal oil) to a wound # NUN
cupae ice floe # and cupe1- to break up; for ice to goout in spring # of ice in river, lake, ocean; impersonal
subject; cup’uq ‘it is breaking up’; ‘the ice isgoing out’ / cupet ‘ice floes’; Angyateng-llu
aqvaluku cupumarian un’a kuik. ‘He went to gettheir boat after that the ice on that river had goneout.’ (ELN 1990:17); Kuik-llu cupairan iqalluanek
pissurluteng. ‘When the river became clear of ice
floes they fished for tomcod.’ (YUU 1995:47);> Cupun, Cupvik
cupe2- to blow on # cupaa ‘he is blowing on it’/ Amirlut-llu akerta patuqetaarturalliatgu
tan’geriqetaarluni, man’a-ll’ pelatekaq
qivyiaqaqluni anuqa cupqerqan,
anuqlissiyaagpek’nani ta¥gken. ‘Since the clouds
were obscuring the sun off and on it became
dark and then light again, and the tent would
shake a little now and then whenever a breeze
blew, but it wasn’t particularly windy.’ (ELN
1990:21); Melqunek cupurayuitut, ukuuk. Atamgguq carayiim angqaqtui melqunek cupuratulit.
‘They don’t blow on feathers, you two. A bearuses those who blow on feathers as balls (toplay with).’ (ELN 1990:99); > cupluq, cupun,
cup’urilleq, cupu’uryarat; cf. cupe1- (perhaps thesame base); < PE cup0cupe3- to have oil or fat stuck to it # of a skin that has
not been well washed; cup’uq ‘it has fat stuck to it’/ NUN
cupegte- to be homesick; to be unhappy or ill atease in a situation and wish to be elsewhere #cupegtuq ‘he is homesick’ / the feeling may be so
extreme as to cause despair and lead to death; may
apply when one is away from home or when one’s229

cup’gallag- — cupumanarqe-

Baseshome situation is very unpleasant; Piqerluni-gguqtang una, uyuraa tauna, tua cupegtenglliniluni,
aliayungluni, tua utercugyaaqluni tuavet
uitaviggamegnun. Tua-i taum anngaan
qanrut’lallinia, “Tua-i anuqlirturluni pingaituq.
Assirikan uterciiqukuk.” Uum-gguq wani
cupegtellra arcariinarluni. ‘Then it happened
that his young brother became homesick, lonely,
wishing that he could go back to where they
were staying. His older brother would tell him,
“It will not continue to be windy. When it (theweather) is good we’ll home.” But, it is said, his
homesickness became all the worse.’ (ELL 1997:72);
Tuantengllermegni uyuraa aliayunglliniuq
cupeggluni. Kiituan’ pinritsaagyaaqviminek
qiangelliniuq. ‘When they were there his younger
brother became lonely and homesick. Finally,
since he had no recourse he started to cry.’ (YUU
1995:126); > cup’gallag-, cup’garte-, cup’gutecup’gallag- to suddenly feel homesick #cup’gallagtuq ‘he suddenly felt homesick’ /Ta¥gaam caaqama tua-i cup’gallalaryaaqeng’erma,akaarnun-wa tua-i uitiimta maani. ‘(It’s beenokay) even though sometimes I have experienced
pangs of homesickness, since we stayed here forquite a long time.’ (CIU 2005:398); < cupegte-llagcup’garte- to suddenly feel homesick # cup’gartuq‘he suddenly felt homesick’ / . . . pitatni
aipangquluteng irniangequngengata umyugaa
atam imkulria, aipangyugyaaqellni cup’garuskii,
imutun taq’lertuutellriatun, give up-alriatun
umyugaa ayuqelria. ‘. . . when the women in her
age group started getting husbands and started
getting children, her mind was, eh, some way,concerning her quest to get a husband she felt apang of loneliness and despair; finally it was like hermind just gave up.’ (QUL 2003:600); < cupegteartecup’gute- to feel homesick and unhappy with one’s
situation due to the actions of (him) # cup’gutaa‘she feels homesick due to him’ (for example awife whose husband has required her to moveaway from her relatives); < cupegte-te3cupigte- to reverse; to turn around; to put (boots)on the wrong feet; to put (clothes) on backward# cupigtuq ‘it is on backward’; cupigtuk ‘they(boots) are on the wrong feet’; cupigtaa ‘heturned her around’, ‘he put it on backward’;cupigtak ‘he put them (boots) on the wrong

feet’ / Tekicamiu-gguq unatmikun tusgakun
ukatmun mulngakevkenaku pileryagluku,
tusgakun piluku cupigartelluku. Pia-gguq,“Nasaurlucualleraaq usuuq, tuunramnek
nangutarpenga!” Cupigqualuku-ll’ kingutmun
utertellinilutek. ‘When he reached her he put his
hand on her shoulders roughly turned her toward
him. He said to her, “Lousy little girl, you, you’ve
stripped me of my spirit helper!” Then he put his
hands on her shoulders and physically turned heraround and they went back.’ (CAU 1985:116);< PE cupi!cupilaq chisel # from Russian pe,∫kj (zubílo)
cupkar- to freeze and dry (of clothing); to get freezer
burn # < cupa-?cupkecir- to bandage (especially with moss soaked
in seal oil) # NUN
cuplulek a type of skin scraper # NUN; < cupluqlek
cuplunqutak pulmonary vein or artery # NUN;
< cupluq-?
cupluq pipe; hose; gun barrel # Ayumian-am
can’get cupluitnun iterluni, can’get cupluitgun
ayagtuq. ‘He got into the reedlike hollow part of
the grass and started going through it.’ (QUL
2003:500); < cupe2-?; > cupulek, cuplunqutak,
cuplurpak; cupluryayagaq
cuplurpak pipeline; especially the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline # < cupluq-rpak
cupluryayagaq bronchiole; alveolus # cupluryayagait
qerrurluteng ‘emphysema’; < cupluq-yaya(g)aq
cupugte- to be drafty # NUN
cupuite- to be sewn with tight stitches (so as to bewaterproof and windproof) # Tua-i-gguq maa-i
cupuilnguut. Ukuk waniwa nenglem nalliini
atuugarkaulutek, . . . ‘Here these are tightly sewn.
This pair here would be used during the time ofcold, . . .’ (CIU 2005:344); < cupe1-ur-ite1cupuma- emotional root; > cupumake-, cupumanaite-,cupumanarqe-, cupumanaitecupumake- to be dissatisfied with # Tamakutgguq cupumakluki urluverteggun ta¥gaam
pitengnaq’lallruuq tauna Qilagtaq. ‘Qilagtaq
always used bows while hunting because hewasn’t satisfied with them (the first guns).’ (CIU
2005:26); < cupuma-ke4cupumanaite- to be unsatisfying # < cupuma-naitecupumanarqe- to be satisfied # < cupuma-narqe-

230Basescupumayagute- to become dissatisfied with # Elliinllu cal’ wangni angenruluni qanrupakarlua,
qaneni cupumayaguskaku maaggun
tallegnengqerrsarngatua cetumpallrullinikiinga.
‘And if she [thought she] was superior to me
and she wasn’t no longer satisfied with just her
hurtful words, I would probably have somescratch marks that she made.’ (QUL 2003:260);< cupuma-yagutecupumayug- to be satisfied # < cupuma-yugCupun May # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;
NI; < cupe1-ncupun, cup’un (NSU form) straw; ember; coal;charcoal; rifle # literally: ‘device for blowing’;
Yaqiurqata cuputmek minguvguarnaurai.
‘Whenever they flap their wings he’d decorate
them more with charcoal.’ (MAR1 2001:75);
Makut cali cuputngulliniut. Una elavuralria
siimar teggalqur piluku mermeg imirluku,
tungulrianeg piyugaqameng, tauna ta¥g’
tungulria asngeruqurluku cali atutullruat.
A¥g’umeg ilaluku nutaan nassi(i)m auganeg
tauna tungulria nuta(a)n aturluku. Cuputngu(u)t.
School-arviit tamakuneg murangqetullru(u)t.
Angyarpiit tekiutequtulqait. ‘These (thatworked for that) were pieces of coal. Filling an
indentation in a flat rock with water, when theywanted black pigment, they’d rub it (the coal)to get black coloration. They’d add blood, seal
blood, and use the result as black pigment. Those
were coals. The school had it for fuel. Big ships
brought it.’ (AGA 1996:100); Mamteramun-llu
iterngan egalerkun pikgun, cuputengellratni
tamakunek ak’allarnek canek imkunek
imiqeryaranek, kanavet ciugtellrani nutliniluku
qengaa-gguq iluarrluku nalalluku. ‘When hecame in to the storage house through the window
up there, when they had those old guns, the ones
one loaded in a certain way (muzzle-loaders),
when he (the other) looked up he shot him in thenose wounding him internally and killing him.’(MAR1 20001:86); the gemination in the NSU form
is from Inupiaq influence; < cupe2-n, cupe2-ncupungnig- to fart silently # NUN
cupuraq* small bush # cupuraat ‘small bushes’; NI
cup’urilleq draft hole in a wood-burning stove # . . .
aciqvaarmi-wa caniqerrani, ciuqerrani cup’urilleq.
‘. . . below, to the side in front is the draft hole.’(PRA 1995*:460); < cupe2-?-lleq1

cupumayagute- — cuqcista

cupurtuq jet; jet airplane # NUN

cupute- to be carried away by current; to drift away
# NUN
cupu’uryarat harmonica; flute; trumpet; horn;
any blowing device # Cupu’uryaratgun
nunanirqellrianek neplirci . . . ‘With trumpets
and the sound of the horn make a joyous noise . . .’(PSALM 98:6); < cupe2-ur-yaraq-plural
Cupvik June # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;
Y; < cupe1-vik

cuqae measurement; set or predictable time forsomething; set period of time or amount ofsomething; cord of wood # kiagmi kiirem cuqii
mayulartuq ‘in the summer the temperature of
the atmosphere goes up’; cuq’liuq ‘he is cutting
a cord of wood’; Qayalilriit elicarcet’lallruitkut
qasgimi. Qasgiluta-gguq calilriit, qayalilriit
tangvauralarlaput, tua-i-gguq cuqait-llu
tangvauralaqilaput. ‘The ones making kayaks
taught us in the kashim. We’d go into the kashim
and watch the ones working, making kayaks, andwe’d watch how they did their measurements.’(KIP 1998:271); Naugga maa-i nasaurluut makut,
arnat, pinariaqateng tayim’ cuqseng tekitaqan
tua-i augmek qaneryarangqerraqelriit, . . . ‘For
instance, these young girls, females, when theirtime comes, they would speak about an issue ofblood, . . .’ (ELL 1977:232); Cali-llu una, man’acanerlak allrakunek qavcinek cuqengqertuq, . . .
‘Also this one, this pestilence, lasted several years,. . .’ (KIP 1998:329); cuqii tegutellerkam ‘resource
exploitation rate’ (resource management neologism);augem nutngallran cuqii ‘blood pressure’;
kiirem cuqii ‘(atmospheric) temperature’; puqlam
cuqii ‘(body) temperature’; > cuqeq1, cuqcaun,
cuqcista, cuqte-; < PE cuqqa(C)a3-

cuqaq* baleen; whalebone # < PE cuqqa3

cuqcaun, cuqcissuun gunsight; ruler;pattern; measuring device; measurement# Luuskaaritellruukut wall’u cuqcissuutnek
saskanek. ‘We didn’t have spoons or measuringcups.’ (YUU 1995:62); kiirem cuqcautii‘(atmospheric) thermometer’; puqlam cuqcautii‘fever thermometer’; < cuqte-car-n, cuqte-i2-cuun
cuqcista judge # cuqcistet ‘the justice system’;Cuqcistii-qaa nunam tamarmi elluarrluni
pingaituq? ‘Won’t the judge of all the world doright? (AGA 1996:30); < cuqa-i2-ta1

231

cuqcurliq — curacetuya(g)aq*Basescuqcurliq rusty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) #Cuqcurliq-wa naken qalriaguralria angutem-wa
erinii qalarquralria. Maaten elpenguq aatiin
erinaklinikii. ‘From somewhere a blackbird was
singing and a person with a man’s voice wastalking. When she came to her senses she realized
it had was her father’s voice.’ (ELN 1990:21);
imitative with -li1; = curcurliq
cuqeq1 gunsight; ruler; pattern # NUN; < cuqa-?
cuqeq2 large open sore on body # Y
cuqerte- to defecate or urinate in an appropriate
place # has the politeness of ‘to relieve oneself, to go
to the toilet’ HBC, EG; = yuqertecuqete- to measure; to judge # see cuqtecuqia- to turn back and forth; to meander # kuik
man’a cuqiaguq ‘the river here meanders’;
Qengangqelliniluni kegluninraagnek. Tua-i-gguq
qengak uitavkenatek cuqiagurlutek. ‘He had thenose of a wolf. His nose was not staying still
but going back and forth (sniffing around).’ (QUL
2003:424); < cuqir-acuqir- having bends # postural root; > cuqia-,
cuqingqa-, cuqirtecuqingqa- to be crooked; to have bends in it#cuqingqauq ‘it has bends, is crooked’ / < cuqirngqacuqirte- to get crooked # cuqirtuq ‘it got bends,
turns or curves; it became crooked’; cuqirtaa‘he bent it, made it crooked’ / cuqirrluku ataa
yuupeka’ani ‘she put her slip on crookedly’;Ta¥gken makua assiryaaqeng’ermi una
teguyaraa cuqirngacuarquni, tayima wii
tangrruallemni, tua-i egeskuniu pitarkam
ingluaracuarii ciuneqluku ayagluni. ‘But eventhough the handle here is good, if this (groove) is
not quite straight, as I visualize it, when he thrusts
it would miss the prey and just land beside it.’
(CIU 2005:54); < cuqir-te2-; cf. cuqlur-, cuqpeq
cuqlamcaq edible tubers of pink plumes (Polygonum
bistorta) # NSU; < PE cuqla!
cuqlur- being bent out of shape # postural root;> cuqlungqa-, cuqlurte-; < PY-S cuqlu3cuqlungqa- to be bent out of shape; to be distorted# cuqlungqauq ‘it is bent out of shape’ /< cuqlur-ngqacuqlurte- to get bent, or bend, out of shape; todistort or become distorted # cuqlurtuq ‘it
got bent out of shape’; cuqlurtaa ‘he bent it

out of shape’ / Makut mecungellruaqameng,keviitaqameng eqluteng kintui, cuqlurrluteng
piyunairulluteng. ‘When these have been wet
and are dried without any kind of stuffing theyshrink and shrivel up when they dry, becoming
distorted in shape, and no longer being any goodfor use.’ (CIU 2005:348); < cuqlur-te2-; cf. cuqir-,cuqpeqcuqpeq (LY and HBC form) cuqveq (HBC form also)
humpback salmon; pink salmon (Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha # cf. cuqir-, cuqlurcuqte- to measure; to judge # cuqtaa ‘he ismeasuring it’ / cuqciuq ‘he is measuringsomething, he is judging something’; Tua-ill’ aluput cuqluki kankiiliamikut . . . ‘And hemeasured the soles of our feet when he made us
ice skates . . .’ (KIP 1998:109); Nem’ek ankuvet
makut iqalluguat qanikcaat anuqem taqellri,
anuqa-ll’ nakeknillra, ciunerkan amna cuqluku,
cuqeskiki. ‘When you get out of the house, takenotice of the snow mounds the wind has created,take notice of where the wind is blowing from,and get an idea where you are headed.’ (QUL
2003:716); = cuqete-; > cuqcaun, cuqyun; < PE
cuqqa(C)a3cuqulaate- to be very talkative # NUN
cuqyun gunsight; ruler; pattern; measuring device;measurement # Taumek igausngalrianek
cuqyutnek piitellrulriakut, kass’at ta¥gaam
tekicata pingluta. ‘We didn’t have written
measurements, but we got them only when
white people came.’ (YUU 1995:62); Maa-i
cuqyutnek ruler-aanek-llu pingqelalriaci elpeci.
Ta¥gaam tamakut ciuliaput cuqekluki unateteng
pilallruut. ‘Now you have rulers for measuring
devices. But, our ancestors measured things with
their hands.’ (KIP 1998:141); (c)ellam cuqyutii‘barometer, weather thermometer, etc.’; puqlam
cuqyutii ‘fever thermometer’; puqlam cuqii ‘body
temperature’< cuqte-n
cur- to be murky of liquids, glass, ice; to be strong ofcoffee, tea # see ecurcuracetuya(g)aq*, curacituya(g)aq* baby
muskrat (Ondata zibethicus) # the adult muskrat
is called kanaqlak, tevyuli, kuiguartaq,
iligvak, ilegvak or kevguluk; Ataam irniarak
pillia curacetuyagaagnek, kanaqlayagaagnek
atkungqelliniluni. Yucuaraak ukuk. ‘He sawthat their child had a parka made of two baby232

Basesmuskrats, two little muskrats. They were little
people.’ (MAR1 2001:53); < ?-ya(g)aq; cf. ecurcuracungaq* raisin # literally: ‘cute little blueberry’;< curaq-cungaq
curalrussaq fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) #curangali gray dog or wolf # Tua-i-llu uksurlunillu cakia tauna qimugteµek aritvagkaminek
tuqucilliniluni curangalirpagmek . . . ‘And so it
became winter and her mother-in-law killed agray dog for (making) herself mittens . . .’ (MAR1
2001:72); < ?-li1
curaq1 blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum); raisin
or prune (by extension in some areas) # Tua-illu curanek yuarluni naspaalliniuq. Maaten
kiartuq cat tua-i tamarmeng assiqapiggluteng.
Tuakenirnek-llu-gguq tamarmeng qucillgaat
iingit qiuglircet’lartut. ‘And then it looked
around for blueberries and tried them. When it
looked around everything was perfect. From thattime on all cranes’ eyes have been blue.’ (PRA
1995*:396); = suraq; > curacungaq, Curarpalek,
curavak; < PY cu3aq
curaq2 thimble # EGcurar-, curaqerte- to check outside; to go outside forfresh air # curartuq ‘he went out or looked out tocheck something or get fresh air’ / NUN, HBC;
= yurar2Curarpalek Chuathbaluk # village on the Kuskokwim;< curaq1-rpak-lek
curavak type of large blueberry (Vaccinium sp. );huckleberry (local name) # = surav’ak; < curaq1vak
curcurliq robin (Turdus migratorius) # = cuqcurliq;
imitative and < -li1; cf. aaqcurliq, pitegcurliq
curcurpak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); shoveler(Anas clypeata) # = surrsurpak; imitative and <-rpakcurlu, curluq nostril; nasal passage; sinus; head ofpike fish # dual form used more often to describe
nostrils or nasal passages; qusrama curlurrliqua ‘Ihave pain in my sinuses because I have a cold’;
curlulluggluni ‘sinus infection’; < ?-luq, ?-luq;< PE cu3lu
curmak humidor; tobacco pouch or othercontainer # Angayuqaagma-wa tauna curmiik
yaqulgullrulria cuyanek imangqerraqluni.
. . . Tauna aanaka yaqulegpallurnek
curmangqelallruuq, imkunek tunutellegnek.

curacungaq* — curuluk‘My parents’ pouch was of bird(skin) filled withtobacco. . . . My mother used mainly bird skins
from loons for tobacco pouches.’ (CIU 2005:102)
currluk1 black currant (Ribes hudsonianum) #< ?-rrluk
currluk2 murky water # < ?-rrluk; cf. ecurcurtur- to check outside; to go outside for fresh air #NUN; cf. curarcuruk attacker; confronter # and curug- to go over
to attack or confront # physically or verbally;
curugtuq ‘he or it went to attack someone’;curugaa ‘he or it went over to attack her’ /panini eyurnaqluku curukaraa nakukestii‘wanting to defend his daughter he went overto confront her tormentor’; Tua-i-llu tuaten
anguyagyaurcameng-gguq imkut curugluteng
pillret, curugnilarait tuavet ullautaqata nunanun,
wagg’uq curugluteng. Imkut taukut curuut
tekicarturciqut . . . ‘So then, when they started
to wage war, those who went over to attack or
confront — they said they would “curug-” when
they approached another village — they’d“curug-”, as it’s said. So those attackers would
arrive . . .’ (QAN 1995:284); > curukaq; < PE
cu39u!curukaq challenger-guest; member of the groupfrom the village to which the messengers aresent during a challenge feast and that competes
against the host village # and curukar- tocome as a member of the group invited to avillage hosting the challenge feast # the (main)
challenge feast was Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”);
curukaliyartut ‘they are going to a villageto-village challenge feast’; Pairtaqamegteki,
waten anerquciararraartellukek taukuk imkut
curukat canek kenrrarnek, melugkarrarnek,
qupcungarnek cikiqaqlukek taukuk
tukuurrlukek. ‘When they met them, the two
greeters would shout and sing and boast about
their strength and great deeds, and the challengerguests would give the two of them little gifts
such as matches, smoking tobacco, or quarters inabundance.’ (TAP 2004:37); < curug-kaq
curuluk grass, etc., used for bed padding forhumans or animals # Maaten itertuq kiugkut
can’get curuluut, avatiitni-wa muriit kevraartut
caningqaluteng, uani-wa kaminiaq piliaq,
kiatiini-wa qulqitet, natra-wa marayaq. ‘When
she went in she saw grass matting on the floor

233

curuq — cuvgeq

Basespartitioned by spruce logs placed on theirsides; near the door was a home-made stove,and further in from it shelves, and the floorof the house was of earth.’ (ELN 1990:12);
Tua-i qanugpailgan piinerkarrluteng elliviimllu acianun qemaggluki, cali-llu qimugtet
curulugkaitnek aurluteng. ‘Before it snowed they
got material (grass) for insoles and stored it
under the cache, and also they gathered material(grass) for the dogs’ bedding.’ (ELN 1990:57);< curuq-?
curuq bedding skin; sleeping mat; mattress #Tamana ak’a kiiringllinilria ena aaniit-wa
assalilria, kinguqliat-wa Irr’aq qavalria curumi.
‘The house had already warmed up, theirmother was making griddle cakes, and their
younger sister, Irr’aq, was sleeping on a mat.’(ELN 1990:12); kenrem curua ‘armature plate in a
motor’; < curuluk
curvir- to examine # cuvriraa ‘he examined it’ /HBC, EG; = cuvrir-, ivrir-, survir-, suvrir-, yivrir-,
yuvrir-, yurvir-; < PE iyuv3i3- and iyiv3i3curyiq dirt # and curyir- to be dirty (of clothes, face)# NUN; cf. ecurCuryuk, Curyung Dillingham # town on Bristol Bay;
Curyungtuq, Curyugtuq ‘he went to Dillingham’;cf. ecurcusr(aq*) little person # legendary or otherwise; cus’er‘a little person’; cusraat ‘little people’; NUN;
< cuk-?
cuucekaaq candle # Tuani cuucekaamek
kenurrangqellinilutek, taum Kass’am pianek.
Inartelliniuk cuucekaaq kumatuumaan. ‘Then
they2 had a candle for a light, which that white
person had brought. They went to bed withthe candle burning.’ (YUU 1995:5); from Russian
cdéxrf (svéchka); = ciucekaaq, cuicekaaq,
suicekaaq
cuucunguaq doll # NUN; < cuk-u-cuk-nguaq
cuugi- to scrub the floor # EG; = suugicuukcaute- to plunge in; to run into a confining
area # cuukcautuq ‘he plunged in, rushed into
confined area’; Mer’an cuukcautelliniuq mer’anun
iggluni. Arnam-llu taum mell’iniluku. ‘When she
drank he plunged in, falling into her water. The
woman evidently drank him up.’ (YUU 1995:86);. . . yucuayagaat imkut kelutmun cuukcautut
imkut ayaruteng mingqutet uniarrluki. ‘. . . thoselittle people ran toward the back (of the kashim)leaving behind their walking sticks, the needles.’(GRA 1901:281 & PRA 1995:453); < ?-te5cuukiicunguaq shaft of bow-drill # andcuukiicunguar- to start a fire with a bow-drill #NUNcuukiiq sock # Canegnek kiingita, makut maa-i
piluguut, canegnek ta¥gaam kiingita piinirluk’
atutulput. Cuukiimek-llu piinata amllermek. ‘We
used only grass for insulation in our mukluks.
We didn’t own many socks.’ (QUL 2003:726); from
Russian xekr∫ (chulkí) ‘socks’; = suukiiq
Cuukvagtalek, Cuukvagtuliq Chukwoktulik;
Chukfaktoolik # several old village sites between
the Yukon and Kuskokwim have this name; literally:‘place with many pike’; < cuukvak-talek,
cuukvak-tuli
cuukvaguaq alder (Alnus sp.) # literally:‘imitation pike’; perhaps because its bark issimilar to pike skin in appearance; Tuntut-llu
meqcirraarluki, akungqaluki tua-i kenilluki.
Tua-i-llu cuukvaguanek qeltairiluni. Cuukvaguat
tumagaitnek meq imirluku tua-i. ‘To remove thefur from caribou skins they were put in water
to soften the skin. He’d remove the bark fromalders. Then the bitter part of the alder (bark) wasremoved and added to the water.’ (CIU 2005:350);< cuukvak-uaq
cuukvak northern pike (Esox lucius) # . . . cuukviit
amiitnek-gguq ingulassuukarangqertuq,
atkungqertuq, taukut at’ellii. ‘. . . she had asmall dancing outfit (made) of the skin of pikes,
a parka, and she put it on.’ (MAR2 2001:56); LY,
NI, BB, NR, LI; = cukvak; < ?-vak; > cuukvaguaq,
Cuukvagtalek; < PY cuukva!
cuulguyuk barnacle # Qainga-llu cuulguyugnek,
qapilaat uitaviketukaitnek nepesvikumaluni. ‘Its
surface had barnacles clinging to it like the placemussels cling to.’ (YUU 1995:24); = culgussuk
cuupaq soup; stew-like soup served as a maincourse # HBC; from Russian ceg (sup) and/or
English ‘soup’; = suupaq
cuupiaq, cuuqapiar very opaque thing; very dark
thing # Ugkut-wa-gguq cali nakacuut amiigem
quliini cuupiat. ‘The bladders [hanging] above thedoor were very dark.’ (YUU 1995:86); < ecur-piaq
cuuqun kindling # HBC; < ?-ncuvgeq (NUN form), cuvayaaq (HBC form) fish slime# = yuvgeq; < PE n0v!u3

234Basescuvri magazine; periodical # NUN; direct
nominalization of cuvrircuvrir- to examine # HBC, NUN; = curvir-,
ivrir-, survir-, suvrir-, yivrir-, yuvrir-, yurvir-;
Maaten-ggur tauna caqun cuvrirr’a teggalquneg
ilangqellinilria. ‘When she examined the poke, italso had rocks inside it.’ (WHE 2000:199); < PE
iyuv3i3- and iyiv3i3cuya, cuyaq leaf; tobacco, especially leaf tobacco# kipusvigmi cuyartairutuq ‘in the store there
isn’t any more leaf tobacco’; cuyarviutaq‘tobacco container’; Tamaani yuut kiliraqameng,kilineteng aunraqerceqaarluki, napat cuyaitnek
patutullruit. ‘Back then, when people got injured,
after making their wounds bleed they covered
them with the leaves of trees.’ (YUU 1995:52);
Angukaartameng-llu cuyait kenirraarluki
qemaggluki. ‘After cooking the leaves of the wildrhubarb they’d gathered, they’d store it away.’(PRA 1995*:461); Man’a cali maa-i iqmigyaraq
man’a snuff-anek wall’ cuyanek, kuinginek-llu
cali yuucimun ikayuutngunrituk. ‘This chewingof tobacco or taking snuff, and smoking are notbeneficial to our well-being.’ (KIP 1998:289);> cuyaiq, cuyalquq, cuyanguaq, cuyaqsak,
cuyaqsuk, cuyatur-, cuyavleq; from Eastern Aleut
cuya-x̂ (cuya-X) ‘cane stick, willow twig, whitewillow’cuyaiq green caterpillar found on leaves; inchworm;
larva of geometer moth # < cuya-iq
cuyalquq tobacco twist # HBC; < cuya-quq
cuyanguaq willow (species ?) # EG; < cuya-nguaq
cuyaqsak brush; small trees and bushes # (?);< cuya-?
cuyuqsuk branch # Caskungqerquni-am
uqviaret cuyaqsuitnek kepulluni qillerrluki
cal’ katagayugnaiqerluki, imkut taukut
curuni can’get atlilirluki pikuni tua-i nulluuk
kinerrlukek. ‘If he has a cutting tool, he would
cut some branches and tie them together so thatthey would not get loose and then place themunderneath the grass that he has placed on
the seat, and his buttocks will be dry.’ (QUL
2003:736); < cuya-?
cuyarte- to have or speak with a high-pitched voice# cuyartuq ‘he is speaking in a high-pitchedvoice’ / “uuminaqvaa-lli!” aanaq qanertuq
cuyarrluni ‘“oh, darn!” said the mother in a highpitched voice’ (KUU 1973:33)

cuvri — cuyuumiite-

cuyatur- to use (especially, chew) tobacco #cuyaturtuq ‘he is chewing tobacco’ / Tua-i-am
amaqliurlurput cuyaturyaurcan ukuk waniwa
tua-i iqmiutaak iqkillraagnek pililria. ‘When ourdear older brother started using tobacco he (thefather) made him a thin container for chewing
tobacco.’ (CIU 2005:98); < cuya-tur2cuyavleq chopped, shredded tobacco; hanging
shred or thread as on clothing # HBC; < cuya-?
cuyu1- to be meek # Y; cf. cuyu2cuyu2- to envy # cusuuq ‘he is envious’; cusua ‘heenvies him’ / NSU; cf. cuyu1cuyute- to turn down stove or light # EG; = suyute-;< PY cuyut0cuyuumiite- to not feel like doing anything #cuyuumiituq ‘he doesn’t feel like doing anything’/ HBC; < ?-yuumiite-; cf. PE cu(na)235

[e]ceg- — egacuayak

Bases

E

ecuitqapiarluni teggalquyagarnek naterluni. ‘The
fish-camp was surrounded by trees, down fromit lay the beach, across from it was a patch oftundra and some hills, and the river that flowedby it was very clear and had colorful little stones
lying on the bottom.’ (ELN 1990:17); < ecur-ite1ecur- to be murky (of liquids, glass, ice); to bestrong (of coffee, tea) # ecurtuq ‘it is strong’/ kuuvviaq ecuriksaituq ‘the coffee hasn’t
become strong yet’; Kiarrluni piuq nem iluani
qerrurak kiugkuk nakacuuk, tua-i nakacuugtun
angtalutek qerruumalutek malruulutek aipaa
ecurluni aipaa ta¥gken tanqikapigpak. ‘When helooked around inside the house he saw that two
inflated bladders in the back area were of thesame size, but one was murky and dark and theother was very bright.’ (MAR2 2001:26); > ecuite-;cf. currluk, curaq, curangali, curacituya(g)aq*,
Curyung, curyir-, cuupiaq; < PE 0cu3ega- to cook by boiling # egauq ‘she is cooking’;egaa ‘she is cooking it’ / egataa ‘she is cooking
for him’; though this base is not used in K or
BB, words derived from it are used in those areas;
Neqairuskumta-gguq man’a qavyiara keniskuni
egaluku neqkauciquq. ‘If we run out of food, theysay, when we soak and cook the rawhide rope,
it will be edible.’ (CIU 2005:16); LY, HBC, NUN,
NS, NI; > egaaq, egaarniq, egaleq, egamaarrluk,
egan, egavyag-; cf. ege-, eke1-; < PE 0!aegaaq boiled fish or other food; by extension,
any cooked fish or other food # Itran-gguq
nerevkaqiliu egaamek. Nernginanrani-gguq taunaamassagaq cetuminek naanguarturqili. ‘When
he came in she let him eat some cooked food.
And while he was eating that old woman kept
playing with her fingernails.’ (CET 1971:11 &PRA 1995:451); < ega-aq1; < PE 0!a(C)a3 (under
PE 0!a-)egaarniq jellyfish (species ?) # NSU; < ega-?
egacuayak, egassuayak elf; dwarf; one type oflegendary little people # see also cingssiik, andircenrraq (or ircinrraq), other types of legendary
little people; Unuakuarmi, atakuarmi, cali
iraliraqan Egacuayiit enaita kenurracuarait
tangerrnaq’lartut. ‘In the early morning or
evening and whenever the moon was shining,
the little lights of the houses of the “Egacuayiit”
would be visible.’ (EGA 1973:33); < ?-cuar(aq)yak, ?-cuar(aq)-yak[e]ceg- to cut fish # = esseg-; see ceg- for more
information[e]ceq sweat; perspiration # and [e]cer- to sweat; toperspire # = esseq and esser-; see ceq/cer- for more
information[e]cgar- to become more active; to become
wide awake # = essgar-; see cegg’ar- for more
information
eci- to obcure vision; to have vision obscured #NUN; cf. eciq
eciq taut membrane such as a drumskin;windowpane; lens; cornea of eye; thin ice # andecir- to ice over # cauyam ecia ‘the skin of the
drum’; . . . kinguvrinun-llu tangercecugyaaqluku
taun’ cauyaq, pisqellrunritaa.
Navriuteklermegteggu ecia qagertellrulliniatgu.
‘. . . they wanted to let his descendants see that
drum, but he wouldn’t allow it. Said that once
before when they’d loaned it out its drumskin
got split.’ (AGA 1996:6); Imarpik-llu un’a tua-imertaunani ecirluku. ‘The sea down there didn’t
have any (open) water, it got iced over.’ (CIU
2005:7-8); Egalret ataucimek ecilget puqlamek
cagmarillrat angenrulartuq. ‘The loss of heatthrough single pane windows is considerable.’(GET n.d.:9); cf. eci-; < PE 0ci3
ecirkaq dried walrus stomach used formaking drumskins # Caquluki (e)cirkanek
kis’ucailkutekluki qerallruat taman’ kuik.
‘Wrapping them in dried walrus stomach and using
them for bouys, they crossed the river.’ (KIP
1998:205); < eciq-kaq[e]cngur- to overflow # NS; = essngur-, seng’ur-; see
ceng’ur- for more information
Ecuilnguq* Atchuelinguk River # a tributary of the
Yukon; < ecuite-nguq
ecuilnguq* clear water, glass, etc. # < ecuite-nguq
ecuite- to be clear (of liquids, glass, ice); to be weak(of coffee, tea) # ecuituq ‘it is clear’ / uksumi
Kuigpiim mer’a cikum aciani ecuitlartuq ‘in thewinter the Yukon’s water is clear under the ice’;
Tamana neqlillrat napalirluni uatiini-wa ce÷’aq,
akiani-wa nunapik, qemirtarluni, kuik-wa un’a236Basesegaksuar(aq*) — egilra

eg’arte2- to start suddenly # Eg’arucugpaglu’-am wii
tu(u)nraliyaryaaqaqama! ‘They would start soquickly that I would get to their conjuring late!’(CEV 1984:53); HBC; cf. eteegavyag- to cook by briefly immersing in boilingwater; to parboil # < ega-?
egciri- to render seal blubber # NUN; < ege-?ege- to become rendered of fat; to release liquid fromwithin; to ooze # eg’uq ‘it is releasing liquid’ /tangviarrluut eg’ut ‘the strips of seal fat are being
rendered’; nuaga eg’uq ‘he is starting to salivate’;egmian kumlivigmun ekenrilamteng surat eg’ut‘because I didn’t put the blueberries into thefreezer right away they are losing their juice’;
pupii eg’u’rtut ‘his impetigo sores are running’;
Unuaku tua-i tamakucimek tua-i tamuagurluku,
egenriuskan-llu igluku. ‘The next morning theywould keep chewing it and when it stopped
yielding liquid they’d swallow it.’ (QUL 2003:4);> egciri-. egneq; cf. ega-, eke1-; < PE 0!0egelrun canoe # Kiagmi-llu egelruterlua ayagalaama
yuilqumun. ‘And in the summer I’d go to
the wilderness using a canoe.’ (YUU 1995:55);
Maurlurluan-am egelruksuarikiliu-gguq . . . ‘His
grandmother made him a little canoe . . .’ (QAN
1995:62); = eglerun; < eglerte-n
egelrute- to take (it) along # Yuum tamakutgun
alerquatmikun yuucini una egelrutellriatun
piluku. ‘A person, by way of thesecommandments of his, lived his way of life
being guided by them.’ (CAU 1985:34); Umyugaa
maligtaquluku imum qimugtiin egelrutaa. . . .
Egelrutaa ucikluku qimugtiin. ‘His dog moved
him following his thoughts . . . (that is, the dog
pulled the sled with him in it in accordance withhis desires). . . . His dog moved him as its cargo.’(MAR2 2001:39); < eglerte-te5egelruciayuli ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) #< eglerte-?-yuli
egiaq mew gull (Larus canus) # BB
egilra life’s path # and egilra- to move; to be inmotion # Maaten-gguq tang tua piluku pilliniuq
keneq tua-i kavirpak tamaa-i tungiitnun
egilraluni. Egilralliniluni. ‘He noticed a bright red
flame moving toward them. And he moved on.’
(QAN 1995:134); Tua-i imumek elliin egilramikun.
Yuum-ll’ allam-gguq pikitevkenaku. ‘He follows
his own path in life. No one else has done it tohim.’ (QUL 2003:334); Yuum Qetunraan egilrani

egaksuar(aq*) small pot # < egan-ksuar(aq)egaleq window; formerly smokehole/skylightof traditional Yup’ik house # egalret ikireski!
‘open the windows!’; Tamaani-gguq nem
iluakun waten kenitullruut, egaleq-wa pikani
irnerrlugnek egalengqetuameng. ‘At that timethey cooked inside the house with the window/
smokehole up above when they had windowsof gutskin.’ (CUN 2007:12); . . . cali ikna
qemirpall’er . . . tauna cali ircenrrauguq ika-i.
Qainga pakemna kangra nanvarra’artangqertuq.
Nanvarra’artangqerrnilaraat, egalrat-gguq tua-i.
‘. . . also that big hill across there . . . it’s also
inhabited by the “little people”. On the top of thehill there is a little lake. They say that that little
lake serves as their window.’ (AGA 1996:182);= legaleq; > ega-?; < PE 0!al03
egamaarrluk partially dried fish boiled for eating# Egamaarrluk kenivlaagumauq. ‘The partiallydried and boiled fish is only partially cooked.’ (YUP
1996:39); < ega-maarrluk
egan cooking pot # A¥gna cali egan, Tuutalgarmi
egaciarat qikumek piliaruluni. Ecuilngurmek
qikumek piluteng egacitullrulliniluteng tamaani.
Ang’uq egalvall’er. ‘That pot also, in Pilot Station
pots which they made would be made from clay.
They used to make pots out of clay from the
Atchuelinguk River. It was a huge pot.’ (AGA
1996:6); < ega-n; > egaksuar(aq*); < PE 0!!an(under PE 0!a-)eg’arte1- to throw; to toss # eg’artaa ‘he threwit’ / eg’arciuq ‘he threw something’; Ingrit
cali aarnarqutait amllertut, amirliraqan-llupe÷aq nallunaqtuuq. Tuaten-gguq ayuqaqan
muraggarnek ciunemeggnun eg’arciaqluteng
pituut. Tut’aqami yaa-i alaitaqluni, . . . ‘The
hazards of the mountains are numerous. When
it is cloudy it’s hard to see ledges. When it’s likethat they throw little sticks in front of them. Whenit lands it would be visible, . . .’ (YUU 1995:69);. . . qamigalriit kanaraqameng tua-i waten
mermun, wagg’uq pitarkateng aviukaqluteng,neqkaitnek cikirluki. Taquateng-am
ilairtaarluki mermun eg’artetullrullinikait.
Carraquinraungraata tua-i mermun eg’arrluki.
‘. . . when they went seal hunting, they shareda portion of their food with the ones they weregoing to catch. They took a portion of their foodand threw it in the water.’ (QUL 2003:48); < egtear(ar)te1-

237

egilrallgun — egmianBaseseglenge- to begin to move # < eglerteeglerte- to move; to be in motion; to travel #eglertuq ‘it is moving, he is traveling’ /eglerutaa ‘he is driving it, piloting it’; massiinaq
arulaingraan angyaq eglerqu’rtuq ‘although
the motor has stopped the boat is still inmotion’; Kuigteng tamana aturluku anelralliuq
anelrarluni meqsunglliniluni eglerrnginanermini.
‘He went downstream following their river andas he went downstream he became thirsty while
he was traveling.’ (MAR1 2001:92); Tua-i tuaten
TV-kun eglertarkauguq avavet piciatun nunanun,
Ingqilinun, ta¥gaam Kass’anun piciatun. ‘By
television, it (this information) can go to different
places and will be seen by Indians and white
people all over.’ (TAP 2004:7); Angayuqaakta¥gaam taukuk piyullratun eglerutarkaugaat
ukut nunat. ‘Actually the villagers would goalong with the parents’ wishes.’ (TAP 2004:28);= gilerte-, egilraur-, elraur-; > eglenge-, eglerun,
egelruciayuli; < PE 0!l03- or 0!il03eglerun canoe # = egelrun; < eglerte-n
egliq welt seam on boot # < eglu-?
egliraq piece of thread with the end twisted to apoint for threading through a needle’s eye #HBC; < eglu-?
eglu, egluq sinew; thread; underlayer of backbone
muscle or ligament split to make sinew #tuntuviim egluanek yualukirtuq ‘she has moose
sinew for thread’; eglupik ‘genuine sinew’; >egliq, egliraq, egluliurcuun; cf. keluk; < + PY
0!lu (cf. Naukan Yupik 0!lu ‘thread prepared bytwisting’)
egluliurcuun awl for working with sinew# Tua-i-am egluliurcuuterluni cirunermek
iqua ipegce÷ani. . . . Ciutiin painganun
ellirraarluku egluliurcuutmi iqua ipegcellnguq,
unarciissurcuutii-llu aturluku kaugutaq,
kaugtulliniluku pitacirramitun. . . . tuquluni,
ciutiikun egluliurcuutii itqercami ilqurra qamna
putuluku ilutmun. ‘She had a sinew-working awl
from an antler with a sharp point. . . . Afterputting the sharp end of her awl at the openingof his ear, she used his wood-working mallet,
and pounded it as hard as she could. . . . he died,when her awl penetrated his brain in there.’(MAR1 2001:90); < eglu-liur-cuun
egmian immediately # adverbial particle; ayaasqaaten
egmian ‘he wants you to leave immediately’;aturyaaqaa . . . ‘The Son of Man follows his own(preodained) path in life . . .’ (MATT. 26:24);> egilrallgun, egilraur-; < PE 0!l03- or 0!il03egilrallgun fellow traveler; cohort members # . . .
merkun maaggun egilrallgucirraarluteng. ‘. . .
after traveling with them this way in the water.’(QUL 2003:62); Ukut kalikaat umyuaksugaput
pingasuinun egilrallgutkelrianun: ciuliamte÷un
ciulirnemte÷un ayagyuanun-llu. ‘We intend thisbook for three groups of cohorts: our ancestors,
our future, and the youth (of today).’ (KIP
1998:iii); < egilra-llgun
egilraur- to travel # gilaurtuq ‘he is traveling’/ Kitaki ata egilraukuvci qavaryugpiiqnaci
pilaqici! Qavarci man’a atussiyaagpiiqnaciu
pilaqici! ‘As you travel, please try not to sleep
too much! Try not to succumb to sleep!’ (ELL
1997:324); Kitaki ata egilraullerpece÷i-llu qavaq
aturpiiqnaku pingnaqaqluci tua-i piqaqici, qavaq
atussiyaanrilkurrluku. ‘While you are traveling,
try not to sleep too much, try not to indulge toomuch in sleep.’ (QUL 2003:42 — from a different
telling of the same story as in previous example); cf.
eglerte-, elraur-, gilerte-; < egilra-ureginga- to have been discarded; to have been
thrown away # Yuaruteteng tapeqluki
egingayartut. ‘They would be discarded along withthe songs.’ (TAP 2004:26); < egte-ngaegkuaq handle of semilunar knife (“uluaq”) # Tuai-llu aturluni ikani, yuarutni iquklican imum
arnangiallerraam ulurpak egtaa tungiinun, maamaani tailuni, uniurqurluku tull’uni, egkuarata¥gaam alaunani. ‘And so she sang across there,
and when she reached the end of her song thatold woman threw the big semilunar knife toward
him, and here it came, and it landed missing him,with only its handle visible.’ (MAR1 2001:66);< egkuq-?
egkuq corner or back wall of house or room
# Maaten-gguq tang kiugna egkuq pillinia
ipuuksuaraak kiugkuk agauralriik egkumi
ingluani-wa qerrullillracuayagaak. ‘He lookedin the back of the house and saw two little ladles
hanging on the wall and tiny little underwear on
the side of the back.’ (AGA 1995:204); Tamakut-llu
pissurcuutet qavavet qasgim egkuanun kapulluki,
qacarneranun. ‘They poked those hunting tools
into the wall in there at the back of the kashim.’(CAU 1984:77); > egkuaq; < PY-S 0!kuq

238BasesNukalpiartayagaam ayakatallermini
qanrutellruanga tekiskuni-gguq egmian
nulirqeciqaanga. ‘The little nukalpiaq (man in his
prime), when he was about to leave, told me thatwhen he arrives he will immediately marry me.’(YUU 1995:10); < egmir-3s consequential;> egmianun
egmianun immediately # particle; Ellii
lumarraqegtaarmek taqumalriamek pilliniluku,
quyaluni-am egmianun as’arrluku, . . . ‘Her
grandmother had included a pretty factory-madeshirt for her, and she, being grateful, immediately
put it on, . . .’ (ELN 1990:21); < egmian-terminalis
egmilguqerte- to be dizzy and blunder off
somewhere unintended # < egmir-lgu-qerte- (?)
egmir- to keep going toward one’s destination orgoal; to proceed; to continue; to die suddenly
before one’s time # egmirtuq ‘he kept
going’ or ‘he died suddenly’; egmiutaa ‘he iscontinuing on with it’; Ta¥gaam mat’umun
agayumacimun nutaramun egmirluteng ilaita
alerquutek’laryaaqaat makut neqkat nunamiutaat
tamalkuita Agayutmek cikiutnguniluki,
takaqluki-llu pitarkat . . . ‘However, continuing
toward this new religion (Christianity) somepeople retained the rule (concerning making
offerings to the spirits of captured animals)
saying that all these local foods were gifts from
God and that they respected the animals to
be caught . . .’ (CAU 1984:93); Kituqataqatek
taukuk piqtaarciqsaaqaak. Egmirluni kiturlukek
ayagciquq. ‘They2 might try to stop him when
he was about to pass them. He, however,would keep on his way and go on passing them.’(TAP 2004:40); NUN, HBC, NS, EG; > egmian,egmirte-; < PE 0!mi3egmirte- to reveal; to pass on the knowledge of #egmirtaa ‘he revealed it, passed it on to others’ /Qipnermiut Tegganrita Egmirtellrit ‘The Legacy of
the Kipnuk Elders’ (KIP 1998:title); Imumirpak
ciuliamta qanrutkuratuit cagmayunailnguut
nutemllaat piciryarat. Tuaten cali ciuliamta
wangkutnun egmircugngariluki. ‘In the past
our ancestors would speak about the old-time
customs that should not be lost. In that way
also our ancestors were enabled to pass on
the knowledge to us.’ (KIP 1998:iii); . . . aipaa
egmirtellrullinikii, aipaa ta¥gken tua taunaanerteqlun’ cali ta¥gaam tua-i puulitaumaluni.

egmianun — egte-‘. . . it revealed the one (as having died) but theother one still breathing, but with a bullet inhim.’ (QUL 2003:172); Uumiku pinqigeskata
tauna nutaan elitellminek tamatumek egmirciluni
tua-i elisngaluku tua-i. ‘Next time if they did it
again that person would pass on what he hadlearned, with confidence.’ (TAP 2003:25);< egmir-te2egmiumaneq main channel with current throughwidened spot in river # < egmir-ma-neq1
egnaarte- to be in a hurry # egnaartuq ‘he is in ahurry’; Atrarluni egnaarrluni itertuq, neviarcak
taukuk caliuralriik tamaani nem iluani, . . .
‘Coming down he hurriedly went in and saw thatthose two young women were working there
inside the house, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:59); Yegneq fluid or juice as from cooking; broth # Tua-i
iruluitnek tamakunek tamaa-i iqmigualallruunga
tamuqcaarluki egnerit-llu igluki. ‘When I was
little I chewed stems of the tobacco leaves
and swallowed their juice.’ (CIU 2005:104);
Unuaku tua-i tamakucimek tua-i tamuagurluku,
egenriuskan-llu igluku. ‘In the morning theychewed and swallowed it till there was no liquid
left.’ (QUL 2003:4); < ege-neq1; < PE 0!(0)n03(under PE 0!0-)
egnia- to make plans for a trip # NUN
egnir- to marinate # egnirtuq ‘it is marinated’;egniraa ‘he marinated it’ / . . . cat tamalkuan
uqvigaat-llu avasait qungalluki cungagcetellratniuqumek egnirluki. ‘. . . and they stored all kindsof fresh willow shoots marinating them in seal
oil while they were green.’ (MAR1 2001:23);< egneq-ir1egqaqun net used to capture birds on sea cliffs #NUN; < egte-?-n; < PE 0!qa3- (under PE 0!0t-)
egtaq possession of deceased person placed on his
grave, according to a former traditional custom #< egte-aq1; < PE 0!ta3 (under PE 0!0t-)
egte- to throw # in a given context means, ‘tothrow away’; egtaa ‘he threw it’ / eggviuguq
merrlugmek ‘it is a place to throw dirty
water’; egesgu! ‘throw it (away)!’; Atam-gguq
carayiim angqaqtui melqunek cupuratulit.
Tua-i angqacetun pagaavet egqaqluki cali
akurtuqarraarluki egtaqluki. ‘Look, a bear has
those who blow on feathers as balls to playwith. Like balls it tosses them up and again after
catching them it throws them up.’ (ELN 1990:99);239

egtuk — ekiaq

Bases

Caskuni narulkaun egcani ayalliniuq pagg’un
ellakun. ‘When he threw his weapon, the spear,
it glided through the air.’ (YUU 1995:22);> eg’arte1-, egqakun, egtaq, eginga-, egun; < PE
0!0tegtuk, egtuuk spruce grouse (Dendragopus
canadensis) # Tua-i napani pulaarturluni
ayallinilun’ egtuugmek tangllinilun’. ‘When
he went in the thicket he saw a grouse.’ (AGA
1995:202); < PE 0!tu!(-)
egturte- to chip ivory # NUN; > egturun
egturun chisel for horn or ivory, used like adze #NUN; < egturte-n
egturyaq mosquito # egturyam keggaanga
tallimkun ‘the mosquito bit me on my arm’;Egturyat-wa call’ makut evaalriit avatemte÷i
kiagmi. Keneq kumarrluk’ puyurpagcetaqluku.
Makiraqataamta-llu uqurrluki kegginaput,
unateput, iruput-llu qamiquput-llu, egturyanun
micailkucirluku. Uquq tua-i mingukluku.
Tua-i ta¥gken egturyat micaaqngameng
nep’arucameng tua-i keggesciiganateng. Kiingita
tamakunek egturyiurcuucirluta. ‘These mosquitoes
buzz around us in the summer. We’d light a fire
to repel them by making lots of smoke. Whenwe were going out to gather greens (and berries)
we’d apply oil to our faces, hands, legs andheads, and whenever the mosquitoes landed,they’d become stuck and they couldn’t bite.
That was the only way we had of dealing withmosquitoes.’ (KIP 1998:55); LY, HBC, NI, CAN, LK,
BB, NR; = kegturyaq; < ?-yaq; > egturyarcuun,
egturyaurcuun; < PE k0!tu3ya3
egturyarcuun, egturyircuun, egturyiurcuun
mosquito repellent; mosquito net # < egturyaqcuun, egturyaq-ir1-cuun, egturyaq-liur-cuun
egturyir- for there to be lots of mosquitos #egturyirtuq ‘there are lots of mosquitoes’ /< egturyaq-ir1eguaqur- to persuade; to urge; to convince; to exhort# eguaquraa ‘he urged her’ / eguaquriuq ‘heurged others’; Qalarciiqua eguaqurluku Jerusalemaaq; nepailngaunii anirtuumanatkaanun, ‘I shallexhort Jerusalem; I won’t be silent until she issaved.’ (ISAI. 62:1); < + PY 0!ua3t0- (cf. Naukan
Yupik 0!uaXt0- ‘to try to be the first’)
egume- to come undone at a seam; to unravel #egumuq or egumaa ‘it came undone’ / egumtaa
qilagani ‘she undid her knitting’; lumarraan

yualua egumuq ‘the seam of his garment iscoming apart’; Tua-i-gguq waten nasaurluqllu ayagnituuq atkullriurluni apqiitnek,
atkullrameng egumenrit mingeqluki waten makut
aturluki pitullruut. ‘A young girl’s lessons insewing begin with sewing unraveled seams orold, torn parkas.’ (CIU 2005:238); = engume-;< PE 0!um0(t)egun spear-throwing device; atlatl # Maa-i makut
wani wangkuta nagiiquyanek egqaqissuutet,
nuusaarpagnek-llu aterpagquratullruaput
egutnek. Nuqanek-llu piaqluki ilaita. ‘We termed
the device we use for throwing seal-hunting
spears and three-pronged fish or bird spears“egun”. Some people call it “nuqaq”.’ (CIU
2005:52); K; < egte-n
egvurci- to complain; to gossip # NUN
ekae conflagration; large fire # and eke1- to burn; tobe on fire # ek’uq ‘it is burning’ / eket ‘fires’; eka
ayuuq ‘the fire is spreading’; Ekem wall’u Nelgem
Arenqiallugcugyailkutaa? ‘Fire or Homeowner’s
Insurance?’ (NEL 1978:2); > ek’liurta, eksuun,ekiarneq, ekqun1, ekua-, keneq, kuma-; cf. ega-,
ege-; < PE 0k0-1
ek’aq homebrew # Y, HBC; cf. eke2eke2- to get in; to put in # applies to getting or
putting into vehicles and containers, but not into
buildings; see iter-; ek’uq ‘he got in’; ekaa ‘he put
it in’ / eki! ‘get in!’; ekiu! ‘put it in!’; ekekekek
tang! ‘see, they2 put them in!’; Tekicamegteki
negat takuluki, tua-i-ll’ kalngagmun ekluki
pitateng. ‘When they reached the snares they
checked them, and put their catch into the
backpack.’ (ELN 1990:14); Mer’utiini iluantuq
tulukaruk tua-i ping’ermi ciugucaku egmian
mikliringnaqluni qanranun ek’uq arnam
neviarcam. ‘The raven was in the dipper;
when she tipped her head up, immediately hesought to become small and went in through thewoman’s — the girl’s — mouth.’ (MAR2 2001:24);> ekqun2, eksarvik, ekuma-, ekun, ekur-, kuucir-;
cf. ek’aq; < PE 0k0-2
ekiaq lining; layer (put inside something); layer
between things # Canegteggun tamaaggun
paltuugci ivsuum mecingraaku, tamaaggun
ekiarpeciuggun canegteggun meq qurrlurluni
acitmun waten aqumgaurquvci. ‘Even if it gets
your coat wet, the water will run down throughyour (coat’s) grass lining if you sit like this.’ (QUL240

Basesekiar- — ekuma-

ek’liurta firefighter # < eka-liur-ta1
ekniarun fare; ticket # Ekniurutni-llu akilirluku
ek’uq, . . . ‘He paid his fare, and got onboard, . . .’(JONA. 1:3); < eke2-niar-n
ekqun1, ekqutaq kindling wood; tinder; fire starter# < eka-?-n, eka-?-taq1
ekqun2 something taken along in case one needs it# qalqapagmeng ekqucirluni ayagtuq ‘he went,
taking along an axe in case he needed it’; < eke2?-nek’raq elevated storage platform or rack for storingmeat # NUN; = qer’aq
ek’r(ar)- (NUN form), ekrar- (EG form) to crossover # ek’ertuq or ekrartuq ‘he is crossing
over’; ek’raraa or ekraraa ‘he is crossing overit’ / ek’rautaa or ekrautaa ‘he is taking it
across’; ek’rallruuq or ekrallruuq ‘he crossed
over’; Tuamta-llu uyu’urpaarat ek’ralliniur.
Ketvarngami unaggun pengut ket’itnunggur ek’rerngami ika¥get qikerta’armun . . .
aqumlliniur. ‘Then their youngest sibling wentacross. When he went down below the sanddunes and went across to and island . . . (and then)he sat down.’ (WOR 2007:118); = qerar-;< PE 0k03a3eksarvik toolbox # NSU; < eke2-yar-vik
eksuun fire extinguisher; fire engine # < eka-cuun
ekua- to burn; to make a burnt offering (Biblical) #ekuaguq ‘it is burning’; ekuagaa ‘he is burningit’ / ekuagiuq kalikanek ‘he is burning papers’;
ekuagarkaq ‘something to be burned’; ‘animal
for sacrifice’ (Biblical); pitsaqluku ekuavkariyaraq‘arson’; Tua-llu Noah ekuavigmek piliuq. ‘And
then Noah constructed an altar.’ (AYAG.
8:20); Net-llu avataitgun keneq kumarrluku
ekuavkalliniit taukut nunat. ‘And lighting a firearound the houses they let that village burn.’(YUU 1995:19); < eka-?
ekuanqun, ekuanqutaq kindling wood; tinder;
fire starter # Piciatun uqumun kumarulluut
aku’urqaarluki ekuanqutketullruit. ‘Saturating themoss lampwicks with any kind of oil they’d use
them as fire starters.’ (CIU 2005:186); < ekua-?-n,ekua-?-taq1
ekuma- to be inside a container or vehicle; to beriding in a sled, boat or other vehicle # ekumauq‘it is inside’, ‘he is riding’ / Maaten tua-itekilluku pillinia tan’gurra’ar una taum tua-i
iluani ekumaluni. ‘When he reached the place he2003:728); > ekiarqin, ekiir-; < PE 0ki9a3ekiar- to pull a muscle # NUN
ekiarayug- to feel quesy # NUN
ekiarneq dried fish that has been burnt by thesun # Tua-i-llu-gguq imumek ekiarnermek,
akertem ekigartellranek ciki’irqaa taumek
neruraasqelluku. ‘What she would give her to
eat was a kind of dried fish that had been burned by
the heat from the sun).’ (CIU 2005:188); < eke1-i2ar(ar)te1-neq1
ekiarqin wedge used to split wood # Unarciamekpiyunarcarikuni aturarkauluku. Ekiarqitem
kaugtuutaa. ‘One can use it for splitting pieces ofwood for making things. It’s a sledgehammer for
use with a wedge.’ (CIU 2005:160); < ekiaq-?-nekiarte- to make thinner # NUN
ekiir- to provide with a layer (of insulation) #Nutaan-am imna waten paltuugpeci iluakun
canegnek ekiirluci pikuvci, iluvce÷un amlleq
keggatevceni wani meq iterngaituq maavet
kemegpece÷un. ‘When you have placed a layer ofgrass around your upper torso area inside yourcoat, not very much water will get to your skin.’(QUL 2003:728); < ekiaq-lirekiliq ring finger # HBC; cf. ikilipik, iqiliq
ekiq wound; cut # ekillugnarqellria ‘arrow pointthat could cause bad injury to the flesh’; Kia
una ekiliqarraallruagu? ‘Who wounded this(animal) first?’ (CIU 2003:64); Tagucamegteggullu ekii mingeqluki. ‘When they had broughtit (the killed sea mammal) up, they would
sew up its wounds.’ (YUU 1995:22); Ekivkun
kenciknarqellriatgun, . . . ‘Through yourhallowed wounds, . . .’ (YUA 1945:59 & LIT
1992:29); ekillugnarqellria ‘arrow point or otherthing that could cause severe injury’; > kilir-,kirta; < PE 0ki
ekli- emotional root; > eklike-, eliknarqe-, ekliyug-;<PE 0klieklike- ‘to be physically attracted to (her); to lust
after (her) # eklikaa ‘he is physically attracted toher, lusts after her’ /< ekli-ke2eklinarqe- to be physically attractive # eklinarquq‘she is physically desirable, physically attractive’/ < ekli-narqeekliyug- to be physically attracted to someone; tolust after someone’ # ekliyugtuq ‘he is physicallyattracted to someone, lusts after someone’ /< ekli-yug-

241

ekun — elagaq

Basesekvigtaar(aq*) bank swallow (Riparia riparia) #< ekvik-taq2-ar(aq)ekvik, ekviaq cliff; bluff; bank of river #ekvigenqegtuq ‘it is cliff-like’; Maaten ellii
murilkuq angyalirluni tamana ce÷ii kiatmun,
uatmun-llu, keluani-wa angyam ekvik
mayurarkaat. ‘When she observed things she
saw that there were lots of boats along that shore
upriver and downriver, and that above the boats
there was a river bank where they’d climb up.’
(ELN 1990:112); Y, NS, HBC, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI;> Ekvicuaq, ekvigtaar(aq*); PE 0kvi!
ekviucilluk container # Taum arnam ayakataami
a¥g’umek ekviucillugmek, imkut cat qemaggviit,
neqet qeltait — tamaa-i ekviucillugnek
pitullrulliniit; imkuuluteng tua missuukluk’ellaita — tauna tua-i teguluku, ang’aqluku.
‘That woman, since she was about to leave, took
a container, a place to put things, made of theskins of fish — they called it “ekviucilluk”, it was
like a sack to them — and she took it to bring
stuff along with her.’ (ELL 1997:188); Kan’a-w’
ikampallraak iluagni caqunraukcugpall’er
ekviucilluk, angkayagluni tua-i. ‘And inside the
big sled was this big bag, a very big container.’(QUL 2003:466); < eke2-vik-?-llukela- deep root; > elalirneq, elaqliq, elaqvaqanir-,elaqvaar-, elate-, elatmun, elaturraq; cf. elalirteelag- to dig # elagtuq ‘he is digging’; elagaa ‘he isdigging it’ / kitak elii! ‘go ahead dig!’; qimugta
elagtuq ‘the dog is digging (using its paws)’;
elaumauq or elagumauq ‘it has been dug’;Caqerluni tauna puckaq muirtuq, muiran aaniin
ayuqucirturraarluku teq’allermek pilisqe™gani
unuakurpak elagluni, maaten erneq qukaan
unatmi tumiik piak kavirpak qerrarnerek-wa
malruk. ‘Soon the barrel was full, and since it
was full, after her mother showed how how
to do it and had her make a pit, she dug all
morning, and at midday, looking at the palms ofher hands, she saw that they were very red withtwo blisters.’ (ELN 1990:42); = laag-; > elagaq,
elagayuli; elagcuun, elagyaq, elakaq, elaneq,
elautaq, elaute-, elagute-; < PE 0la!elagaq wild potato, wild carrot (Hedysarum alpinum
americanum); dug-out place; den; diggings;
underground cache # Tekicameng ilait tamakut
kayangut kenirluki ilait-llu qemaggluki elagamun.
‘When they got there they cooked some ofnoticed there was this boy placed inside there.’(QAN 1995:8); Tua-i ellii uniarrnayukluni anluni
ikamragni ekumauryarturluni uliit qaingatni.
‘Fearing that she might be left behind, she went
outside to get in the sled on top of the blankets(ELN 1990:9); < eke2-maekun, ekutkaq something that gets one in (suchas an airplane ticket or the ante in a card game)# Ta¥gken Kass’am ekutaunaku tengssuutekun
Kassaullgutkeng’ermiu ayaucesciiganaku.
‘But a white person can’t even take someone
somewhere on an airplane without a ticket, eventhough he may be a fellow white person.’ (QUL
2003:350); < eke2-n, eke2-n-kaq
ekuq, ekurnak tussock; hillock # NUN
ekur- to repeatedly put into containers # ekurai ‘hekeeps putting them in’ / Kinrata-ll’ atrarrluki
qamiqurrit a¥g’arturarraarluki, cali tupiganun
call’ ekurluki. ‘And when they were dried, after
they removed their (the fishes’) heads, they would
put them into woven containers.’ (KIP 1998:53);
Nauwa ayakatalriamek yugmek tanglalriaci,
tua-i ayautarkani waten qemaggviggaminun
ekurluku nalluyaguciyaaqevkenani. ‘You’ve seena person who is about to leave; he would put all
the things he needs for the trip in a bag so as not
to forget anything.’ (QUL 2003:296); < eke2-urek’ur- to jump over a log hung horizontally withrope from both ends in a men’s community
house, in this process a Native games competitor
jumps over the log as it approaches him and runs
to the other side before the log swings back #NUNekurnak knoll; small round hill # NUN
ekurnga- to be pigeon-toed # NUN
ekurpag-, ekurvag- to burn intensely # Keneq
kumarrluku ekurpagtelluku urugtaqluku. ‘Lights
the fire, makes it burn hard and thaws it out.’(YUU 1995:71); Atam anqerrniartut nakacuut
iquatni ikiitugugaat ekurvagluteng. ‘They will
begin running out with their inflated seal
bladders along with wild celery plants withthe tips of the plants on fire.’ (CIU 2005:386);= kurpag-; < eke1-?-rpak, < eke1-?-rpak
Ekvicuaq Eek # village at the mouth of the Kuskokwim
River; Ekvicuarmiut Mamterillermiut-llu akuliitni
kuigtangqertuq Iinrayamek piaqluku. ‘Between
Eek and Bethel there is a river that they call
Iinrayaq.’ (YUU 1995:4); < ekvik-cuar(aq)242Basesthose eggs, and the others they put away in theunderground cache.’ (ELN 1990:37); Takusallia-m’
imna takusaasqelleq qayuqegglim tauna elagallra
tauna qavalliniluni, qayuqegglit-wa tamakut
anait. ‘When he looked back at it, as she had told
him to, there was an old den of a jack rabbit — hehad evidently slept there — for around it were
jack rabbit droppings.’ (MAR1 2001:92); < elag-aq
elagayuli fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca); robin(Turdus migratorius); spotted sandpiper (Actitis
macularia); hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) #literally: ‘good digger’; < elag-a-yuli
elagcuun shovel or other digging tool # < elag-cuun
elagyaq partially underground cache; pit forcleaning fish; smokehouse; elevated food cache# neqerrlugnek elagyamek aqvatuq ‘he fetchedsome fish from the storage place’; Elatiini-gguqgga — cunawa-gguq pikaggun egalengqerramitaun’ ena, taum tua kenurraan, egalran kenurraq
alaitellran pillinikii — una-gguq elatiini elagyaq,
mayurrvik. ‘Beside the house, it was said —since apparently that house had a sky-window
above, and that light in the window made itvisible — beside it was this food cache, an elevatedfood cache.’ (ELL 1997:54); NI, CAN; also spelledlagyaq; < elag-yaq
elakaq man-made hole # usually for water supply
and usually referring to a hole through the ice
but also to a well in the ground # Ukut unuaquegcartuqiki elakamun, qanrulluki amlleriluki
taisqelluki. ‘Tomorrow go throw these bones
through the hole in the ice and tell them tocome back more plentifully.’ (ELN 1990:5);. . . cikuliurutmek tegulluni qalarrluni elakaqam cikumaarkauniluku. ‘. . . taking an ice-spudsaying that the water hole would be frozen over.’(ELN 1990:61); Tekicami ungungssit qulugnelgetaqumevkarai elakam canianun nunarpiim elatiini,atakuqvani arnat mertaryaraata nalliini. ‘When
he arrived he made the camels kneel beside thewell outside the city, and it was evening when thewomen would go to fetch water.’ (AYAG. 23:11);< elag-? (for the postbase –kaq here, cf. –kaq ‘onethat has been V-ed’ in Siberian Yupik Eskimo)
elalingqa- to be visiting # elalingqauq ‘he isvisiting’ / < elalirte-ngqaelalirneq outside; outer thigh; elalirnermi ‘in thearea outside’; elalirnerek ‘outer thighs’; Tua-i
elalirnerkun-gguq ikircamiu, tua-i ikircamiu-gguq
nallunailngurmek qetunrani tangerrsaaqaa tauna

elagayuli — elaqvaaq*

qessalleq itraasqengraatni kianlan kia-i. ‘Having
opened it from the outside, it is said it was
obvious that she had certainly seen her reluctant
son because he was there.’ (QUL 2003:278); < elalirneq
elalirte- to visit # within a village or city; elalirtuq‘he went visiting’; elalirtaa ‘he visited her’ /Cali makut tan’gurraat nem’i uitasqevkenaki
piaqluki, arnat niicugnisqevkenaki qalartellriit.
Cali arnani elalirtaatuukut, ullagtaarulluta. ‘And
they would tell the boys not to stay in the houses
listening to women’s talking. We women would
visit each other, going to see each other.’ (YUU
1995:46); = laalirte-; > elalingqa-; cf. ela-; < PY-S
0lali3elaneq dug-out grave; pit; dug hole in the ground# Pitegcurlim taum ikani Caputnguarmiut
uakaraatni elanellruarii akma uitauq.
‘Pitegcurliq’s grave is over across there a little
downriver of Chefornak.’ (KIP 1998:177);< elag-neq1
elaqlar- to gobble up; to slurp down # elaqlartuq‘he is gobbling food’; elaqlaraa ‘he is gobbling it’/ Tua-i-ll’ tauna ukveqerluni, tunut-llu yaavet
yaatminun elliluki tegg’iciarluki. Ayagngan
tayim’ kinguani tunuutegkenun tuavet
elaqlalliniluni. ‘So then that man, believing him,
put the pieces of caribou back-fat aside to letthem harden. After he had gone, in his absence,
Raven gobbled that fat up.’ (QAN 1995:90-92);
imitative; also spelled laqlarelaqliq* the one immediately outside, such as anext-door neighbor # Paraluruaq, neqet-llu
keniinanratni pie-am elaqlirkaanek pililuten
a¥g’umek negtaallerpenek, uucissuutekun
takelriakun. ‘While the rice and fish are cooking,spread out the dough for the pie crust in an
oblong pan.’ (YUU 1995:63); Unkut-llu tua-ielaqliput imarpigmek keterluteng. ‘Our neighbors
down there are by the ocean.’ (CIU 2005:336);< ela-qliq
elaqvaaq* the area farther away; quite a distance #elaqvaarnin ‘in the area farther away; at quite a
distance’; . . . qurrutni-ll’ muingaqan keggavet
tua-i elaqvaarnun pisqellratun, elaqvaarnun
ayakaulluku ciqitelaqii. ‘. . . her chamber pot,
whenever it was full, outside to quite a distanceaway, following instructions, to quite a distance
she’d take it and empty it.’ (QUL 2003:72); < ela?

243elaqvaqanir- — elciqaq

Baseselavcurcautet flat part of seal’s stomach # < elave-?n-plural
elave- to crouch # elavuq ‘he crouched’ / elavtai‘he flattened them on the surface’; elavumauq
or elavngauq ‘he is in a crouched position’;elavurluni pitarkani ullagaa ‘walking in a
crouching position, he is approaching his prey’;Cat iliitni avelngaq utertellrani utaqauraraa igtiin
amiigan caniani elavqerluni. ‘One time whenthe mouse was returning, it was waiting for
him, crouched next to the door of his den.’ (KAV
1972:9 & PRA 1995:317); = lave-; > elavcurcautet;
elavngavik; elavngigcaun; cf. navte-, elivte-; PY
0lav0elavngavik place where one lies crouched; duckhunting blind # Apataassuum elavngavianek
yaaqsigtalliniuq tayima it’ganret qula malrugnek
cipluku. ‘It was twelve feet in distance from
where Apataassuk lay crouched.’ (YUU 1995:78);< elave-nga-vik
elavngigcaun spleen # anatomical; < elave-ngigcar-n
elavurcaun flat part of seal’s stomach #elcailkun, elcaikutaq gasket; seal; stopper; plug # toretain air; < elte-yailkutaq, elte-yailkutaq
elcervag- to burp loudly # elcervagtuq ‘he burped
loudly’; Kainringaqluni nerelriacetun ellirluni,
elcervagangluni, qavaqaan-llu-gguq ut’rulluku.
‘He would not be hungry anymore as if he
had eaten and would begin burping, and his
grandmother would take him home when he fell
asleep.’ (CIU 2005:390); < elte-pag2elcessuun vent; ventilation fan # < elteelciar- to burp; to belch # elciartuq ‘he burped’;elciaraa ‘he burped at him’ / elciaqucugtuq‘he burped incompletely, with gas rising in his
throat but not being released’; Tua-i-llu curumun
inarrluni aqsiigni nengqetaarlukek, elciaqaqluni,
pingraani aanami tuaten pisqevkenaku. ‘She lay
down on the sleeping mat repeatedly expanding
and then relaxing her belly, burping now andthen, even though her mother told her not to
do that.’ (ELN 1990:53); < elte-?; > elcervag-,elciayuli, elcirpag-, ellecpag-; < PE n0lca3elciayuli, elciaya(g)aq* rock ptarmigan (Lagopus
mutus); ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) # < elciaryuli, elciar-ya(g)aq
elciqaq cover or curtain for entrance # NUN; < elte?-qaq; > elciqaruaq

elaqvaqanir- to go, or take, farther away #elaqvaqanirtuq ‘it went farther away’;
elaqvaqaniraa ‘he took it farther away’ / Tuamtell’ yaavet alingallagluta nem’un agqerciiqukut
elaqvaqanirluni cali aqumgalria. ‘Furthermore,
being startled, should we dash over to thathouse, there it will be, even farther away (from thehouse), still sitting.’ (QAN 1995:202); < elaqvaaqkanirel’ar- to laugh # el’artuq ‘he is laughing’ / = englar-,nenglar-, nel’ar-, ngel’arelara- to be dissatisfied; to complain, wanting more;
to gripe # elarauq ‘he is complaining’ / elaratkaa‘he is dissatisfied with it’; elaranarquq ‘it’s
not enough; it makes one dissatisfied wanting
more’; Mikelnguut-llu elarayuunateng tuaten
amllertalriamek cikingraiceteng. ‘Children too
never complained even if they didn’t give them somuch.’ (KIP 1998:333); < PY 0la3aelatae area outside of # positional base used onlywith a possessed ending; Tua-i auqiiteng elatiinun
taliciviim ellirraarluki, aanaseng qayagaluku
pelatekamun itqerrluteng. ‘After they had
put the firewood they’d gathered outside thesmokehouse, they rushed into the tent calling
their mother at the same time.’ (ELN 1990:19);= cellate; < ela-te3elatmun (to or toward) outside # adverbial particle #. . . cup’uryaraa tauna ukimaluni elatmun.
‘. . . the draft vent (for the fire) was by a holemade to outside.’ (QUL 2003:186); < ela-tmun
elaturraq enclosed entry porch # Wiinga-w’
alikellrukeka elaturramun kiima anllerkaqa
tan’germi. ‘I found it scary for me to go out into
the entry porch in the dark.’ (KIP 1998:309); < ela?-rraq
elautaq1 root digger # NS; < elag-taq1
elautaq2 grave # < elaute-aq1
elaute-, elagute- to bury # elautaa or elagutaa ‘heis burying it’ / Ilaita tuamte-llu enerkuatengelautaqluki. ‘Some of them would bury thebones left over from them (the meat).’ (CAU
1985:96); Tamaani-gguq tuqulriit, wangkutallu cellangellrulriakut elagucuunaki nunamun
qaimun ellilaqait, . . . ‘Back then, it is said, we
also were aware of things, and at that time they
did not bury the dead in the ground, instead
they placed them above the ground, . . .’ (MAR1
2001:54); < elag-te5-, elag-te5-244Baseselciqaruaq man’s labret with beads on a frame #NUN; < elciqaq-uaq
elcirpag-, elcirvag- to burp loudly # elcirpagtuq ‘heburped loudly’; elcirpagaa ‘he burped loudly athim’ / < elte-pag2Elciq, Elciyaraq the beginning of the BladderFestival # and elci- to deflate things (such as the
bladders at the Bladder Festival); to start theBladder Festival; to engage in certain ceremonial
activities associated with the Festival # elciuq‘he is deflating things’ (literally) / Tua-i-llu
nakacuut nalukataamegteki elciluteng, ellelluki
qerruumalriit. Elcimariata-llu angutek malruk
ayaulluki anluamun eksarturluki. ‘And so when
they were ready to send off the bladders throughthe water by putting them into the ice hole, they
deflated them, letting the air out of the ones that
had been inflated. When they finished deflating
them, two men took them and thrust themthrough a hole in the ice.’ (CAU 1984:75); Tua-llu
tua-i qanerciqut wani-gg’ tua elciqatarniluteng,
wagg’uq elciqatarniluteng ayagniqatarluteng. Tualli imumek wani pillerkirluku. Uumi atakumi,
tua-i-llu tua-i tauna pillerkiurarteng tekiskan,
erenrem atakuani tua-ll’ elciq tamana aturluku.
‘They would say that they were going to deflatethings — “Elciq” — meaning that they would
start (the Bladder Festival). That was the signal
to begin. Some time later, at eventide, when theset time came, they began the deflating process,
Elciq, in the evening.’ (QAN 1995:160); Tua-illu wani tallimiitni Elcilartut. Tua-i Elciaqata
tamamta qantangqetullruukut. Tua-i qantaput
imirluki assilrianek neqnek Elciaqata. ‘“Elciq”
was observed on the fifth day. During Elciq wetook our bowls with us, and we were served withspecialty foods.’ (CIU 2005:370); < elte-i2[e]leg- to get scorched; to get singed; to char; to burn# = lege-; see leg- for more information; < PE 0l0![e]leq flatus; gas expelled rectally; vulgar fart # and[e]ler- to break wind; to expel flatus; vulgar to
fart # = neleq/naler-, naleq/naler-; see leq/ler- formore information; < PE n0l03elgaq sled brake # see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled;
K; = leg’aq, esgaq; cf. elgarelgangqa- to be settled; to be lying down; to be in
bed # elgangqauq ‘he is lying down’ / Tuanitua-i unuaqu waniw’ nalukatarluki pillermeggni,
yuut ayuqenrilameng, atakumi-am tua-i

elciqaruaq — elicaun

elgarrluteng tamaani qasgimi elgangqallratni,
elcepailgatki iliit tauna ayagyuarauluni
elpecetun, atam agna matarrarmi atrallinilria.
‘Then the next day when they were about tosend them (the bladders at the Bladder Festival)
through the water by putting them through theice hole — people’s ways being varied — in theevening they lay down in the kashim and when
they were lying down, before they let them (thebladders) be deflated, one of the people, a youth
like you, went down being undressed already.’(KIP 1998:219); < elgar-ngqaelgar- settled; lying down; in bed # postural root;> elgangqa-, elgarte-; cf. elkarte-, elgaq, ilgar-;< PY 0l!a3elgarte- to settle; to lie down; to go to bed / elgartuq‘he lay down, went to bed’; elgartaa ‘he laid it
down’ / Yuut elgarcimariata imucetun tegganretiliit cauyamek tegulluni. ‘When the people hadfinished settling down one of the elders took adrum.’ (CAU 1984:139); Unugyungan aaniita
ampi elgarcesqelluki tua-i piluki. ‘Since it was
getting to be night their mother told them tohurry up and settle down to bed.’ (ELN 1990:20);< elgar-te2elicar- to study; to teach # elicartuq ‘he is attending
school’; elicaraa ‘he is teaching her’ / elicautaa‘he is teaching it to someone’; elicariuq ‘heis teaching’; Kitumun elicallruciileng’erma
elitellruluku. ‘Even though I don’t know
who taught me, I did learn it.’ (KIP 1998:57);
Tauna-gguq yurautekaput irniama-llu-gguq
yurautekciqaat elicauskumki irniamnun. ‘It has
been stated that that is our dance and that it
will belong to my children too if I teach them tomy children.’ (TAP 2004:65); Y, NI, CAN, HBC;
= elitnaur-; < elite-car-; > elicaraq, elicarista,
elicarvik, elicaun
elicaraq student # Y, NI, HBC; < elicar-aq1
elicarista teacher # Y, NI, HBC; < elicar-i2-ta1
elicarvik school # Y, NI, HBC; < elicar-vik
elicaun lesson; doctrine; subject matter taught #Tua-llu wiinga yurautekraarluku elicautekekumku
irniamnun, irniama-llu pikluku, irniarin-llu
pikluku tuaten. ‘And after it has been my dance,
and if it is something I taught to my children it willbe their dance, and in turn they will teach it totheir own children.’ (TAP 2004:65); Y, NI, HBC;
< elicar-n245elicungcar- — elissar-

Baseselicungcar- to study; to teach # elicungcartuq ‘heis studying’ engaged in the act of studying rightnow; elicungcaraa ‘he is teaching her’ right now,or ‘he is studying it’ right now / Kass’atunllu elicungcarluku aperyaraitnek ilait tamakut
cautmeng. Ellii-am tua-i elicukapiggluni,
aaniita-llu elicesqumalliamiu Kass’atun
nallunrilkeµinek apertuuqurluku. Qitevcuilamillu qitevcaramek elicungcarpek’naku. ‘[She hoped(her mother)] would teach her what various
belongings of theirs were called in English. She(the daughter) wanted to learn very much, andbecause their mother wanted her to learn English
she instructed her in what little she knew.
Because she (the mother) didn’t actually speak
English she didn’t teach her how to speak it.’
(ELN 1990:13); < elite-yug-ngcareliga’rte- to learn quickly; to catch on; tobecome accustomed # eliga’rtuq ‘he learned
something quickly, became accustomed tosomething’; eligartaa ‘he learned it quickly,
became accustomed to it’ / Taqiucan-am aatiin
quuyurnilluku eligarrniluku pia. ‘When she wasdone, her father, smiling at her, told her that
she learned quickly.’ (ELN 1990:52); Maa-i tangeligarrngiarucama. ‘I no longer can learn so easily.’(CIU 2005:306); < elite-ar(ar)teelillgia- to tell on someone behind his back; to tattle# elillgiagaa ‘he told on her’; cf. eliteelillraq spirit # (?); NUN
elima- to be learned; to be knowledgeable # cf.
elite-; < PE 0limaelingra- emotional root; also spelled lingra-; >elingrake-, elingranarqe-, elingrayug-, elingratar-;< PE 0li3a- and 0li&3aelingrake- to be grateful to # elingrakaa ‘he isgrateful to her’ / Elingrakaput tamalkuita
ciulirneret qalarucestek’lalput. ‘We are grateful toall our forbears who have spoken to us (about
Yup’ik ways).’ (KIP 1998:xvii); < elingra-ke2elingranarqe- to cause one to feel grateful #elingranarquq ‘it causes one to be grateful’ /Ta¥gaam umyuaqerkarci, angayuqaput makut
elingranarqelliniut miktellemte÷ek ayagluta
casciigatlemte÷ek anglivkarteput. ‘But you mustbear in mind, these parents of ours have given us
ample reason to be grateful starting from when wewere small and helpless; (they were) the ones
who raised us.’ (KIP 1998:335); < elingra-narqeelingratar- to tend to feel grateful by one’s nature #elingratartuq ‘he’s a grateful person’ / < elingratar1elingrayug- to be grateful # elingrayugtuq ‘heis grateful’ / Elingrayuutekluku ciuliamte÷un
naivikellratnek qanemcinek. ‘(We) are grateful
to our ancestors for what they have revealed intales.’ (KIP 1998:xv); < elingra-yugeliqneq scrap or remnant leftover when somethinghas been cut out # “Aturciqegkegka, eliqneretukut, keglunkusuut ukut, qavcikusuut-llu, cattuntukusuut caquipakarlalriit. Taqenkegpagta
una kellarvik.” Eklii taukut eliqneret, ekluki.
. . . Eliqneret katurrluki ek’aqateng tavavet
angtacimegcetun angtarinaurtut. ‘“I’ll use it,(because) these scraps of wolf, wolverine, andcaribou haven’t had a container. This fishskincontainer is so well made.” She put the scraps ofskin in it. . . . She’d gather the scraps of skin andwhenever she put them in they’d become equal
to the full size (of the original animal).’ (MAR1
2001:15); < elirqe-neq1
elirqe- to cut out pieces of something; to cut out apattern for something # elirqaa ‘he is cutting out
the pieces for it or cutting out a pattern for it’ /elirqiuq ‘he is cutting out pieces or a pattern forsomething’; Tua-i-llu elirqingluni ivrucirkagkenek
aatiita ciumek elirqiluni. Tangvallerminiu Elngum
pia cuqerciaqluni unatmikun, cunaw’ tuaten
elirqilallinilriit. ‘She started cutting out pieces fora pair of waterproof mukluks, first cutting out
the ones for her father. When she watched her,Elnguq saw that she measured the pieces ofsealskin with the parts of her hands. “So that was
how they shape and cut them,” she thought toherself.’ (ELN 1990:98); > eliqneq, elirqun
elirqun pattern # < elirqe-n
elisnga- to be learned; to be knowledgeable #elisngauq ‘he is knowledgeable’ / Kass’atun
nallunge’rmi elisngauq Yugtun ‘eventhough he doesn’t know English, he isknowledgeable in Yup’ik’; Elisngakacagalrianek
enirara’artengqelallruut. ‘They had dance
directors who were very knowledgeable.’ (TAP
2004:111); < elite-nga-; > elisngaciq
elisngaciq knowledge # < elisnga-ciq
elissar- to study; to teach # elissartuq ‘he isstudying’; elissaraa ‘he is teaching him’;elissariuq ‘he is teaching someone’; Nutaantua qayirraarluku imarpigmun malikluku tua

246

Baseselissalliniluku mat’umek waten pissuryaraminek
elliin. ‘Then, after making him a kayak, he took
him out to the ocean and taught him his own wayof hunting sea mammals.’ (QAN 1995:216); NI,
CAN; = elicar-; < elite-car-; > elissarvik
elissarista, elissarta teacher # NI, CAN; <elissar-i2-ta1; elissar-ta1
elissarvik school # NI, CAN; < elissar-vik
elitaqe- to recognize; to know (in the sense ofrecognize) # elitaqaa ‘he recognized her or it’/ elitaqaqa a¥gna ‘I know that person we justwent past or who just went past us’; elitaqiuq‘he recognized someone’; elitaqerpenga-qaa? ‘doyou recognize me?’; Maaten murilkaa kegginaa,
iirpiik ukuk qukaani. Nutaan tuar mikelngurmek
tangellria, elitaqevkenaku-llu. ‘She scrutinized his
face: two big eyes were in the middle of it. It wasas though she was seeing this child for the firsttime and she did not recognize it.’ (ELN 1990:7);
Tua-i-ll’ pissungami, pissuryaqlegurcami,
pissungengami pissungelliniuq imkut tamakut
taqukat pissuqengani elitaqu’urluki. ‘As he cameof age and started hunting, he would recognize
those seals he was hunting for.’ (QUL 2003:56);< elite-aqe-; < PY 0litaq0- (under PE 0lit-)
elite- to learn; to get used to; to recognize #
elituq ‘he is learning’; elitaa ‘he is learningit’ / Yugtun qaneryaramek elitellruuq ‘helearned how to speak Yup’ik’; elisgu! ‘learn
it!’; eliskiu! ‘learn it (future)!’; elicugyariqua
yuraryaramek ‘I am obsessed with learning
Eskimo-dancing’; cat tamarmeng yuum atutukai
elitengqertut. ‘everything a person experiences(in the way of emotions) becomes habituating’;
Naaqut’liuryarami eliteqerngikapigtuq,
taqiartaqluki-llu caliarkani egmianun. ‘In mathhe learns very quickly and he finishes his lessons
right away.’ (YUP 1996:44); Tuaten ayagaqata
iliini piaqlutek, elilluki-llu tamakut ilait cat atritkass’atun. ‘But, while her sisters were away thetwo of them did what they could, and so shelearned names of some things in English.’ (ELN
1990:13); = liite-; > elicar-, elicungcar-, eliga’rte-,
elisnga-, elitaqe-, elitnaur-, elissar-; cf. elillgia-,
elima-; < PE 0litelitnaur- to study (attend school); to teach; toendeavor to learn # elitnaurtuq ‘he is attending
school’; elitnauraa ‘he is teaching her’ or ‘he isendeavoring to learn it’ / elitnauriuq Yugtun

elissarista — eliveq

igaryaramek ‘he is teaching how to write in
Yup’ik’; Elicungcaryugngayaaqciqlikiiten.
Pisciigalkaten-wall’u canrilnguq uksuaquelitnaurciqellriaten. ‘He’ll probably be able to help
you learn. However, if he can’t do that for you,it’s okay since in fall you’ll be going to school.’(ELN 1990:89); K, BB; < elite-naur-; > elitnauraq,
elitnaurista, elitnaurutke-, elitnaurun, elitnaurvik
elitnauraq student # Elitnaurat mikcuaraat
elitnaulartut Yupi’gtun qaneryaramek sass’am
avgani ernerpak sass’ami-llu ataucimi
qaqiutnatkameggnun high school-amek. ‘The
little students study the Yup’ik language for half
an hour every day and then for one hour until
they complete high school.’ (KIP 1998:ix); K, BB;
CAN; < elitnaur-aq1
elitnaurista teacher # Assirluki pivkangnaqlerkait,
elpeci pitekluci elitesqelluci elitnauristevci
elitnaularaiceci. ‘They try to teach you well; yourteachers teach you for your sake, wanting you tolearn.’ (KIP 1998:65); K, BB, CAN; < elitnaur-i2-ta1
elitnaurutke- to teach (it) # elitnaurutkaa ‘he isteaching it’ / naaqiyaraq elitnaurutkelaraqa
mikelngurnun ‘I teach arithmetic to the children’;< elitnaur-tkeelitnaurun lesson; doctrine; subject mattertaught; school material # Ukut kalikaat Lower
Kuskokwim School District Bilingual-Bicultural
Program-am Mamterillerni piyunarivkallrui,
elitnaurutngusqelluki nunacuarni high schoolani. ‘This book was made possible by the Lower
Kuskokwim School District Bilingual-Bicultural
Program in Bethel, who wanted it to be school
material for the high schools in the villages.’(CAU 1984:3); K, BB, CAN; < elitnaur-n
elitnaurvik school; schoolhouse # Uksiyarami
uitalallinilriit taukut tuani-gguq elitnaurvigtarluni
cali-llu kipusvigtangqelliniluni . . . ‘They
lived in Uksiyaraq and there there is a school
and also a store . . .’ (ELN 1990:31); Qasgi una
quyurtaarvikluku calivikluku elitnaurvikluku-llu.
‘The kashim was our community hall, workshop,and schoolhouse.’ (CAU 1984:14); K, BB, CAN;
< elitnaur-vik
eliveq (K form), elivneq (Y form) grave marker;
possession of deceased person placed on
his grave according to a former traditionalcustom; Elivrit wall’u qunguit cakneq ilaita
tukuugaqluteng caitnek: saaniiganek,

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elive- — ellaBasesmassiinaanek, anguarutainek, nutganek,
qantaanek allanek-llu. ‘Some people’s grave
markers or grave sites were very rich with theirbelongings: one’s kettle, one’s sewing machine,
one’s paddles, one’s gun, one’s bowl, etc.’ (CAU
1985:123); = elliveq; > Elivelek; cf. eliveelive- to be flattened down # of a normallystanding object such as grass flattened by thewind; elivuq (also, elivtuq) ‘it got flattened’/ elivtaa ‘it flattened it’ / Tekitarkat-gguq
curukalartut melqurrit elivumaluteng ciutaitllu patgusngaluteng. ‘It is said that if the bears
intend to reach you they charge you with fur
flattened down and their ears pressed down.’(YUU 1995:70); Makut maa-i maaqsikuma makut
perellri elivtellri anuqem nakeknirluni, tua
cuqyutekluki ayakuma maa-i ellaqertengraan
ut’reskuma kinguneqa mallenruciqelliniaqa.
‘If I travel using as a guide these (grasses) thatwere flattened, bent over, by the wind blowing
from a certain direction, as I go along, even if
the weather gets bad when I am returning I will
likely be closer to my point of origin.’ (QUL
2003:706); = livte-; > elivvlia-; cf. eliveq, elaveElivelek Levelock # village on the Kvichak River near
Lake Iliamna; = Liivlek: < eliveq-lek
elivvlia- to visibly flatten down # of a normallystanding object; elivvliaguq ‘it is visibly flattened
down’; elivvliagaa ‘it visibly flattened it’;Tuntussu’urqami yaaqvaarnun ayagaqami
makut maani elivvliallret yuvrirturluki
piyaaqnaurai yuullgutminun pilqeqernayukluki,
paqnayularyaaqngami ellmitun
yuulriartangqerrsukluku. ‘Whenever he went
caribou hunting, traveling quite a distance, hewould examine the grass that had been flattened,just in case a human like him had been there,
because he always wondered if there were others
like him.’ (QUL 2003:138); < elive-?elkarte- to set; to settle on; to settle down after
completion of activity # elkartuq ‘he settled
down’; elkartaa ‘he set it down, put it away’/ ingleq kangiramun elkartaa ‘he set the bed
in the corner’; quyurtellermeggni arnamek
atanerkameggnek elkarciut ‘when they helda meeting they settled on a woman as theirdirector’; Nunameggnun-gguq elkartaqameng
cikullran kinguani uksuarmi Qaariitaalallruut
ernerni qavcini. ‘Whenever they settled into theirvillages after freeze-up in the fall, they celebrated
Qaariitaaq for several days.’ (CAU 1985:43); =ngelkarte-; cf. elgarell- root for personal pronouns other than first person(which use wa-); elkek ‘they2, them2’; ellait‘theyplural, themplural’; ellii ‘he, she, him, her’;ellmek ‘themselves2’; ellmeng ‘themselvesplural’;ellmi ‘herself, himself’; elpeci youplural’; elpet‘yousingular ’; elpetek ‘you2’; see Appendix 1 on
inflection of personal pronouns; cf. eteella world; outdoors; weather; sky; universe;
awareness; sense # nem yua ellametuq ‘theowner of the house is outside’; ellakegcivaa!
‘how nice the weather is!’; ellarrlainaq ‘theatmosphere, air’; ellassuun ‘weather device suchas a barometer or other weather instrument’;
ellam qaralii ‘constellations’; ellakngamegteggu‘because it is their environment’; ellam iqua
narqerraarluku ‘living long enough to smell theend of life, living to an old age’ (idiom); Cunawagguq tua-i ella yageskan . . . ‘It turns out that it’sthat way if the weather is to be very bad (literally:‘stretches out its arms’) . . . (CIU 2005:336);
Kiartenrilami-llu canek allanek tangenritliniluni
ellani pellugarpailgan. ‘And because she did
not look around, evidently she did not see
anything else before she lost her awareness.’ (ELN
1990:3); Tua-i anyaqliameng tekicaqliameng
ellaullinilriamun maaten piuq ella man’a qaterpak
qevleqtaarturluni-llu, yaani-wa kenrungalnguq
kumalria. ‘Then when they finally went outside
and when they reached what turned out to be
the outdoors, she saw that the world was whiteand sparkling, and over there in the distanceabove the horizon was what appeared to be afire burning.’ (ELN 1990:4); ellam menglii, ellam
menglii, ellam ngelii ‘horizon’; Ellam Kilgartii‘God’; Ellam Yua ‘the Person of the Universe;
God’; Tamaani tamakut yuut Agayutmek
qaneqsaunateng, waten ta¥gaam qanraqluteng,‘Ellam Yua’. Ellam Yua qigcikluku callermeggni
tamiini, tua-i cakneq qigcikluku. ‘In those days
people did not use the word “God”, but theywould say “the Person of the Universe”. In their
daily lives they showed the Person of the Universe
great reverence because they were keenly awareof his presence and behaved accordingly withrespect and honor.’ (CIU 2005:274); LK, BB, NI,
NR, NUN, CAN, EG; = cella, cilla; > ellaculngu-,
ellairute-, ellaite-, ellake-, ellakegci-, ellaliur-,

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Basesellaculngu- — ellamanarqe-

ellalkarte- to act crazy, playing instead of trying
to accomplish things; to misbehave # Ii-i,
kitak
tua-i umyuaqekiciu elitnauryaquvci
assircaarluci aqvaquavkenaci-ll’ maantellerkarci,
ellalkartevkenaci, elitengnaqluci. ‘Yes, now youpl
should think about your being here, if you study,
behave yourselves, don’t run around, don’t
misbehave, try to learn.’ (KIP 1998:63); < ella-?
ell’allagvike- to expose to one’s female
emanations # ell’allagvikaa ‘she exposed him
to her emanations’ / Ak’a-w’ tua-i tamaanigguq waten pairkengaqameng-llu, maaggun
ell’allagvikaqaceteng arniqtullruut. ‘Long ago
when they encountered (women), when they (thewomen) exposed them to their female emanations,they (the young men) became woman-crazy.’(KIP 1998:129)
ellallir- to rain # impersonal subject; ellallirtuq ‘itis raining’ / ellallian or ellallirngan ‘because it
is raining’; ellalliqan ‘if it rains’; ellalliinanrani
or ellallirnginanrani ‘while it is (or was)raining’; Maaten elpenguq ellalli’ksugtellria.
‘Becoming aware she observed that there it
was raining lightly.’ (ELN 1990:20); Atanremllu Noah qanrutaa, “. . . ellallirceciiqaqa ernerni
unugtuumaita yuinaagni malrugni . . .” ‘And the
Lord said to Noah, “. . . I shall let it rain for forty
days and forty nights . . .”’ (AYAG. 7:4);< ellalluk-ir1ellalliurcuun raincoat # also plural for one
raincoat; Ii-i, taqukat qiluitnek imarnitnek.
Mecungyuitqapiarnek nutaan ellalliurcuutnek.
‘Yes, with seal-gut rain-parkas. With the ones thatabsolutely never leak, the best raincoats.’ (ELL
1997:294); < ellalluk-liur-cuun
ellalluk rain # Ellalluk aluviklaraa-gguq, iciw’
irniaminek igciaqami. They say the rainfall
was her teardrops when her child fell.’ (AGA
1996:180); K, CAN, NUN, EG, BB, NR; < ella-lluk;> ellalliurta, ellallir-, ellalliurcuun
ellamaaqutke- to take advantage of #ellamaaqutkaa ‘he took advantage of him’/ Tua-ita¥gaam piyugngang’ermiu-gguq tua-i taumun
ellamaaqutkevkarluni. ‘Even though he could
easily overcome him, he let him take advantage ofhim.’ (KIP 1998:225); < ella-?-tkeellamanarqe-, ellanarqe- to be suitable weather
for outdoor activity # impersonal subject;ellamanarquq ‘one can work outside’ / < ellama-narqe-, ella-narqe-

ellaliurta, ellalluk, ellamanarqe-, ellamiu-,ellanarqe-, ellangcar-, ellange-, ellanglluk,
ellangpar-, ellangqerrucaraq, ellanguaq,
ellaqerrute-, ellarayag-, ellarrluk, ellarvag-,ellalkarte-, ellatu-; < PE c0@a
ellaculngu- to feel sick; to feel out of sorts #ellaculnguuq ‘he feels poorly’ / < ella-culnguellai- to stroke gently once # ellaiguq ‘he stroked
himself’; ellaigaa ‘he stroked it’ / qaika ellaigaqa‘I smoothed out my clothes’ (literally: ‘mysurface’); > ellaigar-, ellaissuun, ellaitaaq
ellaigar- to stroke gently more than once #ellaigartuq ‘he is stroking himself’; ellaigaraa‘he is stroking it’ / ellaigartuq qertuniqngami‘he is stroking his midsection because he hasgas cramps’; Ivgiini — arenqaituq — qainillu ellaigarnauraa wall’u tua-i aturallraminek
aturangqertuq. ‘When he came into her view
— oh dear — he smoothed out his clothing, and it
could be that the clothes he had were old worn
garments.’ (UNP2); < ellai-aellairute- to lose awareness, consciousness, one’s
good sense # < ella-i:ruteellaissuun eraser; any other device used forstroking # < ellai-cuun
ellait they; them # personal pronoun; ellaita pikait
ukut ‘they own these’; see Appendix 1 on inflectionof personal pronouns; cf. ellellaite- to behave foolishly, unsensibly # < ella-ite1ellaitaaq broom # < ellai-taarellake- to have awareness (of); to be sensitive;
to remember (EG meaning) # . . . ta¥gaam
ellakenrilnguut, usviilnguut-llu elisnganeq
cakenritaat. ‘. . . however, those wholack awareness, those lack sense, ignore
knowledge.’ (KIP 1998:133); Taumek
alerquumaukut mikelngungluta ellakengnaqluta
angayuqrusqelluta. ‘For that reason we are
instructed to try to be sensitive parents when we
get children.’ (YUP 2005:110); < ella-ke2ellakegci- to be nice weather; to be in a pleasantframe of mind # ellakegcivaa ‘my, the weather issure nice!’; ella-kegciellaliur- to act without proper regard for the
standards of conduct; to deal with the weather #< ella-liurellaliurta, ellalliurta weatherman # < ellaliur-ta1,
ellalluk-liur-ta1

249

ellamiu- — ellarvag-

Basesellamiu- to be outside # NUN; < ella-localis-uellangcar- to reprimand; to teach a lesson; toinstill awareness (of what one has done but
shouldn’t have done) # ellangcaraa ‘he isreprimanding her’ / ellangcarniara’rqa ‘I’ll soon
teach him a lesson’; Taum-gguq piliaqestellrata
uqlauteksiyaangekatki anucimirqecetaarluki
ellangcarciqai. ‘If they start treating themcarelessly their creator will teach them a lesson toremember.’ (KIP 1998:325); < ella-nge-car-;> ellangcaun
ellangcaun deterrent # < ellangcar-nellange- to obtain awareness; to have one’s firstexperience(s) that leave(s) a lasting memory #ellanguq ‘he obtained awareness’ / Maatengguq ellanguq mat’umun nunakegtaarmun
tanqircetqapiarluni camek-llu-gguq cali nalluami
yuucini-llu nalluamiu murilkessiyaagpek’nani.
‘It was at that time, it is said, that she becameaware of the bright beautiful world. Because
she didn’t know anything yet and didn’t evenknow that she was a human being she did notobserve very much.’ (ELN 1990:3); < ella-nge-;> ellangeksaiteellangeksaite- to (still) be in a coma or otherwise
unconscious # ellangeksaunani ‘being in a coma’;< ellange-ksaiteellanglluk weather that is poor, but not to theextent that outdoor activity is impossible #Ertaqami unuakumi kavircetaqami, a¥gna
kavirce÷ani erenret alaillrat, tua-i-gguq erneq
iquklitevkenaku ellangllungqata’arqan tuaten
pituuq. ‘When the day breaks in the morningand it is red over the horizon where day lightappears, it is said that before the day ends there’s
going to be bad weather — it happens that way.’(KIP 1998:32); < ella-nglluk
ellangpar- to act crazy, playing instead of trying toaccomplish things; to misbehave # (?); ella-?
ellangqerrucaraq portal of the atmosphere above
our world for the “little people” (“ircenrrat”) #< ella-ngqerr-te4-yaraq
ellangraq parka made of strips of bleached seal skinand gut or fish skin # NUN
ellanguaq circle-and-dot design; wooden ring
put around a mask to represent the worldof the object enclosed by it (in NUN) # Tua-i
agcirciamaaqmeng ellaita tua-i pimeggnek
pilarait. Ta¥gaam ukut qaralit ellanguacuaraat

agcirarautait tua-i yuut amlleret aturait. ‘People
inlaid their own family designs, but these circleand–dot designs were used by everyone.’ (CIU
2005:100); < ella-uaq
ellaq’er- to fade from sight becoming smaller andsmaller # NS; cf. ella
ellaqerrute- for weather to suddenly turn bad
on one # ellaqerrutaa ‘the weather suddenly
turned bad on him’ / Ayainanerpeni tayim’
avani ellaqerruskaten tamakut aturluki compassaqelriatun ut’reskuvet nunanun kinguniciiquten.
‘If you’re out traveling and the weather suddenly
turns bad on you, use those [certain indicators of
direction] like a compass when you head back to
the village and you’ll find your way home.’ (QUL
2003:716)
ell’araq ordinary thing or matter or person; nothing
special # Ayagaaqluteng-llu yuum ell’araulriim
ayagvikesciigalkiinun. ‘They went around toplaces that an ordinary mortal couldn’t go to.’(YUU 1995:41); ell’aramikun ‘for no special
reason’ellaraq whirligig # a small disk with two holes anda string through the holes — when wound and thestring is pulled, the disk spins rapidly, making awhirring noise; = [e]llerrar(aq*)
ellarayag- to be poor enough weather to makeoutdoor activity impossible # impersonal subject;ellarayagtuq ‘one cannot work outside becauseof the weather’ / Imna arcaqerluku Marchaq, Tengmiirviguaq, tauna tua-i arcaqerluku
murilketullrua. Tua-i tauna ellarayagtuliuguq.
‘The month Tengmiirviguaq, which is March inthe calendars today, was minutely and carefully
observed because that is the month when there ismuch bad weather.’ (CIU 2005:362); < ella-kayagellarrluk weather so bad that outdoor activity isvirtually impossible; very bad weather; conditionof weather causing famine # Ellarrlutui-gguq
piculit-llu-gguq picuirulluteng. Mumigtaqutgguq ilait-llu-gguq picuitellret pitqayuriluteng
tamatum nalliini ellarrluum. ‘During a spell ofvery bad weather, they say, those who usuallycatch lots lose their ability to catch game. Theysay that there is a reversal of fortune with those
who were not so lucky at catching game starting
now to catch things during the period of very bad
weather.’ (CIU 2005:320); < ella-rrluk
ellarvag- to be bad (weather); to rain hard #250

Basesellate- — elliinginaq

elliaq skin bag or barrel full of partially driedsmoked silver salmon # < elli1-aq1
ellii he; she; him; her # Cunawa-gguq imna
uksurpak tua-i piyungaqami ellamun an’aqluni,
itraqluni ellii. Tauna-gguq tang ta¥gken arnaq
aipaa anyuunani. ‘It turned out that all winter she(herself) would go outside and come in whenevershe felt like it. But her female companion neverwent outside.’ (QUL 2003:70); Ta¥gaam Kass’aq
tauna alingluni piyuumiitelliniuq. Elliin-llu
utrucuumiitellinia, aqvallrunrilamiu. ‘However,that white man being afraid didn’t want to do it.
And, he (himself) didn’t want to return it because
he had not been the one who had gotten it.’ (YUU
1995:6); Tua-i-llu kinguqlia Irr’aq tupalliniami
qialuni. Aaniin-llu aamarqaarluku elliinun
aipaqesqelluku qanruqaarluku kumarrluni.
‘Then her little sister, Irr’aq, woke up crying.
After her mother breast fed her (Irr’aq), she toldher (the big sister) to keep her (Irr’aq) company
and after telling her to do that she lit the fire.’(ELN 1990:13); Maaten tua-i pissunga’rtuk, tua-ianngaa tauna elliini cangallruvkenani atamini
piculuni. ‘When they two started hunting, hisolder brother, no more or less than him, was asgood at hunting as his father.’ (QUL 2003:400);
Angliriciqniluku elliicetun tauna mikelnguq. . . ‘Told her that that child would grow (to be)like her . . .’ (ELN 1990:10); personal pronoun; see
Appendix 1 on inflection of personal pronouns;> elliinginaq; cf. ell-; < PE 0@(0)&aellii- to donate money (as in the offertory plate inchurch); to place one’s bet # elliiguq ‘he donatedmoney (in the offertory plate in church), placed
his bet’ < elli1-i2-; > elliin
elliin, elliiq, elliitaq bet; donation; wager; ante;
offering; offertory plate in church # Assinqurrallu Atanermun elliitekaa. ‘The best of it was (usedfor) his offering to God.’ (AYAG. 4:4); < ellii-n,
direct nominalization of ellii-, ellii-taq1
elliinginaq in vain; without purpose # adverbial
particle; elliinginaq pissurtuq ‘he is hunting
in vain’; elliinginaq peknginanemni kuigem
ci÷iikun nayirmeng mallungellruunga ‘when I
was walking around for no reason at all, downby the shore I found a beached hair seal carcass’;
Kitaki tua-i elliinginaq tangrrutevkenanuk
kass’ikegtassigutnaurtukuk. ‘Rather than staring
at each other for nothing, let’s go ahead andellarvagtuq ‘the weather is bad’, ‘it is raining
hard’ / Tua-i-llu Elnguq ellarvangaarcan-am
anesqenrilengraatni anluni talligni yagglukek
kegginani-llu pagaatmun caulluku cikmirluni
anuqliurluni tuaten ellalliucelluni. ‘Even
though they told Elnguq not to go out because
it was beginning to rain hard, she went out andstretched her arms out, turned her face upward,
closed her eyes, and experienced the wind andthe rain.’ (ELN 1990:29); < ella-vagellate- exterior (of possessor); the area outside (ofpossessor) # NUN; = cellate-, < ella-te3ellatu- to be sensible; to have common sense #< ella-tuellecpag- to burp loudly # < elciar-pag2elleg- to be thick in diameter # ellegtuq ‘it is thick’/ Ellegtateksuitut tamakut milu’uvkautellrit ak’aavani, aminateng, ellegluteng, ellgiinarluteng,tamaa-i tamakut milu’uvkautellrit. ‘Those (skinstrips) that they were using for rope weren’tof equal thickness back then, (some were) thin,(some) thick, getting thicker those ones they had
for rope.’ (QAN 1995:164); K, NI, BB; = celleg-,cilleg-; < PE cil0!-1[e]llerrar(aq*) whirligig # and [e]llerrar(ar)- to makea whiring sound # a “wirligig” is a small disk with
two holes and a string through the holes — whenwound and the string is pulled, the disk spins rapidly,
making a whirring noise; = ellaraq
elli1- to put; to place; to set down # elliuq ‘it has
been put in place’; ellia ‘he put it, placed it’ /elliu egan kaminiam qainganun ‘put the pot on
top of the stove’; qaillun pingna piavet ellillrua?
‘how did that one get up there?’; tegurraarluku
egmian ellillrua ‘after he picked it up he
immediately set it down’; ellimauq ‘he is laid
to rest, buried’; Nerenriata uitaqainanratgun
itqertuq ugna angaklinikiit tegumiarluni
tan’gaurlurmek elliicetun angtalriamek, tua-illu elliin canianun elliluku. ‘When they finishedeating, while they were waiting around, that one
who was evidently their uncle came in carrying alittle boy the same height as she was and set him
down next to her.’ (ELN 1990:7); > elliaq; ellii-,
ellimalrut, ellin, elliqaun, elliqerrun, elliqeryaraq,
elliveq, ellivik; < PE 0@ielli2- to whet; to sharpen # ellia ‘he is sharpening it’/ NUN, K, BB, NI, NR; = celli-, cilli-; > ellikaraq,
ellin; < PE cili- or ci@i-251elliita¥gaten — ellir(aq*)

Baseshave a dance contest.’ (CIU 2005:152); Tamakut
elliinginaq waten caliaqevkarpek’naki taum
nasaurluum ciuniutullinia. ‘That girl now accepts
the things he had made rather than letting his
make them for her in vain.’ (CIU 2005:238);
Atanrem ena piliaqenrilkaku, caliaqestai
elliinginaq caliciqut; ‘Unless the Lord builds thehouse, those who build it labor in vain;’ (PSALM
127:1); < ellii-nginaq= cellin, selin; < elli2-n; > ellitnguaq; < PE cillin or
ci@in (under PE cili- or ci@i-)
ellipiaq a particular stitch used to sew on boot soles# and ellipiar- to sew with this stitch # different
from inuguarcetuaq (q.v.)
elliqaun newly frozen ice; nilas # Tuani ayallermini
unugpailgan cikumun elliqautmun kanallermini
tamaaggun pektuq elliqautekun. ‘When hetraveled before night came, he went down to the
newly frozen ice, and then he traveled on the newice.’ (KIP 1998:3); < elli1-qar-un
elliqerraq* first horizontal beam in semisubterranean house or kashim # see Appendix 9 onparts of house; < elli-qar-un
elliqeryaraq outboard motor # so called because,in contrast to the earlier inboard boat motors,
an outboard motor could just be put on theboat; Tamaani pingnatutullemte÷i caunata
ikamraunata ski-doo-nata, Honda-unata,massiinaunata elliqeryaranek, pitaunani,
pitaitqapiarluni! ‘Back then when we lived(entirely) by subsistence we had no sleds,
no snowmachines, no all terrain vehicles,
no outboard motors; we completely lacked
everything!’ (QAN 1995:348); LY, HBC, NUN,CAN K BB, NR, LI; < elli1-qar-yaraq
ellir- to reach a certain point; to become or make acertain way # ellirtuq ‘it became like that’; elliraa‘it caused him to become like that’ / taangam
elliraa tuaten ‘liquor made him that way’; tuaten
ellirtuq ‘he has become like that’; cass’am tallia
ataucimun ellirtuq ‘the hand of the clock reachedone, it is one o’clock’; qavcinun ellirta? ‘whattime is it?’; . . . naivvraarluki iqvani aanami
assigtaanun Turpak ullagluku iqvararalria,
nuigtenritengnaqluni tunukariinun ellirniarallrani
cam unregkenkun niilerluku aarluni tuaten.
‘. . . after pouring the berries she’d picked into
her mother’s container, trying not to make anyrustling noise she approached Turpak who was
picking berries, and when she was going to reachthe spot right behind her, something suddenly
poked her in her armpits and she let out ascream.’ (ELN 1990:28); cf. ete-, elliraq; PY 0@l3(underPE 0@i-)
ellir(aq*) orphan # Maa-i mat’um nalliini yuutpilarait takumcutairutniluki. Aipainret, elliraatllu kusguayuirulluki. ‘At this time they say thatpeople no longer have compassion. They don’t
look out for widows and orphans anymore.’elliita¥gaten just in case it’s possible # particle #NUNellikaraq whetstone # and ellikarar- to whet a
blade; to sharpen a blade on a stone # NUN;
< ellin-kar(aq)1; > Ellikarermiut

Ellikarermiut Nash Harbor # site of former village on
Nunivak Is.; < ellikaraq-miu-plural
ellilervik tool bag with tools # NUN
ellimalrut graves # < elli-ma-?

ellimer- to request to perform a task; to order; totell to do something # ellimeraa ‘he told her todo something’ / note that when a vowel-initial
suffix follows this base, the semi-final e is not deleted,hence its presence in ellimeraa (cf. also ayaper-, andpostbase -ler- as in teguler-); ellimeyunarquq ‘itis easy to get him to do things’; ellimeyunaituq‘it is not easy to get him to do things’; Tua-i-lluam aaniita ayagtuutarkarcesqelluki ellimerluki.
‘Then their mother told them to gather sticks forfish drying spreaders.’ (ELN 1990:23); Piqerluni
cakian ellimerutlia akucesqelluku qimugcinrarnek
ananek. ‘Then one day her mother-in-law orderedon his behalf that she should make Eskimo
ice cream with dog feces.’ (MAR1 2001:70); >ellimerun; cf. elliraq; < PE t0liellimerun order; request # ellimerun kingunranun
ullagatesqevkenaku ‘injunction; restraining
order’ legal neologism; < ellimer-n
ellin whetstone # Tua-llu una aipaa, waniwagguq teggalqupiaq, una mikellra ellitem.
Tua-i qaimegnegun, elucimegnegun
atellgukevkenatek. Tua-i ellitnguyaaqelriim,
atengqerrluni ta¥gaam teggalqupiamek. Tuaten
tua-i ukuk ellitek atengqertuk. ‘They called thesmaller of the two whetstones a “teggalqupiaq”.
Their names are different because of theirsurfaces, their forms. Though this is a whetstone
it’s called “teggalqupiaq”. These two whetstones
have names this way.’ (CIU 2005:156); K, NI;

252

Bases(YUU 1995:52); Apanuugpak tau’ tan’gurrauluni
ayagluni, waten tan’gurraarauluni,
elliraurtellinilria, angayuqaak tamarmek
tuqulutek. ‘When Apanuugpak was a youngboy, just a little boy, he became an orphan, bothof his parents having died.’ (ELL 1997:404);
Tuqurqilartut aipainernek elli’irnek-llu, . . . ‘They
kill widows and orphans, . . .’ (PSALM 94:6);> elliritke-, ellirivik; cf. ellimer-; < PE 0@i!a3(a3)elliraar(aq*) orphan # < elliraq-ar(aq); >elliraaraurluq*
elliraaraurluq* orphan # < elliraar(aq)-rluq;> elliraaraurluunkuk
elliraaraurluunkuk orphan and grandparent living
together # Elliraaraurluunkunek piaqluku, tauna
nasaurlurraq elliraungan. Maurluminek ta¥gaam
aulukesterluni. ‘They called them orphan andgrandmother since that girl was an orphan. Her
grandmother was all she had to care for her.’(QAN 1995:32); < elliraaraurluq-nkut/nkuk
elliritke-, elliritqe-, elliriqe- to feel or act like anorphan # elliritkuq ‘he feels like an orphan’/ Tuana-gguq ta¥g’, tutgararulua, ta¥g’calistailami-llu. Ellmineng-llu nallunrirluk’
pikngailamiki, elliriqlutek taukuk, anuuruluqelriik
cuugaqelriik ta¥ga, imarpiim yaqsinrilkiini.
‘Now her grandson, it was because he had noone to make things for him. And because hewouldn’t have those things he’d have to learn byhimself, and the two of them suffered privation,
grandmother and grandson, living not far fromthe sea.’ (CEV 1984:65); < elliraq-i3-teqe-,
elliraq-i3-teqe-, elliraq-liqe2ellirivik orphanage # < elliraq-i3-vik
ellitnguaq block chewing tobacco # so called because
it resembles a small whetstone; K; < ellin-uaq
elliur- to be or do like this (accompanied bypantomime) # Tua-i nutaan unuaquan
tum’artelliniat tua-i maa-i piinanermini tumai
makut, talligkenka-wa tua waten elliullrat
akulkellinglutek. ‘The next day they tracked him
down and noticed that his arm prints, were likethis ––, getting narrower and narrower.’ (QUL
2003:268); cf. eteelliveq grave marker; possession of deceased
person placed on his grave according to a former
traditional custom # NUN; = eliveq; < PE 0@iv03

elliraar(aq*) — ellmi
talicivigtarluni, ellivik-wa keluqvaarni-wa
pelatekaq. ‘There at their fish-camp there was asmoke house, and a cache and further back there
was a tent.’ (ELN 1990:17); < elli1-vik; < PE
0@(@)ivi! (under PE 0@i-)

ellmaar(aq*) a little bit # noun or adverbial
particle; ellmaar ikirtaa ‘he opened it a little’;Yupiit cuqyutnek atuyuitut, ta¥gaam “waken
ellmaarmek, yaaken-llu cali carrarmek.” ‘Yup’ik
people don’t use measuring cup and measuring
spoons, but rather “a little of this, and a little ofthat”.’ (YUU 1995:62); < ellma-ar(aq)ellma a little bit # noun or adverbial particle;
Inarcameng qavarciiganani, ellma qavaqerluni
maktelliniuq. ‘When they went to bed she
couldn’t sleep, so she slept just a little bit and got
up.’ (YUU 1995:81); > ellmaar, ellmacuar; cf. ete-;> ellmaar, ellmacuar; < PE 0@ma3(a3)ellmacuar(aq*) a little bit # noun or adverbial particle;
Pulamaqerlutek tua-i ellmacuar ak’a anqertellriik
nunapigmi . . . ‘They had gone into the woods for
only a short time and then they came out again in
the open tundra . . .’ (ELN 1990:59); <ellma-cuar(aq)ellmar- to fill; to be full # ellmartuq ‘it is full’;ellmaraa ‘he filled it’ / cf. ete-ellmek themselves2 # personal pronoun; see Appendix
1 on inflection of personal pronouns; see ell-ellmeng themselvesplural # personal pronoun; see
Appendix 1 on inflection of personal pronouns; seeell-ellmi himself; herself # personal pronoun; ellminek
tangertuq tarenriurutkun ‘he saw himself inthe mirror’; aanam qantarpak imiraa aatam
pikaanek, mikenra qantaq imirluku ellmi
pikaminek ‘the mother filled the big bowl
for the father and filled the smaller bowl forherself’; Tauna tua-i ellminek elliluni qantanun
qaraliugaqluni. ‘He put himself (i.e., an etching of
himself) on the bowls as a design.’ (CIU 2005:30);
Waten amiliurtura’arqameng yuut ellarrlugmi. . . pitarkateng taikata ellminun tumkaat ta¥gaam
carrinqegcaartura’arqekii. ‘Whenever people
make an open way outside their doorways in
bad weather . . . one is merely clearing the way
for game to come to himself.’ (QUL 2003:42); see
Appendix 1 on inflection of personal pronouns; >ellmig-, ellmikun, ellmikutuar(aq); see ell-ellivik cache; storage place; shelf # in K and NUN
specifically an elevated cache; Tamaani neqlillratni

253ellmig- — elluatuu-

Bases

ellmig- to retrieve, to take back one’s possession #ellmigaa ‘he took it back’ / ellmi-?
ellmikun for no particular purpose; for one’s own
reasons; through one’s own devices # averbial
adverb; ellmikun ullagamken ‘I came to you forno special reason, just to visit’; ellmikun uitalria‘one minding his own business’; “Cassurcit?”“Ellmikun taigua.” ‘“What did you come for?” “Icame for no particular reason.”’ (YUP 1996:6); Una
cali waten maavet waten pillerput ellmikuunrituq.
Wiinga tangvallemni ellmikuunrituq. ‘This tripthat we have made here to do this work is not
frivolous. In my view it’s not insignificant.’ (CIU
2005:116); < ellmi-vialis; > ellmikutuar(aq),ellmikutuu-, ellmikuyar(ar)ellmikutuar(aq*) mild-mannered person; one who
minds his own business # < ellmikun-tu-ar(aq*)
ellmikutuu- to be meek; to mind one’s own
business # Atawaqertut ellmikutuulriit
ellarpagmek paitangciqngameng. ‘Blessed are themeek, for they shall inherit the earth.’ (MATT. 5:5);< ellmikun-tu-?ellmikuyar(ar)- to be alone # NUN; < ellmikun-?ellngar- to leak liquids from a container; todrip # ellngartuq ‘it is leaking liquid out’;ellngaraa (or ellngarvikaa) ‘it is leaking liquid
out on it’ / saskaqa ellngartuq kuuvviamek‘my cup is leaking coffee’; puckaq mermek
ellngallagtuq ukinemikun ‘the barrel gushed
out water through its hole’; Tekeryuk akurrluku
aitartelluku-llu qanranun ellngartelluku.
Ellnganriqreskan-llu cipeggluku. ‘Dipping thequill in water they’d let him open his mouth andit water flow or drip liquid into his mouth. Whenit stopped dripping, they’d squeeze it (with theirhands to get more liquid out).’ (CIU 2005:198);> ellngaryaraq; cf. elte-; < PY 0@&a3ellngaryaraq drain hole of boat # NUN; < ellngaryaraq
ellnginar(aq*) lone individual # NUN; < ell(iin)inaq-?
ellrilkaar- to be overly generous # NUN
elluake- to approve; to find correct # elluakaa ‘heapproves of it’ / elluaksaaqellruaqa mikelnguut
kuimallerkaat kuigmi ‘I had approved of thechildren’s swimming in the river’; < elluar-ke3ellualria righteous person; just person; perfect one# Ellualriit eq’ukait assiilnguut yuut, . . . ‘The
righteous depise evil persons, . . .’ (AYUQ. 29:27);

Tua-i kitaki ellualriarungnaqici, tuaten atavcetun
qilamelngurtun. ‘Be perfect, like your father inheaven.’ (MATT. 5:48); < elluar-lria
elluaq perfection; correctness; truth; the right #and elluar- to be perfect; to be correct; to be inorder; to be righteous # elluartuq ‘it is perfect’,‘he is righteous’ / elluartaa ‘he made it perfect,
corrected it, fixed it, set it (the table)’; elluarrluni‘making himself perfect or correct’; elluariuq‘it is becoming perfect’, ‘it is getting fixed’;
elluaria ‘he is putting the final touches on it’;estuuluq elluaresgu ‘set the table’; elluatun
yuungnaqkina ‘try to live correctly’; Tua-i-tuq
elluarrluten ayagaluten yuugi, nukalpiaq usuuq.
‘Oh mighty hunter, may you continue to live
well.’ (CUN 2007:28); umyuallgutkesciigalnguut
elluaringnaqsaraat ‘arbitration’ (legal neologism);> ellualria, elluakeelluatuq successful person; competent person;
one who behaves correctly; the right person orway; thing that is how properly should be #Tua-i angutem elluatum nukalpiam aipaqkuniten
aulukpiartekarpet enairumavakaraqa tua-inayunriqataramken. ‘If the man, the success,the mighty hunter, the one provides so wellfor you, if he takes you as a companion, thenI’ll certainly make way for him and I willstop looking out for you.’ (CIU 2005:164);
Ciknayaram ayuqucia elluatutmuqsaraunrilami,
tua-i ava-i ciknakuni ilavce÷ek ilavci elluatutmun
pingaitellran ayuqnguaraa. ‘Jealousy is not goodat all. This is what it will be like if one of you getsjealous of someone, it will not lead to anything
positive.’ (QUL 2003:174); Tua-i-gguq elluatuq
maklak uquriluni-llu. ‘It would be a healthy fat
bearded seal.’ (CIU 2005:280); . . . cumikeqallinia
kuigtangqerpakanritleq kuikayiim una painga
elluatum tua kuigem. ‘. . . he noticed a river thathadn’t been there before, and the river’s mouth
was that of a navigable river.’ (QUL 2003:490); <elluaq-? (perhaps a nominalization from the equalis
elluatun of elluaq)
elluatuu- to be correct; to be the right way; tobe capable of doing things the proper way# elluatuuguq ‘it is correct’ / Tua-i alqain
apertuutengnaqluku elluatuunrilengraan,
mikngami-llu ellii pingnaqsaaqeng’ermi
pisciigalami qenengluni taq’iluni tauna airraq
eggluku. ‘Her older sisters tried to show her eventhough she didn’t do it right, but because she was254Basesellug- — ellvik

ellurte- to fix oneself up; to groom oneself # ellurtuq‘he is grooming himself’; HBC
ellutmuaq one of two long strips of calfskin runningfrom the large front and back plates of whitecalfskin, to the border of the traditional Yup’ik“qaliq” parka # as worn on Nelson Is. and in thetundra area; < ?-uaq; > ellutmuayaaq
ellutmuayaaq striped broadcloth # < ellutmuaqya(g)aq
elluugte- to avalanche # < ellur-?
ellu’urtaar- to slide downhill, go up, and slide
repeatedly in play; to glide down repeatedly inthe air # ellu’urtaartuq ‘he is sliding repeatedly
in play; it is gliding down through the air
repeatedly’ /kukukuaq ellami ellu’urtaarturluni
aturpagaura’rqan cat unguvalriit tamarmeng
niitelaraat yaaqsingraan ‘when the snipe glides
through the air, whenever it sings out all theliving things hear it, even if they are far away’;
Cunaw’ ellu’urtaaryallrullinilriit, Mikellankuk,
Turpak-llu, Irr’aq malikluku nallunrilamiullu ellu’urtaarvimeng nanlucia pirraarluni
paqteqatarniluki anluni. Anngami yuarraarluni
ellu’urtaarcuutekaminek nalkucami ilani ullagluki.
Tekicamiki pii ngel’arturluteng ellu’urtaalriit, . . . .
‘It turned out that Mikellaq and Turpak were out
sliding (on a snowbank) with Irr’aq, and since she
knew where their sliding place was she said she’dgo check on them and so she went out. As shecame outside, Elnguq first looked around for her
own sled and when she found it she went overtoward her sisters. When she got to them they
were laughing and sliding downhill, . . .’ (ELN
1990:65); K; < ellu’urte-aellu’urte- to slide down fast; to glide or swoop
down # ellu’urtuq ‘it is gliding down’/ Tua-i-llu
kuigmun tekicameng ellu’urrluteng maaten ellii
piuq ava-i aatiin ikamrak ciuqvaarni. ‘And thenwhen they got to the river and slid downhill they
saw that over there way in front of them there
was their father’s sled.’ (ELN 1990:96); K; < ellurar(ar)te1-; > ellu’urtaarellve- to brush stuff off (it) # NUN
ellvik ventilator; vent; air hole or leak # Ellvici fanangqerqata kumareskiciki ervuqainanerpeceni
anarvigmi, wall’u keniinanerpeceni kenirvigmi.
‘If your vents have fans, turn them on while you
are taking baths in the bathroom, or while you
are cooking in the kitchen.’ (GET n.d.:19); Cali

small even though she tried she couldn’t so she
got angry, decided against it, and threw down
the story-string.’ (ELN 1990:6); < elluatuq-u- or< elluaq-equalis-uellug-, ellugturtur-, ellurtur- to shake or brush offsnow or dirt; to brush off evils from the surface
of one’s body (as after seeing a ghost); to brush
evils off (and, sometimes, transfer them to a dog)
# ellugtuq ‘he is shaking or brushing himself’;
ellugaa ‘he is brushing it’ garment or other object,or ‘he is brushing her’ / ellua! ‘shake the snow
off yourself!’; it’gaten ellurturki! ‘shake the snow
off your feet!’; Tamaani-llu cellangeqarraallemni
yuramek piyuitaat ellugturturmek ta¥gaam, . . .’Back in those days when I first became aware,they didn’t call it Eskimo dancing, but rather
ritual cleansing through brushing the evils fromone’s body, . . . ; (AGA 1996:108); Curullrak-gguq
iquvarnauraat makcameng-llu evcugluteng. Tuai-gguq ellugluteng, caarrluk apquciq-llu nugluku.
‘They would up-end the old sleeping mat andwhen they got up they’d brush themselvesoff. And they’d ritually brush themselves off,surmounting contamination and disease.’ (CAU
1985:53)
ellui- to be comfortable; to be well off; to be happy# elluiguq ‘he is comfortable’ / Pitsaqluni-llu
tupaggluku Irr’aq, ellii-llu-am elluiyunqerrami
makcuumiilami nenglemun. ‘On purpose she
woke up Irr’aq, who liked to be comfortableand did not want to get up into the cold.’ (ELN
1990:20); < elluaq-i3elluk’ar- to take hold of one’s skirt, raise it and let
fall # Tekicamiu tauna nukalpiaq ketiinun-llu
nangercami akuni-llu elluk’arluki, . . . ‘When
she got to that young man she stood in front ofhim, picked up her skirt and let it fall, . . .’ (MAR2
2001:57); NS
ellumrun, ellumerrun skin scraper # = tellunrun,
pellumrun, urumerun; < ?-n; < PY-S p0@u!elluqun, elluquq, elluqutaq sling; rock thrownwith a sling # < ?-n, ?, ?-taq1
ellur- to glide or slide down # ellurtuq ‘it glided
down’; elluraa ‘it slid down it’ / elluryaraq‘slope’; Tua-i-llu atrarlutek ellurartaqlutek
ellurnarqellriani. ‘They went down, sliding(on the snow), where it was possible to slide.’(ELN 1990:61); K; = cellur-, cillur-; > elluugte-,
ellu’urte-

255

elnguq — elqialek

Basesegalret navgumalriit puqlamek ellviulartut. ‘Also,
broken window are heat leaks.’ (GET n.d.:5);< elte-vik
elnguq birch (Betula sp.) # and elngur- to be toughbut pliable; to be thick and viscous of liquids #elngurtuq ‘it is tough’ / tanglulillruuq elngumek‘he made snowshoes out of birch’; tuntut yualuitelngurtut ‘caribou sinews are strong and pliable’;nuaka elngurtuq ‘my saliva is thick’; Equgmek,
uqviarmek elngulriamek, elngumek aqvaskina
egaleq pikna akitmun cap’arkauluku, . . . ‘Would
you get a resilient tree, a birch tree. long enough sothat it would go across the window up there, . . .
(NAA 1970:4); = nelnguq/nelngur-; > elngurliq
elngurliq tough linen twine that is retwined into
thread for skin-sewing; < elngur-li1elpeci youplural # personal pronoun; elpeci yugni‘you people’; Uum wanigg’ cauyam kangia
waniwa elpece÷un qanrutkeqata’rqa. ‘I’m going
to explain the meaning of this drum here to you.’(ELL 1997:374); Elpecicetun tang irniamte÷ek
qivrularyaaqelriakut allakaunrilngurmek
elpecicetun ellangqerngamta. ‘Just like you wegrieve over the loss of our children because likeyou we have awareness and feelings.’ (AGA
1995:214); see Appendix 1 on inflection of personalpronouns; see ellelpeg- root; > elpegir-, elpegite-, elpegnarqe-,
elpegnaur-, elpegniur-, elpeke-, elpengeelpegir- to become insensitive; to get numb #elpegirtuq ‘it got numb’ / elpegircetaa ‘he madeit insensitive’; elpegiutuq ‘it has become numb’;
kegguciurtem kapaanga elpegi’ircetaamek
keggutaiqatallerminia ‘the dentist gave me alocal anesthetic when he was going to pull my
tooth’; < elpeg-ir2elpegite- to be numb; to be insensitive (physicallyor emotionally) # elpegituq ‘he is insensitive,numb’ / elpeginani or elpegunani ‘being numb’;< elpeg-ite1elpegnarqe- to be such that one can sense it, feel itor discern it # elpegnarquq ‘it is capable of being
sensed’ / Cetamiitni-gguq allrakut tua-i tuani
nutaan ellminek unakeqatallra elpegnarillruuq.
‘During the fourth year (of his training) its resultsfor him became more such that he could sensethem.’ (CIU 2005:162); Ellamta pikenrilaki taukut
tangerrnaunateng, elpegnaqluteng ta¥gaam.
‘Because those things weren’t of our world they

could not be seen, but they could be felt.’ (EGA
1973:13); < elpeg-narqeelpegnaur- to feel around; to taste # NUN; < elpegnaurelpegniur- to taste; to try to identify a taste # NUN;
< elpeg-niurelpeke- to sense; to feel; to discern # elpekaa‘he sensed it’ / qavamini itellria elpekaa ‘hesensed that someone had come in while he wassleeping’; ellani kiingan elpekaa ‘he looks out
only for himself, is selfish’; Tekitaqami-gguq
tamaa-i waten taukuk yulkiitaqagnek nuliagni
pivallaraluni qakma tua-i piaquq, migpallaraluni
elpekcetaarluni. ‘They say that when he arrived,
when his two wives were nowhere to be seen, hewould make noises out there to make them awareof his presence.’ (QUL 2003:204); < elpeg-ke1-; >elpeksuun; < PE 0lp0k0elpeksuun sensor; sense of the human body or
mind; nerve # temem elpeksuutai ‘nerves’ or‘senses’; elpeksuun kumkaulluku or elpeksuun
qerremkaulluku ‘pinching the nerve’; iim
elpeksuutii ‘optic nerve’; < elpeke-cuun
elpengcar- to notify; to make aware; to revive fromunconsciousness # elpengcaraa ‘he notified her’
/ < elpenge-carelpenge- to acquire sensation; to come to one’s
senses # elpenguq ‘he came to his senses’ /qalarulluku elpengevkaraa ‘talking to her, hemade her come to her senses’; < elpeg-nge-;> elpengcar-, elpengeksaiteelpengeksaite- to be unconsious; to be in a coma #elpengeksaituq ‘he is unconscious, hasn’t come(back) to his senses’ / < elpenge-ksaiteelpet yousingular # personal pronoun; elpesmi? or elpetmi? ‘how about you?’; elpenguuq tarenrami ‘it
is you in the picture’; sugtunruunga elpeni ‘I
am taller than you’; qanrutellruanga elpenun
navellruniluku nutka ‘he told me that you had
broken my gun’; see Appendix 1 on inflection of
personal pronouns; see ell-; < PE 0lp0t or 0@v0t
elpetek youdual # personal pronoun; Arenqiapaa
elpetegni aatan-llu, pikngatek-lli
taqngaitellinivagcetki unakumavkenaki! ‘It’s just
how it is with you two, (you) and your father,
for when you want something you won’t quit
until you get it!’ (ELL 1997:58); see Appendix 1 on
inflection of personal pronouns; see ellelqialek cap with a visor # < elqiaq-lek

256Baseselqiaq* traditional wooden visor to protect theeyes from the sun’s glare; visor; eyeshade #Ukuk tua-ll’ waniwa elqiak ayuqsarpialriik
anguarassuutngulukek wii tangrragka.
Taliyutekluki akertemun, qitngiryullerkarteng
man’a talilluku. ‘I see these two almost identicalvisors which are kayak-paddling accessories.
They were worn as shades against the sun toshield them from being dazzled by the brilliance.’(CIU 2005:244); > elqialek; < PE t0lqi9a3

elqiaq* — eluciq

elrikaute- to spend all; to use up; to give out andhave no more; to squander # NUN; < elri-?-elte- to deflate; to let air out; to leak air # eltuq ‘itis deflating, the air is coming out of it’; eltaa‘he is deflating it’ / elciiqaa ‘he will deflate it’;elpailgaku ‘before he deflates it’; elqaarluku(or elterraarluku) ‘after deflating it’; ellniluku‘saying that it is deflating’; ellngaituq ‘it won’t
deflate’; Tamalkuita-gguq pitameng nakacuit
up’nerkami qelkelallruit. A¥g’araqamegteki
qerrurluki kinerciraqluki. Kinrata-llu ilaita
ellelluki qemaggluki. ‘They took care of the
bladders of all the sea mammals they caught
in the spring. Whenever they removed them(from the carcasses) they would inflate themand dry them out. And when they were drysome people deflated them and packed themaway.’ (CAU 1985:59); Kuigmun anliilluki, tua-iqerruumanrirtelluki, elcequrarraarluk’ qasgimi
cikum acianun qerrluki atertelluki tayima.
‘They’d make a hole for them (the bladders) inthe (ice of the) river, and then they’d make themno longer full of air, and after letting them deflatein the kashim, they’d push them under the ice
and let them drift away.’ (KIP 1998:215); = nelte-;> elcailkun, elcessuun, elci-, elciar-, elciqaq,
ellvik, eltetuli, elcirpag-, elcervag-, ellecpag-; cf.
[e]leq, ellngar-; < PE n0l0t- (under PE n0l03(-)

elqiiq* dung beetle (species?) # < ?-iq

elqipcuaq wooden eyeshade; modern eyeshade;salute # NUN; cf. elqiaq

elquaq* herring eggs; herring roe attached to seaweed
or otherwise; seaweed (NUN meaning); dried
herring roe (HBC meaning) # cf. qelquaq; < PE
q0lqu9a3
elquarniq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) # NS;< PI 0lqua3n0q (partially a loan from Inupiaq
neighboring NS, hence i rather than e in the Yup’ik
form)

elqunaq cooked mixture of fungus or lichens fromrocks, seal oil, and water (this mixture is rubbed
on inside of kayak cover) # NUN
elqurrluk kelp # NUN

elraur- to move around; to travel # elraurtuq ‘he ismoving around’ / Niicugniqanrakun pamaken
keluanek elraulriamek niituq. ‘As soon as hebegan to listen he heard someone moving aroundback there.’ (GRA 1901:293); BB, LI, UK, UY;= eglerte-, egilraur-, gilerte-; <; < PE 0!l03- or0!il03-eltetuli fricative sound # the fricatives of Yup’ik arev, l, s, y, g, r, vv, ll, ss, gg, rr, w, ¥g, ¥r, and ¥rr;
< elte-tuli

elturaq grandchild # NUN, EG; < PE 0ltu3
eluciq shape; form; condition; nature; whatsomething is like # qaillun elucingqerta? ‘what
is it like?’; elucianek nalluunga ‘I don’t knowwhat it is like’; irniarualiara elucinguq ‘the doll
she is making is taking form’; eluciqaa ‘that’s
how it is, or how he is’; eluciitaqa ‘I can’t figure
it out, I don’t know what it is like’; nat’raan
teguari elucqapiartut ‘the crimps she made in
the boot sole are perfectly even’; Ayagniqarraami
Agayutem ellarpak nuna-llu piliaqellruak. Nunallu eluciinani imaunani-llu. ‘In the beginning God
created Heaven and earth. The earth was without
form and empty.’ (AYAG. 1:2); Anuuruluum taum
tauna uyuqlikacagaat, elucillernaaratun-gguram elliqiliu nuvamineng. ‘But the grandmotherrestored the youngest brother to his former
condition with her saliva.’ (CEV 1984:88); Tuani

elravik lung # elraviit ‘lungs’; NUN; < PE 0l3avi!

Elriq indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated once
every five or so years, called “Great Feast for theDead” in English # and elri-, elrir- to celebrate
the Great Feast for the Dead # compare Merr’aq
or Merr’aryaraq, the “Lesser Feast for the Dead”;
Elriq-gguq kalukaryarauguq angtuaq. Cayarat
ayuqevkenateng Elrimi, ta¥gaam tamakut
ilameng tuqullrem atqestai cikirluki camek
aturirluki-llu pilallrulliniut. ‘The Great Feastfor the Dead, it is said, was a major celebration.
Customs differed for “Elriq” but in all cases therelatives gave gifts, clothing, to the namesakes ofthe dead.’ (CAU 1985:129); Alarnermi elrilartut
uksumi ‘in Alakanuk they hold a memorial feast
in the winter’; > elrikaute-257

elucirar(ar)- — emqerte-Bases

teggalquni pinglliniluni ellinguaqaqluku una
alla piaqluku, maaten pilliniuq una teggalquq
akagenqeggsarpiarluni elucirluni. ‘One rockafter another he would try out until he founda rock that was an appropriate round shape.’(QAI 1984:25); Cunaw’-im wanirpak elucia.
‘And so it went on.’ (YUU 1995:13); < ete-uciq;> elucirar(ar)-, elucitukuayag-; also spelled luuciq;< PE 0luci3 (under PE 0t-)
elucirar(ar)- to gesture # elucira’artuq ‘he isgesturing’; elucirararaa ‘he is gesturing to her’ /Aurinanrani ukut ilai utetmun cukangnaqluteng
ayagtut elucira’arluku taisqelluku. ‘While she wasgathering things her family members left quickly
toward home motioning for her to come.’ (ELN
1990:18); < eluciq-?; also spelled luucirar(ar)elucitukuayag- to be silly; to mess around; to show
off # NUN; < eluciq-?elumar-, elumaar- to fly through the air with theaid of shamanistic power # also spelled luumar-,luumaar-; < PE 0limma3-, 0lumma3eluqruuyak northern pike (Esox lucius) # see at
luqruuyak
elur- dimensional root; > elurkite-, elurtu-; also spelledlurelurkite- to be narrow # of garment; elurkituq ‘it isnarrow’ / < elurkiteelurtu- to be wide # applies garments andparts of garments; elurtuuq ‘it is wide’ /Nallunailkutateng-llu elurtungnaq’larait,
aturameng-llu cenliarutait angliriluki. ‘They
make their insignia broad and enlarge the bordersof their garments.’ (MATT. 23:5); < elur-tuelvik place # see under ete-; < ete-vik
ema- root; > emaassa, ema’urluq; < PY 0ma
em’a drink! exclamation used to tell a baby to drink,possibly by consonant assimilation from emra, as
still said (only) in NUN, corresponding to nonNUN mer’a — or possibly from the sound of one
swallowing instead; < [e]mer-2nd person singular
intransitive optative; cf. emeq
emaassa grandmother # UK; < ema-?
emair- to quiet down; to calm down; to soothe #emairtuq ‘he quieted down’; emairaa ‘he calmed
her down’ / emairtellruuq ‘he has quieted
down’; Imkut-llu-gguq emairrluteng ta¥ga, taunall’ nukalpiaq, emaicuglun’ uitaluni, . . . ‘Well,they had completely quieted down then, and thegreat hunter too was silent, . . .’ (CEV 1984:85);< eme-ir2emaite- to be quiet; to be silent # emaituq ‘he issilent’ / < eme-ite1ema’urluq*, emacuaraq*, emacungaq*,
emarrlugaq* grandmother; generally spelled:maurluq, maacuaraq, maacungaq, marrlugaq(q.v.) respectively; < ema-r(ur)luq, ema-cuar(aq),ema-cungaq, ema-rrlugaq
eme- root; > emair-, emaite, emyagte-, emyugte-; cf.
maruara-, menge-, mengqurpak, mecarte-, nepa,
temli-, mig-, miite2-; < PE 0m0!- or 0mi![e]meq (non-NUN form), emeq (NUN form) water #and [e]mer- (non-NUN form), emer- (NUN form)
to drink # in NUN initial e occurs in all forms (forexample emra ‘his/its water’ or drink!); elsewhere[e] drops from almost all forms (for example mer’a‘his/its water’ or ‘drink!’; exceptions being em’a‘drink!’ (to a child), and emiumauq ‘it is diluted’;
however, the effect of [e] appears as the gemination informs such as mer’a (above), and gives the rhythmic
length in forms such as emiraa (see below); see meq/
mer- for more information and derivatives; > emir-,emra-, emrukar-, emrun; < PE 0m03(-)
emiate- to sing out of tune (at a Native dance) #NUN; < eme-ateemiqar- for it to be spring thaw; for there to behigh water # Caniryaa-am cali kangingqerrluni
canun piyagarnun wall’u yaqulecuarnun, . . .
urugyugmi emiqami pissurcuutekaqamegteki, . . .
‘Its (the arrow’s) side piece had a purpose when
they hunted small birds . . . when there wasthawing, when the water was high.’ (CIU 2005:34);< emir-qar-; also spelled miiqaremir- to put water into # emirtuq ‘it got water put
into it’; emiraa ‘he put water into it’ / emiutaa
meq kumla keniramun ‘he put the cold water
into the soup’; emiumauq ‘it has had water
put into it, has been diluted’; Keniqsaunaci-llu
qusngiyagarnek aanaita milgitnek emirluki ‘You
shall not cook kids (baby goats) seethed in theirmother’s milk.’ (ANUC. 34:26); = mel’ir-; cf.
miinguartarkarcivik; < meq-ir1-; > emiqar
emite- to provide person, animal, or object with wateror other liquid # see miiteemkiirtur- to sew on beads # (?)
emqerte- for wave tips to spray out in a direction
opposite to that of the wave due to high winds #NUN; cf. emeq258Basesemquq new feather growth on a molting goose #NUNemra- to drink liquor to get drunk # NUN; = mer’a-;< emeq-aemrii- to develop water in the egg before theembryo becomes large # NUN; cf. emeq
emrukar- to drink a hot beverage with a cup #NUN; < emeq-?
emrun cup # NUN; < emer-nemuk mother’s milk; breast (HBC, NUN additional
meaning) # and emug- to suckle; to suck the breastor a bottle # emugtuq ‘he is suckling’; emugaa‘he is sucking it’ / emugtaa ‘she is breast- or
bottle-feeding him’, ‘she is nursing him’; =mu(u)k/mu(u)g-; > emugcuun, emugilitaq,
emulek, emurir-; < PE 0mmu!
emugcuun baby bottle # < emug-cuun
emugilitaq bra; brassiere # HBC; < emuk-ilitaq
emulek nipple; tip of paddle blade # emulgek ‘her
nipples’; Call’ evsaik-llu makuk aperturturlukek
emulgek-llu aperturlukek. Una iqmigluku
mikelnguyagaq, ellmegtun yupiayaaq,
aamartesqelluku. ‘Also he indicated her breasts
and her nipples. Telling her to breastfeed theinfant — a little human like you — letting it
mouth it (her nipple).’ (MAR2 2001:98); Tuamtellu-gguq tua-i mermun kanaami ayakuni
anguarutni mermun agtuuteksailngalengraan
ayagarnaurtuq ilii-gguq carraquinermek emulga
akurcecuayaaqernaurtuq. ‘And when he came
down to the ocean to travel, though his oar
would contact the water as usual, it appearedthat just the very tip of the blade (of the paddle)
would slightly penetrate the ocean surface.’ (ELL
1997:324); = mula; < emuk-lek; < PE mul0(!)
emunrir- to be weaned # emunrirtuq ‘he is weaned’/ emunrircetaa ‘she weaned him’; < emug-nriremute- to seek medical aid; to take an item for
repair # emutuq ‘he went to the doctor, to theclinic’; emutaa ‘he took her to the clinic, he took
it for repair’ / emusngauq ‘he is hospitalized’;
Taumun tua imarmiutayagarmun emutelliniak
iigni. ‘He took his eyes to be doctored by thatmink.’ (ELL 1997:270); “Qaillun piavet emucit?”“Igyariqngama emutua.” ‘“What brings you for
medical help?” “I came for medical aid because of
my sore throat.” (YUP 1996:50); = mu(u)te-; < PE0m0t-

emquq — enairayuliyagaq*

emyagte- to hum # NUN; < eme-

emyugte- to make muffled animal noises (as ofa monster or bear) during the Nakaciuryaraq(“Bladder Feast”) # Avniraqami qaligni
arulallukek, camna-llu-gguq emyuggluni tuqulleq
qaivarluni. ‘When he conjured he shook his sealgut parka, and the dead one down below would
make muffled animal noises and come up toward
the surface (of the earth).’ (CAU 1985:106);< eme[e]nae (NS, Y, K, NI, CAN, BB, NI, LI form), enae
(HBC, NUN, EG form) house; place # net orenet ‘houses’; enii ‘his house’; nep’ut (enput
HBC, NUN, EG) ‘our houses’; tunellruat
nes’eng (tunelqaat enyeng HBC, NUN, EG)‘they sold their house’; Tua-i pivakarluteng
ayalngungameng nem’un uumun tekitelliniut.
Elatiini-gguq-gga elagyaak. Tua-i taukuk
nek’elliniluku tauna. Maaten-gguq tang im’itertut, ena man’a tua-i akiqliqelriignek aciluni— akiqliqelrianek nepiat acingqetullruata! ‘One
day, having traveled on and on, they cameupon this house. Their food cache, it was said,
was right by it. It was evidently their house.
Lo and behold, when she went in, the househere had two beds across from each other,since sod houses used to have beds across fromeach other!’ (ELL 1997:136); an innovative (andperhaps childish) form is [e]nek, thus: nek’a ‘myhouse’, neg’a ‘his house’, neg’en ‘your house’,neg’et ‘houses’, negpak ‘big house’, neguuq ‘itis a house’; > enair-, enekvak, enliaq, enllugte-,
enmiussuun, enpiaq, entu-, nepiaq, neliaq,
nek’e-, nem’etaur(ar)-; < PE 0n0

enair- to take the place of # physically or symbolically;
temporarily or permanently; enairaa ‘he took hisplace’; Cali tauna tua-i teggnerat iliit tuqukan,. . . amkut tainginanratni tuquq’aqan, tunglian
uum waniwa enaiqerciqaa, wiinga-llu uum enii
teguqerluku, wiinga-llu nunaka yuirrluni. ‘And
if one of their elders died, . . . if he suddenly diedwhile the guests were coming, this one here,
since he is the next eldest, would move and sit inhis place, and I would move to his place, and myspot would become empty.’ (TAP 2004:28);< ena-ir2enairayuliyagaq* small weasel (or ermine) (Mustelasp.?) # LI; < enair-a-yuli-ya(g)aq259

en’aq — engiuringe-Basesen’aq sandbar exposed at low tide; beach; mudflat #. . . tauna ilasek Pangalgalria-gguq una unaggun
en’akun qa¥gyam qaingakun aqvaqurcetliniluku
tua-i amlliraullri a¥gkut cuqluku. ‘. . . they had
their companion, Pangalgalria, run onto thesandbar, on top of the sand, and measure his
strides.’ (ELL 1997:398); = ken’aq; cf. ce÷’aq;< ente-?-aq1; < PY t0n(n)aq (under PE t0n0t-)
enatguar(ar)- to use the same stitch holes as before
for sewing # NUN
enci- to digest # literally: ‘to have (the food) go down’;
ner’aminek enciuq ‘he is digesting what he ate’;Tekicami nererraarluni taum elautellran nalliinun
qeterrluni encinerciaralliniuq. ‘When he arrived
and ate, he lay back on the spot where she hadburied [the boy] and let his food settle.’ (YUU
1995:127); < ente-i2enciq cornea of eye # HBC
enekvak elevated cache # HBC < ena-?-vak
eneq bone; frame (of tent, kayak etc.) # enri ‘hisor its bones’, ‘its framing members’; enrenka‘my bones’; enten ‘your bones’; Tua-i-llu aaniita
aurraarluki enret alqiitnun tunluki, “Ukutunuaqu egcartuqiki elakamun, qanrulluki
amlleriluki taisqelluki.” ‘And then after theirmother had gathered the bones she gave themto their sister (saying), “Tomorrow go throwthese bones through the hole in the river’s ice,and tell them to come back in great numbers.”’(ELN 1995:5); ‘Aren paqnayuami taukut tupigat
arvirluni ikirtellinii enernek, yuut enritnek tuani
tua-i uitaluteng acimi! ‘Overcome with curiosity,
he went across to the bed and lifted the grassmat and there he saw bones, human bones
lying underneath!’ (QAN 1995:234); Nutaanenra iterrluku amianun. ‘Then they inserted
its (the kayak’s) frame into the skin covering.’(PAI 2008:286); K, Y, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI; =neneq, naneq; > enerkaq, enerkuaq, enerrlainaq,
enerrluyagaq, eneryuk, enkataq, enliqe-, enrir-,enrualuk, enrilnguaq, enrite-, nasqum enra;< PY-S n0n0q
enerkaq frame for boat, house, etc. # . . . tauna
angun angyilliniluni, muragnek enerkiurluni. ‘. . .
that man made a boat, making its frame of wood.’(QAN 1995:266); < eneq-kaq
enerkuaq bone (or similar material) left after
meat is eaten from it # Ukaqvaggun-llu
enerkuat tamalkuita nanvanun wall’u kuigmun

egquratullruit. ‘Even recently they would throw
all the leftover bones in the lakes or the river.’(CAU 1985:95); = nerkuaq; < eneq-kuaq; < PY+
0n03kuaq (under PY-S n0n0q)(cf. Siberian Yupik
n0Xkuaq ‘bone’)enerrlainaq skeleton; frame; skinny person #literally: ‘bones only’; Turpiim-llu piluku
enerrlainaungan cukalarniluku. ‘And Turpak told
her that she was fast because she was just skinand bones.’ (ELN 1990:46); < eneq-rrlainaq
enerrluyagaq the bony part left after fillets are cut
from a fish # < eneq-lluk-yagaq
eneryuk cartilage # < eneq-?
enetnercir- to wait for low tide # enetnercirtuq‘he is waiting for low tide’ / . . . tamaanice÷irtellermini enetnercilliniluni capenricami,
enetnercirluni. ‘. . . when he was walking along
the beach, waiting for low tide, being prevented
from crossing, he waited for the tide to recede.’ (ELL
1997:248); < ente-nercirenevvli- to have a runny nose # enevvliuq ‘he has arunny nose’ / = engevvli-, nevvli-, ngevvliengelqaq something that fits or is suitable #piluguugni engelqaqak ‘he fits his boots’;suupalikina engelqamte÷ek ‘make just the rightamount of soup for us’; = kengelqaq, ngelqaq(q.v. for examples)
engevvluk nasal mucus # now HBC primarilly,
formerly (and presently ?) elsewhere as well; =ngevvluk; < engva-lluk; > engevvliengevvli- to have a runny nose # engevvliuq ‘he has
a runny nose’ / now HBC, formerly elsewhere as
well; = enevvli-, ngevvli-, enevvliengig- to put weight on (it); to press down; to hold
down; to pin down # = niig-, enig-; < PE 0&i!engineq kayak rib under cockpit area of kayak #there are thirteen or fourteen of these; see Appendix 9
on parts of the kayak
engiuringe- to become stiff (of a joint of the body)# Tuamtellu cali tamakut qa¥gyami unani
imarpigmi tutmatulit-gguq arivnerit makut
imumek engiuringluteng, assiirulluteng tua-icingillrit-llu kankut makut-llu qiaryiggluteng
tua-i. ‘And the joints of those who stepped on
sandbars in the ocean would become stiff, andtheir ankles down there and other parts of theirbody would start to make cracking noises.’ (YUP
2005:258)

260Basesengkite- to vary one’s food # NUN[e]nglae border; edge # = menglae, kenglae, nel’ae; seengel’ae for more information; < PE k0nl0[e]nglar-, englar- (NUN form), englaarar- (NUNform) to laugh # ngel’artut, or englartut (NUN) or
englaarartut (NUN) ‘they are laughing’; = el’ar-,nenglar-, nel’ar-, ngel’ar-; see ngel’ar- for more
information; > englarnarqe-; < PE 0&la3englarnarqe- to be funny; to be comical #englarnarquq ‘it is funny’ / NUN; < englarnarqe[e]ngllugtur- to suffer pain or have an ache froman injury, arthritis, etc. # = enllugtur-; seengell’ugtur- for more information[e]nglu beaver house # = enlu, nel’u; see ngel’u formore information; > englullinr(aq), englulluk,
Englulrarmiut; < PE 0&lu
englullinr(aq*) tall coarse grass (used for lining
storage pit) # NUN
englulluk mound; hillock # HBC; < englu-lluk
Englulrarmiut Cape Manning on Nunivak Is. #< englu-?-miu-plural[e]nglur- dented # postural root; = enlur-; see ngel’urfor more information
enguga’rte- to strain one’s muscles; to get ahernia; to get a fallen uterus after pregnancy #enguga’rtuq ‘he got a hernia’ / = nenguga’rte-;< ?-ar(ar)te1engaulugte- to whimper; to make a soft growlingnoise #
engek hearts (in playing cards) # < PE (now PI(unless borrowed from Inupiaq) 0&0 ‘pubis’); NUN
engelkugte- to snicker # NUN
engevyaraq harpoon line part, toggle with twoholes # NUN
engilugte- to plead; to plead with # NUN
engimluar(ar)- to whimper (of animals) # NUN
engineq any one of the central ribs of the kayak #see Appendix 9 on the parts of the kayak
engug- to bite (of a fish biting a hook) # NUN
engume- to come undone at a seam; to unravel# engumuq ‘it came undone’ / engumtaa ‘sheundid it’; NUN; = egume[e]ngvae, engvae (NUN form) mucus # and ngevii[e]ngve-, engve- (NUN form) to blow one’s nose
# ngev’uq or engvuq NUN ‘he blew his nose’ /or engvii ‘his mucus’; see ngev’ae/ngeve- for moreengkite- — eniraraun

information
engyurneq bottom of hill # NUN; < engyurte-neq1;> engyurneq
engyurnite- to go over and disappear in the
distance # NUN; < engyurneq-ite3engyurte- to go over a hill or knoll # NUN; >engyurneq
enig- to put weight on (it); to press down; to hold
down; to pin down # enigtuq ‘he is pressing
down’; enigaa ‘he is pressing down on it’ /Man’a tua-i waten enigluku muriim waten pillran,
nunamun kapulluki palurutet. ‘They leaned on thepiece of wood here the stake “palurutek” (props
used when the kayak is turned over to set the
gunwales to the righ curvature) into the ground.’(PAI 2008:256); = niig-, engig-; < PE 0&i!enikur(ar)- to walk supporting oneself by a little
sled or walker as one walks # enikuurtuq ‘heis walking this way’; enikuraraa ‘he is walking
supporting himself with it’ /eninga- for the tide to be low # eningauq ‘the tide islow’ / . . . kuigtek tekicamiu uyangtellinia tua-ieningaluni. Qerarluni.’ . . . when he reached their2
river he looked down to it and saw that the tide
was low. He went across.’ (AGA 1996:206);< ente-ngaeniqalleq a dot # < enir-qar-lleq
enir- to point # enirtuq ‘he pointed’; eniraa ‘hepointed at it’ / eniutaa ‘he pointed somethingout to her’; angutem enirluni mikelnguq
apertuutaa ‘the man showed the child bypointing’; agayuvigmek eniutaa allaneq ‘hepointed the church out to the stranger’; eniun‘a pointer’; Tua-i-llu aatiita anutuumaan Pilia¥g’arluku qangqiiret tungiitnun enirluni. ‘Theirfather undid Pili’s harness and pointed in the
direction of the ptarmigans.’ (ELN 1990:12); =niir-, kenir-; > eniqalleq, enirarar; < PE t0nni3enirarar(aq*) the feast using dance sticks #Enirara’ar tamana ukaqvallauguq. ‘The feast using
dance sticks came into being very recently.’ (TAP
2004:2); < enirar-?
enirarar- to sing the invitation during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) # done by three people;
CAN; < enir-?; > enirarar(aq), enirarauneniraraun dance baton # has decorative appendages;
is held close to the floor # Una ta¥gaam tamatum
nalliini cailkami maani eniraraun atulallrunritaat.
Tua-i una wani kangia yuum amllerem261

enkataq — ente-Bases

nallukengaan kassiyuq. ‘However, at that timehere they didn’t use this dance baton just any time.
Now a lot of people don’t know of its specificity
to the festival.’ (TAP 2004:45); also spelled
niiraraun; = keniraraun; < enirarar-n
enkataq backbone of fish # LI; < eneq-?
enki- to prop # enkiluku ‘putting a prop under it’;
NUN; < PY 0&kienliaq womb; uterus # literally: ‘a made house’;< ena-liaq; < PE 0nli(C)a3
enliqe- to suffer from arthritis or have other bone
pain # enliquq ‘his bones hurt, he suffers fromarthritis’ / < eneq-liqeenllugte- to be out of place; to misplace # NUN;
< ena-llugteenllugtur- to suffer pain or have an ache from aninjury, arthritis, etc. enllugturtuq ‘he is suffering’/ = ngell’ugtur-; < ?-tur1enlu, enluaq beaver house # Y, HBC; = [e]nglu,
nel’u; > enluqvagaq; < PE 0&lu
enluqvagaq small house # perhaps only in stories;
Maaten uyangta(a) enluqvag’ar, kan’a qikertami
pussiartur, kenirluni. ‘He looked and there wasa little house down there on the island billowing
smoke having a cooking fire.’ (WOR 2007:110);
Kiturturyaqiiteng kia¥get, imna kiugna
enluqvagam tungiinun, . . . ‘When he passed themgoing inland toward the little house, . . .’ (WOR2007:114); NUN; < enlu-?
enlur- dented # postural root; > enlungqa-, enlurte-;= ngel’urenlungqa- to be dented # enlungqauq ‘it is dented’/ < enlur-ngqaenlurte- to dent; to get dented # enlurtuq ‘it got
dented’; enlurtaa ‘he dented it’ / < enlur-te2enmiussuun slipper # literally: ‘device for (being) a
dweller in the house’; NUN; < ena-miu-cuun
enpiaq real, old-time, house (semi-subterranean sod
house) # NUN; = nepiaq; < ena-piaq[e]nqake-, enqake- (HBC, NUN form) to recall;to remember; to keep in mind with consideration;
neq’akaa or enqakaa ‘he remembers it’ /Neruraqarraarluni-llu waten qakemna
kayukilngalan anguallerkani ta¥g’ unani
enqakluku ta¥g’ keyiin ta¥g’
nunaniryuutek’ngamiu tamana. ‘And after heate, because that (wind) out there didn’t seem to
be strong, he remembered that he had been goingto paddle down there (at sea) because he tookpleasure specifically in that.’ (WEB1); see neq’akefor more information; > enqangcar[e]nqangcar-, enqangcar- (HBC, NUN form) to try
to recall # enqangcartuq ‘he is trying to recall
something’; enqangcaraa ‘he is trying to recall it’/ < enqake-ngcar[e]nqar-, enqar- (HBC, NUN form) to remember
something # < PE 0nqa3enrilnguaq soft willow shoot or young tree #edible by humans; Tua-i tamaani allegpagnek;
makunek-wa tua-i enrilnguat qeltaita aciitnek
kuvyarpagkiutullrulliniut, . . . ‘Back then, they
made large-mesh gill nets out of “allek”, theunder layer of the bark of willow trees, . . .’ (CIU
2005:82)’; < eneq-ite1-nguq-?
enrilnguq*2 side of waist (anatomical) # enrilnguuk‘the two sides of the waist’; K; < eneq-ite1-nguq
enrir- to bone; to remove the bones from (it) #enriraa ‘he removed the bones from it’ / Tuai-gguq ta¥gken iliini enrirturluki, enrit makut
yuutuqutekait a¥g’arturluki ucilirlutek.
‘Sometimes they would remove their bones so thatthey would not take up so much space and thenplace the meat in (the kayak).’ (QUL 2003:402);< eneq-irenrite- to choke on a bone; to get a bone stuck inthe throat # enrituq ‘he choked on a bone’ /Alla alerquun yuk enriskan, tangviarrlugmek
igevkarluku iqua tegumiaqluku, igevkarraarluku
tangviarrluk cayugluku antaqluku. ‘Anotherpiece of good advice is that if a person has a bonestuck in his throat, let him swallow a piece of“tangviarrluk” (“crackling” — the residue left
after seal oil is rendered), take hold of the endof it after having him (partially) swallow it, andpull it to take the “tangviarrluk” (along with thebone) out.’ (YUU 1995:50); = nenrite-; < eneq-ite3enrualuk backbone of fish # < eneq-?
ente- to go down of water; to ebb; to recede; to go outof tide # entuq or entaa ‘the water is going down’/ Kuigpak uksuarmi entenglartuq ‘the Yukon
River begins to drop in level in the autumn’; Tuall’ kuicuar un’a entaqan tua-i amlliqerlun’ ikavet
qer’aqertaqluni. ‘Then, whenever the tide went out
in the little river down there, he’d jump over tothe other side.’ (AGA 1996:202); Y, NS, NI, CAN,
K, BB, NR, LI; = kente-; > en’aq, enetnercir-,eninga-, envvag-, enuma-; cf. enci-; < PE t0n0t-

262

Basesentu- to be roomy # NUN; < ena-tuentuyug- to be stingy # NUN
enu- to push; to shove # enua ‘he pushed it’ / NSU;
> enuqar-, enuur-; < PE t0nuenuma- for water or tide to be low# Anguaruaryugaqagnek-gguq
taum maurlurluagnek enumaaqan
anguaruarcetaqlukek. ‘Whenever they2
wanted to play at paddling (their canoe), their
grandmother would allow them to play at
paddling (only) whenever the tide was low.’(CIU 2005:230); Kuiget-llu kiagmi enumaaqan
manitukai, murilkelaquvciki nallunritarkaugaci
aarnarqellrat. ‘In the summers whenever the tide
is low the depth of the rivers are revealed, andif youpl are observant you will certainly get toknow its danger.’ (KIP 1998:43); < ente-maenuqar- to nudge # enuqeraa ‘he nudged it’ /enuqerluku agtunrita’arluku ‘nudging it but
barely touching’; < enu-qarenuqite- to lack something; to be short ofsomething # enuqituq ‘he is short of something’/ up’nerkami neqerrlugnek enuqitnarilartuq‘in the spring one lacks dried fish’; Tua-i-am
piinanermini camek enuqicami ataataminun
tuavet camek kaigayarturluni akluin iliitnek
umyuarteqluni anelrarluni. ‘One day when hewas short of something, he went downriver to
ask his uncle for one of the things he sold.’ (QUL
2003:564); also spelled nuuqite-; < enur-ite3enur- to be insufficient; to be unable to reach #enurtuq ‘it is insufficient’; enuraa he can’t reachit’ / Anqerrluni pillinia ak’a-gguq tua-i maa-i
qerratartelliniluni. Aren talliminek-llu piyaaqekii
tua-i enurluk’ tua-i! ‘He quickly went out and saw
that she was already ascending. Oh dear, he triedin vain to reach her with his arms!’ (ELL 1997:88);> enuqite-, enurnaite-, enurnar-, nurte-, nurute-,
nuuqar-, nuuqutkaq; < PE 0nu3enuriyaraq deficit # also spelled nuuriyaraq; <enur-i2-yaraq
enurnaite- to be abundant # enurnaituq ‘it isabundant’ / also spelled nurnaite-; < enur-naiteenurnar- to be hard to obtain; to be scarce; to be rare
# enurnartuq ‘it is scarce’ / Aturangqerrluteng
yup’igtarrlainarnek pilugungqerrluta,
ivrucingqerrluta-llu. Yup’igtarrlainarnek
sap’akirtaunani-ll’ enurnapiarluteng. ‘They had
only Yup’ik clothing, boots, and wading boots.

entu- — epe-

Only Yup’ik-made things, no (manufactured)
shoes, (those things) were very hard to obtain.’(KIP 1998:105); also spelled nurnar-; < enur-naq1
enuur- to nudge # enuurtuq ‘he is nudging
something’; enuuraa ‘he is nudging it’ /enuuqeraa ‘he gave it a little nudge’; enuuleraa‘he abruptly and roughly nudged it’; enuurlua
tupagtaanga ‘he woke me up by nudging me’;
Imna iilek ataucirrarmek manumini uitauralria
enuuqerrluku paallagcetliniluku. ‘He gave a little
shove to that one with only one eye who was infront of him, making him fall forward.’ (MAR1
2001:18); = kenuur-; < enu-urenvanek from time immemorial; from longago; from far in the distance # adverbial
particle; Igte÷un-gguq qinertaatulit wall’
met’ulit pull’uteng takvialituut-gguq envanek
ayagyuarluteng, kiituan’ ilait cikmirtut. ‘They
say those who peer into dens or those who drink
by bending over develop bad eyesight — sothey’ve said from long ago — at a young age, andeventually some of them become blind.’ (YUP
2005:256); < ?-ablative-modalis; < ?-vak-abl.-mod.;cf. envau-, eteenvau- for a long time to have passed before
it happened # takes the 3rd person transitive
subordinative ending -luku (only?); Calinulikunamun alegnariaqan envauluku
nulirqucaram ayuqucianek qanrutkuratullruat— ak’aq envauluku. ‘And long before it was timeto get married, they continually talked about
the nature of marriage — a long time before
it happened.’ (QAN 2009:292); < ?-vak-u-; cf.
envanek, eteenvvag-, envag- to be very low (tide) # envvagtuq‘the tide is very low’; < ente-pag2-, ente-pag2epaar- to scrape food from a vessel or utensil with
one’s finger, licking the food off the finger #epaaraa ‘he cleaned it with his finger’; NUN;
= pairepe- to suffocate; to smother; to drown# ep’uq‘it suffocated’ / eptaa ‘he smothered it’;epsarpiallruunga ‘I almost suffocated’; Aling,
quyanaqvaa-ll’ epevkarpek’nii, anerneq atauciq
elliqanrakun angulua. ‘Goodness, I am glad thatyou didn’t allow me to suffocate, and caught mejust when I had one breath left.’ (QUL 2003:248);> epsalngu-, ep’ura-, purtua-, puurtua-; < PE
0p0-

263

epnaiq — eqe2-

Bases
epulquq, epurralek; < PE 0pu
epulek cloudberry; salmonberry (Rubus
chamaemorus) # EG; < epu-lek
epulquq trunk of tree; stem; stalk; vein of a leaf #< epu-quq; < PY 0pu@quq (under PE 0pu)
ep’ura-, ep’urtur-, ep’urtua-, epurtua- to choke andgasp for breath as when wind blows in one’s
face # ep’urauq, ep’urturtuq, or ep’urtuaguq ‘heis gasping for breath’ / Tua-i-llu carayagmun
angqaqesqumanrilami cupuranrirluni,ta¥gaam Irr’aq cup’aqluku kegginaakun, tua-i
epurtuagaqluni tauna kinguqlia. ‘And, because
she didn’t want a bear to use her as a ball, she left
off blowing, but Irr’aq blew at her in her face andso her little sister gasped for breath.’ (ELN 1990:99);= purtua-, puurtua-, < epe-ur-a-, epe-ur-tur1- ,
epe-ur-tur1-aepurralek lollipop; small pot with a small handle #< epu-rraq-lek
eqe1- to be infuriated; to suddenly become very
angry; to be peeved # eq’uq ‘he is infuriated’/ eqtaa ‘he infuriates her’; Tua-i-am elliin
umyuaquraamiu ernerpak qalarutkurluku
Mikellaq-llu caaqan piaqluku tuaten Qalemaq
piyuitellruniluku Mikellam piaqluku
Qalemaunritniluni piciqniluni piyullermitun.
Eqenglliami-llu ayuqeltassiigturalriamek
kiunrirluku. ‘When Mikellaq would say or dosomething contrary to what Qalemaq would
have done, Elnguq would tell her that Qalemaq
never acted like that. Mikellaq would reply that
she wasn’t Qalemaq and she could do as shepleased. Since Mikellaq was getting peeved atElnguq for making too many comparisions (toQalemaq), she stopped answering her altogether.’(ELN 1990:81); > eqeve-, eqmayug-, eqnayug-,
eqnarivakar-, eqnarqe-, eqte3-, eq’u-, eq’urte-,
qener-; < PY 0q0-2
eqe2- to shrink # eq’uq or eqaa ‘it shrank’ /equmauq ‘it has shrunk’; Aqsiik-llu eqenrilagnek
tamakut ilain pilangelliniat, Aqsarpagmek. ‘And
because his belly never did shrink, those relativesof his began to call him “Big Belly”.’ (YUU
1995:90); Angtuaruyaaqellrulliniuk ukuk ivrucik,
ta¥gaam equmiimek acikek tua-i miknguarlutek.
Makut mecungellruaqameng, keviitaqameng
eqluteng kintui, cuqlurrluteng piyunairulluteng.
‘These wading boots were big, but apparently
their bottom parts had shrunk. When these have

epnaiq Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) # UK, LI; = pe÷aiq;< epnaq-iq; < PE 0pna3i3 (under PE 0pna3)
epnaq cliff; bluff # = pe÷aq; > epnaiq; < PE 0pna3
epr- root; NUN; = perrir-; > eprir-, epriteeprir- to wipe # epriraa ‘he is wiping it’ / NUN;
= perrir-; < epr-ir2-; > epriun; < PE 0p3i3eprite- to be clean # eprituq ‘it is clean’ / Eprilnguq
Qela ‘the Holy Spirit’; NUN; < epr-ite1epriun towel # NUN; = perriun; < eprir-n
epsalngu- to feel bad because of lack offresh air # epsalnguuq ‘he feels the lackof fresh air’ / Waken tua-i kuvyasengcivcariqata’arqamegteggu anernerteng
nucuggaarluku anernerunateng aqvaqutulliniut
mer’em ngeliinek kelutmun. Tua-i-ll’ imumek
epsalnguqerrluteng pikuneng, arulaiquneng tua-ikuvyarteng civivigkiurluku tugerluteng. ‘When
they were going to set their nets, they would
hold their breath at the edge of the water andstart running toward the shore. They stopped
when they needed air, and that’s where they
prepared a spot to set their net with an ice chisel.’(QUL 2003:506); Pikna-llu qulni ayaruminek
ayarungqerquni wall’u napamek ukiartaqluku,
ukimaurtelluku, epsalnguyailkutekluku. ‘If he has
staff or pole, he makes a hole up above above
him, pierces it, has that as his means of keepingfrom suffocating.’ (YUU 1995:68); < epe-yar-lngu-,> epsalngunarqeepsalngunarqe- to be stuffy # epsalngunarquq ‘itis stuffy’ / epsalngunaqvaa! ‘wow; is it everstuffy!’; < epsalngu-narqeepu shaft; straight handle # by extension forsome speakers any handle but see teguyaraq;
qanikciurut’ma epua asmuq ‘the handle of myshovel broke’; Una cauyam epua, cauyapiam
epukenrilnganaku. ‘This drum handle does
not look like the handles on regular drums.’(CIU 2005:266) Tua-i-llu atakuan, tan’gerian,nalukatangarcameng imkut tamakut nakacuut
quyurrluki muragamek waten epulirluki,
iquatgun wavet qillerrluki. ‘Then in the evening
when it got dark, when they were going topush those bladders under the ice, they all
gathered them, and using wooden poles forhandles attached the bladders, tying them to thepole ends.’ (ELL 1997:290); epuqainaat ‘arrows
without tips, made for youngsters learning
to shoot’ (literally: ‘just the shafts’); > epulek,

264Basesbeen wet and were dried without any kind of
stuffing they would shrink and become useless.’(CIU 2005:348); > eqsairte-, eqtaq, eqte-1, qet’e-;cf. quuyurni-, qellur-, qelu-, qelengte-, quu-; <PY 0q0-1
eqessnga- to be closed tightly # NUN; < eqte1eqeve- to be angry (and/or scared, perhaps) #eq’vuq ‘he is angry # eqevluni ‘being angry’;alternate formulation of base is eq’veeqi- to hit with a stick # eqia ‘he hit it’ / HBC;
< equk-?
eqiaq chopped firewood # Maqillermeggni-gguq
ernermiuluku eqiateng amllerpallalliniata uavet
elaturram mengliinun ilulirnermun quyu’urrluki
ellillruit. When they were taking a steambath,they said that that day because their chopped wood
was so plentiful, they had placed (the excess) inthe porch against the wall.’ (QUL 2003:126); <equk-liaq
eqiin root pick; digging stick # NUN; < equk-?-neqiite- to come in a mass to shore # of driftwood;
impersonal subject; eqiituq ‘there is driftwoodcoming to shore’ / NUN; < equk-?
eqir- to stoke; to put wood in it (the stove) # eqirtuq‘it has been stoked’; eqiraa ‘he stoked it’ /< equk-ir1eqiur- to chop wood # eqiurtuq ‘he is chopping
wood’; eqiuraa (or eqiurutaa) ‘he is chopping
wood for her’ / Nem’un tekicameng maaten piut
aatiit eqiulria. ‘When they arrived at the housethey saw that their father was chopping wood.’(ELN 1990:12); < equk-liureqluk curved piece across keel at bow and stern ofkayak # NUN
eqmallug-, eqmayug- to be in a bad frame of mind
# eqmallugtuq or eqmayugtuq ‘he is in a badframe of mind’ / < eqe1-?-llug-, eqe1-?-yugeqnarivakar- to become infuriating #eqnarivakartuq ‘it is getting to be infuriating’ /eqnarivakar! ‘oh how it’s becoming infuriating!’;/eqnarqe-i1-vakareqnarqe- to be infuriating; to be irritating; to be
exasperating # eqnarquq ‘it is infuriating’ /eqnaqvaa! ‘how infuriating!’; = qe÷arqe-; < eqe1narqeeqnayug- to be peeved at someone # eqnayugtuq‘he is peeved at someone’ / < eqe1-?-yugeqsairte- to keep (it) from shrinking #Cungagarrluku tua-i eqsairrluku. Nutaan

eqessnga- — equgcuun

eqsairqaarluku nillarluku tuntum amia. ‘Dyeing
it (the skin) kept it from shrinking. After thus
stabilizing the caribou skin they stretched it on aframe.’ (CIU 2005:350); < eqe2-yar-ir2-?eqtaq dough # eqciuq ‘she is making dough’; NUN;
< eqte-aq1
eqte1- to embrace; to hug; to squeeze # eqtuq ‘hesqueezed something’; eqtaa ‘he squeezed it’ /NUN; = qet’e-; < eqe2-te2-; > eqessngaeqte2- to tidy up, to straighten things out; to clean
house # eqtuq ‘he is tidying things up’; eqtaa ‘heis tidying it up’ /eqte3- to irritate; to infuriate # eqtaa ‘he irritates
or infuriates her’ / Tua-i arenqianaku eqtaqluku
taum qetunraan taukucetun anngarmitun
ayuqenrilami. ‘Since he was so different incharacter from his older brothers, he would
continually irritate her.’ (CIU 2005:190);
Tauna imna kemek eqcaaqem-llu-gguq kiugna
ilapkuggaq, tua-llu-gguq taum pia, “Naugga-mi
imna?” ‘On account of her annoyance that only
a little bitty piece was left, she asked her, “Nowwhere is it?”’ (CUN 2007:88); < eqe1-te2eq’u- emotional root; > eq’uke-, eq’urte-, eq’utar-,eq’uyagute-, eq’uyug-; < eqe1-?
equaq wooden story knife # < equk-?
equg- to carry on one’s shoulder or high on the
back; to carry under one’s arm (NUN meaning)# equgaa ‘he is carrying it on his shoulder’ /Tauna tan’gaurluq equgluku kegginaa wantelluku
tusmini . . . ‘He was carrying the boy on his backwith his (the boy’s) face here on his shoulder . . .’(PAI 2008:426); = quug-; cf. equk, equgaarpak;< PE 0q9u!equgaarpak legendary animal said to live
underground; mammoth (Mammuthus
primegenius) # the tusks of these animals are foundin Yup’ik areas and were traditionally identified withlegendary animals said to live underground at thepresent time; also spelled quugarpak; see description
by E. W. Nelson under entry quugaaq, quugaarpak;
cf. equk
equgcuun canine tooth; wedge # Una waniwa
keputii, ukut-llu waniwa equgcuutai mellgaraallu waniwa una, una-llu ukicissuutii makut maa-i
cassuukarai uitaut. ‘This adze of his, and thesewedges and curved knive, also this awl of his,these little tools of his remain.’ (MAR2 2001:6);= qugcuun; < equk-cuun; > equgcuutnguarraq

265equgcuutnguarraq — erinaBases

equgcuutnguarraq man’s bag for woodworking
tools # < equgcuun-uaq-rraq
equgkaq driftwood # NI, CAN; <equk-kaq
equgmelnguq* tree swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor) # =qugmelnguq, qungmelnguayaaq; < equk-metenguq
equgniilnguq* balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera);
locally “cottonwood” # LK, CAN; = qugniilnguq;< equk-niite-nguq
equgpigaq spruce; pine; construction wood # NUN;
< equk-pik2
equgtaq, equgtaaq rifle butt # = qugtaaq; < equktaq4
equgtar- to gather firewood # equgtartuq ‘he isgathering firewood’ / Amta-llu maurluni-llu
ikayuqlutek nunapigmun pavavet taglutek
atsanek ayuqenrilngurnek katurcinaurtuk,equgtarturluni, tuaten tua-wa yuungnaqluni . . .
‘And his grandmother and he helped each other,going up back there to the tundra they would
gather various types of berries, gather firewood,and try to live like that . . .’ (NAA 1970:2); =qugtar-; < equk-tar2equk thing carried on one’s shoulder; wood
(LY, NS, NUN, EG meaning) # Urluvni imkut
ullagluki tegullii arulliut equut, cakaunrirluteng
atusunairulluteng. ‘He went over to his bow
and arrrow, took it, and the wood (parts) had
rotted, was no longer good, and could not be
used anymore.’ (MAR1 2001:92); cf. equg-; =quuk; > eqi-, eqiaq, eqiin, eqiite-, eqir-, eqiur-,
equaq, equgcuun, equgkaq, equgmelnguq,
equgniilnguq, eqgpigaq, equgtaaq, equgtar-;< PE q09u!
eq’uke- to intensely dislike; to hate; to detest; toscorn # eq’ukaa ‘he intensely dislikes her, hates
her, detests her’ / Tua-i tangerrngamegnegu
aren nakleksugnaunaku! Aren kenkenritlinikiik
taunayagaq! Aren kenkevkenaku, eq’ukluku
tua-i! ‘When they saw him, oh dear, they didn’t
feel any compassion for him! Oh dear, they
apparently didn’t like him, that little one! Oh
dear, not liking him, they in fact despised him!’(ELL 1997:512); < eq’u-ke4eq’utar- to hate people; to be scornful of people# eq’utartuq ‘he is misanthropic, hates people,is scornful’ / Elpet-llu-gguq cali nasaurlurmi
tuaten teglengarluten-llu ayuqsaaqsartuten,
eq’utarluten-llu yugnek kenkivkenak, ta¥gaam-

gguq uingekuvet uivet elluarrluten aulukekaten
assilriacetun pitarrluten tamana-gguq tamaa-i
cali tamararkauguq, tuaten ayuquq. ‘And you
girl, you might be like a thief or tend to hate
people, have no love, but if you get a husband
and he treats you as if you are decent, that old
negative behavior will be lost (that is, forgotten),and that is what it is like.’ (KIP 1998:267); < eq’utar1eq’uyagute- to come to hate; to become scornfulof (him) # eq’uyagutaa ‘he has come to hateher’ / Anelgutain ta¥gaam nallunriamegteggu
atameggnun kenkenrucia ellmeggni eq’uyagutaat
qancurlagaqurangluku-llu. ‘However, when
his brothers learned of their father’s loving him
more than them, they grew to hate him and began
to constantly speak to him with contempt.’(AYAG. 37:4); <eq’u-yaguteeq’urte- to be infuriated; to suddenly become very
angry # . . . eq’urrlutek yugnek tuqucilaagnek,. . . ‘. . . for in their2 anger they2 kill people, . . .’(AYAG. 49:6); < eq’ueq’uyug- to hate someone # eq’uyugtuq ‘he hates
someone’ / eq’u-yugeq’ve- to be angry (and/or scared, perhaps) #eq’vuq ‘he is angry # eqevluni ‘being angry’;alternate formulation of base is eqeveeqyeraq cross fox (Vulpes vulpes var.) # NUN; < PE
qi3n03ere- to run # of colors; er’uq or eraa ‘its color is
running’ / > erme-, ermig-, erur-, erve-, erme-,
ervig-, ervike-, ervuqar-; < PE 030-1
erenqurte- for it to be noon # NUN; < erneq-urteerenret days # look under erneq
erevte-1 to get a foreign object in one’s eye # erevtuq‘he got something in his eye’ / HBC; NUN; =everte-, verte-; > ervun; < PY 0v03t0erevte-2 to erase # NUNeri- to feel relaxed and refreshed # as after taking asteambath; Yerici- to pluck bird feathers # NUN; cf. eritarerina, erinaq voice # erinaka or erinaqa ‘my voice’;Cuqcurliq-wa naken qalriaguralria angutemwa erinii qalarquralria. Maaten elpenguq
aatiin erinaklinikii. ‘A robin was calling fromsomewhere and a man’s voice was talking. As
her senses awakened fully she realized that it
was her father’s voice!’ (ELN 1990:21); Kaviaq

266

Baseserinairissuun — erneq

eritar- to pluck (feathers, fur, etc.) # eritartuq ‘heis plucking a bird’; eritaraa ‘he is plucking it’ /Issaluurmek pit’aqama yuilqumi . . . eritarluki
tuaten cukiirluki. ‘Whenever I caught porcupines
in the wilderness . . . I’d pluck them, removing
the quills.’ (CIU 2005:260); Y, NS, HBC, NUN,
NI, CAN, K; = erritar-, neritar-, rriitar-; cf. erici-,
erinraq; < PE 03ita3- (under PE 03i-)
erme- to dissolve; to dissipate; to run (of colors); to
fade # HBC; = erve-; < ere-?
ermig- to wash one’s face # ermigtuq ‘he is washinghis (own) face’; ermigaa ‘he is washing her face’/ Nutaan-llu unateteng erurluki ermigluteng-llu.
‘Now they washed their hands, and washed theirfaces too.’ (CAU 1985:127); ermiutaq ‘washcloth’;< ere-?; > ermigcuun; < PE 03mi!- (under PE
030-1)
ermigcuun washbasin # “Ermigcuutengqertutenqaa?” “Qang’a, ermigcuuteka malikellrunritaqa.”“Kitak uumek ermigcuutmek atuqina.” ‘“Do
you have a washbasin?” “No, I didn’t bring
my washbasin.” “Then use this washbasin.”;< ermig-cuun
ernengaar(ar)- for the days to get longer; for thetime of daylight to lengthen # NUN; < erneq-?
erneq day # either a twenty-four-hour period, or day as
opposed to night; erneret or erenret ‘days’; ernermi
caliaqluni unugmi-llu qavaraqluni ‘working in
the day and sleeping in the night’; erneq avkan‘when it is afternoon’; uitallruuq pingayuni
ernerni ‘he stayed three days’; ernerrlugtuq ‘it’sa bad day’; Erenret tua-i cukangatqapiggluteng
ak’a-ll’ tuar tekiartellriit upallerkameggnun
ernermun. ‘The days seemed to be going by very
fast until they would reach the day when it
would be time for them to move (to fish-camp).’(ELN 1990:55); ernerem (erenrem) qukallra,
erenrem (erenrem) qukallra, ernerem (erenrem)
qukaryaraa, erenrem (erenrem) qukaryaraa‘noon’; erenrem qukaryarani tekitaa ‘the day hasreached its midpoint, it is noon’; Iliini-ll’ erenrem
qukallran nuniini maktaqluci. ‘Sometime youpl get
up around noon.’ (KIP 1998:33); erneret (erenret)iliit ‘one day’; Tua-i-llu caqerluteng-am erenretiliitni arnat iliit mamteramun itliniluni, tauna
tan’gurraq tamaanetliniluni mamterami. ‘As time
passed one day one of the women went into oneof the smokehouses, and there was that boy there
in the smokehouse.’ (MAR1 2001:68); < erte-neq1;

qut’garrluni erinakegciniani angerluni. ‘The
fox, puffing himself up with pride because
it (the mouse) had said that he had a good
voice, agreed.’ (KAV 1972:13 & PRA 1995:317);> erinairissuun, erinia-, erinatuli, eriniqe-,
eriniurta, erinkegcar-; < PE 03ina(3)erinairissuun tape recorder # Tamarmeng
erinairissuutetgun imiusngallret qemangqaciquttayima qaku cali tekitarkami atuugarkauluteng.
‘Every one (cassette) that was filled by the taperecorder will be put away for use when the timecomes sometime in the future.’ (KIP 1998:xvii);< erina(q)-ir2-i2-cuun
erinatuli sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) # < erinatuli
erinia- to speak loudly and clearly; to cry out aloud;to shout # eriniaguq ‘he is speaking loudly andclearly’ / eriniataa ‘he is speaking loudly andclearly; Tua-i kiituani tua-i tauna Apanuugpak
erinialanguq. Qayagpagnaurtuq, “Apanuugpiim
piciqaaci!” ‘Soon Apanuugpak began to shout.
He would yell, “Apanuugpak is going to getyou!”’ (ELL 1997:408); Ilumun Agayutem elliin
tungaunani eriniatesciigalamikut cauyakun
uuggun erinialluta pituluni. ‘Truly, since God
himself cannot speak to us in person, he speaks to
us through this drum.’ (CIU 2005:116); < erina-?;> eriniassuun
eriniassuun larynx, voice box # K, Y, NI, CAN,
HBC, BB; < erinia-cuun
eriniqe- to have laryngitis # eriniquq ‘he haslaryngitis’ / < erina(q)-liqe2erinituli vowel # the vowels of Yup’ik are a, i, u, e;< erina(q)-li2-tuli; > erinituliunrilnguq
erinituliunrilnguq* consonant # the consonants of
Yup’ik are p, t, c, k, q, v, l, s, y, g, r, vv, ll, ss, gg,
rr, m, n, ng, µ, ÷, ™g, w, ¥g, ¥r , ¥rr, ¥k, and ¥q(the final four are uncommon; the final two verymuch so); < erinituli-u-nrite-nguq
eriniurta person who calls out the words of an
Eskimo dance song; song leader # < erina-liur-ta1
erinkegcar- to clear one’s throat # erinkegcartuq ‘hecleared his throat’ / < erina(q)-kegte-yarerinraq* down feather; undercoat hair of animal #< ?-nraq; cf. eritar-; < PE 03ieriq milt of fish # tep’liaqameng erinek ilaluki
pilartut ‘when they make aged fish heads they
put milt with them’; < PE 039i

267

ernequ — eruciq

Bases> erenqurte-, ernequ, Ernerculria, ernermikutaq,
ernengaar(ar)-, ernequtaq, ernerpak; cf.
ernertur(aq*); < PY 03n0q (under PY-S 030-2)
ernequ later today # adverbial particle; < erneq-ku
ernequtaq, erenqutaq lunch; noon meal # < erneqku-taq2, erneq-ku-taq2
Ernerculria the bearer of daylight, Raven in stories #< erneq-cur-lria
ernercuun calendar; terminology for days of
the week # Ernercuutaitellruut. Pikum iralum
muiryartullrakun tua-i nallunritaqluku. ‘They
had no words for days of the week. They calculateddays by watching the moon’s cycle.’ (CIU
2005:358); < erneq-cuu
ernermikutaq lunch, noon meal # Tua-i-llu-gguq
ukut qanlliniut, “Ernermikutarnariciquq-am.”‘Then they announced, “It is time for lunch.”’(CIU 2005:308); < erneq-localis-ku-taq2
ernermiu- for it to occur on a certain day #Maqillermeggni-gguq ernermiuluku eqiatengamllerpallalliniata uavet elaturram mengliinun
ilulirnermun quyu’urrluki ellillruit. ‘When
they were taking a steambath that day, they had
chopped up too much wood, so they had placed[the leftover] in the porch.’ (QUL 2003:126);< erneq-localis-uernermiurte- for it to be later in the day # Imumek
ernermiurtaangaqan miinengaqluni yuilqumun
ayagalriit miinerkun tuaten ivratuameng. ‘Lateron in the day, when wet spots (on the snow or
ground) would appear they traveled into thewilderness wading through the wet spots.’(CIU 2005:346); Ernermiurcan-llu waten erneq
qukarngariaqan, tuamta-ll’ payuggluki. ‘And
later in the day, when it was the middle of theday, they’d bring in food.’ (KIP 1998:27); < erneqlocalis-urteernerpak all day; today (additional Y, NS meaning)# adverbial particle; ernerpak qavallruunga ‘I
slept all day’; Tamaani ernerpak aquigaqameng
caaqameng auraqluteng tangnirqenraaraitnek
teggalqut. ‘When they played there all day
sometimes they’d collect the prettiest rocks.’(ELN 1990:18); < erneq-rpak; < PY 03n03pak(under PY-S 030-2)
ernerte- to spend a certain number of days #maantaurciqua ernerrlua yuinarnek ‘I’ll be here
for twenty days’; Ul’uq taqeksaunani ernerrluni
yuinaagnek malrugnek. ‘The flood came without

ending for forty days.’ (AYAG. 7:17); < erneq-?
ernertur(aq*) cross fox (Vulpes vulpes var.) # LI, BB
cf. erneq; < PE qi3n03erni- to stay for a day # erniuq ‘he spent a day(there)’ / Arenqiaculrianga-ll’ wii kiimecuama
erniqapigcuumiiculrianga. ‘I don’t really like tobe out all day because I am always alone.’ (QUL
2003:148); < erte-i3erraneq blister # EG; = qerraneq
errarun sailboat # EG; = qerrarun
erritar- to pluck (feathers, fur, etc.) # EG; = eritar-,neritar-, rriitarerrsuatyivlag- to be very faintly visible (of dawn) #NUN; < erte-?erruq arrow # EG; = qerruq
errute- to be cold # errutaanga ‘I’m cold’; EG; =qerruteerte- to dawn; to be dawn; to be daybreak #impersonal subject; ertuq or ertaa ‘it is dawn’ /ereskan ‘when day comes’; erqaarmi ayallruuq‘he left right after dawn’; tekipailgan erutaa‘the dawn came upon him before he arrived’;
er’artaa ‘dawn suddenly came upon him’;ertekegtaaralliniuq ‘the day began in a goodway’; erulluni ayallruuq ‘he was gone for aday’; erqaartuq ‘dawn first broke’; ertem iliini‘one day’; Qava’arqami-gguq qavaumanaurtuq,
ertengraan-llu qavarlun’. ‘Whenever she slept
she would sleep for a long time, and eventhough dawn came she’d sleep.’ (QUL 2003:70);> erneq, erni-, errsuatyivlag-, eruciq, erute-; cf.
ernertur(aq*); < PY-S 030-2
ertu- to be high # of cliffs, hills, not airplanes, trees;
ertuuq ‘it is high’/ ertulria ‘a high one’; = qertu-;EG
eruciq a dawning # Unuaquan-llu eruciatun yuut
ciulirnerit . . . ‘The next day at dawn the eldersof the people . . .’ (LUKE 22:66); used also in thefollowing constructions: erucia tamiin or eruciq
tamiin ‘every day’ (literally: ‘its dawning (orthe dawning), every one’); erucit iliitni ‘onemorning; one day ‘; aanii tauna erucit iliitni
tupalliniuq assirpegnani, tua-i nangteqluni. ‘. . .
his mother woke up one morning not feeling well,being ill.’ (ELL 1997:34); Tua-i erucit iliitni waten
kiaksigingenrakun ellameqaarlutek itliniuk . . .
‘One day early in the summer they2 came in after
being outside . . .’ (QUL 2003:480); < erte-ciq

268Baseserur- to wash # not clothes; erurtuq ‘he is washinghimself’ by sponging; eruraa he is washing it’/ eruriuq qantanek ‘he is washing the dishes’;
maklaarem amia eruraa ‘he is washing the skinof the bearded seal’; unateten erurki ‘wash yourhands’; Agngamek itertuk Mikellaq erurilria
Irr’aq-wa qavalria. ‘When they went over theywent in and (saw that) Mikellaq was washing(dishes) and Irr’aq was sleeping.’ (ELN 1990:86);
Erurcetaanga teq’umek. Teq’umek qaika erurluku.
‘She had me wash with urine, wash my bodywith urine.’ (YUP 2005:266); = rruur-; < ere-?;< PE 033u3- (under PE 030-1)
erute- to recur; to happen again; for day to comeupon one # erutuq ‘it recurred’; erutaa ‘itrecurred on him’ or ‘day came upon him’ /yuurtellra erutuq ‘the day he was born hasrecurred, it is his birthday’; yuurtellran eruyutii‘his birthday’; Qavartaaraa; unuaqu eruskaten
uterrniartuten. ‘Sleep (here); tomorrow when
day comes upon you, you can go home.’ (MAR1
2001:92); yuurtellrem eruyutii ‘birthday’; < ertete5-; < PY 03ut0- (under PY-S 030-2)
erve- to dissolve; to dissipate; to run (of colors); to
fade # ervuq ‘it dissolved’, ‘it ran’ / erevtaa ‘hedissolved it, erased it’; erevyuituq ‘it is colorfast’;= erme-; < ere-?
ervig- to wash (clothes, skins, etc.) # ervigtuq ‘itis being washed’; ervigaa ‘he is washing it’ /ervigiuq ‘he is washing (clothes)’; < ere-?; >ervigissuun, ervigivik; < PE 03(0)vi!- (under PE
030-1)
ervigissuun washing machine; washtub # <ervig-i2-cuun
ervigivik laundromat; washeteria # “Maani-qaa
ervigivigtangqertuq?” “Ii-i. Yaani kalikiviim
ketiini ervigivik uitauq qacarnemikun igarluni:
Washateria.” ‘“Is there a laundromat here?” “Yes.
The laundromat is located down from the post
office, with ‘Washateria’ painted on its side.”’(YUP 1996:53); < ervig-i2-vik
ervike- to stain in washing # ervikaa ‘it stained it’ /kavirlim keggatem ervikai qatellriit ilupret ‘thered shirt stained the white underwear’; < ere-?
ervun the thing one has in his eye # HBC; NUN =ver’un, evrun; < erevte-n
ervuqar-, ervuqe- (HBC form) to take a tub bath #ervuqertuq ‘he is taking a tub bath’; ervuqaraa‘he is giving her a bath’; maqivigtailan

erur- — eskaapaq

ervuqertuq ‘because there is no steambath house
he is taking a tub bath’; Tuatnalliniluku tua-iangayuqaagken angalkum taum alerquangatengerurluku, ervuqerluku tauna tua-i. ‘That’s
what her parents did, because those were theinstructions that the shaman gave, that is, towash and bathe her.’ (ELL 1997:448); < ere-?,< ere-?; > ervuqercuun, ervuqervik; < PY-S
03vuqa3- (under PE 030-1)
ervuqercuun bathtub # < ervuqar-cuun
ervuqervik bathroom # < ervuqar-vik
es’ak private parts of young female # NUN; cf.
es’aq; > es’angcares’angcar- to hold a female toddler out to urinate #NUN; < es’ak-ngcares’aq egg yolk # pronounced with geminated s voicelessas usual in the dialect; NUN; = esiq, eyiq; cf. es’ak;< PE 0yyi(3)esevsiar(aq*) young whitefish (species ?) # BB; <?-ar(aq)
esgaq sled brake # see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled;= elgaq, leg’aq; cf. saagaq
esip’aq, esip’aaq, esepaaq zipper # from English
esiq egg yolk # Tua-i-llu esia-llu kayangum cali
Irr’am irr’ikluku. Caucianek-llu apyutekluku.
‘Irr’aq looked with amazement at the yolk of theegg. She asked concerning what it was.’ (ELN
1990:105); = es’aq, eyiq; > esirliq, esirrlugte-; < PE
0yyi(3)
esirliq, esirngalnguq* yellow thing # < esiq-li1-,
esiq-ngalnguq
esirrlugte- to be yellowish # Tamakut manna-at
ayuqut naucetaarkayagartun, qaterrlugluteng
esirrlugce÷ateng. ‘That manna was like a certain
plant (in color), off white, yellowish.’ (NAAQ.
11:7); < esiq-llugteOf the following words, those that begin with
es followed by a stop consonant and that areloan words from Russian or English may be
written and pronounced without the initiale, that is, beginning with a two-consonant
cluster.
eskaaniq bark of a certain type of tree
(species?) burned and used as an inhalant
to stop nosebleeds; # cf. eskaniaq
eskaapaq, eskaapaaq shelf # eskaapat or eskaapaat‘shelves, cupboard’; from Russian irfg (shkap)

269

eskaayaq — essuararaq

Baseseskaayaq dog with a ring of dark fur around its eye# possibly a loan word of undetermined origin
eskaniaq dry rotted dead spruce wood # cf.
eskaaniq
eskaviaq hawk owl (Surnia ulula); northerngoshawk (Accipiter gentilis); sharp-shinned hawk
(Accipiter striatus) # Imna tua tauna atamek
uyamiliutellra camun-ll’ atuucirkaunaku
uyamikaqekii tauna eskaviaq nemertararaumalria.
‘And he wore that hawk owl which was boundtogether, that his father had given him, aroundhis neck not knowing what to use it for.’ (QUL
2003:426); < PE k09(0)kavi!
eskavte- to scatter; to be in disarray # eskavtuq ‘it isin disarray’; eskavtaa ‘he scattered it’ / eskavtut‘they are scattered’; eskavciuq ‘he is scattering
things’; = cekavte-, cikavteeskiiq ski # and eskiir- to ski # Tua-i-llu eskiinek
imkunek pilangata . . . nutaan assipiat;
kass’artaat imkut eskiit. ‘Then, when skis became
available . . . they were excellent; those skis werefactory made.’ (PAI 2008:236); Wii-llu eskiillemni
pircingan qerruyingama utertellruunga. ‘I cameback from skiing when I became cold after theblizzard started.’ (YUP 1996:27); from English
eskuulaq (Y, HBC, NI, NUN form), eskuuluq (BB,NR, LI, EG, NI form) school #and eskuular-,
eskuulur- to go to school; to teach # eskuulartuq
or eskuulurtuq ‘he is going to school’; eskuularaa
or eskuuluraa ‘he is teaching him’ / from Russianir˙kf (shkóla) and/or from English ‘school’; >eskuularaq, eskuularista, eskuularvik
eskuularaq student # < eskuular-aq
eskuularista teacher # eskuular-i2-ta2
eskuularvik school # Y, HBC, NI, NUN; < eskuularvik
eskuulutaq skillet; frying pan # from Russian
crjdjhjlƒ (skovorodá)
eskuutaq sheet (rope) on a sailboat # from Russian
irjn (shkot)
espaak spark plug # espaam uskuraa ‘spark plugwire’; from English
espickaq, espickaaq (NI, HBC, CAN form),
espiickaaq (Y, EG form) match # Waniwa tua-icamek avaliinani, ta¥gaam tua-i neqa’arnek calillu espickaarnek, kenrrarnek-wa avalirluni. ‘Now,
lacking some things — true, but having foods,
matches, the little matches, that is.’ (KIP 1998:7);

from Russian cg∫xrf (spíchka)
essaar- to make a sibilant sound # as when soothinga baby; essaartuq ‘she is saying s-s-s’; essaaraa‘she is saying s-s-s to him’ / Ertaqan-gguq tang
pia-i ellimallminek anluni irniaminek amarluni
essaarturluni ellimallmi uivaarturnauraa,
atakuan-llu tayim’ iterluni. ‘When day came shewould go out of her grave carrying her child on
her back, making a soothing sound, and she would
keep going around her grave, going back inwhen evening came.’ (CAU 1985:120); imitative
esseg- (NUN form), [e]sseg- to cut fish for drying. for
NUN speakers: essgaa ‘she is cutting it’ / essgiuq‘she is cutting fish’; see seg- for information on nonNUN use; = ceg-, segesseq (NUN form), [e]sseq sweat; perspiration # andesser- (NUN form), [e]sser- to sweat; to perspire# for NUN speakers: essertuq ‘he is sweating’ /esquni ‘if he sweats’; see seq/ser- for information
on non-NUN uses; = ceq/ceressgar- (NUN form), [e]ssgar- to become more
active; to become wide awake # for NUN speakers:
essgartuq ‘he became more awake’ / see segg’arfor information on non-NUN use; = cegg’ar-,segg’aresslaapaq, ess’laapaq broad-brimmed hat or cap #from Russian ikΩgf (shlyápa); = selapaq, cillapak
essmataq sweater # HBC; = essvataq, etc.; fromEnglish ‘sweater’essmiar- to overflow; to have a meltwater overflow# essmiartuq ‘it is overflowing’ / Tamatum-llu
tamaa-i nalliini ciku mamtutulliniluni tangellra
waten essmiarang’ermi. ‘On those days the ice
would still appear to be thick even if it was
overflowing (with water).’ (QUL 2003:308); cf.
essnguressnguq pus; bloody liquid from a wound or sore #HBC, NI, NUN; direct nominalization of essnguressngur- (NI, NUN form), [e]ssngur- (Y form)
to overflow # essngurtuq or seng’urtuq ‘it isoverflowing, it overflowed’ / = ceng’ur; cf.
essmiaressuararaq spiritual uncleanliness manifesting
itself physically # Tua-i cakneq essuaraunani
maaggun-llu-gguq negilimi ngeliikun tanqigmek
anlluggluni tauna arnaq. ‘She was so clean thatthat woman emanated radiance through the edgeof her parka ruff.’ (QUL 2003:46); . . . tangellra-ll’
tua-i essuarangssagaunani. ‘. . . his appearance

270Basesessug- — ete-essvataq (NI, HBC form), esswataq (K form),
esswetaq (Y form) sweater # = essmataq; fromEnglish ‘sweater’esvaik, esvaiq, esviak, esviaq female breast #= evsaik; > esvailitaq; < PE 0vya&(&)i3
esvailitaq, esvialitaq brassiere # < esvaik-ilitaq,
esviak-ilitaq
ete- to be; to exist # etuq ‘he or it exists, is situated,
or is a certain way ‘/ presently productive in
NUN, HBC, NSK and to a limited extent in NI (andelsewhere?): kinkuni ecit? ‘with whom are you
staying?’; waten enani ‘being that way’; ecuituq
maani ‘he doesn’t stay here’; tuaten etellruuq ‘he
was that way’; . . . nunat-wa taukut etliniaqelriit
kuigem ci÷iini ‘. . . and that village was situatedon the shore of the river’ (CEV 1984:59); Qaygim
agaan’ ingluani, nanerpiit kukgaat, tamakut
qillerqelluki, nakacuut elvigkait. ‘On one side of
the kashim, light spears and heavy spears weretied in bundles at the places where the bladders
were to be.’ (CEV 1984:32); Qiini-ggur tauna
nukalpiat ill’it, cun’era’ar, Askinat negratni
etliniur, nunangqelliniur. ‘Up north one of the
proficient hunters, a young man, was in thenorth of the Askinaq Mts., and he had a camp.’(WOR 2007:106); Piani elngug taumeg uimegneg. . . ciknaqerpakarluteg egqaqelqakeg. ‘Those2
who were back there became so jealous of their2
husband . . . that they trashed his belongings.
(WOR 2007:114); Ta¥ga-i kangiiyugturallinia
nateqvaqapiar etellraneg. ‘He sought to findout exactly where it was.’ (WOR 2007:116);
Siimaurcimalliniur. Nut’an tauna caumall’irluni
etur. ‘It apparently turned to stone. This one isprovided with a face.’ (WOR 2007:118); . . .
terlagmi elan. ‘. . . because it was located in alow place.’ (WOR 2007:118); Taukug imna-llu
Mell’arpim yugguaran ill’it pikani etqam uatiini
ecalria, . . . ‘Those2, including one of Mell’arpag’s
stone face-balls, is located up there in a pit.’ (WOR2007:118); Tua-i-gguq etetulliniukut tuaten. ‘That,
it is said, is how we were.’ (ELL 1997:452); thisbase is also occasionally used in areas other than thosementioned above, particlarly in Christian religious
translations: Tuaten piqarraami etellruuq, watuallu etuq, eterrlainarkauluni-llu akwanun. ‘He [God]was (existed) from the beginning, now is (exists) ,and always will be (exist) forever.’ (YUA 1954:10& LIT 1972:3); Agayun eterrlainalria uitavikarci;. . . ‘The eternal God is yourpl dwelling place; . . .’was totally clear and clean.’ (QUL 2003:544)
essug- to scrub (floors, walls) # essugaa ‘he isscrubbing it’ / essugluku ‘scrubbing it’; essugiis used more often
essugi- to scrub (floors, walls) # essugiuq ‘he isscrubbing something’; essugia ‘he is scrubbing it’/ also (and more commonly) spelled suugi-; < -i2essuir- to become clear; to be cleansed # of weather orof a person cleansed of spiritual impurity; < essur-iressuircar- to cleanse of spiritual impurity #Cali ikiituut kumarrluki qasgimi nakacuut
puyiurcetaqluki, tua-i-gguq carrluk ca imna
wall’u yuum carrlua evcugluku, wall’u
essuircarluki-gguq. ‘Also they burned wild celery
in the kashim to expose the bladders to thesmoke, and thus shake off or ritually cleanse itof impurity or (to remove) a person’s impurity.’(CAU 1985:60); Kana-i-gguq tua-i essuirulluni
tua-i yuucirramitun elliryaaquq. ‘Down there hehas become spiritually pure and has become likehimself.’ (QUL 2003: 544); < essurir-caressuite- to be clear; to be calm; to be clean # ofweather or of a person cleansed of spiritual impurity;essuituq ella ‘the weather is calm and quiet’, ‘theair is clear and clean’; < essur-iteessur- root; > essuararaite-, essuir-, essuircar-,essuite-; cf. ecurestaalista churchwarden; church caretaker # from
Russian cnƒhjcnf (stárosta); = staalista
estakaanaq glass pitcher; chimney for kerosene
lamp # BB; from Russian cnfrƒy (stakán)‘drinking glass’; = stakaanaq
estikluuq, estik’luuq glass # substance or drinking
glass; from Russian cntrk˙ (stikló); = stikluuq,
stik’luuq
estulussaq, estelussaq carpenter’s plane # andestulussar-, estelussar- to plane wood #estulussaumauq or estelussaumauq ‘it has beenplaned down’; from Russian cnhe; (struzh); =stulussaq, stelussaq
estuuluq table # Maaten cam mat’um
estuuluungalnguum kelua murilkaa una
kass’arpall’er, nuyarrlainaq-wa kegginaa, cali
qaterrlugluteng nuyai. ‘She observed the area
behind this thing that seemed to be a table, andthere was a big white man, his face all covered
with hair, and his hair off white in color.’ (ELN
1990:113); from Russian cnjk (stol); = stuuluq

271

[e]teq — etruir-

Bases(ALER. 33:270); Nutem etellrani qaneryaraq
uitallruuq, qaneryaraq-llu Agayutmi uitallruuq,
qaneryaraq-llu Agayutnguluni. ‘In the beginning
was the word, and the word was with God, andthe word was God.’ (literally: ‘When it originallyexisted the word was there, . . .’) (JOHN 1:1); . . .
ta¥gken assiinateng etellret, tuunram nuniinun
ayagcilluki akwarpak nangteqvigkaatnun.
‘. . . but those who have been bad He sends to
he realm of the Devil, to their future place of
everlasting torment.’ (SBO 1896:31 & 2006:20); . . .
nuna qaingani qiliit qaingatni elucimitun.
‘. . . on the earth as (it) is in heaven.’ (CAT1950:1); Elpet etellriaten kiivet tanqilria, Elpet
etellriaten kiivet ¥gaspataq, . . . ‘You are holiness,
You and you alone are, oh Lord.’ (ORT 2006:26)
Tamalkuitnek iluteqnam tungiinek aviuskut
tamaaten apaanauramteggen elpet: Nunaniryua,
Elvik Elvigmi! ‘Lead us away from all sadness
in accordance with Your will as we invoke yourname: Rejoice, O World (place of Existence)!’(ORT. 2006:49); also occurs in contractions withlocalis case endings (see postbase -mete-/-nete-):nancit? ‘where are you?’ from underlying nani
ecit; tamaanelngaituq ‘he won’t be there’ fromunderlying tamaani elngaituq; angyamelnguut
tagesqiki ‘tell those in the boat to go up’ fromunderlying angyami elnguut tagesqiki; also incontractions with the 4th person quanitifier/qualifier
construction (see at kiimete-); also in contraction
with qayuwa, in qayuwete- ‘to be a certain(altered) way’ (q.v.); note that unlike other shortbases (e.g., at’e- kit’e-, mit’e-. tut’e-) ending in te,
the base ete- does not carry gemination, not even withending such as ~+’(g/t)uq; see examples with etuq
above; apparently ete- is a “stress-repelling” base (seeintroduction). > eluciq; cf. envanek, envau-;< PE 0t[e]teq, eteq (NUN form) anus; bottom; sea anemone# terr’a (etra forNUN) ‘its anus’, ‘its bottom’;Qaltayag siimameg uqamalkucirarluku, ta¥g’am
etranun tut’enritliniur. ‘They weighted dowm
the bucket (ln the rope) with a rock, but it didn’t
reach its (the water’s) bottom.’ (WEB 2 (NUN));. . . etiiq tang pegteqernga. Angama nulirran
assinqurraanek cikirciqmaken.’ ‘. . . sea anemone(anus), release me. I’ll give you my uncle’s
best wife.’ (KIP 1998:171); Tii-iq, tii-iq, pegesna,
pegesngarr-ai! Angama, angacarama, nulirran
aipaanek nunuliramken, uqinranek. ‘Sea anemone,sea anemone, (anus, anus), release me, release me!
I’ll reward you with one of my uncle’s wives, thefatter one.’ (CUN 2007:96) (another version of thesame story using another form of the vocative; notethe humorous play on words here). see teq for more
information and derivatives; > etquq, etraq, etruir-;
cf. tiiyaq; PE 0t03
etgalnguq* shallow place # kuik qerallruarput
ivrarluta etgalngurkun ‘we crossed the riverwading through the shallow place’; < etgatenguq
et’galqilaq, et’galqitaq small piece of ice beached inshallow water #etgalqite-, etgalqitar- to run aground in shallow
water # etgalqitartuq ‘he or it ran aground’/ Ugkut-llu uani kuigem paingani marayat
alailnguut kuigem avatiini, etgalqitarnat.
Angyakun ayakuvet, ciuqlirmi tamaani
etgalqitarraarluten kinguani ayalangkuvet
tangrruarluku mer’em patumangraaku, . . . ‘At
the mouth of the river those sandbars that appear
around the river are places that may cause one torun aground. If you go with a boat, at first you run
aground, and after that when you start traveling
regularly it’s like you see it even if the water
covers it, . . .’ (KIP 1998:41); < etgalquq-ite3-; PE
0t!al3it- (under PE 0t0-)
etgalquq shallow place # < etgate-quq; > etgalqitaretgate- to be shallow # etgatuq ‘it is shallow’ /etganani ‘(it) being shallow’; etgalan ‘because
it is shallow’; Yuk marayamun qimakuni
mermun etgalngurmun, angyaa maktangaituq,
kitnguarkauguq. Ta¥gken et’ulriami qairet
angengermeng ekurangraata angyaq
maktaciquq. ‘If a person flees (from a storm) into
sandbars, into shallow water, his boat won’t stay
upright but it will capsize. However, in deep
water, even if the waves are large and even if
they splash into his boat, it will stay upright.’(YUU 1995:69); < ?-ate-; > etgalnguq, etgalquq;< PE 0t!atetgeraq hard wood (used for making bows and thelike) # NUN; = tegg’eraq; cf. teggeetqacuk grass-lined storage pit # NUN
etquq urine # etqurnilarquq ‘it smells of urine’;
NUN, EG; = teq’uq; < eteq-quq; < PE 0t0qu3
et’raq part of whale’s flippers close to tail # NUN;
< eteq-?
etruir- to wipe one’s anal area # NUN; < eteq-?-ir2-

272

Baseset’u- to be deep # etuuq ‘it is deep’ / qaillun
et’utaa? ‘how deep is it?’; ivrarcuutegka qalutuk
et’ulriamun tut’ellemni ‘my hip-boots got waterin them when I stepped in the deep place’;et’uriuq ‘it became, or is becoming, deep’;nalluaqa et’utacia ‘I don’t know its depth’;Mermi-llu cali et’unrilngurmi, nanvat-llu ce÷aitni,
neqa alaunani piaqan pitgarluku mer’em
akuliinlengraan, . . . ‘Also in water that wasn’t
deep, on the shores of lakes too, whenever fish
would be visible, they’d shoot it with arrows
even though it was in the middle of the water,. . .’ (CIU 2005:32); < PE 0t0et’ve- to portage # et’vuq ‘he is portaging’; et’vaa‘he is going over it’ / etevluni ‘portaging’; NUN;
= teve-; < 0t0v0(t)eva-, evama- (NUN form) to set, to sit on eggs; toincubate # evauq ‘it (hen) is sitting on its eggs’;
evai ‘it is incubating them’ / Qugyuut-llu cali
makut evaluki tangrraqaceteng assiitetuut-gguq
call’. ‘It’s also a bad sign when they see swans
sitting on their nests.’ (PAI 2008:172); < PE 0vaevaar- to buzz # Qiaqcaaraurluinanermini nakengguq evaarngalngurmek niicami taqeqerluni
piqalliniuq aaniin piaken qunguumavian
tungiinek imna evaarnganani. ‘While he wascrying, when he heard what seemed like abuzzing sound, he stopped (crying), and realizedthat it seemed to be buzzing from back there fromthe direction of the place where his mother wasburied.’ (QUL 2003:84)
evaat harmonica # a plural; HBC; imitative; = evvaat
evate- to place pressure on the carotid artery; loosely
to strangle # HBC; = avateevcug- to shake or brush off snow, dirt, spiritualuncleanliness, etc. from oneself or clothing# evcugtuq ‘he or it is shaking himself, he isbrushing snow or dirt off himself’; evcugaa‘he is shaking it to remove snow or dirt’ /kaminialiurraarluni evcullrua puyuqneq
lumarraminek ‘after working on the stove heshook the soot from his shirt’; evcua ‘brush
yourself off’; Tua-i-gguq tauna nasqurrutii
Taglangaam, mom-am qanrutellruanga,ellangellrulliami, nangyun-gguq evcugluku
caiggluk wani, nangyun evcugluku. Nangyun
ayagcetengnaqluku. ‘My mom, who had alreadybecome aware of things at that time, told me that
Taglangaq used the wormwood headdress toet’u- — evga

ward off sickness. She was trying to shake off thesickness in her body. She was trying to send thesickness away.’ (TAP 2004:73); > evcuutaq; PE
0vcu!evcuutaq snowbeater; device for brushing off orotherwise removing snow or dirt from a garment# < evcug-taq1
evegtaq* bumblebee # LY, HBC/NI, CAN, LK, BB,
NR, LI, EG; literally: ‘thing of the grass’; evegtaat
neqait ‘rosewort (Sedum roseum)’ (NUN usage);also spelled vegtaq; = megtaq; < evek-taq2; < PE
0v0!ta3 (under PE 0v0!)
evegtar- to gather grass; to cut grass # used evenin areas where grass is canek rather than evek;
evegtartuq ‘she is gathering grass’ / Tua-i
evegtarraarluku elagluk’ pilliniuq citaak ukuk
qalirnerak. ‘After pulling out the grass from it, hedug down and saw the top of the coffin.’ (QUL
2003:238); also spelled vegtar-; < evek-tar2evek (EG, HBC, NI form), [e]vek grass # plural: evget
or veg’et; Tua-llu ikiituut wavet tua nemrulluki,
cali-ll’ taukut evget cali can’get makucit cali
ilakluki, tua-i ekuatekaqluki. ‘The wild celery
was bound around the end of the staff along withwild grass; grasses like these were used to fuelthe flames.’ (QAN 1995:172); . . . malrunlegen-llu
kuluviit uqurilriit nug’ut Nile-amek, nerlutengllu ce÷am evginek. ‘. . . and seven fat cows cameup out from the Nile and fed in the grass of theshore.’ (AYAG. 41:18); see vek for more information;> evegtaq, evegtar-, evger(aq), evineq, evisraaq,
eviun; < PE 0v0!
eveqaa- to rock from side to side # of a boat;
eveqaaguq ‘it is rocking’ / NS; = uvaa-; < everqar-aever- slanting; tilting # postural root; > evengqa-,
everte-, eveqaa-; NS; = uver-; < PE uv03- or 0v03evengqa- to be slanting or tilted # evengqauq ‘it isslanted, tilted’ / NS; < ever-ngqaeverte- to slant; to tilt # evertuq ‘it slanted, tilted’;
evertaa ‘he slanted it, tilted it’ / NS; < ever-te2everquun awl; tool for prying or unraveling # < ?-n;= verquun
everte-, [e]verte- to get a foreign object in one’s eye# evertuq ‘he got something in his eye’ /= verte-, erevte-; > evrun, ver’un; < PY 0v03t0evga wooden piece in socket of foreshaft of seal
harpoon # NUN273

evger(aq*) — eyailnguq

Basesevger(aq*) short grass # NUN; < evek-?
evikegte- to make a hollow sound # . . . ayaruminek
kaugtuallrani nuna cakneq evikeggluni tengteng-aarluni nuna kumlalami. ‘. . . when he wasrapping the ground with his walking stick it was
making a hollow sound because the soil was verycold.’ (KIP 1998:81)
evineq small grassy knoll or island # < evek-i3-neq1
evisrayaaq short grass # Maaten ellangyungami
ellangelliniuq maram qukaani, evisrayaamekta¥gaam naumasterluni. ‘When it was time forhim to come to, he came to and saw that in the
middle of the mad flat there was vegetation in
the form of short grass.’ (YUP 1995:78); < evek-?
eviun loosely woven grass mat used as insulation
for roof and/or to keep loose soil from fallingthrough # see Appendix 9 on parts of house; < eveklir-n
evrun foreign object in one’s eye # = ervun, ver’un;< everte-n
evsaik female breast # K, Y, NI, CAN, BB; = esvaik;< PE 0vya&(&)i3evu- to pile up (usually of ice, as when floes on thewater slide up on top of one another) # evuut‘they are piling up’/ Aren, tua-i piinanermini
tua kiarpakarluni pilliniuq, apqegket angenqaak
cikuk, keggsartulriik, imkuk tua-i evuqatarlutek.
Icuw’ tanglalriaci cikunek waten evunernek
piaqluni, navguumaluteng tua-i quyurrlutengllu waten pimaaqluteng. Tamaa-i cikut
tugrutaqameng evulallrit. ‘Soon, having looked
around often enough, he saw two big pieces ofice; they were coming toward each other andwere going to pile up together. You know, youhave seen ice that has piled up; they are all broken
up and have collected together. When the icemeets together like that, they make a pile.’ (QUL
2003:320); = ugu-; > evuneq; < PE i&(0)yuevuneq piled-up ice; pressure ridge # Taum’ taukut
kangingqerrluki ellaita tamakut aturtaita pilarait
tua-i-gguq taukut evunret. Evunret-gguq tua
kangilirluki. ‘For those who were involved, those[the bladders tied to the spears] symbolized, so it
was said, pressure ridges; they represented piles ofsea ice.’ (QAN 1995:166); = ugunret; < evu-neq1
evvaat harmonica # imitative; K; = evaat
eyag- to follow traditional practices associatedwith birth, death, first menstruation, illness,
etc., consisting of abstaining from certain

foods and activities # eyagtuq he is abstaining’/ eyaumauq ‘he has been abstaining’; eyii!
‘abstain!’; . . . cali tayima nunani ayuqevkenatengeyagaqluteng. ‘. . . in the villages they practiced
ritual abstinence in various different way.’ (CAU
1985:126); Tuquiqerra’arqameng-gguq tamaani
taukug’ imkug’ angayuqaak eyaumanaurtuk,
caqayuunatek. ‘At those days when they had
just recently suffered a loss through death(of a child) the parents would fast, abstaining
from all activities.’ (KIP 1998:125); Agayuviim
pisquciatun eyaglaqina, Tallimiritni-llu
ungungssiim kemganek nereksaunak. ‘Always
fast in accordance with God’s instructions, andon Fridays don’t eat meat.’ (CAT 1950:3); = yaag-;> eyagnaq, eyagyaraq, eyailnguq, eyanqellria;< PE i&a!eyagnaq life event that causes others to follow
traditional abstinance practices is required #Tan’gaurluq-gguq tua-i qasqiartaqami, aanami
emuanek pinriqertaqami eyagnani pellularaa.
Nasaurluum-gguq ta¥gken utumallni eyagnamek,
agleraqami nutaan eyagnarituuq, mulnganariluni
tua-i. ‘It is said that whenever a boy reaches
a certain stage, when he is weaned from his
mother’s breast, then he has passed throughthe stage of his life that requires others to follow
traditional abstinance practices. Concerning a girl,however, when she starts menstruating therequirement to follow these practices increases;
one must take increasing care concerning thesethings.’ (YUP 2005:150); < eyag-naq
eyagyaraq traditional practice associated with birth,
death, illness, puberty etc. # Yuk tuquaqan cali
eyagyarait amllellrulliniut . . . ‘Also whenevera person died (in the community) their(the people’s) traditional abstinence practices
were numerous . . .’ (CAU 1985:126); Yuut
arenqialameng ilarqut’ngengameng, eyagyaraqllu tamana atunringamegteggu ilaita. ‘There’s
so much disorder and confusion in our lives
today, and some don’t even follow the traditional
abstinence practices anymore.’ (CIU 2005:136);< eyag-yaraq
eyailnguq* one who doesn’t follow traditional
abstinence practices # Imna-gguq ta¥gken
eyailnguq . . . eglercami temii pinialiyarturluni
acitmun. ‘They say, however, that that person
who neglects the traditional abstinence practices . .
. as he comes down [from the prime of his life]274

Baseshis body becomes weaker [more so than had hefollowed the practices].’ (CIU 2005:254); <egag-ite1-nguq
eyalirtaq dark-colored spotted seal # = yaalirtaq;< eyaq-lir-?
eyanqellria one who follows traditional abstinence
practices # Eyanqellria-gguq yuk apqucim
agtuyuitaa. ‘They say that a person who follows
the traditional abstinence practices is untouchedby physical affliction.’ (YUP 2005:254); <eyag-nqegg-lria
eyaq, eyaneq tattoo # and eyar- to tattoo #traditionally done by passing charcoal-coated threadthrough the skin; eyartuq ‘she tattooed herself’;eyaraa he tattooed her’ / < igaq/igar-, < igaq/
igar-neq1; > eyalirtaq
eyir- to occupy a vacant building or site; to people;
to move in with others # eyirtuq ‘it is occupied’;eyiraa ‘he occupied it’ / (e)yirluku ‘occupyingit’; eyiumauq ‘it has been occupied’; Wani-gguq
aipaqa tauna angayuqangqerqan tua-i taukunun
eyiuskuma aiparma ilainun, tua-i taukut nemgguq iluani ellimerrutekat amllertut. ‘They said
if my wife had parents and I moved in with herfamily, there are many chores to be completed
inside the home.’ (YUP 2005:192); probably fromyuk, person, and -lir-, ‘to provide with’ (thuseyiraa is literally: ‘he provided it with a person —in the person of himself’; cf. aipir-); the initial e on
eyir- suggests that historically yuk had an initial e(as does evidence from other Eskimo languages; cf. PEi&u!); cf. yuk, cuk; = yi(i)reyur-1 to defend another person verbally; tofeel and act defensive on another’s behalf# eyurtuq (or eyuriuq) ‘he is defending
someone’; eyuraa ‘he is defending her’ /“Aullut’ar! Usuuq uitate¥rluqerru-ata.” “Meqtang cumacinarilaqii.” “Cumacinarqenrituq
nuagtaanritaa elakaq.” “Cakaqni uum
eyurnak’lartau?” ‘“Beware! You, leave the poor
(girl) alone.” “She makes the water disgusting.”“It’s not disgusting; she doesn’t put saliva inthe water hole.” “How can she be of value or
benefit to him that this one is so defensive of her?”(MAR2 2001:85); Y, K, CAN, NI, BB, NR, LI; =igur-, yu(u)r1eyur-2 to jell; to congeal # eyurtuq or eyuraa ‘itjelled’ / eyurtaa ‘he (or it) jelled it, caused it tojell’; eyuumauq ‘it is jelled’; Eyuani ta¥gken tua-ieyalirtaq — eyurcissuun

teggluni akutaq. ‘The Eskimo ice cream was
hard when it congealed.’ (PAI 2008:102); = igur-;> eyurcissuun, yuringa-; cf. yuurleqtaaq
eyurcissuun mold (for forming a shape) # Aaronaam teguluki aqlitet urugtai, kuvluku-llu
uruumalria eyurcirissuutmun eluciliumalriamun,. . . ‘Aaron took the earrings, melted them,and poured the molten mass into a mold toshape it, . . .’ (ANUC. 32:4); < eyur2-te2-i2-cuun

275

gguun — iciwa

Bases

G

I
icamiirte-, icamiite- (EG form) to be disappointed;
to be saddened # icamiirtuq ‘he is disappointed’/ Ataneq, cacetuqutekellruamteggen
icamiircecaqunii. ‘Oh Lord, because we have put
our trust in You, do not let me be disheartened.’(YUA 1945:10 & LIT 1972:3); = caamiirteicaqe- to babysit (K, NI meaning); to hold (child) inlap (HBC meaning) # icaqaa ‘she is babysitting
him, she is holding him’ / icaqiuq ‘she isbabysitting, she is holding a child in her lap’; cf.
icarqeicarqe- to fix; to repair # icarquq ‘he fixed himself
up’ tidied himself, reformed his behavior, etc.; icarqaa‘he fixed it’ / icarqumauq ‘it is fixed’; NSU; cf.
icaqeici ouch!; it’s hot (to the touch)! # exclamation; HBC
icineq thin, melting, overhanging ice edge is spring#
icivaaraqu, icivaarqu in the near future; soon #adverbial particle; < icivaq-ar(aq)-ku, icivaq-ar(aq)ku
icivaq a few days ago; a few weeks ago; recently #adverbial particle; icivaq kayangussullruukut ‘awhile ago we hunted for birds’ eggs’; imna-ggur’
una tua-i icivaq tuqulleq! ‘it was that one, the onethat had died recently!’ (ELL 1997:488);> icivaaraqu, icivaqu
icivaqu a few days from now; a few weeks fromnow # adverbial particle; icivaqu allamun nem’unnugtarciiqua ‘later on I’ll move to another house’;< icivaq-ku
iciwa, iciw’, icugg’ you know; remember; as you
know too # exclamatory or interjectional particle;
iciwa imumi qavartarvillmegnuk ukatiini‘you know, on this side of the place where we
camped’; Maurlurluan pillinia, “Tangrru, iciwa
qanrutellruyaaqekemken iqlungarniluki makut
nukalpiat. ‘Her dear grandmother told her, “See,remember how I told you that these young men
are always lying.”’ (YUU 1995:11); Imna-llu icugg’
iralumun ayalleq, caulria ima, astronaut. ‘That
one, you know, the one who went to the moon,
now what do they call him?, an astronaut.’ (KIP
1998:61); < ?=wa; < PY ici!wa

For words that sound as if they start with g, lookalso under eg.
gguun through here; this way # short for maaggunsee maani or uuggun see wani; < vialis
gguurraq this way a little # < gguun-rraq
gilerte- to move; to be in motion; to travel # gilertuq‘he or it is traveling’ / snuukuuq gilrutaa ‘he ismaking the snowmachine go, driving it’; Uksumi
tuunritulliniut atakumi tan’gerirraartelluku.
Cikum aciakun ayagluteng, neqet tumyaraatgan
gilerrluteng. ‘In winter they did their conjuringwith spirits in the evening after it had become
dark. They traveled under the ice moving
along the route of the fishes.’ (YUU 1995:41);
Ciunemkun tua-i ayii, wiinga maligciiqamken
cukassaagarpek’nii ungungssiaraat mikelnguutllu gilertellrat pitaciluku. ‘Go ahead of me, I’ll
follow you slowly in keeping with the paceof the animals and children.’ (AYAG. 33:14);
Ilangcivkenaku ciunemkun gilerciiqua unuamek,
unuaqu, yaaliaku-llu cali, . . . ‘Nevertheless I
must be on my way today, tomorrow and the nextday, . . .’ (LUKE 13:33); K; = eglerte-, egilraur-,
elraur-; < PE 0!l03- or 0!il03gurte- to be haughty yet feel slighted # An’uq
tayima, guq’errluni. Gurrluni waten quteggluni.
‘He went out, went away, in a snit. Feeling haughty
and offended, acting superior.’ (MAR2 2001:87)

276

Basesic’ukcak mink scent gland # = ikcukcak
icungte- to encourage; to hearten; to counsel #“Qayuggetenritua, mernuama piunga.” Taumekgguq kiunauraa, apqaarsaaqnauraa icunglluku.
‘“I’m not out of sorts, but just tired.” That was
all she would answer when she’d question her
encouraging her.’ (MAR1 2001:31); Icungqurluku
assirivkalliniluku qanruqu’urluku, kiituani-gguq
qenertenrirtuq. ‘Counseling him, letting her get
better, she kept speaking to him, until she finallyceased being angry.’ (MAR1 2001:54)
igagtar- to urinate raising one leg (of animals) #NUN
igaq mark; symbol; letter (of alphabet, or
correspondence) # and igar- to mark; to write# igartuq ‘he is writing’; igaraa ‘he is writing
to her’ / igautaa kalikamun ‘he is writing it ona piece of paper’; igat ‘book, writings, written
things’; igarkaq ‘writing paper’; igarrliquq‘he has sloppy handwriting’; igausngauq ‘itis written down’; igausngalriit picirkiutet
arenqigitait ‘clause (of contract, regulation,etc.)’ (legal neologism); Tua-i-llu makluni
unuamek elicungcarciqngani Qalemam
iganermek tua-i elicugluni . . . Tua-i-llu Qalemam
igarcuutengqelliniami igaulluki yaassiillermun
tamakut igat . . . ‘And so getting up, because
Qalamaq was going to teach her, she wanted tolearn how to write . . . And so because Qalemaq
had a pencil she wrote down on a box those letters. . .’ (ELN 1990:87); the meaning ‘to write’ is in
K, NI, CAN, BB, HBC, NR, LI, EG; > igarcuun,
igarta, igaryaraq, igaruarun, igatuli; < PY-S i!aq;
cf. eyaq, yaaruiigarcuun (K form), igarrsuun (NI, HBC form),
igaraun (BB form) pen; pencil # igarcuuteka
ipgiatuq ‘my pencil is dull’; < igar-cuun, igarssuun, igar-a-nig’arte- to suddenly fall from a height # < igte-arteigarta writer; secretary # < igar-ta1
igaruarun story knife # NUN; < igaq-uaq-n
igaryaraq orthography; writing system; way towrite # . . . ciulirneret igaryaramek nallungermeng
qanertut “Ella-gguq allamek yuituq. Ilakukutgguq.” ‘. . . even though the elders didn’t know
how to write they said, “In the world, it is said,
there are no strangers. We are all related.’ (YUP
2005:232); . . . picirkiullruukut igautnaluki ukut
kalikaat nutaratgun igaryarakun cali-ll’ ak’allakun

ic’ukcak — ige-

igaryarakun. ‘. . . we planned to write thispages in the new orthography as well as the oldorthography.’ (KIP 1998:xv); . . . naaqiyugngautenqaa Uyaqum igaryaraanek? ‘are you able to read
Helper Neck’s system of writing?’ Uyaquq or
Helper Neck was a native of the lower Kuskokwim
who evolved his own system of writing for Yup’ik
using symbols of his own invention; a few people
today can still read and write in his system;< igar-yaraq
igatuli scribe (as in the Bible) # < igar-tuli
igcailkun spear holder on kayak # < igte-yailkun
igaugek eyeglasses; traditional snow goggles;
eyeshade # cf. ii, iiguak; < ?-dualigce÷eq, igcineq cliff; bank # CAN, EG, LI;< igte-neq2
igcetaaq traditional pit trap #Kapkaanaitellermeggni pissurcuutnguut tamakut
petmiit, igcetaat. ‘When they didn’t have steel
traps their hunting devices were pit traps, pits
which induced animals to fall into them.’ (MAR2
2001:71); < igte-cetaaq
igcete- to drop (intentionally or otherwise) # igcetaa‘he allowed or caused it to fall, he dropped it’/ igcecaqunaku ‘don’t drop it’; Tua-i-llu Piliucuryugngatqapiarluni keggmiarluni taumek
qangqiirmek tailuni, tuavet caniatnun igcelluku.
‘And then Pili, apparently very much wanting
praise, came over with that ptarmigan in its teethand dropped it there by their side.’ (ELN 1990:12);< igte-ceteigci- to drop something # igciuq ‘he dropped
something’ / Tua-i-gguq qialuni Ella irniaminek
igciaqami ellalluk aluvikluku. ‘And so, it is said,
whenever the Spirit of the World dropped a child,
she’d cry and the raindrops were her tears.’(AGA 1996:181); < igte-aq1-i2ige- to swallow # ig’uq ‘he swallowed’ or ‘heswallowed something’; igaa ‘he swallowed it’/ enermek igqertua ‘I accidentally swalloweda bone’; Temciyung’ermi ngel’anritengnaqluni
iqmiangqerrami-llu Qalemam akutaanek
nerilkarnayukluni tua-i ta¥gaam igengnaqluku. . . ‘Even though she thought it comical, shetried not to laugh thinking that she might chokeon Qalemaq’s Eskimo ice cream, but she tried
to swallow it instead . . .’ (ELN 1990:73); > iglaq,
igmar-, iguma-, igyamcuk, igyaraq, Igyaraq;< PE i!0-277

iggag- — igurrluar-

Bases

iggag-, igag- (NUN form) resting against something;supporting oneself on one’s elbow # posturalroot; iggagtuq ‘he rested against something,leaning on his elbow’; iggangqauq ‘he is resting
against something, he is leaning on his elbow’ /Tua-i-llu iggagarrluni cali qilak irriurluku tua-itangnirqeqapiggluni . . . ‘And so propping herself
up on her elbow she gazed at the sky some more
and saw that it very beautiful . . .’ (ELN 1990:47);< PE i!0!a3- or i!j0!a!iggayu- to be a champion; to defeat all opponents in
a competition or series of competitions # NUN
iggiayuli, iggiggiayuli, iggiasuli (NSK form)
great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) # Iggiayulit
atakumi qalrialartut. ‘Owls make their calls
during the evening.’ (YUP 1996:42); imitative and-yuli, -yuli, -yuli
igguak (iguak?) eyeglasses; snow goggles # NUN;
< iik-uaq-dual
igigkaraat a certain constellation # NUN; < -plural
igigta den; lair # Uitaurtur kavviar allakarmi
igigtemini. ‘A red fox waits in its den.’ (SOC
1946:308); NUN; = igta; < PE $i!t0
igigtaun secret berry patch one continues to pickfrom and tells no one about # NUN
iginga- to have fallen # Nell’era’urlua-w’ cal’ tauna
ilait qanain igingaaqluteng, tua-i aru’urlulliniluni.
‘And some of the roof boards of his old house had
fallen and had rotted away.’ (QUL 2003:164);< igte-ngaiginiq edge of deep water #igkaralek swallow (bird) # HBC
iglairte- to scorch one’s throat # from hot foodor drink; iglairtuq ‘he scorched his throat’ /iglaircaqunak ‘don’t burn your throat’; K;< iglaq-ir(ar)teiglaq, iglak esophagus; freeze-dried esophagus
for eating # A¥gna-llu tuntuq ayakarluni,
ayakaqerluni narullgulluni. Curukarluku tua-ipisquciatun iglii kepluku. ‘As that caribou fled,
it ran falling forward and hitting the ground.
Rushing over to it, he cut its esophagus (throat) as
he had been told to.’ (MAR2 2001:12); < ige-?;< PY-S i!lak or I!laq (under PE i!0-)
igmar- to repeatedly swallow # igmartuq ‘he isrepeatedly swallowing’; igmarai ‘he is repeatedly
swallowing them’ / Cat igmaraluki makut cat
kamgulteng-llu. ‘They would swallow things,
even their old skin-boots!’ (MAR2 2001:58);< ige-mar-igta den; lair # igtet ‘dens’; Tua-ll’ aatiin
piluku. “Amci ata, Elnguuq elicukuvet
qanganarcuuciryaramek yuara igte÷ek.” ‘And
then her father said to her, “Hurry up, Elnguq,
if you want to learn how to set squirrel traps,
look for dens.”’ (ELN 1990:51); Cat iliitni
avelngaq utertellrani utaqauraraa igtiin amiigan
caniani elavqerluni. ‘One time when the mouse
returned, it was waiting for him crouched besidethe entrance of his den.’ (KAV 1972:9 & PRA
1995:317); = igigta; > igtequq; < PE $i!t0

igte- to fall # from a height; igtuq ‘it fell’ / mermun
igcaqunak ‘don’t fall in the water’; iggluni‘falling’; . . . iggngaituten, alugken nuagarrlukek
atraa. Igciiqenrituten aaryugpek’nak. ‘. . . you are
not going to fall down. Wet your soles with yoursaliva and go down. You are not going to fall
down; don’t be afraid.’ (QUL 2003:220); > ig’arte-,igce÷eq, igcetaaq, igcete-, igci-, igcailkun, iginga-,
igute-; < PY i!t0igtequk otter den above water # maybe taken over by
the otters from foxes’ < igta-? Igtequgnek pituaput
tamkut ciugnilnguut piyagiuryarait. ‘We call theplace where otters raise their young “igtequk”’.
(PAI 2008:180)

iguma- to internalize (words, stories, etc.) # Yuarutii
tang qayuwa wiinga igumanritqaqka, watenta¥gaam una pillra: . . . ‘I haven’t internalized hissong, except for this part: . . .’ (CIU 2005:306);< ige-maiguq drill shaft # and igur-1 to drill a hole # igurtuq‘he is drilling a hole’; iguraa ‘he is drilling a holein it’ / > iguun; < PE ni!09u3igur-2 to defend another person verbally (usually);
to feel defensive on another’s behalf # igurtuq‘he defended someone; iguraa he defended her’/ Ta¥gaam, tamakut — pistai malirqarastai— taum kanaqliim, ayalegtellii taun’ igurluk’kanaqlak. ‘But then she saved the muskrat bydispersing the boys who were chasing it.’ (CEV
1984:60); HBC, NUN, NS, EG; = eyur-; < PY-S
i!$u3-

igur-3 to jell; to congeal # igurtuq or iguraa ‘it jelled’/ HBC, NUN, NS; = eyur-; > igurneq; < PE i!9u3igurneq draft of cold air # HBC, NUN, NS; < igur2neq1

igurrluar- to have rigor mortis set in on one # NS;< igur2-rrluk

278

Basesigute- to fall or otherwise rapidly descend with(it) # igutaa ‘he fell with it’ / Aqsarpak-llu
kic’etungraan imarpigmi ayagatungraan, taum
callugtiin camavet mel’ugpiamun imarpiim
et’uqranun taryulugpiamun igulluku. ‘And,even though Big Belly was used to sinking andtraveling in the ocean, that opponent of his
dragged him down all the way to the depths of thesea.’ (YUU 1995:89); < igte-te5igutu- to be deep and wide # igutuuq ‘it is deep
and wide’ / tamana aturluku, kuigurtellrulliniuq
tamana tevyaraat, waten iguturiami ‘it became
a river following that place where they used toportage becoming deep and wide as now’iguuk testicle # Elliiteksaqunaciu ungungssiq
iguugek passimallrukagnek . . . ‘Do not giveas an offering (to God) an animal if its testicles
have been crushed . . .’ (LEVI. 22:24); angutem
iguugegken cupluyagaak ‘vas deferens’; cf. ingcu;< PE i!9u!
iguun, igurcuun, igurtuun drill; < igur1-n, igur1cuun, igur1-tur1-n; < PE ni!09u3un (under PE
ni!09u3-)
igvar- to appear; to come into view or havesomething come into view from behindsomething; to catch sight of (it) # igvartuq ‘itappeared, came into view’ or ‘he had something
come into his view’; igvaraa ‘he caught sight of
it’ or ‘he had it come into his view’ by its comingfrom behind something / Tua-i-llu net’eng yaa-i
igvaan aatiin piyualuku pivkarluku.’ ‘When theirhouse came into view her father had her walk.’(ELN 1990:16); = ivgar-; < PY-S i!va3Igyagiiq Egegik # village on Alaska Peninsula on theborder of the Sugpiaq-speaking area
igyamcuk esophagus of fish # < ige-?
igyaralek type of small clam (species ?) # literally:‘one with a throat’; NI <igyaraq-lek
Igyaraq Igiugig # village on Lake Iliamna at the point
where it empties into the Kvichak River; < ige-yaraq
igyaraq, igsaraq (NS form) throat; area of riverback a little ways from mouth # igyariqua ‘Ihave a sore throat’, igyariqsaraq ‘sore throat’;Elliin ayuqucia assiitqapiarluni, igyaraa-llu
kinerteqapiggluni, iik-llu tuaten qacervaglutek
uicunainatek. ‘She felt very sick, her throat
was very dry, and her eyes were stinging andshe had difficulty keeping them open.’ (ELN
1990:49); Aka’-gguq kuigem tamatum igyaraa

igute- — ii-

nunatangqellruuq. ‘Long ago there was a village
at area of that river back a little from the mouth.’(CAU 1985:91); < ige-yaraq, ige-yaraq
igyuar(ar)- to whisper # NUNii, iik (NUN form) eye # iin (iigen in NUN) ‘youreye’; iigken (iigegken in NUN) ‘your eyes2’;
iinga kavircetuq ‘his eye is red’; iilliquq ‘he hassore or infected eyes’; iilliqsaraq ‘eye affliction,
conjunctivitis’; iingi’rtuq ‘he got injured in
the eye’ or ‘he got something in his eye’;nuvesciigataqa mingqun iinga miksiyaagan‘I can’t thread the needle because its eye is
too small’; iik maqlutek ‘eyes watering’; iim
elpeksuutii ‘optic nerve’; iim yualui or iim
ivalui ‘eye muscles’; iingunani ‘not having
eyes’; iik ngeliignun ‘as far as the eyes can see’;iim yualui ‘the optic nerve’; . . . nuyai tuaten
tengaurluteng iik-llu uisngasciiganatek anuqem
ugaani. ‘. . . her hair was flying around andher eyes couldn’t stay open on account of thewind.’ (ELN 1990:41); Ta¥gaam iingan inglua
nalliikun qagerteng’erpeni canrituq. Tamarmek
inglupiagnek iingqeng’ermek cangaituk. ‘It would
only be right for you to pop out just one of hiseyes. Although the two will each have but oneeye, it will not affect them too adversely.’ (QAN
1995:278); . . . tutgaraurluan anuurluum pikiliu,“Anuurlung, naw’un itsuukanga?” Tua-i-llu
anuurluan pikiliu, “Uuggun mingqutem iingakun
itra.” Itqereskili tutgara’urluq. ‘. . . her grandson
said to his grandmother, “Grandmother, howwill I come in?” And then his grandmother said
to him, “Come in through here through the eyeof the needle.” The grandson came right in.’
(UNP1); Cat-llu tamalkuita yungqerrniluku
ukverameng cali ukverluteng ellam yuanek.
Ilaita ellam iinganek piaqluku. ‘Because they
believe that everything has a “person”, they
believe that the universe has a “person”. Some
refer to it as the “eye of the world”. (CAU
1985:213); > iicilleq, iigmiur-, iigte-, iiguak,
Iik, Iilgayaq, iimiuquq, iimiute, iingaq, iingir-,iinguak, iinguaq, iipaq, iiqupak, iirrlainayagaq,
iisngaq, iissuaq, iitu-; cf. igauk, iilla-, iirra-, iir-;< PE 090
ii- to be blue in the face from not breathing becauseof hard crying (of a child); for some speakers
also to be stunned so that one does not react
appropriately # iiguq ‘he is blue in the face’ / cf.
nuu-; < PE a!a-279

ii-i — ii(ni)Basesii-i yes; you’re welcome # exclamation
iicilleq orbital cavity, eye socket # < ii-?
iicill’er that’s great!; excellent! # exclamation; Yiigmiur- to signal with one’s eye(s) # iigmiurtuq ‘hesignaled with his eyes’; iigmiuraa ‘he signaled
to her with his eyes’ / . . . iigmiungraaten-llu
maligarucaqunak. ‘. . . and even if she signals you
with her eyes, do not go after her.’ (AYUQ. 6:25); <ii-?
iigte- to be snowblind # NS, LI; < ii-?
iiguak eyeglasses # literally: ‘imitation eyes’; =niiguak, niguak; < ii-uaq-dual; cf. igauk
Iik Eek # village at the mouth of the Kuskokwim River,literally: ‘two eyes’; also called Ekvicuar; < ii-dual
iilektii how disgusting! # exclamatory particle
iiler- to quickly hide # iilertuq ‘he quickly hid’;
iileraa ‘he quickly hid it’ / note that when a vowelinitial suffix follows this base, the semi-final e is notdeleted, hence its presence in iileraa (cf. also bases
ayaper- and ellimer-); < iir-lerIilgayaq Bristol Bay; the Nushagak River #Tua-ll’ pivakarluteg-am malruulutek pilliuk,
Iilgayartellinilutek avavet anguarturlutek. ‘Sometime later two people seem to have gone overto Nushagak, paddling their kayaks.’ (QAN
1995:156); < ii-?
iili- to wash one’s face # NUN
iilla- emotional root; > iillake-, iillanarqe-, iillayug-;cf. ii, iirraiillake- to be amazed at (it) # iillakaa ‘he is amazedat it’ / < iilla-ke2iillanarqe- to be amazing # iillanarquq ‘it isamazing’ / < iilla-narqeiillayug- to be amazed # iillayugtuq ‘he isamazed’ / Teggalqunek iillayungellruunga;
iillayugturallruunga; man’a neglirnera maaggun
uivurallruaqa! ‘I was amazed by the rocks; I kept
being amazed. I went around the north side of it
here!’ (ELL 1997:252): < iilla-yugiimiuquq target # < ii-?
iimiute- to aim # iimiutuq ‘he aimed’; iimiutaa ‘heaimed at it’ / Tua-i-llu aatiin egmianun iimiulluku
tauna nerelria. Ukatmun-llu tangrran uirraniluni
nutpagluku. ‘Right away her father aimed at the
one eating. He shot at it as it looked toward themgrowling.’ (ELN 1990:63); < ii-?
iingaaquq dart # EG

iingaculluk pierced nose # NUN
iingalaq eye # EG; <iingaq-?
iingakuyuk human skull # NUN
iingaq eye # to some speakers this is an acceptablevariant of ii, while for others it is only used withchildren; some speakers use iingaq for disembodied
eyeball; > iinalaq, iingaraq, iingarnak
iingaraq head; especially fish head; skull of a skeleton# NUN; < iingaq-aq3
iingarnak volcanic rock with eye-like holes #< iingaq-?
iingir- to be snowblind # iingirtuq (iingirluni) ‘heis snowblind’ / iingiryaraq ‘snowblindness’;
Ii-i, tauna qayartussuilngur, nukalpiar. Nut’annulliangami iingilliniyukur . . . ‘Yes, that person,
who never used a kayak, was a successful
hunter. And then when he got a wife, he becamesnowblind . . .’ (WEB2); < ii-iriingirte- to lose an eye; to be injured in the eye# iingirtuq (iingirrluni) ‘he lost an eye’ /Piinanermegni taum aipaan aavcaaq egtellrani
aipaan iinganun tut’elliniuq, iinga qagerrluku.
Taum iingirtellrem atii nang’errluni tauna
qetunrarmi iingircetellra ullagartellinia. ‘As they2
did that, the dart which he threw landed in theother one’s eye and popped out his eye. The
father of that one who had lost an eye quickly stoodup and rushed over to the one who had caused
his son to lose an eye.’ (YUU 1995:8); < ii-ir(ar)teiinguak eyeglasses # literally: ‘imitation eyes’; =niiguak; cf. igauk; < ii-uaq
iinguaq false eye; glass eye; circle and central dot
design # Aperyarait-wa yuut ayuqenrilameng
iinguanek-llu piyugngaluki, ellanguanek-llu
piyugngaluki. ‘Since people speak different
dialects, some can call them (the circle and dot
designs) “eye-like things” and some call them“world-like things”.’ (CIU 2005:102); < ii-uaq
ii(ni) across there # extended demonstrative adverb;
Tua-i-llu caqerluni cam iliini aanaseng tekitaqan
iivet akianun inglernun tangvagnauraat-gguq
aanaseng taukut arvinelgen irniarin. ‘And one
time when their mother would go across there
to the sleeping platform on the other side, theywould watch their mother, those six childrenof hers.’ (MAR2 2001:58); NS, UY, UK, NUN;see
Appendix 3 on Yup’ik demonstratives; = agaa(ni);< PE dem. a!a-280

Basesiinraq, iiraq evil spirit; ghost # (?); < ?-nraq, ?; cf.
iir-; < PE i903a3 (under PE i903-)
iinriurta nurse; pharmacist # < iinru-liur-ta1
iinru, iinruq amulet; charm; medicine; pill;
aspirin # and iinru- to take medicine # iinruuq‘he is taking medicine’; iinrua ‘he is taking it(medicine)’ / iinruktukait ‘their traditional
medicines’; Cali-gguq yuut iinrungqelallruut
canguarrarnek, piliarrauluteng tulurraat
wall’u muraggaat. Cat-llu cali allat iinrukaqluki,
tamakunun ukveqek’ngaitnun iinruuluteng.
‘Also people had amulets, little carvings madeof ivory or wood. And they had other amulets,
had effective medicine for those who believed
in it.’ (CAU 1985:217); Iinruyuunateng-llu
qingalriit, iinrumek igyuunateng. Ukaqvaggun
nutaan iinrulangluteng, qingalrianek iinrulrianek
tangerrsaurrlua. ‘And pregnant women didn’t
take medicine, they didn’t swallow medicines.
Recently they started using medicine; I begin to
see those who are pregnant getting medicated.’(KIP 1998:299); Iinrukiciqerpenga-qaa? ‘Are
you going to give me a prescription for somemedicine?’ (YUP 1996:52); = inru; > iinriurta,
iinruvallalria; < PE a!an3u(Ca3)iinruvallalria drug overdose # medical/legal
neologism; < iinru-vallag-lria
iipaq tote-hole in bow of kayak # see Appendix 9 on
the parts of the kayak: < ii-?
iipuuyaaq (HBC form), iipuuskaaq (NI form),
iipuussuutaaq (HBC form) see-saw; teeter-totter;cf. ipuuyaaq
iiqenqiiqesnite- to put a spell on (him); to fool (aperson) # NUN
iiqumtug- to hide something # iiqumtugtuq ‘he hid
something, did something stealthily’; iiqumtugaa‘he hid it’ / >iir-?
iiqupak seed; by extension single fish egg;
single bead; any other seed-like thing #iiqupalissuun ‘pistil of flower’; iiqupiim‘neqkautii pollen of flower’; Ilait-llu-gguq
angutet kemgiuteng’ermeng neqkarcuraqluteng.
Unuakumi ayakataraqameng neqem meluggiin
iiqupii wavet kegguteg’ akuliignun elliqerluku.
Ernerpak-llu tua-i ayallermini iqmiaqluku
igyuunaku. ‘Some men even though they had
become skinny (from famine) would hunt food.
In the morning when they were going to go out
hunting they’d put a single fish egg between theiinraq — iisuraar(aq*)

teeth. And, all day as they went along they’dhold it in their mouths without swallowing it.’
(KIP 1998:331); < ii-qupak
iir- to hide # iirtuq ‘he hid’; iiraa ‘he hid it’ or ‘he hidfrom him’ / iiriuq ‘he hid something’; iirumauq‘he is in hiding’, ‘it is hidden’; iiraa naanguaq
nasaurlurmek ‘he hid the toy from the girl’;
iirumalria or iirtuamalria ‘hidden or secret thing’;iiriyaraq ‘concealment’ (legal neologism); Ellaitam cali angunrilamegteggu taq’iluteng. Tua-i-llu
iirluku can’get akuliitnun ava-i aqvaquinanrani.
‘Since they couldn’t catch up with him they
stopped trying, and instead they hid from him
in the tall grass and watched him between
the blades of grass.’ (ELN 1990:110); > iiler-,iiqumtug-, iirutaagute-; cf. iinraq, ii; < PE i903iiralitaq one of several campfire rock guards # NUN
iiraq scar on body; parotid (salivary) gland in theneck; side of neck; tonsil # iiriquq ‘he has aswollen parotid gland’; < PE 0903a3
iirgii oh dear!; how scary! # exclamation; the r in thisword sounds like the English ‘r’ or like the English ‘s’in ‘measure’; NS; from Inupiaq iirgii (ii$!ii)
iirra- emotional root; > iirrake-, iirranarqe-, iirrayug-;cf. iilla-, ii, irr’i-, iraiirrake- to be amazed at (it); to be horrified by (it)#iirrakaa ‘he is amazed at it, horrified by it’ /< iirra-ke2iirranarqe- to be amazing; to be horrifying #iirranarquq ‘it is amazing, horrifying’/ < iirranarqeiirrayug- to be amazed; to be horrified / iirrayugtuq‘he is amazed, horrified’;
iirrlainayagaq alevin (sac fry) # < ii-rrlainaq-yagaq
iirutaagute-, iirutaar- to play hide-and-seek #iirutaagutut or iirutaartut ‘they are playing hideand-seek’; Nalluyagutelliamegtekek-llu imkuk
carayiik tangelteng nepengluteng, aquingluteng
iirutaarluteng kinguqliqellriit. ‘Having apparently
forgotten about the bears that they had seen, thechildren went out and started noisily playing hideand-seek.’ (ELN 1990:20); < iir-?-te5iisngaq eye socket in the head or skull # < ii-?
iissuaq (NUN, BB, HBC form), iissuuyaq (NUNform) sty in the eye # < ii-?, ii-?
iistaq yeast # from English ‘yeast’; = yiistaq
iisuraar(aq*), iisuaya(g)aq*, iisuayaar(aq*) solitary
sandpiper (Tringa solitaria); western sandpiper

281

iitaq* — ik’apassi

Bases(Calidris mauri) # < ?-ar(aq), ?-ya(g)aq, ?-ya(g)aq;= iiyuar(aq)iitaq* tall cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium),
especially edible lower part of stem of tallcottongrass # Taum nanvam ce÷akacagii
canegtarluni akuliitni-wa urut unaqvaatni-wa
iitaat auluteng tayarunek, meq-wa un’a. ‘Aroundthe lake there were patches of grass with moss
between them. Closest to the shore of the lake tallcottongrass was growing, and then mare’s-tail,and then the water beyond that.’ (ELN 1990:36)
iitu- to have big eyes # iituuq ‘he has big eyes’ /< ii-tu-; > iituliq
iituliar(aq*) whitefish fry; young whitefish # Y;
< iituliq-ar(aq)iituli, iituliq least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) #< iitu-liq; > iituliar(aq*)
iivkar- to fall or lower from a height # iivkartuq‘it fell’; iivkaraa ‘he lowered it’ / Tua-illu qasgimiut pilliniat, “Aling tauna calialangruuciquq! Iivkarluku piu, iivkaqiu!” Tua-illu-ggur-am cakemna carayak qanertuq, “Iqluuq!
Iivkaryaqunii!” ‘Then the people in the kashim
said to the shaman, “Oh dear, he will appear
again! Therefore, lower him!” And then the ghostout there said “He’s lying! Don’t lower me!”’ (ELL
1997:536); = ivkar-; < ?-vkar-; > iivkaneq; < PE
090vka3iivkaneq lower part of a body # Aqsii man’atunyugngauq iivkanra-llu, kuyiik-llu,
caqelngaura-llu maliminun tunyugngaluki;
kengugaat amlleret, uquq-llu. ‘Its abdomen, thelower part of its body; the hips and the leg andflipper portion can be shared with his fellow
hunters; lots of meat and blubber too.’ (PAI
2008:384); < iivkar-neq2
iiyuar(aq*), iiyuraar(aq*) solitary sandpiper (Tringa
solitaria); western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) #HBC; = iisuraar(aq)ikaa-i ugh!; yuck! # exclamation; used when a situation
is somewhat undesirable; cf. ik’atakikaknaq southeast # LI
ikam- root; > ikamraq, ikamtagikamracuar(aq*) small sled; child’s sled for playing# < ikamraq-cuar(aq)ikamralugpiaq big freight sled # < ikamraq-lugpiaq
ikamraq sled; dogsled; by extension: snow machine;
automobile; truck; taxi # and ikamrar- to use asled; to travel by sled # ikamrartuq ‘he is using
a sled’ / also dual for one sled; ikamragka assiituk‘my sled is no good’; ikampallraak ‘great big
sled’; Pilnguani ta¥g’, angaqutiinun agqerrlun’ta¥gavet ikamrak civuagnun, angaqun taman’ayaarluk’ ayakalliuq. ‘Finally she gave in, andshe ran toward the towline at the front of thesled, slipped it on herself, and took off.’ (CEV
1984:49); Wall’u ikamrilriamek nall’arkengkuvet
cali tua-i murilkelluku. ‘Or if you come upon aperson making a sled, observe him too.’ (YUP
2005:16); Unuaquani-llu aatateng ayaumariluku
ilain aanateng aptaat ikamrarluteng negateng
paqluki ayagyugluteng. ‘The next day after theirfather had left her siblings asked their motherif they could go check their snares by sled.’(ELN 1990:14); Y, HBC, NUN, NI, CAN, K, BB,
NR, LI, EG; > ikamracuar(aq), ikamralugpiaq,
ikamraruaq, ikamrir-; < ikam-?; < PE ikam3a3
ikamraruaq child’s sled for playing; toy sled;
sled model # and ikamraruar- to play atsleding # ikamraruartuq ‘he is sledding forfun’ / Caqerluni cali ellanguq ukut yuut
tass’uqluku anuteqataqiit, qalarrluteng
ikamraruaqatarniluteng. ‘One time she becameaware and realized that these people were goingto take her outside leading her by the hand,saying that they were going to go sledding for fun.’(ELN 1990:3); < ikamraq-ruarikamrir- to use a sled # Qamigautegnek-gguq
ikamrirlutek taukut tua-i nunameng tungiitnun
ayaglutek, ernerpak tua ayaglutek. ‘Using as
their sled a low kayak sled, they traveled all day
toward their village.’ (ELL 1997:478); < ikamraqir1ikamtag-, ikamtar- to glide over the surface ofsnow, ice, or water # applies, for example, to a boat
moving quickly on the surface of the water, or a person
shuffling across snow or ice; ikamtagtuq ‘he or itis gliding on the surface’; ikamtagaa ‘he or it isgliding on the surface of it’ / ikam-?
ikanga- to be a sloppy, messy person # ikangauq ‘heis sloppy’ / NSU; < PE ika!ika(ni) across there # restricted demonstrative adverb;
ikani watua tuntuvak qavalliniuq ‘across there amoose was sleeping just a while ago’; see ikna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives: < PE dem. ikik’apassi ugh!; yuck! # exclamatory particle; cf. ik’atak282

Basesikaraliin grass mat used in kayak # also plural for one
mat; Tua-i tupigturalrianun ellangellruyaaqua,. . . Qayat-llu cururkuiraqluki waten taperrnanek
makucinek ikaraliiciluki. ‘I had come to myawareness seeing people always weaving things,. . . They would make bedding mats like this,from coarse seashore grass (Elymus mollis), andmake grass kayak mats.’ (CIU 2005:148); < ?-nik’aruaq horizontally striped thin cloth # NUN
ikaspag- to help in a major way # ikaspagaa ‘he’s
helping him in a major way’ / ikayug-pagik’atak ugh!; yuck! # exclamation; = katak; cf. ikaa-i,
ik’apassi
ikavsiaq, ikavsiarun cross-stitching # <ika(ni)-vsiar-, ika(ni)-vsiar-n; > ikavsiarneq,
ikavsiarutkaq ikavsianeq line of stitching on
top of kayak extending from stern to cockpit #< ikavsiaq-neq2
ikavsiarutkaq thread used for the top stern stitchesof kayak # < ikavsiarun-kaq
ikayua- to help from time to time # ikayuaguq‘he is helping from time to time’; ikayuagaa ‘heis helping him from time to time’ / Kiagpak
ikayuangnaqurluku elliin aanani, cali-llu Irr’aq
aipaqaqluku, murilkelluku tuaten aanani
caliaqan . . . ‘All summer she tried to help her
mother now and then, and to keep Irr’aq company,
and tend her whenever her mother was busy . . .’(ELN 1990:41); < ikayur-aikayuq helper # and ikayur-, ikasur- (NSK form)to help; to bless (NUN meaning) # ikayuraa ‘heis helping her’ / ikayuutuq ‘he is helping out’;
ikayuriuq ‘he is helping someone’; ikayuryugtuq‘he wants to be helped’; ikayurnga ‘help me’;quyana ikayurlua ‘thank you for helping me’;ikayurviirutuq ‘there’s no help for it, there’s
no more that can be done for it’; Irniapuk una
kiimete¥rluami ikayuiteqatarpagta anglirikuni.
‘This child of ours, because the dear thingis alone, sure won’t have a helper when hegrows older.’ (QUL 2003:28); legal neologisms:
ikayungcalria ‘petitioner’, ikayungcaun‘petition’, picirkartuyartellriim ikayua‘accessory’; Y, NS, K, HBC, NI, CAN, BB, NR,
LI, EG, NUN; > ikaspag-, ikayua-, ikayurta-,
ikayuun; < PE ikayu3ikayurta helper; social worker # kiima caliunga
ikayurtailama ‘I am working alone because
I don’t have a helper’; state-am ikayurtii‘prosecutor’ (legal neologism); < ikayur-ta1

ikaraliin — ikguar-

ikayuun blessing # NUN; < ikayur-nikayuute- to help out; to help each other #ikayuutuq ‘he is helping out’ / ikayuutut ‘they
are helping out’ or ‘they are helping each other’;Elnguq-llu ikayuucunga’arrluni naspaaluni
akucunga’arrluni apluku aanani akucugluni.
‘Elnguq suddenly began to want to help out
trying to make Eskimo cream, and asked hermother saying she wanted to make it.’ (ELN
1990:104); < ikayur-(u)te5ikcukcak mink scent gland # = ic’ukcak
ikeggna the one across there # NI see ikna
ikgar- to sneak up on; to stalk # NUN
ikgete- to be small in amount; to be few in number# ikgetut ‘they are few’ / ukut ikgellruut taukuni‘these are fewer than those’; ikegliuq or ikgeliuq‘it decreased in amount’; piunririlleq wall’
ikeglicarilleq camek ‘abate’ (legal neologism):
Ellualriit tallimanek ikgellrukata, yuinaak malruk
tallimanek cipluku ellualriartangqerqan, caliqaa nunarpak piunrirciqan taukut talliman
ilangarutait catkevkenaki? ‘If the righteous arefewer by five, if there are forty-five righteous
people, will you then destroy the city, for thelack of five?’ (AYAG. 18:28); Unguvalriit-llu
qimagngata ungungssit ikgeliluteng, carraatta¥gaam ungungssit uitaluteng. ‘Because theliving creatures fled the animals became fewer,
but a few animals stayed.’ (EGA 1973:17); Tuai-w’ waniw’ pikani taum im’um tuqutarayulim,
iirumakuni-ll’ ikgelami. Pikani tua-i taum
tuqutarayulim, tua-i iirumallerkani-ll’ ikgelkelluku
ellminek. ‘You know, if that murderer should try
to get him, he’d be able to hide himself easily
since he was small enough. Should that murderer
try to get him, if he tried to hide himself, he’d besmall enough.’ (QAN 1995:40); < PE ik0!(0)tikguar-, ikwar- to pry at more than once; to dig
up # ikguaraa or ikwaraa ‘he is prying at it’ /ikguariuq, ikwariuq or ikwiuq ‘he is prying at
something’; tan’gaurluum ikwallinia nasaurluum
yaaruivia ‘the boy maliciously dug up the girl’sstory-knife scene’; Taqngagnek tamakut neqet
ikwarluki tuntut cirunritnek wall’ muragnek
ikwarcuutcirluteng, aruqutekluki. ‘When they2
were done they dug up those fish using caribou
antlers or pieces of wood for digging implements,
and distributed them.’ (CAU 1985:141); <ikug1-a-, ikug1-a-283

ikgun — ik’iq

Basesikgun leather sewing tool; small lever or prying tool# cf. ikug1ikiarqe- to mock and belittle # Tua-i ilangciyuunanigguq pingraatni; tua-i-gguq ikiarqekiit tauna,tauna tua-i angun. ‘He ignored them, eventhough they mocked and belittled that man.’ (QAN
1995:186); cf. ik’iq
ikig- bent forward # postural root; > ikigcaqaq,
ikigte-, ikingqa-1; < PY iki!ikigarneq upended thing; tipped over thing #Ayagnginanermegni ikigarnernun a¥gkunun
tekituk mimernat ikigartellret tamakut iliitnun
arulairtuq. “Waniwa tangerrluku nek’a.” ‘Whilethey were going along they arrived at thosetipped-over things; he stopped at one of those trees
with stumps that had tipped over. “Look, here is
my house.”’ (UNP2); < ikigarte-neq2
ikigarte- to upend; to tip over; to bend over at
the hips # ikigartaa ‘he up-ended it, or tipped
it over’; . . . melugnek neqcarqaminek cali-llu
naryarcetaarkaminek pirraarluni atraarluni
ekviggarmun piluni, tuani qamanertangqerran.
Tua-i-llu tuani ikigarrluni naryarceciirluni.
‘. . . taking some roe for bait and for chum, sheheaded for a low but steep bank above an eddyin the river. There she leaned way over, bending at
the hips to disperse the chum in the water.’ (ELN
1990:22); < ikigte-arte-; > ikigarneq
ikigcaqaq yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) # < ikig-?
ikignga- to be bent over forward with the buttocks
sticking up / ikingqauq ‘he is bent over’ /< ikigte-ngaikigte- to bend over forward sticking the buttocks
up # ikigtuq ‘he bent over, sticking his buttocksout’; ikigtaa ‘he bent it over’ / ikiggluni tegua‘bending over, he picked it up’; < ikig-te2-; >ikigngaikii yuck! # exclamation of discomfort because of
wetness, dirtiness, etc; cf. ik’iq; note that Koyukon
Athabascan has a similar expression
ikiituk wild celery (Angelica ludica) # this plant
was used in the Bladder Festival (Nakaciuryaraq);
Cali ikiituut kumarrluki qasgimi nakacuut
puyiurcetaqluki, tua-i-gguq carrluk ca imna
wall’u yuum carrlua evcugluku, wall’u
essuircarluki-gguq. ‘Also they lit the wild celery
plant material in the kashim and exposed the
bladders to the smoke, and so they’d shake offfrom them or ritually rid them of any (spiritual)contamination or human contamination.’ (CAU
1985:60)
ikik it is to be hoped; perhaps # adverbial particle;
cali-llu ikik elpet ut’ruskiki elitelten nunavnun,
ilavnun yullgutevnun-llu ‘and it is to be hopedthat you will take back what you have learned
to your village, your relatives, and your fellow
citizens’; Ellii-llu qanerluni, “Kia-mi taqsuqekan
tunumigciqau?” Aaniita-llu piluki, “Tamarpeci
ikik tunumikaaqluku pikiciu.” ‘And she said,“Who then will carry her on their back if she gets
tired?” And their mother told them, “Every oneof you, I hope, will take turns carrying her.”’ (ELN
1990:102)
ikika I suppose; perhaps# adverbial or exclamatory
particle; ikika maligeskumci assinruciqngatuq
maani uitavkenii ‘I suppose it might be better
if I go with you all instead of staying here’;Pilaryaaqaqa takaryuglua, “Ciiciiqelliaqa-llu ikika
kaugtuaqumku.” ‘Being bashful I would say tohim, “I suppose I might break it (the drum) if I
beat on it.”’ (CIU 2005:298); < ?-kika
ik’ikika, ik’iki so much!; so many!; so big!
Exclamatory particle; Nunaminun tekitelliuq
can’gurneret ta¥gaam ukut, ik’ikika-wa keluatni
qungurugaat! ‘He reached his village, and he saw
only grassy mounds behind it; there were lots ofgraves, so many!’ (MAR1 2001:93); < ?-kika, ?
ikilipeq (Y form), ikilipik (NUN form) ring finger #Agayulirtem kulun tunluku uinganun qanrutaa:“Una kulun teguu, nulirpet-llu ikilipranun
carumilirneranun ac’essgu, . . . ‘The priest gives
the ring to her (the bride’s) husband (to be) andtells him: “Take this ring, and put it on yourwife’s ring finger on her left hand, . . .”’ (CAT1950:99); cf. ekiliq, iqiliq; < ?-pik1
ikingqa-1 to be bent over forward with the buttocks
sticking up / ikingqauq ‘he is bent over’ / < ikigngqaikingqa-2 to be open; to be open (hunting) season #ikingqauq ‘it (door, box, can, store, meeting, etc.)
is open’ / nengllirtuq nem’i amiik ikingqiin ‘it iscold in the house because the door is open’;< ikir-ngqaik’iq ugly thing; bad thing; improper behavior;(ritually) unclean thing # basically, a thing thatis viewed unfavorably in some sense # Tuaggun
kangircilaraat. Tuatnamek ik’imek yuarutmek
atulartut waten nernginanratni, nerellrat

284Basesikir- — ikusekikiurte- to become ugly, improper, bad, or (ritually)
unclean # < ik’iq-urteikna, ikeggna (NI form) the one across there #restricted demonstrative pronoun; ik’umi ‘in the
one across there’; ikegkut ‘those across there’;iksuuq ‘you, across there’; see ika(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem. ikikneq hand-me-down # > ikniteiknite- to hand down one’s possessions or givethem to someone more in need # especiallyclothes; iknitaa ‘he handed down something toher, gave something to her’ / nayagani iknitaa
paltuuminek mikelkessagucamiu ‘he passed
his coat on to his younger sister because it
had become too small for him’; Irniamengllu aturait avegvingqerraqata ikniutekaqluki
ngelqaqestaitnun. ‘Whenever their own
children’s clothes could be shared they would
pass them on to whoever would fit them.’ (YUU
1995:52); < ikneq-ite2ikuckar- to crochet # ikuckartuq ‘she is crocheting’/ < ikug1-ckar-; > ikuckarcuun
ikuckarcuun crochet hook # < ikuckar-cuun
ikug-1 to lift by lever action such as prying; topry out; to gouge out # ikugtuq ‘he priedsomething’; ikugaa ‘he pried it up’ / iku’arluku
neptaillrua ‘he got it unstuck by prying’; Tua-i
qavciatni tayima pia, tuatnavirtelluni, tuam tua-i
tuquqaarluku iik-wa ikuglukek antellinlukek.
‘After doing that to him so many times, he had
enough of it, and after killing him, he then gouged
out his eyes.’ (QAN 1995:148); > ikguar-, ikuckar-,ikugcuun, ikuktar-, ikuutaq, ikwegte-; < PE iku!ikug-2 to find # EG
ikugcuun, ikukeggun lever; crowbar; pew (tool) #< ikug1-cuun, ikug1-kegte-n
ikugte- to partially cook sourdock (for storage) #NUN
ikuktar- to dig or probe with a pole or stick #ikuktartuq ‘he is probing’; ikuktaraa ‘he isprobing for it’ / NUN; < ikug1-qtaq
ikumlarte- to be a little better # ikumlartuq ‘it is alittle better’ / ikumlarrluni ‘being a little better’
ikusek (NSU, Y, NI, UK, LI, EG, NR form), ikuyek(HBC, NUN, NSU form) elbow # and ikuseg-,ikuyeg- to elbow’ / ikusgaa ‘he elbowed it/him’;ikusga or ikuyga ‘his elbow’; ikusgegka ciiguk

cukariqertaqan. ‘They would find out who thesepeople were. They would sing a song filled withsarcasm and mockery while they were eating, when
they began to eat fast (enjoying their food).’(TAP 2004:43); > ik’itmun, ikiu-, ikiurte-; cf. ikii,
ikiarqeikir- open # postural root; > ikingqa2-, ikirnaq, ikirte-,
ikirtuqaq; < PE iki3ikircissuun can opener # < ikirte-i2-cuun
ikirnaq open space; page of book or magazine #< ikir-naq1
ikirni- to grimace; to snarl of dogs # ikirniuq ‘he isgrimacing’ / akngircami camek qanerpek’naniikirniuq ‘when he got hurt he grimaced without
saying anything’; < ?-neq1-i3ikirtaat plural magazine; book # < ikirte-aq1-plural
ikirtaq break-action rifle # < ikirte-aq1
ikirte- to open # ikirtuq ‘it opened’; ikirtaa‘he opened it’; amiik ikiresgu ‘open the
door’; ikirutaa ‘he opened it for her or onher’; ikirusnga ‘open (the door) for me’;piqatarraarpeknateng ikirrluku ‘emergency
openings (for fishing)’, (Fish and Game neologism):< ikir-te2-; > ikircissuun, ikirun
ikirtuqaq curtain hung in front of doorway as adoor or draft barrier; door # also plural for one
such curtain; Maaten tekitaa, penam tamatumngeliini ikirtuqat ukut tupigat. ‘He reached it,(and saw) at the edge of the cliff there was a
woven door curtain.’ (YUU 1995:106); < ikir-tuqaq
ikirun preface; forward (of a book); introduction #< ikirte-n
ik’itmun toward or in ugly (improper) ways #adverbial particle; Kenkuyutem pikuni ik’itmun
ayagngaituq. ‘If treated with love he won’t head
down the improper path [in life].’ (QAN 2009:102);< ik’iq-tmun
ikiu- to be ugly, improper, bad, or (ritually) unclean# ikiuguq ‘it is ugly, improper, bad, unclean’;Maaten egaleni ikirtaa qimugkauyacuar kan’atungupayagaq, ikiukacagarluni, ciulvayagauluni‘He opened his window and saw a little puppy
down there, a little black, being very ugly (though
in a cute way), being a little thing with big
ears.’ (PRA 1995:363); Ikiulrianek qanerturalriit
ilangcivkenaki assilriamek-llu qanerturalriit
niicugniluki. ‘Ignore those who are speaking of
bad things and listen to those who are speaking of
good things.’ (YUP 2005:16); < ik’iq-u-

285

ikusgaq — ilaaq

Bases‘my elbows are chapped’; Tuaten cuqcilrianek
tangtullruunga. Tua-i-llu cuqcamegteki,
kumluryaraan ngeliinek, waken ikuseteng waten
piluki, una-ll’ kumlurteng ukatmun perrluku,
waten piqerluku. ‘I’ve seen men doing that asthey measured (the length of their atlatls). Whenthey measured it they would measure fromtheir elbow to their thumb, bending it like this.’(CIU 2005:52); > ikusgaq, ikusgiilitaq, ikusvag-,
ikuyegneq, ikuyegarneq; < PE ikuy0!
ikusgaq blade of folding knife # NI < ikusek-aq3
ikusgiilitaq elbow protector # traditionally made ofpolar-bear skin; NSU; < ikusek-ilitaq
ikuyegarneq measurement from one’s elbow
to the end of his fist # ikuyegarnerek malruk‘measurement from elbow to elbow with the fists
touching and the elbows away from each other’;< ikuyegar-neq1
ikuyegneq measurement from one’s elbow to end of
his outstretched fingertips # < ikusek-neq1
ikusvag-, ikuyvag- to elbow hard # ikusvagaa or
ikuyvagaa ‘he poked it/him hard with his elbow’/ < ikusek/ikuseg-pag2ikuukar(aq*) bone tool for pushing cords throughholes # NUN; < ikuutaq-kar(aq)ikuunaq icon # Agayutem Irniaqestiinun ullautukut
nanikualriani, cali tanqilriamun Elliin ikuunaanun
watua paanaurtukut. ‘Let us approach theMother of God in awe, and let us bow low before
Her holy ikon.’ (ORT 2006:49); from Russian br˙yf(ikóna)ikuuryaraq lever-action rifle # < ?-yaraq
ikuutaq lever; crowbar; pew (tool) # < ikug1-taq1;> ikuukar(aq); < PE iku!uta3 (under PE iku!)
ikuygur- to be destroyed by going into the hole in
the ice along with unguarded animal bladders
during the Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder Feast”) # saidof a village which, it was believed, would be destroyed
if certain ritual aspects of Nakaciuryaraq were not
meticulously followed; HBC
ikwegte- to pry at # ikwegtaa ‘he is prying at it’ /HBC; < ikug1-?
ila part of; one of; some of; relative; family member;
associate # and ila- to add to (it) # ilauq ‘it has
had something added to it’; ilaa ‘he added
something to it’ / ilaiguq mermek ‘he added
some water’; kuuvviaqa alqamnun ilasqaqa ‘Iwant my older sister to add more to my coffee’;ilii angyam ‘part of the boat’; iliit qimugtet ‘oneof the dogs’; ilait qimugtet ‘some of the dogs’;
kipusviliurtem ilai ‘the storekeeper’s relatives’;
ilavci atullrua ‘one of you used it’; ilatengneqkiurait ‘they are preparing food for theirrelatives’; ilakaqa ‘she is my relative’; ilaliraa‘she joined him’, (literally: ‘provided him with anassociate’); ilakellriit ‘a family’; ilaituq ‘part of
it is missing’; Nalluyaguarrluki-llu teggalqutani
tungiitnun ilami aqevluni. ‘Suddenly forgetting
about the rocks she had gathered, she ran in the
direction of her family members.’ (ELN 1990:19);
Tayim’ ilaci tan’gurrarni imarpignaalangkunengtanglarciquq yaqulecuarnek augkunek
qateryaaqelriameng yaqurrit ta¥gaam
tungulkialuteng. ‘When one of you boys startgoing out to the ocean, he will see little birds
that are white with a little bit of black on theirwings.’ (QUL 2003:50); cam iliini ‘sometime’; catiliitni ‘one time’; cat ilaitni ‘once in a while’,
iliini ‘sometimes’; used with verbs nominalized by
postbase -(u)ciq ‘incident or occurance of V-ing’:
erucit iliitni ‘one dawn’ (from erte- ‘to dawn’);atakuucit iliitni ‘one evening’ (from atakuu‘to be evening’); uksuucit iliitni ‘one winter’(from uksuu- ‘to be winter’); ayaucit iliitni ‘one
departure’ (from ayag- ‘to depart’); used with
postbase -viineq/-piineq (q.v.): ayagpiinret iliitni‘during one departure’; anviinret iliitni ‘once
when one went outside’; piviinret iliitni ‘on
one occasion’; akit atullrat ilangevkangnaqluki‘investment’ (neologism); > ilair-, ilairtaayuli,
ilairtayuli, ilake-, ilakelriit, ilakuaq, ilalcir-,ilalin, ilaliunqegg-, ilaliur-, ilallugun, ilanaaraq,
ilangciar(ar)-, ilaniite-, ilanirqe-, ilaaq, ilaar-,ilacar-, ilacir-, ilagar-, ilaliute-, ilangarte-, ilangci-,
ilarraq, ilayaraq, ilaviite-, iliini; cf. ilalke-, ilaute-,
iliira-, iliq; < PE ila(-)1
ilaaciq, ilaalek, ilaasek, ilaacuk (NUN form) crossfox (Vulpes vulpes var.) # = kelaassiq
ilaanquciq porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) # NS;from Seward Peninsula Inupiaq illaatquziq
ilaaq patch # and ilaar- to patch # ilaartuq (orilaariuq) ‘he is patching something’; ilaaraa ‘heis patching it’ / NS, Y, HBC, UK, NR, LI, EG;. . . ikamrilriamek nall’arkengkuvet cali tua-imurilkelluku. Wall’u kuvyamek qemilriamek,
wall’u ilaarturilariamek. ‘. . . if you come uponsomeone making a sled, observe how it is done,or one attaching a fishnet to the float and lead

286

Basesilaciqtar- — ilakui-ilake- to be related to (him); to include (him) #ilakaa ‘he is related to her’, ‘he included her it anactivity’ / qaillun ilaksiu? ‘how are you related
to her?’; ilakutuk ‘they2 are related’; Neqa-gguq
man’a ilakuyutnguuq. ‘They say food helps tocreate family bonds.’ (YUP 2005:92); < ila-ke2-;> ilakellgutelriit, ilaksagute, ilakutaq

lines, or patching it.’ (YUP 2005:16); < ila-aq1; <PE
ila(C)a3 (under PE ila(-)1)
ilaciqtar- to breathe heavily after working or
running # NUN
ilacir- to refrain from acting, hoping others will
act for one; to draw breath again after almost
drowning (NUN meaning); to change one’s
behavior uncharacteristicly when one’s close
relative is dying, even if the person so acting is
unaware of the imminent death (K meaning) #ilacirtuq ‘he is refraining from acting, is reviving,or is acting inappropriately’ / ilacirpek’nak!
‘don’t act helpless!’; < ila-?; < PE ilacci3ilag- to be tangled; to get tangled # ilagtuq ‘it istangled’ / ilagtaa ‘he tangled it’; = ilar-; > ilair-,ilarqutair-; < PE il(l)a!ilagar- to join # ilagaraa ‘he joined her’ / Ilani-llugguq ilagayuirulluki, aquingraata. ‘She no longer
joined in with her friends even when they wereplaying.’ (YUU 1995:121); < ila-?; < PE ila(!a3)(under PE ila(-)1)
ilagaute- to join in; to participate # ilagautuq‘he joined in’ / Cali makut ilagauculriit calitengruuralriit qasgimtarkaugut. ‘And those whowanted to participate and were enthusiastic could
be in the kashim.’ (TAP 2004:44); < ilagar-te4ilair1- to lose or remove part # ilairtuq ‘part of it
came off’; ilairaa ‘he removed part of it’ /< ila-ir2ilair2- to untangle; to comb or brush one’s hair #ilairtuq ‘it got untangled’; ilairaa ‘he untangledit’ / Quliterraarluni maqiuq, maqiluni ilairiluni
caluni kenuggluni, . . . ‘After washing her hair
she took a bath and as she bathed she combed (herhair) and groomed herself, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:34);< ilag-ir2ilairin comb # also plural, ilairitet, for one comb; Y:< ilair-i2-n
ilairutaq type of traditional Yup’ik parka, often
called the Yukon-style parka # of a design said tobe borrowed from 0the northern Malimiut (Inupiaq)
people via the Yukon area; ilairutaak ‘pair ofcalfskin bands on the chest of this type of parka’ilairtaayuli small biting gnat (species ?) # NS, HBC;
< ilair1-?-yuli
ilairtayuli horsefly (Tabanus atratus) # literally: ‘onethat is good at removing pieces of flesh’; < ilair1-?yuli

ilakellgutkelriit, ilakellgutkelriartaq tribe #neologism in Bible translation; Moses-aam qanrutai
Israel-aam yuin ilakellgutkelriartaita ciuliqagtait. . . ‘Moses spoke to the leaders of the tribes of thepeople of Israel . . .’ (NAAQ. 29:1); < ilake-llgunke2-lria-pluralilakelriit, ilakellriit a family # Tua-i taukut ilakelriit
uitalriit allamek-llu ilaunateng yugmek. ‘Then
that family stayed without any other people.’(ELL 1997:546); Ilakellriaruyukamci. ‘I thought you
were a family.’ (YUP 1996:22); < ilake-lria-pluralilaksagute- to adopt; to develop family or otherclose ties with; to join with # ilaksagutaa ‘hehas joined in’; ilaksagutaa ‘he adopted her,joined with him, developed close ties withhim’ / Amkut ta¥gaam tailuteng kinguakun,
tangerrluku-am tua-i wangkuta ilaksagutelliniluku
tauna. ‘Then they would come later and see thatthat person had developed close ties with us.’ (TAP
2004:20); < ilake-yaguteilakuaq remainder; leftover # Tua-i keniramek
ilakuamek neresqellukek iterpailgan aipaa
puqliricuglukek piluni tua-i puqlirillukek calillu saaniilillukek. ‘She wanted them to eat theleftover food, and said that she’d heat some water
before his companion came in, and make tea forthem.’ (ELN 1990:67); < ila-kuaq
ilakuuciq communion (Roman Catholic usage) #“Cauga Tanqilria Ilakuuciq (kemegturyaraq)?”“Tanqilria Ilakuuciq akurtulqaa anerteqellriim
Jesus-aam kemgan augan-llu.” ‘“What is Holy
Communion (eating the flesh)?” “Receiving
the flesh and blood of the living Jesus is Holy
Communion.”’ (CAT 1950:83); < ila-?-ciq

ilakui- to have something leftover # ilakuiguq‘he has something leftover’ / ilakuigaa ‘heleft something for her’; Iinrukisqatgen-llu
ilakuiyaqunak assiriqerteng’erpet qavcini ernerni.
‘If they give you medicine use it all even if you
feel better in a few days (i.e., don’t have anything
leftover).’ (YUP 1996:52); < ilakuaq-li-

287

ilakutaq — ilangciar(ar)-Basesilakutaq relative; kin # Cevv’arnermiuni
ilanka nallunritanka, Mamterillermi ilanka
nallunritanka, Qipnermi ilanka nallunritanka,
Tununermi ilakutanka, Niugtarmi. ‘I know myrelatives in Chevak, I know my relatives in
Bethel, and my relatives in Kipnuk, Tununak andNewtok.’ (QUL 2003:18); < ilake-taq1
ilalcir- to put up with (it, him); to tolerate or suffer(him) # ilalcirtuq ‘he put up with the situation’;
ilalciraa ‘he is putting up with it’ / Ilalcirpiiqnak,
pingnatugluten pii. ‘Stop just accepting thesituation; go and provide for yourself.’ (QUL
2003:234); < ila-?ilalin flag # literally: ‘device for making allies’; Y;< ila-li2-nilaliunqegg- to be friendly # ilaliunqegtuq ‘he isfriendly’ / Ilaliunqeqapiarluteng-gguq taukut,
ellii-llu-gguq Qalemaq taumek uikaqlinikeµinek
tangrriiqluni . . . ‘The people were very friendly
and Qalemaq said that she had felt very attracted
to — and flirted with — the man who turned out
to be her future husband . . .’ (ELN 1990:82);< ila-liur-nqeggilaliur- to be sociable. ilaliurtuq ‘he is beingsociable’; ilaliuraa ‘he is being sociable with her’
/ < ila-liur-; < PE ilali(C)u3ilaliute- to mix; to join # ilaliutuq ‘he joined’;
ilaliutaa ‘he put it with something else’ / < ilalir-te5ilalke-, ilalru- (NSU form) to pick on; to mistreat;to hurt (his) feelings; to torment; to be cruelto (him) # ilalkaa ‘he is picking on her’ /. . . ngel’angellruami taq’errluni alingallagluni
aanamegnun ilalkessukluku nunurnayukluni. . . ‘. . . she started to laugh but quickly quit
fearing that their mother would think she’d been
mistreating her, and that she might get a scolding. . .’ (ELN 1990:23); ilalkiyaraq ‘assault’ (legal
neologism); > ilalketar-, ilalkumalria; cf. ila; < PY
ilal3uilalketar- to be cruel # ilalketartuq ‘he is cruel’ /< ilalke-tar1ilalkuinr(ar)- to travel on land coming in and out ofview to distant observers # NUN
ilalkumalria victim # legal neologism; < ilake-ma-lria
ilallugun the “black sheep” of a family; the one
who doesn’t get along with the others; antisocial
trait # Ilallugutengqengraata ta¥gaam kenekluku
ciumuratekevkenaku, pinrituatekevkenaku,

pegtetuavkenaku, . . . ‘Even though they have [hehas] antisocial traits, love him, and don’t give up
on him, brush him aside, or drop him, . . .’ (YUP
2005:102); < ila-lluk-n
ilanaaraq friend # yuut amllengraata ataucimekta¥gam ilanaarangqertua ‘although there aremany people, I have only one close friend’; Y,
HBC; < ila-?
ilangarte- to take away from; to subtract from;to remove some of (it/them); to have a deathoccur # ilangartuq ‘some of it has been taken
away’; ilangartaa ‘he took some of it away’ /ilangartut-am makumiut ‘someone has diedhere’; ilangartelriartangqertuq ‘a death has
occurred here’; Tua-i maktengnaqsaaqerraarluni,
nutaan taukut atmani ilangartelliniluki, kemek
tauna ilangartelliniluku. ‘After trying without
success to stand up, he finally removed some of
the meat from his pack.’ (QAN 1995:224); Tuailangarcugaqameng ilangartaqluteng piciatun
nasaurlurnek, tan’gurraat, yuunriraqaluteng,
aanat, aatat apa’urluut-ll. Taukut tua-i.
‘Whenever the time came for any of themto depart, either young girls, young boys,
mothers, fathers, grandparents, they wouldcease living. That’s how it was.’ (ELL 1997:432);
arcaqassiyaallra ilangarrluku ‘mitigate’ (legal
neologism); < ila-?
ilangci- to ignore; to leave alone (Y meaning); to
pay attention to (K, NI meaning) # ilangcia‘he is leaving it alone’ (Y meaning), or ‘heis paying attention to it’ (K, NI meaning) /ilangciu! (Y form), ilangcinrilgu! (K, NI form)‘leave it alone!’; the following example is from
NI: Maligtaquuraumanrilnguq, asmuurilria,
angayuqaagken kenekngaitaak. Kenekngaitaak
asmuuriluni qanellrak, ilangcivkenaku piaqluku.
‘One who is not heedful, who disobeys, will not
please his parents. They will not be pleased with
him if he is disobedient to their advice, ignoringit (not paying attention to it).’ (QAN 1997:338);< ila-?
ilangciar(ar)- to tease in a friendly way; to teasea cousin; to bother (by teasing) # ilangciartuq‘he is teasing’; ilangciararaa ‘he is teasing
her’ / Wangkuta avani iluramta cakneq
ilangciaralallruakut qaillun-llu kiusciiganata,qenqerrluta-llu pisciiganata. ‘Our cousins used
to tease us a lot in the old days and we could

288Basesilaniite- — ill’arte-ilavkuk cord; rope # Tua-i-llu aaluuyaaliluteng
naparpiim avayaanun ilavkuum iquukqillrullukek. ‘And then they made a swing, tying
the ends of a rope to the branch of a big tree.’(ELN 1990:101); UY, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG;from Russian dth=drf (veryóvka)ilayaraq addition (the process of addition) # < ilayaraq
ilgar- to go back home after an evening activity #;> Ilgariq; cf. elgarIlgariq Bladder Festival # honoring the spirits ofcaught seals (in the bladders) and returning them tothe sea; < ilgar-i2ilgulgaq poor person with tattered clothing # NUNiligvak, ilegvak muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)# Maaten-gguq elitaqnariuq imnatuqulleq, iligvagnek atkugluni negilirluni
qayuqegglirrarmek. ‘The one who died became
recognizable, and lo and behold he was wearing
a muskrat parka of with a ruff of a bit of arctic
hare.’ (MAR1 2001:20); iligviit neqait ‘poison
water hemlock’ (Cicuta mackenzieana); UK, NSK< ilik-vak, ilik-vak
iliini sometimes # adverbial particle; Up’nerkamigguq iliini yuk pektaqami yuilqumi niitelartuq
amikuum nepiinek taugken-gguq naken
piciinani. ‘In spring time, they say, sometimes
when a person walks in the wilderness, he hears
the sound of an “amikuk” (a certain legendary
creature) but it’s not coming from anywhere.’(AGA 1996:142); < ila-possessed localis
iliira- to ask to have something # iliirauq ‘he asked
for something’ / cf. ilailik, iliq, iliraq (NUN form) partner #Patkartaalrianek tangtullruunga. Arnat ilikluteng,angutet-llu ilikluteng. ‘I used to see people
playing the game of “patkartaaq”. The women
were partners, and the men were partners.’ (CIU
2005:312); Ukut atanret talliman iliksagutellruut
anguyagteteng-llu quyurtellruit Siddim-am
kuignayuanun . . . ‘These five chiefs became
allies and gathered their fighters in the valley of
Siddim . . .’ (AYAG. 14:3); cf. ila; < PE ili!
ill’arte- to be separate from the others; to be apart
fom the others; to be somewhat isolated at
the upper or lower end of a village # perhaps
used only in the transitive subordinative: Tua-i
iterturaqerluni igvallinii nunat, uatiitni-wa
ilani ill’arrluki tua-i net’arluni. ‘Going further

not say a thing or get mad.’ (YUU 1995:31);
Aren, taum tutgariin pillinia, “Alingnaqnilukiwa, ilangciarayunaitniluki-ll’-am pilaavki, tua-i
pitama tamaa-i amianek tangrrarkarpenek
ut’ruskemken.” ‘His grandchild said to him,
“Because you said they are scary, and one is
not to bother them, I have taken home part ofthe meat of my catch so you can see it.”’ (QUL
2003:320); < ila-?
ilaniite- to be a poor companion # ilaniituq ‘he is apoor companion’ / < ila-niiteilanirqe- to be a good companion # ilanirquq ‘he isa good companion’ / < ila-nirqeilaqcuugaq stickleback fish; needlefish (Pungitius
pungitius) # Tua-gguq kiungaicuk’ngermi kat’um
mikellriim im’um ilaqcuugaam kiugaa ciugarrluni,. . . ‘He didn’t think it would but that little
needlefish down there looked up and answered
him, . . .’ (AGA 1996:38); NS
ilar-, ilarqute- to be tangled; to get tangled # = ilag-;> ilair-, ilarqutairilaraaraq small fish found in lakes (species ?) # NSU
ilarqutair- to untangle; to comb one’s hair #< ilarqute-ir2ilarraq small portion of (it); little bit of (it) #ilarraa or ilarrii ‘a little bit of it’; Anrutarpukniilluku kaissiyaagpakallerpuk neqain ilarraitnek
alinguryungramegnuk nerqerlunuk. ‘Listening
to our stomachs, knowing that we were very
hungry, we ate a little of his food even though we
felt we were intruding (because we didn’t ask
first).’ (QUL 2003:668); < ila-rraq
ilasqite- to pick on; to mistreat; to torment; to be
cruel to # NSK; cf. ilailaute- to join in; to add in # ilautuq ‘he joinedin’; ilautaa ‘he added it in’ / Cali yuut
pinrilqurrunateng watnalrianun ilautarkauluteng.
‘And the people, except the weakest, were to join
in with those doing like this.’ (CAU 1985:133);
cf. ilailaviite- for there to be no need or room to add more
(information or the like) # ilaviituq ‘there’s noneed or room to add more’ or ‘it is such that one
can’t take anymore’ (as when a person is in great
agony); ilaviitaa ‘there’s no need or room to add
more to it’ / Una tua-i waniwa ava-i ilaviilengraan
qanrutkaqa. ‘Even though there was really noneed to add more, I have spoken a little about this.’(CIU 2005:148); < ila-vik-ite1-289

illug- — ilulirneq

Basesfeelings; intestinal tract # caliuq nem’i iluani‘he is working inside his house’; yaassiigem
iluantuq ‘it is inside the box’; kuigem iluani‘upriver’; Tua-i-llu-am ellii umyuarteqengluni
meliullermini qaill’ ayuqucianek mer’em iluani
tangneq . . . ‘While she was playing around withthe water she started thinking what it would
be like to see down in the water (that is, withher eyes under the water), . . .’ (ELN 1990:26);
iluliurneq ‘(the sin or vice of) gluttony’ (religious
neologism); > ilukaar-, ilukegci-, ilukite-, ilulek,
iluliarun, iluliraq, ilulirneq, iluliurneq, ilulkar-,ilulliqe-, ilulngu-, ilumun, ilunge-, ilupeq,
iluperaq, iluqliq*, iluryuk, ilutak, iluteqe-, ilutu-,
ilutuliar(aq), ilutuqaq, iluyaraq
ilucqer- to feel pleased; to feel good; to become
happy # NS; = ilukegciilukaar- to have labor pains or stomach pains #ilukaartuq ‘she is having abdominal pains’ /< ilu-?ilukegci- to feel pleased; to feel good; to become
happy # ilukegciuq ‘he feels good inside’ /ilukegcitkaa ‘he is pleased with it, proud ofher’; ilukegcinarquq ‘it causes one to feel good
inside’; Uingan waten ayuqucugngaa nuliani
ilukegcivkarluni calikan, elliin-llu calillgutkeciqaa
ayuqeliluku. ‘A husband can cause his wife to
become happy when she works and he will work
alongside of her and does what she is doing.’(YUP 2005:174); < ilu-kegci-; > ilukegcineq
ilukegcineq joy # < ilukegci-neq2
ilukite- to be shallow # of hollow things; ilukituq ‘it isshallow’ / < ilu-kite2ilulek ladle # NUN; < ilu-lek
iluliarun great-grandchild # NUN; < ilu-liaq-n;< PE iluli(C)a3 (under PE ilu)
iluliraq funnel-like inside component of a fish trap
# Pelacinak-llu kepurraarluku nemiarcuutekluku
iluliralilanglua. ‘I started using twine for lashing
together the funnel-like inside component of the
fish trap after cutting to the right sized.’ (KIP
1998:321); < ilu-li1-aq3; < PE ilul(l)i3a3 (under PE
ilu)
Ilulirat part of the constellation Bootes # theconstellation is Taluyaq (fish trap) in Yup’ik, andthis part is the funnel-like inside component
ilulirneq lining; inner surface; the innermost thing;
inner thigh # ilulirnerek inner thighs # atkuma
ilulirneqai melquruat ‘my parka has imitation furin (upriver) a village came into his view, and atits downriver end there was a house separated
from the others.’ (CIU 2005:220); Tua-i-ll’
tanqigiqertelluku pilliniuq nunat kankut; ugnawa-gguq uatiitni uani uaqvaarni elliicetun ilani
nem taum ill’arrluki ena ugna. ‘So then whendawn came upon him he saw a village down
there; and in the distance, a bit downriver atthe edge of the village, was a house set apart byitself, just like theirs was.’ (QAN 1995:42); Tuall’ tua-i tutgara’urluqelriignek cali ilaluteng,tutgara’urlua tauna tuani nasaurlullrauluni,
nunat ill’arrluki nunalutek. ‘And there also werea grandmother and grandchild — the grandchildbeing a girl — dwelling at a short distance awayfrom the rest of the village.’ (MAR2 2001:104)
illug- tilting # postural root; > illugte-, illungqa-;< PY i@u!illugte- to tilt; to upend # illugtuq ‘it tilted’; illugtaa‘he tilted it’ / Waten-llu illugtellriit, illugneretamllerituameng kuigem ce÷iini, tamakunek
inerqualallrukaitkut tutmaasqevkenaki. ‘When
the upended things, the upended ones (spawned-outfish) become numerous on the shore of the river,they warned us concerning them, saying that weshouldn’t step on them.’ (CIU 2005:324); < illugte2illungqa- to be tilted # illungqauq ‘it is tilted’ /< illug-ngqailngir- to lose a tooth either naturally or throughextraction # ilngirtuq ‘he lost a tooth’ / ilngilleq
gap ‘left by a missing tooth’; < ?-ir2-; < PE il&i3
ilquigneq, ilquineq skull; empty skull # Taperrnat
akuliitni elakaq, meq, ce÷iini-wa-tang ukut
ilquigneret pingayun enret-wa. ‘Between theseashore grass there was a water hole, water,and on its edge were these three skulls, all bones.’(MAR2 2001:91); < ilquq-?-neq1, ilquq-ite1-neq1
ilquq, il’quq (HBC form), illequq (NSU form)
brain #. . . tuquluni, ciutiikun egluliurcuutii
itqercami ilqurra qamna putuluku ilutmun.
‘. . . he died, when her awl penetrated deep inhis brain.’ (MAR1 2001:90); < ?-quq, ?-quq,?-quq; > ilquigneq
ilqupak cast-iron kettle # (?)
ilu-1 to become frosted # of a window; iluuq or ilua ‘itbecame frosted’ / = ilur-; < PE ilu- (under PE ilu)
ilu-2 root; > ilungaq*, ilur(aq*)
ilu interior; area inside; upriver area; inner290Basesfor a lining’; < ilu-lirneq
ilulliqe-, ilullugte- to feel sorrowful ordisappointed # ilulliquq ‘he feels sad’ /ilulliqutekaa ‘he feels disappointed on accountof it’; tan’gurraq ayanrilami ilulliquq ‘the boy isdisappointed because he didn’t go’; < ilu-lliqe-,
ilu-lluk
ilulngu- to be upset and angry # ilulnguuq ‘hefeels upset’ / ilungukaa ‘he feels upset over
her or it’; Ilulngukestekain ilulnguksukunegteggu
ilulngukniaraat. ‘Those who are going to feel badover him, if they want to feel bad over him, thenthey should just feel bad over him.’ (QUL 2003:442) ; < ilu-lngu-; < PE ilu&u- (under PE ilu)
ilulkar- to get food poisoning # NUN; < ilu-?ilulkucugaq great-great-grandchild # NUN
ilumun truly; indeed; really # adverbial particle;
ilumun tekitellrulliniuq ‘I see that he has
indeed arrived’; Maaten murilkaa tua-i ilumun
angnirnganani, tuar-llu kegginaa uivenqellria,
tangniqapiggluni tuaten. ‘When she looked
closely at her, she observed that she really did
look happy, with her face so round and sopleasant.’ (ELN 1990:97); < ilu-terminalis; < PE
ilumun (under PE ilu)
ilumuu- to be the truth # ilumuuguq ‘it is the truth’/ Ilumuulalriit tang tua-i cat tamarmeng. ‘There’s
truth in everything.’ (CIU 2005:134); < ilumun-uil’unaq deep crevice in sand dunes # NUN
ilungapak female cross-cousin of a female #Ilungapaka-llu-am imna tayima tua-i waniwa
nangerngallemni tekicuan. ‘While I am standing
here, I wish my cousin would come.’ (CIU
2005:152); < ilungaq-?
ilungaq* female cross-cousin of a female; also
female’s parent’s cross-cousin’s daughter; byextension, female friend of a female, especially
one who is related # Aaniin-llu piluku
ilungaqniluku tauna atra-llu elliin elilluku cunaw’
Puyuullinilria. ‘Her mother told her that that washer cousin, and she learned that her name was
Puyuq.’ (ELN 1990:30) # < ilu2-?; > ilungapak;< PY ilu&aq
ilunge- to have sudden enthusiasm; to put forth
renewed energy # ilunguq ‘he “got his secondwind”’ / Kaviaq qut’garrluni erinakegciniani
angerluni. Aturpautaa avelngaq ilungluni. ‘The
fox became puffed up with pride, cleared his
throat and agreed. He sang to the mouse withilulliqe- — ilur(aq*)

new enthusiasm.’ (KAV 1972:13 & PRA 1995:317);< ilu-ngeilupeq underwear; undershirt; lining of garment# camek iluperraunateng anellruut ‘not having
a stitch of underwear they went out’; . . . aanii
tauna atkugmek imarmiutarmek pilikili,
kanaqliit aqsanritnek ilupirluku, qerrullililuni-llu
cuignilnguugnek, tuntut-llu iruitnek piluguliluni.
‘. . . her mother made a parka out of mink, lined
it with muskrat bellies, and made pants out ofotter, and skin boots out of caribou leg.’ (YUU
1995:85); Qerrulliigka tuamta-ll’ yuulukek
kamilarqaarlua iluprenka ciurraarluki all’uki. ‘I’d
take off my trousers after removing my boots,
and, after wringing out my underwear, I’d put iton.’ (QUL 2003:730); < ilu-peq (compare qaspeq
and qai); > ilupeqsaq; < PE ilup03(a3) (under
PE ilu)ilupeqsaq sock; liner # < ilupeq-?
iluperanqigtaq great-great-grandchild # LI;< iluperaq-nqigte-aq1
iluperaq great-grandchild; great-grandniece;
great-grandnephew # . . . tutgaramek irniarit
tuqlutuluki cali tamarmek taukuk maurluum
apa’urluum-llu iluperamegnek. . . . Cali-am taukuk
amauk iluperamek irniakek unguvainanermegni
irniangekata wagg’uq maqamyuarutekluki,
tua-llu neruvailitaq. ‘. . . both grandmother andgrandfather call their grandchildren’s child“iluperaq” (great-grandchild). . . . Also, to thosegreat-grandparents, while they are living, theirgreat-grandchildren’s child is “maqamyuarun”(great-great-grandchild), and then comes“neruvailitaq” (great-great-great-grandchild).’(YUU 2005:220); < ilupeq-aq3; (compare Siberian
Yupik qasp03aq ‘great-grandchild’);> iluperanqigtaq
iluqliq* inner thing # iluqliqluki ‘one inside theother’; < ilu-qliq
ilur- to have frost (inside an object or house) #NUN; = ilu1ilur(aq*) male cross-cousin of a male; also male’s
parent’s cross-cousin’s son, by extension, malefriend of a male, especially one who is related# iluraqaqa or ilu’urqaqa ‘he is my friend’;
ilu’urqellriit ‘cross-cousins; ‘individuals who arecross-cousins to each other’; Tua-i tan’gaurluut
anglirilriit irniangelriit tuaten ilurateng tua-iinglukqatarluki tua-i pinga’arrluteng. ‘The young291

iluryuk — ima-tanem

Basesiluyaraq tunnel entrance to old-style house # NUN;
< ilu-yaraq
ilvar- to bring or put inside for storage, ceremonial
display, etc. # ilvaraa ‘he brought it in’ / ilvariuq‘he brought something in’; Ava-i-llu . . . piuq
Aanillrata nalliini angutet nakacuit qasgimun
agutelallrulliniluki qantaitnun maliliulluki,
ilvariluteng-gguq. ‘. . . she has stated that in theold days at the time they celebrated the “Aaniq”
holiday the women brought the bladders of those(animals the men had killed during the year) into
the kashim along with their bowls of food andbrought the things (the bladders) in (for ceremonial
display).’ (CAU 1985:57); HBC, NUN; cf. ilu; < +PY ilva3- (see also Siberian Yupik iilva3- ‘to put up’)ilve- to collapse; to fall down # . . . ilveciquq
naparcimanqiggngaunani. ‘. . . it will fall down
and not be built up again.’ (ISAI. 24:20)
ima you know what I mean perhaps # particle
directing listener toward something known to him andto speaker but for which the speaker cannot quite recall
the name or find the proper expression, or for which
there is no exact words; may be regarded as enclitic;
kituulria ima ‘what’s his name (you know who
I mean)’; caunikii ima ‘now what was it that hesaid it was’; Qaillun ima tanem tuqluutii tamana
ayuqellria? Tua-i tang ata nalluyaguskeka . . .
‘Now what the heck is something like that called?
See, I’ve gone and forgotten . . .’ (ELL 1997:400);
Akwaugaq ima caullrulria? ‘What was yesterday
now?’ (YUP 1996:37); Iluvaktuq ima nuliangqellria
qavcinek? ‘Did Iluvaktuq have, shall I say,multiple wives?’ (CUN 2007:86); this word is the“predicative demonstrative” form of imani (q.v.); cf,
imna, tayima, taima, anirtima; > ima-qaa, imatanem
ima-qaa is that how it is/was?; I wonder # particle;
Aling, wall’ ima-qaa cup’urillrakun iterluni
qasgicualleramnun a¥gna neryartullilria!
‘Gee, I wonder if he could have gone throughits vent into my little old kashim to eat!’ (QUL
2003:186); Wall’ ima-qaa uilingiatarliq-llu amna
nulirrniallikii. ‘Or could it be that he seeks tomarry that spinster.’ (UNP2); < ima=qaa
ima-tanem oh yes, that is how it is/was # particle;
Tua-i tamaa-i ima-tanem urunqinek tua canek
tan’gerpagnek-llu nerqaqluni tamaa-i tumemini
pingluni tamaa-i. ‘Oh yes, that was the time she
started eating crowberries and other kind of

married men who were just starting families
prepared to compete against their cousins.’ (CIU
2005:354); < ilu2-?
iluryuk core of apple, tree, etc. # < ilu-yuk
ilussarte- to have food poisoning # NUN; < ilu-?ilutak valley; dip; bay # Ugna-llu ilutalek
Cal’itellrem painganek, kuik anelrarlun’, taunaqiptellra Qikertaayaaq-gguq tua-i. ‘Down therewith a bay from the mouth of Cal’itelleq, a rivergoes down, that place its bend is Qikertaayaaq.’(KIP 1998:43); < ilu-?; < PE iluta3 (under PE ilu)
iluteqe- to grieve; to be emotionally pained; tocry with emotion # ilutequq ‘he is grieved’/ iluteqevkaraa ‘he causes her sorrow’;ilutequtekaa ‘he is sorrowful on account of
it, is grieving over him’; ilutequn ‘sorrow,grief’; Kingunrit-gguq angnilriit angnirluteng,angniiluskait angniinateng cali-llu
ilutequteku’urluki pikait mecungluteng. ‘Those
whose survivors were happy, were themselves
happy, those whose survivors were sad, werethemselves sad, and those whose survivors
kept crying over them, were soaking wet.’ (YUU
1995:112); the following are Catholic religious terms:
ilutequn assiilnguput pitekluki ‘contrition’;kayuqapigtellria ilutequn ‘perfect contrition’;kayulria ilutequn ‘imperfect contrition’; < iluteqeilutmun inward # particle; < ilu-tmun
ilutmurtaq Eskimo men’s boot with fur inside #NUN
ilutu- to be deep (of caves and pits as well as bodies
of water) # ilutuuq ‘it is deep’ / Ta¥ga-tar
ilutur¥garngami Nan¥garciarullinilria, cama¥getallgumakutaga . . . ‘It is called Nanwarciar
because it is very deep, it probably has a holedown there . . .’ (WEB2); < ilu-tuilutuliar(aq*) large bowl # ilu-tuli-ar(aq)ilutuqaq depression; deep place; bay # < ilu-tuqaq
Iluvaktuq legendary hero, ancestor of the peopleof Kwethluk # Iluvaktuq tauna arenqiatelliniuq
nernertulliniuq. ‘That Iluvaktuq was, evidently, avoracious eater.’ (CUN 2007:86)
iluvar- to go into an area # iluvartuq ‘he into acertain area’ / Unugmi ta¥gaam nunanun
iluvaraqluteng. ‘They went into villages only atnight.’ (KIP 1998:205); iluvarvikaat ‘they went
into it (an area)’; < ilu-var-292

Basesimailkite- — imaq*

imange- to leak in liquids; to acquire content #imanguq ‘it is leaking’ / angyaqa imangelartuq‘my boat leaks’; Tua-i tamana qayaqa
aivkanglliniami mermek imangyaaqelriim
anagutenrituq. ‘Since my kayak has developed
cracks along the seams it leaks in water but
not too much.’ (KIP 1998:19); Agayun piliuq
angelrianek unguvalrianek allanek-llu
imarpigmiutarnek, imarpik imangevkarluku
ayuqenrilngurnek unguvalrianek. ‘God createdlarge living creatures and other sealife andHe caused the ocean to be filled with various
creatures.’ (AYAG. 1:21); Tua-i-llu qasgi
puyumek imangan cali-am qecgaurluteng
mianikevkenateng aarpagaluteng tuaten. ‘And
so the kashim would fill with smoke and they’djump up and down with abandon and shout at
the same time.’ (CAU 1985:77); < imaq-ngeima(ni) far away and/or long ago but identity
known, at least partially, to speaker and audience# . . . atani neq’alliniluku nani imani tayima
kingunermini. ‘. . . he suddenly recalled his
father, somewhere far away, in his land of origin.’(MAR2 2001:46); Atunem naw’un imaggun
nallunrilullutek, . . . ‘Through somewhere long
ago they knew each other, . . .’ (MAR2 2001:30);
see also imna, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; NS;
cf. imaimap’ag- to be full of something # Egan imap’agtuq
suupamek. ‘The pot is full of soup’ (NEK
1981:12); < imaq-pag2-; LI
imaq* contents; bullet; pus; ocean; water # camek
imangqerta? ‘what does it contain?’; kalngaka
allgumiin tamallruanka imai ‘because mypack was ripped I lost its contents’; man’akuik imartuuq ‘this river has (contains) muchwater’; imarvika ‘my bullet pouch’; Tua-i
yuurullukek imaam yuin camkut unguvalriarita
iliita yuurulluku ullagluku ayuqucirturlukek.
‘So one of the “Persons of the Sea” down theretransformed himself into a (regular) person forthem and went to her to show them how.’ (MAR2
2001:99); Cali pupiit, angliriaqata, akngialuteng
imamek-llu maq’urluteng aruciucilallruit
neqet, kangitneret, amiata iluqlianek imirluki
mamkilnguarmek. Nutaan-llu melquruanek
patuluki, mamcirluki. ‘Also, when skin sores
got big and painful and oozed with pus, they’dprepare the thin layer from the inside of a chum

berries along her way from patches where thesnow had melted.’ (ELL 1997:160); < ima=tanem
imailkite- to be shallow # EG; < imaite-kiteimair- to empty; to remove contents from # imairaa‘he emptied it, took things out of it’ / . . . angutek
tekillutek kalngakek-wa imaqaararlutek.
Mikellam-llu imairlukek. ‘. . . the two men arrived
with full backpacks. Mikellaq emptied them.’(ELN 1990:104); < imaq-ir2imairin dipper for removing ice fragments fromwater # < imair-i2-n
imaite- to be empty # imaituq ‘it is empty’ /“Imangqertuq-qaa?” “Imaunani.” ‘“Does it
have something in it?” “It is empty.”’ (MAR1
2001:15); Qe÷ertemek imaitelartut taum nalliini.
‘They would be empty of any anger during thattime.’ (TAP 2003:17); Neqalleruar-llu natermi
sageskan yuum tutmaqani-gguq umyuarteqtuuq,“Alingnaqvaa-lli nani-atag-uum anrutaa
imaiteqerli.” ‘Even if a tiny particle of food is
dropped on the floor and stepped on, it willknow and say, “My goodness! May this person’s
stomach be empty one of these days.”’ (CIU
2005:324); < imaq-ite1-; > imailkiteimaller(aq*) undesirable contents; phlegm; pus #< imaq-ller(aq)imanaq guts; internal organs; abdominal viscera #. . . ikayuanauraa nasqurririlluku, imanairilluku.
‘. . . she would help her, removing the heads (ofthe fishes) for her, and removing their guts forher.’ (MAR2 2001:6); < imaq-naq2; > imanarvik;< PE iman03 and imana3
imanarvik conainer made of beluga stomach # Tuai-llu cetuat qiluit aturtut cali imumi. Anrutaitllu imanarviit amiitnun tua-i qeciitnun-llu
caquuluteng. ‘In those days the beluga intestines
were useful. Their stomachs, beluga stomach
pouches were used to store their (beluga’s)
muktuk and skin.’ (PAI 2008:8); < imanaq-vik
Imangaq Emmonak # village on the Yukon delta;< imangaq
imangaq blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) # Y, NS, LK;
Erenret takliaqata tamaani neqairutetuameng,tamakurrlainarnek ta¥gaam nerlaameng
neqkapigglainarnek, yuilqumek-llu imanganek.
‘Whenever the days became long there they’dinvariably run out of food, and they’d eat
only those things, such as blackfish from thewilderness.’ (MAR2 2001:48); > Imangaq

293imaqaar(ar)- — ime-

Bases
imarmiutaq* mink (Neovison vison) # Ukut
aqlitet agluirucetuumaluteng, tegglipianekllu pimaluteng, cali-wa makut imarmiutaat
tuluyagait. ‘These earrings are connected witha few strings of beads, and there are mink teeth
strung in between the beads.’ (CIU 2005:226);< imaq-miutaq
imarnin gut rain parka; spray cover for kayak #Tua-i-ll’-am atakuan ellimerriuq, pisquriuq
imarnitegnek, imkugnek ivsiurrsuutegnek
qilugnek, . . . ‘And so when evening came, hetold them what to do, calling for a gut skin rainparka, one of those raincoats made of intestines,. . . (QAN 1995:308); < imaq-?-n
imarpalek muzzle-loading rifle # < imaq-rpak-lek
imarpik, imarpak (NSU, EG form) ocean, sea #; Tuallu-gguq taukut nunat uitalriit kuigem ce÷iini.
Kuigat tamana imarpigmun anumaluni. ‘And so,
it is said, there was this village on the shore of theriver. Their river flowed down to the sea.’ (QAN
2
1995:326); < imaq-pik , imaq-rpak; > imarpinraq*,
imarpiliurta, imarpillaq
1
imarpiliurta sailor # < imarpik-liur-ta
imarpillaq sea mammal # NUN; < imarpik-llaq
imarpinraq* Bering cisco (whitefish) (Coregonus
laurettae) # Tuamtellu pelluata taryaqvagnek
cali tamakunek tuamtellu iqallugnek neqnek
tua-i sayagnek, kangitnernek, qakiiyarnek,
imarpinrarnek, qusuurnek. ‘After [the sealhunting season] was over they harvested kingsalmon, herring, red salmon, chum salmon, silver
salmon, whitefish, and smelt.’ (YUP 2005:86);< imarpik-nraq
imarrlainaq* open water in a field of ice #imarrluk swamp; soup # < imaq-rrluk
imartelleq one that journeyed into the ocean (refers
to shamans) # NUN; < imaq-te1-lleq1
imartu- to be deep# EG; < imaq-tuimartuliar(aq*) snail, next to smallest kind (species?) # NUN; < imaq-tuli-ar(aq)imaryange- to get pus on eyes # NUN; < imaryaqngeimaryuk, imaryaq undesirable contents; phlegm;
pus # Y, NI, HBC, NUN; < imaq-yuk, imaq-yaq;> imaryangeimasri- to feel sleepy from so much fresh air, food,etc. # NUN
ime- to collapse # of tent, house, etc. # im’uq ‘itsalmon skin, apply it to the wound, and cover
it with tundra cotton to heal the sore.’ (YUU
1995:52); Imam Umgutii ‘November’ (NUN
usage) literally: ‘the sea closes in (with ice)’;see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar; > imaite-,
imanaq, imange-, imaqcaar(aq ), Imaqliq,
imaqucuk, imaryuk, imaller(aq), imap’ag-,
imarkaq, imarrlainaq, imaqaar(ar)-, imarkuaq,
imarmiutaq, imarnin, imarpalek, imairin,
imarpik, imarrluk, imartu-, imartuliar(aq), imin,
imir-; < PE ima(3)imaqaar(ar)- to be full up # imaqaartuq ‘it is fullto the brim’ / imaqaarallruuq mermek ‘it was
full to the brim with water’; Itertuq-gguq tua
qurrutekek imaqaarlutek tua-i aqumgaurlulriik
kanangllugglutek. ‘He entered and saw that
their2 honey-buckets (commodes) were full andthey2 were sitting despondently with their heads
hanging down.’ (QAN 1995:268); < imaq-?
imaqcaar(aq *) red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus
lobatus) # < imaq-?-ar(aq)Imaqliq Diomede Island(s) # < imaq-qliq
imaqliq kayak part, piece on each side, up fromkeel, in front of tracking stabilizer # NUN
imaqucuk, imaquq undesirable contents; phlegm;
pus # < imaq-qucuk, imaq-quq
imarkaneq exactly enough to fill (it/them) # . . .
yuk atauciq saskat pingayunelgen imarkanritnek
pikirturluku. ‘. . . prividing each person witheight cups’ worth.’ (ANUC. 16:16); Agayutem
piliaqvailgaku nuna carr’ilqat-llu, tumiim-llu
imarkanranek nunatangvailgan. ‘Before God
made the land and the fields, before there wasenough earth to fill His palm.’ (AYUQ. 8:26);< imarkaq-neq?
imarkaq future content; lead (metal) # literally: ‘rawmaterial for bullets’; Puulit a¥gkut imarkaullruut,
imkut makut icugg’ urugtelaqait caviyagaat
tamakuulallruut imarkat. ‘Those bullets were lead;
you know, they’d melt foil and it was lead.’ (KIP
1998:263); < imaq-kaq; > imarkaneq
imarkuaq, imarkualleq liquid part of a stew; broth# Irnirraarluni-liu arnaq eyagluni cali. Piciatun
neryuunani, kinernerrlainarnek, imarkuamek,
mermek-llu ta¥gaam. ‘After giving birth awoman had restrictions too. She didn’t eat justanything, but rather only dried foods, broth andwater.’ (YUU 1995:37); < imaq-kuaq, imaq-kuaqlleq

294Basescollapsed’ / imtaa ‘he collapsed it, tore it down’;imumauq ‘it is collapsed’; Tua-i ercan taum
qetunraan qulvarvimeng aipaa tauna imtellinia,
canek imalek taum aanameng qunukek’ngainek.
‘The very next day the younger son knocked down
one of the caches that was filled with their foodsupply which his mother valued so highly.’ (CIU
2005:190); > imneq; < PE im0- and im01-

than we are, whom we ought not to trouble,
or our elders, we fill their ears with threats.’(ELL 1997:22); < imaq-ir1-; > imirite-, pissullrem
imirarkaa

imirite- to fill a cup for; to fill out forms for #imiritaa ‘he filled a cup for her’, ‘he filled out aform for her’ / imirisnga! ‘fill my cup for me!’< imir-i2-te5-

imeg- to roll up; to fold up # imgaa ‘he rolled it up’/ ellminek uliminun imgutuq ‘he rolled himself
up in his blanket’; > imeggluk, imegneruaq,
imegyuk, imelqutak, imgayagaq, imguaraq,
imgun, imgutaq2, imguyutaq

imkuciq something whose name is forgotten or not
known by the speaker, but the identity of which
is known to the listener; a “whatchamacallit”; a“thingamajig” # imkuciq unitellruaqa ‘I left thewhatchamacallit behind’; < imna-kuciq

imeggluk wrinkle # and imegglug- to get or be
wrinkled # imegglugtuq or imegglugaa ‘it got
wrinkled, it is wrinkled’ / < imeg-rrluk

imkur- to do something, engage in some act, theexact word for which is forgotten or not known
to the speaker, or does not exist, but an act thatthe listener will recognize # Amiigmek imkurluni.
‘It was doing like this, coming from the doorway.’(ELL 1997:558); < imku(t) (non-singular of imna)

imegneq wrinkle # . . . tuar-llu tangimegneruartailnguq. ‘. . . looking as if he waswithout the hint of a wrinkle.’ (KIP 1998:77);< imeg-neq1

imlalinru- to miss someone or something; to yearn
for someone # NUN

imegyuk birch bark # < imeg-yug-

imelqutak inguinal fold, fold between legs andabdomen # < imeg-lqe-taq1; > imelqutaguaq

imlauk fish egg; roe (LY, NI, NUN meaning); dried
herring egg (NUN meaning); slab of cottonwoodbark, formerly used for roofing smokehouses (Kmeaning) # arnacalut pupsulget 240 tiissitsaanek
amllertalrianek imlaungelartut tukervigmeggni
ataucimi allrakumi ‘female crabs produce as
many as 240,000 eggs at their hatching places
in one year’; > imlaulek; < PE imla(C)u(!) orimla(C)u3

imelqutaguaq incised line or groove lengthwise
from the harpoon head to the spur on a seal
harpoon # NUN; < imelqutak-uaq

imgayagaq* cigarette, especially hand-rolled
cigarette # UY, NI, K, NBC; < imeg-aq1-ya(g)aq

imguaraq roll of cloth # < imeg-uaq-aq

imeg- — imneq

1

imgun, imgutaq1 coiled sealskin line for harpoon #< imeg-n, imeg-taq1

imlaulek pregnant bearded seal # NUN; <imlauk-lek

imgutaq2 netting shuttle # K; < imeg-taq1

imna the aforementioned one, the identity of which
is known to both speaker and listener # obscured
demonstrative pronoun; im’umun ‘to that place,to that thing or person’; imkut ‘those’; imna
qaku taiciqa? ‘when will that one we talked
about come?’; im’umi nerellruunga ‘I ate at thatplace’; im’utun ‘like what happened before’;
im’utuunrituq ‘he/it is not as he/it used to be’;see ima(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > ima, imani,
imkuciq, imumi, imkur-, imuu-, im’u-; < PE dem.
im-imguyutaq roll-up container for small items # NSU;
5
1
< imeg-te -taq
imin bullet mold # imitet ‘bullet molds’;< imaq-li2-n

imir- to put contents in; to fill partially or entirely;
to fill out (forms) # imirtuq ‘it has had contents
put in it’; imiraa saskaq kuuvviamek ‘he put
some coffee in the cup’ / imiutai puckamun
sulunat ‘he filled the barrel with the salted fish’;Kinguani taum cali iqvaraqluteng puckanek
imiriluteng atsalugpiarutengluteng. ‘After
this they’d pick berries filling barrels and they
started to have a goodly store of salmonberries.’(ELN 1990:30); Waten-llu kinguqliput makut
piarkaqenrilkeput wall’u ciuqliput ciutait imirluki
akeqnerrlugutmek. ‘And those who are younger

imneq ruin(s) # . . . nunaci yuiruciiqut nunarpiitllu imenrurrluteng. ‘. . . your land will be
depopulated and the cities will become ruins.’(LEVI. 26:33); < ime-neq

295imruyutaq* — inarrliur-

Bases

imruyutaq* line reel; netting shuttle # Tua-illu una-i unkut imruyutayagaat tua-i taum
neqem ngelqerrinek — una tua-i waniwa
paqnakaqa quarruugcuuciaqameng ikika waten
ayagniqarraalalriit terr’it. ‘And those little netting
shuttles were filled with enough twine to makenets to catch little fish perhaps this one was used
to begin the bottom part of a dipnet used to catchneedlefish.’ (CIU 2005:94); cf. imegimssa- to feel left out or slighted not having
received anything when others have # NUN
imtuqar- to stutter # imtuqertuq ‘he is stuttering’ /< ?-qar-; cf. im(na)imumi at that time that both speaker and listenerknow about; long ago # adverbial particle; imumi
miklemni iirutaagutelallruukut ‘at that time
when I was small we used to play hide-andseek’; ak’a imumi ‘a long time ago’; < im(na)-localis
imuqite- to react vocally to a sudden chill, usuallyfrom contact with cold water # imuqituq ‘hecried out because of the cold’ / Arenqiapaa-ll’,
yura’artelliniuq, maaggun tuaten yaqiurluni,
atkuni imumek aciirluku pilliniami. Elliurlunigguq,”Iii,” imuqitallermini. ‘Oh my, he bobbed up,
even flapping around out this way, through thebottom of his parka. He was saying “Eee” when
he experienced the cold water.’ (QUL 2003:176);< imur-te3imur- root; > imuqite-, imurnarqe-, imurpag-,
imurtua-, imuryug-; < PE im9u3imurnarqe- to be uncomfortably wet and cold ofclothing or weather. # imurnarquq ‘it is wet andcold’ / < imur-narqeimurpag- to start to cry # (?); < imur-rpak
imurtua- to react vocally to a sudden chill, usuallyfrom contact with cold water; to utter thecharacteristic cry of the common loon said toportend rain # imurtuaguq ‘he/it is reacting inthis way’ / Tuullget. Urr’urruaraluteng iciw’
pilalriit, waten elliurluten. Imurturaluteng-gguq
tua-i, ellallungqata’arqan. ‘Loons. They go“urr’urr”, like this. They react to wet weather thatway before it begins to rain.’ (PAI 2008:172); <imur-?imuryug- to be uncomfortable because of wet cold
# imuryugtuq ‘he is uncomfortable from wet
cold’ / irnian imuryugtuq mecungan terr’ilitani‘the child is uncomfortable because of his wet
diaper’; < imur-yug-imutaq wrinkle on body # NUN
imuu- to do something, or be someone the exact
word for which is forgotten or not known
to the speaker, or is more conveniently notstated in full, but an act or person that thelistener will understand as being referred
to # imuuguq ‘he is the one’; imuunrituq‘that isn’t the one’; . . . pia “Imuuguten-qaa
qangvarpak niiskengaqa angalkuq?” . . .
kiugaa, “Ii-i, taunguunga.” ‘. . . he asked him,
“Are you the one that I heard the shaman speakof long ago? . . .” [that one] answered him,
“Yes, I’m that one.”’ (MAR2 2001:32); Tua-ll’am imkut Wien-at pilangeqertelluki tamaa-i
picingssaulriartangqelliniuq-am angutet iliitnek
tua-i imuuluni temcinaqtuli, temcinangssatuli.
‘And then when Wien [Airlines] started flying,
there was one man who was a comedian, he didthings, you know, he did things that make one
laugh, he was an entertainer, one who did funny
things.’ (QUL 2003:592); < im-singular demo.
pronoun former-uinangqa- to be lying down # inangqauq ‘he is lying
down’ / inangqamciartuq ‘he is resting’; Maaten
tupagtuq ingleret qaingatni inangqalria. ‘When
she woke up she saw that there was someone
lying down on the bed.’ (ELN 1990:4): < inarngqainanguar- to play house # EG; = naanguarinaqaciq flat seashore grass; low-bush willow (NUN
meaning) # inaqutaq bedtime snack # < inarkutaq
inar- lying down # postural root; > inangqa-,
inaqutaq, inarte-, inarayuli, inarnaq, inarun,
inaryug-; Tua-i-llu kiavarluni ellii piuq inarmi
qavalria tauna kinguqliat. ‘And then, coming
further in, when she noticed she saw thatyounger sibling of theirs lying down asleep.’ (PRA
1995:360); < PE i&&a3inarayuli, inarayuk small crustacean (species ?) #caught with sticklebacks but not eaten; it moves whilelying on its side, hence the name; < inar-a-yuli, inara-yuk
1
inarnaq side of face # NUN; < inar-naq
inarrliur- to arrange or set out bedding (for); tomake the bed (for) # inarrliurtuq ‘he’s making
the bed(s)’; inarrliuraa ‘he’s making her bed’ /Kitak inarrliurtek inarrniarartukut. ‘Okay now,
you two set out the bedding, we’ll soon be going to296Basesbed.’ (ELN 1990:86); < inarte-liurinarrvik bedroom; sleeping bag # also dual for one
sleeping bag; < inarte-vik
1inartaq bundled fish # Y; < inarte-aq
inarte- to lie down; to go to bed #; inartuq ‘he lay
down, went to bed’; inartaa ‘he laid it down’ /inarrnariuq ‘it is bedtime’; “Amci atak inarten,
unuurtenguq-llu wii-llu taqsuqenglua.” Tua-illu inarcami egmianun qavaqalliniluni. ‘“Hurryand go to bed; night is falling and I am getting
tired.” And, when she went to bed, she fell asleep
immediately.’ (ELN 1990:87); < inar-te2-;> inarrvik, inarrliurinarun rib # Makut-gga ikamraita pirlaarit, arevretinarutait, ilait tugkaarneng, pirlaangqerraqluteng.
‘When I was a boy the runners on the sleds weremade of the ribs of bowhead whales, but some
had runners that were made of ivory.’ (CEV
1984:29); Kelistamun ussukcautaat cali inarutiikun
kapaat. ‘They nailed him to the cross and speared
him in his ribcage.’ (ORT 2006:52); < inarte-n
inarute- to sleep with; to have sexual intercoursewith # inarutaa ‘he slept with her’ / may be acalque on the English; Cuyayunqellriaten-llu tua-iiqugkualleruarmek, kuingim iqugkuallranek
qelluniqerluten , tua-i aipaa-wa nunuliqerluten,
inarucugciqkiiten piyugluten. ‘You like tobacco,
he will try to pay you with a cigarette butt —reducing you to a cigarette butt — to sleep withyou.’ (YUP 2005:154); < inarte-te5inaryug- to keep wanting to lie down; to tend tolist of a boat; to tip on its side of a spawning fish #inaryugtuq ‘he keeps wanting to lie down’ /< inar-yugineqe- to coo to a child, using the words made up
for that child #NSU; = inqe-; < PE in0q0ineqsikika my, how cute!# exclamation < inqe-?-kika
ineqsunarqe- to be cute; to make one wish
to coo to it # ineqsunarquq ‘he is cute’ /ineqsunaqvaa! ‘how cute!’; Tua-i aya’agqameng
qalarqurayaraqluni piciatun tuaten
apqaurturluni tua-i ineqsunarqeqapiggluni.
‘Whenever they went out she would talk about
different things and ask many questions, andshe would be very cute.’ (ELN 1990:31); <inqe-yunarqe-; < PE in0qyuna3- (under PE in0q0-)
iner- root; > inerciigate-, inerqur-; < PE in03inerciigate- to be disobedient; to be mischievous #inarrvik — ingcu

inerciigatuq ‘he is disobedient’ / Tauna angaka. . . tamaani inerciigatliniami, inerquangraatni-am
waten Qaariitaam nalliini ayallinilria Elcillratni.
‘Because my uncle . . . was evidently disobedientthen, even though they warned him, he evidently
went out at the time of the Qaariitaaq festivity
when they were celebrating the “Elciq” holiday.’(CIU 2005:130); < iner-ciigateinerqua- to tell or warn not to do things #inerquagaa ‘he is lecturing her, telling her not to
do things’ / <inerqur-ainerqur- to admonish; to tell or warn not to dosomething # inerquraa ‘he admonished her’ /Maurlurluan-gguq inerqurqekii tutgara’urluni
cangraan pingraan kuigem akiani canegpagnun
pulaqaasqevkenaku. ‘His dear grandmother,
it is said, would warn her grandson that undercondition, no matter what, he was not to go into
the tall grass on the other side of the river.’ (CET
1971:1 & PRA 1995:451); inerquusngalriamun
ullagtaarucaraq ‘trespass’ (legal neologism); <iner-?, > inerqua-, inerqurciryar-, inerquun,
inerquusngalriit
inerqurciryar- to be obedient # inerqurciryartuq ‘heis obedient’ / < inerqur-ciryarinerquun law; admonition; warning; prohibition;
proscription # Caunrilngalngermi tua-i
inerquutmek pilek, anglanaqngalngermi,
tegulayunaunaku. Piluaqautekaunrilnguqta¥gaam inerquutngulliniuq. Avaken ak’atamaaken ayagluni inerquun cimiyuunani yuum
elluarrluni pitkaqenrilkii. ‘If something has anadmonition attached to it, it’s best to stay awayfrom it, even though it appears to be trivial andfun. There are admonitions for everything thatcan set you back. There are admonitions that havebeen passed down from generation to generationfor everything that can negatively affect a
person.’ (YUP 2005:2); inerquutmek navgiyaraq‘crime’ (legal neologism); < inerqur-ning’ar- to appear as if the line of hills is doubled #NI a mirage effect. (?)
ingciq engraved design; scrimshaw # and ingcir- toengrave designs; to make scrimshaw # especiallyin ivory. NUN; > ingciun; < PY i&ciq
ingciun, ingciraun, ingcira’arcuun ivory-engraving
knife or other such tool; graver # < ingcir-n;
ingcir-?-n
ingcu nosebead; testicle; mantle in gas lamp #NUN; < PE i!9u!

297

ingcur- — inglulgenBasesingcur- to lie in wait for; to endeavor to capture# . . . assiilnguum ingcuraaten amigpet elatiini.
‘. . . sin lies in wait for you outside your door’(AYAG. 4:7); Ingcuutekellruaput igausngallerkaattaringnaqluki naaqumayugngallerkait,
Qipnermiunun-llu tamalkuitnun paivngaluki
atullerkait. ‘This is our means of endeavoring
to capture the writings, making themunderstandable and readable for all Kipnuk
people, making them available for use.’ (KIP
1998:xvii); Tamana ngel’ekluku ingcurtuq
tunllerkaanek. ‘And from that time he sought an
opportunity to betray him.’ (MATT. 26:16); < PE
i&0tingegcuun fountain pen # < ingek-cuun
ingek ink # from English ‘ink’; > ingegcuun
ingelqaar(aq*) grating; lattice shelf # Punernermekllu ingelqaarmek pililuci kulutnek kanqiraikun
tegumiaqessuucirluku. Ingelqaar ekuaviim
mengliin acianun elliluku . . . ‘You shall makea grating of bronze with rings by which to takehold of it at its corners. Place the grating underthe edge of the altar . . .’ (ANUC. 27:4,5);< ingleq-?
ingelvissaaq cupboard; shelf # HBC; < ingleqIng’errlak Roberts Mountain on Nunivak Is.; Pilcher
Mountain near Marshall #< ingriq-rrlak
ingigun rock formation patterned by action of wateron the shore # (?); = inigun
ingkiq gum (anatomical) # ingkit ‘gums’; < PE i&ki3
ingleq bed; bench in men’s community house;
sleeping platform # also plural for one bed;
inglerenka ‘my bed’; inglerem aciani or ingelrem
aciani ‘under the bed’; Pelatekam iluani
estuulurtarluni, kaminiamek, qulqitnek, ingleretwa. Ingleq ayakutarluni kevraartunek, qaingatniwa caniquyat, tuskat inglerat. ‘Inside the tent
there was a table, a stove, shelves, and a bed. The
bed had posts of spruce, and on it the cross-pieces
made of boards were slats.’ (PRA 1995*:460);
ingelrek qulliqellriik ‘bunk-bed’; > ingelvissaaq,
ingleraq; cf. ingu; < PE i&l03
ingleraq1, ingleraraq slat on bed of sled; slat of(sleeping) bed # see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled;< ingleq-aq3, ingleq-?-aq3; < PY i&l03aq
ingleraq2 shelf # NUN; <ingleq-aq3
Inglernarmiut legendary village set in the air in theworld of the “little people” (ircenrraat) #inglite- to become very old and disabled # NUN
inglu other one of a pair; enemy; rival; opponent;
guest in a challenge festival # and inglu- tomake a pair; to pair off # sap’akima inglua
tamartuq ‘my other shoe is lost’; ingluliurtut‘they are fighting’; inglukutuk ‘they2 areenemies’; inglurrarmek tallingqertuq ‘hehas only one arm’; inglukellriik ‘a pair; twoenemies’; Waten ta¥gaam tua-i inglukulluteng
nunalgutkenrilnguut anguyaulluteng
pitullruluteng. ‘Instead, those from different
villages were enemies and would customarily
wage war.’ (ELL 1997:380); Ayagluni
tumcilliniluni qayuqegglimek, . . . Tavallu tumaikun eglerrluni, tumai tamakut
picirtaangelliniluteng, yuc’ungaurtaqluteng-llu
tumain ingluit, . . . ‘As he traveled he tracked asnowshoe hare, . . . He followed its tracks, andthose tracks would alternate, one side of the tracks
would be humanoid.’ (MAR1 2001:91); inglu-;> ingluar-, ingluilnguq*, ingluirneq, inglukegte-,
inglukiitaq, inglulgen, inglupiar-, inglussuk,
innglutruarte-, inglupgayuk; < PE i&lu
ingluar- to go toward one side (and not the other)# ingluartuq ‘he went to one side (of it)’ /Tuaten tua-i nutetek imilaakatarluki iplutek
angyamun, angyam ingluanun, ingluarlutek.
‘They were going to quickly reload their guns,
so going out of sight in the boat — to the boat’s
other side — they went to the one side.’ (QUL
2003:170); Uuggun-gguq ciulirnerkun putulrilget
it’gat ingluaryuyuitut. ‘The feet with loops here
in the front [of the boot] didn’t tend to shift toone side.’ (CIU 2005:348); Tuamta-llu mat’um
nalliini kass’am neryaraanun ingluarumaluteng
kinguveput. ‘More and more at the present time
our descendents are favoring the white man’sdiet.’ (ELD 1984:6); < inglu-?ingluilnguq* legendary creature that is only half aperson # (?); < inglu-ir(ar) te1-nguq
ingluirneq sand dune eroded on the side # NUN;
< inlu-irte-neq1
inglukegte- to pair objects # inglukegtak ‘he paired
them’; inglukegglukek piluguugni agartak‘pairing his boots, he hung them up’; < inglukegteinglukiitaq juggling # < inglu-?
inglulgen eight # BB, NR, LI, EG; see Appendix 6 on
numerals; < inglu-lek

298Basesinglupiaq — ingriq

Ingqiliq traditionally Athabascan; now also any
other Indian # Yaaqvani-llu akmani Ingqilit
inerquutengqerrmilalliniut aglenrraraat
tungiitnun wall’u agelrumalriamun piciatun
arnamun pissurcuuteteng agtuusqumaksaunaki.
‘Also, Indians outside Alaska had prohibitions
concerning newly menstruating women, or
forbidding menstruating women from touching
their hunting implements.’ (CAU 1985:96); <ingqiq-li1; > ingqilirrluar, ingqilirtaq; < PE i&qili3(under PE i&qi3)

inglupiaq one side only # and inglupiar- to operateusing only one side # inglupiartuq ‘only one
side of it is functioning’; levaaq inglupiartuq‘the motor is running on one cylinder of thetwo’; Tamarmek inglupiagnek iingqeng’ermek
cangaituk. ‘Even though both have one eye
apiece, they won’t be adversely affected.’ (QAN
1995:278); < inglu-pik1, > inglupiartaun
inglupiartaun, inglupiartaryaraq (NUN form) pistol# < inglupiaq-?-n
Inglupgayuk, Ingluprayuk legendary being withhalf a woman’s face # < inglu-?
inglutruarte- to miss (it) by shooting to the side #< inglu-truarteinglussuk rival; opponent; enemy # < inglu-?
ingna the one over there # restricted demonstrative
pronoun; ing’umi ‘in the one over there’; ingkut‘the ones over there’; ingsuuq or ingyuuq ‘you,over there!’; ingnamayurcarturru estuulum
qainganun! ‘go put that one over there on
top of the table!’; see yaa(ni), the corresponding
demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < PE dem. i&ingnatar- to stalk # ingnataraa ‘he is stalking it’; NI
ingneq one of five large ribs in kayak below the siderail right under the hatch # NUN
ingqaaq tobacco # NS; cf. ingqiingqi- to dice; to cut up # ingqiuq ‘he cut somethingup’; ingqia ‘he cut it up’ / nulirqa sulunanek
ingqillruuq ‘my wife cut up the salted fish’;Quarruuget ayuqenrilngurteggun taqluki
nerlallruit. . . . Puqlamun ekluki passiluki, enritllu qell’uki nugqaarluki, tayarunek ingqiluki
avuluki. ‘They ate sticklebacks preparing them invarious ways. . . . They’d put them in hot water,
soak them, squeeze out the bones and spines,
and chop up mare’s tail plant into it.’ (YUU
1995:61); > ingqii-, ingqit; cf. ingqaaq
inqiaq slice of bread other food # Tua-lli-wa
pelatekarpall’er tauna, tuar imna ingqiaq. ‘The
huge tent looked like a slice of bread.’ (TAP
2003:73); < ingqi-aq1
ingqii- to make the horizontal cuts in fish flesh
while preparing it for drying; to cut up
something # Neqnek-llu ingqiigurluni issran
imirluku taquarkiurluni uiminun . . . ‘Cutting up
the fish she filled the grass carrying bag making
food for the journey for her husband . . .’ (MAR2
2001:89); < ingqi-aq1-i2-

Ingqilirrluar upriver Yukon Indian # < ingqiliqrrluk-ar(aq)ingqilirtaq red currant (Ribes triste) # literally:‘Indian thing’; NSU; <ingqiliq-taq2

ingqiq louse nit # Tua-llu a¥gkut atkuteng
anutaqamegteki ellamun nengelmi,
muragmun tua-i nuvqerluki ellamun piluku
uitauraqercetetullruit, tua-i-gguq qerrucirluki
ungilait. Nutaan-llu qerrucirraarluki
kaugtuarluki igqaqevkarluki. Igqaqngameng-llu
ungiliit tua-i qerruluteng tuquluteng, a¥gkutta¥gaam ingqiyagait tukeryutullruut. ‘In thosedays people hung their parkas outside in the cold
to freeze the lice. After an interval of time theywould beat the parks so the dead lice would fall
off from them. The lice would freeze to deqth out
in the cold, but their nits used to hatch, too.’ (CIU
2005:214); > Ingqiliq, ingqircuun
ingqircuun fine-toothed comb # < ingqiq-cuun

ingqit fancy, contrasting colored skin patchwork
trim at hem of garment # NS; < ingqi-plural

Ingricuar Twin Hills # village in the Bristol Bay area;< ingriq-cuar(aq)Ingrill’er Kusilvak Mountain # near Mountain Village
off the Yukon; < ingriq-ller(aq)ingriq, ingri mountain # Ellii-llu tua-i
taqsuqngatqapiarangluni tuar-llu tang irurluuk
uqamairilriik amllirciigalinganatek-llu
nunapigmi muruaqan. Tua-i avatmun tanglleq
nunapigglainaq a¥gkut-wa ingrit. ‘She began
to feel exhausted and it was as if her poor legs
were getting heavier and heavier, and she could
hardly take another step as her feet sank into thetundra while she walked. It looked like there wasonly tundra all around with mountains in the far
distance.’ (ELN 1990:45); > Ing’errlak, Ingricuar,
Ingrill’er, Ingrirralleq, Ingri’¥rluq; < PE i&3i3299

Ingrirralleq — initaq*

Bases

Ingrirralleq, Ingrirraller Holy Cross # village on the
Yukon River at the boundary between Yup’ik Eskimos
and Athabascan Indians; < ingriq-rraq-lleq1, ingriqrraq-ller(aq)Ingri’¥rluq* Three Step Mountain # near theKwethluk River; < ingriq-r(ur)luq
ingtaq* fledgling # < ingte-aq1
ingte- to molt # ingtuq ‘it is molting’ / Kiagmigguq Kaugutem nalliini, wall’u Ingutem nalliini
akacakayiit ingtelalriit unani, tamakut nalliitni
yuurtellrunilaraanga. ‘She said I was born in
Summer, around the month of June or July, atthe time that the scoters molt down there, at thattime.’ (KIP 1998:141); > ingtaq, Ingun1, Yaqulget
Ingutiit
ingu- root; > ingun2, inguqaq, inguqin; cf. ingleq
ingukiq, inguqiq “wild lettuce” (Draba hyperboreum)# NUN
Ingula(q) indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated insummer or fall; woman’s slow dance performed
during this holiday # and ingula- to dance thisway (of women) # > ingulaun
ingulate- to stir # ingulataa ‘he is stirring it’ / NUN;
= angulate-; < ?-te2ingulaun slow song sung in the fall or summer #< Ingulaq-n
Ingun1 July # literally: ‘time of molting’; Yaqulget
Ingutiit ‘July’; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < ingte-n
ingun2 crosspiece on which one sits in a boat #< ingu-n
inguqaq pad; mat; backing; grave-board #Yuguat, kegginaqut, ungungssiruat tuaten
ilait minguumaaqluteng tamakuni inguqani.
Inguqat napaita elliaqluki qungum canianun.
‘Human figurines, masks, and images of animals
were painted on the grave-board. They set thegrave-boards’ posts next to the grave.’ (CAU
1985:126); Cali-llu amirkamek qecililriamek
inguqangqerrmiluteng. ‘And also they [decorated
belts] had backings of thick hide.’ (CIU 2005:242);< ingu-qaq
inguqin, inguqitaq board on which one prepares
meat or fish # < ingu-?-n, ingu-?-taq1
inguqiq “cliff lettuce” (species ?) # NUN
ini- to hang out to dry; to hang in the air of a mirage;
to be exposed for all to see (figuratively) # iniuq‘there is a mirage hanging in the air’; inia ‘hehung it out’ / iniiguq ‘he is hanging things’;
inii iqairat ‘she hung out the washed clothes’;
lumarraqa mecungelleq inimauq ‘my shirt which
got soaked is hanging’; iniat cetengqitut ‘thehanging clothes are frozen’; Tua-i yuum ikianek
qanerturquvet nallunrilkengarpenek tuarpiaqgguq iniluku, initamun iniissuucirluku agarrluku.
‘If you continually speak about the bad behaviorof a person you know, it would seem that you are
hanging him on a clothesline [for all to see], withclothespins.’ (YUP 2005:210); > iniaq, inigar-,iniissuun, initaq, inivik, inivkaq; cf. iniqsakar-;< PE iniiniaq fish hung up to dry # Tua-i-llu ak’a talicivik
taqitellruami inialingluni neqnek. Ak’a-llu iniat
kinengluteng. ‘The smokehouse had long since
been completed and now it was filled up withhanging fish. The ones that had been hung first werestarting to dry.’ (ELN 1990:113); < ini-aq1
inigar- to toss up in a blanket-toss # NI, NUN;
< ini-?
inigun rock formation patterned by action of wateron the shore # (?); = ingigun
iniissuun clothespin # < ini-i2-cuun
iniqsakar- to accomplish something extraordinary(as in hunting or war) # Waten umyuartengmanilriacetun tangertaitni makut caliameng
pitullruameng, una-am waniwa, umyuami
piyuumiqerluni pillra, tayima iliita avani ciuliat
waten qayakun tayima pillermini apqiitnek
iniqsakallni tauna umyuaqluku waniwa waten
taqumalria. ‘In those days when artists createdtheir crafts, they invariably revealed their
psyche to the public. This creation that includes
a carving of a seal reveals the hunter’s awesome
experience as he hunted out in the ocean.’ (CIU
2005:22); cf. iniIninermiut legendary village set on high ground in
the world of the “little people” (ircenrraat) #initaq* part of a fish rack on which the fish isdirectly hung # Imkut-llu kinertalluuteteng
qemitauteteng-llu kinrumalriit ellivigmun
mayurrluki, kinrumanrilnguut-llu talicivigmun
itrulluki agarrluki initarnun. ‘And they would
put that supply of dried meat and dried squirrelsof theirs that was all dry up in the cache, and thatwhich hadn’t dried they would bring into thesmoke house and hang it on the fish-rack.’ (PRA
1995*:460); < ini-taq1; < PE innita3 (under PE ini-)

300

Basesinivik clothesline # < ini-vik
inivkaq mirage effect of temperature inversion
above hills # < ini-vkar-; < PE inivka3 (under
PE ini-)inqe- to coo to a child using the words made up forthat child. inqaa ‘he is cooing to him’ / inqiuq‘he is cooing to someone’; Ayainanerminiam maaten pilliniuq anipaq kan’ inqilria
irniaminek. Ullagluku-ll’ tua-i inqiurallrani
niicugniuralliniluku. Inqekai irniari five-aat, . . .
‘When he was going along he came upon Snowy
Owl cooing to her children. He approached
her while she was cooing and paused to listen.
She was cooing to her five nestlings . . .’ (QAN
1995:94); = ineqe-; > ineqsikika, ineqsunarqe-,
inqutaq; < PE in0q0inqutaq, inqun the particular made-up words used
to coo to a child # < inqe-taq1, inqe-n; < PY-S
inqun (under PE in0q0-)
inru amulet; charm # NUN; = iinruq
inuguaq small doll; figurine # and inuguar- to
play with dolls # Taqngameng inuguaryuata
ellami, aaniita inerqurluki kiagpailgan
ancuitniluki nengelvanglarniluku Ellam
Yuan tangrraqaki inuguat. ‘When they weredone they wanted to play with dolls outside,
but their mother warned them that children
must never take their dolls outside before it
becomes summer, saying that it would getvery cold if the Lord of the Universe beheld
the dolls outside.’ (ELN 1990:15); Inuguat temait
makut aturangqetullruut, aqumcugngaluki-llu. . . inuguat aqumquraruarluki inuguatullruata,
nangerngaurcetevkenaki. ‘The dolls had clothing
and were flexible enough to be set in a sitting
position. . . . when children played with dolls
they sat their dolls down rather than keeping
them in a standing position.’ (CIU 2005:228);
Aaqiitaayaarrlua¥rluum inuguani qup’artaa,
qengairaa, navguraa. ‘Dear ol’ Aaqiitaayaarrluaq
split that doll of his in two, removed its nose,
broke it to pieces.’ (JOE 2008:1); Y, NI, CAN, K,
BB; from Inupiaq inuk ‘person’, which corresponds
to Yup’ik yuk, and -uaq ‘imitation’; note also theword inuk of the loon in a Yup’ik certain story:“Ciin a¥g’um inuum a¥g’um kayangugka
ayautakek pitarkarpenek nunulingramni.”
Kinguqlililliniluku-ll’ tuamtell’ aturraarluku,“Ciin a¥g’um inuum a¥g’um,” yugmek-

inivik — ipiaq

llu pivkenaku, inugmek ta¥gaam, “Inuuma¥g’um evamiagka ayautakek unguvakaanek
nunulingramni.” ‘“Why did that one, that inuk,
take my eggs away, even though I awarded him
a catch?” And on the second verse they sang,“Why did that inuk,” — and it didn’t call him
a yuk, but an inuk — “that inuk take my eggs
that I was sitting on, even though I gave him along life?”’ (PAI 2008:170); > inuguarcetuaq; cf.
suguaq; cf. Kromcheko 1824 list
inuguarcetuaq a particular stitch used to sew onboot soles # and inuguarcetuar- to sew with thisstitch # different from ellipiaq; < inuguaq-ceteuar-;
ipeg- to be sharp # ipegtuq it is sharp / una
nuussiq ipkapigtuq ‘this knife is very
sharp’; Ip’gingalengraan teggalqumek tua-i
ipegcassiirturangellinikii. ‘Even though it seemed
to be sharp he kept sharpening it on a stone.’(QUL 2003:512); > ipegcar-, ipegcete-, ipgeryak,
ipgukar(aq), ipgiate-; < PE ip0!ipegcar- to sharpen # ipegcartuq ‘it is being
sharpened’; ipegcaraa ‘he is sharpening it’ /ipegcariuq ‘he is sharpening something’; < ipegcar-; > ipegcarissuun
ipegcarissuun whetstone; pencil sharpener #< ipegcar-i2-cuun
ipegcete- to be sharp # ipegcetuq ‘it is sharp’ /Tua-i-am egluliurcuuterluni cirunermek iqua
ipegce÷ani. ‘And he had an awl made from anantler with its end sharp.’ (MAR1 2001:90);< ipeg-cete2ipek diamond in playing cards # direct
nominalization of ipegipgeryak rock that is jutting out # NUN; < ipeg-?
ipgiarute- to have become dull # ipgiarutuq ‘it has
become dull’; ipgiarutaa ‘it made it dull’ /< ipeg-a:ruteipgiate- to be dull # ipgiatuq ‘it is dull’ / ipgialnguq‘one that is dull’< ipeg-ate-; < PE ip!it- (under PE
ip0!-)
ipgukar(aq*) dime; diamond # NUN; <ipeg-n-kar(aq)ipgut’lek three-cornered skin-sewing needle #< ipeg-n-lek
ipiaq unit of twenty # used in counting from40 on (for 20 to 39 yuinaq is used); used in the
singular even though more than one unit of twenty

301

ipigglugte- — ipuuyuli

Bases

is involved; malruk ipiaq ‘forty’; cetaman
ipiaq pingayunlegen ‘eighty-eight’; Erenretyagnarqelriit ukuugut: Agaynrunrilnguut erenretmalruk ipiarni erenrani Paaskam civuani, . . . ;‘These are fast days: The non-Sundays forty days
before Easter, . . .’ (GRA 1951:266); yuinaam yuum
ipia ‘four hundred’; see Appendix 6 on numerals;
LY, HBC, NUN; < ipi(k)-aq2
ipigglugte- to have sore limbs from fatigue,
arthritis, etc. # Qikertat-llu unkut qa¥gyat kemni
tungaunaku tutmarngaunaki. Tamana-gguq
navkuniu yuk ipigglugiarkauguq. ‘And one should
not expose his skin and step on the sand on
the islands down there. They say a person willdevelop arthritis if they break that rule.’ (YUP
2005:256); < ipik-rrluk
ipigtu- to be long-limbed # ipigtuuq ‘he or it islong-limbed’ / < ipik-tuipik, ipi limb of quadruped or insect; limb of thebody; finger or phalange (NUN meaning); ipiit‘limbs of the body’; Tua-i-llu-gguq piameng
ciumek taukuk itrallrek, uaken-gguq-am
ayagnirluteng, cetamanek ipigluteng uvaaluteng
imkut-gguq-am muagglainaat. ‘And the ones
that had come in first, starting there at the door,
were rocking from side to side on four legs, allwooden.’ (ELL 1997:564); > ipiaq, ipigglug-,
ipigtu-, ipililria; < PE ipi(!)
ipililria octopus # literally: ‘one with many limbs’;< ipi(k)-lir-lria
ipinga- to be out of view behind something #ipingauq ‘it is out of view’ / Tangerrnikaki
ellikani, aren petgaurluni imna qamiqurrlainaq
ipinganerkun ullagciqlinii. ‘When he had seen
them she would put him down, and he who wasnothing but a head would go bouncing over tothem taking a route not visible to them.’ (QUL
2003:286); < ipte-ngaipiutaq fishing line # NSU; from Inupiaq ipiutaq‘fishing line’
ipte- to go out of sight behind something; toblock view of # iptuq ‘it disappeared behindsomething’; iptaa ‘it blocks the view of it’/ ipesngauq or ipingaqu ‘it is out of sight’;
Tua-i-llu tuaten piani tupagngameng upluni
urluvni teguluku ayalliniluni pekluni pavavet
kelumeggnun. Tua-i-llu-gguq ipluni tayima. ‘And
then, since he was asked to, when they awakened
he got ready taking his bow and departing,walking up toward the area inland. And so hedisappeared out of sight.’ (ELL 1997:110); . . . ayiinllu elliin tangvaumaluku ipcan ta¥gaam tagluni,. . . ‘. . . and when he left she wached him, goingup from the shore only when he went out of view,. . .’ (ELN 1990:37); > ipingaipug- to ladle; to scoop out of the pot; to movewith bow high in air of boat; to cock a gun #ipugtuq ‘he is ladling’, ‘it is moving with its
bow high’; ipugaa ‘he is ladling it’ / keniramek
ipugtuq egatmek qantanun ‘she is ladlingcooked food from the pot into the bowls’; Ilait
puyiarluteng ugaan nutaan ipunerram, ilait
tua-i ipunerrarauvkenateng. ‘Some of them weresteaming because they had just come out of the pot.
Some of them hadn’t come right out of the pot.’(QUL 2003:222); . . . avirluallerkaa piamiu tua-i
ipukataaraumangllinia-am. ‘. . . since he was afraid
it would make some rattling sound, he took
his time cocking it and did it very slowly.’ (QUL
2003:660); > ipugcuun, ipuun, ipuutaq, ipuuyaaq;< PE ipu!ipugcuun scoop # < ipug-cuun
ipugpak small snail (species ?) # NUN; < ?-rpakipukaun handle of large dipnet staked out in thewater and used to catch tomcod # the stakes are
kanuuqut; < ipug-kar-n
ipuun ladle; wooden snare attachment # tegganrem
ipuucillruanga acilqurranek kevraartum ‘theold man made me a ladle out of a spruceroot’; Maaten-gguq tang kiugna egkuq pillinia
ipuuksuaraak kiugkuk agauralriik egkumi
ingluani-wa qerrullillracuayagaak. ‘He looked in
the back and saw two little ladles hanging on thewall and tiny little underwear on the side.’ (AGA
1996:204); < ipug-n; < PY ipu!un and ipu!utaq(under PE ipu!-)
Ipuuncaq Japanese # BB; from Russian zfg˙ytw(yapónets)
ipuussutar(aq*) two in cards; deuce in cards #ipuutaq dipper for water; saucepan; old fish’s head
(EG meaning) # < ipug-taq1
ipuuyaaq, ipuussutaaq (Y, HBC form), ipussektaq(NUN form) see-saw; teeter-totter # < ipug-?,
ipug-?, ipug-?; cf. iipuuyaaq
ipuuyuli, ipuuyuliq bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus) that can arch over so as to touch headwith flippers #302

Basesiq exclamatory particle ‘I can’t believe it!’ # short for
iqluuten ‘you’re not telling the truth’
iq- dimensional root; > iqkite-, iqtu-; < PE iq0iqa, iqaq dirt # and iqa- to be dirty # iqauq ‘it isdirty’ / iqam iluanetuq ‘it is very dirty’, literally:‘it is inside the dirt’; iqavaa-ll’ aklurpeni. ‘My,
how dirty your clothes are!’; . . . irugni-llu
perriamikek piuq cat makut akalriit kemgan
qaingani. Kemgiutnayukluni pian, aanii
ngel’arluni qanrulluku iqauniluku tamana akalria.
‘. . . when she wiped her legs she observed
something rolling up on the surface of her skin.
She said that she was losing her flesh her mothertold her that the rolled stuff was dirt.’ (ELN
1990:33); > iqair-, iqalungaq; <PE iqa(3)iqair- to wash; to clean (clothes, bedding, etc.)# iqairtuq ‘it is being washed’; iqairaa ‘he iswashing it’ / iqairiuq ‘he is washing clothes’;
iqairarkat ‘clothes to be washed’; iqairat ‘washedclothes’; Teq’iciramun ekluk’ melqurrit amiit-llu
ulugluki uquitullrukait. Nacallerani tua-i taunaiqangengaku ervillinikii. Aren, tuarpiaq-gguq
taqngamiu kinraku ataa, tua-i iqairilrianek maani
tangrraqami iqairyaraacetun ayuqluni iqairrluni.
‘They used to put skins into aged urine andrub off the oil from the skin and fur. And so, he
washed his old hat [like that] since it was getting
dirty. When he finished, and when it got dry,he put it on and saw that it was like the washedthings now just as if it had been cleaned as things
are cleaned [now].’ (QUL 2003:510); < iqa-ir2-; >iqairissuun
iqairissuun washing machine; washtub #Atercetararaqluteng, angyam kinguanun kuvya
iqairissuulvagmun assigtallni piluku, tua-i-llu
aterceta’arqataami cavescirluni civvluku kuvya.
‘They would go drift-netting putting the fishnet
in the back of the boat in a big washtub on thebottom of the boat, and he would play out the
net with a helper rowing before he drifted downwith the net stretched out in the water.’ (PRA
1995*:461); Maligtaqunqegcaararru qaillun
miilam aturkaan alerquutii; miilirpallakuvgu
iqairissuutem massiinaa calipavsiarciqan.
‘Carefully follow the direction on how detergent
should be used; if you use excessive detergent,
the washing machine’s motor will have to work too
hard.’ (GET n.d.:15); < iqair-i2-cuun
iqallii- to fish # NUN; < iqalluk-li2-

iq — iqalungaq

iqalluaq saffron cod (Eliginus gracilis) or Pacifictomcod (Microgadus proximus); locally ‘tomcod’(Y, HBC, NUN meaning); rainbow smelt (Osmerus
mordax) (LK, BB, NR, LI, EG meaning) # Ernerni
qavcini tuantelliniuq, tuaten tua-i kaigniaqan
tauna neviarcar elaturramun anrraarluni
itrutnaurtuq qantaq imarluni iqalluanek. ‘He wasthere many days and whenever he got hungry
the girl would go out to the porch and bring ina dish of smelt.’ (YUU 1995:94); < iqalluk-aq2; >iqalluarpak; < PE iqa@u!a3 (under PE iqa@u!)
iqalluarpak, iqallugpak (Y form) herring (Clupea
harengus pallasi) # Tua-i-llu-gguq neq’liluni
tua-i iqalluarpaurrluni. Tuaten-am cali taum
niicugniurallma pillrua. ‘So then, it was said,
he made a fish which became a herring. That iswhat the one whom I was listening to said.’(ELL 1997:246); < iqalluaq-rpak, iqalluk-rpak;
cf. neqalluarpak
iqallugnaq shark # NUN; < iqalluk-naq2
iqallugpik fall-time Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)# “Mat’umi mana’arqameng canek canglartat?”“Talaarinek iqallugpignek-llu canglartut.” ‘“Whatdo they catch with hook and line at this time?”“They catch rainbow trout and Dolly Varden.”’(YUP 1996:54); < iqalluk-pik2
iqalluguaq snowdrift in the lee of an object #literally: ‘thing like a dog salmon’, so called fromits shape; Nunami maani kingunicugngauq yuk
kiarnaitqapigtengraan. . . . Makut iqalluguat
natetmun caumaciit nallunairturluki. ‘On landa person can find his way home even when
visibility is very poor. . . . He can observe which
direction the snowdrifts are pointing.’ (YUU
1995:67); < iqalluk-uaq
iqalluk dog or chum salmon (Oncorhynchusketa) (UY, K meaning); any fish (NUN meaning)# Iqalluut-llu taryaqviit kinguatni piata
iqallugcuutetgun kuvyangluteng. ‘After they [fishfor] king salmon they start net-fishing for chumsalmon with chum salmon nets.’ (PRA 1995*:461);> iqalli-, iqalluaq, iqallugpak, iqallugnaq,
iqallugpik, iqalluguaq, iqalluyagaq; < PE iqa@u!
iqalluyagaq Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) #NUN; < iqalluk-yagaq
iqalungaq dark cloud # Tamana iqalungaq amirluq,
amirluq cuuqapiar assiitqapiggluni . . . ‘That“iqalungaq” is a cloud, a very dark and terrible
cloud . . .’ (QAN 2009:408); < iqa-?

303

iqangtak — iqlutmun

Basesiqangtak very dirty person # < iqa-?
iqataq piece of leather put between beads toseparate them #iqelciq liar # NI, HBC; < iqlu-?
iqelqin measurement from the tip of one’s thumbto the tip of one’s index fingers are stretched out
from each other # < iqelquq-?
iqelquq little finger, little toe # Pianga
iqelqugka nuagglukek anuqa una kanakneq
atrarrnguarluku tut’aqluku. ‘Then she told me to
wet my little fingers in my mouth and lift them up
to the west and pull the wind from that direction
down to the bottom of my feet and stomp theground.’ (YUP 2005:266); < ?-quq; < PE iq0lqu3; >iqelqin; cf. iqeq, iqiquq
iqemkar- to put a little bit (of it, or of tobacco) in
one’s mouth # iqemkaraa ‘he put a little bit of it
in his mouth’ / Iqemkaraarlua piqernaurtua. ‘Letme put a little of tobacco in my mouth, and then I
will continue.’ (QUL 2003:418); < iqmig-qariqemler- to pop (it) into one’s mouth # iqemleraa‘he popped it into his mouth’ / < iqmig-leriqeq, iqek (NUN, HBC form) corner of mouth #iqregka ciiguk ‘the corners of my mouth arecracking’; Iqrek-llu kapurnaurtuk, . . . ‘The inside
corner of his mouth would feel like they werebeing poked by something sharp, . . .’ (PAI
2008:210); > iqemler-, iqrek, iqlirpak, iqmik,
iqmig-; cf. iqelquq, iryagte1-, irseg-; < PE iq0(3)iqertaq, iqertak fish skin prepared for sewing;
thing made of fish skin; boot made of sealskin
with hair inward (?) # Una waniwa iqertaguna cataicunailnguuguq ellangellemni imumi.
Pilugukluku tuaten waten pilallruat angutet
ayagassuutekluki nenglem nalliini. Tua-i-gguq
cupuilnguugut maa-i makut. Cali-llu canun
unatnun-llu qalliliulluki piaqluki. Waten
iqerciulrianek tangvalartua. ‘Back when I becameaware fish-skin items were very essential. Men
usually had boots of it for their traveling gearin time of extreme cold. It was windproof. They
also made various coverings for the hands of it.
I would watch fish-skin items being worked on.’
(CIU 2005:142); cf. iqre-; < PE iqa3t0
iqertar- for ice to break up along shore # NUN
iqiilitaq men’s dancing stick or wand # NUN
iqiliq ring finger # HBC; cf. ekiliq, ikilipik
iqiquq little finger # word used in a finger-naming

jingle; < ?-quq; cf. iqelquq
iqkite- to be narrow # iqkituq ‘it is narrow’ / < iqkite2iqlegte- to have hangnail(s) # iqleggluni ‘(he)having a hangnail or hangnails; K, Y, BB
iqlirpak molar (tooth) # K, Y, NI, CAN, NUN, BB;< iqek-?-rpak; < PE iqli3
iqlu wrong one # and iqlu- to lie; to tell a falsehood;to deceive playfully or maliciously; to go astray; tobe insincere or hypocritical; to speak in error #iqluuq ‘he is telling a lie’; iqlua ‘he is telling her alie, deceiving her, fooling her’ / iqluamken ‘I am
fooling you’; iqlumek cikilliniaqa ‘I discoveredthat I gave him the wrong one’; iqlustii ‘the one
who lied to him’; Angayuqamta qanrut’laraitkut
iqluvkenateng. ‘Our parents tell us things without
insincerity.’ (QUL 2003:344); Ciissirpiim iqluurlua
ukvercanga nerua. ‘The serpent deceived me andbecause he made me believe, I ate.’ (AYAG. 3:13);> iq, iqlutmun, iqlutuu-, iqlungar-, iqlungarli,
iqluqu-, iqelciq; < PY-S iqluiqlungar- to tend to tell lies # iqlungartuq ‘heis a habitual liar’ / Tuaten-gguq tamana
aturluku anglicariyaaqekunek irniarak taunacaacuurciiquq teglengarluni, iqlungarluni, ca tua-i
aturyugluku ellminek pingkuni. ‘If one uses thatmeans of discipline to raise a child, that child will
become a bad person, will steal, tell lies, and will
be abusive when he becomes independent.’ (YUP
2005:50); < iqlu-ngariqlungarli liar # . . . iqlungarlit qanrit
umgumaluteng. ‘. . . the mouth of the liars are
stopped up.’ (PSALM 63:11); < iqlu-ngarli
iqluqu- to lie maliciously # iqluquuq ‘he lied’;
iqluqua ‘he lied to her’ Tua-i-llu iigni ataam
anllukek ellilukek-llu nasqunam qainganun
qanrucurlaullukek, “Ukuuk! Uum kinguani
iqluqunqigcaqunategnenga!” ‘Once again he put
his eyes on the top of a stump and said angrily tothem, “You two! After this don’t lie to me again!”’(PRA 1995*:396); < iqlu-qu1iqlutmun the wrong way; the wrong direction #adverb; ayallruuq iqlutmun pitsaqevkenani ‘hewent the wrong way by mistake’; Umyuarteqluni
naspaayugluni tuaten iqlutmun ayagyuumiinani.
‘She thought now about trying [to curb her
impulsive reactions] because she did not want to
go down the wrong path in life.’ (ELN 1990:30); <iqlu-tmun

304

Basesiqlutuu- to not be good; to be the wrong thing #iqlutuuguq ‘it isn’t right’ / < iqlu-equalis -uiqmik something held in the mouth; chewing
tobacco # and iqmig- to put or hold something
in the mouth without intending to eat it; to chew
tobacco # iqmigtuq ‘he is holding somethingin his mouth’, ‘he is chewing tobacco’; iqmigaa‘he put it in his mouth’ / kuingiyuitua ta¥gaam
iqmituunga ‘I don’t smoke but I chew tobacco’;iqmiguartuq ‘he is chewing tobacco in sucha way that no one notices’; iqmiliunga ‘I’m
preparing chewing tobacco’ by thoroughly
masticating a ball of tobacco leaf wrapped aroundseveral teaspoonsful of ash, araq or peluq, made frombirch fungus, kumakaq, arakaq, or pupiguaq;
the resulting pulverized and moistened mixture isput in a tobacco box, iqmiutaq, from which small
portions are taken for chewing; iqmipiaq ‘homemade chewing tobacco (in contrast to packaged
chewing tobacco)’; Angulvallraam-gguq taum
nukalpiam iqelquni alqimaqeraa, iqmiglukek. ‘It
is said that that great big man, that hunter, put
his little fingers in his mouth.’ (ELL 1997:118);
Man’a cali maa-i iqmigyaraq man’a snuff-anek
wall’ cuyanek, kuinginek-llu cali yuucimun
ikayuutngunrituk. . . . Maa-i qanrutkelaryaaqaat
cancer-aarnaqniluku-llu man’a cuya, cali-llu
iqmiit. ‘This practice of chewing tobacco, snuff orleaf tobacco, and smoking is not beneficial to thehealth. . . . They say now that this tobacco, alsochewing tobacco, causes cancer.’ (KIP 1998:289);< iqeq-mik; > iqemkar-, iqemler-, iqmiguaq,
iqmiutaq; < PY-S iqmi!iqmiguaq prune # literally: ‘imitation chewing
tobacco’; Y; < iqmik-uaq
iqmiutaq* box for chewing tobacco; snuffbox# also dual for one snuffbox; iqmiutalillruuq
aavangtagmek ‘he made a snuffbox out of a burl’:< iqmik-taq1
iqngulluk abnormal growth in throat of codfish #NUN
iqre- to sew a waterproof seam # as on a seal-gut
rain parka; iqruq ‘she is sewing a waterproof
seam’; iqraa ‘she is sewing a waterproof seamon it’ / Amiigakun qinquussaakalliniuq: arnaq
kiugna acimini mingqelria, iqrelria imarnitegnek,
raincoat-aliluni taqukam qiluanek. ‘He peeked
in through the door: there was a woman inside,on her bed, sewing, sewing a waterproof seam on aiqlutuu- — iqu-raincoat, making a raincoat out of seal gut.’ (ELL
1997:106); NUN, NI cf. iqertaq
iqsak fishhook; large halibut hook (NI meaning) #and iqsag- to fish with a hook and line; to jig forfish # iqsagtuq ‘he is hooking for fish’; iqsagaa‘he hooked it’ / NUN, NI, CAN, BB, NR, EG, NI;> iqsalleq; < PE iqla! or iqya!
iqsulirneq thing of the left side # ciuteka iqsulirneq
akngirnarquq ‘my left ear hurts’; < iqsuq-lirneq
Iqsalleq former settlement on the Kwethluk River #< iqsak-lleq
iqsuq, iqsuk left hand; left foot; left side #unateni iqsuq atularaa ‘he uses his left hand’;
Pissulangami tua-i tamaan pissungengami
uurcaraqami unaken imarpigmek maklaggluni
tag’aqami up’nerkami iqsuminek ayarurturluni
alaitullinilria piyualuni, . . . Elitaqnariqatarlunigguq taugken tua-i ayaruni-am tallirpiminun
nugtar’aarrluku . . . ‘When he started to hunt in
the spring and caught a bearded seal, when hewould announce his success from down in theocean and head toward the village, he would
appear holding a walking stick in his left hand
. . . , right before they could recognize him, hewould move his walking stick to his right hand
. . . (YUP 2005:186); Ta¥gaam elpeci
cikiqengkuvci iqsulirneci nallulit tallirpilirnerpeci
caliaritnek. ‘But when you give alms, do not
let your left hand know what your right hand isdoing.’ (MATT. 6:3); > iqsulirneq; < PY iqyuk
iqtu- to be wide # applies to rivers, trails, building,boats, etc.; for doorways and other openings, nequmay be used instead; for garments, (e)lur- is used;iqtuuq ‘it is wide’ / una taumi iqtunruuq‘this is wider than that’; Kusquqvak iqtuuq
Mamterillerni ‘the Kuskokwim is wide at
Bethel’; Waniwa picurliim tungii amigtangqertuq
nequtulriamek, tumyararluni-llu iqtulriamek,
amlleret-llu tamana aturluku it’lartut. ‘The wayof transgression has a wide doorway, and it has
a wide path and many go in using it.’ (MATT.
7:13); Uutun iqtutaluni . . . ‘It is this wide . . .’ (PAI
2008:114); < iqe-tu-; > iqtutaciq
iqtutaciq width # iqtutacia ‘its width’; < iqtu-taciq
iqu- to fall over from an upright position #iquuq ‘he or it fell over’ / iqutaa ‘he toppledit’; iquvikaa ‘it fell on it’; iqutaq ‘toppledthing’; angutem napat iqutellrui ‘the man cut
down the trees’; iquneq ‘fallen tree or other305

Iquaq — iqvaq

Basesthing’; Nutenqiggluku-llu cali malrurqugnek.
Ava-i-llu ayakarluni, tua-i-llu iquluni,
maktenqigtevkenani-llu. ‘He shot it again asecond time. It fled, and then fell without getting
up again.’ (ELN 1990:60); cf. iqute-; > iqup’ag-;< PE iquIquaq Ekwok # village on the Nushagak River; < iqukaq2
Iquarmiut Ohogamiut # either another name for thesite of the old village of Ohogamiut (cf. Urr’agmiut)on the Yukon or for a nearby site
iqucissuun skin-scraping implement # < iqute-i2cuun
iquggalek seven in cards # NI; < iquk-rraq-lek
iqugkuaq cigarette butt; end part of something #< iquk-kuaq
iqugmiutaq toggle type bag fastener # to keep
traditional “housewife” bag rolled up; < iquk-miutaq
iqugta fisherman’s helper, one who rows or drives
the motor while the net is being set out for
driftnet fishing; helper at the (other) end ofsomething such as a log being carried # < iqukta1
iqulek one with an end; seven in playing cards #NUNiquk end # of object, time period, story, etc.; otherend; tip # ella iquituq ‘the universe is endless’;iqua ‘its end’; iquklukek ‘end-to-end’; Nunam
Iqua ‘the village formerly known as Sheldon’sPoint’; . . . naparciluni napayaarmek ukinran
igtem yaakaraanun, tua-i-llu taukut kapkaanaak
kalivneragkek iquak uivtanqellria tuavet
kaulluku napartamun, . . . ‘. . . putting a little
stake in the ground not far from the entrance
to the den, and then he slid the ring that was at
the end of the trap’s chain down the stake, . . .’(ELN 1990:51); > Iquaq, Iquarmiut, iquggalek,
iqugkuaq, iqugmiutaq, iqugta, Iquk1, Iquk2,
iqukeggun, iquklite-, iqulek, iqulir-, iqungqerr-,
iqupki-, iqutmun, iquulqutaq; < PE iqqu3 oriqqu!
Iquk1, Iqugmiut Russian Mission # village on the
Yukon; < iquk, iquk-miu-pluralIquk2 Ekuk # village at the mouth of the Nushagak
River; < iquk
iqukeggun engraving tool with beaver incisor tip;screwdriver # < iquk-kegte-n
iquklite- to come to the end; to be over # iquklituq‘it came to an end’, ‘that’s all’, ‘that’s the end of

the story’ / natmun man’a tumyaraq iquklita?
‘where does this trail end?’; . . . niitelliniuq
mikelnguut iliit qanercelluku, “Up’nerkaq-gguq
iqukliskan Tep’arrluar tuquciiqaat.” ‘. . . he heard
one of the children saying, “When spring is overthey will kill Tep’arrluar.”’ (YUU 1995:103);< iquk-?-ite3iqulir- to add onto the end of (it) # iquliraa ‘headded onto it’ / Agayulirtet acillermegteki,
ataita atritnek iqulirluki pillruit. ‘When the priests
named them, they added their fathers’ names onto
their names (using their fathers’ names for theirlast names).’ (YUU 1995:29); Tamaa-i, waniw’
iquklicaaquq ta¥gaam uumek iquliqaqata’arqa
tamakut inerquutaatnek. ‘It is over now, but
I’m going to add onto it this admonition that isrelevant to these matters.’ (ELL 1997:588); < iqukliriqungqerr- to result in something; to haveconsequences # . . . picurlagmek iqungqertuq
umyuani atungnaqellra, inerquaste÷i asmuurluk’
pillra. ‘. . . trying to follow your own mind, orwhim, has negative consequences when on goesagainst the one who admonishes one (against
bad behavior).’ (QAN 1995:318); Tamakut-gguq
tamarmeng tuqumek iqungqertut. ‘All those
things, they say, result in death.’ (YUU 1995:46);< iquk-ngqerriqup’ag-, iquv’ag- to fall hard on its/his side #iqup’agtuq or iquv’agtuq ‘he fell hard’ / < iqupag2iqupki- to utter an incomplete sentence # < iquk-?
iqute- to make a skin pliable by scraping it; to tan askin (be scraping, not with chemicals) # iqutuq‘it is being scraped’, ‘it is scraped’; iqutaa ‘hescraped it’ / > iqucissuun; cf. iquiqutmun toward the end of something # < iqugtmun
iquulqutaq large float at the end of a fishnet; thecomponent located at the end of something #< iquk-?-qutaq
iqvaq picked berry # and iqvar- to pick berries #iqvartuq ‘he is picking berries’; iqvarai ‘he ispicking them’ / pamavirtellruut iqvaryarluteng‘they went back there to pick berries’; iqvautaa
atsalugpianek ‘he is picking cloudberries forher’; kiituani-gguq iqvakek nang’ut ‘finally the
berries they2 had picked were used up’; Iqvanillu tangercecaki aanaminun, aaniin piluku

306Basesiqvarnirniluku. Tua-i-am ellii nanraani aanami
angnim tull’uku, iqvaryungarrluni-llu, . . . ‘When
she showed her mother the berries she’d picked,
her mother told her that she was a fast berry
picker. When her mother praised her, a feeling of
happiness surged over her, and she felt the urge
to pick berries some more, . . .’ (ELN 1990:28);
Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; > iqvarcuun, iqviqeiqvarcuun berry-picking implement (scoop withrake-like bottom lip; bucket used for picking
berries # < iqvar-cuun
iqviqe- to pick a lot of berries # iqviquq ‘he picked a
lot of berries’ / < iqvaq-liqe1ira- emotional root; > irake-, iranarqe-, irayugirake- to be amazed at # irakaa ‘he is amazed at it’/ < ira-ke2-; cf, irr’i-, iirra-; < PY i3airanarqe- to be amazing; to be hazardous (EGmeaning) # iranarquq ‘it is amazing’, ‘it ishazardous’ / < ira-narqeirayug- to be amazed, to be scared (EG meaning) #irayugtuq ‘he is amazed’, ‘he is scared’ / <ira-yugiralir- to shine, of moon; for the moon to be out #impersonal subject; iralirtuq ‘the moon is out, isshining’ / < iraluq-ir1iraluiraute- to determine the appropriate namefor the beginning or on-going month (throughobservation and argument) (see comment infollowing entry concerning lunar months) #iraluiraucaraq ‘the process of determining thepresent month’; < iraluq-?
iraluq moon; month # iraluq nalatuq ‘there is aneclipse of the moon’; iralumun malruk yuuk
tut’ellruuk 1969-ami ‘two men stepped on themoon in 1969’; iraluq nang’uq ‘it is the end of
the month’; iralunguq ‘it is the beginning of themonth’; iraluq avegtuq ‘it is the middle of themonth, the moon is half full’; iralum qukallrani‘half moon’; iraluq pit’uq ‘there’s a new moon’;iraluq muiryarturtuq ‘the moon is waxing’; iraluq
muirtuq ‘the moon is full’; iraluq muiryarturtuq‘the moon is waxing’; iraluq nangyarturtuq ‘themoon is waning’; iraluq nevengqauq ‘the moonis “lying down on its back” (is a crescent, paralelto the horizon with ends pointed upward (saidto foretell bad weather)’; iraluq nalauq ‘there
is an eclipse of the moon’; iralum qimugtii ‘thestar Sirius’, literally: ‘the moon’s dog’; Apcani
aaniin qanrulluku iralullermi yuurtellruniluku

iqvarcuun — ircaquq

tallimaurtellruniluki-llu allrakui cali maa-irpak
arvinelgurtarkauniluki allrakui. ‘When she asked
her mother told her the month she was bornin and that she was five and would soon turnsix years old.’ (ELN 1990:58); Arnaunra-gguq
ta¥gken akerte™gurrluni. Anngii iraluurrluni.
Iralum-gguq tua akerta kesia maligqurluku. ‘His
sister, however, became the sun. He brotherbecame the moon. The moon always follows
the sun.’ (UNP3); Ilait iralurkitellruut. Ilait-llu
iralurtuluteng. ‘Some [months] had but one moon,and some had [two] moons.’ (CIU 2005:160)(Yup’ik months were lunar, and since there areslightly more than twelve lunar months in the year, on
occasion a month name had to be given to two lunar
months in a row — hence the statement that somemonths had two moons — lest the lunar calendar
month name cycle get ahead of the solar (seasonal)
year); Y, NS, HBC, K, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; >iralir-, iraluiraute-, iralurcuun, iralurngalnguq,
iralvak; < PY i3aluq
iralurcuun, iralissuun calendar # < iraluq-cuun,
iraluq-i3-cuun
iralurngalnguq* crescent # < iraluq-ngalnguq
iralvak full moon # and iralvag- for there to be a fullmoon # iralvagtuq ‘there is a full moon’; iralviin‘because there was a full moon’; iralviim nalliini‘during the time of the full moon’; < iraluq-vak
ircaqinraq* caribou-bladder bag; dried heart sacthat is used for storing caribou bone marrow(NUN meaning) # < ircaquq-linraq
ircaquq heart # ircaqurra, ircaq¥rra, or ircaqua‘his heart’; . . . alingami utetmun aqvaqurluni,
ircaqu’urlua-wa nutengvalria ayuqucia-llu
nutngarnganani, kingyarluni piuq maa-i
pangalegluni maligeskii, . . . ‘. . . because she wasscared, she ran back [to the camp] with her poor
heart really pounding, and when looked backshe saw that it was running after her, . . .’ (ELN
1990:54); the following are medical terms (some ofthem neologisms): ircaqiquq ‘he has heart trouble’;ircaqum ellngallra ‘heart murmur’; ircaquq
arulairluni ‘having a heart attack’; ircaquq
cung’aqerrluni, ircaquq qugcuaqerluni (CAN
forms), ircaquq qugcuarrluni (HBC form), ircaquq
tupagtellria (NUN form) ‘strong or pounding
heartbeat (from shock)’; ircaquq maqariqtaarluni‘slow irregular heartbeat’; Y, NSK, HBC, NI,
CAN, LK, BB; < ?-quq; > ircaqinraq, ircaquruaq,
Ircaqurrluk, Ircaqurrnaq

307

Ircaqurrluk — irni-

Bases
ireltar- (HBC form), ireltu- (NUN form) to be stingy #ireltartuq ‘he is stingy’ / < irel-tar1-, irel-tuiria- to waddle when walking; to rock from side
to side # iriaguq ‘he is waddling or rocking
from side to side’ / Mequp’ayagaqa tauna
usvituluni quliranek-llu niicugniuratuluni waten
qanengssaararqama iriagurnaurtuq-llu. ‘That
shaggy dog of mine was very wise and would
listen to stories whenever I spoke, rocking backand forth from side to side.’ (UNP2); < irir-airir- slanting; tilted # postural root; > iria-, iringqa-,
irirte-; < PY i3i3irirte- to slant; to tilt; to lean to the side # irirtuq ‘itslanted’; irirtaa ‘he tilted it’ / Tua-i irirrnaurtut,
ataucikun-llu makluteng.’ They [the singers]
would lean to one side in unison and straighten up
again.’ (CIU 2005:248); < irir-te2iringqa- to be slanting, leaning to the side #iringqauq ‘it is slanting, leaning to the side’/
Tuani tua-i ellangami waten iringqaluni
tungulriamek miryallrulliniami ayuqucia-gguqwa tua assiitqapiarluni cakneq. ‘When he became
conscious, leaning to the side he saw he hadvomited some black stuff and his whole being
felt very sick.’ (QUL 2003:540); < irir-ngqairlaite- to be generous # irelgituq ‘he is generous’ /HBC, NUN; = irelgite-; < irel-ite1irleg- to be possessive; to be stingy # irlegtuq ‘he ispossessive’ / NUN, NS; < irel-?; > irlekeirleke- to be possessive of # irlekaa ‘he is possessiveof it’ / NS; < irleg-ke4-; < PE i3l0k0- (under PE
i3(0)l0!-)
irliqe- to have a hard time because of emotional or
physical illness; to be incapacitated # irliquq ‘heis having a hard time’ / = cirliqe-; < ?-liqe2irlurneq knoll seen in the distance # NUN
irlurnite- to come in and out of view in the distance;
to be sheltered # NUN
irnerrlugtalria hunter receiving the rib portion of aseal # < irnerrluk-?-lria
irnerrluguaq seaweed (Porphyra laciniata) # BB;< irnerrlug-uaq
irnerrluk seal gut # Irnerrlugmek mingqumalriamek
egalirluta, . . . ‘We had windows of sewn together
seal gut, . . .’ (KIP 1995:113); < ?-rrluk> irnerrlugtalria, irnerrluguaq; < PY i3n0X@uk
irni- to give birth (child or animal) # irniuq ‘shegave birth’ / irnilliniuq angutmek ‘she gave

Ircaqurrluk a certain legendary hero # Tua-i tauna
Ircaqurrluk tuaten ayuqellrulliniuq tamatum
nalliini; quliratun ayuqellrulliniut Ircaqurrluum
yuullran nalliini. ‘During the time “Ircaqurrluk”
lived the people where like the characters in theancient legends.’ (CIU 2005:70); literally: ‘badheart’; < ircaquq-rrluk
Ircaqurrnaq Heart Lake # in the Kilbuck-Kuskokwim
Mountains; < ircaquq-naq2
ircaquruaq heart-shaped sea ice formation #ircaqruallag- for one’s heart to “skip a beat” (asfrom being startled) # ircaqruallagtuq ‘his heartskipped a beat’ / < ircaquq-?-llagircenrraq*, ircenr(aq*), ircinrraq* legendary
little person or extraordinary person # thesubject of many stories; they are said to be similar
to regular humans (even in size when seen in our“dimension”) but have their eyes closer together,
inhabit mountainous areas, live in undergroundvillages, be invisible except to shamans, be able totake human or animal forms, harm or help humans,
have summer when we have winter and vice-versa;
see also cingssiik, and egacuaya(g)aq, othertypes of legendary little people; Tamakut tamaani
ircenraat, ircen’ernek pitullrulliniit. Wangkuta
tua-i tangvagpek’naki wangkucetun ta¥gken
yuuyaaqluteng, . . . ‘They were “little people”,
they called them “ircenraat”. We cannot see them,
yet they have a human form, . . .’ (QUL 2003:478);
Pikegkut ingrit ircinrramun nunalqenilarait.
‘They say that those mountains up there are therealm of the “little people”.’ (YUU 1995:118); . . .
tuani ce÷iini ircenrrartangqerrluni, tuavet itliniluni
ircenrrarnun. ‘. . . there at its shore there were
“little people”, there one evidently entered therealm of the “little people”.’ (MAR1 2001:20);< irci-nerraq, irci-nerraq, irci-nerraq
irci, irciq legendary creature, one side of which is an
animal and the other a man # NUN; > ircenrraq
irciq blackhead (as on face) # EG
ircug-, ircunga- to show one’s unwillingness to dosomething; to grimace # of a child who is about tocry when told to do something he does not want to do;
ircugtuq ‘he is grimacing’ / < PY iXcu!irel- root; > irelgite-, irelpik, ireltar-, irleg-; < PE
i3(0)l0!irelgite- to be generous # irelgituq ‘he is generous’ /HBC, NUN; = irlaite-; < irel-ite1irelpik stingy person # HBC; < irel-pik

308

Basesbirth to a boy’; Cali-gguq tamakut arnat ciuliaput
cellami irnilartut iliikun uksumi-llu, . . . Irniaritllu tuquksaunateng, . . . ‘Also, those women,
our ancestors, gave birth outdoors, sometimes
in the winter, . . . And, their children didn’t die,. . .’ (MAR1 2001:28); . . . tua-i iraluni naangata
irnilliniuq. ‘. . . when her months (of pregnancy)
were complete she gave birth.’ (CUN 2007:20);
Tengmiaret Irnitiit ‘June’ (NUN usage), literally:‘birds give birth’; < ?-li2-; > irnia, irnicuar-,
irnivkarta; < PE i3n03 and postbase -liirniaq offspring (human or animal); child; baby #for ‘child’ without possession mikelnguq is usuallyused; irniarituk ‘they2 don’t have any children’;qavcinek irniangqercit? ‘how many children
do you have?’; Irniarita-gguq angayuqatengtuqullrungraata unguvavkatuit. ‘Their children,
it is said, allow their parents to continue to live,
even though they have died.’ (YUP 2005:110);
Tuakenirnek-llu Elngum kinguqlingrraanerminek
ilani maligcuarturangluki, aaniin tauna irniaq
murilkuralaagu qiagaqan teguaqluku. ‘Nowthat she’d gotten a younger sister, Elnguq began
to follow her older sisters around because hermother would be busy watching the [her] baby,
picking it up and holding it when it cried.’ (ELN
1990:10); Agayutem Irniaqestii ‘Mother of God’
(Russian Orthodox and sometimes Roman Catholic
usage); < irni-aq1; > irniaruaq; < PE i3ni(C)a3(under PE i3n03)
irniaruaq, irnianguaq doll # literally: ‘imitation
child’; < irniaq-uaq, irniaq-uaq
irnicuaq miscarriage; aborted fetus # and irnicuarto miscarry # irnicuartuq ‘she had a miscarriage’/ Piqanratgun iliit qanlliniluni, arnat-gguq iliit
irnicuartuq, iciwa navguriluni. Tamaani-gguq
tamakut irnicualriit tamakut alikeqapigglallruit
yuut. ‘At that time one of them said that one of
the women had a miscarriage, you know, breaking
something up. At that time it is said those people
were really scared of those who miscarried.’(MAR1 2001:50); < irni-cuar(aq)irniqu- to suddenly cave in (of a pit that is beingdug) # NUN
irnivkarta, irnivkarista midwife # < irni-vkar-ta,
irni-vkar-i2-ta
irr’i- to marvel; to be amazed; to be fascinated; to be
awed; to stare; to watch with awe # irriuq ‘he isamazed’, ‘he is watching’; irria ‘he is amazed byirniaq — iruver-it, is watching it with awe’ / irr’illruuq sun’amek‘he was fascinated by the ship’; irr’inarquq ‘it isawesome, fascinating’; Irr’illiniak aciqsigiinarluni
atralliniuq cali aturturluni. ‘They stared at her with
awe and saw that she came down lower singing
all the while.’ (YUU 1995:126); > irr’ike-; cf. ira-,
iirra-; < PY i3(a)3i- (under PE i3a-)
irr’ike- to be surprized or amazed at # irr’ikaa‘he is amazed at it’ / Unuakumi maa-i watua
mikelnguut cartoon-anek tangvagaqameng
cakneq tua-i irr’ik’laqait, umyugait imumek
study-rluteng upluteng. ‘These days wheneverchildren watch cartoons in the morning they aremuch amazed at them, and their minds are being
prepared through studying.’ (CIU 2005:318);< irr’i-ke4irseg- to pout # irsegtuq ‘he is pouting’; Y; cf.
iryagte-, iqeq; < PY-S i3ya!-1
iru, iruq leg (human, animal, (or table) # Ellii-llu
tua-i taqsuqngatqapiarangluni tuar-llu tang
iru’urluuk uqamairilriik amllirciigalinganatek-llu
nunapigmi muruaqan. ‘And she was getting tobe so very tired that it seemed that her poor legs
were getting heavier and that that she couldn’t
take another step as she trudged in the tundra.’(ELN 1990:45); > iruluq, irunaq, irunguaq1,
irunguaq2; < PE ni3u
iruirte- to break one’s leg # iruirtuq ‘he broke
his leg’; iruirtaa ‘he broke its leg’ / piyuaguq
ayarurluni iruirtellruami ‘he is walking with acane because his leg got broken’; < iru-ir(ar)teiruluq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) (NS meaning);
vein in the center of a tobacco leaf (BB, K
meaning) # Tua-i iruluitnek tamakunek tamaa-i
iqmigualallruunga tamuaqcaarluki egnerit-llu
igluki. ‘When I was little I chewed some stems of
those (tobacco leaves) and swallowed their juice.’(CIU 2005:104); < iru(q)-luq
irunaq steelhead trout anadromous (Salmo
gairdneri) # Uatmun kingyartur, maaten
irunat maligtellinik’it. ‘When he looked backdownriver, he observed that trout were following
him.’ (SOC 1946:31); < iru(q)-naq2
irunguaq1 cowslip; marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)# Y; < iru(q)-uaq
irunguaq2 rifle or arrow support # < iru(q)-uaq
iruver- to buy; to trade # iruvertuq ‘he is making apurchase’; iruveraa ‘he bought it’ / NSU; < PE
ni3uv03-309

irvar- — issuriq

Basesirvar- to wade # irvartuq ‘he is wading’ / = ivrar-;> irvaunirvaun boot for cold wet weather # the type used inspring, made of salmon skin; < irvar-n
iryagte-1 to have one’s mouth open and stretchedwide with teeth clamped shut # iryagtuq ‘he isgritting his teeth’ / NUN; cf. irseg-, iqeq; < PY-S
i3ya!-1
iryagte-2 to be smoky from a distant fire # impersonal
subject; iryagtuq ‘it is smoky’ / < PY i3ya!-2
iryake- to vindicate # Cuqcikuvet wiinga iryaklua
cuqcikina . . . ‘When you pass judgment, vindicate
me . . .’ (PSALM 7:8)
iryiqe- to be glad to see someone or something
after not having seen him or it for a long time #iryiqaa ‘he is glad to see her’ / < iryir-ke4-; < PY-S
a3yuq0- (under PE a3(0)yu-)
iryir- root; = aryur-; > iryiqe-, iryaiteiryiraite- to be disrespectful toward guests,
relatives, friends, etc.; to lack scruples. iryiraituq‘he is disrespectful’ / < iryir-?-ite1isquq deep-water side of sandbar # Yaani-gguq
tua-i isqurran ukaqvaaraani, . . . ‘Over there,
they say, just this side of its deep water side . . .’(KIP 1998:233); Makut tayima et’ulriit ngelait
camalirnerit isqurritnek pituit, waten marayat
nengevkenateng waten ta¥gaam ayuqluteng.
‘The sides of the sandbars where the water isdeep is called “isquq”, the side that is not shallow
where the sand extends out far.’ (PAI 2007:38)
isri- to prop up # isria ‘he propped it up’ / = iyri-;> isriq
isriq, isrin prop; lining on the floor of a beaver den# isriciraa ‘he propped it up with something’;< isri-?, isri-n
iss’a- to sleep # iss’a (or iss’aluten) ‘go to sleep!’
exclamation said to children to encourage or urge
them to sleep; considered baby talk; iss’anariaten ‘it’stime for you to go to bed’; iss’ayugtuten? ‘do you
want to go to sleep?’; iss’aluk ‘let’s go to bed’;
HBC
issaluq (HBC, UY, NI, K, CAN, NR, EG form).
issaluuq (K, CAN, BB, LI, NR form) porcupine(Erethizon dorsatum) # issaluurciamken ‘I
took your place’, literally: ‘I have becomea porcupine on you’; Issaluut-gguq
tamakut ungungssiullgutaita alikait.
Ungungssillraungermeng-llu-gguq aliketuit.

Pitgaqutuut-gguq cukillerameggnek. ‘It is known
that porcupines were feared by other animals
including bears. They shoot with their quills
when they get angry.’ (CIU 2005:380); < PY isaluq
issaquq humerus; upper arm bone # questioned;< ?-quq; cf. yaquq; < PE iyaqu3
issengquq young bird # Y; < isser-quq
isser- naked # postural root; HBC > issengqa-, isserteisserte- to undress # issertuq ‘he undressed’;issertaa ‘he undressed him’ / HBC; < isser-te2issengqa- to be naked # issengqauq ‘he is naked’/ Nangertelliniuq tawa issengqaqapiareluni
issermi uitaluni. Issengqaluni. ‘He stood up being
completely naked, and remained naked. He was
naked.’ (WEB1); HBC; < isser-ngqaiss’ir- to be bad # iss’irtuq ‘it is bad’ / NSU
issiqe- to consider (it) to be bad; to dislike / iss’iqaa‘he finds it bad, dislikes it’ / NSU; < iss’ir-ke2Ississaayuq, Ississaayuk a certain legendary
shaman who, among other deeds, foretoldthe coming of white people # Ak’a-gguq
tamaani angalkullrem Ississaayuum Kass’at
iluvararkaullrat qanrutkellrua. ‘Long ago,
they say, the shaman Ississaayuk told about thewhite man’s coming.’ (AGA 1996:111); Tauna
Ississaayuq Kuiggluk Alaska mik’nani tuani
yuurtellrulliniuq. ‘That Ississaayuq was born andspent his childhood in Kwethluk Alaska.’ (PAI
2008:320)issran loosely woven grass carrying-bag # issraka’ar‘small bag’; issralvak ‘large bag’; Qaurtunek
neqlirlutek issratmun ekluku, angelrianek
issracilalriit tamaani kumlanrutnek. ‘They2 hadlots of whitefish and put it into a grass bag, backthen they made large bags for their supply offrozen fish.’ (MAR2 2001:48); from Aleut isx̂atix̂
(isXatiX); cf. qesran
issumaq raisin # from Russian bpµv (izyúm); EG
issuriq, issuri (NUN form) spotted seal
(Phoca largha); harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)# issuriyagaq ‘one-year-old spotted seal’;
Cunawa-gguq tamakut tamaa-i natermelnguut
kumeksuaralgulit pupikai issurit. Tamakut-wagguq Yut’eraraat iirpayagauluteng, cunawa-gguq
nayit. ‘It turned out that the ones on the floor,
who had sores and were forever scratching, werespotted seals. The “small people” who had bigeyes were ringed seals.’ (QUL 2003:38); from Aleut

310

Basesissurvak — itercivik

confined # itengqauq ‘he is incarcerated’ /Iterrlukek-llu eniinun qaunqestet ciuqliata
Joseph-aam itengqavianun. Ak’anun taukuk
itengqauk, qaunqestet-llu ciuqliata Joseph-aamun
kevgiurcetak. ‘He put them2 in the house of thecapain of the guard, in place where Joseph was
confined. They2 were incarcerated for some time,
and the captain of the guard charged Joseph withthem.’ (AYAG. 40:3-4); alerquutet maliggluki
itengqallerkiullerkaa egmianun ‘presumptive
sentencing’ (legal neologism); < iter-te2-ngqa-; >itengqalria
itengqalria prisoner; inmate # Iterciviim-llu
qaunqestiin aulukaaqsagucetai itengqalriit
tamalkuita; ‘The chief jailer committed toJoseph’s care all the prisoners’; (AYAG. 39:22);< itengqa-lria
iter- to enter; to come in; to go in # to buildings andhabitations, not to conveyances or containers; itertuq‘he came in’; itraa ‘he entered it’ / itertaa ‘he put
it in’; itrutaa ‘he brought it in with him’; itrai ‘heentered their home’; itra! ‘come in!’; iterci! ‘(youall) come in!’; . . . tutgara’urluan anuurluum
pikiliu, “Anuurlung, naw’un itsuukanga(iterciqsia)?” Tua-i-llu anuurluan pikiliu,“Uuggun mingqutem iingakun itra.” Itqereskili
tutgara’urluq. ‘. . . grandmother’s dear grandson
said to her, “Grandma, where will I come in?”
And his grandmother said to him, “Come inthrough the eye of this needle.” The grandson
went right in.’ (UNP1); > itengqa-, itercanir-,itercaraq, iterci-, iterneq, iterquri-, Itertaaq,
itertaar- itertaq, iterte-, iteryaraq, itqerce÷aq,it’ra-, itrar-, itriraute-, itrug-, itrukar(aq), itrute-;< PE it03itercanir- for tide to come in # EG
itercaraq attachment to a harpoon shaft #< iter-te2-yaraq
iterci- to put things in; especially to put fish in asmokehouse; to put someone in jail # iterciuq‘he is putting things in’ / itercingnaqsaraq‘prosecution’ (legal neologism); iterciyaraq‘incarceration’; < iter-te2-i2-; > itercista, itercivik
itercista policeman; jailer # < iterci-ta1
itercivik jail; prison # Egypt-aam atanran
aqvavkaraa Joseph-aaq, patagmek-llu taitaat
itercivigmek. ‘The king of Egypt (Pharoah) sent for
Joseph, and they quickly brought him from thejail.’ (AYAG. 41:14); < iterci-vik

isux̂ (isu3iX); = suuri; > issurvak
issurvak, issurvall’er, issurvakayak big spotted seal
(Phoca largha) # Cali tauna unguvalria atauciq
issuriuyaaquq, ta¥gaam asevrem angneqaa.
Malruk ugtuk, aipaa ugtuq. Wangni issurvall’erangelria. Nutaan kinguakun tauna unguvalria-w’
issurvakayak ugtuq. ‘Also that one animal is aspotted seal, but it was bigger than a walrus.
Two got up [on the ice], the one got up. From mypoint of view it’s a huge spotted seal. Then finallythat animal, the huge spotted seal, got up [on theice].’ (KIP 1998:13); CAN; < issuriq-vak, issuriqvak-ller(aq), issuriq-vak-kayak
isuumaq, issuumaq prune # from Russian bpµv
(izyúm); > isuumayagaq*, issuumayagaq*
isuumayagaq*, issuumayagaq* raisin # < isuumaqya(g)aq, issuumaq-ya(g)aq
itegaq foot (anatomical) # plural as well as dual for
one person’s pair of feet; NSU; = it’gaq; < itek-aq3;> itegaraq; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (45)itegaraq beach greens; sea chickweed (Honckenya
peploides); scurvy grass (Cochlearia officinalis);
literally: ‘one having little feet’; NSU; < itegaq-aq3
itegmig-, itegmiar- to kick; to push with the foot# itegmigtuq ‘he kicked something’; itegmigaa‘he kicked it’ / Qeteryalkuciqallrullinia ta¥ga-i
itegmikarluku taumeg ta¥ga-i, siimameg
allameg. ‘She made a backrest by pushing with her
foot another rock under that one’. (WEB2);< itek-mik, itek-mik; > itemkar-, itempag-;< PE it0!mi!- (under PE it0!)
itegmik false chamomile; pineapple weed
(Matricaria matricarioides) # HBC; < itek-mik
itegneq1 measurement from tip of toes to endof heel; foot (in length) # murak pingayunek
itegnernek taktauq ‘the stick is three feet long’:< itek-neq1
itegneq2 jade # NSU < ?-neq1; < PE it0!na3
itegte- to rip; to tear # itegtuq ‘it ripped’; itegtaa ‘heripped it’ / NUN
itek piece of boot or shoe over the toes and the topof the foot; toe piece of boot # > itegaq, itegmig-,
itegmik, itegneq, it’gaq, itegaq, itgutek; < PE it0!
itemkar- to kick in a small way; to kick lightly; toshove a little with the foot # < itegmig-qaritempag- to kick in a big way; to kick hard # <itegmig-pagitengqa- to be jailed; to be incarcerated; to be311

iterneq — it’gair(ar)-Basesiterneq cold draft entering from outside # iternirtuq‘it is drafty’; Angulluaq tauna qanrutliniluku,
angulluam pillinia, “Ciin man’a canrilnge’rmi
iternengvakarta?” ‘He talked to this old man andthe old man said to him, “Why is it becoming
drafty even though there’s nothing to cause it?”’(QAN 1995:186); < iter-neq1; < PY it03n0q (under
PE it03-)
iterquri- to bring in firewood or other things bygoing in and out repeatedly # iterquriuq ‘heis bringing in wood’ / Tua-i-llu ikayuulluteng
iterquriluteng aklunek, neqekanek-llu allayugnek.
‘And so they helped out bringing in theirpossessions including clothing, and various
foodstuffs.’ (ELN 1990:83); < iter-qur-i2itertaar- to visit house to house; to go house tohouse as part of certain indigenous Yup’ik
holidays, particularly “Qaaritaaq” or “Petugtaq”(q.v.) # itertaartuq ‘he’s going visiting house tohouse’ / Petugtaraqameng nen’un itertaarulluki
pilallruut wii takumni, . . . ‘When they celebrated
the “Petugtaq” holiday, they would take thingsfrom house to house, as I observed myself, . . .’(CIU 2005:376); < iter-a-, the use of the (t)aar- formof the postbase here even though the base does not
end in te may be modeled after ce÷irte- ‘to visit’ andce÷irtaar- ‘to visit house to house’
itertaq* inmate; prisoner; detainee # Iterrluku-llu
Joseph-aaq atanrem itertain uitaviketukiitnun.
‘And they incarcerated Joseph in the place
where they usually held the prisoners of the king(Pharoah).’ (AYAG. 39:20); the following are legal
neologisms: itertam akilirluni anumaqercuutii‘bail’; itertam piyunarqucii ‘miranda warning’;
igaulluku kalikanun itertaq ‘booked’; itertaq
nunanun caliluni akiinani ‘community/public
service’; itertaullerkaa ikeglicarluku ‘suspended
sentencing’; < iter-te2-aq1
iterte- to put inside; to incarcerate # to put
something or someone into anything otherthan a container or conveyance; . . . aatani
ikayualuku tauna kemek ellivigmun itertellragu.
‘. . . she helped her father when he put meat into
the cache.’ (ELN 1990:65); Yaaggun taugaam
nutgaarluni nutellriim paingakun puyurkamek
kuv’ikraarluku, carriutamek-llu puulia cingluku
iterrluku. ‘Back then, however, after shooting
the shooter would pour some powder into themuzzle [of the gun], then he would put in its

bullet pushing it with the ramrod (cleaning rod).’(QUL 2003:168); < iter-te2iteryaraq, itervik entrance # Cakneq-gguq ta¥g’
neviarcaraq, kenegnaqlun’. Itervikluku-gguq ta¥g’,
qarutengkiliu iterviklu’. ‘Now this young lady
was very pretty. He went inside to her (literally:‘had her as a site for going inside’) and tried to win
her over.’ (CEV 1984:48); < iter-yaraq, iter-vik
it’galqinraq strip of dried swan-foot skin, black incolor, used as backing for decorative stitching# Makut-gguq maa-i tunguuralriit it’galqinrat,
tengayucuaraat-wa makut kelurqut inguqerrit.
‘These little black areas used as a base for the
fancy stitchwork made with caribou throat hairs
are of dried swan-foot skin.’ (CIU 2005:142);< it’gaq-?-linraq
it’ganeq measurement from tip of toes to end ofheel; foot (in length) # Ta¥gken imarmiutarcuutet
mik’nateng it’ganernek pingayunek tayim’
pitalalliut. ‘However, mink traps were small,measuring three feet in length.’ (KIP 1998:321);
Taktaluku yuinaat yuinaat, yuinaagnek
malrugnek qulnek cipluku it’ganernek,
iqtutaluku-llu yuinaat pingayun akimiarmek
cipluku it’ganernek, yuinaak malruk tallimanek
cipluku it’ganernek quyigtaluku. ‘[Building it] 450
feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet high.’ (AYAG.
6:15); < it’gaq-neq2
itgaq foot # EG; = it’gaq
it’gaq foot (anatomical) # also spade in cards.
plural as well as dual for one person’s pair of feet;it’gagka or it’ganka ‘my feet’; Y, NSK, NI,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG, LI; it’gat yuarait ‘toes’(specifically, not fingers); . . . piurainanrani-llu
it’gak mecungenglutek arenqialami tamana
qanikcaq urugyunga’arcami. ‘. . . soon, as she
went along her feet began to get soaked because
the snow was starting to melt.’ (ELN 1990:33); =itegaq, itgaq; < itek-aq3; > it’gair(ar)-, it’galqinraq,
it’garralek, it’ganeq; cf. Nelson 1878–1881 list;< PE it0!a3
it’gair(ar)- to have cold feet # it’gairtua
or it’gairaraanga ‘My feet are cold’;Anglaningiinanrani Mikellam Irr’aq
qerrutengniluku tagucugluku pillrani, Turpak
ellii-ll’ tagyugluni it’gairangniluni. ‘While Elnguq
was having fun, Mikellaq said that Irr’aq was
getting cold and that she was going to take her
up to the house, and Turpak wanted to go up too

312Basessince as she said her feet were getting cold.’ (ELN
1990:65); < it’gaq-ir(ar)it’garralek, it’garaq beach greens; sea chickweed(Honckenya peploides); scurvy grass (Cochlearia
officinalis); literally: ‘one having little feet’; <it’gaq-rraq-lek, it’gaq-aq2; cf. tukulleggaq
it’gissuun tool for skinning seal flippers # <it’gaq-li2-cuun
itgutek bead decorations over top of foot of boot #< itek-un-dual
itqerce÷aq house with ground-level entrance #< iter-qer-cete1-naq1
itqiirpak legendary big hand from the ocean with amouth on each fingertip and a big mouth on thepalm # Cali-gguq allamek yurarluteng pillratni
itqiirpak apalluqluku, anuranga’artelliniut yuutqasgimek, piluteng cama-i itqiirpak pugniluku
imarpigmi. ‘And, it is said, when they danced
having the lyrics [the “song” of] itqiirpak, thepeople started going out from the kashim, sayingthat itqiirpak was surfacing from the sea.’ (CAU
1985:204); HBC, Y; < ?-rpak
it’ra- to commit burglary # it’rayaraq ‘burglary’(legal neologism); < iter-a-; > it’rayuli
itrar-, itr(ar)- (NUN form) to go upriver; to go in
toward the back; to go farther in # itrartuq or
it’ertuq (NUN form) ‘he is going farther in’;itraraa ‘he is going farther into it’ / < iter-a-,
iter-a-; < PE it03a3- (under PE it03-)
it’rayuli burglar # legal neologism; < it’ra-yuli
itriraute- to race or contend to get outside
before others # Tuamtell’ kuluk’uunaan
itriraucugnaunata, . . . ‘And when the bell rang wedefinitely didn’t contend to get outside first, . . .’(KIP 1998:67); cf. an’iraute-; < iter-?-te5itrug- to get powdery snow coming in throughcracks # < iter-?itrugta powdery snow that enters through cracks inhouse # < itrug-ta1
Itruka’ar (Itrukar(aq*) indigenous Yup’ik holiday,
called the “Inviting-In Feast” in English; small
gift, usually food, brought to get into a danceor feast # possibly the source of the English term
“igrushka” or “egrushka” for the feast; <iter-n-kar(aq*)1
itruq skin or pelt of caribou taken in fall # (?)
itrute- to bring or take in # itrutuq ‘he brought
something in’; itrutaa ‘he brought it in’ /it’garralek — ituraq

Can’giiret-llu takuigaqata neqkameggnek,
tekiutaqatki, tuaten qantamek imailngurmek
atlilirluki itrutetuluki nen’un. Qantamun
pivkenaki itrucuunaki. ‘When they checked theblackfish traps for their meal, when they arrived
with them, they always placed the container ofblackfish inside an empty bowl and brought theminto the house. They always brought them inside inbowls.’ (PAI 2008:240); < iter-te4itugenqegte- to have thick white smoke # NUN
ituk serum # and itug- to be sweet # itugtuq ‘it issweet’ / verb only for NSU; > itulek; < PE itu!
ituke- to be side by side with (him or it) #Taivkarlukek ciuqerminun nangercagnek
ituklutek pillinia, “Tua-i nuliqliututek.” ‘He told
her to come, and as they stood in front of him
side by side, he said to them, “You two are now
mates”.’ (QUL 2003:90); cf. ituteitukellria double-barrel shotgun # Cat-llu tayima
itukellriarulartat nutget? Paimegtegun imiryarat.
‘What guns were the double-barrel shotguns? The
kind you load through their muzzles.’ (CIU
2005:26); < ituke-lria
itulek jellyfish # NSU; < ituk-lek
itume- to break into pieces # itumuq ‘it broke up,
fell apart’ / itumtaa ‘he broke it up’; > itumnga-,
itumte-; < PE it0m0itumnga- to be naked # itumngauq ‘he is naked’ /NSU; < itume-ngaitumtaq change (monetary) # itumciuq ‘he ismaking change’; itumciyugyaaqua ‘I would liketo get some change’; < itumte-aq1
itumte- to break (it) into pieces; to undress(NSU meaning) # itumtaa ‘he broke it up’ /Piqertuutakun-llu erurraarluku piqertuarluki
itumciluni tamakunek kumlanernek. ‘Afterwashing it he whacked at it with the axe breaking
that frozen fish into pieces.’ (PRA 1995:410);< itume-te2itusvik dock # < itute-vik
ituraq, iturak hollow (bird) bone; radius (small bone
in forearm) # Yaqulget yaqruita ituraitnek imumi
pingqelallruut iquit keviqaumaluteng. ‘Back thenthey had them (snuff tubes) from hollow bones ofbirds’ wings.’ (CIU 2005:234); Tua-i-llu nutaan
meluuskautaagminun ek’irraarluni, a¥g’umek
imumek yaqulgem ituriinek kep’aringalutek
iquuk, qengami aipaanun tauna piluku

313

iturte- — ivrar-

Basesmeluskarluni. ‘After she put some (snuff) into
her snuff box, she put a bird’s hollow wing bone,with the ends cut off, into one of her nostrils andsnorted the snuff.’ (CIU 2005:194)
iturte- to set down # iturtaa ‘he set it down’;iturtuq ‘he set something down’ / Tuamtellu
qantat neqnek imalget iturtaqatki cali ikiitugnek
puyilrianek qaillukuaqeraqluki, . . . ‘And when
they set down the plates containing food they’dalso do some sort of thing (perform a ritual
blessing the food) with wild celery smoke, . . .’(CAU 1985:60); Piinanrani atiin taum tayim’
pistekagkenun malrugnun yun’erraagnun
inguqicirluk’ tua-i qasgitetelliniluku qasgimunllu iturcamegteggu kanavet, canegnek-gguq
curillrulliniluku tupiganek, taklartelluku tuavet.
‘After a time his father had two young people
carry him to the kashim and set him down on
a woven grass mat they had prepared for him
to lay on; they had him lay down on it.’ (YUP
2005:170); Nutaan-llu neqkanek iturcameng ellma
teguqaulluteng eg’arrvikluki nakacuut. ‘Now
when they set down food they’d take a little bit
and throw it (as an offering) to the bladders.’(CAU 1985:77)
itute- to put alongside; to bring (it) together withsomething else # itutaa ‘he put somethingalongside it’, ‘he added to it’ / Kangirami
enerkak itullukek aciagnegun, itusngaarkaulutek
quletmun. ‘In the corners bring together theframes underneath and bring they shallbe brought together above.’ (ANUC. 26:24);
itutessuun ‘clasp’; < ?-te2-; > itusvik; cf. ituke-;< PY itut0ivalriiyak crab # NUN; = yuale’rsaq
ivalukaq sewing thread # HBC; NUN < ivalu-kaq;> ivalukayagaq, ivalukiuraq
ivalukayagaq* spool of thread # HBC; <ivalukaqya(g)aq
ivalukiuraq hand-twisted thread # HBC; <ivalukaq-liur-aq1
ivaluq, ivalu sinew; tendon; thread # tuntut
ivaluitneng ivalirluteng mingqetullruut ak’atamaani ‘they sewed using caribou sinews
as thread in the old days’; HBC, NUN, EG; =yualuq; < ?-luq, ?-luq; > ivalukaq; < PE ivalu
ivar- to look for; to miss; to long for #Ivarvigkarairutellriit-gguq cua-gg’ ukut culriit
anngai, cayaaqluteng taqluteng. ‘There wasnowhere left to look, and his older brothers,
realizing this, just gave up finally.’ (CEV 1984:72);
HBC, NUN, EG; = yuar-; cf. ivarun; < PE iva3ivarun song # HBC, NUN, EG; = yuarun; < ?-n; cf.
ivar-; < PY iva3un (under PE iva3-)
ivatqiluiq robin (Turdus migratorius) # LI, NR
ivegpag-, ivecpag- for there to be heavy rain; to rain
hard # Tua-i-ll’ piuraqerluni ella ivsungluni, tua
ivegpangluni tua-i. ‘And after a while it began torain, and it rained hard.’ (ELL 1995:316); < ivsukpag2iver- to step into water; to wade # ivertuq ‘hestepped into the water, is wading’ / Tauna-gguq
tua-i cali neqengqertuq, caagnitellriim-llu taunananvaq iverngaunaku. ‘It also had that certain
fish; a person under traditional restrictions was
forbidden to step into that lake.’ (CIU 2005:118);
Nanvat-llu tekitaqamiki qukaatgun iverluki
qeraraqluki. ‘Whenever he got to lakes he’d goacross them wading through the middle of them.’(YUU 1995:79); > ivrar-, ivrarcuun, ivruciq; < PE
iv03- and ip03ivgar- to appear; to come into view or havesomething come into view from behindsomething; to catch sight of (it) # ivgartuq ‘itappeared, came into view’ or ‘he had something
come into his view’; ivgaraa ‘he caught sight of
it’ or ‘he had it come into his view’ by its comingfrom behind something / . . . ayagnginanermini
nutaan nunarpagnun ivgalliuq. Ivgiini,
arenqaituq, qaini-llu ellaigarnauraa wall’u tua-i
aturallraminek aturangqertuq. ‘. . . while he wasgoing along he came upon he had a big village
come into his view. When it came into his view, hesmoothed out his [clothings’] surface; he had
his dilapidated garment for clothing.’ (UNP2);. . . pengurpallraam kangranun aqumluni
kiarqurainanrani calaralirnerakun ca qa¥gna
ivgalliniuq tuarpiaq-gguq yaqulek. Maatengguq pia yuullinilria. ‘. . . sitting down on topof the big hill, as she looked around to the east,
something in the east came into view, and looked
like a bird. But, she saw that it was a person.’(CIU 2005:178); = igvar-; < PY-S i!va3ivkar- to fall or lower from a height # HBC, NUN;
= iivkar-; < PE 090vka3ivrar- to wade # ivrartuq ‘he is wading’ / qerallrua
kuicuar ivrarluni ‘he crossed the stream bywading’; Meq-llu un’a taryuq imarpiim mer’a314Baseseyagnaq atuquniu, irnicuaq, aglenrraq wall’uaanani tuqullrukan, wall’u atani tuqullrukan,
wall’u anelgutni tuqullrukan, taryumi waten
temni tungairluku ivrarngaunani. ‘And,[concerning] the water down there, the salt
water of the ocean, if one follows the traditional
abstinence rule, one who has miscarried or had
her first menstrual period, or if one’s mother orfather or sibling has died, then one will not wadein the salt water exposing one’s flesh to it.’ (YUP
2005:254); = irvar-; < iver-aivrarcuun, ivraun hip-boot or other wading boot #< ivrar-cuun, ivar-n
ivrir- to examine # ivrirtuq ‘he’s examining
something’; ivriraa ‘he’s examining it’; thisvariant is apparently only used only by some speakers
downriver of Bethel; = curvir-, cuvrir-, survir-,
suvrir-, yivrir-, yurvir-, yuvririvruciq waterproof skin boot; by extension any
wading boot # Tua-i-llu aaniit piluni ellii
ivrucinek caliyugluni ivruciit nangengniluki. Tuai-llu elirqingluni ivrucirkagkenek aatiita ciumek
elirqiluni. ‘Their mother said that she wanted
to work on waterproof mukluks since their old
ones were getting worn out. First she cut out
the pieces for the mukluks for their father.’ (ELN
1990:98); Avani Tununermi ivrucirkiurqamengaramek man’a melqurra piluku, keligarturluki
melqurrituit meqcirpek’naki. ‘In Tununak when
they prepared skin for making waterproof boots its
fur was removed from the skin by applying ash
and then scraping the fur off.’ (CIU 2005:348);< iver-ciq; PY iv3uciq (under PE iv03- and ip03-)
ivsir- (NS, NI form), ivyir- (HBC form) to rain #impersonal subject; ivsirtuq ‘it is raining’ /< ivsuk-ir1-, ivyuk-ir1-; > ivsirtuliq
ivsiurrsuun raincoat # Tua-i-ll’-am atakuan
ellimerriuq, pisquriuq imarnitegnek, imkugnek
ivsiurrsuutegnek qilugnek, . . . ‘And so whenevening came, he told them what to do, asking
for a gut skin rain parka, one of those raincoats
made of intestines, . . .’ (QAN 1995:308); NI; <ivsug-liur-cuun
ivsirtuliq small type of sculpin (species ?) # said tocause rain if played with; NSU; < ivsir-tuli
ivsuk (NS, NI form), ivyuk (HBC form) drizzle; rain
# ivsunguq ‘it started, or is starting, to rain’;ivsungutaa ‘it started to rain on him’; Tupagtukut
maaten ivsuirutliniluni nengelqerluni qakemna.

ivrarcuun — Iyussiiq‘We woke up and lo and behold, it had stopped
raining and had gotten cold outside.’ (ELL
1995:316); > ivegpag-, ivsir-, ivsiurrsuun; < PY-S
n0pyukivua- to feel bad because someone did not give one
a portion of their catch # NUN
iyri- to prop up # HBC; = isriiyukaq northern pintail (Anas acuta) # HBC, UK;= yuukaq; > iyukarpak; i&(0)yuka3
iyukarpak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) # HBC;
= yuukarpak; < iyukaq-rpak
Iyussiiq Igushik # village in the Bristol Bay area

315

Baseskaacicaq — kagi-Klamps] at all.’ (QUL 2003:2); Mer’em maqsaraa,
kuciqcaarulralria kiingan eqnarqenrituq,ta¥gaam cagmarilartuq kallugmek kaassamek-llu,. . . ‘The flow of water, dripping away, is not only
irritating, but is a waste of electricity and gas, . . .
(GET n.d.:11); from Russian ufp (gaz) and/or English‘gas’
kaataryaraq a certain hand game #kacakikika, kaca’a serves you right!, you caught
it this time!, you’re going to get it!, for shame! #exclamatory particle; < ?-kika
kacete- to arrive or return from a stay in thewilderness; to go to the main, winter village fromfall camp # Cam-wa nalliini, December-aam-wa
iluani maani ayagnillrani ta¥gaam kacetetullrulriit
uksillernun. ‘Some time probably after midDecember they would go to the winter village.’(PAI 2008:12); = katete-; < PE kat0t- (under PE
kat0-)
kaciitaq storage pit or chamber for fermenting fishwith wall built up from rocks and lined with
mud # NUN
kagaciqaq pole stuck into the ground in the men’scommunal house during the Nakaciuryarq(“Bladder Feast”) with wild celery tied to its
tip, just before the bladders are put under
the ice # Nutaan taugken, uitalnguaqata,
ayauteqata’aqamegteki, tamakut nakacuut,
kagaciqaq napalria muragaq, evegneng pikna
kangra, caquluku. ‘Well then, when they were
all done celebrating, and it was time to take thebladders outside, they stood up the “kagaciqaq”,
a wooden stake with grass wrapped around the
top of it.’ (CEV 1984:32); = kangaciqaq, kangciqaq
kagaluq, kagaaluq lower stern-piece of kayak #. . . ngelqayagucetengnaqtuat nurusngarrlulaata
yaavet at’ellerkameggnun, iquanun waten
tut’ellriamun, kagaluanun. ‘. . . they tried to makeit go all the way because they [the skins of the
kayak cover] fell short, didn’t make it to its stern.’(QUL 2003:616); see Appendix 9 on parts of the
kayak; from Aleut kagalux̂ (ka!aluX), if not a loan to
Aleut from Eskimo
kaganaq wolf (Lupus canis) # EG; from Alaska
Peninsula Sugpiaq kaganaq
kaggirte- to pull (it) up onto an elevated area #kaggirtaa ‘he pulled it up’kagi- to sweep # kagiuq ‘he is sweeping’; kagia ‘heis sweeping it (floor, house)’ / . . . arnartauniluku

kaacicaq barbel, specifically from an Arctic or graycod # NUN
kaag- to be hungry # NUN; = kaigkaaka, kaak listen! # exclamation used to tell someone
to listen for a sound; kaaka, cauga temirtellria?
‘listen, what’s that rumbling sound?’; Anngaagguq qianginanrani niitnaurtuq camek imumek
taum qiallra avuluni. Niitelallni kamanairucan
pillinia, “Kaaka! Atam niicugniqaa, qiavkenak!”‘As he continued to cry, his brother heard
something besides his brother’s crying. When
there was no doubt about it, he told his younger
brother, “Listen! Stop crying and listen!”’ (YUU
1995:126); < PY kaqa(kaa)kaaleg- to search or rummage through a container #kaalegtuq ‘he is rummaging through something’;
kaalgaa ‘he is rummaging through it’ / Tua-i-llu
taqiucameng itrucinermek Qalemaq kaalegluni
anciluni ciileqtaamek, kanvviitaullinilriit cunaw’.
‘When they finished bringing in their belongings,
Qalemaq searched through her things and took
out some things wrapped in cellophane, which
turned out to be candy.’ (ELN 1990:84)
kaaltaaq, kaal’taaq playing card # and kaaltaar-,kaal’taar- to play cards # kaaltaartuq ‘he isplaying cards’ / kaaltaarcuun ‘cribbage board orother thing used in playing cards’; from Russianrƒhnf (kárta)kaame- to make or drop crumbs # NUN; = kaimekaapaq, kaapaaq beaded hairnet # worn by married
Russian Orthodox women; from Russian rƒgjh
(kápor) ‘hood’; = kaupaq
kaapcelaaq primer cap # kaapcelaun ‘primer capbox’; from Russian rƒgc/km (kápsul’)
kaassalinaq outboard motor; motor-boat; camp
stove; gasoline # Tua-i-llu ayaumaluteng
unuaquani cukavkenateng kaassalinacuarluteng.
‘The next day they left going slowly with a small
outboard motor on the boat.’ (ELN 1990:107); from
Russian ufpjk∫y (gazolín) and/or English ‘gasoline’
kaassaq gas; gasoline # Kenurra¥rluit-wa
uqurrlainaat. Kaassamek cangssagaunateng.
‘Their poor old lamps were for seal oil only.
They didn’t have any gasoline [mantle type316

Baseskagiksuar — kak’acukkaignaq famine # < kaig-

umyuaqesqeksaunaku. Iciwa nem iluani
erurilleq, kagilleq, tamakut-llu piaqluki
pilaasqelluki. ‘. . . told me not to think of it as awoman’s work. You know, to do things inside
the house, washing dishes, sweeping up.’ (QAN
2009:394); Y, NSK, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI,
EG; from Aleut kagi- (ka!i-); > kagin, kagista

kaik pyloric caecum of fish # part of stomach; (?); cf.
kaigkaimaq bluff; scree slope; loose soil (put between
the walls and used for house insulation) #Uatmegni-gguq tanglartuq waten kuigem
ce÷iini qemim kanallran, nuuga tua
waten ekvigenqeggluni, kaimaulun’ tua-i,pe÷acuarauluni. ‘It is said she used to see a hill,
and it suddenly dropped down a very steep cliff
where it reached the river.’ (QUL 2003:216); cf.
kaime-

kagiksuar duster; whisk-broom # < kagin-ksuar(aq)kagin, kagissuun broom # . . . nateq kagisqenauraa,
kagiluku, yaqunek ta¥gaam kagiterrangqerrlaamta.
‘She’d ask me to sweep the floor, and I’d sweep
it; we had only a bird’s wing for a broom.’ (QAN
2009:118); < kagi-n, kagi-cuun; > kagiksuar

kaime- to make or drop crumbs # kaimuq ‘hedropped crumbs’ / kaimtaa ‘he crumbled it’;= kaame-; > kaimlineq, kaimlleret; cf. kaimaq,
kalme-

kagista janitor; custodian # < kagi-ta1

kaig- to be hungry; to suffer famine # kaigtuq ‘heis hungry’ / kainrirtua ‘I am no longer hungry’;kainritua ‘I’m not hungry’; kaingeksaitua ‘Ihaven’t gotten hungry yet’; kaikuvet, neri
‘if you are hungry, eat’; kaigem nalliini ‘at atime a hunger’; kaigem ugaani ‘on account of
hunger’; . . . kaigaqameng-gguq umyuaq’larait
ciinllugguaraluteng ciin nerellrunrilucimeggnek
taumek neqmeggnek. ‘. . . it is said that whenpeople are hungry they think back regrettingthat they had not eaten all their food in the past.’(ELN 1990:5); = kaag-; > kaignaq, kaik, kainiqe-;< PE ka(C)0!-

kaimlineq floating ice, broken up and pushed
together in spring # < kaime-?

kaimlleq crumb # kaimlleret or kaimellret ‘crumbs’;
Nerurarraarluku-llu-gguq taqngami manumini
kaimellni quyurqurarraarluki cali neru’urluki. . . .
Tua-i-gguq tauna Kumcek qanraquq, “A¥gna
avani kiagceciarkaulliniuq. . . .” ‘After she had
eaten it, when she was done, after she gathered
the crumbs she’d made in her lap, she’d eat them.
. . . Then Kumcek would say, “That’s one who
can make food last till the next summer.” . . .’(CIU 2005:188); < kaime-lleq

kaiga- to request something; to ask for something;
to make a supplication; to beseech one forsomething’ # kaigauq ‘he is requestingsomething’ / kaigatet unakek’ngat ‘grants (ofmoney or the like)’; kaigataa ‘he requested
something on her behalf’; Taumek waten
pitullrukaitkut, “Tua-i kaigaaqan cikilaqiu tuaten
amllertaluku, elarangraan niitevkenaku.” ‘They
told us that, when he [a child] asks for something,to give it to him only in moderation, notlistening to any complaints he might have.’ (YUP
2005:136); > kaigatke-, kaigavike-kainiqe- to suffer hunger; to be starving; to sufferfrom famine # kainiquq ‘he is suffering fromhunger’ / Umyuaqengamiu nangteqvakaami
umyuarteqluni yuilqumi paluyarturnaluni.
Tauna anaanani atani-llu tangvagtellutek
ner’aqagnek aglumalnguami, kainiqelnguami.
‘Since she was going through hardship, shestarted thinking that she might go out to thewilderness and starve to death. She was getting
tired of envying her stepmother and her father
when she watched them eat. She was tired ofgoing hungry.’ (QUL 2003:68); Qaillun kainiqellrat
ayagnillrua? Qavcin yuut unguvallruat
kainiqraartelluki? ‘How did their famine start?
How many people were alive after they suffered
famine?’ (KIP 1998:329-331); < kaig-neq2-liqe2-

kaigavike- to request something of (him); to as
for something from (him) # kaigavikaa ‘heasked her for something’ / Imna-llu alla, waten
pikartuyiqenrilnguq, kaigavikekatgu pikaunani
tauna, pikailkan tuaken nutaan cikirciqaat
cikiutekainek. ‘And they asked for something fromsomeone who didn’t have much, others madesure he was provided with that item to give tothem.’ (TAP 2003:12); < kaiga-vike-kak’acuk pompon on tip of parka hood or hat #nacarraa elqiingqertuq kak’acucuarluni-llu ‘his
little cap has a visor and a little pompon’; cf.
kakgaq, kakangcaq, kakauyaq

kaigatke- to ask for (it) # kaigatkaa ‘he requested it’

317kakangcaq — kakilacakBaseskakangcaq (NI, K, Y, CAN, BB form), kakengcaq(HBC form) crown or top of head; arrowhead #Tua-i-ll’ tauna tua-i aqumgalria yuk kakangcaakun
pategluku uitauralliniluni tallimi tua-iuqamaltaciatun, ayumian atrariinalliniluni,
atraaralliniluni cukaitkacagarluni. ‘Then heplaced his hand palm down on the top of the headof that person who was sitting and continued toleave it there, just using the weight of his arm,
and when it started to go down, it kept going
down, very slowly.’ (QAN 1995:188–190); cf.
kakgaq, kak’acuk, kakauyaq; < PE kaka&ca3
kakauyaq decoration at the crown of the hoodof a young woman’s traditional Yup’ik parka
that consists of strands of red, black, and, whitebeads or strips of calfskin # cf. kakgaq, kak’acuk,
kakangcaq
kakave- to clatter; to tremble making noise; toshake as from fright # kakavuq ‘it is clattering’;‘he is shaking’ / alingqertellrani keggutai
kakavenga’artut ‘when he suddenly got
frightened his teeth started to chatter’; Isaac-aaq
qiivenga’arrluni kakavluni tamarmi qanertuq,. . . ‘Isaac began to tremble and shake all over andsaid, . . .’ (AYAG. 27:33); cf. kavcagte-; < PY-S
kakav0kakeggli-, kakegglir- to have a runny nose #kakeggliuq or kakegglirtuq ‘he has a runny nose’/ kakeggliluni ‘having a runny nose’; = kak’li-;< kakeggluk-i1-; kakegguk-ir1-; > kakeggliliyaraq,
kakeggliyarvik
kakeggliliyaraq (K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC, BB form),
kakeggliyaraq (NUN form) philtrum, the verticalgroove between the nostrils and upper lip #literally: ‘mucus path’; < kakeggli-?-yaraq
kakeggliyarvik September # literally: ‘running nosetime’; NUN; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;< kakegglir-yar-vik
kakeggluguayaat decoration for nasal septum #< kakeggluk-?-plural
kakeggluir- to blow or wipe the nose #kakeggluirtuq ‘he blew or wiped his (own) nose’;kakeggluiraa ‘he wiped his (another’s) nose’/kakeggluira ‘wipe or blow your nose’; irniankakeggluirru ‘wipe your child’s nose’;< kakegglu-ir2kakeggluirun, kakeggluilitaq handkerchief; tissue# < kakeggluir-n, kakeggluk-ilitaq
kakeggluk nasal mucus; snot #; < kakek-lluk;> kakeggluirun, kakeggluguayaat
kakegte- to have a nosebleed # kakegtuq ‘he has
a nosebleed’ / Kakegtellruniluni unuk. Maatengguq tupagtuq kakeggluni pusngaurluni waten
qavallermini. ‘He said that he had a nose bleed
during the night, then when he awakend herealized his nose had been bleeding while he wassleeping with his head bent forward.’ (QAN
1995:54); < kakek-?; < PY kak0!n0- (under PE
kakki!)
kakek nasal mucus; snot # largely superseded by
kakeggluk; > kakeggluk, kakegte-; < PE kakki!
kakelvak very snotty nose; person with a snotty
running nose # < kakeggluk-vak
kakgaq crown of head; top of head # Ilait-llu
kakgaitgun piluki acirluki-gguq. ‘They also
sprinkled water on the crowns of their heads andnamed them.’ (AGA 1996:96); cf. kakgarkakgar- to carry (a person) on one’s shoulders# kakgaraa ‘he is carrying him’; cf. kakgaq,
kak’acuk, kakangcaq, kakauyaq
kaki- to take a stitch; to push a needle in; to put aneedle into and back out the same side # kakia‘he took a stitch through it’ (a stitch made througha person’s skin to relieve pain) / kakitaa ‘he poked
it through and back’; Waniwa tua-i waten
kakiqaarluku, ataam amuluku nucugaqluku,
mingqerraarluku nucugaqluku. ‘Now, this way,after pushing it in, again one draws it, pulling it
through, and after sewing that way one pulls it
onward.’ (CIU 2005:238); > kakiaq, kakialanar-,kakilacag-, kakilragte-, kakin, kakite-, kakivik,
kakivkar-, kakinqun, kakiyun; < PE kakikakialanar- to have a prickly feeling in one’s tongue
when eating fermented foods # NUN
kakiaq fork # NSU; < kaki-?
kakiciq fork of a tree # < kaki-?
kakilacak, kakilacagaq paresthesia (pins andneedles feeling) # and kakilacag-, kakilacagarto tingle; to have paresthesia; to “fall asleep”(of one’s hands, feet, etc.) # kakilacagtuq ‘he or
it has a “pins and needles” feeling’ / Tua-i-ll’am uum cam kumlatqapiaralriim patuqerluku,
naken piciinani. Ellii-ll’ alingallagluni, uivai-llu
tuar kakilacagangartellriit, qerruyiqerluni-llu.
‘Something very cold enveloped her; she didn’tknow from where. She became terrified and hada feeling like “pins and needles” running up anddown her back and a creepy chill filled her body.’

318

Baseskakilragte- — kalenquq

ujhzxsq (goryáchiy) ‘hot’ as in ujhzxfz clj,f(goryachaya sdoba) ‘hot muffin’kalackiiq, kalackaq stick with sharp point at end
used in a traditional Yup’ik game somewhat likemumblety-peg # and kalackiir-, kalackar- to playmumblety-peg # kalackiirtut ‘they are playing
mumblety-peg’; also called kapuckaq (q.v.)
kalagaq walleye or pacific pollock (Theragra
chalcogramma) # NUN; from Aleut kalagax̂
(kala!a-X)
kalampiaq ship # K; probably from the English shipname ‘Columbia’kalantaassaq pencil # from Russian rfhfylf́i(karandásh)kalap’aataq oakum; caulking material # from
Russian rjyjgf́nbnm (konopátit’) ‘to caulk’kalap’iinaq, kalav’iinaq rifle # from Russian rfhf,b́y(karabín)kal’aq color # Kal’alegmek yualirturluteng, . . .
‘Using colored thread, . . .” (PAI 2008:100);
Nallunailkutalget ayuqelrianek kal’arluteng. ‘The
ones with insignia have the same color.’ (PAI
2008:86); from English ‘color’
kal’ciissaaq lead pellet; shot # from Russian rfhntxm(kartéch’); = kalkiicaaq, kal’tiissaaq
kaleg- to brush against; to brush aside # kalegtuq‘it brushed against something’ or ‘he brushed
something aside; kalgaa ‘it or he brushed
against it’ or ‘he brushed it aside’ / estuulumek
caarrluut kalellerminiki luuskaaq kalgutaa ‘when
sweeping the dust from the table she also swept
off a spoon’; kitalaq kalguraa ‘he is strumming on
the guitar’; Tua-i-llu pektellriamun pitarkamun
narulkarraarluni, una tua-i qerruinaq kal’karluku
igtelluku maavet mermun. ‘Then after the hunterthrew the harpoon at his moving quarry, he’dpush the float letting it fall into the water.’ (CIU
2005:12); Arnat pinialata kal’egteryaaqellinikii
pinikayiimi. ‘Knowing that women are weak
he brushed her aside knowing that he is a lot
stronger than her.’ (KIP 1998:347); . . . agayulirtait
imutun tua-i kalgilriatun yuuyaramte÷ek
ayuqellrulliniata. ‘. . . it is as if the priests brushedaside our Yup’ik identity.’ (CIU 2005:272); =kateg-; > kalgun, kalguur-; < PE kal0!-2
kalemaanaq pocket # from Russian rfhvƒy (karmán);
NSU; = kalmaanaq
kalenquq longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) #(?); BB; < ?-quq(ELN 1990:20); < kaki-?; kaki-?; < PE kakilla(under PE kaki-)kakilragte- to stand on end (of hair when dry after
being wet) # NUN
kakimqigte- to sharpen to a point (?) # Tauna tua-iangutet iliit nengaugicami anguarucilalliniuq,
anguarutmi-gguq kanaggun qengartaan
aipaan nuugakun, anguarutni kakimqiggluku
anguarucinaurtuq. ‘One of the men, when hemarried into the family, would make paddles; hewould make his paddle sharpening his paddle to apoint at the tip of one of his paddle’s ridges down
there [on the blade].’ (CIU 2005:16); exact meaning
uncertain to compiler
kakin pin # kakika’ar ‘small pin’; < kaki-n; >kakisvik, kakiyun
kakingerte- to make — or for there to be — ascraping or hissing sound such as that madebe something sliding on very cold snow # cf.
kakungqitekakinqun bag fastener # kakinquka’ar ‘small bag
fastener’; < kaki-?-nkakisvik pincushion; piece of sewing bag, felt, etc.
through which needles are poked for storage #< kakin-vik
kakitaq trail-breaker; pathfinder # NUN; cf. kakitekakite- to be poised; to be set; to be ready to spearor shoot # kakituq ‘he is poised’ / kakiyutaa ‘heis poised to spear it’; NUN; < kaki-?
kakiungqite- to make a squeaking or crunching
noise when walking on snow or ice # cf.
kakingertekakiutaq pin # NSY; < kaki-?-taq1
kakivik needlecase; sewing box or case; traditional“housewife” bag # Tua-i-llu Aangaarraam
aanani cikirluku mikcuarmek kakiviliaminek
akmantellermini elitnaurluni. ‘And so
Aangaarraaq gave her mother a little sewing casethat she had made when she was away going toschool.’ (PRA 1995:377); <kaki-vik
kakivkar- to have a stabbing pain; to have sharp,
sudden pain # kakivkartuq ‘he has a stabbing
pain’ ? < kaki-vkarkakiyun bag fastener # < kaki-te5-n
kak’li- to have a runny nose # = kakegglikakuun needle made from the front part of a crane’sfoot #
kalaciq biscuit; muffin # perhaps from Russian319

kalevte- — kalivyagute-Baseskalevte- to lower (it) down # into the ground or
through a hole in the ice; kalevtaa ‘he lowered it
down’ / Tua-i-llu pissurtet nanerpateng teguluki
nakacugnek qillerrvikumalriit uivvaarluku kan’a
iteryaraq, tuamta-llu nakacuut kalevvluku tuavet
anluamun. ‘Then the hunters took their harpoons
to which the bladders had been tied and circled
the entrance way down there, and then theylowered their bladders down into the water holein the ice.’ (CEV 1985:79); < kalve-te2kalevyug- to be shy # kalevyugtuq ‘he is shy’;< kalve-yugkalgun weir; fish fence extending from the bottomof the river and leading fish to a place where one
can catch them with a dipnet or fish trap #< kaleg-n
kalguur- to make a sweeping motion at (it); to
repeately shove (as along the ground withfood or a stick) # Imumek tua-i man’a natquik
tekitaqan paangrutegminek kalguuraqluku, . . .
‘Whenever the drifting snow reached him, hewould make a sweeping motion at it with his
double-bladed paddle, . . .’ (QUL 2003:272);
Kavcagpak tauna agalria muragmun —qirussinun kalguurulluteng tamakut agalriit, . . .
‘With a clatter the things hanging would sweep
against the wooden appendages [of the mask] . . .’(AGA 1996:102); < kaleg-?kalikaq paper; mail; page # kalikangua ‘I got somemail’; Makkut-llu qanemcit ayuqeqapiarluteng
waten piyuilameng kalikami ellimanrilameng.
‘These stories are never exactly the same because
they are not set down on paper.’ (QAN 1995:158);
cucukelciirun kalikaq ‘election ballot’; kalikanek
elisngalriit ‘scribes’ (used in New Testamenttranslation, as in the phrase “Pharisees and scribes”);
from Chukchi kelikel ‘book, drawing, line,
carving’, or Koryak kalikal ‘letter, book, pattern’;> kalikartaq, kalikat, kalikayagaq*, kalikiurta,
kalikivik
kalikartaq license; certificate # the following
are legal neologisms: kalikaq nallunairun
arenqiallugutmek ‘citation’; kalikartaq
piciuniluku takarnarcaumalria ‘affidavit’;
kalikartaq yugmek tegukengssuun ‘warrant (forarrest)’; yuarcuun kalikartaq ‘search warrant’;< kalikaq-taq5
kalikat, kalikaat book; magazine; papers(documents or the like) # Ukut kalikaat Lower

Kuskokwim School District Bilingual-Bicultural
Program-am Mamterillerni piyunarivkallrui,
elitnaurutngusqelluki nunacuarni high schoolani. ‘The LKSD Bilingual-Bicultural Program in
Bethel made this book possible, wanting it to bea teaching device in village high-schools.’ (CAU
1985:3); < kalikaq-pluralkalikayagaq* cigarette paper # < kalikaq-ya(g)aqkalikiurta, kalikiviliurta postmaster; mailman; mailplane # < kalikaq-liur-ta1, kalikivik-liur-ta1
kalikivik post office # < kalikaq-i3-vik; >kalikiviliurta
kalivci- to be unable to reach something after
shooting it # kalivciuq ‘he cannot reachsomething’; kalivcia ‘he cannot reach it’ /< kalivte-i2kalivneq chain # also plural for one chain; kalivneret‘a chain’; Piuq naparciluni napayaarmek ukinran
igtem yaakaraanun, tua-i-llu taukut kapkaanaak
kalivneragkek iquak uivtanqellria tuavet kaulluku
napartamun, . . . ‘Then he slid the ring that wasat the end of the trap’s chain down the stake, . . .’(ELN 1990:51); < kalivte-neq1
kalivqinaite- to be able to control the situation
one finds oneself in; to never be helpless #Pirpaklaraat, kalivqinailata-gguq. Keglunret maa-i
kalivqinaicugnarqut caprunateng kalivqinaunateng.
‘They respect them [wolves] because they arenever helpless. It seems that wolves are neverhelpless, since nothing can stop them; they are nothelpless.’ (AGA 1996:34); < kalivqinar-itekalivqinar- to be in a bind; to be in a difficult
situation that one cannot control; to be helpless #“Qaillun ikayuutelallrusit ilavnun?” “Ikayualuki
kalivqinalriit, pisciigalnguut ullagluki
ikayurluki.” ‘How did you used to renderassistance to your relatives?” “By helping thehelpless, going over to those who couldn’t dothings and helping them.”’ (KIP 1997:57);< kalivte-?; > kalivqinaite-, kalivqinaryailkun
kalivqinaryailkun insurance # < kalivqinar-yailkun
kalivte- to be stranded; to be inaccessible # kalivtuq‘he is stranded’; ‘it cannot be reached’ / >kalivci-, kalivneq, kalivqinar-; < PE kal0v0(t)kalivyagute- to become incapable of doing
something or acting on (it) # Callerkani
kalivyaguciiqellinia caturraarluni cat tamalkuan
pirraarluku. ‘One will become incapable of doing
something after having been capable of doing320Baseseverything.’ (QAN 1995:356); < kaliv(te)-yagutekalkiicaaq lead pellet; shot # from Russian rfhn®xm(kartéch’); = kal’tiissaaq, kal’ciissaaq
kallag- to drizzle # EG
kallagcetaaq, kallakacetaaq rattle; bell; hairy milkvetch (Astragalus umbellatus) # < kallagte-cetaaq,
kallagte-?-cetaaq
kallaggluk five-gallon can (from gasoline) # cf.
kallagtekallagte- to rattle; to clang; to ring # kallagtuq ‘it israttling’ / sass’aq kallagceskiu 9-eklaagmi! ‘set
the clock to ring at 9 o’clock!’; . . . agayunerrluni
tua-i anuqlirluni caaqameng tua-i amirlut
tengnaurtut agaatmun tangvalriani iliinillu amirliqapiggluni tungurpak kallaggluni
tanqigpallagaluni-llu tuaten. ‘. . . for a week it
was windy and sometimes the clouds would
fly off over there while they were watching andsometimes it would be very cloudy and darkwith peals of thunder and flashes of lightning.’(ELN 1990:41); > kallagcetaaq, kallakutaq,
kallangkutaq; cf. kallak, kallake-; < PY-S ka@a!kallak king in cards # Y, HBC; original meaning notdetermined; cf. kallagte-; > kallalek
kallake- to be too loose-fitting; to fit into loosely #kallakuq ‘it is too loose’; kallakaa ‘it fits into itloosely’ / kallakaqa atkucuaraqa ‘my shirt is too
big for me’, literally: ‘I fit into my shirt loosely’;
NUN; cf. kallagtekallakutaq craw or crop of ptarmigan # the craw isoften inflated and used as a toy; < kallagte-kutaq
kallalek shaman # < kallak-lek
kallangkutaq bell # NUN; < kallagte-?-kutaq
kallmingayaute- to drag scraping on the ground# NS
kallugvik electric generator # Kuiggluum Kallugvia‘Kwethluk Electric Company’; < kalluk-vik
kalluk thunder and lightning; electricity # kallirtuq‘it is thundering and there is lightning’; kallirauq‘it is thundering repeatedly’; kalluum unugmi
kenurrangqercetevkalaraakut ‘electricity makes
it possible for us to have lights at night’; . . .
kalluum-llu kenra kenerpallaravkarluku nuniitni
tamalkuan, . . . and He let thunder and lightning
flash throughout their land, . . . (PSALM.
105:32); Amllermi akiillrulartuq kallugmek
uligmek atullerkaq thermostat-am quyilriami
uitaurallerkaani. ‘It’s a lot cheaper to use an

kalkiicaaq — kalungqa-

electric blanket than to set the thermostat [of ahouse’s heating system] at a high level.’ (GET
n.d.:6); kallugkun neqnek naaqissuun ‘sonarused for counting fish’ (Fish and Game neologism);> kallugvik; < PE katlu!
kallur- postural root; to gather # EGkalmaanaq, kalmainaq, kalmiinaq pocket# mikelnguum ekellrua tangviarrluk
kalmaanaminun ‘the child put the strip of seal fat
into his pocket’; Watua maa-i uum nalliini akinek
kalmaanarmiangqelartut, Ski-Doo-quluteng-llu
qagaani pissuraqluteng. ‘Nowadays people havemoney in their pockets and hunt out there using
Ski-Doos.’ (TAP 2004:31); from Russian rfhvƒy
(karmán); = kalemaanaq
kalme- to sprinkle out; to scatter a granular or
particulate substance # kalmuq ‘it is leaking
out’ as sugar leaking out of a sack / kalemtaa ‘heis dribbling it out’ as a person carrying a leaking
sugar-sack; = kanve-; cf. kaimekalngaguaq coltsfoot (Petasites frigida) # NUN;
< kalngag-uaq
kalngak bag made of reeds and used for carrying
fish; more generally, any knapsack # andkalngag- to carry something in a knapsack #kalngagtuq ‘he put on a knapsack’; kalngagaa‘he is carrying it in a knapsack’ / kalngani
can’giirnek imiraa muirluku ‘he put blackfish inhis bag, filling it up’; Aaniit ciuliluni kalngagluni
kalngapiamek. Mikellaq-wa kinguani kalngagluni
missuullermek, . . . ‘Their mother went firstcarrying a real backpack on her back. Mikellaq went
behind her carrying a burlap sack on her back, . . .’(ELN 1990:69); > kalngag-uaq; < PY kal&ak or
kal&aqkalpaassaq sailboat # from Russian ,fhrƒc (barkás)‘launch’; = palkaassaq
kal’tiissaaq lead pellet; shot # from Russian rfhn®xm(kartéch’); = kalkiicaaq, kal’ciissaaq
kaltuugaq (BB form), kal’tuugguaq (EG form),
kaltuuvvilaq potato # from Russian rfhn˙atkm(kartófel’); = kantuuvvilaq
kalug- completely empty # postural root; > kalugte-,
kalungqa-; cf. kalukaq2
kalugte- to empty completely # kalugtuq ‘it isemptied’; kalugtaa ‘he emptied it’ / < kalug-te2kalungqa- to be completely empty # kalungqauq ‘itis empty’ / < kalug-ngqa-

321

kalukaq1 — kama-Baseskalukaq1 feast; party; person who distributes
clothing or food in honor of his or her child’s
first catching game or picking berries # andkalukar- to feast; to have a party # formerly
a certain pre-Christian religious holiday or moregenerally, any such holiday; kalukartut ‘they arehaving a celebration’ / kalukautaa ‘they had acelebration for him’; Amlleret ta¥gken ak’akika
Qengarpagyaraq, Kegginaquryaraq, Curukaq,
Kalukaq, cat tua-i tamarmi, uksurpak tua-i
aturluku yaavet tua-i ikuqlitellratnun. ‘There
were, however, many festivals, such as theProboscis Festival, the Masked Dancing Festival,
the Challenge Festival, and the Holiday Festival.
These festivals were celebrated throughout the
winter until the end of the cycle.’ (TAP 2004:9);
Imkut-llu irniateng pitqerraarqata kalukarluteng.
Tuamtellu ineqsuyugluteng-gguq kalukarluteng,
nunanek kevgirluteng kelgiluteng. ‘When theirchildren caught their first animals they celebrated.
And they celebrated when they [the children]
did something that pleased them, sending forand inviting the whole village.’ (AGA 1996:112);
Qasgimun tuamtell’ kalukaquaqata apqaitnek
neqkanek, uksumi pituut. ‘In the winter they did
it; they brought food for the feast to the kashim.’(PAI 2008:120)
kalukaq2 large wooden storage bowl # NUN; Y;
from Aleut kalukax̂ (kalukaX); cf. kalugkalukaq3 halo around sun or moon # cf. kalukartekalukarte- to encircle; to encompass # kalukarrluku‘extending around it’; cf. kalukaq3, kassugkalurrar- to drag; pull behind # NSY, Y
kalukaryak rattle; toy # NUN
kalupak large wooden platter or container # NS
kal’utaq (Y, K form), kaluutaq (HBC, NI form) stickused in a hockey-like game # and kal’utar-,kaluutar- to play a hockey-like game #kal’utartut ‘they are playing hockey’; kal’utaraa‘he struck it (the ball)’ / Cikulraami cikunerrami
kal’tutatullruut makunek ikani line-arluteng.
Tua-i ingluita qerautessaagaqluku tuavet
ngelmun tekiutengnaqluku, uum wani uqilalriim
kalgaqaku allam cali kalgaqluku. . . . Muriit
akagenqegcarluki kal’utatullruukut wangkuta.
‘During early freeze-up people used to playhockey with these. There was a line on one sidewhich was a goal. The team would push and hit
it [the puck] trying to take it across to the goalline, while the opposing team tried to push it[back] fast. . . . We used to use a rounded pieceof wood [as a puck] when we played hockey.’(CIU 2005:312); > kal’utarcuun, kal’utaryaraq; cf.
ay’utaqkal’utarcuun hockey puck or hockey stick #Kal’utarcuutet waniwa angqat ukut wani.
. . . Muragmek waten ayuquralriamek
kal’utarcuuterluteng. ‘These round pucks wereused. . . . They used a wooden [hockey] stick when
they played hockey.’ (CIU 2005:312); < kal’utarcuun
kal’utaryaraq the hockey-like game # < kal’utaryaraq
kalvag- to lower (it) down; to go in, or out, of asemi-subterranean house through the tunnel
entrance # kalvagtuq (kalvagluni) ‘he went in,or out’ / kalvagtaa ‘he took it in, or out’; alsokalvagtuq (kalvaggluni) ‘he went in, or out’;
Ekualliita anelrarluni, kalvaggluku . . . , keneq
tegumiaqluku anluni tayima. ‘When it burst intoflame he headed out, taking the torch through thetunnel entrance . . . , and holding onto the torch
he went outside.’ (KIP 1997:297); < kalve-?-;> kalvaguaq, kalvagyaraq
kalvaguar- for there to be a gust of wind from above
where one is sheltered # NUN; < kalvag-uaq
kalvagyaraq, kalvagvik tunnel entrance to semisubterranean house or kashim # Nutaan
murilkenriagni amik ullallinia, taukut nakacuut
nanguani egtaqluki. Taukuk murilkenrilagni,
kalvagyaramun egtellinii, kinguatgun-llu anluni.
‘Then when they’d stopped watching him, hewent over to the doorway, tossing those bladders
he was playing with. Because they’d stopped
watching him he threw them [the bladders] into
the tunnel entrance and went out after them.’(YUU 1995:87); see Appendix 9 on parts of old-timehouse; < kalvag-yaraq, kalvag-vik
kalve- to go down # usually into the ground; kalvuq‘he went down’/ kalevtaa ‘he lowered it down;> kalevte-, kalvagyaraq, kalevyug-, kalvun; < PE
kal0v0(t)kalvun device to push things down or bring themup, such as a hook for lowering things into andbringing them up from an underground cache #< kalve-n
kama- emotional root; > kamake-, kamanaircar-,kamanarqe-, kamatar-, kamayug-; < PE kama-322

Baseskamake- to suspect; to be suspicious of (him); to besqueamish about (it) (additional NUN meaning);
to be awed by (NSU meaning) # kamakaa ‘heis suspicious of her’, ‘he is squeamish aboutit’, ‘he is awed by it’ / Camek-llu tua-i iliit
paqriciami, kamakluku tauna. ‘When one ofthem finds something missing he suspects
that person.’ (KIP 1998:39); kamakumalria ‘asuspect’ (legal neologism); tegustem apqaurutai
kamakumalriamun ‘interrogation’ (legal
neologism); < kama-ke4-; < PE kamak0- (under
PE kama-)kamanaircar- to act in a way so as to notcause suspicion # kamanaircartuq ‘heacted such as to allay suspicion’ / Tua-iam taum uaqliita nukalpiarata niicamiu
tamaani angyarkiuryarturniluku naugg’un
tayima nallunrilkengamikun tumyarakun
kamanaircarluni Qissunamun tevvliniluni. ‘And
so when the great hunter of that village below
them heard that he was going to go make a frame
for his boat in that area, he went to Qissunaq,
taking a route he knew would not cause muchsuspicion.’ (QUL 2003:638); < kama-naq-ir-carkamanarqe- to cause suspicion; to be repulsive(additional NUN meaning); to be awesome (NSU
meaning) # kamanarquq ‘it causes suspicion’, ‘it isrepulsive’, ‘it is awesome’ / < kama-narqekamatar- to be suspicious by nature; to be squeamish
by nature (additional NUN meaning); to tend to
be awed by things (NSU meaning) # kamatartuq‘he is suspicious by nature’, ‘he is squeamish bynature’, ‘he tends to be awed by things’; <kama-tar1kamayug- to feel suspicious; to feel squeamish(additional NUN meaning); to feel awed (NSU
meaning) # kamayugtuq ‘he feels suspicious’,’hefeels squeamish’, ‘he feels awed’ / < kama-yugkameg- root; > kamegciqaq, kameksak, kameksag-,kamguk, kamgug-; cf. kamil-; < PE kam0!
kamegciqaq hunting boot # Kamegciqat
pilugucuaraat. Nulirran uum angun tauna
piliarkauluku qecilingnaqellriignek-llu nutaan
nat’rarlukek. Tua-i makuni ayagassuutni
kass’artarni cangallrunricaaqut, ta¥gaam-gguq
uqiggetut. “Kamegciqat” (are) low-cut skin-boots.
A wife was expected to make a pair with thicksoles for her husband. They were as effective as
today’s factory-made hunting boots, but they

kamake- — kaminaaq

were light in weight.’ (CIU 2005:26); < kameg-?
kamegnaq sponge (sea creature); BB; (?); < ?-naq2;
cf. kemagnaq

kameksak ankle-high skin boot; house slipper;
mukluk # and kameksag- to put on boots# kameksagtuq ‘he put on his skin boots’;kameksagaa ‘he put skin boots on her’ /kameksaka ‘my skin boot’; kameksiigka‘my pair of skin boots’; Nerenriameng ellii
piinerkaminek aqvalluni piininqigglukek
kameksiigni piineni maqairucata, cali-llu aatami
kameksiik piininqigglukek. ‘After they ate, shefetched dried grass to put in the bottoms her
mukluks to serve as insoles because her old grass
insoles weren’t warm anymore, and she also put
new grass insoles in her father’s mukluks.’ (ELN
1990:58); UY, K, NI, BB, NR, LI, EG

kamguk knee-high or higher skin boot; mukluk# and kamgug- to put on boots # kamgugtuq‘he put on his skin boots’; kamgugaa ‘he put
skin boots on her’ / kamguka ‘my skin boot’;
kamguugka ‘my pair of skin boots’; Nulirrangguq kamginauraa nasiit tumarrluki, qavcinek
tayim’ pilallikii, makliignek-llu malrugnek
nat’rarluku. Qayutun-kiq tayima kamguuk taukuk
angtalartak. ‘His wife would make mukluks
for him out of sealskin; she used a number [ofsealskins], and for soles she used the skins of
two bearded seals. I really wonder how big thosemukluks were.’ (MAR1 2001:89); LY, NS;< kameg-?
kamil- root; > kamilar-, kamilqiir(ar)-; cf. kameg-

kamilar- barefoot # postural root; Cailkaq-gguq
kiarrluku piuq aqvaqullinilria maa-i kamilarmi
qasgim tungiinun. ‘When she looked at the
ground she saw that he had been running barefootin the direction of the kashim.’ (CIU 2005:322);> kamilangqa-, kamilarte-; < kamil-?kamilangqa- to be barefoot # kamilangqauq ‘he isbarefoot’ / < kamilar-ngqa-

kamilarte- to remove one’s footwear # kamilartuq‘he removed his shoes (or boots)’; kamilartaa ‘heremoved her shoes (or boots)’; < kamilar-te2kamilqiir(ar)- to be barefoot # kamilqii’rtuq ‘heis barefoot’ see introduction for this use of theapostrophe / NUN; < kamil- ?
kaminaaq stove for heating and cooking # from
Russian rfv∫y (kamín); = kaminiaq323

kaminiaq — kanaqlak

Baseskaminiaq stove for heating and cooking # in areas
where both this and pelit’aaq (another Russian loan
meaning stove) are used, kaminiaq is a heater, andpelit’aaq is a cook stove; Maurlumi-llu eniini
ellii Elnguq irr’iqapiggluni qaraliaralegmek
kaminiamek tuaten ayuqellriamek
tangerpaaluami. ‘And in her grandmother’shouse, she, Elnguq, was very much amazed at
the stove with its decorated metalwork because
it was the first time she’d seen one like that.
(ELN 1990:7); UY, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; from
Russian rfv∫y (kamín); = kaminaaq
kamipluk charcoal # = kangipluk; < ?-llukkamiss’enaaq magistrate # NUN, BB; from English‘commissioner’kamliikaq waterproof jacket used with kayak;
parka # LI, UK; from Russian rfvk®qrf(kamléyka)kampaassaq compass # from Russian r˙vgfc(kómpas), and/or English ‘compass’; =kangpaassaq
kan’a the one down there below, or toward the river# restricted demonstrative pronoun; kat’umek ‘fromthe one down there’; kankut ‘the ones down
there’; kacuuq ‘you, down there!’; Taqiucami
qalamciminek maaten piuq kan’a igta it’gainciukaraatni. ‘When she finished telling him
her story she saw that, down below her, wasa den right before her feet.’ (ELN 1990:51);
Caqerluni-llu Elngum murilkaa nanvam ilua,
kankut qaleqcuuget ukakaraagni-wa mermi
ungluungalnguq. ‘One time Elnguq observed the
middle of the lake and saw those, down there on
the water, loons and that there seemed to be a nestin the water on the side closest to them [Elnguq
and her sister].’ (ELN 1990:105); see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; cf. kanagaq, kanaknak; < PE dem.
kan- or ka9kanag- root; > kanagaq, kanagyaaq, kanagtu-,
kanagkite-, kanagyaaq; cf. kanani
kanagkite- to have short legs # kanagkituq ‘he has
short legs’ / < kanag-kite2kanagtu- to have long legs # kanagtuuq ‘he haslong legs’ / Uqilalliniluni tua pekqura’arqami
kanagtuami. ‘He would go very fast whenever hewalked around because he had long legs.’ (QUL
2003:200)
kanagaq leg; lower limb; lower part; post of cache# levaam kanagaa navegtuq ‘the lower partof the motor broke’; Elatiini taun’ mayurrvik
imna kanagalek — iciw’ imkut unani elagyat
kanagarluteng qertuluteng . . . ‘Next to it thatelevated cache with posts — you know, one ofthose caches on high posts . . .’ (QAN 2005:104);< kanag-aq1
kanagartuli caribou # literally: ‘one with long legs’;< kanagaq-tuli
kanagyaaq tibia, shinbone # K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC;
< kanag-?
kanakiir- to parboil blackfish # (?)
kanaknak, kanaknaq, kanaqneq west #Nunautseng nengciiqaat negetmun, ungalatmun,
calaratmun, kanaknatmun-llu. ‘They will extend
their territory toward the north, toward thesouth, toward the east, and toward the west.’(AYA. 28:14) cf. kan’a; < PE kanakna3
kanangllugte- to be bent over with headhung down in sadness; to pout unhappily# kanangllugtuq ‘he pouted unhappily’ /Aren, tuaten-gguq imna qanrucani angulluaq
tauna pucikaurlurluni kanangllugqaarluni
qanenqigtevkenani anlliniluni. ‘Well, when hesaid that to the old man, the old man hung hishead down, and after pouting with his head sunk,
said no more, and went out.’ (QUL 2003:654);< kanar2-ngllukkana(ni) down there (below or toward the water)# restricted demonstrative adverb; kanani angyaq
kicaumauq ‘the boat is anchored down there’;kanavet ‘to down there’; kanatmun ‘toward
down there’; kanaken ‘from down there’;kanavirtuq ‘he went down there’; kana’antuq ‘itis down there’; Wangkugni waten quyinrulunillu ayuqeciquq, una-llu tungiikun, aciqsinruluni,
wiinga-ll’ kana’anllua. ‘He was higher (in status)
than the two of us, and this person was next,
being lower, and I was at the bottom.’ (TAP
2004:97); see kan’a, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PEdem. kan- or ka9kanangqa- to be bent forward # kanangqauq ‘it isbent forward’ / < kanar2-ngqakanaqlak muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus); muskrat
parka (when used in plural) # and kanaqlag- to
put on or wear a muskrat parka # kanaqlagtuq‘he put on a muskrat parka’ / kanaqliit‘muskrats’; kanaqlalek ‘one with a muskrat
parka’; kanaqliinka ‘my muskrat parka’; Iciw’

324Baseskanaqliq — kaneq

kanar(ar)- to sleep; to be falling asleep # kana’artuq‘he is sleeping’ / kana’aryugtua ‘I am sleepy’;< kanar2-; cf. kanaraq; < PY kana3a3- (under PE
kana3-)
kanarcete- to have the bow too far down in thewater # of a boat; kanarcetuq ‘its bow is down’ /< kanar2-cete2kanari- to die in one’s (deep) sleep # kanariuq ‘hedied in his sleep’ / CAN; < kanaraq-i3kanartaq fish hung up to dry; old salmon, hung up
to dry # LI, EG; < kanarte-aq1
kanarte-1 to bend forward # kanartuq ‘he bent
forward’; kanartaa ‘he bent it forward’ / . . .
tekicamiu nuggluku tua-i kanarrluku ellii-llu
miryaraluni mermek . . . ‘. . . when he reached
her he pulled her up and tipped her body with herhead lower than the rest of it and she vomited thewater [she’d swallowed] . . .’ (ELN 1990:27);< kanar-te2kanarte-2 to be tall; to hang # (?); EG
kanaryaraq path or route down to water # < kanar1yaraq
kanauma- to come out at water below # Maaten
asgurluni piuq pulayararpallraat pingkut
kanaumaluteng kuigmun. ‘On going upriver heobserved a path through the brush back there
coming out at the river.’ (GRA 1901:288); <kanar1-makanaute- to assist someone in peril # (?)

maa-i qaleqcuuget kanaqlagtaicuilnguq nuniit.
‘You know, an area with grebes never is without
muskrats.’ (AGA 1996:220); cf. kanar1-, kanar2-

kanaqliq raincoat # EG

Kanaqnaq Kanaknak # village site near Dillingham;
cf. kanar1-

kanaquagaq stinkweed; artemisia (Artemisia tilesii
elatior) # (?)

kanar-1 to come down to or toward water; to emerge
from the brush to the water # kanartuq ‘he came
down’; kanaraa ‘he came down at it’ / Tua-i-ll’
taquakek taukut nangengluteng, waniw’ tua-i
kuigmun tamaavet kanarlutek, nangneruaraat
tua-i atakutaqevkarluki taumun nayagaminun.
‘Then their2 provisions that they’d taken alongstarted to run out, and then when they came
down to the river he had his younger sister eat
what little was left for supper.’ (QUL 2003:362);
Kanani-gguq waten pengurpallraam aciani
can’get waten elivumalriit maavet tua-i kuigmun
kanaumaut iquit. ‘It was said there were areas offlattened grass at the bottom of a big hill with theends of the grass going down to the river.’ (QUL
2003:204); > kanaryaraq; cf. kan’a, kanaqlak,
Kanaqnaq, kanar2kanar-2 bent forward # postural root; > kanangqa-,
kanarte-, kanangllugte-, kanar(ar)-, kanarcete-,kanari-, kanartaq; cf. kanar1-; < PE kana3-

kanar-3 to survive famine #kanar-4 to talk about; to mention # Tauna-ll’ imna
qetunraa kanarluku, tuqutevkapigainallra elliinek
nunullrani. ‘He even mentioned his son, for truly
he was the one who made him kill himself, when
he scolded him,’ (QUL 2003:536)

Kanayuq* Sugpiaq; Kenai-area Athabascan; Lake
Illiamna Athabascan # BB; = Kenayuk, Kenaayuq
kanayurnaq loche; burbot (Lota lota) # NSU; from
Inupiaq kanayuq ‘sculpin, bullhead’ and postbase-naq2; < PE kanayu(3)kaneq frost # and kaner- to be frosted # kanertuq
or kanraa ‘it is frosted’ / Pagna nem qulii
kanerpangaqan, keneq kumarrluku urugciraqluku,
aklut elaturramun anulluki. ‘Whenever theceiling of the house got lots of frost, they’d lighta fire to thaw it out after taking the clothes andbedding out to the porch.’ (YUU 1995:27); Tuanigguq tangrraa atkugluni allayugnek, tuarpiaqgguq atkuin melqurri kanqai. ‘When he saw her
then she was wearing a different kind of parka;
it was like the fur of the parka was frosted.’ (YUU
1995:106); > Kanruyauciq; PE kan03

kanaraq any one of the five days after a death
during which time a soul descends to theafterworld and the bereaved abstain fromcertain activities # Tamaani tamaa-i kanaranek
qantullrulriit, yuk taun’ tuquaqan, kanarat-gguq
naacirturluki erenret talliman unuut-llu talliman.
Nunat taukut, nunat yui tamarmeng tua-iyagluteng tua caskulluarqe™gaunateng,. . . ‘They would say, about the days of mourning,that whenever a person died, people would go
through the five days and nights of mourning.
The village, all the village’s people, would fast
and abstain from doing things and not use tools.’(ELL 1997:36); cf. kanar(ar)-325

kanevcir- — kangilngaq

Baseskanevcir- to have tiny ice crystals in it # of the air;impersonal subject; kanevcirtuq ‘there are ice
crystals in the air’ / < kanve-?-ir1kanevlarte- to shake clothing, etc.; to remove debris;to sprinkle # kanevlartuq ‘it sprinkled out’;
kanevlartai ‘he shook them to remove debris’ /< kanve-?kanevneq sprinkling of things as at the bottom of analmost empty container # . . . uluanek ta¥gaam
ircaqurranek-llu uqamairissaagarpek’naku
issratni kanevniqerluku cukangnaqluni
uterteqataami. ‘. . . he only filled the very bottom of
his backpack with its tongue and its heart since
he was going home in a rush.’ (QUL 2003:150);< kanve-neq1
kanevvluk light snow or rain # < kanve-rrluk
kangaciqaq, kangciqaq pole stuck into the groundin the men’s communal house during the
Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder Feast”) with wild celery
tied to its tip, just before the bladders are put
under the ice # = kagaciqaq
kangar- to walk around # kangartuq ‘he is walking
around’ / Unugaqan-gguq kangaraqelria
ellami net amiigit qanikcarcecuunaki, elakatllu cikuvkayuunaki. ‘Every night he’d walkaround outside keeping doorways free of snow
and water holes free of ice.’ (YUP 2005:184); =kanguarkangciq side wall of sod house # > kangciraq; < PE
ka&ci3
kangciraq tarpaulin; sled sheet; mat paneling in sod
house # ‘Tua-i-ll’ qaill’ pillerkailami, imumek
waten net kangcirangqetullruameng tupiganek,
mat’um maani acim kelua pakigluku elalliniluku
man’a nem, kangcirat amatiit, ellinguaqaqluku
tua-i. ‘So then, because she didn’t know what she
ought to do, since those sod houses used to havegrass mats for paneling, she drew it back here
behind the bed and began to dig a grave in thehouse behind the mat paneling, measuring him
occasionally.’ (ELL 1997:82); < kangciq-aq3
kangeq top of mountain, tree, house, skin boot, etc.;
summit; top part; crown (top) of the head(additional NUN meaning) # Meq ulngiinartuq
ingrit patuluki, ingrit kangritnek et’utaluni
it’ganernek yuinaq tallimanek cipluku. ‘The
water rose covering the mountains, and at thetops of the mountains it was twenty-five feetdeep.’ (AYAG 8:20); Taukut-llu kituamegteki

qemirraq mayurluku kangranun piameng maaten
ellii piuq nunanirnaqluni tangellra avavirpak.
‘When they passed them they climbed a little
hill and when she reached its top she observed
the world stretching away in the distance, a joy
to behold.’ (ELN 1990:35); > kangkupaguaq; cf.
kangkuussitaq, kangquq, kangtu-; < PE ka&03
kangiitur- to inquire deeply about (him) or of(him); # kangiituraa ‘he is inquiring aboutit, or of him’ / kangiituriuq ‘he is making
inquiries’; Aren, tua-i kangiitunga’artellinia-am
uilingiatamek taumek nantellranek. ‘Well, hecuriously started asking questions of her about
where that spinster lived.’ (QUL 2003:236);
Maa-i apyutengqerrucimte÷ek pilaqaitkut
kangiitullerkarput pitekluku caucianek. ‘Now theyask us whether we have questions for the sake of
our wishing to inquire about what something is, ormeans.’ (YUP 2005:58); Una cali yuut cayaitnek
kangiiturilriarullruuq igautekluki-llu cayaraita
ilait. ‘He also was a person who made inquiries
about Yup’ik ways and wrote about some of theircustoms.’ (CAU 1985:10); < kangiq-ite1-urkangiiyug- to be curious about the principle behindsomething; to want to find out (it) # Ta¥ga-i
kangiiyugturallinia nateqvaqapiar etellranek.
‘Being curious about it he wanted to find out about
its exact location.’ (WOR 2007:114); NUN;
< kangiq-?kangilir- to explain the meaning or reason behindsomething; to provide with a (new) start; torename in order to cure # if a person has become
ill after someone else has died, he might be given
the name of the dead person in an effort to curehim; a ritual is followed involving sprinklingwith water and giving a small piece of food tothe person being named, and saying a particularritualistic sentence to him; kangilirtuq ‘he has
been given a new name’; kangiliraa ‘he gave
him a new name’; ‘he explained the meaning
behind something to him’ / Tua-llu tuaten tua
kangilirnauraat, pingnatungekan elluarrluku
pingnatuusqumaluku cingumaluku. Tuarpiaq
agayulluku. ‘And then they would explain to
him the meaning behind (what he was being told
to do), saying that they are wishing him the bestwhen he starts making his own living. It was likepraying for him.’ (QUL 2003:330); < kangiq-lirkangilngaq fox # EG; from Sugpiaq kangilngaq

326

Baseskangilquq humerus; upper arm bone # BB; <kangiq-quq
kanginge- to discover or find out the principle
behind something; to understand # kanginguq‘he found out’ / nutaan wiinga kangingua ‘I justnow found out’; the following are legal neologisms:
arenqiallugun kangingnaurluku ‘investigation’;kangingnaurluku qaillun tuqullrucia ‘autopsy’,literally: ‘discovering how he died’; qaillun

kangilquq — kangirci-

kamipluk; < ?-lluk, ?-neq1; cf. kangiq
kangiq meaning; principle; source; headwaters ofriver; beginning # nalluaqa aperyaram kangia ‘I
don’t know the meaning of the word’; kuigem
kangia nanvarpauguq ‘the source of the river isa big lake’; Tua-i waten qaralingqerrsauruyutiita
kangia qanemcikerluku cangailngatuq. ‘I think
it is okay to tell you the reason why they started
to use these decorations.’ (CIU 2005:214);
Cam iliini qamaken kuimegnuk kangianek cat
makut muragat atertelaqai ciqsanret, tua-inallunailngurmek qamna yugtangqelaryaaquq
kuimegnuk kangia. ‘In as much as sometimes
these finished or semi-finished pieces of wood
drift down from the upper part of our2 river, theupper part of our2 river surely has people.’ (QUL
2003:288); > kangilir-, kangilquq, kanginge-,
kangiqaq, kangiqiugneq, kangiqsigi-, kangiqutaq,
kangiraq, kangirci-, Kangirnaq, kangirrluk,
kangiun, kangiiyug-; cf. kangipluk; < PE ka&i3
kangiqaq strait of water; bay; reindeer corral #< kangiq-qaq
kangiqiugneq cave in sea ice # < kangiq-?
kangiqsigi- to come nearer # kangiqsigiuq ‘it iscoming nearer’; kangiqsigia ‘he is coming nearer
to it’ / < kangiq-qsigikangiqutaq bay; inlet # especially when part of a lake;< kangiq-kutaq
kangiralek square five-gallon gas can # <kangiraq-lek
kangiraq corner; quarter # kangirami aqumgauq ‘heis sitting in the corner’; Carraqapiarmek waniwa
tua-i qanaagurtukuk. Tuarpiaq kangirarraanek
ilangaruarrlunuk. Waniwa tamak’acagaan
qanemcikekumegnegu allrakurcarngatukuk
iquklipailemegnegu cali. ‘We are telling just alittle about it. Just like taking a small corner of it.
If we related all the things about it, it probably
would take us a whole year to tell it.’ (TAP
2004:1); < kangiq-aq3; > kangiraraq, kangircir-,kangirissuun, kangirenqegg-, kangiraulek; < PE
ka&i3a3 (under PE ka&i3)
kangiraraq four in playing cards # NUN
kangiraulek barge # BB; < kangiraq-?-lek
kangirci- to understand; to rename in order tocure # kangirciuq ‘he understands’; ‘he gave
someone the name of the deceased’ in order tocure him; kangircia ‘he understands it’; ‘he gave
her the name of the deceased’ / kangircitaa ‘hetuqumalriim tuqullran kangingengnaqellria‘coroner’s inquest’; kangingnaurista
tuqumalrianek ‘coroner’; < kangiq-nge-; >kangingutet, kangingnaurtet, kangingnaurutet,
kangingutet, kangingyugkangingnaurta jury; juror # kangingnaurtet
tukninrit ‘grand jury’; < kanginge-naur-ta1-plural
kangingnaurutet science # Elicukapigtelartuq-llu
kangingnaurutetni, cali tuani cetkegciluni. ‘He is
motivated to learn in science and also has good
grades there.’ (YUP 2002:45); < kanginge-nuar-nkangingqerr- to have (the, a) meaning #kangingqertuq ‘it has meaning’ / una
Kuigpagmiut qaneryaraat “teggmaarrluk”
kangingqertuq iqallugmek Kusquqvagmiucetun‘this Yukon word “teggmaarluk” has the meaning
chum salmon in the Kuskokwim dialect’; Imkut
piciatun elpece÷i pingaleng’ermeng kangingqertut. . . ‘Those [dance motions], even though they
appear random to you, have meaning . . .’ (QUL
2003:356); < kangiq-ngqerrkangingutet philosophy # < kanginge-n-plural
kangingyug- to inquire about the reason behindsomething; to become ill after someone has
died # the person who became ill is said to want toacquire the name of the deceased; kangingyugtuq‘he became ill when someone close or dear died’;‘he wants to understand’ / Calriit tangrraarluni
uluqaunrit’lartat? Waniw’ kangingyugtua. ‘Just
what is there about those people that one cannot
turn away from after seeing them? I want tounderstand this.’ (CIU 2005:174); <kanginge-yugkangipluk, kangipneq charcoal # Umyuangengluni
taringerrlugluni. Tauna tua-i qantaq,
kangiplugnek, arallermek, kangiplugnek avukluki,
utaqanerrlugtelliniluku tua-i caqerluni atakumi.
‘She more or less figured out what was goingon. So she mixed charcoal and ashes in the bowl
and waited for him one night.’ (ELL 1997:270); =327

kangircir- — kantiluq

Baseskangpaniskaq a young child just starting to play inthe “Lapp game”, a baseball-like game # probably
introduced by Saami (Lapp) reindeer herders; HBC;
perhaps from English ‘company’ or ‘accompany’; cf.
kap’aniskaq
kangqiiq ptarmigan (Lagopus sp.) # = qangqiiq;< ?-iqkangquq pussy-willow catkin # < kangeq-quq;< PY-S ka&quq (under PE ka&03)
kangtu- to be wide # < ?-tu-; cf. kangeq
kanguar- to walk around# EG; = kangarkanguq snow goose; white goose (Chen caerulescens)# Kangurculallruukut, kiugkut qertulriit
Maklagtulim paingan kiakaraani kangut
uitaviketullruit. ‘We used to hunt snow geese; thesnow geese stayed in those high places inland alittle up from the mouth of Maklagtuli River.’(KIP 1998:269); > kanguruaq; cf. kangniq; < PEka&u3
kanguruaq, kanguyagaq* (LI form) McKay’sbunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus); snow bunting(Plectrophenax nivalis); northern shrike (Lanius
excubitor) # Aren, taurluum imum eriniikun
elitaqngamiur kanguruaq pakemnia qallriani . . .
well, that poor thing recognized the snow bunting
up there by its chirping . . .’ (QUL 2003:388);< kanguq-uaq
kankiiq, kankiitaq ice skate # and kankiir- to iceskate # kankiirtuq ‘he is ice-skating’ / kankiik‘pair of ice skates’ or ‘his ice skates’; Tua-i-ll’
nutaan cingirluki wangkuta kankiingnaqluta
nanvami piani. Eligartellemni kankiirumalalrianga
tua-i. Unuakum-ll’ tua-i assi’irqan ella maklua
kankiiryarturaqlua, kankiirumaaqlua tua-i. ‘And so
we tied the laces and tried to skate on the lakeback there. When I learned how, I skated all thetime. In the mornings if the weather was good,
I’d get up and go skating; I skated constantly.’ (KIP
1998:109); from Russian rjymr∫ (kon’kí)kanngurte- to be very fortunate; to be very lucky #kanngurtuq ‘he’s very fortunate’ / HBC
Kanruyauciq January; February # see Appendix 7 on
the Yup’ik calendar; < kaner-u-yar-ciq
kantalaq jail # and kantalar- to jail (him) #kantalaumauq ‘he is in jail’; BB, EG; from Russian
rfylfkß (kandalý) ‘shackles’
kantalarista policeman # BB; < kantalar-i2-ta
kantiluq cap with visor # BB; from Russian rjylßhm(kondýr’)caused her to understand, explained to her’;kangircitai tan’gaurluut atiita tumkaatnek‘their father explained to the boys what route
they would take’; Aptaqani qanrutaqani taum
taugaam tua-i kangirciaqluku. Wangkuta avatiini
kegginquilngurni kangircisuunaku. ‘Wheneverit asked him a question, whenever it talked tohim, he was the only one who understood it.
Those of us that weren’t wearing masks couldn’t
understand it.’ (AGA 1996:59); < kangiq-ci-; cf.
kangirqe-; < PE ka&i3ci- (under PE ka&i3)
kangircir- to put up a post for (it) # NUN
kangirenqegg-, kangiritateqe- to be square #kangirenqegtuq ‘it is square’ / < kangiraqnqegg-, kangiraq-li2-ta2-teqe-; > kangirenqellria
kangirenqellria a square # < kangirenqegg-lria
kangirissuun carpenter’s square. < kangiraq-li2cuun
Kangirnaq Kongiganek # village at the mouth of theKuskokwim River; < kangiq-naq2
kangirqe- to give an answer to a question; toexplain the principle behind something # NUN;
cf. kangircirkangirrluk strait of water; bay # Y; < kangiq-rrluk;< PE ka&i3@u! (under PE ka&i3)
kangirta stake for tying a dog # NUN
kangitneq dog salmon; chum salmon (Oncorhynchusketa); specifically, old dog salmon after spawning
for some speakers # Amiragkiuraqameng
apeqmeggnek piluguuluki tua-i. Nat’rirluki-llu
kangitnernek imkunek qecilinritnek, iqallugnek
pilalliaci tamakut. ‘When they worked onwaterproof fish-skin boots, they soled them withthick skin of old chum salmon (“kangitneq”), fish
which you perhaps refer to as “iqalluk”.’ (CIU
2006:142); LY, NI, CAN, LK, BB
kangiun harness snap # < kangiq-n
kangivari- to roll up one’s sleeves # NUN
kangkupaguaq paddle handle grip # K; < kangeqqupak-uaq
kangkuussitaq pompon # cf. kangeq
kangniq one-year-old goose # (?); NI; cf. kanguq
kangpaassaq compass # . . . natmun qaviirtellra
nalluarkauvkenaku iqalluguakun. Kangpaassanek
piitlermeggni. ‘. . . they would know where toturn by the [direction of a] snowdrift. That’s
when they lacked compasses.’ (KIP 1998:195); from
Russian r˙vgfc (kómpas), or English ‘compass’; =kampaassaq

328

Baseskantiq candy # from English
kantuuvvilaq potato # Ataucimek-llu saskam
imaanek paraluruamek ilaluku, pingayunek-llu,
qeltairumalrianek ingqimalrianek kantuuvvilanek.
‘Add one cup filled with rice, and three peeled
diced potatoes.’ (YUU 1995:62); from Russianrfhn˙atkm (kartófel’); = kaltuugaq
kanuuquq sharpened stake used in pairs to holdlarge dipnets in place open under the water
when fishing for tomcods #kanuyaq copper # < ?-yaq; < PE kannuya3
kanve- to sprinkle out; to scatter a granular or
particulate substance # kanvuq ‘it sprinkled
or poured out’; kanevtaa ‘he sprinkled it’ /Tau-i-llu kanevvlukek carangllugnek taukuk
ayuqucirturluku Elnguq civtellregni kapkaanaak
qalarrluni alaicessiyaagqata cangyuit’larniluki.
‘Then he demonstrated to her how to sprinkle
grass, leaves and twigs over it, and while Elnguq
set the trap he told her that if they are too visible
the traps won’t catch anything.’ (ELN 1990:52);= kalme-; > kanevlarte-, kanevcir-, kanevvluk
kanvviitaq candy # Qalemaq, pelatuugmek
qaralililriamek pillinikii, Mikellaq-llu
nuyuurutnek, Turpak-llu aliimakaraagnek,
Irr’aq-llu suukiignek, ellii-llu
qerrullikegtaaraagnek pataaskalgegnek, cali-llu
tamalkuita kanvviitanek pilliniluki, angret-wa.
‘To Qalemaq she sent a decorated scarf, and to
Mikellaq a hairbrush, and to Turpak little gloves,and to Irr’aq socks, and to her new pants withsuspenders, and to all of them she sent candy
and chewing gum.’ (ELN 1990:56); from Russianrjya®nf (konféta)
kap’aniskaq store; storekeeper # NSU; from Russianrjvgƒybz (kompániya) or English ‘company’; cf.
kangpaniskaq
kapatak small bullhead (species ?) # BB
kapciliaq, kapcilaq empty cartridge # from Russian
rƒgc/km (kápsyul) ‘percussion cap’
kapciq (NS, LY, NUN form), kapeciq (NSU form)
scale of fish # = capciq; < PE kap0ci3
kape- to stab: to poke in; to inoculate with ahypodermic needle # kap’uq ‘it got stabbed’;kapaa ‘he stabbed it’ / kaputaa murak nunamun‘he poked the stick into the ground’; iinriurta
mikelngurnek kapuriuq ‘the nurse is giving thechildren shots’; kapsaqunii! ‘don’t poke (stab)me!’; Neq’lillinian neqnek tua-i murak cingigluku

kantiq — kapia-

kapsuucirlun’ kapluki tegularninguaryaaqluki
neqkani. ‘She would tell her that since there
were plenty of fish, she would get a piece ofwood, sharpen its end, and spear fish for her
food.’ (QUL 2003:74); > kap’issuun, kap’liqe- ,kapqallruar(aq), kapqerraarta, kapsuli, kapsuun,
kapuckaq, kapun, kaputaq, kapur-; < PE kap0kapeg- root; > kapegcug-, kapegliqe-, kapgite, kapiakapegcug- to be short of something (food,breath), and feel dread for that reason #. . . alerquanaurait ayagastekait ta¥gaam
waten neqmek kapegcungaqata arcaqakurluki
pilaasqelluki. ‘. . . they used to advise them to
put those who were out traveling first even if
they (themselves) were anxious about a shortage offood.’ (QUL 2003:192); < kapeg-?-; > kapegcugna,
kapegcugnarqe-, kapegcugniur-, kapegcugyug-,kapegcugtar-, kapegcuke-; < PY kap0!cu!kapegcugnarqe- to be dreadful; to be anxiety
provoking # kapegcugnarquq ‘it is dreadful’ /< kepegcug2-narqekapegcugyug- to dread something; to be very
anxious # kapegcugyugtuq ‘he dreads
something’ / < kapegcug2-yugkapegcugtar- to be anxious by nature #kapegcugtartuq ‘he is anxious by nature’ /< kapegcug2-tar1kapegcuke- to dread (it); to be very anxious andconcerned over (it, especially shortage of food) /kapegcukaa ‘he dreads it, is very anxious over it’;Tamaani-llu tungelqurritnek nuliangevkalallruit.
Aipait qaillun pikata kapegcukesqelluki. ‘At thattime they had to get wives from amongst theirrelatives. In case anything should happen tothem their spouses would be more concerned about
them.’ (YUU 1995:28); < kapegcug2-ke2kapegcugna, kapegcugnarpiit-lli exclamation ofdread # < kapegcug2-na1, kapegcug2-naq1-rpakplural-lli
kapegcugniur- to dread something that one feels is
inevitable # kapegcugniurtuq ‘he is in a state ofgreat anxiety’ / < kapegcug-niurkapegliqe- to have asthma # kapegliqsaraq asthma;< kapeg-liqe2
kapgite-, kapgete- to be narrow # kapgituq ‘it isnarrow’ / < kapeg-ite1kapia- to be in great need; to be in desperatestraits; to feel apprehensive; to panic; to be very329

kapilaq — kaputaq

Basespersistent or insistent due to desperation; tocomplain loudly # kapiaguq ‘he is in great need,he’s panicky’ / Waten ta¥gken, tamakut aninit
nengllirturassiyaagaqan, kuiget imairaqaki,ta¥g’ neqkameng kapiagaqukut ta¥g’ cakneq
tamaani. ‘Now, when the weather was too cold
for too long the rivers dried up down to were
the blackfish spent the winter, and we got very
worried about our food supply.’ (CEV 1984:37);
Aren tauna angun kapiallalliniuq nangerrluni
tuaten. “Pivkenak pii tunqatarqa!” ‘Oh dear,that man suddenly panicked and stood up.
“Don’t do that: I’m going to give it to him!”’(ELL 1997:58); Aren, tua-i ikircesqe™graaku
kapiangraan ikirtevkenaku uitayaaqlutek. ‘Oh,even though he told them to open it, even though
he desperately insisted, they stayed put and didn’t
open it.’ (QUL 2003:366); < kapeg-akapilaq sled stanchion # upright support; see
Appendix 9 on parts of the sled
kap’issuun implement for piercing patients during
traditional medical treatment; hypodermic
needle; poker; drill # < kape-i2-cuun
kap’itainaq captain # Tua-llu kap’itainam yaaken
eniinek, kass’aq tailuni kalikaq kalmaanamnun
qemaggluku elucira’arluni, qayakun yaavet
sun’amun kalikiurcetqatalliniatnga. ‘And fromthe captain’s cabin a white man came over andput a piece of paper in my pocket motioning tome that I should convey the paper to the shipover there by kayak.’ (KIP 1998:17); < from English‘captain’kapit’aq gut rain parka # NSU; from Inupiaq kapitak,
kapitaqkapkaanaq, kapkainaq steel animal trap # andkapkaanar-, kapkainar- to catch or get caught ina trap # kapkaanartuq ‘it got caught in a trap’;kapkaanaraa ‘he caught it in a trap’ / tertuli
kapkaanalliniuq ‘the lynx got caught in the trap’;kaviarmek kapkaanaq’nguq ‘he caught a fox in a
trap’; also dual for one trap: Tuc’akek aitaqerrlutek
taukuk kapkaanaak. ‘When she stepped on it thetrap sprang open.’ (ELN 1990:51); Qanikcaq-llu
una qanikciurluku painga, qanikciuqerraarlukullu kapkainaak ellilukek. ‘He’d shovel the snow
onto its [the den’s] opening and after shovelingthe snow he’d place the trap.’ (CIU 2005:150);
from Russian rfgrƒy (kapkán)
kapkaanir-, kapkainir- to set a trap # kapkaanirtuq‘he set a trap’ / < kapkaanaq-ir1kap’liqe- to have a stabbing pain; to have a sharp,
sudden pains. kap’liquq ‘he’s having sharp
sudden pains’ / HBC; < kape-liqekapqallruar(aq*) period (in a sentence) # < kapeqar-llruar(aq)kapqerraarta the first dancer who comes into themen’s communal house bringing in gifts wheninvited in during the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”)# this was the person who had the most gifts to give;
CAN; < kape-qar-rraar-ta1
kapsuli insect similar to a mayfly (species ?) #< kape-yuli
kapsuun hypodermic needle; pew (tool) forhandling fish; poking or stabbing device; fork
(additional Y meaning) # < kape-cuun
kapuckaq stick with sharp point at end used
in a traditional Yup’ik game somewhat likemumblety-peg # and kapuckar- to penetrate
into something getting stuck there # Aavcaat. . . imkut cingilecuarluteng culucuayaarlutengllu, imumek-llu waten egeskuneng ikavet
kapuckarluteng qacarnermun. ‘Darts . . . those one
with little points and little feathers, which whenthrown get stuck in the wall across there.’ (QAN
1994:276); Kapuckat pilimalartut muraggarnek
ussukcanek nuugluteng. ‘The mumblety-peg sticks
are made of small pieces of wood with sharpened
nails at their tip.’ (KAP 1998:1); also calledkalackiiq; < kape-?-; > kapuckaryaraq
kapuckaryaraq a traditional Yup’ik gamesomewhat like mumblety-peg # Kapuckaryaraqnaanguarutnguuq elicungcautnguluni
pitaarturyaramek cali-llu umyuaqiyaramek catekilluku kapuckaq kaputellrunrilucini. ‘Yup’ik
mumblety-peg is a game where one learns to taketurns and to plan concerning where the stickwith the sharp point ought not to land.’ (KAP
1998:1); < kapuckar-yaraq
kapugar- to be irascible # (?); Ykapun spear point; hypodermic needle; inoculation;
multipronged fish spear (NUN meaning) # alsoplural for one spear; < kape-n
kapur- to poke or stab repeatedly # < kape-ur-;> kapuyanarqekaputaq, kapuutaq poker; drill; awl; # kaputacuar
or kaputalqaar ‘small poker, drill or awl’< kapetaq1, kapur-taq1

330Baseskapuukar(aq*), kapuun buttercup (Ranunculus sp.)# the plant is used in making soup; kapuukarcuun‘tool used to gather this plant from lakes’; <kapur-n-karaq1, ?-nkapuukar(aq*) — kass’amirte-

mikelnguq, alingyaqunak.” ‘Thereafter hetouched her private parts (literally: that whichcauses shame), (and said) “Through here a childwill come out, don’t be afraid.”’ (MAR2 2001:98);= kayngunarqe-; < kasngu-narqekasnguyug- to be ashamed; to be embarrassed #kasnguyugtuq ‘he is ashamed, embarrassed’/ Kiartaa-gguq melqut makut. Eglertuq tua-i.
“Yuugua-ggem wanirpak. Kasnguyugpakaama
yuilqumi uitanalua piunga.” ‘He looked and saw
this fur (on him). He went on. “I was a humanjust now. I am so ashamed; I should be staying in
the wilderness.”’ (AGA 1996:42); = kaynguyug-;< kasngu-yug-; > kasnguyukekasruq birch-bark # = qasruq, qayruq; < PE qa93u3
kassaakaq white man; Caucasian # Maa-illu-wa ellarrlilaryaaqekai mat’um nalliini,
ellam, mat’um taugaam maa-i kassaakartaam
ikayulangacateng yuut kaingermeng imumicetun
pinanrilriit. ‘Now at this time, even if a spell ofvery bad weather comes upon them, because
store-bought food (literally: ‘things of the whiteman’) begins to help them, even though people
get hungry they do not experience what they did
long ago.’ (CIU 2005:320); NR, LI, EG, some BB;< kass’aq-? or from Russian source related to that ofkass’aq
Kass’alugpiaq, Kassaakalugpiaq (EG form)
Russian; by extension, member of the Russian
Orthodox Church (including Native members) #literally: ‘original white person’; Niitelallruunga
kass’alugpiartarnek tamakunek cuyanek. Tamaani
Kass’alugpiat maani Alaska-mi pillratni, . . . ‘I
used to hear that tobacco was of Russian origin.
Back then when there were Russians here in
Alaska, . . .’ (KIP 1998:279); Kass’alugpiat calillu Kass’alugpiarunrilngermeng ilagautetuutS’laavilrianun January-mi. ‘Russian Orthodox joinwith those who are not Orthodox in celebrating
Russian Orthodox Christmas in January.’ (YUP
1996:55); < kass’aq-lugpiaq; > kass’alupiartaq
kass’alugpiartaq Russian Orthodox prayer book;other Russian Orthodox item; any Russian item #< kass’alugpiaq-taq2
kass’amirte-, kass’akci- (HBC form), kass’ilugte(HBC form) to act like a white person # a derisive
description applied to a Yup’ik trying to act like awhite person; kass’amirtuq ‘he acts like a white
person’ / < kass’aq-mirte-, kass’aq-?, kass’aq-?

kapuyanarqe- to be covered with spikes or thorns #< kapur-?-narqekasme- to poke; to push # kasmuq ‘he is pushing’;kasmaa ‘he is pushing it’ / Angayuqaagketwa-gguq ekumauralriik . . . irniagkenka-llu
kasemlukek taukuk ikamrak. ‘Their parents were
inside . . . while the children pushed their sled.’(YUP 2005:148); = kayme-, kayime-; > kasmilria,
kasmurrar(ar)-, kasmurun; cf. kasvun; < PE
kay0m0(t)-kasmilria the last dancer who comes into the men’scommunal house and brings in lots of gifts wheninvited in during the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”)# CAN, NI, Y; < kasme-i2-lria

kasmurrar-, kasmurrar(ar)- to push a sled without
using dogs to pull it; to help dogs pull a sled bypushing it # kasmurrartuq or kasmurra’artuq ‘heis pushing a sled’; kasmurraraa or kasmurrararaa‘he is pushing it’ / kasmurra’arluni tekituq‘he arrived pushing his sled’ without dogs;
Pengurpagmiunun ayagluteng unuakuarmi
kasmurrarluteng qamuutara’arluteng,
qimugtailnguut. ‘They left for Pengurpagmiut
early in the morning pushing and dragging(their sled) without dogs.’ (KIP 1998:27); =kaymurrar(ar)- < kasme-?; > kasmurraun
kasmurraun handlebar of a sled # see Appendix 9 onparts of the sled; < kasmurrar-n

kasmurun stick used to set a net under the ice #the net is set by making a row of holes in the ice andpushing this stick, with a line attached to it, from hole
to hole; the line is then used to pull the net under theice and is left on the net for resetting it after checking
it; Y; < kasme-?-nkasngu- emotional root; = kayngu-; > kasnguite-,kasngunarqe-, kasnguyug-; < PE kay&ukasnguite- to be shameless # kasnguituq ‘he isshameless’ / < kasngu-ite1-

kasnguke-, kasnguyuke- to be ashamed of (it) #kasnguyukaa ‘he is ashamed of it’ / = kaynguke-;< kasngu-ke4-, kasnguyug-ke4kasngunarqe- to be embarrassing # kasngunarquq‘he or it is embarrassing’ / Tuamta-llu-tang
kasngunarqellria cavtaa. “Gguun atam aneniartuq

331

Kass’apik — kassuute-

Bases

Kass’apik Russian; by extension, member of theRussian Orthodox Church; proper Englishman #literally: ‘genuine white person’; < kass’aq-pik1
kass’aq white person; Caucasian (meaning in NS,
Y, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, LI, EG); priest;
especially Russian Orthodox priest (meaning in
NR, LI, EG) # kass’antellemni qitevtelallruunga‘when I was among the whites I spoke English’;kassauguq ‘he is a white person’; kass’at
tekipailgata ‘before the white people came’;
kass’artaitellrani ‘when there were no whitemen (around)’; from Russian rfpƒr (kazák),
which becomes cossack in English; > kassaakaq,
Kass’alugpiaq, Kass’apik, kass’amirte-,kass’artaq, kass’allaq, kass’arte-, kass’assinaq,
kass’atun
kass’atun in the English language # adverbial
particle; . . . elilluki-llu tamakut ilait cat atritkass’atun. ‘. . . and she learned the names of somethings in English.’ (ELN 1990:13); < kass’aq-equalis
kass’aturrlainaq in English only # adverbial particle;
Kass’aturrlainaq ta¥gken qanerturangengameng.
‘It’s because they’ve started speaking only inEnglish.’ (TAP 2004:110); < kass’atun-rrlainaq
kass’artaq, kass’allaq manufactured item such as
cloth, steel needle, packaged bread, or any otherstore-bought item # literally: ‘thing of the whiteman’; Ellangellemni waten yuut ayuqellrunritut.
Kass’artarmek cirivkenateng. Kass’artarnek-llu
aklunek amllernek piinateng. ‘When I becameaware of things people weren’t like this. They
didn’t have an abundance of store-bought goods.
They didn’t have many store-bought clothes.’(YUU 1995:46); Kass’allameng mat’umeng, watenta¥g’ kass’allartutullruukut tamaani, mukaameng,
caayumeng, iliini-ll’ caarralameng iliini-ll’-ta¥g’caalangqerrnaurtukut. ‘Concerning white man’s
food, we had white man’s food then, bread, tea,
sometimes sugar, and we had shortening.’ (CEV
1984:38); < kass’aq-taq2, kass’aq-llaq
kass’arte- to go to a larger town, e.g., Bethel orAnchorage, to shop # kass’artuq ‘he went on
a shopping trip’ / Neqlillernun tekicameng
aatiita pelatekiurumariamiki muragutraarlukillu taukut ilani unilluki ayagluni kass’arrluni.
‘When they arrived at the fish-camp, their father
having set up the tent for them and gathered
wood for them, left his family members behindand headed off to go to the trading center.’ (ELN

1990:17); < kass’aq-te1kass’assinaq bishop # EG; < kass’aq-?
kassig- to divide; to fork # of a river; kassigtuq ‘it(river) forks’ / kassignerak ‘the place where
the two separate’; > kassigluq, Kassigluq’ < PEkatya! (under PE kat0-)
kass’ig- to be making exaggerated dancing
motions #/ kass’ikegtuq ‘he is dancing well’;Kitaki tua-i elliinginaq tangrrutevkenanuk
kass’ikegtassigutnaurtukuk. ‘Rather than staring at
each other for nothing, let’s go ahead and have adance contest.’ (CIU 2005:152)
Kassigluq Kasigluk, village in the tundra west ofBethel; also, old village site on the Holitna River #< kassig-?
kassigluq confluence of rivers # < kassig-?
Kassiyuq dance festivity during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) # Taprarmiuni Kassiyulriit‘Stebbins Dance Festival’ (name of book); NI, Y,
HBC
kassug- to encirle; to encompass; to pass all aroundsomething # kassugtuq ‘it forms a circle’;
kassugaa ‘it extends around it’ / kassugluku
uivuq ‘he went around it, to his starting
point’; Aglellrat ta¥gaam kassuan allrakuq,
nutaan eyanermek taqluteng. ‘Those who had
menstruated for the first time ceased the taboos
only when a year had passed.’ (YUU 1995:36); >kassugaliiq, kassugneq, kassutmun, kassuute-; cf.
kalukarte-; < PE katyu!kassugaliiq* circle-and-dot design # Taqumalriani
waten tuluq tua-i kassugaliirraat ukut avisgarmek
pimaaqameng a¥g’ayuilan. ‘On finished ivory
when circle-and-dot designs were painted withblack paint it never rubbed off.’ (CIU 2005:100);< kassug-?
kassugaliilissuun tool for making circle-and-dot
designs # like a compass (?); < kassugalii-li-ssun
kassugneq joint of a hoop-like object # kassugnera
puckam qes’utiin kevkartuq ‘the joint of thebarrel’s hoop broke’; < kassug-neq1
kassutmun going around something
circumferentially # adverb < kassug-tmun
kassuute- to marry; to wed; to be received by theinviting village during the Kevgiq (“Messenger
Feast”) (additional meaning in NI, CAN; saidof the invited village) # kassuutuq ‘he or she
got married’; kassuutaa ‘he married her’,332Baseskasurun — katilaq

kat’ag- to skip, skim or fly over the surface #Kat’agngaunani pinirluni taqukam qimuuskani,. . . ‘It [the float] won’t skip along the surface when
it is dragged by the seal, . . .’ (CIU 2005:12)
katagciurun small comb kept in hair to keep it inplace # LI; < katag-?-liur-nkatak for shame! exclamation; also shortened form ofik’atak ‘ugh!’katalurte- to scatter; to strew # katalurtai ‘heis scattering them’; Tua-i-llu, tutgara’urlua
kiavartuq maurlurlumi-llu ketiinun mingqutet
imkut katalurrluki. ‘And so her dear grandson
came and and scattered those needles in frontof his dear grandmother.’ (GRA 1901:280-281 &PRA 1995:453); < katag-?
kataneq slushy mud used as caulk on a sod house #HBCkatautaq snow beater for cleaning snow off boots #NUN; < katag-taq1
katayak gull # EG; may actually be qatayaq
kateg- to bump into; to brush against # katgutaa ‘hebumped it into something’; NUN; = kalegkatengvag- to hook one’s curled index finger undersomeone’s nose and push upward # Tua-llu-gguq
taum maurlurluan ullagartaa katengvagluku-llugguq qengagken’gun, . . . ‘Then his grandmotherran to him and pushed his nose up with her middle
finger in contempt, . . .’ (CUN 2007:6); cf. katngitekatengvak member of an immense herd # Maaten
imkut tuntut cumikait nunat taukut tungiitnun
ayallinilriit tunturugaat katengviit, katngiit.
‘When they considered those caribou they saw
that heading toward the village there was animmense herd with may caribou.’ (QUL 2003:290);< katngak-vak
katete- to arrive or return from a stay in thewilderness; to go to the main, winter village
from fall camp # Tua-i ta¥gken tamakut qaqicata
nutaan katelluteng nunapiameggnun . . . ‘After
finishing then they’d return to their wintervillages . . .’ (PAI 2008:196); = kacete-; < PE kat0t(under PE kat0-)
katilaq censer; incense burner # Tamaaten
ayagnaurtuq agayulqa wiinga, qaillun katilam
aruvii ciuqerpeni Elpet. ‘My prayer goes forth inYour presence, as the smoke of the incense burner
before You.’ (ORT 2006:5); from Russian rfl∫kj(kadílo)‘she married him’ / kassuutuk ‘they2 got
married’; agayulirtem kassuutak (kassuucetak)angun arnaq-llu ‘the priest married the man
and the woman’; kassuucaraq ‘marriage’;
kassuucaaqellriik piciurcinrilamek avvutellrak‘annulment’ (legal neologism); the use of this base,kassuute-, which literally means ‘to go full circle’
probably comes from the ceremony of going in a circle
around the church in a Russian Orthodox wedding;< kassug-te5kasurun wolverine-fur decoration on the upper partof parka sleeve # = kayurun; < ?-nkasvun bow part of a bow-drill # NUN; < ?-n; cf.
kasmekataagte- to sift; to strain # Murauguq waten
miilissuutii, una-wa kataagcissuutii, imkuk
ulcetaarutellrek — ulcetaarutet iciw’ imkut
anglallrulriit imumi — taukut terr’atukilleryayagirturluku ussukcamek. Waken
tuavet naivluku, kataagqurluku tua-i. ‘His mortar
and pestle was made of wood like this, and his
device for sifting was made from an old baking
powder can — baking powder cans were bigger
back then — with holes in the bottom madewith a nail. He would pour it in and sift it.’ (CIU
2005:196); > kataagun; cf. katagkataagun, kataagutaq, katagcissuun sieve; strainer;
sifter # < kataagte-n, kataagte-taq1; katagte-i2cuun
katag- to fall out; to fall off; to drop (literally or
figuratively) # katagtuq ‘it fell out’; katagaa‘he let it fall out, dropped it’ / kalmainani
allgumiin kalmainarmiani katallinii ‘because his
pocket was torn he accidentally dropped all thecontents of his pocket’; kalngamnek katalliniuq‘it fell out of my pack’; Tua-i Cung’um
elliin curulirraarluku nemruarraarluku-llu
tauna irua uligturarraarluku-llu kataganek
angungnaqliniluki taukut qimugtet. ‘So
Cung’uq had made a padding for him andhad bound up his broken leg as best he could,
and then he had covered him with the things
that had fallen out of the sled.’ (ELN 1990:73);
Katagivkenateng pikuneng yuuyaram ayuqucia
nallunriqunegteggu assirciquq. ‘It will be good
if they live without discarding the Yup’ik ways,
if they don’t forget them.’ (CIU 2005:324); >katagciurun, katalurte-, katautaq; cf. kataagte-;< PE kata!-

333

katneq — ka¥g’ag-

Baseskatneq middle finger # K, Y, CAN, LK, BB, NR;= qatneq; > katngitekatngalqitaaq, katngilqitaq (CAN, NUN, BB, Y, NI,
K forms), katngitaruaq (HBC form) opening atbase of skull #katngalqite- to hit something and bounce up andthen down # like hitting a log with a motorboat
katngaq*, katngak herd or member of the herd;
flock or member of the flock # ‘Yaaqsinrilkiitnillu sitiinkat katngaat uitaut nerelriit. ‘Not far
from them was a herd of swine eating.’ (MATT.
8:30); Kiarcami tangertuq elakamek marami
pingasuinek katngagnek qusngirtarluni nunii.
‘When he looked around he saw a well withthree flocks of sheep around it in the meadow.’(AYAG. 29:2); > katengvak, katngaun; < PE kat0katnguan herd or flock of domesticated animals(where possessor is specified) # Abraham-aaqllu allakariuq malrunlegnek qusngiyagarnek
katngautminek. ‘And Abraham separated
seven lambs from his flock.’ (AYAG. 21:28);. . . qusngiliurtet uitaut maramelluteng
pegg’arluteng katngautateng tarikluki. ‘. . . theshepherds were in the meadow staying up allnight guarding their flocks.’ (LUKE 2:8);< katngak-un
katngite- to insult with a finger gesture; to hook
one’s curled index finger under someone’s noseand push upward; to give the finger to (him) #katngitaa ‘he pushed her nose up’ as a gestureof derision / Katngitlinikii. “Wateqtaq tayim’
tuunringuaqtarqavet pilalriaten.” Aren, imnagguq-am casciigatleq katngiqaarluku nangerrluni
peklun’ tayim’ ankili. ‘He put his finger under his
nose and then pushed up. “You do this when you
are pretending to use your spirit powers.” Well,the one who was incapacitated put his finger under
his nose and pushed up, stood up, and went out.’(QUL 2003:574); < katneq-?; cf. katengvagkatungqalriit crowd; flock # < katungqa-lria-plural
katur- gathered # Y, NUN, NS; postural root; =kallur-; > katungqa, katurte-; < PE kat&u3- andkatu3katungqa- to be gathered together # katungqaut‘they are gathered’ / Waten tan’geriaqan
tamatum nalliini qasgimi katungqaaqameng
pektairtelallruut. ‘When it got dark, in thosedays, when they were all together in the kashim,
they would stop going here and there.’ (TAP

2004:33); < katur-ngqa-; > katungqalriit

katurte- to gather; to come together # katurtut ‘theycame together’; katurtai ‘he gathered them’ /Cali nunam naunrainek kiagmi katurrluki, . . .
‘Also in the summers they gathered the plantsof the land, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:23); < katur-te2-;> katurrvik
katurrvik community hall; gathering place #Wii-llu angullruanka tuaten ayuqluteng,qasgirteng cakneq kellutellruat, caarrlugmek
pivkangnaqevkenaku katurrviklarniluku yugnun
caarrliqan assirngaitniluku. ‘Also I haveexperienced it like they were; they kept close
watch over their kashim, tried to keep it fromgetting dirtied with debris, saying that it was thepeople’s gathering place and that if it got dirtied it
wouldn’t be good.’ (MAR1 2001:27); < katur-vik

kau- to reach into a container or hollow place #kauguq ‘he reached into something’; kaugaa‘he reached into it’ / kaugaa puckaq sulunanek
tegutnaluni ‘he reached into the barrel to getsome salted fish’; kautuaraa ‘he has his handin it’ with the implication that it shouldn’t be there;kaumaurlukek kalmiinagni piyuaguq ‘he iswalking around with his hands in his pockets’;
Uciirnarikateng tuamtellu uumek kauluku
qamavet negcigluku anlluku cayugluku. ‘And
when it was time to unload, they’d reach deep
inside using a gaff on it to pull it out.’ (CIU
2005:6); > kaugaq, kauman, kaunguaq, kaussuun,
kaute-, kautur-; < PE ka!ukaug- to strike with an object # kaugtuq ‘it struck’;kaugaa ‘he struck it’ / used in telling time:
qavcinun kaugta? or qavcinek kaugta? ‘whattime is it?’, literally: ‘how many has it struck?’;
ataucimun kaugtuq or ataucimek kaugtuq ‘it is
one o’clock’; Camun sass’aq kaugaqan nerlarceci?
‘What time do you eat?’ (YUP 1996:54 ); Tua-ill’ taq’ercameng cauyaq kaugluku, akiqliqlutek
cauyarlutek. ‘As soon as they stopped, those twobegan to beat the drums, sitting across from eachother.’ (QAN 1995:312); > kauggsuun, kaugun1,
kaugun2, kauggsikarak, kauggsipak, kaugtur-,
Kaugun, kaugutagaq, ka¥g’ag-, ka¥k’ar-,kaullrir-; cf. kauk; < PE ka9u!-

ka¥g’ag- to strike hard with an object # ka¥g’agtuq‘he struck something hard’; ka¥g’agaa ‘hestruck it hard’ / Aren tekicamiu urniullunika¥g’allinluku passitekun. Aren tua-i imna

334

Baseskaugaq — kauman

kaugtuutaq2 club (weapon); hammer; fish club
# Apa’urlulkuan taum kaugtuutacuariluni,
tupagtelliniaqekii kaugturluku, natiikun tayim’
qaingakun. ‘His mean old grandfather had
made a little hitting stick, and he would hit him
somewhere on his body to wake him up.’ (QUL
2003:310); < kaugtur-taq1
Kaugun June # literally: ‘time of hitting (fish)’;Taukut-gguq tua-i ingkut Sagquralriit
aperturqaat yaqulget pillerkaat, tekitellerkaat,
neqet-llu kuimallerkaat Kaugutmi. ‘The
“Sagquralriit” constellation (Orion’s Belt) would
indicate when the birds would arrive and when
the fish would swim (upriver) in June.’ (CIU
2005:364); see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;< kaug-n
kaugun1 pseudobranch of a fish (the part of a fishin front of the gills, at the end of which is atriangular bone) # < kaug-n
kaugun2 hammer # NS; < kaug-n
kaugutagaq rock # NUN; < kaug-?
kauk thick edible layer of walrus skin # NS; < PE
ka(C)u!
ka¥k’ar- to hit with a sudden sharp blow # Tuai-ll’ pitegcaucetaakun teguqerluku waten
againanrani qamiqurrakun ka¥k’arluku. ‘Then
one would pick it [the small animal] up while it
was hanging on the arrow and give it a sharp blowon the head.’ (CIU 2005:30); < kaug-qarkaulineq floating ice broken up and pushed
together in spring #kaullrir- to trim the wick of an oil lamp # Ta¥gaam
tauna tua-i kumarutii maurluirutma wall’u ukut
paniin iliita kaullrirnauraat, kanvartaqani nuuga
kenerpaqreskuni tanqigiqerrnaurtuq. ‘However,
my late grandmother or one of her daughters
would trim its (the lamp’s) wick, and when
they shook the ash off it, when they wanted it
to be brighter, it would become brighter.’ (CIU
2005:186); < kaug-lleq-ir- (?)
kauman mitten # kaumategka ‘my pair of mittens’;
Waniwa nani tamatum nalliini ak’a tamaani
yuut pek’nginaarluteng pekcesciigatellrulliniut,
ayarurrlainarluteng, kaumaterluteng-llu uksumi.
‘Now, at that time, back then, concerning people
just plain walking around, well they couldn’t
walk that way, but only by using walking sticks
and mittens in the winter.’ (TAP 2004:49); CAN,
NI, Stebbins; < kau-ma-nmaklaaq qiivyuarluni, nutaan cali pulenglluku
tunucaukun ka¥g’alliniluku. ‘When she got to
it she aimed and struck it with the pestle. Oh,
this bearded seal began to quiver, and again she
struck on the back of the neck.’ (CIU 2005:184);< kaug-a-kaugaq tallow # < kaug-aq1

kauggsikarak bone breaker # NUN; < kaug-?
kauggsipak sledgehammer # NUN; < kaug-?
kauggsuun bell # HBC; < kaug-ssuun

kaugpak walrus (Odobenus rosmarus); thick edible
layer of walrus skin (meaning in K) # HBC, NI,
NUN; in general this word is used only on the
coast, but up the Kuskokwim River it is known from
Nunivak people who took walrus skin upriver to sell;< kaug-rpak; > kaugpangcar-; < PE ka(C)u!

kaugpangcar- to journey into the ocean from amen’s community house to hunt for walrus(referring to shamans taking a trip on the ocean)# NUN; < kaugpak-ngcarkaugtuapak pseudobranch of a fish (the part ofa fish next to the gills, at the end of which is atriangular bone) # < kaugtuar-?

kaugtuar- to strike more than once with an object #kaugtuartuq ‘he is hitting something repeatedly
with an object’; kaugtuaraa ‘he is hitting itor her repeatedly with an object’ / Tua-i-llu
acivaqanipaggaarluni kaugtuarluku snuukuuni
taukun a¥g’artellerkun cayukegyarakun. Tua-illu uitauraqarraarluni ellminek tangrruaqerluni
kaugtuarillermini taumek caunrilngurmek
snuukuumek . . . ngel’allagluni. ‘And then after
cursing a lot he flailed at the snow machine withthe starter rope that had come loose. And thenafter pausing a bit he imagined how he must
look beating the innocent snow machine . . . [andthen] . . . he burst out laughing.’ (PRA 1995:411);< kaugtur-a-; > kaugtuapak, kaugtuarcuun
kaugtuarcuun club (weapon) # < kaugtuar-cuun

kaugtur- to strike with an object # kaugturtuq ‘he ishitting’; kaugturaa ‘he is hitting it’ / kaugturaa
muragkun ‘he hit it with a stick’; kaugtuutaa
taingkamun ‘he is hitting it on the tank’; < kaugtur1-; > kaugtuar-, kaugtuutaq1, kaugtuutaq2
kaugtuutaq1 pseudobranch of a fish (the part of afish in front of the gills, at the end of which is atriangular bone) # < kaugtur-taq1

335

kaunguaq — kavircete-Baseskavcircuun snow beater # (?); < kavcir-cuunkaviaq* red fox (Vulpes vulpes) # kaviarem
igtii or kaviam igtii ‘fox’s den’; Kaviaret
kavircecuicaaqellruut. Qat’lallruyaaqut. ‘Red foxes
weren’t always red. They used to be white.’ (KAV
1972:1 & PRA 1995:318); < kavir-?; > Kaviaret,
kaviaruaq; < PE kav(v)i(C)a3 (under PE kavi3-)
Kaviaret, Kaviaraat plural the constellation Ursa
Minor, the Little Bear (in English) or the Pleiades# equal numbers of generally reliable old word lists
give each identification; literally ‘little foxes’ in
Yup’ik; < kaviaq-plural; kaviaq-aq2-pluralkaviaruaq aft keel support of the kayak # seeAppendix 9 on the parts of the kayak; < kaviaq-uaq
kavingali brown (or grizzly) bear (Ursus arctos) # Y;
< kavir-nga-li1
kavinge- to become red; to blush # kavinguq ‘heblushed’ / kavingallagtuq ‘he abruptly blushed’;
Kaviaq ellangarrluni yuranriqertuq avelngaq
anagiamiu. Kavingkili kegginaminek ayagnirluni
pamyum iquanun. ‘The fox suddenly realized
what was going on and stopped dancing when
he lost the mouse by its escaping on him. He
blushed, turned red, beginning from his face(going) to the end of his tail.’ (KAV 1972:19 &PRA 1995:318); < kavir-ngekavingkuksaq (Ll form), kavingquqsuq (EG form),kavingqun (EG form) willow with red bark # (?);< kavir-?, kavir-?, kavir-?
kavinqupagtaq egg yolk # LI; < kavir-?-qupak-?
kaviqicungaq one of last three ribs at bow of boat #NUNkavir- to be red (in EG; elsewhere a root only) # >kavaiq, kavingali, kavinge-, kavingkuksaq,
kavinqupagtaq, kaviragtaq, kavirauneq,
kavircete-, kaviri-, kavirliq, kavirpak, kavirrluk,
kavirte-, kavirya(g)aq, kavisqaq, kavivvuk; < PE
kavi3kaviragtaq red material # < kavir-?
kavirauneq red salmon; sockeye salmon(Oncorhynchus nerka) # LI; < kavir-?
kavircessngalnguq* pink color or thing; reddish
color or thing # < kavircete-ngalnguq
kavircete- to be red # kavircetuq ‘it is red’ /Kavircetellria-ll’ tamana cuukvaguam qeltii
egevkarluku. ‘Red color was processed from alderbark.’ (AGA 1996:102); < kavir-cete2-;> kavircessngalnguq

kaunguaq thin strip of otter fur above cuff ofparka sleeve, said to represent Eskimo ice cream(relates to a certain traditional story) # < kau-uaq
kaupaq, kaupaaq beaded hairnet # worn by married
Russian Orthodox women; from Russian rƒgjh
(kápor) ‘hood’; = kaapaq
kaussuun woman’s seal-skinning knife # NUN;
< kau-cuunkaute- to enter a smaller part of the main area; togo from the mouth of the river upriver# kautuq‘he or it entered a small part of the main area’;kautaa (or kauyutaa) ‘he took it into a smallerarea’ / Tua-i-ll’ anguyagtet upluteng ayalliniut
curukarluteng. Kusquqvagmun kautelliniut,
tuani-llu uitaluteng. ‘And so the warriors got
ready and went off to attack. They went up the
Kuskokwim from the mouth, and stayed there.’(YUU 1995:18); < kau-te5kautur-, kautuar- to feel around inside somethinghollow; to grope; < kautekauturyar(aq*) tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor);bank swallow (Riparia riparia).
kav’ag- to strike hard with an object # look underka¥g’agkavam’aq government # from English ‘government’;= kavmaq
kavcagpak (with) a big clattering or rattling noise# particle; Kavcagpak tauna agalria muragmun— qirussiinun kalguurulluteng . . . . ‘With a big
clatter the thing hanging would hit against thewood, against the appendages (of the mask) . . .’(AGA 1996:102); < kavcate-pagkavcagte- to rattle; to clatter # kavcagtut ‘they
are rattling’; kavcagtai ‘he is rattling them’ /kavtiit egalermun tut’ut kavcagpaggluteng‘the hailstones hit the window with a big
clatter’; Tua-i-llu qerrutenglliniami keggutaillu kavcagtengluteng, ilain-llu ulivsiangraatni
cakanirpek’nani. ‘And because she was getting
cold her teeth started chattering, and even though
her sisters piled blankets on her it did not help.’(ELN 1990:4); cf. kakave-, kavcak; < PY-S kavcak
or kavtak
kavcak hailstone # = kavlak, kavtak; cf. kavcagte-;< PY-S kavcak or kavtak
kavcir- to hail # impersonal subject; kavcirtuq ‘it ishailing’ / kavcillrani nem iluani uitallruunga‘when it hailed I stayed inside the house’; <kavtak (or kavtuk)-ir1-

336

Baseskaviri- to become red # kaviriuq ‘it became red’
/ Qancungamun ek’arrluku kavirlirraq kan’a,urkili kana-i kaviriluku meq. ‘He put a little bitof red pigment in a small bowl; it dissolved, andthen the water turned red.’ (AGA 1996:106);< kavir-i1kavirlill’er brown (or grizzly) bear (Ursus arctos) #Y; < kavirliq-ller(aq)kavirliq red thing; low-bush cranberry (Vaccinium
vitis-idaea). yaqulegcuraqami atuyuituq
kavirlinek ‘when he hunts birds he neverwears red’; atsaliraa akutaq kavirlinek ‘she put
cranberries into the “Eskimo ice cream” ‘; . . .
ta¥gaam cali kangaciqaq kiugna qaraliliumaluni
kavirlimek qatellriamek-llu. ‘. . . however, theceremonial pole near the exit too was decorated
with red and white.’ (CAU 1985:80); < kavir-li1;> kavirlill’er, kavirliyagaq
kavirliyagaq willow with red bark; cent; penny #< kavirliq-ya(g)aqkavirpak all red; very red # predicative particle;
Inglernun tagluni, maaten pia kegginaa
mikelnguum kavirpak qacuqapiggluni, iik-llu
cikmiumalutek. ‘Climbing onto the bed, she
saw a baby’s face all red and very wrinkled;
its eyes were closed.’ (ELN 1990:10); Maatengguq tang tua piluku pilliniuq keneq tua-ikavirpak tamaa-i tungiitnun egilraluni. ‘Then, it
wa said, he noticed a flame, bright red, moving
toward them in the distance.’ (QAN 1995:134);
Akagenqeggluni kegginaquq. Arnaruaq.
Arnauluni. Ulluviik tua kavirpak! ‘The mask was
round. It was a woman’s visage. It was a woman.
Her cheeks — bright red!’ (CAU 1985:210); <kavir-rpakkavirrlugcete- to be pink; to be reddish # Ciuqliq
kavirrlugcetuq amia-llu ayuqluni melqilriatun
aturatun, taumek aciraat Esau-mek. ‘The firstwas reddish in complexion and his skin was like a
fur garment, so they named him Esau.’ (AYAG.
25:25); < kavir-rrluk-cete2
kavirrluk pink color or thing; reddish color or thing# < kavir-rrluk
kavirte- to redden. kavirtaa ‘he reddened it’ /< kavir-te2-; > kavirun
kavirun ochre; soft red rock used for red decoration
on wooden bowls, etc.; red dye obtained fromthe inner bark of alders; rouge # Kaugpagualria
tauna imarniteg — uitermeg — imumek

kaviri- — kayangi-

kavirutmek minguglutek, tua-i-ll’ kegginaqurluni
kaugpaguamek. ‘The one with a walrus mask
had a gut rain parka painted with that red rock— ochre — that reddening agent.’ (AGA 1996:32);< kavirte-n
kavirya(g)aq* pink; reddish # < kavir-ya(g)aqkavisqaq red color # EG; < kavir-?
kavivvguk pink # NUN; < kavir-?
kavlagpak apple (NUN meaning); bearberry(Arctostaphylos sp.) (HBC meaning) # < kavlakrpak
kavlaguyak bearberry (Arctostaphylos sp.) # HBC;
< kavlak-?
kavlak1 bearberry (Arctostaphylos sp.) # > kavlagpak,
kavlaguyak, kavlakuaraq*; PE kavla!
kavlak2 hailstone # = kavcak, kavtak; < PY-S kavcak
or kavtak
kavlakuaraq* crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) # HBC;
< kavlak-?
kavluun one hundred # talliman kavluutet ‘five
hundred’; this word of unknown etymology is said
to have been used for percussion caps, which came inpackages of one hundred; the Comparative Eskimo
Dictionary (Fortescue et al. 1994) suggests that thisword may be from PE kamlu ‘(rounded) cap or
mounting’; LY, NUN
kavmaq government # from English ‘government’;= kavam’aq
kavtak, kavtuk hailstone # kavtakuaraat ‘little
hailstones’; Nanrarlitgu kalluum kenran, kavtiit,
qanikcaam, amirlut-llu, anuqerpiit-llu pisqutainniisngastain. ‘Let them praise the one who
ordains and makes heard the fire of the thunder,
the hailstones, the snow, the clouds, and the great
winds.’ (PSALM 148:8); = kavcak, kavlak2, cf.
< PY-S kavcak or kavtak
kavtak packed snow on sea ice; used for getting
fresh water #kavungqussaq type of willow # (?)
kavya granularity (?) of sand # Kavyakinani
urraurciiquq cekavvluni Egypt-aam nuniinun
tamalkuan, . . . ‘It will become fine dust scatteredover the entire land of Egypt.’ (ANUC. 9:9)
kayangi- to lay eggs # kayangiuq ‘it is laying eggs’/ Yaqulget maani up’nerkami kayangituut. ‘Birds
lay their eggs around here during the springtime.’(YUP 1996:42); < kayanguq-li2-337

kayanguq — kayucaryaraq

Baseskayanguq bird’s egg # . . . taumi qikertarrarmi,
kayanguq amlleq anluni. ‘. . . at that little island
lots of eggs came out (were laid).’ (CIU 2005:118);
mikelngurkam kayangivia ‘ovary’; mikelngurkam
kayangum tumyaraa ‘Fallopian tube’; Kayangut
Anutiit ‘May’ (literally: ‘time of laying of eggs’);
HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, LK, BB, NR, EG; >kayangi-, kayangurngalnguq, kayanguruaq,
kayangussur-, kayangute-, kayanguyagiurtet,
mikelngurkaq kayanguq
kayangurngalnguq oval thing # < kayanguqngalnguq
kayanguruaq biceps muscle # NUN; literally:‘imitation egg’; < kayanguq-uaq
kayangussur- to hunt for eggs (of waterfowl
usually) # kayangussurtuq ‘she is hunting for
eggs’ / Tua-i-am ellii tengruqapiggluni unuaqukayangussuqataameng. ‘And so she was very
excited because the next day they were going tohunt for eggs.’ (ELN 1990:104); < kayanguq-curkayangute- to find eggs (of waterfowl usually) #kayangutuq ‘he found eggs’ / Cali pulaarlutek
nanvaq-llu tekilluku kayangutenqigpailegmek.
‘And they2 went through the brush arriving at
the lake before they found and collected eggs
again.’ (ELN 1990:36); < kayanguq-te1kayanguyagiurta Fish and Game warden; wildlife
officer # HBC; < kayangu-yagaq-liur-ta1;> kayanguyagiurtet
kayanguyagiurtet Alaska Department of Fish andGame # HBC; < kayanguyagaliurta-plural
kayemqeryaraq drawer of dresser # < kayme-qaryaraq
kayime- to poke; to push (through) # Tua-llu
cikum acianun tua kayimluki, tua-i wa-gguq tua-iayagtelluki, taukut nakacuut imkut up’nerkaq
pitalteng. ‘Thrusting them under the ice with aspear, they sent them away, all those bladders
they collected during the spring.’ (QAN
1995:176); = kasme-, kaymekayivquq bow-drill # and kayivqur- to start a fireby friction using a bow-drill # NUN
kayivaun compass for making circles # NUN
kayme- to poke; to push # kaymuq ‘he is pushing’;kaymaa ‘he is pushing it’ / = kasme-, kayime-; >kayemqeryaraq, kaymurrar(ar)-; < PE kay0m0(t)kaymurrar(ar)- to push a sled without using dogs
to pull it; to help dogs pull a sled by pushing it# Ituquurlutek-gguq ta¥g’ kaymurraaraaqelriikta¥g’ kellulluk’ ta¥g’, ayakallerkaa. ‘Side by side
they2 pushed the sled, and he watched to makesure that she would not flee.’ (CEV 1984:48) =kasmurrar(ar)-; < kayme-?
kayngu- emotional root; > kaynguke-, kayngunarqe-,kaynguyug-; = kasngukaynguke-, kaynguyuke- to be ashamed of (it) #kasnguyukaa ‘he is ashamed of it’ / Tamana cal’kayngukluku, kangia apraluku piksaicugnarqaat
amllermi qanrutkaqamegteggu agturayaraq. ‘I
don’t think they spoke about touching [women]
inappropriately a lot of times, because they wereashamed.’ (YUP 2005:154); HBC; = kasnguyuke-;< kayngu-ke4-; kaynguyug-ke4kayngunarqe- to be embarrassing; to cause shame# kayngunarquq ‘it is embarrassing’ / HBC; =kasngunarqe-; < kayngu-narqekaynguyug- to be ashamed # to be ashamed; to beembarrassed # kaynguyugtuq ‘he is ashamed,embarrassed’ / HBC; = kasnguyug-; < kaynguyugkayu1 coyote (Canis latrans) # from English ‘coyote’
kayu2 bullhead; sculpin # > kayukuk, kayurpak,
kayuqupak, kayurrlugaq, kayutaq; < PY-S kayu
kayu strength; power # and kayu- to be strong# kayuuq or kasuuq (NS form) ‘he or it isstrong’ / kayuituq ‘it is weak’; kayutacia ‘its
degree of strength’; Kemegtuvkenani-llu.
Ta¥gken angalkukun kayungqelliniluni tayima
nalluluku. ‘And he was slender. However, he
had power through shamanism although hedidn’t know it.’ (TAP 2004:54); Usuurluuq,
tua-i iqmigyaureskuvet cuyaq nunuliutekluku
yugtangciquq ilun. Nunulirluten angutem
cuyamek piciqaaten. Cuyayulleq cakneq kayuuq.’
You poor dear one, some young man will pay
you with tobacco and get you pregnant. Whenyou get addicted to tobacco you’ll do anything
to get it, that’s how strong cravings can get.’ (CIU
2005:104); Atam yuungcaristet kayutatkenrilnguut
umyuaqeqaqernauput. ‘Now let us consider
that doctors do not all have the same specialities(literally: do not compare in powers).’ (AGA
1996:48); NI, NS, Y, HBC; > kayugaq, kayuite-,kayukite-, kayuli, kayuneq, kayuneq, kayuri-;< PE kayukayucaryaraq confirmation # Catholic neologism;< kayu-car-yaraq

338

Baseskayugaq humerus; bone of the upper arm # NS;< kayu-?
kayuite- to be weak # kayuituq ‘he or it is weak’ /< kayu-ite1kayukite- for wind to be weak; for weather to becalm # kayukituq ‘it (wind, weather) is calm’ /< kayu-kitekayuli strong person # < kayu-li1
kayuluk sculpin; locally devil fish (species ?) # cf.
kayutaq: < kayu2-?
kayumigte-1 to strive; to be determined # NUN
kayumigte-2 to fasten one’s rain parka to rim of
kayak hatch # NUN
kayunge- for wind to pick up; to get strong (ofwind) # kayunguq ‘it (the wind) is gettingstrong’ / < kayu-ngekay’uq arm folds (elbow area) # > kay’urrutalek
kayuqupak sculpin; locally devil fish (species ?) # Y;
< kayu2-qupak
kayuri- to have a strong offensive odor; to stink #NUN; < kayu-i1kayurpak sculpin; locally devil fish (species ?) # NI,
NUN; < kayu2-rpakkayurrlugaq sculpin; locally devil fish (species ?)# Kayurrlugaq una asaulria, asgurluku kuik,
ayakartuq, “Qu-u-unirturanrani-tii kangiivarturanrani-tii qama-a-nirturanrani-tii.” ‘This
sculpin was poling along up the river; he set forth(singing), “While the weather is calm, while
going upriver, while the current is slow.” (JOE2008); < kayu2-rrlugaq
kay’urrutalek a type of traditional Yup’ik parka #< kayurun-lek; < kay’uq; cf. kayurun
kayurun, kay’urrun wolverine-fur decoration on
the upper part of parka sleeve; armband usedby dance song director # = kasurun; < ?-n; >kay’urrutalek
kayutaq sculpin; locally devil fish (species ?) # BB; cf.
kayutaq; < kayu2-?
kecete- to count # kecetai ‘he is counting them’ /NS, Y, UK; kececiuq ‘he is counting’; < PE k0citkeciqutaq water container (made from walrus
bladder) # NUN
keciraq curtain # NUN
kecqurtaq walrus bladder funnel # NUN
kegcuq butt end of foreshaft of seal harpoon # NUN
keggacilleq strip of otter fur across the chest andback of a Yup’ik traditional parka # < keggan-lirlleq1

kayugaq — keggani

keggag-1 to be a fast eater # keggagtuq ‘he eats fast’/ > keggapatayuk, keggagliar(aq*); cf. keggekeggag-2, keggagcete- to be rough # keggagtuq
or keggagcetuq ‘it is rough’ / keggateka
keggagcelami ungilagnarquq ‘because my shirt
is rough it is itchy’; < ?, ?-cete2-; > keggagpak,
keggalerte-; cf. keggevekeggagpak rough all over; very rough # particle;
Waten-gguq imum nanvaq kuiguarluni ce÷ii
man’a, ce÷iinek-gguq camaken pugciquq
quurpall’er angluni melqurrunani keggagpak-wagguq qainga, tua-i-gguq tauna. ‘They say that thelake has a creek on one side, and from its shore
down there there will emerge a “quurpall’er”
monster, being big and furless and its skin is all
rough, so they say.’ (KIP 1998:315)
keggakneq west # Cetamaulriit-wa nunamte÷i
aperyarat. Negeqvaq tua-i north-aq, negermek,
ungalaq-llu ungalamek, south-aq-llu kanaknermek,
west-aq-llu keggaknermek. ‘There are four words
in our village. The north is “negeqvaq”, the east
is “ungalaq”, south is “kanakneq”, and west is“keggakneq”.’ (QUL 2003:700); < kegg(na)-?
keggalerte- to smoothe with sandpaper; to sand #< keggag2-?keggalrun sandpaper or other device forrubbing or smoothing; pumice stone # Tua-ill’ keggalerciluteng, maniggluki keggalrutnek
tamakut qaralirteqatarluki. ‘They were rough,and they made them smooth with sandpaper orpumice stone, when they were going to have be
decorated.’ (CAU 1985:206); < keggalerte-n
keggalvalek brown (or grizzly) bear (Ursus arctos);
Y; literally: ‘one with a big torso’; < keggan-vaklek
keggan upper part of torso (between chest andshoulders); shirt; blouse; section of fish behindthe head # Aturai kituggluki, ellminek tuaten
imkuliluni, keggatni-w’ tua una alailnguq
atkuliluku. ‘She fixed his clothes, and she madeherself a parka for her exposed chest.’ (QUL
2003:144); > keggacilleq, keggalvalek, keggasek;
cf. keggani; < PE ki!ankeggani outside # restricted; keggaken ‘fromoutside’; kegga-i ‘(turn your attention to) out
there’; see keggna, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; cf.
keggan; < PE dem ki!-339

keggapatayuk — kegglaq

Baseskeggikuq large seal harpoon head with five side
barbs # NUN
kegginalek woman’s semilunar knife # for a fulldescription of this type of knife; see uluaq, thename used elsewhere; Tua mingquterluni tuani
kegginalni-ll’ tauna tauna-ll’ talutni tuani
uitavkaraqluki. ‘She had a needle, her woman’s
knife and also her sinew splitter, all of which she
kept there.’ (ELL 1997:140); HBC; some NI;< kegginaq-lek
kegginailitaq knife sheath; blade covering #< kegginaq-ilitaq
kegginaq face; cutting edge of knife # Maaten
murilkaa kegginaa, iirpiik ukuk qukaani. ‘She
observed his face and saw two big eyes in the
middle of it.’ (ELN 1990:7); K, Y, CAN, BB, NI,
HBC < kegge-inaq; > kegginailitaq, kegginalek,
kegginaquq, kegginaqur-, kegginiqe-; PE k0!ina3
kegginaqucualler, kegginaqupcitaller,
kegginaqukcualler humorous mask used in
Kelek (q.v.) festivity # CAN; < kegginaquqcuar(aq)-ller(aq), kegginaquq-?-ller(aq),kegginaquq-kcuar(aq)-ller(aq)kegginaquq mask # and kegginaqur- to put
on or wear a mask # kegginaqurtuq ‘he put
on a mask’; kegginaquraa ‘he put a mask
on her’ / Ak’a tamaaken ayagluteng Yupiit
kegginaqurluteng yura’arqameng agayuyaramek
aptullruat. Kegginaqirluteng kaigalallruut pitarkat
paivngasqumaluki pissuquneng. ‘From far
in the past the Yup’ik people have used masks
in ceremonies they referred to as “the way ofmaking prayer”. Wearing masks they madesupplications so that the animals would present
themselves when they were hunting them.’ (AGA
1996:3); < kegginaq-quq; > kegginaqucualler; <PE k0!inaqu3 (under PE k0!ina3)
kegginiqe- to entertain; to amuse; to pay attention
to # kegginiqaa ‘he is face-to-face with him,
amusing him’ / Tua-i-llu atam neviarcaurtellria
tua-i uingnariyaaqluni. Nakleng tua-i kia-llu
kegginiqsuunaku. ‘And then she became a young
woman ripe for marriage. Alas, no one paid any
attention to her.’ (MAR2 2001:85); < kegginaqliqe2keggirciur- to be ill; to suffer pain # keggirciurtuq‘he is in pain’ / NSU; = kirciur-; < ?-liurkegglaq saw; violin (additional HBC meaning)# and kegglar- to saw # kegglartuq ‘hekeggapatayuk, keggagliar(aq*) gray jay (Perisoreus
canadensis) # < keggag1-?, keggag1-?-ar(aq)keggasek (NI, NUN, CAN, BB form), keggayek(NUN, HBC, NS form) shoulder blade #keggasgek, keggaygek (his) shoulder blades;
Tauna tua-i-am iliit keggasgirluku yuut iliit,
anguyiit iliit. Pilliniluku, “Kinguverpet
ateqniaraatgen, Keggasgilnguarauluten tuaten
yuugi, Keggasgilnguarauluten!” ‘They removed
the shoulder blade of one of the people, one of
the warriors.’ He said to him, “So that yourdescendants may be named after you, live
without a shoulder blade, that you may beknown as ‘One without a Shoulder Blade’.”’(ELL 1997:422); keggasgek akuliik (NUN form),
keggaygek akuliik (HBC form) ‘base of the neck’;< keggan-?; < keggan?; < PE ki!ay0!
keggaucir- to provide (it) with legs # NS
kegge- to bite # including the bite of a mosquito, but
not the sting of a bee (see puukar- for that); kegg’uq‘it bit’, ‘it clenched its teeth’; keggaa ‘it bit him’
/ qimugtevet keggaanga unatemkun ‘your dog
bit me on my hand’; Uquq tua-i mingukluku.
Tua-i ta¥gken egturyat micaaqngameng
nep’arucameng tua-i keggesciiganateng.
‘[They would] apply seal oil to it [their skin].
When the mosquitoes would land — in vain
— getting stuck, they couldn’t bite.’ (KIP
1998:55); > keggerpak, keggiarnaq, keggiayuli,
kegginaq, kegglaq, kegglar-, kegg’luneq,
keggmar-, keggmiaq, keggsailkutaq, keggsaq,
keggsaraq, keggsu-, keggsuli, keggsuutek,
keggun, kegkaniryaraq, kegketaaq, kegler-,
kegg’leralnguq, kegluneq, kegpag-, kegturyaq; cf.
keggag-; < PE k0!0keggerpag- to bite hard # keggerpagaa ‘it bit him
hard’ / = kegpag-; < kegge-pag2keggerpak louse or flea found on rodents (species ?)# < kegge-rpakkeggeve- to wear out; to abrade # keggevuq ‘it wore
out’ / keggevumauq ‘it is worn out’; keggevtaa‘he wore it out’; NSU; cf. keggag2keggiaq small chisel, in olden days made of jadewith a wood or horn handle, used in working
wood # NUN
keggiarnaq land otter (Lontra canadensis); bear #< kegge-?-naq2
keggiayuli wood-chewing bug or larva (species ?) #< kegge-?-yuli

340

Baseskegglarkaq — kegguteqarraaq

keggsaq saw tooth # Una-gguq-gga cal’ nuniini,
arevrem keggayga, qukamikun ukinerluni, ci÷ii
keggsayagarlun’, kiliqtariarkauluni. ‘And there
next to it was the shoulder blade of a bowhead
whale, with a hole through the middle that had
saw-teeth around its edges, sharp enough to cause
wounds.’ (CEV 1984:81); HBC; < kegge-yaq
keggsaraq mouthpiece of bow-drill # used forstarting fires or drilling holes; < kegge-yaraq
keggsu- to tend to bite; to be ferocious with its teeth# keggsuuq ‘it bites’ / < kegge-yukeggsuli northern pike (Esox lucius) # Amtallu maurluni-llu ikayuqlutek nunapigmun
pavavet taglutek atsanek ayuqenrilngurnek
katurcinaurtuk, equgtarturluni, tuaten tuawa yuungnaqluni, maurluni-ll’ ikayurluku
taluyaruanek civcilutek, imangarrarnek tuaten,
piciatun, keggsulinek tuaten, maurluan tuaten
segluki ker’allramegnun ininaurai. ‘He’d help
his grandmother, they’d go up to the tundra
and gather various types of berries, he’d get
firewood, and try to provide like that, he’d help
his grandmother, they’d set little fish traps forsmall blackfish, any kind of fish, also pike, andhis grandmother would cut them for drying andhang them on their fish rack.’ (NAA 1970:2); Y;< kegge-yuli
keggsuutek pliers # < kegge-cuun-dual
keggu whew (it’s heavy) # exclamatory particle
kegguciqe- to have a toothache # < keggun-liqe2kegguciur- to work on the teeth; to brush the teeth# kegguciurtuq ‘he is working on his teeth,brushing his teeth’; kegguciuraa ‘he is working
on his (another’s) teeth’; < keggun-liur-; >kegguciurcuun, kegguciurta
kegguciurcuun toothbrush # < kegguciur-cuun
kegguciurta, kegguciurista dentist # < kegguciurta1, kegguciur-i2-ta1
keggun tooth # keggutenka ‘my teeth’; Ciugarrluni
mikelnguaraq, ciutegni ngelleklukek qanirluni
kegguterrlainaq, aitarrluni apa’urluni tangerqallia.
‘The little child looked up, his mouth — allteeth — extending from ear to ear, and opened
his mouth and saw his grandfather.’ (MAR1
2001:10); < kegge-n; > kegguciur-, keggutairista,
kegguteqarraaq, keggutnguaq
keggutairista dentist # < keggun-ir2-i2-ta1
kegguteqarraaq baby tooth; milk tooth # < keggunqarraar-is sawing’; kegglaraa ‘he is sawing it’ /Kegglangqerrsugnaunateng-ll’, qalqapiit tamaan’ayagnengaarallratni, kegglaryugnaunaki muragat
kepurluki, piaqluteng. ‘They had no saws backthen, and were just beginning to get axes, so
instead of sawing wood, they chopped it; that is
how it was done.’ (CEV 1984:29); < kegge-?;> kegglassi, kegglarkaq
kegglarkaq shoulderblade # kegglarkak akuliik ‘thebase of the neck’; Y, K; < kegglaq
kegglassi shoulder(s) of foreshaft of seal harpoon #NUN; < kegglaq
kegglemyaq diamond-shaped rock light blue incolor # NUN
kegg’leralnguq* talkative person # NUN; < kegge?-ate-nguq
kegg’luneq wolf (Canis lupus) # NUN; = kegluneq; <kegge-?; < PY k0!lun0q
keggmar- to bite more than once # keggmartuq ‘itis biting’; keggmaraa ‘it is biting it’ / qimugtem
eneq keggmaraa ‘the dog is biting on the bone’;. . . kingyaartelliniuq, terikaniam mat’um
keglunret kingulirneritgun keggmaqai. ‘. . . she
glanced back and saw this wolverine biting thewolves on their hind legs.’ (QUL 2003:472); <kegge-markeggmiaq thing held by biting; respirator held in theteeth (used in a steambath) # and keggmiar- to
hold or work with one’s teeth (as when bending
wood for kayak ribs and the like) # ingna
qimugta nacamnek keggmiangqertuq ‘that dog
over there is holding my hat in its mouth’;< kegge-mik; > keggmiaqutekeggmiaqute- to save food for a person who is late
for a meal # NUN; < keggmiaq-ke2-te5keggna the one outside # restricted demonstrative
pronoun; kegg’um ‘of the one outside’; kegkut‘those outside’; . . . qayagaullinia, “Keggsuuq,
nangerngaurpek’nak itra!” ‘. . . calling out tohim, “You out there, don’t just stand there,
come in!”’ (QUL 2003:68); see kegga(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; > keggakneq; < PE dem. ki!keggrarak small seal harpoon head with sides #NUN
keggsailkutaq muzzle for dog # <kegge-yailkutaq
keggsagar- to be sensitive (of teeth sensitive to cold
water or sweet food); to have sensitive teeth #
NUN

341

keggutnguaq — kelgur-

Bases

keggutnguaq false tooth # < keggun-uaq
kegkaniryaraq wrench # < kegge-kanir-yaraq
kegkenge- to bite something # kengkenguq ‘it isbiting something’ / Kegkengelriaruuq kuunimek
iruakun, qaingani ekumalria kingutmun
igtelluku. ‘It is one that bites a horse on theleg, making the rider fall backwards onto theground.’ (AYAG. 49:17); < kegge-kengekegketaaq breaker point (as in a motor) # <keggeqetaarkegler- to bite quickly # keglertuq ‘it bit quickly’;
kegleraa ‘it bit him quickly’ / Tupiimi-llu aatiin
kegleruarluku ellii-llu qiilerrluni ayakarluni uliitllu aciatnun iirluni. ‘When her father woke up
he pretended to take a bite out of her and she ran
off with excitement and hid under the blankets.’(ELN 1990:6); < kegge-lerkegluneq wolf (Canis lupus) # Piluni-llu
keglunyagaunilukek ellii tua-i irr’iqapiggluni
taukugnek keglunyagaagnek. ‘He said that they2
were half-wolf, and she regarded those halfwolf puppies with amazement.’ (ELN 1990:95);
Tekicartuamegnegu piuk yaa-i qaterpak
keglunvak nerelria cali-wa pingayun keglunretirr’ikiit aqumgaluteng. ‘When they2 reached itthey saw that a big wolf, all white, was eating,and three wolves were sitting there and watchingit.’ (ELN 1990:63); < kegge-?; < PY k0!lun0q
kegpag- to bite hard # kegpagaa ‘it bit him hard’ /= keggerpag-; < kegge-pag2kegturyaq mosquito # NUN, NSU, EG; = egturyaq;< kegge-?-yaq; < PE k0!tu3ya3
kek’araq area right in front (riverward) #Qulvarviim-wa kek’araani angyaput ak’allaq.
‘And right in front of the cache is our boat, the oldone.’ (PRA 1995:107); < kete-karaq
kekingerte-, kekingqutar-, kekiungqitar- to
grind; to creak; to make a spooky sound # Icigg’
cat imkut kekiungqitalriit nallunrilkeci maa-i
qalriuraqelriit waten passitaqameng. ‘You know,
those creaking noises, you know how they squeak
like this when they are crushed.’ (ELL 1997:558);= kiingertekelaaciq slab of bark #kela’askaq paint # and kela’askar- to
paint # kela’askaraa ‘he is painting it’ /kela’askarissuutmek aturluni kela’askariuq
angyaminek ‘he is painting his boat witha paintbrush’; kela’askaraa kavirlimek ‘hepainted it red’; Kiingan kela’askaqluku tungulria
kangipluk, cameg-avuluku. Tua-i kela’askatun
ayuquq kiiyuunani. ‘They had only black
charcoal mixed with something for paint. Like
paint it didn’t peel off.’ (AGA 1996:102); from
Russian rhƒcrf (kráska)kelaassiq cross fox (Vulpes vulpes var.) # perhaps fromEnglish ‘cross’; = ilaaciq
kelassaq glass # drinking glass or substance; fromEnglishkeleg- to invite to one’s house # usually to eat; kelgaa‘he invited her’ / kel’ggu or kellgu! ‘invite him!’;kelgiuq ‘he invited someone’; kelgun ‘invitation’;
Tua-i-llu anuirinermek taqicameng cali-llu
maurluteng kelgumariamegteggu, pulayaratgun
ayagluteng tuavet carr’ilqamun. ‘When they hadfinished unhitching the dogs and after they had
invited their grandmother, they went by the trail
through the woods to the meadow there.’ (ELN
1990:9); cf. kelgur-; < PE k0l0!kelegciq a certain scorpion-like insect (species ?) #considered a bad omen; = keliissiq
Kelek indigenous Yup’ik holiday, called “Inviting-In
Feast” in English # CAN; direct nominalization of
kelegkelessiniayaaq one of a certain kind of legendary
little people, said to be spirits of the dead and to
appear to those who don’t accept Christianity #LI; from Russian rhto®ybt (kreshchénie) ‘baptism’and -ya(g)aqkelevyagciaq sculpin with barbel # NUN; <kelevyat-?
kelevyat fringe # < kelve-yaq-plural;kelgur- to tell someone what someone else has
said about him behind his back # kelguraa‘he is telling her what someone has said about
her’ / kelguq’nguq ‘he is telling someone theunfavorable things that another person has said
about him’; arnam kelguraa elitnaurista angutem
upuyutiinek ‘the woman told the teacher about
the negative things the man had said about her’;Matuuguq maa-i yuum-llu apqiitnek kelgurluten
qanruciqaaten picilirluku kina imna, . . . ‘This
is the situation: a person will be, as it is said,
revealing things to you and he will tell you making
accusations against someone’ (YUP 2005:78); cf.
keleg-; < PE k0l0!-342

Baseskelig- to scrape; to scrape and eat the cambium
layer of tree bark # keligtuq ‘he is scraping andeating the cambium layer’; keligaa ‘he is scraping
it’ / keligaraa ‘he is scraping it repeatedly’;“Qaill’ naterkituat?” “Wii niitelartua tua-ikeligarraarluki cali-llu meqcirraarluki teq’umun
kenicilarniluki.” ‘“How do they make skin-bootsole material?” “I hear that first they scrape them[the bearded seal skin] and then remove thehair by soaking them in urine.”’ (ELN 1990:98);> keligaun, keligcuun, keliutaq, keligneq,
kelipacuk; cf. keligvak, keliurci-; < PE k0li!keligaun, keligcuun, keliutaq scraper # < kelig-a-n,kelig-cuun, kelig-taq1
keligneq scrapings # keligaraa kuingimi kelignera‘he is scraping the tar build-up in his pipe’; <kelig-neq1
keligvak fossil mammoth ivory; mammoth(Mammuthus primegenius) # Y; look under
quugaarpak for E. W. Nelson’s comments on theseanimals; < ?-vak; cf. kelig-; < PE k0li!va! (underPE k0li!-)
keliissiq a certain scorpion-like insect (species ?)# the l in this word is geminated and not voiceless,unlike the usual pattern for the Nunivak dialect, nor
is it fortis; NUN; = kelegsiq
kelipacuk edible layer right beneath skin of fish #Kelipacuut pilallruyaaqut, ta¥gaam wangkutnun
ayagyuanun-am inerquutngut. Yuk-gguq
waten ayagyuarluni kelipacuitnek neru’urquni,
uingekuni uinga picuinani yuuciquq. . . . Calillu tan’gaurluut nerevkayuunaki kelipacuitnek.
Picuirutngarqut-gguq. ‘The edible inner layer ofthe fish skin was there all right, but they didn’t
allow us young people to eat it. They told usthat if we ate too much of the edible inner layer
our future husbands wouldn’t be good hunters.
. . . Boys were not allowed to eat the edible inner
layer either. If a boy consumed it, he wouldn’t
be a good hunter.’ (CIU 2005:146); < kelig-?;> kelipacuutaq
kelipacuutaq scraper for removing edible inner
layer from fish skin # < kelipacuk-taq1
kelipacuggluk sourdough bread # < kelipaqcuk-rrluk
kelipaq bread; communion bread; Host; homebaked bread # saayurluk kelipamek avulunuk‘let’s2 have tea with bread’; quuleciraunrilnguq
kelipaq ‘unleavened bread’; kelipat ‘loaves

kelig- — kellarvikof bread’; Tua-i-llu assaliartairutlinian tua-i
assaliartunrice÷arluni ta¥gaam keliparturluni.
‘And because there were no more pancakes she
decided that rather than having pancakes she’dhave bread instead.’ (PRA 1995:360); Y, K, HBC,
NI, NUN, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; from Russian[kt, (khleb); > kelipayagaq, kelipikeliparkaq dough; unbaked loaf # Keliparkaq-llu
ak’a ulellruan negtaarraarluku kelipissuutnun
ekluku. ‘And because the dough had alreadyrisen, after kneading it, she put it in a bread-pan.’(PRA 1995:413); < kelipaq-kaq
kelipayagaq communion bread; host # < kelipaqya(g)aqkelipi- to make bread; to roast or bake any food# kelipiuq ‘he is making bread’; kelipia ‘he ismaking it (the dough) into bread’ / kelipitaa‘he is making bread for her’; < kelipi-li2-;> kelipissuun
kelipissuun bread pan; oven # < kelipaq-cuunkelipista baker # Egypt-aam atanran qenrutak
kelipiste÷i kevgiurte÷i-llu atanrulriik. ‘The rulerof Egypt was angry at his head baker and butler.’(AYAG. 40:2); < kelipi-ta
kelir- to make stitches in (it); to weave (it) #< keluk-lirkelistaq cross; crucifix; club in cards (additional
meaning in LI) # “Nauwa-mi agayuvik?” “Yaa-itang suulutaamek kelistarluni qacarnemikun.”‘“And where is the church?” “It is over therewith a gold cross on its side.”’ (YUP 1996:25); from
Russian rhtcn (krest)
Kelistussaaq Christ # = Kristussaaq; from Russian{hbcn˙c (Khristós)
keliurci- to have heartburn # keliurciunga ‘I haveheartburn’; keliurciluni ‘having heartburn’; K, Y,
HBC, CAN, BB; cf. keligkeliutaq scraper for removing edible inner layerfrom fish skin; skin scraper # < kelig-taq1
kellar- to put away in a storage container # kellaraa‘he put it away’ / > kellarvikkell’arte- to be alerted to or by something # <kelte-artekellarvik pouch; grass basket; sewing box; storage
bag made of skin # Una-wa waniwa apqemtenek
wangkuta kellarviulria amani nunamni
Alaska-mi. . . . Avani-llu ciuqvani tua-i cali
cataicunaunani kellarvik. ‘We called this [kind of343

kellarvilek — kelurquq

Basesskin storage bag] a “kellarvik” over there in myvillage in Alaska. . . . Long ago the skin storage
bag was never lacking (always nearby).’ (CIU
2005:142); < kellar-vik; > kellarvilek; cf. kularvik;< PE 0kl03vi! (under PE 0k0-2)
kellarvilek spider that appears to have a pouch(species ?) # BB; < kellarvik-lek
kelliq* the one toward the river; the one farthestfrom the wall as on a shared bed # Ukut
Qipnermiut kellirraqait kana-i alaunateng, taukut
tua-i wii ellangvillrenka, Calitmiunek piaqluki.
‘They call the place where I first became aware
Calitmiut, and it is visible down there right infront of Qipneq.’ (ELL 1997:286); < kete-li1 >kelliqutaq
kelliqutaq bouy at the end of a fishnet away fromthe shore # < kelliq-kutaq
kellirneq area toward the river; lefthand side (UYmeaning) # < kete-lirneq
kellute- to watch over closely; to guard; to keep
watch; to observe vigilently # kellutuq ‘he isguarding, watching over something’; kellutaa‘he is watching it closely’ / nunam kellutestii‘guardian of the land’ name of an Nativeenvironmental protection agency in the YukonKuskokwim delta region, “Nunam Kitlutsiste”;
kelluciyaraq ‘resource or environmental
management’ (natural resources neologism);
Unugpak ayallinilriik tua-i-ll’ tamaavet kuigem
iluanun itramek, qayatek tua-i itrullukek
natmun maavet, atrarlutek unavet ce÷amun
kellucillinilutek. ‘They journeyed all night andthen they entered that river they brought their
kayaks up and went down somewhere on thebeach to keep watch.’ (ELL 1997:408); < kelte-te5kelngunrilnguq* place where something is foundwhen it is least expected to be found there #NUNkeltailngar- to be caught off-guard # < kelte-?kelte- to be alert; to observe warily # keltuq ‘heis alert’; keltaa ‘he is observing him warily’ /kell’a’rtuq ‘he suddenly became alert’; kelcama‘because I am alert’; kellnarituuq ‘it is regularly
time to be alert’; Tamaa-i qavarningutekaqluku
kelteng’ermeng leq’emqeciurarqan ugtarvimengman’ avatii. ‘Hearing the slapping sound aroundwhere they are resting makes them sleepy eventhough they try to be alert.’ (QUL 2003:44);
Kelquranglutek-gguq tua-i qavaluaqayuirullutek-

llu taukuk. ‘They became vigilant and did not
sleep very well anymore.’ (PAI 2008:324);> kell’arte-, kellute-, keltailngarkelu area behind, back from the house and awayfrom the river # opposite of kete-; Misviimllu ketiini ta¥gaam nemta cali-llu agayuviim
keluagni nutarat net uaqliqluteng. ‘In front(riverwards) of the airstrip but behind our houseand the church the new houses are in a row one
next to the othergoing toward down the river.’(PRA 1995:107); inglerem keluanun igtuq ‘it fellbehind the bed’; > keluqliq*, kelutmun, keluvaq,
kelukneq, keluvaraq, keluvar-; < PE k0lu
kelucairissuun key # < kelucaq-ir-i1-cuun
kelucaq lock; padlock; key # and kelucar- to lock# kelucaraa ‘he locked it’ / kelucaumauq ‘itis locked’; Iterngami — kelucayuitellruameng
kelucanek-llu tamaani pitaitellruami — ta¥gaam
tua-i pengegnairqelluku, muragmek tukrucirluku
amini tauna uitalliniluni. ‘When she went in —they didn’t lock their doors because there wereno padlocks then — she secured her door, bracing
it with a piece of wood and waited.’ (QAN
1995:280); from Russian rk/x (klyuch); = kelussaq;> kelucairissuun
kelugkaq sewing thread; sewing sinew; coarse grassused for weaving mats # < keluk-kaq
keluirissuun seam ripper # < keluk-ir-i2-cuunkeluk stitch; weft strand in twining grass # see
teguneq for the warp strand; keliuq ‘she is making
stitches’; pilugullregka kelugpauqapigtuk ‘myold boots have big stitches’; Tamaaken qayat
umciguciraqluki keluit. Imangyugnaitaqluteng.
‘They would seal the kayaks’ stitches from there.
They would never leak.’ (YUU 1995:61); > kelir-,kelugkaq, keluirissuun, kelullir-, kelurquq,
kelurqutaq; cf. eglu; < PE k0lu!
kelukneq east # Y; < kelu-?
kelullir- to baste in sewing #; < keluk-lluk-lirkelup’aaq rice one grain # kelup’aat ‘rice’ manygrains; BB; from Russian rhegƒ (krupá) ‘groats’kelupavik, kelupuvik shotgun # EG; from Russianlhj,jd∫r (drobovík)
keluqliq* one that is close behind # < kelu-qliq
kelurquq, kelurquar(aq*), kelugquq decorative
stitching; fine stitching # as on a traditional Yup’ik
parka or on skin containers; made with caribou throat
hair and sinew on thin strips of dyed skin or bird-foot344

Basesleather; Arenqiatuk ukuk wani tangnertunarquk.
Tua-i kelurquaraat-llu makut, waten-wa tua-i
asuirucirturluki taqtullrukait makut amiriit. ‘My,
you could look at these for a long time. Look atthese little fancy stitches; these skin boots werealways sewn with a piece of skin placed between
the two edges to create the seam.’ (CIU 2005:344);< keluk-?
kelurqutaq dark skin put behind row of beads indecorating a parka # < keluk-kutaq
keluskaq cup # from Russian rh´;rf (krúzhka)
kelussaq lock; padlock; key # and kelussar- to lock
# NSU; = kelucaq; from Russian rk/x (klyuch)kelussnaq godfather # from Russian rh=cnysq(kryóstnyy)
kelutmun toward the area upland; away from theriver or behind # adverb; < kelu-tmun
keluvaq, keluvaraq east; northeast # and keluvar-1,
keluvarar- ‘for there to be an east (or northeast)
wind # keluvarartuq ‘there is an east (ornortheast) wind blowing’; Tua-i-llu ayalliniluni
ava-i keluvaratmun, kiatmun-gga tua-i avavet,
keluvaraq una avaken ta¥gaam nunam tungiinek
anuqlitulria, . . . ‘Then he left in the direction of
the east, to that area upriver toward the east,
from where the wind blows from inland, . . .’(QAN 1995:156); NI, HBC; < kelu-?; < kelu-?;< PE k0luva3- (under PE k0lu)
keluvar-2 to move back # keluvartuq ‘he moved
back’; keluvaraa ‘he moved it back’ / < kelu-var-;< PE k0luva3- (under PE k0lu)
kelve- to cut into strips # > kelevyat; < PE k0l0(t)kemagnaq1 sea urchin (species ?) # < ?-naq2; cf.
kamegnaq
kemagnaq2 stanchion on kayak sled #kemegmik, kemeqliq* shirt; undershirt # < kemekmik, kemek-qliq
kemegneq lung # NSU < kemek-?; < PY-S
k0m0!naq
kemegtuqaq thigh; upper leg # < kemek-tuqaq
kemek meat; flesh # kemga ‘its flesh’; kemgutii ‘his
supply of meat’; ilu’urma kemga tangellruaqa ‘I
saw my cousin’s dead body’ (literally: ‘his flesh’);. . . elliin-am aataseng aguaggluni apqurluku
maliksugluku cali ayakan aqvaluku imna
uniteltek tuntuviim kemgan ilii. ‘. . . insistently
she asked their father if she could go alongwith him when he went back to get that portion

kelurqutaq — kemyunarqe-of the moose meat that they’d left behind.’(ELN 1990:62); . . . irugni-llu perriamikek
piuq cat makut akalriit kemgan qaingani.
Kemgiutnayukluni pian, aanii ngel’arluni
qanrulluku iqauniluku tamana akalria. ‘. . .
and when she wiped her legs she saw thatthese things were rolling up on top of her skin.
When she noticed that she thought she might
be losing her flesh, but her mother laughed andtold her that it was just dirt rolling there.’ (ELN
1990:33); > kemegmik, kemegneq, kemegtuqaq,
kemgarar(ar)-, kemgir-, kemgite-, kemgiute-;< PE k0m0!
kemeksungiaraq green-winged teal (Anas crecca)# NSK
kemgarar(ar)- to go (at least partially) in the flesh; togo partially of totally naked # kemgara’artuq ‘heis in the flesh’ / kemgararallruuq ‘he was in theflesh’; kemgara’arluni anellruuq ‘he went ouside
in the flesh’; < kemek-ar(ar)kemgir- to lose weight; to remove flesh # kemgirtuq‘he lost weight’; kemgiraa ‘he removed theflesh from it’ / kemgircartuq ‘she is dieting’;
kemgiutuq ‘he has become skinny’; < kemek-ir2kemgite- to be skinny; to lack flesh # kemgituq ‘heis skinny’ / kituuga ukna kemgilnguq? ‘who isthat skinny person coming this way?’; Anluni
pillinia nem qaingani enret makut qakimaluteng,kemgunateng-llu. ‘Going out he saw that on top of
the house there were those bones, bleached andwithout flesh on them.’ (YUU 1995:100); < kemekite1-; < PE k0m0!it- (under PE k0m0!)
kemgiute- to have lost weight; to have removed theflesh from (it) # kemgiutuq ‘he has lost weight’;
kemgiutaa ‘he has removed the flesh from it’ /< kemek-i:rutekemni- to be light-headed; to be drugged #kemniuq ‘he is light-headed’ / < ?-neq1-i3-;< PE k0mnikemyu- emotional root; > kemyuke-, kemyunarqe-,
kemyunaitekemyuke- to rely on; to have confidence in #kemyukaa ‘she relies on him’ / ellminek
kemyukuq ‘he has confidence in himself’;< kemyu-ke2kemyunarqe- to inspire confidence; to bereliable; to be trustworthy # kemyunarquq‘he inspires confidence’ / . . . qanqeryugluni
ellii taiyanritniluni . . . tauna tan’gaurluq

345

kemyunaite- — kenegyagute-Baseskencignarqe- to be worthy of honor; to be sacred;to be holy # kencignarquq ‘it is sacred’ / Akerta
teviqanrakun tekituq kencignarqellriamun
nunamun . . . ‘When the sun was about to set hearrived at that hallowed place . . .’ (AYAG. 28:11);< kencig-narqekencike- to watch over with respect # kencikaa‘he respects it’ / Makut maani angutet qantait
imumi kencikluki pitullrulliniit. Angutem qantaa
cailkamelngaunani, ta¥gaam qulqika’arluni
waten uitaurararkauluni. Cali-llu qantaq
waten unatni paluita tegungaunaku. ‘Women
treated men’s bowls with utmost respect. A man’sbowl was never left out in the open but wasalways put away neatly on a shelf. And whena woman picked up a man’s bowl, she did notallow herself to take it with her palms facing
downward.’ (CIU 2005:136); < kencig-ke4Kencuar(aq*) Purgatory # literally: ‘the little fire’;< keneq-cuar(aq)kene- to hold a child (especially a male) out so that
he can urinate (both parties crouch down and thechild faces away from the helper) # < PE (now PI
kini-) # NUN
keneg- root; > kenegnar-, kenegnarqe-, kenke-,keneke-, ken’gun1
kenegnar- to be lovely; to be pretty; to look good
# kenegnartuq ‘she is pretty’, ‘it is good’ /kenegnaarallruuq ‘she was rather pretty’; Maatentang murilkanka nasaurluut tua-i assiyaarluteng
ilait, kenegnarluteng tua-i. ‘When I observed I saw
that the girls were rather nice, some of them,quite attractive.’ (CIU 2005:384); < keneg-naq1
kenegnarqe- to be lovable # kenegnarquq ‘he islovable’ / < keneg-narqekenegnira- for there to be sudden gusts of wind #NUN; cf. kenegtekenegte- to press down on; to push down on # Illiit
kucirtullret — nenglliryaaqur kenegteqiyaqemni
qunuteksaunani. ‘When I touched one of thedrops [of blood] it was cold but it wasn’t
frozen.’ (AGA 1996:46); HBC, NUN; = negte-; cf.
kenegnira-’ < PY-S t0n0!kenegyagute- to come to love; to fall in lovewith # kenegyagutaa ‘he came to love him’;
Eq’uksaaqerraarluku-gguq kiituan kenegyagutaa,
quyakengluku. ‘After she had despised him, theysay, finally she came to love him and appreciatehim.’ (YUU 1995:11); < keneg-yagute

kemyunarqenrilkan . . . ‘. . . begging to speak,he said that he would not have come . . . if theyoung man did not show promise and potential . . .’(ELN 1990:75); < kemyu-narqekemyunaite- to not inspire confidence; to beunreliable; to not be trustworthy # kemyunaituq‘he does not inspire confidence’ / < kemyu-naitekenaa- to moan and groan # Qanenriqercan tangniicugniqalliniuq, qamna tang imumek tua-iqacigtevkenani kenaagurluni. ‘When he stopped
talking and listened someone inside was busy
moaning and groaning.’ (KIP 1998:249)
Kenaayuq, Kenaayuk Sugpiaq; Kenai-area
Athabascan; Iliamna Lake Indian # EG, NR; =Kanayuq, Kenayuk
kenagte- to groom; to straighten up (person,
house); to clean house; to make beautiful(ly) #kenagtuq ‘he is grooming himself’; kenagtaa‘he is straightening it up, cleaning it up, etc.’ /neviarcam nuyani kenagtai ‘the young woman
is combing her hair’; ena kenagesgu! ‘clean thehouse!’; Kenagngallrunritut-gguq nasqurrutet.
‘She said the headdress was plain with nodesign.’ (TAP 2004:71); Ermiggaarluteng-llu
cali-llu kenagqaarluteng ellmeggnek kiimengqancirluteng assaliarturluteng. ‘After washing
their faces and after fixing up their appearances
they served themselves and ate some pancakes.’(PRA 1995:360); = kenugte-; cf. kencigken’aq sandbar exposed at low tide; beach; mudflat# EG; = en’aq; < kente-?-aq1; < PY t0n(n)aq (underPE t0n0t-)
kenaqaute- to be beached by the receding tide #HBC; = kenqaute-; < kente-?-te5kenarte- to be adept in arts and crafts # NUN
kenatagun sled brake; NUN; < ?-n; cf. kenerteKenayuk Sugpiaq; Kenai-area Athabascan; Iliamna
Lake Indian # BB; = Kanayuq, Kenaayuq
kenciate- to be sloppy; to be a messy person #NUN; < kencig-atekencig- to be careful with one’s clothing # kencigtuq‘he takes care of his clothes’ / > kenciate-,
kencignarqe-, kencike- cf. kenagte-, qigcigkencigcar- to purify; to cleanse # Cali-am
wani pirraartelluki teq’umun taqngamengerullrulliniut, kencigcarluteng-gguq. ‘And after
they’d done this to them when they were
finished they washed with urine, and purified
themselves.’ (CAU 1985:146); < kencig-car-346

Baseskenegyug- to be in love # kenegyugtuq ‘he is inlove’ / Y; < keneg-yugkeneke- to love in any sense; to like # NSU; = kenkekeneq1 (NS, Y, K, NI, NUN, BB, NR, LI form), ke÷eq
(NSU form) fire; match (additional meaningespecially in K and BB) # kenengqertuten-qaa? ‘doyou have a match?’; kenliurpiiqnak! ‘don’t playwith matches!’; Waniwa tua-i kumarcissuutellrit
kenertaitellrani tamaani ciuliat. ‘These were thefire starters of the ancestors back then when there
were no matches.’ (CIU 2005:204); Tua-i-llu cat
iliitni tuaten pillrani cupun ta¥gken kenermek
aqsiigkenun qeckili tull’uni. Qagerrlutek aqsiik.
‘Then one time when he acted like that a hotember jumped out of the fire and landed onhim, on his belly. It exploded his belly.’ (UNP1);
kenrem curua ‘armature plate in a motor’; keneq
nipsuilnguq ‘hellfire’ (from the New Testamenttranslation into Yup’ik); < eke1-neq1, eke1-neq1;> Kencuar(aq*), keneqpataq, kenerkuaryaraq,
Kenerpak, kenerpallak, kenerpallag-, kenerrliur-,
ken’ervik, kenilleq, kenir2-, keniurun,
kenngallag-, kennge-, kenqegg-, kenriiq, kenrun,
kenrurte-; cf. kenur-; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (63);< PE 0k(0)n03 (under 0k0-1)
keneq2 horsetail (Equisetum arvense) # NUN
keneqpataq short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) #< keneq-?;cf. kenriiq
kenercetaaq cornmeal, starch, etc., used as athickener in cooking # < kenerte-cetaaq
kenercete- to be of such a nature as to impede
motion; to be viscous; to be rough-surfaced #kenercetuq ‘it is rough, viscous’ / Una iqua
mermun pulamakuni kenercetarkauluni. ‘If thisend [of the float] stays submerged it will provide
a drag [when pulled by the struck seal].’ (CIU
2005:12); Akutan kenercetsiyaakan ipuutekun
imarkuamek ilaluku cali akulluku. ‘If the mixture
is too thick, add a dipper of broth and mix it
again.’ (YUP 1995:130); < kenerte-cete2kenercissuun, kenercessuun, kenerun (NSU form)
sled brake. see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled; <kenerte-i2-cuun, kenerte-cuun, kenerte-n
kenerkuaryaraq electric appliance # < keneq-kuaryaraq
Kenerpak Hell # literally: ‘the big fire’; < keneq-rpakkenerpallak lightning; sparks # and kenerpallag- to
flash of lightning, flint and steel, etc.; # impersonal
subject; kenerpallagtuq ‘there is lightning’ /kenegyug- — ken’gun1

Kenermek-llu kenrunateng, keningnaqluteng
canek ciimarnek kenerpallatulinek keniraqluteng.
‘They didn’t have matches for [making] fire,trying [instead] to make fire with certain sparking
stones (flints) which is how they made fire.’(MAR1 2001:23); < keneq-pallagkenerqaq punk; birch bracket fungus (Fomes pinicola(or Poria obliqua)) # formerly used as punk for fires,now used for reducing to ash (araq, peluq), which ismixed with leaf tobacco for chewing; # < keneq-?
kenerrliur- to build a fire # Piqerluni atam
kenerrliullinilria tauna maurlurlua, tua-igguq tepkeggniriluni man’a nem ilua tua-iarenqianani. ‘Soon after that she started a fire andthe sweet aroma of cooking filled the room. The
scent of food was absolutely tantilizing.’ (CIU
2005:284); < keneq-rrluk-liurkenerte- to slow down forward progress; to brake #kenertuq ‘he is slowing down’ as by dragging his
feet from a sled; kenertaa ‘he is slowing it down’/ kenerrluni arulaircetaa angyaq atertellria‘dragging the oars he stopped the drifting boat’;> kenercetaaq, kenercete-, kenercissuun; cf.
kenatagun; < PE k0n03ke÷ervik stove # NSU; < keneq-vik
kenervik primer cap box or the primer cap itself #kenevkar- to rub in (using shavings) the ochre withwhich wood is colored red # NUN; > kenevkaun
kenevkaun tool for crushing ochre # NUN;
< kenevkar-n
kengelqaq something that fits or is suitable # atkuni
kengelqaqaa ‘he fits his parka’; HBC; = engelqaq;< kengla-?
kenglae border; edge # HBC, NUN; kenglii ‘itsedge’; = [e]nglae, menglae, nelae; < PE k0nl0
kengliqe- to commit a sin; to act contrary to the way
one is supposed to # NUN; < kengluq-liqe2kengluq wrong one; sin # kengluq taatan ‘you havegiven me the wrong one’; NUN; = kenlu;> kengliqe-; < PE k0&lu3
ken’gun1, ken’gussaq loved one; best friend# . . . imna camna ken’gussani ikirucani im’
mayu’urrluni anqerrlun’ tamaavet nem’un.
‘. . . she opened the door for her loved one andhe came up and slipped into the house.’ (QUL
2003:384); Taukuk-wa ken’gutkelriik, aiparnikelriit
tua-i avvingacuunatek, nukalpiak. ‘Those two
young men, best friends, boon companions, never347

ken’gun2 — kenitekBasesllu kemegmek uklisqe™gani, ukliluni, aaniitllu kenirluni. ‘. . . Qalemaq started making the
akutaq mixture as she’d been told to after she
thawed some tallow for it, while Mikellaq cut
up the meat as she’d been told to, and theirmother cooked it.’ (ELN 1990:66); < keneq-ir1-;> kenircuun, keniruar-, kenirvik, ke÷itaq; < PY
k0ni3- (under PE 0k01-)
keniraq cooked food; stew # < kenir2-aq1
keniraraun dance baton # has decorative appendages;
is held close to the floor; HBC, NUN; = eniraraun;
kenir1-?-nkenircuun, kenircaun, kenirrsuun hot plate; camp
stove; cook stove # < kenir2-cuun, kenir2-car-n,
kenir2-cuun
kenirmiar-, kenirmig- to put in the front flounce of
one’s cover parka # kenirmiaraa or kenirmigaa‘she put it in the front flounce of her cover parka’/ Iraluq tauna piluku March-ami. Cunawa
wangkuta tua-i tamaa-i Akulmi ellarayagmek
kenirmiarluku pivkarqellinikiit. ‘He was referringto the behavior of the moon in March. We in the
Akula region always said it had bad weather
carrying it in its flounce.’ (CIU 2005:362); Watengguq angun kangangelartuq kenirmiarrarluni tuallu taumun maligtaqusteminun, maligtaqukani
tua-i aturcelluni, katagluku tuavet unilluku.
Tua-i qingirluku, ilua qingangluni. ‘Like this,they say, a man walks around carrying something
in the flounce of his garment, and deposits it withthe one who consents to what he wants, if she
consents to be used, he leaves it there. And so hemakes her pregnant, she gets a baby inside her.’(YUP 2005:158); < keniq-mik, keniq-mik; < PE
k0ni3mi!- (under PE k0ni3)
kenirmiaqe-, kenirmike- to carry or hold in thefront flounce of one’s cover parka # kenirmiaqaa
or kenimikaa ‘she carried it in the flounce of her
cover parka’ / < keniq-mike-, keniq-mikekeniruar- to ceremonially smudge with kindlingand Labrador tea preparatory to launching akayak for sea-hunting # < kenir-uaq
kenirvik kitchen; cooking place # < kenir2-vikke÷itaq match # NSU; < kenir2-taq1
kenitek fire-drill # Caqerluni kenitegnek itrutliniuq.
Tamaani-gguq keneq kumartetuat nucugluteng,. . . ‘At last he brought in a fire drill. Back thenthey’d start fires by pulling (the bow of the fire
drill back and forth), . . .’ (CUN 2007:24);

were apart from each other.’ (PAI 2008:320); <keneg-n, keneg-?
ken’gun2 beaded headband # NUN
ken’gutaq drill-like implement for making fires;mouthpiece for drill # NUN
keni- to be softened by soak # keniuq or kenia ‘itis softened by soaking’ / kenitaa ‘he soaked it
to soften it’; kenitaq ‘dried fish that has been
soaked, or anything that has been softenedby soaking’; Ukut angutet makut nakacuteng
qasgitellrit, makucit maa-i ciilkacagarluteng.
Kenitelarait, kenilluki, ciilercugnairulluki-am.
‘These seal bladders of theirs [that is, of the seals
they’d caught] that the men brought into into
the kashim were very dry and crisp. They would
soak them and soften them until they were no longcrispy and dry.’ (QAN 1995:163); < PE k0nikenilleq fireplace; place where a fire is built #Arnassagaam-gguq cali pia, “Ataki kenillermun
qurri.” Tutgarrluum kiugaa, “Aa-aa, kiika-wa,
kenillermun qurrneq nallukeka.” ‘The old lady
said again to him, “Now pee into the fireplace.”
The grandson answered her, “Er, ah, I don’tknow about peeing into a fireplace.”’ (CET 1971:13& PRA 1995:452); < keneq-lleq1
keniq front flounce of a cover parka used as ameans of carrying things # Aarpautekluki,
yucuayagaat imkut kelutmun cuukcautut imkut
ayaruteng mingquteteng uniarrluki. Mingqutnek
avurtuq kenini muirluku tamalkuita. ‘He criedout at them, and those little people ducked to theback [of their kashim] abandoning their walking
stick-needles. He gathered all the needles
filling the flounce of his parka completely.’ (GRA
1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453); > kenirmiar-,
kenirmiaqe-; < PE k0ni3
kenir1- to point # kenirtuq ‘he pointed’; keniraa ‘hepointed at it’ / kenirluku angenrat qimugtet!
‘point to the biggest dog!’; HBC, NUN; = enir-;> keniraun, keniun; < PE t0nni3kenir2- to cook (UY, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI,
EG meaning); to make a fire (under) (Y, HBC,
NS meaning) # kenirtuq ‘he is cooking’ or ‘he ismaking a fire’; keniraa ‘he is cooking it’ or ‘he ismaking a fire under it’ / kenirtuq neqmek ‘sheis cooking fish’; keniutaa suupamaq uini ‘she’s
cooking soup for her husband’; keniyuvagcit!
‘my, you cook well!’; . . . Qalemaq akucesqe™gani
urugcirraarluni tunurmek akulluni, Mikellaq-

348

Bases< keneq-li-n-dual
keniun index finger; forefinger; thimble # NUN;
< kenir1-n
keniurun, keniurcuun fire poker # < keneq-liur-n,
keneq-liur-cuun
kenivik primer box # < keneq-li2-vik
kenka love # and kenke- to love in any sense #kenkaa ‘he loves her’ / kenkiuq ‘he loves
someone’; kenkamken ‘I love you’; kenkesteka‘the one that loves me’; kenkek’ngaqa ‘myloved one’; kenkutuk ‘they2 love each other’;kenkai irniani ‘he loves his children’; kenkekun‘with love’ (typical closing salutation in Yup’ik
correspondence); Tua-i tuaten una waniw’
cauyaq tuaten ayuquq, umyuartequsngauq.
Uuggun cauyakun wangkuta ilaput kenekluki
tuqurqutevkenata . . . ‘For this purpose thisdrum was intended. If we use this drum, weshall love our neighbors, no longer killing one
another . . .’ (ELL 1997:374); Kenka ilakegciuguq
naklegtaraluni-llu. Kenka ciknayuituq ellminekllu nanrarpek’nani, ellminek pivakngaituq
mulngaitevkenani-llu. ‘Love is patient; love iskind; love is not envious or boastful or arrogant
or rude.’ (1CORI. 13:4-5); Una waniwa wiinga
tut’garamnun-llu qanrutkeqtarturalaryaaqaqa,
mat’umek, cikiqengyaram kenekngucia-llu
qanrutekluku. ‘I always tell my grandchildren
this; I talk about how giving to others is love.’(YUP 2005:62); = keneke-; < keneg-ke4-; > kenkun
kenkun, kenkutneq love # < kenke-n,
kenke-te5-neq2
kenlu wrong one # and kenlu- to do somethingother than what one is supposed to do #kenluuq ‘he acted contrary’; taisqengami
kenluuq ayakili ‘upon being asked to come hewent away instead’; Kenluuq-llu negeskunengpugkanirluteng. ‘And if one pushed it down,
it would just do the opposite and come up alittle more.’ (QUL 2003:126); = kengluq; >kenluqsagte-, kenluqsak, kenlutmun; < PE k0nlu3
kenluqsak one who acts contrary to the way heshould # and kenluqsagte- to act contrary to
the way one is supposed to act # kenluqsagtuq‘he acts contrary’; Tamakut-gguq tamaani
kenluqsaugut amiingiq’ngaqameng carayiit. ‘They
say that ghosts react the opposite way when they
block doorways.’ (QUL 2003:124); < kenlu
kenlutmun contrary to the way it should be or

keniun — kenugte-

the way one should act; the opposite way #Waten tua kenlutmun ilutmun cingleryaaqekuni
ellaqvaqanirarkauluni. ‘If one pushes it in, it will
just go the opposite way and move out a little.’(QUL 2003:124); adverb; < kenlu-tmun
kenngallag- to burst into flames; to light a match #kenngallagtuq ‘it burst into flames’; kenngallagaa‘he struck it (match)’ / < keneq-?-llag-;> kenngallagasuun
kenngallagassuun apparatus that makes the sparkin a motor # < kenngallag-a-cuun
kennge- to start to burn; to light a fire # kennguq‘it has started to burn’ / Cali-ll’ keneq tamaani
nurnapiallrulliniuq. Kenermek-llu ta¥gaam
cayaqliqapiarluteng kenngengnaq’lallrulliniameng.
‘And back then a match was hard to come by. But
eventually they’d endeavor to light a fire.’ (KIP
1998:119); < keneq-nge-; > kenngessuun
kenngessuun fire-making apparatus # < kenngessuun
kenqaute- to be beached by the receding tide #kenqautuq or kenqautaa ‘it is beached’ / HBC,
NUN; = kenaquate-; < kente-?-te5kenqegg- to ignite readily # kenqegtuq ‘it ignites
readily’ / < keneq-nqeggkenriiq short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) # < keneq-?iq; cf. keneqpataq
kenruk friend; mate # NI
kenrun hundred # term used to represent hundreds
at two hundred and beyond; literally: ‘supply ofmatches’, from match boxes with one hundred
matches in each; malruk kenrutek ‘two hundred’ #NUN; < keneq-un
kenrurte- to get red-hot; to become fire # kenrurtuq‘it got red-hot, became fire’ / < keneq-urtekente- to go down of water; to ebb; to go out of tide
# kentuq or kentaa ‘the water is going down’ /HBC, NUN, EG; > kenaqaute-, kenqaute-; =ente-; < PE t0n0tkenugnga- to be adorned; to be beautiful (ofpersonal ornaments and the like) # Assirluteng
tua-i tangnirqepiarluteng kenugngaluteng cakneq.
Waniwa una kenugquraumalliniuq. ‘They are
nice, delightful to behold, very beautiful. This one
here has been beautifully made.’ (CIU 2005:254);< kenug(te)-ngakenugte- to groom; to straighten up (person, house);
to clean house; to make beautiful(ly) # kenugtuq

349

kenugun — kepelmur-

Baseskenurte- to be in the light; to throw light (on) #kenurtuq ‘it or he is in the light’; kenurtaa ‘hethrew light on it’ / < kenur-?
kenuur- to nudge # kenuurtuq ‘he is nudging
something’; kenuuraa ‘he is nudging it’ /HBC;
NUN; = enuur-; < ?-ur-; < PE t0nnukenyaun tallow from outside of stomach ofreindeer, caribou, etc. # NUN; < ?-nkep’alek greater scaup (Aythya marila) # < kepe-aq1lek
kepcetaaq dyed leather decoration # < kepte-cetaaq
kepcissuun dye (coloring material) # Kipusvignek
kepcissuutnek kipulluteng kepcilartut. Ak’atamaani atsat mecuitnek, napat-llu qeltaitnek
kepcissuutengqelallruut. ‘They dye things buying
the dye from the store. Long ago they had dyes
made from berry juices and tree bark.’ (YUU
1995:60); < kepte-i2-ssuun
kepe- to sever or be severed; to cut off or be cut
off; to take a short cut # kep’uq ‘it got severed’;
kepaa ‘he severed it’ / kepiuq ‘he severed
something’; kepumauq ‘it is severed’; Tekicamek
caviggaminek nangcautaa kepluku unilluku-ll’
egmian-llu arrluut cik’arulluku. ‘When they got
there, he cut the towline with his knife, leaving
her there and right away the killer whales closed
in on her.’ (ELL 1997:22); Tamana ciuliamta
yuuyarallrat kepqapiarluni kepellrulliniami tamaani
elitnaurviit agayuviit-llu iluvallratni. ‘When
schools and churches penetrated (our lives)
the ways or our ancestors were severely severed(from our lives).’ (CIU 2005:404); Makut ta¥gaam
naternat, kayut-llu imarpinraat-llu kepsuitut,
pelluyuitut nunamte÷i unani. ‘However,flounder, devil fish, and small whitefish areavailable, are never cut off (from us), never over(for the season) (i.e., are available year-round),in our village.’ (YUP 2005:86); > kep’alek,
kepelmun, kepelmur-, Kepenkuq, kep’issuun,
kep’iyuli, kepliar-, kepneq, Kepnerciq, kepun,
kevkarte-; < PE k0p0kepelmun marking, cutting, moving, etc.
widthwise, across something # adverbial particle;< kepe-tmun
kepelmur- to cut, mark, etc., widthwise or around(a carcass) # Maklartaqata makliim irniaranek
ciuqlirmek tua-i tan’gaurluq, tuaten kepelmurluku
piqatarniaqamegteggu, uuggun, maaggun
talligken piakun kepelmun waten ullirtetuat‘he is grooming himself’; kenugtaa ‘he isstraightening it up’ / tengmiaqsar kenugtuq ‘thebird is preening itself’; = kenagte-; > kenugun
kenugun personal ornament # Tua-i Ingriq Sinaiaq unicamegteggu Israel-aam yui aturnanrirtut
kenugutnek. ‘Therefore when they left Mount
Sinai the people of Israel ceased wearing personal
ornaments.’ (ANUC. 33:6); < kenugte-n
kenukcuk candle; seal-oil lamp # HBC; < kenur-?
kenuqaurneq shore ice (protruding and very steep)# NUN
kenur- root; > kenukcuk, kenurqutaq,
kenurtarrsuun, kenurraq, kenurrar-, kenurte-; cf.
keneq
kenurqutaq flashlight # Ala-i alingnaqluteng
tan’germi qagaani, net elatiitni tan’germi.
Tanqigcelngurmek cataunani kenurqutamek-llu
cataunani. ‘Oh it was scary in the darkness out
there, outside the houses in the dark. There wasno bright light, no flashlights.’ (KIP 1998:309);< kenur-kutaq
kenurraq lamp or light (HBC, NI, CAN, UY, K,
BB, NR, LI meaning); spark (NS meaning) # andkenurrar- to shine light (on) # kenurrartuq ‘heis shining a light’; kenurraraa ‘he is shining
a light on it’ / kenurraq nipesgu ‘turn off thelight’; kenurraq kumaresgu ‘turn on the light’;
Iraluq ta¥gaam kenurraqlalliamegteggu iralviim
nalliini pitullruut. ‘With only the moon as alight they would do this [hold celebrations]at the time of the full moon.’ (AGA 1996:122);. . . mertailan tamana ena elkek Qalemaqllu mertarlutek tan’gercelan ellassuutmek
kenurramek ang’aqlutek. ‘. . . because there was nowater at the house she and Qalemaq went to getwater and because it was dark they took along astorm lantern as a light.’ (ELN 1990:85); < kenurrraq; > kenurrarcuun, kenurrayagaq, kenurriurta,
kenurrivik; < + PY 0k0nu3aq (cf. Naukan Yupik
0k0nu3aq ‘lamp’)kenurrarcuun kerosene # < kenurraq-cuun
kenurrayagaq candle; votive candle; small light #< kenurraq-ya(g)aqkenurriurta light-plant operator # < kenurraq-liurta1
kenurrivik light plant; electric generator # <kenurraq-li2-vik
kenurtarrsuun flashlight # NUN; < kenur-?-ssuun

350Baseskassuggluku. ‘When they caught a bearded seal
pup, the offspring of an adult bearded seal, forthe first time, when they said they were going to
cut it around, they began cutting near the front
flippers, cutting in bands.’ (PAI 2008:116); <kepe-?
Kepenkuq Brown’s Slough in Bethel # < kepe-?
kepirtaq grip or stop; wooden device used inwringing wet sealskins during processing # put
at tail end of harpoon line to keep it from running
through the hands and to serve as a handle, and also
used in drying and stretching sealskin
kep’issuun cross-cut saw # < kepe-i2-cuun
kep’iyuli beaver (Castor canadensis) # HBC; <kepe-i2-yuli
kepliar- to give or get a haircut; to shear #kepliartuq ‘he got a haircut’; kepliaraa ‘he gave
her a haircut’ / < kepe-?; < PE k0pli3- (underPE k0p0-)
kep’neq section of a fish just in front of the tail; cut
off thing # < kepe-neq1
kepneq warm weather causes above groundentrance to semi-subterranean house to beopened because of flooding of winter tunnel
entrance # < kepe-neq2; > Kepnerciq
Kepnerciq March; February # Waten-llu
erneq takliriaqan, Kepnercimi nangvailgan
ayagnirluteng upalangellruut. ‘Whenever thedays would start to lengthen, starting in Marchbefore the end [of the month] they would startmoving [to spring camp].’ (KIP 1998:27); see
Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar; < kepneq-?
kepqe- to be in need of something and seek it #kepquq ‘he needs something’; kepqaa ‘he needs
it’ / kepqut mermek ‘they need water’; Yugmek
kepqerraarluni waten tayim’ natmun ayagluku
tekitenritellranek. ‘Having had a need for human
fellowship he went somewhere and didn’t
return.’ (ELL 1997:192); Cali-llu waten apqiitnek
Kassaurpakaan yuucirput. Kepqutairucamta. ‘Also
it is because our way of life has become, as theysay, Westernized. We no longer lack anything.’(QUL 2003:18); < PE k0p0t-2 and k0p0q0keptaq streak of color; stripe; colored design; dyedthing # Ta¥gaam taumi ernermi Laban-aam
allakarai qusngirngalnguut angucalut keptalget
kukupalget-llu . . . ‘However, on that day Laban
separated out the male goats with stripes andspots . . .’ (AYA. 30:35); Ukut-llu wani nakrutain

Kepenkuq — kessig-

atlitain ngeliitni, waniwa tua-i elitaqanka ukut
keptarrai pingayun. ‘I recognize these three
painted designs along the edge of the stabilizer.’(CIU 2005:34); < kepte-aq; > keptalek
keptalek golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) #kepte- to dye # keptuq ‘it is being dyed’; keptaa‘he is dyeing it’ / kepciuq ‘he is dyeing things’;
Waten tua-i akulkunaki kepciqatuit mat’umekkavirutmek. ‘They always colored designs close
together here with ocher.’ (CIU 2005:34);> kepcissuun, kepcetaaq, keptaq, kepyute-;< PE k0p0t-1
kepyute- to be stained # NUN; < kepte-te5kepun adze # Asgirpagkaq tekitellinia,
angyarkaminek caliuralria muragnek
keputequurluni. Keputnek ta¥gaam
muragiurcuutengqellratni. Kegglaryugnaunatengpilallratni. ‘He came upon Asgirpagkaq working
away using an adze to cut a piece of wood to use
in building himself a boat. That was back when
the adze was the only wood-working tool they
had.’ (QUL 2003:640); < kepe-n
ker- dimensional root; > kerkite-, kertu-; NUN; = qerker’aq fish-rack # NSU, Y; = ek’raq, qer’aq; < PE
0k03a3 (under PE 0k03a3-)
ker’ar-, kerar- to cross over # ker’artuq ‘he crossed’;
ker’araa ‘he crossed it’ / NSU, Y; = ek’rar-,
qerar-; < PE 0k03a3kerkite- to be low in elevation # NUN
kertu- to be high in elevation # NUN
kesianek always # adverbial particle; kesianek
inarcara’arturalartua ‘I always go to bed early’;
Tua-i tangvala’arqa uin, kesianek imarpik kan’auivaalaamku. ‘I regularly see your husband,
always when I’m circling around the sea out
there.’ (MAR2 2001:98); = keyianeng; < kesir–ablative-modalis
kesiani only then # adverbial particle; Taamlegiannanirngata kesiani atralliniluni imnatangkuralliniluku qatellriamek atkulek. ‘When it
got dark and they had a light, only then did he go
down and see the one in a white park.’ (MAR1
2001:17); < kesir-localis
kesir- only; alone # quantifier/qualifier; see Appendix
2 on inflection of the quantifier/qualifier; Y; = keyir-,kii1-, kiir-; > kesianek; < PE k09ikessig- to be far out away from shore # kessigtuq‘he is far from shore’ / . . . aren maklaar pingna

351

Kessigliq — kevgaq

Baseskeluqvani, mer’em kessigitliniluku imairutliniluni.
‘. . . (they saw) a bearded seal way up on thebeach, the water had receded from it, emptying thearea.’ (CIU 2005:182); = ketsig-; < kete-qsig-; < PE
k0t9i!- (under PE k0t0-)
Kessigliq Kalkag # village on the Kuskokwim
ketae area down toward the river or sea; area awayfrom the wall; area down from and in front #opposite of kelu; qavartartuq nemta ketiini ‘he iscamping in the area toward the river from ourhouse’; ketvut ustuq ‘our shoreline is eroding
away’; ketvani ‘close to the shore’; qaltaq arnam
ketiintuq ‘the bucket is down in front of thewoman’; ketairaa ‘he is going through the area
between it and the river’; > kek’arar-, kelliq*,
ketgulleq, ketliq*, kellirneq, kessig-, ketsig-,
ket’garvik, ketmun, ketetmun, ketvar-; < PE k0t0ket’araq curtain # NUN
ketekneq man’s hairdo with long locks over each
ear # NUN
ket’gaq cord that holds the gutskin raincoat tightly
in place around the coaming of the kayak # andket’gar- to secure with this cord # ket’garvik‘indentation below outer ring (qaglak) on
coaming of kayak in which the cord fits’; Tua-llu
taukut cetaman imarnitraarluteng arilluglutengllu, qillerrluki ukut, una-llu nungirrluku,
man’a cali qillerrluku ket’gamek avatii qayam,
tua-i-llu makucinek all’uteng. ‘Then the fourmen put on their their gutskin raincoats andfishskin mittens, drew up their drawstrings andtied the raincoats in place with cord around thecoaming of each kayak, and put on these (hats).’(CIU 2005:246); Meq iterngairutelluku qayam
iluanun, ket’garluku-ll’ painga qayam. Mer’em
patuangraakut, meq iterngaunani . . . ‘To prevent
water from entering getting inside the kayak,
they’d secure the hatch of the kayak. Even if thewater covered us, water wouldn’t get in . . .’ (PAI
2008:426); < kete-?; < + PE k0t0! (at present, PI
k0t0k)
ketgulleq area of open water in sea ice (?) #Pilaggarrluk’ tua-i ekngamiu qayaminun amavet
tua apqiitnun ketgullermun, kanaryaramun
agulluku. ‘After splitting it open he placed it
inside his kayak and took it to the area of open
water (where one could launchs it)’ (QUL 2005:250);< ket-?-lleq
ketgulliira- to behave improperly #ketgulliiravallaavet naklegnaituten ‘becauseof your improper behavior you don’t deserve
sympathy’ketliq* the one toward the river; the one farthestfrom the wall as on a shared bed # ketliuluni
qavarturalartuq ‘he always sleeps on the side
away from the wall’; < kete-li1; < PE k0tli3 (underPE k0t0-)
ketmun, ketetmun toward the water # adverb;< kete-terminalis, kete-tmun
ketmurte- to go to or toward the water, or out into
the water # Kuimaneq nallunritliniamiu taum
tan’gurraam, pugcuayaaqaqluni ketmurtelliniluni.
‘Since that boy knew how to swim, he would
surface a little bit and swim out from the shore.’(QUL 2005:96); < kete-murteketsig- to be far out away from shore # NS; =kessig-; < kete-qsig-; < PE k0t9i!- (under PE k0t0-)
ketvar- to go toward the water or edge # ketvartuq‘he went toward the water or edge’; ketvaraa ‘hemoved it toward the water or edge’ / < kete-varketviute- to think one knows about the subject
matter at hand; to give an invited opinion #NUNkevek lifted load # and keveg- to lift # kevegtuq ‘helifted something’; kevgaa ‘he lifted it’ / kev’ggu!
or kevvgu! ‘lift it!’; kev’llinia or kevvllinia‘evidently he lifted it’; kevni uqamailkaa ‘hisload is too heavy for him’; kevegciigataqa ‘I
can’t lift it’; kevkaa ‘he is carrying it’; Qang’a-ll’
Ski-Doo-kan yugyaulluku itrauciiqaat kevegluku
kingutmun-llu caulluku ciuqerranun elliluku, . . .
‘Or, if it [the gift] was a Ski-Doo [snowmachine],
a number of people will lift it up and bring it inand place it in front of him [the recipient], . . .’(TAP 2004:80); kevgaq, kevegtur-; cf. kevgaq,
Kevgaq; < PE k0v0!kevegtur- to carry # kevegturtuq ‘he’s carrying
something’; kevegturaa ‘he’s carrying it’ /Tauna-llu kemek kevegturluku napat akuliitgun
ikamragnun uciliulluku, . . . ‘They carried thatmeat out between the trees and loaded it on thesled, . . .’ (ELN 1990:60); < keveg-tur1kevgaluk muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) # NSU, EG;< kevgaq-?; < PE k0v!alu! (under PE k0v!a3)
kevgaq messenger; unpaid helper; Messenger
Feast (traditional celebration) # Amllerni kevgak
malruulutek yun’erraak angutek. ‘In many cases
two young men were the messengers [to invite352

Basesother villages to the Messenger Feast].’ (CAU
1985:159); > kevgaluk, kevgi-, kevgiaq; cf. kevek;< PE k0v!a3
Kevgiq Messenger Feast (traditional celebration) #and kevgi- to celebrate the Messsenger Feast# kevgiut ‘they are celebrating the Messenger
Feast’ / Kevgiryaraq waten aprumalalliniuq
kevganek ayagcecilallrat pitekluku. ‘The
Messenger Feast was called that on account of
their sending out messengers [to invite othervillages].’ (CAU 1985:159); < kevgaq2-i3-; < + PE
k0v!i3- (under PE k0v!a3); > kevgiruaq
kevgiaq invitation to the messenger feast #< kevgaq2-liaq
Kevgiruaq indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated
shortly after the Messenger Feast, and during
which men and women of the same village
exchanged gifts # and kevgiruar- to tell what
they want to have given to them after the
Messenger Feast # said of the women of the village
who then dance; < Kevgiq-uaq
kevgiuqengaq master or mistress; the person
one serves # “Natmun-llu ayagcit?” Kiuguq,“Qimagtua kevgiuqengamnek.” ‘“Where are you
going?” She answered, “I am running away frommy mistress.”’ (AYA. 16:8); < kevgiur-kengaq
kevgiur- to wait on; to serve; to do chores# kevgiurtuq ‘he is serving’; kevgiuraa‘he is serving him, waiting on him’ /Waniwa wiinga imumi nasaurluulua tua-icalinguarpakayuitellruunga kevgiurlua ta¥gaam,aanaka-wa tua-i augna kevgiuraqluku. ‘When I
was a girl, I didn’t do crafts much, but I mostly
did chores; I was always helping my mother withchores. (CIU 2005:319); < kevgaq1-liur-;> kevgiuqengaq, kevgiurta
kevgiurta servant; one who does chores #keviaq plug or mouthpiece of seal harpoon float #NUN; < keviq-?
kevinqun stopper; plug # < kevir-ngqegte-n
keviq plug; cork; stopper; caulking material # andkevir- to plug; to stuff; to caulk; to block (theway) # keviraa ‘he is plugging it’ / kevgiutaa ‘heplugged or blocked something with it’; keviutuq‘he blocked something with himself’; angyam
akulqucui kevirai ‘he is caulking the cracks of theboat’; kuvyaq neqnek keviumauq ‘the net is filledwith fish’; . . . kenillrem araanek, qamellranek,
iik tua-i kevillinilukek qavaani tua-i, iik taum

Kevgiq — kia

tutgarami! ‘. . . with ash from the fireplace, she
stuffed his eyes in his sleep with, the eyes ofher grandson!’ (ELL 1997:12); = kuir-, > keviaq,
kevinqun, keviraq, kevirkaq; < PE k0vi3keviraun sealed or otherwise closed poke or othercontainer # Keviraun akakiignek imalek iirluku,
nalluani ta¥gaam ner’aqluni. ‘She had hidden apoke containing whitefish, and ate from it without
his knowledge.’ (YUP 2005:182); < kevir-aq1-un
kevirkaq, kevingutkaq caulking material; stoppermaterial # < keviq-kaq, kevinqun-kaq
kevkar-1 to hover in the air # kevkartuq ‘it ishovering’; HBC; < keveg-qarkevkar-2 to make an open fire inside to remove frost# NUN
kevkarte- to break apart suddenly as byoverstretching; to snap off # kevkartuq ‘itsnapped’; kevkartaa ‘he snapped it’ / Tuall’ pillinia urluvra-gguq qelutairtuq, qelutii
kevkartuq. ‘So then she said to her that hisbowstring broke, that his bowstring snapped.’(ELL 1997:80); < kepe-?;kevraarcinraq* spruce root # < kevraartuq-linraq
kevraartuq spruce tree (Picea sp.) # Maaten itertuq
kiugkut can’get curuluut, avatiitni-wa muriit
kevraartut caningqaluteng, uani-wa kaminiaq
piliaq, kiatiini-wa qulqitet, natra-wa marayaq.
‘When she came in she observed that in the backwere sleeping mats of grass bounded on thesides by spruce logs, and toward the door was ahomemade stove, and further in shelves, and thefloor was dirt.’ (ELN 1990:12); < nekevraartuq;> kevraarcinraq
keyianeng always # adverb; nenglengqataraqan
keyianeng quyngetuunga ‘when cold weather isabout to set in I always start to cough’; HBC; =kesianek; < keyir*- ablative-modalis
keyir*-, keyirrar*- only; alone # quantifier/qualifier; keyirmi ‘only he’ (subject)’; keyimta
or keyirremta ‘only we, only us’; keyirmeng‘only they (subject)’’; keyian or “kessian” (NUN
pronunciation) ‘only him (not subject)’; HBC,
NUN; see Appendix 2 on the inflection of thequantifier/qualifier; = kesir-, kii1-, kiir-; < -, -rraq;> keyianeng; < PE k09ikia, kiam who; whose # relative case. interrogative
pronoun; NS, Y, HBC, K, NI, NUN, CAN, BB, NR,
LI, EG; see kina353

kiacirutaq — kiaresngiate-Bases

kiacirutaq shelf at front edge of rear storage
platform; bottom cupboard # NUN
kiag- to become summer # see at kiak
kiagcetaq* thing of last summer # such as
whitefish caught in spring, or last summer’s dried
fish; Imangenritaqagnek-gguq tua-i taukuk
qulvarviigni, yuk-gguq imna nacairnanrirquq
tua-i. Nangutarkaurrluni-gguq tua-ikiagcecingairulluni qanraqluni. ‘When her caches
were not filled up, she panicked and stopped
removing her parka hood off her head. She
would start worrying and say she was going to
run out, that she wouldn’t have any dried fish fromthe summer before left.’ (CIU 2005:188); < kiak-?
kiagi- to spend the summer # kiagiuq ‘he isspending the summer (there)’ / kiagillruunga
Mamterillerni ‘I spent the summer in Bethel’; <kiak-i3kiagpak the whole summer; all this present summer# kiagpak ellallilartuq ‘this summer it is rainy’;
Kiagpak ikayuangnaqurluku elliin aanani, cali-llu
Irr’aq aipaqaqluku, murilkelluku tuaten aanani
caliaqan, alqami taqsuqutaqatgu. ‘All summer
she tried to help her mother, and keep Irr’aq
company watching her when her mother was
working and when her older sisters had become
tired of watching her.’ (ELN 1990:41); < kiak-rpak
kiagtaq summer thing; king salmon (Oncorhynchus
tschawytscha) (additional Y meaning) # < kiak-taq2
kiagvik summer fish camp # < kiag-vik
kiak summer; last summer # and kiag- to become
summer # kiagtuq or kiagaa ‘it is summer,
it has become summer’ / kiagutaanga ‘itbecame summer on me’; kiak neq’liqellruunga‘last summer I caught a lot of fish’; kiagmi
akervagaqan kuigmi kuimalartukut ‘insummer whenever it is very sunny we swim
in the river’; mat’umi kiagmi elitnaurtua ‘thissummer I am attending school’; kiagcuun or
kiaggsuun ‘summer garment or other piece ofequipment used in summer’; Pinarian-am cali
neqlillmeggnun upagluteng, kiagmi. ‘When it
was time again they moved to their fish campin the summer.’ (ELN 1990:37); Piqerluni ta¥ga,
waten ta¥g’ kiagutaqatek, imarpiim ci÷iikun,
cinirtellininaurtur ta¥g’ mallussuareluni. ‘One
day during the summer, he was walking along
the seashore, looking for dead sea mammals.’(CEV 1984:66); > kiagcetaq*, kiagi-, kiagpak,

kiagtaq, kiagvik, kiaku, kiakvaq, kiallaq*, kianeq,
kiapauq, cf. kiilleq; < PE ki9a!(-)
kiakiaq solitary sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) # LI;
imitative
kiaku next summer # adverb; < kiak-ku
kiakvaq all last summer # kiakvaq nengllilallruuq‘all last summer it was cold’
kiallaq* thing of last summer# such as whitefish
caught in spring, or last summer’s dried fish; < kiakllaq
kianeq naturally occurring open hole in the ice inwinter # kic’arpiallruunga kianermun ‘I almost
fell in the open hole’; < kiag-neq1
kia(ni) inside; upriver; on the left facing the ocean# restricted demonstrative adverb; kiavet ‘toupriver, inside’; kiaken ‘from upriver, inside’;Tupiganek-gguq canegnek amingqetullratni,
tamakut akuliitgun qinertaa kiavet, neviarcaq
kiugna egkumi caliuralria. ‘They had doors ofwoven grass, it is said, and he looked at it in there
through the interstices of the grass, and there wasa young woman in there in the back of the room
working away.’ (MAR1 2001:91); see kiugna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; > kiavar-; < PE dem kivkiapauq spring season # Kiapauraqan amta-lluggur kessianeg aanani kuciallakaggu qayani
pilagterluku kuciciutnauraa. ‘Whenever it was
spring if it would drip in his mother’s [house]he’d cut up his kayak and use it to catch thedrips.’ (WEB2); NUN; < kiak-?
kiar- root; > kiara-, kiaresngiate-, kiarnaite-, kiarte-;< PY-S kiya3kiara- to repeatedly look around # kiarauq ‘heis repeatedly looking around’; kiaraa ‘he isrepeatedly looking around for it’ / yugteggun
kiarrluni ‘looking through the people’ (as at agathering to see if there is anyone one wants totalk with); Umyuaqek’ngarpenek pitarkamek
kiaraniartuten. ‘You can look around for anything
you think of to hunt.’ (QUL 2003:642); < kiar-akiarcuirute- to go blind # NUN; < kiarte-yuirutekiaresngiate- to be ashamed # kiaresngiatuq‘he is ashamed’ / Tua-i-ll’ taum uingan
nayuryaaqerrarluku, talluryungami,
kiaresngiatengami-llu unilluku. ‘So after her
husband stayed with her for a long time, because
he was embarrassed and ashamed, he left her.’(YUU 1995:35); < kiarte-ngiate-354

Baseskiarnaite- to be poor visibility # impersonal
subject verb; kiarnaituq ‘visibility is poor’/ Nunami maani kingunicugngauq yuk
kiarnaitqapigtengraan. ‘On land here a person canmake his way home even though the visibility isvery poor.’ (YUU 1995:67); < kiar-naitekiarneq unsalted strip or fillet of fish flesh withoutskin, cut from along the backbone and hung to
dry # < PE 0ki9a3- and postbase PE n031
kiarte- to look around; to scan # kiartuq ‘he islooking around’; kiartaa ‘he is looking around at
or for it’ / Nanvarpiim-llu qainga kiarrluku canek
tungulrianek tangrrami qaingani meciknaurai
yaqulgullinilriit. ‘Looking around the surface ofthe big lake when she saw something dark on
its surface she got a better look at what were
evidently waterfowl.’ (ELN 1990:47); = kiyarte-;< kiar-?-; > kiara-, kiarcuirute-; < PE kiya3kiatae area up river of –; inside area of — (house of
the like) # Elitnaurvik-wa taum misviim kiatiini.
Taum-llu elitnaurviim ukatiini elitnauristet enait.
Ketiitni-wa taukut kipusvik ta¥gaam net kiatiitni.
‘There’s a school on the upriver side of that airstrip.
The teachers’ houses are on this (closer to us)side of the school. In the area toward the riverfrom them, but on the upriver side of the houses is
the store.’ (PRA 1995:108); . . . uitaluteng taliciviit.
Kiakaraitni-wa tamakut taliciviit, qulvarviit. ‘. . .
there are fish drying sheds there. Immediately on
the upriver sides of each of those fish sheds, there
are caches.’ (PRA 1995:107); < kia(ni)-te3Kiatiirmiut people of the upper Nushagak River;the “Kiatagmiut” # kiate-possessed-miu-plural
kiavar- to come or go farther in # kiavartuq‘he came in’ / kiavaa! or kiavarluten! ‘comein!’ said to someone standing inside the door;
Ellii-llu kiavaasqe™gani maurlumi kiavarluni
taum canianun Puyaakiim aqumluni, calimaurluni quliriqataryukluku. ‘And because her
grandmother told her to come in, she came in andsat down next to Puyaakiiq, thinking that her
grandmother was going to tell a story.’ (PRA
1995:428); < kiani
kicaq anchor # and kicar- to anchor # kicartuq ‘itanchored’; kicaraa ‘he anchored it’/ angyaput
kicairtellruuq anuq’vallrani ‘our boat lostits anchor when it was very windy’; Maaten
uyangtelliniuq mertarcuutmun angyaq kan’akuigem iluani kicaumalria. Tua-i elitaqnaqluteng

kiarnaite- — kii-1

yui, aatii-llu una-i ilakluku. ‘When he looked into
the water bucket, lo and behold there was thatboat down there anchored in the river! He could
recognize its people, and his father among them.’(CIU 2005:202); < kit’e-yaq; > Kicarvik
kicaqutaq, kic’aqutaq net sinker # < kit’e-yaqkutaq, kit’e-yaq-kutaq
Kicarvik Anchorage # a literal translation of“Anchorage” into Yup’ik, this Yup’ik word is used
lightly or humorously
kic’i- to have something sink on one; to sinksomething; to forget (additional meaning for
CAN) #; Taukut ta¥ga uigtuastaita kic’ilutengllu pillret elitaqliniat tauna qaltayag, cali
uskurangqelliniluni. ‘Those who accidentallysank the bucket recognized that bucket, as it still
had the skin rope attached.’ (WEB2); < kit’e-i2kiciggluk swampy place # cf. qecikluk
kiglin knife sheath # NUN; < ?-n; < PY ki!lin
kigumaaq belt of floating ice formed by currents,
sandbars, etc. #kii-1 only; alone # quantifier/qualifier; kiingan
tangrraa ‘he saw only her’; kiimi tangrraa‘only he saw her’; kiima nem’i uitaunga ‘I’m
at the house alone’; . . . Qalemaq una allakarmi
cururluni inartengluni, tamaani-llu pelatekami
uitaurangluni aneksaunani, taumi curumi
aqumgaurluni kiingan-llu egamaarrlugnek
ner’aqluni. ‘. . . Qalemaq began to sleep
separately on a bed by herself, and started tostay inside the tent all the time never going out.
She would just sit there on the bed and eat only
boiled dried fish.’ (ELN 1990:37); Unuakumi
tupiimi mak’arrluni maaten piuq aanii kiimi
ak’a maktellrullinilria. ‘In the morning when
she awoke she sat up and realized that only
her mother had gotten up already.’ (ELN
1990:15); Mikngami-llu ellangenrra¥rluami-llu
utaqainanermini umyuarteqengluni qaill’ nunaangtacianek, nunam ngelii avani tangvagluku,
ellait-llu kiimeng yuuyukluteng. ‘Because she wassmall and since she had only recently becomeaware of things, while she was waiting, looking
at the horizon, she began to think about howhuge the universe was, thinking that they were
the only people in the whole wide world.’ (ELN
1990:9); Kiingita yuilqurmiutaat neqekluki, cali
akikluki. ‘The only food they had was fromthe land and this was what they also used for355

kii2- — kiimete-

Bases

trade.’ (YUU 1995:46); Aling, tua-i tang waniwa
caviggaqa a¥gna tua-i ava-i elpet kiivet tua-i
tangerqen angalkuullgutevni. ‘Oh, look, among
your fellow shamans you alone saw that knifeof mine.’ (QUL 2003:30); Eq’ukutevkenatek
aipaqitek assirlutek, kiimta wani qikertami
yuugukut. ‘Live in harmony with each other, notbeing hateful to each other, for we are the only
people on this island.’ (MAR2 2001:93); Aling,
usuuq tang tua-i anngaan augna tuqulluku
wangkuk kiimegnuk aipaqurangkumegnuk
camek . . . ‘Gee, you here, we should kill yourbrother and become companions, just you
and me alone . . .’ (QUL 2003:368); . . . tua-iellani qaill’ piqernganaku nalluyaguqaarluku,
ellangumaaralliniuq ellami kiiqapigmi tua-iaqumgaurluni natlugcugnaunani ayuqucia
tua-i camek natlugutengqerrsugnaunani. ‘He
lost consciousness and soon became aware
outside, sitting all alone, and there was nothing
wrong with him at all.’ (YUP 2005:170); Y, NI,
NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; see Appendix 2
on the inflection of the quantifier/qualifier; = kesir-,
keyir-, kiir-; > kiimete-, kiimir-, kiimurrsug-,kiingraar(ar)-, kiirrar-; < PE k09i2
kii - to come off as a layer; to peel off # kiiguq ‘itpeeled off’ / kiitaa ‘he peeled it off’; nepcetaaq
kiitaa ‘he took off the bandage’; pupiim qecia
kiiguq ‘the sore’s scab came off’; sap’akima
alua kiiguq ‘my shoe’s sole came off’; Tua-i
kela’askatun ayuquq kiiyuunani. ‘Just like paintit didn’t peel off.’ (AGA 1996:102); Nevumek
qag’umek qagaa-i nunapigmek, waten eliqluku
kiilluku-llu patukiutullruit assircaarluki,
tamakucinek patuluni. Tua-i ullagluku tekicamiu,
tua-i kiitengnaqliniluku, . . . ‘From sod on thetundra out there they cut out door-size sod,peeling off [the layer of sod], and make covers forthe entrance, doing everything carefully. That’s
the kind of door it had. He approached it andupon reaching it, he tried to pry it off, . . .’ (ELL
1997:510); > kiicissuun, kiimacak, kiineq, kiipir-,kiitaq, kiite-; < PE ka!akii3- root; > kiika-wa, kiiki, kiituani, kiitavani
kii4- to stay in the village rather than going tofish camp in summer # A¥gkut kiilrianek
pituit neqliyanrilnguut, neqliyayuilnguut.
Kiilrianek. Kuigilngurmiut-llu pitangqetuluteng
neqliyanrilngurnek kiiluteng. ‘They referred topeople who didn’t go to fishcamps to harvest fish

as “kiilriit.” There were people in Kwigillingok
who didn’t harvest fish, didn’t go to fishcamp.’(PAI 2008:158); CAN
kiicissuun crowbar # < kii2-te2-i2-cuunkiika-wa I too wish it were so! # exclamatory particle;
Tua-i-llu-gguq yuqercuguaqili. Arnassagaamgguq pia, “Ataki tumamnun qurri.” Tutgarrluum
kiugaa, “Aa-aa, kiika-wa tumamun qurrneq
nallukeka.” ‘And so he pretended that he had togo pee. ‘The old woman said to him. “Okay then,pee in my palm.” The disobedient grandsonanswered here. “Er ah, I wish it could be so, but
I don’t know about peeing in the palm.”’ (CET
1971:13 & PRA 1995:451); < kii3-wa
kiikanguaq outboard motor # EG from English‘kicker’ and postbase -nguaq
kiiki hurry! # exclamatory particle; kiiki
kinguraupailegpet eskuularyartua! ‘hurry up
and go to school before you’re late!’; Tua-i-llu
kakivini tegui, tua-i-llu tegumiaqai; angitai.
Angiqeryaaqai, mingqute¥rlua imna tayima!
“Nauwa? Kiiki taisgu!” ‘And then she took her
sewing kit, and she held it and undid it. She
unfastened it in vain, her poor dear needle
was gone! “Where is it? Hurry, bring it!”’ (GRA
1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453); < kii3-?; > kiikiarkiikiar-, kiikirtur- to tell to hurry # kiikiartuq ‘hesaid to hurry’; kiikiaraa ‘he told her to hurry’ /< kiiki-rKiillaraliin Kiseralik River # a tributary of theKuskokwim upriver from Bethel on the righthand side;< kiilleq-?
kiilleq fish camp # UK; <kiak-i3-lleq1; > Kiilleraliin
kiimacak (Y form), kiineq (K form) layer ofdecomposed meat beneath the skin of a dried
fish, caused by heat or maggots. < kii2-?, kii2-te2neq1
kiimete- to be alone # kiimetuq ‘he is alone’ / thisbase is a contraction of kiimi ‘he alone’ (3rd personreflexive singular) and the obsolete base ete- ‘to be’(q.v.), but has become a base in its own right since
it can be used with endings other than 3rd person
singular, e.g.: kiimetut ‘they are alone’, kiimetuten‘you are alone’, kiimetua ‘I am alone’; kiimetukut‘we are alone’; kiimetaurtuq or kiimeta’artuq‘he stayed all alone’; Tua kiimenatek tamaani
kuigem ce÷iini uitallinilriik. ‘So they stayed
being alone there on the shore of the river.’ (ELL
1997:68); Ataneq Agayun qanertuq, “Assinrituq

356

Baseskiimellir- — kiircete-

kiipirte- to stand on tiptoes # kiipirtuq ‘he stoodon tiptoe’ / kiipirrluni saskaq tegungnaqellrua
qulqitnek ‘standing on his toes, he tried to takethe cup from the cupboard’; < kiipir-te2kiiq* heat # in the air; qasgiq kiirmek eltuq ‘thesteambath is leaking out heat’; kaminiam kiiran
kinercetai aklut ‘the heat from the stove is drying
the clothes’; kiirmek makugtua ‘I’m sufferingfrom the heat’; Nuna piullrani taqngaituq
nauceciineq quyurcineq-llu wall’u nengla kiiqllu, kiak uksuq-llu erneq unuk-llu. ‘As longas the earth endures, seedtime and harvest,
cold and heat, summer and winter, day andnight, shall not cease.’ (AYAG. 8:22); Kiirmi-llu
cali cingirtuumangaunateng. ‘Also in the heat
they [the boots] wouldn’t be laced up or tied.’(CIU 2005:344); kiirem cuqii ‘(atmospheric)temperature’; kiirem cuqcautii ‘(atmospheric)thermometer’; > kiircaun, kiircuun, kiircete-,kiirciurun, kiiri-, kiirniur-, kiirpag-, kiiryug-,kiiya
kiir- only; alone # quantifier/qualifier; Tua-wa
man’ kiiran tamaani cassuutekngamegteggu
man’ equk, cakluku canun equgglainarmek
atutullermeggni. ‘And back then they used only
wood for all their devices, they used just woodfor everything.’ (AGA 1996:154); Tauna-gguq
uinga ayagnaurtuq kiatmegnun negirsarturluni
tuntunun, cup’utaitellermeggni tamaani. Kiirita
pitaqluki, kiirita-llu nerluki . . . ‘Her husband
would go up their2 river setting snares for
caribou since they didn’t have guns back then.
They caught only those and they ate only those. . .’ (MAR1 2001:41); NS; see Appendix 2 on theinflection of the quantifier/qualifier; = kesir-, keyir-,kii-; < PE k09ikiircaun, kiircuun heater; furnace #Kumliviinateng-llu yuut. Kiircaucetaunani-llu,
kaminiaq ta¥gaam una. ‘People had no freezers.
Also no heaters, only this [type of cooking andheating] stove.’ (KIP 1998:301); < kiiq-car-n,
kiiq-cuun
kiircete- to be hot # of the weather or the temperaturein an enclosure, area, etc.; kiircetuq ‘it is hot’ /kiircetsiyaagtuq ‘it’s too hot’; kiircecuituq ‘it’s
never hot’; kiircepaa! or kiircessvaa! ‘my, how
hot it is!’; ella egturyirtuq kiirce÷ani-llu ‘the air
is full of mosquitoes and it is hot’; = kircite-;< kiiq-cete2-

angutem kiimetlerkaa; aiparkaanek piliciqua
ikayurtekniaraa.” ‘The Lord God said, “It is
not good for a man to be alone; I will fashion acompanion for him to be a helpmate.”’ (AYA.
2:18); < kii(mi)-mete/netekiimellir- to come to be alone # kiimellirtuq ‘hehas come to be alone’ / this base is a contractionof kiimi ‘he alone’ (3rd person reflexive singular)
and the base ellir- ‘to become’; having become abase in its own right this base may be used with otherthan 3rd person singular endings, e.g., kiimellirtua‘I have come to be alone’, kiimellirtutenqaa? ‘are you alone now?’; . . . tamaa-i tuaten
qavciurtellruuq tauna tua kiimellirngami. ‘. . . hethus became a wolverine when he found himself
all alone.’ (ELL 1997:92); Aling, waniwa’mta-q’
tua ilumun tuquqatartuten? Aling,
qunuksaaqvagciken. Kiimelliryuumiicaaqvakar!
‘Gee, are you really going to die? Gee, I sure
don’t want you to die. I certainly don’t want
to start living by myself.’ (QUL 2003:370); <kii(mi)+ellir- ?
kiimir- to stand by itself # of a baby; kiimirtuq ‘he isstanding by himself’ / < kii1-?
kiimurrsug-, kiimerrsug- to want thingsfor oneself (only); to not want to share #kiimurrsugtuq ‘he wants things for himself(only)’ / Tua-i elluarrluni ilakucaraq yuuta¥gkut arcaqakluku pillrulliniut, nalluvkenaki
yuut kiimurrsugpek’nateng pikata elluarrluteng
ilakutlerkaat. ‘People regarded it as very
important to deal correctly with relatives, toknow them and to want to share; they should betreating them right.’ (CAU 1985:182); < kii1-?
kiingerte- to creak; to grind # kiingertuq ‘it iscreaking’ / = kekingertekiingraar(ar)-, kiinraar(ar)- to be without acoat or parka in the cold # kiingraartuq ‘heis without a coat’ / Cali kesianek net-llu
kumauralriaruvkenateng, qerruyanaqluteng
kesianek. Kiingraarluni-ll’ waten
matangqayarauvkenateng. ‘Also, the [fires in the]houses weren’t kept lit always; they were always
cold. And it was not a place to be without an overgarment; they weren’t places to be undressed.’(KIP 1998:295); < kii1-?, < kii1-?
kiipir- standing on tiptoe # postural root; >kiipingqa-, kiipirte-; < kii2-?
kiipingqa- to be standing on tiptoes # kiipingqauq‘he is standing on tiptoes’ ? < kiipir-ngqa-

357

kiiri- — kilgaq

Baseskiiri- for it to get warmer or hotter # of the weather
or the temperature in an enclosure, area, etc.; kiiriuq‘it is getting or has become hotter’ / Tamana
ak’a kiiringllinilria ena aaniit-wa assalilria,
kinguqliat-wa Irr’aq qavalria curumi. ‘The house
was evidently already beginning to get warmer
and their mother was making griddlecakes, andtheir younger sibling, Irr’aq, was sleeping on themattress.’ (ELN 1990:12); < kiiq-i1kiirniur- to feel hot and sweaty # kiirniurtuq ‘he ishot’ / NS; < kiiq-niurkiirpag- to be very hot # of the weather or thetemperature in an enclosure, area, etc.; kiirpagtuq‘it is very hot’ / Kiirpangnayukluku-llu net’eng
ella qagna anuq’vangraan amiik ikirrluku,
egmianun-llu patuluku. ‘And thinking that
their house would get very hot even though theweather outside was quite windy, they opened
the door, and shut it right away.’ (PRA 1995:413);< kiiq-pag2kiirrar- only; completely alone # quantifier/qualifier;more emphatic than kii- (q.v.); Ilangcingluku
tua-i tavaten ayuqengraan alutukluku, kiirraanllu irniaqngamegnegu. ‘They began to ignore
her being like that, and they took care of her
because she was their only child, just her.’(MAR1 2001:30); Qanlartut-llu yuk-gguq
kiirrarmi yuuyuituq. ‘And they say that a person
never lives completely alone.’ (CAU 1985:12);
see Appendix 2 on the inflection of the quantifier/qualifier; < kii1-rrarkiirrelvag- to be very hot # of the weather or thetemperature in an enclosure, area, etc.; kiirrelvagtuq‘it is very hot’ / < kiiq-pag2kiirtevkar- to be covered with sweat; to be
overheated; to be feverish # kiirtevkartuq‘he is all sweaty, feverish’ / Qayuwa-llu-am
piqerluni a¥g’arqani tua ak’a kiirtevkaq’apiggluni,
kiirsukapiggluni. ‘When he somehow removed
it [the mask] he was covered with sweat,
extremely hot.’ (AGA 1996:54); Tagluni tuavet
aklumeggnun qavaqalliuq kiirtevkarluni tua-icakneq. ‘He came up and fell asleep on his gear,very hot.’ (MAR2 2001:50); NS; < kiiq-tevkarkiiryug-, kiirsug- (NS form) to feel hot and sweaty# kiiryugtuq ‘he is hot’ / kiiryugpaa! ‘my, I’m
hot!’; kiiryukuvet amiik ikiresgu ‘if you are hot,open the door’; Maaten-gguq itertuq kiiryugluni,
anertevkarpagluni aarrarrarraaraluni tuaten.

‘When she entered, she was hot, short of breathand panting.’ (YUU 1995:95); < kiiq-yug-, kiiqyug-, kiiq-niur-, kiiryugyailkun
kiiryugyailkun fan; air-conditioner # < kiiryugyailkun
kiistaq yarn; wool; tassel # from Russian rbcnm (kist’)‘cluster, bunch’; = kistaq
kiitaq peeled-off layer or block of sod # < kii2-te2-aq1
kiite- to stand on tiptoe # kiituq ‘he stood on tiptoe’/ kiicimauq ‘he is on tiptoe’; NI; < kii2-te2kiituani, kiita¥gani (HBC,NS, NUN form), kiituan’finally; thereafter # adverbial particle; kiituani
tuaten ellirtuq ‘as time went by it became likethat’; Tua-i taum maurluan tuaten iigminek
assiilliqurallrani waten nerevkarturallermini,
kiituani qanlanglliniuq neqkairutniluku. ‘And
his grandmother, while he was afflicted in hiseyes, continued to feed him, until finally she
began saying that he was running out of food.’(ELL 1997:12); Ul’uq taqeksaunani ernerrluni
yuinaagnek malrugnek, meq nunam qaingani
et’uriinarluni, kiituani angyarpak pugtertaa.
‘The water rose without ceasing for forty days,
the water deepened over the land, and finally it
floated the ark.’ (AYA 7:17); Kiita¥gani-gguq ta¥g’
cuucia assiirutuq. Avenriutengani taum carayiim,
nulirqeqataryaaqellran. ‘As time passed, his life
grew miserable. She was draining his spirit away,that ghost, whom he had been about to marry.’(CEV 1984:50); kiituani tanem or kiita¥gani tanem‘oh, what if it had happened!’; < kii3-?; > kiituani
tanem, kiitavani tanem
kiiya, kiiyaq men’s community house; kashim # andkiiya- to go inside the men’s community house #literally: ‘small heat’, from the use of such houses for
sweat baths; kiiyacuar ‘a small men’s community
house’; NUN; < kiiq-yak
kikikiaq whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) # HBCkilgaakuirta dog running loose alongside a team #Y; < kilgaq-?-kuir-ta1
kilgaq anywhere at random; off the usual path;somewhere; everywhere # kilgakun ‘throughany route’; kilgaakun ‘to the side of the mainroute’; Aling, kilgarmun-llu tuntumek tangerrlua
uitaskumku uurcaraqatarpakar. Atak tua-i
pissungnaqa’arteqerlaku. ‘Oh my, seeing acaribou at random, I am going to regret it if
I leave it alone. I will go ahead and hunt it.’
(QUL 2003:150); A, kitak, kitak, piyugngakuvet

358Basestua-i maligcukuvgu kilgarmun maligesgu
pisqiarniaran, ca imna pingnatukengaa pikaku.
‘Oh, okay, okay, if you are able go with him at thisopportune moment if you want to so you can help
him around when he is trying to do whatever
he’s trying to do.’ (QUL 2003:558); Hinz’ grammar(1944) and Drebert’s dictionary typescript (1960) give
kilgaanun ‘in vain’; > kilgaakuirta, kilgarta; < PY
kil!aqKilgarta God # referring to God’s omnipresence; Ellam
Kilgartii ‘God’ # < kilgaq-ta1
kilineq wound; cut # kilinra imanguq ‘his wound
got infected (literally: acquired pus)’; Tauna-llu
kilineni aunraan alingallagluteng . . .’ They got
frightened because her wound bled . . .’ (ELN
1990:9); < kilir-neq1; > kilirnaq
kilinercuun antiseptic; wound dressing # < kilineqcuun
kilir- to wound; to cut one’s flesh # kilirtuq ‘hegot cut’; kiliraa ‘he wounded him by cutting’ /kilip’agtuq ‘he got a big cut’; Piinanermeggni
alqiit tuana ciisqumillagluni kilirluni ciisqumikun
cikumun. ‘While they were doing that, one sister
happened to fall on her knee and cut herself there
on some ice.’ (ELN 1990:9); < ekiq-lir-; > kilineq,
kilirnaq; < PE kili3kilirnaq type of coarse reed (species ?); lamprey(Lampetra japonica) # < kilir-naq1
kilmaq stomach # EG; from Aleut kilma-x̂ (kilma-X)‘stomach’, perhaps by way of Sugpiaq
kilngar- to be on one’s way here # kilngartuq‘he is on his way here’; Ta¥gaten-am cali
piqtaaranglliniluni, ayaglun’ uqumeg
nangcarluni unaggun imarpigkun kilngarnaurtur.
He (the dog) began to do like that, traveling andtowing seal oil by way of the ocean down there
he’d be coming here.’ (WHE 2000:199); NUN
kimrar- to vomit # (?); Ykina who; someone (in non-content-interrogative
context) # interrogative pronoun; kina is theabsolutive case singular form as in kina taiga? ‘whois coming?’, kina taiguq ‘someone is coming’, orkina qanrutellrusiu? ‘whom did you tell?’; kia,
kiam, or kitum is the relative case singular form as in
kia taitellruagu? ‘who brought it?’ or kia qimugtii
qilugturta? ‘whose dog is barking?’; kitumek isthe ablative-modalis case singular form as in kitumek
qanercit? ‘who are you speaking about?’; kinkut
is absolutive/relative case plural form as in kinkut

Kilgarta — kineryaq

taigat? ‘who (all) are coming?’; also kinkuni
uitasit? ‘with whompl are you staying?’; kituusit?
‘who are you1?’; kinkuuceci? ‘who are youpl?’;kituuga? ‘who is he?’; kinkuugat? ‘who are
they?’; kituuga atra? ‘what is his name?’ (literally:‘who is his name-source?’); Ellii tua-i niicugniluni
tamakunek piciatun qalangssagnek nallukminek
aternek niitaqami aptaqluki kituuciitnek. ‘She
listened to how they talked about various things
and whenever she heard names she didn’t know,
she asked who they were.’ (ELN 1995:68); see
Appendix 3 demonstratives; see Introduction on“stress-repelling bases”; < PE ki(na)kinami because # conjunction; kaigtua kinami
nereksaitua ‘I’m hungry because I haven’t eaten’;NSU
kin’anga- to do foolish, stupid things # kin’angauq‘he is doing foolish things’ / NSU; from Inupiaq
kinna&akinengyak dried meat # Angyinermek tua-i
taq’ercami angyaurcan, kinengyauciamek tuntut
kemgitnek, ucilillinia aaniin angyartek amiitnek
tuaten tamakunek. ‘When she got throughmaking a boat, since they had plenty of dried
caribou meat, she loaded their boat with it andsome of the skins.’ (QUL 2003:288); < kiner-?
kiner- to dry # kinertuq (kinerluni) or kinraa ‘it isdrying’, ‘it has dried’ / kinertuq (kinerrluni) or
kinertaa ‘it is dry’; arnam kinerciraa ‘the woman
is drying it’; akertem kinercetaa ‘the sun has
dried it’; cella kinernarquq ‘the air is dry (literally:
will cause things to dry quickly)’; kinengqauq ‘itis dry’; Tua-i-llu kinrata mayurrluki ellivigmun.
‘When they became dry they put them up
in the cache.’ (PRA 1995:461); > kinengyak,
kinercissuun, kinertaq, kineryaq; < PE kin03kinercissuun clothes dryer # < kiner-te2-i2-ssuun
kinertaq, kinertalluk dried meat # Unuakumi
makcara’arluteng uptut atrauquriluteng
aklumeggnek, cali-llu kinertalluliameggnek,
ulligtarualiameggnek-llu uciviirucan ta¥gaam
angyaq taqluteng. ‘In the morning getting up
early they got ready and brought down theirpossessions, and also the dried meat they’d madeand the dried pike fish they’d made, stopping
only when the boat could no longer take any
more.’ (PRA 1990:460); < kiner-te2-aq1, kiner-te2aq1-lluk; < PY kin03taq (under PE kin03-)
kineryaq dried salmon egg(s) # < kiner-?; NUN

359

kinginge- — kingunite-Baseskinginge- to be about to have a younger sibling #NUN; < kingu-li2-ngekingu- to back up; to go back to where one has justbeen # kinguuq ‘he backed up, went back’ /direct verbalization of kingu
kingu rear; back part; area behind; stern; timeafter # opposite of ciu; angyam kinguanunaqumekina! ‘sit in the back of the boat!’;kinguani aatam ayallran nerellruunga ‘after myfather left I ate’; ellalluum kinguani tumyarat
marastussiyaagata ulap’agka all’ukek ayagciqua‘because the trail is too muddy after the rain
I’ll go with my rubber boots ‘; kinguliurtuq‘he is continually at the rear’; Angukaat-llu
kinguaraatni atsat assirilaata tua-i iqvangluteng
ciumek atsalugpianek. ‘A short time after[gathering] wild rhubarb, the berries started toripen and they started picking them, beginningwith salmonberries.’ (ELN 1990:43); . . . kaakagguq Agaligmiut curukatalriit kiaku neqem
kinguani. ‘. . . see here, she told them, the Agalik
people would attack next summer after thefish (came and the fishing season was over).’(YUU 1995:18); > kinginge-, kingu-, kinguliaq,
kingulirneq, kingullugte-, kingumek, kingumik,
kinguneq1, kinguneq2, kingunge-, kingunrinaar-,
kingupiar-, kinguqalek, kingutmurte-, kinguvar-,
kinguvkutak; cf. kingyar-; < PE ki&ukinguaqerte- to feel queasy; to have a sudden eerie
feeling especially when seeing someone with alarge flesh wound # NUN
kinguliaq descendant # Taringutkait makut
maa-i wangkuta waniw’ wanirpak caliaqekput
kinguliaput ta¥gaam pitekluki. ‘This work of ours
now is an explanation of these things, however,for the sake of our descendants.’ (CIU 2005:170);< kingu-liaq
kinguliraq harpoon (or arrow) line # < kingu-li1-aq3;> kinguliralek
kinguliralek arrow with a line attached #< kinguliraq-lek
kingulirneq back of thigh; calf of leg; Achilles
tendon; fibula (NUN meaning) # kingulirnerek‘calves of legs’; . . . kingyaartelliniuq, terikaniam
mat’um keglunret kingulirneritgun keggmaqai.
‘. . . looking back, she realized a wolverine wasbiting the wolves on the back of their legs.’ (QUL
2003:472); < kingu-lirneq
kingullugte-1 to have a bad ending # kingullugtuq

or kingullugtaa ‘it had bad results’ / kingullugtaa
nerelqa ‘my meal has had disagreeable results’;
kingullugtuq angnirturallra ‘his being happy hascome to a bad ending’kingullugte-2 to berate with a ridicule song
recounting a person’s misdeeds # kingullugtaa‘he sang a ridicule song directed at him’ / thisis a special meaning from kingullugte-1; Qasgim
iluani qenqerrayunaituq kingullugtengraatni.
‘Even though they directed a ridicule song at him,
he should not get angry inside the kashim.’ (TAP
2004:88); < kingu-lluk; > kingullugun
kingullugun ridicule song recounting a person’s
misdeeds # Watua ta¥gaam tamana yuarutmi
ataucimi kingullugun aturpakarngaicugnarquq
amlleq. ‘I don’t think they will sing the ridicule
song as they did in the past.’ (TAP 2004:83);< kingullugte2-n
kingumek and next; at last # adverbial
particle; ciumek nerciqukut kingumek-llu
aqvauteliyarluta ‘first we’ll eat and then we’ll goto the races’; < kingu ablative-modalis
kinguneq1 home; point of origin; area behind; time
past # kingunengqertuq Kuigglugmek ‘his home
is Kwethluk’; utercugtuq kinguneminun ‘hewants to go back to his home’; kingunerpegun
maligciiqamken ‘I shall follow after you’;
kingunrurtuq ‘it is of the past’; Tava-llu pilliuq,“Kingunemnun tekiteqatarngatua wiinga.
Yaaqvanun ayallruyuklua.” ‘Then he said, “Itseems to me that I am about to arrive at myhome. I had thought I’d gone a long distance.”’(MAR1 2001:91); < kingu-neq4; > kingunrirtur-,
kinguniur-; < PE ki&un03 (under PE ki&u-)
kinguneq2 child of the one sponsoring the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”); < kingu-neq4
kingunge- to get an explanation; to understand# literally: ‘to acquire the back(ground)’;kingunguq ‘he got an explanation’ / kingunguq
tuqullranek ‘he got an explanation of her death’;kingungyugtuq ‘he wants an explanation’;
Mikellam-llu tua-i arcaaryaaqluku Elnguq cali
pingraani kingungyulliami cali piluni, “Ciinmaliksuumiitakek?” ‘Mikellaq told her to stop
asking questions, but since she still wanted to get
an explanation Elnguq repeated, “Why doesn’t she
want to go with them?”’ (ELN 1990:75); < kingungekingunite- to get back; to arrive home #360

Baseskinguniur- — kinguvar-

kinguqlikacaar(aq*) youngest sibling # <kinguqliq-kaca(g)arkinguqliq* younger sibling; one at the rear #Kinguqlirmek Mingugyaraq ‘Extreme Unction’literally: ‘anointing for the last time’ (Catholic
religious neologism); Tanqiluryaq Kinguqliq‘January’ (literally: ‘second cold month’) (NUN
usage) (see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar); <kingu-qliq; > kinguqlikacaar(aq*); < PY ki&uqliq(under PE ki&u)
kinguqsig- to be far to the rear # kinguqsigtuq ‘he is
far to the rear’ / < kingu-qsigkinguqvaarni later on # adverb; < kingu-qvaaqlocalis
kingur(ar)te- to miss; to be too late for # kingu’urtaa‘he missed it’ / kingu’urcarpiaramken ‘I
almost missed you’; Apa’urluunka wiinga
tua-i kingu’urrluki. ‘I was [born] too late for mygrandfathers.’ (KIP 1998:145); < kingu-?;> kingurautekinguraute- to be late; to not be on time #kingurautuq ‘he is late’ / kinguraulluni
tekituq ‘he arrived late (missing it)’;kinguraucarpiallruunga ‘I was almost late’;Nauwa tua-i caliaqavci kingurautenrilkurrluci
tuaten pilartuci. Pissu’urqameng-llu tuaten
pitulliut, kingurautenrilkurrluteng tua-iangungnaqluku callra ulumallra, entellra-llu.
‘You know how you try to be on time when you
have a job. They used to do the same when
hunting [at sea], trying not to be late, catchinghigh and low tides.’ (YUP 2005:74); <kingur(ar)te-te5kingutmun going back; going toward the back #adverb; < kingu-tmun
kingutmurte- to back up; to go back to where one
has just been # < kingu-tmurtekinguvar- to go to the rear; to pass (it) down
to succeeding generations # kinguvartuq‘he is going toward the rear’; kinguvaraa (orkinguvartaa) ‘he took it to the rear, passed it
down’; kinguvarcimalriit ‘the things passed on to
future generations’; kinguvatuluni ‘hereditary’;
Qipneq cali piyugngauq Yup’igtun qaneryaraq
unguvavkaryugngaluku kinguvartelluku
kinguqlirkamte÷un, . . . ‘Kipnuk also cankeep the Yup’ik language alive, letting it bepassed on to those who come after us, . . .’ (KIP
1998:xi); Makut qanruyutet ciuliamte÷ek

kingunituq ‘he is arriving home’ / Cali-llu
murilkelluki makut can’get ungalam pertellri
cikuqausngalriit. Ellaqerruskani tamakut
aturtuarluki utercugngauq kingunilluni. ‘Also
he should observe the grass, how it bent by thesouth wind and frozen in that position. If bad
weather suddenly comes upon him, using thesehe can return and get home.’ (YUU 1995:67);< kinguneq-ite3kinguniur- to follow # kinguniurtuq ‘he isfollowing’; kinguniuraa ‘he is following it’ /< kinguneq-liurkingunrinaar- to think back and regret what has
happened # < kingu-?kingunrirtur- to follow; to try to catch up with; toemulate # kingunrirturaa ‘he is following her’ /. . . pitgararkaurrluku, mayurluni ipingarraarluni
pilriim, imna tayima tuntuyagaq ayakalliniluni.
Ayakaan tua-i kingunrirtulliniluku. ‘. . . raisinghimself up after keeping out of sight, as he wasjust about to shoot an arrow at it, the young
caribou took off. When it took off, he followed after
it.’ (QAN 1995:222); < kinguneq-ir2-tur1kingunrurte- to be in mourning missing someone
after his death and feeling his absence #Maaten-gguq tekitak angayuqaagni taukuk
tuaten-gguq kingunrurteqapigglutek, tuqunilukullu qanrutkelliniaku taum nulirran, tuquan
unitniluku. ‘When he reached his parents’ housethey were mourning since his wife had told themthat he had died, that she had left him when hedied.’ (MAR2 2001:52); < kingu-neq?-urtekingupiar- to go backward # kingupiartuq ‘heis going backward, with his back toward
where he is going’ / kingupiarluni piyuaguq‘he is walking backward’; Tua-i-llu uitalluku
aataminun pisqelluku tumni malikurluki
tutmallminun tut’aqluni nem’un kingupiarturluni
piluni. ‘She decided not to do it, leaving it forher father to do. Then she retraced her tracks to
the house, walking backward [just for fun].’ (ELN
1990:61); < kingu-pik
kinguk, kinguq worm (species ?) # < PE ki&u!
kinguqalek woman’s fur parka cut high on thesides so that there are front and back flaps #NUN; < kingu-qaq-lek
Kinguqerrat, Kinguqa Akugat, Kinguqat theconstellation Corona Borealis # said to be the‘bottom part of a parka’ in Yup’ik

361

kinguveq — kipute-Bases‘he exchanged places with her’ / Taukuk-gguq
imkuk nuliak kipullegtaullutek waten pilartuk,uum qantaa agulluku pinarikan-ll’ aipaan
aqvaluku. ‘It is said that his two wives would
take turns. One would take the bowl over, and theother one would get it when it was time.’ (QUL
2003:248); < kipu-?; > kipullgute-; < PE kipu@0!(under PE kiput-)kipullgute- to miss each other, passing goingin opposite directions; to exchange (things)
unintentionally; to overlap successively (likeshingles) # kipullgutuk ‘they2 passed eachother unaware’, ‘they exchanged things witheach other unintentionally’; kipullgutak ‘heunintentionally exchanged the two of them (e.g.,‘took someone else’s, leaving his own’); Tua-i
ta¥gken waniwa ayagnilriani kan’ acia ciumek
caliaqluku kipullguqu’urluki taperrnat, waten
elliluki kipullgutaarturluki, . . . ‘However, when
they started working on a basket they’d startfrom the bottom part first and would overlap
the beach grass putting it this way . . .’ (CIU
2005:148); < kipullegte-te5kipuqe- to buy various things # kipuquq ‘he isbuying this and that’ / Tua-i-llu aatii piciatun
kipuqluni, qiurpagngalngurnek-llu kipulluni.
‘And then her father bought various differing sortsof things, and bought things that resembled big
blueberries.’ (ELN 1990:113); < kipute-?
kipussaag- to go peddle or trade from house tohouse; to buy # NUN; < kipu-ssaagkipusvik, kipuyvik (HBC form) store # Itrameng
kipusvigmun piuq ellii allayugninaqluni
tamana ciuqlirmi nareksailkiinek, cali-wa
kanvviitarugaat, allanek-llu carugarnek
tangaaluni. ‘When they went into the store she
smelled different aromas she’d never smelled
before, and there were various types of candies
on display there and many other things.’(ELN 1990:112); < kipute-vik, kipute-vik;> kipusviliurta
kipusviliurta storekeeper; store manager; store clerk# < kipusvik-liur-ta1
kipute- to buy; to purchase; to exchange
places (NSU meaning) # kiputuq ‘he bought
something’; kiputaa ‘he bought it’ / kipuyutaa
angyamek qetunrani ‘he bought his son a boat’;
Ciutnguanek kiputellruunga kipusvigmek. ‘Ipurchased some dried apricots at the store.’ (YUP

kinguvarcimallruut man’a cali maa-i tekilluku
atuuluteng. ‘These maxims have been passed
down from our ancestors to the present timeand are valuable.’ (YUU 1995:45); Yuut atrikinguvatuut tuaten. ‘People’s names are passed
down in that way.’ (YUU 1995:30); < kingu-varkinguveq descendant # Tua-i qagkumiut
Aanakalliim kinguveqai. ‘The northern people aredescendants of Aanakalliiq [a certain legendary
person].’ (AGA 1996:210); < kingu-?
kinguvkutak ice piece with large overhang #< kingu-?
kingyar- to look back while moving # kingyartuq‘he is looking back’; kingyaraa ‘he is looking
back at her’ / qimugta ciumkun ayagtuq
kingyaqa’aqluni ‘the dog is going in frontof me, looking back once in a while’;
Pitacirra’urlurmitun-llu aq’ve¥rlurluni.
Kingyaqsaunani taum kinguani, ilak-llu ava-i cali
aq’velriik. ‘She ran — poor dear thing — as best
as she could. Without looking back again she ran
on, while her two sisters were also running quite
a ways ahead of her.’ (ELN 1990:54); cf. kingukinkut who plural # interrogative pronoun see kina
kiparte- to go back and forth # kipartuq ‘he isgoing back and forth’ / Yugnek tangertuq una-i,tangvagai arnat angutet-llu kipartellriit qasgimun
tuaten. ‘He saw people down there, he watched
women and men walking over to the kashim andback.’ (MAR2 2001:24); Ykipu- root; > kipukengaq, kipulkar-, kipullegte-,
kipussaag-, kiputekipukengaq purchase (purchased thing) #Cunaw’ qavaatni tekitellinilria. Ellii tua-iquyaqapiararluni, kipukengainek-llu yuvrirluni.
‘The explanation was that he’d arrived while
they were sleeping. She was very thankful andexamined the things he’d bought.’ (ELN 1990:21);< kipu-kengaq
kipulkar- to beat object to something they subject andobject both want, using information gained fromobject # kipulkaraa ‘he beat her to something’/ Tua-i imna tauna Aavacin itran kipulkarluku
imum nulirran aipaa anlliniluni yuqercugluni.
‘When Aavacin entered, his other wife went out at
the same time with the excuse that she was goingout to urinate.’ (QUL 2003:206); < kipu-?kipullegte- to exchange places with; to relieve #kipullegtuk ‘they2 exchanged places’; kipullegtaa

362Bases1996:38); < kipu-?; > kipuqe-, kiputesta, kipusvik;< PE kiputkiputesta trader; storekeeper # < kipute-ta1
kircir- to be in pain (body part) # kircirtuq ‘it (bodypart) is in pain / < kirta-ir1kircite- to be hot # of the weather or the temperaturein an enclosure, area, etc.; kircituq ‘it is hot’ /Patuan-ll’ ta¥g’ kircinani man’ enem ilua. ‘When
they closed it, it was hot inside this house.’ (CEV
1984:31); = kiircitekirciur- to be ill; to suffer pain # kirciurtuq ‘he is inpain’ / = keggirciur-; < kirta-liurkirciurun sickness # NUN; < kirta-liur-un
kirta pain # > kircir-, kirciur-; cf. ekiq
kiryani- to growl (of dog) # kiryaniuq ‘it isgrowling’; < ?-neq1-i3kis’arci- to forget; to be unable to recall # kis’arcia‘he forgot it’ / . . . atra niitetungramku waniwa
kis’arciaqa . . . ‘. . . I forget his name now eventhough I hear it often . . .’ (CIU 2005:8); <kit’e-arte-i2kisneq, kiyneq (HBC form) something that has
settled to the bottom of a liquid; sediment # often
used in the plural: kisneret meryaqunaki ‘don’t
drink the sediment’; kisneriraa meq puckami
mer’uteknaluku ‘he removed the sediment fromthe water in the barrel so that he could have it for
his water supply’; < kit’e-neq1, kit’e-neq1
kistaq yarn; wool; tassel # from Russian rbcnm (kist’)‘cluster, bunch’; = kiistaq
kis’un, kis’utaq, kiy’un (HBC form) net sinker #. . . waten wani muraggaarnek mimernaarnek
pugtaqucirluku kis’ucirluku-llu enrrarnek. ‘. . .
net floats were from small pieces of wood fromthe lateral root, and net sinkers from little bits ofbone.’ (CIU 2005:90); < kit’e-n, kit’e-taq1, kit’e-nkita here; take it; there it is. exclamation; said whenhanding something to someone; < kit’arta; cf. kitaki
kitaki, kitak, kitek well then; please; okay #exclamatory particle; used with the optative mood;kitaki mulngakurqina ayakuvet ‘well then,be careful when you go’; kitak apteqerru
aturyuumallemnek angyaa ‘please ask him if
I could use his boat’; kitak-wa ‘(that’s) fine;good-bye’ (at the end of a telephone conversation);
Qiaviaq: Kanavet snuukuugka unitellruagka.
Yaaqsinrituk. Kitak atrarluk waniwa. Ayak’aq:
Ii-i, Kitak-wa. ‘Qiaviaq: I left my snow-machine

kiputesta — kitngik1

down there. It’s not far. Okay, let’s go down now.
Ayak’aq: Yes, That’s fine.’ (PRA 1995:191); cf. kita
kitalaq guitar # from English, or from Russian ubnƒhf
(gitára)kit’aq anchor # NUN; < kit’e-aq1
kit’arta the one who shouts “kita” (“here it is”) to
start the singing and drumming, while at thesame time starting to beat the drum, during an
indigenous holiday # < kita-r-ta1
kit’e- to fall into water; to sink; to drown # kit’uq
or kitaa ‘he or it fell into the water, sank, ordrowned’ / nanvami kit’ellruunga ‘I fell into
the water at the lake’; kic’arpiallruunga angyaq
uvaallrani ‘I almost fell in when the boat was
rocking’; kill’uni ‘falling in, sinking’; kisngaituq‘it won’t sink, won’t fall in’; pugtaqeryaaqluni
kis’a’rtuq ‘it floated a while but then sank’;
Maaten piuq imna watua kit’ellermini kuv’allallra
naryarcetaarkalleq kana-i, makut-wa talaarit
tuaten culugpauget nerelriit taukunek melugnek
kisngalrianek. ‘When she looked she saw thechum that she had spilled when she had fallen in
and there were many rainbow trout and graylingeating from the sunken roe there.’ (ELN 1990:22);> kicaq, kicaqutaq, kis’arci-, kis’un, kisneq, kit’aq,
kitnaq, cf. kitngu-; < PE kitkitengpag- to kick hard with the heel (or toe) #< kitngig-pag2kitnaq steep bank # EG; < kit’e-?
kitngiar- to repeatedly kick # kitngiaraa ‘he isrepeatedly kicking it’; Uqra imna kitngiarluku
tuani tua-i nayukanirluku uqutmun caugarrluta
uitauraasqelluta. ‘We are to get to the lee side[of the drift], kick and dig a hole in the snow for
ourself, face away from the wind, and stay there.’(QUL 2003:724); < kitngig-akitngig- to kick (especially but not exclusively,
forward with the heel) # kitngigaa ‘he kicked it’;> kitengpag-, kitngiarkitngigpak high-bush cranberry (Viburnum edule) #NSK, LI; < kitngik2-rpak
kitngik1 heel # Tua-i pingnaqluni pililuni
taqipailgagu-llu aipaa up’nerkarluni kitngianunllu tekipailgan taum qilagami. ‘She did try but
before she had finished the second [sock] it was
already spring time, and had not even gotten as
far as the heel.’ (ELN 1990:32); > kitngilqitaaq,
kitngilquq; cf. kitngig-; < PE kitmi!

363

kitngik2 — kiuryaq

Baseskitngik2 low-bush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) #Y, NS; > kitngigpak; < PE kit&i!
kitngilqitaaq Achilles tendon # K, Y, NI, CAN,
NUN, BB; < kitngik1-?
kitngilquq heel of sled runner # see Appendix 9 onparts of the sled; < kitngik1-quq; < PE kitmilqu3(under PE kitmi!)
kitngu- to capsize; to tip over (of sled) # kitnguuq‘it capsized or tipped over’ / . . . Melnguq
ekumalria ikamragni kitngulluku tua-i irua
kilirluku cali-llu navegluku. ‘. . . the sled hadtipped over with Melnguq in it thus cutting andbreaking his leg.’ (ELN 1990:73); cf. kit’e-; < PE
kit&ukitu- who # interrogative base; see kina
kitug- (root); > kitugi-, kitugta, kitugtekitugi- to function better # Tua-i cunawa imna
tutgara’urlurlua, kitugisciiganani ikani akiani
cuukcausngaluni qiaqcaarangnaluni. ‘Well itturned out that that poor dear grandchild ofhers, not able to function better, ducking down
across there, started to just cry.’ (MAR2 2001:106);
Anerneni kitugian ayumian iterluni. ‘When his
breathing got better, then he went in.’ (YUU
1995:110); < kitug-i1kitugta daughter # Aanani atani-llu umyuaqak
imkuk nukalpiarem atam-wa kitugtekngani. ‘She
thought about her mother and her father because
she was the daughter of a good provider, a man in
his prime.’ (UNP2);UK; < kitug-ta1
kitugtaq stepchild; adopted child; foster child #< kitugte-aq1
kitugte- to repair; to mend; to fix; to arrange; tostraighten out a person’s behavior # kitugtuq‘it is fixed’; kitugtaa ‘he is fixing it’ / kitugciuq
navgumalriamek ‘he is fixing something that isbroken’; kitugcugngaaqa ‘I can fix it’; Qalemamllu negat kitugtengnaqsaaqluki taum cam qecullri
cangtartuumaita cakaunrillinilriit. ‘Qalemaq
tried to fix the ruined snares which the animal
had pulled out together with the rabbits that had
been caught in them, but they were no longer
useful.’ (ELN 1990:89); tememi naulluutnek
kitugcitulit navguutiit ‘acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS)’ (medical neologism);
arenqiallugutet kitugutkangengnaqellrat‘resolution’ (legal neologism); > kitugtaq; < kitug-?kitur- to pass (physically go past, or pass by in time)# kiturtuq ‘he passed by’; kituraa ‘he passedit’ / kituqenguq ‘he passed someone’; kituraut‘they pass by repeatedly’; Anqerralliniluteng
tua-i. Tengssuun-llu maa-i kiturluni, tua-i ilaita
tangssugluku. ‘They started rushing out. The
airplane passed, and some of them watched it.’
(QUL 2003:592); . . . piyungramku qalervangan
irniaqa pisciiganaku, kiituan pillerkaa kiturtuq.
Ak’a-ll’-am taillrukuvet piyarluku.’. . . I wanted
to do this but because my child was crying so
hard I was not able to do it, and soon, the time
to do something about it passed. If you had comeearlier, I could have done it.’ (QUL 2003:258);
kiturtelluki neqet kangillitesqelluki ‘escapement(of fish)’ (resource management neologism); >Kituun; < PE kitu3Kituun Passover # Atanrem qanrutak Mosesaankuk Aaron-aaq-llu, “Makut maa-i
picirkiutekai Kituutem . . .” ‘The Lord said toMoses and Aaron, “This is the ordinance for
Passover . . .”’ (ANUC. 12:43); < kitur-nkiu- to answer; to reply # kiuguq ‘he answered’;kiugaa ‘he answered him’ / Ayaumariata ilai
aaniin qalarutaqluku apqauraqan-llu kiugaqluku.
‘When her sisters had left, her mother talked
to her, and whenever she asked questions hermother would answer her.’ (ELN 1990:13); >kiumra-, kiun, kiutaarute-; < PE ki(C)ukiugkenak east; northeast (LI meaning) # < kiugna-?;< PE kivkna3
kiugna, ki¥gna (HBC form) the one inside; theone upriver # restricted demonstrative pronoun;
kiugumi or ki¥g’umi (HBC form) ‘in the one
inside or upriver’; kiugkut ingleret nugtareskiki!
‘move the beds that are inside to somewhereelse!’; see kia(ni), the corresponding demonstrative
adverb; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; >kiugkenak; < PE dem. kivkiumra- to talk back; to sass# kiumrauq ‘he istalking back’; kiumraa ‘he is talking back to her’
/ Makut-ggem tuqumalriit waten kiumraaqatki,
kinguani qanernanrirniluki piaqait. ‘It is said
that if one converses with (talks back to) the dead,after that that person will become mute.’ (QAN
1995:152); < kiu-?
kiun answer # kiutii ‘his answer’; < kiu-n
kiuneq groove in large rib of a kayak # NUNkiuryaq, kiuryak, kiursaq (NS form) aurora;
northern lights # kiuryirtuq ‘there is an aurora’;
Y, NS; = qiuryaq; < ?-yaq, ?-yaq, ?-yaq

364

Baseskiutaarute- to argue # kiutaarutut ‘they are arguing’/ < kiu-te5-a-te5kive- to let down one’s pants; to slip down of pants;
to have one’s pants slip down; to sink partway
due to overloading of a boat (NUN meaning); also
to be incapacitated by emotional depression(additional HBC meaning) # kiv’uq ‘he pulled
down his (own) pants’, ‘his pants slipped down’(but, qerrulliik kiv’uk ‘his pants fell down’); kivaa‘he pulled down his (another’s) pants’ / ukuk
qerrulliik kivyugtuk angssiyaagamek ‘thesepants tend to slip down because they are too big’;
cilla kivnarquq ‘the weather is depressing’;> kivegte-; < PE kiv0kiveg- to slip down; to slide down to the floor or
ground # generally of garment; kivegtuq ‘it slipped
down’ / kivegtaa ‘he made it slip down’; . . .
pikaken tua-i ayagluku qaspeq im’ allgurluku
kivgeskiliu kanavet acianun. ‘. . . starting fromthe top he began to tear up the cover parka
causing it to fall to the floor down there below
her.’ (AGA 1996:144); Ciisqumi-llu caniakun
qillrukarangqellrulliniuq kivegyailkutekluku.’
These also have drawstrings in the knee areas
to keep them from sliding down.’ (CIU 2005:348);
Yuk man’a ellullrullinilria teggalquyagaat
kiveggluki. ‘Here a man had slid dragging the little
rocks with him.’ (MAR2 2001:90); < kive-?
kivkar- to pick and eat the scraps of meat clinging
to a bone # kivkartuq ‘is picking a bone’;kivkaraa ‘he is picking it’ / NUN, NS
kivyaneq residue inside a container that had liquid
content # NUN
kiyarte- to look around; to scan # Nang’ercamek
kiyartelliniuk kiatmun . . . ennguciqnganani
qamna ciniini tamatum. ‘When they suddenly
stood up they looked around upriver . . . and it
seemed that it was house in there on that shore.’(WEB1); HBC; = kiarte-; < PY-S kiya3Kristussaaq Christ # the r is pronounced like Englishr; Kristussaam nangtequtellri ‘the suffering ofChrist’ (title of the Moravian Protestant “Passion
Week Manual,” published in an older orthography as“Kristusam Nangtekutelri”); = Kelistussaaq; from
Russian {hbcn˙c (Khristós)
ku- flowing liquid deep root; cf. kucuknaq, kuc’uq,
kuik, kuime-, Kusquqvak, kuta, kuvekua it’s right here # exclamation; kua-ta¥ga-i ‘that’s
how it is’; kua-qaa? ‘is this it?’; kua-tar’i ‘here it

kiutaarute- — kuc’uqerte-is’; NUN; > kuarte-, Kuatariiq; cf. enclitic =wa
kuaksikika wow, what a close call! exclamation;< ?-kika
kuarte- to speak the Nunivak dialect # said bymainlanders of Nunivak speakers because the latter
use the exclamation kua, not used elsewhere; kuartuq‘he speaks the Nunivak dialect’ / < kua-?
Kuatariiq Nunivak Islander # mainland child’s word;
Kuatariit ‘Nunivak Islanders’; < kua-?
kuayiamciarutke- to squander # NUN
kucerte- to flirt # NUN
kucin, kucitaq drip-catcher # kucicirtuq egatmek‘she is using a pot as a drip-catcher’; Kiimi tauna
taingkaq Kuigglugmi ellallugmek kucitaugaqluni.
‘In Kwethluk only this tank was [set up as] a
drip-catcher for rain water.’ (PRA 1995:428);< kuta-li2-n, kuta-li2-taq1
kucir- to drip # kucirtuq ‘it is dripping’; kuciraa‘it dripped on it’, ‘he put drops in it’ / iigka
kuciqataragka ‘I’m going to put drops inmy eyes’; Pa¥gani, akertem pugqatallrani,
qemimi mayullinill’ qayutun uciarluni augmeg
kucirturluni, pitamineg. ‘Back there, where thesun was about to rise he was apparently climbing
the hill with a big load, his catch, dripping blood.’(AGA 1996:46); < kuta-ir1kucukaq icicle # cf. ku-; < PE kucuka3
kucunaq, kucunak cast-iron pot # from Russianxeu´yjr (chugúnok); = cukunaq, sukunaq
kucungniigar- to put head down when seated; toshow sadness with head down; to sulk with head
down # NUN
kuc’uq chewing gum # Tuaten-am tauna
kinguqlini tamakucimek iqmiliqerluku kuc’utuntamuagurluku, cat amiracetaaralriani tuaten
tua-i, mecua ig’aqluku. ‘She put it in her younger
sibling’s mouth and had her chew it like gum, as
one does to soften skins, swallowing the juice.’(MAR2 2001:62); Y, LI, NS cf. ku-; < PE kuccu3
kuc’uqerte- to become dwarfed or stunted fromexposure to cold # said of dogs. kuc’uqertuq ‘it
got stunted’ / Taum kinguqvaaraani Pilim-llu
qimugkauyarai angliringluteng tua-i nenglem
natiini kuc’uqerrnayukluki nem’un itrutaqluki.
‘Shortly after that Pili’s puppies started growing.
They would bring them inside during the coldest
part of the winter so that their growth would not
be stunted by the cold.’ (ELN 1990:76); < ?-qerte-365

kucuquq — kuimar-Baseskucuquq, kucuquk pelvis; pelvic bones #Maaten-ggur-am piat maklaaraam kucuquanek
tegumiarluni, unatai-gguq aungcaqluteng.
Taumek-ggur-am cunawa tua-i egucirluni
allurtellinikai! ‘They looked at her and noticed
that she was holding a bearded seal’s pelvic bone,
and that her hands were bloody. She had taken
the prey away from her brothers by using it (thepelvic bone) as an atlatl!’ (CIU 2005:68); K, CAN,
NUN, BB; < ?-quq; cf. kuya; < PE ku9ucci3
kucurni- for there to be a downdraft off a hill,building, etc. # NUN
kucurvik section of lip directly under philtrum #kugkar(aq*) walrus tusk # = tugkar(aq)Kuicaak Kvichak River# the outflow of Lake Iliamna< kuik-?
Kuicaraq upper Johnson River # < kuik-?
kuigaar(aq*) slough; stream # Pileryauskunek
qayakeg’ imkuk tamaavet kuigaarmun
akagarciiquk, . . . ‘If they forcefully pushed their
kayaks they will slide down to the stream, . . .’(ELL 1997:408); HBC, NUN, NI; < kuik-?; >kuigaarnaq
kuigarnaq dark rock # < kuigaar(aq)-?
kuiggaar(aq*) six in cards # NI; < kuik-rraq-ar(aq)Kuiggayagaq* Oscarville # village downriver from
Bethel; literally: ‘small river’; < kuik-ya(g)aq
Kuiggluk Kwethluk # village on the Kuskokwim;
literally: ‘bad, or not quite right, river’; nulirqa
Kuigglugmiunguuq ‘my wife is from Kwethluk’;< kuik-rrluk
Kuigilnguq* Kwigillingok # village on Kuskokwim
Bay; literally: ‘one without a river’; < kuik-ite1nguq
kuignayuk valley (with or without a stream); small
river # Maaten-am ellanguq, kuignayuggaam
qukaani taklaluni. Pektesciiganani. Yurrluku.
‘When he came to he realized that he waslying in the middle of a small river unable tomove. He was paralyzed.’ (YUU 1995:78);
Tuqum kuignayuakun tan’gercetqapigtellriakun
pekteng’e’rma, . . . ‘Yeah though I walk throughthe shadow of the valley of death . . . (PSALM
23:4); <kuik-?; cf. cegnayuk
Kuigpak Yukon River # literally: ‘big river’;
Kuigpagmiu ‘person from the Yukon’; Ayuqluku
Kuigpagmek Kusquqvagmek-llu caliarit tamakut
quyurrluki nasvagyugyaaqluki. ‘We would liketo put together the works of the Yukon and the
Kuskokwim [people] in this showing.’ (AGA
1996;10); < kuik-rpak
kuigtaq river thing; muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus);
fish going upriver to spawn # < kuik-taq2
kuiguaq oxbow lake; any long narrow lake # . . .
tan’gurraat pa¥gkut, nanvam kuiguam ci÷iini,
cameng ta¥g’ malirqaraluteng neplilriit pa¥ga-i.
‘. . . behind the village some boys on the bank ofan oxbow lake were noisily chasing something.’(CEV 1984:60); literally: ‘one like a river’; < kuikuaq; > kuiguartaq
kuiguartaq muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) #Ugteqanrakun-gguq pakmavet qasgim
qainganun, kuimara’arluni kuiguartaq
tekitelliniluni. ‘Just when he got up on the topof the kashim, a muskrat came there, swimming.’(QAN 2009:382); LY; < kuiguaq-taq2
Kuiguk Kwiguk # old village site on the mouth of the
Yukon; literally: ‘big river’; < kuik-ruk
kuiguyuk river channel separated from otherchannels by sandbars # < kuik-u-yugkuigyaneq valley # NUN; < kuik-?-neq1
kuik river # kuiget ‘rivers’; kuigmi ‘in the river’;
kuigtangqertuq ‘there’s a river there’; kuigem
paingani ‘at the mouth of the river’; kuigat‘their river’; Tua-i-llu-gguq taukuk nulirqellriik
uitalliuk kuigem ce÷iini kiirrarmek, yugmek-llu
nallulutek. ‘And, it is said, that couple lived
on the shore of a river, all alone, not knowingof any people.’ (MAR1 2001:41); Kuiget Aaniit‘February’ (NUN usage) (literally: ‘motherof rivers’ < PY kui!0t a(a)niit or kui!0t
a(a)na(C)it) (see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar);> Kuicaak, Kuicaraq, kuigaar(aq*), kuiggaar(aq),Kuiggayagaq, Kuiggluk, Kuigilnguq,
kuignayuk, Kuigpak, kuigtaq, kuiguaq, Kuiguk,
kuiguyuk, kuigyaneq, kuikaman’ayaaq, kuiliaq,
kuilurar(aq), kuineq, Kuinerraq, Kuissiiq; cf. ku-;
< PE ku90!
kuikaman’ayaaq blackpoll warbler (Dendroica
striata) # (?); < kuik-?-ya(g)aqkuiliaq manmade river channel; canal # < kuik-liaq
kuilurar(aq*) creek # NUN; < kuik-?
kuimar- to swim # kuimartuq he is swimming;
kuimaraa ‘he is swimming it’ i.e., a lake, a river, adistance / Tauna-gguq can’giiq kuigkun asgulria.
Cikemluni-gguq kuimarturainanermini taluyarnun

366

Baseskuime- — kuksugte-

kukgaq, kukgar(aq*) barbed harpoon head or point
designed to detach in the animal but remain
attached to the harpoon shaft by a line # Tua-i
ciumek waten narulkaqarraartellrin kukgarait
yuvritullinikait tua-i ussnengqetassiarluki.
‘Then they would look for chips on the harpoon
head used by each hunter who had hit the gamefirst.’ (CIU 2005:64); kukgaracuar ‘small point’;kukga’rpak ‘big point’; cf. kukegtekukgun point on fire-drill; hardened black growthon the trunk of a birch tree # the birch growths
were removed and used for tinder, and also used as a
medicinal tea for stomach ailments; Kiagan tauna
imna angukara’urluq ciuliqagtiit kumarutnek
kukgutnek kenqellrianek quyuqcaaralalliniuq.
‘When it was summer that old man, their leader,would gather hardened black birch trunk growths
for tinder.’ (YUU 1995:18); < kukeg-n
kuki- to be tall # especially of plants (?); NUN
kukiiyar- to rock from side to side # of a boat
kukikcaq translucent stone that gives off sparks
when struck # K; < PE kuki!
kukimssaq sharp bone point put on kayak
paddle # Cimiamiu-llu anguaratni tauna imna
malini mallgiinarluku angualliniluni, tua-illu agturyuumariluku tamatumek kukimssaan
anguarutiin enrem ipegcaumalriim. ‘After hechanged his paddle he began to paddle closer
to his hunting companion. He was soon within
striking distance with that sharp bone attachment
on his paddle.’ (CIU 2005:18); < PE kuki!
kukisvak glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) # Y; =kukusvak; < ?-vak; < PY kukiyvak or kukuyvak
kukiyegte- to be infirm; to be unskillful; to be inept# kukiyegtuq ‘he is shaky, inept’ / Kukiyeggluniggur mayurlun’ egalermun. ‘Leaning shakily(on the cane), he climbed to the window.’ (CEV
1984:80); HBC; NUN
kuksag- to feel apprehensive # kuksagtuq ‘he feels
apprehensive’; kuksagaa ‘he feels apprehensive
about it/him’ / > kuksaga-; < PE kuk9a!kuksaga- to be bashful # kuksagauq ‘he is bashful’;
NUN; < kuksag-akuksugte- to rock from side to side # of a boat;kuksugtuq ‘it is rocking’; Mianikurluni ekluni,
qeturiluni pisqellratun, kuksuggluni anguarluni
ayangnaqluni cayaqlirluni nakriuq. ‘He carefully
got onboard, relaxing as she had instructed him,
and rocking back and forth he paddled and finallyto started go straight.’ (MAR1 2001:85)

iteryarpiaraqami uitaqluni, aturluni piaqluni. ‘It
is said that this blackfish was going upriver. As it
swam with its eyes closed it would almost enter afish trap, but before it did it would open its eyes.’(CIU 2005:90); < kuime-akuime- to swim, especially in a direct line from one
point to another # kuimuq ‘it is swimming’;kuimaa ‘it is swimming it’ / Uituq-gguq maaten
paluqtaq un’a ketiini kuimelria. ‘He opened hiseyes again and saw a beaver swimming along
directly down from him in the river.’ (CIU
2005:262); > kuimar-; cf. ku-; < PY ku(C)im0kuineq deep channel # Camani angllurqameng
kuinra aturlug’ ayagaqluteng et’unrat
maligtaqu’urluku marayailngurkun. ‘Down
there they [animals] would dive following its
deep channel traveling by way of the deeper place
without mud.’ (KIP 1998:43); < kuik-neq4
Kuinerraq* Quinhagak # village on the east side ofKuskokwim Bay; literally: ‘new river’; < kuiknerraq
kuingiq, kuiniq (UK form) tobacco pipe; cigarette# and kuingir-, kuinir- to smoke (tobacco)# kuingirtuq or kuinirtuq ‘he is smoking’;kuingiraa or kuiniraa ‘he is smoking it’/ kuingimek cikirnga ‘give me a smoke’;kuingineq-qaa maani canrituq? ‘is it okay tosmoke here?’; kuingirkaq ‘smoking tobacco’;
Kuingineq wii assikenritaqa, ta¥gaam
iqmigkairucama akwaugaq kuingirkamnek
pillruunga. ‘I don’t like smoking, but since I’m outof chewing tobacco yesterday I purchased a packof cigarettes.’ (PRA 1995:300); from Chukchi koy&0n‘pipe, cup’kuir- to stuff; to plug # NUN; = kevir; > kuirarkuirar- to feed # NUN; < kuir-?Kuissiiq Queen # village site in the Bristol Bay area;< kuik-?
kukeg- to ignite readily; to get singed # kukegtuq‘it ignites readily’, ‘it got singed’ / kukgituq ‘itdoesn’t ignite readily’; kukleq ‘singed spot’; >kukgun; cf. eke1-; < PE kuk0!- and kuku!kukegte- to fasten the detachable head on a
harpoon # Una-llu ata’urlurput tua-i atraqerrluni
qayaminun nagiiquyani anlluku kukegtelluku-llu.
Kukegceciluni malrugnek. ‘Our dear old father
ran down to his kayak, and pulled out his sealhunting spear and attached the head to it. He put
heads on two [spears].’ (CIU 2005:62); cf. kukgaq

367

Kukugyarpak — kuluk’uunaq

Bases

Kukugyarpak legendary folk hero, a longdistance and long-duration kayaker # also
called Tep’arrluaq (q.v.) in the stories; this hero is
identifiable with the Inupiaq/Inuit “Great Kayaker”;
there are several constant elements of the Yup’ik
stories, including the hero’s visit to a place where
babies are born by Caeserian section, and a play
on words as illustrated in the following examples:“Tang kuvyalriit qayagpalria iliit, ‘Kukugyarpakgguq tekituq!’” . . . “Waten-wa pillratni
taringnerrlugtellilriaten, ‘Kuvyarpak pitu-uuq!’” ‘“See, one of the net-fisherman called out,
‘Kukugyarpak has arrived!’” . . . “You probably
misunderstood it as “The big fishnet caught
something!’”’ (QUL 2003:518); “Kuvyainanratni
uaqlikacagiit qayagpalliniut, ‘Kukugyarpak
tut’uq.’” . . . “Niicecurlalliketen-wa taryaqvak
tutnillikiit.” ‘“While they were net-fishing, theones farthest downstream cried out, ‘Kukugyarpak
has arrived.’” . . . “You probably heard wrongly
that the king salmon have arrived.”’ (YUU
1995:104); . . . qanlliniuq Kukugyarpauniluni.
. . . “Kukugyarpak tekitu-uq!” Tua-llu-gguq
tauna aanaurlua ellamiugaaraqtalria, ‘Qang’aniitnerrlugtuci. Kuvyarpak-gguq cangerpagtuq.’‘. . . he said that he was Kukugyarpak. . . .
“Kukugyarpak has arrived!” And then his dearmother sitting outside (said), ‘No, you havemisheard. The big fishnet, they say, has caught alot.’ (CUN 2008:62)
kukugte- to be pointing toward here # NUN
kukukuaq common snipe (Gallinago gallinago);
dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.) # imitative; jingle
said upon seeing a snipe: Kukukuaq, taikanirluten
mayurauraa / akervagkun quunerpagkun
aviusku-ut ‘Snipe, come closer, go up / throughthe intense sun, through the intense calm lead usaway from danger’ (ditty from Kwethluk)
kukumyalqitar(ar)- to make whistling sounds# kukumyalqita’artuq ‘it is making whistlingsounds’; Kukumyaqlitaralriamek niiskuni tua-iuyauguq. ‘When a person hears a whistling sound,
he would know that it is the sound of a humanfigurine.’ (CIU 2005:228); < kukumyar-?kukumyar- root; > kukumyalqitar(ar)-,kukumyar(aq), kukumyarar(ar)-; < PY kukuya3kukumyar(aq*) black scoter (Melanitta
nigra) # Una-gguq ciin waten ecuunani,
kukumyarinrauyuk’ngermegen’gu-llu

mikenruniluku kukumyarinrarmi. ‘Why thenis this [egg] translucent, and even though wethought it was from a black scoter, it’s smaller
than [an egg] from a black scoter.’ (AGA 1996:176);< kukumyar-?kukumyarar(ar)-, kukumyarar- (NUNform), kukumsir- (NS form) to whistle# kukumyara’artuq ‘he is whistling’;
kukumyarararaa ‘he is whistling it’, ‘he iswhistling to her’ / Wiinga-w’ cali nunaniqngan
calillren qenercugnaunii tekillua nem’egni
uitalua, kukumyara’arlua natmun ayagyugaqama
ayagaqlua. ‘And because the work you havedone is so wonderful, I will arrive and stayat our house without being angry. I would gosomewhere if I wanted to, whistling away.’ (QUL
2003:346); < kukumyar-?kukunguqsarte- to walk wobbly as when wearing
high heels # NUN
kukupak spot; dot; freckle; man’s labret with green
and white stones (NUN meaning) # Man’a-llu
kukupaguayaarnek makunek kassugaliiyaarnek
qaralingqelliniluni. ‘And it is decorated withcircles within circles and dots.’ (CIU 2005:234);< PE kuku!
kuk’uq animal # child’s word; K; = kuukuq; < PEkuk(k)u(3)(-)
kukusvak glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) # =kukisvak; < ?-vak; < PY kukiyvak or kukuyvak
kukutnaaq item that is situated in a small space or aparticular environment # NUN
kukvaguar- for dark rain clouds to develop with
precipitation possible # NUN
kula’avkaaq safety-pin # from Russian ,ekƒdrf
(bulávka) ‘pin’; = pula’avkaaq
kularvik woman’s basket #NI; < ?-vik; questioned; cf.
kellarvik
kulavak caribou (Rangifer tarandus) # HBC; < PE
kulava!
kulic’aaq (Russian Orthodox) Easter bread # from
Russian rek∫x (kulích)kulluk waterfall # NUN; > kullugtekullugte- to seep (of water from a cliff, bluff, etc);
for there to be a waterfall # NUN; < kulluk-?kul’u thumb # from a finger-naming jingle; cf. kumlu
kuluk’uunaq bell # and kuluk’uunar- to ring #kuluk’uunartuq ‘it is ringing’ / Uani elitnaurista
amigmi uitalallruuq, kuluk’uunangqerrluni-ll’368Basesagayuvigtun . . . nutaan itrami elitnauristem
imna kuluk’uunacuar kallagarcecaku nutaan
tua-i aqumluta. ‘The teacher would stand in the
doorway, and he had a bell too, like church . . .
when the teacher came in he’d ring the little
bell and we’d sit down.’ (KIP 1998:261); from
Russian r˙kjrjk (kólokol) ‘bell’ or r˙kjrjkmyz(kolokól’nya) ‘bell tower’kuluilaq kerosene # note that l is geminated but voiced(and not fortis) contrary to the usual NUN pattern;source of word unknown # NUN
kululiaq king in cards # BB, LI; from Russian rjh˙km(koról’)kulun ring # Arenqiapaa-ll’, kassuutaqamta tang
imumi kulutiiyuunateng-llu. . . . Agayulirtem-llu
tua-i naaqiqaarlunuk kulutmek-llu at’evkenanuk,anlunuk. ‘Oh my, when we got married backthen they never had a ring ceremony. . . . ‘Afterthe minister read to us, without putting on rings,
we went out.’ (KIP 1998:155); a possible loan
word of undetermined origin; > kulunguaq, kuluq,
kulusvakkulunguaq earring # EG < kulun-nguaq
kuluq, kulusvik ring finger # < kulun-?, kulun-vik
kulussuq Indian not from near the Yup’ik area #EG; from Russian r˙kji (kólosh) ‘Tlingit’
kulutaq whip # NI
kuluvagngalnguq* ox # Tua-i Moses-aam tamakut
elliitellret ayagassuutet kuluvagngalnguut-llu
tunai Levite-anun. ‘So Moses presented thewagons and the oxen to the Levites.’ (NAAQ. 7:6)
kuluvak, kuluvaaq cow (domestic) # atkuka
qaralingqertuq kuluviim amianek ‘my parka
has decorations of calfskin’; Aaron-aam teguluki
aqlitet urugtai, . . . pililuni-llu suulutaamek
kuluviit angucaluatnek. ‘And Aaron took theearrings and melted them, . . . and he made fromthe gold a bull (male of the cattle).’ (ANUC. 32:4);
Cirunengqertuq yuilqurmiutartun kuluvagtun.
‘He has horns like a wild ox.’ (ALER. 33:17);from Russian rjh˙df (koróva); kuluvak may
be a blend of kulavak and the Russian word; >kuluvagngalnguq, kuluvaliurta
kuluvaliurta cowboy # < kuluvak-liur-ta1
kuma- to be lit; to be on; to be burning # kumauq ‘itis lit’, ‘it is on’ / Ilaita-am cali tauna kangaciqaq
kumalria kingunrakun maliggluki tamakut
nakacuteng puyiurcetaqluki. ‘Some of them also

kuluilaq — kumaqayuk

would follow behind the lit ceremonial pole
exposing those bladders to the smoke.’ (CAU
1985:62); Qerrucuunii-ll’ wiinga, kumayuilengraan
kaminiaq. ‘As for me, I was never cold eventhough the stove was never burning.’ (KIP
1998:109); < eke1-ma-; > kumakaq, kuman,
kumange-, kumaqayuk, kumartekumaggsin hairbrush; comb # NUN; < kumak-?-nkumak louse # kumiit ‘lice’; NSU, EG > kumaggsin,
kumakir-; cf. kumeg2-; < PE kuma!
kumakaq punk; birch bracket fungus punk;birch bracket fungus; flecked-flesh polypore(Phelinus igniarius) (formerly Fomes pinicola
or Poria obliqua) # formerly used to keep embers
going for the fire, now used for reducing to ash(araq, peluq), which is mixed with leaf tobacco forchewing; kumakarcurluteng ayallruut ‘they went
hunting for punk’; kumakartuq aralinaluni ‘he iscollecting punk in order to make ash’; <kuma-kaq
kumakiarayuli monkey # < kumakir-?-yuli
kumakir- to look for lice; to pick lice # kumakirtuq‘he is looking for lice (on himself)’; kumakiraa‘he is looking for lice on him (another)’ /Aren, alingnarqelriartaitellinian-am imna
kiarcaaqerraarluni matarrluni kumakilliniuq
akerta cauluku. Nereste÷ek qaimini kumakirluni.
‘Well, since there was nothing scary [to see],after looking around she took her parka off andpicked lice facing the sun. She was picking the licefrom her body.’ (QUL 2003:218); < kumak-?-ir2-;> kumakiarayuli, kumakircuun; < PY kumaki3(under PE kuma!)
kumakircuun, kumakiun, kumakiurrsuun (HBC,
NI form) comb, especially for lice # < kumakircuun, kumakir-n, kumak-liur-ssuun
kuman lamp; light # NUN, EG, UK; < kuma-n
kumange- to get fire; to have started (of fire,electricity, etc.) # kumanguq ‘it got fire’ / Maa-i
makut nem’i, qasgimi-llu kumangessuutellrit.
‘These were used to make fires in the houses andthe kashims.’ (CIU 2005:204); < kuma-ngekumaqayuk stove # Natermelnguut cikuluki nemwa iluani maani kanerluki cat qaniit-llu. Ugaanwa tua-i kumaqayuitem enait. ‘The things on thefloor would get frozen and anything inside thehouse here would get frosted and the wall boards
too. It was because their houses had no stoves.’(QUL 2003:2); < kuma-?

369

kumarcissuun — kumla

Baseskumegneq parka ruff edging near the face # seeAppendix 9 on parts of the parka; < kumeg2-neq1
kumegtar- to be fond of babies (or other cutecreatures) # kumegtartuq ‘he is fond of babies’ /< kumeg1-tar1kumegyug- to be fond of a particular baby (or othercute creature) / kumegyugtuq ‘he is fond of aparticular baby’ / kumeg1-yug-kumarcissuun cigarette lighter; fire-starting device
such as bow-drill; fire-drill # < kumarte-i2-cuunkumarte- to light a fire; to ignite; to turn onan electric appliance # kumartuq ‘he lit the
fire’; ‘it ignited’; kumartaa ‘he ignited it’ /niicugnissuutet kumareski! ‘turn on the radio!’;
Unuakumi tupiimi mak’arrluni piuq aanii
kumarteqatalria, nengllikacaarluni ilua nem, elliillu qerrutqapiggluni. ‘In the morning when she
woke up she sat up and saw that her motherwas about to light [the stove], inside the houseit was very cold, and she herself felt quite cold.’(ELN 1990:60); < kuma-?; > kumarcissuun,
kumartessuun, kumarun

kumgaq incised design; stripe on cloth; groove,
especially on cockpit combing of kayak # <kumeg2-aq1
kumget scabies # HBC; < kumeg2-plural
kumguar- to feel queasy # NUN

kumgun back scratcher # NUN; < kumeg-n

kumartessuun board with socket(s) for tip of firedrill # < kumarte-cuunkumkaili-, kumkair- to remove a foreign object
from between one’s teeth; to pick one’s teeth# kumkailiuq ‘he is picking his teeth’ / <kumkar-?, kumkar-ir2-; > kumkailin, kumkailiq;< PE kumka(C)ili- (under PE kumka3-)

kumarun, kumarulluk wick; type of moss used
for making lamp wicks # Cali kumaruterluteng
maaken nunamek kumarullugnek pitukaitnek
kinercirluki kumarutkiutullruut. ‘Also they used
what was called tundra moss for their wicks; theywould dry them and make wicks out of them.’(QAN 1995:148); < kumarte-n, kumarun-llukkumkailin, kumkailissuun, kumkailitaq toothpick# < kumkaili-n, kumkaili-cuun, kumkaili-taq1
kumkailiq foreign object stuck between the teeth#< kumkaili-?

kumeg1- emotional root; > kumegnarqe-, kumegtar-,
kumegyug-, kumke-

kumkaq foreign object stuck between the teeth# and kumkar- to have a foreign object, e.g., aparticle of food, stuck in one’s teeth # kumkartuq‘he has something stuck between his teeth’ /> kumkaili-; < PE kumka3-

kumeg2- to scratch # to relieve an itch; kumegtuq‘he is scratching himself’; kumgaa ‘he isscratching it’ / Yuut makut qaingit pupigluki.
Uitavakayuunateng, kumeksuarturluteng. . . .
Cunawa-gguq tamakut tamaa-i natermelnguut
kumeksuaralgulit pupikai issurit. ‘The people
who were staying right below the platform on
the floor had sores on them. They didn’t stay
still. They would scratch here and there. . . . It
turned out that the ones on the floor, who had
sores and were forever scratching, were spotted
seals.’ (QUL 2003:38); Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB,
NR; > kumeggluut, kumegneq, kumgaq, kumget,
kemgun; < PE kum0!-

kumke- to act fondly toward (him, it) / kumkaa ‘heis acting fondly toward it (baby)’ / < kumeg1-ke2kumkucugniir- to remove the scent by scraping# Cali-llu ut’rutaqamki keligturaqluki taum
aulukestemta, kumkucugniirluki-gguq tua-i, . . .
‘When I brought my catch home our father
would scrape the skin to remove the scent of the
carcass, . . .’ (CIU 2005:260)

kumla coldness; cold thing, especially water #kumlamek meryugtua ‘I want to drink cold
water’; kumlairtuq ‘it thawed’; kumlam pulaluku‘hypothermia’; Tua-llu iliit taukut yuut uavarluni
amiik ikirrluku, kumlam-llu tekiarcani ellairrluni
tayima. ‘Then one of those people went toward
the door and opened it, and when the cold air
reached her she suddenly ceased being aware.’(ELN 1990:3); > kumlaciq, kumlacir-, kumlaneq,
kumlaqer-, kumlaqua-, kumlate-, kumlivik;< PY-S kumla-

kumeggluut scabies # K, Y, NI, BB, CAN; < kumeg2rrluk-plural

kumegnarqe- to be cute # of babies, animals, etc.
kumegnarquq ‘it (baby) is cute’ / kumegnaqvaa!
‘my, how cute!’; Anlliniluni kumegnarqeqapiggluni
iirpayagaq nayicuarakegtaaraq. Angasuqaagkenllu tuaten kenekluku. ‘When it came out it was a
precious big-eyed fine little seal. Its parents loved
it.’ (MAR1 2001:32); < kumeg1-narqe-

370Baseskumlaciq frozen meat to be eaten in that state# Taqngata-llu ataam allanek kumlacinek
itrulluteng. Ayuqevkenateng kumlacit: kumlanret,can’giirutet, allat-llu cali. ‘When they finishedthey brought in other frozen meats. Various frozen
meats: frozen fish, blackfish, and others as well.’(CAU 1985:141); < kumla-ciq
kumlacir- to cool; to freeze # kumlacirtuq ‘it isbeing cooled’; kumlaciraa ‘he is cooling it’ /Taluyami tua-i taun’ igyaraat kitugqaarluku
pitarait-llu taukut ikamragminun kuvluki
caagarrluki kumlacirluki. ‘After straightening out
the funnel-shaped mouth of his blackfish trap,
he poured out what little was caught into his
sled and spread them out to freeze them.’ (QUL
2003:248); < kumla-cir1kumlaneq, kumlanaq (HBC form) frozen fish to
be eaten in that state; frozen soil; permafrost;cold spring water # Akakiiget kumlanruluteng
neryunarqelartut. ‘Frozen whitefish are delicious.’(YUP 1996:41); Tuatnakan-gguq yuk, nunaelagluku kumlaneq tekilluku, palurtelluku aqsiik
tungaunakek tamaavet kumlanermun pinarqaa. ‘Ifthis happens to a person they would dig down tothe permafrost, and place the [sick person] on his
stomach with his bare abdomen contacting thefrozen soil.’ (YUU 1995:50); < kumla-neq1, kumla-?
kumlaqer- (Y, NUN form), kumliqerte- (HBC form)
to have pneumonia # kumlaqerluku (Y, NUN) or
kumliqerrluku (HBC) ‘having pneumonia’;< kumla-qar-, kumla-?kumlaqua- to get frostbitten # EG; < kumla-?kumlate- to be cold # applies to liquids and objects;
kumlatuq ‘it is cold’ / una meq kumlatuq ‘thiswater is cold’; irugka kumlatuk ‘my legs arecold’; kumlanani or kumlalluni ‘(it) being cold’;. . . nerqaqluni qanikcarmek. Kumlatqapiarluni
tamana qanikcaq qanran iluani. ‘. . . eating snow
now and then. That snow was very cold inside
her mouth.’ (ELN 1990:101); < kumla-?
kumlivik freezer; refrigerator; cold storage #Tuamta-llu neqsuqcaararraarluta kumlivilek
kumlivingqerquni caquqerluki kumliviminun
amllenrilengraata neqtaarani ek’areskateng,
tua-i kumlivia navenrilkuni kallua-llu
kalluirutenrilkuni, uksurluni kiaguyaaqvigminek
uksuumainanrani ner’arkaurrluku. ‘Again,fishing, a person who has a freezer would wrap
the fish and put them in the freezer even thoughkumlaciq — kusgua-

there may be a few. If his freezer doesn’t break
down and if the electricity doesn’t go off, he will
have something to eat during the winter after thelong summer passes.’ (QUL 2003:342); <kumla-i3-vik
kumlu, kumluq thumb # Tua-i-llu cuqcamegteki,
kumluryaraan ngeliinek, waken ikuseteng waten
piluki, una-ll’ kumlurteng ukatmun perrluku,
waten piqerluku. ‘When they measured it theywould measure from their elbow to their thumb,bending their thumb like this.’ (CIU 2005:52); NS,
Y, UK, HBC, NI, CAN, NR, LI, EG, BB; cf. kul’u;< PE kumlu
kun’aq* edible root of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris austriaca) # < PY kun(n)aqku(ni) here; right here; now # restricted demonstrative
adverb; Kua-ggur arnar kuni piugtur, maaggun-llu
uinga anguarluni . . . ‘A woman, they say, waswalking here [on the shore], while her husband
was paddling [a kayak] . . .’ (WEB2); NUN; seealso kuut and kuten; = wani
kun’uniq sea creature with human features seen on
pack ice; bearded seal seen on ice floe as though
it were sitting crouched over like a human #NUN; = qununiq
kupcaaq storekeeper; merchant; trader # . . .
tamaani makut Kass’at alaingaaranratgun
pilliniami akluit, tauna tua-i imuuluni kupcaaq
apqiit, aklunek tuneniakluaratuluni. ‘. . . thenwhen the white people were just beginning toappear he provided merchandise, they call him“kupcaaq” (storekeeper), he sold things.’ (QUL
2003:564); Aturanek taqutelartuq naqugutnek-llu,
tun’aqluki kupcaanun. ‘She makes garments andbelts, and sells them to the merchants.’ (AYUQ.
31:24); from Russian reg®w (kupéts)kupte- to provide for # kuptaa ‘he provides forher’ /
kurnak big tussock; knoll # kurnaggaq ‘small
tussock’; NUN
kurnga- to be pigeon-toed # NUN
kurpag- to burn hard # Ala-i kurpangelria-gguq
qasgim ilua. ‘So scary, the inside of the kashim
was starting to burn hard.’ (KIP 1998:103); =ekurpag-; < eke1-?-rpakkuryuk spruce gum; pitch # LI
kusgua- to help; to give aid # kusguaguq‘he is helping’; kusguagaa ‘he is helping371

kusguke- — kuukicaaq

Baseshim’ / Maa-i mat’um nalliini yuut pilarait
takumcutairutniluki. Aipainret, elliraat-llu
kusguayuirulluki. ‘Now at the present time they
say that people no longer show compassion
toward others. They no longer give aid to widows
and orphans.’ (YUU 1995:52); < kusgu-akusguke-, kusguqe- to give aid to (him);
to act compassionately toward (him) #kusgukaa ‘he acts compassionately toward
her’ / Alerquuteksaaqerput wangkuta, wiillu alerqulallrusaaqaatnga yuk piciatun
pikangqerkuma kusgukesqelluku naklegnarqellria.
‘It is our precept, and they would instruct methat if I had any sort of capability I should
compassionately give aid to the pitiful.’ (MAR1
2001:26); < kusgu-ke4kusgunarqe-, kusgurnarqe- to cause one tofeel compassion # kusgunarquq ‘it inducescompassion’ / < kusgu-narqekusgu-, kusgur- to be protective (of one’s young);
to provide compassionate assistance; to take pity(on); to help # kusgurtuq ‘it is being protective’;
kusguraa ‘it is being protective of it’ / yaqulek
kusguluni piyagaminek puugtuaguq ‘the bird
dove down protecting her young’; Yugmek
tua-i tangerquni irniaminek tua-i kusgullermini
alingnaqvallaarluni. ‘If it sees a person it will
be very scary when it’s being protective of its
offspring.’ (QUL 2003:374); = kuygur-; also an
emotional root; > kusgua-, kusguke-, kusgunarqe-,
kusgutar-, kusguyug-; < PE ku90(!)kusgutar-, kusgurtar- to be compassionate #kusgutartuq ‘he is compassionate’ / A¥gkut
kusgurtallruut. Man’a-llu cali kusgurtaryaraq
takumcukiyaraq ak’a avaken ayagluni piuguq.
‘They were compassionate people. Being
compassionate and having pity was always thecustom.’ (YUP 2005:44); < kusgu-tar1kusguyug-, kusguryug- to feel compassion# kusguyugtuq ‘he feels compassion’ /Tungelqungqerquni, tungelqurran kusguryukuni
atrarluni ikayurciqaa arnaq tauna. ‘If she has arelative, her relative will come down and help
her out of compassion.’ (TAP 2004:85); < kusguyugkuskaq domestic cat # from Russian r˙irf (kóshka);= kuuskaq; > kuskarngalnguq*
kuskarpagngalnguq* member of thecat family # . . . kuskarpagngalnguq-llu

kukupalek qusngirngalnguum-llu piyagaa
qungelrallgutkeciquk. . . . the leopard (big cat-likespotted thing) shall lie down with the kid (youngof the sheep-like thing).’ (ISAI. 11:6); < kuskaqrpak-ngalnguq
Kusquqvak Kuskokwim River # Kusquqvagmiu‘person from the Kuskokwim’; Kusquqvagmi
tuatnaaqameng, Kuipagmun tevtulliniut. ‘When
they did that sort of thing in the Kuskokwim Riverthey’d portage over to the Yukon River.’ (YUU
1995:41); this word may come from a root ku- (q,v.) dealing with flowing of liquid; a postbase -squq
small (productive in Siberian Yupik but not in Central
Yup’ik); and a postbase -vak big; thus Kusquqvak
may literally be a big thing (river) with a small
flow; the English word Kuskokwim comes from therelative case form Kusquqviim as in Kusquqviim
painga ‘the mouth of the Kuskokwim’; cf. kukuta drop of liquid # mer’em kutii ‘drop ofwater’; . . . qerratalriim mamteram acianun
aqumluni . . . cam imum-gguq kutem tutnauraa
cellakeggmilria-gguq-wa. . . . he sat down underthe elavated cache . . . and some kind of drop of
liquid would land on him, and yet there was good
weather too.’ (MAR2 2001:66); > kucin, kucitaq,
kucir-, kutyagaq; cf. ku-; < PE kut0
kutakiqe- to be clumsy; to be slow # NUN
kuten like this # particle; Kuni-llu nulirran
tangerrluku iluteqerpakarluni ta¥ga-i qetunrani
kuten yuungamiu carliarciqerluku . . . ‘Now his
wife saw him and was very sad and she took
her child out [from inside her parka] like thiscuddling it in her arms . . .’ (WEB2); NUN, EG;= waten; < ku(ni)-equalis; = waten
kutvak hunting implement used by boys;
arrowhead for hunting birds # NUN
kutyagaq child walking behind parent; common
eider chick # slang, literally: ‘little droplet’ # NUN
kuuce÷ak, kuucnaq pelvic bone; hip # Y, NI, HBC;
cf. kuya; < PE ku9uccin03 (under PE ku9ucci3)
kuucir- to add an ingredient (especially renderedseal oil); to pay for (air)fare # literally: ‘to provide
with something for getting or putting in’; < eke2-nlir-# NUN
kuugte- to be pigeon-toed # kuugtuq ‘he is pigeontoed’ / < PE ku(C)u(!)kuuguuyar- to be weak from cold # NUN
kuukicaaq button # from Russian g´ujdbwf(púgovitsa); = puukicaaq

372

Baseskuukissaaq cookie # from English ‘cookies’
kuukuq younger brother (LI meaning); baby or pet(EG meaning) # = kuukuq; < PE kuk(k)u(3)(-)
kuuliaq tent stake (and rope) # Kuuliarkanekll’ imkunek ciamruulkunek ayaulluteng,qelleqluteng pilaameng. ‘They had broughtsome wood pieces for tent stakes as they wereaccustomed to bringing whatever they would
need out there.’ (AGA 1996:176); Pelatekatun
ayuqeciquq calligcimangailngurtun, kuuliari
nucuumangaunateng . . . ‘It will be likened toan immovable tent; its stakes will not be pulled
up . . .’ (ISAI. 33:20); from Russian r˙ks (kóly)‘stakes’kuulicaaq chicken; turkey # from Russian r´hbwf(kúritsa) ‘chicken’
kuumagiaq eagle # EG
kuuniq horse # Tuqunarqelrialguluni ciissirpauluni
tumyarat mengliitni, Kegleraqluki kuunit
iruitgun, . . . ‘A poisonous snake by the side of
the path, it will bite the horses’ legs, . . .’ (AYAG.
49:17); CAN, LK, BB, NR, LI, EG; from Russian
rjym (kon’)kuunqerte- to pour oil or water over in preparationfor eating # kuunqertaa ‘he poured oil or waterover it’ / NSU; cf. kuvekuupiaq coffee # NSU; = kuuvviaq; from Russianr˙at (kófe)
kuupik pot # from Russian r´,br (kúbik) ‘square
metal container’kuuraq valley # NSU
kuuselaq card game similar to trumps # Y; from
Russian r˙pshm (kózyr’)kuuskaq domestic cat # from Russian r˙irf(kóshka); = kuskaq
kuusqun, kuusqulluk loosely woven but fairly
rigid upright grass basket (as for holding
caught fish) # Elrim itrutani allakaita elliaqluki.
Kuusqullugugarnek neqautnek itruciluteng. ‘[Thecelebrators of] the “Elriq” holiday set down thevarious items they’d brought in. They brought inlots of grass baskets of foods.’ (CAU 1985:141);< ?-n, ?-n-llukkuut to here; to right here # restricted demonstrative
adverb; terminalis case; Ta¥ga-i-ggur ellani
nalluqaquniu cuum . . . ayarungqerkuni, aritvani,
kuut kangranun qilqaulluku kuut caniminun
napa’arciiqaa . . . ‘If a person . . . should happen

kuukissaaq — kuvuur-

to lose the knowledge of his whereabouts . . .
if he has a walking stick, he’ll tie his mitten at
the tip of it like this, and post it beside him like this. . .’ (WEB2); NUN; see also kuni and kuten;= wavet (under wani)
kuuvviaq coffee # and kuuvviar- to drink coffee #kuuvviartuq ‘he is drinking coffee’ / kuuvviara‘his coffee’; kuuvviartairutuq ‘there’s nomore coffee’; kuuvviara! ‘have some coffee!’;kuuvviarcuun ‘coffeepot’; kuuvvialiuq ‘he ismaking coffee’; Unuaquani tupagyarturtuq
kuuvviarnimun, cali-llu assaliarnimun. ‘The next
day she woke up to the aroma of coffee and of
pancakes.’ (ELN 1990:95); Kuuvviaryartuqina
nemnun unuaqu carkaireskuvet. ‘Come to myhouse for coffee after you finish your chores.’(YUP 1996:20); = kuupiaq; > kuuvvii-; from
Russian r˙at (kófe)
kuuvvii- to make coffee # kuuvviiguq ‘he’s making
coffee’; kuuvviigaa ‘he’s making coffee forhim’ / kuuvviigi ‘make coffee’; Tua-i-llu aaniit
kuuvviirirraarluni qallangan saaniik, taqngan-llu
aatiit tupaggluku . . . ‘And then their mother firstmade coffee when the kettle came to a boil, andwhen it was done, their mother awakened theirfather.’ (ELN 1990:62); < kuuvviaq-li2kuv’aq bread # literally: ‘something that has beenpoured’; Y; < kuve-aq
kuve- to spill; to pour out of a container # kuv’uq‘it spilled’; kuvaa ‘he spilled it’, ‘he poured
it out’ / kuviuq ‘he spilled something’;
kuvevikaa mermek ‘he spilled water on her’;Piqerluku Turpak ugna itqertuq qalarrluni
mertanqiggngaitniluni mecungurrniluni
iqullermini, kuvluni-llu-gguq mertaa. ‘Aftera while Turpak rushed in saying that she
would never fetch water again because she
had gotten all wet when she fell and the water
she’d fetched had spilled.’ (ELN 1990:62); >kuv’aq, kuvunguar-, kuvuur-; cf. kuunqerte-,
kuvugenkegte-, ku-; < PE kuv0kuvirneq the beveled edge on inside of hatch rim of
kayak # NUN
kuvugenkegte- to be very steep # kuvugenkegtuq‘it is very steep’ / HBC; cf. kuvekuvunguar- to drizzle # EG; < kuve-?-nguarkuvuur- to spill around here and there # kuvuurtuq‘it spilled around’; kuvuuraa ‘he spilled it
around’ / Maqinertuyukluten pitsaqevkenii

373

kuvvinaq — kuyungtur-

Baseskuvyi- to make a net # kuvyiuq ‘he is making
a net’; kuvyia ‘he is making a net for him’ /Maa-i makut kuvyiaqameng qaluliaqameng-llu
qilagcuutellrit makut imruyutaat. ‘When they
made nets and dipnets they had these netshuttles as their net-making tools.’ (CIU 2005:92);< kuvyaq-likuvyir- to set a net # kuvyirtuq ‘he is setting a net’
/ Tua-i-ll’ waten uksumi up’nerkangvailgan
nayircuucitullrulliniut kuvyirluteng . . . ‘In thewinter before spring came they set nets for
spotted seals . . .’ (QUL 2003:506); < kuvya(q)-ir1kuya, kuyak hip; keelson of kayak # see Appendix 9on the parts of the kayak; > kuyagcite-, kuyagtar-,kuyakcar-, kuyapegaq; cf. kuucnaq; < PE kuya!
kuyag- to have sexual intercourse # Y; cf. kuya(k);< PE kuya!- (under PE kuya!)kuyagcite- to give a hunting partner the pelvic areaof the catch # NUN; < kuyak-?kuyagtar- to share a catch (particularly the animal’s
lower part) # kuyagtartuq ‘he is sharing’ /kuyagtaraq ‘shared portion of a catch’;< kuya(k)-?
kuyakcar- to move hips as during sexual intercourse# kuyakcartuq ‘he (or she) is thrusting his (her)hips against something or someone’; kuyakcaraa‘he (she) is thrusting his (her) hips against her(him, it)’ / < kuya(k)-?-carkuyapegaq backbone; spine # < kuya(k)-?; < PEkuyap0!a3 (under PE kuya!)kuygu-, kuygur- to be protective (of one’s young);
to provide compassionate assistance; to take pity(on); to help # HBC; = kusgukuyug- to have sexual intercourse # HBC; cf.
kuya(k)- and uyug-, of which this word is evidently
a blend
kuyungtur- to knock # LI; (?)

kuvuuryaaqaqa. ‘I poured on the water without
mercy because I thought that you are a seasoned
steam-bather.’ (YUP 1996:50); < kuve-?
kuvvinaq coffeepot # from Russian rja®qybr(koféynik)
kuvyaq, kuvya, kuvsaq (NS form ) fishnet; seal-net# and kuvya- to fish by drift-netting or purseseining # kuvyauq ‘he is drift-netting’ / kuvyaq
cangliqellruuq nutaranek ‘the net caught lotsof fresh fish’; qemiraa kuvyaq qilagcuutmek
aturluni ‘he is stringing the net (attaching it to
the lead-line and float-line) using a net-shuttle’;
kuvyaq civtaa ‘he set the net’; kuvyaq takua ‘hechecked the net’; kuvyarkaq ‘twine for making
nets’; kuvyacuar ‘small mesh gillnet’; Tua-i
tamaani allegpagnek . . . kuvyarpagkiutullrulliniut
allegnek, cali-llu pikalget yualunek, yualunek
piirriuluki. ‘Back then, they made large-meshgill nets out of the inner fibrous layer of willow
bark. Some people used twined sinew too.’(CIU 2005:82); “Kuvyalallruut uksumi?” “Maani
Caninermi uksumi kuvyatulirtaituq. Ta¥gaam
qagaani Qaluyaani kuvyatulirtarluni kiingan
akakiignek, wall’ allanek. Maani nunamte÷i
kuvyayuunateng, kuvyalriartangqerrsuunani,ta¥gaam taluyanek, mananek-llu.” ‘“Did theyfish with nets in winter?” “Here on Lower
Coast in winter there weren’t people using
nets. However, to the north on Nelson Is. there
were people who used nets just for whitefish,or perhaps other kinds. Here in our village they
didn’t use nets, there weren’t any people who
fished with nets, but fish traps and hooks [wereused].’ (KIP 1998:317); Kinguatni-llu qusuuret
taryaqviit piata, kuvyaaqluni. ‘After the smelt
when king salmon came, he would net-fish[for them].’ (PRA 1996*:461); . . . kuvsanuntakuiluni ikasurtelluni. ‘. . . he’d let me help
when he checked the set nets.’ (QAN 2009:120);> kuvyakuinr(aq), kuvyassur-, kuvyasta, kuvyir-,
kuvyate-; < PE kuv9a3
kuvyakuinr(aq*) bottom mesh of an ice dipper #< kuvya(q)-kuinr(aq)kuvyassur- to check a net # kuvyassurtuq ‘he ischecking the net’ / < kuvya(q)-ssurkuvyasta net-fisherman # < kuvya-ta1
kuvyate- to catch fish with a net # kuvyatuq ‘hecaught fish with a net’ / kuvyatai ‘the things hecaught with a net’; < kuvya-te1-

In the NUN and EG dialects the w, as in wani ‘righthere’, wiinga ‘I, me’, wangkuta ‘we, us’, watua‘now’, etc. is realized as a stop [kw] (rather thana voiced or voiceless fricative), and some people
prefer to write this as kw; thus: kwani, kwiinga,kwangkuta, kwatua, for those dialects.

374BasesL

laag- — lavisqaq

laavkiurta, laavkiiyurta, laavkiyurta storekeeper;
trader; merchant # Neqkanek yaaqvanek
taitelartuq laavkiiyurtet sunaicetun. ‘She
brings food from afar like the ships of themerchants.’ (AYUQ. 31:14); < laavkaaq-liur-ta1,
laavkaaq-liur-ta1, laavkaaq-liur-ta1
lagilugpiaq (K form), lagilugpak (CAN form),lagipiaq, lagirpak Canada goose (Branta
canadensis) # < lagiq-lugpiaq, lagiq-?-pak,lagiq-pik1, lagiq-rpak
lagiq goose (Anser sp., Branta sp.); Canada goose(Branta canadensis) # Ellii-llu tangrrami ava-i
qucillgarnek, laginek-llu qiilenga’arrluni. . . . atiinllu piluku nutgesqelluki lagit, elliin qucillgaat
nutegyugluki. ‘When he saw cranes and geese
over there he got excited. . . . His father told
him to shoot the geese, that he himself wanted
to shoot the cranes.’ (PRA 1995: ); from Aleut lax,
logix̂ (lax, la!iX) ‘Canada goose’, and/or imitativeof the cry of the goose; > lagilugpiaq
lagte- to trip and fall # EG; = nagtelagturyaqleq small sea anemone (species ?) # NUN
lagyaneq, lagyaq ditch # NUN; < lagyaq-neq?
lagyaq partially underground cache; pit for cleaning
fish; smokehouse # NI, CAN; more often spelledelagyaq; > lagyaneq
langraq vertical design made from fish skin on aparka # NUN
laqlar- to gobble up; to slurp down # laqlartuq ‘he isgobbling up food, slurping it down’; laqlaraa ‘heis gobbling it up, slurping it down’ / Tua-i taum
tungiinun puc’an laqlallalliniluni tua-i laqlarluni
ceqviarrlugluni, enret tuaten pircillagaqluteng.
‘As soon as the woman leaned toward the dog,
he quickly slurped down the food, splashing brothand bone fragments all over.’ (CIU 2005:90);
imitative; also spelled elaqlarlaqlaqlaaraq cackling Canada goose (Branta
canadensis minima) # NSK
lauciq reindeer halter or harness # NSU; from Saami(Lapp) lawᴣelave- to crouch # lav’uq ‘he crouched’ / lavtaa‘he bent it over, down’; lavumauq ‘he is ina crouching position’; = elave-; cf. navte-;> lavleryaraq
laveg- to break # EG; = naveglavisqaq attic; loft # partly from Russian yfd®c (navés)‘shed’; = navisqaq

For words that sound as if they start with l, look also
under el.
Some Yup’ik writers modify the orthography used in this
dictionary by considering any word-initial fricative tobe pronounced voiceless (in this book, only s is treatedthis way). Consequently, to write a word that begins
with a voiced l, those writers use an apostrophe before
the initial l of such a word. Thus, for such writers, thewords of the following l section would all be writtenwith initial apostrophe, for example ‘luuskaaq rather
than luuskaaq ‘spoon’.
laag- to dig # laagumauq ‘it has been dug’; NUN;
HBC= elaglaalingqa- to be visiting # NS; < laalirte-ngqa-;= elalingqalaalirte- to visit # within a village or city; NS;= elalirte-; > laalingqalaamiq sweater # probably a loan word of undeterminedoriginlaampaq, laampaaq lamp # EG, LI, HBC; from
Russian kƒvgf (lámpa)laanguar- to play sedentarily with toys, to playusing objects as toys # NUN; = naanguar-;< ?-uaq
Laapaaq, Laavlaaq Saami; Lapp # around the year
1900 the U.S. government brought Saami (Lapp asthey were called then) reindeer herders to the Yup’ik
area (and elsewhere in Alaska) to help in setting up areindeer-herding industry; some of these Lapps stayed,
mixing with the local population; the word itself isfrom English
laatanaq incense # from Russian kƒlfy (ládan)laavkaaq, laavkaq frame building; store #Tengssuutet-llu tamaani nurnarluteng call’
waten pivkenateng. Kiugkut-llu Mamterillermiut
net’arugaunateng, laavkaarugartaunateng. ‘Backthen airplanes were uncommon [here] or lacking.
Bethel upriver didn’t have lots of houses, it
didn’t have lots of frame buildings/stores.’ (KIP
1998:131); from Russian kƒdrf (lávka); = lavkaaq;> laavkiurta

375

lavkaaq — leq

Baseslegiliq parka ruff # Scammon Bay, HBC; see
Appendix 9 on parts of the parka; = negiliq; < PE
n0!ili3, n0!ila3
legleg- to scrub with steel wool or the like # NUN
legqun kindling # kinerquralriamek muragmek
legquciuq ‘he made kindling out of the driest
piece of wood’; < leg-?-n
legtaq turquoise bead # NUN
leg’uma- to be singed; to be charred; to be burned #leg’umauq ‘it is singed, charred, has a burnt spot’/ < leg-maleg’un, legun wick; lamp mantle # leg’utii or legutii‘its wick, its mantle’; HBC; < leg-n, leg-n
lekuk’ar- to graze (of a bullet, arrow, etc.); to touchupon (it); to brush against (it); to say something
relevant to (a certain situation); # Waniwallu-gguq tua-i igvaqatarluku kalngaa napam
avayaanun lekukaulluni . . . ‘He was just about
to come around the bend when his backpack
brushed against the limb of a tree . . .’ (YUU
1995:77); Taumun ta¥gaam tua-i qanerpakarluni
qanelriim iliini tayima yuulci lekuk’arluku
qanlalriit, qanerluni nall’ara’arrluku yuullerpeci
iliit, elitaqluku-llu elpeci. ‘But sometimes when aspeaker speaks he touches upon an aspect of yourlife and it is applicable to your own experiences
and you recognize it.’ (YUP 2005:18)
lep’ag- to break wind loudly, expelling much flatus# lep’agtuq ‘he broke wind loudly’; lep’agaa ‘hebroke wind loudly at him’ / Tunuarrluku tua-i
lep’alliniluni. Tua-i-llu-gguq tayim’ tauna tua-i
cataiteqalliniluni. ‘Turning his back on it he farted
real hard. Then instantly, it is said, that (ghost)vanished into thin air.’ (QAN 1995:206); < lerpag2lepaq ptarmigan intestine # prepared by immersing
briefly it in very hot water
lepli- to make a flapping sound in the wind # NUN
leq flatus; gas expelled rectally; vulgar fart #and ler- to break wind; to pass gas; to expel
flatus; vulgar to fart; # lertuq ‘he broke wind’;leraa ‘he broke wind at him’ / leq’an ‘if hebreaks wind’; aqvaqulriim lertun unitai ‘therunner left them behind like a fart’; Caliam tamakut angalkut tuunriaqameng-gguq,
wagg’uq leq’ayunaiteqtalliniut. Lerciullerteng
cucukevkenaku. Lerciurqameng-gguq tuunrait
tamaq’eraqluteng. ‘And they say that whenthose shamans are conjuring, no one is supposed

lavkaaq frame building; store # HBC; from Russiankƒdrf (lávka); = laavkaaq
lavleryaraq tunnel entrance to house # HBC; < laveler-yaraq
lavtak material for skin-boot soles, the yellowish
skin of the bearded seal (maklak) prepared byremoving the black outer layer of skin # many
Yup’ik speakers consider this word to be English
trade jargon and use it only as such, pronouncing thesecond syllable like English tack, and instead using
naterkaq (q.v.) when speaking Yup’ik; from Siberian
Russian kfanƒr (lafták) ‘dressed hide of sea
mammal’leg-, lege- (HBC form), legte- (NUN form) to get
scorched; to get singed; to char; to burn #underlyingly leg- is [e]leg-; legtuq (legluni),
leg’uq (legluni) HBC, legtuq (leggluni) NUN‘it got singed’ / lellruuq, legellruuq HBC,
legtellruuq NUN ‘it has gotten singed’; legtaa‘he singed it, burned it, cooked it by burning’;
leg’umalria keniraq egesgu! ‘throw the burnt
food away!’; Tua-ll’ qantat itrutellrata kinguani
piqerluni anqertuq iliit legglugpak, tuaten tua-i
ekurvagluni. ‘Then after the bowls were brought
inside, suddenly one of the men ran out holding
burning plants.’ (CIU 2005:386); Tua-i-gguq
legtenrilkatki aturai unguvauraqeryartuq tayima
ca ngel’ekluku. ‘They said that if they hadn’tburned his clothing, he would have lived up to acertain point.’ (QUL 2003:676); > legci-, leg’un,
legun, legqun, leg’uma-; also spelled with initial e;< PE 0l0!legaleq window # HBC; = egaleq; < PE 0!al03
leg’aq sled brake # HBC; see Appendix 9 on parts ofthe sled; = elgaq, esgaq
legci- to burn or char things; to make ashes frombirch fungus or other substances to mix withchewing tobacco # legciuq ‘he is making ashes’ /legcin ‘can in which to make ashes’; < leg-te2-i2legcik gaff; pew # Piyalrim ayemnera’armun
kanaryalrim legcigpani teguluku, . . . ‘When
he came to open water lead he grabbed his
big gaff, . . .’ (WOR 2007:108); Qamigautek,
legcik-gga, anguarutek-gga malruk, legcikcuareqgga, imkut-gga . . . ayaaquneng pitullrat
maklaggsuutngutullret. ‘The kayak sled, thegaff, two paddles, the small gaff, the ones called
seal spears — these were the tools for catching
bearded seals.’ (WEB1); NUN, HBC; = negcik;< PE n0!ci!

376Basesto pass gas. They didn’t choose to be farted on.
They said that when someone farts on them,
their helping spirits instantly disappear.’ (QUL
2003:553); underlyingly [e]leq / [e]ler-; > lep’ag-,
leraaniq, ler’a-, ler’arte-, leriiq, lernaq, levaaq,
leviar-, leviileviar-; = naleq, neleq; cf. [e]teq, teq;
< PE 0l03(-)
leqecirar- to tickle # NS; = aaleqciirleqleq white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) (NSmeaning); Canada goose (Branta canadensis) (NSU
meaning) # = neqleq; > leqlernaq; < PE n03l03 andn0ql03
leqlernaq black brant (Branta bernicla) # NUN, NS; =neqlernaq; < leqleq-naq2
ler’a- to break wind repeatedly # lerauq ‘he isbreaking wind repeatedly’; leraa ‘he is breaking
wind repeatedly at him’ / < ler-a
leraaniq aluminum or brass private coin formerly
issued by canneries and trading posts # so called
because of its worthlessness outside the place of issue;< leq-?
ler’arte-, lerr’arte- to make a churning, bubblingor gurgling sound; # ler’artuq or lerr’artuq ‘itmade a bubbling sound’ / Pegcatni-gguq aiggani
evcuuskiliki avatni augmek imirluku qanikcaq,
lerr’arpak-gguq ciqumellret nanret kemegmunta¥gaam ataluteng. ‘When they released him
he shook his hands getting blood on the snow
around him, and there was a loud gurgling soundsince the smashed bones were just attached to theflesh.’ (MAR1 2001:69); < leq-?
lerave- to crumble # leravuq ‘it is crumbling’ /leravtaa ‘he is crumbling it’; NUN
leriiq bubbling, churning water # < leq-?
Lerleraaq Chinese # probably from the way Chinese
language sounded to Yup’ik speakers
lerli- to make a clattering noise (as of solid objects
being put away or being taken out for use) #NUN
lernaq bean # EG; < ler-naq1
leryir- to gurgle; to make a gurgling noise #leryirtuq ‘it is gurgling’ / Tua-i-llu-am cali ellii
kegginani akurtaqluku cupqetaangluni mer’em
iluanun leryircelluku. ‘And also she dipped herface in and blowing out air under the water she’dmake a gurgling noise.’ (ELN 1990:26) / < leq-?; >leryiyagaq
leryiyagaq* small air bubble in water # Tamakut

leqecirar- — levvlugte-

tua-i tuatnatuut qalrirluteng, angllurluteng
nep’ngaqluteng camani, leryiyagaat ta¥gken
tua-i pugluteng. ‘Those [bearded seals] also diveunderwater to make their mating calls, and they
get noisy underwater, but only little bubbles cometo the surface.’ (PAI 2008:28); < leryiq-yagaq
levaaq outboard motor # Ayaglutek anguarlutek(levaaryugnaunatek) qayakun. ‘They left paddling(definitely not by outboard motor) with the
kayak.’ (ELL 1997:368); Angyakun-llu ayiimeng
tengalrarluteng ayagluteng, levaartaunanillu. ‘When they left by boat it was sailing;
there were no outboard motors.’ (KIP 1998:165);
Allanitqataryukluteng ilai qalartenga’arrluteng
utqerrluteng-llu angayuqaagteng
qanrut’laaglukek niitellermeggnek
levaarungalngurmek. ‘Her siblings started rushingback thinking that they might be getting visitors
and told their parents that they’d heard what
seemed to be an outboard motor.’ (ELN 1990:30);
NI, CAN, LK, BB, NR; cf. leq
leve- to have things clinging to it # such as herring
roe on seaweed, snow on clothing, bugs on food;lev’uq ‘he or it has stuff clinging to him or it’ /HBC; = neve-; < PE n0v0leviar- to flutter in the wind # leviartuq ‘it isfluttering’ / anuqem leviarutaa ‘the wind ismaking it flutter’; cf. leq
leviileviar- to flutter in the wind # Taumtegumiaqluki leviilevialriit. Nutaan aqvaluki
kinguani petugturangarrluki tengtenqigtenritai.
‘That one held on to those that were flutteringin the wind. And, after that he went to get them,
fastened them down, and they didn’t blow away
again.’ (KIP 1998: 11); cf. leq
levlegcetaaq whirligig # a small disk with two holes
and a string through the holes — when wound andthe string is pulled, the disk spins rapidly, making awhirring noise; NUN
levlevaaq whirligig; wooden top spun with string #imitative
levlevleraq sandpiper (species ?) # NSU; imitative
levlugtaq, levlugtaaq bullroarer # K; imitative
levvlugte- for there to be a rustling or rushingnoise; to make the noise of flapping wings #Ataam atraami imna sek’aviaq ataam teguluku
egtaa tamavet cellamun qasgim iluani. Sek’aviaq
levvlugpak tengaurtuq qasgim iluani. ‘Again
when he went down he took that hawk and377

liite- — lurirte-

Basesthrew it there into the air inside the kashim.
The hawk, with a great rushing noise, flew about
inside the kashim.’ (MAR2 2001:33)
liite- to learn; to get used to; to recognize # liiski‘learn them’; NSU; = elite-; < PE 0litLiivlek # Levelock # village on the Kvichak River,which drains Lake Iliamna; = Elivelek
lingra- emotional root ‘grateful’; See elingralintaq ribbon; bow # from Russian k®ynf (lénta)livte- to flatten a standing object # livtaa ‘heflattened it’ / = elivtellerr’ar(aq*) whirligig; spinner toy, a disk with
two holes and a string through the holes #and llerr’ar(ar)- to make a whiring sound # a“whirligig” is a small disk with two holes and a string
through the holes — when wound and the string ispulled, the disk spins rapidly, making a whirring
noise; Ataneq, imarpiim et’uqri llerr’artut;
erinangqellriatun qastuluteng neplirtut. ‘O
Lord, the ocean’s depths make a roaring sound;they make noise loudly like one with a voice.’(PSALM 93:3); underlyingly [e]llerrar(aq*);= ellaraq
llumarraq shirt; cloth; dress # Man’a-ll’ tua-i elanrat
llumarrarnek-llu pikangameng llumarranek elanra
man’a wall-aa caquluki. ‘Then they used cloth
to cover the surrounding area and cloth to makea wall around it.’ (PAI 2008:146); = lumarraq,
numarraq; from Russian he,ƒ[f (rubákha);lugluqussaaq float; buoy # perhaps specifically one
made of loon esophagus; Lugluqussaanek-wa maa-i
man’a piyaraullinilria narrlutunrituq. ‘This (gillnet) would have a float of this sort because it isshallow.’ (CIU 2005:84)
luluraq plant type (species ?) # EGlumarrallertuyuli moth # literally: ‘eater ofcloth’; Nunurluku yuk anucimirqecetaalaranassiilngiraqan, lumarrallertuyulimllu piunririlauciatun piunrilaraten
qunukek’nguaput. ‘You chastise mortals inpunishment for sin, consuming like a moth whatis dear to them.’ (PSALM 39:11); < lumarraqlleq1-tur2-yuli
lumarraq shirt; cloth; dress # Ellii lumarraqegtaarmek
taqumalriamek pilliniluku, quyaluni-am
egmianun as’arrluku, . . . ‘It included a pretty
factory-made dress for her, and she being
grateful, immediately put it on.’ (ELN 1990:21);

Uliit-wa melqut, caquluteng tangnirqellriamek
lumarrarmek. Tua-i maqarngatqapiggluteng.
‘The blankets were bird down covered withattractive cloth. They very much seemed likethey’d be warm.’ (ELN 1990:97); from Russianhe,ƒ[f (rubákha); = llumarraq, numarraq;> lumarrallertuyuli
luna village; land # NUN; reported by Curtis 1930;
not recently attested; = nuna; < PE nunaluqaanak pink salmon (Onchorhybchus gorbuscha)# EG; from Sugpiaq luuqaanak (perhaps ultimatelyfrom Athabascan)luqir- slanting # postural root; > luqirte-, luqingqaluqirte- to slant # luqirtuq ‘it slanted’; luqirtaa ‘heslanted it’ / < luqir-te2luqingqa- to be slanting # luqingqauq ‘it is at aslant’ / < luqir-ngqaluqruuyak northern pike (Esox lucius) #luqruuyiit ‘pike’ (plural); Una waniwa
taryaqvagcuuciaqameng atutullrulliniluku.
Makut-llu maa-i akakiignun wall’u luqruuyagnun. . . wall’u cuukvagnun . . . atuulriaruluteng.
‘This one here was used when they made kingsalmon nets. And these were used to makewhitefish and pike fish nets.’ (CIU 2005:96); Tua-i
curulugkameggnek canegqaarluteng, tua-i
taqicameng manaarluteng. Ilai elliin piq’urluteng
luqruuyagnek. ‘After getting some grass for theirmats, they started ice fishing. Her sisters kept
catching pike.’ (ELN 1990: 70); # CAN, LK; also
spelled eluqruuyak; from Athabascan, cf. k’oolkkoy(Koyukon Ath.), giliqoy (Deg Hitan Ath.)luqsaqerte- to become irritated or sulk because
one hasn’t gotten his way # luqsaqertuq ‘he got
irritate’/ NI
luquluk sloshing sound # luquluggluni ‘(it) making
a sloshing sound’; HBC
luquckiar(aq*) small knife; pocketknife # NUN
lur- dimensional root; > lurkite-, lurtu-; also spelled
elurlurlur- to swallow with a gurgling sound # NUN;
imitative
lurkite- to be narrow # applies to garments and partsof garments; lurkituq ‘it is narrow’ / < lur-kiteluri- root; > lurirte-, lurive-, lurivtelurirte- to gripe angrily; to talk without being
invited to speak # lurirtuq ‘he is griping’ /lurirutaa ‘he is griping to him’; < luri-?

378

Baseslurive-, lurivte- to attack verbally; to jabber #lurivuq or lurivtuq ‘he is jabbering’ / lurivutaa‘he is jabbering at her’; < luri-?, luri-?
lurnir- to set one’s direction inland; to go farther
back inland # NUN
lurr’arpak the sound of gurgling water # cf.
llerr’ar(aq); < ?-rpaklurrluk very wet part of tundra; swamp # NUN
lurtu- to be wide # applies to garments and parts ofgarments; lurtuuq ‘it is wide’ / < lur-tuluskaaq spoon # HBC; = luuskaaq; from Russiank˙;rf (lózhka)
luuciq shape; form; condition; nature; whatsomething is like # See at eluciq
luucirar(ar)- to gesture # see at elucirar(ar)luuk onion # BB; from Russian ker (luk)luumar-, luumaar- to fly by supernatural means # ofa shaman; luumartuq ‘he is flying by supernatural
means / Tua-i-ll’ imkut tangvak’nganka ukut
up’ngartut tauna angalkuq piluku, luumarluku
ataku ivsungcetaaresqelluku. ‘As I observed
them, they started to get ready; they asked
that shaman to prepare to fly by supernatural
means that evening in order to induce it to rain.’(QAN 1995:306); Aren, angalkuulleraami tua-imata’arrluni atkuni yuuqerluki luumaarluni
apqiitnek tengluni taman’ arviryaaqellinia
qecuneq. ‘Well, since he was a shaman, hequickly took his parka off and by supernatural
means flew, “luumaar”, as they call it, across thatcrack.’ (QUL 2003:508); also spelled elumar-,elumaar-; < PE 0limma3-, 0lumma3Luumarvik Lomavik # site on the lower Kuskokwim
River; < luumar-vik
luupiq lead birdshot; BB # BB; from Russian lh˙,b(dróbi)luuskaaq spoon # manalillruunga luuskaamek‘I made a fishing lure/hook from a
spoon’; Angassacuaraat ellaita tamaaniluuskaacuarqellrukiit. ‘In those days they usedsmall [wooden] ladles for spoons.’ (ELL 1997:142);
Luuskaarpagmek ataucimek taryirluku. ‘Add one
tablespoon (big spoon) of salt to it.’ (YUU 1995:62);. . . malrugnek luuskaarpiignek mayurcetaamek,
ataucimek, luuskaayaarmek taryumek, . . . . ‘. . .
two tablespoons of baking powder, one teaspoon(small spoon) of salt, . . . (YUU 1995:62); =luskaaq; NSK, Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, EG;lurive- — luvyuqnerar(ar)-from Russian k˙;rf (lózhka)
luussatiq horse # = luussitaq; UY; from Russiank˙iflm (lóshad’)luussiq cutting knife # not semi-lunar; NUN; from
Russian yj; (nozh); = nuussiq
luussitaq horse # kipuyutellruaqa qetunraqa
luussitaruamek ‘I bought my son a play horse’;Aturciqua Atanermun, . . . egtellrui luussitat
yugtuumaita imarpigmun.’ I will sing to theLord, . . . he has thrown the horses and riders into
the sea.’ (ANUC. 15:1); Y, NSK, HBC, NI, NUN,
UK; = luussatiq; from Russian k˙iflm (lóshad’)luvak saliva # EG; = nuvak, nuak; > luvayirluvayir- to be slimy # of fish; luvayirtuq ‘it is slimy’/ EG; < luvak-?-lirluve- to thread # EG; = nuveluvyuqnerar(ar)- to be soaked from the rain # NUN379

maa — macaaskaq*

Bases

M

elitnaurvilleq malrugnek room-angqellruuq.
‘It didn’t have a lot of people like here in thisplace; the old school downriver had two rooms.’(KIP 1988:261); see man’a, the corresponding
demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; > maa-i, maante-, maatekaarmaantaur(ar)- to stay here # maantaurtuq ‘he isstaying here’ / maantaurallruuq ‘he stayed here’;maantauraa ‘stay here’; < maante-aur(ar)maante- to be here # maantuq ‘it is here’ /maanlluni or maanenani ‘being here’; “Sam-aqqaa maantuq?” “Cataituq.” ‘“Is Sam here?” “He’snot here.”’ (YUP 1995:6); < maa(ni)-mete/netemaapelaaq marble for playing games # from English‘marble’maasslaq butter # from Russian vƒckj (máslo);= masslaq
maastilaq carpenter # BB; from Russian vƒcnth
(máster) ‘foreman, master’maatekaar-, maatekiir- to be up to here
(indicating a height) # Maatekaarlua ta¥gaam
mecungellruunga. ‘I got wet up to here.’ (QUL
2003:730); Nug’uq-gguq, puggliniuq-gguq —maatekaarluku taum tua waten pillrua — imnaggur’ una tua-i icivaq tuqulleq! ‘When she roseup, when she emerged — she was up to hereaccording to the one who told this story — it wasshe, the one who died not too long ago!’ (ELL
1997:488); < maaten-kiir(ar)maatekiir(ar)- for fog to close in and go out # NUN
maaten when; upon; when it came to pass #conjunction; used with a secondary verb in theparticipial or subordinative mood; maaten eniinun
iteryaaqua cen’ircaaqlemku, cataunani ‘when
I went into his house to visit him, he wasn’t
there’; maaten itertua nerelriit ‘upon entering,
I saw that they were eating’; unataryaaqelriakut
akwaugaq, maaten pivigkamten’un tekitukut
aqevyigtaunani ‘we went to go berry-picking
yesterday, but when we got to the site there
weren’t any cloudberries’; Maaten-gguq uituq
akerta pitellinilria ‘he opened his eyes, anddiscovered that the sun had risen’ (YUU 1995: 102);< PE ma90t0n
maatuskaq wife of Russian Orthodox priest # from
Russian vƒneirf (mátushka)macaaskaq*, maciaskaq*, mackaq* (HBC form),maciaskak (HBC form) suspenders # macaaskaaketc. ‘pair of suspenders’; from Russian gjlnΩ;rf

maa goose bump; pore # maangi ‘his pores’; = mai,maik # NUN
maacuaq grandmother # HBC; = marrlugaq,
maurluq; < ema-cuar(aq)maacungaq grandmother # HBC and used elsewhereas a term for addressing one’s grandmother; =marrlugaq, maurluq; < ema-cungaq
maa-i here; coming this way; now; at the present
time # adverbial particle; nunaciiqaqa qetunraqa
maa-i uitalria qavani ‘I’ll visit my son who lives
upriver now’; maa-i tang ‘he is coming’; Maa-ingunrituq-qaa nel’istem qetunraa? ‘Isn’t this theson of the carpenter?’ (MATT. 13:55); < maa(ni)=i
maa-irpak during the present period of time;
now # adverbial particle; Apcani aaniin
qanrulluku iralullermi yuurtellruniluku
tallimaurtellruniluki-llu allrakui cali maa-irpak
arvinelgurtarkauniluki allrakui. ‘When she asked
her her mother told her that she had been born inthe month of January and that she was five years
old and would now turn six.’ (ELN 1990:58); Maairpallarteggun miilatgun color-alget eruryugngaut
kumlami wall’u puqlami. ‘With modern-day
detergents colored laundry can be washed ineither cold or hot water.’ (GET n.d.:15); < maa-irpak
maak brand or ear-cut on reindeer as sign ofownership # NUN; from English ‘mark’maakuluk sleeping bag # HBC; = muukuluk,
maukulukmaa(ni) here; now # extended demonstrative adverb;
maavet ‘to here’; maaken ‘from here’; maaggun‘through here’, ‘this way’; maani calisit? ‘what
are you doing here?’; maavet tekiskan apeskiu‘when he comes here ask him’; Taukuk kiulliniak,“Wangkuk pikapuk. Cat makut maani uitalriit
wangkuk pikapuk. ‘Those two answered him,
“They are ours. These things that are here belong
to us.”’ (YUU 1995:100); Ciku man’a qaingani
nunam assiituq uum kipusviim ukatiini.
Maaggun pikumegnuk assirciquq. ‘This ice on
the ground the near side of the store is bad. If
we go this way [however] it will be good.’ (PRA
1995:192); Yugyallrunrituq maanitun, ua-i ugna380

Basesmacaq — makiranmakcaraq resurrection # < makte-caraq
makecaraq spring-type snare for squirrels or birds #NSU; < makte-yaraq
makelvak large bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)# Tua-i caknerlutek kasmurlutek, makelvall’er-w’
uciak. ‘They were working very hard pushing
the sled, and its load was a very big bearded seal.’(QUL 2003:252)
makerliit cumulus clouds #makesqiq slice of dried fish protruding uprightfrom the skin # Y; < makte-?
makete- to rise; to get up; to set upright # active; /NSU; = maktemakikcaq spring-type snare for squirrels or birds# Allamun taugaam nutaan tekicami, assirluni
taqumiin makikcaq, taumun iterluni makikcamun
nap’artelliniluni. ‘But when it came to a springsnare that was neatly set, it went in and got
trapped by the spring-snare.’ (CIU 2005:154);< makte-?
makinga- to be upright # makingauq ‘it is upright’/ < makte-ngamakiraq gathering of food; one who is gathering
food # and makira-1 to gather greens, tubers,
berries, eggs, etc. to eat # makirauq ‘he isgathering food’; makirai ‘he is gatheringthem’ / Makut avelngaat neqait naunraat
acilquqait. Elagyaitnek avelngaat makunek
yuut makiralartut. ‘These mice foods are theroots of plants. People gather these fromthe mice’s caches.’ (YUU 1995:61); Uksumi
ayagayuitellruamta, kiagmi ta¥gaam makiramnalliini. ‘Since we’d never travel in the wintertime, (we’d travel) only in summer at thetime of food gathering.’ (KIP 1998:51); Arnatllu makiraluteng ernerpak, up’nerkam erenra
takelria, tayima makirat ayagaqameng ernerpak
makiraluteng ayagalallruut. ‘And the womengathered food all day -– the springtime day being
long — whenever those who went gathering foodwould go out, they’d travel, gathering food, allday.’ (KIP 1998:269); > makiran; cf. makiur-;< PY-S maki3makira-2 to go or send on an errand # makirauq‘he is on an errand’; makiraa ‘he sent her on an
errand’ / NUN
makiran foreleg (?) # . . . ungungssimun tekituq
tuqumalriamun. Tekicami ungungssimun
imumun nuussini anlluku pilagluku makiratiinek(podtyázhka) ‘garter’; = mataaskaak, pataaskaakmacaq sun # and macar- for the sun to be shining #macartuq ‘the sun is shining’ / macaqnirpaa ‘itis really hot’; macarcecaqunaki neqet! ‘don’t let
the fish get burned by the sun!’; Unugpak tuaten
pekteksaunani uitauq. Ertuq macaq-llu mayurluni. . . ‘All night he stayed still like that. Dawn cameand the sun rose . . .’ (ESK 1899:478); NSU; >macari-, macir(ar)-, maciur-; cf. matneq, maqaq;< PE maca3
maci- to expose to the heat of the sun # Tua-i-gguq
ilaseng maktanqenritqataran neqa tauna qayamgguq angenqelluku alaitaquq. Pug’aquq-gguq
nevaarluni maciluni apqiitnek. ‘It [the giant fish]
was bigger than a kayak and would appear
when one of them [the people] was going to die.
It would surface, skimming over the water, as
they say, exposing itself to the heat of the sun.’ (CIU
2005:116); < macaq-i3macir(ar)- to warm; to expose to heat # maci’irtuq‘he is warming himself’; maciraraa ‘he iswarming it’ / < macaq-ir1-?macari- to be hot # of the weather; impersonal subject;macariuq ‘it is hot’ / NUN; < macar-?
maciur- to warm oneself # maciurtuq ‘he iswarming himself’ / < macaq-liurmacugite- to be barely visible due to weather #NUN
mac’utaq dog salmon; chum salmon (Oncorhynchusketa); old salmon or dried fish from lake(additional EG meaning) # NI, NUN, EG
mai, maik pore on skin # maingi or maigi ‘its pores’;= maa
mainaq prospector; miner # from English ‘miner’
mak’alunaq macaroni # EG; from English ‘macaroni’makaq diaper # makiraa ‘he is diapering him’;Tengmianek-gguq tengmilqunek makangqerrlartut
irniarit. ‘Their children had diapers of bird down.’(MAR1 2001:28); Y, NI, NUN, NS; < PE makka3
mak’aq, makaaq “Eskimo ice cream” made withaged salmon eggs # < makte-?
mak’arte- to abruptly get upright or sit up #mak’artuq ‘he abruptly got up or sat up’ /Unuakumi tupiimi mak’arrluni maaten piuq aanii
kiimi ak’a maktellrullinilria. ‘The next morningwhen she awoke she abruptly sat up and saw that
only her mother had gotten up.’ (ELN 1990:15);< makte-ar(ar)te-381

makiur- — makuaq

Basesmaktanqegcissuun carpenter’s level # < maktanqegg-i2-cuuna¥gaulluni utertuq. Tekiutaa maaten nuliaminun
nulirran imum tangrraa qimugtem makiratiinek
tekiutellinilria. ‘. . . he came upon a dead animal.
When he came to that animal he took out his
knive and cutting it he removed its foreleg andwent home. When he brought it to his wife,
his wife saw that he’d brought a dog’s foreleg.’(UNP2); < makira1-n
makiur- to remove roots from plants # makiurun‘device for removing roots’; cf. makira-1; < PY-S
maki3maklaaq bearded seal in its first year # < NS, K, Y,
HBC, NUN, CAN , BB, NR, LI, EG; maklak-aq2
maklacuk bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) thesize of a second-year seal but with a head like anadult’s #maklak bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) # Tuai-llu aqsiigkenek an’ut neqet, nayiit, makliit-llu
mermek avuluteng. ‘And from his stomach cameout fish, seals, and bearded seals, mixed together
with water.’ (UNP1); note that the word maklak
has been borrowed into English as “mukluk” as thename for Eskimo skin boots (kamguk, kameksak,
piluguk, etc., in Yup’ik), probably because beardedseal skin is used for the soles of skin boots; NS, K, Y,
HBC, NUN, CAN , BB, NR, LI, EG; > makelvak,
maklaaq, maklassuk
maklassuk bearded seal in its second year #< maklak-?
makneq protruding thing; slice of dried fish
protruding upright from the skin; < makte-neq1
maknginar- to rise from sleeping and go without
breakfast # maknginartuq ‘he got up, skipping
breakfast’ / < makte-nginaq
maksaq spleen; upper part of abdomen # =mamcaq; < PY maksaq
makta- to be up; to be upright # stative; maktauq‘he is up, it is upright’ / Tuquaqan-gguq kina
uptelallruat ilaita aqumlluku maktavkarluku,
muriignek-llu natiikun ellivikluku maktacirluku.
‘Whenever someone died the relatives would
prepare him, sitting him up, letting him be
upright, placing two sticks to prop him upright.’(CAU 1984:122); < makte-nga-; > maktaat,
maktanqegcissuun; < PE mak0ta- (under PE
mak0t-)
maktaat catalog; magazine; book # this is a plural;from the pages rising as they are turned; < makta-aq1

makte- to rise; to get up; to set upright; to sit up #active; maktuq ‘he got up, he sat up’; maktaa ‘he
set it upright’ / makluni tupautartuq ‘getting
up, he had breakfast’; makcara’artuq ‘he got
up early’; Tupagngami makcaaqelriim umyugaata¥gaam makluni pek’artevekenani-ll’ tua-i. ‘He
woke up and attempted to get up, but his mind
was the only part that would function; he himself
was unable to stir.’ (ELL 1997:578); = makete-;> makcaraq, makta-, maktellerkaq, makvik,
makyun; < PE mak0tmaktellerkaq resurrection # < makte-lleq1-kaq

maku- one like this (indicated something extended
nearby) # may be used as a possesser as in Yug-imna
imarniterturluni makua-llu-gguq cagnisngiimi
qapngulluni. ‘That person was wearing a gut
rain parka, and since this part [indicating aroundthe face] was tightened, it left an imprint on his
skin.’ (QUL 2003:248); see also uku-; this is theintermediate base for makut (q.v.)

makuaq ice crystal suspended in water; dust
particle suspended in air # Un’a imarpik
makuangetuuq. Cikumun tekiskuvci
pugtalriamun, uivurciqerci un’a avatii
kiarqurluku. Tua-ll’ ayainanerpece÷i imkut
makuat qevelqaquciqut. Tamakut aperturciqaat
akertem tunglirnera. ‘The ocean down there has
ice crystals suspended in it. If you get to an ice flow,
go around it and look in the water around its
outer edge. As you go the ice crystals will sparkle.
They will indicate the direction of the sun.’ (YUU
1995:67); Atam, un’a imarpik meq makuangqertuq.
. . . Kiarnaitmi tua-i nallunrilutnguaqluteng
tamakui mer’em. . . . Tua-i-ll’ akerta waten
nallaillinikuniu makuat nutaan tamakut
tangerrnariqerrluteng. ‘See, ocean water down
there has ice crystals. . . . Those things in thewater can be used as an indicator when thevisibility is poor. . . . And when we have aligned
ourselves with the sun, those ice crystals will
suddenly become visible.’ (QUL 2003: 694 &696); Apqucimek-gguq call’ calilriaruut tamakut
makuat. Misvikluku-gguq tua-i apqucirkaanek
calilriaruut. ‘They say that those dust particles are
the cause of illness. By landing on one they cause
illness.’ (YUP 2005:74)

382

Basesmakugte- to suffer hardship or discomfort; towork hard; to be frustrated # makugtuq ‘heis having a hard time’ / irniaran makugcetaa‘her child causes her to work hard’; Uksumek
makugcaramek-llu nalluluteng caitqapik. ‘Of
winter and hardship they knew nothing at all.’(EGA 1973:5)
makumiu, makurmiu (HBC, NUN, NI form) local
person # maku(r)miut ‘the local people’; maku(r)miunguunga ‘I am a local person’; maku(r)miungurtuq ‘he has become a local person;‘Kassuuqaarlunuk tua-i maanllunuk Qipnermi
makumiunguamegnuk. ‘After we got married westayed here in Kipnuk because we’re local people(from Kipnuk).’ (KIP 1998:157); < makumiu
makurarte- to get ripples or other disturbances(?) # Nanvaq-gguq-gga pingna-ll’ egcarturviat,
uqunun callernun anuqlingraan-ll’
makuragcuunani. ‘There was a disposal lakeback there for old oil and even if it was windy it
wouldn’t get ripples.’ (CEV 1984:72)
makurrlainaq this kind of thing only # Tua-i
yuk meqsugaqan makurrlainarteggun
mer’esqumatullruat. ‘And when a person isthirsty they prefer that he drink water only withthese kinds [of dippers].’ (CIU 2005:200); <maku-rrlainaq
mak’urte- to be exasperated; to be frustrated; to be
distraught on account of the misdeeds of a close
relative # NUN
makuryaq (Y, UK, LI form), makursaq (NSK form)
mosquito # Ugaani tang amllerrsaaqem . . . tuar
imkut makuryat tengaurturalriit. ‘On account ofbeing so many . . . they flew around like aswarm of mosquitoes.’ (CIU 2005:342); < ?-yaq;> makuryiurcuun
makuryiurcuun mosquito net or repellent # <makuryaq-liur-cuun
makut these (extended) # the plural of man’a (q.v.)
makvik hook at stern of kayak # NUN; < makte-vik
makyun resurrection # Wiinga makyutnguunga
unguvaaulua-llu, . . . ‘I am the resurrection andthe life, . . .’ (JOHN 11:25); < makte-n
malagg’aayaq fur hat with fur ear-flaps #Mingqaarnek, aliumatnek, malagg’aayanek,
muruqanek-llu piliaqluteng. ‘They’d makebaskets, mittens, fur hats, and boot liners.’ (KIP
1998:vii); from Russian vfkf[ƒq (malakháy); =palagg’aayaq

makugte- — maligcuar-

malak’uuq milk # Nem iluani atiit ayaumanrilkuni,
maa-i malak’uunek aamalangelriit, bottle-aara una
atiin unugmi kiimi-ll’ . . . cavkenani, . . . ‘If thefather is not away but at home — now that they[babies] are starting to nurse on [store-bought]
milk — even if the father fills the bottle himself,. . . it’s all right, . . .’ (QUL 2003:260); NI, NUN;
from Russian vjkjr˙ (molokó); = muluk’uuq
malig- to take or bring along something #maligtuq ‘he is bringing something along’/ neqkanek maligluni ‘bringing along somefood’; . . . kinengyiit assikelaavki cikirnaluten
malillruunga. ‘. . . because you like the dried
meat, I brought some along to give to you.’(PRA 1995:445); Tua-i-llu . . . ayakatalliniluteng
Uksiyaramun upagluteng nek’ameggnek
muragnek maligluteng tuani-gguq nunami
nel’inaluteng. ‘And so they got underway,
moving to Uksiyaraq bringing along wood sothey could build a house in that village.’ (ELN
1990:11); see also malik; > maligatemaligarte- to suddenly follow; to immediately
accept, acquiesce, believe etc. (without
consciously deciding to do so) # maligartaa ‘hesuddenly went with him’ / maligarutuq ‘hesuddenly went with someone’ or ‘he immediately
went along (with what someone said); Tua-llu
taukut cetaman angalkut tuunriyungartelliniut
Anngamacimun-llu ikayuusqelluteng. Ta¥gaam
maligarutenrituq piyullratnun. ‘Then the fourshamans wanted to perform a ritual. They
wanted Anngamiq to assist them. However,
he didn’t immediately go along with what theywanted.’ (YUU 1995:115); . . . tayarnerikun
teguqerluk’ anqerrutelliniluku. Panian-llu-gguq
maligarrluku qalrillagluni. ‘. . . he took her by
the wrists and dragged her out. Her daughter, it
is said, burst out crying and ran after her.’ (ELL
1997:116); < maligte-artemaligate- to go along or follow without permission# maligatuq ‘he is going along without
permission’/ < malig-a-te5maligcuar- to go along or follow without permission# maligcuartuq ‘he is going along without
permission’; maligcuaraa ‘he is following
him without permission’/ Tuakenirnekllu Elngum kinguqlingrraanerminek ilani
maligcuarturangluki, . . . ‘From then on Elnguq,
having gotten a younger sibling, started to383

maligneq — malkanir-Basesregularly follow along after her siblings.’ (ELN
1995:10); < malig(te)-?-; < PY mali!cua3- (under
PE mali!-)maligneq carcass of animal killed by wolves #Ayalanga’arcami tekiutelangelliniuq tuntunek
keglunret-ll’ iliini apqiitnek malignernek, wall’tua-i pinrilkuni, tuntum-ll’ iruanek keggmiarluni
qamurturluki tekitnaurtuq, yaqulegnek-llu.
‘When he started going out, he started bringing
in caribou, and sometimes he would bring indead caribou killed by wolves, and if he didn’t dothat, he would come back with a caribou leg orsome birds in his jaws.’ (QUL 2003:600); Tuanitua-i caaqamek tua-i-wa apqiitnek maligneretnalatellritnek pilallilriik caaqamek tua-imallungetuuk tamakunek. ‘Sometimes they’d
get carcasses of animals killed (by wolves).’ (MAR2
2001:109); < maligte-neq1
maligtaqu- to obey; to follow (instructions,precepts, maxims) # maligtaqua ‘he followed
it (instruction, precept, etc.)’ / maligtaqutuq‘he is following instructions, being obedient,conforming’; Pisqellrit atungnaqluki
inerquutellrit-llu tangvanrilengramteki
angayuqaput atungnaqluki maligtaqungnaqluki.
‘Following precepts and admonitions, even if
we couldn’t see our parents we would go by
the maxins they gave us, try to obey them.’ (KIP
1998:63); < maligte-?-qu-; > maligtaqusta
maligtaqusta disciple; adherent; follower # Tamakut
tamaa-i aatameng qanruyutait asgurakevkenaki
maligtaqustek’lallrit. ‘There are those who are
adherents to their fathers’ precepts without
questioning them.’ (YUU 1995:32); < maligtaquta1
maligte- to go along; to accompany; to follow withthe permission of the one followed # maligtaa ‘heis going with her’ / maligesnga! ‘come with me!’;ernerpak pissuryugyaaqua maliggluci ‘today
I would like to go hunting with you’; Atiinllu-gguq maliggluku. Maligcani tua imarpiim
tungiinun atrallinilutek. ‘Her father followed her.
When he followed her they went down toward
the sea.’ (ELL 1997:120); < malik-?; > maligarte-,
maligneq, maligtaqu-, maligcuar-, maligutemaligute- to go along with someone # maligutuq‘he is going along with someone’ / Tamaa-illu maligut’langluni qayarluni qayillruani taum
aulukesteµi. ‘At that time he began to go alongusing a kayak because his guardian had madehim a kayak.’ (ELL 1997:362); < maligte-te5malik companion; thing taken along #Cunawa-gguq tua-i tuaten malini piluki
ngelaitevkatullinikai. Aren, tua-i allegngaku
ellii tauna malia caq’iqerrluni kingutmun ciku
yaaqsissiyaanrilan, pamna ciuneni yaaqsian.
‘It turned out that was what he did to his
companions and let them disappear forever. Well,when he tore it, his companion immediately
turned back to the ice because it wasn’t too far
behind, because where they were headed was too
far.’ (QUL 2003:612); see also malig-; > malike-,
malirqarmalike- to take (it, him) along; to go along with #malikaa ‘he took her or it along’ or ‘he went alongwith him’ / Caqerluni ilani maliksungarrluki
piluni negateng paqtellratki tua-i upluni aaniin
mecungnaqningraagu piyunaitniyaaqengraagu,
tua-i maligulluni. ‘One time she decided that she
wanted to go with her sisters when they went
to check their snares, and so she got ready eventhough her mother warned her that the weather
was warm and that melting snow makes one wet
and is difficult to get around in, but she went
anyway.’ (ELN 1990:32); < malik-ke2Malimiu Inupiaq Eskimo # from Inupiaq Malimiu
malingurun wristguard used in archery # NS; < ?-nmaligke- to chase game; to pursue # maligkaa ‘he ischasing it’ / < maligte-?malirqar-to chase game; to pursue # malirqeraa ‘heis chasing it’ / Malirqeraqluku Maq’aq ta¥gaam
anguyuunaku. ‘She would chase after Maq’aq but
never overtake him.’ (ELN 1990:108); < maligte-?
malirqe- to chase game; to pursue game # malirquq‘he is chasing game’; malirqaa ‘he’s chasing it’/ Unani-ll’ kayukitaqan imarpigmi, tamaanillu malirqelluteng makuneng maklagarneng.
‘Whenever it was calm out there, they’d chasethose bearded seals.’ (CEV 1984:28); < maligte-?;malirqun; < PE mali3q0- (under PE mali!-)malirqun arrow or spear thrown with the aid of athrower # EG; < malirqe-n
maliss’aaq prayer # from Russian vjk∫nmcz(molít’sya) ‘to pray’malkanir- to move closer # malkanirtuq ‘hemoved closer’; malkaniraa ‘he moved closer
to it’ / Alingerrluami-llu aanani malkanirluku
tangvagluku tauna tengssuutngullinilria

384

Basesmalleg- — malruingurte-casually beachcombing’ / < mallu(k)-ngsaarmallussur- to beachcomb for carcasses #mallussurtuq ‘he is beachcombing’ / <mallu(k)-curmallute-, mallunge- to find a beached carcass #mallutuq or mallunguq ‘he found a beachedcarcass’ / < mallu(k)-?, mallu(k)-te1-,
mallu(k)-ngemalngugte- for condensation to become frost as it
chills # Tua-i-ll’ aneryaarturqumta-gguq waten
cikluta pacetellerput niilluku anernemta-gguq
uum malngugtellran waten kumla qakmaken
itellria iluvut kanrurciiqaa. ‘Feeling so cold, if we
bend down our heads into our parka and breathe
into the parka, then the condensation from ourbreath will cause frost to form when it contacts thecold air coming in from the outside of the parka.’(QUL 2003:724)
malri twin # and malri- to give birth to twins# malriuq ‘she bore twins’ / malrik ‘twins’;
malringqertua ‘I have a twin sibling’; ‘I havetwins’; Malriqataami, yuurpailegmek callulartuk
aanamek neliagkeni. . . . Tua-llu irnillerkani
pinarian qetunranguq malrignek. ‘When she wasgoing to have twins, before they were born they
fought in their mother’s womb. . . . When it
was time for her to give birth she had twin sons’(AYAG. 25:22, 24); < malruk-li-; < PE mal3i (under
PE mal3u!)
malruigte- to have two possibilities # as when unable
to decide between two things, when there are twostations on the radio, or when a fire will not quite
ignite; malruigtuq ‘it could come out either way’
/ < malruk-?
malruin two groups or pairs # this is a plural (using
the special plural ending, n, for numbers); thebase is malrui-; . . . ellii-llu malruinek naatarnek
qanganarnek taguciluni. ‘. . . and he brought up
two bundles of squirrel skins’ (ELN 1990:112);< malruk-?
malruingu- to be in two groups / malruinguut ‘they
are in two groups’ / Tamakut tamaa-i apqait
cauyarain enellrit malruinguluteng. ‘The patternsof boat frame imprints on it were two in number.’(QUL 2003:612); < malrui(n)-umalruingurte- to divide or be divided into twogroups # malruingurtut ‘they are divided
into two groups’; malruingurtai ‘he divided
them into two groups’ / Jacob-aaq-llu

tangerrnairucan ta¥gaam tangvanrirluku. ‘Since
she was a bit frightened, she moved closer toher mother and watched the thing which wasevidently an airplane, and stopped watchingwhen it was no longer in sight.’ (ELN 1990:92);< malleg-kanirmalleg- to be close to; to be near to # mallgaa ‘he isnear it’ / mallgutuq ‘it is nearby’; Ilaitnun-gguq
mallgumavkayuitait issaliinraat. ‘They never let
the others be near the porcupine [bladders].’ (CIU
2005:380); > malkanir-, mallgute-, mallguura-,
mallegte-; < PY-S ma@0!mallegtaq closely woven grass basket pattern orother closely bound thing # < mallegte-aq1
mallegte- to be close; to be near # mallegtuq‘it is near’; mallegtaa ‘it is near it’ / Aren,mallegtengqerluki tua-i qaillun tekicesciigaliluki.
‘Although he got very close to them, he justcouldn’t get to them.’ (QUL 2003:508); < malleg-?
mallgute- for loose pack ice to surround and trap
one # NUN
mallguur- to stay close to # mallguuraa ‘he isstaying very close to it’ / Maa-i-llu tamaani
tamatum nalliini qaneryarangqetullruut waten
arnaq tan’gurrarmun nuyurriltaarutekluku
pisqevkenaku uqriraluku-llu pisqevkenaku
mallguuraluku-llu pisqevkenaku . . . ‘They had
a maxim at that time that a young man should bewary of a woman, stay on her downwindside and keep his distance from (not stay close to)her . . .’ (ELL 1997:320); < malleg-ur(ar)mallruungin seven # LI; from Sugpiaq mallruungin‘seven’mallu, malluk beached carcass or other thing
found while one is beachcombing # andmallu- to find a beached carcass # malluuq‘he found a beached carcass’ / apa’urlurluqa
akwaugaq mallussullermini ataucimek asvermek
mallulliniuq yesterday ‘when my grandfather
was beachcombing he found one beachedwalrus carcass’; Tua-i-gguq yuulliniaqellriik
tua-i mallurarnek ta¥gaam tua-i ner’aqlutek. Ilaitgguq nutaraunaurtut mallut. ‘They lived there
eating beached carcasses. Some of the dead animals
they found were still fresh.’ (AGA 1996:200); >mallute-, mallunge-, mallungssaar-, mallussur-;< PY-S ma@u(k)mallungssaar- to casually beachcomb for anythingthat might be useful # mallungssaartuq ‘he is385malruk — mame-Basesalingenga’artuq umyuassuugarluni; avgai-llu
yuut ungungssiaraat-llu malruingurrluki. ‘Jacob
became frightened with worry; he divided into twogroups the people and animals.’ (AYAG. 32:7); <malrui(n)-urtemalruk two # this is a dual; the base is malru- or
malrur-; malruk angyak taiguk ‘two boats
are coming’; malruurtuk irniagka ‘mychildren have now become two in number’;malrugnek irniangqertua ‘I have two children’;Aaniraqameng-gguq angutek malruk nen’unitertaalallruuk . . . ‘Whenever they held the“Aaniq” holiday two men would go to eachof the houses . . .’ (CAU 1984:51); see Appendix
6 on numerals; > malri, malruigte-, malruin,
malruneq, malrunlegen, malrupegte-, malrurqu-,malruyagaq*; < PE mal3u!
malruneq measurement of the width at their ends ofthe index finger and the middle finger held next
to each other # < malru(k)-neq1
malrunlegen, malrunelgen, seven # this is a plural(using the special plural ending, n, for numbers); thebase is malrunleg-; malrunlegat ‘the seventh oneof them’; malrunleguut or malrunelguut ‘they areseven in number’; malrunlegnek irniangqertuq‘she has seven children’; see Appendix 6 on
numerals; < malruk-neq1-lek-plural, malruk-neq1lek-plural; > malrupegtemalrupegte- to have double vision # malrupegtuq‘he’s having double vision’ / K, NI, CAN, HBC,
NUN, BB; < malruk-?
malrurqu- two times # malrurquurtuq ‘it’s now
happened for a second time’; Malrurqutaagluku
yuumllualuteng pilallruut, amllerqussiyaagnek
pivkenateng. ‘They usually snort [the snuff]
two times, not to many times.’ (CIU 2005:196);< malruk-rqumalrurqugnek twice # inflected form functioning
as an adverbial particle; Nerevkarlaraatnga
aiparma kaigcecuunii, malrurqugnek yuucimni
aipangellrulrianga, . . . ‘My spouses provided
food for me, never letting me go hungry; I
got married twice in my lifetime, . . .’ (MAR1
2001:26); < malrurqu-dual ablative-modalismalrurqugni during two periods of time # inflected
form functioning as an adverbial particle; Wii
taukuk tua-i malrurqugni ta¥gaam allrakugni
tangellruarput taukuk enirarautek Pengumi
aturtellukek. ‘We saw the two dance sticks

used being in Penguq for only two years.’ (TAP
2004:53); < malrurqu-dual localis
malruuqaqe- to act on two-by-two, in pairs #Angyamun-llu ekluki malruuqaqluki arnacaluq
angucaluq-llu tamalkuitnek ungungssinek
yaqulegnek-llu, nangenritniartut. ‘And bringthem onto the ark two by two a female and amale of every animal and bird, so that they shallnot perish.’ (AYAG. 6:19); Tua-i ta¥gg’ imnaarulaluteng kanani malruuqaqluteng, angutek
arnak-llu cali malruugaqlutek. ‘They’d dance
down there in pairs, two men dancers and two
women dancers.’ (AGA 1996:82); < malruk-uqaqemalruyagaq* deuce in cards # BB; < malruk-ya(g)aqmaluk’ali- to be rabid; to be insane # maluk’aliuq‘he is insane’ / NSU; from Inupiaq malukalimaluknarqe- to be of uncertain condition (health,talent, etc.) # NUN; < PE (now PE malu!0-)
mam- dimensional root; > mamkite-, mamtu; cf.
mamemamarte- to flirt # NUN
mamcaq spleen # = maksaq; < PE mamca(3)mamcangqa- to be flattened # mamcangqauq ‘itis flattened’ / Anngami-llu-gguq qasgimun
tayima iterpek’nani, man’a-wa-gguq qayiara
mamcangqalria. ‘When he went out he didn’t
come into the kashim again, but [he realized that]the kayak he’d made had been flattened.’ (CIU
2005:22); < mamcar-ngqamamcar- flattened # postural root; > mamcarte-1,
mamcanngqa-; < mame-car-; < PY mamca3mamcartaq upper tie beam of men’s community
house or small semi-subterranean house # NUN;
< mamcarte1-aq1
mamcarte-1 to flatten / mamcartuq ‘it got
flattened’; mamcartaa ‘he flattened it’; saayikaaq
mamcartellinia pitsaqevkenaku ‘he flattened
the dishpan by accident’; Ukut-llu-gguq tua-i
nangenrita mamcarrluku tuaten qayaa tamana,
navgurluku. ‘Then the last group flattened the
kayak, breaking it into pieces.’ (CIU 2005:2220);< mamcar-te2-; > mamcartaq
mamcarte-2 to pout # NUN
mamcaun, mamengcaun dressing for a wound #< mamcar-n, mame-ngcar-nmame- to close in; to flatten; to heal; in general,
to cease having any disruption of a smooth386

Basesmameq — manamaar-

Mamterilleq Bethel # literally: ‘site of many caches’;
also plural for the single city. Mamterillernun
piciquq Pekyutmi ‘he will go to Bethelon Monday’; Kiugkut-llu Mamterillermiut
net’arugaunateng, laavkaarugartaunateng.
‘Upriver those people of Bethel didn’t have lotsof houses or lots of stores.’ (KIP 1998:131); at thepresent time people in the Bethel area do not use theword mamteraq ‘cache, storehouse’, the Moravian
missionaries in the late 1800s noted that the Native
name of Bethel was “Mumtrekhlagamute” andlearned its literal meaning from the local people who
evidentally used (or knew) the word mamteraq;< mamteraq-i1-lleq1
mamtu- to be thick # mamtuuq ‘it is thick’; cikuq
mamturilartuq uksum qukallrani ‘the ice gets
thick in the middle of winter’; Atam waniwa
angalkumek tangvallrulrianga; nengelvagluni
uksumi, tumllugpagluni, tua-i qanikcaq
mamturiluni. ‘I once observed a shaman during
the winter when it was very cold and the groundwas hard to travel, thick with snow.’ (QAN
1995:306); < mam-tu-; > mamtuqaq, mamtulria
mamtulria, mamtuqaq nickel; five cents # K, BB;< mamtu-lria, mamtuqaq
mamyuilnquq* malignancy; cancer # < mameyuite-nguq
man’a this one # extended demonstrative pronoun;
the singular non-absolutive intermediate base is
mat’u- as in, mat’um ‘of this one’; mat’umi
iralumi qanikcaq urungelartuq ‘in this month
the snow begins to melt’; the non-singular baseis maku- as in, makut caugat? ‘what are these?’(see also the listing under maku-); makuciq ‘thiskind of thing’; Ayarumaang macuuq nunam
tungiinun ayalureskina. ‘You here, my walking
staff, right in front of me, lean in the directionof the land.’ (MAR2 2001:62); Kainiqaqamenggguq yuut piciatun nerngetuut, assiilengraatallu neqet ak’allaungraata ner’aqluteng. Mat’um
nalliini tamakut wangkuta cumacikaput. ‘When
suffering famine people begin to anything.
Even if fish are old and spoiled they eat them.
The present time we consider all these things
disgusting.’ (YUU 1995:50); see maa(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; > matuu-; cf. man’aman’aaq
manamaar- to offer # manamaaraa ‘heoffered him something’ / manamaaraakut

surface # mam’uq or mamaa ‘it closed in, it
healed’ / mamtaa ‘he closed it in’; kilillra
nuussikun mam’uq ‘the wound from theknife has healed’; mamesgu qanren! ‘close
your mouth!’; Taum kinguani nutaan qainga
tamana mamengluni. Tuar-tang kemga waten
qevlercelnguq, mamkilnganani, tuar-llu tangimegneruartailnguq. ‘After that his [body]surface began to heal. His flesh now looked shiny,
thin, and appeared as if it was free of wrinkes.’(KIP 1998:77); mamyuilnuq pupik or mamyuilnguq
naulluun or mamyuilnguq apquciq ‘leprosy’(in Bible translations); cf. mam-; > mamcaun,
mamengcaun, mamyuilnguq; cf. mamr(aq*)
mameq patch # NUN; > mamr(aq)mamkilnguaq dime # K; < mam-kite-lnguq-?
mamkilquq fontanelle (baby’s soft spot on baby’shead); K, NI, Y; < mamkite-quq
mamkite- to be thin # mamkituq ‘it is thin’ /Tamaani-w’ tua-i nuna’urlurput-wa man’amamkitellrani, cat paivngapiallrulliniut. ‘Backthen when our dear old world was thin [had athin surface or crust], all sorts of things werereadily available for use [when the other world
was accessible].’ (KIP 1998:203); < mam-kite2-;> mamkilnguaq, mamkilquq
mamlek thigh-high skin boots with fur above theknee and waterproof material below the knee
# Y, NUN; cf. amlek; < PE mam0l0! (under PE
mam0)
mamqe- to make a loud noise # mamquq ‘it made aloud noise’ / mamqiuq ‘it is repeatedly making
loud noises’; mamqutuiguq ‘it made a very loudnoise’; NUN
mamr(aq*) patch # mam’er ‘a patch’; mamraat‘patches’; mamriraa ‘he put a patch on it’; NUN;
< mameq-?
mamru reindeer-skin lining for boots # NSU
mamteraq cache; storehouse; warehouse #Tekicamiu qinertellia mamteraq, arnaq kiugna
nangengqaluni nepliaguralria kelutmun cauluni,man’ mengla cauluku. ‘When he reached thecache he peaked inside, and there was a woman
standing in there making noise, facing therear, facing the wall.’ (CAU 1985:110); NS, Y;> Mamterat, Mamterilleq; < PE mamt03a3
Mamterat Goodnews Bay # village on the coast below
the Kuskokwim; < mamteraq-plural387

man’aman’aaq — mangtak

Basesakirugarnek ‘it offers us lots of money’; Cali
inerquutnguluni aatiinun mikelnguq neqmek
manamaartuusqevkenaku, ner’aqan-llu neqiinek
cikiqaqusqevkenaku. ‘It was admonition of theirs
that the father should never offer food to the childand should not give the child pieces of his food
while he was eating.’ (YUU 1995:53)
man’aman’aaq traditional game similar toprisoner’s base # played outdoors between two
teams of any size; when a team member gets tagged heis sequestered from the game but can re-enter, and theteam that runs out of players first loses; cf. man’amanaq fishing lure with hook # and manar- tofish with hook, line, and lure; to hook for fish
# through a hole in the ice in winter or with a pole,hook, and line in summer; manartuq ‘he is hooking
for fish’; manaraa ‘he hooked it’ / manaryartuq‘he went to fish with a hook and line’; manatgun
neqsurta ‘angler’; Tua-i taqsuqutengamiu
manaryuumiirrluni manani nugleqatallerminiu
pia nagcimanganani uqamainani. ‘When she got
tired of it and she wanted to give up on fishing,as she was just about to yank up her hook, she
felt that it had snagged something heavy.’(ELN 1990:70); NS, Y, HBC, K, NI, CAN, LI;> manaqutaq; < PE mana3
manaqutaq fishing hook, line, and pole # < manaqkutaq
manassenkaaq nun; Catholic (NUN meaning) # from
Russian vjyƒityrf (monáshenka)
maneq clump of grass on the tundra; tussock # NS;< PE man03
mang- root; > manglleg-, mangyuarirmangag- to bevel the edge of a skin for sewing (K,BB meaning); to split a hide (CAN meaning); to
cut with scissors (Y meaning) # mangagtuq ‘itis beveled’ or ‘he is cutting with scissors’ or ‘heis splitting a hide’; mangagaa ‘he is cutting itwith scissors’ or ‘he is splitting it’ / mangagtaa‘he beveled it for sewing’ (K, BB); Tua-i wiinga
nallunrillruaqa naterkam mangagcunailucia
maniatellriami. Tua-i ta¥gken manigcetellriamek
ayallirlua pikuma, nutaan mangagcunaqluni. ‘I
realized that is is not easy to bevel the edge of aboot sole skin on a rough surface. However, if
I have a level cutting board, then it can beveled
well.’ (CIU 2005:192); > mangautek; < PE ma&a!-

mangagtuvagaqneq tamaan’, arnani tamaa-i! ‘Oh,
how they endured back then, those women!’ (CEV
1984:27); HBC, NS

mangamculria maimed person # Ta¥gaam elpet
nerevkarikuvet caitulriit mangamculriit-llu
tuss’itellriit-llu cikmiumalriit-llu kelegki. ‘But
when you have a feast, invite the poor, themaimed, the lame, and the blind.’ (LUKE 14:13);
cf. ngangamciqe-, nangamcuk
mangautek scissors # Y; < mangag-n-dual

mangayaaq*, mangarniiq*, mangaqcuar(aq*)(NUN form) harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena);
probably also Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) #< PY ma&aq, but cf. Aleut mangidax̂ (ma&i9aX)‘fin whale’; < ?-ya(g)aq, ?, ?-cuar(aq)mangelpag- to sob loudly when through crying #mangelpagtuq ‘he sobbed loudly’ / < mangllegpag2-

mangirrar-, mangirre-, mangiryag- (HBC form)
to chew on frozen food, or on the ice where
food has frozen on the surface of the snow; toravenously gnaw; (of animals) # mangirruq ‘it ischewing or gnawing’; mangirraa ‘it is chewing
or gnawing on it’ / Avanir avani yav’anii,
taluyaruaqumta taluyaput civvluki, aqsagka
nangugtagka, tartugka nangugtagka. Cat ilait,tuntut ilait mangirrsuggutaarilnguut. ‘Way overthere our fish traps are set. I brush my belly
against it. I brush my kidneys against it. Some
caribou have no teeth.’ (CIU 2005:92); < PE ma&i3mangkiq monkey # from English ‘monkey’

manglleg- to sob involuntarily at intervals after
crying a long time; to gasp spasmodically after
crying # mangllegtuq ‘he sobbed at intervals’ /Tuani tua mertallermini tan’gurraqegtaarmek
uumek tekituq mangllegturluni. Pia, “Ciin qiasit?”“Tua-i-gg’ a¥gkut ilanka maligcugyaaqluki
nacikenka.” ‘At the time when she packed
water, she came upon this nice-looking boy
sobbing at intervals. She asked, “Why are you
crying?” “Because I wanted to go along withmy companions.”’ (ELL 1997:342); < mang-?;> mangelpagmangnaqesta one who raises a child # NUN
mangtak (Y, HBC, NS form), mangengtak (BBform) beluga skin with fat attached; muktuk #the English word muktuk comes from the Inupiaq
cognate, maktak, of this Yup’ik word; < PE ma&ta!

mangak fortitude # mangagtuuq ‘he has
fortitude’; mangaituq ‘he lacks fortitude’; Qaill’388Basesmangyuarir-, mangyuar(ar)- to sob from sadness #mangyuarirtuq ‘he is sobbing’ / HBC; < mang-?,< mang-?
mani- to display; to show; to put out in view; toput on the stove to cook # maniuq ‘it has been
put out in view, or on the stove; he shows
himself’; mania ‘he put it out in view, displayed
item put it on the stove’; manitaa ‘he put it out
for him’ / Tuaten cikum aciakun ayagluteng
tuunritullrulliniut, angalkuucirteng maniluku,
caperrnarqelrianek-llu piyugngacirteng. They
used their powers to go under the ice, manifesting
their shamanism and ability to do difficult
things.’ (YUU 1995:41); > maniaq, maniar-,
maniite-; < PE maniManialnguq* Kusilvak Mountain # < maniate-nguq
manialkuq, manialkuk jagged ice pushed on shoreby the tide; rough ice; tussock # < maniate-?
maniaq pancake; fried bread; roasted thing #and maniar- to roast, usually over an open
fire # maniartuq ‘he is roasting something’;maniaraa ‘he is roasting it’ / Keneq kumarrluku
maniarrara’arluni kemegnek ner’aqluni. ‘Hewould build a fire and eat after roasting somemeat.’ (QUL 2003: 680); < mani-a-; > maniarcuun
maniarcuun, maniarrsuun frying pan # <maniar-cuun, maniar-ssuun
maniate- to be rough # maniatuq it is rough /manianani ‘(it) being rough’; < manig-ate-;> manialnguq, manialkuq
manig-, manigcete- to be smooth # manigtuq or
manigcetuq ‘it is smooth’ / manigtuq una tuskaq‘this board is smooth’; umyugaa manigcetuq‘he is of serene and peaceful mind’; manigiuq‘he is calming down’; teggalquq manigcetellria
ciluqetaartuq ‘the flat stone skipped repeatedlyon the water’; Aren, kegginaa tua cakneq
manigce÷ani. ‘Oh my, his face was so smooth.’(QUL 2003:668); < -cete2-; > maniate-, manigcar-,manigaq; < PE mani!manigaq large, moving ice floe that breaks awayfrom shore ice after ocean swell # < manigmanigcar-, manigte- to smooth out; to iron #manigcartuq ‘it is being smoothed’; manigcaraa‘he is smoothing it’ / manigcariuq ‘she isironing’; manigcaraa panimi taqmii augturcuun‘she is ironing her daughter’s communion dress’;
Tua-i makunek-llu maniataqata uumek cavigluki
maniggluki, waten pilarniaraten. ‘When they are

mangyuarir- — manulqaq

rough, use this knife on them smooth them out;
this is what you should do.’ (MAR2 2001:7);< manig-car-, manig-te2-; > manigcarissuun,
manigcarvik, manigcissuun
manigcarissuun iron (appliance) # < manigcar-i2cuunmanigcarvik ironing board # < manigcar-i2-vik
manigcissuun carpenter’s plane; smoothing tool #< manigte-i2-cuunmanignaalleryak pacific cod (Godus macrocephalus)# < manignaq-?
manignaq loche; burbot (Lota lota) # perhaps socalled from the round, white, egg-like bellies of thefish; Aren, cuukvagnek tua-i keniucamegnegu
manignanek avuluku, qainga man’a nalliikun
enrunaku tua-i tangellra neqkiullinikiik, . . .
‘Well, since they were cooking some pike fishwith burbot for him, they made sure there were
no bones on top that one could see, . . .’ (QUL
2003:204); < manik-naq2; > manignaleryak
manigngalnguq oval # < manik-ngalnguq
manik bird’s egg # Maniit Anutiit ‘May’ (literally:‘the coming of the eggs’) Y, NS; > manignaq,
manigngalnguq, Maniit Anutiit; < PE manni!
maniite- to show to # Anngaan pillinia,“Atam ut’reskumegnuk tumkamegnek
maniiteqernaamken.” ‘His older brother told him,
“Let me show you the path that we are going to
use when we go home.”’ (QUL 2003:482);“. . . usviipagcit! Ciin ak’a nereksaicia wanirpak?
Uqurilrianga-wa.” Waten qanrraarluni,
kememinek maniitaarraarluku kuimluni ayagtuq.
‘. . . you’re so crazy! Why haven’t you eaten me
by now. I am so fat.’” After speaking like this, heshowed him various areas of his flesh and swam
away.’ (YUU 1995:74); < maani-?-te5mantiikaq shortening; lard # NR, BB, EG, LI; from
Spanish mant0ka probably via Tagalog Filipino
mantikamanu front side of something # manuni kuvevikaa
kuuvviamek ‘he spilled coffee down his front’;
opposite of tunu; > manuilitaq, manulqaq,
manumik, manuqliq, Manuquutaq, manurun,
manussug-, manussuug-; PE manu
manuilitaq* apron; bib < manu-ilitaq
manulqaq front of porch of house; floor be fireplacein men’s commnal house (NUN meaning) # Kitaki
tua-i manulqacualleramegnun keggavet piluten,389

manumik — maqautet

Bases

tangerqiitnun ilavet, aturyartuqaa. ‘Now, go out
and stand in front of our porch where the girls cansee you and start singing a song.’ (CIU 2005:332);< manu-qaq
manumik brooch; pin (jewelry); one of three strandsof beads on the chest of the traditional Yup’ik
qaliq parka # as worn on Nelson Is. and in thetundra area; the middle strand has a bell hanging fromit; two ivory pieces, with holes in the middle hang oneach side; the holes are said to represent portals to theother (spirit) world; < manu-mik
manuqliq* foremost one # Tua-i qaill’
picirkailamek, natetmuruciilamek, anngaa
taun’ usvitunruami, tuavet nasqunam uqranun
qungceq’allinilutek taun’ kinguqlini manuminun
elliluku manuqliuvkarluku. ‘Being unsure of what
to do or where to go, the older brother, being
wiser, had his younger brother nestle in frontof him as they crouched down and huddled
together on the lee side of those huge roots,
having him be the foremost one.’ (AGA 1996:132);< manu-qliq
Manuquutaq Manokotak # village in the Bristol Bay
area; < manu-?
manurun short strip of calfskin coming down fromthe throat on a traditional Yup’ik parka # <manu-?-nmanussuug-, manussuugte- to hang down
one’s head (as from sadness); to be downcast# manussuugtuq ‘he is hanging down his
head’/ Unugpak tua-i manussuugluni aliirluni
manuminun cikluni atkumi iluani uitalliniluni,
uitalliniluni tuaten unugpak. ‘All night hehunkered down putting his arms in his sleeves andbending his head forward inside his parka, andhe stayed like that all night.’ (MAR1 2001:64);
Tua-i-llu tutgara’urluni pia, “Manussuugpakarcit!”
Tua-i-llu kiugaa, “Tua-i-wa alainiurpakaama
manussuugtellrianga.” ‘She said to her grandchild,“Why are you are hanging down your head so
much!?” And he answered her, “It’s because I’m
so lonesome that I’m downcast.”’ (GRA 1901:280–
281 & PRA 1995:453); < manu-?maq’acuaq puddle # EG; < ?-cuaq
maqallaq sand # NSU
maqamyuarun great-great-grandchild # <maqaq-?-nmaqanqaun great-great-grandchild # < maqaq-?-nmaqangcar- to heat up; to warm up # maqangcartuq‘he is warming himself up’; maqangcaraa ‘he iswarming it up’ / < maqaq-ngcar-; > maqangcaun
maqangcaun heater # < maqangcar-nmaqapaillitaq (Y form), maqaqpailitaq (K form)
great-great-grandchild # < maqaq-?
maqaq warmth; heat # and maqar- to be warm #of clothes, bedding, etc.; maqartuq ‘it is warm’ /Tang maqanek ta¥gaam unkut piyutullrulriit
atkugkanek. ‘People from the coastal areas
always wanted furs for warm parkas.’ (CIU
2005:16); > maqamyuarun, maqanqaun,
maqangcar-, maqapaillitaq, maqar-, maqari-,
maqarliq, maqarqe-, maqaruaq, maqautet, maqi,
maqi-, maqiqe-; cf. macaq, matneq; < PY-S maqaq
maqarcete- to be warm # of clothes, bedding, etc.;
maqarcetuq ‘it is warm’ / kuskam melquimaqarcetut ‘the cat’s fur is warm’; Tua-i ellallukkegginaanun tut’aqami maqarce÷ani puqlanirluni
piaqluni. ‘When the rain landed on her face it felt
soft and warm.’ (ELN 1990;29); < maqaq-cete2maqari- to get warm; to warm up # of the weather;impersonal subject; maqariuq ‘it is warming up’ /NUN; < maqaq-i1maqarliq type of stone found near Aniak #< maqaq-li1
maqarqe- to put on warm clothes; to add insulation# maqarquq ‘he put on warm clothes’; maqarqaa‘he put warm clothes on her’ / < maqaq-rqe2-; >maqarqunmaqarqun insulation # Tua-i-llu waniwa
paltuungqerquvci paltuugci ullirrluku, tamakut
can’get maqarqutekluki tua-i. ‘If you have a jacket,
turn it inside out and use that grass as insulation.’(QUL 2003:728); Maqarqutet yukutangaqameng
cukamek maqairut’lartut. ‘When insulation
becomes damp, it soon loses its insulating value.’(GET n.d.:7); < maqarqe-n
maqaruaq snowshoe hare; varying hare (Lepus
americanus); locally rabbit # Imkut-wa cali kass’at
ilaita atulaqait qayuqegglit wall’u maqaruat
it’gait. ‘Some white people use those arctic hareor snowshoe hare feet [for good luck charms].’(CAU 1984:217); Nerumariameng aaniita
negarkiurluki maqaruarcuutnek, qangqiircuutnekllu. ‘When they finished eating, their motherprepared snares for catching hares andptarmigan.’ (ELN 1990:13 ); K, Y, NS, HBC, NI,
CAN; < maqaq-uaq
maqautet bedding # NSU; < maqaq-un-plural390

Basesmaqcissuun hose; pump; faucet # < maqe-te2-i2cuun
maqe- to ooze; to flow out; to issue forth liquid #maq’uq ‘it is flowing out, it is oozing or issuingforth liquid’; maqaa ‘it is flowing or oozing on
it’ / maqtaa ‘he is making it (liquid) flow out’
by puncturing its container, or squeezing liquid out;
Yuurqainanermeggni nutaan meng’arkaugut.
Quliranek maq’erkaugut. ‘While they drink tea
they will begin to talk. They will start tellingstories (literally: issue forth the stories).’ (ELL
1997:334); . . . tua-i-llu-gguq aqsiik ulli’irrlutek
piciatun-llu maqlutek ayuqenrilngurnek canek,. . . ‘. . . and so his belly split open and all sortsof things issued forth from it, . . .’ (ELN 1990:53);> maqcissuun, maq’erri-, maqsuun, maquluk;< PE maq0maq’erri- to ejaculate semen # maq’erriluni‘ejaculating’; = maq’i-; < maqe-?maqi- to take a steambath; to take a sweatbath; totake a sauna bath to take a shower (additional Y
meaning) # refers to taking a dry-heat sweatbath asin the old-time kashim (qasgiq) as well as to taking
a wet-heat sweatbath (steambath) with the steam
usually produced by pouring water over very hot
rocks # maqiuq ‘he is taking a sweatbath’; maqia
or maqitaa ‘he is giving him a sweatbath’ / Tua-i
ta¥gken maqiqataquneng tamakut imkut nacitet
wagg’uq pakigluki. . . . Egalra a¥g’arluku qasgim
kumareskatki camaggun imuggun ukinerkun
cupluku, tua-i keneq imna mayurciquq tuaggun
tuaten puyua angluni egalerkun. Qasgim ilua
matnirluni, kiirpagluni maqiluteng. ‘Wheneverthey were going to take a sauna-bath, theywould pry up those floor planks . . . . They
would remove the gut covering of the skylight/
smokehole when they lit a fire in the kashim,and the draft would come in through a hole, andthe smoke would go out through the skylight/
smokehole opening. The interior of the kashim
would heat up, and they would take a fire bath.’(QUL 2003:32); Maqinertuyukluten pitsaqevkenii
kuvuuryaaqaqa. ‘I poured on the water without
mercy because I thought that you are a seasoned
steam-bather. (YUP 1996:50); < maqaq-i3-; >maq’erri-, maq’i-, maqili-, Maqineq, maqinerraq,
maqissuun, maqivik
maqi steambath; sweatbath # direct nominalization of
the verb

maqcissuun — maqsuun

maq’i- to ejaculate semen # Ilasi-llu angutet ilait
qavangumikun arniurluni maq’ikuni, ankili
anguyiit arulaingqaviata elatiinun tuani-llu
uitaluni. ‘If one of you men has a nocturnal
emission (ejaculates while dreaming he’s dealing
with a woman), that one is go outside thewarriors’ camp and remain there.’ (ALER. 23:10);= maq’erri-; < maqe-i1maqili- to build a fire for a steambath # maqiliuq‘he is making a fire for his own steambath’;maqilia ‘he is making a fire for her steambath’/ < maqi-li2Maqineq Saturday; one week’s time # probably
adopted under Russian influence; < maqi-neq1
maqinerraq time right after taking a sweatbath #and maqinerrar- to have just taken a steambath# maqinerrami ‘(in the time) right after taking
a sweatbath’; Tua-i-llu nutaan maqinerram-llu
kinguani, nutaan katungqaqallratni, nutaan
qeckarluni, kegginani-llu manivkenaku
pull’uni ta¥gaam. ‘Then right after thefirebath, while all the men were together forthe night, he would run in and jump in frontof them, keeping his face concealed.’ (TAP
2003:33); Tekicami, tua-i tekicamek qasgiluni
pilliniuq, imna tauna, maqinerralliniameng-llu,
ingluturtekautii picumayuurluni taklauralria
irugni amaqigullukek. ‘When he went in he saw
his opponent lying down on his back with his
legs crossed. They had just taken a bath.’ (QUL
203:162); < maqi-nerraq
maqiqe- to be hot # of persons; maqiquq ‘he is hot’ /NUN < maqaq-liqe2maqissuun hat worn in sweatbath or other gear
used in sweatbath # < maqi-ssuun
maqivik steambath house # this term is usually used
to refer specifically to a small structure with a stove
having rocks on its top over which water is poured tomake very hot steam (probably a Russia- influenced
innovation from the earlier dry-heat practice); such astructure is sometimes also called a qasgiq (q.v.), butthat term is often reserved for the former large men’scommunity house, which was, among other uses, used
for dry heat sweatbaths (“firebaths”); < maqi-vik
maqkaurkar(aq*), maqaurkar(aq*), maqaukar(aq*)
rodent louse # exact species uncertain
maqsuun faucet # Kuciqcaarturalria maqsuun
cagmariyugngauq puqlamek 2,000 gallons
ataucimi allrakumi. ‘A leaky faucet can waste391

maquluk — maskaq

Bases

2,000 gallons of hot water in one year.’ (GET
n.d.:11); < maqe-ssuun
maquluk, maqul’uk drainage from infected ear #and maqulug- for ear to drain from infection #maqulugluni ear draining from infection #< maqe-?; < PY maquluk (under PE maqu-)mar- dimensional root # > markite-, martumarallaq* Eskimo potato (Hedysarum alpinum) # Y,
HBC; < maraq-llaq
maralruyak stinky mud found on tidal flats, intundra sloughs, and in streams # HBC; < maraq-?
maraq marshy, muddy lowland # Nunapiim ilii
marami uruaraulartuq atsat-ll’ nauluku. ‘Partof the tundra in the low areas is marsh withmoss and berries grow there.’ (AGA 1996:176);
maram cetaara ‘northern waterthrush’ (Seiurus
novaeboracensis); > marallaq, maralruyak,
mararmiu, mararmiutaq, Marayaaq, marayaq;< PE ma33a3
mararmiu flatland dweller between the mouth of
the Yukon and Nelson Is. # < maraq-miu
mararmiutaq* Lapland longspur (Calcarius
lapponicus); northern waterthrush (Seiurus
novaeboracensis) # < maraq-miutaq
maraspak very wet mud # Tua-i-llu talicivigmun
itqanrakun maraspiim kegginaakun tull’uku,
uituq maaten Maq’aq esliingamek tegumiarluni
kia-i nangengqalria, ngel’arturluni. ‘Just as she
was about to go into the smokehouse some wet
mud landed in her face, and when she opened hereyes there was Maq’aq holding a sling, standing
in there and laughing.’ (ELN 1990:40);< marayaq-rpakmarastu- to be muddy # marastuuq ‘it is muddy’ /< marayaq-tuMarayaaq Scammon Bay # village south of the mouthof the Yukon; < maraq-?
marayaq mud # < maraq-yaq; > maraspak,marastu-, marayirmarayeq tumor; lump in flesh # HBCmarayir- to be muddy # marayirtuq tumyaraq
ellallillruan ‘the path is muddy because itrained’; < marayaq-ir1-; > marayilugneq
marayilugneq piled ice mixed with mud #< marayirmarkite- to be short # markituq ‘it trail or similar
distance overland is short’ / < mar-kite2marlagtur- to give (or receive) gifts according

to reciprocal requests during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) # Y; < PE ma3la!marrlugaq* grandmother # HBC, NUN, NI; Ukutgga marrlugairutenka ta¥gaam, angullrenka
taukut, akaarertun ayuqellrulriit. ‘These, mygrandparents, whose lives I overlapped with,lived the way people did long ago.’ (CEV
1984:29); = maurluq, maacungaq; < ema-rrlugaq
martu- to be long # martuuq ‘it trail, etc. is long’ /< mar-tu-; < PY ma3tumaruara- to howl # of animals; maruarauq ‘itis howling’; maruaraa ‘it is howling at it’ /Elitaqngamegteggu qalarrluteng uquriniluku,
qanerluteng-llu cunawa-gguq tauna uumirpak
maruaraurallrulria, keglunret ilagallruyukluki
cali piluteng. ‘When they recognized it they said
that it had gotten fat, and they figured out that it
must have been that one that had been howling all
those times; they had thought it had joined thewolves.’ (ELN 1990:54); > maruarpaga-; cf. eme-;< PE ma3u-2 or ma!umaruarpaga- to emit loud howls # maruarpagauq‘it is howling loudly’; maruarpagaa ‘it is howling
loudly at it’ / < maruara-rpagamaryarta person going ahead of a dogteam, leading
it; leader (of any sort) # and maryarte-, marsarte(NS form), marte- to lead # often of a person ora dog leading a team but not attached to the team,unless used figuratively; maryartuq (or maryarciuq)‘he is leading’; maryartai ‘he is leading
them’ / iqlutmun maryarciuq ‘he is leading
others the wrong way’; . . . allamek yugmek
maryartesterluteng, ciulistaunateng.
‘. . . someone had to run ahead and lead [the dogs],
for they had no lead dog.’ (YUU 1995:38);> maryarun; < PY-S ma3ya3maryarun front piece (bow) of a sled # see Appendix
9 on parts of the sled; < maryarte-n
masaaq jellyfish # (?)
maskalataq masked ceremony taking place in midJanuary (LI meaning); Halloween (EG meaning)# one is not to inquire or otherwise try to determine
who is under the masks; from Russian vfcrfhƒl
(maskarád) ‘masquerade’, though the ceremony
almost certainly predates the coming of the Russians
maskaq musk ox; nickel (coin) # from the English
word ‘musk ox’; the meaning ‘nickel’ is probably fromthe picture of the buffalo, which looks like a musk ox,
on old nickels # NUN

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Basesmasmakiq store-bought shoe # BB; from Russian,ƒivfrb (báshmaki) ‘shoes’; = pasmakiq
masqe’rte- to scamper up to the top # masqe’rtuq‘he scampered up’; masqertaa ‘he scampered up
it’ / < mayur-qertemassaaq, mass’aq mush; oatmeal # from English‘mush’
masseq old salmon near spawning # > Masserculleq
Masserculleq Marshall # village on the Yukon River;< masseq-cur-lleq1
massi- to be flattened; to be squashed; to be crushed;
to be mashed # NSU; = passi-; < PY-S pasimassiinaq machine; sewing machine; motor,
outboard motor (additional meaning in NS,
NBC, NI, CAN, UY, K, BB, EG) # Elivrit wall’u
qunguit cakneq ilaita tukuugaqluteng caitnek:
saaniiganek, massiinaanek, anguarutainek,
nutganek, qantaanek allanek-llu. ‘Their gravemarkers or graves would have their valued
possessions: their tea kettle, their sewing
machine, their paddle, their gun, their plate,etc.’ (CAU 1986:123); Taukut tuani kiagmi
tuneniallermeggni, massiinaat nurnallratni,
tengalrarluteng ayalliniut. ‘In the summer when
they went trading, when outboard motors were
scarce, they traveled with sails.’ (YUU 1995:15);
massiinam mayuqetaara ‘valve’; massiinam
tugercuutii ‘piston’; from Russian vfi∫yf(mashína) and /or English ‘machine’; > massiinista
massiinista engineer # < massiinaq-i3-ta1
masslaq, mass’laq, maslaq (NUN form) butter# massliraa ‘he buttered it’; Icugg’ imkut-llu
masslat puckanek caqulget tamaa-i-gguq tamakut
cauciinaki paacamek tuan’ mallungellermeggni. . . puckaqegtaararraat imkut caquit piteklukigguq, cauciite¥rluamegteki masslat cailkamun
kuvluki assigtait ta¥gaam qel’ketullrukait, taum
nalliini, . . . ‘You know, those blocks of butter thatcame in small barrels, since they didn’t knowwhat they were when they found them on the
shore [after they’d fallen from] a barge, because— dear ones — they didn’t know what the butter
was . . . on account of those very nice barrels
serving as their containers, they would spillthem out on the tundra but keep the container, atthat time, . . .’ (KIP 1998:229); from Russian vfck˙(masló); = maasslaq; > masslirissuun
masslirissuun butter knife # Canek ta¥gaam
makunek masslirissuutnek-llu yaaruilrianek

masmakiq — matarun

tanglalrianga nasaurlullernek. ‘I do see girls
telling story-knife stories with these butterknives.’(CIU 2005:318); < masslaq-ir1-ssuun
mastar- to take a sweatbath with dry heat in an
old-time kashim (kiiya in Nunivak) # NUN
mastilaq carpenter # EG; from Russian vƒcnth
(ma;ster) ‘foreman, master’mataaskaq* suspenders # mataaskaak ‘pair ofsuspenders’; from Russian gjlnΩ;rf (podtyázhka)‘garter’; = macaaskaak, pataaskaakmatak’acagar- to be stark naked; to be naked on top# may be used as a postural root: Matak’acagarmelan,meciknaurturallinia ircaqrua tua-i waninutngallra nallunaunani. ‘Since he wascompletely naked, he tried to locate the beat of hisheart; it was clearly beating.’ (QAN 1995:48);< matar-kaca(g)armatar- undressed; without a coat # postural root;
Atkui icuw’ tayima tangellrukput. Yuuluki tua
tayima natmun ayallinilria matarmi. ‘You know,
we saw his parka. He had taken it off and gonesomewhere without a parka.’ (QUL 2003:100);> matak’acatar-, matangqa-, matarrayagar-,matarte-, matqapiar-; < PE matta3matangqa- to be naked; to be coatless; to be
undressed # matangqauq ‘he is naked, coatless’/ Tamarmek angun nuliani-llu matangqang’ermekkasnguyunrituk. ‘Both of them, man and wife,
even though they were naked they were notashamed.’ (AYAG. 2:25); < matar-ngqamaterta hip # NUN; < PI mat0qt0
matarte- to remove one’s coat; to undress; tounharness; to strip; to defrock; to strip one of his
title # matartuq ‘he undressed, took off his coat’;matartaa ‘he undressed her, he unharnessedit’ / matarten! ‘take off your coat!’; Tua-i imna
uptuq, upluni, matarrluteng qerrulliggarlutengta¥gaam. ‘That one got ready; they stripped naked
except for just their shorts.’ (MAR2 2001:19);< matar-te2-; > matarun
matarrayagar- to be naked # matarrayagartuq ‘heis naked’ / Illugngali matarrayagarluni tua-iatralliniluni-am. Mermun-llu tua tekicami
angllulliniluni. ‘Illugngali walked down
completely naked. When he reached the water hedived in.’ (ELL 1997:540); HBC; NI;< matar-rraq-yagarmatarun, mataruteq shirt # < matar-te2-n393

mat’luunaq — mayur-

Bases

mat’luunaq cartridge; shell # = pat’lunaq, from
Russian gfnh˙y (patrón)
matneq warmth; heat # Uugarrngillruut, camun
matnermun-llu pisciiganateng. ‘They [fish-skinboots] were liable to “cook” and so they couldn’t
put them near any source of heat.’ (CIU 2005:142);> matneqe-, matngir-, matnir-, matniur-; cf.
macaq, maqaq; < PY-S matn0q
matneqe- to warm; to heat # matnequq ‘he iswarming himself’ in front of heater, fire, etc.;
matneqaa ‘he is warming it’ / < matneq-?
matngagcailkun shock absorber # < matngagteyailkun
matngagte-, matngallaga-, matngite- to jolt #of sled, boat, car; matngagtuq ‘it is jolting’ /Tekicamiki pii ngel’arturluteng ellu’urtaalriit,
matngallagaqameng arcarikaniraqluteng. ‘When
she got to them they were laughing and sliding
downhill, and when their sled went over a bumpthey would laugh all the more.’ (ELN 1990:65);> matngagcailkun; < PY mat&amatngaite- to be sturdy; to be able to withstandshocks # matngaunani ‘(he or it) being sturdy’; cf.
matngagtematngir- to be burning # matngirtuq ‘it is burning’/ matngillagtuq ‘it burst into flames’; NS; <matneq-?
matnir- to produce a lot of heat # matnirtuq‘it is producing a lot of heat’ / . . . ella tua-inenglaitqapiarluni, anuqliarluni, akerta-wa ingna
qilagmi, matnill’erluni ciqinra. ‘. . . outside it
wasn’t at all cold, and it was somewhat breezy;
there was the sun in the sky, and its rays felt quite
warm’ (ELN 1990:15); < matneq-ir1matniur- to feel excessive heat # by heat of fire, stove,etc.; matniurtuq ‘he is feeling a lot of heat’ from astove or the like / < matneq-liurmatqapiar- to be naked (partially or totally) #matqapiartuq ‘he is naked’ / Tua-ll’ waniwa
matarrluni cali a¥gna ava-i matqapiarluni una
enirara’arluni kesianek. ‘A man always removed
his top garments when he performed with a dance
stick.’ (TAP 2004:51); < matar-qapiar(ar)matuu- to be this way, like this # Matuuguq maa-i
yuum-llu apqiitnek kelgurluten qanruciiqaaten
picilirluku kina imna, wall’u aipan picilirluku.’Itis like this, a person, as they say, might tell you
something, accusing someone, maybe your
spouse.’ (YUP 2005:78); Iliit aninqiyarat assilria

matuuguq: aklullerkaq maqaqluni. ‘One good
way of saving [fuel, money] is this: wearing
warm clothes.’ (GET n.d.:9); < mat’u- (base ofman’a) — umaukuluk sleeping bag # NS; = maakuluk,
muukulukmaumake- to be aware of obstacles while traveling# (?)
maurluq* grandmother # maurlurlua ‘his dear
grandmother’; Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG;= marrlugaq, maacungaq; < ema-r(ur)luq; < PY
0ma
maurluqelliik grandmother and grandchild #Ak’a tamaani-gguq maurluqellriik uitaaqellriik
necuarmi. ‘Long ago, they say, grandmother andgrandchild lived in a little house.’ (UQU 1971:1);< maurluq-ke1-lria-dual
mayar- to strip bare; to pillage; to rob; to plunder #mayaraa ‘he took her last possessions’ / NUN; cf.
mayiteqe-; = ¥gayar-, wayar-; < PE ivaya3- (under
PE iva3-)
mayarcetaar- to play a game of tag in which thetagee has something in his hand wanted by thetagger # NUN; < mayar-cetaarmayiteqe- to desire things of which one has been
deprived # mayitequq ‘he wants things’ /Tuaten-gguq ayuqekuni teglengarngaituq.
Qanrucimayuilnguq-gguq inerquumayuilnguqllu tuaten ayuqeciqluni. Cali-llu
mayiteqevkaumalria. ‘It is said that they will not
become thieves if [raised] that way. But one
who is not given instruction and one who is notadmonished will be like that. And also one who
has been deprived [will].’ (YUP 2005:136); Ataneq
nallunritan mayitequteka; . . . ‘Oh Lord, my longing
is known to you; . . .’ (PSALM 38:9); cf. mayar-;< PY mayit0q0mayuar(ar)- to climb gradually; to ascend gradually# mayuartuq ‘he is climbing gradually’;
mayuararaa ‘he is climbing it gradually’ /< mayur-ar(aq)mayur- to go up; to climb; to ascend; to go to themountains to camp and hunt there in springor fall # for go up a gentle slope, following
the lay of the land see tage-; mayurtuq ‘he isgoing up’; ‘he is going to the mountains tocamp and hunt’; mayuraa ‘he is climbing it’ /mayurtaa ‘he is putting it up higher’; mayuutaa‘he is taking it up with him’; qilui mayurtut

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Basestengssuun tengellrani ‘his intestines rosewhen the airplane took off (he felt queasy)’;
mayuqtarturallruuq ‘he slowly struggled up’;Piqerluni-am aqumllermun may’uqertuq. Tuamtallu estuulumun may’uqerrluni ‘Abruptly it sprang
up onto the chair. Thereafter it sprang up onto
the table.’ (QES 1973:4-5); Ta¥gken tua-i tuaten
pilarraarluten pinriquvet, nutaan pinanrirluten,
angayuqaagpet-llu taukuk umyugaak mayurluni,
mayurrluku umyugaak. ‘But if you stop what
you have been doing, if you finally stop, yourparents’ spirits will soar, you will raise their
spirits.’ (QAN 1995:352); massiinam mayuqetaara‘valve (in a motor)’; > masqe’rte-, mayuar(ar)-,mayura-, mayurcetaaq, maurngik, mayurpik,
mayurrvik, mayuryaraq, mayu’urneq
mayura- to climb around # mayurauq ‘heis climbing around’ / Caaqameng-llu
murikenritqerqatgu tauna Irr’aq catairtaqluni
ayakarayukapiggluni piciatun tuaten
mayurayukapiggluni-llu. ‘Sometimes when they
took their eyes off Irr’aq she would disappear;
she would run off or she would climb up anythingavailable.’ (ELN 1990:31); < mayur-amayurcetaaq yeast; leavening; baking powder# Cetamanek unatvet imainek mukaamek,
malrugnek luuskaarpiignek mayurcetaamek,
ataucimek, luuskaayaarmek taryumek, . . . ‘Four
handfuls of flour, two tablespoonful of baking
power, one teaspoonful of salt, . . .’ (YUU 1995:63);< mayur-cetaaq
mayurngik yeast; leavening; baking powder #NUN; < mayurmayurpik elevated cache # HBC; < mayur-pik
mayurrvik elevated cache # NI; . . . una-gguq
elatiini elagyaq, mayurrvik. ‘. . . beside it was thiscache, an elevated food cache.’ (ELL 1997:54);< mayur-te2-vik
mayuryaraq ladder; stairs # < mayur-yaraq
mayu’urneq vertical stitching on kayak beneathtote-hole # < mayur-?
mecaggluk puddle # < mecak-rrluk
mecak, mecaggluk, mecanglluk puddle #Elluarrluteng taqumalriit mecagmi imangyuitut.
‘Made properly they’d never leak in a puddle.’(CIU 2005:344); > mecaggluk, mecaliqaq,
mecanglluk, mecqite-; cf. meq; < PE m0ca!
mecaliqaq sleet; wet snow # Unuaquantanqigingarcan angutii tauna anlliniuq

mayura- — mecig-

mecaliqamek qaniqallrullinilria. ‘The next morningwhen it became light her husband went out andit had snowed during the night with a wet snow.’(CIU 2005:322); < mecak-li-qaq
mecalqaq wet tundra # NUN
mecanglluk puddle # < mecak-nglluk
mecangqaq hip; thigh; buttocks # . . . qanrutaa,“Unateten elliki acianun mecangqama, akqilutenllu.” ‘. . . he said to him, “Place your hands undermy thigh, and make a promise.”’ (AYAG. 24.2)
mecaqtaq female lapland longspur (Calcarius
lapponicus) # NUN
mecarte- to make a smacking, splashing, or
splatting sound # mecartuq ‘he made a splat’/ mecarqurluni nerlartuq ‘he eats making
smacking sounds’; it’garpiik piyuagaqan
mecartaqlutek ‘whenever he walked his two
big feet would make a splashing, splatting
sound’; Tua-i-llu caqerlutek angayuqaak unugmi
tupagtuk cakemna mecartaqluni qiaryigtaqlunillu. ‘In the night her parents woke up to thesound of something smacking and gnashing out
there.’ (AGA 1996:208); cf. eme-; < PE m0ca3meceg- to jump # mecegtuq ‘he jumped’; mecgaa‘he jumped over it’ / mecegtaartuq ‘he isskipping’; Aqvaqurluteng-gguq atraqerrnautut
mecegluteng-llu tuavet cikuilqurmun. ‘It is said
that they would rush down running and jump
into the open hole in the ice there.’ (MAR1
2001:50); NS; cf. qeceg-; < PE m0c0!meci- to soak; to get soaked # meciuq ‘it got
soaked’; mecia ‘it (liquid) soaked it’ / < mecuq-i3meciaq seal oil (or other liquid) in which foodis dipped before being eaten # and meciar- to
dip food in oil (or other liquid) for eating# meciartuq ‘he is dipping food (in sealoil)’; meciaraa ‘he is dipping it (in seal oil)’;
Nerngameng ellii neryuumiicaaqellria, aaniin-llu
piluku naspaasqelluku uqumek meciarluku tuaten
assirniluki kenirat can’giiret. ‘When they ate she
didn’t really want to eat, but her mother told her
to try it dipping it in oil, saying that the cooked
blackfish were good that way.’ (ELN 1990:78);< mecuq-liaq; < PE m0ci3a3- (under PE m0cu(!)
or m0cu3)
mecig- to be clearly visible; to be able to see well #mecigtuq ‘he can see well’ or ‘it can be seen well’/ > mecigi-, mecignaite-, mecignarqe-, mecigtu-,
meciite-, mecike-, mecikegte-; < PE m0ci!-

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mecigi- — mecuq

Bases

mecigi- to become clearly visible; to become better
able to see # due to improved eyesight, better light,
etc. mecigiuq ‘it became more visible’ or ‘hebecame better able to see’ / < mecig-i1mecignaite- to be hard to see # mecignaituq ‘it ishard to see’ / mecignaunani ‘being hard to see’;< mecig-naitemecignari- to become easier to see # mecignariuq‘it becomes easier to see’ / Aren, ciunrak
tunguriqerluni un’ mecignarilliniuq mer’ullinilria
un’a. ‘Well, the area they headed for became
dark, and when it became clearer, he realizedthat it was water down there.’ (QUL 2003:630);< mecignarqe-i1mecignarqe- to be clearly visible; to be easy to see #mecignarquq ‘it is easy to see’ / < mecig-narqemecigtu- to have good eyesight # mecigtuuq ‘he has
good eyesight’ / < mecig-tumeciite-1 to have poor eyesight # meciituq ‘he haspoor eyesight’ / < mecig-ite1meciite-2 to serve or be served seal oil # NUN; cf.
meciaqmecike- to see clearly # mecikaa ‘he sees it clearly’ /Qaterluni ingna ullagpailemni mecikvailemku.
‘It looked white to me before I got close enoughto see it well.’ (AGA 1996:176); < mecig-ke4-;> meciknaurmecikegte- to have good eyesight # mecikegtuq‘he has good eyesight’ / mecikeggluni ‘having
normal vision’; < mecig-kegtemeciknaur- to try to get a better view #meciknaurtuq ‘he is trying to get a better view’;
meciknauraa ‘he is trying to get a better view ofit’ / Maaten-am tua-i meciknaurturluku pillinia,
tua-i-am allaunritlinilria. Taungullinilria im’tan’gaurlucuar. ‘He took a better look at him andrealized that it was none other than that little
boy.’ (QUL 2003:682); < mecike-naurmecir- to soak # mecirtuq ‘it is soaked’; meciraa‘he is soaking it’, ‘he added some liquid toit’ or ‘it is soaking into it’ / . . . ullagarrluku
nugtelliniat augmek tua-i aturai meciumaluteng.
‘. . . they ran to him, lifted him up, and noticed
that all his clothes were soaked with blood.’ (QUL
2003:524); Cuyaninarqellartuq-gguq cakneq
man’a equk meciraqani cuyam. This wood tastes
very much like tobacco when tobacco [juice]soaks into it. (CIU 2005:104); . . . assiilnguten
kavirlitun meciusngalriatun ayuqengraata, wiinga

erurciqaten qatertarilriatun qanikcartun. ‘. . .
though your sins be as scarlet I shall wash themwhite as snow.’ (ISAI. 1:18); < mecuq-ir1mecir(ar)- to deny doing something that one hasdone # meci’irtuq ‘he denied doing somethingthat he did’ / mecirautekaa tegutellni ‘he denied
having taken it’; Ta¥gaam Sarah meci’irtuq
alingami qanerluni, “Ngel’aqsaitua.” Taumta¥gaam pia, “Qang’a, ngel’allruuten.” ‘But
Sarah, being afraid, denied what she’d done, saying,“I didn’t laugh.” That one [God], however, said
to her, “No, you did laugh.”’ (AYAG. 18:15);
Ta¥ga-i pivkaamiu ta¥ga meciraqerpegnani
nangerrluni. ‘And because it was true, he did notdeny it, and he stood up to leave.’ (CEV 1984:44);< PE m0ci3a3mecqiitaq water-soaked ice, hard to travel on #< mecuq-?
mecqite- to step in a puddle # mecqituq ‘he steppedin a puddle’ / < mecak-ite3mecunge- to be wet or soaked # mecunguq or
mecungaa ‘it is wet’ / Tekicameng-llu yuuluki
tamakut mecungelriit aturani it’gani pii tua-i
peqlirteqapiggluteng, . . . ‘When they arived
she took off her wet clothes and looking at her
feet saw that the skin was very wrinkled frombeing wet, . . .’ (ELN 1990:33); < mecuq-nge-;> mecungte-, mecungyuilnguq*; < PY m0cu&0(under PE m0cu(!) or m0cu3)
mecungte-, mecumte- (BB form for some) to get wetor soaked # of something that should not be wet;mecungtuq ‘it got wet’; mecungtaa ‘he got it wet’/ mecungtuq qukakaarluni ‘he got soaked fromthe waist down’; Tua-i pivakaatni itresqelluku
amci mecungtengnaqevkenaku, uivaarraarluni
itqerrluni nutaan mecungqapiggluni. ‘They kept
telling her to try not to get soaked and in fact
to come back in immediately, but she twirledaround first before she finally did go in quite
wet.’ (ELN 1990:29); < mecunge-te2mecungyuilnguq* marsh fivefinger (Potentillapalustris) # NUN; < mecunge-yuite-nguq
mecuq liquid part of something; sap; juice; green or
waterlogged wood # mellrua atsat mecuat ‘hedrank the berry juice’; mecunek muragtelliniuq‘I discovered that he had gathered green wood’;> meci-, meciaq, mecir-, mecqiitaq, mecunge-,
mecuqerrli, mecur-; cf. meq; < PE m0cu(!) or
m0cu3

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Basesmecuqerrli wild celery (Ligusticum scoticum) #< mecuq-?-li1mecur- to get blood poisoning # mecurtuq or
mecuraa ‘it (wound) got blood poisoning’
megamliur- to sing softly without saying words out
loud # Y; cf. ememegcugtaq piece of wolf fur on the tip of theshoulder or armpit tassels of certain traditional
Yup’ik parkas # said to represent falling snowflakes
in the winter, as a reminder to not waste foodmege- to not want to go back to one’s undesirable
former living situation # meg’uq ‘he does notwant to go back’ / megciquq ‘he won’t want toleave’; > megute-; < PY m0!0megtaq bumblebee # megtat neqait ‘rosewort’(Sedum roseum) # NUN; NS, HBC; = (e)vegtaq;< PE 0v0!ta3 (under PE 0v0!)
megute- to become accustomed to staying with(someone) # especially of children; megutuq ‘he has
become accustomed to staying with someone’;megutaa ‘he has become accustomed to staying
with her’ / mikelnguq maurluminun megutuq‘the child has become accustomed to being withhis grandmother) and doesn’t want to leave her
and go back to his parents); < mege-te5mekegte- to come apart at the seams #mekiyiq something or someone close; close relative# NUN
melek door # and meleg- to close # melgaa ‘heclosed it’ / melgumauq ‘it is closed’; amiik
mel’ggu! ‘close the door!’
melgir- to bring along water # melgirtuq ‘hebrought along water’; melgiraa ‘he brought
water for him/it’ / Piinanermeggni-gguq taukuk
ilak tag’urnariniluku qanrraarlutek uptellinilutek
taquarkamegnek melgirlutek-llu. ‘As they weregoing on like that after he told those two that it
was time to go upriver, they got ready with theirprovisions and brought along some water.’ (CIU
2005:88); < meq-lgirmel’ir- to get water in it; to put water into #mel’irtuq ‘it got water put into it’, ‘the water ishigh’; mel’iraa ‘he put water into it’ / meliutaa
meq kumla keniramun ‘he put the cold water
into the soup’; meliumauq ‘it has had water put
into it, has been diluted’; Tua-i-gguq tauna meq,
nuaminek mel’iqerluni, mer’itevkenani. It is said
that for his supply of water he used his own saliva;

mecuqerrli — melquq

so he didn’t go without water.’ (ELL 1997: 592);= emir-; < meq-lirmellaq plug; stopper # and mellar- to plug #mellartuq ‘it is plugged’; mellaraa (or mellartaa)‘he plugged it’ / kuingiqa mellaqertuq ‘my pipe
is plugged’; Qengagni mellarlukek amiilliniluku.
Egalrilami-llu. ‘She stopped up her nose andskinned it. That was because she didn’t have awindow [to open].’ (MAR2 2001:50); > mellarkaq
mellarkaq caulking material such as oakum #< mellar-kaq
mellgar(aq*) knife with curved blade, used forcarving wood; crooked knife (local term) #mellgaraat ‘crooked knives’; mellgarqa ‘mycrooked knife’; Una waniwa keputii, ukut-llu
waniwa equgcuutai mellgaraa-llu waniwa una,
una-llu ukicissuutii makut maa-i cassuukarai
uitaut. ‘This here is his adze, these are hiswedges, this one here is his “crooked knife”, this is
his drill; these little tools of his remain.’ (MAR2
2001:6); < PE m0tl0!
melnguq water beetle (species ?) # edible; melngut
neqait ‘heather’ (Cassiope sp.); ‘mastodon flower’(Senecio congestus); < PE m0l&u3
melqulegcur- to trap furbearers # melqulegcurtuq‘he is trapping’; melqulegcurai ‘he istrapping them’ / Yuungnaquciqaat
pissurturluteng pillerteng imarpigmiutarnek,
iqvaryaraq, kayangussuryaraq, neqsuryaraq
melqulegcuryaraq-llu. ‘Their subsistence way oflife is by hunting sea mammals, picking berries,
gathering eggs, fishing, and trapping.’ (KIP
1998:vii); < melqulek-cur-; > melqulegcurta
melqulegcurta trapper # melqulegcur-ta1
melqulek furbearing animal commonly trappedfor its pelt # < melquq-lek; > melqulegcur-,melqulgaq
melquleliurta Fish and Game warden; wildlife
officer # melquleliurtet ‘Alaska department ofFish and Game’; Y, HBC, NUN, NI; < melqulekliur-ta1
melqulgaq small “hairy” type of crab (species ?)3# NUN; < melqulek-aq
melquq feather; human body hair; animal fur # . . .
melqumek tangrrami teguluku, yuvriararraarluku
inarrluni curumun cupurluku, tua-itengaurcelluku. ‘. . . so when she saw a feather
laying around she picked it up and examined it
thoroughly, and taking it with her she lay down397

melqurrilnguq* — menge-Bases

on the mattress and blew on it making it fly up.’
(ELN 1990:99); Canek-llu narullginek keglunretllu melqurritnek nasqurruterluteng. ‘They had
dance headdresses of some kind of weasel [pelt]
and of the fur of wolves.’ (CAU 1985:138); <?-quq; > melqulek, melquleliurta, melqurrilnguq,
melquruaq, melqussuk; cf. meqe-; < PE m0lqu3
melqurrilnguq* wading boot made of caribou skin
# < melquq-ite1-nguq
melqurripsaq hairless caterpillar #melquruaq cotton; tundra cotton; cottongrass(Eriophorum sp.) # Mamesciigalkata-llu kilinret,nunami naumalrianek melquruanek patuluki
nemtullruit. ‘If cuts wouldn’t heal they’d coverthem with tundra cotton that grows on the landand bind them up.’ (YUU 1995:52); < melquq-uaq
melqussuk shaggy dog # K; < melquq-?; cf.
mequss’uk
melu- to cover one’s eyes while the other players
hide in a game of hide-and-seek # meluuq ‘he iswaiting for the others to hide’ / > meluqetaaq;< PY-S m0lumelucuaq herring egg # EG; < meluk-cuar(aq)melug-1 to suck; to snort snuff; to smoke tobacco(additional Y, NS meaning) # melugtuq ‘he issucking something’; melugaa ‘he is sucking
it’ / melugyugpaa! ‘boy, do I want a smoke!’;Iluqsingraan-llu tua-i yungamun meluusqelluku.
‘Though it was in deep, the jaeger was to suck itout.’ (AGA 1995:128); > melugar-, melugcuun,melugsaq, melugyaq, melugyaraq, meluurun1;< PE m0lu!melug-2 dented # postural root; > melugte-,
melungqamelugar- to kiss (as kissing an icon, cross, or childor other relative) # melugartuq ‘he is kissing’;
melugaraa ‘he is kissing it or him’ / Joseph-aam
qetunraagni iluvautak Jacob-aam canianun,elliin-llu akuqerlukek melugarlukek. ‘Josephbrought in his two sons to the area beside Jacob,and he embraced them and kissed them.’ (AYAG.
48:10); < melug1-amelugcuun nipple of baby bottle; tube or otherdevice for taking snuff # < melug1-cuunmelugkaq cigarette # NI, UY, HBC, NUN; < melug1kaq
meluguaq cigarette # NS, LY; < melug1-uaq
melugsaq wasp # NS; < melug-yaq; < PE m0lu!ya3(under PE m0lu!-)
melugte- to dent / melugtuq ‘it got dented’;
melugtaa ‘he dented it’ / < melug2-te2melugyaq elephant # NUN; < melug-yaq; < PE
m0lu!ya3 (under PE m0lu!-)
melugyar(aq*), melugsaaraq (NS form) small gnat,
such as “white-socks” or “no-see-ums” # <melug-yaq; < PE m0lu!ya3 (under PE m0lu!-)
melugyaraq mosquito # EG; < melug-yaq; < PE
m0lu!ya3 (under PE m0lu!-)
meluk fish eggs; roe; fish eggs prepared byallowing them to age and become a sticky
mass # and melug-3 to eat roe # Meluitnek-llu
kinerciriaqluteng ellami agarrluku. Tamakut-llu
kinssiyaagpailgata ilaqaqluki nutaranek melugnek
puckamun ekluki, muiran-llu puckaq teq’ erluku.
‘They’d let their roe dry by hanging it outside.
And before they became too dry they’d add fresh
fish eggs and put them in a barrel, and when it
was full they’d bury the barrel in a pit.’ (PRA
1995*:461); HBC, NI, CAN, K, UY, BB, NR, LI,
EG; > melucuaq, meluyaarngalnguut
melungqa- to be dented # melungqauq ‘it is dented’/ < melug2-ngqameluqetaaq game of hide-and-seek # < melu-qetaaq
meluskaq snuff # and meluskar- to take snuff #meluskarvik, meluskautek or meluskautaak‘snuff box’; Wiinga-ll’ tua-i atalle¥rlurput a¥gna
angutngurrluni-am meluskaryaurrluni, unuakumitang makteqarraarqami tua-i meluskautaagni
teguaqamikek wani-am tua-i picaqnganakek, . . .
‘My, that is, our dear late father started
using snuff when he became an older man; inthe mornings as soon as he got up he’d take his
snuff box in hand like a precious possession, . . .’(CIU 2005:102); from Russian gh˙irf (próshka);= peluskaq
meluurun1 tube or other device for taking snuff #< melur-ur-nmeluurun2 wooden attachment for snare # fromA F-R’s list
meluyaarngalnguut cornmeal # literally: ‘ones
similar to small fish eggs’; < meluk-ya(g)aqngalnguq-plural
men’u spot; blemish # > menuitemenge- to sing a song with soft drumming
preliminary to the start of Eskimo-dancing #meng’uq ‘he is singing’; mengaa ‘he is singing

398

Basesmengkuk — meq

mengqurpak loud noise # Qavarraarlutek
unuakumi tupakanragnegun, tua-i-w’
erquraqertelluku, elatiignek qakemna
migpallartelliniuq. Tua-i ca qakmani mengqurpak.
‘After sleeping, just when they woke up in themorning, as became dawn, there was a thumpoutside their house. There was something loudout there.’ (QUL 2003:366); < ?-rpak; cf. eme-,mengqimengruq drumstick # Y; < menge-?
mengyaraq song # < menge-yaraq
menkuke- to send a visitor away without having
him or her eat # NUN
mente- to leave none # mentaa ‘he isn’t leaving
any for her’ / menciuq ‘he isn’t leaving any’e.g., is eating all the food; mentaanga akutamek‘he didn’t leave any “Eskimo ice cream” for me’;
Ilani mentevkenaki nerarkauluni. ‘He is to eat andshare with the others of his group (that is, without
failing to leave them any).’ (TAP 2004:30);< PE m0n0tmenuite- to be clean; to be pure; to be without
blemish # menuituq ‘it is clean, it is pure’;
Tua-i tagluni igvalliniuq, aren tua-i pingkut,
menuunani paugna enem avatii tua-i. ‘Hewent up on shore and as it came into his
view, the area around the house was clean andtidy.’ (CIU 2005:92); Tua-i tauna arenqianani
acaggluarqa yuralria menuilnganani. When myaunt danced, she looked radiant and pure.’ (CIU
2005:274); Ekevkarluki ungungssit menuilnguut
malrunlegtaarluki aipaqu’urluki angucaluq
arnacaluq-llu. ‘He had the clean animals go inin seven pairs, male and female.’ (AYAG. 7:2);
Atawaqertut ircaqumegteggun menuilnguut
tangrrarkaungamegteggu Agayun. ‘Blessed are
the pure in heart, for they shall see God.’ (MATT.
5:8); < men’u-ite1meq fresh water # and mer- to drink # underlyingly[e]meq; see also mer-; mermek imiqerru ‘please fill
it with water’; mermun kit’ellruuq ‘he fell into
the water’; angyamek mer’et taguski! ‘bring thebuckets of water from the boat!’; Tua-i-llu-am ellii
umuarteqengluni meliullermini qaill’ ayuqucianek
mer’em iluani tangneq, . . . ‘And then she began
to think, when she was playing with the water,
just how it might be to see from inside thewater, . . .’ (ELN 1990:26); = emeq; > mel’ir-,emir-, meqcarrluk, merkaq, meqsug-, merkaun,

it’ / Yuarun ayagniraqan meng’urasterluni.
Meng’uratuli tua-i meng’aqluni erinii tua-inall’arrluku yuarutem. ‘When the song would
begin there’d be certain singer for it. One whosang this way would sing to soft drumming
following the tune the song.’ (CIU 2005:298); >mengruq, mengniarcuun, mengyaraq; cf. ememengkuk labret # Tua-i-am taum kinguani
tuluqelliniciit tamakut mengkuit kangingamegteki
makungqerrsaurtellruut-gguq-am angutet
tua-i tuluruaqluki; kaugpauneq umyuaqluku
tuluqnguarluki. ‘After that when they saw thereason for those ivory labrets the men started
having this kind (labrets), ivory reminding themof the walrus. Mengkungqerrsaurtellruut-gguqam tua-i tamaa-i makunek maa-i. ‘They started
wearing these labrets.’ (CIU 2005:218); NI
menglae edge; border # nanvam menglii ciumek
urulartuq ‘the edge of the lake melts first’; nunam
menglii, qiliim menglii or ellam menglii ‘horizon’;
Iterngameng-gguq-am uavet amiigem mengliinun
aqumluteng. ‘When they came in they sat downout there next to the door way.’ (MAR1 2001:49);= [e]nglae, kenglae, nel’ae; > menglailitaq,
menglairun, menglerin
menglailitaq folded strip enclosing raw edge of
fabric; edging # < mengla-ilitaq
menglair- to go around the edge if (it) #menglairaa ‘he went around the edge of it’/ Aqlagtenrilkurrluku-gguq tauna angun
menglairluku. ‘She went around that man to keepfrom affecting him with her emanations.’ (YUP
2005:164); < mengla-ir1menglairun strip of fur between the ruff and hoodof a parka # < mengla-ir1-nmenglerin, menglerun strip of hairless skinbetween the sole and the upper part of a skinboot # < mengla-?-n, mengla-?-nmengniarcuun song # < menge-niar-cuun
mengqi- to make a crackling sound # NUN; cf.
menqurpak, mengqullegtaq
mengqullegtaq bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) #NUN; cf. mengqimengqucivak hawk owl (Surnia ulula); hawk (species?) # Y; < ?-vakmengquq Japanese spherical glass fishnet float #found on beaches; etymology not known to compiler;
NUN; < ?-quq; cf. mengkuk399

meqcaq — mer-Basesmeqsug- to be thirsty # meqsugtuq ‘he is thirsty’/ meqsuircarnarilliniuq ‘it is time to quench
our thirst’; Umyuarteqliniuq, “Arnaq-llu kan’ameqsunga’arteqaqsaunani.” Piinanrani arnaq
qanlliniuq, “Meqsunga’arpakar.” ‘He thought,“That woman down there hasn’t become thirsty
yet.” Soon that the woman said, “How thirsty
I’ve become.” (YUU 1995:86); < meq-yug-; >meqsuircaun; < PY 0m0qyu!- (under PE 0m03(-))
meqsuircaun soda pop # < meqsug-ir2-car-nmeqtar- to pluck a bird # meqtartuq ‘he is plucking’a bird; meqtaraa ‘he is plucking it’ / K, BB, NR,
LI; < meqte-ameqte- to remove fur from # either unintentionally,
as by rubbing off a patch of fur from one’s garment,
or intentionally, as by plucking fur out or by soaking
a skin so that the fur may be easily removed; meqtaa‘he removed fur from it’ / Cali-llu waten
tan’gaurluut elliraat meqluki tua-i qamiqurrit
ungilangyugaqata cali asmegcetuluki. ‘Also
orphan boys were shaved, their hair removed,
when their heads tended to get lice.’ (CIU
2005:214); < meqe-te2mequp’ayagaq* long-haired, shaggy or fluffy dog #Mequp’ayagarmek qimugtengqellruunga imumi,
yugcetun-llu qallatenritararaqluni. ‘I had a longhaired dog at that time, and it could almost speak
Yup’ik.’ (UNP2); < melquq-payagaq
mequq human excrement # Y; < ?-quq; cf. meqiq,
meqcaqmeq’urtua- to be unable to breathe becauseof a strong wind blowing in one’s face #meq’urtuaguq ‘he is having trouble breathing’;
HBC; < ?-tur1-amequss’uk, mequssngiq shaggy dog # < meqe-?,meqe-?; cf. melqussuk
mer- to drink # see meq- cold liquid (specificallyalcoholic beverage, but only in a certain context);
for to drink (hot liquid) see yuurqar-; underlyingly[e]mer-; see also meq; mertuq ‘he is drinking’;
meraa ‘he is drinking it’ / mer’aqama ‘wheneverI drink’; meq’uvet ‘if you drink’; merr’u! ‘drink
it!’; meryuumiitaqa eculria meq ‘I don’t care to
drink the murky water’; merkaq ‘something todrink’; Atanrem-llu tangercetaa muraggarmek.
Tauna mermun egtaa; meq-llu mey’unariluni.
‘And the Lord showed him a piece of wood. He
threw it into the water, and the water became
sweet (drinkable).’ (ANUC. 15:22); = emer-; > em’a,mercete- , merrlir-, mercuullugpak, meriiq,
merr’aq*, merr’arar(ar)-, merr’ite-, merpallag-,merpallar-, merqe-, mertar-, merte-, meryak1,
meryak2; < PE 0m03(-)
meqcaq waste; human waste (?) # Imumun yaavet
ciqicivikelallranun meqcalilriamun tekicami
qaluqaarluku uka-i agiirtelliniluni. ‘When she
reached that place over there which was her
dump pit, the place full of human waste, and after
she’d dipped some up, she came (toward him).’(CIU 2005:286); > meqcarrluk; cf. meqiq, mequq
meqcarrluk puddle # Y; < meqcaq-rrluk (?)
meqcir- to soak to remove hair or fur # of a pelt;
meqcirtuq ‘it is being soaked for the hair to comeoff’; meqciraa ‘he is soaking it’ / “Wii niitelartua
tua-i keligarraarluki cali-llu meqcirraarluki
teq’umun kenicilarniluki.” “Anirtima ilait
tepsaq’lartut.” ‘“I hear that after scraping themand soaking them to get the hair off they are soakedin urine.” “So that’s why some of them stink.”’(ELN 1990:98); < meqe-cir-; > meqciraq; < PY-S
m0q0ci3- (under PY-S m0q0-)
meqciraq skin soaked to remove the hair or fur #< meqcir-aq1
meqe- to shed or lose hair # of animals or humans;
meq’uq ‘it is shedding’; meqaa ‘it is shedding
on it’ / meqluni ‘losing hair’; > meqcir-, meqte-,
meqneq, meqtar-, mequss’uk; cf. melquq; < PY-S
m0q0meq’ercetaaq arrow with point that detaches in theflesh #
meqiq fly egg # and meqir- to lay eggs # of flies;
meqirtuq ‘it (fly) laid eggs’; meqiraa ‘it (fly)laid eggs on it’ / Tua-i-gguq maa-i makut meqit
inerquutngutuut, tua-i waten meqiuluki yugnun
igmaasqevkenaki. Tukraqut-gguq yuum iluani
puqlangutaqateng yuk caunrirluku ilua-llu
nerluku. ‘People were warned not to ingest
fly eggs. They’d hatch inside the person when
they were warmed there and would destroy the
person eating his insides.’ (CIU 2005:190); cf.
mequq, meqcaq
meqkaq something to drink # NI; < meq-kaq
meqneq bald spot # < meqe-neq1
meqsartur- to go to quench one’s thirst #meqsarturtuq ‘he went to get a drink’ /meqsukuvet meqsartua ‘if you are thirsty go
drink’; < mer-yartur-; < PY m0qya3tu3- (under PE
0m03(-))

400

Basesmer’a- — Merr’aq*1

merkaun soda pop # < meq-kaq-un
mernuir- to recover from being tired; to be rested
up # mernuirtuq ‘he is not tired any more’/ mernuirvik ‘limbo’ (Catholic neologism); <mernur-ir2-; > mernuircir-; < PE m03nu3i3- (underPE m03nu3-)
mernuircir-, mernuircar-, mernuinercir- to
rest up # mernuinercirtuq, mernuircartuq or
mernuinercirtuq ‘he is taking a rest’ / < mernuircir-, mernuir-carmernur- to be tired; to be exhausted; to be
fatigued # mernurtuq ‘he is tired’ / mernurluni‘being tired’; Ulpiarqaarluni tallimarqunek
mernuqerrluni anerteksaaralliniuq taqsuqluni
cakneq. ‘After doing somersaults five times hesuddenly became fatigued and breathed hard atintervals being very tired.’ (YUU 1995:99); >mernuir-; < PE m03nu3merpallag-1 to drink too much # merpallagtuq ‘hedrank to much; merpallagaa ‘he drank too muchof it’ / < mer-pallagmerpallag-2 to make a splashing sound# Qavaqerluni, nalluqerluni, maaten
tupagyartulliniuq camna tang merpallagaluni.
Maaten-gguq tua-i, . . . , kanavet tangerqallinia
ervuqalria tauna arnaq qulilluni tuaten. ‘He fell
asleep, sunk into oblivion, and when he woke up
he could hear someone splashing water. And then
. . . he looked down and saw that woman was
taking a bath and washing her hair.’ (QAN 1995:
250); < meq-rpallarmerpallar-to make a splashing sound # merpallartuq‘it splashed, made a splashing sound’ /paluqtaam pamyuni merpallarcetaa ‘the beaver
splashed water with its tail’; < meq-rpallarmerqe- to provide (animal, plant, object) with water;
to moisten # merqaa ‘he gave it some water,
put water on it’ / Yuraqatarluteng tua-i cauyat
upluki merqelluki, . . . ‘Being about to dance they
prepared their drums, moistening them withwater, . . .’ (CIU 2005:384); < meq-rqe2Merr’aq*1, Merr’aryaraq indigenous Yup’ik yearly
holiday called the “Lesser Memorial Feast” or the“Lesser Feast for the Dead” in English, involving
a number of ceremonies including clothing being
distributed to the namesakes of the dead being
memorialized # and merr’ar- to celebrate thisholiday # compare Elriq, the “Greater Feast for theDead”

meqsartur-, mer’a-, mer’un; cf. mecuq, murqe-,
miite1-, metu-; < PE 0m03(-)
mer’a- to drink repeatedly at short intervals (aswhen drinking liquor in order to feel its affect)# merauq ‘he is drinking (liquor)’; meraa(mer’aluku) ‘he is drinking it’; = mer’a-; < mer-amercete-1 to let one drink # mercetaa ‘he let him
drink’ / merceciiqaa ‘he will let him drink’;Cali-llu mermek cikiqatkut mer’aqluku
meqsunga’artengramta-llu wangkutnek
mercecuunata ellaita ta¥gaam cikiqeraqluta. ‘Also
if they gave us water we’d drink it, and even if
we became thirsty we didn’t let ourselves drink,but only when they gave it to us.’ (YUU 1995:49);< mer-cete1mercete-2 to be watery # mercetuq ‘it is watery’ /merce÷ani ‘being watery’; < meq-cete2mercuullugpak high-bush cranberry (Viburnum
edule); < meq-?-lluk-rpak
merig- caved in; folded over; hemmed # posturalroot; > merigte-, meringqa-; < PY-S m03i!merigte- to cave in; to fold over; to hem #merigtuq ‘it (riverbank) caved in’; merigtaa‘he folded it over’ or ‘he hemmed it’; Pugyaraa
allegyailkuciumaluni merigngalriamek kassutmun.
‘Its neck opening was hemmed all around to keep
it from tearing.’ (ANUC. 39:23); < merig-te2-;> merigneq
merigneq hem; cuff # < merigte-neq1
Meriiq legendary creature that will suck theblood from one’s big toe if one has no waterin his house or tent # Nerenriameng aaniin
ellimerluku Qalemaq mertaasqelluku qessaan-llu
piluku yuilqumi mer’utainateng inarcuitniluki
Meriirmun putukuitgun melugluki mel’arniluki
augit, tuqulluki. ‘When they finished eating her
mother told Qalemaq to go get some water, andbecause Qalemaq didn’t feel like it her mothersaid that in the wilderness they don’t go to bed
without a supply of water handy because Meriiq
will drink their blood by sucking it through their
big toes, killing them.’ (ELN 1990:48); < meq-?-iq
meringqa- to be caved in; to be folded over; tobe hemmed # meringqauq ‘it is caved in’, ‘it ishemmed’ or ‘it is hemmed’ / < merig-ngqamerinite- to blend in with land formation and not
be visible anymore; to disappear over a hill or
mountain # NUN401

merr’aq*2 — mianigte-

Bases

merr’aq*2 holy water; dew # merr’artaa ‘he applied
holy water to it’; < meq-rraq
merr’arar(ar)- to have only tea or coffee # withoutbread; merr’ara’artuq ‘he is having only abeverage’ / < meq-rraq-ar(ar)merr’ite- to provide (human or animals) with a little
water # merr’itaa ‘he gave her a little water todrink’ / < meq-rraq-ite2merrlir- to be watery # < meq-rrluk-ir1mertar- to fetch water # in quantity, with pails, tank,etc.; mertartuq ‘he is fetching water’; mertaraa‘he is fetching water for it’ / mertautaa ‘he isfetching water for him’; Taqngameng mertailan
tamana ena elkek Qalemaq-llu mertarlutek
tan’gercelan ellassuutmek kenurramek
ang’aqlutek. ‘When they were done, because thathouse didn’t have any water she and Qalemaq
fetched water and because it was dark they took
along a lantern.’ (ELN 1990:85); < meq-tar2-;> mertar-cuun
mertarcuun, mertarrsuun water pail; water
bucket; water transporting tank # Tua-i-ll’
qaluurin piluku kan’a mertarcuun mermek
imalek tangllinia, un’a Kuigpak. ‘As he took thedipper he looked into the water bucket and saw
the Yukon River mirrored on the surface of thewater.’ (CIU 2005:70); < mertar-cuun
merte- to sprinkle water on; to water (plants) #mertaa ‘he sprinkled water on it’ / < meq-te6merug- to go under or in (e.g., the water,
the ground) # merugtuq ‘he went under’/ merugutaa ‘it pulled him under or in(implying, trapping him)’; ciurissuutem aliqa
merugucarpiaraa ‘the wringer almost pulled mysleeve in’; Kuigem ilii carvanilria, tua-i apqiitnek
merugucugnarquq, merugyugnarquq tua-i. ‘Partof the river has a strong current and is a place
where one can get sucked in. Maybe he got pulled
under.’ (QUL 2003:732); Ta¥gken-am tavluni
ava-i yuk pikuni, pileryagakuni waten maaggun
elatiikun cikuq asmeskuni tua-i pakerqengraan
carvaniquni merugutarkauluku. ‘But if a person
panics and makes those quick movements, he isgoing to break the ice and the current is goingto pull him under the ice, even though he tries toescape.’ (QUL 2003:732)
mer’un dipper for drinking water # Waten pertat
kegginaruarrarnek qaralingqetuut, mer’utet. ‘The
inner sides usually had designs of little faces,[inside] the bent-wood dippers.’ (CIU 2005:200);= emrun; < mer-n

meryak1 (Y form), mersak (NS form) blackfish fry #< meq-yakmeryak2 mucus in eye; “sleep in the eye” # Y;
< meq-yakmeter- root; > metervik, metraq

metervik bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus)# Cetamanek pitangqertuq wangni
ayuquciitnarqelrianek taringesciigalkemnek:meterviit tengaulallrat pagaani, . . . ‘There are fourthings which to me are beyond understanding:eagles flying up above, . . .’ (AYUQ. 30:19); <meter-?; < PY m0t03vik (under PE m0t03)
metqe- to suffer; to be ill # metquq ‘he is suffering’/ NUN; < ?-teqe-; < PE m0ta!- (?)

metraq*, metr(aq*) (NUN form) common eider(Somateria mollissima) # metrartangqertuq
or met’ertangqertuq (NUN form) ‘there are
eiders here’; Tua-i tuavet kanaami nanvamun,
metrarmek-gguq — negeqlimta-w’ angiikvagnek
pilaqait — tamakucimek tua-i pitegkengami,
qayamikun ekluni aqviimiu, teguamiu-gguq
tua-i ciumek qamiqurrakun teguqerraallrua.
“As he came down to the open water, when hecaught a common eider — our northern Yupiit callit “angiikvak” — he grabbed it first by its head
when retrieving it with his kayak.’ (CIU 2005:8);< meter-?; < PE m0t03
metenglliaqer- to spring off # NUN; cf. petengte-

metu- to absorb water; to let water in # metuuq ‘itis absorbing water, letting water in’ / Tamakut
tamaa-i ava-i a¥g’um qanrutkellri, imarnitet,ellalluum qaillun metuluni-ll’ pingaunaki
maaggun-llu pengegnairluku . . . ellarvang’ermi.
‘Those that she just referred to, the gut raincoats,
the rain won’t tend to be admitted by them, thus
removing any cause for worry, even if it’s raining
hard.’ (ELL 1997:294); > metuyailkun; cf. meq
metuyailkun plastic or rubber sheeting # < metuyailkutaq

mianig- root; > mianigte-, mianike-, mianikur(aq*),mianiitemianigte- to make noise with things # mianigtuq‘he is making noise’; qemagciuq qantanek
mianiggluni ‘he is putting away the dishes,
making noise’; < mianig-?

402

Basesmianiite- — miiqar-

miilaq soap # . . . miilailameng-llu tamaani teq’umekta¥gaam miilirluteng erurlaameng. ‘. . . since
they didn’t have soap back then, since they’dwash using urine as soap.’ (MAR2 2001:14); from
Russian vßkj (mylo)
miili- to grind # miiliuq ‘he is grinding something’;
miilia ‘he is grinding it’ / probably from English‘meal’ or ‘mill’; > miilitnguaq, miilissuun
miilissuun mortar; millstone # Passissuutengqertut
makut miilissuutet allakarmeng. ‘The mortars
have their own pestles.’ (CIU 2005:194); . . .
tauna atawaunruyartuq miilissuutem teggarviiuyaq¥rranun agarrluku egeskatgu imarpigmun.
‘. . . it would be better if a millstone was hungaround his neck and he was thrown in the sea.’(MARK 9:42); < miili-cuun
miilitnguaq pancreas # < miili-n-uaq
miineq spring of water; place that has gotten water
as through melting or flooding # Tua-i-ll’ im’
atiin una wani miineq, maani qacarnermi, miineq
tugerluku tua-i ukiuvailegmi-llu cikuliurutii
ayimlluni. ‘And so her father was chipping away
at a spring of water on the side of the hill with
an ice chisel, and before he made it through,his ice chisel broke.’ (ELL 1997:228); Imumek
ernermiurtaangaqan miinengaqluni yuilqumun
ayagalriit miinerkun tuaten ivratuameng. ‘Whenthe days got longer and when places with water
began to form [from the melting snow], theywent to the wilderness wading through the wet
places like that.’ (CIU 2005:346); < miite1-neq1
miinguartarkarcivik device for filling a bladderwith fluids # NUN; < ?-vik; cf. emirmiintaq screw; bolt # from Russian dbyn (vint); =uintaqmiiqar- for it to be spring thaw; for there to be highwater # Aren, ellamun tua-i anyaurtenga’arcami
tua-ll’ piinanrani kuigan un’a ce÷ii
miiqangaaranga’artelliniuq urugyungami qakemna.
‘He started going outside. Soon the water along
the sides of the river down there started to build
up because it was starting to get warm outside.’(QUL 2003:186); . . . tua-llu qavaken kiatiin
tungiinek ce÷akun miiqanerkun tamaaggun
kuimelriartanglliniuq qa¥gna kiatii. . . . at thetime when the sides of the river had plenty of melt
water something appeared swimming along theside of the river.’ (QUL 2003:186); < meq-lir-qaralso spelled emiqar-

mianiite-, mianiate-, mianinrite- to not be a gentle
person; to lack sensitivity to the pain that one
inflicts on another person # mianiituq ‘he’s notgentle’, ‘he lacks sensitivity’ / < mianig-ite1-,
mianig-ate-, mianig-nritemianike- to be careful; to be gentle # mianikuq ‘heis being careful’; mianikaa ‘he is being carefulwith it’ / mianikluten cali! ‘work carefully!’;
mianiku’urluni tarenriurun agartaa ‘he very
carefully hung the mirror’; mianikevkenani‘(he) not being careful, banging things about’;
Alingqercami ut’rartuq, aqvaqurluni. Itqerrluni
akiani anuurlumi aqumkallagluni tuaten
mianikevkenani. ‘When he suddenly got scared
he went right back running. He burst in andunceremoniously plopped down on his buttocks
across from his grandmother.’ (MAR1 2001:80);< mianig-ke1-; < PE mi(C)ani(k0)mianikur(aq*) person who acts very slowly, withextreme caution; gentle person # < mianike-?
mic’araq (NI form), mic’arvik (EG form) airport;
landing strip # < mit’e-yaraq, mit’e-yar-vik
mig- dimensional root; > migkite-, migpak,
migpallara-, migpallagte-, migtu-; cf. eme-;< PE 0m0!- or 0mi!migkite- to be quiet # migkituq ‘it is quiet’ /< mig-kite2migpak sudden noise; thump; thud; loud noise# Itliniut tuavet nem’un, uitaqanratgun
qakma tauna tekitelliniuq, migpak tull’uni nem
qainganun. ‘Shortly after they entered the house,
she arrived outside, [with] a thud landed on topof the house.’ (YUU 1995:99); < mig-rpak
migpallarte- to thud; to thump # Kauguciatunllu migpallarrluni camna, migpallarrluni tua-ikaugtuarluku. ‘With the initial beat of the drum,
something down there made a loud thudding,a continous beating.’ (QAN 1995:312);< mig-rpallar-?migpallara- to thud repeatedly; to thump
repeatedly # < mig-rpallar-amigtu- to be loud; to be thudding; to be thumping #migtuuq ‘it is loud, thudding’ / < mig-tumiicir- to soak in order to leach out salt # miicirtuq‘it is being soaked’; miiciraa ‘he is soaking it’/ miiciriuq sulunanek ‘he is soaking the salted
salmon in order to leach the salt from them’;< miite1-cir-; < PY miici3- (under PE 0m03(-))

403

miiskaaq — mil-Basesmiiskaaq dishpan; large serving dish # from Russianv∫crf (míska) ‘basin’miitaq something that has been soaked or leached
out # < miite1-aq1
miite1- to provide person, animal, or object with wateror other liquid # miitaa ‘he gave her some water’/ miiteqernga! ‘give me some water, please!’; <?-ite2-; > miicir-, miineq, miitaq, miyvik2; cf. meq;
< PE 0mmit- (under PE 0m03(-))
miite2- to make a loud noise # cf. ememike- to be little; to be small in size; to be young# mik’uq ‘it is small’ / mikluni ‘being small’;mikvaa ‘my, how small!’; miksiyaagtuq ‘it is too
small’; miklemni ‘when I was young’; Aaniin-llu
qanrulluku mikellrani waten ayuqellruniluku.
‘And her mother told her that she looked likethat when she was small.’ (ELN 1990:10); mingqaa
mikluku ‘she sewed it small’; NS, Y, NI, CAN, K,
BB, NR, LI; = miktemikelke- to find or consider it to be too small #subject finds object too small for him, or object is too
small for subject; mikelkaa ‘he finds it too small
for him’ / una paltuuk mikelkaqa ‘this coat is too
small for me’; < mikte-ke3mikleq smaller or smallest one or ones # mikellrat‘the smallest one of them’; mikellra ‘one smaller
than it’; mikellrit ‘the smallest ones of them’; <mikte-lleq2; even though this form is from mikte(rather than mike-) for ‘to be small’, it is used inareas that use mike-, which also use the predictablemikenra for ‘one smaller than it’, etc., as well as inareas that use miktemikellru- to be smaller # mikellruuq ‘it is smaller’ /una mikellruuq taumi ‘this is smaller than that’;< mikte-llru2-; even though this form is from mikte(rather than mike-) for ‘to be small’, it is used inareas that use mike-, which also use the predictablemikenru- for ‘to be smaller’, as well as in areas thatuse miktemikelngullr(aq*) child # older than an infant;mikelngull’er ‘a child, the child’; mikelngullraat‘children’; < mikelnguq-llr(aq)mikelnguq* child; little one. used in unpossessed
contexts; for possessed contexts, irniaq is used;mikelnguq qiaguq aanani anellrani ‘the childcried when his mother went out’; mikelnguut
aquigut ellami nengllingraan ‘the children areplaying outside even though it is cold’; Angutetllu qasgimi qavatuluteng, nem’i piyuunateng.

Arnat ta¥gaam mikelnguut-llu kiimeng
qavatuluteng nen’i. ‘The men slept in the kashim,
never in the house. Only women and children
slept in the houses.’ (YUU 1995:72); in NUN
mikelnguq means any small thing, not restricted
to or implying a child; < mikte-nguq; even though
this form is from mikte- ‘to be small’, it is also usedin areas that use mike- for this, as well as in thosethat use mikte-; the following are anatomical terms,
probably neologisms: mikelngurkam kayangivia‘ovary’; mikelngurkam kayangum tumyaraa‘Fallopian tube’; mikelngurkaq ‘sex cell, especiallysperm cell’; mikelngurkaq kayanguq ‘ovum,
female egg cell’; > mikelngull’er
mikeltak “darned” child, exclamation used when one
is angry; adult or teenager acting like a child,pejorative; < mikte-?
mik’nuraq youngest child; youngest sibling # NUN;
< mike-?
mikte- to be little; to be small in size; to be young# miktuq ‘it is small’ / miktellemni ‘when I
was young’; Yuum-gguq iliin picurlaumallni
nalluyagucuitaa mik’nani . . . ‘It is said that somepeople never forget being mistreated when they
were little . . .’ (YUP 2005:134); Can’irraam taum
quliratui miktellratni. ‘That person, Can’rraq,
would tell them stories when they were young.’(CEV 1984:71) HBC, NUN, NI, CAN, EG; = mikemikur- to be abundant at a given place and time
mainly of fish and insects; to gather; to swarm# mikurtut ‘they are abundant’ in one place;
mikurai ‘he is gathering them together’ /neqet mikurtut unuamek ‘there are a lot of fishrunning today’; egturyat mikurtut nunapigmi‘there are a lot of mosquitoes on the tundra’; . . .
imarpigmun ayagluteng cali tamakut up’nerkaqupissungekata pitarkait mikurcetaaraqluki,
paivngavkangnaqluki. ‘. . . going down to theocean so that in spring when they started to hunt
there would be an abundance of game available.’(AGA 1996:28); > mikuite-, Mikuryaq
mikuite- to not be abundant # . . . pingqetuyaaquq,ta¥gaam mikuunateng. ‘. . . they are usuallyavailable, but not abundant.’ (PAI 2008:38);< mikur-ite1Mikuryaq Mekoryuk # village on Nunivak Is.;< mikur-yaq
mil- root; > milpag-, milqar-, milqun, miluqu-,miluute-; < PE milu3-404Basesmilek milk # kuluviim milga ‘cow’s milk’; Tauna
nuna naungignarqelriaruuq enuqitnaunani-llu
milegmek paatakaamek-llu. ‘That land is a fertile
place, with no lack of milk nor honey.’ (AYAG.
3:8); from English ‘milk’; > milekuuq
milekuuq milk # a blend of the English loan milek,
and the Russian loan muluk’uuq (q.v.)
milpag-, mileqpag- to throw hard (at) # milpagtuq‘he threw something hard’; milpagaa ‘he threw
something at it hard’ / milpautaa ‘he threw
it hard’; Aren, kevgarqaarluku taukugnun
tua mileqpaucaaqekiini tegqagnun taukugnun
pugumalriignun . . . ‘After lifting him hethrust him to those two poles that were partly
underground . . .’ (QUL 2003:282); < mil-pag2-,
mil-pag2milqagte- to throw oneself around; to toss about #milqar- to throw (at) # milqertuq ‘he threw
something’; milqeraa ‘he threw something at it’ /milqautaa qimugtemun ‘he threw it at the dog’;
milqeraa qimugta qilulria teggalqumek ‘he threw
a rock at the barking dog’; < mil-qar-; > milqaun
milqeruaq one of two white decorative squares onback of parka #milqun, milqaun something to throw # Tua-i-llu
milqut’liluni Elnguq milqerluku aviarcan-llu
nall’artevkenaku. ‘She made something to throw[a snowball] and threw it at Elnguq but it sailed
past her because she dodged it.’ (ELN 1990:101);< mil-?-n, milqar-n
miluqu- to throw things # with the implication ofmaliciousness; miluquuq ‘he is throwing thing’;
miluqua ‘he threw thing at it’ / < mil-?-; >miluquyuli
miluquyuli legendary rock-throwing creature thesize of a small human; by extension, monkey; ape# < miluqu-yuli
miluute- to stand out (be very noticeable) #Tuarpiaq-gguq tang tusrutkek-llu miluutetaciit
tanqigpiim pillrani. ‘Apparently his parka
shoulder designs stood out in the bright light.’(KIP 1998:245); Anvigcuuciraluta waten
ayagaaqamta up’nerkami, miluutaquq tua-iqanikcarmi yaaqvani. ‘When we looked forsquirrel dens in the springtime, it (the den) reallystood out in the snow in the far distance.’ (CIU
2005:150); < mil-?milu’uvkaaq, milu’uvkaq rope # from Russian
dth=drf (veryóvka); Y, HBC, NI; = pilu’uvkaaq

milek — mingqun

mimeq thigh of bird or mammal # > mimernaq;< PE mim03
mimernaq stump of tree # < mimeq-naq2
minaq food set aside for someone # and minar- toleave, keep, or save food for someone else; totake food to (EG meaning) # minartuq ‘he isleaving food’; minaraa ‘he is leaving food forher’ / uima minaraa qetunrapuk ‘my husband issaving some for our son’;mineg- to become moldy # of a drying fish when abitter-tasting substance, probably a mold, forms on
its surface in damp, rainy weather; also of salmon at
spawning time; minegtuq or min’gaa ‘it got moldy’/ > minkar-; < PE min0!1
minek wake of a fish or a boat # min’guuq ‘it is thewake of something moving through the water’mingciq soaked and salted fish # EG; = pingciq
mingqaaq tightly coiled rigid basket made of coarse
seashore grass (taperrnat) # < mingqe-?-aq1;> mingqiimingqe- to sew # mingquq he is sewing; mingqaa‘he is sewing it’ / mingeqsaraq nalluaqa ‘I don’tknow how to sew’; Maaten-gguq piuq natermi
aqumgalria, ingna-gguq-wa aanii mingqellria
ingleret qaingatni. ‘When she observed things
she saw that she was sitting on the floor, andthat one, her mother, was sewing on the bed.’(ELN 1990:3); Tua mingeqsuumariunga waniwa
mingqutengqerquma. ‘I can sew now if I
have a needle.’ (QUL 2003:142); > mingqaaq,
mingqepiarumalia, mingqessuun, mingqun;< PE mi&q0mingqepiarumalria ordinary stitch # < mingqepiaq-ma-lria
mingqessuun, mingeqsuun sewing machine #< mingqe-cuun, mingqe-cuun
mingqii- to make a tightly coiled, rigid grass basket.
mingqiiguq ‘she is making a basket’; mingqiigai‘she is making a basket out of them (grasses)’ /mingqiiste™guuq aanaka ‘my mother is a basketmaker’; < mingqaaq-li2mingqun needle # Tamaani mingqutkiutullrulliniut
unkut ce÷armiut waten tulurrarnek. Ta¥gken
Akulmi maani mingqutkiutullrulliniluteng canek
qecigtulrianun-llu aturkameggnek, qucillgaat
imkut kanagaitnek . . . ‘People down in the
coastal areas made needles out of ivory. But inthe tundra area people made needles for use on405

mingqucivik — missuuk

Basesminuk drizzle # < PE min0!2
miqsaq type of hard colorful blue stone # used formaking tools
mirecpag-, mirespag- to vomit copiously #mirecpagtuq or mirespagtuq ‘he is vomiting
copiously’; mirecpagaa or mirespagaa ‘he isvomiting copiously on it’ / < miryar-pag2miryangcaq ground beetle (Carabidae sp.) # literally:‘vomit inducer’; < miryar-ngcarmiryaq vomit # and miryar- to vomit # miryartuq‘he vomited’; miryaraa ‘he vomited on it’ /miryautaa ‘he vomited it out’; miryaraluni‘vomiting repeatedly’, miryarluni augmek‘vomiting blood’; Tua-i kingyarqami akutamek
miryaraqluni kingutmun. . . . Qat’riturnipaalli-gguq ukugkeni. ‘Whenever he turned hishead back to look, he would vomit some of the[fat-rich] Eskimo ice cream [he’d eaten] on hisshoulder. Oh my, how he created white patcheson his shoulders and back!’ (CIU 2005:128); >mirespag-, miryalngu-, miryangcaq, miryaruaq;< PE mi3ya3(-)
miryalngu- to be nauseated # miryalnguuq ‘he isnauseated’ / miryalgnunarquq ‘it is nauseating’;< miryar-lngumiryaruaq one of two tassels on the chest andback of certain traditional Yup’ik parkas # said
to represent caribou fat vomited out by Iluvaktuq,
a legendary hero, when he fled his enemies; Tua-igguq atkuliaqameng uuggun wani pukirmek
qaralililaraat cali-llu akiakun; miryarualirlukekgguq. When women make parkas, they always
put strips of white fur from calfskin or caribou
belly [on the shoulders and back]. It is said thatthey are putting “pretend” vomit on it.’ (CIU
2005:130); < miryaq-uaq
mis- dimensional root; > miskite-, mistu-; cf. miscir-,mitermiscir- to be misty # miscirtuq ‘it is misty’ / perhaps
from English ‘misty’, but cf. mismiskite- to be hard to see or hear # miskituq ‘it ishard to see or hear’, ‘it is obscured’ / < mis-kite2missuuk sack # Neqet amiit tamaa-i missuuget,
imkut tua missuullret. Missuullernek wangkuta
maa-i qemagquriaqelriakut. Tamakut-llu
tamaa-i ak’a neqet, neqet qeltaitnek, qeciirluki
missuulitullrulriit. ‘There were fish-skin sacks,[like] those gunny-sacks. Now we save gunnysacks [for later use]. Way back then they would

thick leather out of a fibula from a crane’s lower
leg . . .’ (CIU 2005:240); NS, Y, K, HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; < minqe-n; > mingucivik,
mingqutnguaq, mingqusvik; < PE mi&qun (under
PE mi&q0-)
mingqucivik needlecase # Teguqallrukai ima-tamatuani ayauteqatallratni, kakivini, mingqucivik. ‘Oh
yes, when they were going to take her away she
had grabbed her sewing kit, the needle case.’ (ELL
1997:156); < mingqun-li-vik
mingqusvik, mingqusviutaq needlecase # Calillu una mingqusviutaq asveruam qamiqurranek
qaralingqelliniluni, mingqusviutam taqruakun.
‘And this needle case has a design of a walrus
head on its front.’ (CIU 2005:236); < mingqun-vik,
mingqun-viutaq
mingqutnguaq shard of rotten or honeycomb ice #ciku mingqutnguarurtaqami aarnarqenglartuq‘the ice gets dangerous when it becomes rotten’;< mingqun-uaq
mingugissuun, minguggsuun butter-knife;
paintbrush # < mingug-i2-cuun, mingug-ssuun
minguk paint; color; ointment; butter # and mingugto spread; to smear; to paint # mingugtuq(or mingugiuq) ‘he is spreading something’;
mingugaa ‘he is spreading something onto it’ /ukut minguugut: tungulria, qatellria, kavirliq,
cungagliq, esirliq, cali-llu qiugliq ‘these are thecolors: black, white, red, green, yellow, and blue’;mingugaa kelipaq saalamek ‘he is spreading
the bread with shortening’; minguutaa saalaqkelipamun ‘he is spreading shortening on thebread’; Uitertenraralriit-llu tamaa-i tamatum
nalliini kegginateng mingugaqluki. ‘In thosedays, those who got red ochre for the first time
would smear some on their faces.’ (ELL 1997:256);
Kinguqlirmek Mingugyaraq ‘Extreme Unction’literally: ‘anointing for the last time’ (Catholic
religious neologism); > mingugissuun, minguun;< PE mi&u!minguun paint; color; ointment; butter # <mingug-n
minir- to drizzle # impersonal subject; minirtuq ‘it isdrizzling’ / < minuk-ir1minirrluk drizzle # NUN; < minir-rrluk
minkar- to become moldy # minkartuq or minkaraa‘it got moldy’ / Minkatui atam imumek caluki,
yukutam piaqaki. ‘They immediately got moldy
when exposed to damp conditions.’ (PAI
2008:146); < mineg-qar-406

Basesmissuulleq — mukaaq

mitriate- to dim (or be dim); to abate; to be lessdark or intense (in appearance, color, sound,etc.) # Ta¥gken agayulirtem yuvrillrani nuyat
qat’riksailkuneng ilutunruvkenani-ll amiani,
tangellra-llu mitrianani, allakaumavkarciqaa
malrunlegni ernerni. ‘But if the priest examines
it and the hair has not turned white, and it is no
deeper than the skin, but it has abated, the priest
shall confine him for seven days.’ (LEVI. 13:26);
mitrialiuq ‘it dims’; < miter-atemiur- to fill; to be full # EG; = muirmiuyigte- to scowl; to frown # miuyigtuq ‘he isscowling’; miuyigtaa ‘he is scowling at her’ /NUN; cf. miuyineq
miuyineq partially rotten meat # miuyinruuq ‘it isgetting rotten’; < ?-neq1; cf. miuyigtemiyvik1 airport; landing strip # HBC; < mit’e-vik
miyvik2 water barrel # HBC; < miite1-vik
mug- to suck # see emugmugcuun baby bottle # see emugcuun
muiqaar(ar)- to become full to capacity #. . . qasgicuallerani atrarluni qinertellinia,
kenillecuarii tua-i man’ muiqaaralliniluni mermek.
‘. . . going down he peeked into his little
steambath house and saw that its little firepit
was full to the brim with water.’ (QUL 2003:186);< muir-?muiqerri- to drain from infection # of the ear;muiqerriluni ‘(it — the ear) draining from
infection’; NUN; < muir-qar-?muir- to fill or become full to capacity; to become
full (of the moon) # muirtuq ‘it has become full’;muiraa ‘he filled it’ / muirumauq ‘it is full tocapacity’; imiraa muirluku mermek ‘he filled itwith water, filling it up all the way’; muiran or
muirngan ‘because or when it got full’; iraluq
muirtuq ‘the moon is full’; iraluq muiryarturtuq‘the moon is waxing’; Utaqalgirluteng-gguq
iralum muillerkaanek. ‘It is said that they would
wait for the moon to became full.’ (CAU 1985:77);= miur-; > muiqaar-, muiqerri-, muiramuira- to boil over # NS; muirauq ‘it is boiling over’/ < muir-amukaaq flour; bread loaf (HBC, NUN additional
meaning) # Tamaani murilkeqarraallemni,
tunenialallruut saayunek, mukaanek, saarralanek,
imanek, iliini-liu lumarramek. ‘When I firstobserved things they were selling tea, flour,

scale and skin the fish and make sacks [fromthe skin].’ (ELL 1997:566); from Russian vti˙r(meshók); > missuulleq
missuulleq burlap sack; gunny sack; sackcloth #< missuuk-lleq1
mistu- to be easy to see or hear; to be evident; to be
distinguished; to be conspicuous # mistuuq ‘itis clearly visible or audible’ / mistulria ‘one thatstands out from the others’; pikna agyaq ilamini
mistunruuq ‘that star up there is easier to see
than the others’; < mis-tumistuqute- to join with others who are doing
something # NUN
misvik airport; landing strip # Nunauqapiggluteng
Mamterillermiut yugyagpek’nateng.
Misvingssagaunateng-llu. ‘Bethel was just avillage, and there were not many people there.
They didn’t have a landing strip either.’ (QUL
2003:330); Cali anevkariuq allamek yaqulegmek
nunatangucia paqnakluku. Ta¥gaam mer’em
cali nuna patumiiku misvigkailami utertuq
angyarpagmun; Noah-m-llu teguluku. ‘And hereleased another bird to look for land. However,since the water still covered the land and because
there was no place for it to land, it returned tothe ark; Noah picked it up.’ (AYAG. 8:8–9); =miyvik1; < mit’e-vik
mit’aruaq waterfowl decoy # < mit’e-aq1-uaq
mit’e- to land from the air; to alight # mit’uq ‘itlanded’; mitaa ‘it landed on it’ / misngauq ‘it
has landed’, ‘it is landed’; mill’uni ‘landing’;
miciiquq ‘it will land’; micuitut maavet ‘they
never land here’; mit’aq ‘landed thing’ e.g.,fowl, airplane; Tua-i-llu-gguq kiarrnginanrani
canianun mip’allalliniuq qangqiiq qalrialuni,“Qangqiirriirriirrii. . . .” ‘And while he waslooking around that ptarmigan landed rightbeside him calling out, “Squireeel. . . .”’ (CIU
2005:152); > misvik, mic’araq, mit’aruaq, miyvik1;< PE mitmiter- to be prominent or stand out; to be dark incolor (NUN meaning) # . . . cali mitenrulutek
mengliarutek uiterarquraumallinilutek. ‘. . .
and more prominently the decorated edges also
painted with red ocher.’ (CIU 2005:192); Imkut
tua-i can’get naumalriit miterluteng nuniitni tuani
calillruuq. ‘The grass that grew there stood out,
and he was working there in the middle of it.’
(QUL 2003:646); cf. mistu-

407

mukaarkaq — mumigtaq

Basesmuluk’uuq milk # Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI,
EG; from Russian vjkjr˙ (molokó); = malak’uuq

sugar, bullets, and sometimes fabric.’ (YUU
1995:15); Kass’allameng mat’umeng watenta¥g’ kass’allartutullruut tamaani, mukaameng,
caayuumeng, . . . ‘We ate white man’s food,western foods, bread, tea, . . .’ (CEV 1984:38); from
Russian verƒ (muká); > mukaarkat, mukaarutleq

mulut’uuk, mulut’uutaq hammer # from Russian
vjkjn˙r (molotók); = multuuk
mumaa- to dance moving one’s feet or legs invarious ways # NUN; < mumer-a-

mukaarkaq wheat; (ear of) grain # Qavanqigcami
aipiriluni qavangurturtuq; tangerrluni-llu
malrunlegnek mukaarkanek qerrunqeggluteng
assirluteng naulrianek ataucimek acilqurluteng.
‘When he slept he dreamt for a second time,and saw seven ears of grain, plump and good,
growing on a single stalk.’ (AYAG. 41:5); <mukaaq-kaq

mumeq drumstick; a tassel, representing adrumstick, hanging from one of the calfskinpieces on the traditional Yup’ik “qulitaq” parka
as worn in the coastal area # and mumer- to beata drum # mumertuq ‘he is drumming’; < PE
mum03(-)
mumig- turned over; translated # generally ofsomething with similar or equivalent sides; posturalroot; > mumigte-, mumiksag-, mumingqa-; < PE
mumi!-

mukaarutleq empty flour sack # originallymade of fabric, sometimes printed, and used
for sewing when the sack was empty; Wiinga
tua-i ellangellemni waten mukaarutlernek,
lumarrarnek, lumarrarrarnek kiingan amllernekllu aturaunata. ‘When I became aware of things,
I didn’t have many garments, but only what
was from the cloth of an empty flour-sack.’ (KIP
1998:155); < mukaaq-utelleq

mumigarute- to reciprocate in formal gift giving;
to exchange roles; to exchange places with thehost villagers and go inside the communal men’shouse while the host villagers come out and tocall out requests for specific gifts (as during the“Kevgiq” (“Messenger Feast”)) # Cali ingluancali tuaten mumigareskuni, cali cikirturciqaa
piyugtacimitun. ‘The opposite one [the recipientof the gifts], when the process was reversed, would
present the giver with things in return.’ (TAP
2004:78); . . . waniwa una eniraraaq pellukan,
imna arnat yuralallrat, tua mumigarulluteng,arnat akluluteng uimeng akluitnek nulirrit-llu
akluitnek uingit yurarluteng, arnat aqumluteng
cauyarluteng uingit-llu ukut tuar imkut arnat.
‘. . . after the part was over wherein the women
would dance, then, exchanging roles the women
would put on their husbands’ clothes andtake the drums and sing while their husbands
put their wives’ clothes on and danced, withthe women sitting and drumming and theirhusbands being just like women.’ (TAP 2004:106);< mumigte-ar(ar)te1-te5-

mula nipple; tip of paddle blade # NUN; = emulek;< PE mul0(!)
mulngag- root; > mulngaite-, mulngake-; < PY
mul&a-

mulngaite- to habitually act carelessly or recklessly,
without thinking of the possible consequences #mulngaituq ‘he acts recklessly’ / < mulngag-ite1mulngake- to act gently and carefully #mulngakuq ‘he is being careful’; mulngakaa‘he is being careful with it’ / mulngakekina!
‘be careful!’; Tamana tamaa-i una wani
tan’gaurluq mulngakluku aulukarkaulliniarput
pissuqataaralria. ‘We are to carefully watch overthat boy, the one who is just starting to hunt.’(ELL 1997:338); < mulngag-ke?multuuk (BB form), mul’tuuk hammer # from
Russian vjkjn˙r (molotók); = mulut’uuk

mumigtaar- to go from one side to the other side
# Tua-i irirrnaurtut, ataucikun-llu makluteng.
Waten mumigtaarturluki. ‘They would move andlean to one side in unison and straighten up.
They would sway to one side and straighten up andthen sway to the other side again.’ (CIU 2005:248);
mumigte-amumigtaq something that has been turned over;pancake; translation # < mumigte-aq1

mulu- to tarry; to stay away a long time # muluuq‘he is taking a long time’ / mulutuuk ‘they2
usually take a long time’; muluciqua ‘I’ll be gone
for a long time’; muluvkenak ut’reskina! ‘comehome right away!’; ciin muluvakarcit? ‘why did
you take so long?’; Anqerluni tua muluuraqerluni
iterluni. ‘Having gone out he tarried a while andthen entered again.’ (QAN 1995:58); < PE mulu-

408Basesmumigte- to turn over; to translate; to transliterate# mumigtuq ‘it turned over’; mumigtaa ‘heturned it over, translated it’ / Yugtaq quliraq
kass’atun mumigtaa ‘he is translating the Yup’ik
story into English’; mumiggluku kalikaq ‘turningover the paper’; Ilait-llu aperyarat ilakluku:“radar” yugtun mumigcesciigalnguut, yup’igtunllu aprumassiyaayuilnguut ayuqucimegcetun
igausngaut kass’atun, . . . ‘And some words,
for example, “radar”, can’t be transliterated into
Yup’ik, for they cannot be pronounced in Yup’ik
but instead are written just as they are in English,. . .’ (KIP 1998:xx); < mumig-te2-; > mumigarute-,
mumigtaar-, mumigtaq

mumigte- — murilke-

muragaq wood; log; stick #Kegglangqerrsugnaunateng-ll’, qalqapiit tamaan’ayagnengaarallratni, kegglaryugnaunaki muragat
kepurluki, piaqluteng. ‘They had no saws backthen, and were just beginning to get axes, so
instead of sawing wood, they chopped it; that is
how it was done.’ (CEV 1984:29); HBC, NI, CAN;
< murak-aq3
muragte- to collect firewood # muragtuq ‘heis gathering wood’ / murairutqataameng
muragtuq ‘because they are soon to be out offirewood, he is getting firewood’; Neqlillernun
tekicameng aatiita pelatekiurumariamiki
muragutraarluki-llu taukut ilani unilluki ayagluni
kass’arrluni. ‘When they arrived at the fish-camp,when their father had finished setting up thetent for them, and after he had gotten firewood
for them, he left his family and went to the big
settlement to buy supplies.’ (ELN 1990:17);< murak-te1murak wood; log; stick # muraggaq ‘little pieceof wood’; muriit taguskiki angyamek! ‘bring
the firewood up from the boat!’; muragkiurtuq‘he is chopping wood’; muragcuun ‘wood
stove’; Ce÷’armun auqiiryaqatartukut, tamaani
amllernek auqiirkanek muragnek tangaalartukut
aquigaqamta. ‘We’ll go gather wood from thebeach; we always see lots of wood to gather when
we play there.’ (ELN 1990:18); Tua-i neqniqluni
imna cakneq tua-i, tauna imna muriim qantam
imaa! ‘That was delicious, that content of thewooden bowl!’ (ELL 1997:144); Y, K, NI, CAN, BB,
NR, LI; > muragaq; muragtemurilke- to watch; to observe; to be attentive #murilkuq ‘he is observing’; murilkaa ‘he iswatching it or him’ / murilkenrituq ‘he is not
being attentive’; Nutaan murilkenriagni amik
ullallinia, taukut nakacuut nanguani egtaqluki.
Taukuk murilkenrilagni, kalvagyaramun egtellinii,
kinguatgun-llu anluni. And finally when they2
stopped watching him carefully he went over tothe door, tossing about those bladders he wasplaying with. When they2 weren’t watching
him carefully he threw them into the entrance
passage and went out after them.’ (YUU
1995:87); Maaten-gguq ellanguq mat’umun
nunakegtaarmun tanqircetqapiarluni camekllu-gguq cali nalluami yuucini-llu nalluamiu
murilkessiyaagpek’nani. ‘It was at that time, it
is said, that she became aware of the brightmumiksag- to do the opposite of what one issupposed to or is expected to do # < mumig-?mumingqa- to be turned over; to be translated #mumingqauq ‘it is turned over’ / < mumigngqamunaircete- to be restless # munaircetuq ‘he isrestless’ / NS; < ?-cete2munaite- to be soft # munaituq ‘it is soft’ / Y;
= unaite-; < ?-ite1-

munaqe- to be skillful with; to tend, watch, orbabysit (Y meaning) # munaqaa ‘he is skillful
with it’ or ‘he is tending him’ / munaqiuq ‘he isskillful with something’ or ‘he is babysitting’;< munar-ke4-; > munaqista
munaqista babysitter; Y; < munaqe-i2-ta1

munar- to be dexterous; to be skillful #munartuq ‘he is skillful’ / munaituq ‘heis not skillful’; munartuq cananermek ‘heis skillful at carving’; Cali-am wii augnamaurluirutka murilkelallruamku, waten
makuciq teq’itqata’arqamiu tua-i munarulluki
kemeggliryarpiaqallrit a¥g’arturarraarluki
keliganqegcaarturluki . . . ‘Since I always used
to watch my late grandmother doing things,
when she worked on fish skin like this she would
carefully scrape off all the meat from the skin, . . .’(CIU 2005:146); cf. munarnarli, munarciaq;> munaqe-, munarcete-; < PE muna3-

munarcete- to concentrate on one’s work # NS;
munarcetuq ‘he is concentrating’ / < munar-?-munarciaq straight-grained piece of wood useful formaking things # = unarciaq; cf. munarmunarnarli millipede # < ?-li1-; cf. munar-409

murilketar- — muute-Bases

beautiful world, and because she didn’t know
anything yet and didn’t even know that she
was a human being, she did not observe verymuch.’ (ELN 1990:3); the following are legal
neologisms: murilkumauq ‘he is on probation’;murilkumalleq ‘probation’; murilkumalriim
maligtaquarkai ‘conditions of probation’;> murilketar-, murilkista
murilketar- to be observant # murilketartuq ‘he isobservant’ / murilketaituq ‘he is not observant’;murilketaicaraq ‘negligence’ (legal neologism);< murilke-tar1murilkista one who watches or observes; overseer;
supervisor # akinek, kalikanek-llu murilkista‘accountant’; < murilke-ta1
murir- to stoke # muriraa ‘he stoked it’ / kaminiaq
muriraa eqiullemnek ‘he stoked the stove withthe wood I chopped; < murak-ir1-; > murirvik
murirvik stoke-hole of wood-burning stove # . . .
ukatiini-wa puyirviim murirvik. . . . Murirviimwa patua manigcetellria cavik. ‘. . . this side of
the chimney is the stoke-hole. . . . The cover ofthe stoke-hole is made of flattened metal.’ (PRA
1995*:460); < murir-vik
murqe- to rinse clothes # murqaa ‘he is rinsing
it’ / Akungqarraarluku nuggluku keligluku,
melqurrirluku, murqelluku nutaan-llu
kinercirluku. ‘After soaking it they pulled it out
and scraped it, removed the hair, rinsed it, anddried it.’ (YUU 1995:66); cf. meq
murtaq batter; dough # HBC; < murte-aq1
murte- to make into a batter # murtaa ‘he is mixing
or making it into a batter, stirring it, adding
ingredients to it’ / murciuq ‘she is making abatter’; HBC; = urte-; >murtaq
muru- to sink into snow, mud, etc.; to put on boots
without using liners in them # muruuq ‘he sankin’; murua ‘he sank into it’ / muruqerlukek
kameksiigken maligtelaagnga ‘just slip on yourboots and come with me quickly’; cf. murugte1-;> murua-, murun, muruyaq; < PE ma3u-1
murua- to sink into snow or mud at every step #muruaguq ‘he is sinking in’ as he walks; muruagaa‘he is sinking into it’ as he walks / angun
anerteksaarluni muruaguq ‘the man is trudging
through the snow panting’; muruanarquq‘it is such that one sinks in at every step’;Tekicamegteki negat ellii ikayuulluni takuiluni,

tua-i murualuni tuaten iruk-llu mecungurrlutek
nutaan tua-i pelleryuvsiangluni. ‘When they got
to the snares she helped check them, and walking
through the deep snow like that, her legs had
become soaked and she felt uncomfortable fromtheir wetness.’ (ELN 1990:33); < muru-a-;> muruaneq, muruayuli
muruaneq soft, deep snow # < murua-neq1
muruayuli legendary creature that sinks into theground as it walks # < murua-yuli
murug- pulled down; postural root; > murungqa-,
murugte-; < PE mu39u!murugte- to sink or dive down; to pull inward
or downward; to gather cloth as in sewing #murugtuq ‘it sank or dove down’; murugtaa ‘hepulled it in or down’ / Kanarrnginanrani-llu
imna muruggluni. . . . murugarrluni tayima. ‘As itwas coming down toward the seal, the seal dove
into the water. . . . it continued going down into thewater and disappeared.’ (CIU 2005:62); Qalrilliin
tua-i murugartelliniluni amigmun. ‘Since it criedout, he quickly ducked down inside the entrance
hole.’ (PAI 20008:344); Aliit-llu tamakut ilutmun
murugtelluki waten. Ilulirnerkun camaggun
ukatmun pivkarluku, nanerluku qamaggun,
nek’etuluki. ‘And they pulled their sleeves
inside. Then they put weights around the insidebottom and used it as a shelter.’ (PAI 2008:156);
uqurtulriit murugtaaryugtut ‘oil stoves tend tocause downdrafts’; cf. murumurun, muruqaq slipper; fur liner for skin boot #< muru-n, muru-qaq
murungqa- to be submerged # Anglluyuunateng,napangqaluteng ta¥gaam qavarluteng,
qamiqurrit murungqaluteng, suggait ta¥gaam
qaimi maani pugumaurluteng suggait, . . .
‘Without diving, upright but sleeping, theirhead submerged, their snouts poking out of thewater, . . .’ (PAI 2008:44); < murug-ngqamuruyaq sinkhole # < muru-yaq
muugilitaq bra; brassiere # HBC; see emugilitaq
muuk breast # HBC, NUN; see emuk
muukuluk sleeping bag # NUN; = maakuluk,
maukulukmuulek nipple # see emulek
muute- to take an item for repair # muusgung! ‘takeit for repair!’; note that many writers use spellings

410Basesna — naanguaq

Nsuch as muutuq ‘he went to the clinic seeking
medical help’, and musgu ‘take him to the clinic’,instead of emutuq and emusgu, which is technicallymore proper; NSU; = emute-na house # see ena
na- not knowing # deep root; cf. naamelliin, nani,
nalir–?, nallu-, nau2naa- to become complete in number # naagut or
naagai ‘they became complete’ / naatai ‘hecompleted them’; naamaut ‘they have becomecomplete’; naagiuq kaaltaaminek ‘he completed
his hand of cards in solitaire’; Cunawa-gguq
im’ tua-i erenret taukut unuut-llu tallimannaacirtullratni, kegluneq tauna ayayuunani
tuani tua-i ungelrumalliniaqelria. Tua-i-ll’
tallimiitni tua naangata, unugluni errluni pianpiyaaqelliniut tayim’ taun’ kegluneq cataunani.
‘It turned out that while they were waiting forthe five days and five nights to be over, [thatis, during that period of time] the wolf neverleft, but stayed curled up there. And, when thewaiting was over, on the fifth day after night
when day broke, they looked in vain but thewolf was gone.’ (ELL 1997:38); > naaneq, naaqe-,
naaqilria, naaqin, naaqun, naaqista, naaqivik,
naaqun; cf. naacuqe-; < PE na9anaacuqe- to conserve; to ration # naacuqaa ‘he isconserving it’ / HBC; cf. naanaallu I don’t know # exclamation; cf. nallu-; EGnaamelliin, naamell’, naam’, naamikika,naamiki I don’t know # exclamation; Uavetllu Umkumiunun pillilria, naamikika, wall’u
Up’nerkillermiunun. ‘Perhaps downriver to
Umkumiut, I don’t know, or to Up’nerkillermiut.’(QAN 1995:156); = naumiki; cf. nanaaneq completed set; complete bundle of pelts
containing a number sufficient to make a parka# Tua-i-ll’ atkuliyungameng ukut arnat, atkugkat
tamakut atrarrluki angilluki tua-i naanret ukut
piarkateng pimariamegteki tua-i allakarluki, . . .
‘When the women were ready to start makng[bird-skin] parkas, they took them [the birdskins] down, untied them and separated theminto bundles, . . .’ (PAI 2008:164); < naa-neq1
naanguaq, nanguarun toy; object used as a toy #irniagka anglanilartuk naanguarutkaqamegnegu
kenurqutaqa ‘my children2 have fun playing withmy flashlight’; Ayumian-gguq naangualiaqekii-

411

naanguar- — nacaqupakBasesgguq muraggarnek tua-i piciatun. ‘Meanwhile,
it is said, he would make toys for her out ofwood.’ (ELL 1997:124); = inanguar-; < naanguar-,naanguar-nnaanguar- to play sedentarily with toys; to playusing objects as toys # naanguartuq ‘he isplaying with toys’ / naanguarutaa ‘he is playing
with toys with her’; Neplissiyaagluki-llu
naanguaraqata pingraateng nepengyarciqniluki
neplirturaraqluteng. ‘And, even though she told
them that they would attract wild animals ifthey played too noisily, they did not stop making
noise.’ (ELN 1990:17); = laanguar-; < ?-uaq;> naanguaq; < PE 0nanaaqe- to count; to read # naaqut ‘they are being
counted’; naaqai ‘he is counting or reading
them’ / naaqiuq ‘he is counting or reading’;
naaqsunarqellriit ‘things worth reading’;
Ellii naaqiyaurtellruami ak’a yuinaq tekilluku
apqurangluni qavcinek picecianek . . .’ Since
she’d learned to count to twenty already, she
asked how many he’d caught . . .’ (ELN 1990:51);
Quyanarquk cali ukuk naaqillrek . . . , cali Alaska
Native Language Center Fairbanks-aami
naaqillret. ‘Thanks go also to the two (proof)
readers . . . , and to the (proof)readers at the Alaska
Native Language Center Fairbanks.’ (CAU
1985:5); > naaqerkaq, naaqilria, naaqin, naaqista,
naaqivik, naaqun, Naaqumallrat; < naa-? < PE
na9aq0- (under PE na9a-)
naaqerkaq book # NUN
naaqilria student # NS; < naaqe-i2-lria
naaqin number; book (NUN meaning) # < naa-i2-nnaaqista reader (as in church); teacher (NS meaning)# < naa-i2-ta1
naaqivik school # Maa-i naaqivignek watua
tangerrsaurtellriaten. Naaqiluteng elissarluki
makut elicelluki. ‘You’ve started seeing schools
nowadays. Through reading and reckoning
they teach people, they have them learn.’ (TAP
2003:23); NS; < naa-i2-vik
Naaqumallrat the Biblical book of Numbers #< naaqe-ma-lleq-3p-3s ending
naaqun, naaquciq number # Ta¥gaam makut
igat naaqsaurrluki, naaqutet, nallunrirluku-llu,
atliliriyaraq. ‘However, they learned to readthese letters, and they got to know the numbers,
and how to do sums.’ (KIP 1998:49); Yaa-illu imarpik piliaqellren, angluni iqtuluni-llu,

uitavikluku naaquciilnguut unguvalriit, angelriit
mikellriit-llu. ‘There You made the ocean, big andwide, the dwelling place of living things beyond
numbering, great and small.’ (PSALM 104:24);< naa-n, naa-ciq; > naaqut’liuryaraq
naaqut’liuryaraq, naaquciuryaraq arithmetic;
mathematics # < naaqun-liur-yaraq, naaqun-liuryaraq
naataq1 bundle of pelts (usually of a set number
for the particular kind of pelt) # Canek tua-i
atkugkanek, imarmiutarnek naatanek, piciatun
pukirnernek, tua-i tamakunek iluvaucillinilriik.
‘They brought bundles of mink pelts and young
caribou skin for parkas into the kashim.’(CIU 2005:134); Aanani-ll’ pian pingayuinek
naaciniararniluteng, cali-am nalluamiu tamana
apluku qavcinek naacituciatnek. ‘When she said
that, her mother said that they would havealmost three bundles of squirrel skins, and sinceshe [the child] didn’t know [what a bundlewas], she asked how many skins there were in abundle.’ (ELN 1990:52); < naa-te5-aq1
naataq2 NSU owl (species ?) #naave- to transfer from one container to another bypouring # NUN; = naiveNaayaak Virgin (Mary) # naklegtalria Naayaak
Mari’a ‘compassionate Virgin Mary’ (CAT1950:44); = nay’ak, nas’ak
nacallngaar(aq*), nacallngaq Aleutian tern (Sterna
aleutica); arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea); Sabine’s
gull (Xema sabini). < nacaq-?; < PY naca@&aq(under PE naca3)
nacapcuaq monkshood (Actonitun delphinifolium) #NUN
nacaq hat; parka hood; cap # and nacar- to put ona hat; pull on one’s hood # nacartuq ‘he put ona hat’; nacaraa he put a hat on her’ / nacarraq‘small cap or hat’, in contrast to hood; Tua-illu-gguq waniwa tua-i ce÷aq tekiteqatarluku
pugumaarluni nacairumaaralliniuq yun’erraar . . .
‘And right before it reached the shore it slowly
emerged from the water and reached up andremoved its hood, revealing a young man’s facebehind it . . .’ (CIU 2005:122); see Appendix 9 onparts of the parka; > nacallngaar(aq*), nacapcuaq,
nacaqupak, nacarpiaq, nacaullek, nacarrluk,
nacarrlugteqe-; < PE naca3
nacaqupak male lapland longspur (Calcarius
lapponicus) # < nacaq-qupak412

Basesnacaraq piled ice on sandbars surrounded by shore
ice; shore ice piling up after ocean swells # cf.
nacetenacarpiaq fancy hat # < nacaq-pik2
nacarrlugteqe- to be in a bad mood; to havegloomy thoughts # nacarrlugtequq ‘he is in abad mood’ / Atii-gguq house-ameng tunuani
nacarrlugteqluni ellami inanglilria, ellami tua-iinangqaurluni nem mengliini. ‘His father wasbehind their house, afflicted with gloomy thoughts,
lounging around, lying down outside next to thehouse.’ (ELL 1997:110); < nacaq-rrluk-teqenacarrluk dance hat # < nacaq-rrluk
nacaullek emperor goose (Chen canagica) # <nacaq-?; < PY naca(C)u@0k (under PE naca3)
nacessnga- to be manning a lookout # . . . tua-ll’
qayarugaat tua-i nutaan agiircata atraqerrluni
tauna qanrutliniluki nacessngastiita. ‘. . . when agreat number of kayaks came, the person who
was manning the lookout ran down and told them
about it.’ (QUL 2003:686); < nacete-nganacessvik lookout; fish counting tower #;< nacete-vik
Nacessvik White Mountain # village on Norton
Sound; < nacete-vik
nacete- to look around or survey one’s surroundings
from a high vantage point # nacetuq ‘he islooking around from a height’; nacetai ‘heis looking around for them from a height’ /pissurta nacelluni kiartuq tuntuvagnek ‘thehunter is looking around from a height formoose’; = naste-; > nacessnga-, nacessvik,
Nacessvik; cf. nacaraq
nacig-, naciga- (NSU form) to cry or feel sad becauseof someone’s leaving # nacigtuq ‘he is crying
after someone’; nacigaa ‘he is crying after her’/ Piciatun-ll’-am picetaarturluni ayiin-llu elliin
tangvaumaluku ipcan ta¥gaam tagluni, tau-i
nacigglung’ermi qiavkenani. ‘She asked him toget various things for her, and when he left she
watched him going downriver, and only when
he disappeared behind the bend did she go up
from the shore to the tent. Even though she felt
like crying over his departure, she didn’t.’ (ELN
1990:37); < PE nacci!-

nacaraq — naguciraqumi! ‘put down a mat and sit!’; nacitet ‘plank
flooring’; . . . qasgit, maqiviit ukinengqelalriit
kanaggun — tuaggun tua ukinrakun itqatarluni,
nacitet aciatgun. ‘. . . the kashims, sweat bathhouses, have openings down there — he wasgoing to enter through that opening, fromunderneath the floor boards.’ (QAN 1995:58);< nateq-li2-n; < PE naccin (from PE nat03)

nagaayuq, nagaayuk, nagaayugaq single rockstanding alone in the water; skerry # < PY
na!aayuq
Nagaayuq Gas Rocks # near Egegik

naginga- to be snagged # . . . nagingaluni caarrlugni
cirunregminun . . . ‘. . . snagged in the brush by its
horns . . .’ (AYAG. 22:13); < nagte-nganagiiquyaq spear for hunting seal used witha throwing device # Malirqetullermeggni,
maklaarcutullermeggni nagiiquyanek
atutullruut. Nagiiquyanek urluvret aipangqertut.
Narulkautaqluki pugelriamun. ‘When theychased game, when they hunted bearded seal
they’d use this kind of spear. Another weapon
beside the bow (and arrow) is the spear. They
would thrust them at the surfaced (seal).’ (KIP
1998:31); Nutgunateng, urluverkun ta¥gaam
pitegcautetgun-llu piaqluteng. Cali nagiiquyanek,
tegutnek-llu aturaqluteng. ‘They didn’t haveguns but they hunted with a bow and witharrows. Also they used spears and recovery
hooks.’ (YUU 1995:38); < PY na!iiquyaq

nagte- to get snagged; to get caught on something# on a branch, nail, etc.; nagtuq ‘it got snagged’ /. . . piinanermini irua camna camun cam’umunnagtelliniuq. Nagcan pissaakaryaaqekii nagcan
camavet pull’uni caavtaallinia, yuum man’ irua.
‘. . . while he was doing this his led got caught
on something down there. When he got caught
he tried [to free his foot] to no avail, so he bent
down and felt around it, and there was a person’sleg.’ (QUL 2003:560); = lagte-; > nagtuqaq, nagun,
naguteke-; < PE na!0tnagtuqaq belt buckle; clasp fastener # traditionallymade of ivory; < nagte-qaq; < PE na!tuqa3 (underPE na!0t-)
nagucir- to hinder or be hindered; to put or havean obstacle (physical or otherwise) in the way# nagucirtuq ‘there is something in his way’;
naguciraa ‘he put something in her way’ /< nagun-lir-nacin floor plank; sitting mat; planks put over
fireplace in a traditional men’s community house(qasgiq) when the fire is not lit # nacicirluten

413

nagun — naker-

Basesnagun something that one gets caught on or heldback by; obstacle; hindrance; place where one
holds the shaft of a seal harpoon (NUN meaning)# nagutekaat ‘it hinders them, gets in theirway’; nagutaituq ‘there is no obstacle’; Tua-i
avavet ayagaqamta taangaq imutun tua-i camek
nagutaunaku . . . ‘When we traveled there nothing
would hold us back from booze . . .’ (YUP 2005:10);
Ta¥gken tamana utercecinarqenricaaqluni,
taumun tuqumalriamun nagutngungaunani. ‘That
would not cause them to go home; there would
not be an obstacle on account of that one who’ddied.’ (TAP 2003:28); < nagte-n
naguteke- to be held back by # nagutekaa ‘heis being held back by it, being prevented
from acting by it’ / manaryarciigatuq irniani
nagutekluki ‘she can’t go fishing because her
children are holding her back’; < nagte-tekenaigte- to answer back; to explain; to clarify; todisobey; to talk back; to contradict; to dispute# naigtuq ‘he answered back, didn’t do as hewas told’; naigtaa ‘he answered her back, went
against what she said’ / naigteksaunaku! ‘don’t
go against her!’; naigtaarutut ‘they are debating,arguing’; Pamkut nukalpiartayagauniaqatgu
allat makut tutgara’urluuniaqluku. Aren,
imkut angullugaat naigtaarluki tua tamakut
tutgara’urluunistai, . . . ‘When the ones backthere said he was the little mighty hunter, thoseothers would claim he was the grandchild.
Well, those elders argued back against those
who claimed he was the grandchild, . . .’ (QUL
2003:250); > naigtenritenaigtenrite- to comply with a request for a specificgift during a gift exchange ceremony # < naigtenritenaikar- to be in contact with # naikaraa ‘it is incontact with it’ /naive- to transfer from one container to anotherby pouring # naivaa ‘he poured it’ / naiviuq
iqvaminek qaltamun ‘she poured what she had
picked into the bucket’; = naave-; > naivvike-;< PE na(C)0v0tnaivike- to pour (literally or figuratively) something
into (it) # Elingrayuutekluku ciuliamte÷un
naivikellratnek qanemcinek. ‘[We] are grateful
to our elders for transferring the stories [to us/
them].’ (KIP 1998: xv); < naive-vik-ke2- (cf. uivik
and uive-)nakaaq wild rhubarb (Polygonum alaskanum) # LY,
CAN, BB, EG; < PE naka3
nakaar- to dip one’s head into water # nakaartuq ‘itdipped its head in’ / NSU; < PE nakka3nakaci- to have a full bladder # ‘he has a full
bladder’, ‘he has to urinate’ / Tua-i-ll’
qurrliniluni nakaciami. ‘He urinated because his
bladder was full.’ (ELL 1997:184); < nakacuk-i3Nakaciuryaraq, Nakaciiryaraq, Nakaciuq
indigenous Yup’ik holiday often called the“Bladder Feast” in English # occurs in December,
involves honoring the collected inflated bladders ofsea mammals taken by hunters during the previous
year; these bladders, decorated and deflated, are put
under the ice in the belief that the bladders held thespirits of the caught animals, which would then reportto the other animals that they had been well treated
so that the other animals would allow themselves tobe caught by those hunters # Ciin yuut ikiitugnek
kumarciluteng aruvilallruat qasgimi Nakacium
nalliini? ‘Why did people burn wild celery anddisperse its smoke in the kashim at the time of
the Bladder Feast?’ (CAU 1985:98); < nakacuk-liuryaraq, nakacuk-?-yaraq
nakacugnaq calf; gastrocnemius muscle in the calf
# < nakacuk-naq2; < PE nakacu!na3 (under PE
nakacu!)nakacugtalleq dried bladder used for ceremonial
purposes # NUN
nakacuguaq light bulb # literally: ‘imitation
bladder’; < nakacuk-uaq
nakacuguarraq* earring type # < nakacuk-uaq-rraq
nakacuk bladder # Angliami tanglalliniuq
nakacugnek nem iquani, tanqipiarluteng. Ugkutwa-gguq cali nakacuut amiigem quliini cuupiat.
‘When he got bigger he would see bladders[hung up] at the end of the house, and they
were very bright. And those bladders [hung up]
at over the door were dim.’ (YUU 1995:85); >nakaci, Nakaciuryaraq, nacugnaq, nakacuaguaq,
nakacugtalleq, nakacunguaq; < PE nakacu!
nakacunguaq bottle # NSU; < nakacuk-nguaq
naken from where? # look under nani
naker-, nakercete- to be straight; to be accurate;
to be accurate when shooting # nakertuq or
nakercetuq ‘it is straight’ / nakercessvaalli mat’umi nutegmi! ‘my, how accurate thisgun is!’; nakercaraa ‘he is trying to straightenit’; also can be used in the quantifier/qualifier414

Basesnakercaun — nakmike-naklegyagute- to come to feel compassion
toward; to feel sorry for # Tua-i-wa waniwa
naklegyagulluten ullagamken. ‘I have begun to feelcompassion toward you and came to you.’ (QAN
1995:240); < nakleg-yagutenaklegyug- to feel compassion; to pity someone;
to be considerate # naklegyugtuq ‘he feels
compassion’ / < nakleg-yugnakleke- to feel compassion toward; to beconsiderate of; to pity # naklekaa ‘he feels
compassion toward her’, ‘he is considerate ofher’; Qanrut’laryaaqekaitkut . . . ilaput naklekluki
pisqelluki-llu. ‘Look, they kept telling us,
wanting us . . . to treat our fellow humans withcompassion.’ (ELL 1997:524); < nakleg-ke4-;> naklekun
naklekun compassion; grace (religious term) #< nakleke-nnakleng poor thing!; so sad! # exclamation;
Aren, tua-i cakneq naklegyugluni taum
ungungssillraam paiqallinia qanerturluni,“Aling, nakleng atak’ elpet, nayagarpeni-ll’
usviipakarpaa!” ‘Oh, feeling compaasion, thatanimal went to him and said, “Oh dear, poor
thing, look you, your sister is crazy!’ (QUL
2003:384); = akleng; NS, Y, K, NI, CAN, BB, NR,
NUN, LI, EG < nakleg-?
nakmig- emotional root; > nakmignarqe-, nakmike-,nakmiin; < PE na@mi(n03)nakmignarqe- to be such that one prefers it orfavors it / nakmignarquq ‘he is such that hecauses one to favor or prefer him’; < nakmignarqenakmike- to prefer; to favor # nakmikaa ‘he prefers
or favors him or it’ / Tamakut-gguq qikut,
qikumek tangerqerluni tua-i pililaagyunaituq.
Ta¥gaam-gguq cat qikut ilait tua-i ak’anunpiutulit, tamakut-gguq ta¥gaam nakmikluki
tamaa-i egacitullruut tuaten. ‘They say you can’t
make a pot with just any kind of clay. They useda certain kind of clay that would last a longtime, they preferred it, and made pots that way.’(AGA. 1996:6); Tua-i kana-i nallmikun tua-i
kana-i pugngan, waten tua-i egutni, imna cakimi
nakmikellra akwaugaq, teguluku, asaaquni-llu
nalugluku. ‘When it surfaced in the same placedown there, he took his atlatl, that one that his
in-law had preferred the day before, and raised his
spear.’ (CIU 2005:58); < nakmig-ke4-

construction: Qimugta-wa pingna uitauralria
nem elatiini nakermi. ‘Also the dog(s) up on the
shore were staked out in a straight line outside
the house.’ (CIU 2005:92); < naker-cete2-; >nakercaun, nakerneq, nakirneq, nak’ri-, nakriate-,nakrullugpak, nakrutvalek; cf. Nakneq; < PE
nak03nakercaun fletching (feathering) of an arrow; arrow
shaft straightener # < naker-car-n
nakerneq straight stretch in a river # < naker-neq1
nakerqatak side wall of a semi-subterranean house# = nakirqatak; < ?-qatak
naki1- to be good at catching game # nakiuq ‘he is agood hunter’ / Tua-i-gguq nakiqaqatarqami tuntu
angutvak waten unuakumi nertua. ‘It is said
that when he was going to go out on a successful
hunt, he would eat a bull caribou in the morning.’(CUN 2007:90); BB; cf. naki2naki2- to go in a straight line; to agree # EG, NUN;
> nakissuun; cf. naki1nakirneq straight stretch of a river # Taunagguq imna Asgirpagkam calivian kiatii man’anakirneruuq, nakrenqeggluni, kiaqvaarni tua
nutaan qipluni. ‘It is said that [the river] above
the place Asgirpagkaq was working was straight,very straight, and it finally bent quite a ways
upstream.’ (QUL 2003:644); < ?-neq1
nakirqatak side wall a semi-subterranean house #= nakerqatak; < ?-qatak
nakiryuk humerus; upper arm bone # K
nakissuun level; straight-edge # EG; < naki2-cuunnakleg- emotional root; > naklegnarqe-, naklegtar-,naklegyug-, nakleke-, nakleng; < PE na&@0!naklegnarqe- to cause one to feel compassion; to bepitiful # naklegnarquq ‘he or it causes one toj feelcompassion’ / Naklegnaqluteng yuullrullinilriit
yuurqayuunateng, caayurtusuunateng,
kuuvviartusuunateng-llu . . . ‘They were pitiful,those who lived never having hot beverages,
never having tea, never having coffee . . .’ (MAR1
2001:23); < nakleg-narqenaklegtar- to be a compassionate person;
to be a caring person; to be merciful #naklegtartuq ‘he is compassionate’/ . . . yuk
naklegtailkuni, kenketailkuni, wall’u malrugnek
umyuangqerquni elluarrluni pingaitelliniuq.
‘. . . if a person has no compassion, feels no love, oris two-faced, then he is not going to live a goodlife.’ (YUU 1995:57); < nakleg-tar1-

415

nakmiin — nalaqute-Basesnakmiin one’s own # adverbial particle, used foremphasis or to establish reference of possessor of 3rd
person possessed subject to object; nakmiin pikaa‘it is his own’; nakmiin qetunraqaa ‘he is her
biological son’; nakmiin qimugtiita qilugaat‘their own dog barked at them’; nakmiin
qimugtema keggellruanga ‘my very own dog
bit me’; qimugtem nakmiin yun’i qilugaa ‘thedog is barking at its very own person (master)’;Ta¥gken cali ilii yuum school-angssaaqsaunani. . . maani uitaluni nakmiin nel’uni, nengluni,
nakmiin angyangluni, nakmiin massiinangluni,
nakmiin ski-doo-ngluni, . . . ‘But some people[even] without having gone to school . . . live
here with their own house, they get a house, they
get their own boat, their own motor, their own
snowmachine . . . (QUL 2003:342); < nakmig-?
Nakniq Naknek # village on Bristol Bay; cf. nakernak’nirmek since when # interrogative particle; <na(ni)-abl.-mod.-niq-abl.-mod.
nak’ri- to go straight path # used in a conventionalized
sentence at the end of a story (perhaps only or
especially in K, CAN, and BB): Ciunermikun
ayagtuq nak’riluni. ‘And, so it goes’ (literally: ‘It
goes forward going straight.’) (referring to the plotof the story, or the story as a thing in itself, and/or thelife of a listener who heeds the moral of the story) (seePAI 2008:436, NAT 2001:230, and CUN 2007:16);< naker-i2nakriate- to be crooked; to be unlucky at catchinggame # nakriatuq ‘it is crooked’; ‘he is unlucky’/ < naker-?-atenakrullugpak dorsal fin of arctic grayling; also,
grayling (Thymallus arcticus) # < nakrun-llukrpak
nakrun fletching (feathers) on arrow # < naker-n;> nakrullugpak, nakrutvalek
nakrutvalek grayling (Thymallus arcticus) # EG;< nakrun-vak-lek
naku- to be cross-eyed # nakuuq ‘he is cross-eyed’/ kinguqliqa nakuan yungcaristet pilagturluku
nakunrircetellruat ‘because my younger brotherwas cross-eyed the doctors performed surgery
on him to correct his crossed eyes’; nakulriamek
uilguuq ‘she’s the one with the cross-eyedhusband’; > nakunaq, nakuyulngu-; < PE naku(3)nakuke- to pick on; to torment; to fight # nakukaa‘he is picking on her’ / nakukutuk ‘they2
are fighting with each other’; . . . ilavet-llu

nakukengraatgen akiuqsaunaki, assircaarluten.
Atam, ingluliulaquvki qiarqelarniaraatgen cali
nakukluten, inerquuteka atunrilkuvgu. ‘. . . andif your companions pick on you, don’t retaliate;strive to be good. Look, if you oppose them,
they’ll make you cry and pick on you, if you don’t
heed my warnings.’ (YUU 1995:49)
nakunaq type of large snail (species ?) # said to makeone cross-eyed if it is eaten; NUN, NS; < naku-naq1
nakuyulngu- to feel dizzy # < naku-yug-lngu-;
NUNnala- to die (of plants, animals, people); to wither, tobe eclipsed; to become numb, have parasthesia(pins and needles feeling) # nalauq ‘it died, etc.
/ nalataa ‘he killed it’; akerta nalauq ‘the sunis eclipsed’; talliqa nalauq ‘my arm is asleep’;uksuarmi naunraat nalalartut up’nerkami-llu
unguirluteng ‘in the fall the plants die, revivingin the spring’; Nutaan-am im’ naliin yaaken
nulluanek amianek a¥g’aulluni apa’urluminunam maniarkaminek ut’rutliniuq. ‘When it died,he took some meat off its buttock home for his
grandfather to roast in the open fire.’ (QUL
2003:320); akerta nalauq ‘there is an eclipse of
the sun’; iraluq nalauq ‘there is an eclipse of the
moon’; > nalama-, nal’aqerte-, nalate-; < PE nalanalama- to be paralyzed # nalamaluni ‘being
paralyzed’; < nala-manalaq found thing; discovery # > nalaqenalaqe- to find; to discover # nalaquq ‘it has beenfound’; nalaqaa ‘he found it’ / nalaqutuq ‘hefound something’; mingqun tamallni nalaqaa‘she found the needle that she lost’; nalaqestiin
pikciqaa ‘the one who finds it will have it’; Tuai-ll’-am tauna unguiryuumalliniami ellarramini
makcami unguirami yuaryaaqlukek tua-i iigni
nalaqesciiganakek. ‘And since he [the shaman] wasable to come back to life in his own little world
again, upon awakening he looked for his eyes
but was unable to find them.’ (AGA 1996:210);= nalke-, nataqe-; < nalaq-ke2-; > nalaqute-,
nalaqutaq; < PY nataq0nal’aqerte- to suffer a stroke # nal’aqertuq ‘he had astroke’ / nal’aqercaraq ‘stroke’; < nala-qertenalaqutaq found thing; discovery # < nalaqe-te5-aq1
nalaqute- to find something # nalaqutuq ‘he foundsomething’ / nasaurluq kayangunek nalaqutuq
nunapigmi ‘the girl found eggs on the tundra’;. . . una waniwa quugiinrarmek

416Basespitukengaqelliniat. Maa-i-llu watua nallemte÷i
yuarastait nalkutaqluteng, nalaqutaqluteng
makunek maa-i enernek. ‘. . . this is said to be a
mastodon tusk. At the present time those wholook do discover, find, this sort of bone.’ (CIU
205:208): < nalaqe-te5nalate- to kill (plants, animals, people) # nalataa‘he killed it’ / Yaquleyagarnek-llu mikcuarnek
miluquluki-llu muragnek nalataqamiki
eritarraarluki nernaurtuq. ‘He threw sticks at thelittle birds, and whenever he killed them, after
plucking them he’d eat them.’ (MAR 2 2001:100);< nala-te2nalayaq post-spawning salmon (NUN meaning);chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (EG meaning)# = talayaq; > nalayarrsuun; from Athabascan, cf.
nalay (Deg Hit’an Ath.), nulay (Inland Dena’inaAth.), nolaya (Upper Kuskokwim Ath.), meaning‘chum salmon’nalayarrsuun fish spear used to catch spawningsalmon # NUN; < nalayaq-ssuun
naleq flatus; gas expelled rectally; vulgar fart # andnaler- to break wind; to expel flatus; vulgar to fart
# NS; = [e]leq/[e]ler-, leq/ler-, neleq/nelernaliguyaq shelter made from a tarpaulin # < nalik-?
nalik cover hanging over something; tent; shelter #and nalig- to be covering (it) # naligaa ‘it covers
it, hangs over it’; Imarpigmek-llu patuluku
aturilriatun, mer’em-llu naligluki ingrit. ‘You
cover it with the deep as with a garment; thewaters stood above the mountains.’ (PSALM
104:6); Mer’em naligaluku entaqan alairaqluni
ciimarpak, tua-i tuc’araqluku tauna qayamun
ek’aqami . . . ‘The water would cover it, butwhenever the tide went down a big rock would
become visible, and that’s what he’d stand on
whenever he he got into his kayak . . .’ (MAR2
2001:45); > naliguyaq, nalikcaar(aq), nalikutaq
nalikcaar(aq*) shelter # Ayumian tua-i anluni
yaavet, uqviangqellinian uatminun agluni
apqiitnek nalikcaarilliniuq neluagiluni. ‘He wentout over there and, since there were some bushes,
made what they called a shelter, a small house.’(QUL 2003:188); < nalik-?
nalikutaq shawl # < nalik-kutaq
nalirrugtaaryaraq dilemma # < nalirrugte-a-yaraq
naliquciite- to not know which one # naliquciitaa‘he doesn’t know which one (it is, is the rightone) / Malrugnek niitellruunga qanemcignek.

nalate — nalke-Ta¥gaam naliquciitaqa. ‘I’ve heard two stories, but
I don’t know which one it is.’ (QUL 2003:598); Tua-igguq tauna iraluiteqerluni, iraluq imna nangluni.
Una-llu kinguqlirkaa Quyayaram iralua imna
Cauyarvik pit’eqatarqan, tauna tua-i — wall’u
nangellrani, naliquciiruterrlugagka-am ukuk. ‘The
cycle of the moon would end and disappear fora while, and that is the month before Cauyarvik,
the Thanksgiving month. Then at the beginningof Cauyarvik — I’m kind of confused about which itis, either at the end or the beginning of the cycle.’(CIU 2005:364); . . . naliquciipagtak ukuk, auliamektamarmek. ‘Gee, it was hard to tell which one waswhich because they were both bloody.’ (QUL
2003:648); < nalir-ke2-uciitenalirrugte- to be undecided # nalirrugtuq‘he is undecided, can’t make up his mind’/ nalirrugtuq unuaqu wall’u yaaliaku
ayallerkaminek ‘he is undecided whether to go
tomorrow or the next day’; Arulailliuq tumai
iqukliarcata nalirrugtaarluni, . . . ‘He stopped
because the tracks came to an end and he couldn’t
decide [which way to go], . . .’ (MAR1 2001:12);
the following are legal neologisms: nalirrugnaqluni‘having reasonable doubt’; nalirrugniarulluni‘beyond a reasonable doubt’; nalirrugnarqellra
tangerrluku allamek pillerkiriyaraq ‘benefit ofthe doubt’; nalirrugnaunani ‘trustworthy’;< nalir-?; > nalirrugtaaryaraq
nalir- (naliq) which (one(s)) # selectional basenaliat? ‘which one of them?’; naliit? ‘which
ones of them’; nalirpeci atullruagu perriuteka?
‘which one of you used my towel?’; naliata
qimugtema keggellruaten? ‘which one of mydogs bit you?’; Uitaqanrakun qakemna yuuluni
elliini qanlliniuq, “Kitak amci nalirput ciumek
itqatarta?” ‘After a moment, one she thought tobe a person said from out there, “Okay, which oneof us is going to go in first?”’ (QUL 2003:606);> nalirrugte-, naliquciite-; cf. nanalke- to find; to discover # nalkuq ‘it has beenfound’; nalkaa ‘he found it’ / nalkutuq ‘he foundsomething’; nalkelluku or nallekluku ‘findingit’; . . . , tua-i qama-i qanelkek alailamek tua-i
nalkumangairutniluku, nallekngairutniluk’ tua-i
taqsugluku. ‘. . . , and since their conversation
above was audible, she heard them say that she
would never be found, that they would not findher and that they should quit.’ (ELL 1997:154); <nalle-ke2-; > nalkecataaq, nalkute-; < PY-S nalk0-417

nalkecetaaq — nalle-Bases

nalkecetaaq dice # NUN
nalkiik dual woman’s panties; crotch # < PE
na@0kka!
nalkutaq found thing; discovery # una angqaqa
nalkutaqaqa ‘this ball of mine is something I
found’; < nalkute-aq1
nalkute- to find something # nalkutuq ‘he foundsomething’ / . . . cali qakinernek nalkucaqliami
iqutengnaqluku, . . . ‘. . . and when she finallyfound a standing dead dry tree she tried toknock it over, . . .’ (ELN 1990:38); < nalke-te5-;> nalkutaq
nallair- for a certain time to come; to reach a certain
time or place; to be in alignment; to be alignedwith # nallairtuq ‘it (a certain time) has come’/ nallairaa ‘he has reached it (a certain time orplace) / Cali-llu una, man’a canerlak allrakunek
qavcinek cuqengqertuq, tauna nallairaqan
tut’aqluni. ‘Also this one, this epidemic happens
every several years, striking whenever that timecame.’ (KIP 1998:329); Erneq tauna nallairankellulluni piinanrani, aren, kenengssak pagnatua-i kitulliniuq. ‘When the appointed day came,a big fire passed in the sky.’ (QUL 2003:272);
Tua-i-ll’ ullangnaqluku negairpiim piqtaarluni— tangrruallemni — piqtaarluni murak tamana
tekitelliniluku, nallairluku spider-am. ‘And thenthe big spider tried to go to it, swinging back andfourth — as I imagined it — swinging back andforth, the spider reached the mark right above
the wood.’ (ELL 1997:98); Nallaillinikan akerta
mer’em makuari tangerrnariqerrluteng. ‘When
one is aligned with the sun, the tiny particles of
the water will become visible.’ (QAN 2003: 696);
Tauna piciryararteng nallairaqan pilaameng,tauna tua-i aperluku. ‘They usually named thesame month because the festival was held aroundthe same time each year.’ (TAP 2004:27); < nalle-irnall’arcetaarun, nall’arcetaaq lot; drawing; lottery#Kitaki nall’arcetaarinaurtukut, nallunrirniarput
kitumun man’a aarnarqellria wangkutnun
tut’evkaucianek. ‘Come, let us cast lots so that we
can find out on whose account this calamity hascome upon us.’ (JONA. 1:7); nall’arcetaaq permitaq ‘drawing permit’ (fish-and-game neologism);< nall’arte-cetaar-nnall’aringa- to intercept; to be hit, shot orintercepted # nall’aringauq ‘it was hit, shotor intercepted’; nall’aringaa ‘he interceptedit’ / A¥gkut ava-i cauyautet cali yuarutet
nalluaci maa-i, wii ta¥gaam nallunritanka,ellangellemni tamakut nall’aringaluki, elisngaluki,
tangvallruamki. ‘You don’t know those former
dances nowadays, but I do know them; when I
first became aware of things I intercepted them(in my lifetime); I am knowledgeable about themsince I experienced them.’ (KIP 1998:295);< nall’arte-?nall’arte- to find the mark; onto run into, meet, or
encounter; to arrive at the right time (for it); tocorrespond # nall’artuq ‘it found the mark’, ‘hearrived at the right time’; nall’artaa ‘it hit it’,‘he encountered him’ / iruakun nall’arrluku
tuntuq nutgaa ‘he shot the caribou, hitting itright in the leg’; umyuani nall’artenrilengraan
angertuq ‘even though it didn’t correspond towhat he had in mind, he agreed’; tekitellruunga
nall’arrluku nerellrat ‘I arrived right at the timethey were eating’; aqvautellratnun nall’arullua
nunasngallruunga ‘I was visiting at the time
the races were taking place’; Imarpigmi waten
nall’arutaqameng qanemcicetulliniameng,qanemciucetulliniameng, tamaa-i
tuqungnaqucuilameng imarpigmi pissurluteng
nall’arutaqameng, . . . ‘At sea whenever theyencounter each other they tell each other stories,
just tell each other stories, and do not try to killeach other at sea when they meet up together out
hunting, . . .’ (QUL 2003:686); cf. nall’aruaq;< nalle-ar(ar)te2-; > nall’arcetaarun, nall’aringa-,nall’arusnga-; < PE na@a3nall’aruaq joint at the edge of tracking stabilizer
stern piece of a kayak # cf. nall’arte-; NUN
nall’arusnga- to be relevant; to be present at theright time # nall’arusngaluni ‘being relevant’;
nall’arusngavkenani ‘being irrelevant’;< nall’arte-te5-nganalle- that which corresponds in time and space;that which is even with # mat’um nalliini ‘atthe present time’; tamatum nalliini ‘at thattime’; apa’urluma nunamtellran naliini ‘inthe time when my grandfather was on earth’,‘during my grandfather’s time’; nallemte÷i ‘inour time’; kaignam nalliini ‘during a time ofhunger’; piitnam nalliini ‘during a time of want’;
pissurnam (or pissum) nalliini ‘during hunting
time’; nengllillran nalliini ‘during the time it wascold’; nallaituq ‘it is unique, nothing compares

418Basesnalleknguar- — nallunailkutaq

nallu exclamatory particle used when one doesn’t wantto answer to tell the person who is asking questions
to remain in his ignorance, or to claim ignorance foroneself; probably a back-formation from the verb basenallunallu-1 to not know # nalluuq ‘he doesn’t know’;
nallua ‘he doesn’t know it or her’ / nalluan-qaa?
‘don’t you know him?’; nallutaituq ‘he knows
everything’ may have either positive or negative
connotation; ellani nallua ‘he is unconscious’
literally: ‘doesn’t know his world’; nallumauq‘he is in a state of ignorance’; Tua-i taum wani
nasqurrutem kangiqapiarii nalluaqa. ‘I don’tknow the exact the reason for the use of dance
headdresses’ (TAP 2004:71); see also nallu, nallu-2;> nalluliur-, nallumquq, nallunaite-, nallunair-,nallunaite-, nallunrir-, nallunrite-, nalluqar-,nallute-, nalluyagute-, nalluyugci; cf. na-,nalluyurnallu-2 state of not knowing; unawareness # usedwith possessed localis case endings; nallumni
tegulliniak aqlitegka ‘without my knowing (thatis, in my unawareness) he took my earrings’;
Neplirciqua cakneq tuaten piyaaqekatgu
nallumni! ‘I would rant and rave if they
did that to her without my knowledge! (ELL
1997:176); Qaillun umyuan ayuqellrua aanavet
kassuucesqellraten kitumun nalluvni? ‘What
was your state of mind when your motherarranged for someone to marry you without yourknowledge?’ (KIP 1998:157); Tua-i-ll’ maurlurlumi
taum nalluani caskukiurturalliniluni, . . . ‘Andso, without his grandmother knowing it he began tomake weapons, . . .’ (QAN 1995:38); > nallutmun;
see also nallunalluliur- to act concealing one’s action’s from #nalluliuraa ‘he is acting behind her back’ /< nallu-liurnallumquq dull-witted person # <nallu-quq
nallunailkutaq mark; insignia; signpost; bouy;
trail marker; cairn; marker to show where
something is # Akluitnek-llu cassuutaitnek
nallunailkucirtura’aqluki tamalkuita tuqulriit:
saskaitnek, qantaitnek, angutet anguarutaitnek,
tan’gaurluut urluvritnek. ‘They provided all thedead (that is, at their graves) with markers: theircups, their plates, the men’s paddles, the boys’
bows.’ (KIP 1998:25); Cain-aq nallunailkuciraa
aarcirtuutngusqelluku tuqucugtainun. ‘Hewith it’; maantellerpet nalliikun ayaumallruuq‘during the time you were here he was away’;
Cataitellran nalliini angalkum, tamaani nuniitni,
angayuqaak qanrut’lallrulliniak neqkuinermek
atakuaqan qantaanun elliilaasqellukek.
‘During the time he was missing, the shaman,in their village, would tell his parents to put alittle bit of food in his bowl every day.’ (YUU
1995:104); Noah allrakungellruuq tiissitsaam
avga, yuinarnek tallimanek cipluku tuani
ulerpallran nalliini. ‘Noah was 600 years old at
the time of the great flood.’ (AYAG. 7:6); Wiingall’ qayalilallruunga qavcirqunek. Ta¥gaam
ikayurterlua, nallemkun wii pivkenii. Ikayurlua
piaqatnga tua-i qayamek taqutaqlua. ‘I madekayaks any number of times. But having only
myself for help, I didn’t do it. When others helpedme, I could complete a kayak.’ (KIP 1998:271);
used with the relative case of a verb nominalized by
the postbase -naq ‘cause of V-ing’; kaignam nalliini‘during the time of famine’ (from kaig- ‘to behungry’); nanikuanam nalliini ‘during the timeof distress’ (from nanikua- ‘to be distressed’);> nallair-, nall’arte-, nall’arusnga-, nalliinitun,
nalleknguar-; cf. nalke-, nalqig-, nalkiik
nalleknguar- to be perceived as occuring becauseof or in conjunction with something else #Tayima-llu ilii yuunginanerpeni kinguqvaarnill’ qanertelluku niiciiqellian, “Iinruama tua
nalleknguarlua assirlua.” ‘And while you areliving, maybe you will hear someone say, “It’sjust because I took medicine that I am well.”’(QUL 2003:324); Aren, tua-i tuatnalangarcami
umyuarteqliniuq, “Aling, cat-ggem tua-i caaqata
picinguigaqatki-llu nalleknguarniaqait.” ‘Well,when he started doing that he thought, “Gee,when things happen, there is a reason behindthem.”’ (QUL 2003:532); < nalle-ke-uaq
nalliinitun like at the time of (it) # essentiallya particle; Waten mat’um nalliinitun
ayuqellrunritukut. ‘We were not the same as(we are) at the present time.’ (KIP 1998:165);< nalle-possessed localis-equalis
nallime- to disappear from sight # Tua-illu amiigmun kalvaggluni, nallimluni
tayima, nepliruarcetlermini tauna maklak
ayuqeqapiarluku-gguq tua-i. ‘And when she
went down the through the doorway anddisappeared from sight, when she issued a noise it
was just like a bearded seal.’ (AGA. 1996:200)

419

nallunair- — nalluyagute-Bases

placed a mark upon Cain as a warning to anyone
who should want to kill him.’ (AYAG. 4:15);< nalluniate-ke3-taq1
nallunair- to explain; to instruct; to demonstrate;
to show how; to interpret (sign, evidence) #nallunairtuq ‘it has been explained’; nallunairaa‘he explained it’ / nallunairiuq ‘he is instructing’;
nallunairturaa etgalqitarnarqellria ‘he isshowing where the sandbar is’; nallunairutellrua‘he explained something to her’; Tua-i-llu
niicugnilnguameng camek-llu niitenrilamengumyuangcaarluteng nallunaircangnaqluku
nanluciteng. ‘They grew tired of listening thisway without hearing anything, and instead
endeavored to think about it and to figure out
where they were.’ (ELN 1990:38); < nallu-naq1ir2-; > nallunairista, nallunairtur-, nallunairun
nallunairista one who shows; witness in court #< nallunairnallunairun notice; notification; piece of evidence #< nallunair-nnallunaite- to be obvious; to be clear; to bediscernible; to be perceptible # nallunaituq ‘itis clear’/ nallunaituq ayalleq Mamterillermek
Kuiggayagarmun uksumi ‘it is clear how to
get from Bethel to Oscarville in the winter’;
Maaten-gguq-am murilkelluni piuq man’amaani imumek tua-i ikavet arviqertellrullinilria
nallunaunani maa-i tua-i. ‘Then he looked andsaw that clearly someone had gone across to theother side.’ (QAN 1995:238); < nallu-naite-;> nallunialkutaq
nallunrilutet knowledge # Yupiit nallunrilutait‘Yup’ik knowledge’; < nallunrite-n-plural
nallunringnaqellria researcher; investigator# literally: ‘those doing research’;nallunringnaqellriit ‘researchers’; < nallunrirngnaqe-lria
nallunrir- to find out; to investigate # nallunrirtuq‘he has become knowledgeable’; nallunriraa‘he investigated it’ / Tua-i nutaan nallunrirluku
caksaaqelliniluku. ‘Just now finding out that one
is related to him somehow.’ (QUL 2003:20);< nallu-nrir-; > nallunringnaqellriit; < PE
na@una3i3- (under PE na@u-)
nallunrite- nallunrituq ‘he knows’; nallunritaa‘he knows it or her’ / maantelqa nallunritaa‘he knows I am here’; Wiinga nallunrilkemnek
qanemcitqataramci, aptenrilngerpecia atam

qanemcit nalluanka amlleret. Ta¥gaam
nallunrita’arqemnek qanemcilartua. ‘I am goingto tell you about that which I know; even though
you don’t ask me [I admit that] there are a lot oftales that I don’t know. However, I do tell thosewhich I do know.’ (KIP 1998:95); < nallu-nrite-;> nallunritesta, nallunritevkar-, nallunritneq
nallunritesta reference of one’s character or work
experience; alabi witness # nallunritestet‘references’; nallunritestii ‘his alibi witness’;< nallunrite-ta1
nallunritevkar- to notify # nallunritevkarluki‘notifying them’; < nallunrite-vkarnalluqar- to lose consciousness; to faint; to not know
at this particular time; to forget (NUN additional
meaning) # nalluqertuq ‘he lost consciousness’;
nalluqerluni ‘fainting’; < nallu-qarnallute-1 to not know each other # nallutut‘they don’t know each other’ / Tamakut
yuut yaaqsiuteng’ermeng nalluteng’ermeng
naklekulluteng pillruut. ‘Those people, eventhough they [lived] distant from each other,and even though they didn’t know each other,would treat each other with compassion.’ (YUU
1995:47); < nallu-te5nallute-2 to not know what one is doing; to black out# nallutuq ‘he is acting without being consciousof what he is doing’ / nallulluni ‘blacking out’;< nallu-te5nallutmun in ignorance; not knowing # adverbial
particle; Maa-i-llu tegganret pilartut nallutmungguq Agayutmek qanlallruyaaqelliniut ak’a
man’a agayumaciq ukveryararput tekipailgan.
‘The elders act in ignorance of God, speaking
before this present Christian faith of ours had
arrived.’ (CAU 1985:213); < nallu2-tmun
nalluyagute- to forget # especially to forget a factor forget to do something (whereas avaur- is toforget in the sense of leaving something behind;
however, nalluyagute- has acquired this meaning
as well for many speakers). nalluyagutuq ‘heforgot; nalluyagutaa ‘he forgot it’ / nalluyagutaa
nerqillerkani qimugtenek ‘he forgot that he was
supposed to feed the dogs’; nalluyagucaqunaku‘don’t forget it’; Anluta ta¥gaam aquisqaqluta
iluput kailriit nalluyagutengnaqluki. Aquingramta
iluput nalluyagucuitellruaput kailria. ‘They told
us to go out and play and try to forget about
our hungry stomachs. Even though we played

420Baseswe could not forget about our hungry stomach.’(YUU 1995: 49); NSK Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, LI,
EG; < nallu-yagute-; < PY na@uya!ut0- (under PE
na@u-)
nalluyugci-, nalluyurci- to be unknowing about
what one is dealing with; to not know about thatwith which one is dealing # nalluyurciuq ‘he isuninformed’, ‘he doesn’t know about the thing(s)he’s dealing with’ / nalluyurcitkaa ‘he doesn’tknow about it’; Nerrlerkaqa umyuaqevkenaku
ullagamtek, nalluyurcissiyaagpakaavtek
qanrucarturamtek. ‘I came to you two, notthinking about eating, but rather I am goingto tell you something since you two don’t know
what’s going on.’ (QUL 2003:444); Tauna-ll’
im’ nukalpiaq nalluyurciluni taumek imumek
pissurnaluni umyuarteqelriamek elliitun
pitaluni. ‘That man in his prime didn’t knowthat he was thinking of going hunting just as hehimself was.’ (QUL 2003:628)
nalluyur- emotional root; > nalluyuqe-,
nalluyurnarqe-, nalluyuryug-; cf. nallunalluyuqe- to feel unwelcomed by (him) #nalluyuqaa ‘he feels uncomfortable with orunwelcomed by her’ / . . . ilakutenruciqut-gguq,
cali-llu-gguq nalluyuqutevkenateng. Allamek-gguq
ella yuituq. ‘. . . they would be closer to eachother, it is said, and also, it is said, they would feel
comfortable around each other. They said that theworld is populated by no one else [but relatives].’(QUL 2003:22); < nalluyur-ke2nalluyurnarqe- to cause others to feel unwelcome# nalluyurnarquq ‘he causes others to feelunwelcome’; Tua-i makut tangvallragni
imkurluteng nalluyurnaqluteng makut angutet
qa¥gkut-llu tan’gurraat egkumi uitalriit. ‘It
appeared to them as though these men and theboys in the back were not welcoming him.’ (ELL
1997:372); < nalluyur-narqenalluyuryug- to feel unwelcome # nalluyuryugtuq‘he feels unwelcome’; < nalluyur-yugnalmak rib support in kayak or open boat # < PEnalmi! # NUN
nalqig- to be straight; to be correct; to be properlyaligned # nalqigtuq ‘it is straight’ / naligcaraa‘he straightened it’ or ‘he explained to someone
about it’; cf. nalle-; < PE nalqi!nalqigte- to straighten (it); to correct (it); to align;
to explain # nalqigtaa ‘straightened, corrected,

nalluyugci- — nalug-2

or explained it’ / qavanguqa nalqigtaa ‘heinterpreted my dream’; nalqigutaa ‘he explained
something to her’; . . . nalqigucugngaamken
qanellritgun naaqiyaramek. ‘. . . I can explain to
you how to read by phonics.’ (YUP 1996:44);< nalqig-te2-; > nalqigtesciigate-, nalqigun
nalqigtesciigate- to be inexplicable #nalqigtesciigatuq ‘it is inexplicable’;nalqigtesciigataa ‘he can’t explain it, can’t
straighten it out’ (literally or figuratively) /< nalqigte-ciigatenalqigun explanation; interpretation # Unugmi
ataucimi taukuk qavangurturtuk, qavangukekllu ayuqenrilngurnek nalqiguterlutek. ‘In thatsame night they2 dreamt and their dreams
had different interpretations.’ (AYAG. 40:5);
Nangnermi yuarutmi nalqiguteksuumaut taukut
kangiit. ‘In the final song their meanings could be
explained.’ (TAP 2004:52); < nalqigte-n
naltarnaq type of small fish (species ?) #; < ?-naq2
naluaq bleached sealskin # NSU; < PE nalu(C)a3
nalug-1 to hoist; to raise; to lift; to throw into theair; to make an offering # nalugaa ‘he hoisted
it’ / tamakut uqamailnguut naluurpiiqnaki!
‘stop lifting those heavy things!’; Tua-i kana-i
nallmikun tua-i kana-i pugngan, waten tua-iegutni, . . . teguluku, asaaquni-llu nalugluku.
‘When it [the seal) surfaced, . . . he took his
atlatl with the spear and lifted it overhead.’ (CIU
2005:58); < PE nallu!nalug-2 to swim from one shore to another (mainlyof animals); to “send” the bladders under the ice
during the Bladder Feast (Nakaciuryaraq) # there
may actually be two separate bases here; nalugtuq ‘itswam across’; nalugaa ‘he put it (bladder) under
the ice’ or ‘he swam across it’ / Cunawa-gguq-am
im’ qimulvall’er . . . kanaggun-am Nunivaamun
nalugturluni arvillrullini-ll’, kuimarturluni.
‘As it turned out the big dog swam across to
Nunivak, crossed over by swimming.’ (QUL
2003: 602); Cunawa tuani anluaq tauna ullagluku
nutaan tamakut nakacuut qagerqetullinikait
qagerqerraarluki-llu cikum acianun qerrluki.
Tua-i-gguq nalugluki. ‘So then, apparently theywent to the hole in the ice and punctured all
the bladders, and having punctured them, theypushed them down under the ice. This was [theprocess of] sending them [the bladders] under theice.’ (ELL 1997:292); > naluggsuun; < PE nalu!-

421

nalug-3 — naneryaq

Basesnalug-3, naluguar- to ceremonially bring bowlsof “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) into the men’scommunial house during the “Aaniq” holiday #CAN; NI; < nalug2-uar-; > naluun
nalugarui- for tracks on snow to become hard andelevated (as surrounding snow sinks) # NUN
naluggsuun wading boot # EG; < nalug2-cuun
naluun food offering (in the form of a bowl of“Eskimo ice cream”) used in an old-timeceremony # Tua-i-ll’ wavet tuc’aramun elliqaami
kayimqerluku qanercarluku, aterpaggluku tauna,
una-gguq kia tuam naluutekaa. ‘Then when
she reached a stop, he pushed it (the bowl of“Eskimo ice cream”) in, naming the one whom
she presented it to, and saying that this offering is
for so and so.’ (ELL 1997:296)
nancunaite- to be indispensible # nancunaituq ‘itis indispensible’ / Tua-i ayallaq una nancunaituq
wangkuta arnani aturturalaamte÷i, tua-i caayallaunani pisciigalan. ‘A cutting board isindispensible because we woman always use a
cutting board, it’s impossible to do anything
without it.’ (CIU 2005:192); Waniwa-wa una
nasaurluullemte÷i wangkuta nancunaitelleq. ‘This
one here, when we were girls, was indispensible.’(CIU 2005:318); < nante-yunaitenaneq bone # . . . aiggai ciimaam qainganun elliluku
kaugtualliniluki ciimarmek allamek, nanrit
qagerrluki. ‘. . . placing his [the other’s] hands on
top of a rock he pounded on them with anotherrock and crushing their bones.’ (MAR1 2001:69);
NS, EG; = eneq, neneq; > nanerpak; cf. naner-;< PY-S n0n0q
nanelkaunrite- to want (him) to be nearby #nanelkaunritaa ‘he wants him to be near him’;
Waniwa ut’reskumta atamte÷un kinguqlirput
malikevkenaku, tua-i nanelkaunrit’laamiu
angukara’urluurcami angniitem ugaanituquciquq. ‘Now if we return to our father, andour younger brother isn’t coming along, thenbecause he longs to have him nearby, and because
he’s become an old man, he’ll die on account ofsadness.’ (AYAG. 44:30-31); < nante-arkau-nritenanelviite- to have no place like it; to not be able
to do without; to be or consider indispensible# nanelviituq ‘there is no place like it; it isindispensible’; nanelviitaa ‘he can’t do withoutit’ / Kiagmi-llu nutaan akerciraqami nanelviinani.
‘And during the summer when the sun isshining there is no place one would rather be.’ (YUP
1996:27); Maaten tua-i ellangua a¥gkut iqmik
nanelviitqapiggluku. ‘When I became aware ofthings I saw that those people definitely couldn’t
do without chewing tobacco.’ (CIU 2005:102); <nante-vik-ite1naner- to set weight on (it); to weigh down; topress; to catch in a trap (additional meaning in
NSU) # nanraa ‘he is putting weight on it’ /nanraa teggalqumek kalikaq te÷gnayukluku ‘heweighed down the paper with a rock, thinking
that it might be blown away’; nanrun ‘object
placed on something to make it stable or holdit down, such as a paperweight; > nanertaq; cf.
nanrar-, naneq; < PE nan03nanercir- to hold down with something with aweight # Acituumaita qecugluki nanercirlukita¥gaam ciimaat qaingatnun elliluki nalacirluki.
‘They pulled out the grass with the roots, andset rocks on them to hold them down, and allowed
them to dry up.’ (CIU 2005:146); < nanerta-ir1nanerpak seal spear or harpoon used with an atlatl# and nanerpag- to throw a seal spear with anatlatl # nanerpagtuq ‘he threw a seal spear’;nanerpagaa ‘he speared it’ / Maaten avavet
Kuigpagmun ellirtua tua-i makunek nuqanek
pingqetuluteng. Mikelnguaraungermeng-llu
pingqerraqluteng, nanerpagluteng nuqarlutengllu. ‘When I moved to the Yukon they were stillusing atlatls. Even children had their own atlatls,
and seal-hunting harpoons.’ (CIU 2005:66);< naneq-rpak (?)
nanerta, nanertaq weight that holds somethingin place; framework holding down something
like an old-time skylight window # imkunek
nanerte÷ek pingqetullruameng canek ussukcanek
piitellermeggni negucirluki, . . . teggalqurrarnek
pitullruamegteki. ‘. . . they had those weights tohold them in place when they didn’t have any
nails, . . . they used small rocks for that.’ (QUL
2003:226); Tua-i-ll’ pikna necuariignek egalra
tarenrilliniluni kana-i uqumi qantam iluani.
Tua-i-ll’ piqerluku pik’um nanertairluku piknauyangtelliniluni kana-i. ‘The skylight up above
was reflected on the oil inside the bowl. As she
looked at it, she saw him taking the weights off
and then pulling up the corner of the skylightand looking down.’ (CIU 2005:126); < naner-ta1
naneryaq, nanersaq (nsu form) deadfall

422Basestrap; any kind of trap (NSU meaning) #. . . naneryartutulliniuq. Canek piciatun
qayuqegglircuutnek, uliirnek tuaten,
ungungssiarnek makunek. ‘. . . he would go to
set deadfall traps. [He’d catch] various kinds: jackrabbits, white fox, those kinds of animal.’ (QUL
2003:200); < naner-yaq, naner-yaq; < PE nan03ya3(under PE nan03-)
nanevpak, nanevpallr(aq*), nanevpaar(aq*) big
lake # nanevpak, nanevpall’er, or nanevpaar ‘a(or the) big lake’; nanevpiit, nanevpallraat, or
nanevpaaraat ‘(the) big lakes’; Umyuarteqa’artua,tuar-tang wangni nanevpallraam qukaani
qikercisngalriakut natmun ayagvigkailnganata,. . . ‘I felt like we were stranded on an island in
the middle of a huge lake not having anywhere togo, . . .’ (YUU 2005:144); < nanvaq-rpaknangamcuk disabled person; person in chronic
pain # and nangamcug- to be disabled; to be inchronic pain # Yugtun picingssautekiyulriatun
nangamculegnek, tangvialugalua eq’uklua. ‘Heshowed his contempt of me, looked askanceat me, like a person who is mocking those withdisabilities.’ (PSALM 35:16); cf. mangamculria
nangcaq towed thing # and nangcar- to tow# nangcartuq or nangcariuq ‘he is towing
something’; nangcaraa ‘he is towing it’ /nangcalek ‘one doing the towing’; nangcauguq‘it is being towed’; Tekicamek caviggaminek
nangcautaa kepluku unilluku-ll’ egmian-llu
arrluut cik’arulluku. ‘When they got there, he cut
her tow-line with his knife, leaving her there andright away the killer whales closed in on her.’(ELL 1997:22); < PE na&ca3nangci- to assault someone # nangciyaraq ‘criminal
assault’; nangcimalria ‘assault victim’; <nangte-i2nange- to be consumed; to be used up; for there
to be no more # nang’uq ‘it is all used up’,‘there’s no more’; nangaa ‘he used it up’ /nangut kuuvviamek ‘they are out of coffee’;nangutaa kuuvviamek ‘he used up her coffee’;arautemten;ek nangucarpiartukut ‘we havealmost used up our supply of ash’ for making
chewing tobacco; iraluq nang’uq ‘it is the end of
the month’; iraluq nangyarturtuq ‘the moonis waning’; nangluku neraa ‘he really attacked
him verbally’ (figurative); . . . tua-i nangluki tua
anguyiit tuqulluki ‘. . . they just finished thenanevpak — nangenru-

warriors off, killing them.’ (ELL 1997:422); . . .
Turpak qanrucarturluku ak’a cangssaarnek
nerellruniluteng tekipailgan ak’a nangluki, . . .
‘. . . she went to tell Turpak that they had alreadyeaten the treats before she’d arrived, that they’dalready finished them, . . .’ (ELN 1990:46); >nangneq, nangqerte-, nangquq, nanguaqau-; cf.
nangte-, nangugte-; < PE na&0nanger- standing # postural root; Maaten aaniit
murilkuq, kinguqliat yuin nangermi nerelria ilaiwa ukut aqumgarmeng nerelriit. ‘When theirmother looked she saw that the youngest of herchildren was eating standing up, while siblings
were eating sitting down.’ (PRA 1995:360); NS,
Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; > nangengqa-,
nangerte-, nangrinar-, nangrrar-; < PE na&03nangengqa- to be standing # nangengqauq ‘he isstanding’ / Itrami iteryaraani qasgim elaturraani
pilliniuq arnaq una nangengqalria tanglurluni.
‘When he went in, in the entranceway of the
kashim, in its porch, he observed that thiswoman was standing with her snowshoes on.’(KIP 1998:346); < nanger-ngqanangernga- to be standing # nangerngauq ‘he isstanding’ / Keggsuuq, nangerngaurpek’nak itra!
‘You out there, don’t just stand there, come in!’
(QUL 2003:68); < nangerte-nganangerte- to stand up # nangertuq ‘he stood up’;nangertaa ‘he stood it up’ / nangerngauq‘he is standing’; Ellii-am tua-i nangercaaqluni
ayaluryugluni iik-llu qatlim ugaaniuisngasciiganatek. ‘She did stand up but felt dizzyand her eyes wouldn’t stay open on account of
the stinging feeling’ (ELN 1990:49); < nanger-te2-;> nangernganang’erte- to suddenly or abruptly stand up# Tuatnallrani taum tua-i iingirtellriim atii
nang’ertelliniluni. . . . Nangercan taum tua-i,
iingercetellran atii qaneryaaqelliniuq. . . . ‘Atthat point the father of the one whose eye had
been popped out abruptly stood up. . . . Whenhe stood up, he spoke to the father of the one
who’d popped [his son’s] eye.’ (QAN 1995:278);< nanger-?nangenru- to be the last # nangenruuq ‘he is
the last one’ /Tauna tua-i angalkulleq maani. . . nangenruluni. Allat ciungani angalkunek
pitangqellruyaaqelria tauna ta¥gaam
nangenrullruuq. ‘That shaman was the last one

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nangnenguaq — nangteqe-

Baseshere. They had shamans, others, before him, but
he was the last one.’ (KIP 1998:275); < nangneq-unangnenguaq appendix (anatomical) # literally:‘imitation thumb’; NUN; < nangneq-uaq
nangneq last one; final one; end; vortex of hair onhead; crown (top) of the head; thumb (additional
NUN meaning) # nangerpenun peleqpel’er elliu‘put the frog on top of your head’ to determine
your destiny by which way it jumps; if it jumps far
foward you will have a long life; nangneqlikacaar‘the very last one, lastborn child’; nangnermek‘for the last time’; nangneqluku ‘doing it as thelast’; Waniwa-ll’ nangneq ellirluni, . . . ‘Soon there
was only one left.’ (AGA 1996:174); Caqerluni
tua-i apa’urluan pillinia, waniwa nangnermek
inerquqatarniluku. Tua-i inerquutekami
nangenratnek inerquqatarniluku. ‘One time his
grandfather told him he was going to admonish
for the last time, that he was going to admonish
him with his final admonition.’ (QUL2003:312); <nange-neq1; > nangenru-; nangnenguaq
nangqerte- to go bankrupt # nangqerrulluni ‘being
bankrupt’, legal/business neologism; < nange-qertenangquq end; arrowhead; spearhead; drill bit # <PE na&qu3
nangrinar- to not take anything along when one
goes; to go with only the clothes on one’s back #< nanger-inarnangrrar- traveling by foot; walking; standing
upright # used in the qualifier/quantifier
construction; Piyuavkenani. Nangrrarmi
aqelqurturluni ellakun talligni aturlukek. ‘It was
not walking. Rather it was standing upright andpropelling itself with its hands.’ (YUU 1995:78);
Tua-i-gguq ta¥gken naqugutaicuitellrulliniamengyuut, pitani maavet nangrrarmi pikuni
naqugutminun qerqurluki uivetmun piaqluki
qamiqurritgun.’Because people never were
withouts belts back then, he would, if travelingby foot, put his catch under his belt held their by
their heads.’ (QUL 2003:201); < nanger-rrarnangru- emotional root; > nangruke-, nangrunarqe-,
nangrutar-, nangruyug-; < PY na&3u(3)nangrucir- to bring a gift into the kashim by
one dancing for the first time (though thegift is provided by the youth’s sponsor) #Yuraqerraalriit-gguq tan’gaurluut wall’unasaurluut nangrucilallruit tukuutnek. ‘Those
who were going to dance for the first time, boys

or girls, would bring in gifts, things of value.’(CAU 1985:205); < nangrun-lirnangruke- to be critical of (him) # nangrukaa ‘he iscritical of her’ / Tua-i waniw’ kassuuskumegnuk
umyuarpet nangruk’larciqkiinga tuaten. ‘If we getmarried, in your mind you’ll always find fault
with me.’ (QUL 2003:254); < nangru-ke4nangrun gift of food or clothing bought into the
kashim and hung up there in connection witha youth danding dancing for the first time #literally: ‘device for standing (standing up the
new dancer)’; Yuk yuraqataquni, tua-i-llu camek
qasgimun itruciluni. Tua-i-gguq nangrutii. ‘If aperson was going to dance he’d bring something
into the kashim. It was his “standing to dance”
gift.’ (CAU 1985:205); < nangerte-nnangrunarqe- to such that one provokes criticism; tooffend others with one’s actions # nangrunarquq‘he provokes criticism’ / nangrunaunani ‘notbeing offensive’; < nangru-narqenangrutar- to tend to be critical of people by nature# nangrutartuq ‘he always finds fault withpeople’ / < nangru-tarnangruyug- to feel critical of someone #nangruyugtuq ‘he is critical of someone’ /Ta¥gaam iliini pinritevkenanuk aipamegnuk
umyugaa nangruyukaryaaqaqluni waten
akulemegni. ‘But there will be times when one
of us will be annoyed by what the other does.’ (QUL
2003:256); < nangru-yugnangte- to abuse physically or psychologically, totorment; to be sick, ill (meaning in NUN and
NSU) # nangtuq ‘he is sick’ (NUN, NS); nangtaa‘he is abusing him’ / Ayuqucia tang waten,
nutaan-llu pivkenani nunaneng nangtarkamineng,aqvataqelr’, nangtaqluk’ tangercitaarkamineng.
‘You see, it has been this way before, this is not
the first time that he has gotten his victims fromother villages, so he could torture them for public
display.’ (CEV 1984:76); > nangci-, nangteqe-,nangyun; cf. nangenangteqe- to be sick (meaning in NS, Y, NI, HBC); to
suffer pain (meaning in K, BB) # nangtequq ‘heis sick, in pain’ / Maa-i icigg’ makut mikelnguut
nangteqaqelriit. Nangteqaqata-llu wall’ assiirtaqata
uavet clinic-aanun maa-i piyaureskait. Clinicat angalkuurrluteng, angalkuksagulluki.
‘Nowadays, you know, these children do get sick.
When they get sick, or if they get worse, they take424

Basesthem to the clinic down there. The clinics havebecome the shamans.’ (ELL 1997:518); < nangteteqe-; > nangtequnnangtequn disease; illness; disease # Y, NI, HBC;
< nangteqe-nnanguaqau- to be bankrupt # nanguaqaulluni‘being bankrupt’; legal/business neologism; <nange-?nangugcissuun scouring powder; scouring pad #< nangugte-i2-cuun
nangugneq worn spot # < nangugte-neq1
nangugte- to rub; to chafe; to abrade # nangugtuq‘it is getting worn from being rubbed’; nangugtaa‘it is rubbing on it’ / ilavkum angyam ciunga
nangugtaa ‘the rope is rubbing on the boat’s
bow’; sap’akima nangurqaa ‘my shoe is chafingit’; > nangugcissuun, nangugneq, nangugun; cf.
nange-; < PE na&$u!nangugun whetstone # < nangugte-nnangyar- emotional root; > nangyaqe-,nangyarnarqe-, nangyartar-, nangyaryug-; < PE
na&ya3nangyaqe- to be afraid of (it — activity at aheight, or more generally, any force of nature)# nangyaqaa ‘he is afraid of it’ / nangyaqaa
tengssuutekun ayallerkaq ‘he is afraid to travel
by airplane’; < nangyar-ke4nangyarnarqe- to be frightening (of a heightor any force of nature) # nangyarnarquq ‘it(height) is frightening’ / qulvanun mayulleq
nangyarnarquq ‘climbing to great heights isfearsome’; < nangyar-narqenangyartar- to suffer from acrophobia or anotherphobia # nangyartartuq ‘he suffers fromacrophobia’ / < nangyar-tarnangyaryug- to be afraid (of a height, or moregenerally, any force of nature) / nangyaryugtuq‘he is afraid of the height or another forceof nature’ / Ciin nangyaryugceci elpeci
ukverkilngurni? ‘Why are ye fearful, O ye oflittle faith?’ (MATT. 6:34); < nangyar-yug-;> nangyaryugyaraq
nangyaryugyaraq acrophobia or any phobia #< nangyaryug-yaraq
nangyucinqigtaar- to have recurring pain # HBC,
NUN; < nangyun-linqigte-anangyun disease; illness; sickness # . . . nangyungguq evcugluku caiggluk wani, nangyun

nangtequn — nanilraq

evcugluku. Nangyun ayagcetengnaqluku.
‘. . . she brushed it off (with) the wormwood,brushing off the illness. She was expelling thedisease.’ (TAP 2004:73); NUN; NS; < nangte-n;> nangyucinqigtaarna(ni) where? # interrogative adverb; nani? ‘where,
at what place?’; natmun? ‘to where?’, whither?;naken? ‘from where’, ‘whence?’; naw’un? or
nagg’un? ‘through where?’; natmun piqatarcit?,or natmurcit?, or natetmurcit? ‘where are you
going?’; naken pisit? ‘from where are youcoming?’; nateqvaqapiarni? ‘exactly where?’;nanluciitua ‘I don’t know where I am’; see
Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > nante-, natruate-;
cf. nate, nauwa, nanani- root; > nanikua-, nanilliurnanikiitaq lamp wick; moss used as a lamp wick #NUN; < naniq-?
nanikua- to feel desperate; to feel helpless; to feelabandoned; to be unable to cope with a situation# nanikuaguq ‘he feels desperate’ / nanikuataa‘he feels helpless over her’; nanikuavikaa‘he despairs over it’; Piqerluni qanungluni
cella pirtunglliuq. Akleng nanikuaguq, tayima
natetmun-llu ayallni nalluluku. ‘Then it
began to snow and a blizzard started up. Oh
dear, he felt desperate, not knowing where he
was headed.’ (MAR1 2001:37); Cuullerkani
nanikuatekluku. ‘He was fearful about his future.’(CEV 1984:35); Nakleng qingalriit aamarcilriit-llu
ernerni taukuni nanikuanarqellriartangqerciqngan
angelriamek . . . ‘Woe unto the pregnant andnursing, for in those days there will be cause forgreat distress . . .’ (LUKE 21:23); < nani-?; < PY
nani-2
nanilliur- to be lonesome # nanilliurtuq ‘he islonesome’ / < nani-liur-; < PY nani-2
nanili- to become short(er) # uksuarmi erenretnanililartut ‘in autumn the days get shorter’;Ilumun yuullgutput waten unguviit man’aarca nanilicarpiiqnaku! ‘Indeed, we must stop
cutting short the life of our fellow humans!’ (ELL
1997:376); < nanite-i1nanilnguaraq short skin boot # Y; < nanite-nguq-?
nanilraq lamp support; post to hold oil lamp #Cali tua-i nepiaq kiani kenurrangqerrmitullruuq
nanilrarluni makunek maa-i uqinertulrianek.
. . . Tua-i-am qaqimaluni nanilrarrayaarluni-llu
aavangtagmek, ilua nayuumaluni. ‘A family

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naniq — Napamiut

Basesnanurte- to be shining (on) # nanurtaa ‘it is shining
on it’ /nanvaq lake; pond # . . . ikna qemirpall’er . . . taunacali ircenrrauguq ika-i. Qainga pakemna kangra
nanvarra’artangqertuq. Nanvarra’artangqerrnilaraat,
egalrat-gguq tua-i. ‘. . . that huge hill . . . that
one also has “little people”. They say there’s alittle lake on top of it. They say the little lake istheir window.’ (AGA 1996:182); Ayagluni tuai-ll’ ayainanermini, nanvamek tekitelliniluni
nanevpall’ermek. ‘He traveled, and while he wastraveling he came upon a lake, a great big lake.’(KIP 1998:99); Nanvat Cikutiit ‘October’, literally:‘lakes’ freezing time’ (NUN usage); cf. nanvista;> nanevpak, nanvarnaq, Nanvarpak, Nanvaruk,nanviuqerrneq
nanvarnaq lagoon # < nanvaq-naq2
Nanvarpak Lake Iliamna # literally: ‘big lake’< nanvaq-rpak
Nanvartuqaq Becharof Lake # on the Alaska
Peninsula
Nanvaruk1 New Hamilton # site on the Yukon Delta;
literally: ‘big lake’; < nanvaq-ruk
Nanvaruk2 Baird Inlet # the body of water along theeastern side of Nelson Is.; literally: ‘big lake’;< nanvaq-ruk
nanvista common eider (Somateria mollissima) #NUN; cf. nanvaq
nanviuqerrneq ice-free area within a larger area offloating ice; polynya # < nanvaq-liur-qerte-neq2
napa tree; spruce tree (Y meaning) # and napato stand upright # napauq ‘it is upright’ /napatailnguq ‘place without trees or brush’;napam cuyai ‘the tree’s leaves’; napam avatai‘the tree’s branches’; Piuq-gguq napat akuliitni
nangerngaluni, nani maani nanluciinani. ‘She
realized that she was standing between thetrees, and she did not realize where she was.’(YUU 1995:80); . . . camek-llu muraggarmek
napauralriamek tanglallrukuvci, . . . ‘. . . and if
you used to see some sort of pole sticking up fromthe ground, . . .’ (QUL 2003:704); > Napamiut,napanguyaq, napapiaq, napaqutaq, napartaq,
naparyaq, Napaskiaq, napautaq; < PE napanapackar- to get stuck penetrating into something #NUN
Napamiut Napamute # village site on the Kuskokwim;< napa-miu-plural

dwelling also had a lamp with a large capacity
for oil and a lamp stand. . . . It (the lamp setup)
was complete including a lamp stand, from a burlwith its inside hollowed out.’ (CIU 2005:186);< naniq-?; PY-S nanil3aq (under PE nani3)
naniq lamp; light any kind (LY, NS meaning);
flashlight (HBC meaning) # naniq qamesgu‘turn off the light’; Kiarrluni ciunermini pilliuq
naniq amna. Tava-llu pilliuq, “Kingunemnun
tekiteqatarngatua wiinga. Yaaqvanun
ayallruyuklua.” ‘Looking around, he noticed
a light over there in front of him. And he said,“I must be about to come back to my village.
I thought I’d traveled a long way.”’ (MAR1
2001:91); > nanikiitaq, nanilraq; < PE nani3
nanite- to be short in extent or duration # nanituq‘it is short’ / naninani or nanilluni ‘(it) being
short’; nanilan or nanican ‘because it is short’;Qulirat piciatun wii nallunritanka takengraatallu nanilengraata-llu. ‘I know all sorts of stories,
whether they are long or short.’ (AGA 1996:74);. . . pilliniuq ikamrak makuk, ikampallraak
nanitevkenatek. ‘. . . she noticed that there was asled, a big sled, that was not at all short in length.’(QUL 2003:464); > nanili- nanilnguaraq; < PE
nanitnanrar- to praise; to honor # nanraraa ‘he ispraising her’ / ellminek nanrartuq ‘he ispraising himself’; nanraq’ngaq ‘object of praise’;nanrauciq ‘praise, glory’; Tamarmeng-llu
alangaarutkaat; Agayun-llu nanraraat . . . ‘They
were all amazed at it; and they praised God . . .’(MARK. 2:12); cf. nanernante- to be where # nanta? ‘where is it?’;nantellruat? ‘where were they?’; nancit? ‘where
are you?’; nanlengraan ‘wherever it may be’;nanlucia nalluaqa, or nanluciitaqa ‘I don’tknow where it is’; nanelkan ‘if it is somewhere
unknown (that is, misplaced)’; Aanii-am
apqaursaaqluku nantellranek nalluniluku. ‘He
asked his mother where she was but she said she
didn’t know her whereabouts’ (MAR1 2001:86);
Ayagaaqamta tua-i nantesciigatqapiaraqtarlukek
taukuk pinaurak meluskautegni. ‘Whenever wetraveled she could never be anywhere without her
snuffbox.’ (CIU 2005:194); < na(ni)-mete/nete-;> nancunaite-, nanelviite-, nanelkaunritenanuaq polar bear (Ursus maritimus) # NS, Y, HBC;
< PE nanu3426Basesnapan something that keeps one up, alive, or going;
amulet # napatii ‘his source of support’; < napa-nnapangqa- to have been erected; to be upright #napangqauq ‘it has been erected’, ‘it is upright’ /< napar-ngqanapallaak one of a group of seven ribs in a boat #NUNnapanguyaq rock poking out of the water or similar
upright projection from a surface # NUN;
< napa-?
napapiaq willow (Salix sp.) # literally: ‘authentic
tree’; K; < napa-pik1
napaqaq northern pintail (Anas acuta) # NUN
napaqutaq mast; sled upright # < napa-kutaq; < PE
nappaquta3 and nappa3uta3 (under PE napa-)
napar- being erect # postural root; > napangqa-,
naparte-; < napa-?-; > naparneq, naparyaq; < PE
nappa3- (under PE napa-)
naparcilluk rigid, upright grass basket
used to hold caught fish # Naparcillugnek
can’giirutengqelallratni. (Missuugtaitellrani
can’giirucilallruut tupigluki can’get assigtaqluki
can’giiruciaqluteng.) ‘[That was] when theywould have their store of blackfish in a rigid
upright grass basket. (When burlap sacks were
unavailable they would make woven grass
containers to hold their store of blackfish.)’ (KIP
1998:85); < naparte-?-lluk
naparciurta sailor # literally: ‘one who works withmasts’; Tamarmeng-llu sun’at atanerturtait
imarpiliurtet-llu, naparciurtet-llu tamarmengllu sun’atgun akluliulriit, nangerngaut
yaaqvaariluku. ‘And every shipmaster, and all
the company in ships, and sailors, and as many as
trade by sea, stood afar off.’ (REVE. 18:17);< napartaq-liur-ta1
naparneq measurement from tip of extended
thumb to opposite side fist # malruk naparnerek‘measurement from outsides of one’s two fists
with extended thumb tip touching’; < napar-neq1
naparngali brown (or grizzly) bear (Ursus arctos) #literally: ‘one that stands erect’; Y; < napar-nga-li1
napartaq post; pole; mast; smokestack of a ship;barrel (additional meaning in LY, HBC, NI,
NUN) # Qer’aliaqluteng muragnek cetamanek
naparcirraarluteng tua-i-llu malrugnek muriignek
aglucetun elliviklukek malrutaararlukek napartak.
‘They make fish racks after erecting four woodennapan — napautaq

posts and putting on top of them two horizontal
logs, on pairs of posts.’ (PRA 1995*:460);< naparte-aq1; > naparciurta; < PE nappa3ta3(under PE napa-)
naparte- to set (it) upright; to establish # napartaa‘he set it upright’ / naparcilleq ‘activity ofbuilding and development’, ‘act of putting
something in the ground upright’; Nutaangguq yuut ilait alailuciaqluteng tamakut-llu
naparrluki nunat akulaitnun wall’u qasgim
yaaqsinrilkiinun. ‘And then some people would
erect those insignia markers, setting them up
in the middle of the village not far from the
kashim.’ (CAU 1984:125); Potlatch-am tuani ilii
kinguani tauna tua-i ataam naparrluni tuani 1971.
‘The potlatch, but not in its full original form, wasestablished then in 1971.’ (TAP 2004:4); napar-te2-;> naparcilluk, napartaq, naparngali, naparutaq
naparutaq whale fin; mast; pole # < naparte-taq1; <PE nappaquta3 and nappa3uta3 (under PE napa-)
naparyalleq stump; old post # Naparyallretgguq ta¥gaam maani uitaluteng. Taukut tua
nunaunrillinikai tuani tua-i. ‘Only the foundation
posts of the houses remained. It was no longer asettlement.’ (ELL 1997:206); < naparyaq-lleq1
naparyaq, naparsaq (NS form) mast; pole; post
# < napar-yaq, napar-yaq; > naparyalleq,
Naparyaraq, Naparyarraq; < PE napa3ya3 (underPE napa-)
Naparyaraq, Naparyaar Hooper Bay # village on the
coast north of Nelson Is.; < napayaq-aq, napayaq
Naparyarraq Napakiak # village on the Kuskokwim;< naparyaq-?
Napaskiaq Napaskiak # village on the Kuskokwim;< napa-?
napataq dart; target; certain plant used in making
Eskimo ice cream (akutaq) (species?) (EGmeaning) # and napatar- to take a shot in target
practice; to play darts # napatartuq ‘he is targetshooting’; napataraa ‘he is shooting at it (target)’/ napataryartuulta ‘let’s go target-shooting’; cf.
napa; < PY napata3- (under PE napa-)
napautaq insignia on a pole or post; marker set in
the ground # . . . qungut kaulliniluki napautaitll’ ayemqelluki. ‘. . . he was clubbing the graves,
breaking their markers in half one after the other.’(CEV 1984:43); Pillinia qasgi ingna elatiini-wagguq muragaq napalria, qavcigmek napautarluni.
‘He saw a kashim over there and beside it an427

napauryaraq — narite-Basesnaqugneq waist # < naqute-neq1
naqugte- to put on a belt; to gird # naqugtuq‘he put on a belt’, ‘he tied something aroundhis waist’; naqugtaa ‘he put a belt on it’ /Tuquiqerra’arqameng-gguq tamaani taukug’
imkug’ angayuqaak eyaumanaurtuk,
caqayuunatek. Naqugglutek-llu neqem
pamyuanek naqugutsek ellivikluku. ‘When theylost someone through death for the first time,
the parents would abstain from certain things
for a while, not doing anything at all. They’d put
on belts, fastening a fish tail to their belts.’ (KIP
1998:125); > naquggvik; cf. naqir-, naqtenaqugun, naqugutaq belt # naqugutmiutarluni‘wearing something hanging from the belt’;Keglunrem-wa-gguq pamyua naqugutiini maani,
yaani pamyua agalria. ‘A wolf’s tail was hanging
here on his belt.’ (QUL 2003:424); Y, NSK, HBC,
NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < naqugte-n,naqugte-taq1; cf. Barnum 1901 list (30)naqyun trim on parka or cloth cover parka # NUN;
< naqte-nnaqyute- to fasten; to secure; to tie closed # Tuntukwa-gguq ukuk malruk naqyusngalriik amik. ‘Two
caribou skins were rolled up and tied there.’ (PAI
2008:390); < naqte-te5naraaniq fall chum salmon # UY; probably from
Athabascan, cf. leghaane (Koyukon Ath.), leghaane(Deg Hit’an and Holikachuk Ath.), ‘silver salmon’
and/or noolaaghe, noolaaye (Koyukon Ath.), nalay(Deg Hit’an Ath.), noolaagh (Holikachuk Ath.),nulay (Dena’ina Ath.) ‘chum salmon’narcig- to show one’s scorn by putting one’s finger
preferably made smelly under another’s nose, or
to push up the other’s nose # narcigaa ‘he put
his finger under her nose’ / NSU; < nare-?; < PE
na3ci!nare- to smell # in the sense of detecting, not of having,an odor; nar’uq ‘he smells something’; naraa ‘hesmells it’ actively or passively / narneq, narrleq‘sense of smell’, ‘act of smelling’; Itrameng
kipusvigmun piuq ellii allayugninaqluni tamana
ciuqlirmi nareksailkiinek, . . . ‘When they went
into the store she noticed that at first it smelledstrange, of something she hadn’t smelled before.’(ELN 1990:112); > narite-, narcig-, narniite-,narnirqe, naryar-; < PE na30narite- to show one’s scorn by putting one’s finger
preferably made smelly under another’s nose, or

erect pole, with a wolverine insignia on it.’ (QAN
1995:46); < napa-un
napauryaraq candle # Y; < napa-u-yaraq
napayuq upright or stanchion on sled # see Appendix
9 on parts of the sled; < napa-?; < PE napa0u3(under PE napa-)
napiilekaaq, napiil’kaaq, napiilkaaq file; rasp #Arnat ipegcautengqetullruut teggalqurrarnek.
Teggalqurraicuitellruut arnat napiilekaaritellratni.
‘Women had knife sharpeners only out of stone.
Women never were without stones [back then]when they didn’t have files.’ (QUL 2003:576); from
Russian yfg∫krf (napílka)napilleq hole for rope over top of kayak # NUN
napneq joint (anatomical) # NUN; < napte-neq1
naptaq Bering cisco (whitefish) (Coregonus lauretta)# HBC, NI, NUN; < napte-aq1
napte- to be stuck; to be caught in water, as in a net.
naptuq ‘it is caught, stuck’ / naptuq kuvyamun‘it is caught in the net’; napyutaa ‘he fastened
it to something’; Tua-i-ll’ tuaken qanganaq
anngami tuavet kapkaanaagnun napluni. ‘Then
when the squirrel came out [from its den] it
would get caught by the trap.’ (CIU 2005:150);
Nutaan naperqekata nalarqelluki. ‘When they got
caught, she would kill them.’ (QUL 2003:216);> napneq, naptair-; < PE nap03- and nap0tnaptaar- to remove fish from a gillnet # NUN;
< napta-irnapu arch supporting bed of sled # see Appendix 9 onparts of the sled; NSU; < PE napu
naqae valley wall; slope # Tekicamiki naqkun gguun
mayurtuq, unugmi. ‘When he got there heclimbed up the slope during the night.’ (MAR2
2001:77) # NS; < PE naq9a3
naqir- to lash; to bind # naqiraa ‘he lashed it’;> naqiun; cf. naqte-, naqugtenaqiun lashing; binding # < naqir-n
naqtaar(aq*), naqtaq small container woven fromgrass # Makliit piaqait nakacuit naqtaarnun
tamaavet ekluki. ‘When they got bearded seals
they’d put their bladders into these small wovengrass containers.’ (CAU 1984:68); HBC; < naqtear(aq); naqte-aq
naqte- to weave; to braid # naqtai ‘she is braiding
them’ / HBC; > naqtaar(aq*), naqyun, naqyute-;
cf. naqugte-, naqir-; < PE naq0tnaquggvik waist # literally: ‘place for a belt’;< naqugte-vik

428Basesnarniite- — narussuli

narullgiq ermine (or weasel) (Mustela sp.) #Tamakucirturyaaqngameng-gguq miryallruat
tamarmeng tua-i tauna narullgiq. Tua-i-gguq
tamakut ta¥gaam kiimeng tua qassarniitelliniut
cani ungungssiarni tamaitni. ‘When they ate
it, everyone vomited up the weasel meat. Theysay that, among all the little animals only those[weasels] are bad to eat raw.’ (QUL 2003:676); UY,
K, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI; = narulkiaq; cf. narulkaq
narullgute-, narulkute- (LI form) to collapse (ofanimals or humans, as from a heart attack or
being shot); to drop (dead) # narullgutuq ‘itor he collapsed’ / . . . ciuliqagtiit narullgulluni
tuquqallinilria, qaill’ piciinani. ‘. . . their leader
collapsed, dropped dead, without any apparent
cause.’ (YUU 1995:116); cf. narug-; < PE
na3u@!ut0narulpag-, narup’ag- to thrust a weapon #narulpagtuq ‘he thrust a weapon’; narulpagaa‘he thrust a weapon at it’ / Tua-i-gguq tamakut
piksuartek’lallni qenqerrucestek’lallni-llu
narulkarqamiki tua-i akngirtengnaqluki
narup’agluki narup’agaqluki. ‘When he speared
those who picked on him and got angry at him,he speared them with all his might to hurt them.’(QUL 2003:56); < narug-pag2-, narug-pag2narurte- to act against accepted standards of
behavior; to transgress; to disobey # narurtuq ‘heis disobeying’; narurtaa ‘he is disobeying it orhim’ / maurlumi alerquutii narurrluku ayagtuq‘disobeying his grandmother’s instructions,
he left’; Amlleq qanrutkellrat ucurnaqluni, caliamllermi alerquutem narurtellerkaa alingnariluku
qanrutkaqluku. ‘Much of what they speak ofis praiseworthy, and they would talk about
violating a precept of proper conduct as afrightening matter.’ (CAU 1984:14); Kina imna
alerquutmek carraungraan narurcilria, ilaminekllu iqlutmun eguaquriluni, Agayutem takuani
kinguqliulriatun ayuquq. ‘Whosoever shall breakthe least of these commandments, and teach menso, he shall be called the least in the kingdomof heaven.’ (MATT. 5:19); the following are legal
neologisms: angtuarunrilngurmek narurciyaraq‘violation’; arcaqalriamek alerquutmek
narurcilria ‘felon’; arcaqalriamek alerquutmek
narurciyaraq ‘felony’;
narussuli skilled harpooner or spear thrower # . . .
tauna-gguq tua-i nengaungak pitetuliuguq cali-

to push up the other’s nose # naritaa ‘he put his
finger under her nose’ / < nare-ite2narniite- to stink # narniituq ‘it stinks’ / <nare-niitenarnirqe- to smell good # narnirquq ‘it smells good’/ < nare-nirqenarrlu-1 to feel let down; to feel disappointed #narrluuq ‘he feels let down’ / Tua-i itramta
imumun Sheldon Jackson Museum-aamun
narrlullagyaaqua ta¥gaam-qaa makut maani maa-itangrrarkaput. ‘When we first went into Sheldon
Jackson Museum I became disappointed thinking,“Is this all we’ll see?”’ (AGA 1996:6)
narrlu-2 dimensional root; > narrlukite-, narrlutunarrlukite- to be shallow (of a net) # narrlukituq ‘itis shallow’ / < narrlu-kitenarrlutu- to be deep (of a net) # narrlutuuq ‘it is
deep’ / Tang narrlututacia waniwa. Kis’uterlunita¥gaam enernek. ‘Look at its [the net’s] depth.
It would have bone sinkers, however.’ (CIU
2005:84); < narrlu-tunarug- to intercept; to encounter; to meet #narugtuq ‘he intercepted someone’; narugaa‘he intercepted him’ / arnam uini narugaa
pissunermek tekican ‘the woman met(intercepted) her husband when he camehome from hunting’; . . . narukpaggaarluku
kitu’urtellinikii. ‘. . . crashed hard into it [thekayak] and capsized it.’ (CIU 2005:46); >narukaute; cf. narulkaq, narullgute-; < PE
na39u!narukaute- to ram against something # narukautaa‘he rammed it against something’ / <narug-qar-te5narulkaq spear # and narulkar- to spear #narulkartuq ‘he thrust a spear’; narulkaraa ‘hethrust a spear at it’ / Malirqelluteng tua-i una-i
narulkaquluku. Narulkaquyaaqluku-gguq un’acayagaq. Kanaqlayagartun-gguq un’a angtaluni
qak’arrnaurtuq quugaarpak. ‘They chased it andcast their harpoons at it. In vain they endeavoredto harpoon that little thing down there. Being,apparently, the size of a muskrat, it surfaced
and dove in the water, that legendary creature.’(AGA 1996:186); cf. narug-, narulpag-, narup’ag-,narullgiq, narussuli-; < PE na3u@0ka3 (under PE
na3u@0!-)narulkiaq ermine (or weasel) (Mustela sp.) # NUN;
= narullgiq

429

narusvak — naspertur-Bases
nasaaluk girl # said to be an old term; < nas’ak-?
nas’ak unmarried girl; virgin # = nay’ak;> nasaaluk, nasaurluq, nasekcugglugaq,
naskuggaq; < PE naya!
nasaurluq* young girl; queen in cards (additional
meaning in NI) # Tua-i assirlutek taukuk
iqmiutaak. Nasaurluut-llu tangrraqamegtekek
nallunqerraarrluku iiqallininaugket. ‘His tobacco
box was nice. And the girls, when they’d see it
and when he wasn’t aware of it, would hide it.’
(CIU 2005:98); = nayaurluq*; < nas’ak-r(ur)luq
nascaraq lookout place; observation tower # EG;< naste-yaraq
nasekcugglugaq young girl # Umyuaqaqa wiinga
kesianek tamaani nasekcugglugaullemni tuaten
qanellra. ‘I always remember what he said when
I was a young girl.’ (YUP 2005:166); < nas’ak-?rrlugaq
naskuggaq young girl # Nepcetaq tauna
tangvaglallruaqa, yaatiinek ta¥gaam waten
ullagpek’nak’, Amigtulimi naskuggaleraulua.
‘I used to see a self-adhering mask from the
distance though I never went over to it when I
was a young girl in Amigtuli.’ (AGA 1996:48); NS;< nas’ak?-rraq
naspaa- to try; to taste; to sample # naspaaguq‘he is trying something’; naspaagaa ‘he istrying it’ / naspaalleq ‘sense of taste’, ‘act oftasting’; naspaallra ‘its taste’, ‘the thing hetasted’; Tumaq’aq: “Neqliurpailegma suupaq
naspaaqaqerru.” Aangaarraaq: “Kitak luuskaamek
taiteqaa. Naspaayugaqa.” Tumaq’aq: “Kita, kitak
naspaagiu.” ‘Tumaq’aq: “Before I serve, just try
the soup.” Aangaaraaq: “Go ahead and give mea spoon. I want to taste it.” Tumaq’aq: “Here, go
ahead and please try it.” (PRA 1995:214); HBC,
NUN, NI, CAN, K, UY, BB, NR, LI, EG;< nasper-anasper- root; > naspaa-, naspertur-, nasperyug-,naspetenaspertur- to make a considered decision; todecide with hesitation considering alternatives# nasperturtuq ‘he made a considereddecision; nasperturaa ‘he hesitantly decided
concerning her’ / naspertuutekaa nunami
unitellerkaa ‘he hesitated but decided to leave
his native land’; Tua-i angute¥rlua tauna
pingnatukaryaaqviminek nasperturluni tua-iilalcinglliniluni ayagnanrirluni. ‘And so that poor

llu-gguq nanraumaluni narussulimek, wagg’uquyaqsuliuluni narulkallra. ‘. . . their son-in-law
was a successful hunter, and was praised andknown as an accurate spear thrower; when he casthis spear he invariably hit the prey each time.’(CIU 2005:56); < ?-yuli; cf. nurulkarnarusvak glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) #Kituamegen’gu kingyallinia taum uyuraan
imna qayaq tangellni kuvyauqcuaralriaruluku,
narusvayagaq ingna ce÷ami maani, . . . ‘After theypassed him his younger brother looked behindat the one who was fishing and noticed that it
was a glaucous gull on the shore here, . . .’ (QUL
2003:490); < naruyaq1-vak; < PE na3uyava!
(under PE na3uya3)
naruyacuaq black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)# < naruyaq1-cuar(aq)naruyake- to share food with; to be friends with# naruyakaa ‘he is sharing food with her’ /< naruyak-ke2naruyaq1 seagull; gull; mew gull (Larus canus);
glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens);
northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis); #Ayuqenrilngurneg piliyaurtellruunga
makuneg kwangkutneg ayuqeliluta
tuullegneg, qilanganeg, naruyaneg, tamakuneg
piliyaurtellruunga. ‘I learned how to makedifferent kinds [of masks]; we made common
loon [masks], puffin [masks], seagull [masks]; I
learned how to make those.’ (AGA 1996:98); <?-yaq; > narusvak, naruyacuaq; < PE na3uya3
naruyaq2, naruya very close friend or cousin # NI,
NUN; > naruyakenaryar- to be attracted by bait or chum # naryartuq‘it (fish, animal) was attracted by bait or chum’/ naryartaa ‘he attracted it with bait or chum’; <nare-yar-; > naryarcetaaq; < PE na3(0)ya3 (underPE na30-)
naryarcetaaq chum for catching fish # Caqerluni
Elnguq inerqungratni-am kanaqerciqniluku
manaryugluni aguaggluni melugnek
neqcarqaminek cali-llu naryarcetaarkaminek
pirraarluni atraarluni ekviggarmun piluni, tuani
qamanertangqerran. ‘One time Elnguq, eventhough they’d warned her saying she’d fall into
the water, because she wanted to fish so much,having gotten roe both for bait and for chum,went down to the cut bank because there was an
eddy there.’ (ELN 1990:22); < naryar-cetaaq

430

Basesdear man of hers after making various attempts,
made a decision and gave up and stopped
going out.’ (QUL 2003:182); Nasperturluku-llu
unicugngaluku ayuqucini cimirngairutaqaku.
‘Making a decision he might leave her if she won’tchange her ways.’ (YUP 2005:174); < nasper-tur1-;< PE nay(0)p03tu3- (under PE nay(0)p0t-)
nasperyug- to watch covertly; to spy on #nasperyugtuq ‘he is watching covertly’;
nasperyugaa ‘he is watching it covertly’ / NS;< nasper-yugnaspequn example # Atam naspequcirlua yugmek
ataucimek wii anngamnek. ‘I will use my older
brother as an example.’ (TAP 2004:25); <naspete-?-nnaspete- to taste; to try # naspetuq ‘he tasted
something’; naspetaa ‘he tasted it’ / Tua-i taum
angalkut asgurakellni-am naspetlinikai. ‘He wastesting the shaman who he doubted.’ (QUL
2003:574); < nasper-?-; < PE nay(0)p0tnasqukuyuk, nasqukuyuaq skull (not in a livingbody) # Y, HBC; < nasquq-kuyuk, nasquq-kuyuk
nasqulngu- to have a headache # nasqulnguuq‘he has a headache’ / nasqulnguunga ‘I have aheadache’; nasqulngurpak ‘migraine headache’;Y, HBC; < nasquq-lngu-; > nasqulnguircaun
nasqulnguircaun headache remedy # <nasqulngu-ir2-car-nnasqunaq uprooted stump in water or on beach# Nalaqucami-gguq, iigni yuurraarlukek elliak
nasqunam qainganun qanerluni, “Kina tua-iagiireskan qayagauqitegnenga tekipailgan;
teguyuaraatek.” ‘When he found a stump, after
he took out his eyes he and placed them on top
it saying, “If someone approaches call out tome before he arrives, lest he take you.”’ (PRA
1995*:396); < nasquq-naq2
nasqupaguaq groundsel or ragwort (Senecio pseudoarnica) # HBC; < nasquq-pag2-uaq
nasquq head; the person who starts the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) # tengmiaq nasquca’arrluku
nutellrua ‘he shot the bird, hitting it in the head’;nasqum enra ‘skull of a living person’; Wiitua-i ircenrraq tangelqa kegginaituq, kegginaa
tangellrunritaqa. Ta¥gaam tua-i wangkucicetunllu pekluni nasqurra tua-i waten cingickegpak
quletmun. ‘The little person I saw didn’t have aface; I didn’t see its face. However, it moved as
we do and its head was pointed, tapered upward.’

nasperyug- — nasvite-(CIU 2005:290); Nuuqipakaquni nasqurrungaituq.
‘If he was too poor, he would not be called
upon to be a dance festival starter.’ (TAP 2004:30);
LY, NS, NI, HBC: < ?-quq; > nasqukuyuaq,
nasqulngu-, nasqunaq, nasqupaguaq,
nasqurrluk, nasqurrun, nasquruaq; < PEnay(0)qu3
nasqurrluk cut and dried fish head # < nasquqrrluk
nasqurrun dance headdress; crown # Canekllu narullginek keglunret-llu melqurritnek
nasqurruterluteng. ‘They had dance headdressesof weasel and of wolf fur.’ (CAU 1985:138);
Cukilananek-llu piirriluteng nasqurrutekiuraat,
qamiqurranun-llu elliluku, . . . ‘Weaving a crownof thorns for for him, they put it on his head, . . .’(MATT. 27:29); this word is used even in areas where
qamiquq rather than nasquq is used for head;< nasquq-nnasquruaq tussock; clump of tundra grass #< nasquq-uaq
nassvik lookout place; observation tower; fishcounting tower (as used by fisheries management
authorities) # < naste-vik
nastarnaq beach bug that is similar to a tiny lobster;arthropod # NUN; < naste-aq1-naq2
naste- to survey one’s surroundings from a height #Ta¥ga-llu-ggur piaken pia-i Qaluyaaneg nascami
una tanglliniluku nuna. ‘And when he climbed
up and looked around from back there, from[the mountains on] Nelson Is. he saw this land
[Nunivak Is.].’ (WHE 2000:198); = nacete-; HBC,
NUN, EG; > nascaraq, nassvik
nasvag- to show; to display # nasvagaa ‘heis showing it’ / nasvagiuq ‘he is showing
things’; atkukegtaarani uiminun nasvagaa ‘sheis showing her new parka to her husband’;nasvalgua kulutni ‘she’s always showing her
ring’; Tua-i-llu elliin tamalkuita unglutuumaitataukut teguluki atraulluki, Turpagmun
nasvagyarturluki. ‘And then she took themdown, nest and all, to show them to Turpak.’(ELN 1990:24); the following are legal neologisms:
piciutacia nasvagluku ‘proving it’; nasvautet‘court room exhibits’; > nasvagite-, nasvautet,
nasvitenasvagite- to show something to # Y; < nasvag-?nasvite- to show something to # nasvitaa ‘he isshowing her something’ / nasviciuq ‘he is431

nataqe- — natlugnerite-Bases

showing someone something’; nasvitellruangatangerrsullemnek ‘he showed me what I
wanted to see’; . . . qimangerma-llu anagngaitua
atam pivailegma tuqupailegpecia wii-llu
nasvitqernauramci. ‘. . . even if I flee, I won’t
escape, but before then, before you kill me, I
want to show you something.’ (MAR2 2001:68); =nayvite-, < nasvag-?nataqe- to find; to discover # nataqaa ‘he found it’ /nataqutuq ‘he found something’; . . . yuaralliniat.
Yuarayaaqekseng tayima nataqevkenaku. ‘. . .
they searched for her, without finding the one
they were looking for.’ (YUU 1995:80); = nalaqe-,
nalke-; < ?-ke2-; > nataqute-; < PY nataq0nataqii- to be convicted (of a crime) # nataqiiluku‘convicted’; legal neologism; < nataqe-?nataqute- to find something # nataqutuq ‘hefound something’ / nalaqucama ‘because
I found something’; nalaquskuma ‘if I findsomething’; Yuut-gguq tamakut tarritelliniut
yuarayaaqluteng camek-gguq ta¥gaam
nataqutenritut. ‘Those people walked aroundsearching for him but they didn’t find anyone.’(YUU 1995:103); < nataqe-te5nate- what part?; some part; a certain part# natii navegta? ‘what part of it broke?’;naten aknginarqa? ‘where do you hurt?’;Kusquqvagmek pivkenani Kuigpiim negrannatiinet’lartuq tauna. ‘That person was not fromthe Kuskokwim, but rather lived somewhereon the north side of the Yukon River.’ (CIU
2005:6); Taum kinguqvaaraani Pilim-llu
qimugkauyarai angliringluteng tua-i nenglem
natiini kucuqernayukluki nem’un itrutaqluki.
‘Sometime after that Pili’s puppies starting
growing up, and in a certain part of the cold
weather they’d bring them into the housethinking that they might get stunted in their
growth [by the cold outside].’ (ELN 1990:76);
Natait-wa neplilartut. ‘I don’t know what parts ofthem makes the sound.’ (PAI 2008:48); < na(ni)te3-; > natelngu-, natke-, natlugnerite-, natlugte-;
cf. nani
natelngu- to hurt in part of one’s body # natelnguuq‘he hurts somewhere on his body’ / may be usedin the interrogative: natelngusit? ‘In what part ofyour body do you hurt?’; < nate-lngunateq floor; flooring # Nateq-gguq tauna, qasgim
un’a natra, tua-i augurrluku tua-i. ‘There wasblood all over the floor, the kashim’s floor.’(AGA 1995:150); Net marayanek natengqellruut
tamaani. ‘Houses had floors of dirt back then.’(YUU 1995:30); see Appendix 9 on parts of house; >nacin, naterkaq, nat’rarkaq, naternaq, natquigte-,
natquik, nat’raq, nat’rar-; < PE nat03
naterkaq sole material for skin boots, made fromthe tanned skin of the bearded seal # “Cali-llu
naterkanek naterkiaminek tuyuraqlua.” “Qaill’
naterkituat?” ‘“Also he sends me skin-boot solematerial that he’s prepared.” “How do they
prepare skin-boot sole material?”’ (ELN 1990:98);< nateq-kaq
naternaq starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus),
arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) # socalled because flounders match the ocean floor; Makutta¥gaam naternat, kayut-llu imarpinraat-llu
kepsuitut, pelluyuitut nunamte÷i unani. ‘These,
however, flounders, sculpins, and small whitefish,
they have not become extinct in our village
down there.’ (YUP 2005:86); < nateq-naq2; >naternarpak; < PE nat03(a3)na3 (under PE nat03)
naternarpak halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) # <naternaq-rpaknatke- to associated with in some way #Mat’um nakaciuryaram natkuciirrai amllertut,
amllerrsaaqut. ‘There is a lot of symbolism
associated with the Bladder Feast.’ (QAN
1995:166); Apanuugpiim-wa natkuyukellikii
waniwa una. ‘Perhaps it was connected insome way to Apanuugpak.’ (CIU 2005:236);
Tua-i qasperet talliman taqngata, tamana-ll’
qayaq taqngan, tamakut-llu natkai taqngata
alerquallinia taum angutem . . . ‘When the fiveparkas were finished, and the kayak was done,
and all its associated things were ready, that man
instructed him (on what he was to do) . . .’ (CUN
2007:56); < nate-ke-?
nat’liqe- to hurt in part of one’s body # nat’liquq‘he hurts somewherre on his body’ / may be
used in the interrogative: nat’liqsit? ‘In whatpart of your body do you hurt?’; Qasgimi
unuakumi tupalliniluni nat’liqengssaaranrilngermi
qamiqiqkacagaruarluni. ‘In the morning he wokein the kashim and, although he didn’t hurt on his
body, he seemed to have a bad headache.’ (QUL
2003:572); < nate-liqe2natlugnerite- to be flawless; to be healthy # literally:‘to lack a bad part’; natlugnerituq ‘it is flawless’,432Bases‘he is healthy’ / natlugnerilnguq ‘flawless thing’;
Qanlartut-am yuk-gguq, yuut ayuqenrilameng,kegginamegteggun tangkegcinarqut, tangellra
tua-i assirluni, natlugnerunani, ta¥gaam-gguq
umyuara. ‘They say that a person — people
being different from each other, their faces may
be attractive — her appearance nice, flawless, but,they say, her mind [may be very different].’ (YUP
2005:176); < nate-lluk-neq1-ite1natlugte- to be sick in body # literally: ‘to have a badpart’; natlugtuq ‘he is sick’ / < nate-lluk
natmun to where? # look under nani
natquigte- to drift along the ground # of snow, sand,etc.; natquigtuq ‘there is snow drifting near the
ground’ / = natquvigte-; < natquiknatquik drifting snow, sand, etc. # Imumek tua-iman’a natquik tekitaqan paangrutegminek
kalguuraqluku, “Aling, makuqtarni-ll’ maani
keggsaanqeg!” Natquik tayim’ qanikcaq
egturyaqluk’ elliin. ‘At that time when thedrifting snow reached [him], he’d sweep at it withhis paddles, “Oh dear, these darned things try to
bite!” He took the drifting snow to be mosquitoes.’(QUL 2003:272); < nateq-?; > natquigtenatquvigte- to drift along the ground # of snow, sand,etc.; natquvigtuq ‘there is snow drifting near the
ground’ / HBC; = natquigtenat’raq, nateraq (NSU form) sole of skin boot;special oversole used to prevent slipping on
ice # and nat’rar-, naterar- (NSU form) to sew
on a sole # nat’rartuq ‘she is sewing on a bootsole’; nat’raraa ‘she is sewing a sole on it’ /nat’raryaqliraa kameksak ‘she finally sewed
a sole on the boot’; Aaniin-am qanellratun
ayuqluni tua-i mecungnaqliniluni nat’rak-ll’-am
tua-i ayainanrani keninglutek, piurainanranillu it’gak mecungenglutek arenqialami tamana
qanikcaq urugyunga’arcami. ‘Just as her motherhad said it [the snow] was soaking wet and thatcaused her boot soles to get soaked, and soon, as
she walked along her feet too got wet, because
the snow was starting to melt.’ (ELN 1990:33); <nateq-aq3, nateq-aq3; > nat’raq-kaq; < PE nat03a3(under PE nat03)
nat’rarkaq sole material for skin boots, madefrom the tanned skin of the bearded seal #< nat’raq-kaq
natruarte- to miss how (by overshooting,undershooting, etc.) when shooting (or spearing);

natlugte- — naucir-

to miss somehow # natruarta? How did he miss?
(i.e., did he undershoot? Overshoot?); NUN;
< na(ni)-truartenau-1 to grow # of plants or abnormal body conditions,
not of animals (in general); nauguq ‘it is growing’;naugaa ‘it is growing on it’ / Tua-i nauluku
can’get qanganaruat-llu naumaluku. ‘There was
grass and even wormwood plants growing allover it.’ (WOR 2007:16); . . . tuavet arulairluteng.
Atsat-gguq nautukiitnun. ‘. . . they stopped there.
It was, they say, a place where salmonberries
grow.’ (AGA 1996:176)’> naucaqun, naucetaaq,
naucetaarvik, naucirivik, nauciq, nauci-,
naucir-, naucuk, naugi-, naumrruyuk,
nauktak, nauluaqar-, naungignarqe-, naurrluk,
naullumirte-, naulluu-, naunerrluk, nauneq,
naungrruyak, naunraq, nauvike-; < PE na!unau-2 root; > nauci-, naugga, naumiki, naung,nauwa; cf. nanaucaqun a lesson or reminder for the younger
generation to learn from the experience ofthe elders # good or bad; naucaqutekesqelluku
kinguliarnun tuavet unitellruat ‘they left it there
as a lesson to their descendents; <nau-car-rqe2-nnaucecii- to sow; to plant # nauceciiguq ‘heis sowing’ / Tangerqerciki atam yaqulget
tengaulriit ellami. Nauceciiyuitut, . . . ‘See thebirds flying in the air. They do not sow, . . .’(MATT. 6:26); < naucetaaq-linauceciiyurta sower; tiller; farmer # Noah
nauceciiyurte™guami nauceciillruuq winearkanek. ‘Because Noah was a sower he planted avineyard.’ (AYAG. 9:20); < naucecii-?-ta1
naucetaaq blossom; flower; plant # naucetaaq uituq‘the flower is blooming’; Naulartukut yuilqumi
naucetaatun naulriatun; . . . ‘We grow like a flower
growing in the wilderness; . . .’ (PSALM. 103:15);
naucetaam caqelngataruarita nayumiqassuutait‘sepals’ (literally: ‘supports of the flower’s
petals’); < nau-cetaaq; > naucetaarvik
naucetaarvik garden # Ataneq Agayun
naucetaarviliuq Eden-aami calaralirnermi; . . . ‘The
Lord God made a garden in Eden in the east; . . .’(AYAG. 2:8); < naucetaaq-vik
nauciq1 wild rhubarb (Polygonum alaskanum) # NSU,
LI; < nau1-?
nauciq2 hair at nape of neck # NUN(A)naucir- to plant # nauciraa ‘he planted it’ / < nau1cir-; > naucirvik; < PE na!ucci3- (under PE na!u-)433

nauci- — nauneq

Basesnauci- to create or produce (life); to provoke (anargument, a fight, etc. with someone) # nauciuq‘he provoked something’ / Una arnaq wall’uangun, arnam pingraani ellmikutuucimikun
cirlakarkauluku nuliani wall’u uini, carrlugmek
naucingnaqengraan akinauyuitellermikun,
ilangciyuunaku-llu, ingluliuqsaunaku. ‘Even
though the male or female is trying to provoke theother, one can overpower their spouse by being
composed and calm, by not retaliating, ignoring
him and not countering him.’ (YUP 2005:174);
Agayun-gguq piurcillruuq Adam-aankugnek
Eva-llu allamek-llu naucivkenani. ‘They say that
God created Adam and Eve and did not createanyone else.’ (YUP 2005:232); < nau-te2-li2naucirivik garden # < naucir-i2-vik
naucuk sore # = naurrluk; < nau1-cuknaugaar(aq*) sepal; calyx as of a flower# Naugaaraat, avayat, kenurrarvikllu atauciurneruluteng piliaqumaut
mulut’uugumalriamek sulutaamek. ‘Its calyxes,
branches, and the lampstand were in one, madefrom hammered gold.’ (ANUC. 37:22); < nau1-?
naugga, naugg’ where is it, he, she? # nauwa
nacaqa? ‘where is my hat?’; Cali-llu-gguq naugga
avani yuk tuquaqan, uum yuum irniaminun
aciutaqkii. ‘Moreover, it is said, that whenevera person died, somewhere a person would
give the name of the deceased to his child.’(ELL 1997:450); = nauwa, nauw’; < nau2=wa,
nau2=wa?; cf. nani
naugi- to bear fruit or grain # naugiuq ‘it bore fruitor grain’ / Ilait-llu nunamun assilriamun tut’ut
naugiluteng-llu . . . ‘And some landed in good soil
and bore grain . . .’ (MARK 4:8); < nau-aq1-li2nauktak skin sore # nauktiit ‘rash’ # CAN; < nau1-?
naullumirte- to feel sick # CAN; < nau1-lluk-mirtenaulluu- to be ill; to be sick # naulluuguq ‘he is
sick’ / Assiriluni-llu naulluunrirluni ta¥gaam
kaigturangenganani nererpagturluni-llu. ‘She
had gotten better and was no longer ill, and she
seemed to be hungry all the time and was eating
a lot of food.’ (ELN 1990:81); K, BB; < nau-lluk-u-;> naulluun, naulluuvik
naulluun disease; illness # Nauwa naulluutem-llu
tut’aqaku yuk camun tamatumun
unitnilallrullinikiit wall’u cam iterluku.
‘Whenever some sort of illness came upon aperson, they would say that something had

left him or that something had entered him.’(CAU 1985:149); ucuum naulluutii ‘venereal
disease’; UY, K, BB, CAN; < naulluu-n; > ucuum
naulluutii
naulluuvik hospital # Cunaw’ tuani
naulluuvingqellinilriit cali-llu amllernek
kipusvigugarnek pitangqellinilria. ‘And so, as
it turned out, they had a hospital there, and that
there were lots of stores.’ (ELN 1990:112); K, BB;< naulluu-vik; > naulluuvigtaq
naulluuvigtaq* medical term or other hospitalrelated thing # < naulluuvig-taq2
naullu-wa-i watch out! # exclamatory particle; =aullu-wa-i; NS
nauluaqar- to be growing well; to be developing
properly # of people (or plants); nauluaqertuq‘it/he is growing well’ / nauluaqaumanrituq‘it is thin and blighted’, ‘he is developmentallybehind’; Ta¥gaam qanruyutekun tan’gaurluq
nasaurluq-llu nauluaqeryugngaluni, wall’u
angayuqaagni tangvallermikun nepaunatek
maligngallutek-llu pillragnegun assirluni
tangviimikek nauyugngaluni. ‘A young man
or woman can only grow properly throughinstructions, or they can develop properly byobserving peaceful and cooperative parents.’(YUP 2005:108); < nau-luaqarnaumasta vegetation; brush-like growth (forexample, antlers) # . . . evisrayaamek ta¥gaam
naumasterluni. ‘. . . having vegetation in the formof short grass.’ (YUU 1995:78); Makuneng cal’napaneng pingqelliniluni taman’ nuniin, ilii
tamana makuneng-ll’ uqviganeng. Nunam
naumastektukaineng ta¥g’ pingqerrluni. ‘The land
had those trees, some parts had willows. It had
the normal vegetation of land.’ (WEB1); < nau-mata1
naumiki, naumi I don’t know exclamation; =naamelliin; < nau2-?, nau2-?
naumrruyuk, naumrruyugaq* edible vegetation #Tua-i tayim’ tuaten yuulutek kaigyugnairullutek
maurlua-llu makugtaryugnairulluni yuilqumek
waten maaken nunam naumrruyuinek. ‘And sothey lived like that, no longer hungry, and his
2grandmother no longer had to labor over edible
vegetation of the land from the wilderness.’ (ELL
1997:10); NI; < nau-?
nauneq growth (malinant or benign) # < nau-neq1434Basesnaunerrluk — navgur-

navakar- to be shocked when something terrible has
happened # NUN
navcaq snow hanging over a cliff and ready to fall #NSU, NUN; > navcitenavcite- to get caught in an avalanche # navcituq‘he got caught in an avalanche’; NSU; <navcaq-ite1navcuite- to be clear; to be audible #; impersonal
subject if of the weather; navcuituq ‘the weather isclear’ / < ?-ite1-; < PE navcu
naveg- to break # to break physically into two or
more piece, to break so that it ceases to function, or
figuratively, to break the rules, break one’s heart,etc.; navegtuq ‘it broke’; navgaa ‘he broke it’ /navgiuq ‘he broke something’; navgumauq ‘itis broken’; navegyuaran ilangciu! ‘you might
break it, leave it alone!’; arcaqanrilngurmek
alerquutmek navgiyaraq ‘misdemeanor’ (legal
neologism); Kuuvviarutleq imirluku elliin Elngum
qunguturani piluku, Irr’am-llu pini piluku
cikunguamun aaniin pingraani cikuskagu
navegciqniluku tauna cikunguaq. ‘Filling an
empty coffee can [with water] Elnguq put her
pet [fish] in it, and Irr’aq put hers in a glass
jar, even though her mother told her that the
jar would break if it [the water in the jar] froze.’(ELN 1990:77); . . . tua-i yuucurlagluta. Ilamta
umyugait navgaqluki. ‘. . . we lead a bad life. We
break our family members’ hearts (literally: breaktheir minds — an idom).’ (QUL 2003:334);= laveg-; > navgur-, nav’pag-; < PE nav0!naver- root; > naverte-, navraq, navrar-, navrite-,navriun, navrun; < PY-S nav03(a3)naverrniar- to engage in trading, barter, and/or
buying and selling # naverrniartuq ‘he is trading,engaging in trade’ / Qanellran-gguq kinguani
sun’aq tekitellruuq, yuut-llu-gguq sun’armiunun
canek naverrniaraluteng. ‘After he spoke, they say,the ship arrived, and the people bartered things
with the ship’s crew.’ (AGA 1996:111); akinek
naverrnialriit ‘money changers’; < naverte-niarnaverte- to trade; to sell; to exchange # navertaa ‘hesold it, exchanged it’ / navertaa palayami aipaa
taryaqvagcuutmek kuvyamek ‘he traded hisother boat for a king salmon net’; < naver-?
navgur- to break on purpose; to destroy # navguraa‘he destroyed it, smashed it’ / “Kitaki una wani
ukuut kaugtuarluku itumciu.” Tua-i pisqe™gaku
imna kaugtuarluku navguraat. ‘“Okay, younaunerrluk wormwood (Artemisia sp.); weed(in Bible translation) # Artemisia is made into a
medicinal tea; also used for steambath switches;
NUN, UK, BB; < nau-neq2-rrluk
naung why have you come!, what do you want? #exclamation; NSU; < nau2-?
naungignarqe- to be fertile # of land; naungignarquq‘it is fertile’ / Ayakatartuci nuqlitnailngurmun
naunginarqellriamun-llu nunamun. ‘You are goingto go to a prosperous, fertile land.’ (AYAG. 33:3);< nau1-?-narqenaungrruyak plant; vegetable # NI; < nau1-?-ruyak
naunrakayak Labrador tea (Ledum sp.) # LK, BB #< naunraq-kayagnaunraq*, naunr(aq*) (NUN form) plant; vegetable;
cloudberry or salmonberry (local name) (Rubus
chamaemorus) (additional NI, CAN meaning) #Cali nunam naunrainek kiagmi katurrluki, cattamalkuan uqvigaat-llu avasait qungalluki
cungagcetellratni uqumek egnirluki. ‘Also insummer they’d gather the plants of the land,and store away all kinds of willow shoots
while they were green marinating them in seal
oil.’ (MAR1 2001:23); Qaltaan-ll’ aipaa, canegima imangqellria, wall’u-q’ curanek wall’u-q’
naunranek, naliitnek imarluni. ‘His other bucket,
what did it have in it, either blueberries orsalmonberries (cloudberries), it contained one or
the other.’ (QAN 1995:84); < nau-nraq, nau-nraq;> naunrakayak, naunrarvik, naunrayagaq; < PY
na!un3aq (under PE na!u-)naunrarvik vegetable garden # < naunraq-?-vik
naunrayagaq* sourdock (Rumex arcticus) # HBC;
< naunraq-ya(g)aqnaurrluk sore # = naucuk; < nau1-rrluk
nauvike- to be a descendant of (him); to grow (ofplant, cancer, etc.) on or at (it) # nauvikaa ‘hedescends from him’; ‘it is growing on it’ / Maa-i
makut Niugtarmiut atam ilaita nauvikaat makut
Tengesqauktar tauna. ‘Now some of these peopleof Newtok are descendants of that Tengesqauktar.’(ELL 1997:504); . . . ayautarkauluki-llu nunamun
enuqitnailngurmun nauviksunarqellriamun-llu . . .
‘. . . and take them to a land without scarcity
where things grow well . . .’ (ANUC. 3:17); < nauvikenauwa, nauw’ where is it, he, she? # nauwa nacaqa?
‘where is my hat?’; = naugga, naugg’; < nau2 =wa, nau2 = wa; cf. nani435

navi’iskaaq — nayiq*

Basesnavrun borrowed thing; trade item # Cali
imarpigmiutaat taqukat, navrutkaqluki. ‘They also
had sea mammals, seals, for trade items.’ (YUU
1995:46); < naverte-n
navte- to collapse # navtuq ‘it collapsed’; navtaa ‘hecollapsed it’ / NUN; cf. elave-, lave-, navenaw’un through where? # look under nani
nayagaq younger sister of a male # Anngaqellriitgguq taukut kuigem ce÷iini uitalliniaqellriit
nayagangqerrluteng. Nayagaat cali tauna
uingqelliniluni. . . . Taum nayagaata uini taunagguq kenkenritaa. ‘Those brothers, they say, were
living by the shore of the river and they had ayounger sister. Their sister had a husband. . . . Thatsister did not, they say, love her husband.’ (MAR2
2001:71); cf. nay’ak; < PE naya!
nay’ak, nayaar girl; virgin (particularly the
Virgin Mary in Russian Orthodox and Roman
Catholic usage) # Agayutem Irniaqestii Nayaar,
nunaniryua! ‘Mother of God, Virgin, rejoice!’(ORT 2006:7); = naayaak, nas’ak; > nayaurluq; cf.
nayagaqnayangaq greeting # and nayangar- to nod
agreement; to Eskimo-dance of women (Y,NS meaning) # nayangartuq ‘he nodded inagreement’; ‘she is Eskimo-dancing’ (Y, NS);
nayangaraa ‘he nodded to her in agreement’ /alqani qetunramikun nayangamek tuyuraa ‘shesent greeting to her older sister by way of herson’; Quyaksukluni quuyuarluni nayangalliniluni.
‘Thinking they were pleased with him, he smiledand nodded his head.’ (QUL 2003:586); Tamaani
nayangatuniluki Kuigpagmi qantullruut, . . . ‘They
would say that they would have “nayangaq”
dancing back then on the Yukon, . . .’ (CIU
2005:386); > nayangaryaq, nayangkayuli
nayangaryaq, nayangeryak female common eider(Somateria mollissima) # < nayangar-yaq
nayangkayuli yellowlegs (Tringa sp.) # < nayangar?-yuli
nayaurluq* young girl # HBC; = nasaurluq; <nay’ak-r(ur)luq
Nayipar(aq*) the constellation of the Little Dipper(English name) # means ‘seal (of some sort)’ in
Yup’ik; < nayiq-?
nayiq* ringed seal (Pusa hispida) # Tua-llu
tekituq nayirmek. Tua-i-am uivaarluni ataam
aturturarraarluni, igqiliu-am. ‘Then he cameupon a ringed seal. He circled it, and after he sang

all beat on it and break it apart.” Then, since
they’d been told to do so, they beat on that
one and broke it to pieces.’ (MAR2 2001:34);
Makut picirkiutet atuusqumalriit tamalkuita
navgurluki pivakaqumta-gguq atam Ellam Yuan
ellangcarniaraakut. ‘If we keep breaking the rules,
they say that the Master of the Universe will dosomething [teach us a lesson] so that we cometo our senses.’ (YUP 2005:40); picirkartuyarrluni
navguiyaraq ‘vandalism’ (legal neologism);< naveg-ur-; PE nav!u3- (under PE nav0!-)
navi’iskaaq, naviskaaq loft; attic # Tua-i-llu
Kuul’tila’aksaq mayurluni navi’iskaamun,
uigtualuki-llu ingleret. ‘And then Goldilocks
went up to the attic, and tried out the beds.’(KUU 1977:21); Pakma naviskaami taangak
malruk, putiilekaak malruk, . . . ‘Up there in
the attic were two bottles of liquor, . . .’ (QUL
2003:380); from Russian yfd®crf (navéska) ‘loft’;= navisqaq
navisqaq loft; attic # partly from Russian yfd®c(navés) ‘shed’; = navi’iskaaq, lavisqaq,
nav’pag-, navpag- to break in a major way #nav’pagtuq or navpagtuq ‘it really broke’;
nav’pagaa or navpagaa ‘he really broke it’ /< naveg-pag2navraq borrowed thing # and navrar-, navr(ar)(NUN form) to borrow # navrartuq, nav’ertuq(NUN form) he borrowed something; navraraa‘he borrowed it’ / navrarturatuuq akinek
wangnek ‘he always borrows money from me’;navraqaa ‘he borrowed it’, literally: ‘has it as hisborrowed thing’; angyan navraqsugyaaqaqa ‘Iwould like to borrow your boat’; < naver-aq1
navrarvik place to borrow things; site of borrowing;lending library # Maani-qaa kalikanek
navrarvigtangqertuq? ‘Is there a library here?’ (YUP
1996:44); < navrar-vik
navrite- to lend to (him) # navritaa ‘he lent
something to her’ / angutem angyaminek
elitnaurista navritaa ‘the man lent his boat to theteacher’; “. . . navraryulriit navrit’laraput.” “Kitak
navriskikuk kalikamek.” ‘“. . . we loan to those
who want to borrow.” “Okay then, do loan us abook.”’ (YUP 1996:44); < naver-ite2navriun loaned out thing # < navrite-n; > naviutekenavriuteke- to loan (it) out # navriutekaa ‘he loaned
it out’; piqertuutaqa navriutekaqa elliinun ‘I
loaned my ax to him’; < navrite-n

436Basesnayissuaq — negaraq*

negacungaq mosquito net; thin cloth (NUN
meaning); cloth or cloth parka cover(NSU meaning) # Cali aturangqerrluteng
negacungarmek-llu iluprunateng, atkuteng
at’aqamegteki atu’uqluki nangellratnun,
qerrulliteng-llu. ‘Also they had garments of cloth,and no cloth underwear, and whenever they puton their parkas they’d wear them until they wore
out, and their pants too.’ (MAR1 2001:23);< negaq-cungaq
negair(aq*), negaiq spider # negairem negaa
or negairaam negaa ‘spider web’; Tua-i-ll’
ullangnaqluku negairpiim piqtaarluni —tangrruallemni — piqtaarluni, . . . ‘And then the
big spider tried to go to it, swinging back andforth — the way I imagine it — swinging backand forth, . . .’ (ELL 1997:98); < negaq-ir(aq)negaq snare; single mesh of a net; spider web# and negar- to catch of snare or noose; to becaught in a snare or noose # negartuq ‘it got
snared’; negaraa ‘it (snare, noose) snared it’ /negaqengaqaqa ‘I snared it’; negat ‘snares; seinenet’; negapiaq ‘old-time snare that springs into
the air when it catches something’; Saayuamek
aatiita aaniit pia ella nenglairutqatarngatniluku
nutaan ungungssiaraat pekngareskata negani,kapkaanani-llu paqtarkauniluki. ‘When they
drank tea their father told their mother that it
seemed that it was going to warm up because
the little animals were getting active and thathe should check his snares and his traps.’ (ELN
1990:78); Anglirikanituuq man’a keniaqami,
makut-llu negarturikaniirluteng. ‘A net like thisstretches when it soaks up water, and the meshincreases in size.’ (CIU 2005:86); Assiiitellriit yuut
pitaqengngaqlua negalilaryaaqut, . . . ‘Wicked
people set snares to try to catch me, . . .’ (PSALM.
119:11); > negacungaq, negair(aq), negairem
negaa, negaqeggun, negaraq, negarcur-,negavyaq; < PE n0!a3
negaqeggun net gage # used to keep mesh
uniform while making the net; Ukut-am tua-i
waniwa wii kingumni negaqeggutnek aptuit.
Negartutatekenrilngurnek calissuutet. ‘Back
home they call these “net gages”. They aretools for making nets with v-sized mesh.’ (CIU
2005:94); < negaq-kegte-n
negaraq* line of snares for birds, suspended from a
spruce-root line suspended parallel to and above
the surface of the water # < negaq-aq3

to it, well, he swallowed it down!’ (UNP1);> nayipar(aq); nayissuaq
nayissuaq large ringed seal (Pusa hispida) # CAN;
< nayiq?
nayug- to hollow out e.g., a log, soil, snow; to skina seal or other animal so that the skin is not split
lengthwise, starting at the head and rolling the skinback over the body while cutting the skin from theflesh; in the case of a seal, the fat is cut away with theflesh, while in the case of a bird the fat stays on theskin. nayugaa ‘he is skinning it’, ‘he is hollowing
it out’ / Taum imum pengurpallraam . . .
canegnek cikvaguskiin aciakun nayugiqeryuglutek
iirvigkiurlutek. ‘At the base of that big hill where
the tall grass bends over it they wanted to hollow
out a hiding place.’ (QUL 2003:204);> nayugcuun, nayugnaq; < PE nayu!nayugcuun, nayuggsuun seal-skinning knife #< nayug-cuun, nayug-ssuun
nayugnaq slit at each end of a net sinker #< nayug-?
nayugneq hollow; hollowed out place # < nayugneq1
nayumiaqe-, nayumiqa- to support # nayumiaqaa‘he is supporting it’ / tuskaq nayumiaqaa
ussukcautellraku aatami nem ce÷iinun ‘he heldup the board while his father nailed it onto theside of the house’; naucetaam caqelngataruarita
nayumiqassuutait ‘sepals’ (literally: ‘supports ofthe flower’s petals’); < ?-mik-ke2-, ?-?; cf. nayurnayur- to stay with; to look after; to lie in waitfor (him); to guard # nayurtuq ‘he is looking
after someone or something’; nayuraa ‘he islooking after her’ / Tua-i-llu Mik’aq piluni
elkek tainilutek nayuryarturluki upagviatnun
Uksiyaramun. ‘Mik’aq said that they had come tostay with them until they moved to Uksiyaraq.’(ELN 1990:82); > nayurta, nayurvik, nayuryar-;cf. nayumiaqenayurta midwife # < nayur-ta1
nayurvik duck-hunting blind or similar place fromwhich to wait in watch for game; watchtower # <nayur-vik
nayuryar- to wait in watch for game # nayuryartuq‘he is waiting in watch for game’; nayuryarai ‘heis waiting in watch for them’ / < nayur-yarnayvite- to show something to # HBC; = nasvitenegaasek type of edible plant (species ?) #437

negarcur- — negqeryaraq

Bases

negarcur-, negassur- to check snares # negarcurtuq‘he is checking his snares’ / Maurlurlunigguq tua-i waten negarcuraqan aqesgirrarnek
maligqurnauraa. ‘It is said that he’d go with hispoor dear grandmother whenever she’d check thesnares for mere ptarmigan.’ (AGA 1996:164); <negaq-cur-, negaq-ssurnegavaq one hundred; twenty-dollar bill # negavam
qupii ‘ten-dollar bill’; BB, NR; a $20 bill is called bythis word for ‘one hundred’ because the basic Yup’ik
monetary unit in BB is 20 cents (because Yup’ik
numerals are a base-20 system), and one hundred
times 20 cents is $20, but the etymology of negavaq
itself not known to compiler; cf. negaq
negavgun root used as scrubber in bath; spruce root
used for strings on qelutviaq (native guitar-like
instrument) # < negaq?-nnegavyaq1 dried grass roots from sand dunes usedas scrubbers for dishes # NUN; < negaq-?
negavyaq2 (Y form), negavlaq (NUN form), negavsaq(NS form) lasso; lariat # < negaq-?, negaq-?,
negaq-?
negcik gaff; pew tool for handling fish; jack in
cards (BB additional meaning) # and negcig- tohook with a gaff # negcigaa ‘he hooked it’;Cameg-negciurcuutminek piluni ullagluku-gguq
negcigsaaqluku tegungnaqluku, nurturluku-gguq.
‘Quickly he grabbed his gaff and, walking overto where she was, tried to hook her with it, but
she was out of reach.’ (AGA 1996:164); = legcik;> negcikcuar(aq); < PE n0!ci!
Negcik a certain constellation # means ‘gaff’ in
Yup’ik; (?)
negcikcuar(aq*) small gaff # Man’a maa-i negcikcuar
maklagtaqameng, wagg’uq uurcaraqameng
pitateng aqvacetaarluki kingunermeggnun,
ayaruqtukiit. ‘When they caught bearded seals
they’d use the small gaff as a staff to annouce theircatch and request that fellow villagers should gofetch their catch.’ (CIU 2005:4); < negcik-cuar(aq)negeq, negeqnaq, negeqvaq north; north wind #negeqvamek anuqlirtuq ‘there is a wind fromthe north’; neglirnermi ‘in the area to the north’;
Tauna-am neglirneran atra niitetungramku
waniwa kis’arciaqa, nunat atrat qagaani
Naparyaarmiut negratni, . . . ‘I can’t recall thename of that village to the north of it even though
I used to hear it, the name of that village northof Hooper Bay, . . .’ (CIU 2005:8); > Negeqliq,

negetmun; < PE n0!03
Negeqliim Painga Pitka’s Point # village at the mouthof the Andreafsky River; < Negeqliq-relative + paipossessed
Negeqliq St. Mary’s; Andreafsky River # village on
the Andreafsky River near the Yukon; < negeq-qliq
negetmun northward # adverbial particle;
negetmun tang waniw’ ayaksailngua ‘see, I
haven’t yet traveled to the north’; Nunautseng
nengciiqaat negetmun, ungalatmun, calaratmun,
kanaknatmun-llu. ‘They will extend theirterritory toward the north, toward the south,
toward the east, and toward the west.’ (AYAG.
28:14); < negeq-tmun
neginquq hair line on the forehead # NUN; cf.
negiliq
negiliq parka ruff; edge of hood where ruff isattached rather than the ruff itself (NUN meaning)# atkuum negilia keglunruuq ‘the parka’s ruff ismade of wolf (fur)’; Maaten-gguq elitaqnariuq
imna tuqulleq, . . . negilirluni qayuqegglirrarmek.
‘That one that had died became recognizable,
and . . . he had a ruff of arctic hare.’ (MAR1
2001:20); Y, NS, HBC, NI, CAN, K; see Appendix
9 on parts of the parka; = legiliq; cf. negingquq;> negilirkaq; < PE n0!ili3, n0!ila3
negilirkaq tundra hare; arctic hare; Alaska hare
(Lepus othus) # locally: jack rabbit; literally:‘ruff material’ (see example sentence at negiliq);
Imarmiutaat, kanaqliit, cuignilnguut, negilirkat,
uliiret, kaviaret. Watngullruut maani tamakut.
‘Minks, muskrats, otters, arctic hare, white fox,
red fox. These animals were in this area.’ (PAI
2008:216); CAN; < negiliq-kaq
negir- to set snares # negirtuq ‘he is setting snares’/ Tauna-gguq uinga ayagnaurtuq kiatmegnun
negirsarturluni tuntunun, cup’utaitellermeggni
tamaani. ‘It is said that that husband of hers
would go upriver from where they lived to set
snares for caribou back when they didn’t haveguns.’ (MAR1 2001:42); < negaq-ir1negituqaq hiccup # and negituqar- to hiccup# negituqertuq ‘he hiccupped’ / merluni
taqevkangnaqaa negituqani ‘he is trying to stop
his hiccups by drinking water’; < PE n0!ituqa3negler- to clap down on # negleraa ‘he clapped
down on it’ / neglerluku ciissiq ‘clapping downon the insect, he killed it’; < negte-lernegqeryaraq pistol # BB; < negte-qar-yaraq

438

Basesnegtaar- to press down on repeatedly; to knead# negtaartuq ‘she is kneading, pressing down
on something’; negtaaraa ‘she is kneading it’/ Keliparkaq-llu ak’a ulellruan negtaarraarluku
kelipissuutnun ekluku. ‘And when the doughrose again, she kneaded it and then put it intoa bread pan.’ (PRA 1995:413); < negte-a-;> negtaaraq
negtaaraq dough # < negtaar-aq1
negtaat organ (musical instrument) # < negte-aq1plural
negte- to press down on; to push down on # negtaa‘he pushed down on it’ / negcamku ‘when I
pushed it down’; neg’artaa ‘he suddenly pushed
down on it’; negutekaa ‘he used it to press down
on something’; negucirluku ‘putting something
on it to hold it down’; Negqurarraarluku
tamaqataryaaqaqan yura’arcetaqluku. ‘After
pushing it down slowly, he would have it pop up
as it was about to disappear.’ (QUL 2003:126);= kenegte-; > negler-, negqeryaraq, negtaar-,negtaat, neg’utaq; cf. niig-, Negteµiut; < PY-S
t0n0!Negteµiut Nightmute # village on Nelson Is. #perhaps so called because the wind presses down on
the site; cf. negtenegur- to go around an obstacle in one’s path #negurtuq ‘he went around something’; neguraa‘he went around it’ / Assiilnguq negurru, . . .
‘Avoid evil, . . .’ (AYUQ. 4:15); < PE n0!u3negurluq loop on garment for use with a fastener(hook, button, etc.) # NUN; cf. negaq; < PEn0!u3lu3
neguryaq spider # NUN; < ?-yaq; cf. negaq
neguyaq air bubble in ice # < ?-yaq
neg’utaq mouthpiece of drill; part of drill at top of
shaft held in mouth with teeth # < negte-taq1
neguyak ringworm # used in the plural, neguyiit, for
one area of ringworm infection; < PE n0!uya3
neka emotional pain; hurt feelings # also an
emotional root; Kitaki-gguq waniwa uituumakilii
nekaka taquulluku angiararucetenrilkurrluku.
‘She said that I should remain with my husband
by braiding my anger and hurt feelings into myhair so that they would not become loose.’(YUP 2005:52); > nekake-, nekaniqe-, nekaniur-,
nekayug-; < PE n0kanekake- to find (it) emotionally painful # nekakaa

negtaar- — nekevraartuq‘he finds it emotionally painful’ / < neka-ke3nekayug- to have hurt feelings; to be emotionallypained # nekayugtuq ‘his feelings are hurt’ /Nekayutuyaaqukut ayuqluta ta¥gaam qemaggluku
ing’umun qanrutkenrilengramteggu tauna
nekayulput cavkenani assinruluni, cagtevkenanillu. ‘We all get hurt feeling, but we should keep it
inside. It is better if we do not express our hurt
feelings to that person and let them spread.’ (YUP
2005:52); < neka-yugnekanarqe- to cause emotional pain # nekanarquq‘it causes emotional pain’ / Ilait temcinaqluteng.
Ilait tuaten nekanaqsugyaaqaqluteng. ‘Some were
funny. Some could be emotionally painful.’ (CAU
1995:171); < neka-narqenekaniqe- to have hurt feelings # neka-neq2-liqe2nekaniur- to have hurt feelings # nekaniurtuq ‘his
feelings are hurt’ / < neka-niurnek’aq future house # nekaa ‘his future house’;< [e]na-kaq
nekav- root; > nekavli-, nekavte-, nekavvlugtenekavli- to have disheveled or tangled hair #nekavliuq ‘his hair is disheveled’ / < nekav-?nekavte- to dishevel (hair) # nekavtai ‘he isdisheveling them (hair)’ / Y; < nekav-?nekavvlugte- to be disheveled # of hair;nekavvlugtut ‘they (hair) are disheveled’ / Y;
< nekav-rrluk
nek’e- to have it as one’s place or home # nekaa ‘it ishis place or home’ / Nasaurluut payugtaqamengta¥gaam qasgimun it’lallruut, utaqalgirlutengllu. Ta¥gaam tan’gaurluut qasgi nek’ellruat. ‘Girls
would enter the kashim when they brought(their fathers) food and they would wait there(while the men were eating). However, thekashim was the boys’ home.’ (KIP 1998:287);
Imna tutgara’urluq tan’gurra’urluuluni qasgimi
ellanguq tua-i amiim qulii nekluku, . . . ‘That
grandson, being a mere lad, grew to awarenessin the kashim, having his place above the entrance
way [it being colder and less desirable] . . .’(MAR2 2001:21); < [e]na-ke2nekete- to extinguish with water; to quench #neketaa ‘he extinguished it’ / NSU
nekevraartuq spruce tree (Picea sp.) # Tua-i-ll’
amna kingunerminek piamiu angunayukluni— cukauq-gguq tauna mikelnguq waten
aurrelaagaqluni — napamun nekevraartumun

439

nekevyuk — nemerciq

Basesnel’i- to make a house # neliuq ‘he made a house’;nelia ‘he made him a house’ / < [e]na-lineliaq uterus; womb # . . . yuurpailegmek
callulartuk aanamek neliagkeni. ‘. . . before they2
were born they fought in their mother’s womb.’(AYAG. 25:22); = ngeliaq; < [e]na-liaq; < PE
0nli(C)a3
nell’eq former house # nellra ‘his former house’;< [e]na-lleq
nelnguq birch (Betula sp.) # and nelngur- to be
tough but pliable; to be thick and viscous ofliquids; HBC; = elnguq/elngur-; < PE n0l&u(3)nelqitaaq mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) # LI
nelte- to deflate; to let out air; to leak air # HBC,
NUN; = elte-; < PE n0l0t- (under PE n0l03(-))
nel’u beaver house # = ngel’u
nemaa- to twist around # Nemaaluni-gguq tua-ipiyaaqerraarluni, ataam angllurraarluni piaqami
pinialikaniraqluni. ‘It would twist all around after
its effort; after it dove it would be weaker.’ (PAI
2008:2); < nemer-anemenglluk foot wrapping used in place of socks #LI; < nemeq-nglluk
nemeq binding; lashing; wrapping; bandage # andnemer- to bind; to lash; to wrap; to bandage #nemertuq ‘he is binding something’; nemraa‘he is binding it’ / nemerkaq ‘somethingused as a binding’; Tuaten tua-i qayani taunanemernariqercan pilliniuq, “Kitak nemeryulriit
nemerlit.” ‘When it was time for his kayak parts
to be lashed, he said, “Okay, those who wish
to lash, lash away.”’ (QUL 2003:614); > nemaa-,
nemenglluk, nemercauk, nemerciq, nemernaq,
nemeryaq, nemiaq; < PE n0m03(-)
nemercauk spirally striped bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus) seal with fur that changes its direction
when weta # < nemeq-?
nemerciq, nemercik flexible wood strip used
for making a conical wood-slat fish trap # inparticular the smaller spiraled piece coiled aroundthe longitudinal strips (cigyak) (and with the larger
spiraled piece lashing (nemiarun) to hold the strips
to that spiraled piece and to maintain the spacing
between the strips); Cali-llu muraullgutaitnek
nemiarucirluki cali-llu nemercinek pilallemte÷ek
nemercilirluki muraullgutaitnek, muragglainarnek
taluyiluteng, camek ilaunaki. ‘They also wouldbind the strips together with more wood, what
we call “nemerciq”, applying “nemerciq” to it,

mayulliniluni. ‘Being worried that the baby
might catch up with him — they say that childcrawled extremely quickly — he climbed a sprucetree.’ (AGA 1996:210); Y, NS; = kevraartuq; <nekev-?
nekevyuk young man # Uikarautengqerrsaaqlunigguq, angutet iliitneng taw’ nekevyugmeng.
‘There was one young man whom she wanted
for a husband one of the young men of thevillage.’ (CEV 1984:59); Nekevyuurcamek ta¥g
imkuk taum-ll’ atiin ta¥g entun ayuqelriamengqaygilivkallinilukek. ‘Because they2 were
becoming men, her father had them build akashim, similar to a house.’ (WEB1); HBC;
< nekev-?
nekva- to be standing # stative; nekvauq ‘he isstanding’ / NUN; < nek’ve-?nekvayar- to stand by the river and work a net byhand # nekvayartuq ‘he is working a net byhand’ / NUN; < nekev-yar-; < PE n0kva3- (underPE n0k0v0(t)-)
nek’ve- to stand up (NUN, EG meaning); to
play out (of a harpoon line)(CAN meaning) #active; nek’vuq ‘he stood up’ / ‘standing up’;nekevciquq ‘he will stand up’; . . . qetunrani
kuten yuungamiu carliarciqerluku nekevluni
ngevrrarluni tangcautellinia . . . ‘. . . she took her
child out (from inside of her parka) and cuddled
it in her arms, and standing up, after blowing
her nose, she made an effort to allow her childto see (what had happened) . . .’ (WEB2); Unatua-i nek’velria taprualuk nek’velria, iquklipailgan
egmianun teguluku piyugngaluku. ‘The sealskinharpoon lies would uncoil, it would play out, andthey’d immediately grab it before the end of theline passed by.’ (PAI 2008:298); > nekevraartuq,
nekevyuk, nekva-, nekvayar-, nek’ve-; < PE
n0k0v0(t)nel’ae border; edge # nelii ‘its edge’; = ngel’ae,
menglae, kenglae
nel’ar- to laugh # variant of ngel’ar- reported fromvarious places; = englar-, nenglar-, ngel’ar-, el’arneleq flatus; gas expelled rectally; vulgar fart # andneler- to break wind; to expel flatus; vulgar to fart
# HBC, NUN; = [e]leq/[e]ler-, leq/ler-, naleq/
naler-; > nelepag-; < PE n0l03(-)
nelepag- to expel much gas, often long and loudly #< neleq/neler-pag2nelernaq bean # literally: ‘flatus inducer’; NUN;
< neler-naq1

440Basesmore wood, making a fish trap totally outof wood and nothing else.’ (KIP 1998:321);< nemer-?
nemernaq root of plant; lamprey (Lampetra japonica)# < nemeq-naq2
nemeryaq, nemersaq (NS form) lamprey (Lampetra
japonica) # < nemeq-yaq, nemeq-yaq;> nemeryarcuun
nemeryarcuun lamprey-capturing implement #consists of an oar-like stick with spikes on the edges,
which is swung through the water to impale lampreys
on its spikes; < nemeryaq-cuun
nem’etaur(ar)- to stay in the house # especially,
staying in family houses that were the residencesof women and small children as opposed to instaying the kashim (men’s communal house) #nem’etaurtuq ‘he is staying in the house’/ . . . tan’gaurluut qasgi nek’ellruat. Tua-i
angliriqerluteng nem’i uitananrilallruut. Cali-llu
nem’etauraasqumavkenaki. ‘Boys had the men’scommunal house as their home. When they
became a certain age they no longer resided in
the family houses. They told them not to stay inthe (family) houses.’ (KIP 1998:287); Usuuq-ata
nem’etaurpiiqnak, agluten qasgimun qanelriitta¥gaam niicugniuryarturki yuucirkarpenek.
Waten tang qantulriit, “nem’etaurpakalria-gguq
yuucirkaminek tan’gurraq niisngaituq”. ‘Look,
you, don’t stay around in the house, go over tothe kashim instead to listen to the ones speaking
concerning how you should live. They say that alad who stays in the house too much won’t learn
how he should live.’ (QUL 2003:8); <[e]na-mete-aur(ar)nemiaq fish-trap lashing material # < nemeq-liaq; >nemiarunnemiarun fish-trap lashing # in particular the lashingused to hone the longitudinal srips (cigyak) in placeand fasten them to the spiraled piece (nemerciq);< nemiaq-?-nnemirte- to curve # of trails, rivers, etc.; nemirtuq ‘it
curves’; NUN; = nevirtenemiu occupant of the house # Arnat tangcamek yuucirkamek angutem atu’urkaanek
qanyuilnguut, waken anlluku wanirpak
qanaalaameng nemiut ngel’allagaluteng
arnarrlainaugaqameng. . . ‘Women don’t talkabout anything a man will be going through,whenever they talk [people] about current events

nemernaq — nengciutaq

the occupants of the house whenever they are just
women, laugh . . .’ (QUL 2003:8); < [e]na-miu
neneq bone; one of twelve or thirteen ribs in center
part of kayak that have thin cross-sections atareas of bends (turn of the bilge) (additional
meaning in HBC) # . . . nernaurtut nenrit-lluggur qangquraqluki. Makumiutaunritur tauna
qimugta. ‘. . . they crunch the bones (of their food)when they eat.’ (WHE 2000:200); HBC, NUN; =eneq, naneq; > nenerrluk, nenrilquk
nenerrluk dried fish vertebra # NUN; < neneq-rrluk
nengake- to disapprove; to reject # nengakaa ‘herejects it’ / Agayulirtet-gguq nengakluki tuaten
pillrat assiilnguniluku. ‘The priests disapproved ofthem, saying it was evil.’ (AGA 1996:92); Y, NUN,
HBC, NS; < nengar-ke?nengamllugte- to be unhappy; to pout # NUN;
< nengar-?-; cf. nangamcuk
nengar- to sulk angrily, refusing to act, having notgotten one’s way; to feel jealousy on account ofa member of the opposite sex # nengartuq ‘he issulking’ / nengautekaa ‘he is sulking on accountof it’, ‘he is jealous on account of her’; Y, NUN,
HBC, NS; > nengamllugte-; < PE n0&(&)a3nengaugitaq man from another village residing in
his wife’s village; man who has married into afamily # Ta¥gaam kia-i cali Qipnermiut yung’ut
allakanek, naken iluvalrianek. Ukurritanek,
nengaugitanek, tamakunek ilangluteng,amlleriluteng. ‘However, Kipnuk upriver isgetting new people, that come inland. ‘Wivesfrom other villages, husbands from other villages,
joining in, increasing in number.’ (KIP 1998:25);< nengaugite-aq1
nengaugite- to live in one’s wife’s village, having
come from another village; to marry into a village
or family # of a man; Tua-llu tamaani yun’erraq
nengaugitliniuq taukunun ilakellrianun. ‘Atthat time a young man married into this certain
family.’ (YUU 1995:20); < nengauk-ite2- (?)
nengauk, nengaugaq, nengaulak brother-in-law(sister’s husband only); son-in-law; uncle bymarriage to one’s father’s sister, i.e., paternal
aunt’s husband; parallel-cousin’s daugher’shusband # < PE n0&a(C)u(!)
nengciun harpoon tip with hole for attachment #NUNnengciutaq wooden holder for harpoon head #
NUN

441

nenge- — nenglli-Bases

nenge- to stretch; to extend; to stand on tiptoe# neng’uq ‘it stretched’, ‘he stood on tiptoe’/ nengtaa ‘he stretched it’; nengumauq ‘it isstretched, is in a stretched state’; Asaaqurragguq ayallermini tuarpiaq-gguq tauna imgutaa
neng’aqami, tuarpiaq-gguq yuk qinerneminek
tangvalriani qiluminek-gguq tuar yuk maq’lalria
yaani. ‘When the harpoon is shooting throughthe air as [its line] plays out, it appears, when seen
peripherally, as though a person’s entrails were
flowing out from him.’ (CIU 2005:56); Tamakutllu tua-i elatmun waten unani ekvigam ket’araani
ayuqluteng, nengumaluteng ketmun elaqsigluteng
ukut ukatmun, kuvyacuarnek tegumiarluteng
usguku’urluki. ‘And more people were on thesides, right below the bank, extending down
toward the water, holding small gill nets tied
together.’ (PAI 2008:160); > nengqaaq, nengqur-,nengqussig-, nengte2-, nengugte-, nengulra-,
nengulraq, nengusraar-; cf. nengsuug-,
nengulugte-; < PE n0&0nengelvak extremely cold weather # andnengelvag- or nengelpag- to be extremely cold
# nengelvagtuq or nengelpagtuq ‘it’s extremely
cold’ / Caqerluni aatiit nengelviim tungiini
taluyani paqcaqlirluki ayagluni kiimi, . . . ‘One
day their father, during the extremely cold weather,
after a long while went out to check his fish traps
by himself, . . .’ (ELN 1990:77); < nengla-vak
nengengali deck beam of kayak fourth from bow #see Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak
nengilite- to distribute a portion of a catch to #nengilitaa ‘he’s distributing a portion of his catchto her’ / Tamaani arrluut wagg’uq nengilitetuit
tangvagteteng waten arvermek callugaqameng.
‘Back then killer whales, so they say, would
distribute portions of their catch to those who
watched them when they attacked bowhead
whales.’ (CIU 2005:122); < nengiq-?nenginga- to be stretched; to be extended #nengingauq ‘it is stretched’, ‘it is extended out’
/ Yaqulek cilulria yuan-wa kegginaa qukaani
unalviik nengingalutek yaqulgem yaqugcetun.
‘And the bird gliding in the air — [reveals] ahuman face with the big hands in the middle
stretched out like the wings of a bird.’ (AGA
1996:33); < nengte2-nganengiq portion of a catch; share # and nengir- to
divide a catch for distribution # nengia ‘theportion of the catch he has received, his share’;
Malirqaqameng tamaani narulkaquluki qayatgun
waten pingayurqunek narulkartaita, wagg’uq
nengirluteng. ‘Back then when they hunted[seals], spearing them from kayaks, the first
three to spear them would divide up the catchfor distribution.’ (QUL 2003:414); > nengirtur-,
nengilite-; < PE n0&i3
nengirtur- to distribute portions of a catch #nengirturtuq ‘he is giving out portions’;
nengirturaa ‘he is giving out portions of it’ /< nengiq-tur1nengl- root; > nengla, nenglla, nengller-, nenglli-,
nengllinaq, nengllir-, nenglliur-, nengte2-; < PE
n0&0(t)- and n0&@inenglae cold weather; coldness in the air # nenglem
massiinaq ayagciigacetaa ‘the cold kept theengine from starting’; nenglenguq ‘it is getting
cold’; nenglairutuq ‘it is no longer cold’;nenglaituq ‘it is not cold’; nengeltuircarluku‘insulating it’; Pitsaqluni-llu tupaggluku Irr’aq,
ellii-llu-am elluiyunqerrami makcuumiilami
nenglemun. ‘She intentionally woke Irr’aq up,
because she herself liked being comfortableand didn’t want to get up into the cold air.’(ELN 1990:20); Anngameng ellii piuq ella
assirngatqapiararluni nenglainani-llu. ‘When theywent out she saw that the weather appeared
to be very nice and not cold.’ (ELN 1990;32);
nenglem cuqyutii ‘thermometer’; < nengl-;> nengelvak
nenglar- to laugh # HBC, EG; = el’ar, englar-,nel’ar-, ngel’ar-; < PE 0&la3nenglla cool breeze; coolness # < nengl-?;> nengllacir-; < PE n0&@a3- (under PE n0&0(t)and n0&@i-)nengllacir- to cool down # nengllacirtuq ‘it is being
cooled down’; nengllaciraa ‘he is cooling it down’/ Aling, quyanaqvaa-ll’ neqkanglua uumek
uqurilriamek yaqulegmek, atak nengllacirlaku
aunrassiyaagyuartuq nerkumni. ‘Oh, I am so
glad I caught this fat bird to eat; let me cool it off
first lest it bleed too much when I eat it.’ (YUU
1995:74); < nenglla-cirnengller- to be cold # of liquids or objects; nengllertuq‘it is cold’ / NUN; < nengl-?nenglli-, nengllar- to have cooled down after being
warm # usually of food; nenglliuq ‘it has gotten
cold’ / NUN; < nengl-?-, < nengl-?-442

Basesnengllinaq spring of cold water # NUN; < nengl-?
nengllir- to be cold # of weather; impersonal or similar
subject; nengllirtuq ‘it is cold’ / nengllirpaa!
‘how cold it is!’; Maqinerraraam kinguani
nengllirpek’nani-llu tamana qasgiq. ‘After a sweat
bath the kashim wasn’t cold.’ (AGA 1996:54);
Unuakumi tupiimi mak’arrluni piuq aanii
kumarteqatalria, nengllikacaarluni ilua nem, elliillu qerrutqapiggluni. ‘The next morning when
she woke up she sat up in bed and saw that her
mother was lighting the stove and that it wasvery cold inside the house, and she herself felt
very cold.’ (ELN 1990:60); . . . caqam ta¥gaam
ilaq’apiani anuqvagluni nengllirqan tua-i nem ilii
kiirisciigatqaqluni. ‘. . . once in a while, however,when it’s very windy and cold the interior ofsome houses took time to warm up.’ (QUL
2003:6); < nengl-lirnenglliur- to feel the cold # of persons; nenglliurtuq‘he is feeling the cold’ / Tuani-gguq
qavarpailegmek nenglliunglutek tua-i nengllian.
‘Then before they2 slept they felt cold because it
was cold.’ (AGA 1996:132); < nengl-liurnengqaaq edible fiddlehead of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris austriaca) # BB, LI; < nenge-?
nengqur- to stand on tiptoe # Ungulerqullrani
nengqurluni-ll’ naken maaken qainganek iggluni
talliraq. ‘When he shook himself standing on his
toes, from somewhere on his body the bracelet
fell down.’ (KIP 1998:71); < nenge-?
nengqussiig- to stand on tiptoe # NUN < nengqurnengsuq grandmother # NSU; < PE n0&yu3
nengsuug- to press one’s knuckles against one’s
forehead # cf. nengenengtaaryarat accordion # < nengete2-a-yaraqpluralnengte-1 to be cold # of persons; NUN; < nengl-?
nengte-2 to stretch (it); to extend (it); to unravel(knitting); to set a drift-net # nengtaa ‘hestretched it’ / . . . taum inerquastellran
mak’arrluni uyaquni nenglluki kanaviallinia,“Waqaa! Tugrulluten-qa kit’uten?” ‘. . . the one
who had warned him sat up and stretched out hisneck looking down at him, “Well! Did you fall inby breaking through the ice?”’ (QAN 1995:322);< nenge-te2-; < PE n0&0t- (under PE n0&0-)
nengte-3 to set a driftnet # nengtuq ‘he set a driftnet’/ cf. nengte2-; < PE n0&0t- (under PE n0&0-)

nengllinaq — nengyuaryuk

nenguga’rte- to strain one’s muscles; to get ahernia; to get a fallen uterus after pregnancy;
to stretch (it) hard # nenguga’rtuq ‘he strained
his muscles’, ‘he got a hernia’, ‘she got a fallen
uterus’; nengugartaa ‘he stretched it hard’/ . . . pitegcautetaanek a¥g’arluku nutaan
nengugarrluku imumek qalriaq’ertelluku
nalalluku nutaan unguirarkaunrirluku. Kanaqliit
tuaten pitullruit. ‘. . . one would remove thearrow, then pull its heart until it made a certain
sound. Then you’d know that it was dead. That
was how they killed muskrats.’ (CIU 2005:30); =enguga’rte-; < nengugte-ar(ar)te1nengugtaat accordion # alqaqa nengugtaanermek
elicungcartuq ‘my older sister is learning how toplay the accordion’; < nengugte-aq1-plural
nengugte- to spread out; to stretch out; to extend# of something piled up, rolled up, crumpled, orfolded; nengugtuq ‘it is spread out’; nengugtaa‘he spread it out’ / Una waniwa wii qemiqumku
yaaken pirraarluku nag’artelluku, makut waninaaqurluki naivnirturluki waten naaqurluki
nenguggluku-llu. ‘If I was putting the floats on
this net I would count the mesh, then divide themesh into groups, and then put the floats evenly
on the line according to the number of groups ofmesh.’ (CIU 2005:90); < nenge-?-, > nenguga’rte-,nengugtaat; < PY-S n0&u!- (under PE n0&0-)
nengulercissuun scraper for fawn skins; tanning
tool for softening and stretching skin # NUN;
< nenge-?-ssuun
nengulra- to keep on stretching # nengulrauq‘it keeps on stretching’; nengulraa ‘he keeps
stretching it’ / nengulrayuli ‘thing capable ofstretching’; Nengulrasciiganateng-llu peqlireskai.
‘Those soaked [in urine for waterproofing] don’t
stretch.’ (PAI 2008:114); < nenge-?-; < PY n0&ul03(under PE n0&0-)
nengulraq rubber band; elastic # < nenge-?
nengulugte- to put under an obligation # (?); cf.
nengenenguralria kayak end part # NUN
nengusraar- to stand on tiptoe # nengusraartuq ‘hestood on tiptoe’ / < nenge-?nengyuaryuk dentalium # Imumi imkut
qanraqellriit yuut, nengyuaryugcuraqut-gguq
avaken naken, . . . , Ugaassat natiitnek avaken,
nanvamek-gguq tua-i tuaken piinellruaraat
qilqerraarluki egtaqait ciissircurqameng,443

nenrilquq — nepengyaq

Basestua-i-gguq tegglircurluteng. ‘Long ago I heard
people talking about how they gathered dentalia
from a place near Ugaassat, how they would
weave the boot sole grass loosely and throw it
into the water in the lake so they would catch thecreatures, gathering (raw material for) beads inthat way.’ (CIU 2005:254)
nenrilquq one’s waist at the side above the hip #HBC; < neneq-?-quq
nepae noise, sound # massiinam nepii eqnarquq ‘thenoise of the machine is irritating’; Up’nerkamigguq iliini yuk pektaqami yuilqumi niitelartuq
amikuum nepiinek ta¥gken-gguq naken piciinani.
Nunamek-llu-gguq pingaleng’ermi nepem tungii
cataunani camek-llu-gguq tangerrnaunani.
‘In springtime, they say, sometimes a person
walking in the wilderness hears the sound of an“amikuk” (a certain legendary creature), but itwould be hard to pinpoint as to where it camefrom. Even if the direction that the sound wascoming from seemed to be from the ground,
there’d be nothing there, nothing visible.’ (AGA
1996:143); > nepair-, nepaite-, nepaksugte-,
nepelkirte-, nepengyaq, nepengyar-, neplir-,
nepetmun, nepetu-, nep’nge-, nep’ngute-,
nepsallag-, nepsarpak, nepsarte-, neptu-, nepua-,
nepugte-; < PE n0p0
nepair- to fall silent # nepairtuq ‘he fell silent’ /Qayagaulriik-gguq taukuk nepairusngiinartuk
tayimngurrluni. ‘Those two that were crying out[the crane’s eyes] became quieter and quieter andwere gone.’ (PRA 1995*:396); < nepa-ir-; < PE
n0p0&i3- (under PE n0p0)
nepaite- to be silent; to be quiet # nepaituq ‘he or
it is silent’ / Ellii alingerrluarluni, ilai-ll’ ukut
nepaunateng uitaluteng nallunricaaqeng’ermeng
piarkaunrilucimeggnek tuaten
ulapequtekillruameng. ‘She became extremely
scared, and her siblings remained silent becauseeven though they knew what they weren’t
supposed to do they had wantonly playedaround like that.’ (ELN 1990:14); < nepa-ite1-;< PE n0p0&it- (under PE n0p0)
nepaksugte- to make little noises # nepaksugtuq‘he is making little noises’ / nepaksugtevkenak!
‘don’t make the least little noise!’; < nepa-?
nepcanarqe- to be sticky # nepcanarquq ‘it is sticky’/ Kinguakun pinaurait puyaqapiarluteng,nepcanaqluteng. Tamaaken qayat umciguciraqluki

keluit. Imangyugnaitaqluteng. ‘After that they[the mosses soaked in seal oil] became rancid andsticky. They’d use it to caulk the seams of their
kayaks. They’d never leak.’ (YUU 1995:61);< nepte-yanarqenepcaq small type of sucker fish (species ?) # NUN;
< nepte-yaq
nepcetaaq sticky tape; glue; bandage # < neptecetaaq
nepcetaq shaman’s mask # said to stick to the face
without any visible means of a being held in place;nepcetauguq ‘it is a shaman’s mask
nepcurliq snail; lamprey (Lampetra japonica); magnet# Nepcurlitun merlerurtellriatun ayuqekilit. ‘Let
them be as a snail that liquefies.’ (PSALM 58:8);
nepcurlim tegumiaqestii ‘cam follower in a motor’;< nepte-?-li1
nepeckegg- to be a good climber; to havegood balance; to be able to cling to things #nepeckegtuq ‘he is a good climber’ / Ellii-llu
angyam ce÷iikun piyualuni nepeckeggniluni
qalarrluni ayaluqtaarluni cukaunani
kelutmurteqcaarluni, tuaten Qalemam
pisqenrilengraani. ‘And she walked along the
gunwale of the boat saying that she had goodbalance, and staggering a bit slowly made her
way forward even though Qalemaq told her not
to do that.’ (ELN 1990:26); < nepte-ckeggnepelkirte-to make a sound; to speak # NUN;
< nepa-?nepengyaq ghost or spirit (whose presence is indicatedby noise at night and a cold mist) # and nepengyarto come, attracted by noise (of animals, ghosts);
for there to be a ghostly noise # nepengyartuq‘it came, attracted by noise’ or ‘there was aghostly noise’; nepengyaraa ‘it came to him,
attracted by his noise’ / Neplissiyaagluki-llu
naanguaraqata pingraateng nepengyarciqniluki
neplirturaraqluteng. ‘And, even though she told
them that they would attract wild animals if they
played too noisily, they did not stop making
noise.’ (ELN 1990:17); Tuaten tekiteqanrakun
camaken nepengyartuqerluni, eng-eng-aaraluni
aarrarrarraalliniuq camna, “Aarrarrarraa,
tutgara’urlulkayama tuparqelkuglua.” ‘When
he reached it, a sound arose from down there,
going “eng, eng” and saying, “Whew, my darn
grandson has awakened me.” (QUL 2003:238);< nepa-?

444

Basesnepetmun — nepute-

nepsarpak noisily; loudly # adverb particle;
nepsarpak mikelnguut itertut ‘the children
entered noisily’; Ataput-llu qenertellriacetun
qanerlallruut, arulairrluta nem iluaniaqumevkarluta, nepsarpak qatguurluteng
cakneq qarrluteng. ‘Our father would give us
instructions as if angry, having us stop whatever
we were doing and sit down, then he would
loudly raise his voice and shout.’ (MAR1 2001:27);
Y, NS; < nepa-?-rpaknepsarte- to make noise # nepsartuq ‘he is making
noise’ / nepsartevkenak ‘don’t make noise’;Kana-i ketiignun culurcami tagevkenani
qanrumaaralliniuq nepsartevkenani, “Qaill’ piak?
Qavartuk-qaa?” ‘When he landed on the shore
below them without going up he said without
making noise, “What’s wrong with them2? Are
they2 sleeping?”’; (QUL 2003:444); < nepa-?
nepte- to stick; to cling; to adhere # neptuq ‘itstuck’ / nepcetaa ‘he made it stick’; Wagg’uq
tamakut acirnaurait nepcetanek. Wagg’uq
neplartut a¥g’asciigalluteng. ‘They called those[shamans’ masks] “nepcetat”. They’d stick [to theface], and be hard to remove.’ (AGA 1996:54);
Unuan ellamun anluni piuq, pircirluni natquikayagaluni. Ilii neptaqluni, ilii-llu kituraqluni. ‘In
the morning going out she saw that there wasa blizzard with snow blowing over the ground.
Some of it would stick there, and some would
pass on.’ (YUU 1995:17); > nepcanarqe-, nepcaq,
nepcetaaq, nepyun, nepcurliq, nepeckegg-,
nepillineq, nepitag-, nepute-; cf. neveneptu- to be noisy; to be loud # neptuuq ‘it is noisy’;Ta¥gken-gguq allanek nutegnek kapkaanarnekllu itrucagnek nepturikanirluteng cauyarluteng
atuqanirluteng-llu. ‘However, it is said, thatwhen they2 brought in other guns and traps they
beat them more loudly and sang out more.’ (CAU
1985:81); = neptu-; < nepa-tunepua- to howl # of animals; nepuaguq ‘it ishowling’ / < nepa-?nepucuqiq rough edge of shore-fast ice formed
when ice broken by wind and waves refreezes #< nepute-?
nepugte- to make noise # nepugtuq ‘it is making
noise’ / NUN; < nepa-?-; < PY n0pu!- (under PE
n0p0)
nepute- to stick onto something # neputuq ‘itstuck onto something’; neputaa ‘he stuck it onto

nepetmun heading toward commotion, turbulence,chaos # adverbial particle; . . . caumallagallutekgguq aipaqelriik pikunek nepetmun ayatuuk.
‘. . . it is said that if a couple are confrontational
they are headed toward chaos.’ (QAN 2008:338);< nepae-tmun
nepetu- to be noisy # NSU; = neptu-; < nepa-tunepiaq semi-subterranean sod house # incontrast to the both frame and log house, and to
the kashim (qasqiq) or men’s communal houses;
Ellangeqarraallemni yuut nepianek nengqellruut.
Nevunek-llu naterluteng enait. ‘When I firstbecame aware of things people had sod houses
with dirt floors for dwellings.’ (YUU 1995:45);
Nepiami uitaurayuunateng it’lang’ermeng tua,cassuutengqerraqameng it’lang’ermeng, nepiani
ak’anun uitayuunateng angutet. Arnat ta¥gaam
kiimeng nepiani uitaaqluteng. ‘[Men] neverremained long in the sod house, although theywould go in whenever they had a good reason,
they’d go in, but not stay long in the sod houses,
those men. Only women dwelled in the sodhouses.’ (QUL 2003:6); < [e]na-pik
nepillineq ice stuck all winter on the mud # cf.
neptenepirag- to be slick; to be frictionless # NUN; =piirag- (the base nepirag- may be a blend of piirag(q.v) and nepte- ‘to stick’)
nepitag- to have things clinging to one # nepitagtuq‘it has stuff clinging to it’ / < nepte-?neplir- to be noisy # neplirtuq ‘he or it isnoisy’ / Murilkelluku ata tauna piniartuci,
neplissiyaagpek’naci-llu, kiimelngukut tang maani
nepengyaryuaraaci ungungssit. ‘Make sure thatyou watch her and also don’t make too much noise;see, we are alone here, and you might attract[unwanted] animals with your noise.’ (ELN
1990:18); < nepa-lirnep’nge- to get sounds # < nepa-ngenep’ngute- to be in labor # nep’ngutaa ‘she is inlabor’, literally: ‘it is making noise with her’ /Taum-gguq qanrutaa tamaani nunameggni,
nep’ngutliniaqaki, aqsait-gguq tua-i ullirrluki
tuaggun antetuat qingait. ‘She told her that intheir own village whenever they were in labor
they’d slash their bellies open and took theirfetuses out that way.’ (KIP 1998:191); <nepa-nge-te5nepsallag- to suddenly make noise # < nepa-llag-445nepyun — neq’aq

Basesneqaiq, neqiaq food-stealing bird # crow, gull, camprobber or gray jay, magpie; LI; < neqa-iq, neqa-?
neq’ake- to remember; to recall; to keep inmind with consideration # neq’akaa ‘heremembers him or it’ / Ulapeq’laquvci atamqanerturalriamek niicugniaqavci niitellercitauna tua-i neq’akngaitarci. ‘If you fiddle around
while you are listening to someone speaking,you won’t remember what you’ve heard.’ (QUL
2003:694); Waniw’ qanemciqatartua uumek wii
neq’akurallemnek, niitlemnek. ‘Now I’m goingto tell about this thing that I remember, that I
heard.’ (ELL 1997:354); = enqake-; < neq’ar-?-;> neq’akun
neq’akun dedication # < neq’ake-n
neqalleq fish scraps # . . . maaten-gguq pikestait
tangrrai calliggluteng tumyaraitni-gguqwa neqallret. Tua-i-llu-gguq tauna can’giiq
tutmaqalitauyuumiilami taukut unilluki taluyat.
‘. . . when he saw its (the fish trap’s) owners heobserved that the fish remains were strewn on
their paths. And so, that blackfish went awayfrom that fish trap not wanting to be troden
upon.’ (ELN 1990:5); Makut maa-i iqertiit
kelipacugluki keligturluki neqallrinqegcaarluki
pitullruit. Neqallrit atam keliuqallrit assipiartut.
Before using the fish skin for sewing it was
scraped clean of its brown meat and membranes.
The scraped meat, when eaten, tasted very good.’(CIU 2005:344); < neqa-lleq
neqalluarpak herring (Clupea harengus) # cf.
iqalluarpak; < neqa-?-rpakneqaluk dried fish # NUN; < neqa-?
neq’aniur- to recall with regret; to anticipate
with hope; to look forward to something #neq’aniurtuq ‘he regrets something’, or ‘helooks forward to something’ / neq’aniurutkaa‘he regrets it’, ‘he looks forward to it’ /Up’nerkaraqan erpailgan ayalallruukut, . . .
Ayagarkaugaqamta neq’aniurluta unugmi
ayagaqluta. ‘When it’s spring we start out
before dawn, . . . When we are to travel we lookforward to traveling and we would go at night.’(KIP 1998:269); Tua-i-gguq makut neq’aniutulit
unuakumi . . . kangangyaratulit . . . apqucim
taum . . . nayurciiganaki cakneq. ‘Sickness will
avoid those who look forward to going out early inthe morning.’ (QUL 2003:332): < neq’ar-niurneq’aq placenta # < neqa-?

something’ / Tamaani arnat qingaqerraaraqata
inerqutullruit angertuusqevkenaki, qingait
nepuciiqniluki. ‘Back then when women had
initially become pregnant they’d tell them not tochew gum, saying that their fetuses would getstuck to them.’ (YUU 1995:36); < nepte-te5-;> nepucuqiq
nepyun sticky tape; glue # < nepte-n
neqae food; fish # neqet ‘fishes’; neqmek neryugtua‘I want to eat fish’; neqii ‘his food’; neqai ‘its fish’;neqtulnguunga ‘I’m tired of eating fish’; Tua-i
qasgim ilua neqngurrluni. ‘And inside the kashim
there was a lot of food everywhere’ (literally: ‘itbecame food’) (CAU 1985:130); Tua-i kaikuni
umyuaqsuumiinaku tamalkuan neraa neqni
qantani-llu painqercaarluku. ‘Then, not wanting
to think about if she should be starving, she ate
all her food and licked her bowl clean.’ (ELN
1990:5); . . . tamana neqliviat nunaniriluni napat,
can’get-llu cungagpak, neqet-llu pingluteng.
‘. . . that fish-camp of theirs became delightful;
the trees and grass got very green, and the fish
started coming. (ELN 1990:22); Tamaa-i tuaten
ayuqelliniut tamakut neqaitem nalliini, ellminek
mulngakluni pillerkaq. Nervallagavkenani.
‘Back then that was how they were during thetime when there was no food; they were carefulin how they conducted themselves. They did notgorge [when they did get food].’ (KIP 1998:339);(e)vegtat neqait or megtat neqait ‘rosewort’(Sedum roseum); iligviit neqait ‘poison water
hemlock’ (Cicuta mackenzieana); caqelngataat
neqait ‘mountain harebell’ (Campanula lasiocarpa)
or ‘forget-me-not’ (Myosotis alpestris) (literally:‘butterfly food’); melngut neqait ‘heather’(Cassiope sp.) or ‘mastodon flower’ (Seneciocongestus) (literally: ‘water beetle food’); qugyuut
neqait ‘mare’s-tail’ (Hippurus vulgaris) (in BB);tulukaruut neqait ‘baneberries’ (Actaea rubra)(the plant bears poisonous berries); tuntut neqait‘reindeer moss (a certain lichen)’ (Cladonia
rangiferina); > neqaiq, neqalluarpak, neqaluk,
neq’aq, neqaraq, neqatuq, neqavruq, neqcaq,
neqengqertassiaryaraq, neqerrluk, neqivik,
neqkaq, neqkiur-, neqli-, neqliur-, neq’liur-,
neqlugcira-, neqniate-, neqnili-, neqnirliaq,
neqnirqe-, neqsur-, neqte-; cf. nere-; cf. neqalleq,
neqaraq, neqalluarpak, neqatuq, and neqaluk,which all suggest a variant of this base ending in arather than e; < PE n0q0446

Basesneq’ar- to have something come to mind; to recall;to call to mind; to be reminded of # neq’ertuq‘he recalled something’, ‘something came to his
mind’; neq’eraa ‘he recalled it’, ‘it came to his
mind’ / im’um yuum atra neq’eraqa ‘I recall that
person’s name’; neq’allrua ‘he has recalled it’;
neq’ercetaa ‘he reminded her’; Pilaqiinga tang,maa-i-ggur nunat ilait kenurraneg’ makunek
pilangata, neq’erturalaqai taukut. ‘He tells methat since they now have these lights, he started
being reminded of them.’ (KIP 1998:239); Yuum
aptaqanga neq’angcarluku, neq’angcarluku, tayim’
neq’angyuunaku. ‘When a person asks me aquestion, I try to remember and try to remember,but sometimes I don’t remember.’ (TAP 2004:111);> neq’ake-, neq’aniur-, neq’ari-, neq’arivik; < PE
0nqa3neq’ari- to eat small portions of a memorial dish# the dish consists of rice with raisins and is eaten
in Russian Orthodox churches or homes during amemorial; < neq’ar-aq1-li2neq’arin # the dish of rice and raisins # < neq’ari-n
Neq’arivik Memorial Day # Neq’arivigmi
neq’ak’laraput tuqullret, kelistaita-llu manuitnun
elliiluta wreath-anek. ‘On Memorial Day weremember those who died and place wreaths infront of their crosses.’ (YUP 1996:55); <neq’ar-i2-vik
neqaraq salmon (any species) (meaning in NSU);
any little bit of food available (elsewhere) #Tamaa-i tamana pitekluki elluarrluki neqaratengauluk’lallrulliniit. ‘And for that reason they
took good care of what little food they had.’ (KIP
1998:327); Tua-i imkut neqarapuk nernaupuk.
‘Let’s eat whatever little food we have.’ (QUL
2003:410); < neqa-?
neqatuq dried fish caught in river # EG; < neqa-?;
cf. neqaluk
neqavruq candy; sweet fruit; fruit canned in sweet
syrup # < neqa-?
neqcaq, neqcaun bait # melugmek neqcirru manan!
‘bait your hook with a fish egg!’; kapkainan
neqerrluggarmek neqciqiu! ‘bait your trap with alittle piece of dried fish!’; Tamakut-llu neqtameng
meluitnek neqcarluteng manaraqluteng. ‘They
would hook for fish using the eggs of the fish
they’d caught for bait.’ (ELN 1990:22); < neqacar-, neqa-car-nneqengqertassiaryaraq test fishing # Fish and Game

neq’ar- — neqlepik

neologism; < neqa-ngqerr-tassiar-yaraq
neqepik real food; dog salmon, chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) (additional meaning in NSU); #= neqpik; < neqa-pik
neqerrluk, neqerrluaq smoked dried fish(particularly salmon) # “Camek nerciqse÷uk?”“Neqerrlugnek.” ‘“What are we2 going toeat?” “Smoked dried fish.”’ (YUP 1995:10);
Neqerrlugnek neryunqegtua. ‘I relisheating smoked dried salmon.’ (YUP 1995:39);
Ayakataami-llu angyani, imna-gguq
tua-i amirrliarqii angyaq, akicautekluku
neqerrluarmun tua-i. ‘Before he left he tradedhis boat, that old skin boat, for dried fish.’ (CIU
2005:8); Ellivigmek-llu atrarciluni neqerrlugnek
cali-llu kumlanernek. ‘And from the cache hetook down dried fish and also frozen fish.’ (PRA
1995:410); < neqa-rrluk
neqilegte- to provide adequate food for (him — afamily member) ?) #neqivik elevated cache # Atam elagyangqetullruut
neqivignek, nevunek tua-i nevut ta¥gaam
pikellruamegteggu. ‘You see they used to havepartially underground food caches made of sod,
since sod was all they had.’ (ELL 1997:508); HBC,
Y, NI; < neqa-i3-vik
neqkaq food ready for consumption; a meal #Angutet-llu ilakellriit qasgimi quyurrarmeng
uitaaqluteng. Arnaita nernariaqan payugtaqluki
neqkaitnek. ‘Men who were related stayed
together in the kashim. When it was time toeat, their women brought in their meals.’ (YUU
1995:27); Cali neqkairutaqameng, enerkuat
mermun qallarvaulluki mer’atnek mer’aqluteng.
‘Whenever they ran out of food they’d boil bones
with water and drink their broth.’ (YUU 1995:50);< neqa-kaq
neqkiur- to prepare a meal # neqkiurtuq ‘he ispreparing a meal’; neqkiuraa ‘he is preparinga meal for her’ / Arenqiapaa-ll’ tua-i assiriluni
apquciirulluni makluni kaminiaq kumarrluku
kenirluni nutaan neqkiurlutek. ‘Goodness, better
now and having become free of illness she got
up, lit the stove, cooked, and thus prepared ameal for them2.’ (QUL 2003:372); < neqa-kiur-;> neqkiuryaraq
neqkiuryaraq recipe; art of preparing food #< neqkiur-yaraq
neqlepik white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) #< neqleq-pik1

447neqleq — neqnirqellria

Bases

neqleq white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons);
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) (meaning in
UY, UK, BB, LI, EG); in some areas, a generalterm for goose # . . . neqleq, yaqulget iliit; erinii
ciilertekacagarluku tua-i. ‘. . . white-fronted
goose, one of the birds, its voice was dry andcrackly.’ (ELL 1997:586); = leqleq; > neqlepik,
Neqlercurvik, neqlernaq; < PE n03l03 and n0ql03
Neqlercurvik Fish Village # site on the lower Yukon;< neqleq-cur-vik
neqlernaq black brant (Branta bernicla); Canada
goose (Branta canadensis) (meaning in UY, UK, BB,
LI, EG) # = leqlernaq; < neqleq-naq2
neqli- to prepare fish for storage and later use;
to prepare fish for the winter # neqliuq ‘heis preparing fish for winter, working in fish
camp’ / Tua-i-llu neqlinriameng neqtateng-llu
mayurqaarluki ellivigmun, cali uksiiyarluteng.
‘And then, when they were done preparing fish for
the winter, after having put the fish they’d caught
up in the cache, they also went to fall camp.’(ELN 1990:45); < neqa-li2-; > neqlici-, neqlilleq,
neqliskengaq, neqlivik
neqlilleq fish camp # Tamaani neqlillratni
talicivigtarluni, ellivik-wa keluqvaarni-wa
pelatekaq. ‘There in their fish camp there was asmokehouse, a cache, and in the very back, atent.’ (ELN 1990:17); < neqli-lleq1
neqliskengaq namesake of the dead who is given
food, water, and a change of clothes during aholiday in honor of the dead # CAN; < neqlitekengaq
neqlite- to give offerings of food, water, andclothing to the namesake of the dead in a
ceremony during a holiday such as Merr’aryaraq(“Lesser Memorial Feast”) or Elriq (“Greater
Memorial Feast”) # neqlitaa‘he gives food and other offerings in memoryof the dead to him’ / neqliciuq ‘he gives out
food and other offerings’; CAN; < neqa-ite3-;> neqliskengaq
neqliur- to serve food # neqliurtuq ‘he is serving
food’; neqliuraa ‘he is serving food to her’ /neqliurarpenga-qaa suupamek? ‘did you dish out
some soup for me?’; neqliura ‘serve’; neqliurru‘serve him’; “Suupaq keniumauq.” “Kitak
neqliura taivailgan Apurin.” “Neqliurpailegma
suupaq naspaaqaqerru.” ‘“The soup is cooked.”“Okay then, serve (it) before Apurin gets here.”“Before I serve, give the soup a try.”’ (PRA
1995:214); < neqa-liur-; > neqliurta
neq’liur- to work on fish # cleaning them,
preparing them for storage, etc.; neq’liurtuq ‘heis working on fish’ / Neq’liurqamta kiagmi
assiirucetenritengnaqluki pilaraput. ‘When we
prepare fish in the summer we take care not to letthem go bad.’ (YUU 1995:54); < neqa-liur-;> neq’liurtet
neqliurta food server or manager; man’s second
wife after he has lost his first wife # Cali a¥gkut
yuut piciatun neqliurtaitellruut. Ta¥gaam
yuungnaqelriit ataucimek neqliurterluteng
pitulliniut. ‘Also those people didn’t have justany person to take care of the food. Rather, the ones
doing subsistence had a certain specific person to
manage the food.’ (YUU 1995:20); < neqliur-ta1
neq’liurtet Alaska Department of Fish and Game #K; < neq’liur-ta1-plural
neqlivik fish camp; cannery # < neqli-vik
neqlugcira- to quarrel and complain over food #< neqa-?neqnialnguq (K, BB, NUN form), neqnialquq (HBC
form) gallbladder; wormwood (Artemisia sp.) #< neqniate-nguq, neqniate-quq
neqniate-, neqniite- to be bitter or otherwise
unpleasant to eat # neqniatuq ‘it tastes bad’
/ Alerquucetangqellruuq cali mikelnguut
neryaurtaqata, iliini nerutelaasqelluki
neqnek neqnialngurnek. Neqnialkengraatki-llu
nerevkalaasqelluki. ‘There was the precept alsothat when children start eating, sometimes theyshould be given unappetizing foods. Even though
they find them unappetizing, they should be
required to eat them.’ (YUU 1995:50); < neqa-?ate-, neqa-niite-; > neqnialnguq
neqnili- to enjoy food # neqniliuq ‘he is enjoying his
food’ / neqnilillruunga akutamek ‘I enjoyed the“Eskimo ice cream”’; < neqa-?
neqnirliaq sprout of a certain plant (species?),gathered in spring, used in akutaq, sweet in taste,
also eaten by geese # < neqnirqeneqnirqe- to be sweet or otherwise pleasant to eat;to be delicious # neqnirquq ‘it is sweet, good
tasting’ / neqniqluni ‘(it) being delicious’;< neqa-nirqe-; > neqnirqellria, neqnirliaq
neqnirqellria delicious food; treat; sweet(s); candy;
honey # Iliita-llu kinguqliin cali cauciinaku

448

Basesneqnirqellria apluku caucianek Kass’atun. ‘And
one of her younger siblings, not knowing theidentity of the delicious item, asked her what it
was in English.’ (PRA 1995:377); < neqnirqe-lria
neqpik, neqpiaq real food; dog salmon, chumsalmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (additional meaning in
HBC, UK) # = neqepik; < neqa-pik
neqsur- to fish # neqsurtuq ‘he is fishing’ /neqsurtuq tuniarkaminek ‘he is fishingcommercially’; neqsurvik ‘fishing place’; . . .
imna kainiqellni umyuaqluku neqet tua-i tuc’ata
neqsulliniuq cumiggluni. ‘. . . thinking about
the time he’d suffered hunger, when the fish
arrived, he fished persistently.’ (QUL 2003:190);
Qanemcitqerkut neqsulallerpenek uksumi. ‘Wouldyou please tell about how you used to fish in thewinter.’ (KIP 1998:319); < neqa-cur-; > neqsurta,
neqsuunneqsurta fisherman # < neqsur-ta1; > manatgun
neqsurta
neqsuun fish spear point # < neqsur-nneqte- to catch fish # . . . ataam uterrluni
nunaminun tuavet, ellii tuani neqtenrulaami,
unangenrulaami maanimi. ‘. . . he’d go homeagain because he couldn’t catch fish more,
couldn’t get animals more, there than here.’ (TAP
2004:21); < neqa-te1nequ- dimensional root; > nequkite-, nequtu-; < PE
n0qunequkite- to be narrow # applies to openings;
nequkituq ‘it is narrow’/ Amiigkun
nequkilngurkun itqici. Waniwa picurliim tungii
amiigtangqertuq nequtulriamek, . . . ‘Enterthrough the narrow gate; for there is a wide gatethat leads to destruction, . . .’ (MATT. 7:13);< nequ-kite2nequtu- to be wide # applies to doorways andother openings; nequtuuq ‘it is wide’ / Unanillu qayarluteng pitullratni aturarkaurtelluki
qayaitnun cali wavet eksaraatnun man’aneqututaciat neqututateksagulluki calturngairulluku
painganun. ‘And down there when they usedkayaks they custom fit (the raincoats), making
the width (of the raincoat) match the width of the
cockpit of the kayak; it was made to fit.’ (ELL
1997:294)
neramci- to eat little bit # Naklegyugluni arnaq
tauna qanlliniuq, ataki-gguq una waniw’
neramcirraarluku ta¥gaam ayagyukan

neqpik — nerepsunarqe-

ayaasqelluku. ‘Feeling compassion for him, shesaid that he ought to eat something first before heleft.’ (CUN 2007:40); < nere-? nerangnaqe- to try to find something to eat;to seek sustenance # nerangnaquq ‘he istrying to find food’ / Carraquinrayagarmek
nerangnaqu’urluteng. ‘They would try to eat
whatever little bit there was.’ (KIP 1998:327);< nere-?-ngnaqenercetaaq poison # Tua-i-llu piuq aatiit makunek
nertuniluki ilait-gguq ta¥gaam pupignarliit
nercetaat neryunaitniluki tuqunaqniluki. ‘Theirfather said that people ate those, but that poison
toadstools were not fit to eat and would cause
death.’ (ELN 1990:29); < nere-cetaaq
nere- to eat # ner’uq ‘he is eating’; neraa ‘he is eating
it’ / ner’uq atsanek neqerrlugnek-llu aqsing’ermi
ak’anek nereksailami nertukminek ‘he is eating
berries and dried fish even though he is full
because he hasn’t eaten his native food for along time’; irniani nerevkaraa tepnek ‘she let her
child eat some aged fish heads’; carayagmun (orcarayagmek) neresciurtuq ‘it got eaten by a bear’;“Camek neryugcit?” “Neryuumiitua; yuurqerciquata¥gaam kelipamek aulua.” ‘“What do you wantto eat?” “I don’t want to eat; I’ll just have tea withbread.”’ (YUP 1996:43); nernariuq ‘it’s time to eat’;
nerenrilkuvet kaigciquten ‘if you don’t eat, you’ll
be hungry’; ciin-kiq nervallagcia? ‘why, I wonder,
did I overeat?’; neryugpaa! ‘I sure want to eat!’;nerumaurtuq ‘he is being well fed’; nerciquq or
ner’ciquq ‘he will eat’; irniarin iqvainek neriat‘her children ate the berries she picked’ without
her consent; > nerangnaqe-, nercetaaq, nerep’ag-,
neresta, neresvik, nerevkarin, nerilkar-, nerkuaq,
nernerrlugcetaar-, nerqainaq, nerqe-, nerrsuun,
nertuli, neruciq, nerun, nerutaq, nervik, neryar-,nerliyar-, nerun, neryaraq; cf. neqa; < PE n030nerellgucir- to eat with # nerellguciraa ‘he iseating with him’ / nerellgucirnga ‘eat withme’; Ilu’urqa qanruskiu tekiskuma yaaliaku
nerellguciryarturciqnilutek. ‘Tell my cousin thatwhen I come the day after tomorrow I’ll come eat
with you2.’ (PRA 1995:429); < nere-llgun-lirnerep’ag- to eat a lot # nerep’agtuq ‘he’s eating alot’; nerep’agaa ‘he’s eating a lot of it’ / < nerepag2nerepsunarqe- to feel soft (of cloth) # cf. neruver- #
NUN

449

nerescin — nerqe-

Basesnerescin, nerescissuun fine-toothed comb forremoving lice # < neresta-i3-nneresta louse # literally: ‘eater’; nerescirtuq ‘he’s
infested with lice’; Maaten imna cugitelleq
tauna kingunra yuarluku caavtaarluku, tangrraa
nerestem uum kegglinikii. ‘When he felt a stingon his flesh he searched for where it came from,feeling for it, and saw that this louse had bittenhim.’ (MAR2 2001:100); NS, Y, HBC, NUN, NI,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < nere-ta1; > nerescinneresvik table # NSU; < nere-vik
nerevkari- to have or give a feast # nerevkariuq ‘hehad a feast’ / Taukut-gguq ilakellriit Quyayarami
nerevkarinritqatarraarluteng piyungarcameng
nerevkaritngurtellriit. ‘That family, after notplanning to hold a feast, suddenly wanted to haveone and so they changed their mind and did holdthe feast.’ (PRA 1995:410); < nere-vkar-i2nerevkarin feast # Atanrem Nerevkaritii ‘Holy
Communion’ (Moravian Protestant); <nerivkari-n
nerevyinqegge- to be soft and fluffy # cf. neruver- #NUNneri- root; > nerilegte-, nerinike-, nerinite-; cf.
neryuniurnerilegte- to anticipate eagerly especially, concerning
one who is away or from whom one is separated; toawait anxiously; to worry about # nerilegtuq‘he is eagerly anticipating something’ /nerilegutekaa ‘he anxiously awaits it’, ‘heis worried about it, acts on it with worry’;Utertellinilun’ tua-i. Im’umek tua-i nuliaminek,
nuliaqsaguskengaminek nerileggluni. ‘He went
on home. He was worried about the wife he had
gotten.’ (QUL 2003:150); < neri-?; < PE n03il0!nerilkar- to choke on something caught inone’s windpipe # nerilkartuq ‘he choked’ /nerilkallruyaaquq nerrlermini cukangnaqluni ‘hechoked when he ate hurriedly’; Temciyung’ermi
ngel’anritengnaqluni iqmiangqerrami-llu
Qalemam akutanek nerilkarnayukluni . . . ‘Even
though she wanted to laugh, she tried not tolaugh because she had some of Qalemaq’s
Eskimo ice cream in her mouth and she thoughtthat she might choke . . .’ (ELN 1990:73); < nere-?-;> nerilkarvik
nerilkarvik epiglottis # < nerilkar-vik
nerinike- to be anxious for (one’s arrival, return,etc.); to be impatient for (him) to come #nerinikaa ‘he is impatient for her to arrive’ /Nerinik’ngeqanemkun taiguten, tua-i waniwa
elpenun tangrresqellua, . . . ‘You’ve come justas I was beginning to get impatient waiting foryou, as I’ve been wanting you to see me, . . .’(QUL 2003:160); Amci-gguq allaneq inglukaan
utaqalngua, nerinikaa, amci pili! ‘Hurry up, theone who is to compete against him is getting
tired of waiting for the visitor, he’s waiting
impatiently for him, hurry up!’ (QUL 2003:424);< neri-?
nerinite- to be anxious; to be impatient # nerinituq‘he is anxious’ / < neri-?
neritar- to pluck (fowl) # HBC; = eritar-, erritar-,rriitarnerkuaq bone (or similar material) left after meat iseaten from it # = enerkuaq
nerliyar- to eat berries as one picks them # HBC;
< nere-liyar
nernerrlugcetaar- to ridicule by singing after giving
food and while the food is being eaten during
the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”) # said of the hostvillagers doing this to the invited villagers; Cali-gguq
curukat tekitaqata iliini ciumek payugartelarait
qasgimi. Nerngata-llu-gguq cali yuarutmek
aturluteng nunalget, taukut-gguq allanret
nernerrlugcetaarluki. ‘Also sometimes they’dfirst bring food to the kashim for the visitors(“challengers”). And, it is said, when they [thevisitors] ate, the host villagers would sing asong and ceremonially ridicule the visitors.’ (CAU
1985:162); Taum cali nalliini qenqercunaunani
nernerrlugcetaallratni, cumilngungraata qaillun
qanaayunaunani. ‘At the time when it was
inadvisable to become angry when one wasbeing ceremonially ridiculed, even though he’dbe peeved it was inadvisable to say anything.’(TAP 2004:43); < nere-nerrlugte-cetaar-;nernerrlugcetaarun
nernerrlugcetaarun ridicule song # <nenerrlugcetaar-n
nerqe- to feed # usually dogs or babies; nerqaa ‘he isfeeding it’ / nerqiuq qimugteminek ‘he is feeding
his dogs’; amllernek yugnek nerqilguuq ‘he’s
always feeding lots of people’; nerqeciqanka
qimugtenka neqnek ‘I will feed my dogs fish’;nerqelluku or nerreqluku ‘feeding him’; Elnguq
avurluni piciatun ciissinek, amlleringalata-llu
elliin nerqutekluki taukunun. ‘Elnguq gathered450

Basesvarious kinds of insects and when there wereenough of them, she fed them to those [pets ofhers].’ (ELN 1990:24); < nere-rqe2-; < PY-S n03q0(under PE n030-)
nerqainaq food ready to be eaten # nerqainaugut‘they are ready to be eaten’; < nere-qar-inaq
nerqik west (NUN meaning); north (NSU meaning) #nerrluk, nerrluyagaq vertebrae of fish with flesh
left on, dried # Tamakut taryaqviit ulligtaqluki
nerrluyagairluki. Cali-llu kiarneliaqluteng
tamaaken kemganek nerrluum. ‘They fillet thoseking salmon removing the vertebrae with fish flesh
on it.’ And they’d cut out dried fish strips fromthe meat on the vertebrae with fish flesh on it in thatway; (PRA 1995*:461); < ?-lluk, < -llu-yagaq
nerrsuun (K, BB form), ner’ssuun (Y form)
fork; eating utensil # Angutet aturait
kencikumatullrulliniut tamaani, cait-wa tua-i
nerrsuutait-llu. ‘Men’s clothing and materials,
including their equipment and the implements
they used for getting, were cared for with honor
and respect.’ (CIU 2005:136); < nere-cuun,nere-cuun
nersuniur- to eagerly expect something good; to be
optimistic # NSU; = neryuniur-; < ?-niur-; cf. nerinertuli one that eats; sculpin; devil fish (local term)(Myoxocephalus sp.) # < nere-tuli
neruciq meal # e.g., dinner; < nere-ciq
nerun bleached esophagus used as backing for
beadwork decoration; man’s large wooden bowl;
one of two calfskin pieces on the shoulders ofa certain style of traditional Yup’ik parka; skinhead-ring with earflaps (?) # the calfskin pieces
are said to represent caribou fat that had been eatenby Iluvaktuq, a legendary hero, and vomited over
his shoulders when he was pursued by enemies;
Tegglicuarnek tunuit nerukaraam mat’um
qaingakun tangnircarturaumaluteng. ‘Beads
were stitched on bleached esophagus on the backs(of the gloves) as decoration.’ (CIU 2005:258);< nere-nnerutaq mouthpiece of bow-drill # NSU; < nere-taq1
neruvailitaq great-great-great-grandchild # =teruvailitaq; < ?-ilitaq
neruver- to be soft and warm to the touch# neruvertuq ‘it is soft and warm’ /Cuukiingssagaunateng can’get imkut
neruvercetenqurrait iluqliqluki tapluki waten
piinirnaurtut. ‘Some didn’t even have any socks.

nerqainaq — neve1-

They used the softest grass for their insoles. They
would fold [pieces of grass] and use them for an
insole.’ (QUL 2003:2); < PE n03uv03- and n03uva3nervik restaurant; dining hall; cafeteria; table(additional meaning in NUN, NSU) # < nere-vik
neryar- to eat berries as one picks them # neryartuq‘he is eating berries as he picks’; neryarai‘he is eating them as he picks’ / iqvallermini
muirinaciartuq neryarpakaami ‘when picking
berries, she took a long time to fill her container
because she ate so many berries’; Tua-i-llu tauna
qucillgaq tagluni neryalliniluni atsanek. ‘And
then that crane went up and ate berries while
picking them.’ (PRA 1995*:396); < nere-yar-; < PY
n03ya3- (under PE n030-)
neryaraq restaurant # LI; < nere-yaraq
neryuniur- to eagerly expect something good; tobe optimistic # neryuniurtuq ‘he is eager’ /neryuniurutkaa ‘he is eager for it’; Kenka . . .
neryuniurutkai tamalkuita, . . . ‘Love is optimisticof all matters, . . .’ (I COR. 13:7); = nersuniur-;< ?-niur-; > neryuniurun; cf. nerineryuniurun hope # Ukut pingayun: ukveq,
neryuniurun-llu, kenka-llu piugarkaugut, kenkata¥gaam angenquqaat. ‘And now abideth faith,
hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these islove.’ (I COR. 13:13); < neryuniur-n
nevaar- to run on water with outstretched wings;
to skim along the surface of the water #Nevaararqut-gguq tuaten assinritaqan tauna
tangvagteteng wall’u ilii, tungayii wallu irniara
piunrirarkaugaqan. ‘They ran on water withoutstretched wings when their viewer or one of
his relatives or his child is soon to die.’ (CIU
2005:288)
neve1- to have things clinging to it (such as herring
roe on seaweed, snow on clothing, bugs onfood, water weeds on a propeller); to cling# nev’uq ‘it has things clinging to it’; nevaat‘they are clinging to it’ / kelipaq tang igtelleq
nevqallinikiit ciissit! ‘look, the bread that has
fallen is now crawling with bugs!’; irniama
alqaqa nevumauralaraa tangrraqamiu ‘my childclings to my older sister whenever he sees her’;Piinanermini itertuq tua-i qainga qanikcillerkani
anaggluku qanikcaam nevluku. ‘One time during
a storm he came inside completely covered insnow.’ (YUP 2005:8); = leve-; > nevluk, nevlug-;cf. nepte-, nevuq; < PE n0v0-451

neve2- — ngelaite-

Bases

neve2- to be burning; to be glowing # nev’uq ‘it isburning, glowing’ / NSU
nevengqa- to be lying on the back # nevengqauq‘he is lying on his back’ / iraluq nevengqauq ‘themoon is “lying down on its back”’ (is a crescent,parallel to the horizon with ends pointed upward, said
to foretell bad weather); < never-ngqanever- lying on one’s back # postural root;
Cellangelliuq nevermi enaam qaingani imarpiim
ce÷iini. ‘Evidentally he came [back] to awarenesslying on his back on a beach by the seashore.’(MAR2 2001:44); > nevengqa-, neverte-,
nevqerte-; < PE n0v03neverte- to lie on the back #; nevertuq ‘he lay downon his back’; nevertaa ‘he laid her on her back’/ . . . alliqupani teguamiu aciminun cagtaa,
qainganun aqumuq; nevertuq qanerluni, “Wanituqungnaqlii.” ‘. . . when he’d taken his sleeping
mat he spread it out under him, sat down on topof it, lay down on his back, saying, “Now, let me try
to die.”’ (ESK 1899:477); < never-te2neviararuaq female marionette or figurine hungin the communal men’s house during the Kelek(“Inviting-In Feast”) # CAN; < neviarcaq?-?-uaq
neviarcaq, neviarcar(aq*) young woman #ingna neviarcaq mingqenermek eliteksaituq‘that young woman hasn’t learned tosew’; neviarcaurqu’rtuq ‘she graduallybecame a young woman’; neviarciquq ‘he isdesperately in love with a girl’; Tua-i-llu uksuq
qukarngaringatqertelluku atam tauna tua-inukalpiartaq caqerluni nasaurlullgutmi iliitnek
niitaa, a¥g’um-gguq iliita panianek neviarcarmek
taumek assilriamek nulianguq. ‘Just before
the middle of winter, she heard from one ofher girl friends that the successful hunter had
married, a daughter of one of them, a fine young
woman.’ (MAR1 2001:105); Tangerrluku neviarcar
angutem agtuqsailkii qingarciquq, irniciquq-llu
qetunrangluni, . . . ‘Behold, a young woman,a virgin, will become pregnant and give birth
to a son, . . .’ (MATT. 1:23); > neviararuaq,
Neviarcaurluq; < PE n0vi(C)a3
Neviarcaurluq Elim # village on northern Norton
Sound; < neviarcaq-r(ur)luq
nevikci- to act youthfully # nevikciuq ‘he is acting
youthfully’ / HBC; cf. neviarcaq
nevir- to put soil over (it) # Nutaan patuurarraarluki
nevirluki nevunek tua nevupignek, mat’umek

nevupiamek. ‘After covering them [the houses]
they put soil on them, genuine dirt, real soil.’ (ELL
1997:418); < nevuq-lirnevirte- to curve of trails, rivers, etc. # nevirtuq ‘it
curves’ / = nemirtenevkuq dried small fish; dried meat # Ik’ikika
qer’at unkut nevkunek canek ayuqenrilngurnek
imarluteng qerruranek nayirnek, irnerrlugnek
qerruranek, canek. ‘So much! The fish rack down
there was full of dried meat of various sorts,
pokes of seal, pokes of seal-gut, etc.’ (MAR1
2001:59); < PE n0vku
nevvli- to have a runny nose # nevvliuq ‘he has
a runny nose’ / HBC; = enevvli-, engevvli-,
ngevvlinevluk clinging debris (lint, snow, dirt, etc.) # andnevlug-, nevlugte- to have debris clinging to it #nevlugtuq ‘it has debris clinging to it’ / qanikcaq
nevluutuq napami ‘the snow is clinging to thetree’; < neve1-?
nevqerte- to turn over on the back # . . .
pitsaqevkenak’ angukaku, nevqerreskan
pisqevkenaku. ‘. . . when one happens toovertake it [the swan], if it turns over on its backone is told not to take it.’ (PAI 2008:180); <neverte-qertenevuq dirt; soil; mud # Nutaan patuurarraarluki
nevirluki nevunek tua nevupignek, mat’umek
nevupiamek.’ After covering them they put soil onthem, genuine soil, real soil.’ (ELL 1997:418); cf.
neve1-; > nevir-; < PE n0v9u3 or 0v9u3
ngangamciqe- to be poor; to be needy #ngangamciquq ‘he is poor’ / Ta¥gaam tegganretngangamciqellriit-llu ciuqliulartut . . . ‘However,needy elders have preference . . .’ (GET n.d.:3);
cf. mangamculriangel’ae border; edge # underlyingly [e]nglae;
ngelii ‘its border’; iik ngeliignun ‘as far as
the eyes can see’; nunam ngelii ‘horizon’; . . .
anertequraqerciquci tua-i yaavet tuqullerpeci
ngeliinun. ‘. . . you will live in health right up to
the point of your death.’ (QAN 1995:346); = nel’a,mengla, kengla; > ngelaite-, ngel’ekengel’allag- to burst out laughing # Tua-i pamkut
arnait ngel’allagalliniluteng. Ngel’allagaqluteng
niitnaqluteng. ‘The woman from the village
back there burst out laughing. Audibly burst intolaughter.’ (CIU 2005:48); < ngel’ar-llagngelaite- (ngelaun . . . ) to be (gone) without a limit;

452

Basesto disappear; to not seen or be heard of again# usually used in the subordinative; Arenqiapaa,
ingku¥rluuk nulirqellriik irniangqertuk
malrugnek arnagnek, alqaa tauna tayima
paqritellruuk ngelaunani. ‘Oh dear, that poor
couple had two children, girls, and that older
sister went missing on them and never to be seen
again.’ (YUU 1995:85); Tekitellran kinguani taukut
imkut nunat angutaita ilain, ayagaqameng
yuilqumun tayim’ tamaryaurtelliniluteng,apqiitnek ngelaunateng. Tua-i tayima tamarluteng
utertevkenateng. ‘After he arrived some of themen of that village when they went out in thewilderness, would disappear, what they call“being gone without a trace”. Disappeared, neverreturning.’ (QUL 2003:610); < ngel’a-itengel’aqe-, ngelauteke- to laugh at (him) # ngel’aqaa
or ngelautekaa ‘he is laughing at him’ / < ngel’arke4-, ngel’ar-tekengel’aq laugh # and ngel’ar- to laugh # underlyingly[e]nglar-; ngel’artuq ‘he is laughing’ / ngel’aqaa‘it is his laugh’; A¥g’angnaqaqaku cali ilain
ullagluku, caniqlian-llu uum caukani cali elliin
tua-i ikayurluku a¥g’arluku, ngel’arluni tuaten,ngelautekluku. Cali, ngel’alriit-wa cali makut maa-i.
‘And while he was trying to pull off [the trap],
others would go up to him or the one next to him
would help pull it off laughing, chuckling at him.
The others in the room would be laughing, too.’(TAP 2004:92); NS, Y, K, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI;= el’ar-, englar-, nenglar-, nel’ar-; > ngel’allag-,ngel’aqengel’eke- to extend to (it); to end at (it); to reachas far as (it) # ngel’ekaa ‘it goes as far as it’ /Kinguverpenun man’a nuna cikiutekciqaqa
Egypt-aamek ayagluku, kuik Euphrates
ngel’ekluku, . . . ‘I will give this land to yourdescendants starting (it — the land given) from
Egypt, and extending as far as the river Euphrates,. . .’ (AYAG. 15:18); < ngel’ae-ke2ngeliaq uterus; womb # ngeliam painga ‘cervix’;. . . aanama ngeliagkeni elucilillruarpenga. ‘. . .
you shaped me in my mother’s womb.’ (PSALM
139:13); = neliaq
ngelkarte- to extend to; to last to # ngelkartaa ‘itextends to it’ / ayagtukut akwaugaq ayalput
ngelkarrluku ‘we traveled the same distance as
we did yesterday’; . . . miktellemnek ayaglua,
man’a ngelkarrluku. ‘. . . from when I wasngel’aqe- — ngel’ungqa-

small up to the present day.’ (KIP 1998:319);
Taum Apataassuk tangllinia naqugneni-gguq
ngelkarrluku taitugmun pulamaluni. ‘He saw
Apataassuk making his way forward wrapped infog up to his waist.’ (YUU 1995:79); Umyuani-llu
ngelkarrluku nerlarngaunani. ‘He won’t eat to theextent of his wishes.’ (YUU 1995: 55); <ngel’a-ke-ar(ar)te- (?)
ngelkarte- to set; to settle on; to settle down after
completion of activity # HBC; = elkartengelke- to fit; to correspond in position #ngellekluku ‘corresponding to it’ngelkeggun forehead decoration or other appliance;
headdress # Aren, imna yuraquni ungungssim
cetuinek ngelkeggutekassaak unugturangartellinia.
‘Well, night came upon the one who left to getbear claws for a headdress to wear while dancing.’(QUL 2003:92); . . . elqiar-im’ tayima, man’ataugaam murakuineq maani ngelkeggutnguluni.
‘. . . the visor was gone, but the little piece ofwood served as a forehead piece.’ (PAI 2008:362)
ngelqaq something that fits # see engelqaq
ngell’ugtur- to suffer pain or have an ache froman injury, arthritis, etc. # ngell’ugturtuq ‘he isin pain’ / Erenret pingayuatni taukut angutet
nuugiumallret ngell’ugtullratni, . . . ‘On the thirdafter those men had been circumcised when they
were suffering pain, . . .’ (AYAG. 34:25)
ngel’u beaver house # this word is the Central Yup’ik
cognate of the Inupiaq word iglu, which is the sourceof the English word “igloo”; Tua-i-ll’ tuaten piata
tauna imna pitgaquluni uatmurtelliniluni taukut
tua-i ngel’ut tekicamiki kiatiitgun uuggun ekviaq
man’a, atralliniluni etgatlinian tamana meq. ‘So
when they did that he started going downriver
shooting his bow and arrows and when hereached the beaver houses he went down to thebank just upriver from them since the water there
was shallow.’ (KIP 1998:97); underlyingly [e]nglu;= nel’u; > ngel’ulluir(aq)ngel’ulluir(aq*) barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) #< ngel’u-lluk-iq
ngel’ur- dented # postural root; underlyingly[e]nglur-; > ngel’ungqa-, ngel’urte-; = enlurngel’urte- to get dented # ngel’urtuq ‘it got dented’;ngel’urtaa ‘he dented it’ / < ngel’ur-te2ngel’ungqa- to be dented # ngel’ungqauq ‘it isdented’ / < ngel’ur-ngqa-

453

ngev’ae — niikar-

Basesngev’ae mucus # and ngev’e- to blow one’s nose
# ngev’uq ‘he blew his nose’ / underlyingly [e]ngvae and [e]ngve-; > ngevvluk
ngevvli- to have a runny nose # ngevvliuq ‘he has
a runny nose’ / = engevvli-, enevvli-, nevvli-;< ngevvluk-lingevvluk nasal mucus # Tua-i-llu tua-iqaleryilnguami tauna maurlurlua ngevvluni,
kakeggluugni egtak. ‘And when she got tired ofbawling that grandmother of hers blew her snot,
her mucus, and threw it away.’ (MAR2 2001:106);
now HBC, formerly elsewhere as well; < [e]ngva-lluk
ngillar- to stretch a skin to dry # Tuntunek
tuaten, ik’iki kanaqlagnek tamakunek pilluni
kinercirluki amiit tuaten ngillarluki kinercirluki.
‘Caribou, and oh so many muskrats, he caught
them, and stretched their skins, letting them dry.’(MAR2 2001:52); NSK; = nillarniamar- to be delicious #niguak old-style snow goggles made of wood withnarrow slits, which admit only a little light #= niiguak, iiguak; < ?-uaq-dual
niicu- to hear well; to be obedient; to listen andheed # niicuuq ‘he hears well’, ‘he is listensand heeds’ / Niiculuni tauna irniara. Aatami
inerqurqani niitaqluni. ‘That child of his listensand heeds. When his father warned him not to dosomething, he heard.’ (ELL 1997:104); < niite-yuniicugni- to listen # niicugniuq ‘he is listening’;
niicugnia ‘he is listening to her or it’ /Caaqami-llu ciumek qavaraqluni iliini-llu
qavaryararanritaqami ilani ilalirluki quliranekniicugniaqluni aatami qalamciaqaki ilani . . .
‘Sometimes she would go to sleep first, butsometimes when she didn’t fall asleep early she
would join her sisters and listen to their father
telling them stories.’ (ELN 1990:6); niicugniluteng
ciunerkiulriit ‘hearing’ (legal neologism); < niiteyug-neq1-i3-; > niicugnissuutet; < PY na!acu!ni(under PE na!a(t)-)
niicugnissuun radio; hearing aid # niicugnissuun
qastucaqerru ‘please turn the radio up’; often usedin the plural for one radio, niicugnissuutet nipeski‘turn off the radio’; niicugnissuutet kumareski‘turn on the radio’; < niicugni-cuun
niicuirute- to become deaf; to cease hearing or
responding appropriately # niicuirutuq ‘heno longer hears’, ‘he no longer pays heed’ /Amlleret ak’allaat Yupiit qanruyutait wani

igausngalriit maa-i niicuirutaput. ‘We are nolonger heeding many old Yup’ik teachings (ormaxims),the ones that are documented here.’(KIP 1998:xi); niicuirulluni cucangianani ‘become
deaf’ (NUN usage)
niicuite- to never hear; to be deaf; to be disobedient;
to be unresponsive # in the sense of not reacting
appropriately to instructions; niicuituq ‘he doesn’t
hear’, ‘he doesn’t heed’, ‘he is disobedient’ / . . .
wiinga maurlungqellrunrilama apa’urluuniillu qulirilriamek niicuitellruunga. Qulirarnek
niicugyaaqetullruunga taugken nani niicuunaki.
‘. . . because I myself didn’t have agroundmother, nor a grandfather, I neverheard traditional stores. I did want to hearstories, but I lacked the opportunity to hear them.’(CIU 2005:406); Ciin tua-i anagulluki aatan
niicuipakarciu, qaill’, elluarrluten-qaa yuuciquten
waten yuukuvet? ‘Why are you so deaf to anddisobedient of your father, and how will you leada productive and decent life if you live like this?’(YUU 1995:121); < niite-yuiteniig- to put weight on (it); to press down; to hold
down; to pin down # niigtuq ‘he is pressing
down’; niigaa ‘he is pressing down on it’ /pelatuuga maurlumi niigaa ‘he is holding down
his grandmother’s scarf’ as by sitting on it; =enig-; cf. negte-, nin’genqegcarniiga’rte- to hear mention (of); to readily respondto instruction # niiga’rtuq ‘he heard’, ‘he readily
responded’; niigartaa ‘he heard about it’, ‘heresponded to her’ / niigarrluni aqvaa qaltaq‘responding immediately, he fetched the bucket’;
Una wani Inglupgayuk qulirauluku ta¥gaam
niigartelaraqa. ‘I have only heard of Inglupgayuk
in a traditional story.’ (CIU 2005:308); . . .
caqalriamek niigarrngalami kiarartelliniuq, yuum
mat’um tekicartuqii nukalpiam . . . ‘. . . when
he thought he heard a noise he looked aroundand saw this man coming toward him . . .’ (QUL
2003:144); < niite-ar(ar)te1niiguak old-style snow goggles made of wood withnarrow slits, which admit only a little light # =iinguak, niguak; < ?-uaq-dual
niikar- to suddenly or accidently put weight on(it) # qer’am niikaraa aatii mayurcillrani ‘thefish rack fell over on his father when he wasputting things up’; Tua-i-llu unguvavakaan
muriim qainganun piluku cetuminek niikarluku

454Basespasgerrluku nalacani nutaan nalapiarluni, nutaan
tua-i nalaqaarluku ayagluni. ‘And because it kept
being alive, he put it on top of the wood, andbore down on it with his fingernails, smashing it,
and when he killed it, it was dead indeed, andafter he killed it, he went on his way.’ (MAR2
2001:100); < niig-karniinamayak partially dried and somewhat aged
herring # = nin’amayakniir- to point # niirtuq ‘he is pointing’; niiraa‘he is pointing at it’ / niirutaa ‘he is pointing
something out to her’; the original form is enir-, but
niir- is also acceptable to many speakers, especially in
NS; = enir-, kenirniiraraun dance baton # has decorative appendages;
is held close to the floor # Imkuni niirarautni
qaraliutuuq maani. ‘Here, in this area, those
designs were made on dance sticks.’ (PAI 2008:26);
also spelled eniraraun
niirqe- to repeatedly hear # niirquq ‘he repeatedly
hears’; niirqaa ‘he repeatedly hears it’ /niiqluki ‘hearing them repeatedly’; Yugtarmek
maa-i qalartelartua nunamni niirqelallemnek
ciulirnernek. ‘I speak about the Yup’ik matters[teachings] that I used to hear again and again
from the older generation in my village.’ (YUP
2005:106); < niite-rqe1niiskengaq something heard # niiskengaqaa‘he heard it or about it’ / Anglicariyaramekarnaulrianun, angutngulrianun-llu uksurpak
niiskengaqerput, . . . ‘This winter we’ve been
hearing about the subject of raising children when
one is a woman or a man, . . .’ (YUP 2005:104);< niite-kengaq
niisnga- to be mindful; to follow commands; tohear or listen and obey or pay heed to; to beamenable # Piluni-llu niisnganritniluki taukut
qimugkauyaraunerraata. ‘He added that they did
not follow commands well since they had recently
been puppies.’ (ELN 1990:73); Aanaka wiinga
anglicartekellruamku niisngallruaqa. ‘Since mymother was the one who raised me, I listened andpaid heed to her.’ (KIP 1998:157); < niite-nganiite- to hear # often with the implication ofunderstanding or obeying; niituq ‘he hears’;niitaa ‘he hears it or her’ / niitelleq ‘sense ofhearing’; niiteqeryaqunaku! ‘don’t ever listen to
him!’; niicetengnaqaa ‘he is trying to make him
hear’; Niicetulit niiciiqaat mat’um enirararaam

niinamayak — nin’genqegcar-

kangia. ‘Those who can listen will hear thestory behind the use of this dance stick.’ (TAP
2004:7); Ciutengqellria niilli. ‘Let he that hasears hear.’ (MARK 4:9); > niicu-, niicugni-,
niicuite-, niiga’rte-, niirqe-, niiskengaq, niisnga-,
niitessuun, niitnirqe-, niitniite1-; < PE na!a(t)niitellngu- to be weary of hearing (it) #Iquklitqatallrani tua yaan’ quyigiqerluni pillrani
tua-i niitellngunaqluni iqukliartelliniluni. ‘As
it came to the end the pitch of her voice got sohigh that it was painful to hear [made one wearyof hearing].’ (ELL 1997:204); Nerenriamengam qalamcicetaarluteng. Tua-i-llu aatiita
niitellnguamiki alangrunek qalamcilluki. ‘When
they were done eating they asked to have stories
told to them. And when their father got weary ofhearing them, he told them a story about ghosts.’(ELN 1990:13); < niite-lnguniitessuun hearing aid # < niite-cuun
niitniite1- to sound unpleasant; to be hard or painful
to listen to # < niite-niiteniitniite2- to burn; to sting # K, NI, CAN, BB
niitnirqe- to sound pleasant # niitnirquq ‘itsounds nice’ / Niitnirqaqluteng-gguq tuaten
atuagaqameng yurartaileng’e’rmeng. ‘It is said
that they’d be pleasant to listen to when they were
singing even though they didn’t have dancers[dancing to their singing].’ (CAU 1985:75);< niite-nirqenillaq, nillaun, nillaraun, nillarcuun, nillarissuun
skin-stretching frame or form # used either insideor outside the skin; < nillar-?, nillar-n, nillar-cuun,
nillar-i2-cuun
nillaq skin-stretching frame or form # and nillar- to
stretch a skin to dry # nillartuq (or nillariuq) ‘heis stretching something’; nillaraa ‘he is stretchingit’ / akwaugaq paluqtartallni nillaraa unuamek‘today he is stretching the beaver (skin) hecaught yesterday to dry on the board’; = ngillar-;> nillaun; < PY-S ni(i)@a3nin’amayak (NUN form), nin’amayuk (CAN form)
partially dried and somewhat aged herring# Assipiat call’ tamaa-i tamakut iqalluarpiit,
nin’amayugnek piaqluki. ‘They were delicious,
those herrings, the ones they prepared as partiallydried and slightly aged herring.’ (PAI 2008:150); =niinamayak
nin’genqegcar- to store properly by making surethat food (sourdock, salmonberries, etc.) is455

Ningliq — nuagte-Basesniucinaq sourdock (?) that grows in freshwater
springs # NUN
niugite- to not make any rustling noises #Niugilcaarangnaqluni-gguq piami elaturraagnun
piluguugni unitellinilukek. ‘Because he wastrying not to make rustling noises, he had evidently
left his skin-boots in the entry porch.’ (CIU
2005:322); < niuk-ite2Niugtaq Newtok # village on the mainland north of
Nelson Is.
niugte-, niugglugte- to rustle # niugtuq ‘it ismaking rustling noises’ / qimugta niuggluggluni
canegteggun taiguq ‘the dog came rustling
through the grass’; Akerta quyigiuraqertelluku
niugglugpalla’artelliniuq qakemna, . . . ‘As the
sun was getting ever higher there was suddenly
a rustling noise outside, . . .’ (YUU 1995:98); =nuigte-; < niuk-?, niuk-?; < PE n0pu!- (under PE
n0p0)
niuk, nivuk (in HBC) quiet rustling sound; peacefulharmonious quiet; the dead # Ta¥gken niuni,
niukurqii temyigivigminun anerteqeqatulria
ilii. ‘Among those who live a life of peacefulharmony and quiet, some will live to an old age.’(KIP 1998:133); “Ta¥gaam-gguq mikelngurnun
alikelarnayukluni waten iingqerkuni
ataucirrarmek waniw’ niugnun ta¥gaamayakatartuq.” Tamaani niuget aptuit, qilagmek
aperyaraitellermeggni, tuqumalriit-gguq
nuniitnek. ‘“But thinking that he might be fearedby children since he had only one eye, he decided
to go to the [land of] the dead.” They called them“niuget”, when they were talking about heaven,the land of the dead.’ (AGA 1996:214); > niugte-,
Niugtaq; > niugiteniurrsig- to snuffle; to inhale something #niurrsigtuq ‘he snuffled’ / NSU; = yuryiur-,
yuurrmiur-, yuuryiurniutuayaq lynx (Lynx canadensis) # NSU; from
Inupiaq niutuuyiq (ultimately from Athabascan)nuaggluk phlegm # Y; < nuak-rrluk
nuagngalnguq* jellyfish, literally: ‘thing similar tosaliva’; < nuak-ngalnguq
nuagte-, nuagarte- to wet with one’s tongue #nuagtaa ‘she wet it with her tongue’ / Tua-ill’ pianga taum, kitek-gguq waten iqelqugka
nuagglukek qulmun elucira’arlakek. ‘Then she
asked me to wet the tips of my fingers and makesweeping motions up toward the sky.’ (AGA

pressed down in a keg and sealed airtight #NUN; cf. niigNingliq Ninglick Channel # the body of water along
the north side of Nelson Is.
niniite- to be listless # HBC; < ?-ite1-; cf. nuniitenipcissuun fire extinguisher; candle snuffer #< nipe-te2-i2-cuunnipe- to go out; to be extinguished # nip’uq ‘itwent out’ / niptaa ‘he put it out, extinguishedit’; niicugnissuutet nipumaut ‘the radio isoff’; nipeskiu kenurraq inarpailegpet! ‘turnoff the light before you go to bed!’; Kenurrat
kumaurcetaqluki nipevkayuunaki . . . ‘They would
kindle the lights never allowing them to goout . . .’ (CAU 1985:134); . . . aumai nipvailgata,pikna egaleq patuluku. Patuan-ll’-ta¥g’ ki(i)rcinani man’ enem ilua. ‘. . . before the embers
went out they’d cover the smoke hole up there.
When they covered it, the interior of the househere would be warm.’ (CEV 1984:31); keneq
nipsuilnguq ‘hellfire’ (from the New Testamenttranslation); > nipcissuun; < PE n0p0niraqutaq bridge; something such as a log used as atemporary bridge # < nirar-kutaq
nirar- to go across a creek, gully, etc., by a bridge orusing something as a bridge; to cross by airplane# nirartuq ‘he is crossing over’; niraraa ‘he iscrossing it’ / LI, NR, UK; > niraqutaq; < PY
ni3a3niriakuraqtar- to keep trying to get (him) to eat# NS; . . . una-tang kemgiulluni irniara, aren
niriakuraqtaryaaqluku nerevkangnaqu’urluku.
‘. . . look, that child of hers had gotten so thin,and oh how she kept trying to get him to eat
in vain, keep trying to have him eat.’ (MAR2
2001:90); this form may be influenced by Inupiaq
niss’uq longest or most prominent feather ofbird’s wing # Naruyat-ll’ imkut nissuit cali
quyurqurluki cali, uqtanun atutuamegteki. ‘They
also gathered long seagull feathers because they’d
use them of fishing lures.’ (PAI 2008:166)
nitiliq week # nitiliq aturluku ayaumaqatartuq ‘hewill be gone for a week’; ta¥aam arcaqertuq, yukpilagtulleq ciutemikun tengaurarkauvkenanitengssuutetgun malruk nitilik pilagtullmi
kinguani ‘it is important, however, that a person
who has had ear surgery must not fly in planes
until two weeks after surgery’; from Russianytl®kz (nedélya)456

Basesnuak — nuiq*

nugciq fish harpoon #nuge- to get up on; to climb out from below; toemerge # especially from water. nug’uq ‘he got up
on something’; nugaa ‘he got up on it’ / nugtaa‘he hoisted it up’; Nugcimariamiu-ll’ it’gaikun
teguluku, . . . ‘After he pulled it [the eider] out [ofthe water] he took it by its feet, . . .’ (CIU 2005:8);
Tangertuq nugelrianek kuigmek malrunlegnek
kuluvagnek uqurilrianek, . . . ‘He saw seven fat
cows emerging from the river.’ (AYAG. 41:2);> nugyaraq; cf. puge-, nuve-; PE nu!0nugtarte- to move from one place to another; toundergo a transition; to move on to another topic;
to change the subjects # nugtartuq ‘he moved
from one spot to another’; nugtartaa ‘he moved
it’ / teggsiyaagan aqumllitani nugtartellruuq
allamun aqumllitamun ‘because his chair was
too hard he moved to another chair’; kipusvik
nugtartelliniuq ‘the store moved [to anotherlocation]’; Aaniita-llu paltuulaagcelluku, cali-llu
aliimat’laagcelluku nugtarpailgakek snuukuuk.
‘Their mother had him quickly put on his coatand put on his mittens before he moved thesnowmachine.’ (PRA 1995:411); Taumun waten
tan’gurrarmun nugtarteqatartua yaani islandaami Togiak-armiut yaalirneraatni, . . . ‘I am now
going to move on to the subect of that boy on an
island over from Togiak, . . .’ (QUL 2003:96);< PE nu!0tnugyaraq neck opening of parka; ladder or path bywhich one gets up on something # see Appendix
9 on the parts of the parka; < nuge-yaraq; < PY
nu!ya3aq (under PE nu!0-)
nuigte- to rustle # = niugtenuilrar- to tie a load on a sled # nuilraraa ‘he istying it on’ / = nuvilrar-; > nuilraun
nuilraun binding for tying load on sled # <nuilrar-nnuingaalug- to be worried # nuingaalugtuq ‘he isworried’ / nuingaaluutekaa ‘he is worried aboutit’; NSU
nuiq* dart for hunting birds or rabbits # nuiret‘hunting darts’; Narulkarcuutet tua-i canunyaqulegnun, maqaruanun-llu. Tua-i nuiqerlukugguq ungungssiar, narulkarniaqamegteki
nuiqernitullrulliniit nuimeggnek. ‘They used tospear various kinds of birds and rabbits. Whenthey speared those little creatures they’d say
they darted them with their bird/rabbit darts.’ (CIU
2005:68); < PE nu!i3

1996:178); < nuak-te6-, < nuak-te6-artenuak saliva # nuaga eg’uq tangllermini
neqerrlugnek ‘he started salivating when he sawsome dried fish’; = luvak, nuvak; > nuaggluk,nuagngalnguq, nuagte-, nualiur-, nuaqceq,
nuaqcer-, nuayaaq, nuiqe-; < PE nuva!
nualiur- to suck air through the saliva in one’s
mouth # nualiurtuq ‘he is sucking air through hissaliva’ / < nuak-liurnuaqceq slime # and nuaqcer- to be slimy #nuaqcertuq ‘it is slimy’ / NI; < nuak-?
nuarte- to stack (logs) for future use # nuartai ‘he isstacking them’ (logs) / nuarciuq ‘he is stacking
some logs’; nuartat ‘logs stacked for future use’;
HBC; = nuirtenuayaaq, nuassaaq jellyfish # literally: ‘small saliva’;< nuak-ya(g)aq, nuak-?
nucug- to pull; to pull out; to use a fire-drill #nucugaa ‘he pulled it out’ / nucuutuq ‘he pulledsomething out’; nucugaa ussukcaq uqviarmek‘he pulled the nail out of the tree’; Qangqiiremgguq it’gagni nengllukek qerarcetaa, qukamunllu-gguq ellian irucualleraagni nucugarrlukek,
arnassagaq-llu-gguq tayima kill’uni. ‘The
ptarmigan, it is said, stretched out its feet andlet her cross, and when he reached the middle
it suddenly pulled back its little old legs and thatold women fell in the water and drowned.’ (CET
1971:21 & PRA 1995:452); . . . anerneni nucukii,
anarninaqngapakarta! ‘. . . she sucked in her
breath, and boy did it ever smell like feces!’ (QUL
2003:588); > nucugcuutek, nucuutaq, nucuute-;< PE nuccu!nucugcuun fire-drill; bow-drill # from the fire-drill’sbeing pulled back and forth; < nucug-cuun; >nucugucuutek
nucugcuutak, nucugcuutek strap with handles atends that is wound around the shaft of a fire-drill
and pulled back and forth to turn the shaft # <nucugcuutaq-dual, < nucugcuun-dual
nucuutaq fire-drill; bow-drill # from the firedrill’s being pulled back and forth; Kenernekllu legcuunaki ta¥gaam kenlingnaqluteng,kenliaqluteng nucuutarmek aturluteng. ‘They
didn’t light things with matches, but they’dendeaver to make fires, making fires using a firedrill.’ (MAR1 2001:6); < nucug-taq1; > nucuutak
nucuute- to pull something (out) # nucuutuq ‘hepulled something (out)’ / < nucug-te5-457

nuiqailitaq — nulgar-

Basesnuiqailitaq baby’s bib # < nuiqe-ilitaq
nuiqe- to drool; to slobber # nuiquq ‘he drooled’;nuiqaa ‘he drooled on it’ / < nuak-liqe2-; >nuiqailitaq
nuirte- to stack logs for future use # nuirtai ‘he isstacking them’ (logs) / nuirtat ‘logs stacked for
future use’ or ‘tepee of sticks used for temporarystorage of food’; = nuartenuk- root; > nukgaite-, nukgiarte-, nukinukalpiaq man in his prime; successful hunterand good provider; rich man (in NUN) # used
more in stories than in everyday discourse; Tuallu-wa-gguq ukut nunat uitaarqellriit imarpiim
ce÷iini. Tan’germi uitalalliniut, ercuunaki taukut
nunat. Nukalpiat tamakut ayalaryaaqelliniut
ernerkarcurluteng. ‘It is said that this village
was located on the shore of the sea. That village
lived in darkness, with day never dawning
there. Those young men in their prime would
go out to look for daylight.’ (YUU 1995:86);
Nunat-wa taukut etliniaqelriit kuigem ci÷iini.
Nunauluteng, nukalpiarluteng, nukalpiarat-llugguq paningqerrluni. ‘There was a village by theshore of the sea. It was a village and it successful
hunters. And a successful hunter of theirs, sothey said, had a daughter.’ (CEV 1984:59);
nukalpiarurtuq ‘he became a good hunter andprovider’; < nukar-pik; > nukalpiartaq; < PEnukalpi!a3
nukalpiartaq young man in his prime; young
successful hunter and good provider # younger
than nukalpiaq; < nukalpiaq-taq5
nukaq, nukar(aq*) beaver in its second year;
younger sibling (NSU meaning) # the general term
for beaver is paluqtaq; < nukar-?, nukar-?; < PEnuka3nukar- root; > nukalpiaq, nukaq, nukaruaq,nuka’urluq, nukaraq; cf. nukinukaraq second wife in a polygamous marriage;concubine # < nukaraq-?; < PE nuka3a3 (under PE
nuka3)
nukaruaq ulna, large bone of the forearm; # <nukar-uaq
nukasegauciq less successful, not fully proficient,hunter # Picunqurrateng nukalpiartanek
piaqluki picuillerait-llu nukasegaucinek. ‘The very
best hunters were called “nukalpiartaq” andthose that were next in the degree of their successwere called “nukasegauciq”’. (QAN 1995:36)

nuka’urluq* young man # < nukar-r(ur)luq
nukgiarte- to be fatigued # nukgiartuq ‘he became
fatigued’; NUN; < nuk-?-(ar)tenukgiate- to be physically weak # nukgiatuq ‘he is
weak’ / NUN; < nuk-?-atenuki- to be physically strong # of persons; nukiuq‘he is strong’ / Nukirwaalliniur. Tauna-ggur
aani(i)n pakiumaara(a) qetunrani ingluaneg
tegumiaqluku. ‘Evidentally she was very strong.
His mother pried that thing up while holding
her child in her other arm.’ (WEB2); NUN, EG;< nuk-?; cf. nukar-; < PE nuk0!
nula- to grow; to expand # nalauq ‘it grew’ / Tuai-gguq tauna qagkumiuqlia nulallermini tua-igguq angliluni. Tua-i qilak pagna puukaqaqii.
Nagiiquyam taum qagkumiuqlian, tua-i-gguq
cali elliin pisqe™gani, aqsarpaurtarkaq, tauna
tuatniimi, nuliimi waten-llu-gguq puukaami
iri’irrluni pinruluni, anaggluku tauna. ‘So when
his northern neighbor increased in size, well hegrew. And he bumped into the sky up there.
Nagiiquyaq’s northern neighbor, since he had
so instructed him, the future “big belly”, when
he grew, when he bumped, he surpassed thatone.’ (KIP 1998:225); Nulaaqamek angenruaqluni,
quv’aqamek-llu mikellruaqluni. ‘Wheneverthey2 expanded [to their full size by standing up],he seemed to be the bigger one, and when they2
shrank down [crouched] he seemed to be thesmaller one.’ (YUU 1995:88); < PE nulanulate- to put away carelessly, in the wrong place #nulataa ‘he put it away in the wrong place’ / Y
nuleg- to crack; to split # nulegtuq ‘it cracked’;
nulgaa ‘he cracked it’ / HBC, NUN, NS; cf.
nuteg-, nulgar-; < PY nul0!nulgair- to become facially expressionless,unsmiling # nulgairtuq ‘he has become
expressionless’ / nulgairciigatuq ‘he can’t stopsmiling’; Aren, qanrucani imna tauna arnaq
nulirkauteksaguskengaa tauna, nulgaiqerrlun’
putkaami kegginaa tua-i kaviriqertelliniuq tua-i
qessanayugnganani. ‘Well, when he told her
that, that woman who was to be his wife stopped
smiling and put her head down, and her facebecame red as if disappointed.’ (QUL 2003:148);< nulgar-ir2-; < PY nul!a3i3nulgaite- to be facially expressionless, unsmiling #nulgaituq ‘he is “stone-faced”’ / < nulgar-ite1nulgar- root; > nulgair-, nulgaite-; cf. nuleg-458

Basesnuliacungaq* female cross-cousin of a male;also male’s grandparent’s cross-cousin’s
granddaughter # literally: ‘dear little wife’;< nulir-cungaq
nuliangqan one’s spouse’s maternal cousin’s spouse# nuliangqatka ‘my spouse’s mother’s sibling’s
child’s spouse’; < nuliaq-ngqerr-?-n nuliaq wife
# nuliara ‘his wife’; nuliarit ‘their wives’; nuliaqa‘my wife’; nulian ‘your wife’; nuliani kenkaa‘he loves his wife’ nuliarituq ‘he does not havea wife’; nuliaqaa or nulirqaa ‘she is his wife’;nuliangqertuq ‘he has a wife’; nulianguq ‘he got
a wife, got married’; nuliangeksaituq ‘he hasn’t
gotten married yet’; < nulirr-?; > nuliacungaq,
nuliangqan, nuliariutelleq; cf. Nelson 1877–1881
list; < PE nuli3(a3)nuliariutelleq widower # < nuliaq-i:rute-lleq
nulirqellriik (married) couple; man and wife #Tua-i-llu taukuk nulirqellriik kuigem ce÷iini
kiirrarmek uitallinilutek yugmek-llu ilaunatek.
‘That couple lived all alone on the shore of theriver without having any other people withthem.’ (MAR1 2001:5); < nulirr-kellriik; < PY
nuli(3)aq0l3iik (under PE nuli3(a3))
nulirqucaraq marriage # Nulirqucaraq aprumauq
takarnaqniluku. ‘It is said that marriage is sacred.’(QAN 2009:418); < nulirr-ke-te5-yaraq
nuliqliute- to get as a wife # nuliqliutaa ‘he got
her as his wife’ / Angalkut iliita qaillukuarluku
qayuwa piluku nulirrniarluku nulirqelliniluku,
nuliqliutelliniluku. ‘One of the shamans did
something somehow, sought to marry her,married her, took her as his wife.’ (MAR1 2001:87);< nulir-kliutenulirr- wife # this base, an alternate to nuliar- (seenuliaq above) does not undergo intervocalic velar
dropping or the final rr (hence nulirra ‘his wife’;nulirrit ‘their wives’; nulirren ‘your wife’;nulirrituq ‘he does not have a wife’); is not usedwith consonant-deleting suffixes (hence only nulialek
for ‘one with a wife’ and not *nulilek), unless thesuffix starts with a velar (thus nuliqsagutaa ‘heobtained her as his wife’), and if such suffixes
follow that velar with a vowel, then the final rrof the base is retained (hence nulirqa ‘my wife’;nulirqaa ‘she is his wife’); > nuliaq, nulirkaun,
nulirqellriik, nulirruar-, nulirrniar-, nulirta,
nulirte-, nulirtur-, nulirrucirnulirkaun bride-to-be # < nulirr-kaq-nnuliacungaq* — nulirtur-nulirrniar- to ask to marry # nulirrniartuq ‘heasked someone to marry him, asked forsomeone’s hand in marriage’; nulirrniaraa ‘heasked to marry her’ / nulirrniarutaa ing’umek
arnamek ‘he asked that woman to marry on his(another’s) behalf’; Tamakut tua-i nukalpiat
nulirrniaryaaqnauraat. Tauna qessanaurtuq
uingyuumiinani. ‘Those young men would ask
to marry her. She refused, not wanting to take ahusband.’ (YUU 1995:121); < nulirr-niar-; < PY
nuli3(a3)nia3- (under PE nuli3(a3))

nulirruar- to be deranged, thinking one has a wife
when he does not # nulirruartuq ‘he has thedelusion that he has a wife when in fact he doesnot’ / < nulirr-uaq

nulirrucir- to provide a bride with new clothing #done by the new husband’s family; nulirruciraat‘they provided her as a bride with new clothing’/ Aling maa-i mat’um nalliini taqmagpagmekta¥gaam nulirrucilangkait makut nuliateng.
‘Well at this time they began to provide thosebrides of theirs with clothing, with long dresses.’(KIP 1998:127); Nulirruciucilarait aturanek
nutararrlainarnek . . . ‘They provided the brides withnew clothes . . .’ (YUU 1995:34); < nulirr-n-lirnulirta bull (caribou, moose, cattle) # . . . malruk-wa
nulirtek, . . . elliitnguarkat. ‘. . . two bulls, . . . for
an offering.’ (NAAQ. 7:88); < nulirr-ta1
nulirte- to mate; to copulate # of animals;
nulirtuk ‘they2 are copulating’; nulirtaa ‘itis copulating with it’ / Nulirtellrata nalliini
qavangurtullruunga tangerrlua angucalunek
qusngirngalngurnek nulirtellrianek keptarluteng,
kukupagluteng, kukupayagarluteng-llu. ‘At
the time they were mating I had a dream andsaw that the males sheep that were mating were
striped, speckled, and mottled.’ (AYAG. 31:10);< nulirr-?

nulirtur- to marry # of men; nulirturtuq ‘hegot a wife’ / Tang tua-i caqerluni tamaa-i
pissurpakarluni, tamaa-i-llu nulirturnaluni
waten aipangnaluni umyuarteqenglliniuq
tauna nukalpiartam qetunraa. ‘Then, soon, thatsuccessful hunter’s son, as he kept hunting,began to think about getting married, gettinga spouse.’ (QAN 1995:220); < nulirr-?; >nulirturciimacir-; < PY-S nuli3(a3)tu3- (under PE
nuli3(a3))

459

nulirturciimacir- — nunair-Basesnulirturciimacir- to be rejected for marriage for atime by women due to shamanistic machinations# < nulirtur-?Nulirun October # literally: ‘mating time of caribou’;see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar; < nulirte-n
nulluk buttock # nulluuk ‘buttocks’; . . . ciutmun
qimugtet nuq’lerluteng ayakarluteng ellii-llu
aqumkallagluni, tua-i nulluuk akeka. ‘. . . thedogs lurched forward and she fell back on her
rear and, ouch! her buttocks!’ (ELN 1990:63); >nullutuuyak; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (88); < PE
nu@u(3)nullutuuyak snowshoe hare; varying hare (Lepus
americanus) # nullutuuyiit ‘snowshoe hares’; BB,
NR, LI; < nulluk-?-yaknulte- to tarry; to be gone for a long time # nultuq‘he has been gone for a long time’ / NUN
nulukaq binding line # < nulur2-kaq
nulur1- (Y form), nuluur- (K form), nulur(ar)- (HBC,
NUN, K form), nulurar- (NSU form) to beckon
by a hand gesture # nulurtuq, nuluurtuq,
nulu’urtuq, or nulurartuq ‘he is beckoning’;nuluraa, nuluuraa, or nuluraraa ‘he is beckoning
to her’ / arnam nuluuraa irniani taisqelluku ‘thewoman is beckoning to her child to come’; Tuai-llu ilateng angyam aipaani uitalriit nulurarait
ikayuusqelluteng. ‘They beckoned to theircompanions in the other boat to come help them.’(LUKE 5:7); < PE nulu3(a3)nuluq webbing on snowshores or bottom of ice
strainer # and nulur2- to fill in the webbing of asnowshoe # Aling makuk-llu-am ungungssiaraat
kaviaret-llu nuluirciqagket, cariarciqagket nulukek,
atak makuk itrullakek. ‘Oh my, foxes or otherlittle animals might remove the webbing on these,
gnawing on their webbing. I’ll take them inside.’(CIU 2005:128); > nulukaq, nulurcuun; < PE
nulu3- (presently PI nuluq)
nuluraun1 adipose fin # NUN
nuluraun2 stick for tomcod fishing # NUN
nuluraq wild celery (species ?) # EG
nulurcuun netting shuttle for snowshoes # < nulur2cuunnumarraq shirt; nightwear # from Russian he,ƒ[f(rubákha); NSU, EG; = llumarraq, lumarraq
nuna land; place; soil; earth; ground; village;
country; vicinity (in space or time) # nunaka‘my land or village’; nunii ‘his land or village’,‘the area around it’, ‘the time around that time’;nuniitnun ‘to their village’; nunam yui ‘thepeople of the village, of the area, of the earth’;nunarrluk ‘dirt on the floor’; nuna pektuq ‘there
is an earthquake’; Napat akuliitnun pulaamek
Qalemaq-llu ellii-ll’ piuk nuna patumaluni
canegnek nalamalrianek, akuliitni-wa tamakut
naugaaralriit can’get. ‘When she went into thegrove of trees with Qalemaq, she saw that the
ground was covered with areas of dead browngrass, with growths of new green grass between
them. (ELN 1990:36); Catailan anlutek piak,
ak’a yaaqsigillinilria tanglura’arluni, ellakun.
Ayalliniuq, tuavet nunaminun ercuilngumun.
‘Since he was not there, they2 went out and saw
that he was already far away snowshoeing acrossthe sky. He traveled on, to his village, the one
where the day never dawned.’ (YUU 1995:87);
Arnat kegginaqurluteng Akulurak Mission-aami
tamaani 1900-aam nuniini. ‘Women wearing
masks in Akulurak Mission in around the year
1900.’ (AGA 1996:67); . . . taum-ll’ tutgararuluum
nuniinun aqumluni. ‘. . . sitting down in the placeof that dear grandchild.’ (CEV 1984:84); also pluralfor one village; Nunat iquatni ualirnermi-gguq
uitallinilutek tauna-ll’ anuurluni-llu. ‘He lived
with his grandmother at the downriver end of thevillage.’ (AGA 1996:154); Nunam Iqua ‘the village
formerly known as Sheldon’s Point’; nunam taqra‘the main vein of the earth from which all plants
emerge’ (traditional idea); nunam menglii, nunam
ngelii ‘horizon’; the following are neologisms:
ataucimek atanruvilget nunat ‘borough’; stateamek piyunarquciliumalriit nunat ‘municipal’;nunacuarni avatmeggnek arenqiirturtet ‘local
boundary commission’; nunam cetra ‘landboundary’; nunat yugtutacimegtun unangkengait
akit state-amek ‘revenue sharing’; = luna; >nunair-, Nunakauyaq, nunakegte-, nunakir-,
nunakuarcuun, nunalgun, nunaliurta, nunalleq,
nunallite-, nunite-, nunalugpiaq, nunamiutaq,
nunanguaq, Nunapic’ngaq, nunapik,
Nunaqerraq, nunarpak, nunate-, nunaun, nuni-,
nunite-, nuniur-; cf. nunaki-, nunaniq, nuniate-,
nuniite-; < PE nuna
nunair- to take someone’s place; to usurp someone’s
territory # nunairaa ‘he took her place’ /iqsagvimnek nunairaanga ‘he took my fishingspot’; Itrucinrilkuni-gguq tua-i unaitrucilria
nunairciqaa. ‘A person who came with empty

460

BasesNunakauyaq — nunaniryug-

nunallite- to run aground # nunallituq ‘it ran
aground’ / angyakun ayallermini cukaluni
levaara nunallicami ikig’artaartuq ‘when hewent fast by boat the motor tipped up and downbecause it hit the bottom under the water’; <-nuna-?-ite3-; < PE nuna@it- (under PE nuna)
nunalugpiaq continent # < nuna-lugpiaq
Nunam Iqua the village formerly known as
Sheldon’s Point # village at the mouth of the Yukon;
literally: ‘land’s end’
nunamiutaq land animal # Tua-i-llu-gguq-am
taukuk nulirqellriik uitalriik keggani, pitarkat
ayuqenrilnguq mermiutaq, nunamiutaq-llu
unakaqluku. ‘That couple lived out there,
hunting various water and land animals.’ (MAR1
2001:57); < nuna-miutaq
nunanguaq map # . . . tua-i camek tangesciigalami
nanluciirucami kinguneni nallunrilamiu
taukun compass-amikun nunanguakun-llu,
kingunerminun uterrluni, . . . ‘. . . because he wasunable see anything and he no longer knew hisexact location, he returned to his home, because
he could locate it with compass and map, . . .’(QUL 2003:714); < nuna-uaq
nunanili- to be happy; to enjoy oneself # nunaniliuq‘he is having a good time’ / nunanilitekaa ‘heis happy on account of it’ or ‘he is happy forhim’; Aren, tauna imna imarpigmek alegyulleq
mat’umek tua-i ce÷amek nunanilinrituq. ‘Well,the one who was confident about the ocean was
not so happy about the coast.’ (QUL 2003:630); <nunaniq-li2nunaniq delight; joy; happiness; object thatbrings happiness # > nunanili-, nunanirqe-,
nunaniryug-, nunaniryuk; cf. nunaki-, nuna; < PE
nunanni3
nunanirqe- to be pleasant (especially of the land,
weather, etc.) # nunanirquq ‘it is pleasant’ /nunaniqluni ‘(it) being pleasant’; nunaniqvaa‘how pleasant!’; nunanirqelartuq man’akiagmi ‘it is pleasant to be here in summer’;
Nenglairutaqami man’a nuna nunanirilartuq.
‘When it becomes warm the land aroundhere becomes a joy to behold.’ (YUP 1996:27);< nunaniq-nirqenunaniryug- to be happy; to be joyful; to rejoice #nunaniryugtuq ‘he is happy’ / nunaniryuutekaa‘he is happy on account of it’; Wangkuk
anglanilunuk nunaniryuglunuk ngel’aqulunuk.

hands would be taking the place of someone
coming with a gift.’ (TAP 2004:44); < nuna-ir2Nunakauyaq Toksook Bay # village on Nelson Is.;< nuna-?
nunakegtaar(aq*) beautiful country # Maatengguq ellanguq mat’umun nunakegtaarmun
tanqircetqapiarluni . . . ‘It was at that time, it issaid, that she became aware of the bright beautiful
world . . .’ (ELN 1990:3); < nuna-kegtaar(aq)nunakegte- to be a nice place; to arrange; to makeroom for # nunakegtuq ‘it is a nice place’;nunakegtaa ‘he made room for it, arranged it’ /< nuna-kegtenunaki- (NUN form), nunakili- (HBC form) to havefun # nunakiuq or nunakiliuq ‘he is having
fun’ / Ellait-ll’ ta¥g waten anluteng caluteng
ulapeqluteng ta¥g aquiluteng. Nunakililuteng.
‘They went out, played around, played
physically. They had fun.’ (WEB1); cf. nuna,
nunaniq; < PY nunakinunakir- to arrange a place for (him) # nunakiraa‘he arranged a place for him’ / Natmun
nunakirluki pilarait. ‘They let them sit in a certain
place.’ (TAP 2004:16); < nuna-kaq-lirnunakuarcuun automobile; car #nunakuarcuuterluni ‘(he) going by car’; literally:‘device for traveling overland’ < nuna-kuar-cuun
nunalgar- to settle down after wandering #nunalgartuq ‘he settled down’ / nunalgartai ‘hesettled them down’; < nuna-?;
nunalgun person from one’s hometown #nunalgutkaqa ‘he is from my home village’;
Taukut-llu nunalgutain aptelaryaaqelliniat,“Qaillun umyuarteqluten tamakunek calisit?”‘And his fellow villagers would ask him, “Whatis the purpose of what you are making?”’(ELL 1997:366); Aglumayaqunak nunalgutvet
nulirranek . . . ‘Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s
wife . . .’ (ALER. 5:21); < nuna-lgun
nunaliurta surveyor; land use planner # < nunaliur-ta1
nunalleq old village site; former settlement; ghost
town # may be used in the plural for a single village;“Nani yuurtellrusit?” “Cal’itmi, kanani nunallerni
Cal’itmiuni, waten yugluteng wangkucicetun
ayuqelrianek maavet taillernek makunek.”‘“Where were you born?” “In Cal’in, down there,
in the former village, among the people of Cal’in;
it had people like us, those who came here.”’(KIP 1998:319); < nuna-lleq461

nunaniryuk — nungute-Bases
nunate- to visit from one village or city to another# nunatuq ‘he is visiting in another village’;nunatai ‘he is visiting them’ in another village /nunasngallruukut malrugni nitiligni ‘we werevisiting for two weeks’; nunatauguq ‘he is avisitor in another village’; . . . cali alerqurrluku
ellmitun nunatesqelluku nunaminun. ‘. . . also hetold him he should come for a visit to his village as
he himself had done.’ (CIU 2005:10); < nuna-te1-;< PY nunat0- (under PE nuna)
nunaun property; owned land # Ataam uterten
atavet nunautiinun ilavnun-llu, wiinga
nayurciqamken. ‘Go back to your father’s
property and to your family and I will watch
over you.’ (AYAG. 31:3); Tua-i-gguq tamaani
nunautmeggni pissurvimeggni uitiita taukurluut.
‘[It was because] those poor dear ones wereon their own property, in their own hunting
grounds.’ (KIP 1997:95); < nuna-un
nunavak walrus on ice # NUN; < PE nunava! ornunava3nungagaq tussock # HBCnungilraun lashing # < nungir-?-nnungir- fastened # of a belt, etc.; postural root; >nunginga-, nungirte1-; < PY-S nu&i3t0nungingqa- to be fastened # nungingqauq ‘it isfastened’ / . . . man’a-ll’ tua-i imarnitegken
nungirutiik maavet kegginaanun qapausngaluniugaan cagnim, nungingqaluni. ‘. . . now the[hood draw-] string of his seal-gut rain parka
was imprinted on his face here, so tightly was it
drawn.’ (QUL 2003:158); < nungir-ngqanungirta, nungirun belt; drawstring # qerrulliigni
kivyugpakaagnek nungirucirtuq ‘because his
pants keep slipping down he put on a belt’; <direct nominalization of nungirte-, nungirte-nnungirte-1 to put on a belt; to fasten; to turn grassbasket coils inward to make a narrowed spout(NUN additional meaning) # nungirtuq ‘he put his
belt on’; nungirtaa ‘he fastened it’ / < nungir-te4-;> nungilraun
nungirte-2 to be cranky # of a child; nungirtuq ‘he iscranky’; NSK
nungu fog # and nungu- to be foggy # nunguuq ‘itis foggy’ / NUN
nungute- to fasten a button or other garment
fastener; to sew it closed # nungutuq ‘he fastened
it or sewed something’; nungutaa ‘he fastened it‘We2 were happy, joyful, and full of laughter.’(YUU 1995:23); Nunaniryugnarqelriit ‘theBeatitudes’ (Catholic terminology); Y, NSK, HBC,
NI, CAN, UK, NR, LI, EG; < nunaniq-yug
nunaniryuk gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis) #< nunaniq-yuk
Nunapic’ngaq Nunapitchingak # site of the Moravian
Children’s Home near Kwethluk on the Kuskokwim;
literally: ‘little tundra’; < nuna-cengaq
Nunapicuaq Nunapitchuk # village west of Bethel;literally: ‘little tundra’; < nunapik-cuar(aq)Nunapigglugaq Old Hamilton # site on the Yukon
Delta; because of the rhythmic rules of the NS
dialect, speakers from this area pronounce this wordwith rhythmic length on the penultimate syllable,
and others generally follow their pronunciation; <nunapik-rrlugaq, cf. Nunapissugaq
nunapigngalnguq brown # < nunapik-ngalnguq
nunapik tundra; patch of tundra; flat mound on
tundra (HBC meaning) # literally: ‘real land’.
nunapigmi iqvartut ‘they are picking berries on
the tundra’; Tamana neqlillrat napalirluni uatiiniwa ce÷’aq, akiani-wa nunapik, qemirtarluni,
kuik-wa un’a ecuitqapiarluni teggalquyagarnek
naterluni. ‘Their fish camp had lots of trees andupriver from it there was a beach, and acrossfrom it there was tundra; it had hills and the river
down there was very clear with little rocks on
the bottom of it.’ (ELN 1990:17); < nuna-pik1; >Nunapicuaq, Nunapigglugaq, nunapigngalnguq,
Nunapissugaq
Nunapissugaq Hamilton # < nunapik-?; cf.
Nunapigglugaq
Nunaqerraq New Knockhock # old village site
between the Yukon delta and Hooper Bay; < nunaqaq-rraq
nunarpaguaq globe of the world # < nunarpak-uaq
nunarpak large village; city; the world; nation; theplanet Earth # may be used in the plural for one
large village or city; . . . piyugngarilriit tuaten
aipangluteng irniangaqluteng. Nunarpaurrluteng,yugyangluteng. ‘. . . when they became able
to they got married and had children. It, they,
became a big village, got lots of people.’ (YUU
1995:111); < nuna-rpak; > nunarpaguaq
nunatar- to pick berries # nunatartuq ‘he is picking
berries’; nunatarai ‘he is picking them’ (berries) /NSK; = unatar-462

Basesnunguyun — nuqciksuar(aq*)

nunuliun reward # nunuliutekaa ‘it is his reward’;
Kasmurrarcecilleq tauna itrarciquq quuyurniluni,
camek carrarmek tegumiarluni nunuliutminek.
‘The one who initiated the “prodding” activity
would come back in with a smile on his face,holding something in his hand as his reward.’(TAP 2004:91); < nunulir-nnunup’ag- to bawl (him) out # nunup’agaa ‘he’s
bawling him out’ / < nunur1-pag2nunur-1 to scold; to swear at (additional NUN
meaning) # nunurtuq ‘he is scolding’; nunuraa‘he is scolding her’ / nunuyuituq ‘he neverscolds’; nunuqengyuituq ‘she never scolds
anyone’; arnam irniani nunurai ‘the woman isscolding her children’; nunuutekaa ‘she scoldedon account of it’; Tua-i-llu ¥gasqiarcaaqluni,
igtenritqerluni-llu, alingallagluni-llu
igeskuni tua-i nunurciumaarkaungami
mayurasqumaksailatni-llu iggnayukluku.
‘Suddenly she slipped, didn’t quite fall off, but
did get scared fearing that she might be scolded
if she should fall, since they had repeatedly
told her not to climb things lest she fall.’ (ELN
1990:47); cf. nunulir-; > nunup’agnunur-2 to pinch; to squeeze; to cut with scissors# Tua-ll’-am taun’ uyuraa cali tuaten kemga
tamana cali taucetun anngaatun waten kemga
man’a nunurarraarluku qanlliniut, . . . ‘Then
again [they did] the same to his younger brotheras to his older brother, and having squeezed
and examined his flesh thus, they said . . .’ (ELL
1997:358); NUN, NI; > nunuutek
nunute- to fasten a button or other garment fastener# NUN; = nungute-; > nunuyun
nunuutek scissors # NUN; < nunur2-n-dual
nunuyun NUN button # < nunute-n
nuqaq device used for throwing spears; atlatl #Tua-llu tua-i makut nuqat, unani wii kingunemni
imarpigmi ang’uralrianun atutullruamegteki
imarpigmiutarnun ungungssinun unkunun,
yaqulegnun-llu, nerangnaqlermeggnun aturluki
nutkelriatun ayuqellrulliniit . . . ‘These atlatls
were used at my home area by those hunting sea
mammals and birds in the ocean; they were used
like guns . . .’ (CIU 2005:52); > nuqaruaq; < PE
nuq9a3nuqaruaq humerus; upper arm bone # K; < nuqaquaq
nuqciksuar(aq*) pin # specific kind ?; < nuqte-i2ksuar(aq)or sewed it up’ / Ullingqallrit makut mingeqluki,
nungulluki, melqutuumaita uquirraarluki. ‘(Thesealskins) that had been cut down the belly
they sewed closed with their fur still on after
removing the blubber.’ (PAI 2008:88); = nunute-;> nunguyun
nunguyun fastener for clothing # such as a button or
zipper; < nungute-n
nuni- to settle # nuniuq ‘he settled’ / < nuna-li2-;< PE nunni- (under PE nuna)
nuniate- to be queasy # nuniatuq ‘he or it (stomach)
is queasy’ / aqsiigka nuniatuk ‘my stomach isqueasy’; NSU; < ?-ate-; cf. nuniite-, nuna
nuniir- to be restless; to be homesick # NUN; cf.
nuniitenuniite-, nuniilkarate- to be restless; to be troubled# nuniituq ‘he is restless, troubled’ / Herod-aaq
ta¥gaam mat’umek niicami nuniituq, Jerusalemaarmiut-llu tamarmeng tuaten. ‘However,when Herod heard this he was troubled, and all
Jerusalem with him.’ (MATT. 2:3); < ?-ite1-, ?; cf.
nuniate-, nuniir-, nuna, niniite-; < PY nuna&it0(under PE nuna)
nunite- to run aground # < nuna-ite3-; < PE nuna@it(under PE nuna)
nuniur- to dig in the earth # nuniurtuq ‘he isdigging’ / < nuna-liurNunivaaq Nunivak Island # Nunivaarmiut‘Nunivak Islanders’; the v in this word is
pronounced as ¥g, like English w, by the Nunivak
Islanders themselves: Maaken atertellerneg
nunameg mat’umeg, kuigneg maaken
imarpigmun una¥get anutaqateng Nuni¥gaamun
napat illait atertelartut. When they drift fromhere, from the mainland, going from the river
out to sea, some of the trees (drift-logs) come out
onto Nunivak Island.’ (AGA 1996:99); the original
meaning of this word appears to be ‘tundra’; < PE
nuniva! (under PE nuna)
nunulir- to reward # nunuliraa ‘he rewarded her’/ nunulirciqamken neqerrlugnek nataqekuvgu
qimugteka tamalleq ‘I’ll reward you with dried
fish if you find my lost dog’; nunuliqengyuituq‘he never rewards anyone’; Nunuliryungraaten,
akiliryungraaten arnassagaam ciuniuryaqunaku
tauten pingraan. ‘Even if an old woman wants
to reward you, wants to pay you, don’t accept
it whatever the case.’ (YUP 2005:36); < ?-lir-; >nunuliun; cf. nunur1-

463

nuqcissuun — nurte-

Basesnuqcissuun winch; pulley # < nuqte-i2-cuun
nuqilraq drawstring # < nuqte-?
nuqinga- to be pulling on # nuqingaa ‘he is pullingon it’; Yugmun-ggem nuqingayuklua amci
pegcesqellua . . . ‘Thinking that a person was
pulling me, I would ask him to release me . . .’(QUL 2003:592); < nuqte-nganuqlite-1 to be dragging behind; to be unable
to keep up # nuqlituq ‘he can’t keep up’ /Tua-i-gga pingnatugyaureskan nuqlilluku
pisqumanricaaqluku . . . ‘When he began to do
things on his own they did not want him to fallbehind others . . .’ (ELL 1997:312); < nuqte-?nuqlite-2 to lack; to experience a shortage ofsomething # Tamatum-llu nalliini akikaq
nurnarqellruuq waten-llu cannery-rtaunani,taugaam yuut neqkamek nuqlitevkenateng. ‘Atthat time money was scarce, since, unlike now,there were no canneries, but people didn’t lackfood.’ (YUU 1995:31); < enur-ite3nuqsugte- to pull or fasten securely in place# Tuqukuma waniw’ maaken nemte÷ek
antenrilngerpetegnga amiika ta¥gaam ugna
nuqsuggluku . . . ‘If I die, don’t take me out fromthis house, but securely close the door . . .’ (QUL
2003:360); < nugte-?nuqsugun guy line; rope, cord or string to whichsomething is tethered; tie-rope on kayak frame tohold skin in place when putting it on the kayak #Pikna-wa aniparuaq pelacinagnek nuqsuguterluni.
‘A model of an owl was suspended with strings up
above.’ (AGA 1996:90); < nuqsugte-n
nuqtaarcuun starter cord on an engine # < nuqte-acuun
nuqtar- to repeatedly pull; to tug at # nuqtartuq‘he is pulling repeatedly’; nuqtaraa ‘he is pulling
it repeatedly’ / . . . piqerluni qerrutenrinrakun
Turpiim qerruyinglliami makluni ulik nuqtarluku
ulingnaqluni . . . ‘. . . as soon as she ceased
being cold, Turpak started getting cold, sat up
and and tugged at the comforter back to coverher own body . . .’ (ELN 1990:60); < nuqte-a-; >nuqtaryaraqnuqtaryaraq drawer of dresser # < nuqtar-yaraq
nuqte- to pull # nuqtuq ‘he is pulling against an
outside force’, ‘he is putting on the brakes’;
nuqtaa ‘he is pulling it’ / nuqluku angyaq tagtaa
cen’amun ‘he pulled the boat onto the shore’;nuqteksaunaku! ‘don’t pull at it!’; Uliilami-llu

ulik nuqluku imgulluni uligmun uitaurluni, . . .
‘As Elnguq was not covered by the comforter, shepulled it over and wrapped herself in it staying
like that, . . .’ (ELN 1990:60); > nuqciksuar(aq),nuqyun, nuqcissuun, nuqilraq, nuqinga-;
nuqlite-, nuqsugun, nuqtaarcuun, nuqtar-,nuqyun; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list; < PE nuq0tnuqyun pin; belt hook or buckle # specific kind of pin?; < nuqte-n
nuraq yearling caribou or reindeer; calf; colt #Ellimellinia, a¥gkut inglumeng takuatni, tuntuk
taukuk igvaarcagnek, nuraa tauna pisqelluku
tangvagtelluku augkunun. ‘He told him topursue its calf when those caribou came into viewin front of their enemies, while they watched.’(YUP 2005:234); . . . tuani nataqciqertek ciulvak
petuumalria nuraq-llu canianelnguq, . . . ‘. . .
there you2 will find a tethered donkey and a coltnext to it, . . .’ (MATT. 21:2); > Nurarcurvik; cf.
nurraninr(aq); cf. Adams 1851; < PE nu33a3
Nurarcurvik August # Y literally: ‘time to huntcaribou calves’; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < nuraq-cur-vik
nurraninr(aq*) barren old reindeer # NUN; cf.
nuraqnurr’aq female’s sister’s child nephew or niece #nowadays also female’s brother’s child (moreproperly an’garaq); Tua-i anaanaurrniluki piluni.
Nurr’aqniluku-llu tauna mikelnguq piluni. ‘She
said that they were the [the baby’s] maternal
aunts. And, that that baby was their niece/
nephew.’ (ELN 1990:106); < PE nu3a3(a3)nurnaite- to be abundant # nurnaituq ‘it isabundant’ / also spelled enurnaite-; < enur-naitenurnar- to be hard to obtain; to be scarce; to berare # nurnartuq ‘it is scarce’ / . . . massiinaat
nurnallratni, tengalrarluteng ayalliniut. ‘. . . whenboat motors were rare they went by sail.’ (YUU
1995:15); also spelled enurnar-; < enur-naq1
nurte- to fall short; to fail to reach # nurtuq ‘it
didn’t go far enough’; nurtaa ‘it fell short of it’/ nureskan ‘if it falls short’; elitnaurtuq atauciq
allrakuq nurrluku ‘he went to school for lessthan one year’; Tua-i cakun pekteng’erpet,
aarnarqellriakun-llu pekteng’erpet, tuaten
ellillerkan nurrluku tuqungaituten. ‘Though you
go through dangerous situtations in your life,
you will not die before you reach that age.’ (CIU
2005:202); < enur-?-; > nurute-464

Basesnurute- to be insufficient; to fall short; to not go far
enough # nurutuq ‘it is insufficient’, ‘there is notenough of it’, ‘it (the shot) fell short’; nurutaa ‘hedidn’t take it far enough’ / atsauteka nurutuq
akutamun ‘my berry supply is not sufficient for“Eskimo ice cream”’; . . . iliini tua-i uksumi neqait
nurutaqluteng up’nerkamun. ‘. . . sometimes in
winter their food supply would be insufficient tolast till springtime.’ (YUU 1995:20); < nurte-te5nuss’uq harpoon head# BB
nutaan just now/then for the good; finally!
#exclamation expressing that something, usually
good, has just happened; nutaan tekituq ah,‘he’s arrived’; nutaan atam! ‘fine, very good!’;
maliqsaryunariuq nutaan, atakuyarturpak
maliqsarciqua ‘now that it’s fine for seal hunting,
I will go late this afternoon’; Tagucimariamegteki
angyam ucii tamalkuita, nutaan atiita
aruqutekluki tuyuutai maurluata. ‘When they
had finished bringing up all the boats’ cargo,
it was then that their father distributed thethings their grandmother had sent them.’ (ELN
1990:57); Nutaan tekitnerrartua Tuntutuliarmek
nunasngallemnek. ‘I just came back from visitingat Tuntutuliak.’ (YUP 1996:34); Aglellrat ta¥gaam
kassuan allrakuq, nutaan eyanermek taqluteng.
‘It was only after the passage of a year that the
young woman who had started menstruating
could, finally, stop following abstinence
practices.’ (YUU 1995:36); cf. nutar-; < PEnuta(C)an (under PE nuta3-)
nutaqaq frozen raw fish; new thing (LI meaning) #< nutar-?
nutaqerrun soft melting snow; fresh snow; new ice
in fall # < nutar-?-unnutangquq indentation on top of bow of kayak #NUNnutar- root; > nutaqaq, nutaqerrun, nutaraq,
nutarte-, nutaryuk; cf. nutaan; < PE nuta3nutaraq new thing; fresh thing; fresh fish (especiallyin LI, UK). # angyaryugyaaqua nutaramek ‘Iwould like a new boat’; Misviim-llu ketiinita¥gaam nemta cali-llu agayuviim keluagni
nutarat net uaqliqluteng. ‘Toward the riverfrom the airfield and behind our house andthe church are the new houses arrayed in a line
one downriver of the other.’ (PRA 1995:107);
Tua-llu-gguq tua-i caqerluni maurlurluantaum qanrutlinia, “Tua-i tang nutaramek

nurute- — nutem

umyuarteq’laryaaqellrianga tuntumek.”‘One time his dear grandmother said to him,
“Look, I’ve been thinking about eating fresh
caribou.”’ (CIU 2005:282); Qaillun man’apilriim nutararnimek tuntum tepiinek keniram
tepengvakartaa man’a nem ilua? ‘What ishappening here that it’s beginning to smell like
fresh-cooked caribou inside the house here. How
can that be?’ (CIU 2005:284); Agayutem Akqutii
Nutaraq ‘the New Testament’; < nutar-?; >nutarau-; < PE nuta3a3 (under PE nuta3-)
nutarte-to repair; to patch # NUN; < nutar-?nutarau- to be new # nutarauguq ‘it is new’ / Caman’a qayaq nutarauluni, atuqaumanrilngurtun
ayuqluni. ‘This kayak is new; it looks like it hasn’t
been used.’ (WEB1); Nangtequtii-gguq una
nutaraunritliniuq. ‘He said that the sickness he
had was not new.’ (QUL 2003:574); < nutaraq-unutaryuk fresh snow # HBC; < nutar-yuk
nuteg- to shoot a firearm; to leap from fire ofa spark # nutegtuq ‘it shot out sparks’, ‘heshot’; nutgaa ‘he shot at it’ / nutgu ‘shootit’; pitangyullallermini tuntuq nutegyaaqaa
ta¥aam nall’artenritaa ‘in his haste to get it heshot at the caribou but missed’; nutyuuq ‘he isgood at shooting, a good marksman’; . . . aatiit
piuq nutaranek tuntuvagtarnek tum÷iluni
nutegyallermini qangqiirnek. ‘. . . their father said
that he’d seen fresh moose tracks when he wasgoing out shooting ptarmigan.’ (ELN 1990:58); >nutek, nutengvag-, nutgutaq, nut’ga-, nutngaq,
nutnger-, nutlag-, nutpag-; cf. nuleg-; < PE nut0!nutek gun, rifle, firearm # Ak’a tamaani nutegmek
nallullermeggni urluvernek ta¥gaam
caskirluteng pitgaquluki yuut tuqurqelallruit.
‘Back then when they didn’t know about guns,
they used only bows for weapons shooting themwith arrows and killed them.’ (ELL 1997:384);
nutyaaq ‘small-caliber rifle’; direct nominalizationof nutegnutem from the beginning; originally # adverbial
particle; nutem ayuquciqaa ‘he has been
like that from the beginning’; nutem waten
ayuquq qengaqa mikelnguuqerraanemnek‘my nose has been like this ever since I was achild’; Kass’artarnek aturanek sap’akinek-llu
atulang’ermeng cali Yupiit nutem atutukaitnek
aturaqluteng, . . . ‘Even though they do wear
Euro-American clothing and footwear, they still465

nutemllaq* — nuuksukBasesuse original Yup’ik clothing, . . .’ (KIP 1998:vii);
Inerqutullrukaitkut ellangeqarraallemni avaken
nutem ayagluni inerquutngullinian qaltamun
pull’uta mer’esqevkenata, qaluuricirrlainarlutata¥gaam mer’esqelluta. ‘They used to admonish
us, when I first became aware of things, since
there has been such a rule originating from long
ago, that one should not drink water bending
over the bucket but rather always to drink using
a dipper.’ (QUL 3002:44); < PE nut0m
nutemllaq* old-time practice; ancient custom# Imumirpak ciuliamta qanrutkuratuit
cagmayunailnguut nutemllaat piciryarat. ‘From
time immemorial our ancestors passed down
various ancient customs and values which should
not be lost.’ (KIP 1998:i); < nutem-llaq
nutengqupagta little carved parts on top stiffener ofkayak forepart that connects the struts # NUN
nutengvag- to pound # of the heart; nutengvagtuq‘it is pounding’ / Tangrrani ukatmurcan
alingami utetmun aqvaqurluni, ircaqu’urluawa nutengvalria ayuqucia-llu nutngarnganani,
kingyarluni piuq maa-i pangalegluni maligeskii,. . . ‘As soon as she saw it, it started coming
toward her, and since she was afraid, she ran
back with her heart really pounding, and herwhole being seemed to be throbbing, as she
looked over her shoulder and saw that it wasbounding toward her, . . .’ (ELN 1990:54);< nuteg-pag2nut’ga- to repeatedly discharge a firearm # nut’gauq‘he is shooting’; nut’gaa ‘he is shooting at it’/ Qucillgaat-llu kingumek nut’galuki ikavetce÷ami piyualriit. ‘Next he took some shots at thecranes walking across there on the shore.’ (PRA
1995:336); < nuteg-anutgutaq gun; rifle; firearm # EG; < nuteg-taq1
nutlag- to begin to beat fast (of heart) # NUN
nutngaq pulse; heartbeat # and nutngar- to throb;
to beat # of the heart or pulse; nutngartuq ‘itis beating’ / augem nutngallran cuqii ‘bloodpressure’; < nuteg-?; < PY nut&a3nutnger- for the sun to start rising higher andstaying up longer after the winter solstice #Utercan-llu; tua-i-gguq akerta nutngertaqan,
agyak-llu imkuk ellam qaralik, qulliquralriik
anumariaqagnek, tua-i erenret, kiatmun-wa
tua-i tanqigillrat cukariqerrngat’lartuq, taukukllu imkuk agyak nallunailkutek uksum cuqek

pulalutek ellamun. ‘When the sun returns in fullintensity, they say as if “nutngertuq”. After theappearance of the two stars that are one above
the other, the daylight increases faster each day.
And soon after that, the two stars that appear
only during the winter months disappear.’(CIU 2005:368), (the two stars mentioned but notnamed here are probably Altair and Tarazed in theconstellation Aquila, which are used to mark thewinter solstice by other Eskimo groups); < nuteg-?
nutpag- to shoot, making a large wound # nutpagaa‘he shot it, making a large wound’ / < nutegpag2nuu- to be blue in the face from not breathing
because of hard crying # usually of a child;nuuguq ‘he is blue in the face’ / NUN; cf. iinuugir- to circumcise or be circumcised # nuugirtuq‘he got circumcised’; nuugiraa ‘he circumcisedhim’ / nuugiumauq ‘he is circumcised;
Tamarmeng angutet elpece÷i nuugiumaarkaugut.
‘Every man child among you shall be circumcised.’(AYAG. 17:10); < nuuk-irnuugyuk tail part of a fish # Maatentang neq’liarkaqa piaqa, “Uumi-lli
tamalkuunrilngapaa!” Maaten tua-i tangrraqa
neqem nuugyua. Neqem nuugyua iciw’ keggatii
cataunani. ‘So I looked at the fish I was supposed
to cut and said, “This one sure doesn’t lookwhole!” I looked at it and saw that it was justthe tail part of a fish. I was the fish’s tail, andthe upper section was gone.’ (QAN 2009:130);< nuuk-yuk
nuuk projection; tip; point # alngarcuutem nuuga
asemtaqa ‘I broke the point of my pencil’; cingiim
nuuganun angyaq culurtuq ‘the boat landed at
the tip of the point’ such as a sandy projection at
the end of an island; Tauna imna yaqulek tauna
tua kiartellria melquni nuugit tamarmeng iitalek
ullagluku. ‘He went to the bird looking aroundwith eyes at the tip of every feather.’ (QUL
2003:500); Tamuarraarluku tumaminun qecirluni,
nutaan iruni mingugluki, ciutegmi-llu nuukek,
pamyumi ta¥gaam nuuga pivkenaku. ‘After hechewed it, he spat it out on his palm, and thenpainted his legs, the tips of his ears, but not
the tip of his tail.’ (YUU 1995:75); > nuugyuk,
nuuksuk, nuusaaq, nuuyaarpaaq; = nuvuk; cf.
Nuuraq; cf. Turner 1874–1877 list (36); < PE nuvu!
nuuksuk caudal flexure of fish, the point where thetail joins the body # < nuuk-?

466

Basesnuuniq porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) # LY, NSK;
from Athabascan, cf. noona (Koyukon Ath.)nuuqar- to shoot short; to be unable to reach #nuuqairulluteng ‘(they) having enough to last, tonot run short’; < enur-qar
nuuqite- to lack something; to be short of something# see at enuqitenuuqutkaq necessity # < NUN; enur-?-n-kaq
Nuuraq East Cape, Siberia # Inupiaq Nuu©aq(Nuu3aq)
Nuuriileng Newhalen # village on Lake Iliamna
nuuriyaraq deficit # see at enuriyaraq
nuusaaq spear with three points for spearing fish or
birds; intermuscular “Y” bone of pike # the pikebone resembles this type of spear; = nuuyaaq;< nuuk-?; = nuusaarpak
nuusaarpak # large three-pointed spear #Yaqulegcuutait-wa cali nuusaarpiit. Nuusaarpiit
taqumaut tulurnek pingayunek cingilegluteng.
‘Also for hunting birds there are “nuusaarpak”
spears. These spears are made with three ivory
points.’ (YUU 1995:66) cf. nuuyaarpaaq; <nuusaaq-rpaknuussicuak scissors # < nuussicuar(aq)-dual (andthus literally: ‘pair of little knives’) and/or from
Russian y˙;bxtr (nózhichek) ‘small knife’
nuussicuar- to cut with scissors # nuussicuartuq‘he is cutting with scissors’; nuussicuaraa ‘he iscutting it with scissors’ / direct verbalization fromnuussicuaq (the singular of the intrinsically dual
noun nuussicuak)
nuussirpak big knife; sword # Nuussirpateng
nunamun itumcissuutngurciiqait, panateng-llu
naunrarnun kepurissuutngurrluki. ‘They shallbeat their swords into ploughshares and theirspears into pruning hooks.’ (ISAI. 2:4); < nuussiqrpak
nuussiq cutting knife # not semi-lunar;
Malirqaqerluku ircaqruakun kapluku tuqutelaraa
nuussimikun. ‘After chasing it, he’d stab it in its
head and kill it with his knife.’ (YUU 1995:14);
nuussim caqua ‘knife sheath’; UY, K, BB, NR, LI,
EG; = luussiq; > nuussicuak and nuussicuar-,nuussirpak; from Russian yj; (nozh)
nuussnik outhouse; toilet # EG; from Russiany´;ybr (núzhnik) ‘latrine’nuuter- to be tied to something # Muraggarmek
nuuterluteng nakacugugaat ayuqenrilnguut.

nuuniq — nuv’issuun‘Various different bladders were tied onto awooden stick.’ (KIP 1998:219)
nuuyaaq spear with three points for spearing fish or
birds; intermuscular “Y” bone of pike # the pikebone resembles this type of spear; HBC; < nuuk-?;= nuusaaq
nuuyaarpaaq wooden float # LI; cf. nuusaarpak;< nuuk-ghpak-aq
nuvagpak flue # NUN; < nuvak-rpaknuvak saliva # and nuvag- to catch a cold #nuvagtuq ‘he caught a cold’ / nuvii ‘his saliva’;Anuuruluum taum tauna uyuqlikacagaat,
elucillernaaratun-ggur-am elliqiliu nuvamineng.
‘But the grandmother restored their youngest
brother to his former condition with her saliva.’(CEV 1984:88); NUN, HBC; = luvak, nuak;> nuvarpak; < PE nuva!
nuve- to string; to thread # nuv’uq ‘it (needleor thread) is threaded’; nuvaa ‘she threadedit’ (needle or thread) / qusuurnek nuviuq‘she is stringing smelts’; nuliama pillruanga
mingqutminek nuv’icesqelluni ‘my wife asked
me to thread her needle for her’; nuv’at ‘stringof things’ such as fish hung up to dry, beads
for beadwork; Quinagnam-wa nuvevailganga
tamaani agleryaurpailegma-ll’ tauna tuan’tekiartellrukeka. ‘Before knowledge of earthy
matters had penetrated and permeated me, before
I’d started to menstruate, I came up on it.’ (AGA
1996:180); = luve-; > nuvevik, nuvun, nuv’issuun,
nuvv’ilir-; cf. nuge-; < PE nuv0nuvevik, nuv’ik, nuvv’ik place to thread something# Cali-llu nuvviit makut amuyaaqsuunateng.
‘Also the holes of these are such that one can’t
pull things [thread] through.’ (CIU 2005:240);< nuve-vik, nuve-vik
nuvilrar- to tie a load to a sled # HBC; = nuilrarnuv’in stringer for drying smelt # Unuaquanillu unuakumi makcara’arluteng aanakellriit
qusuuliuqataameng, nuv’itkarrluteng
uqvigpagnek. ‘The next day they got up earlyin the morning since mother and children weregoing to work on the smelt, and they gathered
willows for stringers for drying the smelt.’ (PRA
1995*:461); < nuve-i2-nnuv’issuun threading device # such as the line
used to set a net under the ice, or a needle-threader;Ta¥gaam uyamiliaqameng-llu imkunek tegglinek
ayuqenrilngurnek emkiirturluki, tamakut nutaan

467

nuvkute- — nuyurtar-Basesnuyarnir- to feel the body warmth of a person
without seeing the person # nuyarnirtuq ‘he feels
the warmth of an unseen person’ / < nuyaqneq?-lirNuyarpak, Nuyarpalek American Indian # since
Indians are pictured as long-haired; < nuyaq-rpak,
nuyaq-rpak-lek
nuyaruaq wig; hairpiece; water weed(s) # < nuyaquaq
nuyavvlucangaq red-breasted merganser (Mergus
serrator) # CAN
nuyiur-, nuyuur- to comb or otherwise arrange
one’s hair # nuyiurtuq ‘he is combing his (own)hair’; nuyiuraa ‘he is combing her hair’ / Nuyaillu tua-i pet’ngumaluteng nuyiurumavkenateng.
‘Her hair was standing up and not even combed atall.’ (CIU 2005:90); < nuyaq-liur-, nuyaq-liur-;> nuyiurun
nuyiurun, nuyuurun, nuyuirun comb; brush #also plural for one comb; Qalemaq, pelatuugmek
qaralililriamek pillinikii, Mikellaq-llu
nuyuurutnek, . . . ‘To Qalemaq she gave a
decorated scarf, and to Mikellaq, a comb, . . .’(ELN 1990:56); < nuyiur-n, nuyuur-n, nuyiur-nnuyur- root; > nuyurrite-, nuyurtar-, nuyuurqe-;< PE nuyu!nuyurriltaar- to act approachable; to act
unwary # usually of animals; Agu, agu taunanuyurriltaangraan pissuqeryaqunaku. ‘No,
don’t you dare to do it; even though that one
acts approachable at times, don’t ever hunt it.’(MAR2 2001:95); Maa-i-llu tamaani tamatum
nalliini qaneryarangqetullruut waten arnaq
tan’gurrarmun nuyurriltaarutekluku pisqevkenaku
uqriraluku-llu pisqevkenaku . . . ‘At that timethey used to have a saying that a young man
shouldn’t hold a woman as at all approachable
and should not be downwind of her . . .’ (ELL
1997:320); < nuyurrite-anuyurrite-, nuyuite- to be tame; to be approachable;
to be unwary # usually of animals; nuyurrituq ‘itis approachable’ / Makut-ll’ cakaniyuunateng
unguvalriit nuyurritellrit. ‘These unwary animals
don’t change.’ (WEB1); < nuyur-ite1-, nuyur-ite1nuyurtar- to be wild; to be unapproachable; tobe timid and wary; to be untamed # usuallyof animals; nuyurtartuq ‘it is wild’ / Taukut
ekellruut ilalirluki ungungssit ayuqenrilnguut,
nuyurrilnguut nuyurtalriit, ungungssirpiit

nuv’issuutekluki mingqutpiarraat atutullruit.
‘However, whenever they made necklaces they’ddo them with different beads, and they usedthose regular (not glovers’) needles as threaders.’(CIU 2005:240); < nuve-i2-cuun
nuvkute- to argue # nuvkutut ‘they are arguing’;Nuvkutaarutut-llu angnerkameggnek. ‘They werearguing and disputing concerning which of them
was the greatest.’ (LUKE 22:24)
Nuvupigaq Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian
Chain # NUN; < nuvuk-pik2
nuvuk projection; tip; point # Uum-gguq uyuraan
ayaruan nuvua imarmiutaq. ‘This one’s younger
sibling’s walking stick’s tip is a (carved?) mink.’(ELL 1997:254); HBC, NI; = nuuk; > Nuvugpigaq;< PE nuvu!
nuvun threading device; band around something# such as the line used to set a net under the ice, or aneedle-threader; Tamarmeng-llu naparutai avatiini
itusngaluteng qerrirlinek nuvutnek. ‘All thecolumns had bands of silver.’ (ANUC. 38:17);< nuve-nnuvv’ilir- to prepare handmade thread for easy
threading by twisting it to a tapered end #nuvv’iliraa ‘he is preparing it’ (for easy threading) / < nuve-?-lir-; > nuvv’iliraq
nuvv’iliraq piece of handmade thread with atapered end, ready for use # < nuvv’ilir-aq1
nuya’illaaq bald person # NSU; from Inupiaq
nuyai@aaq; cf. nuyaq
nuyalli- to have messy hair # nuyalliuq ‘he has
messy hair’ / NSU; < nuyaq-lluk-i3nuyaq hair # nuyanka ‘my head of hair’; nuyaqa‘my single hair’; nuyanka tegutut ‘my hair istangled’; nuyai or nusai (in NS) ‘his hair(s)’;Picirniqpiarluni tua-i anuqa elliin kegginaani
nuyai-llu tengaurluteng, ilait anumalriit
pelatuuganek. ‘The wind blowing on her felt sopleasant and her hair was flying around in theair, some of it having coming out from under
her scarf.’ (ELN 1990:96); Qamiqurpece÷i-llu
nuyaungermeng naaqumaut. ‘But the very hairsof your head are all numbered (literally: on
your heads, even though they are hairs they arecounted).’ (MATT. 10:30); NS, Y, HBC, NI, CAN,
K, BB, NR, LI, EG; > nuyalli-, nuyanir-, nuyaruaq,
nuyarpak, nuvavvlucangaq, nuyiur-; < PE nuya3
Nuy’aqaq Nuyakuk Lake # one of the Wood-Tikchik
lakes near Dillingham

468

Basesnuyuurqe- — paallag-P

ungungssiyagaat, yaqulget-llu ayuqenrilnguut.
‘Those went in [to Noah’s ark], including animals
of different sorts; the tame and the wild, big
animals and small animals, and various types ofbirds.’ (AYAG. 7:14); < nuyur-tar1nuyuurqe- to scare away (animals) # nuyuurqaa ‘hescared it away’ / < nuyur-rqe2-

paa-1 to postrate oneself # . . . ciketnaurtukut calipaanaurtukut Kristussaamun, . . . ‘. . . let us bow
down and postrate ourselves before Christ, . . .’(ORT 2006:20); UY; > paallag-, paarvagpaa-2 NUN to stay behind; to stay with # = pai-1
paa-3 NUN mouth of river, den, bottle, kayak, etc.
# = pai–2; > Paaluyar(aq*)
paacaq barge # Paacamek maavet
tekiteqarraalriamek tangellruunga qakmaken
Kuigpagmek tailuni. ‘I saw a barge when it firstarrived coming here from the north, from the
Yukon.’ (KIP 1998:280); from English ‘barge’
paalaryaaqe- to hurriedly go forward # NS
paalraayak a certain legendary creature #Paalraayiit-gguq tamakut nuna itumlluku
pituut, ungilluku nuna. Teggellriartairulluni
ciunrat, nuna itumluni unairulluni. ‘It was said
that “paalraayiit” were able to move aroundunderground. They were able to go right throughthe ground easily, softening the hard ground.’(CIU 2005:78); E. W. Nelson (ESK 1899:444) states:“A strange, crocodile-like animal, known as palrai-yuk, is painted on the sides of umiaks andon the inside of wooden dishes by natives alonglower Yukon and Kuskwim rivers. According
to the tradions of the people in this district theclimate in ancient times was very much warmer
than at present and the winters were shorter. In
those days the mythic animals referred to wereabundant in the swampy country between thetwo rivers. . . . At that time the pal-rai-yuk lived
in lakes, creeks, and marshes, where it killed
men and animals for food. . . . The curious
likeness of these animals to the aligator, as shownin the accounts of its habits and in drawings
representing it, is very remarkable.”
paallag- to fall forward # of persons; paallagtuq‘he fell forward’ / aqvaqurtuq paallaka’aqluni‘he is running, falling forward now and then’;
Imna iilek ataucirrarmek, manumini uitauralria,
enuuqerrluku paallagcetliniluku. ‘He nudgedthat one with one eye standing in front of him,making him fall down.’ (MAR1 2001:18); < paa1llag-, > paallaguaq; < PE pa&a@@a!-469

paallaguaq — pacete-Basespaallaguaq fur hat # LI, EG; specific kind ?;< paallag-uaq
paaluyar(aq*) mouth of a river; specifically mouth of
the Mekoryuk River # NUN; < paa3-?
paame- to scratch # to relieve an itch; NUN, NSK, LI,
Y, UK; = paume-; < PE pa(C)um0(t)paanger- to paddle with a double-bladed paddle# paangertuq ‘he is paddling’ / Maaggun tua-itaukut avatairumastaita iluatgun paangerluni
uivelliniluni, iluatgun. ‘Then he paddled with his
double-bladed kayak paddle, moving in a circle on
the inside (of the circle of enemies surroundinghim)’ (CIU 2005:48); = paunger-; > paangrun; cf.
Nelson 1877–1881 list; < PE pa&03paangrun kayak paddle with a blade at each end;
pectoral fin of fish # Paangrutet atam imkut
tak’ut, yagenrek tua-i malruk anguarutngulutek.
‘You see, those double-bladed kayak paddles are
long, they are paddles measuring two arms
in length.’ (ELL 1997:398); < paanger-n; >paangrussak
paangrussak pectoral fin of fish # < paangrun-yak
paankaq, paankaaq, painkaq can; container #and paankar-, paankaar-, painkar- to can #paankaraa ‘he canned it’ / Ik’iki-tanem paankaat
makut akagyulriit kaimaqluteng . . . ‘So manycans (of food) here that can roll and spill (ontothe floor) . . .’ (CIU 2005:394); > paankaraq,
paankivik; from Russian ,fyrf (bánka) ‘jar, pot’paankaraq canned fish # < paankaq-aq1
paankivik cannery # < paankaq-li2-vik
paarte- to substitute aa for ai in Yup’ik words # used
to describe the speech of those people of the Bristol Bay
area (Manokotak in particular) who say, for example,
kuigem paanga ‘the river’s mouth’, rather thankuigem painga; Nunivak Islanders share thisspeech pattern; paartuq ‘he substitutes aa for ai’ /imitative
paarvag- to fall forward hard # paarvagtuq ‘hefell forward’ / Maligcaaqekiit saskumeggnek
avalirluteng, pupsugcetaarita ciungit
iqalluguanun tut’aqameng paarvagaqluteng
ava-i. ‘As the enemy warriors ran after him
with their weapons, whenever the front endof their pointed-tip snowshoes bumped into
the snowdrifts, they would fall forward.’ (CIU
2005:128); < paa1-pag2Paaskaaq Easter; Passover # Allrakumi cayaraput

amllerrluteng: Alussistuaq, Paaskaaq, Quyayaraq,
Qukitiiq, allat-llu. ‘Our (newer) traditions(holidays) in the course of the year have became
numerous: Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving, andothers.’ (CAU 1985:15); used for Passover in the
Yup’ik translation of the New Testament: ‘Pillerkaqa
tekituq, nevni Paaskaaryugtua elitnauranka
ilakluki. ‘My time is getting short; I will keep
the Passover at your house with my disciples.’(MATT. 26:17); paaskaarcuun ‘the paschal lamb’;from Russian Gƒc[f (Páskha)
paassataq arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) # EG
paatakaaq syrup; honey # paatakiiraa assaliaq ‘heput syrup on the pancake’; Piksuuminarqenruut
suulutaami; neqnirqenruluteng-llu vegtaat
paatakaliaratni. ‘They are more precious thangold; and they are sweeter than honey (literally:‘syrup made by bees’).’ (PSALM 19:10); >paatakaarngalnguq; from Russian gƒnjrf (pátoka)
paatakaarngalnguq* honey # Qetunramaa, neripaatakaarngalngurmek; assirtuq. ‘My son, eat
honey; it is good.’ (AYUQ. 24:13); < paatakaaqngalnguq
paatnaq partner # Tua-i ilumuuluni tuani
qaleqcuuget ukut neplilriit tua-i-ll’ ullalriani
kanaqlagtaicuunani nuniit, pissutullemni
tamaani. Ilumuluteng-am. Paatnaqngameng
kanaqliit-llu. ‘They are partners. [I know] it’strue; when I used to hunt, when approaching
those grebes making their sounds, where they
are never failed to have muskrats. It is a fact.
Because the muskrats were their partners.’ (AGA
1996:220); from English ‘partner’
paayaar- to stay near # . . . keglunyaarnek tangqimugkauyarauluki pilriatun, tekiartaqata
cali angu, angurutketullrukait paayaarpek’naki
egmianun unicesqelluki . . . ‘. . . they warned
that if they ever came upon baby wolves in
puppy stage we must not stay near to them but
rather leave them right away . . .’ (KIP 1998:239);
Angli-ggem ta’m uskurrluuk qagkuk yuak
tangerquvgu paayaarpek’naku unicesqelallruaqa
tuquciiqniluten. ‘I thought I told you not to staynear the owner of the harness out there if you see
him, that you should leave him, that he will killyou.’ (QUL 2003:318); < pai1-?pacete- to be cooled; to be chilled # pacetuq ‘it hascooled’ / kuuvviaqa pacetsiyaagtuq ‘my coffee
has become too cool’; Tua-llu tua-i tauna imna470

Basespaci- — paigi-

paggluk2 wood that is very hard to whittle # NUN
pagken from up there # look under pagaa(ni)pagkullr(aq*) raven (Corvus corax) #+ pagkull’er ‘a/ the raven’; pagkullraat ‘ravens’; Y
pagna the one up there above. extended demonstrative
adverb; pag’um ‘of the one up there’; pagkut‘those up there’; pagna tengssuun mit’eqatartuq‘that airplane moving up there is about toland’; Pagken kuciqetaarturallri, qerturinaurtut
unani, tunguluteng ta¥gaam; pag’um-ta¥g’
tungutaciatun, qiliin. ‘Those (lumps of ice)that (were) from the drips from up there, they
became higher and higher down there, but they
were black, with the blackness of that ceiling up
there.’ (CEV 1984:31); see pagaa(ni) or pii(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem. pa!pai-1 to stay behind with; to babysit # paiguq ‘he isstaying behind’; paigaa ‘he is babysitting her’ /paigiuq ‘he is babysitting’; Aaniinun paisqelluku
tauna mikelnguq taitellinikii ayakatalliniami
paluqtarcurluni aatiit malikluku. ‘He brought
the child over for his mother to watch because he
was about to go out hunting for beaver with theirfather.’ (ELN 1990:7); = paa-2; > paayaar-, paigi-,
paista, paitaq
pai-2 mouth of river; outlet; opening of den, bottle,
etc., cockpit of kayak # kuigem paingani ‘atthe mouth of the river’; Maaten-gguq tua-itekitaa kuigem paikluku. ‘When he got to it,
he saw that it was the mouth of a river.’ (CIU
2005:220); Qerrurraarluku yaavet qamigautek
qaingagnun elliluku, man’a-llu tua-i maavet paim
elalirneranun elliluku. ‘After inflating it (the sealpoke), I put it on top of the kayak sled, and put it(the sled) here near the cockpit.’ (CIU 2005:12); see
Appendix 4 on positional bases; = paa-3; > ngeliam
painga, Negeqliim Painga, Paimiut; cf. pass’aq,
paitaalek; < PE pa90
paicir- to leave an inheritance for (him); to bequeath
something to (him) # paiciraa ‘he left something
to him’; paiciun ‘bequest’; Tua-i nutaan
elluilutek yuullermegni. Tua aanamek taum tua-i
paiciutainek-gguq taukunek, nem’ek tuntunek-llu.
‘And they2 lived comfortably. And their2 motherleft them a house and caribou.’ (QUL 2003:90) /< paitaq-ir1paigi- to babysit # paigiuq ‘she is babysitting’ /< pai1-i2-; > paigista

una wanelnguq qaini pacetengan tupalliniuq. ‘The
one here woke up when his body began to getchilled.’ (ELL 1997:578); > pacnaq, pacsaqarpaci-, pacike- to blame; to accuse; to suspect # pacia
or pacikaa ‘he blames him’ / Piqeryaaqluteng
ellmeggnun pacikuurulluteng ilaseng egtelliat
kana-i kanani. ‘After a while they were blaming
each other and then threw one of their number
down there (into the pit).’ (MAR2 2001:68); Y, NS,
NUN; < PE pacipacigaq side of nose # NUN
paciggluk gill cover of a fish # < pacik-rrluk
paciguaq nostril; nares (outside of nostrils) #< pacik-uaq
pacik gills # paciik ‘the (pair of) gills of a fish’;> paciggluk, paciguaq; < PE maci!
pacikcar- to chop up # NUN
pacnaq chilly weather # < pacete-naq
pacsaqar- to suffer a chill from going outside whensweaty; to get pneumonia # pacsaqertuq ‘hesuffered a chill’, ‘he got pneumonia’ / also spelledpatsaqar-; < pacete-?-qarpagaa(ni) up there above # extended demonstrative
adverb; pagaavet ‘to up there’; pagaaken or
pagken ‘from up there’; Tua-i-ll’ piqerluni
ayumian tua-ll’ pagaa-i tangrruulliniuq pagna
atralria pagaaken qilagmek . . . ‘Soon it was seen,up there, coming down from the sky . . .’ (ELL
1997:74); Ukuut! Pingna yuk pagken igtellria,
kangingnaurciu uitavkenaci! ‘You all! The personback there fell from up there, look into; don’t
just wait around!’ (YUU 1995:84); see pagna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; = piini; Y, K HBC, NI, CAN,
BB, NR, LI, EG; < PE dem. pa!pagaq line of grain in wood # muriim pagai ‘thegrain of the wood’; Makuit kepuryaaqevkenaki
pituit pagait, makunun-llu kegglarluki piyuunaki,
qupurturluki ta¥gaam, . . . ‘They try not to cut
across the grain; they never saw them but only
split them, . . .’ (PAI 2008:266); < PE 0pa!
paggluk1 grudge; rancor #pagglungqerrsuumiitelartua ‘I don’t like tobear a grudge’; Aren tua-i tauna umyuamikun
maurlurni tauna paggluklinia taum yun’erraraamtaum tutgara’urluum. ‘Then in his mind thatyoung man, that grandson, became bitter against
his grandmother.’ (CIU 2005:286)

471

paigista — paivte-

Basespairte- to encounter; to meet # either by chance oron purpose; pairtuq ‘he encountered someone’;pairtaa ‘he encountered her’ / . . . waniwa-llu
qukarngariqerluni, aipani tauna pairrluku.
Tua-i pairucamek, waten pairutqapigglutek
avitaarutevkenatek-llu, pairullutek tua-itegullutek. ‘. . . and just when he was halfway
there, he ran into his opposite number. And,
when they encountered each other, as soon as theymet, without trying to make way for each other,
they squared off against each other and grappledwith each other.’ (TAP 2004:35); = parte-; >paiqaq, paircartur-, pairkenge-, pairrsaag-; < PE
pa903paissikelaaq, paissekelaaq bicycle # from English
paista babysitter # mikelnguut paistekaat ‘she’s
the children’s babysitter (the one who babysitsthem)’; < pai1-ta1
paitaalek two- or three-hole kayak # from Russian,fqlfhf (baidára) or ,fqlfhrf (baidárka) ‘canoe’,or from Yup’ik pai2-?-lek
paitaq inheritance; reward # paitaqaa ‘he inheritedit’; Ta¥gaam imkut ilait ava-i qanllemtun
ciuliangqerquni Yupiungermi tukuulriamek
paitaqkuniki . . . ‘However, as I’ve been saying,
if one has some of those as his ancestry, eventhough he’s Yup’ik, he’s wealthy (as a Yup’ik), if(or, since) they are his inheritance . . .’ (QUL
2003:350); Atawaqertut ellmikutuulriit
ellarpagmek paitangciqngameng. ‘Blessed are themeek, for they shall inherit the earth.’ (MATT.
5:5); < pai1-te2-aq1; > paicirpaivnga- to be out where it can be used or seen;
to be available; to be present # paivngauq ‘itis out; it is available’ / Kiingita paivngallruut.
Makut allat tuacetun uksumi paivngatanritut.
‘These (foods) alone were available. Other things,
like that, weren’t available in the winter.’ (KIP
1998:29); Tamaani angalkungqellratni alangrut
paivngallruut angalkut tuunritullratni. ‘At thattime when they had shamans, ghosts (or spirits)
were seen when the shamans performed theirconjurations.’ (YUU 1995:117); < paivte-ngapaivte- to put (it) out where it can be used or seen;
to become present and available # paivtuq ‘itis set out; it has become present or available’;
paivtaa ‘he set it out’ / paivutellruanga
pitarkanek ‘(unexpectedly) it (nature, God,the situation, etc.) presented me with game topaigista babysitter # paigistekapuk ‘she’s ourbabysitter (the one who babysits our children)’;< paigi-ta1
Paimiut plural Paimute # village site on the Yukon
river and another site near Hooper Bay; literally:‘people of the mouth of a river or tributary’;Paimiuni ‘at Paimute’; < pai2-miu-plural
painqegcaar(ar)- to lick completely clean #painqegcaartuq ‘he licked something clean’;painqegcaararaa ‘he licked it clean’ / Keniranekllu pillruaqamta iluit pairturluki, painqegcaarluki.
‘And whenever we had soup, we’d completely
clean the insides (of our bowls), with our fingers.’(YUP 2005:54); < -nqegcaar(ar)paipaq pipe # meaning, usually, a pipe for smoking
tobacco; from English ‘pipe’
paiqaq one of a set of people who go back and forth
before the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”) begins
after the first two Messengers have arrived at theinvited village # < pairte-?
pair- to lick # pairtuq ‘he is licking something’;
pairaa ‘he is licking it’ / qimugtem mikelnguq
kegginaakun pairaa ‘the dog licked thechild on her face’; Makpailgan-llu taum
qimallran tull’uku nuqtarluku aturaikun
anerteqvallagaluni, unatai-llu tuaten pairluki,
ungaqapiggluku-llu. Before she could get up,that thing that she had been fleeing landed onher and pulled at her clothes panting hard —and licking her hands, and cuddling up to her!’(ELN 1990:54); = epaar-; > painqegcaar(ar)-; < PE
0ppa3i3paircartur- to go to meet # paircurturaa ‘he wentout to meet him’ / allanret paircarturai ‘he went
to meet the strangers’; < pairte-yartur
pairkenge- to encounter someone # pairkenguq‘he encountered someone’ / Taqicaqliami
nutaan ciumek anluni yugmek-llu pairkengluni
aatakenrilkeµinek. ‘When she finally finished,
she went outside and there she encounteredsomeone there in front of her who wasn’t her
father.’ (ELN 1990:81); < pairte-kengepairrsaag- to go out to meet, greet or welcome #pairrsaagtuq ‘he is going out to meet someone’;pairrsaagaa ‘he is going out to meet her’ /Tangerrluku uikaun, anici pairrsaagluku. ‘Behold
your bridegroom; go out and greet him.’ (MATT.
25:6); < pairte-ssaag1-

472

Basescatch’; Kinguqliat-llu ellimerluku imkut akutat
paivcesqelluki uaken kumlivigmek. ‘She told
their youngest sibling to bring and set out (forconsumption) those (containers of) Eskimo
ice cream from the freezer out there.’ (PRA
1995:377); Nunam-llu qaingani cali naumalriit
ayuqenrilnguut atu’urkait paivvluteng kiagpak:
cuassaat ayuqenrilnguut, atsat, wall’u can’get,naumalriit-llu allat. ‘And on the surface of theland also various growing things that (people)
can use have become available: various greens,barries, grasses, and other growing things.’ (CAU
1985:213); Tua-i-llu tuaten qanaaguraqerluteng
tamakut imkut nakacuut paivvluki nutaan.
Paivcamegteki, teq’unun . . . ‘And then, having
discussed the matter, they then brought out those
bladders. When they brought them out, (they putthem) in urine . . .’ (ELL 1997:284); Cali-llu makut
maa-i waten kangiitnek paivcingnaqurallerput
ellmikuunrituq. ‘The background information
we are providing regarding these objects is not
insignificant.’ (CIU 2005:116); Paivucateng-llu tua-ikelugkanek piirriluteng cukatacirramegcetun.
‘And when she set out the cordage-making
material for them, they made cordage as fast
as they could do it.’ (ELN 1990:8); = pavte-;> paivnga-; < PE pa(C)0vt0paiyaar- to stay near (him) in whatever hedoes; to cling to him # Tua-i allakelaamku
paiyaarangraanga narulkaqsaitela’arqa. ‘And
because I suspect it to be other than it seems eventhough it hangs around me, I haven’t ever spearedit.’ (MAR2 2001:95)
pakeg- to start the upturn of the sides of a basket# pakegtuq ‘the basket is starting up the sides
now’ / pakegtaa ‘she is starting up the sides ofthe basket’ / pakgutaa ‘it is jutting up against it’(e.g., hard uncooked skins, when eaten, that are
crimping one’s digestive tract in a potentiallyfatal way); < PE pak0!pakegvissaaq* head of fish including pectoral
fins # Neqet-llu imkut ingqiqatarqamteki cali
ingqiurluku neqa, pakegvissaarit a¥g’arraarluki.
‘When we are going to cut the fish into portions,
we remove the head area when we cut the fish.’(CIU 2005:192); < pakeg-vik-?
pakemna the one up there above. obscured
demonstrative pronoun; pak’mum ‘of the one
up there’; pakmumek ‘from the one up there’;

paiyaar- — pakissaag-

pakemkut ‘those up there’; pakemna tutmalria
cakneq avirlurtuq ‘the one walking aroundup there is making a lot of clattering noise’;Tua-i-llu tuaten uitanginanrani kiituani-gguq
pakemkut tengmiat qalriayaurtut qakma. ‘Whilehe stayed like that, and soon those geese up there
began to cry out out there.’ (MAR2 2001:50); seepakma(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem pak0mpakerqe- to try to resist or withstand something# Ta¥gken-am tavluni ava-i yuk pikuni,
pileryagakuni waten maaggun elatiikun cikuq
asmeskuni tua-i pakerqengraan carvaniquni
merugutarkauluku. ‘But if a person panics, and if
he makes abrupt movements, if he breaks the ice
around him, then even though he tries to resist ,if there’s a strong current, it will carry him away
under the ice.’ (QUL 2003:732); Tekican-am tua-ipakerqeng’ermi tayim’ tua-i qavaqalliniluni. ‘When
it came (over him), even though he tried to resist,he fell asleep.’ (QUL 2003:50)
pakig- to uncover something by pulling the top
layers back with the hands; to go into the ocean
swimming # from the similar motion of the handsin both acts; pakigtuq ‘he uncovered something’;
pakigaa ‘he pulled it back’ / aanama pakigluku
iika nuyamek nemerluku tek’ni antelliniluku
verutii ‘my mother opened my eye and with ahair twisted around her index finger removed
the foreign object from my eye’; Tan’gercelan
kan’a can’get akuliit pakikallia petmiulliniluni.
‘Since there was dark area in between the grass
he uncovered it, parting the grass, and he saw that
there was a pit trap.’ (MAR2 2001:71);> pakissaag-, pakiur-, pakineq; < PE paki!pakigtaq* sod # HBC
pakigvik fourth top strut piece in bow of kayak #NUNpakineq one of two openings on a traditional parka
into which an arrow point design (uminguaq) was
sewn # < pakig-neq?
pakissaag- to go in search of food stored in mouse(vole) caches # pakissaagtuq ‘he is looking
for “mouse food”’ / Anguyiuruarluteng ilait
yuraraqluteng ilait-llu pissuruarluteng, ilaitllu pakissaaguarluteng, . . . ‘Some would dance
pretending to be at war, some pretending tohunt, some pretending to gather mouse food, . . .
(KIP 1998:165); < pakig-ssaag1-473

pakiur- — palirte-

Basespakiur- to take strokes in swimming or with apaddle # pakiurtuq ‘he took strokes’ / < pakigur-; > pakiurun
pakiurun pectoral fin of fish # NUN; < pakiur-n
pakiute- to pull back one’s bowstring and aim anarrow at (it) # pakiutaa ‘he aimed at it with his
bow and arrow / Qavciliriluni tua-i . . . pakiulluku
tua-i unra tua-i tangvagluku pet’ngelria, . . .
‘Several times he . . . got his bow ready and aimed at
his armpit, and watched it [the arrow] shoot, . . .’(CIU 2005:224); < pakig-te5pakluk drum handle # NSU; = paplu; < PE pavlu
pakmaar(ar)- to heap up over the top #pakmaararaa ‘he heaped something into it(container) up over the top’ / . . . tamakut
naluutait anglallruut tua-i akutamek
pakmaararaqluteng muriit qantat. ‘. . . thoseofferings in their names were big wooden bowls
filled to overflowing with Eskimo ice cream.’ (ELL
1997:298); < pakte-?
pakmallir- to clear up after the weather has been
wet for a period of time # NUN; cf. pakmani
pakma(ni) up there above # obscured demonstrative
adverb; pakmani qavartut mikelnguut ‘thechildren are sleeping upstairs’; see pakemna,
the corresponding demonstrative pronoun; see
Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. pak0m-;
cf. pakmallirpakmater- to heap up over the top # < paktepak’me- to be overfull, with contents heaped up
over top # pak’muq ‘it is overfull’ / < pakte-?
pakqaar(ar)- to be overfull; to overfill #pakqaarretuq ‘it is overfull’; pakqaararaa ‘heoverfilled it’ / HBC; < pakte-?
pakte- to be full; to fill up # paktuq ‘it is full’;paktaa ‘he filled it up’ / HBC; > pakmaar(ar)-,pakmater-, pak’me-, pakqaar(ar)-; cf. pakemna
pakugte- to turn up the sides (especially of a grassbasket as one makes it) # NUN
pakuk hook of a gaff # negciim pakwa ‘the hook of
the gaff’palagg’aayaq fur hat with ear-flaps # NUN,
NS; from Russian vfkf[ƒq (malakháy); =malagg’aayaq
palagg’uutaq steamboat; scow # . . . caqerlua
puyumek tangertua tamaani ellam
menglekngalkiini. Umyuartequa, “. . . qaillunkiq nuniit ayuqniarta?” Cunawa aruvak tauna

puyuq, palagg’uutaam puyuqellinikii. ‘. . . onetime I saw smoke there on the horizon. I thought,“. . . what can their land be like?” It turned outthat that smoke was the smoke from a steamboat.’(KIP 1998:17); from Russian gfhf[˙l (parokhód)palak’aaq strip of dried fish # BB; from Russian,fkßr (balýk)palan supporting post of bench in men’s community
house # NUN
palanaq sheep # EG; from Russian ,fhƒy (barán)‘wild sheep’
palaq it serves you right!; you got what was coming
to you! # exclamation; < palartepalarte- to not get or give enough; to get or giveinsufficiently; to be insufficient # palartuq ‘hedidn’t get enough’; palartaa ‘he didn’t giveher enough’ / palartenrituq ‘he got plenty’,‘it is plenty’; anuqa palartenrituq ‘the wind isblowing very hard’; neqet palartenritut ‘there
are plenty of fish’; palarcaqunaku ‘don’t skimp
giving things to him’; palarrngaitamken ‘I’ll give
you what’s coming to you’ (positive or negative
connotation); palartevkenani ‘(he) acting withforce, sufficiently’; . . . kiliryuklukek aipaak
piluku, uirrucagnek palartevkenakek. ‘. . . thinking
that each had wounded his opponent when they
fought unmercifully.’ (AGA 1996:140); < PE pala3-;> palaqpalatkaaq tent # NS; from Russian gfkƒnrf (palátka);= pelatekaq
palayaq boat; skiff # in some areas, where ‘boat’is angyaq, the present word is used for ‘larger
open boat’; Maavet-llu tekiteqarraallemte÷i
ayagallerput palayaruarluta tua-i umyuaqela’arqa.
‘I remember our boat excursion when we firstarrived here.’ (CIU 2005:398); UK, BB, NR, LI,
EG; perhaps from Filipino Tagalog palahu, if indeed aloan; > palayista, palesvak
palayista boatbuilder # < palayaq-ta1
palesvak big boat # BB; < palayak-vak
paliaraq dryas (Dryas sp.); cotton grass (Eliophorumsp.) # exact identity uncertain to compiler; NUN;
note voiced but geminated (or fortis) l, contrary tousual NUN pattern; < PE palliq (under PE palli3-)
palir- root; > palirte-, paliryi-; < PE pali3palircima- to be burned by the sun # of dried fish;
palircimauq ‘it is sun-burned’ / < palirte-mapalirte- to get suntanned # palirtuq ‘he got

474Basessuntanned’ / palirneq ‘sun-tan’; < palir-?-

paliryi- — palurngalria
her story-knife . . .’ (ELN 1990:41); also plural for
one such coat; paltuuka or paltuunka ‘my coat’;
paltuugia ‘take off your coat’; Itrami-llu-gguq,
anuuruluum atkullraineng naklegyugyugnaituq,
waken ayakarluk’, pal’tuugilriatun. ‘When hecame in, he had no pity on grandmother’s
dilapidated old pullover parka, and just burst
out from it from here (from the front) as if taking
off a (front-opening) coat.’ (CEV 1984:83); from
Russian gfkmn˙ (pal’tó)

paliryi- to get burned on the stove; to get singed;
to be suntanned # paliryiuq ‘he is tanned’ /< palir-?palliun (paliun ?) strip of sealskin to pull kayak
cover seam tight # NUN
palkaassaq, pal’kaassaq sailboat # from Russian,fhrƒc (barkás) ‘launch’; = kalpaassaq

pallakuq type of fish # locally rock bass (species ?);NSUpalu- to starve (to death) # paluuq ‘he starved’/ Ak’a tayima qerruluku wall’ paluluku ak’atuqullruyuksaaqniluku, unguvallranek
alangaaquluteng tua-i. They were amazed at her
surviving saying they had thought she’d alreadydied from hypothermia or from starvation.’ (QUL
2003:74); > paluneq; < PE palu-

pall’illrit stitches around the opening of a kayak# (?)

pall’itaq handrail at entranceway to old-timedwelling # Aipaa-llu-gguq kanavet cingyaaqekiit
qasgim pall’itaanun tus’arrluni qukaqlirkun
anqertelliniluni aipani maligarrluku. ‘And
when they started to push the other boy into
the lower entrance, he stepped on the handrail
at the entranceway of the qasgiq and sprangout through the middle door, following his
partner.’ (CIU 2005:296); . . . yurangqaqainanrani
kanani, pall’itami. ‘. . . while he was part way
outside down there (pushing himself upward)
on the handrail at the entrance looking around.’(MAR2:2002:17); < + PY pa@itaq (cf. Naukan
Yupik pa@itaq)

paluneq skinny person # palunruuq ‘he is skinny’;
NSU; < palu-neq1
paluqtaq* beaver (Castor canadensis) # Paluqtaat
pamyuit uquriut. ‘Beaver tails are fat.’ (YUP
1996:41); Uituq-gguq maaten paluqtaq un’a ketiini
kuimelria. Pia-gguq, “Unyuuq, paluqtaarrlugaaq,
pamyuliik ayallacuarkamek, kitaki
qer’aqrutnayalliarpenga ikavet. . . .” ‘He opened
his eyes and there was a beaver swimming
down in the river. He said to him, “Hey, you
down there, old beaver, you with a little cuttingboard for a tail, perhaps you could ferry me
across. . . .”’ (CIU 2005:262); cf. palur-; cf. OrlovPinart 1871 list (9)palqercetaaq deadfall trap # a trap designed so thatan enclosure falls over an animal entrapping it whena prop is jarred by the animal; Tua-i-llu tamakunek
pimariameng civvluku palqercetaaq paralunek-llu
neqcirluku. ‘When they had finished with them
they set up the deadfall trap using maggots forbait.’ (ELN 1990:25); < palqerte-cetaaq

palur- face down # postural root; Caqerluni
kingyallermini piuq Turpak ingna palurmi
ukakaraani-wa assigtaa saaniik palungqalria.
‘One time when she looked back she noticed
Turpak there lying on her stomach and near her
lay an upside down kettle.’ (ELN 1990:62); >palungqa-, palurte-; cf. paluqtaq, palurutaq; < PE
pallu3- (under PE palu-)

palqerte- to fall over on top something, entrappingit # palqertuq ‘it fell over on top of something’ /palqertuq ungungssiarmun ‘it fell over the little
animal’; < patu-qerte-; > palqercetaaq

paltuuk (LY, LK, NI, NUN, CAN, BB form), pal’tuuk(Y, HBC, UK form) coat; zippered parka; jacket# and paltuug-, pal’tuug- to put on a coat
# paltuugtuq ‘he put on a coat’; paltuugaa‘he put a coat on him’ / Caqerluni Elnguq
tamana Agayuneq pipailgan nerumariluteng
paltuuggaarluni anluni pelatekameggnek
talicivigmun yaaruiyarluni . . . ‘One time,
Elnguq, before that Sunday came, after they’dfinished eating, first put on her coat and then wentout from their tent to the smokehouse to use

palungqa- to be lying face-down or belly-down #palungqauq ‘he is lying on his belly’ / Tua-i-llu
tuani palungqainanermini arenqiayunga’arrluni,
cam tuar irr’ikii. ‘While she was lying on
her stomach she became uneasy; it was as if
something was watching her.’ (ELN 1990:54);< palur-ngqa-

palurngalria, palurngalriaraq mink (Neovison vison);marten (Martes americana) # EG; < palurtenga-lria-?

475

palurte- — pamyurrauluk

Basespalurte- to lie face-down or belly-down # palurtuq‘he lay face-down’; palurtaa ‘he put it such thatthe side which is usually upward faced down’/ Tua-i-ll’ uirrerraarluku naliin qainganun
palurrluni, ellii-ll’ nutaan nalalliniluni. ‘And after
attacking her and after she died, it (the bear) lay
belly-down on top of her and it died too.’ (QUL
2003:78); > palurngalriaraq
palurun wooden prop used in kayak making #< palurte-n
palurutaq, paluqutaq (HBC form) mushroom;by extension, quonset hut; turtle # >palurutarngalnguq; cf. palurpalurutarngalnguq* heather (Cassiope sp.) #< palurutaq-ngalnguq
palute- to close; to capsize (of a kayak) # palutuq‘it closed by itself’, ‘it has been closed’, ‘it(kayak) capsized’; palutaa ‘he closed it’ /Tuaten im’ qanrraarluni egaleq im’ palulluku
tayim’ ayalliniluni. After he spoke, he closed thewindow and left.’ (QUL 2003:280); Apanuugpiim
curukalliniluku tauna qayaq palusngalria, . . .
‘Apanuugpak rushed over to the capsized kayak,. . .’ (CIU 2005:48); Piyalria maani anuqlirngan
imna palutelliniur uinga. ‘Her husband tipped over(in his kayak) because it was windy.’ (WEB2); cf.
patupama- to respond; to be cooperative; to curve as itburns of a candle wick. pamauq ‘it/he responded’/ Pamanricaaquq ciuqlirmi, ta¥gaam atatakuani. . . ‘He refused at first, but later . . .’ (LUKE 18:4)> pamaite-; < PY pamapamaite- to be stubborn; to be slow to follow
instructions # pamaituq ‘it is unresponsive’ /Cukameklikiangraatni-gguq pamailtaarluni. ‘As
the others yelled for her to go faster, she didn’t
listen.’ (CIU 2005 118); < pama-ite1Pamaliruq, Pamaliruk the traditionally conceived
dwelling place of the dead # sometimes identified
by Catholics as Limbo; Tuani tua-i Pamalirugmi
nunam qaingani uitalarniluki tamakut tuqullret
tuqurraarluteng. ‘They say that those deceased
people stay in the land of the dead on the surfaceof the land after they die.’ (CAU 1984:107);
etymology unknown to compiler
pama(ni) up there; back from the river #obscured demonstrative adverb; Qavarpailgan
yulkitangelliniuq pamaken pulayaranek. ‘Before
he slept, there started to be sounds of someone

from back there up the trail.’ (YUU 1995:123);
Qavarngan . . . pamatmun tallik qillertellinilukek. . . ‘When he was sleeping . . . they tied his arms
behind him.’ (MAR1 2001:90); see pamna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; < PE dem pampamerte- to flirt # NUN
pamesqatak dried fish tail # Y; < pamy-qatak
pamesquq coccyx # Y; < pamy-quq
pamna the one up back there; away from the river;
obscured demonstrative pronoun; pam’um ‘of theone back there’; pamkut ‘those back there’; Tua-i
pamkut arnait ngel’allagalliniluteng. . . . Tuarpiaqgguq una-i unkut Kusquqvagmiut aanameggnek
maligcuaralriit. ‘Those women of theirs back there(up along the shore) were laughing. . . . It was asif the Kuskokwim men down there (on the water)
were following their mothers.’ (CIU 2005:48); seepama(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem pampamriate- to be slow; to be uncoordinated # used
to describe a little child’s clumsy attempt to dosomething; pamriatuq ‘he is uncoordinated’ /< pamrig-atepamrig- to be adroit; to be well coordinated #pamrigtuq ‘he is adroit’ / > pamraitepamru- to be trapped by ice with nowhere to go (ofwalrus) # NUN
pamy- root; > pamesqatak, pamesquq, pamyuq,
pamyuqaq, pamyurrauluk, pamyurtaq; cf.
papsalpamyerte- to be itchy # < paame-?- # NUN
pamyuq, pamsuq (NS form) tail of animal or kayak;
chorus of song; upper stern-piece of kayak; ingeneral any tail-like thing or event # pamyua!
‘encore!’ (exclamation urging another round of
singing, drumming, and dancing, (literally: ‘do atail!’)); see also Appendix 9 on parts of the kayak;. . . Kaviarara’urluq sugg’egminek ayagluni
kaviriyartuqili pamyuminun. Amna ta¥gaam
pamyuan nuuga kiimi pivkenani. ‘. . . Poor ol’
fox turned red to his tail starting from his snout.
However, that tip of his tail alone didn’t (turnred).’ (YUU 1995:74); < pamy-?; < PE pamyu3
pamyuqaq coccyx, tailbone # LI; < pamy-?
pamyurpalek comet # < pamyuq-rpak-lek
pamyurrauluk, pamyurrauluq (HBC form) coccyx,
tailbone. < pamy-?; Y, CAN, HBC, NUN

476

Basespamyurtaq, pamsurtaq (NS form) decorative tail ona parka or belt # Keglunrem-wa-gguq pamyua
naqugutiini maani, yaani pamyua agalria.
Keglunrem pamyuanek pamyurtarluni. ‘There
was a wolf’s tail on his belt here; its tail hungthere. It had a wolf tail for a tail-type decoration.’(QUL 2003:424); < pamy-taq4
panaluq lantern # LI; from Russian ajyƒhm (fonár’)panaq large spear; lance # and panar- to spear #panartuq ‘he thrust or threw a spear’; panaraa‘he thrust a spear at it’, ‘he speared it’ /Maliggluku-llu aqvaqurluni iquterraarluku
kap’aqluku camek imumek panamek, caskumek.
‘He followed him running, and after he knocked
him over he would stab him with a lance, aweapon.’ (MAR1 2001:8); > panayuli; < PE panapanayuli bumblebee # literally: ‘one good atspearing’; panayulim puukallruanga ‘a bee stungme’; Y, UK (and middle K); < panar-yuli
pangaleg- to run on four legs; to run at an extended
gallop, both front legs striking, then both backlegs; to crawl (EG meaning) # pangalegtuq ‘it isrunning on four legs’ / qimugta neqkaminun
pangalegtuq ‘the dog bounded to his food’;
pangalpagtuq ‘it is running fast’; Arnassagaqgguq qimugtetun pangalegluni, cetuni-gguq
nengqertaqluki tutgarrluk tekicarpiaraqluku.
‘The old lady ran on all fours like a dog, stretchingout her nails, almost reaching the grandson.’(PRA 1995*:452); > pangalpag-, pangarvag-;< PE pa&al0!pangalga- to run around on four legs # Icivaqllu-am ava-i Talliqurrnam uatiini pangalgalriit
amllellruut makucit. ‘When I picked berries
below Talliqurrnaq recently there were many ofthese (squirrels) running around.’ (CIU 2005:150);< pangaleg-apangalpag-, pangalvag- to run fast or hard on
four legs # pangalpagtuq or pangalvagtuq ‘it’s
running hard’ / < pangaleg-pag2pangarvag- to run fast or hard on four legs #Aren, paarvaggaarluni mak’arrluni ciugarrluni
tangerqallinia, imna tauna ciuqlillra, aren,
keglunruluni a¥g’ pangarvagluni ayalria. ‘After hefell, he quickly got up, and looking forward hecaught a glimpse of it, that one in front of him, oh
my, was a wolf, running fast going away.’ (QUL
2005:426); < pangaleg-pag2pangquussiig- to try to see # when one is not

pamyurtaq — papsalquq

supposed to; pangquussiigtuq ‘he is trying to see’;pangquussiigaa ‘he is trying to see it’ / Y;
cf. paquussiigpanik daughter # panigpuk or panipuk ‘ourdaughter’; paniigpuk ‘our two daughters’;
panipuk ‘our three or more daughters’; paniin‘your daughter’; paniten ‘your daughters’;. . . paningqerrluni ataucimek. Tua-i panini
kassiyuutekaqekii allrakuaqan, ugaani tua-ikenkem. ‘. . . he had one daughter. And, every
year he threw a party for his daughter out of love
for her.’ (YUU 1995:121); Y, NS, HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; < PE panik
pap’a eat #word used to tell a child to eat, or to refer tofood when talking to a child; Tua-i-llu aaniin piluku
pap’asqelluku aqumllermun aqumqerluku. ‘And
then her mother talked to her, asking her to eat,sitting on the chair.’ (ELN 1990:4); imitative
papangluaq bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) thatswims on its back #papanglug- to swim with the tail flapping #Ugispautaa-tang taum neqerpiim, ugispaucamiutang arulaircan tangrraa maavet imna murak,
imna papanglulleq. ‘That large fish came way up
on the beach for her, and when it had beached
way up for her it stopped and she saw that it wasthat it was the wood (she’d carved) and it had
been flapping its tail!’ (MAR2 2001:91); NS
papanuk palm frond used at Easter in the Russian
Orthodox Church # probably a loan word ofundetermined origin
paparnaq yellow pond lily (Nuphar polysepalum)# they are used to cover picked berries in abucket; Qenemciuq-gguq anluani pegnem
nataqellruniluku. Nataqaa-gguq paparnam
nauvikumaluku. ‘He told them that it was withdifficulty that he found his water hole (in the ice).
He said he’d found it with a pond lily growing init.’ (YUU 1995:90); < ?-naq2
papiq bean # papit ‘beans’; from Russian ,˙,s (bóby)
paplu drum handle # Waniwa una apqara’arcuutem
angalkum cauyaan paplullra. ‘This was the handle
of a shaman’s drum.’ (CIU 2005:266); = paklu;< PE pavlu
papsal- root; > papsalqitaq, papsalquq; cf. pamypapsalqitaq dried fish tail for eating # < papsal-?
papsalquq tail or caudal fin of fish # Tua-i-ll’wa-gguq tekitaqami taukut imkut papsalqutmelukaquurluki tua-i nerurarqekai Iluvaktum.

477

papsi- — paralqar-

Bases‘So, when he arrived, Iluvaktuq would eat the
tail parts of the fish by sucking them up.’ (CUN
2007:86); < papsal-quq
papsi- emotional root; > papsike-, papsinarqe-,
papsitaar-; < PE pap9ipapsike- to find (it) a nuisance / papsikaa ‘he finds
it a nuisance’; NSU; < papsi-ke4papsinarqe- to be a nuisance / papsinarquq ‘he or it
is a nuisance’; NSU; < papsi-narqepapsitaar- to tease # NSU; < papsi-?paq exclamation; used in reference to feces or othersmelly, messy things when speaking to small children
paq- root; > paqte-, paqna-, paqumi-, paqrite-,paquussiigpaqna- emotional root; > paqnake-, paqnanarqe-,
paqnatar-, paqnayagute-, paqnayug-; < PE
paqnapaqnake- to be curious about (it); to suspect(it); to check on (it) # paqnakaa ‘he is curious
about it’, ‘he suspects it’, ‘he checks it’ /paqnaksagutaa ‘he became curious about it’; Cataringyugaqluku, paqnakluku elpeci maa-i qaill’
ayuqellra paqnakaqluku. ‘You want to understandsomething, are curious about it, curious about
what it’s like.’ (KIP 1998:305); paqna-ke4paqnanarqe- to be interesting; to be curiousity
provoking # paqnanarquq ‘it provokes ones
curiosity’, ‘it is interesting’ / Tengssuucet akaar
paqnanarqellruut. ‘Airplanes long ago provokedcuriosity.’ (QUL 2003:590); nallunailngurmek
paqnanaqluni ‘probable cause’ (legal neologism);< paqna-narqepaqnatar- to be inquisitive by nature # paqnatartuq‘he is inquisitive’; < paqna-tarpaqnayagute- to become curious about (it) #paqnayagutaa ‘he became curious about it’ / . . .
anuurlua-llu tupagyugpek’nani. Paqnayagulluku
ullagluku qavarpakaan angalaartaa. ‘. . . and his
grandmother wasn’t waking up. Getting curious
about her he went to her and shook her gently
because she was sleeping so much.’ (MAR2
2001:14); < paqna-yagutepaqnayug- to be curious about something #paqnayugtuq ‘he is curious’ / Caqerluni caliellanguq ukut yuut tass’uqluku anuteqataqiit,
qalarrluteng ikamraruaqatarniluteng. Ellii
paqnayugluni taumek ikamraruaryaramek. ‘One
time also she became aware, and these people
were leading her outside, holding her hand, andtalking about going to play at sledding. She wascurious about the activity of playing at sledding.’(ELN 1990:3); < paqna-yugpaqrite- to go missing; to discover (it) missing #with the implication that the thing was taken without
permission; paqrituq ‘it went missing’; paqritaa‘he found that it was missing’ / paqritauguq‘it was found to be missing’; paqriciunga
piqertuutamnek ‘I found that my axe was
missing’; < paq-?; < PY-S paq3it0paqtaarta explorer; investigator # literally: ‘one who
checks on things’; < paqte-a-ta1
paqte- to check; to go to check; to visit in the hospital,
etc. # paqtuq ‘he is checking something’; paqtaa‘he is checking it’ / angutem kuvyani paqtaa‘the man is checking his fishnet’; paq’ertaa ‘hewent to check on it’ and will be right back; paqesgu‘check on it’; paqeqaarluku ‘after checking onit’; paqtaput aanaput naulluuvigmi ‘we visited
our mother in the hospital’; Maaten-gguq tangpaqluku caullra uyangtuq, . . . yaqulecungaq taun’qanerturallinilria. ‘When he looked in to checkon what it was. . . . he saw that it was a cute little
bird that had been talking.’ (AGA 1996:134);< paq-?-; > paqtaarta
paqumi- emotional root; > paqumike-; < paq-?paqumike- to be curious about (it) # paqumikaa ‘heis curious about it’ / Paqumikluku castun nanvam(nan¥gam) etra ayuqelra emrem-llu neqnirtacia.
‘They wanted to find out how the bottom of thelake was, and how the water tasted.’ (WEB2);
NUN; < paqumi-ke4paquminarqe- to be interesting; to be curiosity
provoking # paquminarquq ‘it is interesting’ /NUN; < paqumi-narqepaqumiyug- to be curious # paqumiyugtuq ‘he iscurious’ / NUN; < paqumi-yugpaquneq speck of dust # NUN; < ?-neq1
paquussiig- (Y form), paquussaag- (K form) to try tosee # when one is not supposed to; paquussiigtuq‘he is trying to see something’; paquussiigaa ‘heis trying to see her’ / < paq-?-; cf. pangquussiigparalqar- to suddenly become maggoty #paralqertuq or paralqeraa ‘it suddenly
became maggoty’ / Aninqellrit-llu paralqallinii
tep’ngarrluteng-llu. ‘The ones they saved foreating later had suddenly gotten maggots rightaway and developed a stench.’ (ANUC. 16:20);< paraluq-qar-478

Basesparaluq maggot # and paralur- to be maggoty# paralurtuq or paraluraa ‘it is maggoty’ /Elluangqainanermini qanrakun tamakut paralut
anngameng anngelliniut, iigken’gun-llu,
ciutegken’gun-llu. ‘When her body had beenreadied for burial, maggots began to come out
from her mouth, her eyes, and her ears.’ (CIU
2005:190); NS, Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG;> paralqarparaluruaq, paralunguaq grain of rice # paraluruat‘rice’, literally: ‘imitation maggots’; Wall’u kiingan
mukaamek suupiryukuvgu paraluruarunaku
kantuuvvilaunaku. ‘Or else you could put only
flour in the soup, leaving out rice and potatoes.’(YUU 1995:62); < paraluq-uaq, paraluq-nguaq;
cf. qup’lu, qup’luruaq
parrvik drawstring casing on skin boot or otherclothing. < parte1-vik
partak spruce root stretched above water, fromwhich hang a line of snares just above the water’ssurface, to catch waterfowl; < PE pa3t0(3)parte-1 to seal out wind and cold by tightening adrawstring, belt, etc., on clothing # > parteq,
parterin, parrvik
parte-2 to encounter; to meet # NUN; = pairteparteq drawstring at top skin boot; end of net thatgets tied to a rock or the like (NUN meaning)# Ak’allaungamek-llu tapruarmek parterlutek.
‘Since they were made in the old times thedrawstrings at the top of the boots were leather
thongs.’ (CIU 2005:344); < PE pa3t0(3)parteraq drawstring tube at top of skin boot or otherclothing; garter. = tarperaq; < parteq-aq3
parterin drawstring casing on skin boot or otherclothing. < parteraq-i1-n
paruq small bug # variously identified as a woodlouse, moth larva (which eats fur), or a tiny
white bug on moldy fish or other moldy things;
Tukuutnek quyurcinrici nunam qaingani, parut
qallrem-llu piunrirciqngatki, . . . ‘Do not store
up for yourselves treasures on earth, where mothand rust destroy, . . . (MATT. 6:19); < PY pa3uq
pascir- to reinforce; to stabilize # perhaps particularly
to reinforce one’s ability to support self and family# Ayuqucin pascirluku yuugi. ‘Start living withsomething to back you up.’ (QUL 2003:738); Ukuut
tan’gurraat amci ayuqucirci pascirluku qanruyutsi
maliggluku yuungnaq’ngeqerci. Nuliangekuvci
elpecenek yuungnaq’ngekuvci yuucirkarci

paraluq — passiaq

pascirluku. ‘You boys, it is time that you start
trying to live by stabilizing your character, byfollowing the teachings that you were given.
Stabilize your way of life for when you get wives
and start making a living.’ (QUL 2003:738);> pascirissuun; < paste-?pascirissuun clamp used to hold bent piece of woodin position until the bend becomes permanent #<pascir-i2-ssuun
pascuilnguq* restoring spring on a trap # < pasteyuite-nguq
pasgerte- to smash down on (it) # Tua-i-llu
unguvavakaan muriim qainganun piluku
cetuminek niikarluku pasgerrluku nalacani
nutaan nalapiarluni, nutaan tua-i nalaqaarluku
ayagluni. ‘And because it was so alive he put it
on top of the wood and pressed down on it withhis fingernail smashing it, and when he had killed
it, it had truly died, and after killing it he wenton his way.’ (MAR2 2001:100); > pasgerute-; cf.
pategpasgerute- to pack (it) on top of something #Atam-ggur’ arniqevkarikuma, tan’gaurlurmek,
tauna arniqluni tuqukan, apertuqanga taum,
atam-gguq waten pasgerullua qillerqullua
qunguutniaraatnga. ‘If I caused a young man
to be affected by woman’s emanations, if hedied being so affected, if he implicated me, thenthey’d tie me up and put me right on top (of him)and bury me with him!’ (KIP 1997:129);< pasger-te5pasmakiq store-bought shoe # BB; from Russian,ƒivfrb (báshmaki) ‘shoes’; = masmakiq
pasqerte- to crush or squash suddenly # pasqertaa‘he crushed it’ / < passi-qertepass’aq loop or hole at the opening of a grassbag through which a drawstring is threaded;mouthpiece of water bottle # NUN; cf. pai–passi- to be flattened; to be squashed; to be
crushed; to be mashed; to flatten, squash,
crush, or mash # passiuq ‘it got smashed flat’;passia (or passitaa) ‘he mashed or smashed it’ /passimauq ‘it is crushed or flattened’; = massi-;> pasqerte-, passiaq, passikcaq, passimquq,
passin, pass’iqerte-; < PY-S pasipassiaq mixture of crushed aged fish eggs withcrushed berries, seal oil, and sugar # a kind of
Eskimo ice cream (akutaq) # Tua-i passiartulii.
Quyanaqvaa-lli neqkegcivkarlua. ‘OK, I’ll eat

479

passiarkaq — patgute-Basessome crushed aged fish egg and crushed berry“akutaq”. Thank you for giving me such delicious
food.’ (YUP 1996:43); < passi-aq1; > passiarkaq
passiarkaq low-bush cranberry (Vaccinium vitisidaea) # Y; < passiaq-kaq
passikcaq ice chisel # < passi-?
passimquq tray # < passi-quq
passin, passissuun pestle used to crush berries, fish
eggs, etc. # A¥gna-llu anaanaka cali makucimek
passitengqertuq. ‘My late aunt had a pestle like this
too.’ (CIU 2005:182); < passi-n, passi-ssuun
pass’iqerte- to be crushed quickly # pass’iqertuq ‘it
got crushed’ / < passi-qertepaste- to become set in a position # such as hair thathas been curled, a tree bent by the wind, a sled runnerbent by steaming, an erect penis; opposite of penge-;
pastuq ‘it became set’ / > pascir-, pascuilnguq,
Pastuliarraq
Pastuliarraq, Pastuliq Pastolik # old village site
on Norton Sound; Tuaten erqaaramuirrluku
Pastulimun tekitellinilutek, yugsallrani Pastuliq,
ciuliamta tamana nuniit. ‘When dawn came,they arrived at Pastolik, when Pastolik had lots ofpeople; (it was) our ancestors’ village.’ (MAR1
2001:8); < paste-?, paste-?
pasvaagun stiff lip piece (and/or stopper?) forwater container, seal poke, etc. # ‘Tua-i caliam pitait tua-i arnat caliaqluki, uquutekat-llu
allakaita qassauluki pasvaagutait elliaqluki, ukuit
kegginaillret.’ And the women prepared themen’s catches, and also sew the stiff lip piece onto
the raw seal pokes where the face of the seal had
been.’ (PAI 2008:8); < ?-npasvik metacarpel in walrus flipper # < PE pa9vi!
# NUN
pataaskaq* suspenders # pataaskaak ‘pair ofsuspenders’; . . . ellii-llu qerrullikegtaaraagnek
pataaskalgegnek, cali-llu tamalkuita kanvviitanek
pilliniluki, angret-wa.’. . . and to her [she hadsent] a nice pair of trousers with suspenders,and she had sent candy to all and chewing gum
too.’ (ELN 1990:56); from Russian gjldΩ;rf(podvyázhka) ‘garter’; = mataaskaq, macaaskaq
patag-, patagtur- to act in a hurry # patagtuq or
patagturtuq ‘he is hurrying’ / patagtuutekaa‘he is in a rush on account of it’; Anqercami
atraqercami ek’arcami patagluni ker’aqerrluni
kuigem akianun . . . ‘She rushed out of the house,briskly went down to the shore and got into
the boat, and she quickly crossed over to theother side of the river, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:66);> patagmek, patakautepatagmek quickly; rapidly # adverbial particle;
patagmek pi! ‘do it quickly!’; Kiik’ patagmek
tailuten qaluuriksuaraan tauna aamamnek
imiryarturru. ‘Hurry up, quickly come here to
fill that little dipper with my breast milk.’ (QUL
2003:376); < patag-abl.-mod.
patakaute- to be late for some activity that has
already started; to skip over (it) in one’s haste; tooverlook # patakautuq ‘he is late’; patakautaa ‘heskipped over it’ / < patag-qar-te5pataq drill (for making holes) # and patar- to drill #patartuq ‘he is drilling’; pataraa ‘he is drilling it’/ NUN
pateg- to slap; to hit with the flat of the hand #patgaa ‘he slapped him’ / tuvtellrani tunuakun
patpallruaqa ‘when he choked I slapped him
hard on the back’; Unatminek tua-i-ll’ pategluku
nulluugken’gun wall’u . . . kegginaakun . . . ‘With
his hand he slapped him on his buttocks or his
face.’ (QUL 2003:310); > pasgerute-, patgute-,
patguur-, patneq, patkartaar-; cf. patkalleq; < PE
pat0!patemcug- to lick; to lick fingers # NUN
pateq marrow; brain # and pater- to eat marrowor brains by sucking or otherwise; to soak up; toabsorb # patertuq ‘he is eating marrow’; patraa‘he is eating marrow from it’ / patriraa tuntuviim
enra ‘he removed the marrow from the moosebone’; Uquq iluatni patrutnatkaanun amimun,
assirneratni pagaani akuqetaarluni. ‘Seal oil isrepeatedly put on the skin inside [the kayak]
in the bottom portion until it is soaked up.’ (PAI
2008:284); > paterturrsuun; < PE pat03paterturrsuun marrow extractor # < pateq-tur2-cuun# NUNpateryirci-, pateryagci- to have pain deep in
one’s bones # pateryirciuq ‘his bones ache’ /pateryagciyaraq ‘pain in bones’; < pateq-?-,pater-?patguur- to clap the hands; to slap repeatedly #patguurtuq ‘he is clapping’; patguuraa ‘he isslapping him’ / < pateg-urpatgute- to overlap; to slap (it) onto something# Cali-llu waten marurpagaaqut-gguq,
marurpagluni-i-i, nevqallagluni-llu-gguq

480Basesyaqugni maavet patgullukek mermun, tuatenllu-gguq-am cali piaqameng assiyuitut, . . . ‘They
howl like this, is said, oh do they howl, and it
falls on its back and slaps its wings here against
the water, and when they do that, it’s not a goodsign, . . .’ (CIU 2005:288); < pagteg-te5patiktaq plug tobacco # Y, UK; possibly a loan word ofundetermined origin
patitussaaq potato # from English ‘potatoes’
patkalleq bald spot # . . . naqugutnek
assilrianek aturpek’nateng, atularciqut
keggagcetelrianek ilavkugnek; tangnirqelrianek
nuyangqerpek’nateng, patkallengqerciqut . . .
‘. . . rather than wearing a nice belt you’ll wear
a rough rope, rather than having beautiful hair
you’ll have bald spots . . .’ (ISAI. 3:24); cf. pategpatkar- to play a traditional ball game involving
hitting the ball with the flat of the hand #Patkartaalrianek tangtullruunga. . . . Tua-illu waten wii pegeskumku, uum-llu yaaken
patkarluku, ukulleraak-wa tegussulriik. ‘I used tosee the game of hitting the ball with the hand. . . . If
I dropped it, this one would hit it, and these twowould seek to take it away.’ (CIU 2005:312); <pateg-kar-; this is likely the “hockey” game,p ät-k’u-t äl’-û-g’it, listed in E. W. Nelson (ESK
1899:337)
pat’litairrsuun camera # EG; < pat’litaq-irr-cuun
pat’litaq picture # EG; from Russian gjnh®n (portrét);> pat’litairrsuun
pat’luunaq cartridge; shell # Atunqigtaarluki
pat’luunat allanek ta¥gaam imiraqluki, allanekllu puuliliraqluku. ‘They used the shells over
and over again, only reloading them with otherbullets.’ (KIP 1998:263); = mat’lunaq, from Russiangfnh˙y (patrón)
patneq measurement, the width of the four fingers(thumb excluded) of one’s hand # < pateg-neq2
patqar- to scab or freeze over # patqertuq ‘itscabbed or froze over’ / < patu-qarpat’ruaq candle # NUN; < pateq-uaq
patsaqar- to suffer a chill from going outside whensweaty; to get pneumonia # patsaqertuq ‘hesuffered a chill’, ‘he got pneumonia’ / also spelledpacsaqar-; < pacete-?-qarpatu- to cover; to close; to shut # and patu cover; lid# patua ‘he closed or covered it’ / ak’a patuuq‘it is already shut’; amiik patuu! ‘close the door!’;patiktaq — pauke-

patumauq marayamek ‘it is covered with mud’;patutaa ‘he closed something on it’, ‘he shut herin’; patutellrua unateka amiigmun ‘he closed
the door on my hand’; patuiraa ‘he uncoveredit’; > patqar-, palqerte-, patuggluk, patugpak,
patukutaq; cf. palute-; < PE matu(-)
patuggluk ice fog; overcast weather condition;
freezing rain # patugglirtuq ‘there is a cold
weather condition obscuring vision’; cf. paturrluk; < PE patu!
patugpak tall coarse grass # NUN; cf. patu
patukutaq tarpaulin; curtain; veil # Tua-i
patukutaminek Rebecca-m kegginani patua. ‘And
Rebecca covered her face with a veil.’ (AYAG.
24:65); < patu-kutaq
paug- to put a post in the ground # and pauk,
post; support # paugun ‘a post’; Tangrriu,
pauggaicallerpuk ikayuqiikuk elluarrlunuk.
Aulukestaunanuk uitayallerpuk aulukekiikuk
anaanama. ‘See, she is helping us, treating us
well in the time when we would have no support.
Our stepmother is watching over us when wewould remain without anyone to watch over us.’
(QUL 2003:524); > paukepa¥gkumiu mainlander; inlander # Ingrimun
mayurlutek tukuan taum negeqvaq cauluku
pillinia tamaani qalirilarniluki pa¥gkumiut.
‘When they2 went up the mountain, that hostof his faced the north and said to him that
there were the signs of the mainlanders.’ (YUU
1995:103); < pa¥g(na)-non-singular -miupa¥gna, paugna (NSU form) the one back up awayfrom the river # extended demonstrative pronoun;pa¥g’um ‘of the one back there’; pa¥gkut‘those back there’; Kelutmun-gguq kiartuq
muragugaat pa¥gkut amllerrluteng. ‘He looked
toward the area back from the beach and saw
that those pieces of wood back up there werenumerous.’ (ELL 1997:114); see pava(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; > Pa¥gkumiu; < PE dem pavpaugnaq* bear (Ursus sp.) # NUN; also reported on
Khromchenko 1824 list (15) and on Orlov-Pinart
1871 list (15) for EG; < ?-naq2
pauke- to depend on # paukaa ‘he depends on
it/him’ / . . . kitumun picisngairutnilukek,
tuaten nuliqsagutnilukek, atunem paukullutek,
pauksagutnilukek. ‘. . . saying that no one would
do it for them anymore, saying that now that481

paulaq — payukucunguar-

Basespaviate- to be sluggish # paviatuq ‘it or he is notlively’ / Y, NUN; < pavig-atepavig- to be lively; to be vigorous; to be fast #pavigtuq ‘it or he is lively’ / Ta¥gaam-gguq
tauna mikelnguaraq ayagmek yuurtellruuq
pekcaurcami aurrsaurcami pavigluni cakneq, ca
tamalkuan ullagsugluku. ‘However, that child
was characteristically swift in movement fromthe beginning at his birth and when started to
crawl he was very fast and would go to anything.’(MAR1 2001:13); Y, NUN; > paviate-; < PY pavi!pavte- to put (it) out where it can be used or seen #pavtaa ‘he put it out where it could be used orseen’ / pavingauq ‘it is in plain sight, is available
for use’; NUN; = paivte-; < PE pa(C)0vt0payaqcaar(ar)- to come uninvited to eat #payaqcaartuq ‘he came over on his own accord
to eat’ / Payaqcaarta malrugnek paningqertuq
tamarmek aterlutek “Cikirnga.” ‘The freeloader
has two daughters both named, “Give me.”’(AYUQ. 30:15)
payari- to weld; to solder # payariuq ‘he iswelding’; payaria ‘he is welding it’ / Qanertut,“Payariusngalla assirtuq.” ‘They say, “Thesoldering is good.”’ (ISAI. 41:7); from RussiangfΩnm (payát’); > payaripayarista welder # < payari-ta1
payiggsiq sledgehammer # NUN
payigte- to take supplies on ahead # payigtuq ‘he istaking supplies on ahead’; payigtaa ‘he is taking
it ahead’ / NUN; cf. payugtepayiq red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) #payirpak common merganser (Mergus merganser) #payugte- to take food over to a friend, relative,
or neighbor # payugtaa ‘he took some food toher’ / payugun ‘the food taken over’; arnam
paniminun aatii payugtesqellrua akutamek‘the woman told her daughter to take some“Eskimo ice cream” over to her father’;Qasgimterrlainarluteng tuaten. Nulirrita
payugqurluki neqkaitnek merkaitnek-llu. ‘They
stayed exclusively in the kashim. Their wives
brought them food and water for them.’ (CAU
1985:61); cf. payigte-, payukucunguar
pay’uqar- to have one’s legs get so cramped by coldthat one cannot move #payukucunguar- to present ceremonial food to(him) # Tua-i ikiitugteqatarqata, payukucunguatuit

they were married, they depend on each other,have become dependent on one another.’ (YUP
2005:198); < pauk-ke2-

paulaq spark from a fire # Ayagluteng tua tauna-llu
tekiskunegteggu nakacumeggnek taumek una
piqerkatni puyirrlillagluni paulanek, kenernek.
‘Going along, when they overtook him, theywould whip the fire with their bladders, making
the sparks fly all over.’ (QAN 1995:174); < PE
pa!u(la)paume- to scratch # to relieve an itch; paumaa ‘he isscratching it’ / Y, NSU, UK, EG; = paame-; < PE
pa(C)um0(t)paunger- to paddle with a double-bladed paddle #Erinani tua aturluku paungelliniluni taukut qayat
tungiitnun. ‘While projecting his voice outward
he paddled in the direction of those kayaks.’ (ELL
1997:392); NI; = paanger-; < PE pa&03- (note that
the Canadian Inuit cognates of this word have au as
here)
paunraq* (NS, LY, EG form) paunr(aq*) (NUNform) crowberry locally: blackberry (Empetrum
nigrum) # Uksuaraqan-gguq paniit taukut
paunrarcurnaurtut tamaavet qavavet kuicuaraamce÷iinun. ‘Whenever autumn came thosedaughters of theirs would look for crowberries
there, upriver, on the shore of the little river.’(MAR1 2001:71); < PE pa!un3a3

pautaq powder # arnam pautartaa kegginani ‘thewoman applied powder to her face’; Ilii-llu
arilluku pautaurrluku . . . Akqutem Yaassiigan
ciuqerra kanevluku. ‘And some of it smash intoa powder . . . sprinkle it before the Ark of theCovenant.’ (ANUC. 30:36); from English ‘powder’
pava(ni) (pa¥ga(ni)) up there away from theshore (of river or other body of water), in theback and upper part of a kashim or the like #extended demonstrative adverb; Angliriluteng tua-i,
pavaken keluqlirmeggnek nulirkassaagluteng
aipangluteng. Nunaurrluteng. ‘As they grew up
they seek wives, get mates, from back up there
behind them from the mainland. They became
a village.’ (KIP 1998:73); the v in this word sounds
like English “w” even for HBC, because it is in fact
an intervocalic ungeminated ¥g HBC writers may
prefer to use ¥g in their spelling; see pa¥gna, thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem pav-

482

Basestaukut ikiitugteqatalriit waten kanavet
nacitet qaingatnun aqumevkatullruit waten
caniqliqu’urluki. . . . ‘Before they went out to pickwild celery, these celery harvesters were made to
sit in a row on the floor planks and they presented
ceremonial food to them. . . .’ (QAN 1995:170); cf.
payugtepec’aqaq yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava); water pipit(Anthus spinoletta) #pegenqapiar after very much effort # adverb; <pegnem-qapiar(ar)pegg’ar- to stay up very late; to stay up all night# pegg’artuq ‘he stayed up very late or allnight’ / Una aipaa erenrani qavalleq unugaqan
pegg’araqluni. ‘The one who slept during the day
would stay up all night when it was night.’ (QUL
2003:442); < PE p0!0!a3peginga- to have or let (it) out of one’s grasp # Tuai-llu maani tua-i, qayami-llu avatiini, negcigpani
tegumiaqenrilkaku, pegingasqenrilkiit tarraskata
cikum qaingani makut. ‘They told them that,around one’s kayak, if not firmly holding onto
one’s big gaff, one should, at least, not totally
let it out of one’s grasp if they are walking on thesurface of the ice.’ (CIU 2005:4); < pegte-ngapegla- to engage in an unusual activity during sleep# such as talking in one’s sleep, sleepwalking, having
a nightmare; peglauq ‘he is sleepwalking, talking
in his sleep, etc.’ / cf. pel’ipegleqrute- to lose one’s grip on something
something; to break free of something # Ta¥gaam
pegleqruskuvet elliinun ataniumanrirceciiquten.
‘But if you break free of him you will no longer be
under his control.’ (AYAG. 27:40); < pegler-qarte5pegler- to suddenly release # pegleraa ‘hesuddenly released it’ / Tatamqapiggluni ellii
cali aarpalliniluni, Turpak-llu tatamtelliniluku
yaa-i iqvani peglellermiki kuvvlinikai, . . . ‘Getting
quite startled she let out a scream, startling
Turpak over there who, when she sudenly let
go of her container, spilled her berries that
she’d picked . . .’ (ELN 1990:28); < pegte-ler-;> pegleqrutepegnem after much effort; finally # adverb; pegnem
ikirtaa ‘he opened it at last’; > pegenqapiar;< PY-S p0!n0m
pegte- to drop; to let go; to release; to relinquish;
to give up; to break up with # pegtaa ‘hedropped it’ / peggluku igcetaa saskaq ‘releasing

pec’aqaq — pekavyurte-

the cup, he let it fall’; icivaq nasaurluni
pegtellrua ‘he recently broke up with his
girlfriend’; pegtaa iqmineq ‘he gave up chewing
tobacco’; pegqaarluku ‘after dropping it’;kangingerraarluku peggluku ‘acquitting him’(legal neologism); Tua-i-ll’ pillinia atuutellinia:
Tii-iiq, tii-iiq, pegesnga, pegesnga-rraa! ‘So hespoke to it, singing: “Sea anemone, sea anemone,release me, release me!”’ (QAN 1995:78); Wavet-llu
taq’aqamegteggu man’a cali ce÷ii tupigturluku
pitullruat, pegelrinarpek’naku. ‘When they finishedit (the basket) to here they would weave itsuch that the rim wouldn’t come undone.’ (CIU
2005:148); > peginga-, pegtuqar-; < PY p0!t0pegtuqar- to accidentally drop # pegtuqaraa‘he dropped it’/ Arenqiapaa, it’gama ingluit
nag’arrluki paallacalkarlua pegtuqallemni
narulkama kapsarpiaraaten! ‘Oh dear, when
snagged my other foot, I fell, and when I
accidentally dropped it, my spear almost stabbed
you!’ (QUL 2003:314); < pegte-ur-qarpekaksuar(ar)- to move slightly; to flutter; to stir #pekaksuartuq ‘it or he moved slightly, stirred’ /< peke-ksuar(aq)pekangruyag- to move back and forth #Qapengteqerluku akitmiaqerluteng taukut imkut
nagiiquyain kangrit pekangruyagluteng tua tayima
kit’elliniluteng. ‘After he threw the spear, it stuck
fast and the butt of the spear moved to and fro andthen sank.’ (ELL 1997:392); < peke-?pekara- to stroll; to travel around # pekarauq‘he is strolling, traveling around’ / Waqaa
Uqumyaarallraaq, cassualuten maani pekarasit?
‘What’s up, dear old Uqumyaar; for what
purpose are you traveling around here?’ (QUL
2003:640); < peke-?pek’arte- to make a sudden move # Uitaqerluni
akuliraa pek’arrluni, tuamta-llu iik
pektenga’arrlutek . . . ‘After a while the bridgeof his nose made a sudden move, and thereafter hiseyes started to move . . .’ (YUU 1995:69);< pekte-artepekaunrir- to be unable to move # NUN
pekavyurte- to move slightly; to quiver # Aipaa
ta¥gaam kan’a kana-i tua-i nallunaunani
puulitacilliluni, pinertusciiganani-ll’
pekavyurrluni. ‘The other one, however, down
there was surely hit by a bullet, and without
much energy he was moving around slowly.’ (QUL
2003:170); < peke-?-483

pekayag- — pekyutke-Basespekayag- to wander around # Pekayagnaurtuq
iillakluku, . . . . Tua-llu-gguq-am cam iliini
tamaani pekayalnguqerluni kelumegnun pavavet
tagelliniluni pengumun. ‘He would wanderaround marveling at it, . . . . Then one day hebecame tired of wandering around and decided togo farther up on the hill.’ (NAA 1970:2); < peke-?pekcetaaq marionette or figurine hung on a stringin the communal men’s house and caused tomove by pulling the string around during the
Kelek (“Inviting-In Feast”) # < pekte-cetaaq
peke- to make a movement that attracts notice; tostir # pek’uq ‘it stirred’ / e.g., an animal or bird
moving in the brush; > pekaksuar(ar)-, pekara-,
pekarte-, pekavyurte-, pekayag-, pekte-,
pek’nge-, peksag-, peksallag-, pektayiite-; cf.
peksu, pekneq; < PE p0k0pekeryaq crooked part of a tree; bend in tree limb #< ?-yaqpekete- to walk; to move # peketuq ‘he is walking’;
NSU; = pektepekneq tall cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) #NUN; cf. peke-; < PE p0kn03
pek’nge- to begin walking of a child; to quicken or
begin moving of an unborn baby. to start being
up and around as in the morning #pek’nguq ‘heis starting to walk’ / Tua-i qavarluni unugpak,
maaten tupagtuq ak’a pek’ngelliniluteng yuut.
‘He slept all night, and when he woke up people
were evidently already up and around.’ (MAR2
2001:40); < peke-ngepeksagte- to scatter; to distribute to different places# peksagtut ‘they are scattered’; peksagtai ‘hescattered them’ / . . . kinguqliqu’urluteng ava-i
kingutmun peksagcugnaunateng-llu kingutmuncal’ ava-i ketmurtellriit. ‘. . . in a single file,
not scattered all over the place as they went
back down to the ocean.’ (ELL 1997:172);
Piyarameggnun tekiskuneng anluamun
kangirinqellriamun avatiinun peksaggluteng
elaqvanun. ‘When they go to the square hole in
the ice where they regularly did their ritual they
distribute themselves around it.’ (YUU 1995:40);
HBC, NI; < peke-?-; < PE p0kya!- or p0ky0! (under PE p0k0-)
peksallag- to fly from its eggs # of a bird.
peksallagtuq ‘it flew off’; < peke-?-llag-; < PE
p0kya!- or p0ky0! - (under PE p0k0-)
peksu, peksuq bird’s egg # Tegulerluku-am tua-ipeksucuklua, makunun yaqulegnun uutekanunllu peksuksukluku. ‘I snatched it up thinking that
I’d found an egg, thinking that it was an egg ofthose birds, the ducks.’ (AGA 1996:176); Y, LI,
UK, and middle K; > peksurngalnguq, peksute-;
cf. peke-; < PE p0kyu
peksurngalnguq oval; < peksu-ngalnguq
peksute- to find eggs # peksutuq ‘he found eggs’
this word is used even in areas where words otherthan peksu are used for egg / < peksu-te1pekte- to move; to walk; to work (additional meaningin BB, NR, LI, EG) # pektuq ‘he is moving, active’;pektaa ‘he is moving around in it’ / ukvera
pekcuituq ‘his faith is unshakable’; pektaituq‘he isn’t moving’, ‘he is inactive’; pektairtuq‘he has stopped moving’; sass’aq pekpailgan‘before an hour passes’; nuna pektuq ‘there is anearthquake’; temem pekcellagcessuutai ‘reflexes’(medial neologism); Kuigata-ll’ tamana ce÷ii
uqvigangqerrluni ta¥gaam marauluni pa¥gna
keluat. Ta¥ga peketnaqluni tamaani. ‘The shore of
their river had willow, but with mudflats behindthem. It was walkable there.’ (MAR1 2001:91); Aawa alingqertellrianga, pavani pekpakarlua cam
ullagareskiinga cetamanek ipigluni, nasqumikun
uqvigirluni. ‘Gee, I suddenly took fright; as I was
moving around a lot inland something suddenly
approached me having four legs and bushes on
its head.’ (MAR1 2001:80); = pekete-; < peke-?-;> pektayiite-, pekutaq
pektayiite- to be steadfast; to be immobile; to standfirm # pektayiituq ‘it does not move’; Kenka . . .
pektayiinani tamalkuitni. ‘Love . . . is steadfast in
all things.’ (1CORI. 13:7); < pekte-?-ite-; < PE
p0k0t- (under PE p0k0-)
pekugkalleq talon or claw of a bird of prey #pekutaq shovel (specifically, snow shovel) # andpekutar- ‘to shovel’; EG, LI, NUN, NS; < pektetaq1; > pekutaruaq
pekutaruaq sternum; breastbone # K, CAN, BB,
NUN, Y; < pekutaq-uaq
Pekyun Monday # literally: ‘time for activity’;
Pekyutmi ayagciqua ‘I’ll go on Monday’;unuamek Pekyutnguuq ‘it’s Monday today’;< pekte-npekyutke- to be moved by (it) # Qanqataqumta
tua-i una qanrutkeqataq’ngarput yuvrirciqerput
uum umyugaan pekyutkeciqellinikii. Tua-i-llu
qanrutkenrice÷arluku. ‘If we are going to speak,484

Baseswe will examine what we are going to say, andrealize that his mind will be (adversely) affectedby it. And so we’ll decide not to say it.’ (QUL
2003:336); < pekte-n-ke2pelacinak string; twine # Tua-i-llu qerruqutaitnek
neqet imiriyaraitnek melugnek ayuqucirturluku.
Ellii-llu imiriluni muiran-llu pelacinagmek
paingakun qillrulluku . . . ‘(Her mother) also
showed her how to fill the air-sack of fish withroe to dry it. She filled one and when it was
full she tied its opening with string . . .’ (ELN
1990:41); from Russian gjkjn®ywt (poloténtse)‘towel’, or gjkjnyΩysq (polotnyányy) ‘of linen’
pelagasselaviir- to bless # Erenret tamalkuitni
pelagasselaviirnauramteggen Elpet, cali
ucuqnaurput Atren . . . ‘Every day let us bless
You, and praise Your name . . .’ (ORT. 2006:54);
from Russian ,kfujckjd∫nm (blagoslovít’) ‘to bless’pelak flag # Alaskam pelii ‘Alaska’s flag’;Inglukesteten qayagpagallruut Agayuvigpagpeni
cirlakillerteng pitekluku; cirlakiaqameng-llu
nallunailkutateng peliit mayurtaqluki. ‘Your foes
have roared within your holy place; they set up
their emblems there.’ (PSALM 74:4); from Russian
akfu (flag) or English ‘flag’; = vvelak
pelaqpelaq frog # also used for ‘large blackfish’;EG; imitative; = peleqpelr(aq)pelatekaq tent # Amlleringata-llu can’get agulluki
itrami-llu natranun pelatekam elliluki. ‘When thegrass [they’d collected] became sufficient, shebrought it over, went in, and put it on the floor of
the tent.’ (ELN 1990:97); = palatkaaq; from Russiangfkƒnrf (palátka); > pelatekarkaun, pelatekiurpelatekarkaun, pelatekarkaq canvas tent fabric #< pelatekaq-kaq, pelatekaq-kaq-n
pelatekiur- to pitch a tent # Maaten piuk yaa-i
nanvam ce÷iin keluaraani pelatekiuqatalriit
ilagket. ‘Just when they2 looked, they observedthat their relatives were going to pitch a tent backfrom the lake’s shore.’ (ELN 1990:46)
pelatuuk scarf; woman’s headscarf # and pelatuugto put on a headscarf # Picirniqpiarluni tua-i
anuqa elliin kegginaani nuyai-llu tengaurluteng,ilait anumalriit pelatuuganek. ‘The wind on her
face felt so pleasant and her hair that was out ofher scarf was flying around.’ (ELN 1990:96); from
Russian gkfn˙r (platók)
peleqpelr(aq*), peleqpelraaq frog # peleqpelrauguq
or peleqpelraaruuq ‘it is a frog’; Tua-i-llu Agay’aq

pelacinak — pellernarqe-

tangerrluni peleqpel’ermek teguluku-llu. Tauna-llu
peleqpel’er ayakallrani angama tuc’arpiarluku.
‘Agay’aq saw a frog and picked it up. When thatfrog hopped off, my uncle almost stepped on it.’
(PRA 1995:299); imitative; = pelaqpelaq
pel’i- to have a nightmare; to walk in one’s sleep #peliuq ‘he is having a nightmare or walking in
his sleep’ / NSU; cf. peglapelicqiq purple; blue # Eek (only?) word
pelinaq mattress # LI, EG; from Russian gth∫yf(perína) ‘feather bed’peliquq (HBC form), pel’iquq (NS form) excrement
adhering to anal area #pelit’aaq stove # Makut, kassaurrneratgun ilait
pillrulriit, pelit’aatgun keniryaurtengaaranratgun,
kangiralegneng iqairissuutneng-llu pelic’iirluteng.
‘Many people here now were born after they(the Yup’ik people) had picked things up fromthe white men, after they began to get stoves forcooking, stoves made at first of two five-gallon
cans, or of washtubs.’ (CEV 1984:29); Y, HBC,
NSK, NUN; from Russian gkbnƒ (plitá)
pella- to fade out; to disappear; to lose
consciousness # pellauq ‘it disappeared’, ‘hefainted’ / . . . tangvaurqii. Cayaqlirluni tayima
pellaluni. ‘. . . she watched her for a while. Finally
she was out of sight.’ (YUU 1995:82); > pellaa-,pellaqar-; < PY 0plapellaa- to lose one’s way; to get lost # pellaaguq‘he got lost’ / Pirtunguskanga pellaaciqellrianga
waniwa. ‘If a blizzard comes upon me, I’ll get
lost.’ (MAR1 2001:37); Yuk qanruyutailkuni
pellaalriatun pirtugmi ayuqeciquq. ‘If one doesn’t
have a (wise) saying (to guide him), he is just like
one that gets lost in a blizzard.’ (YUU 1995:53);< pella-a-; > pellaayailkun
pellaayailkun compass; trail marker # < pellaayailkutaq
pellaqar- to faint # HBC, NUN; < pella-qarpeller- emotional root; > pellernarqe-, pellernir-,pellertar-, pelleryug-, pelqe-; < PE 0pl03pellernarqe- to be unpleasantly messy and wet;to be repulsive; to put one off (due to culturalbeliefs) # pellernarquq ‘it is repulsive’ /Ta¥gaam angliriaqami arnaurtaqami tua-inutaan cumaciniariaqluni tua-i pellernariluni
waten arnaurrluni piaqami. ‘But as she grew up
and became a woman (started menstruating),

485

pellertar- — pe÷aq

Bases

she’d become such that she’d put one off.’ (CIU
2005:136); Joseph-aam waten qanrutai Egyptaarmiunun qusngiliurtet pellernarqelriatun
ayuqngata. ‘Joseph spoke thus to them, because
it was just as if shepherds were abhorrent to the
Egyptians.’ (AYAG. 46:34); < peller-narqepellertar- to tend to feel squeamish or
uncomfortable around wet, messy things #pellertartuq ‘he tends to feel squeamish’ /< peller-tar1pelleryug- to feel squeamish or uncomfortablearound wet or messy things # pelleryugtuq ‘hefeels squeamish’ / Tua-i pelleryung’ermi camek
qaneqsaunani aguaggluni maligucullruami,
ivruciileng’ermi. ‘Even though she felt
uncomfortable from the wetness, she did notcomplain since she had insisted on going eventhough she didn’t have wading boots.’ (ELN
1990:33); < peller-yugpelqe- to feel squeamish, uncomfortable or repelledby (it) # pelqaa ‘he felt squeamish toward
or repelled by it’ / Wall’u cat neqallret-llu
tep’ngaqluteng uitatellriit. Pelqevkenaki-gguq
tamakut tegulaqilaput. ‘Or, food that is left out
starts to get an odor, and we were told to handle
it without being repulsed by it.’ (YUP 2005:76); <peller-ke4pellernir- to be such as to cause (him) to not want totouch it # pellerniraa ‘it is such as to cause him to
not want to touch it’; < peller-?pellug- to happen; to pass in time # pellugtuq ‘itis over’, ‘it has happened’; pellugaa ‘he passed
through it’ (time) / aliayullni pellugaa ‘he got
over his loneliness’; ellanglluk pellugtuq ‘thestorm is past’; erenret amlleret pellugtut ‘manydays have passed’; Kiartenrilami-llu canek
allanek tangenritliniluni ellani pellugarpailgan.
‘And because she didn’t look around, she
didn’t see the various unfamiliar things before
her awareness lapsed.’ (ELN 1990:3); Atakuq
pelluggaartelluku unuakurtuq — waniwa erenrem
aipaa. ‘After evening passed, it became morning— the second day.’ (AYAG. 1:8); > pellugcete-;< p0tlu!-2
pellugcete- to forgive (an act); to waive (arequirement); to “let bygones be bygones” #literally: ‘to let it be past’; pellugcetaa ‘he forgaveit’ / . . . tauna pellukan imna-ll’ umyugaa tayima
pellugcecesqelluku. ‘. . . and when that incident

passed, they expected him to dismiss it andforget about it.’ (TAP 2004:102); Piicagluci-llu
nangengqakuvci, kitumun pagglungqerquvci
pellugceciu, atavci cali qilagmelnguum
pellugcetnaurai picurlallci. ‘Whenever you standpraying, forgive, if you have anything against
anyone; so that your Father in heaven may also
forgive you your trespasses.’ (MARK 11:25);. . . cali pellugcellaqiki assiilnguput, wangkuta
pellugcilaucimcetun . . . ‘. . . and forgive us our
trespasses, even as we forgive . . .’ (CAT 1950:1);< pellug-cete1pellugte- to scrape a skin # pellugtaa ‘he is scraping
it’ / pellugciuq ‘he is scraping a skin’; Y; >pellumrun; < PY-S p0@u!pellukutaq, pelluqutaq leaf of coltsfoot (Petasitessp.); leaf (in general) (NUN meaning) # the large
leaves of the coltsfoot are put over a bucket of picked
berries to shield them from the sun and air; < ?-kutaq,?-kutaq; < PE p0@u
pellumrun skin scraper # Y; = ellumrun, tellunrun,
urumerun; < pellugte-?-npelulukaaq soft wire, such as aluminum wire or
solder # BB; from Russian gh˙djkjrf (próvoloka)‘wire’
pelumessaak panties # dual; from English ‘bloomers’
peluq ash of birch fungus (punk) or willow or
cottonwood bark; volcanic ash # the ash of birch
fungus is mixed with cuyaq ‘tobacco leaf’, to makeiqmik ‘chewing tobacco’; Cuya cali pelumek
avuluku tamurvalallruuk, ancamegnegu-llu
tumamegnun nutaan akagqurayaarluku nutaan
tua-i-ll’ iqmiutaagmegnun ekluku. ‘They used to
add punk ash to tobacco and then chew it; after
taking it out (of their mouth), they would roll itin their palm into a little ball and then put it into
their tobacco box.’ (CIU 2005:102); < p0lu(3)peluskaq snuff # and peluskar- to take snuff # from
Russian gh˙irf (próshka); = meluskaq
pelutsiaq, pelutsaaq saucer # and pelutsiar- to
drink tea using a saucer # pouring the tea into
the saucer and drinking it from the saucer; aanaka
yuurqalartuq pelutsiarluni ‘my mother drinks tea
using a saucer’; from Russian ,kµlwt (blyúdtse)pe÷aiq Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) # note that Dall sheep
are not (presently) found in or near the Yup’ik area;< pe÷aq-iq; < PE 0pna3i3 (under PE 0pna3)pe÷aq (NS, NUN, NI, CAN, EG form), penaq(NUN form), pe÷’aq (NSU form) cliff; bluff

486Basespeng’garte — peqlicir-

pengegtur- to worry about (him) # Tekitenrilan
pengegturluku . . . paqluku pilliniat qayaa waniwa
tua-i ugingqaluni. ‘Since he didn’t arrive, they
worried about him and went to check on him andwhen they did that they saw that his kayak wasaground.’ (QUL 2003:92); < pengeg-tur1pengegyug- to worry # pengegyugtuq ‘he isworried’/ < pengeg-yugpengke- to worry about (him) # pengkaa ‘he isworried about him’ / < pengeg-ke4pengigarneq hives # pengigarneret ‘hives’; <pengiga’rte-neq1
pengiga’rte- to break out in hives # pengiga’rtuq ‘he3
broke out in hives’ / < penguq-i -?-ar(ar)te1-;> pengigarneret
pengitag- to be lumpy (of the skin of an old walrus)# < penguq-i3-?pengraliq rib # NSU; < PY p03&aliq (under PE p030-)
pengulkuk tussock of grass on the tundra #Kiarrluteng pilliut tulukaruq ingna aqumkacilria
pengulkuum qaingani tungiitnun caumaluni.
‘Looking around they observed that raven sitting
on top of a tussock facing in their direction.’(MAR1 2001:4); Y; < penguq-lkuk
pengunquq mound # < penguq-quq
penguq hill; mound # sizes of hills from large to small(according to a Nelson Islander): pengurpall’er,
pengurpak, penguq, pengucuar, pengurraq,
penguyaaq, penguruaq, penguguayaaq,
penguquiner ‘a great big hill’, ‘a big hill’, ‘a hill’,‘a small hill’, ‘a little hill’, ‘a tiny hill’, ‘a baby
hill’, ‘an imitation hill’, ‘a baby little hill’, ‘a little
bit of a hill’; the English word ‘pingo’ “frost heavehill”, comes from this Eskimo word (or probably
the Inupiaq cognate); > pengiga’rte-, pengitag-,
pengulkuk, pengunquq; < PE p0&u3
pengutakuk upright of sled # NUN
peqlirte- to be wrinkled from soaking in water #of skin; peqlirtuq or peqlirtaa ‘it got wrinkled’ /Tekicameng-llu yuuluki tamakut mecungelriit
aturani it’gani pii tua-i peqlirteqapiggluteng, . . .
‘And when they arrived she took off those wet
garments of hers and saw that her feet were very
wrinkled from being soaked, . . .’ (ELN 1990:33); cf.
peqlicir-; < PY p0qli3peqlicir- (NUN form), peqlicar- (CAN form) to soften
an skin by extended soaking; to waterproof askin by soaking it in urine # cf. peqlirte-# pe÷aqucuggaq ‘small bluff’; Kiagmi-llu
alpaculuni maani penartullermini penami. ‘Insummer he’d catch cormorants when he’d climb
on the cliffs here.’ (WEB2); = epnaq; > pe÷aiq;< PE 0pna3

peng’garte- to worry (about) # especially about
someone who has not returned; peng’gartuq ‘he isworried’; peng’gartaa ‘he is worried about her
or it’ / peng’gartuq uiminek uterteksailan ‘she isworried about her husband because he has not
returned yet’; peng’garrngaituq ‘he won’t worry’;Maurluan pillinia, “Aling tua-i peng’garrluten.
Tua-i tekituten cavkenak.” ‘His grandmothersaid to him, “Oh, I was worried about you. Now
you’ve arrived safely.”’ (AGA 1996:206); <pengegpenge- to resume original state after being
unnaturally rearranged # for example, a tree bent
by the wind straightening up again; opposite of paste-.
peng’uq ‘it resumed its original state’ / Y; cf.
ap’nge-, pet’ngepengeg- emotional root; especially concerning worrying
about someone who has not returned as expected;> pengegnarqe-, pengenair-, pengegnaite-,
pengegtar-, pengegtur-, pengegtar-, pengegtur-,peng’garte-, pengke-; < PE p0&0!pengegnair- to cease being a cause of worry; toeliminate as a cause of worry # pengegnairtuq‘it stopped being worrisome’; pengegnairaa‘he acted on it making it not worrisome’ /Amiat-gguq-am ta¥gaam tua-i avirluku tua-i
pengegnairluku, amiat imna tua-i anesciigaliluki.
‘He braced their door [with a log] so that it
would no longer be worrisome, that it, so that they
couldn’t escape anymore.’ (ELL 1997:420);< pengeg-naq1-ir1pengegnaite- to not be worrisome # pengegnaituq‘it’s not worrisome’ / < pengeg-naitepengegnarqe- to be worrisome; to be a causeof worry # pengegnarquq ‘it is worrisome’/ Tua-i ta¥gaam tayima twenty-q allrakut
ciptaqamegteggu tua-i ayagyugngariaqluteng
pengegnarqessiyaagpegnateng . . . ‘And whenpeople are over twenty years old, you don’t haveto worry about them so much . . .’ (ELL 1997:48);< pengeg-narqe-

pengegtar- to tend to worry # pengegtartuq ‘hetends to worry’ / < pengeg-tar1-487

pequaq — pertaq

Basespequaq upper back part of parka # pequara ‘its
upper back part’; < pequq-?
pequmiggsuun backpack # HBC; < pequmig-cuun
pequmik back load # and pequmig- to carry on
one’s back # pequmigtuq ‘he is carrying a load’;
pequmigaa ‘he is carrying it on his back’ /< pequ-mik; > pequmiggsuun
pequmiutaq decorative small wolverine “tail” on a
traditional Yup’ik parka # < pequq-miutaq
pequmpag- to carry a heavy load on one’s back #pequmpagtuq ‘he is carrying a heavy load on his
back’; pequmpagaa ‘he is carrying it (something
heavy ) on his back’ / < pequq-pag2pequnqauksuar(aq*) very small item wrapped insomething # NUN
pequq1 scruff of the neck; upper back; back# Tuaten cetamarqunek uivumariameng
taqluteng qacartaarulluteng pequmegteggun(tunumegteggun). ‘When they were donegoing around four times like that they’d slap
each other on their upper backs.’ (CAU 1984:78);. . . cavtellininauraa makliim man’a peq¥rra
elaturram natrani. ‘. . . he would feel for it and it
turned out to be a bearded seal’s backbone on thefloor of the storm shed.’ (CIU 2005:162); < ?-quq;> pequaq, pequmik, pequmiutaq, pequmpag-; cf.
pere-; < PE p0qu3 and p0ku(!)
pequq2 piece of sod # NUN
perayak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) # NR
percissuun bending tool # < pere-te2-i2-cuunpere- to bend # per’uq ‘it bent’ / pertaa’he bentit’; perumauq ‘it is bent’; percimauq ‘it has been
bent’; “Qaillun qayalilallruceci?” “Mimernat
navgurluki tua-i-llu, perelriit aklukiurluki . . .”‘“How did you used to make kayaks?” “(We)broke up stumps with roots and made the fittingsfrom the bent parts . . .”’ (KIP 1988:259); > perete-,
perneq, pertaq, perte-, per’ucin; cf. pequq
perete- to bend (it) # peretaa ‘he bent it’ / NSU;
= perte-; < pere-te2perleqciir(ar)-, perlercii- (NUN form) to have
stiff hands from the cold # perleqciirtuq
or perleqciiraraa ‘his hands are stiff’ / =perrleqciir(ar)-; cf. pereperneq bentwood rim around top of wooden bowl
or other round wooden container # < pere-neq1
perr’ite- to be clean # perr’ituq ‘it is clean’ / Y;
< perr-ite1-

perr- root; = epr-; > perrir-, perriss’uuk, perr’iteperrir- to wipe; to clear up (of water) (EG meaning)# perrirtuq ‘he wiped (part of) his body’;
perriraa ‘he is wiping it’ / ak’a perrirtuq ‘it has
already been wiped’; perririuq ‘he is wiping
something’; estuuluq perrirru ‘wipe the table’;
Ayainanermegni-llu ellii kiiryungluni, tua-ikegginani perriqaqluku piluni. ‘While they weretraveling he began to get hot and sweaty, and so
he wiped his face now and then.’ (PRA 1995:336);< perr-ir2-; > perriun, perr’irpak
perr’irpak, perrirpak completely clean # predicative
particle; Qasgirteng-gguq cakneq pirpakellruat.
Tan’gurraat-llu-gguq carrirturnauraat qasgirteng
carrinqegcaararluku, caarrluggartairulluku
perr’irpak, elatii-llu carrirluku. ‘They held their
kashim in very high regard. The boys would
clean their kashim, making it very clean,removing all dirt, debris, pollution; (it would be)completely clean, they’d clean the area around it
too.’ (MAR1 2001:27): < perrir-rpak
perriss’uuk dishtowel # perriss’uuget ‘dishtowels’;K; < perrir-?; note that the gemination pattern in thisword is that characteristic of Russian loan words
perriuksuar(aq*) washcloth # < perriun-ksuar(aq)perriun, perriutaq towel # . . . tamana perriun
kanavet cavvluku. Maaten cavtaaraa acia
perriutem tamaa-i nutga. ‘. . . he felt around that
towel down there, and realized that his gun
was underneath the towel.’ (PRA 1995:335);< perrir1-n; perrir-taq1 > perriuksuar(aq),perriutekat
perriutekaq dried grass # gathered in spring after thesnow melts, when the grass is still pale and not yet
brown; NSU; < perriun-kaq
perrleqciir(ar)- to have stiff hands from the cold #perrleqciirtuq or perrleqciiraraa ‘his hands are
stiff’ / = perleqciir(ar)-; cf. pereperru dried soil # NUN
pertaq bent part of wooden container, hunting
hat, etc. # . . . qantamek waten calillinilria,
allungagkiurluku, imkukiurluku-gg’ tua-i
mat’um pertam [atlirkaanek] atlirkiurluku.
‘. . . working on a bentwood bowl, preparing
the bottom side for attachment to the oval rim.’(QAN 1995:24); Pissurcuutengqetullrulliniameng
tamakut wagg’uq ugtarcurcuuterluteng nacanek
waten muragnek pertanek cingikeggluteng.
‘Those people had hats of bent wood hunting

488

Basesperte- — petmik

petar- EG to move # EG; < pet-?petengtaq adipose or dorsal fin of fish or whale# Atam tua-i arveq tauna nalateqertelluku
arrluyagaq kelutmun man’a kuimurallinilria
petengtaa pingna mermi cegg’uqu’urluni.’
Then right after they (killer whales) killed thebowhead whale, a young killer whale was (seen)
swimming slowly in the water toward the shore,its dorsal fin cutting through (the water).’ (CIU
2005:122); < petengte-aq
petengte- to set or cock (a trap or other springloaded device latching it into that position andthus relieving the immediate tension on its
spring); to undo something tied up # petengtaa‘he cocked it’, ‘he undid it’ or ‘straightened it’/ kapkaanaak petengtak ‘he set (cocked) the
trap’; Uyamigani pillia wani qillrumauralria ca.
Petenglluku pillia aklanqurrun. ‘He examined
his neck pendant and saw that it was something
all tied up. When he undid it, he saw that it wasa weasel.’ (MAR1 2001:93); cf. metenglliar-; <pet’nge-te2-; > petengtaq
petengyaraq skin or ivory wristguard # < pet’ngeyaraq
petgar- to spring up # petgartuq ‘it sprung up’ /< pet-?-; > petgartayuli, petgerneq, petgerrii-;< PY-S p0t!a3petgartayuli, petngertayuli locust # in Bible
translation; . . . ner’aqluni-llu petgartayulirpagnek
paatakaamek-llu yuilqurmiutarmek. ‘. . . hewould eat locusts and wild honey’ (MARK 1:6)
petgeq flake of dandruff # petgeret ‘dandruff’;
petgengqertua ‘I have dandruff’; cf. Turner 1874–
1877 list (13); < pet-?
petgerneq chip or chipped part of something #NUN; < petgar-neq1
petgerrii- (petgerii- ?) to chip (of enamelware or thelike) # NUN; < petgar-aq-li2Petmigtalek Pikmiktalik # name of village sites on
Norton Sound and west of Bethel; literally: ‘placewith pit traps’; < petmik-talek
petmik pit trap; pit that one can’t get out of #Kapkaanaitellermeggni pissurcuutnguut
tamakut petmiit, igcetaat. ‘When they didn’t
have steel traps, those pit traps were the hunting
devices; they were things for the animal to drop
into.’ (MAR2 2001:71); Tuqutevkenaku. Igceciu
ta¥gaam petmigmun maani yuilqumi. ‘Don’t kill
him. But cast him into a pit in the wilderness
instead.’ (AYAG. 37:21–22); cf. pet-; > petmigtalek

hats with pointed tips that they used while
hunting for resting seals.’ (QUL 2003:50);< perte-aq1
perte- to bend (it) # pertuq ‘it arched its back’;pertaa ‘he bent it’ / Tua-i-llu cuqcamegteki,
kumluryaraan ngeliinek, waken ikuseteng waten
piluki, una-ll’ kumlurteng ukatmun perrluku,
waten piqerluku. ‘When they measured it theywould measure from their elbow to their thumb,bending it like this.’ (CIU 2005:53); = perete-;< pere-te2per’ucin form for bending sled runners, boat parts,
etc.; < pere-?-nperuq area behind # Kiitaki wani erurraarlua
cimiritkanka tayima piani wani perumni uitaut,taukunek ac’etniararpenga. ‘Then after you
wash my body, my change of clothes are here in
the back behind me, so then you can dress me inthem.’ (MAR2 2001:13); NS
pespessaayaaq water pipit (Anthus spinoletta) #< imitative-ya(g)aq
pessuqe- to be careful with; to be conservingof; to be respectful of (food) # pessuqaa ‘heis careful with it, conserves it’ / Ta¥gkenam imna neqallrem apqiitnek pessuqenricestii,
pessuqenricestaitnek pituit neqallretcumikevkenaki, tua-i-llu cumikenripakaamiki,cumikenripakaqumteki, neqa nurnauciatun
kaigtenguarkauluta-gguq. Imumek tua-i neqkaq
nurnarrlukan ilaput neqkairutenrilengraata,
wangkuta neqkairucaranqurraugarkauluta
ilamte÷i. Tua-i-gguq-wa neqalleq
pessuqenrilamteggu. ‘As it is said, ones that are notrespectful of food — those who do not watch howthey take care of food — it is said that they or wewould be the ones to go hungry. When the gameis just a little scarce, we are going to be the ones
who are going to run out sooner than the otherones. It is said it is because we are careless withfood.’ (QUL 2003:80); cf. pessurnairpessurnair- to be satisfied # pessurnairtuq‘he is satisfied’ / pessurnairutkaa ‘he issatisified with it’ / Taumeng mikelngurmeng
pessurnairngaituten. Ayankuuluku
pessurnairutekngaitan . . . ‘With that child you
won’t be satisfied. He is little and he won’t satisfy
you . . .’ (CEV 1984:85); cf. pessuqepet- root; > petar, pet’ngall’aq, petengte-, petgar-,petgeq, pet’nge-, pet’ngercetaaq489

pet’ngall’aq — pia(ni)Basespet’ngall’aq adipose fin of fish # < pet-?pet’nge-, petenge- (NSU form) to spring off; to snapout of a tensed position; to relax from being
tense or being tensed # pet’nguq ‘it sprung
off’ / kapkaanaak avelngarcuutek pet’nguk‘the mousetrap snapped shut’; Tua-i-gguq
cavkenateng tua-i nutaan petengluteng tua-i. ‘And
then, it is said, since nothing happened to them,
they finally relaxed.’ (ELL 1997:494); opposite of
ap’nge-; < pet-?, pet-?; > petengte-, petengyaraq,
cf. pengepet’ngercetaaq spring snare designed to hang thecatch in midair after springing # < pet-?-cetaaq
petuk tether; line that ties boat to shore, dog to stakeor the like # and petug- to fasten, to tether; to tie
to a post # petugtuq ‘it was tethered’; petugaa‘he tethered it’, ‘he tied it’ to a post or similar thing/ qimugta petuumauq ‘the dog is tethered’;
petugkaq ‘something such as a piece of rope
to be used for tying a dog to a stake, or tying aboat to something on shore; Iliit-am qimugtet
petugpailgagni ayakallinilria, maaten elliin piak
Mikellankuk, Turpak-llu malirqarakiik. ‘Before
they could tether it, one of the dogs took off, andwhen she looked she saw that Mikellaq andTurpak were chasing it around.’ (ELN 1990:58);> petugaq, petugtaq1, Petugtaq2, petugturta,
petuutaarute-; < PE p0tu!petugaq thing that is tethered; setnet (fastened to a
stake, tree etc. on the shore, as opposed to a driftnet) # < petug-aq1
petugtaq1 small model of requested item used torequest that item during the Petugtaq holiday #< petuk-taq2
Petugtaq2, Petugtaryaraq indigenous Yup’ik
holiday celebrated in late summer, fall, or winter,
involving an exchange of requested gifts between
men and women of a single village # < petuktaq2, petug-taq2-yaraq
petugtur- to baste in sewing # specifically, to maketemporary widely spaced stitches along the seam ofthe skin covering a kayak prior to making the final
waterproof stitches; < petug-tur1petukaq sternum; breastbone # HBC, NI
peturte- to soak; to penetrate # mainly of clothing;peturtuq ‘it got soaked’; peturtaa ‘it (liquid)
penetrated it’ / NUN; < PE p0t0- and p0tu3petuutaarute- to baste in sewing # Y; < petug-?-

peyug-, peyua- to walk # peyugtuq ‘he is walking’/ HBC; = piug-2, piyua-; < ?, ?-apeyukacir- to go out pushing a sled # without usingdogs # HBC; < peyug-?pi thing # and pi- to do; to say # the meaning comesfrom suffixes and context; piuq ‘he is acting’; pia‘he is doing it’, ‘he is acting on it’, ‘he is saying it
to her’ / pisciigatuq ‘it cannot be done’; naken
pisit? ‘where are you coming from?’; waten pi!
‘do it like this!’; piyukuni pili ‘if he wants to do
it he may’; pisciigacetaa ‘he is preventing herfrom doing it’; tan’gaurluq piuq mertalnguniluni‘the boy says that he is tired of hauling water’;piyugtacimitun ‘as much as he wished’;
piyugngatacimitun ‘as much as he was able’;piarkartangqertuq ‘there’s something to do’ or‘there’s someone to do it’; piteng mayuutellruit
ulerpagpailgan ‘they took their things up withthem before the flood’; piunrilkutaq ‘somethingworthless’; temem piitesciigalillra (taangamek,
kuingimek, wall’u iinrunek) ‘addiction (toalcohol, tobacco, or drugs)’, literally: ‘the body’s
state of no longer being able to do without’;
Pimllukarluteng tevvaarulluk’ egtelarait. ‘Aftera short while they would throw them, spit
them out.’ (KIP 1998:233); Tua-i aipani-gguq
alingulluku qenercaaqeng’ermi pinritengnaqluki
taukut qimugtet ut’rulluki. ‘Being scared for hiscompanion, even though he was angry, he didn’t
let on, by doing something harsh, but rather
brought the dogs back.’ (ELN 1990:73); often used,in the indicative mood, as the verb describing theobservational act in an “observational construction”
as for instance: Maaten-gguq piuq natermi
aqumgalria, ingna-gguq-wa aanii mingqellria
ingleret qaingatni. ‘It is said that she saw that
she was sitting on the floor and her motherwas sewing on the bed.’ (ELN 1990:3); Maaten
kiarrluni piuq tumet makut, ataucim tungiinun
ayagluteng. ‘Looking around he observedthat there were these tracks going in a single
direction.’ (YUP 1995:78); see introduction section
on “stress-repelling bases”
pia(ni) up there; back away from the river# restricted demonstrative adverb; pianitunucuartellruunga ‘up there I fell on myback’; see pingna, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PEdem. pi&-490

Basespiaqur- to die suddenly # piaqurtuq ‘he diedsuddenly’ / NSU; < pi-?piarkaq cross-cousin # < pi-arkaq
piaskaq piece in checkers # and piaskar- to playcheckers # piaskartuq ‘he is playing checkers’ /piaskat ‘game of checkers’; piaskarluk ‘let’s playcheckers’; from Russian g®irf (péshka) ‘pawn’
piataq baseball bat # and piatar- to play ball with abat # piataraa ‘he batted it’ (ball) / from English‘bat’
picalke- to enjoy # picalkaa ‘he is enjoying it’ /picalkiuq elquanek ‘he is enjoying the herringeggs’; < pi-?picalngu- to be disgusted # picalnguuq ‘he isdisgusted’ / umyugaa picalnguuq ‘he feels
disgusted’ without showing it, literally: ‘hismind is disgusted’; . . . pikegtaunrilngurmek
caskiumakluku, taumek-gguq tua-ipicalngutengqellruut kingunri. ‘. . . such an inferior
weapon, his descendants had that as a reason for
dismay.’ (CIU 2005:46); < pi-?-lngupicalquq enjoyable item # Kenirmiluni-llu
picalqumek neqkamek taitaa ataminun . . . ‘He
also cooked savory food and and brought it to hisfather . . .’ (AYAG. 27:31); < pi-?
picaqe- to treasure; to cherish; to regard highly# Tua-i man’a cuya avani picaqellruat. Tua-i
picaqluku imkut a¥gkut pillruut. ‘People backin those days thought highly of tobacco. They
cherished it.’ (CIU 2005:98)
picari-, picanglli- to act flustered in the presenceof a member of the opposite sex to whom one
is attracted; to act coy # picariuq ‘he or she isflustered’; picaria (or picaritkaa) ‘he is acting
flustered in her presence’
picetaar- to repeatedly try to get to act; to provoke;
to tease; to pester # picetaartuq ‘he is teasing’;
picetaaraa ‘he is provoking her’ / < pi-cetaaq
picetaarucilria plaintiff # legal neologism; <picetaarute-i2-lria
picetaarun temptation; provocation; accusation;
lawsuit # < picetaar-n
picetaarute- to accuse; to provoke # Tuaten aptaat
picetaarutnaluku. ‘They asked him that way inorder to accuse him.’ (MATT. 12:10); < picetaarte5-; > picetaarucilra
piciatun in any manner; any old which way;
anywhere; of various kinds; at random #adverbial particle; piciatun pii! ‘do it any way you

piaqur- — picir-

please or can!’; pavavet piciatun elliniaten ‘youcan put them anywhere up there’; tumliaguq
ungungssiaraat tumaitnek piciatun ‘it was fullof tracks of various kinds of small animals’;
Inangqaurluni-llu niicugniurluni piciatun
nepnek. ‘Lying down she listened to the soundsof various sorts.’ (ELN 1994:13); Tauna kass’aq
piciatun yuulriaruvkenani. ‘That white man
wasn’t one who lived life any old which way.’(YUU 1995:15); < pi-ciq-equalis
picilir- to accuse falsely # piciliraa ‘he accused her
falsely’ / teglengarliuniluku piciliraa ‘he falsely
accused him of being a thief’; Cali uima taum
picilirtungraanga piksailkuma ilangciksaunaku
uitat’laasqelluku, . . . ‘Also even though myhusband falsely accuses me when I hadn’t done
anything, they told me to let him be and not
respond to him, . . . (YUP 2005:188); < pi-ciq-lirpicingssag- to fool around; to clown # andpicingssak clown # picingssagtuq ‘heis clowning around’ / picingssautaa ‘heis clowning around for her’; Tua-ll’-am
imkut Wien-at pilangeqertelluki tamaa-i
picingssaulriartangqelliniuq-am angutet iliitnek
tua-i imuuluni temcinaqtuli, temcinangssatuli.
‘And when Wien Airlines was in business, there
was one of the men who was a comedian, and that
one was very funny indeed.’ (QUL 2003:592);
Atama caavtaaqunia picingssauteksukciquq, . . .
‘Perhaps my father will feel me, and I shall seemto be mocking him, . . . (AYAG. 27:12); <piciqngssagpiciq fact; something that really occurred; occasion# Picit ill’itni uinga qayarturyalrim imarmi
cikuliullermini cikum qaangani tan’gurr’meg
tanglliniur. ‘On one occasion when he was
hunting seals at sea, her husband, while hunting
on the ice, saw a child.’ (SOC 1946:313); < pi-ciq;> picingssag-, picirkaq, picirkiuraq, picirnike-,
picirnirqe-, piciryaraq, piciu-, piciurtepicir- to act or be a certain way having something
as one’s reason or purpose # used in theintransitive subordinative: . . . cakneq aliayulliniuq
atami taum qanellranek picirluni. ‘. . . he wasvery sad on account of what his father had
said.’ (QUL 2003:524); Tamatumek tamaa-i
picirluni agayulirtem a¥g’um Father Lonneauxarulaircetengnaqellrua. ‘That was why Father
Lonneaux tried to put a stop to it.’ (TAP 2004:3);< pi-n-lir-491

picirkangun — picurlaun

Basespicirkangun verdict; regulation # picirkangutet ‘theregulations’; < picirkaq-nge-n
picirkaq what will be; the future # ca picirkaq
piuciquq ‘whatever will be, will be’;
picirkiurluteng iqlutun ‘conspiracy’; qessangraan
picirkartuyarulluku ‘sexual assault’ (legal
neologisms); < piciq-kaq; > picirkangun
picirkiuraq contract; predictional # picirkiuraq
alerquutngurteksaunani ‘proposal’ (legal
neologism); < picirkaq-liur-aq
picirnike- to find pleasant to do # picirnikaa ‘hefinds it pleasant’ / < piciq-nikepicirnirqe- to be pleasant to do or experience #picirnirquq ‘it is pleasant’ / Picirniqpiarluni tua-i
anuqa elliin kegginaani . . . ‘the wind on her face
was very pleasant . . .’ (ELN 1990:96); < piciqnirqepiciryaraq manner; custom; habit; tradition; way oflife # ciuliamta piciryaraicetun pinarqukut ‘weshould act as our ancestors acted’; nutemllaat
piciryaraat ‘ancient customs’; Yupiik piciryarait‘Yup’ik customs’; piciryaraqaat ‘it is theircustom’; Tuaten-am piciryaraqlaamegteggu
tuavet-am aqumqerluteng uitaluteng. ‘Because
it was their habit, they’d remained sitting there.’(MAR2 2001:60); Piciryarait amllertut tuullget.
‘Loons behave in many different ways.’ (CIU
2005:288); Man’a Yupiuluta ciuliamta piciryaraa
caunrilleksunaicaaqucia. Angayuqamta
qanrut’laraitkut iqluvkenateng. ‘Being Yup’ik,
our ancestors’ way of life should not be regarded
as something to be made light of. Our parents
told us of these things in earnest.’ (QUL
2003:344); < piciq-yaraq
piciu- to be correct; to be true; to be valid # piciuguq‘it is true’ / . . . ilumun-gguq-qaa piciuguq?
Piciuniagnegu quyaluni, . . . ‘. . . [she asked them]
if it was really true. When they told her it wastrue, she rejoiced, . . .’ (ELN 1990:67); < piciq-u-;
piciutassiarpiciuneq truth # Piciuneq eliciiqarci, piciunrem
angiciiqaaci. ‘Know ye the truth and the truth
shall set you free.’ (JOHN 8:32); < piciu-neq1
piciunrite- to be incorrect; to be false # piciunrituq‘it is not true’ / piciunrilkan nallunrirciqaqa ‘if it
isn’t true, I’ll find out about it’; < piciu-nritepiciunrilnguq* falsehood; falsity # Mulngakici
qaneryariurualrianek piciunrilngurnek. ‘Beware offalse prophets.’ (MATT. 7:5); < piciunrite-nguq

piciurte- to happen; to come to pass # piciurtuq‘it came to pass’ / ciuliamta qanellrit piciurtut‘what our ancestors said has come to pass’; <piciq-urtepiciutaciq validity; correctness; measure of truth;
veracity; accuracy # . . . piciutacia naspeskeka.
‘. . . I (had the opportunity to) test its validity.’(QUL 2003:708); piciutacia nasvagluku ‘proving it(as in court)’ (legal neologism); < piciu-ta2-ciq
piciutassiar- to verify # piciutassiarluku ‘verifyingit’; < piciu-tassiarpicsaqe- to act intentionally # also spelled pitsaqe-;
see pitsaqe- for examples
picu- root; < pi-?-; > picukegte-, picuqcaar(ar)-,picuqcar-, picurlak, picurlag-, picurlitqe-,
picuvlagpicugte- to be proud # picugtuq ‘he is proud’ /NUN; < pi-?
picukegte- to be careful # picukegtuq ‘he is careful’/ HBC; < picu-?
picuqcaar(ar)- to be careful # picuqcaartuq ‘heis being careful’ / picuqcaarautekaa ‘he isbeing careful with it, or on its account’; canauq
picuqcaarluni ‘he is carving carefully’; < picu-?
picuqcar- to be careless # picuqcartuq ‘he is careless’/ HBC; < picu-?picurlagcetaar- to plot against (him) / Assiitellriim
yuum picurlagcetaalarai ellualriit . . . ‘The evil
person plots against the righteous . . .’ (PSALM.
37:12); < picurlag-cetaarpicurlagyailkutaq something to prevent accidents
or misfortune # < picurlag-yailkutaq
picurlak something that causes trouble; misfortune# and picurlag- to have an accident or mishap;
to do wrong; to experience misfortune #picurlagtuq ‘he is getting into trouble’ /picurlauguq ‘he is prone to trouble’; picurlauvaa!
‘what a source of trouble!’; Maurluan taum
kenekngamiu picurlakarnayukluku canek
pisquuyuitellinia. ‘Because his grandmother
loved him, she didn’t want him to have an
accident, so she never tried to persuade him
to do anything.’ (YUU 1995:2); Tang maa-i
picurlagmek iqungqellria umyuani atungnaqellra.
‘Following your own whim ends in misfortune.’(QAN 1995:322); < pi-?-, > picurlagcetaar-,picurlagyailkutaq, picurlaun
picurlaun object, trait, or person that causes a492

Basesproblem; transgression # picurlautnguuq ‘he or it
is a cause of trouble’; < picurlag-n
picurlitqe- to be awkward; to be clumsy; to be
accident-prone # picurlitquq ‘he is accidentprone’ / < picu-li2-teqepicuvlag- to act carelessly # picuvlagtuq ‘he isacting carelessly’; picuvlagaa ‘he is acting
carelessly toward her’ / < picu-?piginaq aged dried fish eggs # Y, NS; < PY pi!inaq
piicak prayer # and piicag- to pray; to say the
Rosary (Catholic) # piicagtuq ‘he is praying’/ piicautaa ‘he is praying for her’; piicagvikaa
Ataneq ‘he is praying to the Lord’; piiciima‘because I am praying’; Camek piicagkun
kaigakuvci, ukvengqerquvci tua-i unakciqerci.
‘If youpl ask for something through prayer, if you
have faith, you shall receive.’ (MATT. 21:22);= piicar-; < pi-icag-; > piicaun
piicar- to pray; to say the Rosary # HBC; = piicagpiicaun prayer # piicaun ikayuusqelluni ‘a prayer
for assistance’; piicaun a¥g’aritesqelluni ‘a prayer
for forgiveness’; < piicag-n
piicetaaq caulking material of moss soaked in sealoil #piicikaq birchbark basket # K
piiciur- to pray; to say the Rosary # NI; <pi-ite1-liurpiikinaq pig; bacon # from English ‘bacon’piilitsaaq pepper # from Russian g®htw (pérets)
piilviite- to be indispensible # piilviituq ‘itis indispensible’ / Makut ayallat piilviitut.
Angutngung’ermeng-llu ayallirturluteng
ukliurlartut egaarkameggnek. ‘These cuttingboards are indispensible. Even though they are
males, they cut up food to be cooked using a
cutting board.’ (CIU 2005:194); < piite-vik-ite1piineq insole; boot liner # > piinerkaq, piinir-; < PE
pi!in03
piinerkaq dried grass used for insoles # Tua-i
qanugpailgan piinerkarrluteng elliviim-llu acianun
qemaggluki, . . . ‘And before it started snowing
they got dried grass to use for insoles and put it
under the cache, . . .’ (ELN 1990:57); < piineq-kaq
pii(ni) up there # extended demonstrative adverb;
Qemini piini mayulliniyalriim pii, ukatmun
yuurrngiinarluteg qemimi tumai. ‘On the hillup there, going, the tracks were becoming more
and more humanoid’ (AGA 1996:46); NS, UK,picurlitqe- — piirri-

NUN; = pagaani; see pagna, the corresponding
demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives
piinir- to provide (skin boot) with an insole ofdried grass # Canegnek piinirluki ciumek tuai-llu alliqsanek iluqlilirluki nutaan all’ukek.
‘The boots were lined with grass in the bottom
and were worn with woven grass socks.’ (CIU
2005:344); < piineq-lirpiinssaaq, piinessaaq bean # from English ‘beans’
piipiq baby # Assiitaqameng angalkunun pitullruit
yuut; aataurtengraata, aanaurtengraata,
piipicuaraungraata-ll’ mikelnguut, tua-i clinicaqluki.’ When they were ill they took them tothe shamans; even though they were fathers,
or mothers, or little babies, children, they weretaken to the “clinic”.’ (ELL 1997:520); from English‘baby’
piirag-, piiragcete- to be slick; to be frictionless #piiragtuq ‘it is slick’ / . . . waniwa keliutaqamiu
piiragiqeggluni qurrasqitaqan, . . . ‘whenever he’dscrape it, becoming slick, whenever it would
slip, . . .’ (CIU 2005:162); = nepirag-, piirig-; < ?,?-cete2, ?; > piiragcar-; < PE pi9a!- or pi9a3a!piiragcar- to make slick # e.g., glazing the runners of asled with ice, waxing skis; piiragcaraa ‘he is making
it slick’ / < piirag-carpiirig- to be slick; to be frictionless # HBC, NSU;
= piiragpiirralluk (CAN form), piirrarrluk (Y, HBC form)
small fish, such as tomcod, braided in strings
for drying # Canek-gguq ayuqenrilngurnek
cikirnaurait: piirrallugnek, neqerrluarnek wall’u
assaliarrarnek. ‘They’d give them various things:
braided fish, dried fish, or a little bit of griddle
cake.’ (CAU 1985:43); < piirraq-lluk, piirraq-rrluk
piirraq two-ply cordage burlap fiber or sinew; stringof interlaced fish # Tua-i-am maurluata assikluki
piirrait elluatuunrilngalengraata. ‘And so their
grandmother approved of their cordage (that they
were making) even though they weren’t doing it
perfectly.’ (ELN 1990:8); > piirrarrluk, piirri-;< PE pi39a3- (under PE pi39a3-)
piirri- to spin and ply fibers; to interlace # piirriuq‘she is spinning and plying’; piirria ‘she isspinning and plying it’ / Tua-i-llu-am taukut
alqai piirriyungarrluteng cukatassiarulluteng. ‘Her
sisters decided they wanted to ply and spin burlap
fibers into cords (which would be used for making493

piite- — pilagtur-

Basesouter boot socks), competing to see who was thefastest.’ (ELN 1990:8); < piirraq-li2piite- to not have something; to be absent (additional
meaning in NS, LY, NUN, EG) # piituq ‘he doesn’t
have something’ or ‘he’s not here’; akinek piitua‘I don’t have any money’; piilamta ‘because we
don’t have something’; < pi-ite1-; > piilviite-,
piitnaq; < PE pi&it- (under PE pi(-))
piitnaq famine # and piitnar- for there to be afamine # Ta¥gaam maa-i mat’um nalliini,
aaryungut amlleret makut ciulirneret, cam iliini
piitnaq pinayukluku. ‘But at this time lots of theelders are becoming apprehensive that there will
be a famine at some time.’ (KIP 1998:329); < piitenaq1
piivaq beer # NR; from Russian g∫dj (pívo)
pikaggualek, pikagguaq helicopter # < pika(ni)uaq-lek, pika(ni)-lek
pikagte- to mispronounce Yup’ik words by
substituting the front velars g, gg, and k for theback velars r, rr, and q respectively; less commonly,
to mispronounce by substituting back velars
for front velars # this is a speech impediment;pikagtuq ‘he mispronounces’ / pikagcami
apengnaqlerminiu qerrutaanga” apelrua“keggutaanga” ‘because he mispronounced,
when he tried to say the Yup’ik word for “I’mcold” he said the Yup’ik word for “she is biting
for me”’; = pilegte-; < pi and imitativepika(ni) up there above # restricted demonstrative
adverb; pika-i tang, qerruqacunguaq! ‘look,up there, a balloon!’; Nakacuut anutaqluki
kalevteqataraqamegteki pikaggun qasgim
egalrakun. ‘When they were going to pushthem under the ice they’d take the bladders
out through through the kashim’s smokehole/window up there.’ (CAU 1985:62); see pika(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; > pikaggualek
pikaq future possession; something to act with
# Ingulalriit pikangqerraqameng-llu qantamek
itrutlartut qasgimi neqkautekesqelluku. ‘When
they had enough (food) they’d bring in bowls(of it) to the “Ingula” festival celebrants in the
kashim so they would have it to eat.’ (AGA
1996:112); < pi-kaq
pikarte- to obtain something # pikartuq ‘he got
something’ / Kiagmi-wa tua-i pikartelaamengnurusngairulluteng. ‘In summer when they’dgather and harvest, they would no longer be inneed of anything.’ (TAP 2004:9); < pikaq-te1pike- to own; to have as one’s things # pikaa ‘heowns it’ / pikaqa ‘it is mine’; pikai ‘they are his,he owns them’; pikiu ‘have it as yours’; < pi-ke2-;> pikesta, pikite-, piksagutepikesta owner # ut’rutaa pikestiinun ‘he returned
it to its owner’; Nunavut man’a nallullemte÷i
pikestengqellra picirramcetun yuullruukut. ‘When
we didn’t know that this land of ours could havean owner, we lived following our own way.’ (YUP
1995:47); nuna pikestelinqiggluku ‘conveying(land)’ literally: ‘supplying the land with anowner again’ (legal neologism); < pike-ta1
pikite- to give something as a possession #pikitaa ‘he gave something to her’ / qetunrani
pikitellrua angyamek ‘he gave his son a boat’;< pike-ite3-; > pikiun
pikiun, pikiyun gift; present # pikiutekellrua
angyaq qetunraminun ‘he gave the boat tohis son’; the following are Catholic neologisms:
qilagmiutaq pikiun ‘grace’; ikayurtekaq
pikiun ‘actual grace’; carrluitnarqelria pikiun‘sanctifying grace’; sacramenta-melnguq pikiun‘sacramental grace’; < pikite-n, pikite-npikmayi- to determine ownership # NUN; < pike-?pikna, pikeggna the one up there # restricteddemonstrative pronoun; pik’um ‘of the
one up there’; pikegkut ‘those up there’;
Tukutukuarallraaq piksuuq, Canaluten tuani
qiavagcit? ‘Hey, you old sandpiper, you up there,
for what reason are you crying so much?’ (TUK
1974:3); Piqerluni egaleq pikna ikirtelliniluku
yuum pik’um. Uyangtelliniuq arnaq pikna, . . .
‘Soon a person up there opened the window
up there. A woman up there looked in.’ (QAN
1995:238); see pika(ni), the corresponding
demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < PE dem. pikpiksagute- to obtain; to take possession of (it) #piksagutaa ‘he obtained it, got it as his own’ /< pike-yagutepilag- to slit; to cut into; to butcher # pilagaa ‘hecut into it, butchered it’ / Cunawa-gguq tamaa-i
tuaten pilagluki irnivkalallrit. ‘It turned out thatthey would have them give birth by cutting them(cutting their bellies open).’ (KIP 1998:191); >pilagturpilagtur- to undergo or perform surgery. pilagturtuq494

Bases‘he had surgery performed on him’; pilagturaa‘he performed surgery on her’ / pilagturiuq ‘heperformed surgery’; pilagtulleq ‘one who has
had surgery performed on him’; pilagtullran ekia
tak’uq ‘his surgical incision is long’; Tauna-llu
Nakacuk tauna niitnaqlalria pilagturituniluku
maani yuungcaristet alairpailgata. ‘One alsohears about a certain person, Nakacuk, who
performed surgery before doctors came on thescene here.’ (AGA 1996:154); pilagturluku
qingaa aruliartelluku or pilagturluku qumia
aruliartelluku ‘performing an abortion’ (medical
neologism); < pilag-tur1-; > pilagtuarun
pilagtuarun slender-shaped clam (species ?) # NUN;
< pilagtur-a-n
pilaq saw # and pilar- to saw # NR; from Russiangbkƒ (pilá)
pilegte- to mispronounce by substituting g, gg, andk for r, rr, and q respectively; HBC; = pikagte-;< pi and imitative
pilgu- to have power; to be strong; to be capable #Tauna kayunra pilguuq, pilgunruuq. ‘The stronger
one had power, more power to win the fight.’ (TAP
2004:36); Tamatum nalliini waten pilguirutellriit
nem’i uitalallrunritut.’At that time the ones wholost their capabilities didn’t stay in the house.’(TAP 2004:26); < pi-lgupili- to make something # piliuq ‘he is making
something’; pilia ‘he is making something forher’ / Agayun-llu piliuq malrugnek angtuagnek
tanqiignek. ‘And God made two large lights.’(AYAG. 1:16); < pi-li2-; > pilinguarpiliaq homemade thing; thing made by possessor# Maaten itertuq kiugkut can’get curuluut,
avatiitni-wa muriit kevraartut caningqaluteng,uani-wa kaminiaq piliaq, kiatiini-wa qulqitet,natra-wa marayaq. ‘Upon entering (she saw) in
their grass sleeping pads, and around them on
their sides spruce logs, and toward the door, ahomemade stove, and further in, shelves, and there
was a dirt floor.’ (ELN 1990:12); < pi-liaq
piliaqe- to have made (it) # piliaqaa ‘he made it’ /kia kameksiigken piliaqakek? ‘who made yourskin boots?’; < pi-liaq-ke2pilinguaq drawing; model; arts and crafts item;
artifact; representation # and pilinguar- todraw; to make models; to do arts and crafts #pilinguartuq ‘he’s drawing’, ‘he’s doing artsand crafts’ / Pilinguasmi nauwa? ‘Where are thepilagtuarun — pillerkir-

arts and crafts items?’ (YUP 1996:46); 200 cipluku
cat pilinguat maani uitaniluki. Tekitellemte÷i
irr’illruunga. ‘They say there are over two
hundred artifacts here. When we arrived, I wasamazed.’ (CIU 2005:412); < pili-uaq; > pilinguarta
pilinguarta illustrator # < pilinguar-ta1
Pilip’iinaq Filipino # BB; from Tagalog Filipino
Pilipino, or from English
pillaga- to be violent # pillagayuituq ‘he is a gentle
person’; Ayuqniaryaqunaku yuk pillagayulria . . .
‘Don’t envy the violent person . . .’ (AYUQ. 3:31);< pi-llagpillerkaq the future; time when something is tohappen; what will (or is supposed, plannedor expected to) happen; plans # pillerkani
nallullrunritaa ‘he knew that his time had come(that is, that he was going to die)’; Tua-i-llu
malirqeryugluku agyimciarluteng qalarulluteng
pillerkameggnek. ‘And so, wanting to chasehim away, whispering they discussed theirplans.’ (ELN 1990:110); Umyuaqurluku qaill’
pillerkani tuatnakuni. ‘He kept in mind what
he was supposed to do if such a situation arosefor him.’ (YUU 1995:6); Ak’a tamaani uksumi
tarritellriit alerquutengqellruut qaill’ pillerkaatnek
kiskata nengelmi. ‘In the olden days those
who walked around in the winter had rules of
behavior concerning how they should act if theyfell in (through the ice or into open water) in thecold.’ (YUU 1995:68); Taukut-gguq tua-i ingkut
Sagquralriit aperturqaat yaqulget pillerkaat,
tekitellerkaat, neqet-llu kuimallerkaat Kaugutmi.
‘Those ones [stars], the constellation Orion’sBelt indicates (by its position) what will be withthe birds (their migration), their arrival, andthat the fish will swim (upriver) in June.’ (CIU
2005:364); Tua-i pillerkaq tekiskan, atam tayima
kelenrilngaitaatnga. ‘When the time comes, they
won’t fail to invite me.’ (CIU 2005:222);< pi-ller-kaq
pillerkir-, pillerkiur- to make plans; to establish
goals; to predict; to serve as an indication foror of (it) # literally: ‘to provide or deal with the
future’; pillerkirtuq, pillerkiurtuq ‘he is making
plans for himself’; pillerkiuraa, pillerkiraa‘he is predicting her future or making plansfor her’, ‘it is an indication for or of it’ / Tua-i
ilaliurlukek taukuk allanrek yuurqerlutek
yuurqainanermeggni pillerkiurluteng. They were495

pillgu- — pinarqe-

Basespivingevkaraakut uitallerkamte÷ek nunami,
piluaqeraluta yuuciqukut maani. ‘Now God has
given us this place as our dwelling place in theland, and we shall live well here.’ (AYAG. 26:22);< pi-luaqar-; > piluarqun
piluarqun gift given out at a “kassiyuq” feast #< piluar-rqe2-n; NS
pilug- to put on footwear # pilugtuq ‘he is putting
on footwear’ / = pilugug-; < pi-?
pilugpigaq straight-grained wood # < pi-lugpiaq
piluguk skin boot (LY, HBC, NI, CAN, LK, BB
meaning); clothing (NSU meaning) # and pilugugto put on footwear; to dress # pilugugtuq‘he is putting on footwear’; pilugugaa ‘he isputting footwear on him’ / in areas where bothpiluguk and kameksak (q.v.) are used for skin boot,piluguk is used for boots that go higher up the calf;
piluguugka ‘my skin boots’; Aturangqerrluteng
yup’igtarrlainarnek pilugungqerrluta,
ivrucingqerrluta-llu. Yup’igtarrlainarnek
sap’akirtaunani-ll’ enurnapiarluteng. ‘They had
only Yup’ik style clothing, skin boots, and wadingboots. Only Yup’ik style, no (western style) shoes,
which were very hard to come by then.’ (KIP
1998:105)
piluk pirogi; meat (usually, fish) pie # UY; from
Russian g∫hjr (pírok)pilu’uvkaaq rope # Jesus-aaq pilu’uvkamek
qillrutellruatgen . . . ‘Jesus, they bound you withrope . . .’ CAT 1950:22); NSK, Y; from Russian
dth=drf (veryóvka); = milu’uvkaaq
pinagneq, pinaggneq vanity # Y; “Cauga
pinaggneq?” “Yuk pinagglartuq umyuarteqkumi
ilamini quyinruyukluni, wall’u-qaa
cakaartaunruyukluni cali umyuartunruyukluni.”‘“What is vanity?” “A person is vain if he thinksthat he is higher than his fellows, or if he thinks
he’s more important or wiser.”’ (GRA 1951:34);< pinagte-neq1, pinagte-neq2
pinagte- to feel oneself superior to others; to bevain; to be haughty # pinagtuq ‘he is vain’/ Y,
NUN; < pi-?
pinan shoe # pinatek ‘pair of shoes’;
pinarqe- to be the cause; to be responsible forsomething that happens; to be guilty; to needsomething; to be possible; to be necessary #pinarqelriarurtuq ‘he has become the responsible
party’; Kiarrluteng pinarqut. ‘One must scan
the area for them.’ (AGA 1996:100); Acianun

glad to see the guests, poured them coffee, andwhile they were all having coffee they discussed
their plans.’ (ELN 1990:69); Tua-lli imumek wani
pillerkirluku. Uumi atakumi, tua-i-llu tua-i taunapillerkiurarteng tekiskan, erenrem atakuani tuall’ elciq tamana aturluku. ‘This was the signal to
begin. Some time later, at even time when the set
time came, they began the process of the deflating
the bladders, in the evening.’ (QAN 1995:160);
1994-aami pillerkiqarraallemte÷i kalikauluki
taqnaluki pingnaquteput, . . . ‘In 1994 when we
first laid our plans to complete the book we wereattempting, . . . (KIP 1998:xvii); Ernermi taumi
pillerkiuraatni cali piarkauluteng. ‘On that day,which they had decided upon, they would do it.’
(TAP 2004:27); < pi-lleq1-kaq-ir1pillgu- to be a champion; to be really good at
something; to have stamina # NUN; < pi-PE@(0)!upillgucir-, pillgutke- to do the same as (he); to act
together (with) # Ungungssit-llu allakarmeggguq ellangqertut. Wangkuta pillgucirciiganaki.
. . . ‘They also say animals have their own senseof awareness. We cannot live with them, . . .’(YUP 2005:254); . . . elpeciuggun-llu akqut’liciqua
pillgutekluki tamalkuita yuut. ‘. . . I will make acovenant through you with all peoples.’ (ISAI.
49:8); < pillgu-tekepillugte- to break # pillugtuq ‘it broke’ / BB; < pilluk
pilraute- to race; to compete in a race # pilrautut‘they are racing against each other’; . . . call’iterluta cukaunata cali pilrautevkenata. ‘. . . also,
we’d go in slowly, not racing against each other.’(KIP 1998:67); < pi-?-te5piluaqar- to be fortunate; to be lucky # piluaqertuq‘he had good fortune’, ‘he is lucky’ /piluaqaqina! ‘good luck!’; Akertem-wa uum
ayuqucia wiinga elluarrluku piluaqanrilkeka. ‘I do
not have the good fortune to do justice to the way
the sun is (that is, I do not have much knowledge
about it).’ (CIU 2005:368); Tekicartullinia
angutem uum tauna tua-i cetuaq . . . pilallinikiitua. Tua-i tekicamiu tua, “Aling arenqiapaa-ll’
piluaqalliniuten-am mat’umek cetuamek!” Thisman approached him and saw that he wasbutchering the beluga. When he reached him,
he said, “Oh my, such good luck you’ve had withthis beluga!” (ELL 1997:266); Waniwa Agayutem

496

Basespinarqenrite- — pingna

pingayuinek naaciniararniluteng, . . . ‘When she
said that, her mother said that they’d soon havethree bundles (of skins), . . .’ (ELN 1990:52);= pingasuin; < pingayun-in
pingayulek triangle # < pingayun-lek
pingayuat the third one # pingayuat ingkut
mikelnguut panikaqa ‘the third one of thosechildren is my daughter’; Pingayuat Nanvat‘Beverly Lake’ (one of the Wood-Tikchik lakes near
Dillingham); < pingayun-possessed ending
pingayun three # pingayun arnat taigut
three women are coming; pingayunek
qetunrangqertuq ‘he has three sons’;
pingayuurtut ‘they became three in number’;pingayuugut ‘they are three’; Pingayuuguq
unani west coast-ami uum anuqem ataucim
aperyaraa. ‘The label for this one wind downon the west coast is three-fold.’ (QUL 2003:700);
Tanqilria Pingayuuciq ‘the Holy Trinity’ (Catholicterm); pingayuak qupluku ‘half dollar’ (BB, LI;
literally: ‘halving their2 third’ meaning ‘the twotimes twenty cents plus half of a third time’,since twenty is the basic unit of Yup’ik counting);
pingayunek caniqalek ‘pyramid’; see Appendix 6
on numerals; > pingayirin, pingayuat, pingayuin,
pingayuneq, pingasuin, pingayulek, pingayunek
caniqalek, pingayunlegen; < PE pi&ayut
pingayuneq measurement of the width at their endsof the index finger, the middle finger, and thering finger held next to each other #< pingayu(n)-neq1
pingayunlegen, pingayunelgen eight # Abrahamaaq tuqullruuq ak’allaurrluni, allrakungluni
yuinaat pingayunlegen akimiarmek cipluku.
‘Abraham died full of years, attaining the age
one hundred and seventy five, (literally: twenty
times eight plus fifteen).’ (AYAG. 25:7,8); see
Appendix 6 on numerals; < pingayun-neq1-lek,pingayun-neq1-lek
pingayupegcetaaq arrow with three-pronged
point #
Pingayuuciq the Trinity # < pingayuu-ciq
pingciq half-dried, smoked, packed-together Dolly
Varden # NUN; = mingciq; < PE pimci
pingna the one back there away from the — #restricted demonstrative pronoun; pingkut ‘thoseback there’; qimugta pingna piani uirrayuuq ‘thatdog back there tends to growl fiercely’; “Ping’umuitasngaitaakuk!” . . . “Pingna nukalpiaq

kana¥get at’ernarqur, ta¥ga pinarqelliniur, taw’am
alingnarqessukluku piaqa ertulini penaungan.
‘One can go down below, it can be done, but I
think it’s dangerous for it’s a steep cliff.’ (WEB2);< pi-narqepinarqenrite- to not be the cause; to be innocent;to not need # Canrilinguut yungcaristeµek
pinarqenritut ta¥gaam naulluulriit. ‘Those who
are well have no need of a physician, but the sickdo.’ (MATT. 9:12); < pinarqe-nritepinarqut’ke- to be the cause of (it); to be responsiblefor (its) happening # < pinarqe-tekepinarqut’lir- to charge, to indict # legal neologism;
pinarqut’lirluku ‘charging him’, ‘indictinghim’; pulenglluku pinarqut’liumalleq ‘double
jeopardy’; < pi-narqe-n-lirpincaq substitute item # such as matches used inplace of money in a card game; HBC; < pi-? or fromEnglish ‘pinch’, as in “something to use in apinch”
pinevkar- to make rope from sealskin cutting theskin in a spiral pattern # < pinve-?- #pinevkaraq rawhide rope # < pinevkar-aq1
pinevneq metarsus; instep bone(s) # cf. pinvepinevyacagaq* piece of fringed mink fur sewn at
the border of a (dance) garment # < pinevyak-?
pinevyak single hanging strip of a fringe ona garment # pinevyiit ‘fringe’; paltuuliuq
pinevyalegmek ‘she is making a fringed coat’;
Kingyaraa kana-i pinevyai arulaurluteng.
‘She looked back and saw that down there
its fringes were in motion (indicating that hewas still alive).’ (MAR2 2001:90); < pinve-yak;
pinevyacagaq
pingake- to like; to regard highly # pingakuq ‘heregards himself highly’; pingakaa ‘he regards
him highly, likes him’ / pingakamken ‘I likeyou’; < pi-?pingasuin three groups or pairs # Up’nerkillret
amllertut, ika-i ikegkut Ingriik ketiigni nunallret
pingasuin . . . ‘The spring camps were numerous,
across there down from Ingriik there were threegroups of them . . .’ (KIP 1998:267); = pingayuin;< pingayun-in
Pingayirin Wednesday # unuamek Pingayiritnguuq‘it’s Wednesday today’; ayagciquq Pingayiritmi‘he’s leaving on Wednesday’; < pingayun-irin
pingayuin three groups or pairs # Aanani-ll’ pian497

pingnaqe- — pinrilmi-

Basespinimyug- to be pretty; to be cute # NUN
pinipaar(aq*) type of small bird (species ?) #< ?-ar(aq)piniq strength; power # Tauna piniqerkauluku
man’a qanruyun. ‘That instruction will be oursource of strength.’ (YUP 2005:20); Aturluta pinin
nanrarciqerput. ‘So we sing and praise Thy
power.’ (PSALM 21:13); direct nominalization ofpinirpiniqe- to like; to love # piniqaa ‘he likes it’ / NUN;
< pinir-ke3piniqnarqe- NUN to be very pretty. piniqnarquq‘she is very pretty’ / < piniqe-narqepinir- to be strong physically (of humans, animals,
and machines); to be good; to be nice (NUN,
NSU meanings) # pinirtuq ‘he is strong or good’/ pininruuq wangni ‘he is stronger than me’;pinirtassiigutellriit ‘those who compete testing
their strength’; angukara’urluunge’rmi pinirtuq‘even though he is an old man, he is strong’;
Pinirtacirramitun-llu qet’erpaumaluku uitaurluni
atqercuumiilami cali. ‘And with all her might
she hung on to it and stayed there because she
didn’t want to be swept away.’ (ELN 1990:27);
see also piniq; < pi-neq2-ir1-; > piniate-, piniqe-,
piniqnarqe-, piniun
piniteke- to overdo out of pride # pinitekuq ‘he is
overdoing’ / < pi-?
piniun energy; strength # Tauna piniqerkauluku,
man’a qanruyun niitellerput piniutekarkauluku
wangkuta. ‘That instruction we heard will be oursource of strength.’ (YUP 2005:20); < pinir-n
pinqegg- to be neat; to be precise # pinqegtuq ‘it isvery neat’ / < pi-nqegg-; < PE pinqi!- (under PEpi-)pinrarcete- to celebrate the first accomplishmentof a child (e.g., first game caught, first berries
picked) with a feast and by giving the catchaway #
pinrilmi- to occur on other occasions #usually usedin the consequential mood or conditional mood;
Pinrilmikuni-llu qanikciurinanermini alqunaq
akitmiaqaqan cavtellininauraa tuntum cirunra
camaken pugumaluni. ‘And other times while
he was shoveling snow when it (the shovel)
hit something he would suddenly feel thea caribou’s antler poking up from below.’(CIU 2005:162); Pinrilmiamta-llu atamta taum
qalarulluta cali assirluta pillerkamtenek. ‘Onmulngakellriaruuq.” ‘“That one back there will
not let us get away with it!” . . . “That successfulprovider back there is very careful.”’ (ELL
1997:338); see piani, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives
pingnaqe- to try # pingnaquq ‘he is trying’;
pingnaqaa ‘he is trying to act on it’ /pingnaqellriit quyurtellriit ‘those who try to
do things together, organization, association’;< pi-ngnaqe-, pi-ngnatug-; > pingnatugta,
pingnatugyaraq
pingnatug- to provide for one’s household, to takepart in subsistence activities; to make a living# literally: ‘to try hard’; Qavartaraqluta uksumi
pingnatugluta akikarcungnaqaqamta kaviarnek,
uliirnek-llu. ‘We’d camp out in the winter making
a living when we’d try to hunt for saleable
furs, foxes and white foxes.’ (KIP 1998:263);
Qimugtetgun ta¥gaam pingnaqu’urluta,
qayatgun-llu tallimteggun anguarluta
pingnatugaqluta. ‘Only by dogteam would westrive, and with kayaks paddled with the powerof our arms we would provide for our people.’(QAN 1995:348); > pinagtugta, pingnatugyaraq
pingnatugta breadwinner; provider #< pingnatugta1
pingnatugyaraq subsistence # < pingnatug-yaraq
pinguarceciyaraq forgery # < pinguarcete-i2-yaraq
pinguarcete- to forge # a document, signature, etc.
< pi-uar-cete-; > pinguarceciyaraq
pingutaquk rearmost post of sled # NUN
piniarute- to become or make physically weak; tosap one’s strength # piniarutuq ‘he has become
weak’; piniarutaa ‘it has made him weak, hassapped his strenth’ / naulluutema piniarutaanga‘my illness is sapping my strength’; Tua-i-ll’ uum
waniwa qerruinaam pitarkaq alaitevkarluku, calipiniarutevkarluku. ‘This float (on the harpoon)
would keep the struck sea mammal from goingout of sight and also make it become exhausted.’(CIU 2005:14); < pinir-arutepiniate- to be physically weak; to be bad(NUN meaning) # piniatuq ‘it is weak orbad’ / Qanruyutmek-gguq maligtaqutellria
alerquatmun pinialillerkani tekilluku unguvatuuq.
‘They say one who follows the [traditional
Yup’ik] maxims lives until he becomes frail (that is,survives to an old age).’ (YUP 2005:94); < pinirate-498

Basespinritenrite- — piqer-1

pipipiaq, pipipiarpak, pipipiarpali yellowlegs(Tringa sp.); whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus);
dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.) # imitative
piqainaq thing that is ready, ripe, easily done,
available, etc. # piqainaugut ‘they are ready’;ukut caliaret piqainaunritut ‘these tasks are noteasily done’; < pi-qainaq; > piqainipiqainaurte- to become or make ready, ripe, easily
done, available, etc. # piqainaurtuq ‘it is ready’;piqainaurtaa ‘he made it ready’ / Tagcetaa tua
mengvailegmeng piqainaurrluku. ‘He had it bebrought up and made ready before they evenbegan to sing.’ (AGA 1996:152); Atu’urkait upluki
tua-i pivailgata-ll’ tua-i qaqilluki, piqainaurrluki
tua-i. ‘The equipment and clothing were madeand provisions were prepared, all was made readyfor use.’ (PAI 2008:2); < piqainaq-urtepiqaini- to have it easy # because of having someconvenient device, a helper, etc.; piqainiuq ‘he has
things easy’ / < piqainaq-i3piqassngiar(aq*) one who does things very slowly #< pi-qar-?
piqer-1 for something to happen presently or
suddenly # Used mainly in subordinative; Piqerluni
itliniuq saaniigmek itrulluni, qanikcarmek
imarluni. ‘Presently she came in bringing
a kettle with snow in it.’ (YUU 1995:4); . . .
unaitqapiarluni-llu tua-i tauna amirluq. Piqerluni
tauna amirluq may’uqertuq. ‘. . . the cloud wasvery soft. Presently that cloud suddenly went
upward.’ (ELN 1990:49); Tua-i tamakunek
qanerturautellinii. Piqerluteng ukut nepaunatengqasgiq-llu nepaunani. ‘So he spoke to them ofthese things. Suddenly they were silent, and the
kashim was silent.’ (ELL 1997:376); With theending -luni, this word also may function essentiallyas a particle without clearcut grammatical linkage tothe subect of the (main) verb of the sentence: . . .
tua-i-llu piqerluni ngelai qiangurrluteng. ‘. . .
and presently her laughs became crying.’ (ELN
1990:23); Piqerluni qanungluni cella pirtunglliuq.
‘Presently it began to snow and a blizzard
started up outside.’ (MAR1 2002:37); Piqerluni,
kiagucit iliitni, tamalliniuq imn’ uyuqlikacagaat,tayim’ kiagmi. ‘It happened that one summer
their youngest brother disappeared, gone in thesummer.’ (CEV 1984:73); With a transitive ending,there is reference to the general subject up to thatpoint and to the subject past that point: Tua-i-llu

other occasions our father told us that we should
behave well in the future.’ (YUP 2005:56)
pinritenrite- to definitely act; to definitely bea certain way # usually, but not always (seefinal example below), used in the subordinative,
pinritevkenani ‘without fail’; pinritevkenani‘without fail regarding it’ / taikina
pinritevkenak ‘come without fail’; Ta¥gaam
iliini pinritevkenanuk aipamegnuk umyugaa
nangruyukaryaaqaqluni waten akulemegni.
‘But without fail there will be times when one of
us will be annoyed by what the other one does.’(QUL 2003:256); Kiulliniuq qaillun pinritniluni.
Pillinia Guy-am, “Qaillun pinritenrituten. Qaillun
pinrilnguq taitugmun pulamaluni agiirrngaituq.”‘He answered that nothing had happened to him.
Guy said to him, “Something must have happened
to you. Anyone who is all right would not beapproaching covered with fog.”’ (YUU 1995:79);< pi-nrite-nritepinve- to cut a hide into a long thong; to unravel #pinvuq ‘he is cutting a thong’; ‘it is unraveling’/ pinevtaa ‘he is cutting it into a thong’, ‘heis unraveling it’; Pelacinagnek yualukanek
piite¥rlullermeggni, tua-i pinevkaqcaarturluteng
qilagcuutekiulalliniut tuaten tamaani
kuvyaliluteng. ‘When they, poor dear ones,
lacked commercial cord, they’d make net-making
twine and make the nets by cutting hide intothongs as best they could.’ (QUL 2003:506);> pinevkar-, pinevyak
pinvute- to break through a surface # . . . waten
amllilaryaaquq waten-llu-gguq pikan irua
pinvulluni. Nugesciigaqu’urluni, nugesciiganani
maavet wangkuta tutmaqngamte÷un.
Tua-i piyaaqaqami tua-i pinvutaqluni,
mayurciigaqu’urluni. ‘. . . she take a step like this,but in vain, when she did that, her leg would
go through. She couldn’t emerge, just couldn’t
get out onto what we step on. When she’d try,
she’d break through, she couldn’t climb up.’ (ELL
1997:492)
pipigaq Russian (or other old and large) trade bead# literally: ‘real thing’; Ketiini man’a tangllinia,
man’a-gguq qayaan menglii tegglinek pipigarnek
tua-i, tanqigpak-gguq tua-i. ‘He looked down infront of it, and saw that the edge of his kayak’s
deck was covered with these Russian trade beads,
all bright and shiny.’ (CUN 2007:58); < pi-pik1

499

piqer-2 — pirpake-Basestagluni, qayuw’ cukangnaqevkenani. Tekicami
itran aaniin piluku qainganun saaniigkaq
kaminiam pisqelluku. Piqerluku Turpak ugna
itqertuq qalarrluni mertanqiggngaitniluni, . . .
‘And she (Elnguq) went up from the shore
not trying to be particularly fast. When she
arrived her mother told her to to put the kettle
for hot water on the stove. As she (Elnguq) was
doing this, presently Turpak suddenly rushed insaying that she’d never fetch water again, . . .’(ELN 1990:62); Tauna-llu niiskengaqelaqenganuumikuaqan piaqami tua-i qasturikanirluni
elpet niiskengaqellerpeni pilalliniluni.
Atam piqerluten ayuqucin unakelangellinikii
maa-i. Kiituan arulairluten-llu maa-i
nangerngangnatungelangelliniuten. ‘It would
become louder each time you heard it. And
presently it would affect you such that it got to yourwell-being. Eventually you’d stop and could
barely stand.’ (QUL 2003:536); < pi-qarpiqer-2 to strike; to hit; to whack; to whip # piqraa‘he whacked it’ / nallumini aiparrani piqraa ‘heunintentionally whacked his friend’; piqrutaa‘he hit it against something’; Anuqenga’arcan
pikaken taq’ertut; imarnitek pikaken
piqrutaarlutek. ‘When the sudden gust of windcame from up there, they stopped, and the gutskin rain parka began to whip back and forth.’(QAN 1995:312); < PE 9piqa3- ir; > piqertur-,piqertuutaq, piqerutaq
piqertuar- to thrash; to spank; to chop more thanonce # piqertuartuq ‘he is chopping’, ‘he isspanking someone’; piqertuaraa ‘he is choppingit’, ‘he is spanking him’ / Piqertuutakun-llu
erurraarluku piqertuarluki itumciluni tamakunek
kumlanernek. ‘Using the axe, after washing it,
he chopped them up and cut up that frozen fish.’(PRA 1995:410); < piqertur-apiqertur- to strike to hit to whack once #piqerturtuq ‘he took a whack at something’;
piqerturaa ‘he took a whack at it’ / < piqer2-tur1-;> piqertuarpiqertuutacuar hatchet # < piqertuutaq-cuar(aq)piqertuutaq axe # Wall’u-qaa eqiungnaqelriamek
angulluamek wall’ arnamek cirliqluni
tangerquvet piqertuutaanek allurrluku
piyugngakuvgu elpet eqiurut’laqiu. ‘Or if you
see an old man or woman trying to chop woodand having a hard time, you should take his or

her axe from that person; if you are able to doit, you should chop wood for him or her.’ (QUL
2003:328); LK, CAN, BB, NR, LI; < piqer2-tuutaq
or < PE 0piq(a)3uta3 (under PE 0piqa3-);> piqertuutacaur
piqrutaq, piqrun whip; switch used in steambath;axe (NUN meaning); fly rod or spinning rod (NSU
meaning) # < PE 0piq(a)3uta3 (under PE 0piqa3-)
piqunqegg- to be agile; to be able to do things
quickly # piqunqegtuq ‘he is agile’ /piqunqeggsaraq ‘agility’; < pipiqulli- to be ill-humored; to be angry # piqulliuq‘he is angry’ / < pi-?
pirciqar- to get a splinter # EG; < pi-?pircir- for there to be a blizzard or similar storm
with blowing snow or sand # impersonal subject
verb; pircirtuq ‘there is a blizzard’ / atullruukut
pirciinanrani ‘we sang while the blizzard raged’;
pircirluku maantaurallruuq ‘while there was a
blizzard, he stayed here’; qa¥gyamek pircirtuq‘there is a sandstorm’; Unuan ellamun anluni
piuq, pircirluni natquik ayagaluni. ‘When night
fell he went outdoors and saw that there was a
blizzard with snow blowing across the ground.’(YUU 1995:17); < pirta or pirtuk-ir1pirlak, pirlaq, pirlaaq sled runner; keel strip on
a kayak or open boat # Maaten-gguq tangqecuneq tamana piat, ak’aki tua-i pirlaak ikavet
nuryagutellinilriik akianun. ‘When they lookedat the crack in the ice they saw that the sledrunners would not reach to the other side (itwas too wide for the sled).’ (AGA 1996:136); see
Appendix 9 on parts of the sled; < PE pi3la!
pirpake- to cherish; to hold in high regard; toappraise highly; to look up to; to consider
important; to value highly # pirpakuq ‘he thinks
he himself is great’; pirpakaa ‘he cherishes it’,‘he hold him in high regard’, ‘he considers it
important’ / Picuilengraan tua-i carrarmek
itruskan, tauna tua-i pirpakaat. ‘Even if one(almost) never catches things, but brings insome little thing, then they hold him in highregard.’ (TAP 2003:14); Quyayaraq pirpak’laraat
yuut cali-llu maa-i aturaqluku quyalaameng
neqekameggnek cali-llu canek aturkanek. ‘The
Yup’ik people consider Thanksgiving importantand celebrate it to show their gratitude for foodand other necessities of life.’ (YUP 1996:56); < pirpak-ke2-; < PY-S pivak0- (under PE pi(-))

500

Basespirraussaag- to be demanding and aggressive #Unani-llu pissulriani angu, pissurtengqerkangguq pitarkaq, angu pisqevkenaku
pirraussaagesqevkenaki-gguq inerqurnaurait. ‘At
sea while hunting it is prohibited, they admonish
them, that if the prey has a hunter already (thatis, if it has been struck) one mustn’t act demanding
and aggressive.’ (KIP 1998:147)
pirrec’vag-, pirretpag-, pirrelvag-, pirtepag- forthere to be a severe blizzard # impersonal subject;pirretpagtuq ‘there is a severe blizzard’ / < pirtapag2-, pirta-pag2-, pirta-pag2-, pirta-pag2pirtuk, pirta snowstorm; blizzard # Kiituan-gguq
pirciinanrani pirtuum akuliikun makut yaqulgetpilangut. ‘Finally while the blizzard was raging,in the middle of the blizzard, these birds started
coming through.’ (YUP 2006:262); > pircir-,pirrec’vag-; < PE pi3tu3
pirtuqciraq, pirturcir(aq) land otter (Lontra
canadensis) # NSU, NUN, EG; cf. Zagoskin 1842 list(9); < PE pi3tu3ci3a3
pisalria, pisaaqellria person from certain areas
around the Yukon (Kotlik and Norton Soundand the Takchak area) in particular who uses s inmany words where other Yup’ik speakers use y #pisalriit pilartut waten: “angsaq”, ta¥gaam allat
Yupiit pilartut waten: “angyaq”; ‘those who say“s” say “angsaq” (boat) while other Yup’iks say“angyaq”’; < pi-yar-lria, pi-yaaqe-lria said in themanner of the people at issuepiskar(aq*) helper; only helper # piskaraa ‘his only
helper’; < pi-kar(aq*)2
pisqun rule; law; order; command # < pi-sqe-n
pissaar- to hunt # NSU; < pi-ssaarpissanqegg- to be active; to be talented # “Qaill’
ayuqa?” “Assirillruuq, pissanqeggiluni-llu.”‘“How is he?” “He’s well now and full of vigor.”(YUP 1996:11); < pi-?
pissaqe- to deliberately act in an unacceptablemanner; to act obnoxiously; to intentionally dothings that one should not do # NUN
pissuar- (piyuar- ?) to tempt # NUN
pissur- to hunt; to fish # pissurtuq ‘he is hunting’;
pissuraa ‘he is hunting it’ / pissuryartuq ‘heis going hunting’; pissuryarturtuq ‘he is goingsomewhere to hunt’; angutet pissurtut tuntunek
ingrini ‘the men are hunting caribou in themountains’; pissuryaurteksaituq ‘he hasn’t yet

pirraussaag- — pista

learned to hunt’; Nutaan tua qayirraarluku
imarpigmun malikluku tua elissalliniluku
mat’umek waten pissuryaraminek elliin. ‘Then,after he made him a kayak he went with him
to the ocean and taught him his own way of
hunting.’ (QAN 1995:216); Pugngaku pia, “Kitaki
un’a atam maliggluku gguun pug’aqan ullagluku
narulkaraqluku pissurru.” ‘When it surfaced hetold him, “Look, go after that one down there,
and whenever it surfaces here, go over to it,
and hunt it by spearing it.”’ (MAR2 2001:11);
Nutaan uqtateng aturluki qusuurnek pissurluteng
ceturrnanek-llu. ‘Then they used hooks withlures and fished for smelt and tomcod.’ (KIP
1998:319); pissullrem imirarkaa ‘harvest report’(resource management neologism); < pi-cur-; >pissurta, pissurcuun; < PY pisu3- (under PE pi(-))
pissurcuun, pissurrsuun hunting implement #Ak’a-llu pissurcuuciuratullermeggni pissurcuuteteng
cakneq tangnircarluki pilallruut, qaralirrluki
tulurnek-llu canguanek aklulirqaluki. ‘Back thenwhen they would construct and maintain theirown hunting implements they’d generally maketheir hunting implements look nice, decoratingthem with ivory and added representational
accouterments.’ (CAU 1985:96); pissurcuun
ticket-aaq ‘harvest ticket’ (resource management
neologism); < pissur-cuun
pissurta hunter # Pissurtet tamarmeng pitamengnakacuit qelekluki. ‘All hunters saved the
bladders of the animals they caught.’ (CAU
1985:71); < pissur-ta1
pissuutaq hunting implement # < pissur-taq1
pista one who does or did something; worker;
servant; slave; caretaker; provider # Tamatum
nalliini elliraat tapeqluki aruqelallruit, waten
angayuqameggnek pistailnguut. ‘At that timethey distributed goods to orphans as well,to the ones who didn’t have their parents forcaretakers’ (TAP 2004:2); Used without stress on
the first syllable (though this is not indicated in theorthography), this word means ‘one who did or isdoing something, the specific nature of which
is clear from context’ (see Introduction on “stressrepelling bases”); thus, for example: Assilriamekgguq ta¥gken pillrukani tua-i cali assilriakun
ingluliurluni akinauryugngaluni taumun
assirluni pisteklallminun. ‘But if (the child) had
been treated with kindness, he will also respondand will be able to reciprocate with kindness to501

pita-1 — pitari-Basespitaq, pit’aq caught thing; quarry; gift acquired
at a feast # pitani tungunquq pilallrua ‘hebutchered the bearded seal which he hadcaught’; Tekicamegteki negat takuluki, tua-i-ll’kalngagmun ekluki pitateng. ‘When they reached
the set snares they checked them and then put
their catch into the backpack.’ (ELN 1990:14);< pite-aq1; > pitaqe-, pitarkall’er, pitarkaq
pitaqe- to catch # pitaqaa ‘he caught it’ / tengmiaq
kan’a akngircimalria pitaqaqa ‘that woundedgoose down there is my catch’; pitaqestii ‘theperson who caught it’; Taumek nakacuut aya
gcetenrilkaunrit’lallrullinikait pinariaqameng.
Piluaqaumallruaqameng uterqura’aqluteng
pitaqevkarluteng-llu. ‘Then they’d never fail tosend off the bladders (holding the spirits of thehunters’ catch) when the time came. And thus,
being fortunate, they (the game animals) would
return and offer themselves to be caught.’ (CAU
1985:40); < pitaq-ke2pitar- to receive the specific gifts requested in songs,
during old-time holidays such as the “Kevgiq”(“Messenger Feast”); to distribute shares after ahunt # CAN; < pi-?pitari- to reach a certain amount, time, condition,etc. # waten sass’aq pitariuq, vvaiveklaak ‘thetime is now 5 o’clock’; Taukut Nukalpikcit
ullakuvciki waten wani pitariqerluku
qiugararaqerluku tua-i tekitarkaugaci . . . ‘If
you go to Nukalpikcit at this time (of the day),as soon as it (the sky) turns a certain shade ofblue, you ought to be arriving there . . .’; Tuallu qaillun qakemna pitarikan, man’a-gga tua
unuggsuun cikuyaraa. ‘It took place when acertain time arrived, in the month when the water
freezes over.’ (QAN 1997:160); Tua-i-llu qaillun
tayima qulii pitariluni waten, pitariluni cikumun
elagluku, cikuliurluni. ‘There was this much spaceremaining above him, this much space in theice as he worked it, digging a hole in it.’ (QAN
1997:6); Imna picurlagnillra qaillun pitarian
kinguakun tekitelliniuq, tua-i cangatevkenani.
‘Then one day his hunting partner who he said
had had an accident arrived in the village,
looking fine and healthy.’ (CIU 2005:20); Tua-ll’
tayima qaill’ pitariluku tua-i tamaa-i caqerluni
waten atakumi atiin ellimelliniluku, . . . ‘So thenon a certain day in the evening her father asked
her to do something for him, . . .’ (ELL 1997:22);
Qaillun tua pitarian tayima wavet wanigga

that person who had acted kindly toward him.’(YUP 2005:134) (in the word in question, the second
and third, rather than the first and third syllables,
would be stressed: pistéklállminun, since pi here
is a “stress repelling” base); contrast this with, forexample: . . . mikelnguq aanani elpekaqamiu
anqallerkaa-llu nacitua, aanani ta¥gaam kiingan
pisteksugluku. ‘. . . when a child becomes aware ofhis mother, he cries when she leaves home, andhe wants his mother alone to be his caretaker.’(YUP 2005:102) (in the word in question the first
and third syllables would be stressed, písteksúgluku,
since pista here is lexicalized as ‘caretaker’); < pi-ta1
pita-1 to be a certain size, amont, age, strength, etc. #pitauq ‘it is a certain size or age’ / waten pitauq‘it is this size’; pitatii ‘his agemate’; Ta¥gaam
Joseph-aam qanrutai, “Alingenrici. Agayucetunqaa wiinga pitaunga?” ‘But Joseph told them, “Do
not fear. Do I measure up to God?”’ (AYAG. 50:19);
Angalkut ayuqevkenateng pinimegteggun,
tuunrait pitatekevkenateng pilliut. ‘Shamans
differed in respect to their strength; their helping
spirits weren’t equal in strength.’ (CAU 1985:197);
Qulliqurluteng ukut tua pitatekluteng . . . ‘They
were stacked on top of the other and were thesame size . . .’ (ELL 1997:252); < pi-ta2-;> pitalqegte-, pitassiar-, pitatekepitaciq extent # Tua-i-gguq yuuk imkuk
nulgaingqavkenatek, angayuqaak taukuk,
quyayaaqem pitaciatun. ‘Those two people werehardly reticent or expressionless, those parents ofhers, on account of their great happiness (literally:to the extent of (their) happiness).’ (CUN 2007:34);. . . unuut qavciurtengellratni ayainanermini,
qavarnim pitaciani . . . ‘. . . after so many nights
had come and gone while he was traveling, on
account of being sleepy, (literally: in the extent of(his) being sleepy) . . .’ (QUL 2003:518); < pita-ciq
pitalqegte-, pitacqegte- to fit just right; to beappropriate in size or in another respect #pitalqegtuq ‘it is just right’; pitalqegtaa ‘he isevening it out, making it right’ / pitalqegglukek
kameksiigka mingqekikek! ‘sew my boots so thatthey fit just right!’; Anngaa . . . neryugtaciatun
nerevkaraqluku. Uqurikayagluni. Uyuraa-wa
tua-i uqurikayagpek’nani pitalqeggluni. ‘She let
his older brother eat however much he wanted.
He was quite fat. His younger borther, on theother hand, was not very fat; he was just right.’(QUL 2003:400); < pita-?-, pita-?-502

Basespitarkallr(aq*) — piter-

pit’ellra cali murilkelluku. Pit’ellra una ukatmun
aya’agqan, cali tua-i assirtuq puqlangllerkam
tungiinun, cukaaqan una pillra, una ayallra.
‘People also observed the behavior of the risingsun. When the sun rose and traveled swiftly,
we considered that to be a good sign, since thatmeans it is going in the direction of warmer
weather.’ (CIU 2005:368); Cali-llu a¥gna imna
pit’eqarraallra tua-i murilketuat iralum. ‘They
used to observe closely when the (new) moon
would first appear.’ (CIU 2005:362); Erenret
pic’artuqatalliniameng tanqigiyarturluteng.
‘Because the days were, at that season, such thatthe sun was rising early, it was getting brighter.’(CUN 2007:66); < PY pit0-1 (under PE pi(-))
pitegcaraq lance; large spear # < piteg-car-aq1
pitegcaun arrow # pitegcautet cingilgit ‘arrowheads’; Pitgaryaaqekiini urluvermek
anglluq’alliniluni. Pitegcaun-llu-gguq ayagarrluni.
‘When he shot at him using his bow, he
submerged himself. And, the arrow whizzed by.’
(ELL 1997:542); Tulukaruum Pitegcautii ‘a certain
constellation (literally: the raven’s arrow)’; Y, NI,
CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; < piteg-car-n
pitegciraq lance; large spear # < piteg-cir-aq1
pitegcurliq robin (Turdus migratorius) # imitative and< -li1; cf. aaqcurliq, curcurliq
pitegte- to practice shooting with a bow and arrow# . . . taum tua-i nukalpiartam qetunraa taunallu elliraaraurluq-llu waten, maliklutek maavet
nunat elakaraatnun waten piteggniarlutek,
malikurlutek piyaurtuk. ‘. . . that great hunter’s
son and the orphan would both go just outsideof the village to practice shooting together.’ (QAN
1995:216)
pitek arrow # and piteg- to shoot with an arrow #pitgaa ‘he shot it with an arrow’ / . . . watengguq tua-i pitgem yaaqsinricaaqaa, . . . ‘. . . it issaid that an arrow could easily reach him (literally:
wasn’t far from him), . . .’ (CUN 2007:92); >pitegcaraq, pitegcaun, pitgar-; < PE pit0!piteke- see at pitkepiter- to act or be a certain way having something
as one’s reason or purpose # used only in thesubordinative (this is the counterpart to pitengqerr‘to have a reason or purpose’ for use withsubordinative endings): camek piterluni tuaten
pillrua? ‘For what purpose did he act like that?;< pi-ningriurrluteng, . . . ‘With the passage of time they
became mountains, . . . (ELL 1997:226); Ta¥ga-llugguq waten, qaill’ pitariqerluteng, culnguameng
cugmeng-ll’ nalluluteng, tuntussuameng-ll’
tunciq’qapiarenaurtut. ‘Well they went along inthis way through life, knowing no other people,
and when they hunted caribou, they caught
many.’ (CEV 1984:73); < pi-ta2-i1pitarkallr(aq*) bear # pitarkall’er ‘a/the bear’; Y;< pitarkaq-ller(aq)pitarkaq, pit’arkaq thing to be caught; one who isgoing to catch something; prey; bear (Ursus sp.)(additional HBC meaning) # pitarkani-ll’ maani
amllerpaa! ‘there’s a lot of game here!’; pitarkam
ernermi ataucimi amllertacirkaa ‘bag limit’(resource management term); < pitaq-kaq, pit’aq-kaq
pitaryaraq the process whereby parts of a seal are
distributed to a group of hunters after the catch #pitassiar-, pitassiir-, pitaciar- to attempt; to try;
to sample; to taste. pitassiartuq ‘he is trying
something’; pitassiaraa ‘he is trying it’ / < pita-?,
pita-?, pita-?
pitateke- to fit each other; to be equal; to correspondin some respect, often age. pitatekuk ‘they2
correspond’; pitatekaa ‘it corresponds with it’ /qetunraqa paniin-llu pitatekuk ‘my son and yourdaughter are the same age’; pitateku’urtelluki‘making them equal’; < pita-n-ke-2
pite- to take game # pituq ‘he caught game’ / there
is no gemination here since pi is a “stress-repelling”
base (see Introduction); pitellruuq ‘he has caught
game’; cetuamek pitukut ‘we took a beluga’;picuuq ‘he is a proficient hunter’; piculi ‘good
hunter’; pitqallruunga ‘I caught a few game
animals’; Caqerluni-gguq ayagyuaq pitliniuq
yaqulpall’ermek’ Once, they say, a young man
evidentally took a thunderbird (a mythical giantbird).’ (CAU 1984:33); = pit’e-1; < pi-te1-; > pitaq;< PY pit0-2 (under PE pi(-))
pit’e-1 to take game # pit’uq ‘he caught game’ / thisis a lexicalized version of pite- (above); pit’ellruuq‘he has caught game’; Camek pit’esciigaliluta,
picuirulluta, elluatuunrirluni-llu temvut. ‘We will
not be able to catch animals, and our bodies will
no longer be strong and healthy.’ (YUP 2005:84);= pite-; < PY pit0-2 (under PE pi(-))
pit’e-2 to rise (of the moon or sun); for there to bea new moon # pit’uq ‘it is rising’ / iraluq pit’uq‘there’s a new moon’; Tua-i-llu cali una akertem

503

pitgaqu- — piunrir-

Basespitgaqu- to shoot with arrows # pitgaquuq ‘heshot arrows’; pitgaqua ‘he shot arrows at it’ /Ancetaaratni tua-i anlliniuq, aren, anngan imna
kapuryaaqelliniat, pitgaquluku tuaten. ‘When
she came out, they speared her and shot her witharrows in vain.’ (QUL 2003:76); Yuut pissutullruut
nutgunateng. Ta¥gaam narulkautnek
tallimegteggun piaqluteng pitgaquluki-llu. ‘People
would hunt without having guns. However, theywould use spears with their hands, and shootthem with arrows.’ (YUU 1995:66); < pitgar-qu2pitgar- to shoot (at) with an arrow # pitgartuq‘he shot’; pitgaraa ‘he shot it’ / “Kita’ak ikna
nalkengnaqluku pitgarru.” Pitgaraa uniurrluku.
‘“Go on, try to find it and shoot at it.” He shotat it, missing it.’ (AGA 1996:168); < piteg-a-;> pitgaqupitgarcuun tassel hanging from the armpit or justbelow the armpit of the traditional Yup’ik parka# with red beads said to represent the blood of thelegendary hero Apanuugpak (or Iluvaktuq ?) who had
been shot with an arrow in that part of his body;< pitgar-cuun
pitke- to act on account of (it); to act having (it)as a reason; to act for the sake of (him) # usedin the subordinative; pitekluku ‘on accountof it’, for the sake of it’ / elpet pitekluten ‘it
was for your sake’; Tamana tua-i pitekluku
qacungakitullrulliniuq alikaunani-llu ilaminek.
‘And it was for that reason he had learned to befearless and mock his fellows.’ (CIU 2005:202);
Tua-i nutaan taqluni tua-i qanlliniluni ca
pitkevkenaku qaini man’a pitekluku wanigg’
tua-i nunaniryunritniluni cakneq. ‘So he finallystopped and said that it was not on account ofanything else, but on account of this body of his, hewasn’t happy at all.’ (ELL 1997:562); < pi-tekepitqua- to give up and let whatever will happen,
happen; to accept one’s fate # pitquaguq ‘heaccepted his fate’ / < pi-?
pitsaqenrite- to act unintentionally; to happen toact # pitsaqenrituq ‘he acted unintentionally’;
pitsaqenritaa ‘he acted unintentionally
toward him’ / pitsaqevkenani ‘by accident,
unintentionally’; pitsaqevkenaku ‘acting byaccident toward him’; pitsaqenritamken ‘Ididn’t do it to you intentionally’, ‘excuse me’,
‘I’m sorry’; navellruaqa pitsaqevkenaku ‘Ibroke it accidentally’; Pi, pitsaqevkenaci-qaa

niitellruuq ilaci wall’u-q’ niiteksaituq . . .
yung’eqarraallranek? ‘Did one of you ever happen
to hear — or maybe hasn’t heard — about how it
first got inhabitants?’ (QUL 2003:598); <pitsaqe?-nritepitsaqe- to act intentionally or deliberately #pitsaquq ‘he acted intentionally’; pitsaqaa ‘heacted on it intentionally’ / akngirtaa pitsaqluku‘he hurt him on purpose’; . . . ilait-llu pitsaqluki
ikiungnaqluki wall’u temcinangnaqluki. ‘. . .
they intentionally tried to make some of them(the masks) ugly or make them so as to provoke
laughter.’ (CAU 1985:199); also spelled picsaqe-;< pi-?; > pitsaqenritepitsaqutmek intentionally # essentially a particle;
Usuuqtallraaq, elpetun wii ayuqenrituq. Yukanerteqellria pitsaqutmek tuqusngaitaqa ‘You
lousy person, I’m not like you. I won’t kill aliving person intentionally’ (NAA 1970:9);< pitsaqe-n-abl.-mod.
piu- to exist; to be the (right) one # piuguq ‘it is theone’ / piuyukuten-qaa? ‘do you think you’re so
important?’, ‘do you think I did something toyou?’, ‘do you think I meant you?’; < pi-u-;> piunrirpiu. . . Look also under the spelling piyu. . . ; deletion of
the y in this position is common in CAN, NUN, andNI
piug-1 to want # Angutet ciumek petugtatuut.
Aliumatnek, aasgaanek, alliqsanek, wall’u neqet
amiitnek piugaqluteng ilait. ‘The men posted thefirst requests. Some of them would want mittens,
gloves, twined grass socks, or fish-skin items.’(CAU 1985:24); = piyugpiug-2 to walk # piugtuq ‘he is walking’ / NUN;
= peyugpiugnga- to be able # Tuaten yuum piugngatacimitun
cikiqenglallerkaa qanruyutnguqapiartuq. ‘In thatway it was very much the accepted practice for a
person to give however much he was capable of.’
(CAU 1985:27); = piyugngapiunrir- to cease to exist; to die; to annihilate #piunrirtuq ‘it ceased to exist’; piunriraa ‘heannihilated it’ / . . . ellam piunrirvianun. ‘. . .
until the world ceases to exist.’ (AGA 1996:94);
Nevaararqut-gguq tuaten assinritaqan tauna
tangvagteteng wall’u ilii, tungayii wall’u irniara
piunrirarkaugaqan. ‘They ran on water withoutstretced wings like that when things would504

Basespiur(ar)- — piyunarquciq

piyagaq* baby animal; baby bird; chick;cub # Carayiit piyagaqsukluki piaqameng
alingnaq’lartut. ‘Bears get frightening when
they (hear noise) thinking it’s their cubs.’ (ELN
1990:18); Elpeci ciissirpiit piyagaitni, . . . ‘You
generation of vipers, . . .’ (MATT. 3:7); . . . tuacetun
yaqulgem piyagaminek evalauciatun yaqugmi
aciagnun, . . . ‘. . . in that way, like a bird nesting
its chicks under its wings, . . .’ (MATT. 23:37);
Piyagaat Tengutiit ‘July’, (CAN usage), literally:‘month when the young birds take flight’;< pi-ya(g)aqpiyaraite- to lack a set or determined pattern for
acting # piyaraituq ‘there’s no set way to doit, or for it to occur’ / Tamaa-i tamana tuaten
ayuqucia up’nerkami-llu navgurluni ayallra
piyaraunani ernermek-llu taumek piyuunani.
Taumek pitullrukaitkut, imarpik-gguq tuaten
piqatarniluni qanyuituq. ‘There is no set time inthe spring when it breaks up and no certain date.
That is why it is said that the ocean does not tell
us what it is going to do.’ (YUP 2005:90); <pi-yaraq-ite1piyua- to walk # piyuaguq ‘he is walking’; piyuagaa‘he is walking over or through it’ / Tua-i-llu
pilaucimegcetun tua-i yuuluteng piyualuteng,ilaita-llu maryarrluki qimugtet. ‘As was theirway, they got out (of the sled) and walked, whilesome of them led the dogs.’ (ELN 1990:11);= peyug-, piug-; < ?-a-; > piyuayaraq
piyuayaraq footpath # < piyua-yaraq
piyug- to want # piyugtuq ‘he wants something’ or‘he wants to do something’ / = piug-1; < pi-yugpiyugnga- to be able # piyugngauq ‘he can dosomething’; < pi-yugnga-; = piugngapiyugteqe- to be eager; to be enthusiastic; to bewilling # Wii¥rluq waniw’ umyuamkun ta¥gaam
tua-i! Umyuaqa piyugteqluni ta¥gken tua-itemaitkacagarlua tua-i. ‘Poor old me, now I canonly do things in my mind! My mind is willing,
but my body is weak.’ (QAN 1995:356);< pi-yug-teqepiyunarquciq authorization; rights when used in theplural # piyunarqucini aturluku ‘exercising one’s
rights’; Piyunarqucit Piyunarquciumalrianek
Anguyagteµek U.S.A. ‘The Bill of Rights of theConstitution of the United States of America.’(NAA 1971:1); . . . apluku-llu, “Qanruskut qaillun
ayuqellriamek piyunarqucingqerrluten waten

be bad for some of the people watching them, orif their relatives or child would soon die.’ (CIU
2005:288); < piu-nrir-

piur(ar)- to keep acting or being as one is # piurtuq‘he continues as he has been’; piuraraa ‘hecontinues acting toward it as he has been acting’/ piuraa! ‘goodbye!’, ‘stay as you are!’ spoken
to one person; piurtek! ‘goodbye!’ spoken to two;
piurci! ‘goodbye!’ spoken to three or more; < piur(ar)-; > piuryaraq

piurte- to become ready for use; to come into
existence; to create # piurtuq ‘it became readyfor use’ / tepa piurtuq ‘the aged fish is ready’;
Waten-ll’ iqvaquaqlutek atsat piurtaqata. ‘They2
would go berry picking when the berries wereready.’ (AGA 1996:200); Tauna nallunailkutaqaa
akqutma piurtellma unguvalrianun tamalkuitnun
nunami. ‘This is the indication of the promise I
have made to all living creatures in the world.’(AYAG. 9:17); Nunat piurtellruut 1930-m ciungani.
‘The village came into being in the early 1930s.’(KIP 1998:vii); < pi-urte-

piuryaraq manner; custom; habit # < piur(ar)-yaraq

piuviyucug- to be proud; to be haughty; to be stuckup # piuviyucugtuq ‘he is haughty’ / NSU;
< pi-?
pivagte- to make a shuffling noise # NUN

pivakaq one of many such occasions or occurences# used primarily (only?) as in the following examples:
Tua-i-am pivakat iliitni qimugta im’ tamalliniluni,
tua-i tayima ngelaunani. ‘On one such occasion
that dog disappeared for once and for all.’(QUL 2003:602); Tua-i pivakat iliitni unugmi
tupagyartuqalliniuk angayuqaak akemna tangmecarnaurtuq qiaryigtaqluni-llu. ‘On one suchoccasion at night her parents woke up to hear the
one across there making smacking and cracklingnoises.’ (QUL 2003:266); < pi-vakar-direct
nominalization
pivake- to boast; to be proud # pivakuq ‘he boasts
about himself’; pivakaa ‘he boasts about her’ /< pi-vak-ke2-; < PE pivak0- (under PE pi(-))

pivik place; room; space; time # pivigtuuq ‘there’s
a lot of space’; pivigkaitukut iqairissuutmek‘we don’t have room for a washing machine’;
anqallrani aqumlleni uniiluku piviillinia anngaan‘when he stepped out briefly, leaving his chair,his older brother took his place’; < pi-vik

505

piyurrluar(ar)- — Pugnguaryaraq

Basespilarcit?” ‘. . . and they asked him, “Tell us how
you have the authority to act like this?”’ (LUKE
20:2); < pi-yunarqe-ciq
piyurrluar(ar)- to treat nicely; to be courteous #NUNpiyuun proposal; wish # piyuutekarput ‘it is ourwish’; < pi-yug-n
pu- deep root: swelling, rising in a hemisphere; cf.
puge-, pupik, puvepualla- to stand up and dance # a fast-paced
northern-style Eskimo dance done by men; puallauq‘he is dancing (this way)’ / Maaten uyangtuq,
qasgim natrani yucuayagaat unkut puallalriit,
mingqutnek ayarurluteng; akngirnailitanek
nacangqerrluteng amllerluteng. ‘When he peeked
in he saw on the floor of the kashim many little
people down there dancing away with needles
for walking sticks and thimbles for hats.’ (GRA
1901:280–281 & PRA 1995:453); Y, NUN, NS; < PE
puva@apucenglluk barrel; LK; < puckaq-nglluk
pucikar-, pucickar (NUN form) to fall down head- or
face-first # pucikartuq ‘he fell down’ / Piqerluni
amiik ikirrluni ugna-llu yuk pucikarluni ilutmun.
‘Suddenly the door opened and a person tumbled
in head first.’ (ELN 1990:67); > pucikpag-; < PE
pucipucikpag- to fall hard # pucikpagtuq ‘he fell hard’ /< pucikar-pag2puckacuar(aq*) condenser # of a motor; < puckaqcuar(aq)puckaq barrel; keg # Kinguani taum cali
iqvaraqluteng puckanek imiriluteng
atsalugpiarutengluteng. ‘After that they’d pickberries filling barrels with them when they had
gotten a supply of salmonberries.’ (ELN 1990:30);
UY, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; from Russian ,˙xrf(bóchka); > pucenglluk, puckacuar, puckarpak
puckarpak coil # of a motor; < puckaq-rpak
pucuunaq barrel; keg # NSK; from Russian ,jx˙yjr(bochónok)pucuur- to kiss # pucuurtuk ‘they2 are kissing’;
pucuuraa ‘he kissed her’ / LI, EG; possibly a loan
word of undetermined origin
pugae surfaced seal; blackfish coming to thesurface (HBC meaning) # puget ‘surfaced
seals’; . . . kiagpak kuigak tamana puget-llu
itqetaarlaamegteggu, una-i tua-i miluqunaurai
ciimanek pug’aqata iliini nall’artaqluki

tuquteksaunaki ta¥gaam. Tua-i anglaniteklarai
ul’aqan itraqata puget. Cauciinaki-llu tua-i
puget unkut miluqularai, ciqvallagluteng
angllurnaurtut. ‘. . . because all summer seals
came up that river of theirs, he’d target themwith stones whenever they surfaced, sometimes
hitting them without killing them, however.
And he enjoyed them whenever the water cameup and when the seals would come upstream.
Without knowing that those seals were down
there in the water he’d target them and they’ddive making a big splash.’ (MAR2 2001:6); direct
nominaliztion of pugepuge- to surface; to come to the surface, emerging
halfway; to come out into the open; to startcoming in from the entryway or storm porch(referring to when entryways were underground)# pug’uq ‘he or it came to the surface’ / akerta
pug’uq ‘the sun is halfway over the horizonor halfway out from the clouds’; nayiq pug’uq‘the seal surfaced’; pugumauq ‘it has surfaced’;
Napat-llu akuliitgun cali maliggluku pulaluteng
tua-i-llu carr’ilqamun pugluteng. ‘Following thetrail they went between the trees and then cameout into the open at a clearing.’ (ELN 1990:4); “Uai elaturrami nangerngauq.” . . . Tua-i piqerluni
pugenqigtelliniuq tauna imna neviarcara’urluq.
Tua-llu-gguq pugngami pia, “Ukuk’aaq-gguq
itra.” ‘“She’s standing out there in the stormporch.” . . . Then that girl came partway in again,
and when she started in she (the one inside)
said to her, “Ukuk’aaq says to come in.”’ (CUN
2007:118); > puga, pugte-, pugler-, puglerte-,
Pugnguaryaraq, pugyaraq; cf. pu-, nuge-,
pugsuaq, puve-; < PE pu!0pugler- to suddenly come to the surface # puglertuq‘it came to the surface / Carvanian tamana kuik
egmian tekiarrluni taumun napartamun tua-itegulerluku puglerami nutaan aneryaarluni. ‘Since
that river had a strong current she got to thatpost right away and quickly grabbed it and when
she bobbed to the surface she took a breath of air.’(ELN 1990:27); < puge-ler-; < PY-S pu!l03- (under< PE pu!0-)
puglerneq swamp # Y; < pugler-neq1
puglerte- to float # NUN; < pugler-?Pugnguaryaraq old-time Yup’ik holiday celebrated
shortly before the “Nakaciuryaraq” (“Bladder
Feast”) # HBC; < puge-nguar-yaraq506

Basespugsuaq ptarmigan net # cf. puge- pugte- to bringto the surface # literally or figuratively; pugtaa‘he brought it to the surface / keniramek uquq
pugtaa ‘she ladled the oil from the boiled food’;
pugciuq ‘he brought something to the surface’,‘he is skimming oil from the surface’; . . . camek
pugcikuma taukuni nunani, qanernarqutmek
pugcikuma, nunat amlleret qanemcitgun
niiciiqaatnga, . . . ‘. . . if I bring up something
controversial a lot of villages will hear about me
through word of mouth, . . .’ (YUP 2005:16);< puge-te2-; > pugta-, pugteqrun
pugteqrun ice piece that comes loose from thebottom and rises to the surface of the water inspring # < pugte-qer-n
pugta- to float # pugtauq ‘it is floating’ / Cikumun
tekiskuvci pugtalriamun, uivurciqerci un’a avatii
kiarqurluku. ‘When you get to floating ice, goaround it and and scan the area around it.’ (YUU
1995:67); < pugte-a-; > pugtaqutaq, pugtaun,
pugtassaq; < PE pu!ta- (under PE pu!0-)
pugtaqutaq float on a fishnet; bouy # . . .
pugtaqutarkiurluki tunutellget igyaraitnek-llugguq pikalget. ‘. . . they’d prepare fishnet floats
from (inflated) loon throats when available.’ (CIU
2005:82); < pugta-kutaq
pugtassaq dead mare’s-tail (Hippuris vulgaris) thatfloats on ponds in the spring (color is brown,
appears tubular) # NUN
pugtaun, pugtautaq lung; float; buoy; life-jacket #pugtautet ‘the lungs’; pugtauciquq ‘he has anaffliction of the lungs (such as tuberculosis)’;pugtaun calinriqerrluni ‘the lung collapsing’; K,
Y, NI, CAN, HBC, BB; < pugta-?-n, pugta-?-taq1
pugterte- to set afloat # pugtertuq ‘it started
to float’; pugtertaa ‘he set it afloat’ /pugterqaarluku ‘after he set it afloat’; Ul’uq
taqeksaunani ernerrluni yuinaagnek malrugnek,
meq nunam qaingani et’uriinarluni, kiituani
angyarpak pugtertaa. ‘It flooded and before it had
ended forty days had passed, the water grew
deeper on the surface of the land, and he (Noah)
finally set afloat the ark.’ (AYAG. 7:17); Alingaren tua-i-gguq tang man’a asgulirnerat tua-i
pugtertellria, qayaurrluni avavet. ‘Oh my, it is said
that the area downstream was filled with kayaks
set afloat.’ (ELL 1997:390); <puge-te2-?pugug- to peck at thoroughly # Tua-i-llu cat iliitni
unugmi iralillrani, amini imna qerqaalleraam

pugsuaq — pukiqerte-amia qertellruamiu-gguq elaturram natiini,ac’amiu tauna anngami tengluni pugullia
ukiqluku tua-i pugugluku an’allagaqluni kanavet
aciminun. ‘Then one moonlit night since he had
stored his raven skin somewhere in the porch,
after he put it on he flew off and pecked at (thatdog) pecking holes in it and defecating down
below him.’ (MAR1 2001:73); NS; cf. pukugpugugyuk design on bent wooden hunting hat #NUNpugultu lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus) # NUN;
= puveltuk; < PY-S puv0ltu
pugurtar- to talk about (it) omitting certain things(as because one does not know them well) #Pugurtarluku qanruteklarqa taringumanritaqa.
‘I talk about it leaving some things out because I
don’t know it fully.’ (MAR2 2001:47)
pugyar- to skim the surface of a liquid # NUN;
> pugyanerrluk
pugyanerrluk foam in cooking pot or the like #NUN; < pugyar-neq-rrluk
pugyaraq neck opening of a pullover parka; parka
ruff; hole at inside end of tunnel entrance to oldtime house or kashim # Tamaa-i-am imarnitetengwa tua waten acaaqekteng ta¥gaam pugyarait
ukut pugevkenaki, . . . ‘It’s when they put on
their seal-gut rain parkas but don’t let theirheads go out through their neck openings, . . .’(QUL 2003:576); Pugyararluteng imumek tua-i,
pugyaramek mayurluteng piaqluteng. ‘They had
underground entrances back then, undergroundentrances out of which they would climb.’ (QAN
1995:112); < puge-yaraq
pukak snow that is soft but granular, found under
the top layer, good for making “Eskimo ice
cream” # NUN; < PE (now PI pukak)
pukiq trim on a parka; light-colored, soft belly
skin of caribou or reindeer used in fancy parka
designs (now largely replaced by calfskin) # Tuai-gguq atkuliaqameng uuggun wani pukirmek
qaralililaraat cali-llu akiakun; miryarualirlukekgguq. ‘When women make fancy parkas, they
always put strips of the light fur from a caribou
fawn belly here and underneath (the shoulders);
these are representations of vomit (on account ofa certain well-known story).’ (CIU 2005:130); see
Appendix 9 on parts of the parka; > pukirraq; < PE
puki3
pukiqerte- to take the blame for something # NUN507

pukiqur- — pulengte-

Basespukiqur- to gather (it) although scarce # NUN
pukirneq skin of young caribou, used for making
trim # Canek tua-i atkugkanek, imarmiutarnek
naatanek, piciatun pukirnernek, tua-i tamakunek
iluvaucillinilriik. ‘They brought bundles of mink
pelts and young caribou skin for parkas into the
kashim.’ (CIU 2005:134)
pukirraq light-colored fur from caribou fawn #< pukiq-rraq
pukite- to pick and eat little things; to pick lice
and squash them with one’s teeth # pukituq‘he is picking’ at things; pukitai ‘he is picking
at them’ / Igvaqataararaa neviarcaq, kegginaa
ayimngaluni, carayiim amianek kumakiraralria,
pukiartaqluni nerestainek. ‘He slowly got the girlinto his view and saw that her face was ugly, that
she was delousing a bearskin, picking its lice andsquashing them with her teeth.’ (MAR1 2001:78);< PE pukit0pukug- to eat bits of meat clinging to a bone after
most of the meat has been removed; to pickberries carefully from scattered sites because
they are few in number (NSU meaning); to pickup small object or pick berries (NUN meaning)# pukugtuq ‘he is eating the bone clean’;pukugaa ‘he is eating the meat clinging to it’(bone) / tuntuviim enranek pukugtuq ‘he iseating a moose-bone clean’; Tua-i-llu-am aaniita
pukunqercaarluki neresqelluki neqait, . . . ‘After
their mother told them to eat their food carefully
taking all the bits of meat from the bone, . . .’(ELN 1990:4); more generally, figuratively, or byextension, means ‘to deal with it bit by bit’, ‘topick away at it’; Maa-i mat’um nalliini tuarqanruciaqameng pukukaqluku una, una amaken
aqvaluku qanqautekaqluku, taringnaunani. ‘And
it seems like when they talked to people thesedays, they’d deal with it bit by bit, and then theytake something from over there and talk briefly
about it, to the point where it is not understoodby anyone.’ (YUP 2005:32); Anngameng-llugguq, nunat-ll’ ta¥g’ qayginritqallret pukugluki.
‘When they came out of the kashim, they dealt bit
by bit with the villagers who had not been in the
kashim.’ (CEV 1984:86); < PE puku!pula- to go forward through a thicket, clouds,
darkness, etc. # pulauq ‘he is going forward’;pulaa ‘he is going forward through it’ /pularraarluta canegpagteggun tekitellruukut

kuigem ce÷iinun ‘after going through thetall grass we arrived at the bank of a river’;
Maurlurluan-gguq inerqurqekii tutgara’urluni
cangraan pingraan kuigem akiani canegpagnun
pulaqaasqevkenaku. ‘His grandmother warned
her grandson that no matter what he must not go
into the tall grass on the other side of the river.’(CET 1971:1 & PRA 1995:451); > pulaar-2, pulate-,
pulayaraq, pulqerte-: < PE pulapulaar-1 to borrow # pulaartuq ‘he borrowed
something’; pulaaraa ‘he borrowed it’ / NSU;
probably from English ‘borrow’
pulaar-2, pulaar(ar)- to walk through the brush or
woods # pulaartuq ‘he is walking through thebrush or woods; pulaararaa ‘he is wandering
through it’ / Qayuw’ tamaavet tunumeggnun
pulaarluteng qakinernek piqatalliniameng
piqertuutacuarmek maligluteng piluteng. ‘This
time, since they were going to walk throughthe forest behind their fish-camp and look forstanding but dry small dead trees suitable for use
as kindling, they took an axe along with them.’(ELN 1990:38); < pula-?=pula’avkaaq, pulaskaq (NUN form) safety pin# from Russian ,ekƒdrf (bulávka) ‘pin’; =kula’avkaaq
pulate- to insert; to bury; to put into the midst ofsomething # pulataa ‘he put it into something’/ Makut-llu maa-i muriit, makut egkuarit
pulataqamegteki-kiq tua-i qaillun piluki tayima
pulatelartaki. ‘And these wooden uluaq handles,
I’m wonder how they embedded them (the blades
into the handles) when they inserted them.’ (CIU
2005:172); < pula-te2pulayaraq, pulasaraq (NS form) path, as throughthe trees or bushes # Pulasarangqerrluni keluak
uqvigangqerrami. ‘The area behind where they2
dwelt had a pathway because it had willows.’(MAR1 2001:81); < pula-yaraq
pulengtaarturyaraq multiplication # < pulengte-atur1-yaraq
pulengtaq frequently; often; repeatedly # adverbial
particle; pulengtaq tailartuq ‘he comes often’;Pulengtaq alangrunek pitullruut. ‘They would
frequently encounter ghosts.’ (KIP 1998:203);< pulengte-?
pulengte- to do again; to repeat # pulengtuq ‘he isrepeating his action’; pulengtaa ‘he is repeating
it’ / pulenglluni akutamek neqliurtuq ‘he helped508

Baseshimself to the “Eskimo ice cream” again’; nanvaq
pulengtaarluku kuimeng’erpegu mernuyuituten‘you don’t get tired even though you swim thelake repeatedly’; Tua-i-am atulliniuq: “Aa-ii-yaar!
Aa-ii-yaar!” (pulenglluku qulerqunek) ‘He sang:“Aa-ii-yaar! Aa-ii-yaar!” (repeated ten times)’(YUU 1995:105); > pulengtaarturyaraq, pulengtaq
pulqerte- to plunge through # pulqertuq ‘heplunged through’; pulqertaa ‘he plunged throughit’ / Aqvaqursaaqluni anguciqngalani tamaavet
qecliniluni qanikcarmun pulqercukaaralriamun
pulqerrluni . . . ‘He ran but since it seemed that it
was going to overtake him, he jumped into thesoft snow, plunging in . . .’ (MAR1 2001:11);< pula-qertepulqig- root; > pulqigte-, pulqimapulqigte- to assemble items into a whole # pulqigtai‘he assembled them’ / < pulqig-?pulqima- to be in clusters # pulqimalriit ‘clusters’;< pulqig-mapulug- to be broke; to be without money # pulugtuq‘he is broke’ / from English ‘broke’; NSK; NUN;
= purugpunerneq copper; bronze; brass # Waten-llu
agkucetun cipnermiutarluni waten punerneregnek.
‘And it [the belt] has tips at its ends made ofcopper.’ (CIU 2005: 244); Zillah-llu qetunranguq
Tubal-Cain-amek, tauna taqurqelartuq
calissuutnek punernernek cavignek-llu. ‘And
Zillah had a son, Tubal-Cain, and that made toolsof bronze and iron.’ (AYAG. 4:22); cf. punertepunerte- to skim; to remove oil, foam, etc., from thesurface of a liquid. punertaa ‘he is skimming it’/ Egaluni uqumek, imumek taggluku, qainga
man’a punerteqatarluku, tarenrilliniluni egatiikun
pikna egalecuaraq. ‘She cooked the fat, took it
off the fire, and was about to skim its surface,
and then there was a reflection of the little
smoke-hole up above in the cooking pot.’ (MAR1
2007:6); cf. punerneq; < PY pun03t0pupcep’ag- to pinch hard # pupcep’agtuq ‘hepinched something hard’; pupcep’agaa ‘hepinched it hard’ / < pupsug-pag2pupeckaq hairpin # < pupsug-ckarpupeckar-, pupeskar- to pinch lightly #pupeckartuq or pupeskartuq ‘he is pinchingsomething lightly’; pupeckaraa or pupeskaraa‘he is pinching it lightly’ / Akuni teguqerluku,
pupeskarluku, cangraatni tua-i apqaungraatni

pulqerte- — pupsir-ullagturallia tauna nukalpiartaq, waten
piqerluku kenini. ‘Taking hold of the hem of her
garment by pinching it lightly, even though theyquestioned her, nevertheless, she went over tothat young man, holding her folded the flair (ofher parka) like this.’ (MAR2 2001:57); < pupsugckar-, < pupsug-qarpupespag-, pupesvag- to pinch hard # pupespagtuq
or pupesvagtuq ‘he pinched something hard’;pupespaa or pupesvagaa ‘he pinched it hard’ /< pupsug-pag2-, pupsug-pag2pupignaq, pupignarliq poisonous mushroom;
toadstool # Tua-i-llu piuq aatiit makunek
nertuniluki ilait-gguq ta¥gaam pupignarliit
nercetaat neryunaitniluki tuqunaqniluki. ‘Then
their father told them that these (mushrooms)
were edible but that others, the toadstools, were
not to be eaten and were deadly poisonous.’(ELN 1990:29); < pupik-naq2, pupik-naq2-li1
pupigpak smallpox # < pupik-rpak
pupiguaq bracket fungus that grows on birch trees(Poria obliqua) # < pupik-uaq
pupik, pupicuk (NUN form) infected sore;
impetigo # and pupig- to get impetigo #pupigtuq or pupigaa ‘he or it (body part) got
impetigo’ / . . . yuut makut qaingit pupigluki.
Uitavakayuunateng, kumeksuarturluteng. ‘. . .
these people’s skin had sores. They wouldn’t sit
still, but continually scratched at themselves.’(QUL 2003:38); > pupignaq, pupigpak, pupiguaq,
pupingqua-; cf. pu-; < PE pupi!
pupingerte- to squeak # of mice; pupingertuq ‘it issqueaking’ / . . . kaviaret pissuraqluki . . .
uugnaraunguarluta. Avelngaunguarluta.
Pupingerrluta, teriiqata-ll’ qaskellikanirluta
pupingqaquurluta. ‘. . . to hunt . . . the foxes . . .
we’d pretend to be mice (voles). We’d makesqueaking sounds, and when they sensed the noise
we’d keep squeaking at intervals and do it more
quietly.’ (PAI 2008:234)
pupingqua- to have a frostbitten spot on one’s
skin where one has touched a cold object #pupingquaguq or pupingquagaa ‘it (body part)or he got frostbite spots’ / < pupik-?-; < PE
pupi&qu3- and puvi&qu3pupsir- to pay with the necessities of life #Akilirluki mingqellrat makunek aklunek canek
atu’urkaitnek. Pupsirluki-gguq. ‘Paying the ones
who sew with these things they are going to use.
It’s called “pupsirluki”’. (PAI 2008:278); cf. pupsuk

509

pupsugcetaaq — purriur-Basespupsugcetaaq snowshoe # especially one
with pointed front; Tua-i imkut anguyiit
pupsugcetaarrlainarnek-gguq tanglugnqetuut.
Maligcaaqekiit saskumeggnek avalirluteng,pupsugcetaarita ciungit iqalluguanun tut’aqameng
paarvagaqluteng ava-i. ‘Those warriors always
used snowshoes with pointed fronts. When they
were being pursued by those with weapons,
whenever the front end of their showshoes landedon the snowdrifts they’d fall forward.’ (CIU
2005:128); < pupsug-cetaaq
pupsugyugualek kayak end part # NUN; < pupsug?-lek
pupsuk pincer; pincher; scissors (additional meaning
in CAN, NI, HBC; when dual: pupsuuk) # andpupsug- to pinch; to cut with scissors (additional
meaning in CAN, NI, HBC); # pupsugtuq ‘he ispinching something’; pupsugaa ‘he is pinching it’/ Wiinga kep’ilallruatnga pupsuugnek, pupsuarluki
asmegtelallruatnga. ‘They used to give me
haircuts with a pair of scissors; they’d cut myhair with scissors.’ (KIP 1998:259); > pupcep’ag-,
pupeckaq, pupeckar-, pupespag-, pupsugcetaaq,
pupsugyugualek, pupsulek, pupsuneq; < PE
pumyu!pupsulek crab # < pupsuk-lek
pupsuneq measurement from the thumb (outeredge of nail) to the second joint of the index
finger curled up with section from tip to firstjoint along inner edge of thumb # < pupsuk-neq2
pupungluur(aq*), pupungluar(aq*) (K, CAN, Yform), pupumeluar(aq*) (BB form) white spot,
possibly a mold, inside the gill covers of an aged
fish head # an indicator that the fish is ready to eat;pupungluuraat or pupumeluaraat ‘spots of thissort’
puqelvag- to have burning pain; to have a highfever # Makut maa-i avani ackiit pivailgata,akerta imumek puqelvagangluni iillugnarillra
tekilluku pingaqan, makunek maa-i
iillugcailkucirluteng pitullruut. ‘Before(glass) sunglasses were available here, when
the sun was such as to cause burning pain to theeyes, they would use these (slit-type goggles) toprevent snow blindness.’ (CIU 2005:250); Qaika
puqelvagluni, . . . ‘My body is wracked withfever, . . .’ (PSALM 38:7); < puqla-pagpuqiate- to be stupid; to lack intelligence # puqiatuq‘he is stupid’, ‘he’s slow mentally’ / < puqig-ate-;< PE puqi!it- (under < PE puqi!-)

puqig- to be intelligent; to be smart; to be articulate# puqigtuq ‘he is smart’ / Elissarciqan nevni
waten atuucelluku puqigturalriamun elissarluku.
‘You will teach her at your house letting one who
is good with his mind teach her by singing.’ (TAP
2004:75); > puqaite-, puqigli-, puqigneq; < PE
puqi!puqigli one who is very intelligent # . . . avani
ciuqvani waten imarpigmiut catun imutun
atanvagtun puqiglitun pitullrulliniit paugkut
akulmiut, nunamiut.’. . . long ago those livingon the coast regarded the inland people as very
intelligent authorities.’ (QUL 2003:628); < puqig-li1
puqigneq wisdom # Catholic term; < puqig-neq2
puqla warmth; heat; hot water; the living spirit or
life’s force of an individual person # kaminiam
puqliin qavarnivkaraanga ‘the stove’s warmth
is making me sleepy’; puqlii cauga? ‘what is
his temperature?’; puqliraa ‘he put hot waterin it’ to warm it up; Ellii-llu murilkenrilami
tatamluni, kegginaa-llu man’a kaviriqertelliami
puqlanga’arrluni. ‘And because she wasn’t
watching she got startled, and her face felt as
if it had turned red since it had become very
warm.’ (PRA 1995:336); puqlam cuqyutii or puqlam
cuqcautii ‘fever thermometer’; puqlam cuqii‘(body) temperature’; > puqelvag-, Puqlamiu,
puqlaneq, puqlanir-, puqlassuun; < PE puqla
Puqlamiu black person; African-American # BB;< puqla-miu
puqlaneq sun # NUN, EG, UK; on Khromchenko 1824
list (13) and on Orlov-Pinart 1871 list (22) for EG,
and on Wrangell 1839 list (18) for K; < puqla-neq1
puqlanir- to be warm or hot, but not excessively
so # applies to liquids that are not hot enough toburn one; to have a fever; to be sunny (additional
meaning in NUN) # puqlanirtuq ‘it (e.g., coffee)
is hot’ / mikelnguq puqlanirtuq ‘the child has
a fever’; Tua-i tuaten cimiqaqluku meq aaniita
akungqavkarluki aatiita qercuanri puqlaniriatata¥gaam taqevkarluki. ‘She changed the waterat intervals several times more making the water
warmer each time and letting their father soak
his frozen (toes) until they were completely(thawed).’ (ELN 1990:77); < puqla-neq1-ir1puqlassuun hot-water bottle; thermos; heating pad;
< puqla-cuun
purriur- (puriur- ?) to pick berries although there
aren’t many # NUN

510

Basespurtua-, purtuar- to choke and gasp for breath as
when wind blows in one’s face # purtuaguq, or
purtuartuq ‘he is gasping for breath’ / = ep’ura-,
puurtua-; < epe-ur-tur1-a-, epe-ur-tur1-apurug- to be broke; to be without money # the r inthis word sounds like English ‘r’ or ‘s’ in ‘measure’;
purugtuq ’he is broke’ / NSU; from English‘broke’; = pulugpurugar- to pursue in order to punish # r sounds
like English ‘r’ or ‘s’ in ‘measure’; purugaraa ‘heis pursuing him’ / NSU; probably from English‘pursue’
puss’iq domestic cat # from English ‘pussy’; =puussiqpusnga- to be in a bent-forward position #pusngauq ‘he is in a bent-forward position’;< put’e-ngapustiiliq, pustiilaq mattress # from Russian gjcn®km(postél’) ‘bed’
put’e- to bend forward # put’uq ‘he bent forward’ /pull’uni kuskaq pissurtuq uugna’rnek ‘slinking
low, the cat is hunting mice (voles)’; Igvaamillu uurpagluni, . . . pus’arrluni. Puc’artuan-gguq
iik kenernek pirciayaarlutek. ‘When it cameinto view, it hooted, . . . and bend its head down
low. When it put its head low its eyes threw out ashower of sparks.’ (YUU 1995:77); > pusnga-,
putegte-; < PE putputegte- to bend over something # putegtuq ‘itbends in’ / put’gutut ‘they (blades of grassor the like) are growing inward’ (as into adoor or skylight); Tamatum-gguq nalliini
tuqunaqatautiini, Ugli-llu-gguq tamaani
putegngallruuq tua-i putegngaqapiggluni qantani
una pusvikumaluku. ‘During the same time rightbefore the Great Death, Ugli was found bending
over, yes, very much bending over her bowl.’ (CIU
2005:232); < put’e-?- (?)
putiilkaaq, putiil’kaaq, putiilekaaq bottle #Nem’un itrulluku putiilekaamek cikirluku,
cikunguayaaq imiqerluku. ‘He brought it in
the house giving a bottle, and filled a small
glass.’ (KIP 1998:15); . . . . arnam ullagaa
putiil’kaalgirluni mingugmek tepkegcilriamek
akitulriamek imalegmek, . . . ‘. . . a woman
approached him carrying a bottle containing
precious ointment, . . .’ (MARK 14:3); from
Russian ,enßkrf (butýlka)
putu1 women’s welcome dance # and putu-1 topurtua- — putukuar-

dance the women’s welcome dance #; Angutet
cetaman nangermeng puallalriit arnaq-wa
qukaatni putulria. ‘Four men dance standing anda woman in the center does the woman’s dance.’(AGA 1996:117); Yputu-2 to make a hole through; to pierce # and putu2
leather piece on a skin boot with a hole for thebootlace; hole in skin boat covering for lashing itto the frame # putuuq ‘it (e.g., drill, icepick) went
through’; putua ‘he or it pierced it’ / narulkallrua
putuluku ‘he speared it, making a hole throughit’; . . . ciutiikun egluliurcuutii itqercami ilqurra
qamna putuluku ilutmun. Tuqulluku. ‘. . .
through his ear her sinew awl entered his brain
piercing inwards. She killed him (that way).’(MAR1 2001:90); Tua-i ussukcaucuilamegteki,ac’eqaarluku menglii pututgun qavyamek unavet
tua-i tugucirvianun, tua-i waten qeluurluku tua-icagnilluki tua-i uivetmun tua-i yaavet ciunganek.
‘Since they did not attach them with nails duringthat time, the skin covering of the frame boat
was stretched to fit the frame, then lashed onto
the frame using a rope which was put throughthe set holes, starting from the front to the backand all the way around.’ (CIU 2005:16); NI,
HBC, Y, NS; > putuneq, puturtua-, putukite-,putukumyuar(ar)-, puturte-; cf. putukuq; < PEputu
putulkia- for the toes to be visible # It’gatwa kiugkuk, yinraat putukulkiagurluteng,ceturngalriit uatmun. ‘Oh my there were feet,of people, with the toes sticking out, with the legs
stretched out toward the exit.’ (MAR1 2001:48);< putukuq-?putukite- to stub one’s toe # putukituq ‘he stubbed
his toe’ / putukisvikaa ‘he stubbed his toe on it’;
NSU; > putukuq-?putukumyuar(ar)- to tiptoe # putukumyuartuq ‘heis tiptoeing’ / < putukuq-?putukuq big toe # K, Y, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI;
cf. putu-; > putukia-, putukite-, putukuar-,
putukumyuar(ar)-, putukuyuar-; < PE putuku3
putukuar- to be sleeping in the water (ofbearded seals) # Qavaraqameng-wa ta¥gaam
cikumi; . . . Ilait ta¥gken mermi qavatuluteng,putukuarluteng. ‘They [bearded seals] only sleepon the ice; . . . Sometimes, however, they sleepin the water, floating, “putukuarluteng”.’ (PAI
2008:44); < putukuq-?-511

putukuyuar- — puve-

Bases

putukuyuar- to run on water with outstretchedwings # of a bird; < putukuqputulirissun hole puncher # < putu2-lir-i2-ssuun
putulri loop for bootlace on a skin boot or othersuch thing # < putu2-?
putuneq hole # < putu2-neq1
puturte- to have holes (of the sole of a skin boot) #NUN; < putu2-?puturtua- to get a hole in one’s boot sole #puturtuaguq ‘he got a hole in his boot sole’ /NSU; < putu2putuskaq pillow; cushion # putuskirluni
qavartuq ‘he is sleeping with a pillow’; Tagluni
qiaqcaaralliniluni aanami putuskaa teguluku.
‘She went up, and she cried and cried holding
her mother’s pillow.’ (ELL 1997:120); from Russian
gjl´irf (podúshka)
puucukcuarute- to bang one’s head repeatedly on asurface # puucukcuarutuq ‘he is banging his own
head’; puucukcuarutaa ‘he is banging her head’ /< puug-?-te-5
puug- root; > puucukcuarute-, puugtur-, puukarpuugtua- to dive through the air repeatedly withthe apparent intention of ramming something# e.g., a bird trying to drive away intruders;puugtuaguq ‘it dived’; puugtuagaa ‘it dived at it’/ < puugtur-apuugtur- to dive through the air once with theapparent intention of bumping or ramming
something # puugturtuq ‘it dived’; puugturaa‘it dived at it’ / < puug-tur1-; > puugtua-,puugtuyuli
puugtuyuli woodpecker any species; flicker (Colaptes
auratus) # < puugtur-yuli
puukar- to bump; to sting (of a bee) # puukartuq‘he bumped’ (something); puukaraa‘he bumped against it’ / puukautaa ‘hebumped something with it’ (e.g., body part);
panayulim puukallruanga ‘the bee stung me’;pitsaqa’artevkenii puukallemni tatemkun
qiuqertellruuq ‘when I accidentally bumped
my forehead it got bruised’; puukanritqerluku‘almost bumping into it’; Nalirpeci ataulriim
qetunrani keliparyukan, teggalqumek cikirciqau?
Wall’u peksuryukan puukatulimek ciissimek
cikirciqau? ‘Which one of you, being a father,would, if your son wants bread, give him astone? Or, if he wants an egg would give him

a scorpion (a stinging insect)?’ (LUKE 11:11); <puug-qar-; > puukaqercetaaq, puukaryailkutaq,
puukpagpuukaqercetaaq spring snare for catching groundsquirrels # < puukar-qar-cetaaq
puukaryailkutaq* brush bow at the front of a sled# see Appendix 9 on parts of the sled; < puukaryailkutaq
puukicaaq button # Maa-i-gguq ukut tulut
piliarraat nunguyutet, maa-i-rpak kuukicaanek
wall’ puukicaanek pitukeput. ‘These things
fashioned from ivory are fasteners; at present weterm them buttons.’ (CIU 2005:236); from Russiang´ujdbwf (púgovitsa); = kuukicaaq
puukpag- to bump hard # puukpagtuq ‘it bumped
hard’; puukpagaa ‘it bumped it hard’ /< puukar-pag2puuliq bullet # Pitaqavci-qaa iluani pitallerpeci
nataqaqavciu puuliq atunqigtelararci? ‘When
you caught game, and when you found the bullet
inside the animal you caught, did you use it
again?’ (KIP 1998:263); from Russian g´kb (púli)‘bullets’; > puulissuun
puulissuun bullet mold # < puuliq-li2-ssuun
puurtua- to choke and gasp for breath as whenwind blows in one’s face # = ep’ua-, purtua-;< epe-ur-tur1-apuusar- to cross oneself # in the Russian Orthodox
faith; puusartuq ‘he crossed himself’ / puusa(a)‘cross yourself’, ‘make the sign of the cross (onyourself)’; from Russian <j;t (Bózhe) ‘God’
vocativepuussiq, puussiiq domestic cat # from English‘pussy’; = puss’iq
puvair- to subside; to come down # of swelling;
puvairtuq ‘the swelling came down’; puvairaa ‘itcaused the swelling to subside’ / < puve-ir2puve- to swell # puv’uq ‘it swelled’ / puvumauq‘it is swollen’; nangteqlemni aqsiigka
puvellruuk ‘when I was ill my abdomen becameswollen’; Akleng-gguq piqarraami-gguq tuani
pingnatullermini tutgara’urluq tauna akekatakigguq unate¥rlui. . . . Kavirpak, puvengluteng.
‘Poor thing, when he first started subsistence
hunting, that grandson, his poor hands. . . . They
were all red and began to swell up.’ (NAA 1970:4);> puvair-, puvsaq, puvute-, puvyaq; cf. pu-,
puge-; < PE puv0-

512Basespuveltuk northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus)# = pugultu; < PY-S puv0ltu
puvsaq crop or craw of ptarmigan # NSU; =puvyaq; < puve-yaq
puvute- to swell up exerting pressure inside a
confining area # Qaneryaraq-gguq anssaayuituq
ikiuluni kitngiarulluni puvucuunani-llu.
Qemangqaurallra-gguq assinruuq. ‘The say thatone’s hurtful speech doesn’t try (of itself) to comeout; it doesn’t kick or apply outward pressure. It
is better to keep it stowed away inside oneself.’(YUU 2005:52); < puve-te5puvyaq air pouch of walrus to store air while
underwater or asleep; crop or craw of ptarmigan# = puvsaq; < puve-yaq
puya, puyalleq type of whipped “Eskimo ice
cream” (akutaq) made from moss soaked in aged
seal oil # and puya-, puyalerte-, puyallerte- to be
rancid of grease or oil; to be dirty (meaning in NSU)
# puyauq or pusauq ‘it is rancid or dirty’ / uquq
puyalertuq ‘the seal oil is rancid’; Piqanrakungguq ketiini-gguq maani qayat; qayaqegtaarwa-gguq pa¥gna puyaciaralria. ‘Just when he didthat he saw a kayak on the shore, a new kayak
waiting to become rancid (that is, for the oil put
on its sealskin cover to become rancid so that the
kayak would be ready for use).’ (CUN 2008:60);< PE puya
puyiar- to stream forth; to be steaming # Unuakumi
erenret waten puyiallagluteng tua-i imumek
tanqigiyartuaraqerluku, taukut-llu tua-i
Sagquralriit tevirluteng. ‘In the mornings withday [the rays of the sun] streaming forth and it
becoming bright, the constellation Orion would
set.’ (CIU 2005:364); Ilait puyiarluteng ugaan
nutaan ipunerram, . . . ‘Some were steaming
because they had just been ladled out, . . .’ (QUL
2003:222); < puyir-apuyiar(ar)- to steam (emit steam) # Anqerraarluni
itliniuq qantamek tegumiarluni, imai
puyiarluteng, uunerra’arluki iqalluat. ‘After she
went out she came in again carrying a plate ofsteaming freshly cooked tomcod.’ (YUU 1995:94);< puyir-?puyiir(aq*), puyiiq redpoll (Carduelis sp.); pine
grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)(LI meaning) # < ?-iq,?-iq, ?
puyir- to be or make smoky; to fumigate; to burnincense # puyirtuq ‘it is smoky’; puyiraa ‘it ispuveltuk — puyuqneq

making it smoky’ / . . . piuq ena uptaqamegteggu
iterpailgagnek puyilallruniluteng ayunek. ‘. . .
she stated that when they got the house ready,before the two of them came in, they’d makesmoke by burning the Labrador tea plant here.’(CAU 1985:54); < puyuq-ir1-; > puyiar-, puyiqun,puyirvikpuyirvik, puyiryaraq chimney; stovepipe # Tuai-llu kinguani imkunek kaassapigcuukarnek
puyirviggalegnek glass-anek atungluteng. ‘Then,after that, they started using kerosene lamps
with glass chimneys.’ (CIU 2005:186); < puyir-vik,puyir-yaraq
puyitaaraq redpoll (Carduelis sp.) # HBC
puyiqun volcanic rock used as a sharpening stone #< puyir-?-n # NUN
puyunguaq puffball (Lycoperdon sp.) # NSU;
< puyuq-nguaq
puyuq smoke; steam; water vapor # Anngami
ketmun imarpiim tungiinun kiartuq camna
camani puyuq. Angyarpiim tua-i puyuqelliniluku.
Ellii tangeqsailami angyarpagmek puyilriamek
cauciinaku puyuq camna. ‘When he went out, helooked toward the ocean down there and saw
smoke. Apparently it was smoke coming from the
big ship. Because he’d never seen a ship making
smoke before, he didn’t know what that smoke
was.’ (QUL 2003:392); > puyir-, puyunguaq,
puyuqair-, puyuqaq, puyuqe-, puyuqumaar(aq*),puyuraar(aq*), puyurniq, puyuruaq, puyurkaq,
puyurninarqe-, puyurqe-, puyurruaq, puyurte-,puyurtuq, puyurtur-; < PE puyu3
puyuqair- to clean (a gun) # puyuqairaa ‘he iscleaning it’ / < puyuq-?-ir2-; > puyuqairin
puyuqairin ramrod; gun-cleaning rod #< puyuqair-i2-npuyuqaq smoked food # NUN; < puyuq-?
puyuqe- to be smoked; to be full of smoke (ofclothes); to smoke (meat) # puyuquq ‘it has beensmoked’, ‘it smells of smoke’; puyuqaa ‘it has
been smoked, smells of smoke’, ‘she smoked it(meat)’ / . . . kemek puyuqerraarluku keniulluku.
‘. . . after she smoked the meat she cooked it for
her.’ (YUU 1995:36); < puyuq-?-; > puyuqin,
puyuqneq
puyuqin fireplace in a smokehouse # < puyuqe-i3-npuyuqneq soot # Ayainanermini, cali ciunra a¥gna
tan’gertanglliniuq, tuar-gguq puyuqneq. ‘As he513

puyuqumaar(aq*) — puyuruaq

Bases

was traveling, the area ahead started to get dark;
it looked just like soot.’ (YUU 1995:84); < puyuqeneq1
puyuqumaar(aq*) American dipper (Cinclus
mexicanus) # < puyuq-?-ar(aq)puyuraar(aq*) nagoonberry; wineberry (Rubus
arcticus) # locally often: ‘strawberry’; K; < puyuq?-ar(aq); > puyuraarpak
puyuraarpak raspberry (Rubus idaeus) # literally: ‘big
nagoonberry’; < puyuraar(ar)-rpakpuyurcivik smokehouse # Maaten-gguq tua-i
tekicaaqaa tauna nunasek, aren netaunani,
qulvarvigtaunani, puyurcivigtaunani. ‘He reachedtheir village and saw that there were no houses,
no caches, no smokehouses.’ (CUN 2007:126);< puyurte-i2-vik
puyurkaq gunpowder; wood for smoking fish
# Ilaita tuknilrianek piyugaqameng puyurkaq
amllerikanirluku pilaraat. ‘Some of them would
increase the amount of gunpowder when theywanted them (the bullets) to be more powerful.’(KIP 1998:261); < puyuq-kaq; > puyurkarvik,
puyurkirissuun
puyurkarvik gunpowder container; powder horn
# puyurkirissuun ‘gunpowder measurer’; <puyurkaq-vik
puyurkirissuun powder measurer # < puyurkaq-li2i2-ssuun
puyurninarqe- to smell of smoke # puyurninarquq‘it smells smoky’ / < puyuq-ninarqepuyurniq nagoonberry; wineberry (Rubus arcticus) #HBC; < puyuq-?
puyurqe- to be smoked; to feed the fire whensmoking fish # puyurqut ‘they are being
smoked’; puyurqai ‘he is feeding the fire tosmoke them’ / < puyuq-rqe2puyurruaq cigarette # EG; < puyuq-uaq
puyurte- to smoke (fish) # puyurtut ‘they arebeing smoked’; puyurtai ‘he is smoking them’ /Ernerpak-llu unuaquaqan kumarrluki kenillret
kumavkarluki tamakunek aruvagkanek
murirturluki puyurrluki neqet. ‘All day every
day they’d make a fire in the fireplace and keep it
lit, putting wood on it, to smoke the fish with
its smoke.’ (PRA 1995*:462); < puyur-te6-;> puyurcivik
puyuruaq cigarette; pipe; cigar # < puyuq-uaq
puyurtuq cigarette; pipe; cigar # NSU, NR, LI, EG,

UK; direct nominalization of puyurturpuyurtuutaq cigarette; pipe; cigar # < puyurtur-taq1
puyurtur- to smoke a cigarette, pipe, or cigar #puyurturtuq ‘he is smoking’; puyurturaa ‘he issmoking it’ / NSU, BB, NR, LI, EG, UK; < puyuqtur1puyuruaq, puyuruaraq nagoonberry; wineberry(Rubus arcticus) # Y, NS; < puyuq-uaq, puyuq-uaq

514

BasesQ

qa- — qaaryak

qaaq wave # NUN; = qaiq cf. qaa-2; < PE qa!0(3)Qaariitaaq indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated inautumn in which participants with painted faces
or wearing masks would go door to door asking
for food; Halloween; participant in this festivalor this activity (especially one of the two doing
this at the beginning of the “Bladder Festival”)# qaariitaar- to participate in this festival; to go
trick-or-treating (NUN meaning) # the participantssay “qaariitaa cikirrarcia”, (’qaariitaa; give me a littlebit’) in a low voice; the holiday is sometimes refered
to as “Masked Festival” or “Asking Festival” inEnglish; because this festival occurred around late
October and because of what the participants did,
the word “Qaariitaaq” is often used for Halloween
nowadays; Nunameggnun-gguq elkartaqameng
cikullran kinguani uksuarmi Qaariitaalallruut
ernerni qavcini. ‘When they settled down intheir village after freeze-up in fall time they’dcelebrate “Qaariitaaq” over the course of several
days.’ (CAU 1985:43); Amlleret cali qanertut
kegginateng mingugluki Qaariitaalallruniluki.
. . . urasqamek kangiplugmek tuaten. ‘Many
people say that they celebrated “Qaariitaaq” by
painting their faces . . . with bluish-gray clay
and charcoal.’ (CAU 1985:43); Taukuk-gguq
apqek qaariitaak qantanek iterqurirraartellukek
unuaquani nutaan Nakaciuq ayagnilaraat.
‘They began the Bladder Festival after two
individuals, called “qaariitaaq”, went into thehouses with bowls (for food) every day.’ (CAU
1985:57); . . . naugga maani school-arvigpece÷i
Qaariitaaqulartuci tamatum tamaa-i unuggsuutiini
tamaa-i ayagnenglartut. ‘. . . they’d start [theQaariitaaq festivity] in the month in whichat your school you have Halloween.’ (QAN
1995:160); > Qaariitaarvik
Qaariitaarvik October; Halloween # see Appendix 7
on the Yup’ik calendar; < qaariitaaq-vik
Qaarpak, Qaarpagyaraq indigenous Yup’ik holiday
celebrated in the coastal area only (elsewherecombined with Qaariitaaq, shortly before the
Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder Feast”) # said to be analternate name for Qengarpak (q.v.)
qaarsaq herring egg # qaarsat ‘herring roe’; Y, NS:= qiaryaq, qaryaq, qaaryak; < ?-yaq; < PE
qa(C)a3ya3
qaaryak skin sore; acne pimple # qaaryiit ‘rash’,‘pimples’; sass’ama tayarneqa qaaryangevkaraa

qa- speaking, vocalizing # deep root; cf. qalarte-,
qaneq, qayag-, qallate2-, qalmar-, qalrir-, qaci-,
qaniqe-, qas-, qatek, qarte-, qaruteqaa1 really?; is that so? # exclamation; also used as an
enclitic when asking a yes-or-no question; see enclitic
sectionqaa-2 surface # Kwaten qanrutkellruat; cunera’aratam aqvalirturluteng cikum qaangakun . . . ‘That’s
how they told it; the young men ran over thesurface of the ice . . . (WEB2); NUN; = qai-; cf.
qaaq; < PE qa90qaacullraq slipper # Y
qaalruar- to make murmuring sounds # Angukar
tuavet amiigem canianun aqumluni, cakemkut
elaturrami qaalruangluteng arnanek tuaten
avuluteng, arnarpalluut. ‘An old man sat there
near the floor opening, inside, and the ones inthe enclosed entryway started making different
murmuring sounds, these being mostly women.’(ELL 1997:296)
qaalu- root; > qaaluciaq, qaaluraq, qaalurar-,qaaluteqaaluciaq spoon # HBC; < qaalu-?; > qaaluciaqarqaaluciaqar- to slip and fall, with one’s feet goingout forward. qaaluciaqertuq ‘he fell’ / HBC;
< qaaluciaq-?qaaluraq* spoon # Qaaluraagken tua-i.
Neplirpiiqnak, qavarnilrianga tang. ‘Here areyour two spoons. Quiet down; I’m sleepy.’ (AGA
1996:204); < qaalu-?qaalurar-, qaalura- to splash water repeatedly
or continuously # qaalurartuq or qaalurauq‘he is splashing’; qaaluraraa or qaaluraa ‘he issplashing water on it’ / NUN; < qaalu-?qaalute- to splash out (as with the hand or adipper); to pour out # NUN; < qaalu-?qaamyuar(ar)- to close one’s eyes partially, as whensquinting against light, or as a sign of intenseenjoyment or satisfaction # qaamyuartuq ‘heis squinting, has his eyes partially closed’;< ?-ar(aq); cf. qameqaang no # exclamation; qaang, waniku ayagngaitua‘no, I’m not going to leave soon’; = qang’a515

qaategte- — qacig-

Basestang suulutaamek kelistarluni qacarnemikun.”‘“And, where is the church?” “It is over therewith a gold cross on its siding.”’ (YUP 1996:12);< qacarte-neq1
qacarte- to hit or slap with the hand; to blow againstof wind # qacartaa ‘he or it slapped it’ / anuqem
nep’ut qacartaa ‘the wind is hitting our house’;
Yuum qacareskaten ulluvagpegun inglua-llu
manikiu; . . . ‘If anyone strikes you on the cheek,
offer the other also; . . .’ (LUKE. 6:29); = qassarte-;> qacpag-, qacap’ag-, qacarneq, qacarte-; cf.
qacguur-, qacar-; < PE qaca3qacautaq edible, sweet sea anemone found on rocks(species ?) # NUN
qacegtu- to be broad-chested # Angevkenanigguq angutecuaraq, qacegtuluni ta¥gaam
uqilaqapiggluni . . . ‘It is said that little man was
small, but he was broad-chested and could runvery fast . . .’ (MAR1 2001:8); Y; < qatek-tuqacelli- pain to sting, burn; to whine (additional NSU
meaning) # Y; NSU: = qatli-; < PE qac0liqacervag- to sting badly # qacervagtuq ‘it is stinging
badly’ / Elliin ayuqucia assiitqapiarluni, igyaraallu kinerteqapiggluni, iik-llu tuaten qacervaglutek
uicunainatek. ‘Her condition was very bad; herthroat was very dry, and her eyes stung so badlythat it hurt to open them.’ (ELN 1990:49);< qacelli-/qatli-pag2qacguur- to slap at intervals; to play a guitar #qacguurtuq ‘he slapping something’; qacguuraa‘he’s slapping it’/ cf. qacarteqaci- to have a deep voice; to be deep of the voice.
qaciuq ‘he has a deep voice’ / erinii qaciuq ‘his
voice is deep’; cf. qaqacig- easily done #root; > qacigikanir-, qacigli-,
qacignarqe-, qacigte-; also used in the quantifier/qualifier construction: Tutgara’urlullraaq,
qaciita-qaa imarpigmun pilaryukluki ciungani
imarpigteksaileng’erpet uptuten? ‘Grandchild,
do you think that they are not big tasks eventhough you’ve never been to the ocean before,
and thus you are getting ready (in that way)?’(QUL 2003:248); Arenqia, qaciggarmenggguq imkut nunat cir’iqertut tuntunek
caperqek’ngameggnek. ‘Oh my, that village
suddenly had a goodly supply of caribou, andit was easy for them (to catch them now), which
they had thought to be hard (to catch).’ (QUL
2003:290)‘my watch caused my wrist to get a rash’; =qiaryaq, qaryaq, qaarsaq; < PE qa(C)a3ya3
qaategte- to feel lazy; to be languid; to be listless;to be lethargic; to be torpid # qaategtuq‘he is lethargic’ / akwaugaq kiircetellrani
qaategtepiallruunga ‘yesterday when it was hot
I didn’t feel like doing anything at all’; Taumek
tauten qaategtevkenata uitaksaunata alaitellrani
pisqutkellrukvut. ‘That’s why it was our rule not
to be lazy and sit idle when [the fish] made theirappearance.’ (YUP 2005:86)
qaavesga- to be beached # . . . paacakayak
qaavesgalria taman’ qacaqerpiirluni kiagmi taman’
tepelqellinikii . . . ‘. . . a huge barge beached by
the squall in the summer, driven ashore . . .’ (KIP
1998:233); cf. qai–
qac’ag- to make dancing motions with one’s
body following the beat of music # qac’agtuq‘he is moving to the music’ / niicugnissuutet
kumallratni qac’agturallruuq anngaqa ‘when
the radio was on my older brother was making
dancing motions’; < PE qac(c)a!
qacagli- to come loose # qacagliuq ‘it is coming
loose’; < qacagte-i1qacagte- to be loosely attached # qacagtuq ‘it isloose’ / K; > qacagli-, qacalkeqacalke- to fit in loosely # Itqertaqluteng
qacalkelluteng mik’nateng. They go in (into themouse holes) and fit in easily, being small.’ (PAI
2008:178); < qacagte-ke3qacangqi- to clap # NUN; < qacarte-?qacap’ag- to hit hard with the palm of the hand #qacap’agaa ‘he hit it hard’ / Aren qacap’agurluqiigguq, qanrulluku, “Iinginingaa! Issaluuqtaq
una caqtarta?” ‘Oh dear, the fox slapped him
hard, saying to him, “Iinginingaa! This darned
porcupine, what’s he doing?!” (QAI 1984:9);< qacarte-pag2-; > qacap’aguaq
qacap’aguaq fur hat with earflaps # BB; < qacap’aguaq
qacapleq mush made by adding water to flour thathas been stir-fried without oil until brown #NUNqacar- to be windy from the ocean # NUN; cf.
qacarteqacarneq wall; side # Ingrim-wa yaani qacarnerani
caniqaani akerta pugumssuaralria. ‘To the side of
the mountain the sun was just barely coming up.’
(ELN 1990:1l); “Nauwa-mi agayuvik?” “Yaa-i

516

Basesqacigikanir- to become easier # qacigikanirtuq‘it has become easier’; panimi ikayuryaurcani
qacigikanirtuq ‘since her daughter has begun tohelp, her work load was lessened’; < qacig-kanirqacigli- to find something becoming easier (as withpractice or the passage of time) # . . . kiituan
tua-i imna a¥g’angnaqu’urqengaqa qaciglilua
atungaqa, tua-i-w’ assiilnguq ayalriatun imutun.
‘. . . finally it will become easier for me to not dowrong, as it has gone away.’ (QUL 2003:256);< qacig-i1qacignaite- to be difficult # qacignaituq ‘it isdifficult’ / Amlleret makut qacignailnguut
aperyarat igausngaut Yup’igtun aperyarat
kangingnaurutaitni, Steven A. Jacobsonaam taqellrini, ta¥gaam tamaq’apigmeng
igausngavkenateng. ‘Many difficult words are
written down in the Yup’ik dictionary compiled
by Steven A. Jacobson [the first edition of thepresent book], but certainly not all were written.’(KIP 1998:xxi); < qacig-naiteqacignarqe- to be easy; to require little effort# qacignarquq ‘it is easy’ / Caviyaarnek
kass’at casgukautaitnek qunguturameggnun,taluyilangamta can’giircuutnek maa-i.
Qacignariluni taluyilleq calirpagnairulluni.
‘Because nowadays we make blackfish traps outof commercial wire mesh, chicken wire, it’s easier
now to make fish traps, it doesn’t require hard
work anymore.’ (KIP 1998:321); < qacig-narqeqacigte- to be unoccupied; to have (leisure) time #qacigtuq ‘he has time’ / Agayunruan unuamek
qacigtukut ‘since today is Sunday we’re taking iteasy’; qacigarcama ce÷irtua ‘because I have thetime I’m visiting’; Uksuarmi cikuaqan qacigglua
uitayuunii. ‘In the autumn when freeze-up
comes, I never wait around with time on myhands.’ (YUU 1995:55); < qacig-?-; > qacigtenriteqacigtenrite- to be busy # qacigtenrituq ‘he is busy’/ Itrutmini qanlliniuq qacigtevkenaki calisqelluki,. . . ‘Upon coming in, he said that they should
get to work without wasting any time, . . .’ (YUU
1995:18); < qacigte-nriteqacike- to find (it) to be as easy to act on as
desired # Aren, qacikngamiki ungungssit, aren,
ayalliniluni. ‘Well, since he found it easy (tokill) the bears, well, he went on his way.’ (QUL
2003:92); < qacig-ke3qacngate- to be preoccupied #qacigikanir- — qacurqe-

qacngercetaar- to cook well in order to tenderize #NUNqacpag- to slap hard # < qacarte-pag2qacu-1 to be loose; to not be taut; to be wrinkled; tosag # qacuuq ‘it is loose’ / qacutaa ‘he wrinkled
it, gathered it (cloth)’; pelatekaq qacunguq ‘thetent is getting saggy’; kegginaa qacuuq ‘herface is wrinkled’; Inglernun tagluni, maaten pia
kegginaa mikelnguum kavirpak qacuqapiggluni,
iik-llu cikmiumalutek. ‘Going up to the bed she
looked at her and saw that the baby’s face was
all red and very wrinkled and that her eyes wereclosed.’ (ELN 1990:10); > qacuneq, qac’uqerte-;< PE qacuqacu-2 root; > qacuir-, qacungake-, qacute-,
qacuvallagqacuir- to despair; to get discouraged #Piningqerqina qacuiryaqunak-llu . . . ‘Be strong
and of good courage . . .’ (ALER. 31:23)
qaculluk wolf fish (Anarhichas sp.) # the black skin of
this fish was used for trim on parkas; Y, NS; < ?-llukqacuneq eddy # LI; < qacu1-neq1
qacungake- to doubt (his) ability or
accomplishments; to mock; to ridicule #qacungakaa ‘he ridiculed her’ / qacungakiuq‘he mocked someone’; qacungakaa ikamraliallra
assiitniluku ‘she doubted his abilities, saying thatthe sled he had made was bad’; Tamana tua-i
pitekluku qacungakitullrulliniuq alikaunani-llu
ilaminek. ‘For that reason he was fearless andwould mock his fellows.’ (CIU 2005:202);< qacu2-?qacuniar- to engage in illicit sex # cf. acuniarqac’uqerte- to suddenly go slack # Qac’uqertaqan
cayukaniraqluku pituut taprualut. ‘Wheneverit goes slack they pull in the sealskin line.’ (PAI
200:382); < qacu-qerteqacurqe- to ridicule through song # of a shamanridiculing another shaman # qacurqin or
qacurqissun ‘ridicule song’; Qacurqissuutaitnek
yuarutet tamakut ap’lallruit. Yuarutetgun
qacurqiaqata ilameggnek, yuarutait aptuit, pimgguq qacurqissuutii. Kiimi pinrituq tauna. Allatllu angalkut qacurqitullrulliniut yuarutetgun.
‘They termed the songs “ridicule songs”. Whenthey ridiculed their fellow shamans through song,that’s what their songs were called, a device forridiculing something. He wasn’t the only one.
Other shamans were ridiculed through song.’(CIU 2005:202)517

qacute- — qagkumiu

Basesqacute- to refuse (him); to deny (him) his request;
to turn (him) down # qacutaa ‘he refusedher’ / Ciungani-llu qacuteksailamken camek
cayugaqavet. ‘Previously I hadn’t refused you
when you wanted anything.’ (QUL 2003:382);
Tua-i taum pinritliniluku tua-i nutaan-llu tua-i
tuaten tua-i cali tua-i qacutenricaaqluku ta¥gaam
tua-i wanirpak cikirciigataqamiu pivkenaku.
‘In the end he didn’t give him what he wanted;
he wasn’t intentionally denying him, but at thatmoment he wasn’t able to give him what hewanted.’ (QAN 1995:141); < qacu2qacuvallag- to be disappointed # qacuvallagtuq ‘heis disappointed’ / Culurcan tua-i arenqiatelliniuq
qacuvallagluni, pilallruani nulirqeciqniluni. . . .
Tua-i qacuvalliimi iluteqliniuq cakneq. ‘When
he docked he was out of luck and he wasdisappointed since she’d told him she’d be hiswife. Because he was disappointed, he grievedvery much.’ (YUU 1995:11); < qacu2-pallagqagaa(ni) outside; in the north # extended
demonstrative adverb; qagaani aquiyarturci ‘goplay outdoors’; qagaavet ‘to out there’ or ‘tothe north’; qagaaken or qagken ‘from out there’or ‘from the north’; Tua-llu-gguq tua-i atam
arnaq-gguq una iliit tamaani tangerrnauraa
ellami qagaani ingluminun qeluvkarluni
tarrartaqluni. ‘And so he used to see one ofthose women walking around outside there bent
over to one side.’ (CUN 2007:30); Una-gguq yuk
qagaani Naparyaarmiuni up’nerkami uptellria
imarpigteqatarluni. ‘There was this man up northin Hooper Bay who in the springtime was getting
ready to go out on the ocean.’ (YUU 1995:102);
Waten ayuqut tua-i alaunateng tayima-llu tua-i
catairulluteng qagaatmun ayagluteng. ‘They (ishand game) become available and then they aregone, traveling northward.’ (YUP 2005:86); = qiini;
see qagna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. qa!qagan lake from which a river flows; headwaters
lake; fountainhead # kuigem qagatii ‘thesource of the river’; Tua-i-llu-gguq allamekam maligluni-am qagatem ce÷iikun ce÷irrlutek
anguarturlutek pillermegni yaqulegcurlutek,. . . ‘Then another time when he and someother persons were following the shore of theheadwaters lake while hunting birds, . . .’ (AGA
1996:182); Kemga Kristussam akurturciu; qagatii
tuquilnguum nericiu. ‘Receive the body of Christ;

taste the fountainhead of immortality.’ (ORT.
2006:28); < ?-n; > qagateke-, qagatengqerr-; < PY
qa!an
qagateke- to depend on # < qagan-ke2- # NUN
qagatengqerr- to have someone to support one or todepend on # < qagan-ngqerr- # NUN
qageq blackfish that has been boiled and allowed
to set in its cooled, jelled broth # qagret plural‘day-old cooked blackfish’; qagerturtuq‘she is eating day-old cooked blackfish’;
Neqkiurluteng atakumi, imirluku-llu tauna,
mirluki-ll’ mer’atnek, nutaam nek’eggluki
puqlaunrilngurmun; kenirrarluki. Qagilutenggguq. ‘They’d prepare the dish in the evening,filling that (bowl), adding their broth to then,setting them in a cool place after cooking them.
That’s what’s meant by making “qagret”.’ (PAI
2008:214); cf. qagerqager-, qagerte- to explode; to pop; to burst #qagertuq (qagerluni or qagerrluni) ‘it exploded,
burst, popped’ / qagertaa or qagerqaa ‘hepopped it, burst it, exploded it’; Ellam qukaanun
tekicami tanqik tauna qagertelliniluku, qagreskiinillu nallunaunani camna tanqigiqertelliniluni,. . . ‘When he got to the middle of the sky heburst open the light, and when he burst it open,
down below it was obviously lit up, . . .’ (CUN
2007:112); Cunawa tuani anluaq tauna ullagluku
nutaan tamakut nakacuut qagerqetullinikait
qagerqerraarluki-llu cikum acianun qerrluki. ‘The
explanation is that they’d go over to the hole in
the ice, burst those bladders, and after bursting
them, put them through under the ice.’ (ELL
1997:292); < ?; > qagerte-, qag’erte-, qagpag-,qagra-, qagrute-; cf. qageq
qag’erneq hernia / qag’ernengqertuq ‘he has ahernia’; pilagturtuq qag’erneni kitugcelluku ‘hehad surgery to have his hernia fixed’; <qag’erte-neq1
qag’erte- to explode; to burst; to pop # qag’ertuq(qag’errluni) ‘it exploded, burst, popped very
suddenly’ / < qager-?; > qag’erneq
qagercetaaq explosive; bomb; dynamite #< qagerte-cetaaq
qagerneq hernia #< qagerte-neq1
qagken from out there # look under qagaa(ni)qagkumiu, qagkurmiu northerner; Inupiaq Eskimo(Y, NS meaning); Yukon Yup’ik Eskimo (Kmeaning); Yukon or Kuskokwim Yup’ik Eskimo

518

Basesqaglak — qailir-

qagte2- to protrude or curve out # Waniwa-am
ukuni uluani tangerturallemni wii unagguq waniw’ qagtemyaagami wii waniw’
atuyunaketukemtun uquiriaqama . . . ‘As I am
looking at these semilunar knives I think I’d likethis one here which isn’t too curved at the bottom
when I remove oil from something . . .’ (CIU
2005:172); Waniw’ tua-i una uquiritkarniqapiar,
waten qagtevlaagami man’a. Qagtellriit
anagulluteng wii atuyunakenritanka. ‘Here thisone would be good for removing fat, since it
curves out only a little. I don’t like ones that curveout too much.’ (CIU 2005:174)
qai- surface; top # elliu egan kaminiam qainganun!
‘put the pot on top of the stove!’; kuskayagaq
qavartuq qaimni ‘the kitten is sleeping on topof me’; estuulum qaingantuq ‘it is on top of
the table’; qaimiutauguq mikelnguq ‘the childclings’ to his parents, literally: ‘the child is athing of the surface’ of his parents; Maaten-gguq
piuq natermi aqumgalria, ingna-gguq-wa aanii
mingqellria ingleret qaingatni. ‘She realizedthat she was sitting on the floor, and her motherwas sewing on top of the bed over there.’ (ELN
1990:3); Imumek-gguq tua anuqengllermini
mer’em qainga natquingluni ugaan anuqlim,
puyuruangluni man’a tanglleq. ‘At that time
when it got windy the surface of the water
got snow particles blowing low over it on
account of the wind, looking like some kindof smoke.’ (QUL 2003:488); Tangnircarluku
qaiseng, keggutnek-llu aqevlaquyarluteng,nasqurrucirluteng uyamigluteng-llu, paivvluki
maavet, tangniqutekluki. ‘They adorned theirbodies [literally: their surface] when they danced,
and animal teeth dangled from their belts. They
wore headdresses, and necklaces hung from theirnecks as adornment.’ (TAP 2004:71); teq’umek.
Erurcetaanga teq’umek. Teq’umek qaika erurluku.
‘She had me wash with urine. I washed my bodywith urine.’ (YUP 2005:266)’; Mer’em qaingiraanga
aneryaarciigatevkarlua, . . . ‘The water closed inover me, keeping me from breathing, . . .’ (JONA.
2:5) NS, Y, HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; =qaa-2; > qaivar-; cf. qaklite-, qasmegute-, qasqite-,qakvar-, qaliq, qalliq, qaspeq, qayaq, qasruq,
qakvar-, qaiq; < PE qa90
qailir- to be rough (of water); to have lots of waves# qailirtuq ‘it (water) is rough, has lots ofwaves’ / Piaken ta¥gaam negeqvam, calaram-(BB meaning) # Tua-i qagkumiut Aanakalliim
kinguveqai. Makumiunguut ilait. ‘So, the people
up north are the descendants of Aanakalliiq (thelegendary baby with the big mouth). Some ofthem are people around here.’ (AGA 1996:210);< qagna-miu
qaglak upper part of bowl or bucket (with a groove
for the bottom piece); outer rim around cockpit
coaming in a kayak (and groove for tying the
kayaker’s raincoat to to keep the water out)
# Makut-ggur-am maa-i qaglalget tamaaniilangartaqameng-llu, waten aviukarqaqamengllu imirluki canek piyuitellruit waten qaglalget.
Tua-i-ggur-am uum nalamalriim waten
teguaqamiu, waten tua-i qaglalegmek ciki’irqatni
igtetulliniut imairulluteng. ‘These bowls orbuckets with grooved upper parts — whensomeone died or when they offered food to thedead, they never used ones with grooved upperparts. It was believed that when the deceased
were offered food in bowls with grooved upperparts, the bottoms usually fell off, losing all thecontents.’ (CIU 2005:130); see Appendix 9 on theparts of the kayak; > qaglaya(g)aq; < PY qa!la(k)qaglaya(g)aq bowl with grooved upper part madeof a separate piece of bent wood # <qaglak-ya(g)aq
qagna the one outside; the one to the north #extended demonstrative pronoun; qag’um ‘of theone outside’; qagkut ‘those outside’; qagna
marastuuq, murilkelluten piyuakina ‘it ismuddy outside, walk carefully’; see qagaa(ni)or qii(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > Qagkumiu,
qagte-; < PE dem. qa!qagpag-, qag’pag- to explode violently # Tua-i-gguqta¥gaam etgalqitaqunek nutaan qagpagalutek-llu
pikagnek, unguvangaunata tamaani. ‘Only inthe shallows would they (the ice ridges) violently
thrust upward, and there they apparently couldn’t
live.’ (KIP 1998:191); < qager-pag2qagra- to explode repeatedly # Unani-gguq
et’ulriami qagrayuunatek pituuk. ‘Out there, inthe deep water area, they [ice ridges] were neverthrust upward.’ (KIP 1998:191); < qager-aqagrute- to burst through net or trap # of fish;
qagrutuq ‘it burst through’/ < qager-te5qagte1- to speak Inupiaq # qagtuq ‘he is speaking
Inupiaq’ / Y, NS; < qagna-?

519

qailiur- — qaitu-

Basesqailluqtaar- to act, change or deal with things
in various ways (that may be hard to explain
or describe exactly, or which the speakerdoesn’t want to explain or describe exactly) #qailluqtaartuq ‘he/it is acting in various ways’;
qailluqtaaraa ‘he/it is acting toward her/it invarious ways’; ella qailluqtaartuq ‘the weather
kept changing’; . . . maaten pia kana-i cauluku
anuqa talligni qailluqtaaqek. ‘. . . when she went
she saw her down there facing the wind with herarms moving in various motions.’ (ELN 1990:42);< qaill(un)-qtaarqailqerte-, qailluqerte- to change one’s mood or
behavior abruptly. qailluqertuq ‘he changed
abruptly’ / < qaill’-qerte-, qaillun-qerteqaiq wave # qairet angyaput uvaavkaraat ‘thewaves made our boat rock’; qairteggun (or,much less commonly, qairetgun) ‘throughthe waves’; Wagg’uq-am aqumgalaqumta
angenqiurat’larciqaakut imarpiim qairan. ‘That is
to say, if we sat (where we weren’t supposed to)a wave on the sea would surely overwhelm us.’
(CIU 2005:194); = qaaq; cf. qai-; > qailir-, qailiur-,
qairvak, qaitu-; < PE qa!0(3)Qairuarmiut legendary village set on high groundin the world of the “little people” (ircenrraat) #qairvak big wave # and qairvag- to be very rough(of water); to have big waves # qairvagtuq ‘it has
big waves’ / Mer’em anguyagtek taukuk qairek
qairvagluni aterpagcimalriik. ‘When it was very
rough those two big waves were termed “thewater’s warriors”.’ (YUP 2005:266); < qair-vak
qairvaaq big wave capable of breaking shore-fast ice# < qairvak-aq2
qaitaq beanbag-like toy # and qaitar- to play witha beanbag # qaitartuq ‘he is playing with abeanbag’; Y, NS
qaite- to have something wrong with one; to be
how?; to tell how something it; to expose orreveal facts about (it/him) # qaituq ‘there issomething wrong with it’ / qaita? ‘how is he,she, or it?’; qaicit? ‘how are you?’; qaitenritua‘I’m fine’; Nunat imkut qailluku qanlliniluteng,ilateng qanrulluki. ‘The village talked, exposing
her, telling their fellow community members.’(MAR1 2001:48); NS; cf. qaillun
qaitu- to generally be rough (water) # qaituuq‘it has generally has (big) waves’ / Taum-am
pillinia Akuluraqam camna qaituniluku piaqaat.

llu akuliignek anurvagaqami nutaan qaililartuq.
‘However, when it was very windy from backthere, between north and east, then it (the water)would be rough.’ (KIP 1998:45); < qaiq-lirqailiur- to deal with rough water # qailurtuq‘he is riding or otherwise dealing with thewaves’ / Waten waniwa ayuqelriit pikegkut
cingikeggluteng nacat imarpiliurqameng,meliurluteng qailiurluteng piaqameng
atutullrullinikait. ‘They used this sort of conicalhelmet whenever they traveled (by kayak) on
the ocean, dealing with the water, dealing with thewaves.’ (CIU 2005:23); < qaiq-liurqaillukuar- to mess around; to tinker; to plot;
to deliberate; to confer # with either a positiveor a negative connotation; qaillukuartuq ‘he ismessing around’; qaillukuaraa ‘he is tinkeringwith it’ / qaillukuartut ‘they are deliberating,conferring’; qaillukuarutaa ‘he is deliberatingover it’; qaillukuarpakarluni picurlagturainartuq‘messing around so much, she finally got
into trouble’; qaillukuaruciut ulerpakan
piilerkameggnek ‘they are deliberating overwhat to do if there is a flood’; qaillukualriit ‘thosetrying to do something’ good or bad; Umyuan
assiilkan qaillukuarlua piciqngatarpenga. ‘If yourthoughts turn bad, you might plot against me
and do something to me.’ (ELL 1997:88); Tua-i
qaillukuaryaaqerraarluni, cangayunglliniuq ciin
tuaten picirminek. ‘After he tried various things,
he began to be feel irritated as to why he wasunable to do that.’ (YUU 1995:93); < qaillun-?;> qaillukuarta
qaillukuarta ‘council member’ # neologism;
qaillukuar-ta2
qaillun, qaill’ how # interrogative adverb; qaill’
ayuqsit? ‘how are you?’; qaill’ pia? ‘what
happened?’, ‘what’s wrong with it?’, ‘what’s hedoing?’; qaill’ qanerta? ‘what does he have tosay’; qaill’ pilartatki ukut Yugcetun? ‘what dothey call these in Yup’ik?’; aptellruanga qaillun
kaviaret igtelilauciatnek ‘he asked me how foxes
make their dens’; Taum ciuggluni tangrraa,
qecirraarluni-llu qanertuq “Qaillun! Ayii!” ‘Thatone looked up at him and after spitting said,“How indeed! Go away!”’ (UUT 1974:9); NSK, Y,
HBC, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; > qaillukuar-,
qailluqtaar-, qailqerte-; cf. qaite-, qayu-; < PY
qa(y)it0- (under PY-S qayu(q))

520

Basesqaivar- — qakineq

qakerciur- to drizzle # NUN
qakerliq upper part of throat # Tamarmeng
iqumangareskata aaniin taum ullagluki
tekiciiqellinii tuntut qamiqurrlainaam imum
irniaran qakerliit keggmarluki cevverqelliniaqekai
ukuit tuqurqelluki. ‘When they were all fallen
over (dead), his mother would go over to them,and when she got to the caribou she’d see that
her child, that was nothing but a head, had bitten
the upper parts of their throats, ripped their flesh
here and killed them.’ (QUL 2003:287); < PE
qak03(lu!)
qaki-, qakircite- (HBC form) to be pale; to bedry; to be bleached # qakiuq ‘it is pale, dry,bleached’ / qakimauq ‘it is dried up, pale’;
Cumikeqeryaaqaqa tua-i ilumun anernerunani,
kegginaa-ll’ qakiluni, tuqupigtelliniluni.
‘Observing him, I saw that in truth he had nobreath, that his face was pale, that he was quite
dead.’ (QUL 2003:548); Elpengyarturtuq angutem
eriniinun maaten uituq Mikellankuk, Turpak-llu
qakilutek murilkekiik, una-wa angun. ‘Waking
up from her sleep she became aware of a man’s
voice, and when she opened her eyes, sheobserved that the Mikellaq and Turpak were bothpale, and there was this man.’ (ELN 1990:39);> qakineq, qakir-, qakirpak, qakiteqakirpak all pale, dry, bleached # particle; Maatengguq tang qinerrluni pia imna tua-i qimugtem
qamiqurran enra qakirpak. ‘He looked in andobserved that there was a dog’s skull all bleached.’(CIU 2005:10); < qaki-rpak
qakiciraq fork in a tree #qakiiyaq* silver salmon; coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch) # Kinguatgun-llu
iqalluut qakiiyaat piluteng . . . Qakiiyarcurlutengllu teq’erkameggnek . . . ‘After the run of dog(chum) salmon, the silver salmon come . . . So
they fish for silvers to age underground . . .’ (PRA
1995*:462); from Aleut qakiida⁄ (qakii9aX)
qakime- to get a dried skin soaking wet #qakineq dry dead standing wood (dead tree, orpart of tree) # good to burn; Piyuanginanermeggni
qakineqegtaarmek tangrrameng iqulluku
unicuumiilamegteggu-llu tamarnayukluku tua-i
elkek Turpak-llu iqukliqlutek kevegturluku
Mikellaq maligcuarluku yuallrani cali qakinernek,. . . ‘While they were walking, when they saw
good dry standing wood they toppled it, and since‘But that one said he had heard how stormy
Etolin Strait was.’ (QAN 1995:324); < qaiq-tuqaivar- to come to the surface # qaivartuq ‘it cameto the surface’ / qaivartaa ‘he brought it to thesurface, or put it on a surface’ as on a table; erenretqulen kinguatni kit’elleq qaivartuq ‘after tendays the drowned body came to the surface’;qaivarluten! ‘come in!’ from the notion of coming
into an old-time house through an undergroundtunnel, or ‘come up!’ as up to a second floor; Kitaki,
yuut elliitnun qaivarpailegpet murilkeqaqerkuk.
‘Well then, before you go up to the level of thehuman world, observe us first.’ (CIU 2005:88);< qai-var-; > qaivarrvik
qaivarrvik elevated storage place; platform cache #< qaivar-te2-vik
qakegte- to lift up the parka, shirt, skirt, or
dress one is wearing # qakegtuq ‘he lifted
up his garment’; qakegtaa ‘she lifted it (skirt)
up’ / Ta¥gaam tamarma angllullrunritua.
Maatekaarlua ta¥gaam mecungellruunga.
. . . Ta¥gaam nengllirluni. . . . qakegglua ilupeqa
waten qemralaakilaku. ‘I didn’t completely
submerge. I only got wet to here. . . . However,it was cold. . . . I lifted up my outer garment andquickly and repeated squeezed the water outof my undershirt and wrung it out.’ (QUL
2003:730)
qakemna the one outside; the one to the north #obscured demonstrative pronoun; qak’mum ‘ofthe one outside’; qakmumek ‘from the one
outside’; qakemkut ‘those outside’; qakemna
ciin neplirpakarta? ‘why is that one outside sonoisy?’; Tua-i caqerluteng unuakumi maktelliniut
ella qakemna assirluni nunaniqluni cakneq.
‘Then one day in the morning they woke up
and realized that the world out there was calmand joy-inspiring.’ (YUP 1996:92); Tua-i qaillun
ca-llu man’ tangerciiganaku tua-i iigminek
qakemkugnek asqialliqluni. ‘In no manner
could he see the world around him, being so
ill disposed with respect to his eyes out there(outside of the now nonexistent field of vision of
the blind boy)’ (ELL 1997:12); see qakma(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem. qak0mqakerci- to have irritated eyes; to be irritated (ofeyes) # qakerciuq ‘he has irritated eyes’ / iigka
qakerciuk iiliqngama ‘my eyes are irritatedbecause I have sore eyes’; Y, HBC, NUN

521

qakir- — qakvar-

Basesthey did not want to leave it behind, thinking
that they would lose its location, she and Turpak
carried it each one at an end, following Mikellaq
as she looked for more dry standing wood, . . .’(ELN 1990:38); < qaki-neq1
qakir- to be rancid # qakirtuq ‘it is rancid’; NSU;
<qaki-?
qakite- to have an irritated throat # qakituq ‘he has
an irritated throat’ / Y; < qaki-?qaklite- to scale a height # qaklituq ‘he reached
the top’ / Maaten nutaan qaklicami kiartaa, ak’ayaaqsigillrullinilria. ‘When he reached the highest
place, he looked around for it and saw that it was
already far away.’ (KIP 1998:5); cf. qai-, qasqiteqakma(ni) outside; out there # obscured
demonstrative adverb; qakmaken ‘from out there’;qakmavet ‘to out there’; qakma ‘out there!’;ellivicuarmek qakmani neqkaput aqvaki ‘get our
food from the little cache out there’; Uitainanrani
nem tunuanek qakmaken kegluneq qakem’marurpalliniluni. ‘When he was lying in wait heheard this wolf out there from behind the house,from outside there, howling.’ (QAN 1995:116); seeqakemna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem.
qak0mqakte-1 to breach (whale, fish) # qaktuq ‘it breached’/ qaktaartuq ‘it is repeatedly breached’; Tua-i
atam pivakarluteng tuaten-am aitarteqvaarluteng
qakcimalallin[inaurtut]. ‘As they repeatedly cameto the surface they would open their mouths
wider as they breached.’ (ELL 1997:260); cf.
qakvar-, qai-; < PE qak0qakte-2 to be emotionally distressed (due todisobedient individuals, a messy house, too
many chores, etc.) # NUN
qaku when? (in the future); how long from now?;a certain unspecified (or unspecifiable) timeafterward; # particle; qaku ayagciqsit? ‘when
will you go?’; Taukut tua-i nangneqlilirillruut
Anagcirmiut tuani. Qakuani-llu qayutun allrakut
piqerluki cali, wall’u-q’ pingayun, ataam
Uksuqallermi elriluteng. ‘Those Anagciq peoplecelebrated Elriq (the great memorial feast) forthe last time. And then sometime after that, whenseveral years had passed, maybe three, theycelebrated Elriq at Uksuqalleq.’ (AGA 1996:92);
Tua-i-llu apqaungluteng tamarmeng qaku
tekitarkaucimeggnek. ‘They all began to ask

when they’d get there.’ (ELN 1990:45); Qaku-miayagciqsit Tuulkessaamun? ‘When, then, will you
travel to Tuluksak?’ (YUP 1996:34); > qakuan,
qakuaqan, qakuninrite-; < PE qaku
qakuan when some time had elapsed #particle; Qakuan, taukut ayagyuat uqilalriit
paqnayugluteng kingunermeggnun utertelliniut,
tuncinraat maliggluki. ‘Sometime later, those fastrunning young folk, being curious, returned towhere they’d come from, following the caribou
tracks.’ (CAM 1983:324); < qaku-consequential
qakuaqan at what times?; at various times # particle;
Qakuaqan-mi yuralriit ayagnilallruat? ‘At whattimes then did the dancers begin (dancing)?’(KIP 1998:163); Qakuaqan yaaruiciaqamiu
taum Nukalpiartayagaam tun’aqamiki tuaten
pinauraa, nulirqeciqniluku, . . . ‘At various times
when that little Nukalpiartaq made her story
knives, when he’d give them to her, he’d say that
he will have her for a wife, . . .’ (YUU 1995:10);< qaku-contingent
qakun hackles of dog or wolf; long hair on the backof the neck of dog or wolf # < ?-nqakuni- to occur long afterward # used only in thenegative subordinative; qakunivkenani ‘not longafterward’; < qaku- neq1-i3qakurnaq frost on trees etc., as in the fall # andqakurnar- to frost as in the fall # qakurnartuq ‘it
got frosty’ / Man’a-ll’ ella qerruyiqaranariluni
unuakumi-llu caqerluni qakurnarluni. ‘At thistime it was starting to get a bit cold and one
morning there was frost.’ (ELN 1990:55) Winearkat naucetaarit piunrillrui kavtagteggun calillu atsangtulit napat qakurnam piunrirluki. ‘He
destroyed their grapevines with hail, and thefrost destroyed the fruit trees.’ (PSALM 78:47);< PE qaku3qak’urte- to nag; to scold # qak’urtuq ‘he isscolding, nagging’ / qak’urutaa ‘he is nagging
her, scolding her’; NUN
qakussaag- to probe manually # perhaps specificallyin sexual terms; NUN
qaku’urtaq hawk owl (Surnia ulula); northerngoshawk (Accipiter gentilis); northern harrier,marsh hawk (Circus cyaneus) # > qaku’urtaruaq
qaku’urtaruaq, qaku’urtayagaq boreal owl (Aegolis
funereus) # < qaku’urtaq-uaq, qaku’urtaq-ya(g)aqqakvar- to win in a game; to feel uplifted; to leavebehind in a race; to emerge from; to remove522Basesfrom water # qakvartuq ‘he won, feels uplifted’;
qakvarai ‘he beat them’; ‘he took them out’ /qakvautuq ‘he took fish out of the water’; cf.
qai-/, qakteqakvayak grass # Uani-gga amik, makunengqakvayagneng, a¥gatek tamalkurmek
caniqerrilitarlutek. ‘In winter the entranceway
was closed off on both sides with woven grasspartitions.’ (CEV 1984:30); HBC; = qayikvayak
qalamciq story; tale; account of somethingthat happened # and qalamci- to tell aboutsomething that happened # qalamciuq ‘herelated what happened’ / qalamcitkaa ‘he told
about it’; Taqiucami qalamciminek maaten piuq
kan’a igta it’gain ciukaraatni. ‘When she hadfinished her account she looked and saw that
there was a den down there right in front ofher feet.’ (ELN 1990:51); . . . aatii ak’a itellruami
nerngellrullinilria tuaten qalamciluni. ‘. . . herfather had already started eating and wastelling about the events that had taken place.’ (ELN
1990:65); < qalarte-ciq; > qalamciteqalamcite- to tell (him) about something that
happened # qalamcitaa ‘he told him aboutsomething that happened’ / Tua-i-llu qalamcilluku
nut’ni-gguq tekipailgagu taum ullagarcaaqluku. . . ‘He told her that before he could get to hisgun, that one (the animal) had rushed toward
him . . .’ (ELN 1990:64); < qalamci-te5qalangssak story; tale; account of something that
happened # Elngum ak’a niitellrung’ermiu
cali niicugniluni aanami qalangssiinek . . . ‘Even
though she’d heard it already, Elnguq also
listened to her mother’s tale . . .’ (ELN 1990:67);< qalarte-ngssak
qalaria- to yell; to scream # NUN; cf. qalarteqalarcissuun larynx; microphone # < qalarte-te2cuun
qalarrneq, qalarcaraq the ability to speak #Yugcetun qalarcaramek elicungcartuq ‘he’s
2
studying how to speak in Yup’ik’; < qalarte-neq ,qalarte-yaraq
qalarte- to talk; to speak # qalartuq ‘he is talking’/ qalarutaa ‘he is talking to her’; qalarutuk‘they2 are talking with each other, having a
conversation’; qalarutkaa ‘he is talking aboutit’; Tua-i tuani keggsularniluki neqet qalarrluni.
‘Then she said that the fish there bite.’ (ELN
1990:69); Aaniin-llu murilkesqelluku piani

qakvayak — qaliq

aipaqluku qalarusnguarluku, qanercetaaraqluku
tuaten. ‘And when her mother told her to watch
her (the baby), she kept her company, pretending
to talk with her, and trying to let her say things.’(ELN 1990:20); umyualiurtet qalaruciyaraat‘mental health counseling’; UY, K, BB, NR, LI;> qalamciq, qalangssak, qalarcissuun, qalarrneq,
qalarcaraq; cf. qa-, qalariaqalem- root; > qalemqar-, qalemtaayuli
qalemyaar- to be curved up # Kankiim-llu pia iqua
qalemyaarluni ukatmun. ‘And the front of theskate was curved up this way.’ (PAI 2008:236)
qalemqar- to gobble up; sucking in # qalemqeraa‘he gobbled it up’ / < qalem-qarqalemtaayuli elephant # < qalem-?-a-yuli
qalengquq tumor; lump in flesh # NUN
qaleqcuuk grebe (Podiceps sp.) # Caqerlunillu Elngum murilkaa nanvam ilua, kankut
qaleqcuuget ukakaraagni-wa mermi
ungluungalnguq. ‘And it happened that Elnguq
looked out on the lake, there were grebes out
there, and closer to her than two of the grebes
was what seemed to be a nest in the water.’ (ELN
1990:105)
qaleqmacir(ar)- to tickle # NUN; = qel’qecir(ar)-;< PY-S qal0q0qalervag-, qalerpag- to bawl; to cry loudly #qalervagtuq ‘he is bawling’ / qalervautekaa ‘he isbawling over it’; qalerviin ‘because he’s bawling’;
Arenqiapaa irniarpuk una tua-i atayugluni
qalervalartuq atani nerinikluku iteryunritniluku.
‘Oh dear, this child of ours wants his father andcries loudly all the time hoping to see him, sayingthat he (his father) had not wanted to come in.’
(MAR2 2001:76); < qalrir-pag2-; < PE qal03qaliipautaq cloth parka cover # LI; < qalliq-?-taq1
qalilugtaq hinge of door # cf. qaliq
qaliluk, qalilurrlugaq (NUN form) man’s hoodlesscaribou-skin parka # < qaliq-?
qalipeqsaq waterproof oversock # Y; < qaliq-?
qaliq top layer; type of traditional Yup’ik parka
worn by Nelson Is. and tundra-area Yup’iks thathas large front and back plates of white calfskin
or of mink skin; also the plates of calfskin; sealgut rain parka used with a kayak (additional
meaning in HBC) # and qalir- to put on such aparka # Man’a-wa kavirun cali caniqliqtukiit,
qaliliaqameng atutukiit, qemirrlugutnun tuaten523

qaliqaq — qallama-

Basestamaani. ‘And this red strip, which is always
stitched next to it, is a design that is also stitchedon the front and back plates on women’s fancy
parkas and on the small plates below them.’ (CIU
2005:142); Man’a, nengelngaqan cikuaya’angraan
iverluteng, qalirluteng ta¥gaam, naquggluteng
maagun. ‘Outside, when it got cold, they used towade, even when ice was forming, and they wore
only seal-gut rain parkas, tied around the waist
like so.’ (CEV 1084:27); > qalipeqsaq, qaliqaq,
qaliraq, qalirneq, Qalirneq, qaliruaq, qaliluk; cf.
qai-, qalliq; < PE qali3 (under PE qa90-)

located up there at the uppermost place of thehighest part of the cliff.’ (QUL 2003:64); < qaliqneq4
qaliruaq ankle-high skin boot for dress wear;
coveralls; overboot (or boot padding ?) of throat
hair part of caribou skin used to reduce theboots’ noise in snow; slipper; sock # < qaliq-uaq
qalla- to be boiling; to churn (of liquid) # qallauq‘it is boiling’ / Tua-i-llu-am makucia teggvakaan
pakikatararqa, arenqiapaa, tua-i tang cakneq
qerraleryulrianga, tuarpiaq imkut qallalriit.
‘Then as I started to part the hard lump to checkunderneath, oh my gosh, I was so terrified; they(the mass of lice) looked like boiling water.’ (CIU
2005:210); > qallalerte-, qall’allagcetaaq, qallama-,
qallaneq, qallange-, qallarvag-, qallate-1; cf.
qallaciq; < PE qa@a-1
qallaciq navel; belly button # Imna-am
tutgara’urluq tauna cimiritkailami cimiriyuituq
kiituani atkullrani mikelkessagucamiu qallaciallu alaitenguq, . . . ‘Since that grandchild did
not have any clothes to change into, he neverchanged his clothes and soon his old parka
became small for him and his belly button began
to show, . . .’ (MAR2 2001:5)’; < ?-ciq; > qallaciir-,qallaciurrsuun; < PE qa@aci3
qallaciir- to cut the umbilical cord # Ulliimiiu
tau-i pillinia uskuraa man’a kepesqelluku,
qallaciirluku-w’ tua-i. ‘He went to her and told
her to cut its umbilical cord.’ (CUN 2007:34);< qallaciq-irqallaciurrsuun talcum powder # HBC; < qallaciqliur-ssuun
qallaksugte- to simmer # qallaksugtuq ‘it issimmering’ / Kan’a-wa-gguq imarkuaq . . .
manimalria qallaksugqurluni-gguq. ‘And there
was the broth down there . . . set (on the fire),
simmering.’ (CUN 2007:126); < qallate-ksugteqallalerte-, qallalugte- (HBC form) to gurgle (ofthe chest area); to wheeze # qallalertuq ‘it isgurgling’ / ircaqurra qallalertuq ‘he has a heartmurmur’; qallalerciuq ‘his chest makes a rattlingsound as he breathes’ because it is full of phlegm,
he is wheezing; < qalla-lerteqall’allagcetaaq kind of toy # details unknown tocompiler; < qalla-llag-cetaaq
qallama- to have boiled # qallamauq ‘it has alreadyboiled’ / qallamalria meq ‘boiled water’.
< qalla-ma-

qaliqaq roof # < qaliq-?; > qaliqerkaq, qaliqerrun;< PE qaliqa3 (under PE qa90-)

qaliqar- to get food poisoning; to get sick or
get sick and die from eating foods said to beincompatible, such as aged fish and salmonberries;
to get ill from overeating # qaliqertuq ‘he got sickfrom eating the wrong foods, or too much food’ /HBC, NUN
qaliqerkaq roofing material # such as tarpaper or
corrugated metal sheeting # Ellangellemni net
qaliqerkait pagkut caviit mamtupiarluteng. . . .
Tamakut nangyuilnguullrulliniluteng tamaa.
‘When I first became aware of things, the houses’
roofing material, up there, the metal sheets, werequite thick. . . . Those did not deteriorate rightaway.’ (KIP 1998:323); < qaliqaq-kaq
qaliqerrun log above door of semi-subterranianhouse or men’s community house # NUN;
< qaliqaq-un
qaliraq extra covering, such as an extra blanket.
atkuminek qaliriisqaa ‘he told her to use his
parka as an extra cover; < qaliq-?

qalirkaar(aq*) walrus bladder used for a watercontainer # HBC; < qalirkaq-ar(aq)qalirkaq seal-gut material # Nengllinriucan-ll’,makut, maklagaat qalirkaitneng cimirluku tauna,egaleq. ‘When the cold let up, they changed its
smoke-hole window pane to baby bearded-seal
gut.’ (CEV 1984:30); HBC
Qalirneq Koliganek. village on the Nushagak River;> qaliq-?

qalirneq one on top; roof; uppermost one #. . . paqnaklukek qayakek pilliniagket, pe÷at
qertuqak’acagaata qalirernani pakmani qayakek
uitalutek. ‘. . . getting curious about their kayaks
they looked for them and saw that they were524

Basesqallaneq eddy; spring with pool # . . . aaniignek
imum taukuk aatameng pitain enrit tuntut enrit
uavet imumun uakarameggni ingrim waten
acianun qallaneruarmun kic’arturturcet’lallinikai.
‘. . . their mother would have them go throw thebones of the caribou that their father had caught
into the little spring-fed pool down from theirplace at the base of the mountain.’ (QUL 2003:82);< qalla-neq1

qallaneq — qalluarun
kumlacirluki tuaten ner’aqluki. ‘Also they’d boil
them until the bones were soft. Next, they’d letthem cool and eat them.’ (YUU 1995:60);< qallate1-?-qallaute-2 to speak to (him) # qallautaa ‘hespoke to him’ / Jesus-aam ataam qallautai
ayuqestassiigutnek . . . ‘Jesus again spoke to themwith parables . . .’ (MATT. 22:1); < qallate2-?-

qalleq rust # and qaller- to rust; to be rusty #qallertuq ‘it rusted’; merput elagamten’ek pilleq
qallertuq ‘the water from our well is rusty’;
Tukuutnek quyurcinrici nunam qaingani, parut
qallrem-llu piunrirciqngatki, . . . ‘Do not store up
for yourselves treasures on earth, where mothand rust destroy, . . . (MATT. 6:19); > qalleryak;< PE qa@03

qallange- to be boiling; to begin to boil #qallanguq ‘it (liquid) is boiling’ / qallangcaraa
or qallangevkaraa ‘he is making it boil’;
qallangevkaruarluku ‘simmering it’; Maaten
itertut kiiringellrullinilria ak’a tamana ena,
aaniit-ll’-am cali keningellrullinilria, ak’a-llu
qallangengellrullinilria tauna keniraq. ‘When theycame in they saw that the house had alreadybecome warm, that their mother had started
to cook too, and that the stew was alreadybeginning to boil.’ (ELN 1990:98); < qalla-nge-

qalleryak orange (color) # < qalleq-yak
qall’i- to do topstitching on (it) # (?)

qallin stomach fat of ground squirrel # qallitek ‘thetwo fat sacs in a squirrel’s abdomen’; Quliranekllu niitelaami qallitengqerrniluki, nasvitevkarluni
tamakunek. ‘From the old-time stories she’dheard, she knew about the twin sacs for fat storage
inside the abdomens of ground squirrels andshe had [her mother] show them to her.’ (ELN
1990:15); < PE qatlin

qallarvag- to be at a rolling boil # qallarvagtuq‘it is boiling hard’ / Tua-i-gguq tamakut, ak’aangalkut tamakut, paqtellruyaaqaat ta¥gaamgguq tauna egatii qallarvagturalria cauciitellruat.
‘It is said that those shamans of long ago hadgone to investigate it but could not determine
what it was that kept boiling in her pot.’ (CUN
2007:74); < qalla-pag2-

qalliq* one on top; outer layer; skin scraper(additional HBC meaning) # qalliliraa ‘heput an extra one on top of it’; Waten-am
pilugunqigucirluku cali all’uku uqiggelcarluku,
qalliit makut a¥g’arterluki. ‘They had him wear
lightweight footwear and remove his heavy
outer graments.’ (TAP 2004:39); > qaliipautaq,
qallissaaq; cf. qaliq, qai-; > qalliqe-; < PE qa9li3(under PE qa90-)

qallate- to be boiling; to churn (of liquid); to be hot(of objects or weather) (EG meaning) # qallatuq‘it (liquid) is boiling’ / on Khromchenko 1824 list(2) for EG and Orlov-Pinart 1871 list (19) for EG,
as applying to hot weather; . . . arulaiyuunani
qallalluni tua-i uivluni, meq imna. ‘. . . that water
churned and swirled around continually.’ (MAR2
2001:44); < qalla-?; > qallaksugte-; > qallaute-1; cf.
qallate-2
1

qalliqe- to stack # Tua-i-llu imumek yurainanratni
arnat iliit iterciquq, qantanek tegumiarluni
payuggluni qalliqurluki. ‘While they were dancing
one of the women would come in, bringing inbowls of food carrying them stacked one on top of
the other.’ (QAN 1995:168); < qalliq-ke2-

qallate- to talk; to speak; to discuss; to preach #qallatuq ‘he is talking’ / K; Mequpayagarmek
qimugtengqellruunga imumi, yugcetun-llu
qallatenritararaqluni. ‘I had a shaggy dog; it
could almost but not quite speak like a person.’(UNP2); Quyaqerluni-llu cangniluni qallalluni
nasvagluku aanaminun, . . . ‘Speaking happily she
said that she’d caught a fish and she showed it
to her mother, . . .’ (ELN 1990:70); > qallaute-2; cf.
qallate-1, qa-; < PY qa@a-2
2

qallissaaq sweater; LI; < qalliq-?

qalluar- (qaluar- ?) to rinse a cleaned seal intestinein salt water # NUN; > qalluarun

qalluarun (qaluarun ?) seal intestine spreader;holder for end of gut when it is washed # NUN;
< qalluar-n

qallaute-1 to boil (it) # qallautaa ‘he boiled it’ /Cali-llu enriulluki qallautaqluki. Tuamta-llu

525

qalluviik — qalu

Basesqalluviik traditional garment covering the legs
and torso; coveralls; overalls; snow-go suit;chest waders; union suit (one-piece longunderwear) # the singular is qalluvak; Tamaani
mikelnguaraat qalluvagnek caqungqetullruut
aturangqessuitellermeggni. ‘Back then little
children had body garments of the overall typewhen people didn’t have (modern-style) clothes.’(MAR2 2001:47); < ?-vak-dual; < PE qa@0vak
qalmar- to summon a dog by clicking the tongue orotherwise making vocal sounds; figuratively, totry to attract a man by flirting # qalmartuq ‘he issummoning a dog’; qalmaraa ‘he is summoningit’ / Tua-i-gguq naqugutaillngacagluni,
nuqyutek-wa-gguq qalmalriik ciuqerrani. ‘Her
belt was carelessly tied around her waist, and theend pieces were clicking, clattering about in frontof her as she walked.’ (CIU 205:90); cf. qa-; < PEqalma3qalqapak axe # and qalqapag- to chop #qalqapagtuq ‘he chopped’; qalqapagaa ‘hechopped it’ / Kegglangqerrsugnaunatengll’, qalqapiit tamaan’ ayagnengaarallratni,
kegglaryugnaunaki muragat kepurluki,
piaqluteng. ‘They didn’t have saws, axes had
just begun to become available, they didn’t saw
wood, but cut it (with an adze).’ (CEV 1984:29);
Y, NI, HBC, NS, UK; from 3æl0(3æl) ‘axe’ (theprotoform of Chukchi ?al0!atte ‘axe’) with the tradejargon ending pak, for which cf. also taaqsipak
Qalqaq Kalskag # village on the Kuskokwim River;
etymology unknown to compiler
qalqaruq raven (Corvus corax); possibly also magpie(Pica pica) # EG; cf. qalqerayak
qalqerayak black-billed magpie (Pica pica) # cf.
qalqaruq; from Eastern Aleut qalqa3aya-X
qalria- to make sounds other than those ofhuman speech # applies to animal sounds, or
non-speech sounds made by humans; qalriaguq‘it cried out’ / Kuimarlutek tua-i, ellaita tua-iqalriucimeggnek qalriagurluni, “Aa-ta-ta-ta-tata.” While they were swimming she’d cry out
with their usual cry, “Aa-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta.”’ (AGA
1996:220); Kegginaqilallruut qalrialluki-ll’ ellaita
qalriuciitnek. ‘They’d put on masks and cry out,
mimicking their usual cries.’ (AGA 1996:30);< qalrir-a-; > qalriaciq, qalriatekeqalriaciq animal’s call # < qalria-ciq
qalriateke- to beg, wail, or whine repeatedly for #qalriatekaa ‘he is begging for it’ / < qalria-teke-

qalriqsaar(ar)- to howl and whistle (of wind outsideof house) # NUN; < qalriqsaar(ar)qalriq seal’s cry; large, male bearded seal giving
its mating call # and qalrir- to cry out; to shriek;
to make an inarticulate vocal sound # qalrirtuq‘it shrieked’ / Qalemam-llu qalrirluni aryuqluki
ilani qetaarluki tamalkuita. ‘And Qalemaq, crying
with joy, hugged all her family members, being so
glad to see them.’ (ELN 1990:82); Niitenrilngermita¥gken cali iliini murak kalevvluku ciutmun
tugruciiquq, qalriq ta¥gaam. ‘Even though one
doesn’t hear anything, sometimes if he jabs apiece of wood into the water, only then [would
one hear] the cry of the seal [by means of thewood].’ (AGA 1996:196); the seal is said to goaround the ocean and collect ring-like markings on
its flippers; the subject of legends, such as that it is in
the shape of a man in burial position; > qalervag-,qalria-, qalriur-, qalriqsaar(ar)-; cf. qa-; cf.
Wrangell 1839 list (13); < PE qal03qalriur- to twitter (of birds); to make a certain
characteristic sound # qalriurtuq ‘it is twittering’,‘it is making its sound’ / Icigg’ qanikcaq man’atutmalriani qalriuraurarqelria. ‘You know, thesnow when it is stepped on makes a certain sound.’(ELL 1997:514); < qalrir-urqalru northern pike (Esox lucius) # UK, LI, EG; < PY
qal3u
qaltaq bucket; pail # Arcaqerluku tan’gurraq
qaltamun pull’uku meresqumavkenaku. ‘In
particular, a boy was told not to drink bybending his head down into the bucket.’ (CIU
2005:200); NS, Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI;> qaltayak, qaltauq; cf. qantaq; < PE qalta3
qaltaucikaq barrel # NSU; < qaltauq-?
qaltauq, qaltaur(aq*) bucket; pail # NUN;
< qaltaq-?; cf. qantaq
qaltayak bucket made from old kayak skin # . . .
alaqutliniur taum qaltass’im ayuqnguaraneg. ‘. . .
he found one just like that bucket.’ (WEB2); NUN;
< qaltaq-yak
qalu dipnet # and qalu- to dip with a dipnet; to baila boat # qaluuq ‘he is dipping with a dipnet’;
qalua ‘he is bailing it’ or ‘he caught it with adipnet’ / Tua-i waten kiagaqan maurlurlua
tauna qaluluni neqlingnaq’lallinilria. ‘And whensummer came his dear grandmother would try
to get food (fish) dipping with a dipnet.’ (CUN
2007:116); Kusquqvagmiut canglartut qusuurnek
qalunek aturluteng ‘Kuskokwim people catch526Basessmelt using dipnets’; > qalun, qaluryarqe-,
qalutaq, qalute-, qaluurun, qaluviaq, Qaluyaaq;< PE qalu(-)
qalugneq woman’s emanation # said to be capableof depriving men of their hunting ability or success;Aunraryaureskuni-llu cali aunrallruluni,
qalugnera-gguq tua-i tukniriluni. Arnam-gguq
ilii picuirutnarquq. ‘And they told her that
her emanations would become strong after she
had her first menstural period. They say some
women cause men to lose prowess at hunting.’(YUP 2005:154)
qalugte- to move with bow (of boat) high above thewater # NUN
qalugya- to capsize # . . . palagg’uutaq-gguq tauna
qalugyallermini freight-ai cat aklut kit’ellruut. ‘. . .
when that steamboat capsized, they say, its freight,
its wares, sank.’ (CAU 1985:179); Y; < qalu-?; cf.
qaluryarqeqalugyaq, qalugsaq (NS form) harpoon head; lance
point # < ?-yaq; < PE qalu!ya3
qalun dipper for water # < qalu-n; < PE qalun(under PE qalu(-))
qalur(ar)- to tell about what one foresees while
beating an Eskimo drum # NUN
qaluryarqe- to get swamped or filled with water; tocapsize # qaluryarquq it capsized; < qalu-?-; cf.
qalugyaqalussnguarraq* spoon # < qalun-?-nguaq-rraq
qalutaq ladle # usually made of wood; < qalu-taq1;> qalutarnaruaq
qalutarnaruaq sternum; breastbone # HBC; <qalutaq-naq2-uaq
qalutarte- to stir # NUN
qalute- to dip into something so as to fill with liquid
or with fish (or the like) from the water # qalutuq‘it filled’; qalutaa ‘he dipped it in, lifting it out
full’ / ivrarcuutegka qalutellruuk ivrallemni
et’ulriami ‘my hipboots got water in them when
I waded in a deep place’; Meqsung’ermeng-llu
qaluurin qanerpek’nateng teguluku qalulluku
mermek merciiganateng. ‘And even though they
were thirsty they could not take the dipper, dip
out some water, and drink it without asking
first.’ (KIP 1998:335); < qalu-te2qaluur- to repeatedly dip a dipper, or dipnet # . . .
issraksuarmek can’giiret imkut pugeksuaralriit
qaluurnaurai mikunrilata. ‘. . . using the little
grass basket as a scoop they’d repeatedly scooped
out the blackfish that came to the surface because

qalugneq — qamaneq

there weren’t many.’ (QUL 2003:578); < qalu-ur-;> qaluurun
Qaluurin the constellation Big dipper # <qulu-ur-i2-nqaluurun, qaluurin dipper for water; cup (NSU
meaning) # Tua-i-llu elakaq ukiterraarluku
piyaaquk qaluurin-am nalluyagutellinikiik,
tuqmitek-llu qalucung’ermegnekek cali
angssiyaaglutek. ‘After they’d made a water hole[in the river’s ice] they saw that they’d forgotten
the dipper, and although they wanted to dip their
buckets in, they were too big.’ (ELN 1990:79);< qaluur-n, qaluur-i2-n
qaluviaq wooden bowl # < qalu-vik-aq2
Qaluyaaq Nelson Is. # may be used in the plural:
Tuani pissullruukut unani akulurami Qaluyaat
Nunivaam-llu akuliigni. ‘At that time we were
hunting down there between Nelson Is. andNunivak Is.’ (YUU 1995:25); Qaluyaarmiut‘Nelson Islanders’; < qalu-?
qalviryaq bog; quicksand # Yuum-gguq avatiini
tamakuciq kiumangkan nuna qalviryatun
ellirciquq. ‘It is said that if it [the creature] begins
to swim [under the ground] in the area arounda person, then that land becomes like quicksand.’(AGA 1996:143); = qavliryaq; < ?-yaq
qama- to be calm of water or wind; to be still; tolack current of water; to be windless of a place #qamauq ‘it is calm’ / > qamaneq; < PE qamaqamaamaq “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) made withaged fish roe # NS; = qamaumaq
qamaneq place lacking water current or wind;
eddy; aftermath; calm time after an activity# qamanermek neq’liqliniuq ‘he got a lot offish from the eddy’; Tua-i-am uksuarmi waten
unuakuayaarmi-gguq ayagyara’arluni kiavet
cingiim amatiinun qamaneruarmun taumun
kuvyara’arquq. ‘And then in fall time early inthe morning he’d go out beyond the spit to thelittle eddy and leisurely fish with a net there.’(QUL 2003:168); Qamanrani tamatum atakutam
qamanrani melgirluteng, . . . Tua-i tuaten taum
qamanrani tua uterrluteng nutaan. . . . ‘After thatevening meal, in its aftermath, they’d bring water,. . . And then after that they’d go home.’ (QAN
1995:180); Ava-i-gga tua-i qanrutekngalken ava-i
tamalkuan a¥gna Nakacuum qamanran . . . ‘It
seems that you’ve told everything about theaftermath of the Bladder Feast . . .’ (QAN 1995:18);< qama-neq1; < PE qaman03 (under PE qama-)

527

qamangaq — qamiqiqe-

Basesqamangaq anklebone; wristbone; medial aspect of
distal end of tibia or fibula # < PE qam0&a3
qamangatak half-dried, boiled fish #; EGqama(ni) inside; upriver # obscured demonstrative
adverb; qamaken ‘from in there’; qamavet ‘toin there’; qamatmun ‘toward in there’; qamani
taqukamek tumcilliniuq upriver ‘he cameacross the tracks of a bear’; qamaggun ta¥gaam
anteksaunaku qiagu’rtuq ‘he cried inwardly’,
literally: ‘without letting it out he kept crying’;. . . pia tua-i qumingeqatarniluku qama-i.
Imna tutgara’urluq ak’anun qama’ancuumiilami
patagmek angliluni, . . . ‘. . . she told her that she
had a fetus inside. That grandson [the fetus],
because he didn’t want to be inside (her) for along time, grew quickly.’ (MAR2 2001:25); seeqamna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem qamqamaquq cockle; clam# EG; from Aleut qamaqu-X
qamauk sled; dogsled # Maaten
kinguat tanglliniluku yucuaraq kan’ayurangqamssuarluni tamakut qamaut kinguatni
kayimluni ugtengnaqellria tagyaramek. ‘When
she looked down there she saw a very small
person barely showing behind the sled pushingvery hard trying to get it up the bank.’ (MAR1
2001:52); Y, NUN, NS; cf. qamurqamaumaq “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) made withaged fish roe # NUN; = qamaamaq
qamcetaaq sugar # NSU; < ?-cetaaq; cf. qameqamcetaar- to eat a little to stave off hunger pangs# Ilii tuaten tua-i nutarinrarmek kepulluni wall’
pisciryaata keggluku, wagg’uq qamcetaarluni.
‘Some people would cut off a piece of fish or bitesome off if they were easy to bite off, and thatwas what was called “qamcetaarluni” (staving
off hunger pangs).’ (QUL 2003:4); < ?-cetaaq; cf.
qameqame- to die down (of a fire); to extinguish(additional NS, and NUN meaning); to taper off(in size, volume, etc.); to retreat from sight; tobecome dispirited # qam’uq ‘it died down’ or‘it tapered off’ / kaminiaq qamtaa ‘he turned
the stove down’; puyircivian kenra qamlliniuq‘the fire in his smokehouse has died down’;
qamesgu! ‘turn it (the light, the burner on
the stove) down’, or ‘turn it off!’ (NS, NUN);
Tua-i tuani Apanuugpak qamllermini taryumek
maaken aalemtaalallinuq. ‘Apanuugpak in his

panic and desparation was gulping down salt
water.’ (CIU 2005:46); > qamenquq, qamlleq;
cf. qaamyuar(ar)-, qamcetaaq, qamcetaar-; < PE
qam0qamenqucagaq one of last three last ribs below theside rail at bow and stern of kayak # NUN;
< qamenquq-?
qamenquq innermost recesses of something;tapered part at end of kayak; bladder ofanimal (where the spirit resides after death) #Pitsaqevkenak qavaqallinikuvet tua-i ayuqucin
caleryautiini qamenqurpenun itqerreskina! ‘If
you accidentally fall asleep and you feel a jolt,
retreat quickly into your innermost recesses(your bladder)!’ (QUL 2003:50); Tauna ta¥gken
tallirraq, qamenqumi qamani qantaq uitauq
kan’a kaungermi-llu enurluku. ‘About the reachextender (“little arm”), say a bowl is inside in
the tapered area of the kayak and even though one
reaches in he can’t get at it (these are useful).’(PAI 2008:296); Mak’arutmini tua-i qamenquminun
kiavet itqertelliniluni. ‘When he awoke heplunged into the end part of his kayak.’ (PAI
2008:434); < qam(na)-quq; > qamenqucagaq
qamigar- to go seal hunting with a small sledand kayak during the spring # qamigartuq‘he is going seal hunting’ /. . .
piciryarangqellrulliniameng qamigalriit
kanaraqameng tua-i waten mermun, wagg’uq
pitarkateng aviukaqluteng neqkaitnek
cikirluki. Taquateng-am ilairtaarluki mermun
eg’artetullrullinikait. ‘. . . because they had acertain custom, those who went seal hunting
on the ice, when they went down to the water
they would give some food as an offering to
the animals they would catch. They’d remove a
portion of their food and throw it into the water.’(QUL 2003:48); > qamigaun; cf. qamite-; < PE
qami!a3- (under PE qamu3-)
qamigaun small sled (especially one carried on a
kayak, used to transport the kayak when one
reaches stretches of ice on the water); child’s
store-bought sled # also dual, qamigautek, for one
sled; Ekluni maavet qamigautegnun negcigmek
cali tegutnek-llu ang’aqluni. ‘He got into the little
sled here taking along a gaff and seal spear.’ (KIP
1998:9); < qamigarqamiqiqe- to have a headache # qamiqiquq ‘he hasa headache’ / qamiqiqsuun ‘headache remedy’,528Bases‘aspirin’; qamiqum enra ‘skull of a living person
or animal’; Qasgimi unuakumi tupalliniluni
nat’liqengssaaranrilngermi qamiqiqkacagaruarluni.
‘He woke up in the kashim in the morning andeven though he didn’t have body pains, he had
quite a headache.’ (QUL 2003:572); < qamiquqliqe2-; > qamiqiqerpagyaraq, qamiqiqsaraq,
qamiqukuyuak, qamiqulle, qamiqulnguqamiqiqerpagyaraq migraine headache # K, CAN;
< qamiqiqe-rpag-yaraq
qamiqiqsaraq headache # K, CAN; < qamiqiqeyaraq
qamiqukuyuk, qamiqukuyak skull # K, NI, CAN,
BB; Tangllinii yuut enritnek atlirluteng, taukut
tupigat aciat. Qamiqukuyugnek ilaluteng. She
saw human bones under the mat. There werealso skulls.’ (YUU 1995:95); < qamiquq-kuyuk,
qamiquq-?
qamiqulleq skull # of skeleton (vs. of a living person);
K, CAN, BB:
qamiqulngu- to have a headache # Waten-gguq
man’a inangqauryugpakalria inangqainanermini
iliini ayuqucia man’a assiirut’lartuq. Makciiquqgguq qamiqulnguluni. ‘Concerning one who
likes to lie around, sometimes when he lies
around his condition becomes worse. He’ll get
up and find himself with a bad headache.’ (QUL
2003:330); NI, NUN, BB; < qamiquq-te1-ngu-;> qamiqulnguyaraq, qamiqulngurpagyaraq
qamiqulngurpagyaraq migraine headache # NI,
NUN, BB; < qamiqulngu-rpag-yaraq
qamiqulnguyaraq headache # NI, NUN, BB;< qamiqulngu-yaraq
qamiqumtagaq block put under seam when sewing
cover of a kayak # NUN
qamiqunguaq, qamiquruaq, qamiqunaruaq,
qamiqunaq tussock of tundra grass; < qamiquqnguaq, qamiquq-uaq, qamiquq-naq2-uaq,
qamiquq-naq2
qamiqurnaq stump or old tree # K; < qamiquq-naq2
qamiquq head; flywheel of motor # qamiqua,
qamiq¥rra, or qamiqurra ‘his head’; Tuai-ll’ taumek teguleramiu egatmek taumek
qamiqurrakun kuvvliniluku. ‘After he grabbed
her, he dumped his pot on her head.’ (CUN
2007:16); Tep’liqataraqameng teq’allirraarluteng
qamiqunek imiraqluku teq’alleq tua-i-llu muiran
nunamek patuluki. ‘When they were going

qamiqiqerpagyaraq — qamneq

to make aged fish heads, after digging a pit,
they’d put (fish) heads in the pit, and when it
was full, they’d cover them with soil.’ (PRA
1995*:461); LK, BB, CAN, NI, NUN, NR; <?-quq; > qamiqiqe-, qamiqukuyak, qamiqulngu-,
qamiqum enra, qamiqunguaq, qamiqurpak1,
qamiqurpak2, qamiqurrluk
qamiqurpak1, qamiqurpayagaq*, qamirvayagaq*
goldeneye (Bucephala sp.). < qamiquq-rpak,
qamiquq-payagaq, qamiquq-payagaq
qamiqurpak2, qamirvak, qamiq’vak type of moth
(species ?). < qamiquq-rpak, qamiquq-vak,qamiquq-vak
qamiqurrluk cut and dried fish head # Qamiqut-llu
qamiqurrliluki ilait-llu tep’liluki. ‘And the (fish)heads they made into cut and dried fish heads,
and some they made into aged fish heads.’ (PRA
1995:461); < qamiquq-rrluk
qamisvak large freight sled # also dual for one sled; Y;< ?-vak; cf. qamiteqamite- to give something to take along on ajourney # qamitaa ‘he gave her something to takealong’ / aanavet-am qamitaanga ukunek neqnek
ut’rutarkamnek ‘your mother gave me these fishto take along when I go home’; cf. qamisvak,
qamigar-; < PY qamit0qamlleq ash # Aling nakleng. Tua-i-wa
maurlurlurpek kat’um picirkiutii aturluku
waniwa cikmilriaten. Elliin iigken kevirkiurlukek
camek neqmek assinrilngurmek avuluku,
qamllermek-llu avuluku akuqaarluni qavallerpeni
iigken kevillrukek. ‘Your grandmother blinded
your eyes. It was she who filled your eyeswith a mixture of old food and ashes while youwere asleep.’ (CIU 2005:284); . . . missuullernek
all’uteng qamlliraluteng-llu. ‘. . . in sackcloth andashes.’ (LUKE 10:13); < qame-lleq1
qamna the one upriver; the one inland or inside# obscured demonstrative pronoun; qialria qamna
irnian ullaggu! ‘go to your child, who is crying
inside’ the house!; qam’um ‘of the one inside’;
qamkut ‘those inside’; “. . . Eqnarqut qamkuqtat!”Ayumian-ggur-am nunullinii qamkut qasgimiut
carayiim. ‘. . . “So irritating, those darn ones inthere!” The ghost began to upbraid the ones inside,
the ones in the kashim.’ (ELL 1997:538); see
Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PE dem. qamqamneq agate # NSU

529

qamqiarte- — qaneksuar-Basesqamqiarte- to extend to the top of (it) # Tua-i
akluliurluni kameksiluni-llu nayiignek irugni
qamqiarrlukek, mikelnguq-llu tauna kameksiluku
takqupiignek. ‘So she worked on the clothes
and made sealskin boots, reaching the top of her
thighs; she made very tall boots for the child.’(MAR2 2001:89); NS
qamquinaq men’s high wading boot # NUN
qamungelria old bear #qamuq sled or other pulled thing # and qamurto pull; to drag behind # qamurtuq ‘it isdragging behind’; qamuraa ‘he is pulling it’ /Tua-i-llu ilami qanrucateng qimugtet taukut
ayagluteng, taukuk ikamrak qamurlukek, tamana
tumyaraullinilria aturluku. ‘And then when
her siblings said something to those dogs, thedogs pulled the sled forward following thepath that was to be their trail.’ (ELN 1990:4);
qamuruaq akalrialek ‘wheeled wagon’; >qamuqataq, qamuqayak, qamuraq, qamurar-,
qamurcuun, qamurralek, qamurrar-, qamuutaq;
qamurrucuaq; cf. qamauk
qamuqataq sled without a handlebar; motherbearded seal swimming with a cub on her back #NUN; < qamuq-?
qamuqayak wisdom tooth # qamuqayiit ‘wisdom
teeth’; < qamuq-?-yakqamuraq drawings made on a mask (NUN meaning);
writing (Hooper Bay meaning) # < qamur-aq1
qamurar-, qamuri- to draw; to write (Hooper Bay
meaning) # qamurartuq or qamuriuq ‘he iswriting’; qamuraraa ‘he is writing to her or on it’/ atren qamurauygu! ‘sign your name!’; Hooper
Bay; < qamur-?-, qamuq-aq-li2-; > qamuraun
qamuraun etching brush; paintbrush with squirrel
twill # NUN; < qamirar-n
qamurcuun sled brake; wagon # < qamuq-cuun
qamurralek legendary being with some sort ofdragging appendage # (?); < qamuq-?-lek
qamurrar- to be pulling a sled # qamurrartuq ‘he ispulling a sled’ / Tua-i tauna aassaqluni wall’u
Tacirrluni, wall’u camek qamurracuarluni, tua-ikevgaat amkut. ‘He would discreetly arrive inSaint Michael, or he might be pulling something
trying to disguise who he was, the messengerof the village over there.’ (TAP 2004:33); Y;< qamur-?qamurrir- to have light streaming out of it (like acomet) # NUN

qamurrucuaq sled # NSU; < qamuq-cuar(aq)qamuutaq pulling device; towline; thing thatone pulls; drag handle # taryaqvak qamuraa
qamuutakun ‘he pulled the king salmon
with a drag handle’; Ingna-gguq-gga arnaq
kasmurrartii, ikamrak taukuk kasmurrartiik,
tauna-llu angun qamuutarluni. ‘That woman [waspushing] its handlebars, the sled’s handlebars,
and that man used a towline for pulling it.’ (ELL
1997:42); < qamur-taq1; > qamuutarrsuun
qamuutarrsuun sled with high handlebars on which
the driver rests his arms # also dual for one sled; Y;< qamuutaq-ssuun
qanaa- to speak; to talk # qanaaguq ‘he is talking’/ qanaataa ‘he is talking to her’; qanaatuk‘they2 are talking to each other’; Tua-i-llu tuaten
qanaaguraqerluteng tamakut imkut nakacuut
paivvluki nutaan. ‘And, then, having discussed
the matter, they brought out those bladders.’(ELL 1997:284); Tava-qaa qunguturan qanaatan.
Ciin yugmek qanaaskengenganak pivakarcit?
‘Can it be that you were talking to your pet?!
Why did it seem as though you were talking to aperson?’ (QUL 2004:148); NSK, LY, HBC, NI, EG;< qaner-aqanak ceiling board (of old traditional-styledwelling, sloping between rafters); caved-in areaof a bluff along a river # Natermelnguut cikuluki
nem-wa iluani maani kanerluki cat qaniit-llu.
‘Things on the floor would freeze and inside
the house the roof boards would frost up.’ (QUL
2003:2); > qanakutaq, qanakvaggaq; < PE qana!
qanakutaq tarpaulin; cover # Y; < qanak-kutaq
qanakvaggaq tent # Tekicarturaa qanakvaggaq
irnerrluk igvaqataararaa neviarcaq tauna
imarnitegnek mingquralria. ‘He was arriving
at the gutskin tent, she was gradually coming
into his view and he observed a young woman
sewing a gutskin raincoat.’ (MAR1 2001:76);< qanak-vak-rraq
qanciur- to set the table; to wash the dishes #qanciurtuq ‘he is setting the table’ or ‘he iswashing the dishes’/ qanciura! ‘set the table!’ or‘wash the dishes!’; < qantaq-liurqanegyaaq shinbone # K, Y, NI, CAN, BB
qaneksuar- to speak quietly; to mumble; togrumble; to whisper # qaneksuartuq ‘he ismumbling, etc.’ / < qaner-ksuar(ar)-, qanerksuar(ar)-530Basesqaneksugte- to speak quietly; to mumble; togrumble; to whisper; to wonder # qaneksugtuq‘he is grumbling’ / . . . angayuqaak akemkuk
qaneksugcaakvimegnek nepairtuk. ‘. . . after talking
quietly her parents across there fell silent.’ (MAR2
2001:80); . . . tua-i tuarpiaq tang wangni agyat
ikgelilriit. Ikgeliameng tua-i, ikgeliata umyuaqa
qaneksugtelartuq. ‘. . . the me it seems to me thatthe stars have become fewer. Because they havebecome fewer, my mind wonders why it is so.’
(CUN 2007:66); < qaner-ksugte-, qaner-ksugteqanemci, qanemciq story; factual account # andqanemci- to tell; to talk about something;
to relate something one has experienced #qanemciuq ‘he is talking about something’, ‘he istelling a story’; qanemcia (or qanemcitaa) ‘he istelling her about something’; waten qanemciuq:. . . ‘he tells it like this: . . . ‘; qanemcista ‘the
one telling a story’; Cali qanemciaqluteng
angalkunek yaaqvanun — iralumun wall’u
imarpiim terr’anun — ayalallernek. ‘Also they’dtell about shamans traveling far, to the moonor to the bottom of the sea.’ (CAU 1985:197);
Tua-i a¥gna ava-i iquklituq qanemciqa. ‘And
so that story of mine comes to an end.’ (ELL
1997:382); Cikigaam . . . qanemcitai elitnaurat
qaill’ qasgimi uitalallermeggnek, . . . ‘Cikigaq. . . tells the students how it was to live in the
kashim, . . . (KIP 1998:285); Makut-llu qanemcit
ayuqeqapiarluteng waten piyuilameng kalikami
ellimanrilameng. ‘These stories are never exactly
alike because they weren’t put down in writing.’(QAN 1995:158) / < qaner-mcugte-li2qanemyuugar- to complain # qanemyuugartuq‘he is complaining’ / qanemyuugautaa ‘heis complaining to him’; qanemyuugautekaa‘he is complaining over it’; qanemyuugaun ‘acomplaint’; < qaner-?qanemcike- to tell it (the story) # qanemcikaa ‘he istelling it’ / Tuaken tua-i taqellrua qanemcikestiin.
Tuaten tua-i pitaluku qanemcikaqa. ‘That is where
the storyteller stopped. This is how far I tell thestory.’ (CUN 2007:62); < qanemciq-ke2qanengssak small talk; joking; story; short account# and qanengssag- to tell a brief story; to relatea brief account of something # qanengssagtuq‘he is telling a brief story’ / qanengssautaa ‘he istelling her something’; qanengssiit ‘short items ofspeech (or writing)’; Waten-wa tua-i qanengssak

qaneksugte- — qanercetaar-

man’a tua-i waten piulria. ‘This story is told as itis.’ (CIU 2005:46); # < qaner-ngssak
qaneplugte- to argue; to gossip # qaneplugtuq ‘he isarguing’ / qaneplugtaa ‘he is arguing with her’;
HBC; < qaner-?qanepsug- to whisper; to talk quietly # EG;< qaner-?qaneq mouth (anatomical) # and qaner- to speak;to utter; to converse (additional NS, HBC, Y
meaning) # qanertuq ‘he is speaking’; qanraa ‘hesaid it’ / qanrutaa ‘he told her’; qanrutuk ‘they2
are speaking to each other, talking together’;qanrutellruanga tainqigciiqniiuni ‘he told methat he would come again’; qanrutellruanga
tainqigtesqellua ‘he told me to come again’;
qaneryaurci Yup’igtun ‘learn to speak Yup’ik’;
qanra ‘his/its mouth’; qanqa ‘my mouth’;qanren ‘your mouth’; Tanqigyutaangarrniluku
tua-i qanran cali anglluutelliniluku. ‘When hesaid that he could see a little bit of light, they
dove into the water with him again.’ (CIU
2005:284); kausqessuitai cuukviit qanritgun ‘hetold us never to poke pike fish in their mouths’;
Tauna ta¥gken qanemcilleq qanaatekevkenaku.
Qanteng patuk’acagarluki, . . . ‘They didn’t talkabout who had spoken [about it]. They kept
their mouths completely shut.’ (TAP 2004:95);
the following are legal neologisms: qanemyuugaun
igausngalria ‘legal complaint’; qanerngaunani
pillruniluni, wall’ piksaitniluni ‘no contest’;> qanaa-, qaneksuar-, qaneksugte-, qanemci-,
qanemciq, qanemyuugar-, qanengssak,
qaneplugte-, qanepsug-, qanercetaar-,qanerciigate-, qanerciryar-, qanercuun, qanerkaq,
qanerrsuun, qanerta, qanerviggaq, qaneryaaqe-,
qaneryaraq, qannguaq, qanpag-, qanqataite-,qanqumciar(ar)-, qanrenqegg-, qanruciq,
qanrute-, qanrutke-, qanyu-, qanyuilnguq,
qanerkicaq, qanermiaq, qanerniar-, qanerpak; cf.
qa-; < PE qan03qanercetaar- to try in court; to judge; to try to
induce to speak # qanercetaaraa ‘he is judging
her’ or ‘he is trying to get her to speak’ /Aaniin-llu murilkesqelluku piani aipaqluku
qalarusnguarluku, qanercetaaraqluku tuaten.
‘When her mother told her to watch her (thebaby), she kept her company, pretending totalk to her, and trying to get her to speak.’(ELN 1990:21); the following are legal neologisms:531

qanercetaaruma- — qaneryaaqe-

Basesqanercuutelliniluki Taprarmiunun piqatarniluki.
‘They had already phoned them that it was goingto take place in Stebbins.’ (TAP 2004:32); < qanercuun; > qanercuuciurta
qanerkaq speech to be presented; something to talkabout; gossip # qanerkiurtuq ‘he is preparing the
speech he will present’ or ‘he is visiting around tocollect gossip to talk about later’; qanerkairutua‘I have nothing further to say’qanerkicaq whitefish (species ?) # EG; < qaneq-?
qanermiaq thing held in the mouth; respirator usedin steambath # < qaneq-mik
qanerniar- to speak by way of justification; to speakby way of explanation; to confide # Tua-llu-gguq
tua-i qanerniarutak tua-i umyuani assinrilan
maurlurluni a¥gna tua-i cali pinayukluni
piunrirrniluku. ‘He explained to them that he had
killed his grandmother because she had become
unpredictable and he did not trust what she
might do next. (CIU 2005:286); < qaner-niarqanerpak big mouth; person who talks a lot;
sculpin, locally: devil fish # “Aling, tuquciiquuq!” Tua-llu-gguq tauna maurlurlua, “Aling,
qanerpauvaa!” ‘“Oh dear, she’ll choke on a bone!”
And then her grandmother said, “Oh dear, such a
big mouth!”’ (CUN 2007:120); < qaneq-rpakqanerrsuun tongue # EG: < qaner-cuun
qanerta spokesman; translator # qanercirnga! ‘bemy spokesman or translator!’; Ikegkut qasgimiut
qanertiita, atanrata, arviisqaatek. ‘The spokesmanof that kashim across there, their leader, wants
you2 to come across.’ (ELL 1997:370); < qaner-ta1
qanerter- to suddenly say something;to blurt something out # Umyuarput
cangraan angliriqertevkenata ilamtenun
qanerteresqevkenata. ‘No matter what frame ofmind we’re in, we are not to puff ourselves up
before our fellow men, and blurt something out(without thinking first).’ (YUP 2005:44); < qanerterqanerviggaq* close friend; confidant # Anirta
yuullrulliniuten; qanerviggaqelaqemken tua-i,
tutgarrluk. ‘How fortunate that you were born;
you are my confidant, grandchild.’ (CUN 2007:78);< qaner-vik-rraq
qaneryaaqe- to speak in vain; to stutter #qaneryaaquq ‘he is speaking in vain’; ‘he isstuttering’ / < qaner-yaaqe-

qanercetaanqigcaraq cuqcistem ciuqerrani‘adjudication’; qanercetaanricenarluku‘dismissal’; elluaturqevkenani
qanercetaariyaaqellrat ‘mistrial’; < qaner-cetaaq;> qanercetaarumalria, qanercetaarvik
qanercetaaruma- to be taken to court # Tuatenam ayuqelria makunun alarrnarqellrianun
itercivignun, qanercetaarumaaqluni-llu [pilartuq].
‘One who is like that becomes involved in bad
situations, ends up in jail, gets taken to court.’(YUP 2005:70); qanercetaarumalria ‘defendant’< qanercetaar-maqanercetaarvik court of justice # Qipnermi
Yup’igtun qaneryaraq aturpallularaat
agayuvigmi, qanercetaarvigmi, kipusvigni,
amlleret-llu nem’eggni. ‘In Kipnuk they really
use the Yup’ik language in church, in court,in the stores, and many people do so in theirhomes.’ (KIP 1998:ix); Erneq Qanercetaarvik‘(Biblical) Day of Judgment ‘; the following arelegal neologisms: qanercetaarviit ‘judiciary’;qanercetaarvigkun caliaqnarqellria ‘court
case’; qanercetaarvigkun cimircetaariyaraq,
qanercetaarvigkun akilircetaariyaraq ‘civil suit’,‘litigation (as in a civil suit)’; qanercetaarvik
qigcikevkenaku ‘contempt of court’;
qanercetaarvigtaat ‘legal terminology’;< qanercetaaq-vik
qanerciigate- to be unable to speak; to stutter; to be
impossible to speak to (that is, to be disobedient,unresponsive or unheeding by nature) #qanerciigatuq ‘he cannot speak’, ‘he cannot be
spoken to’ / Qanerciiganateng pingnaq’ngermeng,piyaqlirluteng-llu qanerluteng. ‘They [stutterers]
have difficulty speaking even though they try to,
but finally they do speak.’ (ELN 1990:99);< qaner-ciigateqanerciryar- to be obedient; to listen and toheed # qanerciryartuq ‘he is obedient’ / Cali
qanernginanrani nangertaqluni ellimeraqani,
qessasuunani, qanerciryarluni atami qanellra
maligtaquurluku. ‘Also while she was being
spoken to, being asked to do something, shewould stand up, and she was never recalcitrant,
and she listened to and was heedful of his father’s
words.’ (MAR1 2001:30); < qaner-ciryarqanercuuciurta radio operator # < qanercuunliur-ta1
qanercuun telephone; radio transmitter # Ak’a tua-i

532

Basesqaneryaraq language; word; saying; Bible# kitak cali apqerru qanellren cukaunak,
caperrnailngurnek qaneryaranek aturluten‘please repeat what you said, slowly, using
simple words’; Yugcetun qaneryaramek
elicugtuq ‘he wants to learn the Yup’ik language’;
Kass’alugpiat qaneryaraat ‘the Russian
language’; Qaillun-llu piluta cat nallunriciiqseta
tamaani ayagayarait-llu nalluluki, qaneryaraitllu nalluluki. ‘And I wondered how we weregoing to go from place to place, not knowing
how to get around and not knowing theirlanguage.’ (CIU 2005:406); Tua-i tuaten pitaluku,
qaneryararkairutua tua-i waniwa. ‘That much,and now I have no further words to say.’ (QAN
1995:158); Yugtun Qaneryaramek Calivik ‘The
Yup’ik Language Workshop’; < qaner-yaraq;> Qaneryaraqegtaar, qaneryariurta
Qaneryaraqegtaar(aq*) Bible; the good word #Agayutem angayuqauvian qaneryaraqegtaarai
nunanun allanun cali qalarutkarkauganka, . . .
‘I shall preach the good word of the kingdom of
God to other lands also, . . .’ (LUKE 4:43); thisword is spelled “Kanerearakgtar” in the Moravian
orthography; < qaneryaraq-kegtaar(aq)qaneryariurta preacher; pastor; linguist # Tayima
ukaqvaggun ta¥gaam, tuar wangni ukaqvaggun,
nutaan makut qaneryariurtet tekilluteng. ‘But it
was in recent times, from my point of view, thesepastors arrived.’ (KIP 1998:141); < qaneryaraqliur-ta1
qanevlugte- to grumble; complain # qanevlugtuq‘he is grumbling’ / qanevlugutaa ‘he iscomplaining to him’; < qaner-?qang’a no # exclamation; “Tanglartuten-qaa
elitnauriste÷ek?” “Ii-i tanglartua, atamnuyangqertut, iiluteng-llu allayugnek.” “Qaill’
allayugnek?” “Qatellrianek.” “Pelatekacetunqaa?” “Qang’a, qilagcetun.” ‘“Did you see theteachers?” “Yes I saw them; they have hairand eyes that are different.” “Different how?”“White.” “Like tents?” “No, like the sky.” (ELN
1990:108); = qaang; > qang’a-llu
qang’a-llu on the other hand; contrary to whatmight be thought adverb; or; or else; either . . .
or # conjunctive particle. qang’a-llu unuamek
tekitnayukaqa ‘on the other hand, I thought hewould arrive today’; Pivakarluni-llu piunrirluni
malluuluni nunat akuliitni, qang’a-llu yuilqumi,

qaneryaraq — qangqiiq

qang’a-llu mermi. ‘As he continues to live thatway, he dies, and his body may be found in the
middle of a town, or in the wilderness, or in thewater.’ (YUP 2005:70); Tua-i angutngurtaqamengqang’a-llu arnaurtaqameng tuatnalartut; . . .
‘Whether they become men or they become
women they do like that; . . .’ (CAU 1985:171);< qang’a=llu
qanganaq* arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilusparryii) # qanganaanka ‘my squirrel-skin parka’,
literally: ‘my squirrels’; Pinanermeggni erneq
takliyaqlirluni, ilai-ll’ ukut qalartengluteng
qanganarcuryugluteng. ‘Meanwhile, as the days
were lengthening, her family started sayingthat they wanted to go hunting for groundsquirrels.’ (ELN 1990:11); Y, HBC, NUN, NI, CAN,
K, BB, NR, LI, EG; < ?-naq2; > qanganarrluk,
qanganaruaq; < PY qa&anaq
qanganarrluk marmot (Marmota caligata) # NR;< qanganaq-rrluk
qanganaruaq wormwood (Artemisia sp.) (LK
meaning); yarrow (Achillea sp.) (EG meaning)# literally: ‘imitation squirrel’; tepturraarlua
unatenka qanganaruanek perrillruanka ‘after
eating aged fish heads, I wiped my hands withwormwood’, to remove the odor; the leaves ofthis plant are also used to make a medicinal tea; <qanganaq-uaq
qangiar(aq*) man’s brother’s child; man’s nephew
or niece through his brother # < ?-ar(aq); < PE
qa&i!a3qangkun as one usually does # adverbial particles;
qangkun qessaminaurtuq ‘as usual, he would
also be disinclined to do something’; Tua-i-ggur’atam tua-i uksuaqertelluku, waten qangkun tua-i
nem’ini elaqlingqeng’ermi-llu yugnek, kiirrarmi
uitavallulalliniami unugmi, . . . ‘And, it is said,
when autumn came, as was his usual practice, eventhough he had neighbors by his house, he’d verymuch be by himself at night, . . .’ (KIP 1998:243);
Al’qaat-gguq-gga qangkun, ilutequreluni. ‘And
their sister too, was in sorrow.’ (CEV 1984:74):< ?-vialis
qanglluk, qanglluq deep hole in a riverbed # Y,
HBC, NS; < PE qa&@u(3)qangni- to tarry; to take a long time # NUN
qangqiiq ptarmigan (Lagopus sp.) # Maaten
murilkut qangqiiret misngalriit avatiitni
napayagaat akuliitni. ‘They observed that533

qangquaq — qanir1-

Basesqaniciurta scavenger; trash collector #< qanitaq-liur-ta
qanii- to take supplies on ahead # qaniiguq ‘heis taking supplies on ahead, coming back for
more’ / qaniiguq atu’urkamte÷ek ataucikun
ayaucesciigalamikut ‘he took our belongings
on ahead because he couldn’t take us [with ourbelongings] in one trip’; < qani-i2qanikcaq* snow on the ground # puyuqnerem
qanikcaq tunguria ‘the soot is turning the snow
dark’; Umyuangarcami-ll’-am ellii angqit’liluni
qanikcarmek. ‘An idea popped into her mind to
make a missile out of the snow to throw.’ (ELN
1990:101); NSK, Y, HBC, NUN, NI, CAN, K, BB,
NR, LI, EG; < qanuk-?; > qanikcirqanikcir- to be or get snow-covered # usually of theground; qanikcirtuq ‘there is a lot of snow on the
ground’; qanikciraa ‘he put snow on it’ /< qanikcaq-ir1qanikciur- to shovel snow # Wangkuta-gguq“exercise”-allruukut yup’igni makuni, kesianek
kevgartualuta, wall’u caliluta, qanikciurluta,
net elatait kituggluki, tumyarat-llu kituggluki.
‘We Yup’ik people got our exercise by runningerrands, or by working such as by shoveling snow,
cleaning the surroundings of the houses, andfixing the trails.’ (KIP 1998:291); < qanikcaq-liurqanikciurun, qanikciurissuun snow shovel; shovel(of any sort) # qanikciurucilallruyaaqut ‘theyused to make snow shovels’; < qanikciur-n,
qanikciur-i2-cuun
qaningir- to babble (of babies) # NUN
qaniqe- to perform shamanistic incantation wherein
helping spirits were invoked # qaniquq ‘heperformed an incantation’ / Tua-llu imkunek
angalkunek qantullruut, tuunrateng-am imumek
taicetaaqata’arqatki qaniqeqatarniluki pitullruit,. . . ‘They used to say about those shamans thatwhen they were going to summon their helping
spirits they’d perform this ritual incantation, . . .’(QUL 2003:574); Tua-i-llu imumek angalkuq
pakemna qaniqnermek taqkan, . . . ‘Then, when the
shaman was done performing his incantations up
there, . . .’ (QAN 1995:172); > qaniqun; cf. qaqaniqun, qaniqussuaq shaman’s incantation toprotect one from illness # < qaniqe-n, qaniqe-?
qanir1- to snow # qanirtuq it is snowing; qaniraa ‘itis snowing on it’ / maa-irpak qaniryara’artuq‘this season it snowed early’; Qanirluni, pircirluni
natmun ayayunaunani. Neqkarcuyunaunani, . . .

around them there were ptarmigans landedon the branches amidst the brush.’ (ELN
1990:12); Nerumariameng aaniita negarkiurluki
maqaruarcuutnek, qangqiircuutnek-llu. ‘When
they’d finished eating, their mother preparedsnares for them, rabbit snares and ptarmigansnares.’ (ELN 1990:13); LK, CAN, BB, NR, LI;< ?-iqqangquaq frozen “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) #NUNqangqullektaaq, qangqulegcitaaq (HBC form)bunchberry or ground dogwood (Cornus
canadensis) # < qanqur-?-qetaaq, qangquq-?cetaaq
qangqur- to chew on something, making a
crunching noise # qangqurtuq ‘he is chewing,
crunching’; qangquraa ‘he is crunching on
it’ / Pilliniut imna tua aanani nerellrullia
enertuumaan qangqurluku nangkacagarluku.
‘They saw that it [cannibal baby] had eaten his
mother, bones as well, crunching on her andfinishing her off completely.’ (QUL 2003:268);> qangqullektaaq; cf. qaq’uq; < PE qa&qu3qangvallaq ‘thing of when (in the past)’ # used to ask
the age of an inanimate thing qangvallauga? ‘how
old is it’; literally: ‘a thing of how long ago is it?’< qangvaq-llaq
qangvaq when (in the past); how long ago?;for some time # adverbial particle; qangvaq
tekitellrusit? ‘how long ago did you arrive?’;
Ukut Caniliarmiut qangvaq imumi uani
piqallrulriit. ‘Some time ago Caniliaq people did
that.’ (TAP 2004:106); Ukaqvallaunritlinilriaten
atam. Qangvarnek-kiq tua-i maani egilrasit? ‘I
see that you’re not from around here. How long
have you been traveling now?’ (CUN 2007:58); >qangvallaq, qangvarpak; < PY qa&vaq (under PE
qa&a)
qangvarpak for how long?; for a long time # adverb
particle; qangvarpak naulluuga? ‘how long has
he been sick?’; ayaumauq qangvarpak ‘he has
been away for a long time’; Waniwa qangvarpak
tangyuipakalaavcia tangvaurallerkarpecenun
ayakatalrianga. ‘Since you have not looked atme for so long, I’m going to a place where you’ll
always look at me.’ (CUN 2007: 70); <qangvaq-rpakqani- to start on a journey # qaniuq ‘he is startingout’ / NUN; > qanii-; cf. qante-534Bases‘It snowed, and there was a blizzard, and one
couldn’t go anywhere. One couldn’t get food, . . .’(KIP 1998:337); ayalleq qaniutaa ‘it is snowing on
the one who left’ i.e., it has begun to snow along hisroute, after he left, to his disadvantage; < qanuk-ir2qanir2- to put siding on # Nel’itullrulriit
naparyalegnek waten akiqliqluki muraganek-llu
pagkut pirraarluki ukut-llu nutaan muraganek
qanirturluki, qanirluki. ‘They used to make houses
and put two foundation poles across from eachother, and after that they put on siding of wood.’(ELL 1997:418); < qanak-ir2qanirtur- to take precautionary measures #qanirtuun ‘rule of behavior or principle
to prevent later difficulties’; Tua-i tauna
qanirtuutnguluni tamaa-i. Cat makut
qanirtuutengssaaraat nalluaci tua maa-i. ‘Thatis the rule. We don’t know these little rules
nowadays.’ (ELL 1997:590); cf. qaneq
qanisqineq caked snow on the water # Tua-illu tekicamiu qanisqinermun etgalqitamun,
pugtalriamun qenumun, mayurluni. ‘And thenwhen he reached the caked-up snow on the water,in the shallow area, the ice that had floated on
the water, he went up.’ (KIP 1998:5); < qanuk-?neq1
qanitairaq raven (Corvus corax) # EG
qanitaq dumping place; garbage dump; midden# Nutaan-am tua-i taum ayaninran qanitaitnun
akuyuskunek ta¥gaam tangerrsuumariciqnilutek
piani, qanitaitnun, ciqitaitnun tua-i akaguarlutek
akuyullutek. ‘Then when the older man told himthat only if the two of them mixed themselves
into their refuse heap would they become visible,
they rolled around and stirred themselves into
their refuse heap, their dump area.’ (CIU 2005:216);> qaniciurta; < PE qanit(t)a3 (under PE qani-)qankurpak big bowl # < qantaq-?-rpak
qanli- to get near; to approach # qanliuq ‘he isgetting near’; qanlia ‘he is getting near it’ /< qante-i1-; < PE qanli- (under PE qan0t-)
qannguaq gossip; rumor; chatter # and qannguarto gossip; to spread rumors; to talk idly; tobabble; to tell malicious lies; to malign; toslander # qannguartuq ‘he is gossiping’, ‘heis babbling’ / qannguarutaa ‘he is maligningher’; qannguarutkaa ‘he is gossiping about her’;qanngualriit niicugniksaunaki! ‘don’t listen to
the gossipers!’; Irr’aq-wa taqsuqsugnaunani

qanir2- — qanrute-

qannguarturalria, . . . ‘Irr’aq seemed not to get
tired at all and babbled on and on, . . .’ (ELN
1990:45); Piciqenrilkiinek uum picilirluku
qannguarulluku piciunrilngurnek. ‘Accusing
another of things he did not do, maligning anddefaming him, is a way to destroy him.’ (YUP
2005:78); Sagciyaqunaci qannguanek. ‘Don’t
spread gossip.’ (ANUC. 23:1); < qaner-nguaq
qanpag- to shout # qanpagtuq ‘he shouted’/ qanpautaa ‘he shouted at him’;
Qanpagatevkenaki anglicangnaqluku irniaci.
‘Try to raise your children without shouting
repeatedly at them.’ (YUP 2005:102);< qaner-pag2qanqataite- to be outspoken; to be a loudmouth; tospeak without thinking about the consequences
or implications of one’s words # qanqataituq‘he talks a lot’ / Qanqataipakaucirmitun taum-am
umyugaa navegluku. ‘In as much as he speaks
without thinking of the consequences so much,
he hurts the other person’s feelings.’ (QUL
2003:338); < qaner-qar-taiteqanqumciar(ar)- to whisper # qanqumcia’rtuq‘he is whispering’ / qanqumciarautaa ‘he iswhispering to her’; NUN, HBC < qaner-?qanrenqegg- to be talkative; to be articulate; to beloquacious # qanrenqegtuq ‘he talks with ease’/ qanrenqeggiatuq ‘he doesn’t speak much’;qanrenqeggiarutuq ‘he doesn’t say much any
more’; < qaner-nqeggqanrrugute- to converse with # qanrrugutaa he isconversing with him / < qaner-?-te5qanruciq word; term; phrase; act of speaking #Aren, tuaten qanruciatun nut’ni tegulliniluku.
‘Well, in accord with his word (that is, as soon
as he spoke like that) he (another) grabbed his(own) gun.’ (QUL 2003:540); < qaner-ciq
qanrute- to tell (him); to ask one to do something;to talk to (him); to speak to (him); to converse(additional meaning in NS, Y, HBC) # qanrutuk‘they2 spoke to each other’; qanrutaa ‘he told
him’; Qanruyutut, “Qavangurturta agiirtuq.”‘And they said one to another, “Behold,this dreamer cometh.”’ (AYAG. 37:19);
qanrutkumaarkaunrilnguq ‘confidential
information’ (legal neologism); qanrutaa kaigniluni‘he told her that he was hungry’; qanrutaa
ikayuusqelluni ‘he told her to help him’; < qanerte5-; > qanruyun; see qaner-535

qanrutke- — qap’ite-Basesqanvallagate- to speak angrily to (him); to yell at(him) # . . . qanvallagatellriani mikelnguut. . . cangayuyagarlartut, . . . ‘. . . being yelled at,children . . . feel hurt, . . .’ (QAN 2009:104);< qaner-pallag-a-te5qanyu- to be articulate; to be loquacious # qanyuuq‘he is articulate, a good speaker’ / < qaner-yuqanyuilnguq* mute person; silent person #. . . niicuilnguut niicaurcetai, qanyuilnguut-llu
qaneryaurcetai. ‘. . . he caused the deaf to starthearing and the mute to start speaking.’ (MARK7:36); < qanyuite-nguq
qanyuite- to be silent; to be mute # qanyuituq ‘henever speaks’ / qanyuunani ‘never speaking’;< qaner-yuiteqapacak bald head #qapagqur- to remove seal blubber from skin # NUN
qapaun brown rock # NUN
qapaute- to get an imprint of something pressing
into it # . . . man’a-ll’ tua-i imarnitegken
nungirutiik maavet kegginaanun qapausngaluniugaan cagnim, nungingqaluni. ‘. . . now the[hood draw-] string of his seal-gut rain parka
was imprinted on his face here, so tightly was it
drawn.’ (QUL 2003:158); cf. qapnguteqapengte- to spear # qapengtaa ‘he speared him/it’ / Apanuugpiim tamakut nagiiquyani teguluki
qapengtelliniluku. ‘Apanuugpak took his spearand speared him.’ (ELL 1997:392)
qapiamcetaaq spent ammunition shell tied to apiece of string and used as weapon for small
game such as small birds # NUN
qapiar- to skin a seal or other animal by pulling theskin back over the body rather than splitting it;
to remove blubber from skin (NUN meaning) #qapiartuq ‘he is skinning something’; qapiaraa‘he is skinning it’ / > qapiarcuun; < PE qapi3qapiarcuun, qapiarun seal-skinning knife #< qapiarcuun, qapiar-n
qapilaaq, qapilaq mussel # Eqtarmiut qapilaallritnun
tutmalartut cingilgit! ‘Their arrows landed on
the empty mussel shells of the Eqtarmiut (thatis, they did not hit their intended targets).’ (ELL
1997:416); < PY qapilaaq
qapilngu- to be tired of eating the same food all thetime # qapilnguuq ‘he’s tired of eating the same
food all the time’ / HBC; < ?-lnguqap’ite- to be sunk into mud or similar matter;to get mired # qap’ituq ‘it sank in, got mired’;

qanrutke- to tell about (it) # qanrutkaa ‘he is talking
about it’ / Wii tua-i nalluyagutenritellrenka
qanruteksugngaanka. ‘I am able to talk about thethings I have not forgotten.’ (AGA 1996:88);< qaner-tekeqanrutkuma- to be talked about; to be spoken of;
to be explained # Allaniuryaraq-am cali waten
meaning-aaq tamana qanrutkumauq. ‘Also
the way of treating guests, its meaningor significance, is explained.’ (YUP 2005:214);< qanrutke-maqanruyun maxim; saying; proverb; wise words;
teaching # Yupiit qanruyutait ‘Yup’ik teachings,
words to live by’; Tua-i-wa alerquutet
naivcimaaqluteng qanruyutetgun wall’u allatgun
qanengssagteggun quli’irteggun-llu. ‘It isbecause the rules or precepts about what one
should do are revealed through wise sayings,
maxims, or through other tales and traditional
stories.’ (CAU 1985:12); < qanrute-n
qantaq plate; bowl; dish # qantam imaa ‘thecontent of the bowl’; qantaq akutamek imalek‘a bowl containing “Eskimo ice cream”’;
Erurturarraarluku-llu qantamun ekluku
patuqerluku qulqitnun elliluku. ‘And after
washing it repeatedly they put it in a bowl,
covered it, and put it on the shelves.’ (CAU
1985:46); > qanciur-, qankurpak; cf. qaltaq; cf.
Barnum 1901 list (13); < PY qantaq
qante- to be near; to be close # qantuq ‘he is nearby’;
qantaa ‘he is near it’ / qanelnguq ‘the one nearby’;
Y, NUN, NS; > qanli-; cf. qani-; < PE qan0tqanugglir- to snow # NUN; < qanuk-rrluk-ir1qanugpag- to snow heavily # qanugpagtuq ‘it issnowing heavily’ / < qanuk/qanug-pag2qanuk snowflake # and qanug- to snow # qanuut‘snowflakes’; Tua-i qanugpailgan piinerkarrluteng
elliviim-llu acianun qemaggluki, . . . ‘And before
it began to snow they’d stow the raw material
for dried grass insoles under the cache, . . .’(ELN 1990:57); > qanikcaq, qanikciurun, qanir-,qanisqineq, qanugpag-, qanunge-, qanugglirqanunge- to snow # qanunguq ‘it is snowing’,
literally: ‘it is acquiring snowflakes’ /Mecungnariluni-ll’ ellangllungluni kiagmi,
uksumi-ll’ qanungluni pirtungaqluni. ‘The
weather caused one to get wet, raining insummer, and in winter it would snow andblizzards would come.’ (KIP 1998:33);< qanuk-nge-536

Basesqap’itaa ‘he sunk it into the mud’ / qap’isngauq‘it got stuck in’; qap’itaartuq ce÷ami ‘hekeeps getting stuck on the beach’; Tauna-ggur
kiimi irugni qap’illukeg pilria mecituur unuitamarmeng, nekevyugnaunani nengelmi, . . .
‘That one, they say, who has himself sunk his
legs into the mud gets wet, all his clothes (too),and can’t stand up in the cold, . . .’ (WEB2);< PE qappitqapleryak bubbles coming up in the water # . . .
anluani kanavet uyangtellinia, anluara-gguq
imumek qalpleryagnek, waten camen piluni. ‘. . .
he peered into the hole in the ice and saw bubbles
coming up.’ (QUL 2003:246)
qapngute- to get an imprint of something pressing
into it # Yug-imna imarniterturluni makua-llugguq cagnisngiimi qapngulluni. ‘That person
was wearing a gut rain parka and since thispart [around the face] was so tight it had left an
imprint on his skin.’ (QUL 2003:246); cf. qapauteqapneq foam; froth # qapneriraa ‘she skimmed
the foam from it’; . . . , nauw’ imkut qapneretnallunritliksi qapuut imkut, imna inguqallra
cikuugurngatleq tamakuciulun’ tua-i
qapneruqainarluni. ‘. . . that foam — perhaps you
know it as froth — what had been a backgroundof ice was now entirely foam.’ (QUL 2003:508); cf.
qapuk; > qapniurteqeqapniurteqe- to foam (as, at the mouth) #Tangerrluku-llu anernerrluum kaugaqamuialqunaq qanpagavkalaraa, cagniqercetaqluku,
qapniurteqevkaraqluku-llu, qiurqelaraa,
unicessiyaayuunaku-llu. ‘Suddenly a spirit seizes
him, and all at once he shrieks. It convulses him
until he foams at the mouth; it mauls him and will
scarely leave him.’ (LUKE 9:39); Makut-gguq
maa-i anguarutait imumek cayugallagallratni
qapniurteqellrit, . . . ‘. . . when the paddles thatwere pulled back and forth made the foam.’ (QUL
2003:488); < qapneq-liur-teqeqapsalquq wooden stock of a rifle or shotgun #NUNqapugyaq, qapugsaq (NSU form) pumice stone #< qapuk-yaq, qapuk-yaq
qapuk foam; froth; carbonated beverage(additional LI meaning) # Tua-i-llu-gguq
nunamun amllirraarluni kingyartuq a¥gna
qapnerrlugpall’er atqerreskii. Uitavia
qapuurtellrullinilria. ‘And then after stepping
onto the land he looked back and saw that anqapleryak — qaqirmirte-

enormous mass of froth was drifting away. The
place where he’d been had turned all to foam.’(YUU 1995:102); > qapniurteqe-; qapugyaq;> qapuggluk; cf. qapneq; < PE qapu!
qapuggluk foam; froth # < qapuk-rrluk
qaqacuqunak buttercup #qaqaq, qaqataq, qaq’acuk (NSK form) red-throatedloon (Gavia stellata) # Qaqamek qalrialriamek
niitaqameng nutaan tua-i inuguarnariniluki
qanraqluteng. Qaqat-gguq nengllirarkaunrirqanta¥gaam tekitetuut. ‘They’d say it was time tobring out the dolls when they heard a red-throatedloon crying out. Red-throated loons, they say,arrived only when it was no longer going to becold.’ (CIU 2005:328); imitative; < PE qaq0a3 andqaq9a(C)u3
qaqi- root; > qaqima-, qaqirmirte-, qaqiteqaqiaq bread # Y, NS; < qaq’uq-liaq
qaqicii- to finish the job; to go through completely# Qaqiciiksaituten. Qaqiciiksaitaatgen, cali
piciqaatgen unuaqu. ‘You haven’t finished thejob yet. They haven’t finished with you, they will
come after you again tomorrow.’ (CIU 2005:222);
Tua-i taum uilingiatam pia, “Tua-i qaqiciigarpenga
nuliqsagutarpenga.” ‘The spinster woman said
to him, “You have gotten me completely (held on to
me in all the different forms I’ve taken to evade you).
Now you have acquired me for a wife.”’ (CIU
2005:254); < qaqite-?qaqima- to be complete; to be completely equipped;
to have everything needed; # qaqimauq ‘itis complete’ / Ta¥gken taukut akiqliput,
elliraat, aanangqerrsaaqluteng qaqimaluteng
angayuqertuumalriacetun qaqimalriacetun
ayuqluteng. ‘But our neighbors across fromus, orphans [though they may have been], hada mother, and [their lives] were complete, justlike having a complete set of parents.’ (YUP
2005:30); . . . qayat aklungqetullruut qaqimaluteng,
negcikcuarluteng, tallirpacuarluteng
muraggarmek, . . . ‘. . . kayaks had all necessary
equipment, having a little gaff, and a reachextender, . . .’ (ELL 1997:590); Ena tua-i man’aqaqimaluni, tukuuluni. ‘This household had
everything; it was wealthy.’ (QUL 2003:366); . . .
pisqumacirpece÷ek qaqimarikuvci . . . ‘. . . when
you have finished doing the things commanded ofyou . . .’ (LUKE 17:10); < qaqi-maqaqirmirte- to be all there; to be complete in number# qaqirmirtut ‘they are all there’ / < qaqi-?-

537

qaqite- — qarte-Bases

qaqite- to finish; to complete; to go through all;to not omit or pass over any; to spend (periodof time) # qaqituq ‘it is finished’; qaqitaa ‘hefinished it’ / qaqiciuq ‘he’s done everything’;
Tauna tua-i avenqegkuralliniluku yuut qaqilluki.
‘He divided it evenly between the people, (giving
portions to) all of them.’ (YUU 1995:22); Jacob-aaqllu iraluq qaqilluku tuantuq. ‘And Jacob stayed
there spending the month.’ (AYAG. 29:14); Erenretmalrunelgatni Agayutem caliani qaqicimariamiki
arulairtuq caliaminek. ‘On the seventh day, when
God had completed his work, he ceased his labor.’(AYAG. 2:2); < qaqi-?-; > qaqicii-; < PY qaqit0qaquaq crosspiece or ball-like hand grip at upper
end of single-bladed paddle # > qaquaqnginaq;
cf. qaquq; < PE qaqu(3)qaquaqnginaq single-bladed paddle hand grip at
upper end that is one piece with the handle #< qaquaq-?-inaq
qaquq middle finger # K, NI, CAN, HBC, NUN,
BB; cf. qaquaq; > qaqunite-; qaqurtuute-; < PE
qaqu(3) (?)
qaqunite- to give the finger # NUN; < qaquq-?qaqurtuute- to engage in a finger-pulling contest# Aling aren tuamta-ll’ tan’gaurluut imumi
pinirtaarcetnaurait qasgimi pillerkaicetun.
Qaqurtuutelluki tuaten. ‘Oh my, and then theywould have the boys practice competing to
see who had more strength as they do in acompetition, and they would have them engage
in finger-pulling contests.’ (KIP 1998:115); < qaquqtur-te5qaq’ulektaaq pilot bread; cracker # Y, NS; < qaq’uq?-qetaaq
qaq’uq* bread # qaqiuq ‘she is making bread’;
Tamakut-am qatellriarpiit cunawa loaf-at makut
qaq’ut, tamakucit iinrukluki qemaggluki. ‘Those
big white things, which turned out to be loavesof bread; they put them away to be used as a kindof lucky charm or medicine.’ (MAR2 2001:70);
Y; NS; from Inupiaq qaqquq ‘bread’, from Inupiaq
qaqquq- ‘to crunch’ (cognate of Yup’ik qangqur(q.v.)); > qaqiaq; qaq’ulektaaq
qara- to have all that one wants or needs # qarauq‘all his needs are met’ / NSU; < PE qa3aqaraliq insignia; mark; decoration as on a parka #angli-ll’ atkugpet taukuni qaraliini tangniqvaa!
‘wow, the designs on your parka are beautiful!’;
Maurlumi-llu eniini ellii Elnguq irr’iqapiggluni

qaraliaralegmek kaminiamek tuaten ayuqellriamek
tangerpaaluami. ‘And at her grandmother’shouse, she, Elnguq, was very much amazedseeing for the first time a stove with decorative
metalwork like that.’ (ELN 1990:7); ellam qaralii‘constellations’; < PY qa3a
qari- to delay; to stall # qariuq ‘he is delaying’;/ qaritaa ‘he delayed him, stalled him’; . . .
nunurciqaat tauna qaritellerteng-llu, man’a-ll’
bingo-llerteng arulairtellra . . . ‘. . . they will scoldthat one for interfering with them or stopping
their bingo game . . .’ (TAP 2004:34); often occurs
in the negative: Uini qasgimi qavaan qarivkenani
qasgimun agqerrluni, qasgimiut tupagqelliniluki,
tauna panini irniaranun ak’a nangqatallininiluku.
‘Because her husband was sleeping in the
kashim, without delaying she ran over to the
kashim, awakened the residents of the kashim
and told them that her daughter was about to be
consumed by her baby.’ (CAM 1983:322);> qaritekeqariteke- to be slowed down by (it); to be delayedor halted by (it) # Tua-i tamana qaritekaqluku
ta¥gaam-gguq tua cukariinarluni angullrak.
‘And that would slow her down, but it wassaid that she kept getting faster and faster atcatching up to them.’ (ELL 1997:486); Akiirluku
kitulliniluku, ilangcivkenaku, qaritekevkenaku.
‘We passed by it on the other side of it ignoring
it, not wasting his time over it.’ (QUL 2003:420);< qari-tekeqarliar(aq) black-legged kittiwake (Rissa trydactyla)# NUN; = arliaq, tarliaq, from Aleut a©liga⁄(a3li!aX)qarmaq lump of earth; piece of sod # < PE qa3ma3
qarriimar- (qariimar- ?) to be a good hunter # NUN
Qarr’unaq Kokhanok # village on the south shore of
Lake Iliamna
qarte- to yell; to shout; to speak loudly in acommanding voice # qartuq ‘he spoke loudly’;
qartaa ‘he spoke loudly to him’ /Ataput-llu
qenertellriacetun qanerlallruut, arulairrluta
nem iluani aqumevkarluta, nepsarpak
qatguurluteng cakneq qarrluteng. ‘And ourfather would speak as if angry, stopping us in
the middle of house and having us sit down,
speaking loudly, shouting hard.’ (MAR1 2001:27);
Agayulirtem agayussuutet ayagniqaki qarrluta. . . nangteqellriamun malirqesqelluta, . . . ‘The

538

Basespriest, holding the religious articles in out first,
speaks commandingly to us telling us to follow
the . . . suffering one, . . .’ (CAT 1950:92); NS; cf.
qarute-, qaqarute- to persuade; to encourage; to comfort; toconsole; to induce (to do something); to convince;
to bribe # qarutuq ‘he is persuading someone’to do something; qarutaa ‘he is persuadingher’ / Qaruteqtaryaaqekiini taqsugpek’naniqiamallinilria. ‘Although she tried to console
her, she kept crying, unable to stop.’ (YUU
1995:11); qaruciyaraq or qaruyun ‘comfort,
encouragement’; cf. qa-, qarte-; < PY qa3ut0qaryaq fish egg; herring egg on kelp # EG, NUN(with a of the first syllable underlyingly aa but
compressed); = qaarsaq, qaaryaq, qiaryaq; < PE
qa(C)a3ya3
qas- dimensional root; > qasiaq, qaskelli-, qaskite-,qastu-; cf. qa-; < PE qat0
qasegpallr(aq*), qasegpakayallr(aq*) big
kashim # . . . tua qasegpakayallraam-gguq, tuaqasegpallraam elaqlianun taumun nerpall’ermun
itqataaralliniluni. ‘. . . and next to a great big
kashim, a big kashim, was a very large house,
which he entered cautiously.’ (ELL 1997:418);< qasgiq-rpallr(aq)qasgi, qasgiq men’s community house; “kashim”;
steambath house # and qasgi- to go to the
kashim # originally a moderately large structure inwhich the men of a community resided and worked;
also used for sweatbaths, dances, and feasts; few if
any of the original buildings of this sort remain; insome areas the word is now used for the small, lowbuildings in which steam baths are taken (see alsomaqivik); note that the English word “kashim” forthese structures comes from the relative case formof the Yup’ik word qasgim, as in qasgim natra‘the floor of the kashim’ (see also Kusquqvak‘Kuskokwim River’, where the English comesfrom the Yup’ik in the same way); Tauna tua-iqasgi kan’a quyungqavikurluku. Qakmaken
unuakumi erteqatarluku, arnaita anguteteng
neqliurluki qantatgun qasgimun payugtaqluki.
Tan’gaurluut-llu qasgimi neru’urluteng. ‘They
used that kashim down there as a gathering place.
From outside, just when the day was about tobreak in the morning, their women would dishfood into their men’s bowls and bring them tothe kashim. The boys too ate in the kashim.’ (KIP

qarute- — qaskiq

1998:27); Tauna anaanairutka wani malikluku,
maligtesqenganga-am aanama, paqnayugngama,malikluku qasgilunuk tuunriqatallratni. ‘I went
with my late aunt, because my mother asked
me to go with her and since I was also curious;
I went with her to the kashim where they weregoing to perform shamanistic rites.’ (AGA
1996:54); NS, Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; =qaygiq; > qagiarneq, qasgiiqenge-, qasgimiu
qasgiarneq temporary above-ground structure atsummer fish camp # < qasgi-arte-neq1
qasgiiqenge- to ritually “take over” a men’scommunity house # qasgiiqengut ‘they“took” over the qasgiq / done by guests during aholiday; Qasgiiqengqata’arqameng pikartelartut
uqilauralriamek ukut curukat. ‘When they weregoing to “take over” a kashim the “attackers”
would choose a fast runner.’ (TAP 2004:39);< qasgiq-ir2-kengeqasgimiu resident of the kashim; man or boy
whose usual place of residence was the (local)
kashim # Qasgimiut uitainanratni itliniuq kan’atumnaq-wa-gguq tegumiara akutamek imarluni,. . . ‘While the residents of the kashim were waiting
there, she came in carrying an platter full of
Eskimo ice cream, . . .’ (CIU 2005:378);< qasgi-miu
qasiaq noise of impact # Tua-i-ll’ tuc’ami
qatngerpak tut’ellininaurtuq, qasiara-llu ekviit
aciatgun ayagluni, Napaskiarmiut-llu niilluku.
‘When it landed it would land with a loudimpact, and the sound of its impact would gounder the cut-banks of the river, and the peopleof Napaskiak would hear it.’ (CIU 2005:40);> qasiakepiar-, qasiarcetaaq; < qas-?qasiakegg- to readily conduct sound # qasiakeggan‘when it conducted sound better’; Qanikcaq
imna mamturiaqami qasiakepiartuq. ‘When snow
gets thick sound can easily travel through it.’ (PAI
2008:230); < qasiaq-kegteqasiarcetaaq bell # < qasiarteqasiarte- to make a ringing noise # qasiartuq ‘it isringing’ / < qasiaq-?-; > qasiarcetaaq
qaskelli- to become quieter; to decrease in volume(of sound) # qaskelliuq ‘it became quieter’ /tiiviiq qaskellicarru! ‘turn the television down!’;< qaskelliqaskiq color; intensity of color # qaskingqertuq
kavirlimek ‘it has the color red’; meq qaskiituq

539

qaskite- — qassaya(g)aq*

Basesqasqaara- to make noise # Watpik qasqaaralriamek
mikelnguarnek watpik pitaunani. ‘There wereabsolutely no children making noise at all.’ (QAN
2009:186)
qasqite- to scale a mountain or other height;
for a stage of life (usually, childhood) to beover # qasqituq ‘he reached the top’ or ‘it(childhood) has passed’; qasqitaa ‘he scaledit’ / Yuuyuksuarpekuk, qasqiareskuvet pikavet
kingyarluten murilkeqaqikuk. ‘In case you think
we are humans, when you get to the top, look backand observe us.’ (QUL 2003:112); Pinariami tua-iangliriami nulirtulliniuq yun’erraraullni qasqican.
‘When it was time and when he’d grown up, he
got a wife, when his boyhood was over.’ < ?-ite3-;
cf. qaklite-, qasqite-, qaiqasrulek, qasgulek, qasruliq ribbon seal
(Histriophoca fasciata) # Qasrulget-llu tamakut
up’nerkami nurnapiarluteng. ‘And in springribbon seals are very rare.’ (PAI 2008:52); <qasru-lek, qasruq-lek, qasruq-li1; cf. qai; < PE
qa(C)03ul0! (under PE qa(C )03u3)
qasrulek2 birchbark bucket # < qasruq-lek
qasruq birchbark # = kasruq, qayruq; > qasrulek2;> qasrulek1, qasrulek2, qai-; < PE qa(C)03u(3)qassaq, qassaulria raw flesh or meat # and qassarto eat raw flesh or meat # qassartuq ‘he iseating raw food; qassaraa ‘he is eating it raw’ /qassaulria ‘raw flesh or meat’ (also); akakiigem
meluanek qassallruunga ‘I ate the whitefish roe
raw’; Tua-i keniumalria tautun ayuqngaunani,ta¥gaam qassauluki mingqucitullrulliniut. ‘In
as much as when cooked, it [the bone] wasn’t
the same, they would make needles using them[the bones] in their raw state.’ (CIU 2005:240);
Aa-aa imarmiutaaraurluu-uuq akutaarpenek
cikinrilkuvnga qassarciqamkaa-aan! ‘Ah, dearol’ mink, if you don’t give me your Eskimo ice
cream, I’ll eat you raw!’ (CUN 2007:108);> qassaya(g)aq
qassarte- to hit; to slap with the hand; to blow
against (of wind) # NSU; = qacarte-; < PE
ac(c)a!qassaya(g)aq* frozen raw whitefish aged before
freezing and served frozen # Qassayaangqertua
ama-i kumlivigmi, neryartuqina tekiskuvet, . . .
‘I have frozen aged whitefish in the freezer; comeeat when you get in, . . .’ (PRA 1995:429); <qassaq-ya(g)aq‘water has no color’; Una-llu teggalqupiamek
pitukiicetun cali waniwa tua-i qaskirluni. ‘This
one has about the same shade as a “real rock”(type of rock).’ (CIU 2005:208); cf. qasqaskite- to be quiet; to be low in volumne #qaskituq ‘it is quiet, low in volume’; qaskinani‘quietly, softly’; < qas-kite-; < PE qat0kit- (underPE qat0)
qasmegute- to overlap # qasmegutaa ‘it overlapsit’; Aren, tekicani taum nukalpiarpallraam
teguqallinia, amilkurlurluku tua-i, unatni waten
qasmeguterpagluki. ‘Oh dear, when he reached
him that big man in his prime got a hold of him
and, he being so thin, his (the big man’s) hands
overlapped (when he put his arms around him).’(QUL 2003:282); Tulimarluteng-gguq waten
qasmegusngalrianek. ‘It is said that their ribs
overlap each other.’ (QUL 2003:318); cf. qai
qasmig- to put in one’s kayak # qasmigaa ‘he put it
in his kayak’ / NUN; < qayaq-mik
qasmigutaq sealskin loop to hold harpoon shaft atstern of kayak # NUN
qasmii- to tuck shirt in pants # NUN
qasmike- to carry in one’s kayak # qasmikaa ‘he iscarrying it in his kayak’ / NUN; < qayaq-mikke2qaspeq thin hooded pullover garment, of length
varying from below the hips to below the knees,
usually of cloth nowadays (formerly of thinskin), often brightly colored and well decorated(especially those made for women), worn asa parka cover, as a jacket or dress; anorak;snowshirt; rain parka or other uninsulatedparka; “kuspuk” # and qasper- to put on or wear
a cloth parka cover # qaspertuq ‘she put on aparka cover’; qasperaa ‘she put a parka coveron her’ / Nutararrlainarnek aklulirarkaugaat.
Piluguuk, cuukiik, ilupri, qerrulliik, atkua,
qaspera, kaumatii, . . . ‘They will provide himwith completely new clothing. His skin-boots,
his socks, his underwear, his pants, his parka, hiscloth cover parka, his mitten(s), . . .’ (TAP 2004:78);
An’ut muragnek ayarurrarluteng qasperluteng-llu.
‘They went outside using small wooden walking
sticks and wearing cloth cover parkas.’ (CIU
2005:354); qasperen ‘your cloth parka cover’;< qai-peq (compare ilupeq and ilu); > qasperrluk;< PY qasp0q
qasperrluk fish-skin parka that could serve as a tent
# < qaspeq-rrluk

540

Basesqass’uqitak open marshy area, as when a lake has
dried up and grasses have started to grow in its
place #
qassuutaq large ladle # < qayuq-taq1
qassuuciaq small ladle # < qayuq-ciq-?; >qassuuciarraq
qassuuciarraq* spoon # < qassuciaq-rraq
qasuuciaq spoon # NSU, NUN; < qayuq-ciq-?; cf.
qayuq
qastu- to be loud # qastuuq ‘it is loud’ /qastucaqerru ‘would you please turn it (radio,
TV, etc.) up’ / qas-tuqas’urneq place where ice forms on the edge ofsandbar; overflow on sea, lake, or river ice inspring #qasvar- to ladle # qasvaraa ‘he ladled it’; NS, NUN;
< PE qayvaq
qasvaun ladle # NS, NUN; = qayvaun; < qasvar-nqatangllugte- to be loose fitting # qatangllugtuq ‘itis loose fitting’ / < ?-nglluk
qategmiaqar- to fall forward on chest # NUN
qategpagate- to yell; to shout # Qategpagalluta
pikumteni qategpagatellerput atanqelluku
uitatuuq. ‘If we address him by yelling, then hestays unresponding [when not yelled at], only
responding to our yelling.’ (YUP 2005:124);< qatek-rpaga-?qatek chest (anatomical) # > qacegtu-, qatekcugte-,
qat’gaq, qatguur-, qatkeggliq, qatpag-; cf. qa-;
< PE qat0!
qatekcugte- to speak harshly # qatekcugtuq ‘he isspeaking harshly’ / qatekcugutaa ‘he is speaking
harshly to her’; HBC; < qatek-?qatellria, qatelria white thing, the color white #angyani qatellriamek mingugaa ‘he is painting
his boat white’; Tuulleguaq minguumaluni
qatellriamek, tungulriamek kavirlimek-llu . . . ‘The
loon mask is painted white, black, and red . . .’(AGA 1996:217); < qater-lria, qater-lria
qatenquq white spot # qatenqurraunani ‘without awhite spot on it’; < qater-quq
qater- to be white # qatertuq ‘it is white’ / arlunat
qatetuut ‘polar bears are white’; Tangerrsugluku
maaten pia qainga kavirce÷ani acia-llu qaterluni.
‘Wanting to see it, she observed that its top was
red and its bottom was white.’ (ELN 1990:28);> qaterli, qaterliar(aq), qatellria, qatenquq,
qaterpak, qaterqurpagtaq, qat’ri-, qatrin; < PE
qat03-

qass’uqitak — qat’gaqqaterli, qaterliq white thing; arctic fox; white fox(Vulpes lagopus); small white bead; white clothingused when seal hunting in winter # Tua-i-llu
itertuq maaten nacartuumaluni qaterlivialuk-wa
qaspera. ‘And then when he came in he had onan old white cover parka with its hood pulledup.’ (CIU 2005:352); = qaterliar(aq*); < qater-li1qaterliar(aq*) arctic fox; white fox (Vulpes lagopus);
small white bead # Ataam kingunrakun
qaterliar iterluni, cali tuaten qaterliararuamek
kegginaqurluni, . . . ‘When he went out, a white
fox came in, one wearing a white fox mask, . . .’(CIU 2005:274); Y, NS, HBC; = qaterli; <qater-li1-ar(aq)qaternin white parka used for hunting in snow
and ice # Yug-una picuumirtacini niilluku,
melqulegcuqatalria, anluni tua-i nut’ni teguluku
aturani-ll’ qaternitni aturluku, . . . ‘A person who
is about to go hunt a furbearer, heeding his desire
to catch it, goes out taking his gun and wearing
his clothing, his white parka, . . .’ (AGA 1996:94);< qater-?-nqaterpak very white; all white # predicative
particle; Tua-i anyaqliameng tekicaqliameng
ellaullinilriamun maaten piuq ella man’a qaterpak
qevleqtaarturluni-llu, yaani-wa kenrungalnguq
kumalria. ‘When they finally went out andwhen they arrived at what turned out to be theoutdoors she looked around and saw that theworld was all white, and that it was sparkling andin the distance a fire seemed to be burning.’ (ELN
1990:4); < qater-rpak
qaterqurpagtaq sclera; white of the eye # NUN;
< qater-quq-rpak-taq2
qat’gagglugte- (K, NI, CAN, BB form), qat’garrlugte(Y, HBC form), to have chest congestion # <qat’gaq-?-rrlugte-, qat’gaq-rrlugteqat’gailitaq bone armor for chest; breastplate #Qat’gailitaq kalivneyagarkiuraat suulutaamek
qipumalriamek pelacinagtun. ‘They made on thebreastplate chains of pure gold twisted like cords.’(ANUC. 39:15); < qat’gaq-ilitaq
qat’galngu- to have chest congestion # NUN;
< qat’gaq-lnguqat’gaq, qategaq (NSU form) chest (anatomical) #often used in the plural to refer to one person’s oranimal’s chest; qat’ganka ‘my chest’; qat’gamkun
akngikutagtua ‘I have a pain in my chest’;Maaten imna panini tangllia ak’a nalallrulliniluni

541

qatguur- — qatugaq

Basesqatngicailkutaq shock absorber # < qatngitecailkutaq
qatngite- to jolt; to feel a jolt # qatngituq ‘it jolted,
felt a jolt’ / Atam tangerqakuk ayuqucin
qatngitniartuq ugaan tua-i iigken tuknitaciak!
‘You [literally: your condition] will feel atremendous jolt when he looks at us because
his vision is so strong.’ (QUL 2003:48); >qatngicailkutaq; cf. qatngerpak; < PE qat&u3qat’nguq, qat’ngun, qatngun half-sibling; crosscousin; close friend whose requests one
mustn’t refuse # Iciw’ maa-i qaleqcuuget
kanaqlagtaicuilnguq nuniit. Qat’ngutekngamenggguq tua-i. ‘You know, the area where
there are grebes never lacks muskrats.
It’s because they are related in this certain
special way.’ (AGA 1996:220); Makut-am
qatngutkilriit caluteng arenqiakullutengllu tamaani pingatetulliniameng waten
narurtaarutsiyaanrilkurrluteng. ‘Those who
were friends that way in those days seemed tobe reluctant to make requests of one another inorder to keep from disappointing each other.’(QAN 1995:140); < PE qat0&&unqatpag- to shout # qatpagtuq ‘he shouted’; qatpagaa‘he shouted it’ / qatpautaa ‘he shouted ather’; qatpautuk ‘they shouted at each other’;qatpagayuli ‘person who shouts a lot’; Pingraantaum arnassagaam qatpautaqluku nerngaitniluku.
‘Nevertheless that old woman would shout at
him, saying that he wasn’t going to eat.’ (CET
1971:11 & PRA 1995:451); < qatek-pag2qatqurpagtaq, qatqupagtaq sclera; white of the eye# HBC; < qater-quq-rpak-taq4, qater-quq-rpaktaq4
qat’ri- to become white; to turn white # qat’riuq‘it became white’; qat’ria ‘it turned it white’/ arnam lumarraq qat’rivkaraa ‘the woman
whitened (bleached) the cloth’; Keggutai-llu
qat’rivkarluki milgem mel’allran. ‘And letting his
teeth become white from drinking milk.’ (AYAG.
49:12); < qater-i1qatrin white camouflaged parka # < qater-i1-n #NUNqatugaq hot pack; hot compress # and qatugar- to
apply a hot pack # qatugartuq ‘he is using a hot
pack’; qatugaraa ‘he is applying a hot pack to it’/ qatugaraa iruni cagnelria ‘he is putting a hotcompress on his sore leg’evsiaran inglua, qat’gai ukut, nanglliniluku
nanertuumaita. ‘When he looked at thatdaughter of his he observed that her other breast
was already gone — her chest here had been
eaten, bones and all.’ (MAR1 2001:10); < qatekaq3, qatek-aq3; > qat’gagglugte-, qat’gailitaq,
qat’galnguqatguur- to shout repeatedly # qatguurtuq ‘heis shouting’; qatguuraa ‘he is shouting it’/ qatguurutaa ‘he is shouting at or to her’;
Qatguuruteksaunaki, qanpallagateksaunaki,ta¥gaam qanpiaraulluki, inerquraqluki. ‘Without
shouting at them, without yelling at them, justspeak seriously to them, telling them what one
ought not to do.’ (YUP 2004:122); < qatek-urqatkeggliq widgeon (Anas americana) # < qatekkeggliq
qatli- to sting # qatliuq ‘it is stinging’ / qatlinarquq
tauna naucetaaq ‘that plant causes stinging(when touched or tasted)’; Ellii-am tua-i
nangercaaqluni ayaluryugluni iik-llu qatlim
ugaani uisngasciiganatek. ‘And she stood up
alright but felt dizzy and her eyes wouldn’t
open on account of the stinging.’ (ELN 1990:49);
Tua-i maurlurlua tauna yagarcepakaami
caqerluni qantamek piluni akutellinilria
qamllermek melugmek avuluku, canek-wa tua-iqatlinarqellrianek avuluku. So his grandmother,because she was so busy, took a bowl and mixedashes with fish eggs, adding some stinging
compounds to it.’ (CUN 2007:4); K, NI, CAN,
NUN, BB; = qacelli-; > qacervag-, qatlinaq
qatlinaq nettle (Urtica lyalli); rope made of nettle
fiber # Qatlinat-wa ilavkuut. Ak’a tamaani
ilavkugtangqellruuq qatlinanek piaqluki. ‘Nettle
plants are (made into) rope. Long ago there wasrope called nettle (rope).’ (KIP 1998:129); < qatlinaq1; < PE qac0liqatmak diaphragm of cod (colored black) #qatneq1 middle finger # Scammon Bay, Marshall, andperhaps elsewhere; = katneq
qatneq2 swim bladder of fish #qatngerpak impact; bang # Egtaqani pagg’un
eggaarluni kanarcami-llu-gguq mermun tuc’ami
qatngerpallarrluni cingqullagluni, qasiara-llu
kiatmun qemitgun ayagluni. ‘Whenever he threw
it it would buzz overhead, and directed toward
the water, it landed with such impact that it
made a thunderous cracking sound that traveled
upriver to the hills.’; cf. qatngite-542

Basesqatviaq moose hide tanned on both sides;
leather prepared like suede; tarpaulin #Lumarraqegtaarnek-llu pilget taitut, . . .
qecigkilngurnek-llu qatvianek. ‘Everyone who
possessed good cloth, . . . or thin leather, broughtit.’ (ANUC. 35:23); > qatviista; < PY qatviaq
qatviista tanner; leather worker # Ellii allanruuq
Simon-ami qatviisteµi. ‘He lodges with Simon thetanner.’ (ACTS 10:6); < qatviaq-li2-ta1
qaucirte- to have wrinkled skin from too muchwetness; to be waterlogged # as of a person’s
hands; qaucirtuq ‘it is wrinkled’ / Imarnitekwa-gguq tua-i qaucireskek, mecungqapiarlutek.
‘His gut rain parka was waterlogged, completely
soaked.’ (QUL 2003:248)
qaucuk sore on scalp # < qauk-cuk; cf. qauraqqa¥geq, qa¥giiq* spectacled eider (Somateria
fischeri) # qa¥gret or qa¥giiret ‘spectacled eiders’;
qa¥gruuq or qa¥giiruuq ‘it is a spectacledeider’; Tua-i-ll’ nutaan ingcata unkumiutaat
imarpigmiutaat qecililriit qengallget, cingayiit,
kukumyaraat, metraat, qa¥gret; . . . ‘Then when
the ocean birds molted, the ones with thickskins, the king eiders, surf scoters, black scoters,common eiders, spectacled eiders; . . .’ (PAI
2008:158); < PE qav0!aqqa¥gkumiu upriver person; resident of the upriverarea # < qa¥gna-non-singular-miu; also spelled
qawkumiuqa¥gna, qaugna (NSU form) the one upriver; the one
inland or inside # extended demonstrative pronoun;qa¥g’um ‘of the one inside’; qa¥gkut ‘thoseinside’; qa¥gna kagiu! ‘sweep the area inside!’;Iternaurtukuk qa¥gna capumaluni cingyaamek.
‘When we2 would enter, we’d see the back area
inside was covered with a tarp.’ (AGA 1996:122);
see qava(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstrativesqa¥gyaq sand # qa¥gyam tengaurtualriim
neqauteput qa¥gyingevkarai ‘the flying sandis making our food sandy’; . . . ayuqerkauguq
yugtun umyugailngurtun qa¥gyami nel’ilriatun.
‘. . . he will be like a foolish man who builds
a house upon the sand.’ (MATT. 7:26);
Ciuqlirmi ulligtaruani pia kemgiqtaarluni,
tua-i tangniinani, agarcaaqngani-llu iggluniqa¥gyaurrluni-llu. ‘When she looked at the firstfish she had prepared, its flesh was cut unevenly,
and when she hung it up it fell on the groundqatviaq — qauraq

and got all covered with sand.’ (ELN 1990:40);< ?-yaq; > qa¥gyaqer-, qa¥gyarrlainaq; < PE
qav0ya3qa¥gyaqar- to have a grinding feeling as fromarthritis (of one’s joint(s)) or bone spurs # K, Y,
NI, CAN, HBC, BB; < qa¥yaq-qarqa¥gyarrlainaq desert; sandspit # < qa¥gyaqrrlainaq
qaunqe- to protect; to care for # qaunqaa ‘he istaking care of it’ / qaunqiuq ‘he’s taking careof something’; ayakuma qimugteka qaunqekiu!
‘please take care of my dog when I go!’;qaunqenritua ‘I’m too busy’ to give it attention;
Cat tamakut-llu cali agalriit cali elaturramun
anulluki ta¥gaam qaunqelluki cakneq. ‘They [thebladders] hanging there were taken out to thestorm porch but only with great care.’ (QAN
1995:166); < ?-ke2qaunqesta caretaker; overseer # qaunqestiit ‘theiroverseer’; qaunqestekaat ‘he is their overseer’;Atanrem Cain-aq aptaa, “Nauwa-mi kinguqliin
Abel-aaq?” Kiugaa, “Nalluaqa, kinguqlirma-qaa
qaunqestekaanga?” ‘The Lord asked Cain, “Whereis your brother, Abel?” He answered him, “I
don’t know; am I my brother’s keeper?”’ (AYAG.
4:9); < qaunqe-ta1
qaunqista caretaker; overseer # qaunqiste™guuq ‘heis an overseer’; < qaunqe-i2-ta1
qauqaq brow of cliff; brow-like edge # NUN;
< qauq2
qauq1 sore on one’s scalp # and qaur- to have sores
on one’s scalp # qaurtuq or qauraa ‘he has sores
on his scalp’ / Cali qauraqaki yuut, tan’gaurluut
teq’urrit teq’icirraarluki cakneq ak’allaurluki,
tamatumek qulilluki qaurit iinruaqluki.
Assiriaqluteng. ‘Whenever people had head sores
they’d prepare boys’ urine, aging it a long time,
and wash their hair with it as a medicine for theirhead sores. They’d heal.’ (YUU 1995:52); > qaucuk;
cf. qauq2
qauq2 forehead; brow # NSU; cf. qauq1, qauqaq,
qaurtuq; > qauqaq, qauraq
qauq3 dawn # Erenret qauratni uitaniluni tauna tawaaapaa qaneryaaqur, kegginaquni tauna aperluku,. . . ‘He said that he was at the “dawning of
the days” as depicted on his mask, . . .’ (AGA
1996:62); NUN; < PE qa3u
qauraq forehead; brow # Wangkuta cung’umek
piuratuarput. Allani-ll’ nunani qauramek.

543

qaurtar- — qavara-

Bases

Allani-ll’ nunani tategmek. ‘We call it (theforehead) “cung’uq”. In other villages, “qauraq”.
And in yet other villages, “tatek”.’ (CIU
2005:164); LK, HBC, NUN, BB, CAN, < qauq2-?
qaurtar- to brace a rifle on top of something tosteady one’s aim # NUN
qaurtuli very whitish clay # Qaurtuli qaceckenruuq
urasqami, aipaa. ‘“Qaurtuli” is much whiter than“urasqaq”, but it is like it (being light-coloredclay).’ (PAI 2008:282)
qaurtuq broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) #qaurturturtu’rtuq ‘he keeps eating whitefish’;Tua-i imkunek nerlallemte÷ek qaurtunek
cetegtanek nerlartukut, qaurtunek-llu kinertarnek
avuluki. ‘Concerning those we used to eat, we
ate frozen whitefish, adding some dried whitefish.’(MAR2 2001:49); Y, NI, HBC, UK, NSK; cf. qauq2
qavacilleq dried eye mucus; “sleep” in the corner of
one’s eye # K, NI, Y, CAN, BB; < qavar-cilleq
qavaliqtaq jump-rope # and qavaliqtar- to jumprope # NUN
qavamli- to take a nap # qavamliuq ‘he is taking anap’ / < qavar-?qavangcar- to put to sleep # by rocking, soothing,or otherwise causing to relax; qavangcartuq ‘heis trying to go to sleep’; qavangcaraa ‘he isputting her to sleep’ / Inarrluni qavangcartuq
teggalqumek akicirluni. ‘Lying down he tried
to sleep using a rock as a headrest.’ (AYAG.
28:11); Caaqami-llu aatiita qavangcaasqaqluki
taqsuqaqami, qulirinqigtenritaqamiki. ‘And
sometimes their father would tell them to try to
sleep when he felt tired and he didn’t tell themanother story.’ (ELN 1990:6); < qavar-ngcarqavanguq dream # qavangumni ayagtua iralumun‘in my dream I went to the moon’; qavanguqaa‘he dreamed about it, her’; Aptenqigcani qaill’
picianek, qavanguminek qalamcilluku. ‘When heasked her again, she told her about her dream.’(ELN 1990:25); < qavar-?; < PY qava&uq (underPE qava3-)
qavangurtur- to dream # qavangurturtuq ‘he is
dreaming’ / unuk qavangurtua ayallinilrianga
ikamrarlua yuilqumun ‘at night I dreamt that
I went on a sled journey to the wilderness’;
Qavangurturtuq mayuryaranek, tekisngaluteng
nunamek qilagmun, an’gilat mayurluteng
atrarluteng-llu taukutgun. ‘He dreamed of aladder, reaching from the earth to heaven, withangels going up and coming down on it.’ (AYAG.
28:12); < qavar-tur2-; < PY qava&u3tu3- (under PE
qava3-)
qava(ni) (qa¥ga(ni)) inside; inland; upriver #extended demonstrative adverb; Imarpik-llu
cikuirucan qavavet neqlillernun upagluteng.
‘When the ocean became free of ice, they
moved upriver to their fishcamp.’ (KIP 1998:53);
Taigaqami qavaken Kusquqvagmek ayaglunice÷irtaqluni maavet-llu Caninermun tekilluni.
‘Whenever he’d come from upriver, from the
Kuskokwim and along the coast arriving here at
Canineq.’ (YUU 1995:15); the v in this word sounds
like English “w” even for HBC, because it is in fact
an intervocalic ungeminated ¥g. HBC writers may
prefer to use ¥g in their spelling; see qa¥gna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives
qavap’ag- to sleep deeply or late # qavap’agtuq‘he’s really sleeping’ / < qavaq/qavar-pag2qavaqar- to fall asleep # qavaqertuq ‘he fell asleep’/ Pitsaqevkenak qavaqallinikuvet . . . ‘If you
happen to accidentally fall asleep . . .’ (QUL
2003:50); < qavar-qarqavaq sleep # and qavar- to sleep # qavartuq‘he is sleeping’ / qavaa mamtuuq ‘he is a
deep sleeper’, literally: ‘his sleep is thick’;
qavaraqama ‘whenever he sleeps’; Ilai-llu ukut
serr’irangluteng Turpak ta¥gken qavanertuami
neplingraagnek pekteksaunani qavaarluni. ‘Her
sisters began to stir around, but Turpak, who
was a sound sleeper, continued to sleep without
stirring despite their noise.’ (ELN 1990:21);
Cali-gguq tua-i qavalguluni. Qava’arqami-gguq
qavaumanaurtuq, ertengraan-llu qavarlun’. ‘Also
he would always be sleeping. Whenever he slept,
he would sleep a long time, and even thoughdawn broke he’d be sleeping.’ (QUL 2003:70); . . .
qavan peggluku qavaryungerpet. Qavaq caunrituq.
‘. . . give up on your (getting plenty of) sleep, eventhough you want to sleep. Sleep is nothing.’ (YUP
2005:102); > qavaciileq, qavamli-, qavangcar-,qavanguq, qavangurtur-, qavap’ag-, qavaq,
qavaqar-, qavara-, qavarcetaaq, qavarcuun,
qavarni-, qavartar-, qavaryug-; < PE qava3qavara- to doze off repeatedly; to be sleepy(NS, LY, NI, CAN, EG meaning) # qavarauq‘he is repeatedly dozing off’ or ‘he issleepy’ / . . . qavaraaqami anguarutni taman’544Basestegumiaqnginanermini pegtuqerluku . . .
‘. . . whenever he’d be dozing off, he’d drop his
paddle while he was holding it . . .’; < qavar-aqavarcetaaq sleeping pill; general anesthetic;< qavar-cetaaq
qavarciq rope for climbing # NUN
qavarcuun sleeping bag# < qavar-cuun
qavarni- to be sleepy # qavarniuq ‘he is sleepy’ /Waniwa tamalkumta qavatuukut qavarningaqamta
unugmi. ‘Now all of us sleep whenever we getsleepy at night.’ (YUP 2005:126); Y, HBC, NI,
NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG < qavar-neq1-i3-;> qavarniir-; < PY qava3ni- (under PE qava3-)
qavarniir-, qavarniirte- to become alert after being
sleepy # Nutaan tua cegg’aqangnaqluni pilriim
qavarniirrluni. Qavarniircan . . . ‘Then, trying tobecome more awake, he became more alert. And
when he became more alert . . .’ (QUL 2003:50);< qavarni-ir2-, qavarni-irteQavartaaq Whitefish Lake # near Aniak; = Qavarteq;< qavartar-?
qavartar- to stay overnight during a journey;
to camp out # qavartartuq ‘he is staying
overnight’ / kiak qavartaryallruukut ingrinun
atsiyallemten’i ‘in summer we went camping
in the mountains when we went berry
picking’; Tua-i-llu ayaumaluteng unuaquani
cukavkenateng kaassalinacuarluteng.
Tagqaqluteng, malrurqugnek-llu qavartarluteng.
‘And so they traveled every day, not fast,with a little gasoline outboard. They went up,
camping twice on the way.’ (ELN 1990:197);
Tua-i ayaglutek qavartaraqlutek, unugaqatek
qavartaraqlutek. ‘And so they2 traveled camping
out; when night came upon them, they’d campout.’ (QUL 2003:288); < qavar-?-; > Qavartaaq
Qavarteq Whitefish Lake # near Aniak; = Qavartaaq
qavarvik sleeping bag; bedroom; bed (in NUN)
< qavar-vik; < PY-S qava3vik (under PE qava3-)
qavaryug- to be fast asleep; to be in a deep sleep;
to sleep very soundly # i.e., hard to wake up;
qavaryugtuq ‘he is in a deep sleep’ / . . . inarrluni
qavaqalliniluni. Qavalliniluni, tua-i qavaryugluni.
‘. . . he went to bed and fell asleep. He slept; heslept very soundly.’ < qavar-yug
qavcicuar(aq*), qavcicuaq marten (Martes
americana) # used even in areas where terikaniaq
rather than qavcik is used for wolverine;

qavarcetaaq — qavciurte-

Qavaken nutaan kiaqlimte÷ek paluqtarnek
kipukengaqluteng imkunek-llu qanganarnek,
qavcicuanek, terikanianek tamakunek tamaa-i,
keglunernek. ‘From inland, from our hinterland,
we’d purchase beaver, ground squirrel, marten,
wolverine, and wolf [pelts].’ (PAI 2008:216);< qavcik-cuar(aq), qavcik-cuar(aq); < PY
qavcicuaq (under PE qatvi! or qavci!)
qavcik wolverine (Gulo gulo) # Nem’i elatii
naparucirciqniluku nallunailkucirluku qavcigmek,
terikaniamek. ‘Outside his house, he said, hewould put up a post, a totem, of a wolverine(qavcik), a wolverine (terikaniaq — another word
for wolverine).’ (CIU 2005:10); LY, NI, HBC, NS;> qavcicuar(aq); < PY qavcicuaq
qavcin how many?; how much?; several # baseqavci-; qavcin allanret tekitat? ‘how many
strangers arrived?’; qavcinek qimugtengqercit?
‘how many dogs do you have?’; nerpiit
amiingqelartut qavcinek ‘big houses often haveseveral doors’; qavcirqunek nanvartellrusit
manaryarluten? ‘how many times did you go
to the lake to hook for fish?’; qavcirta? ‘whattime is it?’; qavciliritngua unuamek? ‘what dayof the week is it today?’; qavcitun akingqerta?
‘how much does it cost?’; qavciklaagta? ‘whattime is it?’ (-klaag- is from English ‘clock’); ernerni
qavcini ‘for several days’; qavciugat neqet pitai?
‘how many are the fish he caught?’ i.e., how manyfish did he catch?; qavcitellrusit? ‘how many did
you catch?’; qavcirraat ‘a few’; qavcirrarnek
pingqertua ‘I have a few’; > qaviurte-; NS, Y, NI,
NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG
qavciurte- to become quite a few in number
in number; to have become how many? #qavciurtut ‘they have become quite a few’; ‘quite
a few of them have occurred’, ‘a good numberof them have occurred’ / Allrakut qavciurtat
tayima maani egilrallrucima? ‘For how many
years now have I been traveling?’ (literally: ‘theyears have become how many’) (CUN 2007:58);
Angutem arnam-llu agayulirta qanrutarkaugaak
qavciureskata erenret kassuutellerkamegnek.
‘The man and woman will talk to the priest
a good number of days before they are to getmarried.’ (literally: ‘when the days becomea certain number’) (CAT 1950:95); . . . unuut
qavciurtengellratni . . . ‘. . . when a number ofnights had passed . . .’ (literally: ‘when the nights
had begun to be a considerable number’)545

qavi- — qavyurte-

Bases(QUL 2003:518); Tua-i-am nutaan allrakut
qavciurcata pisqengaiceteng nutaan tamana
atungellruat. ‘Then after several years they
began to use that one since they’d told themto do that.’ (TAP 2004:60); . . . allrakut-llu
qavciurrluteng, akaurpakaan naken-llu waniw’
kingunengqerruciitnilutek. ‘. . . so many years
having passed, because it had been such a longtime now, they said they didn’t know where
they had come from.’ (QUL 2003:668); note that
qavciurte- also means, coincidentally, ‘to become awolverine’; < qavin-urteqavi- to kill or otherwise harm one in his/its sleep# Tua-i-am qavarngan qaviluku camek imumek
qavissuutmek, tamaani picirsaraqellratni yuut.
‘And then when he slept he killed him in his sleep
with a something for killing one in his sleep, as
was people’s way back then.’ (MAR1 2001:90);
Tua-i picim iliini tauna maurlua . . . tauna
tua tutgarami iik, qaviluku, qavaani kenillrem
araanek, qamellranek, iik tua-i kevillinilukek . . .
‘Then one day his grandmother, her grandson’seyes — doing it to him while he slept, in his sleep —she stuffed his eyes with ashes from the firepit. . .’ (ELL 1997:13); < qavar-i3- (?)
Qaviayarmiu (Y form), Qaviayak (BB form) Inupiaq
Eskimo # from Inupiaq Qawia$aq
Qaviayarmiut site in the northeast part of Nunivak
Is. # meaning native people from northern Alaska(who are said to have landed and formed a settlement,
now gone, at that site) # NUN
qavirtaqe- to hear something for the first time andfind it strange; to review a new word over andover so as not to forget it # NUN
qavirte- to go a curved path; to set or be set
askew # qavirtuq ‘it went in a curve’, ‘itwent askew’ / Akitiikun-am taringelliniluku
tukeryaaqellrani akitni tamana tua-i akitii
ketmun qavirtellrullinian, tua-i ayautesciurucia
taringelliniluku. ‘Through the orientation of her
pillow they understood [what had happened,that] when she’d struggled against them her
pillow down there, had become askew, and thus
they understood that she’d been kidnapped.’(CIU 2005:218); Cumikeciqaci Negtemiut qamna
qama-i ingriat tangvagluku straight-arluci
ullakuvciki makut wani waten taksuryilriit
qaviruterrlugluki ullagciklinikci, . . . ‘If you
observe when you approach Nightmute straighton, by observing its mountain back there, (you’ll

see that) those elongated (snowdrifts) are at aslight angle as you approach them, . . .’ (QUL
2003:702); < PY qavi3qaviur- to dream # qaviurtuq ‘he’s dreaming’ /< qavar-liurqavliryaq bog; quicksand # LI; = qalviryaq; < ?-yaq
qavlunaq streak or wake made on the surface ofwater by a fish or animal swimming at or justbelow the surface; silver salmon; coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch) (additional HBC meaning)# “Arenqiapaa! Anglluriarput.” Tua-i-ll’ imumek
elavluni ayalria piut, “Tang ava-i qavlunaa
nallunaicaaqellria.” ‘“Oh dear! We had it dive onus.” And as he moved forward crouching down,
they said, “There, its wake on the water is stillvisible.”’ (CIU 2005:80); < ?-naq2; cf. qavluq; < PY
qavlunaq
qavlunguaq a certain constellation (?) that
resembles an eyebrow # NUN
qavluq eyebrow; eyebrow hair # qavluk ‘eyebrows’,
qavlugka tunguuk ‘my eyebrows are black’;qavlunka meq’ut ‘my eyebrow hairs are fallingout’; < ?-luq; cf. qavlunaq, qavyurte-; < PE
qavlu(3)qavya, qavyak walrus-skin line made from theouter part of a split thick skin # Man’a-wa qavya,
tua-i atulriarullrulria, maaten wii murilkua.
Wangkuta-llu maaten ellangua angyarluta
angyapiamek, tua-i imkunek maklagnek
amilegmek. Tua-i makunek maa-i qavyanek
tugutengqelallruuq. ‘Walrus-skin rope like thiswas very useful when I was little. When I firstbecame aware of my surroundings my family
had a frame boat covered with bearded seal
skins. The skin was lashed onto the frame withthese walrus-skin ropes.’ (CIU 2005:16); Man’a-wa
tua-i maa-i qavyagmek pitukiitnek pingqellinilria,
asverem amianek, wagg’uq mangaggluku
mamkellicaumalriamek . . . ‘It has what theycalled “qavyak”, which was made from a walrus
skin that was scraped and made . . .’ (CIU
2005:12)qavyungqa- to be frowning # qavyungqauq ‘he isfrowning’ / < qavyur-ngqaqavyur- root; > qavyungqa-, qavyurte-: < PE
qavyu3t0qavyurte- to glower; to frown # qavyurtuq ‘hefrowned’; qavyurtaa ‘he frowned at her’ /< qavur-te2-; cf. qavluq

546

Basesqawkumiu — qayuqeggliq

qayaruartalek dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.) #< qayaq-uaq-talek
qayavaalii exclamation used when one sights a kayak
approaching in the distance # NUN; < qayaq-?
qayegyaq spotted seal (Phoca largha) # = qayigsaq;< PE qa9i!ya3 # NUN
qayemgu thick shore-fast ice # Aren, tus’arcami
imna qayemgukun tamaaggun tayim’ pekluni
itraqili. ‘When he landed he started walking overthat thick shore-fast ice and walked heading to theland.’ (QUL 2003:684); < PE qay0m!u(3)qaygiq men’s community house; “kashim”;
steambath house # see qasgiq for more information;
Cuuk ukuk malruk qaygimi uplutek, qalirlutekllu. ‘These two people got ready in the kashimand put on gut rain-parkas.’ (CAU 1985:53);
HBC; EG; = qasgiq; < PE qa9!i
qayigsaq spotted seal (Phoca largha) (in NSU); ringed
seal (Pusa hispida) (in CAN this is used if a local
person is named nayiq, the usual word for this type ofseal) # = qayegyaq; < PE qa9i!ya3
qayikvayak wheat grass (Agropyron sp.) # Maatentang aciqsigiami ciuneni tangerqeraa nanvak
kankuk waten iqugteklutek akuliik qayikvayagnek
imkunek canengqerrluni. ‘When she got downquite low, she saw two lakes separated by a stripof land where wheat grass was growing.’ (AGA
1996:218); = qakvayak; ?-vak-yak
qayruq tree bark # = qasruq, kasruq, HBC; < PE
qa(C)03u3
qayu- root; qayucita? ‘what time is it?’ (HBC);> qayumi1, qayumikika, qayutun, qayuwa; cf.
qaillunqayugarte- to crack when bending # NUN
qayumi1 just as could be expected; indeed #exclamation, adverb; yungcarista taiciqnillrat
qayumi tekitellrulliniuq ‘the doctor that they said
was supposed to come has indeed arrived’;< qayu-?; > qayumikika
qayumikika, qayumiki, qayumi2 I don’t know #exclamation; Y, NS; < qayumi-kika
qayuq soup; broth; blood # > qassuutaq,
qassuuciaq, qasuuciaq. qayuqeggliq
qayuqcarniar- to barter for food; to ask if one hassomething to trade for food # NUN
qayuqeggliq tundra hare; arctic hare; Alaska hare
(Lepus othus) # locally: jack rabbit; Cali-am ellii
murilkelluni kiarqurluni ungungssiarnek.

qawkumiu upriver person; resident of the
upriver area # < qa¥gna-plural-miu; also spelledqa¥gkumiu
qayaarcitaaq bell # HBC; < qayaarte-citaaq
qayaarte- to ring # qayaartuq ‘it is ringing’;
qayaarteqatartuq ‘it’s going to ring’; >qayaarcitaaq
qayag- root; > qayaga-, qayagpag-; cf. qaqayaga- to call repeatedly # qayagauq ‘he is calling
repeatedly’; qayagaa ‘he is calling her repeatedly’/ < qayag-a-, > qayagaurqayagaur- to call over a distance # qayagaurtuq‘he called out’; qayagauraa ‘he called out to her’/ Imna Pili Elngum qimugtii qayagaurangraatni
niicuumiilan tua-i uamcetevkenateng taumun
ayagluteng unilluku. ‘Because Pili, Elnguq’sdog, did not hear them when they called to it
repeatedly, they did not let him delay them, butleft it behind.’ (ELN 1990:17); < qayaga-urqayagpag- to call loudly; to yell; to shout #qayagpagtuq ‘he called loudly’; qayagpagaa ‘hecalled her loudly’ / < qayag-rpag-; > qayagpagaqayagpaga- to call loudly repeatedly #qayagpagauq ‘he called out loudly repeatedly’;
qayagpagaa ‘he called out loudly to her
repeatedly.’ / Qayagpagiima aturani unilluku
qimallruuq. ‘When I called out, he left his clothing
and fled.’ (AYAG. 39:18); < qayagpag-a-;> qayagpagayuli
qayagpagayuli guillemot (Cepphus sp.) #< qayagpaga-yuli
qayaq kayak # and qayar- to kayak # qayartuq ‘heis kayaking’ / qayaa (or qasaa for NS and NUN(where it is pronounced “qass’a”)) ‘his kayak’;
Imkut tua-i tamakut-llu waten ataurtellriit,
temirte™gurtellriit tuaten, qayiuraqata, nerluki
tuaten a¥g’alteng makut piaqluki. ‘And eventhose who had become fathers, who had
become adults, when they were working on a kayak,
would eat the scraps they’d removed [from theskins].’ (ELL 1997:284); Nut’an-am angturilunipi¥gagyalrim tar’ qayartussuunani pilliniurta¥ga-i, qassaatenrilngermi. ‘Then he grew up andhe never went kayaking even though he didn’tlack for kayaks.’ (WEB2); > qasmig-, qasmike-,qayartur-, qayaruartalek, qayavaalii; cf. qai
qayartur- to go kayaking; to hunt for seal (especiallyfor NUN, with, or nowadays, without a kayak) #qayarturtuq ‘he is kayaking’, ‘he is hunting seals’/ < qayaq-tur2-

547

qayuri- — qeciq

Bases

Tua-i-am cali qayuqegglirpallugnek tangaaluni.
‘Again she was on the lookout for animals. Andagain she saw mostly arctic hares.’ (ELN 1990:65);
Y, NS, HBC, K, NUN, BB, NR, LI < qayuq-keggliq
qayuri- to be murky or milky appearing (of ocean
water) # NUN
qayutun how many?; how much? # interrogative
adverb; qayutunek (qayutuneng) pingqercit? ‘how
many do you have?’; qayutuugat? ‘how many are
they?’; HBC, Y, NS; < qayu-equalis
qayuwa this time; to my surprise; for some
unknown reason; how? (Y, NSU additional
meaning) # particle; qayuwa taiguten ‘you came,to my surprise’; qayuwa ayuqa? ‘what is it
like?’; qayuwa tang neq’liqellriakut ‘this time we
did catch a lot of fish’; Tua-i-llu tekicaqliamek
qayuw’ itqertevkenani aatani ikayualuku taunakemek ellivigmun itertellragu. ‘This time when
they finally arrived home she didn’t go right in
but instead she helped her father put the meataway in the cache.’ (ELN 1990:65); Qayuwa atam
neryuumiilnguq tua-i, . . . ‘For some reason
he didn’t want to eat, . . .’ (CUN 2007:102);< qayu=wa; > qayuweteqayuwete- to be out of sorts; to be not quite right;
to be not oneself # Tuaten-gguq unegken
qugtanrrarqami qayuwetnaurtuq ayuqucia
allauluni. Tua-i-am aptellia, “Panik, ciin iliikun
qayuwellarcit?” “Qayuwetenrituq, mernuamapiunga.” ‘Whenever she’d just gone down to getwood she’d seem to not be herself, her condition
would be different (than normal). “Daughter,
why are you sometimes out of sorts?” “I’m notout of sorts; it’s just because I’m tired.” (MAR1
2001:31); Qaltani tauna tegumiaqluku tuaten
waten manuminun piluku taum qaingani
mernuircarnaluni aqumelriim cellii tayima.
Qayuwelliqerrluni. ‘She took her pail and put itin front of her to rest on top of it, and sitting her
state of consciousness changed. It became altered.’(MAR2 2001:72); < quyuwa base eteqayvaun ladle # HBC; = qasvaun; < qasvar-n
qecaruaq tripe; stomach lining tissue of caribou ormoose # < ?-uaq; < PE q0ca3u(C)a3
qeceg- to jump; to perform a certain componentof the Bladder Feast # qecegtuq ‘he jumped’;
qecgaa ‘he jumped over it’ / Nakaciuryaram
mat’um qanerkai amllertut caqtaarturallri.
Tuamte-llu-gguq cali piqerluteng qecegluteng

tan’gurraat. ‘There is much to say about theBladder Festival and the activities associatedwith it. Moreover, the boys would perform the“jump”.’ (ELL 1997:306); Y, HBC, K, NUN, NI, LI,
EG; > qecgaur-, qecengqayuli, qeckar-, qec’nge-;
cf. meceg-; < PE q0t0!- and q0t!03qecengqayuli grasshopper # < qeceg-?-yuli
qecervak gull (species ?) # < ?-vakqecgaur- to jump or hop repeatedly; to jump rope
# qecgaurtuq ‘he jumped repeatedly’; qecgauraa‘he jumped over it repeatedly’ / qecgaurturluni
maqaruaq ayakartuq ‘the rabbit fled hopping’;
Mingqerraarluki-llu qaingani qecgaurluteng,cikumek tuaten tugaurluku, aunrarcetaarlukugguq. ‘After they sewed up [the holes from theharpoon], they jumped up and down on its surface,and poked it with ice, making it bleed inside.’(YUU 1995:22); < qeceg-a-urqecigkite- to be thin # of a skin or similar thing;qecigkituq ‘it is thin’ / Allgiaraat imkut
qecigkilnguaraat arnat atkuktullruit. ‘Oldsquaw[skins], being thinner, were used for women’sparkas.’ (CIU 2005:338); < qecik-kite2qecigpak walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) # LI, EG;< qecik-rpak
qecigtu- to be thick and tough # of a skin; qecigtuuq‘it is thick and tough’ / < qecik-tuqecik skin; hide; rind; scab (additional meaning for K,
BB, CAN); rope, cord or string (additional meaning
for NSU) # Taum-gguq angutem kegginaa
tungungqaluni, qecignek-llu neqet qeciitnek
qasperluni, . . . ‘That man’s face was black, andhe wore a cover parka of skin, of fish skins, . . .’(CAU 1985:26); nunam qecia ‘sod’; > qecigkite-,
qecigpak, qecigtu-, qecikluk, qecip’atuli,
qeciqutaq; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (61); < PE
q0ci!
qecikluk warm spot in river that does not freeze #K, BB; < qecik-?; cf. kiciggluk qecip’ag- to spit
hard # > qecip’atuli
qecip’atuli beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) # LI;< qecip’ag-tuli
qeciq spittle # and qecir- to spit # qecirtuq ‘he spit’;
qeciraa ‘he spit at it’ / qeciutaa ‘he spit it out’;
Tuamtellu meqsugyaaqluteng pikata pinaurait,“Kitek qeciqaqaa.” Qeciqaqan qecia qapnerilkan
pinauraat, “Meqsungeksaitelliniuten cali.” Tua-i
ta¥gken qecia qapnengkan pinauraat, “Kitak
nutaan mer’a, meqsunglliniuten.” ‘When they548Bases[the youth] would say that they are thirsty, they[the elders] would tell them, “Go ahead, spit alittle.” When he’d spit, if his spit wasn’t frothythey’d tell him, “It seems that you still haven’t
become thirsty.” And only when his spit would
get frothy would they tell him, “Go ahead anddrink now; it seems you’ve gotten thirsty.”’(CIU 2005:198); > qecip’ag-, qeciqar-, qecirniir-,
qecirvik, qeciryailkun
qeciqar- to have an attack of diarrhea # qeciqertuq‘he had diarrhea’ / NUN; < qecir-qarqeciqutaq seal or walrus stomach or walrus bladderinflated to serve as a net float or used as a watercontainer # < qecik-kutaq
qecirniir- to eat something to remove the tasteof what one has just previously eaten # e.g., tohave “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) after dried fish;qecirniirtuq ‘he is having some food after themain course’ / < qecir-neq1-i3-ir2qecirvik spittoon; spit can # qecirvingqellruyaaqut
kuuvviarutlernek ‘they used old coffee cans as
spit cans’; < qecir-vik
qeciryailkun something eaten after eating frozen
fish or receiving communion # < qecir-yailkutaq
qec’issuun vise; clamp. < qet’e-i2-cuun
qeckar- to jump # qeckartuq ‘he jumped’; qeckaraa‘he jumped over it’ / qeckaraluni ayakpagtuq‘it took off jumping’; Irr’am-llu tass’uqsuatek
tass’uqluku. Irr’aq-am tua-i pilaucimitun tua-i
aqvaqualuni, qeckaqa’aqluni tuaten agaqaqluni
piluni. ‘Since Irr’aq wanted to hold hands withthem, they held hands with her. Irr’aq in her
fashion would run, jump and now and thenhang suspended held up by their hands.’ (ELN
1990:83); Y, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG;< qeceg-qar-; > qeckartaayuli
qeckartaayuli kangaroo. < qeckar-?-a-yuli
qec’nge-, qecngerte- to bounce off; to jump up #qec’nguq ‘it jumped’; qec’ngaa ‘it jumped it’ /neqa qec’nguq ‘the fish jumped’ out of the water;
Ellaita-llu tekicatgu nalteng qecengvikluku tua-iam aviarrluni-am pillermini iquluni. ‘When hereached the place they were [hiding] they jumped
at him and when he jumped aside to avoid being
captured he slipped and fell.’ (ELN 1990:110);< qeceg-nge-, qeceg-?qecug-1 to pull out with the roots intact # qecugaa‘he pulled it out’ / qecugciigatuq ‘it can’t bepulled out’; qecuutaa ‘he pulled it out with

qeciqar- — qecuqite-

the others, unintentionally’; Waten uksuarmillu nakaciuqata’arqameng tamaa-i ikiitugnek
pitullruut qecugluki waten nalukunengkenerkameggnek. ‘In fall, when they were goingto hold the Bladder Feast, they’d pull up wildcelery stalks to use as a torch when they send off
bladders through the ice hole.’ (QAN 1995:136);> qecugaq, qecugmig-, qecuguaq, qecuur-; cf.
qecuneq; < PE q0c(c)u!qecug-2 for ocean ice to break off from themain ice # Aren, maaten tang kiaqerrluni
pilliniuq kelutmun, ak’akik’ tua-i
atertengellrullinikii anuqlilria-wa. Tua-i kelua
ak’a yaaqsigillrulliniluni. Pamaggun qecuulluku
keluakun. ‘Quickly, he looked back at the shoreand saw that he had drifted away, and the wind
was blowing hard. The area behind him wasalready a long distance away. The ice had broken
off way back there.’ (QUL 2003:508); NI;> qecuneq
qecugaq woven thing # < qecug-aq1
qecugmig- to grasp with the hands; to scratch byclawing # qecugmigtuq ‘he grasped, it clawed’;
qecugmigaa ‘he grasped or clawed it’ / Aren,
ang’uqercamiu ciutegkenkun qecugmigluku
nuqtelliniluku. ‘Well, when he finally caught up
with him, he grabbed him by his ears and pulledhim.’ (QUL 2003:428); < qecug-mik
qecuguaq edible fiddlehead of spreading wood fern
(Dryopteris austriaca) # Y; < qecug-uaq
qecuneq crack in (ocean) ice exposing open water;
open lead in (sea) ice # Maaten-gguq tangqecuneq tamana piat, ak’aki tua-i pirlaak ikavet
nuryagutellinilriik akianun. ‘Lo and behold,they saw that crack in the sea ice was now towide to reach across with the sled runners.’(AGA 1996:134); Aren, angalkuulleraami tua-imata’arrluni atkuni yuuqerluki luumaarluni
apqiitnek tengluni taman’ arviryaaqellinia
qecuneq. ‘Oh dear, since he was a shaman hestripped down and slipped out of his parka andflew through the air by shamanistic means, as
it’s called, flying and crossing over the open lead.’(QUL 2003:508); < qecug2-neq
qecuqite- to choke on liquid; to drown # qecuqituq‘he choked’ / tauna meqiu qecuqicaaqevkenak!
‘drink that, being careful not to choke!’;Qecuqilluteng tua-i kuigni uitalriani cuignilnguut.
‘The otters, being being stuck [in the trap] in theriver, would drown.’ (PAI 2008:224); < ?-ite3-549

qecuur- — qelke-Basesqecuur- to pull repeatedly # qecuurtuq ‘hepulled repeatedly at something’; qecuuraa‘he pulled it repeatedly’ / Atam tua-i taumek
nangnermek pakegvissaamek picirlutek
kenkutenrilriik arna¥rluulluaqellriik. Tegullutek
tua-i qecuurullutek callunglutek. ‘On accountof that last fish head, they stopped loving eachother, those two old ladies. They began to fight,
grabbing each other, and pulling at each other [ateach other’s hair].’ (QUA 1997:9); < qecug-urqela spirit # and qela-1 to practice divination #perhaps particularly through determining a person’s
ailment by tying a string around his forehead andtesting it by pulling in different directions # qelauq‘he is divining’; Eprilnguq Qela ‘the Holy Spirit’;
Y, NUN; > qelalek, qelatu; cf. qelarvag-, qelali-;< PE q0la-2
qela-2 to have cramped muscles # EGqela-3 root; > qelanernarqe-, qelapegte-; < PE q0la-1
qela-4 root: > qelali-, qelarvagqela-5 to put up the sail; to go or pull up a cliff orpole using a rope # NUN
qelaake- to hold on to (it) # Umyuarteqliamigguq tayima, “Aren, ukuk caskukatek
qelaakenritakek. Piarkaukunegnegnga caviggatek
tegumiaquryarngatakek.” ‘It is said that heprobably thought, “Gee, the two are not holding
on to their knives. If they were going to do me
harm they’d hang on to their knives.”’ (QUL
2003:440); cf. qelkeqelalek diviner # Y; < qela-lek
qelali- to be pitch black # NUN; < qela4-?
qelanernarqe-, qelalernarqe- (NUN form) to cause
one to waste time # qelanernarquq ‘it makes
one waste his time’ / Anguarluni kessianeg
qelalernarqur, nerininarqur. ‘Paddling, it always
slows one down, makes one anxious.’ (AGA
1996:100); < qela3-?-narqe-; < PE q0lan03(a3)(under PE q0la-1)
qelapegte- to hinder; to be lethargic # qelapegtuq‘he feels hindered, is lethargic’; qelapegtaa ‘he ishindering her’ / Kitak tua-i makut wani wiingallu qelapegutenka kitugikilit waken ayagluteng.
‘Well now, let those things that hold me back be
remedied from now on.’ (NAT 2001:230);< qela3-?qelarvag- to be pitch black # qelarvagtuq ‘it is pitchblack’ / NI; < qela4-pag2-

qelatu- to have powers of divination # “Imuugutenqaa qangvarpak niiskengaqa angalkuq?” Im’um
kiugum, kiugaa: “Ii-i, taunguunga.” Aptaa-am
ataam kiugum, “Imuuguten-qaa qangvarpak
niiskengaqa qakmani qelatuli?” ‘“Are you the one
I’ve heard about all these years, the shaman?”That one back there asked. He answered him,
“Yes, I’m that one.” Again the one in there asked
him, “And are you the one I’ve heard about
all these years from up north that has powers of
divination?”’ (MAR2 2001:32); Y; < qela-tu
qelcaq, qelcavak net into which fish are driven
by people who walk in and thrash the water(Y meaning); bird snare made of spruce root (Kmeaning); seine (NS meaning) # < ?, ?-vakqelemneq penny # cf. qelme- # NUN
qelemte- to blink # qelemtuq ‘he blinked’; qelemtak‘he blinked them2’ (his eyes); < qelme-?qelemyaq (UY, middle K form), qelemsaq (NSU form)
eyelash # < qelme-yaq, qelme-yaq; cf. qemeryaq
qelengllak scar; kink; wrinkle # Cunawa-gguqtang taukut qelengllaita wani pilallinikait, arnat
tamakut qellugcet’lallinikait. ‘The reason, it
turned out, was that those women were leaning
to one side because of the scars from the incisions
made on them.’ (QUL 2003:510); < qelengte-rrlak
qelengneq pleat # < qelengte-neq1
qelengquq lump; hard berry # NUN; < ?-quq
qelengte- to pleat; to tuck; to wrinkle # qelengtuq‘it is pleated, wrinkled’; qelengtaa ‘hepleated or tucked it’ / qelengtak qerrulliigni
kivyugngagnek ‘he made a tuck in his pantsbecause they tended to slip down’; > qelengneq,
qelengllak; cf. eqe2qelerte- to bother; to frustrate # NUN
qelkataq treasured thing # < qelke-?
qelke- (K form), qel’ke- (Y, HBC, NI form ) to save;to keep; to conserve; to take care of # qelkaa ‘hekept it’ / lumarrallruar qelkaa callmaknaluku
qerrulliignun allgumalriignun ‘he saved the little
piece of cloth in order to have it as a patch for thetorn pants’; Tua-llu wiinga tua-i kingune¥rlurput
umyuaqaqamku, aling nakleng wangkuta
yuuyara¥rlurput tang tua-i qel’kenritlinikvut
Yup’ignek aprumalriani. ‘When I think backto how we’ve lived, I feel sad realizing that we
Yup’ik people are not holding on to our traditional
ways.’ (CIU 2005:408); qel’ketalria ‘one who takes

550

Basesgood care of things’; > qelkataq, qelketar-; cf.
qelaakeqelketar- to habitually conserve and take care ofthings # qelketartuq ‘he is one who habituallytakes care of food and belongings well # A¥gna
avani kiagceciarkaulliniuq. Qelketanruluni
yuugarkaulliniuq, catuliuluni. ‘That one willconserve the summer’s fish, making them last for
the whole winter. She’s one who will live her life
conserving food and supplies, being that way.’ (CIU
2005:188); < qelke-tarqellucungaq one who has the same name as oneself;
namesake # = qelluraq; < qelluq-cungaq
qellugtaq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) # Y
qellugte- to be bent or distorted in shape as from ascar # Tamaani-gguq arnat makut kangarnaurtut
inglumeggnun qelluggluteng, kangaqcaarnaurtut.
Cunawa-gguq tamaa-i tuaten pilagluki
irnivkalallrit. ‘There, it is said those women
would walk bent over to one side, they’d walkas best they could. The reason was that they’dhave them give birth by cutting [their abdomens
as in a C-section].’ (KIP 1998:191); Tua-i tangqanemcinek-llu neq’ayugteqsunrilama, uguan’qellugtem. ‘I do not readily remember stories on
account of [my] decrepitude.’ (ELL 1997:400); cf.
qelluqiteqellukaq aged seal flipper #qelluq colon (anatomical) # < ?-luq; > qellucungaq,
qelluraq
qelluqite- to suffer aches and pains; to pull taut #Wall’u arnassagarnek amllernek pitaicaaqluni,ta¥gaam ilait cali qelluqitengluteng. ‘Although
there may not be many old women now, someof them are starting to suffer aches and pains.’(KIP 1998:341); Qelluqiarrngapiinret iliitni
kingyaq’alliniuq imna tauna kaviaq agalriara
keglunrem pangalegturluni tua tekitaqami
kegqeryaaqaqamiu qelluqiartelallinilria. ‘One
time when he felt a tug he looked back and saw
that there was a wolf running [after him] andthat when it would catch up with him it would
take a nip at the fox hanging [from his side] andthat’s when he’d feel the tug.’ (QUL 2003:202);
Caskuni narulkaun egcani ayalliniuq pagg’un
ellakun. Atrami-llu qelluqilluni tuaten, tuavet
maklagmun tut’elliniuq ngelqaqu’urluni. ‘When
he threw his weapon, the harpoon spear, it went
up through the air. And when it came down, it
struck the bearded seal with its line pulled tautqelketar- — qelqerrute-

just enough.’ (YUU 1995:22); < qellur-ite3-;> qelluqiun; cf. qellugteqelluqiun physical infirmity # Maa-i elpeci
man’a pillerci camek qelluqiutaituq, wiinga
tuaten ayuqellemni camek qelluqiutaitellruunga,
umyuaqa aturluku piyugaqama piaqlua. ‘At thistime of your life you don’t have infirmities, andwhen I was at that stage I didn’t have infirmities
and I was able to follow my inclinations to
do what I wanted to do.’ (KIP 1998:341); <qelluqite-nqelluqniaqar- to flex back when stretched tightly #NUNqellur- to shrink # qellurtuq ‘it shrank’ /qelluumauq ‘it has shrunk’; qellurtaa ‘hecrimped it to decrease its size’; puyurciviim
painga qellurcimauq ‘the stovepipe’s opening is
crimped’; NUN, HBC, NS; > qelluqiteqelluraq one who has the same name as oneself;
namesake # qellu’urqaqa ‘he is my namesake’,‘he has the same name as me’; = qellucungaq;< qelluq-aq3; derivation semantically unclear tocompiler, but cf. tutgaraq, iluperaq
qelme- to close one’s eyes; to die (euphemistic) #qelmuq ‘he closed his eyes’; qelemluni ‘closing
his eyes’ / qelemngauq ‘he is keeping hiseyes closed’; . . . qelemngaurluni pelatekamegni
uitaurainanrani kanguruaq pakemna
qalriallakalliniuq pelatekaagnun qainganun
mill’uni. ‘. . . while he was staying in the tentwith his eyes closed, a snow bunting landed on
their tent and started chirping up there.’ (QUL
2003:388); > qelemyaq, qelemteqelperte- to open (can etc.) # . . . kellarvini teguamiu
angitai. Qelpercamiu imai egtai avatmun, . . . ‘.
. . when he took his pouch he untied it. Whenhe’d opened it he threw its contents about.’ (ESK
1899:477); Paqnayaguskaku taun’ tunuquyagaq
qelperrluku tava ilua tangrresqelluku. ‘When they
became curious about the caribou fat, he opened it
and told them to look inside.’ (CAU 1985:38);< PE q0@pa3qel’qecir(ar)- to tickle # qel’qecirretuq ‘he is ticklingsomeone’; qel’qecirreraa ‘he is tickling her’ /HBC; = qaleqmacir(ar)qelqerrute- to be close together # Wii-llu
piyugyaaqlua tuaten amta-llu qelqerrulluteng. ‘Iwanted to be like that, but [my stitches] were close
together.’ (QAN 2009:130)551

qelquaq — qemak

Baseskevkartuq. ‘He told him that his bow had lost its
bowstring, that its bowstring had snapped.’ (ELL
1997:80); < qelu-n; > qelutaraq, qelutnguuyaq,
qelutviaq, qelutviar-

qelquaq kelp; textured lungwort (a lichen) (Lobaria
scrobiculata) # > qelquayak; cf. elquaq
qelquayak beach greens (Honckenya peploides) #HBC; < qelquaq-yak
qelqun shaman’s paraphernalia # Y
qelta fish scale; bark of tree; eggshell; peel #qeltet ‘scales’; Manuni tanglellinia, akakiigem
qeltii nepingalria. ‘He took a quick look at thefront of his garment and saw that there was awhitefish scale clinging to it.’ (YUP 2005:182);
Ak’a tamaani atsat mecuitnek, napat-llu qeltaitnek
kepcissuutengqelallruut. ‘Long ago they usedberry juices and tree barks for dyes.’ (YUU
1995:60); Y, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI,
EG; > qeltairissuun; qeltengalnguut; < PY-S qalt0
qeltairissuun device for removing scales; peeling
implement # < qelta-ir2-i2-ssuun
qeltengalnguut rolled oats # literally: ‘things likefish scales’; < qelta-ngalnguq pluralqelu- to pull up; to tighten; to be cramped of amuscle # qeluuq ‘it is tight’, ‘it is cramped’;qelua ‘he pulled it up’ / qelutaa ‘he tightenedit’; kuimallemni qeluqercaaqellruuq iruma
aipaa ‘when I was swimming one of my legs
got a sudden cramp’; kiimenani-llu-gguq
urluvni tauna qelusciigataqluku yugnek ta¥gaam
nanercirluni qeluaqluku. ‘By himself he could notpull back his bowstring, but with others to hold it
down he would pull it back.’ (YUP 2005:236);> qeluarci-, qelun, qeluyaraq; cf. qelurni-, eqe2-;< PE q0lu
qeluarci- to be edematous; to have dropsy;
to suffer severe muscle cramps in the legs
due to starvation or nutritional deficience# qeluarciuq ‘he has fluid in his tissues’/ Arenqiatuq-gguq cirliq’ngengami tua-i
peggluku. Qeluarciluni irugminek; neqailnguutgguq waten neryuirutaqameng irugmeggnek
nangteq’ngetuut, tua-i-gguq qeluarciluteng. ‘Toobad; because he was having a difficult timephysically, he gave it up. He was suffering fromsevere cramps in his legs; it is said that those wholack food and/or have nutritional deficiencies
start to suffer pain in their legs, and that’s whatthese cramps originate from.’ (CIU 2005:324);< qelu-?

qelun2 piece of flesh under the tongue # NUN
qelumirrsuun meat hook # NUN

qeluqlite- to suddenly strum on something under
tension (to beat a drum; to pluck a string) #Ta¥gaam cauyat qeluqlitellriit nallunritellrui.
Tuarpiaq tamana kaugtualaqii. ‘But he knew how
to beat drums. It was as though he was pounding
on it.’ (KIP 1998:11)
qelurni- to have droopy eyes; to be sleepy #qelurniuq ‘he has droopy eyes’; cf. qelu-

qelutaraq (K, Y, NI, NUN, CAN, BB form),
qeluternaq (HBC form) tendon under tongue #< qelun-?

qelutnguuyaq bucksaw; bow saw; coping saw;
hacksaw # i.e., a saw whose blade is under tension;
NUN; < qelun-?

qelutviaq stringed musical instrument, suchas guitar, banjo, or harp # Nanrarciu Ataneq
aturcetaatgun; atuuciu aturcetaarluci
qelutviaryaratgun. ‘Praise the Lord with the lyre;
make melody to him with the harp.’ (PSALM
33:2); < qelun-?
qelutviar- to cough hollowly # qelutviartuq ‘he iscoughing hollowly’; HBC; < qelun-?

qeluyaraq notched end of bow where bowstring isfastened # < qelu-yaraq

qemag-1 to not want to leave # usually of a child;qemagtuq ‘he doesn’t want to leave’ / cf. qemak
qemag-2 postural root; > qemagte-, qemangqa-; cf.
qemag1-

qemagte- to put away for safekeeping; to place(body) in coffin # qemagtuq ‘it was put away’;
qemagtaa ‘he put it away’ / Tuaten taun’angilluku kalmaanaminun qemagarrluku. ‘He
untied it and put it away in his pocket.’ (QUL
2003:566); < qemag2- te1-; > qemaggvik

qemaggvik, qemaggviutaq pocket; sewing box;
container; bag # < qemagte-vik, qemagte-viutaq

qemak thing one puts away # Tamaaninerescitullratni yuut, imumek teguurluki
qemakelliaqamegteki keggluki nuyait cipeggluki
nerestait ciirqaqluki. ‘Back then when people hadlots of lice, one would take them when he had

qelun1 spring or similar thing under tension # e.g., abowstring, guitar string, blade of bowsaw or bucksaw;
Tua-ll’ pillinia urluvra-gguq qelutairtuq, qelutii

552

Basesqemangqa- — qenan

qemitaange- to begin to hurry # qemitaanguq
ayagarkaullni mallgian ‘he is beginning to hurry
because his departure time is approaching’;< qemitaag-ngeqemitaq* muskrat or squirrel that has been hungby the neck to dry after being skinned # Tua-i
qemitauciqapiggluteng ilait-llu kass’areskuni
aatiita ang’aqluki qemitarnek piarkauluni . . .
‘They had so many dried squirrels that he decided
that he should take some dried squirrels to their
grandmother when he went to the fur traders,. . .’ (ELN 1990:17); Uksuarmi atam uqungetuut
qanganaat. Tua-i amiirluki waten inglukeggluki
qemiciluki agartaqaput. ‘In fall the squirrels
would start to get fat. After they skinned them
they make dried squirrel of them, hanging themup in pairs.’ (CIU 2005:150); < qemite-aq1
qemite- to strangle # qemitaa ‘he strangled it’/ qemituq (ellminek) ‘he hanged himself’;maqaruaq kapkainaqngani tuqutaa qemilluku‘he killed the rabbit that he had caught in thetrap by strangling it’; > qemitaq; < PE q0mitqemqaciyar- to squeeze # NUN
qemrar- to mash by squeezing with the handto remove liquid # qemrartuq ‘he squeezed
something’; qemraraa ‘he squeezed it’ / Tua-i-llu
uksuarmi tan’gerpiit amlleriata, qaill’ piluku-ll’
ekluku qantamun qemrarluku puyalereskii uru,
. . . ‘In the fall when there were lots ofcrowberries, they put them with rancid moss in abowl and squeezed it by hand, . . .’ (PAI 2008:108);> qemrarissuun
qemrarissuun wringer # < qemrar-i2-cuun
qena- to be sick; to be ill # qenauq ‘he is sick’ / UK,
BB, NR, LI, EG; > qenaa-, qenan, qenavik; < PY
q0naqenaa- to moan # Tua-i-llu akaurcan qenaalriamek
niilluteng camaken. ‘And for a long time they
heard someone moaning down there.’ (CAU
1985:87); Qeralliniluni igvallinia nukalpiaq
una nevengqaluni, matangqaluni tua-i
uligtuumaluni, qenaagurluni tua-i. ‘He wentacross and saw a young man lying naked with ablanket, and moaning.’ (PAI 2008:396); < qena-aqenagyaaq shinbone # K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC
qenan illness; disease; sickness # Qenatekluki tua-i
tamakut tuqutuut-gguq. ‘They’d get sick fromthem and die.’ (CIU 2005:82); BB, NR, LI;< qena-nthem as something to be put away, and using his
teeth on them strip them off the hair, smashing
their lice.’ (QUL 2003:46); direct nominalization of
qemag2qemangqa- to be put away for safekeeping #qemangqauq ‘it is stored away / Nunakegcarluki
natmun ilameggnun qemangqavkarluki. ‘They
would have their relatives put them in a goodplace and keep them stored there.’ (TAP 2004:59)
qemeryaq, qemersaq (NS form) eyelash # . . .
qemeryami akuliitgun kiarqurluni . . . ‘. . . throughthe spaces between his eyelashes he look around. . .’ (ESK 1899:478); LY, K, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN,
BB, NR, LI, EG; < ?-yaq; cf. qelemyaq; < PE
q0m03ya3
qemiq* hill, especially part of a ridge of hills; leadline or float line of a net; back or backbone(anatomical) # and qemir- to string the lead line
or float line of a net # qemirtuq ‘he is stringing’a net; qemiraa ‘he is stringing it’ / Tua-i-gguq
maa-i ayallinilria qemiq-llu tua-i tekicamiu
qemiq tevvliniluku. ‘And so now he had gone,
and when he reached the hill he went up andover the hill.’ (ELL 1997:52); Tamana neqlillrat
napalirluni uatiini-wa ce÷’aq, akiani-wa nunapik,
qemirtarluni, . . . ‘That fish-camp of theirs hadlots of trees and downriver from it was a sandbeach; on the other side there was tundra withsome hills, . . .’ (ELN 1990:17); > qemirrluk,
qemirrlugte-; < PE qemi3
qemirrlugte- to have a backache in the upper back# qemirrlugtuq ‘he has a backache’ / < qemiqrrlugteqemirrlugun piece of calfskin in the middle ofa traditional Yup’ik parka with three tassels
hanging from it, often having a “drawn bow andarrow” or a fish-tail design stitched on it; smaller
plate below the large front and back plates onparka # < qemirrluk-?-nqemirrluk spine; backbone; back # < qemiq-rrluk;< PE q0mi3lu! and q0mi3lu3 (under PE q0mi3)
qemitaag- root; > qemitaagte-, qemitaangeqemitaagte- to be in a hurry, wanting to go but
prevented from leaving # qemitaagtuq ‘he is in ahurry’ / Unuakumi ayakuvci qemitaaggluci tuavet
ciunerpecenun cukangnaqluci ayagarkauguci . . .
‘In the morning when you leave in a hurry go
quickly to your destination . . .’ (KIP 1998:35);< qemitaag-?-553

qen’aq — qennga-

Bases

qen’aq mud # EG; this word may actually be ken’aqqe÷arqe- to be infuriating # qe÷arquq ‘it isinfuriating’ / qe÷aqvaa! ‘how infuriating!’; =eqnarqe-; < eqe1-narqeqenavik hospital # BB, NR, LI; < qena-vik
qenavyuq underhair # LI; = qinavyuq; cf. qivyuq
qener- root; < eqe1-?-; > qenerte-, qennga-, qennge-,qennguar-; < PE q0n03qenercinrraq*, qenercenrraq*, qenercineq (HBC
form) swollen lymph node in the neck; gland;
tonsil # < ?-nerraq, ?-nerraq, ?; cf. qenerte-; < PE
q0n03ci3
qenerrneq anger; wrath # Assiilnguut ayagnillrit:1) pinaggneq 2) aglumanaq 3) arniurnaq 4)
qenerrnaq 5) iluliurnaq 6) ciknanaq 7) qessaneq‘The [seven deadly] sins are as follows: 1) pride,2) greed, 3) lust, 4) wrath, 5) gluttony, 6) envy,
7) sloth’ (CAT 1950:75); < qenerte-neq2
qenerte- to be angry # qenertuq ‘he is angry’ /qenrutaa ‘he is angry at him’; qenrucaqunii ‘don’t
be angry with me’; Qenertaqameng-wa ta¥gaam
umyuateng assiitaqata “God damn you”-tulriit.
‘Only when they’re angry, when they are in a badframe of mind, do they say “God damn you.”’(QUL 2003:586); < qener-?-; > qenerrneq; cf.
qenercinrraq
qengacuar(aq*) horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata)# < qengaq-cuar(aq)qengakuatuli nasal consonant # the Yup’ik voiced(erinelget) nasals are m, n, ng; the Yup’ik voiceless(erinailnguut) nasals are ḿ, ń, ńg; < qengaq-kuartuli
qengallek king eider (Somateria spectabilis) # Imkutllu makut qengallget atkuliluki mikelngurnun.
‘They made those king eider [skins] into parkas forchildren.’ (KIP 1998:137); < qengaq-?-lek; < PE
q0&al0! (under PE q0&a3)
qengapcuar(aq*) limpet shell # NUN; < qengaq-?cuar(aq)qengaq nose; deuce in cards (additional meaningin Y) # also dual for one nose or both nostrils;
qengagka umciuk qusrama ‘my nose is plugged
because I have a cold’; . . . ilait iirpauluteng,
qengarpauluteng, ilait kanagkitqapiggluteng,
ayuqevkenateng. ‘. . . some with big eyes, with
big noses, some with very short legs, all different.’(MAR1 2001:38); > qengacuar(aq), qengakuatuli,
qengallek, qengapcuar(aq), qengaraq, qengarar-,

qengartaq, qengaruaq, qengaruk, qengaryak,
qengaryuguaq, qengaruvagaq, qengaruvaq; cf.
qenngiq, qennguq; < PE q0&a3
qengaraq shin; tibia; shinbone; funny bone # andqengarar- to hit the funny bone in one’s elbow #qengarartuq ‘he hit his funny bone’; < qengaqaq3; < PE q0&a3a3 (under PE q0&a3)
Qengarpak indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated in
the coastal area only (elsewhere combined with
Qaariitaaq (q.v.)), shortly before the Nakaciuryaraq(“Bladder Feast”) # said to be an alternate namefor Qaarpak (q.v.); the name Qengarpak is from thepractice of wearing masks with big noses; < qengaqpak
qengartaq central ridge on a paddle blade# Tauna tua-i angutet iliit nengaugicami
anguarucilalliniuq, anguarutmi-gguq kanaggun
qengartaan aipaan nuugakun, anguarutni
kakimqiggluku anguarucinaurtuq. ‘One of themen moved in with his inlaws and made paddles
shaping his paddle such that it would have a
sharp point at the tip of one of its ridges.’ (CIU
2005:16); < qengar-taq4
Qengartarak, Qengartaraak the constellation
Cassiopeia # means ‘nose of some sort’ in Yup’ik;< qengaq
qengaruaq larynx; Adam’s apple # < qengaq-uaq
qengaruk snowbank # literally: ‘big nose’ from theshape; . . . natquigem tenglluku, qengarugmun
tekitaqami akitmiarrluni qecengluni pagg’un
piaqluni. ‘. . . the snowy wind along the groundblew it away, and whenever it reached asnowbank it would bounce off through the air.’(MAR2 2001:74); < qengaq-ruk
qengaruvagaq sculpin with pointed nose andorange spots # NUN; < qengaq-?
qengaryak striped jellyfish that is eaten in the fall
# exact identification unknown to compiler; BB; <qengaq-yak; < PY q0&a3ya! (under PE q0&a3)
qengaryuguaq kayak bow with a tote hole above
the bowpiece # < qengaq-?-uaq # NUN
qengneq excavated water-filled storage hole in the
ground, used as a cool storage place for pokes ofseal oil # NUN; < PE q0&n03
qennga-, qenngar- to be easily angered; to be
bad tempered; to be irascible # qenngauq ‘heis easily angered’ / . . . waniw’ nutaan ugna
ualirnerpetegni uitalria . . . tan’gerliq, nutaan554

Basestua-i qenngapiaq. Tua tangellni tamalkuan
uirrsugturtii irniayaalria. ‘. . . now downriverfrom you two there is a black bear that is very
bad tempered. She has a cub and wants to fightanything she sees.’ (QUL 2003:376); < qener-nga-;> qenngaite-, qenngaliqenngaite- to be slow to anger; to be even tempered# Tua-i-ll’ qimugta Pili itran naanguaqluku
caqtaarutengraagnegu taukuk aaniin uitallukek
tauna qimugta qenngailan. ‘When the dog Pilicame in, they [the children] played with her,and even though they played rough with it, hermother let it be since that dog was even tempered.’(ELN 1990:7); < qennga-iteqenngali one who is easily provoked or angered;bad-tempered person # < qennga-li1
qennge- to become angry # qennguq ‘he isbecoming angry’ / qenngutaa ‘he is becoming
angry at her’; qenngutkaa ‘he is becoming angryon account of it’; . . . qenngut’lang’erpeceteng
elicetengnaqluci, elpeci ta¥gaam elitnauraiceci.
‘. . . even though you all become angry at them,
they are trying to get you to learn, they are justteaching you.’ (KIP 1998:65); < qener-ngeqenngiq bridge of nose # and qenngi- to hit a fishon the head to kill it # qenngia ‘he hit it’; Ulmi
tua-i iverluteng qalualuteng, wangkuta keluitni
kellulluki qenngiste™guluta. ‘They would wade in
the high tide and dipnet fish, while up on land
we watched them and were the ones who hit thefish on their heads to kill them.’ (PAI 2008:138); >qenngitaq; cf. qennguq, qengaq
qenngitaq, qenngissuun club for hitting fish #< qenngiq-taq1, qenngiq-cuun
qennguar- to sulk # qennguartuq ‘he is sulking’ /Tua-i-llu makyutarraarluteng ayakataata Irr’aqnacigluni qennguarluni. ‘After they ate breakfast,
when they were about to leave, Irr’aq criedwanting not to be left behind, and she sulked.’(ELN 1990:111); < qener-nguarqennguq cartilage in fish-head # cf. qenngiq,
qengaq; < PE q0n&u(3)qenngaite- — qepagteflew off the handle, forgetting about the two bears,
and loudly said, “Me?” (ELN 1990:19); <qenerte-qerte-

qenu broken or slush ice # and qenu- to freeze #in some areas, especially of BB and CAN, this is thegeneral word for all ice and freezing; qenuuq ‘itfroze’; Qenum acianun tayim’ kalevvluki tamakut
nakacuut, ayagtelluki camaggun. ‘They’d push
those bladders under the ice, and send themoff down through there.’ (KIP 1998:297); >qenuilquq, qenunguaq, qeniurun, qenulraar(aq);< PE q0nu
qenuilquq open hole in river ice during
winter; fontanelle the soft spot in a baby’sskull # Uksurqan-gguq ima taugaam uanikuigata paingan kiakaraani qenuilquq, tua-i
qenuilquuguratulliniaqelria, tua-i cikuyuunaku,
piciryaraqluku. ‘It was said that in the winters
not far up from the mouth of their river there
would be an open hole in the river ice, customarily
open water where it never froze, ever.’ (QUL
2003:158); K, CAN, NI, HBC; < qenuite-quq

qenuirun, qeniurun, qenuirissuun dipper for
removing fragments of ice from a water hole or
fishing hole in the ice # Mikellaq-wa kinguanikalngagluni missuullermek, Turpak-wa kinguani
tegumiarluni cikuliurutmek, ellii-llu kinguatni
qenuirutmek tegumiarluni. ‘And Mikellaq came
next, carrying a gunny sack on her back, andthen Turpak, carrying an ice chisel, and behindthem she herself, carrying an ice dipper.’ (ELN
1990:69); < qenu-ir2-n, qenu-liur-n, qenu-ir2-i2cuun
qenunguaq glass # Y; < qenu-uaq

qenulraar(aq*) thin ice # < qenu-?-ar(aq); cf.
cikulraar(aq)qenutaq dog whip # Wiinga Artuqailnguq Ataneq
kaugtuarciqanka qenutamkun . . . ‘I, the Allpowerful Lord, will strike them with my whip
. . .’ (ISAI. 10:29); possibly from Russian ryen (knut)

qep’ag- to hug or squeeze vigorously # qep’agtuq‘he squeezed something hard’; qep’agaa ‘hesqueezed it hard’ / aryuqngamiu uini qep’agaa‘since she was glad to see her husband, she gave
him an enthusiastic hug’; < qet’e-pag2-

qenqerte- to suddenly get angry # qenqertuq‘he suddenly got angry’ / qenqerrutaa‘he suddenly got angry at him’;
qenqerrucaqunii ‘don’t get angry at me’; Tuai-ll’-am ellii piciliisqumavkenani qenqerrluni
nalluyaguarrlukek-llu carayiik qastuluni pia,
“Wii-qaa?” ‘And she, not wanting to be blamed,

qepagte- to serve food in a kashim (men’scommunity house — qasgiq) # qepagtaa ‘she isserving food to him’ /555

qepirte- — qercurpak

Basesqepirte- to act forcefully or vigorously # qepirtuq‘he is acting vigorously’ / qepirutaa ‘he is acting
vigorously on it’
qepsuun belt # NS; < ?-cuun; cf. qep’sun
qepte- to roll up the skirt or him of one’s garment
and tie it at the waist; to fasten a belt aroundthe waist # Kasnguyunrituq-llu qepluni . . . ‘He
wasn’t ashamed, he fastened his waist sash . . .’(MAR1 2001:69); > qepyun
qepyun, qep’sun (NSK form) belt; loincloth; waist
sash worn by dancers # . . . tuaten-gguq qep’sutiin
qulii tenguqlirteqapiggluni. ‘. . . and above his
waist sash it (his garment) was overstuffed as
if ready to burst.’ (MAR1 2001:69); < qepte-n,
qepte-n; cf. qepsuun
qer- dimensional root; > qerkite-, qertu-; = ker-, qur-;< PY-S q03qer’aq fish rack # also plural for one fish rack;iniillruunga taryaqvagnek ulligtamnek
qer’anun ‘I hung the king salmon which I had
prepared on the fish rack’; Ta¥gken qer’at
kevraarturpallugnek piliaruluteng. Qer’aliaqluteng
muragnek cetamanek naparcirraarluteng tua-illu malrugnek muriignek aglucetun elliviklukek
malrutaararlukek napartak. ‘The fish rack wasmade mostly of spruce wood. They would makefish racks by first putting four pieces of wood aspoles, stuck into the ground, with two parallel
pieces fixed horizontally on top of the two pairsof poles.’ (PRA 1995*:460); = ek’raq, ker’aq; < PE
0k03a3qerar-, qer’ar- to cross over; to go across # qerartuq‘he is crossing’; qeraraa ‘he is crossing it’ /qerautaa ‘he is taking him or it across’; nanvaq
qeraraa qayakun ‘he crossed the lake by
kayak’; Tua-i cikumaan tamana kuik ciuqlirmi
picuqcaarluteng qerarluteng, tekicamegteggu-llu
manarvini aaniita apertualluki ukiciyaraminek
elakanek. ‘And since that river was frozen over,going carefully at first, they went across, andwhen they arrived at her ice-fishing place theirmother showed them how to make holes forice fishing.’ (ELN 1990:70); = ek’rar-, ker’ar-;> qeratmun; qeraryaraq, qerarun, qerarrun; LY,
LK, HBC, CAN, BB; < PE 0k03a3qeratmun crosswise; perpendicularly # adverbial
particle; Tua-i-lu cali napapianek iqtuuralrianek
inivililuteng tamakuk muriik qaingagnun elliluki
qeratmun. ‘And then they made a drying rackfrom thicker willow, putting them crosswise

at a right angle between and on top of the two[horizontal] pieces of wood.’ (PRA 1995*:460);< qerar-tmun
qerarun sail # = qerrarun; < qerar-?-n; < PY q03a3un(under PE 0k03a3-)
qeraryaraq bridge; crossing place # < qerar-yaraq
qercirar- to scrape and bleach a sealskin # qerciraraa‘he scraped and bleached it’ / NS, Y
qercur- to get frostbitten (NUN meaning); to freezedry a skin outside in winter until it gets while(CAN meaning) # > qercua-, qercuqaq/qercuqar-,
qercurpak, qercurtaq
qercua- # qercuaguq or qercuagaa ‘he or it
got frostbitten’ / akwaugaq manallemni
qercualliniunga tekemkun ‘yesterday when
I was hooking for fish I got frostbitten on myindex finger’; qercuamauq ‘it is frostbitten’;qercuaneq or qercualleq ‘frostbitten spot’; Tuai-llu kamilarrluni itrami cunaw’ qercuallinikii
qaterpak-llu putukui. ‘And then when he camein he removed his footwear and it turned out that
his toes had evidently gotten frostbitten and were
all white.’ (ELN 1990:77); < qercur-aqercuqaq hard frozen fish # and qercuqar- to freeze(it, blackfish or the like) # Aren, tua-i pitani
taukut qercuqerluki utercami, . . . ‘Oh, when
he came home he froze what he’d caught, . . .’(QUL 2003:248); Aling, tutgara’urlull’er tanem
qercuqayaarnek nutaranek neqkangqerpagta. ‘Oh
my, how it is that that grandchild now has some
fresh frozen blackfish for food.’ (QUL 2003:248);
NI; < qercur-qaq
qercurpak all white # predicative particle; . . .
anuqlirluni imarpik qailirluni cakneq, qairet
tua-i qagraluteng qercurpak. ‘. . . it was very
windy, the ocean had rough waves, the waves
were breaking, all white.’ (CIU 2005:246);
Tupiganek-gguq canegnek amingqetullratni,
tamakut akuliitgun qinertaa kiavet, neviarcaq
kiugna egkumi caliuralria. Iirpauluni, qercurpakgguq tuarpiaq. ‘Back when they used doors
made of woven grass, he peeked at her in there
through the spaces between the grass of thedoor and saw that the girl in the back of thehouse was working. She had big eyes; it was likeshe was all white.’ (UNP1); Ketiini-gga-gguq,
qurrullugpakayak, ugaani-gguq teq’im, imaa
qercurpak teq’umeng. ‘And there below him was agreat, wicked cask of urine. Oh the way the urine
in it looked, why it was pure white with age!’556

Bases(CEV 1984:81); < qercur-rpak
qercurtaq freeze-dried skin; white trim on dance hat# < qercur-?-aq1
qerkilqurraq* lowest point # Tua-i-am qanlartut
kaugpiit qertunqurraat qerkilqurrauluki
tangtuyukluki. ‘They say they think walrus viewhigh places as being low spots.’ (QUL 2003:64);< qerkite-lleq2-quq-rraq
qerkite- to be low # of cliffs, hills, not airplanes,
trees; qerkituq ‘it is low in height’ / Elaturrat
assinrulartut pilimaaqameng elaqliq amiik
qerkillruluni iluqlirmi. ‘Porches are better when
they are made with the outside doorway lower
than the inside one.’ (GET n.d.:19); < qerkituq ‘itis low’; < qer-kite2-; > qerkilqurraq
qerpertaq “Eskimo ice cream” (akutaq) madewith the fresh roe of whitefish and mashedcranberries, which give it a violet color #> qerpertarngalnguq
qerpertarngalnguq* violet or purple # < qerpertaqngate-nguq
qer’qaaller(aq*), qerqaaller(aq*), qereqaaq raven(Corvus corax) # Y, NS; < imitative and -ller(aq)qerqaq “Eskimo potato” (Hedysarum alpinum) #Qerqasuuqlunuk tuaten uksurpak neqkamegnek.
‘We also gather “Eskimo potato” for our winterfood.’ (NAA 1970:2); NS, Y
qerqauq loon (Gavia sp.) # NSU
qerqiugte- for there to be the crunching sound as
made by boots on cold snow # . . . qanikcam
qaingani uksumi pektaqamta neplitulria
qerqiurteµek wangkuta, qerqiuggniluki aptuaput. . . ‘. . . in winter when we walk on the surfaceof the snow it makes a crunching noise, which wecall “qerqiugte-”.’ (ELL 1997:154); Amta-llu-gguqtang kangallra qakma qerqiugtellra qanikcarmi
niitnarqaqluni. ‘But they could hear him
crunchingly walking on the snow outside.’ (QUL
2003:580)
qerqulluk partition of woven of grass; woven grassmat (for insulation or the like) # . . . irniami
imkunek qerqullugnek, tamakut qerqulluut,
nalluaci elpeci, can’get tupigluki plywoodaatun angtariluki, ketii una capkucillinia. ‘. . .
when she gave birth, with that partition — thosepartitions, well, you don’t know about them,but they are woven from grass as big as a pieceof plywood, she used it as a barrier to conceal
this one.’ (CAM 1983:320); Qerqullucuarnek-

qercurtaq — qerrata-

llu curulugkayagaitnek piluk’ tapiqaqluki
nemqaqluki. ‘They would include a small woven
mat and wrap it around it.’ (KIP 1998:125);< ?-llukqerra- to increase in volume; to rise up (for example,
as dough does) # > qerraleryug-, qerraneq,
qerranquq2, qerranret, qerrari-, qerrarte-, qerrataqerratarte-, qerrayurneq; cf. qerrur-; < PY qa3a3qerralerte- to be incoherent; to be mentally upset# Tua-i qiilqallermini ukugneg’ iluraagminek,
qerralerrluni . . . ‘So when he got excited about
seeing his two cousins, he babbled incoherently . . .’(KIP 1998:227); Tua-i umyuani qerralertengraan
tua uitangnaqngami uitaluni. ‘Although his mind
was very upset, he stayed because he was reallytrying hard to stay.’ (QUL 2003:574); cf. qerraqerraleryug- to get goose-pimples suddenly,as when feeling a chill down one’s spine #qerraleryugtuq ‘he got goose-pimples’ /< qerra-ler-yugqerraneq, qerrarneq, qerranquq1 blister # =erraneq; < qerra-neq1, qerra-neq1, qerra-quq
qerranquq2 cave # Carr’ilqaq tamalkuan elpenun
cikiutekciqaqa qerranquq-llu tuani uitalria
tapqulluku. ‘The entire field I’ll give to you andalso the cave that is there I’ll include with it.’
(AYAG. 23:10); < qerra-quq
qerranret ribcage # < qerra-neq1-plural
qerrari- to get blisters # qerrariuq or qerraria ‘heor it (body part) got blisters’ / qerrariunga
it’gamkun ‘I have blisters on my feet’; < qerra-i1qerrarte- to undercut a river bank # as the wateror a lengendary creature might; qerrartaa ‘it isundercutting it (the bank)/
qerrarun sail # Man’a-w’ call’ tengssuuterpall’er,
akaartaq call’ tamaani. Man’a-w’ cali angyaq
akaartaq qerraruterluni-llu. ‘There was also a big
old airplane, one from long ago, there. And also aboat with sails, one from long ago.’ (KIP 1998:61);= errarun, qerrarun; < qerar-?-n; < PY q03a3un(under PY q03a3-)
qerrata- to be up off the ground, partially or totally,
not collapsed # Makut maani tatkit imuugut tua-i
nunamek qerrataluteng, . . . ‘These kayak racks
here are high off the ground.’ (QAN 1995:144);
Cuunateng-ggur ikegkut qerrataluteng-gguq
ta¥gken enellret.’ They weren’t inhabited, but
those old houses across there were still standing(not caved in).’ (CEV 1984:47); < qerra-?-557

qerratarte- — qerriryakBasesqerretrar- to form a hard snow crust during a cold
spring night preceded by a warm day # NSU; =qetrar-; < PY qi30t3a3- or qiq0t3a3- (under PE qi30or qiq0-)
qerrike- to masturbate (refers to males) # NUN
qerringa- to be lodged in a crack; to be stuffed in
to something # . . . qayaan ilua tangllinia, apqiit
ayapervian qayaan wani paingan ayagkariin
keluani caviggaa pikna qerringauralria. ‘. . . helooked at the inside of his [the other’s] kayak,
behind what they call the kayak’s stanchion hereby the hatch, and saw that his knife was lodged
there.’ (QUL 2003:642); < qerte-ngaqerriqetaar- to sparkle # qerriqetaartuq ‘it issparkling’ / Tangvaurallrani-tang imarpigmi
tayima anguarutii-llu qerriqetaalnguami tayima
pellakili. As she was watching it [the kayak as
it was going] out on the sea, its paddle sparkled
in movement until it disappeared from sight[in the distance] as if tired of sparkling.’ (MAR2
2001:98); < qerrir-qetaaq
qerrir- root; > qerriqetaar-, qerriraayaq, qerrircar-,qerrircete-, qerrirliq, qerrirun, qerriryak
qerriraayaq bald person # NUN; < qerrir-?
qerrircar- to shine (it); to polish (it) # qerrircaraa‘he is making it shine’ / Tungulriit-ama¥gkut qerrircautnek pilarait un’gani,
tunguq’apiararluteng. ‘They call those black ones
[stones] the ‘polishers’ down there; they are very
black.’ (AGA 1996:158); < qerrir-carqerrircete- to be shiny # qerrircetuq ‘it is shiny’ /< qerrir-cete2qerrircetellria silver-colored thing; silver (metal) #Makut maa-i elliitait ciuniurarkaten: suulutaaq,
qerrircetellria, punerneq-llu; . . . ‘This is theoffering that you shall receive from them:gold, silver, and brass; . . .’ (ANUC. 25:3);< qerrircete-lria
qerrirliq silver-colored thing; silver (metal) #Agayutnguarit atanruviit piliaqumaut qerrirlimek
suulutaamek-llu; yuut unataitgun taqumaluteng.
‘Their chief idols are made of silver and gold,
fashioned by the hands of humans.’ (PSALM
135:15); < qerrir-li1
qerrirun ramrod # NSU; < qerrir-?-nqerriryak tin (metal) # Tamarmeng makut
ekuayuilkai, suulutaaq, qerrirli, punerneq,
cauvik, qerriryak, wall’u imarkaq, . . . ‘All of these(metal) which don’t burn: gold, silver, brass, iron,tin, or lead, . . .’ (NAAQ. 31:22); < qerrir-yak

qerratarte- to lift or raise up; to be lifted up; toopen the door a little # qerratartuq ‘it went
up by itself’; qerratartaa ‘he raised it up’; ‘heopened it a little’ / tengssuun qerratartuq‘the airplane lifted off the ground’; anuqem
pelatekam caniqaa qerrataqercetellrua ‘the windmade the side of the tent rise up’; Mecunglunillu, canegtailkan napalegmi pikan, napayagaat
kangritnek ayemqiluni iluminun iterrluki,
aturani mecungelriit qerratarrluki, kemni
agtuusngavkarpeknaku. ‘If he gets soaked andthere’s no dry grass around, but if one is where
there are trees or brush, he should break off theends of the branches and insert them between
his body and his clothes, raise the wet clothes off
his body and not allow them to touch his flesh.’(YUU 1995:68); < qerra-?; > qerratarun
qerratarun roof “rib” of house # Qerratarutetllu makut aglut ta¥gaam, keyimeng-taw’
tunguurenaurtut pagkut-ll’ qerratarutet, evegneng
amaqlirluteng nunameng cillaqlikacagirluteng.
‘The ribs and beams supporting the roof stoodout, because they alone were blackened withsoot; there was grass on top of the ribs, with anouter layer of sod on top of that.’ (CEV 1984:30);
HBC; < qerratarte-un
qerrayaq little room at side of entrance; corner #NUNqerrayurneq cave; valley; dip in land # < qerra-?
qerre- root; > qerrellrute-, qerrler-, qerrsak, qerte-;
cf. qertuneq
qerrecqercete- to freeze-dry # Ulugturluki-llu
erviarturarraarluki taqkuni nuvluki qimugtem
piyugngailkiinun wagg’uq qerrecqertelluki
nenglemi. Tua-i-gguq tuaten nengelmi
qerrecqercetellret ciiyuitut waten kinengraateng.
‘Then she’d wash the skins by hand, and when
she was done, she would string them on a line
and hang them out where the dog couldn’t get atthem, in the cold, to freeze-dry. Fish skin that was
freeze-dried was difficult to crack or break.’ (CIU
2005:146); cf. qerruqerrellrute-, qerrelqute- to be uncomfortably
crowded # of people, or things that are crowded
together; qerrellrutut ‘they are crowded’;qerrellrutai ‘he crowded them together’ /tangercetaarvigmi yuut qerrellrutellruut
akwaugaq ‘the people were crowded in themovie theater yesterday’; < qerre-?-te5-, qerre-?te5-; cf. qugrute-558

Basesqerrin bullet mold # used in the dual, qerritek, for one
mold; < qerruq-li2-nqerrler- to be uncomfortably crowded # qerrlertuq‘it (the space) is crowded’ / qerrlerutuq ‘heis being crowed by others’; qerrlerutaat ‘they
are crowding around him’; tangercetaarvik
qerrlerutellruuq ‘the theater was crowded’;. . . yugugaat-llu maligtaat qerrlerulluku-llu.
‘. . . many people followed him and pressed in onhim.’ (MARK 5:24); < qerre-?-; < PE q03@03qerrluq lip; any one of the stones around firepit #qerrlugka ‘my lips’; Igyarait ikingqaut qungutun,
alunguteteng iqluyaramun atularait, qerrluit
imangqertut ciissirpiit tuqunaitnek. ‘Their throats
stand open like graves, they use their tongues totell lies, their lips are full of the serpents’ venom.’(ROMA. 3:13); K, Y, NI, CAN, NUN, BB; < ?-luq;> qerrlurcaq; < PE qaqlu!
qerrlurcaq fishhook that is baited and set below theice, held in place with a stick across the hole, andleft unattended to be checked periodically #< qerrluq-carQerrlurcarturvik the month of October # <qerrlurcaq-tur-vik
qerrsak Adam’s apple #qerrsi-, qerrsig- to speak in a deep voice #qerrsigtuq ‘he is speaking in a deep voice’ /“Aullu!” Qanertuq taqukarpak erinvauluni
qerrsiqapiggluni. ‘“Watch out!” said the big bearwith his loud deep voice.’ (KUU 1973:31); <PE qa3yaqerrsuryak blue thing # NUN; cf. qesurqerru- to freeze to death # qerruuq or qerrua ‘hefroze to death’ / Tauna yul’inguallni ellami
paqtellinia, arnaq pikna akluunani matarmi
qerruyuaralria uqetmun caugarrluni, anuqii
tunulluku, qerrulluni qungingaluni. ‘He went
outside to check on that model of a person he’dmade outside, and there was a woman up there,
who was without clothes, shivering with her backto the wind, curled up and cold.’ (ELL 1997:102);> qerrute-, qerruyanarqe-; qerruyarpiarluni‘suffering from hypothermia’; < PE qi3uqerrua- (qerua-?) to tailor so as to enlarge # NUN
qerruarte- to get a sliver in one’s flesh # qerruartuq
or qerruartaa ‘he or it got a sliver’ / > qerruarun
cf. qerrur-; < PE q03u(C)a3t0qerruarun sliver in the flesh # < qerruarte-n

qerrin — qerruqutaq

qerruinaq harpoon float # Yuk alerquumaluni
kitngukan qerruinaa tua-i teguqangnaqesqelluku.
‘A person was instructed to try to grab his float
if his kayak turned over accidentally.’ (CIU
2005:12); < qerrur-inaq
qerrulliik dual pants; trousers; underpants (BBmeaning) # the base is qerrullig- as in qerrulligpiik‘a big pair of pants’; mingugillemni qerrulliigka
mingugglainaurtellruuk ‘when I was painting
my pants got all covered with paint’; . . . Irr’aqllu suukiignek, ellii-llu qerrullikegtaaraagnek,
pataaskalgegnek, . . . ‘. . . [gave] Irr’aq a pairof socks, and her, a nice pair of pants withsuspenders, . . .’ (ELN 1990:56); NS, Y, HBC,
NI, NUN, CAN, K; > Qerrullik, qerrullilraak,qerrulviik; < PE qa3u@i!
Qerrullik Kotlik # village on the Yukon delta; said tohave been so named because the river there resembles apair of pants in form; < qerrulliik
qerrullik heart in cards # BB, NI; singular of
qerrulliik
qerrullillraak dual underpants; bloomers #< qerrulliik-ller(aq)qerrulviik dual big pants # < qerrulliik-vak
qerrunqegg- to be fully inflated # qerrunqegtuq ‘itis fully inflated’ / qerrur-nqeggqerruq arrow; bullet # Anuurluum teguamiu
pitgartuq, qerrua ayakartuq avavet.
Tutgara’urluum teguamiu pitgangnaqellriim,
qerrua igtuq acianun. ‘When the grandmothertook it and shot the bow, her arrow flew to overthere. When the grandson, took it when trying
to shoot the bow, his arrow fell to the ground at
his feet.’ (MAR1 2001:81); Qerrum Ayemnera acertain constellation (literally: ‘the break in/of
the arrow’; English name not known to compiler);Y, NS, HBC, NUN; = erruq; > qerrirun, qerritek,
qerruyaarcuun; < PE qa39u3
qerruqacunguaq, qerruqacetaaq inflated
ptarmigan craw; balloon # Nem kiircallra
ayuquq qerrungnaqellriatun qerruqacetaamek
ukinelegmek. ‘Heating the house is like trying to
inflate a balloon with a hole in it.’ (GET n.d.:4);< qerrur-qar-cuk-nguaq, qerrur-qar-cetaaq
qerruqutaq inflatable container or containerlike thing, such as a balloon, ptarmigan’scrop, stomach sac of mammal # Tua-i-lu
qerruqutaitnek neqet imiriyaraitnek melugnek
ayuqucirturluku. ‘She showed her how to fill the559

qerrur- — qes’arte-Bases

air sac of the fish with fish eggs.’ (ELN 1990:41);< qerrur-kutaq
qerrur- to inflate # qerrurtuq ‘it inflated, swelledwith air’; qerruraa ‘he inflated it’ / nayiim
amia qerruraa ‘he inflated the hair-seal skin’;qerruumauq ‘it is inflated’; Pitaqamengnakacugtateng ilaaqluki qerrurluki. ‘Wheneverthey caught game animals they’d inflate their
bladders and add them to those of previously
caught animals.’ (CAU 1985:60); > qerruinaq,
qerruqacunguaq, qerruqutaq, qerruraq,
qerrurissuun, qerruyaq; cf. qerruarte-, qerra-; <PY q03u3qerruraq sealskin poke; any inflated thing # <qerrur-aq1
qerrurcuun nozzle of something inflated, such as a
bladder float, tire tube, etc. # < qerrur-cuun
qerrurissuun tire pump; air compressor # < qerruri1-cuun
qerruskaq one who gets cold easily # < qerrute-?
qerrute- to be cold # of humans and animals;
qerrutuq or qerrutaa ‘he is cold’ / qerrupaa!
‘my, how cold I am!’; qerrutaanga ‘I feel cold’;
Unuakumi tupiimi mak’arrluni piuq aanii
kumarteqatalria, nengllikacaarluni ilua nem,ellii-llu qerrutqapiggluni. ‘In the morning when
she woke up she sat up in bed, she observed that
her mother was going to make a fire in the stove,that it was very cold inside the house, and that
she herself felt very very cold.’ (ELN:1990:60); =errute-; >; qerruskaq; < qerru-te5-; < PY q03ut0(under PE qi3u-)
qerruuneq (qeruuneq ?) measurement fromfingertip to armpit or chest # NUN; = quruneq
qerruutaq (qeruutaq ?) clouds on the horizon all
around but with blue sky above # NUN
qerruyaarcuun shotgun # NS, Y; < qerruq-ya(g)aqcuun
qerruyanarqe- to be very cold # of the weather;qerruyanarquq ‘it is cold’ / Cali kesianek netllu kumauralriaruvkenateng, qerruyanaqluteng
kesianek. ‘Also the houses didn’t have fires going
constantly, and they were always very cold.’ (KIP
1998:293); < qerru-yanarqe-; < PE qi3uya- (underPE qi3u-)
qerruyaq, qerruyak goose pimple, goose bump;
air bubble under ice # qerruyanka anqertellruut
anllemni nem’ek nenglemun ‘I got goose pimples

when I went out of the house into the cold’; <qerrur-?, qerrur-?
qerrvik ivory fastener for sewing bag # NUN
qertat tubers collected by the mice; mouse food # Y;
< qerte-aq-plural
qerte- to put into a confining space; to stuff # qertaa‘he put or stuffed it into a confining space’/ qerqaarluku ‘after stuffing it in’; qercaku‘because he stuffed it in’; qerreskuvgu ‘if you
stuff it in’; Cunawa tuani anluaq tauna ullagluku
nutaan tamakut nakacuut qagerqetullinikait
qagerqerraarluki-llu cikum acianun qerrluki. ‘The
explanation was that, at that time they’d go overto the ice hole, and then after puncturing anddeflating the bladders, they’d stuff them under
the ice.’ (ELL 1997:292); < qerre-te2-; > qerringa-,
qertatqertu- to be high # of cliffs, hills, not airplanes, trees;
qertuuq ‘it is high’/ nunamun qertulriamun
nel’iqatartua ‘I am going to build a houseon the high ground’; = ertu-; > qertunqucuk,
qertunqurraq
qertuneq gas in one’s stomach or otherwise
confined; gas pressure; height of something;compressed air # qertuniqua ‘I have gas in mystomach’; Elqaarluki qertunriutenqegcaararraarluki. . . kic’arturtelluki taukut nakacuit elakamun,
kuigem iluanun ukimalriamun. ‘After deflatingthem and completely relieving the pressure inthem, . . . they had their [the animals] bladders
sunk through a hole in the river’s ice.’ (QUL
2003:36); Atam tua-i akerta qertunrirluku
pitlinilira. ‘The sun’s height [above the horizon]
became less and then it set.’ (NAT 2001:220); <qertu-neq1; > qertuniur-; cf. qerreqertuniur- to burp # qertuniurtuq ‘he burped’;
NUN < qertuneq-liurqertunqucuk hummock; mound # < qertuneqqucuk
qertunqurraq* highest place # Kaugpiit
atam makut cikut ta¥gaam qertunqurraitni
ugingangnaquratuut. ‘The walrus would try tostay hauled out on only the highest places on theice.’ (QUL 2003:64); < qertu-neq3-quq-rraq*
qerturvik mouthpiece of seal float # NUN
qes’arte- to suddenly embrace # Tua-i ellii
quyaqerluni qes’arrluku tauna qimugte÷i.
‘Thankfully she threw her arms around her dog.’(ELN 1990:54); < qet’e-arte-

560

Basesqesran pouch # NUN; = qisran, cf. issran
qessa- to be unwilling to act; to refuse to dosomething; to feel lazy # qessauq ‘he doesn’tfeel like doing anything’ / qessam angraaten‘the disinclination to do things has become
habitual with you’ (idiom; literaly: ‘sloth agrees
with’); Ellii-llu up’nerkiyaryuumingluni,
umyuaqurangluku up’nerkiviteng tuaten-llu
qessangluni cayuumiirutengluni. ‘She began to
yearn to go to spring camp and all she could
think of their spring camp and she no longer felt
like doing anything.’ (ELN 1990:93); > qessaircir-,qessaite-, qessake-, qessalgu-, qessanake-,
qessanayug-, qessaneq, qessanquq, qessamkaq;< PE 0q(0)yaqessaircir- to willingly do unrequested favors (inthe hope of being rewarded); to try to ingratiate
yourself # qessaircirtuq ‘he is performing
favors’ / Kamilarcaaqeciquten qessairciucirpetun
ayautarkaugamken. . . . Cirliqnguarpek’nak,qessairciucirpetun maligesnga. ‘In vain will you
take your your boots off [and try to stay] inaccordance with your propensity to willingly
choose [to be with her], for I’m going to take you
away with me.’ . . . Don’t pretend that you’vebeen overcome by the power of another, in asmuch as you had willingly chosen [to be with her],follow me.’ (MAR2 2001:82); < qessa-ir2-cirqessaite- to be industrious; to be hard-working;to not be lazy # qessaituq ‘he is industrious’/ Tua-i imna tauna nasaurluq qessailami tua-i
cayugpagluni, tua-i caliyugpagluni, . . . ‘Since
that girl wasn’t lazy, she always wanted to dosomething, always wanted to work, . . .’ (ELL
1997:136); < qessa-ite1qessake- to refuse to allow (him) to do something;
to forbid (him) from doing something #qessakaa ‘he doesn’t want or doesn’t permit her
to do something’ / Ellii-llu ikamraqatalliniata
maligucugluni. Ikamraryuameng-llu
qessakevkenaku ilain, tua-i malikluku. ‘And since
they were going to go sledding, she wanted togo along with them. And since they wanted togo sledding, her siblings didn’t refuse to take heralong.’ (ELN 1990:14); < qessa-ke3-; < PE
0q(0)yak0- (under PE 0q(0)ya-)
qessalgu- to always be lazy # qessalguuq ‘he is lazy’/ < qessa-lguqessamkaq lazy person; sluggard # < qessa-?

qesran — qessaniur-

qessanake- to be indifferent toward (it — an
obligation); to avoid (it — an obligation); to
not take (it) seriously # qessanakaa ‘he is notregarding it as he should’ / Ta¥gken imna
tauna tua-i tuaten pilria, imna school-allermini
waten elpeciucetun qessayugluni school-allni
qessanakluku pinritqetaaryulleq tamaa-i imumek
makut grade-ai kinguqsigluteng. ‘However,that person when he is going to school like you,being lazy and indifferent toward his schooling,skipping school now and then, well, his grades
are low.’ (QUL 2003:298); < qessa-nake2qessanayug- to be disappointed; to feel regret
concerning lost opportunities or overwhat one has done # qessanayugtuq ‘heis disappointed’ / Qessanayugluni-gguq
tauna tangerrsugyaaqellruamiu. ‘He wasdisappointed because he had wanted to seeit.’ (YUU 1995:77); A¥gna ta¥gken ava-i
qessanakluki Agayutem alerquutai wall’u
inerquutekellrungraaki anglanaqvakaata
kesianek atungnaqu’urpakaquniki, tuqukumta
qessanayullerkamte÷un tekitellerkarput. ‘But if welive ignoring God’s rules or do fun things all thetime, ignoring the admonishments, we will reget
what we did, when we die.’ (QUL 2003:16);< qessa-?-yugqessaneq sloth; laziness # < qessa-neq2;
qessanquq lazy person; sluggard # qessanquuguq
or qessanqurruuq ‘he is a lazy person’;Ciutiim, Cugg’erem-llu aanasek niisngaluku
neqkanek quyurcilartuk, ta¥gaam una Pamyuq
qessanqurruluni. ‘Ciutiiq and Cugg’eq, heeding
their mother’s words, would gather food, but
Pamyuq was a lazybones.’ (QES 1973:1); < qessaquq
qessaniur- to do what one is doing though not
because one wishes to do so; to act unwillingly #Tua-i-ll’ tamaa-i waten qessaniurluteng yuullruciat
uliinateng, qava’arqameng amlleq uligmek. Tua-i
atkuteng yuuvkenaki inarrluteng. ‘Concerning
their life back then — not that they wanted it thatway — but, many people slept without blankets.
They would lie down without removing theirparkas.’ (QUL 2003:2); Qessaniurcetenrilnga, tangamiik kelucaumalria, irniama-llu qavallgucirlua,
makcesciigatua cikirnaluten. ‘Don’t bother me(literally: don’t [try to] make me do something
when I don’t want to), see, the door is locked, my561

qessayagute- — qetqailitaq

Basesqeteq middle; human back or backbone (NSmeaning); round sewn bottom or top of
cylindrical bag (CAN meaning) # > qeteqliq; < PE
q0t03
qeteqliq middle finger # NS, UY, UK < qeteq-qliq
qeter- lying back; leaning back against something# postural root; > qetengqa-, qeterte-, qetermiar-,qetqailitaq < PE q0t03
qetengqa- to be lying back; to be leaning backagainst something # qetengqauq ‘he is lying
back’, ‘he is leaning with his back against
something’ / < qeter-ngqaqeterte- to lay back; to lean back # qetertuq ‘heleaned back’; qetertaa ‘he leaned it back’ /Tekicami nererraarluni, taum elautellran
nalliinun qeterrluni encinerciaralliniuq. Qetercan
tauna arnaq piciqaangaalliniuq. ‘When hearrived, after he ate, he lay back against the place
where she’d buried him [the boy] and relaxed.
When he lay back that woman became very
upset.’ (YUU 1995:127); < qeter-te2qetermiar- to swim on one’s back # qetermiartuq‘it is swimming on its back’; qetermiaraa ‘it iscrossing it swimming on its back’ / < qeter-migqetgaq neural arch of the spinal disk in a fish
backbone # (?)
qetgun song used in the “Qecek” celebrationor performance, a certain part of the BladderFestival # Tua-i-am tamaa-i tamakut qetgutet
waten picimegtun ayuqevkenateng. Avaken
tayim’ ciuliameggnek ayagluteng tamana
tamaa-i yuarun, qetgun, kinguvarturalliniria,
tua-i tamaa-i elissautekaqluku-llu. ‘And those
activities they did in “Qecek” weren’t done in any
old way. The songs used for “Qecek” were passed
down from their ancestors to their descendants,
and were used at that time for teaching.’ (ELL
1997:306); NI; < qeceg-n
qetqailitaq back support # Taqngamegteggu-llu
natermun curiurluku aqumlluku, qungcurrluku,
qetqailicirluku muriignek tunuakun. ‘And when
they finished with it (the body being readiedfor burial), they prepared a pad for him, sat
him down, flexed his knees and provided
support for the back with two pieces of woodbehind him.’ (YUU 1995:42); . . . tuqumalriit
piciryaraacetun tamaani muragagnek-am
apqiitnek qetqailicircetlinilria waten muragak
kapullukek nem natranun, . . . Qetqailitaqluku

children are sleeping with me, I can’t get up to
give you anything.’ (LUKE 11:7); < qessa-niurqessayagute- to not want (it, him) anymore #qessayagutaa ‘he doesn’t want it anymore /Tua-i umyugaan qam’um asgurakluku, tua-iqanrutenqegcaarallruani, qessayagutenritnayukluni
umyuarteqluni, . . . ‘And in her mind she was
reluctant to believe her because he had convinced
her otherwise and she still thought it might not
be the case that he no longer wanted her, . . .’ (QAN
1995:292); < qessa-yaguteqesuir- to lose color # qesuirtuq or qesuiraa ‘it lostcolor, the colors ran from it’ / = qeyuir-; < qesurir2qes’un barrel hoop; drawstring; belt # < qet’e-nqesur- root; > qesuir-, qesurliq; cf. qerrsuryak, qiuqesurliq blue color; blue thing; purple color; purple
thing # . . . lumarraqegtaar qiugliq, qesurliq,
kavirliq, qusngit melqurrit . . . ‘. . . cloth of blue,
purple, and scarlet wool . . .’ (ANUC. 25:4);= qiurliq, qeyurliq, qiugliq; < qesur-li1
qesuuq blue-gray thing (or the color itself) # note
voiced geminated s, contrary to the usual NUN
pattern # NUN
qesuuraq blue vivianite # mineral used for making
dye; < qesuuq
qet’e- to embrace; to hug; to squeeze # qet’uq ‘hehugged something’; qetaa ‘he hugged her’/ qell’uku cingaraa ‘hugging her, he kissed
her’; qeskii irniani ‘she hugged her child’;
qes’utuk ‘they2 are hugging each other’; . . .
imegturaqerluki perriutani qeq’urallinii
mecungellratni kuterpaagartelluki. ‘. . . he rolled
up his towel and kept squeezing it when it was
wet and caused it to drip water.’ (QUL 2003:208);= eqte-; < eqe2- te2-; > qec’issuun, qep’ag-,
qes’arte-, qes’unqetek underground tuber of horsetail plant “water
berry” (Equisetum arvense); coal # along withother tubers, this is often called “mouse nuts” or“mouse food” in local English because it is collectedby mice and then taken by people from the mousecaches; the second meaning, “coal”, is because of thesimilar black coloration of both; Aruvak-llu an’uq
qengagkenek, piunririlria-llu keneq kumalriit-llu
qetget anluteng qanrakun. ‘And smoke came outof its nose and a destroying fire and burning coals
came through his mouth.’ (PSALM 18:8); < PY
q0t0k

562

Basestauna upcetellria. ‘. . . according to the customof treating bodies of the deceased back then, he
had them provide support for his back with twopieces of wood, as they say, poking those pieces
of wood into the (dirt) floor of the house, . . . He
had it as a back support that which he had them
prepare.’ (QUL 2003: 546); < qeter-qar-ilitaq
qetrar-, qetr(ar)- (NUN form) to form a hard snow
crust during a cold spring night preceded by awarm day # qetrartuq ‘the snow is crusted’ /Qetraraqan assikluku tua-i cukamek ayagaqluta.
‘When the snow is crusted, we like it as we travel
fast then.’ (KIP 1998:269); = qerretrar-; < PY
qi30t3a3- or qiq0t3a3- (under PE qi30- or qiq0-)
qetruk hard stone used for tools and weapons #qetu- root; > qetunraq, qetupseq, qetupserte-,
qeturi-, qetuteqetugte- to hurry # qetugtuq ‘he is in a hurry’ /Ala nangercaaqnaurtut-gguq, anuuruluum
qanerpakarluni aqumqe÷aurai qetugangraata,
atakuquurluku. ‘Oh they tried to stand up fromtime to time, but the grandmother cautioned
them and made them sit down in spite of theireagerness, telling them to wait a while.’ (CEV
1984:79); HBC, NUN
qetumla- to be skillful; to be dexterous # at sewing,
berry picking, etc. qetumlauq ‘she is skillful’ /Ciuqlirmi, qetumlaitqapiararluni pilinguarallu tangniitqapiararluni, . . . ‘At first she wasn’t
dexterous and her creation didn’t look good atall, . . .’ (ELN 1990:32); Amllelaryaaqellriakut— aling yugni-lli imkuni qetumlavaa — tua-lliwa atkuliaqekaitkut imum aanamta unugpak
mingeqluni unugcuutmek kenurrirluni. ‘There
were lots of us [children] — oh my, how skillful
those old-time people were — then our motherwould make us parkas sewing all night long by
the light of a small night lamp.’ (CIU 2005:150)
qetunraq*, qetunr(aq*) (NUN form) son; child(NUN meaning) # Tauna-gguq nukalpiartaq . . .
cali qetunrangqerrluni waten tan’gurrarmek,
tan’gurrauluni. ‘That man in his prime, theysay, . . . also had a son, a boy, a young boy.’(QAN 1995:212); Qetunramaa, atavet aanavetllu alerquutai atuqiki, . . . ‘My son, follow yourfather’s and mother’s instuctions, . . .’ (KIP
1998:133); Qetunraulriim wall’u paniulriim
angayuqaagni-am . . . qigciklukek, . . . ‘A son(literally: one who is a son) or a daughter must

qetrar- — qevcerte-

respect his or her parents.’ (YUP 2005:112); Tuai-gguq uku’urkarcurluni tauna arnaq, qetunrani
nulirkarcurluku. ‘And they say that that woman
is seeking a daughter-in-law, looking forsomeone for her son to marry.’ (MAR 2 2001:53);
Mikcuarmek uluamek qetunrairutma pillranek
allragni cakneq iillayullruunga. ‘I was quite
impressed with the little semilunar knife that mylate son made a few years ago.’ (CIU 2005:172); Y,
NS, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, < qetunraq, qetu-nraq; > qetunriur-; < PE q0tun3a3
qetunriur- to give birth; to rear many children #NUN; < qetunraq-liurqetupseq weakling # Y; < qetu-?; > qetupserteqetupserte- to be weak; to be uncoordinated # Y;
qetupsertuq ‘he is weak’ / < qetupseq-?
qeturi- to relax one’s muscles’ # qeturiuq ‘herelaxed his muscles’ / Tegg’ivkenak atam
qeturiluten. ‘Don’t get tense, relax your muscles.’(MAR1 2001:84); < qetu-i1qetute- to be soft; to be pudding-like # qetutuq ‘itis soft’ / qetulnguq ‘the soft one’; Ukuk wavet
ayagluni qeckaryaaqaqan iruk qap’itaqlutek,
tamatum qetulilluku nevum marayauruyulluku.
Iciw’ imkut marayat qetusngakai, tuaten tua-i.
‘Whenever he would try jumping here, his legs
would sink into the mud; that earth got soft onhim, becoming soft mud. You know how soft mud
is, like so.’ (QAN 1995:200); < qetu-?-; < PE q0tutqevcaa- to bounce away repeatedly; to splatter out
repeatedly # qevcaaguq ‘it bounced repeatedly’;
qevcaagaa ‘it bounced repeatedly on it’ /< qevcerte-aqevcerte- to bounce away; to splatter out # forexample, something that fell, hot oil that spatters, etc.;
qevcertuq ‘it rolled away’ / Piqerluni tua-i tauna¥ging’a qanikciuksuarainanrani atsalugpiam
kan’a inglua yura’artelliniluni. Qevcercan
teguqerluku iqemkarluku tamualliniluku.
‘Suddenly, while her husband was carefully
clearing the snow half a cloudberry popped
out. When it bounced away from where it was, she
grabbed it, popped it into her mouth and chewed
it.’ (CUN 2007:128); Atam ca tuarpiaq akalriaqa¥gna cauga, natquigem akuliini qevcertaqluni
waten. Camun nagtaqami qevcerrluni yaavet
tut’aqluni. ‘What could that one in there be,something that seems to be rolling in the
midst of the snow, blowing along the ground,563

qevelqaquur- — qianBases
qevlerli flea; small fly # NUN; exact identification
unknown to compiler; cf. qevlerteqevlerpak very glittery; very shiny # particle; . . . tua
ciugtelliniluni pilliniuq tungulria pagna atralria
uskurarluni, uskuraa-gga qevlerpak tua quletmun
tayima. ‘. . . looked up and saw a black thing
up there descending attached to a thread; andthe thread was all aglitter all the way up.’ (ELL
1997:238)
qevlerte- to shine; to glitter; to sparkle. # qevlertuq‘it is shining’; qevlertaa ‘he made it shine’ / >qevlercete-, qevleri-, qevleqsaq, qevleqtaar-; cf.
qerlerli, qevli-; < PE q0vl03qevli- (NUN form), qevlia- (NSU form) to shine; toglitter; to sparkle. cf. qevlerteqevte-1 to neglect; to forsake # qevtaa ‘he is nottaking good care of it’ / > qevingaqevte-2 to be angry; to be frustrated # qevtuq ‘heis angry or frustrated’ / qevutaa ‘he is angry ather’; < PE q0v0(t)qeya- to cry # qeyauq (or qesauq for NS and some Y)‘he is crying’ / = qia-; HBC, LI, NS, UK, NR; < PE
qi9aqeyurliq blue color; blue thing # HBC; = qesurliq,
qiugliq, qiurliq; < qesur-li1
qia- to cry # qiaguq ‘he is crying’ / qiatekaa ‘he iscrying on account of her or it’; qiavkaraa ‘he ismaking her cry (intentionally or accidentally)’;
Unuakumi tupagtuq ak’a maktellrullinilriit,
qialriamek-llu niicami piuq Qalemaq qiaqcaaralria.
Qialuku-llu nutaan tangerpaaluamiu tua-ialangaarluni. ‘In the morning Elnguq woke
up and noticed that her family had alreadygotten up, and she heard someone crying. It was
Qalemaq crying quietly. Since this was the firsttime she’d ever seen her crying, Elnguq was quite
surprised.’ (ELN 1990:75); NS, LY, NI, NUN,
CAN, LK, BB, NR; = qeya-; > qiaculngu-, qian,
qiarqe-, qiatekeqiacua- to be tearful # < qia-?qiaculngu- to feel like crying; to be on the vergeof crying # qiaculnguuq ‘he feels like crying’/ Cakneq-lli elliini umyugaa qiaculnguvaa-am
tuamta-llu. ‘Oh, how very much that one, in her
mind, felt like crying then.’ (UNP2); < qia-?-lnguqian dirge; mourning song; song sung during the“Elriq” (“Greater Memorial Feast”); deceased
person for whom “Elriq” is held # Caluku-kiq

bouncing away like that. When it gets caught onsomething, it bounces and lands further over.’(MAR2 2001:74); > qevcaa-; < PE q0vca!qevelqaquur- to glitter # Imumek akercirluku
imarpigmi uyangqalriani una-i mer’em iluani
qevelqaquurluteng tua piciatun. ‘When the sun isshining, when one looks into the ocean one cansee them glitter throughout the water.’ (QUL
2003:696); < qevlerte-?qevelqetaar- to sparkle; to glitter # . . . wall’nani iliini tarenrani wall’u cam ilaq’apiaraani
kegginaitni arnat qevelqetaayaarluteng qaraliit
cat imkut. ‘. . . or, somewhere in a picture, or on
women’s faces, such decorations sparkle.’ (QUL
2003:696)
qevinga- to be neglectful of; to be neglected /qevingauq ‘it is something discarded, is not
being taken care of’; qevingaa ‘he is neglectful ofit’ / Alikiciu qenertellria atanrulria, ayuqulluku
uirranilriamun yugtutulimun; kia imum
qenerteskuniu unguvani qevingaciqaa. ‘Fear the
angry ruler, as he is comparable to a growlinglion; he who provokes him to anger will be
neglectful of his own life.’ (AYUQ. 20:2); < qevtengaqevleqsaq large rectangular earring with glass andcopper head on it # NUN
qevleqtaar-to sparkle; to glitter # Tua-i
anyaqliameng tekicaqliameng ellaullinilriamun
maaten piuq ella man’a qaterpak
qevleqtaarturluni-llu, yaani-wa kenrungalnguq
kumalria. ‘And when they finally went out,
when they reached what turned out to be theoutdoors, she saw that the world around her was
bright white and sparkling, with what seemed to
be a fire burning in the distance.’ (ELN 1990:4);< qevlerte-qetaarqevlercete- to shine; to glitter; to sparkle #qevlercetuq ‘it is shining’ / qevlercelnguq‘shining thing’; Nani iliini tangerqalalrianga
imkunek qevlerce÷ateng qaraliuluteng . . .
‘Somewhere [in the ocean] I’ve seen those things
glittering, like they were decorations . . .’ (QUL
2003:696); < qevlerte-cete2-; > qevleriqevleri- to become shiny; to start to glisten. #qevleriuq ‘it became shiny’; qevleria ‘he madeit shiny’ / kaminiam qacarneri perrillruanka
qevleriluki ‘I wiped the sides of the stove until
they began became to shiney’; < qevlerte-i1-

564Basesman’a qiate¥rluqa nallunriciu? ‘How do you
happen to know my dear old mourning song?’(CUN 2007:28); < qia-n
qiaq edible lining of seal intestine # > qiaryaq,
qiaryigteqiarqe- to make (him) cry intentionally # qiarqaa‘he made him cry’ / Atam, ingluliulaquvki
qiarqelarniaraatgen cali nakukluten, inerquuteka
atunrilkuvgu. ‘Look, if you tend to counterattack
them, they’ll make you cry, picking on you, if you
don’t follow my warning.’ (YUU 1995:49);< qia-rqeqiaryaq herring eggs # so called because they crackle
when eaten; NUN; = qaarsaq, qaryaq, qaaryak,< qiaq-yaq or < PE qa(C)a3ya3; cf. qaarsq
qiaryigte-, qiaryegte-, qiarsegte-, qiar- (LI form)
to make a crackling or crunching noise tohave a grinding feeling in joints # qiaryigtuq‘it is making a crackling noise’; qiaryigtaa ‘heis making a crackling noise with it’ / cikut
qiaryiggluteng kuigkun an’ut ‘the ice is goingout the river, crackling as it goes’; Nem’elngurnill’ qakma waten man’a qiaryigquratullruameng
qanikcamun waten tutmalriani, tutmarqateng.
‘When one is inside the house, [one can hear]crunching sounds when the snow is being stepped
on, when they step on it.’ (ELL 1997:514); Tua-i
pivakat iliitni unugmi tupagyartuqalliniuk
angayuqaak akemna tang mecarnaurtuq
qiaryigtaqluni-llu. ‘One time at night her parents
woke up, and someone on the other side would
slurp and make crunching sounds.’ (QUL 2003:268);< qiaq-?-, qiaq-?-, qiaq-?qiaryimtaaq cartilage # K; < qiaryigte-?
qiateke- to mourn over (him) # qiatekaa ‘he ismourning over him’; Ta¥gaam-gguq tamana
qiatii waten-gguq qiatekurarqut tamaani
umyuiqaqameng waten qiateku’urluteng
aturpagturluteng, aturturluteng. ‘It is said thatthey’d mourn over him like this when they were ina grieving state of mind, singing, always singing
his dirge.’ (CUN 2007:24); < qia-tekeqigaq seal flesh with blubber # NUN
qigcig-1 to look sideways without turning one’s
head; to look at using one’s peripheral vision; tolook out of the corner of one’s eye # qigcigtuq ‘heis looking out of the corner of his eyes’; qigcigaa‘he is looking out of the corner of his eyes at her’/ Ilaminun-gguq-am cunawa tangerrnayukluni

qiaq — qiilerte-

kanavet waten meciknauquniu, taum tua-i
kanavet qigcigluku tangvallinikii. ‘Thinking that acompanion of his might see him if he focused on
him down there, he looked at him out of the cornerof eye.’ (QUL 2003:98); > qigcimiate-, qigeckar-; cf.
qigcig-2; < PE qikci!- (under PE qik0-1)
qigcig-2 emotional root; > qigcignarqe-, qigcigyug-,qigcike-; cf. qigcig-1; kencig-; < PE qik0-1
qigcignarqe- to cause one to feel respect;
to be esteemed # qigcignarquq ‘it causes
one to feel respect’; Arcaqerluki makut
ciulirneret, angayuqaak-llu, arnat, arnassagaat
qigcignarqellruut cakneq takarnaqluteng.
‘Especially elders, parents, women, and older
women, were esteemed, and treated withdeference.’ (YUP 2005:54); < qigcig2-narqeqigcigyug- to feel respect # qigcigyugtuq ‘he feels
respect’ / . . . angucetangqellruuq Simeon-aamek
aterluni, tauna ellualriaruuq, qigcigyulriarulunillu. ‘. . . there was a man named Simeon; he wasrighteous and devout person.’ (LUKE 2:25);< qigcig2-yugqigcike- to respect; to esteem # qigcikaa ‘herespects it’ / Tua-i-llu cali makut nunani waten
pingnatuungengamta yuum aklui qigcikluki
cakneq. ‘When we started to make a living, wewere extremely respectful of a (another) person’s
belongings in the villages.’ (YUP 2005:54);< qigcig-ke2qigcimiate- to feel disgraced # qigcimiatuq ‘hefeels disgraced’ / Picurlaumallruniluteng
piaqata tamakut angutet ciunrit cakneq-gguq
uitanerrluggnaurtut. Qigcimianateng. ‘When
things didn’t go well for them, the leaders of
those men would not be at ease. They’d feeldisgraced.’ (CAU 1985:88); < qigcig1-?-ateqigeckar- to glance or peek out of the corner of
one’s eye # qigeckartuq ‘he glanced sideways’;
qigeckaraa ‘he glanced sideways at it’ / < qigcigkarqigiquq ivory spear head # NUN
qiguiq*, qiguir(aq*) red (tree) squirrel (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus) # < ?-iq, ?-iq; < PY qi!uiq
qiilera-, qiilra- to make gleeful sounds # qiilerauq‘he is making gleeful sounds’ / < qiilerte-a-,qiilerte-aqiilerte- to experience strong, joyful feelings andshow them; to show one’s excitement # qiilertuq‘he is gleeful’ / qiilerutekaa ‘he is gleeful over565

qiimiu — qikuq

Basesit’; qiilertua unuaqu aanaka tekiteqataan ‘I’m
excited because my mother is going to arrive
tomorrow’; . . . nutaan tua-i aatiin apcan
maligucugluni pisqelluku. Tua-i-am ellii
qiilerrluni uptelaagluni apqaurluni qavcinek
kapkaanarnek pisquciminek. ‘. . . when she
asked if she could go along, her dad answered
giving her permission. And so she excitedly got
ready quickly and asked about how many traps
he wants her to get.’ (ELN 1990:50); < ?-lerte-; >qiilera-; < PE qi(C)0li3- (under PE qi(C)0li3-)
qiimiu northerner # specifically resident of the
Norton Sound (Unaliq) area (q.v.) # Atraan aptaa
waten qagkumiut aperyaraqngamegteggu,“Qiiq.” Aptaa, “Kia qiirirtaten?” ‘Because thenorthern people’s term for themselves sounds
like it has the word for “gray hair” [“qiiq”] init, he asked him, when he came down (from thenorth), “Who removed your gray hair?” (TAP
2004:41); < qii(ni)-miu
qiin root tool; digging tool # NUN
qii(ni) outside; in the north # extended demonstrative
adverb; Tua-i-gguq tuani qiini nunani nukalpiaq
tauna qetunrangqellria tan’gurrarmek
kaigcetevkenaku anglicarluku. ‘And, they say,there in the north in a village there was thishunter who had a son, a boy, and he neverlet him go hungry as he raised him.’ (MAR1
2001:68); Tua-i anulluki qiivet camek imiqerluki
uqamalkuciqerluki anuqem tengcuarai elliki.
‘Take them outside fill them with something toweight them down so that the wind won’t blow
them away, and set them out there.’ (MAR2
2001:7); NS, UY, UK, NUN; = qagaani; see qagna,
the corresponding demonstrative pronoun; see
Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > qiimiu; < PE dem.
qa!qiiq* gray hair # Aanaurlua
arnassagaqapiaraurrluni tua-i-gguq qamiqurra
qiirurtelliniluni. ‘His poor old mother had become
very much an old woman, and her head had
become all gray hair.’ (CUN 2007:61); < PE qi903
qiirayuli peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).
< imitative and -yuli
qiitek window frame; skylight frame # NUN;
= qiteqqiive- to tremble; to shake; to quiver; to curl (hair)# qiivuq ‘it is trembling’ / qiivtaa ‘he is shaking
or curling it’; angukara’urluum unatai qiivelartut‘the old man’s hands tremble’; Alingem ugaani
Cikemyaq pekcesciiganani tuani uitalliuq qiivluni
cakneq. ‘On account of fear Cikemyaq couldn’t
move and stayed there trembling badly.’ (CIK
1972:21); < PE qiv0(3)qiivuusaaq drill # cf. qiive-;qikar- to ponder, standing still and worrying about
the future # < PE qika3qikertaq island # kan’a tang qikertarraq atsipialria‘look, that little island down there has a lot of
berries’; Ayainanermini tua-i qikertamek taumek
cali tekituq. Taum ima arnam qanrutellrullinikii
qikertamek cali ayakan ullaasqevkenaku
allakekaku. ‘As he was traveling he came upon
an island. That woman had told him that if heshould come to some island and it seems strange
to him, then he ought not go there.’ (CUN
2007:44); cf. qikerte-; > Qikertarpak; < PE qik03ta3
Qikertarpak St. Lawrence Is. (Y, NI meaning); Stuart
Is. (NS, Y meaning); Kodiak Is. (EG meaning)# literally: ‘the big island’; Tua-i-gguq tuani
keggani Qikertarpagmi Tacirmiut ketiitni yugpak,
qanemciulria tauna niillalqa. ‘Out there on StuartIs., there is a giant person offshore from Stebbinsthat I hear stories about.’ (MAR1 2001:88);< qikertaq-rpakqikerte- to go up to a height to scan the surroundingarea # qikertuq ‘he is looking around’; qikertaa‘he is looking around for it’ / cf. qikertaq
qikiq1 tripod for holding a pot over a fire #qikiq2 woven beach grass rope used to hoist kayak
onto kayak rack # NUN
Qikmirtalegmiut Kikmiktalikamiut # site on thenorth shore of Nunivak Is.; < *qikmiq-talek-miuplural; cf. qikmiruaq
qikmiruaq pussy willow catkin; calyx; cuplikepart of a flower, cone, etc. # . . . tangnircautai
naunraat, tapeqluki naugaaraat, qikmiruarit-llu
atauciurnerurrluki. ‘. . . its cups, its calyxes, and its
petals were of one piece with it.’ (ANUC. 37:17);
originally literally: thing like a dog; < *qikmiq-uaq;
cf. Siberian Yupik and Sugpiaq qikmiq ‘dog’ ( < PEqikmi3)
qikulnguyaq peanut butter # NUN: < qikuq-?
qikuq, qiku, qikuyaq clay; oil lamp made of clay
# qikuuguq ‘it is clay’; qikumek ak’allamek
aanaka nalaqutellruuq ‘my mother found
an old clay lamp’; Egatait-wa qikut. Tamaani

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Basesqikuliurta — qilangaq

qilagcuun, qilaun net-making device; netting
shuttle; knitting needle # Maa-i makut
kuvyiaqameng qaluliaqameng-llu qilagcuutellrit
makut imruyutaat. ‘When they made fishnets,
and dipnets, these net-making devices, these
netting shuttles [were what they used].’ (CIU
2005:92); < qilag-cuun, qilag-nqilaggluk cloud # NUN; < qilak-rrluk; < PE
qila!@u! (under PE qila!)qilagkaq yarn; fishnet twine # < qilag-kaq
qilagmiutaq* heavenly personage (in Bible
translation and Christian prayers, etc.); lemming(Lemmus trimucronatus) # literally: ‘one that comesfrom the sky’, lemmings are called by this namebecause they were traditionally said to fall from thesky; qilagmiutaat ayuquciit ‘the virtues’ (Catholicterm); < qilak-miutaq; < PE qila!miu(C)uta3(under PE qila!)qilagturaq splicing of line loop through seal
harpoon head # NUN
qilailleg- to be overcast or whited out # of the sky;
< qilak-?qilak sky; heaven; ceiling # Anngami piuq ellatanqigingaaralria ngelii ava-i tanqinruluni,
qilagmi. When she went out she saw that it was
beginning to get light and the horizon wasbrighter than the sky up above.’ (ELN 1990:68);. . . pikngamegteggu qiliim angayuqauvia. ‘. . . fortheirs is the kingdom of heaven.’ (MATT. 5:3); . . .
nunam qaingani pili qilagmitun . . . ‘. . . on earth
as in heaven . . . (MATT. 5:10); qiliim menglii orqiliim ngelii ‘horizon’; > qilaamruyaaq, qilagaq2,
qilaggluk, qilagmiutaq, qilailleg-; < PE qila!
qilakeggun net gauge # implement used to measure
the mesh size while making a fishnet; < qilag-kegte-n
qilakutaq canopy; awning; # Tuamta-llu Agayun
qanertuq, “Qilakutartangli tumarnermek mer’ekakuliik, avvlukek malruurrlukek mer’ek.” ‘And
God said, “Let there be a firmament in the midstof the waters, . . .”’ (AYAG. 1:6); < qilak-kutaq
Qilangaarusvik August # literally: ‘puffins’
departure time’; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; NUN; < qilangaq-ir2-te5-vik (with ai
becoming aa per Nunivak dialect)qilangaq tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata); horned
puffin (Fratercula corniculata) (NUN meaning) #Ayuqenrilngurneg piliyaurtellruunga makuneg
kwangkutneg ayuqeliluta tuullegneg, qilanganeg,
naruyaneg, . . . ‘I learned to make various things

egacistengqellruut, qaillun egaciyaraq
nallunricestaitnek. ‘Their pots were of clay.
Back then they had pot makers, who were their
specialists in the art of making pots.’ (YUU
1995:27); > qikulnguyaq, qikuyak
qikuliurta potter # . . . caunrirluki-llu
navguumalriatun qikutun qikuliurtem
piliallratun. ‘. . . and dash them to pieces like apotter’s vessel.’ (PSALM 2:9); < qikuq-liur-ta
qikutaq bin used for temporary storage of fish
before they are prepared for drying # Tuani
qikutarluteng caniatni qer’at. Qikutaq tuskallernekavaterluni ilua-llu nat’liumaluni tuskanek. ‘There
they had a fish bin next to the drying racks. The
fish bin had old planks on the sides and a bottom
made of planks.’ (PRA 1995*:461)
qikuyaq infertile soil on which nothing grows andwhich oozes water when stepped on # < qiku-?
qilaamruyaaq either of two lanterns hanging fromthe kashim ceiling during a dance # Waten
yura’arqameng pagaavet agarrluki muriit piliat
kenurranek imirluki, qilaamruyaanek apraqluteng.
‘Whenever they’d dance they’d have wooden
lanterns with lamps inside hanging up there;
they were termed “qilaamruyaaq”.’ (AGA
1996:84); < qilak-?
qilag- to make a fishnet by a knot tying–like
process; to mend a fishnet; to knit # qilagtuq‘he is making a fishnet’ or ‘he is knitting’;
qilagaa ‘he is mending it’ or ‘he is knitting it’ /Qilagluki kuvyacuariaqluteng. ‘They would makesmall-mesh nets through a knot tying-like netmaking process.’ (YUU 1995:66); Maa-i-am tua-i
cuqmegteggun tayima qilaumalria; cuqmegteggun
tua-i qilallrat. ‘Now the net was made according
to their own measurements; through their own
measurements they made the net.’ (CIU 2005:84);> qilagaq, qilagcuun, qilagkaq, qilakeggun; < PE
qila!0qilagaq1 knitted thing; net that been made by a knot
tying-like process # Tua-i pingnaqluni pililuni
taqipailgagu-llu aipaa up’nerkarluni kitngianunllu tekipailgan taum qilagami. ‘She did try, andbefore she could finish its [the sock’s] mate,spring came, and this was even before she hadreached the heel of her knitting.’ (ELN 1990:32);< qilag-aq1
qilagaq2 roof of the mouth; hard palate # < qilakaq3; < PE qila!a3 (under PE qila!)567

qilkirtaq — qilungayakBasesqillrutaq rope or string for tying # qillrutarkaq
nanitessiyaagtuq ‘the string for tying is too
short’; < qillerte-taq1
qilnganeryaraq grief #qilqar- to suddenly tie; to die from an asthma
attack # qilqertuq ‘it got tied up’, ‘he died of anasthma attack’; qilqaraa ‘he tied it’ / qilqautaa‘he tied it to something or with something’;
Tuamta-ll’ naunraat nalliitni, makiraqataameng,kamilarrluteng it’gameggnun yualurraq
qilqaulluku. ‘At salmonberry time, when they
were going to gather them, they’d take off theirboots, and tie a thread to to their toes.’ (YUU
1995:36);
qilqucngiar(aq*) something that is all wrapped
up, tied up, bound # Cikiraa camek uumek
qilqucngiarmek nemrumaurluni. ‘He gave him
something all tied up, all bound up.’ (MAR1
2001:64); < qiller-?
qilri hawk (species ?) # NUN; < PI qil3iq
qilucuk inflamed appendix # < qilu-cukqilu, qiluq, qiluk intestine; entrails; gut #Mingqaat qaralirkiularait makliit maklaaraat-llu
qiluitnek. ‘They make decorations for the grassbaskets from bearded seal and young bearded
seal gut.’ (YUU 1995:60); Tengssuutecuarkun
tengenginanermini tuar igteqatalalria. Qilui-llu
iluani qama-i qungvagyuagaqluteng. ‘While
she was aboard the little plane, it was like she
was going to fall. Her intestines, inside of her,became all queasy.’ (PRA 1995:376); qilurpiit‘large intestines’; > qilucuk, qiluguaq, qilunaq,
qilungayak, qilnguuyaq; < PY-S qilu
qilua- to bark repeatedly # qiluaguq ‘it is barking
repeatedly’; qiluagaa ‘it is barking repeatedly ather’ / < qilug-aqilug- to bark # qilugtuq ‘it is barking’; qilugaa ‘itis barking at him’ / . . . nut’ni-gguq tekipailgagu
taum ullagarcaaqluku tekipailgagu-llu-gguq
ciulista taigartellrani qilugluni tuaten uirraniluni
taum caugarrluku tua-i anirturluku. ‘. . . before
he could get to his gun, it rushed him, but before
it reached him the lead dog suddenly came over,barking and growling and faced it and thus savedhim.’ (ELN 1990:64); > qilua-; < PE qilu!qilunaq intestine’s J-hook after stomach (specificallyof a walrus) # < qilu-? # NUN
qilungayak belt of floating ice formed by currents,
sandbars, etc. # < qilu-ngayak[on masks]; we made likenesses of loons, puffins,seagulls, . . .’ (AGA 1996:98); > Qilangaarusvik; <PE qila&&a3
qilkirtaq inlaid piece of ivory; stone in ring;
diamond # and qilkirtar- to sparkle #Meluskarviullrungatellrulliniluni maaten
tangrraqa. Tua-i-am qilkirciqaumalliniluni, tua-iwa picaqellruamegteki. ‘I see that it evidently
was a snuffbox. It was made with inlaid decoration
because they treasured them.’ (CIU 2005:102);
Tanqiktaalria agyacuar, caucin paqnak’larqa
wii. Ak’akii ellam quliini, qilkirta(a)tun qilagmi.
‘Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what
you are. Up above the world so high, like a
diamond in the sky.’ (MIK 2006:47)
qillerneq knot; “knot” in throat (additional NUN
meaning) # < qillerte-neq1; < qi@03n03; cf. Nelson
1877–1881 list (59, 60)
qillerpautaq hair braided in two braids with beads
at the base of the braids # NUN; < qillerte-?qillerqe- to tie repeatedly or securely # qillerqaa‘he tied it up’ / Qavarngan qecignek
taptaarluki qillerqelliniluku, pamatmun tallik
qillertellinilukek, . . . ‘When he was asleep, shebound him with a thong, doubling it back andforth, and tied his arms in the back, . . .’ (MAR1
2001:90); < qillerte-rqe1-; > qillerqaaq, qillerqista
qillerqaaq, qillertaaq tied bundle # < qillerqe-?-aq,
qillerte-?-aq
qillerqista policeman # literally: ‘one who ties
(people) up’; < qillerqe-i2-ta1
qillerte- to tie # qillertuq ‘it has been tied’; qillertaa‘he tied it (the rope, usually)’ / qillrutaa ‘hetied it (the bundle)’, ‘he tied it to something orwith something’; qillercimauq or qillrucimauq‘it is tied’; qillertairaa or qillrutairaa ‘he untiedit’; qillrutak ‘he tied them2 together’; ilavkuk
qillertaa ‘he tied the rope’; neqerrluut qillrutai
ilavkugmek ‘he tied up the dried fishes with arope’; Ellii-llu imiriluni muiran-llu pelacinagmek
paingakun qillrulluku aipirluku-llu aanami
imillranek. ‘She filled one, and when it was
full she tied its opening with string and paired
it with one her mother had filled.’ (ELN
1990:41); > qillerneq, qillerqe-, qillerpautaq,
qilleryug-, qillrutaq, qilqucngiar(aq); <PE qi@03qilleryug- to have an asthma attack # qilleryugtuq‘he is having an asthmatic attack’ / anerniqsaraq
qilleryugyaraq ‘asthma’; < qillerte-yug-

568

Basesqilunguuyaq small intestine; single macaroni
noodle (neologism) # < qilu-? # NUN
qiluruaq, qilunguaq tube; pipe # literally: ‘thing likean intestine’; < qilu-uaq
qimag- to flee; to run away # qimagtuq ‘he fled’;qimagaa ‘he fled from her’ / Ayagaaqan
yuilqumi, yaaqsingraan qimagaqluku
tangercecuunateng. ‘When he’s traveling in thewilderness, even though he’s far away, they fleefrom him, not allowing themselves to be seen byhim.’ (YUP 2005:100); > qimaguuyaq, qimalria;< PE qima!qimaguyuq, qimaguuyaq gosling; duckling;
domesticated animal # Up’nerkami maani
yaqulegcuyuitellruut yuut. Ta¥gaam qimaguyut
angliriaqata nutaan yaqulegculangelallruut. ‘In
the springtime here people never hunted birds.
Only when the goslings grew did they then starthunting birds.’ (KIP 1998:269); Wiinga ayalrianga
tuarpiaq qimaguyuq tauna tamalria . . . ‘I am
going forth like a lost sheep . . .’ (ORT 2006:59);< qimag-?
qimaruaq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax);
eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) # EG
qimug- to pull vigorously # of dogs; qimugtuq ‘itis pulling vigorously’ / Qimulaata ciuqlirmi
qimugtet, tamarmeng ekluteng ikamragnun.
‘Because the dogs would pull hard at first,
everyone got into the sled.’ (ELN 1990:11); >qimugtaqimugcin, qimugcitkaq, qimugcessuun dog food;
food for the dogs # . . . atrarlartut neqkamek
nurutellriit qimugcitkamek-ll’ nurutellriit, tuavet
Qip’ngayagmun. ‘When they ran short of food,and ran short of food for the dogs, they’d go down
to Black River.’ (AGA 1996:130); < qimugta-i3-n,qimugta-i3-n-kaq, qimugta-cuun
qimugcinraq* dog feces; dog track; trace or thingof dogs # . . . piuq makut qimugcinrarngalnguut
tumet caumaluteng taum unitamek tungiinun.
‘. . . she saw what looked like dog tracks goingtoward the place they had left [the meat].’(ELN 1990:63); Piqerluni cakian ellimerutlia
akucesqelluku qimugcinrarnek ananek. ‘One day
her mother-in-law ordered her to make Eskimo
ice cream with dog feces [instead of berries].’(MAR1 2001:70); < qimugta-linraq
qimugcivilkuk “dog pit” for dog remains to be put
in # K; < qimugta-li-vik-?-lkuk

qilunguuyaq — qimulurayak

qimugglugaq* doggie # Tua-i-ll’ cat iliitni tua-i
iqvaryaqatarluni tauna imna qimugglugii,
uptengraan qayuw’ ciin un’ upcunrita? ‘And
then one day while she was getting ready to gopick berries, she wondered why it was that thistime her doggie didn’t get ready to go.’ (QUL
2003:458); < qimugta-rrlugaq
qimuggnguaq non-husky dog # = qimugte™guaq;< qimugta-uaq
qimugkar(aq*), qimugkaraq puppy. # Yuungani. . . nutaan tawani taw’ uitaluni qimugkararneg
irnilliniluni. ‘When let her off . . . then while she
stayed there she gave birth to puppies.’ (WHE
2000:198); NSU, NUN; < qimugta-?, -kar(aq),qimugta-kar(aq)1
qimugkauyar(aq*) puppy; dog # Ta¥gaam
qanerluni qimugteteng ak’allaurcata
quyaniluni ukunek Pilim qimugkauyarainek
tua-i cimiqciqniluki anglikata, . . . ‘However,he said that since their dogs had gotten old he
was thankful for Pili’s pups, and that he’d havethem as replacement [dogs] when they grew, . . .’(ELN 1990:62); Tan’gaurluq-gguq qimugkauyartun
ayuquq. ‘They say a boy is like a puppy.’ (QAN
2009:228); < qimugte-?
qimugta dog # qimugtii ‘his dog’; qimugtem
pamyua nanituq ‘the dog’s tail is short’;
Ikamraat tua-i uciaqapiararluni, qimugtait-llu
angaqeqapiggluteng. ‘Their sled was heavily
loaded and their dogs were straining hard to
be on their way.’ (ELN 1990:11); Maa-i makut
qimugtet umyangqerrsaaqut, qanerciigatutta¥gaam. ‘Dogs do have minds, but they can’t
speak.’ (QAN 2009:1-2); iralum qimugtii ‘thestar Sirius’ (literally: ‘the moon’s dog’); the word
qimugta also refers to a boy chosen to follow thetwo “mothers” (“aanak”) and try to grab “Eskimo
ice cream” from them during the “Aaniq” holiday;< qimug-ta1; > qimugcin, qimugcivilkuk,
qimugglugaq, qimuggnguaq, qimugte™guaq,
qimugkauyar(aq), qimukcuar(aq), qimulvak
qimugte÷guaq non-husky dog # = qimuggnguaq;< qimugta-uaq
qimukcualler(aq*) puppy; small dog # < qimugtakcuar(aq)-ller(aq)qimukcuar(aq*) puppy; pussy-willow catkin #NUN; < qimugta-kcuar(aq)qimulurayak big bad dog # Tauna-ggur qimulurayag
aciani maketnanrilria upuyutekluku . . .

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qimulvak — qinqar-

Bases‘Speaking ill about that big bad dog which hadceased to arise from her bed . . .’ (WHE 2000:198);< qimulvak-rayak
qimulvak big dog # qimulvall’er ‘great big dog’;Tua-i-llu tauna tukua qimugtengqelliniluni
qimulvall’ermek angqapigtellriamek tungulriamek
ciutek-llu palungalutek. ‘And that host of his had
a dog, a great big dog, a huge one, black with laiddown ears.’ (MAR 1 2001:53); < qimugta-vak;> qimulurayak
qimunqe- to age quickly after staying youngish
throughout one’s life #qinangnir- to look into corners, bays, etc. # NUN
qinavyuq down; underhair # NUN; = qenavyuq; cf.
qivyuqqinerte- to sight with the aid of binoculars, or froman elevated point; to look outside through awindow, hole, etc. # qinertuq ‘he looked out’;
qinertaa ‘he sighted it’ / Tua-i tekiteqarraallruantauna arulairluni qinerrluni pilliniuq
qimugkauyartangqellinilria kiugna. ‘When shecame to that [house] first, she stopped, peered
inside, and way back there was a puppy.’ (ELL
1997:198); > qinqar-, qinquur-, qinrun, qinrute-;< PE qin03qingaqe- to reject # qingaqaa ‘he rejected it’ / NUN,
HBC, NSU; < qingar2-ke4qingaq fetus # and qingar-1 to be pregnant #qingartuq ‘she is pregnant’; qingaraa ‘hehas gotten her pregnant’ / Qingalriit tuaten
anertevkangtuut angliaqata qingateng. Qingatengllu anguterkaugaqata kukupangaqluteng
kegginait, . . . ‘Those who are pregnant start
breathing heavily like that as their fetuses grow.
When their fetuses are male their faces get
freckles, . . .’ (ELN 1990:92); qingalriit uitaviat‘prematernal home associated with a central
hospital (for women from distant villages)’;> qingarniur-, qingir-, qingiun; < PE qi&&a32
qingar- to reject something # especially a food.
qingartuq ‘he rejected something’ / NUN, HBC,
NSU; > qingaqe-, qingarnarqe-, qingaryug-; cf.
qingar1-; < PE qi&&a3qingarnarqe- to be annoying # qingarnarquq ‘it isannoying’ / NUN, HBC, NSU; < qingar2-narqeqingarniur- to sense a pregnancy gone bad # more
specifically, for the sea to react to one who breaks
traditional rules and goes out to sea hunting when
there has been a miscarriage or stillbirth in his family;

Qingarniurqamek-gguq tua-i tut’aquk camaggun
qairek. ‘It is said that a pair of waves hit down
there in reaction to one going out on the ocean who
breaks traditional rules concerning miscarriage or
stillbirth in his household.’ (KIP 1998:189); < qingarniurqingaryug- to feel displeased; to be indignant #qingaryugtuq ‘he is displeased’ / Imarpiim
qenqercaraa. Meaning-aara Eskimo-ryarakun
imarpiim-gguq qenqercaraa, qingaryugluni-gguq‘This is how the ocean gets angry. In [Yup’ik]
Eskimo feeling displeased or being indignant is
the word we used to describe the ocean thatis angry.’ (YUP 2005:266); Ta¥gaam Jesusaam tangrramiki qingaryugtuq qanrulluki-llu,“Mikelnguut wangnun taivkarciki, . . .” ‘But
when Jesus saw them, he was indignant and told
them, “Let the children come to me, . . .”’ (MARK
10:14); < qingar2-yugqingir- to impregnate (meant literally); to get
pregnant # qingiraa ‘he got her pregnant’ /Adam-aam nuliani Eve-aq qingiraa. ‘Adam got his
wife Eve pregnant.’ (AYAG. 4:1); < qingaq-lirqingirte-, qinike- to scrutinize; to watch or examine
critically # qingirtuq ‘he is looking closely’;
qingirtaa ‘he is examining her critically’ /Arenqiallugutekait qingirrluki yuarraarluki,
arenqiallugutii-llu-gguq nalaqngamegteggu,
piciatun piyugnaunateng tauna a¥g’arluku.
‘After looking for the causes and analyses ofthe problems, when they locate them, theywould remove them, but not without carefulconsideration.’ (KIP 1998:223); Pilapigeskuvet
qessavkenak tumellra a¥gna qingirteqerru. ‘If
you are really what you say you are, don’t bereluctant to check the path he has taken.’ (QUL
2003:534)
qingiun semen # Ta¥gaam Onan-aam . . . qingiutni
elliin . . . cailkamun maq’ilartuq . . . ‘But Onan
. . . spilled his seed . . . on the ground . . .’ (AYAG.
38:9); < qingir-n
qinkiq female sedge plant (Carex sp.) # Nanvat-lluce÷aitni uitalrianek kelugkarnek-gguq makunek
qinkinek kelirluki. ‘They’d use these coarse
grasses that are found around the lakes, thefemale sedge plants, to make stitches in them (orweave them).’ (MAR2 2001:48); Y; < PE qinki(q)qinqar- to take a peek # qinqertuq ‘he peeked’;
qinqeraa ‘he peeked at it’ / Tekicamiu

570

Basesqinqalliniuq necuaqegtaar man’a, nerr’ayagaq
man’a kenurrarluni. ‘When he reached it, hepeeked in and saw that it was a nice little house,
and that this little bitty house had a lamp.’ (AGA
1996:204); < qinerte-qarqinquur- to observe secretly # qinquuraa ‘heobserved her’ / < qinerte-?-; > qinquussaagqinquussaag- to peek # Angurrluk’ tamaaggun
keluut akulaitgun qinquussaakaryaqunak
egilrainanemte÷i. ‘Don’t you dare peek out
through the seams while we are traveling.’ (QUL
2003:466); < qinquur-ssaag-; cf. tangquussaagqinrun, qinrutaq telescope; gunsight # qinrutek‘pair of binoculars’; < qinerte-n, qinerte-taq1
qinrute- to sight with (it) # Pissurtem nutek
tunaa Mecaq’amun, “Kita, kitak nutkaa”. Tua-i
Mecaq’am tegua alingengermi cakneq. Qinrulluku
nutegtuq, egmian qetqallagluni cailkamun. ‘The
hunter gave the gun to Mecaq’aq, “Here, go
ahead and shoot.” And Mecaq’aq took it eventhough he was very frightened. Sighting with it,
he fired, and promptly fell to the ground on his
back.’ (UUT 1974:13); < qinerte-te5qinu-1 to be upset and fussing; to cry (EG meaning)# qinuuq ‘he is upset and fussing’; qinua ‘heis upset with it’ / ciin qinuvakarta? ‘why is
he fussing so much?’; Tuaten-am ilaksaaqluku
cangalkevkenaku. Tua-i-am qinulliniluku,
mernungucamegteggu. ‘They had him amongst
them without being bothered by him, but after
a time they got upset with him because they were
getting tired of him (of his behavior).’ (MAR1
2001:68); Caqerluni tupalliniuq egaleq tua-ipikna qinuaraunani. ‘One day when he wokeup, the window up there was still and quiet.’(YUU 1995:96); > qinucetaar-, qinuir-, qinuite-,qinurqe-; < PE qinuqinu-2 to send a son- or daughter-in-law back to
his/her parents because he or she is not a being agood spouse for one’s child; to expel (him) fromthe village #qinucetaar- to provoke deliberately, especially byteasing; to annoy # qinucetaaraa ‘he is provoking
her’ / kinguqliin qinucetaanrilgu! ‘stop
provoking your younger sibling!’; < qinu-cetaaq
qinuciara- to suffer delirium as before death #Tua-i-ll’ caqerluni tuquqatallermini tauna
tua-i Apaqassugaq . . . tua-i qinuciaratekliniluku
tuquqataami. ‘Then one day when he was about

qinquur- — qip’arte-

to die he hallucinated [seeing] Apaqussugaq . . .
since he was about to die.’ (QAN 1995:142); <qinu-?qinuir- to quiet down (of a child); to calm down (ofa person or the weather) # qinuirtuq ‘he calmed
down’ / Tamaa-i tua-i tuquagnek nunat imkut
tua-i qinuirutliniluteng. ‘Then when they2 diedthat village became peaceful.’ (QUL 2003:456);< qinu-irqinuite- to be quiet (of a child); to be calm (of aperson or the weather) # qinuituq ‘he or it iscalm’ / qinuunani ‘(he/it) being calm’; < qinuite1-; > qinuitneq; < PE qinu&it- (under PE qinu-)
qinuitneq peace # Catholic term; < qinuite-neq2
qinurqe- to pester; to provoke # qinurqaa ‘he is
provoking her’ / Camek tua-i qinurqestaunateng
nutaan tuani uitalliniluteng nunani. ‘Now they
lived in that village without anyone creating
disharmony among them.’ (QAN 1995:124);< qinu-rqe2Qinuyang South Naknek #qinuyunqegg- to be untamed; to be wild # NUN
qipalluraq inner canthus (inner corner of eye
around tear duct) #qip’aq thick intertwined thread # qipiuq ‘sheis making thread’; Kuvyait-wa cali qip’at
yualut. ‘And their nets [were made from] thick,intertwined sinew.’ (YUU 1995:66); < qipe-aq1;> qip’arpak, qip’ayagaq
qip’arpak rope # NUN; < qip’aq-rpak
qip’artaar- to play or compete with a slanted poleover which one flips trying to land on the feet #Pugutiini amigmek pilliniak, kitak-gguq keggani
qasgim uqrani qip’artaarnaurtut, muragaq
kapulluku qeckaraluku qip’artaatullruut. (Wii-ll’
naspaaqtang’erma kanarma ulpiartelallruunga
nalluamku.) ‘As soon as he came out the door,
they2 asked him to join in flipping in the lee ofthe kashim, as they used to put a pole slantedin the ground and compete in flipping over thepole. (Even though I tried, I would somersault,
landing head down because I didn’t know how.)’(KIP 1998:227); < qip’arte-aqip’arte- to suddenly twist; to turn sharply # . . .
uyanga’rtuq, a¥gna-llu-gguq qayaan pamyua
qip’arrluku. ‘. . . he looked ahead and saw thatthe tail of his kayak turning sharply [around thebend].’ (QUL 203:486); < qipte-arte-571

qipaun — qisranBases

qipaun net shuttle; net-hanging needle # < qipe-?-n# NUN
qip’ayagaq* smaller diameter intertwined thread;wire (NUN meaning) # < qip’aq-ya(g)aq
qipe- to twist; to ply thread # qip’uq ‘it is twisting’;
qipaa ‘he is twisting it’ / Taluluni tuaten
imkunek yualunek, makut ungungssit cat,tuntut taqukat-llu yualuitnek waten qupurrluki,
qupurrerraarluki qip’iluki, qip’urluki yualuktullruit
tamaani. ‘They split that sinew; they’d ply thesinew of these animals, the caribou and theseal, and after they’d plied it, they’d make plied
thread, by intertwining the sinew; that’s how
they used them for thread back then.’ (ELL
1997:138); > qip’aq, qipaun, qiperrlugte-, qipte-,
qipneq, Qipneq, Qip’ngayaq, qipsaq, qipsuun,
qipuurayaq, qipumaqiperrlugte- to fret actively and noisily # of a dog
pulling on its chain and making noise, or of a fussing
child, or of a person tossing in his sleep; qiperrlugtuq‘it is fretting’, ‘he is tossing in his sleep’ / Tua
qiperrlugpegnani tua-i maligtaquuraulluni taukuk
angayuqaagmi tayima alerquaguralaagni
maligtaquurautesqelluku. ‘Without making afuss he went along because his parents used togive him guidance and had him follow it.’ (ELL
1997:136); < qipe-rrluk
qipiamcetaaq toy for boys; bolas # NUN
Qipneq Kipnuk # village on the coast south of Nelson
Is. in the Canineq area; Qipnermiut ‘the people ofKipnuk’; < qipe-neq1
qipneq bend in a river # Cakmani-gguq qipnerem,
kuigem qipneran– anelrarluni kuik tamana
qipluni-llu. Wani-gguq amatiini uitauq qipnerem.
‘Downriver, at the bend, the river’s bend — going
downriver the river turns. He lived behind thebend.’ (QAN 1995:46): < qipe-neq1
Qip’ngayak Black River # site on the coast south of themouth of the Yukon
qipsaq, qipsak screw; thread on a pipe or bolt #Qaillun tua-i nuqtengraan a¥g’arngaitniluku.
Cunawa-gguq qipsamek, ellminek qipulluni
itetulimek agavigluni. ‘No matter how it was
pulled, they say it wouldn’t come out. The reason
was that it was hung with a screw setup thatwould twist itself in.’ (QUL 2003:366); = qivvsaq;< qipe-yaq, qipe-yaq
qipsuun screwdriver or other device for twisting #< qipe-cuun

qipte- to go in a curve; to return; to go around thebend # qiptuq ‘he followed a curve, or turned
back’; qiptaa ‘he followed a curve around it
or sent it back’ / qipyutaa ‘he took it back towhere it came from, returned it’; Ayumian
tayima qipcan kingunrakun. Maaten tua nakirneq
man’ igvaryartuarluku pillinia, ava-i a¥gna
qipteksaitellinil’. ‘Then he went around the bend,[that one was right] behind him. He could see
a straight part of the river and noticed that theone ahead hadn’t gone around the bend.’ (QUL
2003:644); . . . qayameggnun ekurluki ta¥gamt’ll’ qipyulluki nunameggnun. ‘. . . putting theminto their kayaks they then took them back to theirvillage.’ (WEB1); < qipe-?-; > qip’arteqipuma- to be twisted; to be warped # physicallyor in one’s character; qipumauq ‘it is twisted’;
Iignegun tangellra assirluni qamna ta¥gken
iluani, umyugaan alerquutii qipumalriatun
ayuqluni. ‘In the eyes she’s attractive, but inside
her, the moral character is as if it’s twisted.’ (YUP
2005:176); < qipe-maqipuurayaq drill # LI; < qipe-ur-?
qiqia- to harass sexually # NUN
qiqiullek ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) #NUNqiqiyiayuli hawk (species ?) # HBC; < imitative and-yuli
qiqli- to harden (of prints in snow); to be stuck open(of a trap) # NUN
qiri- to want something from someone # NUN
qirruarte- (qiruarte ?) to mope when bothered bysomeone # NUN
qirussiq* decorative appendage # ornament on
hat, mask or dance baton; Maa-i enirarautet
makut ta¥gaam qirussiit cimilartut. ‘The
only things that changed on dance sticks
were the ornaments.’ (TAP 2004:59); Waten
ilait kegginaqut qirussingqerrlallruut, cat
imarpigmiutaat tengmilqut–murag-man’a watenta¥gaam akagenqeggaqluni canek melqunek
pingqerraqlun’. Unatnek-llu agaluteng,unaksuarnek, qirussit iliitnun pimaluteng. ‘Someof the masks have appendages. Certain ocean bird
masks were ringed with wooden strips withfeathers on them. Little human hand carvings
would hang from the appendages.’ (AGA 1996:102)
qisran pouch # such as a pouch for a harpoon head;
includes pouch-like things such as the calyxes of572

Basescloudberries; qisratairai atsalugpiat ‘she removed
the calyxes from the cloudberries’; Aren tamakut
imkut qayat pugtertellriit tuaten pitegcautemengqisraksuarait katagturluki . . . ‘So those kayaks
floating down there were dropping some of
their little arrow containers . . .’ (ELL 1997:388);= qesran; cf. issran
qissengqa- to be pouting # qissengqauq ‘he ispouting’ / HBC; < qisserte-ngqaqisserte- to pout # qissertuq ‘he pouted’; qissertaa‘he pouted at her’ / HBC; > qissengqa-; cf. qissiq
qissinga- to be insane; to be rabid # qissingauq ‘heis insane’ / < qiste-ngaqissiq lip # qissik ‘lips’; qissiqa ‘my lip’; NUN;
> qissiryaraq; cf. qisserte-; < PY qisiq
qissiryaraq tunnel entrance or log at doorway to
old-time house # NUN; < qissiq-yaraq
Qissunaq Kashunak # river and old village site near
Hooper Bay and Chevak; the people of Qissunaq now
live mostly in Chevak.
qiste- to have a convulsion or seizure; to go berserk;
to become rabid # qistuq ‘he had a fit’ /> qissinga-, qistetu-; < PE qi(C)0t- and qitqistetu-, qistelar- to be epileptic; to be subject toseizures # qistetuuq or qistelartuq ‘he is epileptic’/ Ataneq, qetunraqa takumcukiu, qistelartuq,
nangteqeqapiggluni-llu. ‘Lord, have mercy on
my son; he is subject to seizures and and suffers
greatly.’ (MATT. 17:15); < qiste-tu-, < qistelarqiteq window frame; skylight frame # . . .
unugni qavallratni qasgimi, caviggani taunaanulluku, qasgim egalran qitran acianun, . . . ,nuniutelliniluku, . . . ‘. . . at night when they were
sleeping in the kashim, he went out with hisknife, and under the kashim’s skylight’s frame,
he jabbed it into the soil, . . .’ (PAI 2008:420); see
Appendix 9 on parts of house; = qiitek
qitevte- to fidget, squirm, and babble (of children);to jabber; to be speaking any language otherthan Yup’ik; to speak English # qitevtuq ‘he isspeaking English’ / qit’vutaa ‘he is speaking to
him in English’; qitevcuumiituq ‘he doesn’t careto speak English’; Ellii-am tua-i elicukapiggluni,
aaniita-llu elicesqumalliamiu Kass’atun
nallunrilkeµinek apertuuqurluku. Qitevcuilamillu qitevcaramek elicungcarpek’naku. ‘She wanted
to learn very much, and because her mother
wanted her to learn English she taught her whatlittle she knew. Because [her mother] didn’t

qissengqa- — qiu

actually speak English, she didn’t teach her how
to speak it.’ (ELN 1990:13); > qitevnga-; < PE
qit0v0(t)qitevnga- to speak English usually or well #qitevngauq ‘he speaks English usually or well’ /< qitevte-ngaqitngayug- to not be able to look right at someone
due to respect; to be shy # NUN
qitngir- emotional root; > qitngiqe-, qitngirnarqe-,
qitngiryug-; < PE qit&i3qitngiqe- to be dazzled by (it — bright light) #qitngiqaa ‘he is dazzled by it’ / < qitngir-keqitngirnarqe- to be dazzlingly bright #qitngirnarquq ‘it is dazzling’ / qitngirnaqvaa‘how bright it is!’; < qitngir-narqeqitngiryug- to be dazzled by bright light #qitngiryugtuq ‘he is dazzled’ / Eglerrluni,
eglerrluni imumek alqunaq waniwa-llu
tekiteqarraqatanritaak cevv’artuq tanqigmun,
arenqiatuq tengauyunaircami iggluni
kiarcunailagnek pamkuk iigni qitngiryuum
ugaani. ‘He traveled on, and suddenly — he
was not about to get to it — he cut through tothe bright light, and oh dear, because it was
impossible for him to fly, he dropped down since
his eyes couldn’t see due to the dazzling light.’(MAR2 2001:23); < qitngir-yugqiu blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum); water sky(reflection of open water in the middle of an ice
field seen as a dark blue area in the sky) # andqiu- to be or become bluish # qiuguq or qiugaa‘it is or became bluish’ / Iqvaraqluteng-llu qiunek
akutarkameggnek. ‘They would pick blueberries
to use in their Eskimo ice cream.’ (PRA 1995:461(see 1997 or further reprintings) ); Tua-i-llu qiut
piata cali iqvarluteng tamakunek. ‘And when
the blueberries were ready, they picked them
too.’ (ELN 1995:43); Tua-i-llu nererraarluteng
keniramek tamakunek qiurpaungalngurnek cikiani
ellii naspaaluni tua-i neqniqpiarluni. ‘Then after
eating the cooked food, he gave her some ofthose things that looked like big blueberries, andshe tried them and they were very tasty.’ (ELN
1990:113); = qeyu-; > qiugaarculleq, qiugcete-,qiugliq, qiuguciaranga’artellria, qiukcaq, qiuneq,
qiungaar(ar)-, qiuq, qiuracetaaq, qiurliq, qiurqe-,
qiute-, qiuryaq, qiugtalek; cf. qesur-; < PE
qiyu(!)(-)

573

qiugaaq — qivru-

Basesqiugaaq bluish area; water sky (reflection of open
water in the middle of an ice field seen as adark blue area in the sky); shade of new growthof hair on a man’s face # Ak’aniunrituq-gguq
yun’erra’ar an’uq qiugaariluni, ungangaarluni.
‘Before long a young man came out, with theshade of new hair growth on his face as he was justbeginning to get whiskers.’ (CUN 2008:60);< qiu-?
qiugcete-, qiuglircete- to be blue # Imarpik-llu un’atua-i mertaunani ecirluku. Tauna ta¥gaam tua-i,
nanvatun tua-i waten ayuqurluni piami, quliii
pikna qiucequrallinilria. ‘The ocean out there hadno open water, being covered with a thin filmof ice. But because that one place was in fact
[open] like a lake, up above it there was a blue
reflection.’ (CIU 2005:6); < qiu-cete2-, qiugliqcete2qiuggiq hermit crab # NUN
qiugguiq crack in shore ice # NUN
qiugliq blue color; blue thing # Qaillun qucillgaam
iik qiugliurtellrak. ‘How the crane’s eyes became
blue.’ (PRA 1995*:396); = qiurliq, qesurliq,
qeyurliq; < qiu-li1; > qiurpak
qiuguciaranga’artellria young man who has
recently begun to show dark shade of facial hair
# < qiu-?-nge-ar(ar)te-lria
qiugtalek teal duck (species ?) # NSU; < qiu-?-lek
qiukcaq yearling, gray beluga # NSU; < qiu-?
qiuneq Mongolian spot on lower back of Eskimos
and other Mongoloid peoples; bluish spot on theskin; hematoma # < qiu-neq4
qiungaar(ar)- to begin to turn blue # < qiu-nge-?
qiuq* boulder; large rock # Maaten-gguq
imna pengumun ugtuq ik’ikika qiurpall’erteggalqurpall’er una. ‘When he got up on the hill,
oh my, there was a big boulder there, a great big
rock.’ (NAA 1970:2); Nuna-llu pektuq, qiuret-llu
qupurluteng, . . . ‘There was an earthquake, andthe rocks split, . . .’ (MATT. 27:51); < PE qi!!u
qiuqlak hair # qiuqliinka plural ‘my hair’; NUN;
< qiur-?
qiur- to shear; to clip off growth; to cut closely (aswhen cutting hair close to the scalp or cutting
grass off at the ground) # qiurtuq ‘he is shearing
something’; qiurai ‘he is shearing them off’ /Aaqiitaayaarrlua¥rluq tua-i-llu una qiuryallinilria,
caneggluni. ‘Dear ol’ Aaqiitaayaarrluaq went to

cut grass stalks, gathering grass.’ (JOE 2008);> qiurcuun; < PE qi!u3qiuracetaaq black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala)# < qiu-?-cetaaq
qiurcuun shears; lawnmower # < qiur-cuun
qiurliq blue color; blue thing # = qiugliq, qesurliq,
qeyurliq; < qiu-li1; > qiurpak
qiurpak all blue # predicative particle; A¥gkut-wa
ingrit qiurpak, canimetngatqapiggluteng. ‘Thosemountains over there were all blue, seemingly
very close by.’ (ELN 1990:47); < qiu-rpak
qiurqe- to make bluish; to bruise # qiurqaa ‘hebruised it, turned it blue’ / . . . kinguvranqamiqun qiurqeciqaa, elpet-llu kitngiakun
kinguvra kegciqan. ‘. . . his descendant will bruise
your head, and you will bite his descendant on
his heel.’ (AYAG. 3:15); < qiu-rqe2qiuryaq, qiuryak (BB form) northern lights; aurora# also plural for the aurora; qiuryiinanrani-gguq
kukumyararquvet qiuryat atrarciqut ayaullutenllu ‘they say that when the aurora is out, if you
whistle, the aurora will come down and take you
away’; = kiuryaq; < qiu-yaq, qiu-yaq; < PE
ki(C)u3ya3qiuryi- to make a crunching or growling noise (aswhen walking on snow, or the stomach growling,
but not an animal growling) # NUN
qiute- to make bluish; to bruise # qiutaa ‘he bruisedit, turned it blue’ / < qiu-te2qivalngucuaq whirlpool # NUN
qivayaq branch # NUN, NSU; < ?-yaq; cf. avayaq
qivigpak in great numbers # adverbial
particle; Kukumyarauluteng anglluq’ertut,
angluq’erraarluteng-llu tagngameng, qivigpak
tengluteng. ‘Being black scoters they dove, andafter they dove, they came up, and flew off ingreat numbers.’ (KIP 1998:311)
qivir- to add to; to supplement # qiviraa ‘heis adding something to it’ / qiviraa akutaq
tan’gerpagnek issuumayagarnek-llu ‘she put
crowberries and raisins in the “Eskimo ice
cream”’; “Akutaryunkeqapigtua.” Akutamek
cikirngani maaten pillia qivirluni yuut cetuitnek.
‘When she gave him some “Eskimo ice cream” hesaw that it had had human fingernails put into it!’(MAR1 2001:65); < PY qivi3qivru- to be heartbroken; to mourn # qivruuq ‘heis brokenhearted, in mourning’ / Aren, atiin

574

Basestaum qanrutekngatgu anluni, qivruq’allermini
taumek qetunrarminek uirlerluku qimugtem
nalatellranek aquiqcaarainanrani. ‘Oh, when
they told his father about it, he went outside
brokenhearted because of the death of his son frombeing mauled by a dog while playing.’ (QUL
2003:132); > qivruke-; < PE qiv3uqivruke- to mourn over; to be sad on account of;
to be grieving for # qivrukaa ‘he is mourningover it, is sad over its loss’ / Elliin-llu waniw’
qetunrani qivruksaaqngamiu tua-i waniw’
qenerrniluni. ‘He said that he was angry, because
he was in grief over his son.’ (QUL 2003:134);< qivru-ke4qivvsaq screw # NUN; = qipsaq; < ?-yaq
qivyunguaq a certain plant (species?) # < qivyuquaq
qivyuq, qivsuq (NS form) underhair; down #meqtaquvet qivyuit allakaqiki ‘when you
pluck (birds), put their down aside’; Imkut-llu
enirarautet cali tuaten qivyurrarnek nuulirluki.
‘Their dance batons had down feathers at the tips.’(AGA 1996:86); > qivyunguaq; cf. qinavyuq,
qenavyuq; < PE qivyu(3)quacerte- to have wrinkled skin from soaking inwater # NI
quagci, quagciq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) #Kinguani taum quagcilluteng kenirluki-llu
puckamun qemaggluki uksurpak cali akutaqluki
nerciqngamegteki. ‘After that, they’d gather
sourdock, cook them and store them in a barrel,
because they’d be eating them in “Eskimo
ice cream” all winter.’ (ELN 1990:43); Y, NSU,
NI, CAN LK, BB, NR, LI; > quagciruaq; < PY
quv0!ci(q)quagciruaq kayak paddle with blade that getsthinner toward tip # < quagciq-uaq
quaguk sharp edge; ridge # . . . quagiluni una.
Quaguin qaingit cali tua-i tevaumaluteng. ‘. . .
this one is made with sharp edges. The surfaces[sides] of its sharp edges have incised grooves.’(CIU 2005:34); > quagulek; < PE qu(C)a!9u!
quagulek three-cornered skin-sewing needle;
glover’s needle # Waten mingqellriani
nauwa amuyaaqelartuq tua-i iliit pisciiganani
mingqutpiakun. Tua-i-llu piciqukut, “Aling
amuyaaqvaa-lli uumi. Quagulegmek cimiqata’arqaamuyaaqsuilngurmek. ‘When sewing sometimes
the needle can’t be drawn through [the skin], if
it’s a regular round needle. Then we say, “Oh my,qivruke- — quasqiarte-

this doesn’t go through well. I’m going to change
to a glover’s needle, which never has trouble being
drawn through.”’ (CIU 2005:240); < quaguk-lek
qualqamyi- to get ripples as water calms from a
disturbance # NUN
quannga- to be stupid # quanngauq ‘he is stupid’ /NSUquaq meat or fish to be eaten raw and frozen # < PE
qu(C)a3; see Adams (21)quarnaq larch; tamarack (tree) (Larix laricina) # Unagguq waniwa quarnaq uqamailnguq aavangtak.
Tua-i waniwa taqumaluni kaugtuutauluni,
makunek tua-i imkunek unarciarkartaqameng
atutuliuluni. ‘This, here, is a heavy tamarack burl.
It has been made into a sledgehammer, or maul,
used when they got wood of the sort used formaking implements.’ (CIU 2005:160); Makutllu cali nekevraartut tamakut tua-i quarnanek
pitukait tegqapiggluteng. ‘And these spruce-liketrees they call “quarnat” [tamarack] are extremely
hard.’ (QAN 2009:302); < ?-naq2
quarruuk stickleback (Pungitius pungitius),
locally needlefish # Tamaani neqait makut
quarruuget, pitaqetuit qaluluki. . . . Quarruuget
ayuqenrilngurteggun taqluki nerlallruit.
Ak’allicirluki, mirluki taryirluki puckamun
ekluki. Ak’allaurcata-llu nerluki. Kenirluki-llu
uqirluki ner’aqluki. ‘In those days they useddipnets to catch sticklebacks. . . . They prepared
the sticklebacks in various ways to eat them.
They’d age them. They’d put them in water, salt
them, put them in barrels. When they were cured
they would eat them. Sometimes they added
seal oil to them after they cooked them and atethem that way.’ (YUU 1995:61); Arnaurluullugii
uyangtuq, quarruuk un’a asguqcaaralria aturluni.
‘The little old lady looked down [over the sideof the boat], and there was this needlefish making
its way upriver, and singing.’ (QUA 1997:29); Y,
HBC, K, NI, BB, NR, LI, EG
quarta1 cataract in the eye # and quarta- to have acataract # quartauq ‘he has a cataract / K, Y, NI,
CAN, NUN, BB; = quverta; < PE quv03t0quarta2 anal itch # and quarta- to have an anal itch
# quartauq ‘he has an anal itch / Y, NUN;
< qu!a3ta(3)quaryarnaq yellow-fin sole (Limanda aspera) # NUN
quasqiarte-, quasqite- to slip # NUN, EG; =qurrasqite-, ¥gasqite-575

qucak — qugtar-

Bases

qucak messy person # and qucag- to be messy #qucagtuq ‘it is a mess’ / qucauguq ‘he is a messy
person’; cf. qucavliqequcakiq black currant (Ribes hudsonianum) # BB
qucavliqe- to not be dexterous # NUN; cf. qucak
qucavvlag- to be messy; to be unkempt # Tua-i
uqlarluni qucavvlagluni. Nuyai-llu tua-ipet’ngumaluteng nuyiurumavkenateng. ‘She
was messy, unkempt. Her hair had sprung out ofplace, not having been combed.’ (CIU 2005:90);< qucak-?-; cf. qucavvluk
qucavvluk, qucanglluk unkempt person; messy
person # Imuunrituq-qaa pangalegturluni ayatuli
qucanglluulrianun napcuumiinani? ‘Isn’t that theone [the story] about the one [animal] that ran
along not wanting to get caught in the trap of the
messy people?’ (CIU 2005:154); < qucak-rrluk; cf.
qucavvlagqucgutaq story knife # and qucgutar- to tellstories illustrating them with a story knife #qucgutartuq ‘she is telling stories using a storyknife’; HBC
qucillgaq* sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) # Tua-lliwa-gguq tauna qucillgaq piyuaqtararalria atsanek
yuarluni. . . . Tuakenirnek-llu-gguq qucillgaat
tamarmeng iingit qiuglircet’lartut. ‘And, theysay, this crane went walking looking for berries.
. . . And ever since then, they say, all cranes’ eyes
have been blue.’ (PRA 1995*:396); = HBC, NI,
CAN, LI, BB, NR; cf. tacellgaq, qucilkuryuk;= qucillngaq
qucillngaq* sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) #Qucillngaam irugni nengllukek mikelnguut
qerarcetai. ‘The crane stretched out its legs and let
the children cross over [on them].’ (KUP 1977:13);
less common variant of qucillgaq
qucilkuryuk sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) #NUN; cf. qucillgaq
qucuniq red-throated loon (Gavia stellata) # HBC,
NUN
quc’urte- to be sad # quc’urtuq ‘he is sad’/ quc’urrluni ‘(he) being sad’; Maurluan
aptaa, “Waqaa akleng tutgara’urluuq, ciin
imutuunripakarcit? Cii¥rluq quc’urpakarcit?”‘His grandmother asked him, “What’s going on,
poor dear, grandson, why are you not your usual
self? Why, poor dear, are you so sad?”’ (NAA
1970:2); Y

qucuvike- to want a garment (which is, however,
too small) # NUN
qugaacitaaq hammer # HBC
qugar- to swell (of prostate) # qugarluku ‘swellingof the prostate’; cf. qurak
qugautnaq wolf fish (Anarhichas sp.) # NI, NUN;
< ?-naq2; < PE qu!9a3utna3 (under PE qu!9a3-)
qugcuaqer- to be startled # qugcuaqertuq ‘he got
startled’ / qugcuaqercitaa ‘he startled her’; HBC,
NUN; < PE qu!lu3qugcuun canine tooth; eyetooth; protruding tooth;supernumerary tooth (canine tooth growing
through gums); wedge; wooden spike; club (forhitting) # Qugcuulvak pakmani elliciquq qasgim
egalran mengliinun. Ciumek pugelria allam
yuum nasqurra’arluku, nasq¥rrakun kaugturciqa
taqinarluku. ‘A big wooden club will be placed up
there by the skylight of the kashim. The otherperson will club the head of the first one to reachthe top instantly killing him.’ (NAA 1970:9);
Una waniwa keputii, ukut-llu waniwa qugcuutai
mellgaraa-llu waniwa una, una-llu ukicissuutii
makut maa-i cassuukarai uitaut. ‘This adze ofhis, his wedges, his carver’s hook, his drill, these
little tools of his, they remain.’ (MAR 2 2001:6);< ?-cuun; cf. equkqugmelnguq* tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) #NR; = equgmelnguq, qungmelnguayaaq;< ?-mete-nguq; cf. equkqugniilnguq* cottonwood (Populus balsamifera) #. . . qulvarviit waten tutemqangqetullruut imumi,
avngulek man’a, qugniilnguq, imna ellegpak,
waten ak’lirturaumaluni . . . ‘. . . the caches had[notched] stairways, balsam poplar, cottonwood[two names in both Yup’ik and English for the sametree], very thick [logs]; from that was made thestairway . . . (CUN 2007:80); LK, CAN; < ?-niitenguq; cf. equkqugnira- for there to be gusts of wind # NUN
qugrute- to be overcrowded # qugrutuq ‘it isovercrowded’; < ?-te3-; cf. qerrellrutequgtar- to gather firewood # qugtartuq ‘he isgathering firewood’; qugtaraa ‘he is gathering
firewood for her or it’ / Ta¥gken atani cakneq
ikasurluku, equgnek-llu ikasuqluku qugtarturluni
kiagmi, equut alaitaqata. ‘However, he’d help
his father, help him with firewood, getting woodin the summer when the firewood appeared [nolonger under the snow].’ (MAR1 2001:30);

576

Bases< ?-tar-2; cf. equkalso spelled equgtar-; < equk-tar2-;> Qugtarvik; < PE q09u!ta3- (under PE q09u!)
Qugtarvik King Salmon River # on the Alaska Pen.;< qugtar-vk
qugtuqaq femur; thighbone < ?-tuqaq; >qugtuqaruaq; cf. equkqugtuqaruaq tall thin pail # literally: ‘imitation
thighbone, ’thing like a thigh’; < qugtuqaq-uaq
quguquguaq pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos)# NR; imitative
qugyinraq* swan quill # Qaqimaluni man’a piuq,
nakruterluni-llu ukunek. Waten ayuqellriit
wangkuta imumi pitullruaput qugyinrarnek,
qugyuum yaq¥rrinek. ‘When finished, it [thearrow] would have these stabilizers. For theones like these [the stabilizers], back then we“qugyinraq”, swan’s wing [feathers].’ (CIU
2005:34); < qugyuk-linraq
qugyuguaq fleabane; groundsel (Senecio congestus)#; Cali-llu qeltairraarluki tayarulunguat,
qanganaruat, atsaruat, qugyuguat-llu ikiituutllu ner’aqluteng. ‘Also, after peeling the fresh
willow shoots, the artemisia, the chamomille, thegroundsel, and the wild celery, they’d eat [them].’(PRA 1995*:461); K; < qugyuk-uaq
qugyuk, qugsuk (NS form) tundra swan (Cygnus
columbianus) # Iliini qugyuut it’gaita amiitnek
mingqaat qaralililallruit. ‘Sometimes they’d makedecorations on their baskets from the skin ofswans’ feet.’ (YUU 1995:60); Qatellriarrlainarnek
qugyugtangqerrsukaqa. ‘I thought that there
were only white swans in existence.’ (YUP
1996:42); qugyuut neqait ‘mare’s-tail (Hippurusvulgaris)’ (BB usage); > qugyinraq, qugyuguaq,
qugyutnguaq; < PE qu!9u!
qugyutnguaq ‘mare’s-tail (Hippurus vulgaris) # Y;
< qugyuk-?-uaq
quilekupiaq ice crystal from extreme cold weather;silvery speckle # and quilekupiar- to have silvery
speckles (on dried fish, or an exterior surface inthe cold) # NUN
quinag- emotional root; Y, HBC, NS, NI; >quinagnarqe-, quinagyug-, quinake-; < PEqu!ina!quinagnarqe- to be repulsive; to be ugly; to be
disgusting; to be earthy # quinagnarquq ‘it isrepulsive, ugly, disgusting, earthy’ / Quinagnamwa nuvevailganga tamaani agleryaurpailegma-

Qugtarvik — qukaq

ll’ tauna tuan’ tekiartellrukeka. ‘I came upon it
before the awareness of earthy matters had sunkin for me, before I started menstruating.’ (AGA
1996:180); < quinag-narqequinagyug- to be disgusted; to be repulsed #quinagyugtuq ‘he finds something disgusting’ /< quinag-yugquinake- to find (it) disgusting # quinakaa ‘he finds
it disgusting’ / Neqet taukut qunguurrniluk’
tegucunaitniluki, quinakluki. ‘They said that the
food had turned into a grave, so that it inhibited
one from taking any of it, as they found it
disgusting.’ (ELL 1997:512); < quinag-ke2qukacengaq*, qukacuayaalek wasp # literally: ‘onewith a little waist’; qukacengaat eniit nallumni
tut’ellruaqa ‘I unknowingly stepped on a wasp
nest’; < qukaq-cengaq, qukaq-cuar(aq)-ya(g)aqlek
qukailitaq belt # EG; < qukaq-ilitaq
qukakiirar- to be in (water, mud, tall grass, etc.)
up to the waist; to extend as far as one’s waist# qukakiirartuq ‘he’s in up to his waist’ /qukakiirarnarquq ‘it’s waist deep’; < qukaqkiirarqukalek nine in playing cards # NUN; < qukaq-lek
qukaq middle; center; waist; lumbar vertebrae;
lower back # and qukar- to reach the midpoint# . . . teq’allermek pilisqe™gani unuakurpak
elagluni, maaten erneq qukaan unatmi tumiik
piak kavirpak qerrarnerek-wa malruk. ‘. . .
she made a pit since she’d been told to do so,
digging all morning, and when the day reached
its midpoint [at noon] she observed that the palmsof her hands were all red and that there were
two blisters there.’ (ELN 1990:42); Kan’a-w’
natran qukaani ukinerpall’er. ‘And in the centerof its floor there was a great big hole.’ (QUL
2003:622); Taum-llu aipaan teguamiki qukaitgun
kepluki, iquatgun-llu usgulluki. ‘And when
his companion took hold of them he cut themthrough their centers, he tied them together attheir ends.’ (CAU 1985:85); iralum qukallra ‘half
moon’; ernerem qukallra, erenrem qukallra,
ernerem qukaryaraa, erenrem qukaryaraa‘noon, midday’; erenrem qukaryarani tekitaa‘the day has reached its midpoint, it is noon’;> qukacengaq, qukailitaq, quakalek, qukaqliq,
qukarneq, qukarralek, qukartuqar-, quki-,qukvir-, qukakiirar-

577

qukaqliq* — qular-Basesqukaqliq* middle one. < qukaq-qliq
qukarneq middle area; midsection of a fish #< qukaq-neq4
quk’arte- to subside (of bad weather) and then startup again # NUN
qukartur- to act on the middle of (it) # qukarturaa‘he did something to it in its middle’/tangrraanga qukartuqerlua ‘he looked at me
squarely in the eye’; . . . yugnun kegginait arnatllu qukarturaluki kegginait tangyuicestait, nutaan
pissungaqameng pitarkanun atupiarluki waten
kiarutkaqamegteki nutaan iingit tuknitulriit.
‘. . . they didn’t want men to look women directlyin the face, so that when they went hunting theireyesight would be strong for seeing the game.’(QUL 2003:48); < qukaq-tur2qukarralek nine in cards # NI; < qukaq-rraq-lek
qukassaq old-fashioned rope used for hanging fish
# EG; < quka-?
quke- to refrain from going from house to houseduring one particular day of the “Qaariitaaq”(“Asking Festival”) # on the other days of which thepeople did go from house to house; HBC; cf. qukaq
quki- hit or otherwise act right in the center ofsomething # Tua-i-gguq imna asaaquq ayalria,
atrarluni-llu; arenqiapaa-gguq maklak tauna
pugtainanrani qemirrlua tua-i qukiqapiarluku
tamana kapuckalliniuq, makliim qemirrlua. ‘And
then, it is said, that flying harpoon descended;and oh my when that bearded seal surfaced, it hit
right in the middle of its back, it penetrated, [into]
the bearded seal’s back.’ (CIU 2005:58); < quka-i3qukilngu- to have one’s ears hurt by loud noise# qukilnguuq ‘his ears hurt from the noise’ /Iquklitqatallrani tua yaan’ quyigiqerluni pillrani
tua-i niitellngunaqluni iqukliartelliniluni.
Qavcirqunek-gguq tua tuatnauq. Arcariinarluni
taun’ iqua qukilngunarqellra. ‘As it (the song)came to an end, the pitch of her voice got so highthat it was painful to hear. She did that several
times. Its earsplitting end got worse and worse.’(ELL 1997:204); “Ui”-llrani erinii qukilngunaqluni
akngirnaqluni. ‘When he made a “wee” soundhis voice became earsplitting and painful. (YUU
1995:110); < qukir-lnguqukir- to hurt or be hurt in the ears, or annoyed,by loud noise # qukirtuq ‘his ears hurt from thenoise’ / qukirtaa ‘he is hurting her ears with hisnoise’; qukirtarpenga ‘you’re hurting my ears

with your noise’; NUN, NS; > qukilngu-; < PE
quki3Qukitiiq Fourth of July holiday # Yuut
aqvautelartut Qukitiimi. ‘People have races on the
Fourth of July.’ (YUP 1996: ); < quki-(u)tiiq
qukvir- to part and pull back each half # qukviraa‘he parted it’ / nuyiurraarlua qukvirainuyanka ‘after combing my hair she partedit’; Aren erinani-gguq ancaku qayat imkut
avegyartulliniluteng, qukvirluteng. ‘Oh, when
he let out his voice, all those kayaks started todivide, parting and moving aside.’ (ELL 1997:392);< qukaq-?-; < PY qukvi3qulae area above; ten; ten in cards # qulii ‘the area
above it’, or ‘its deck-stringer’; nem quliikun
tengssuun kiturtuq ‘the plane passed over thehouse’; Ugkut-wa-gguq cali nakacuut amiigem
quliini ecupiat. ‘Those bladders up above the door
were very dim.’ (YUU 1995:87); . . . tengaurluteng
nunam qul’ariikun.’ ‘. . . flying through the area
above the land.’ (NAAQ 11:31); the use of thisword for the number ten is because there are ten
digits in the upper part of the body; qula ‘ten’, whenused in counting: malrunlegen, pingayunlegen,qulngunrita’ar, qula ‘seven, eight, nine, ten’;qulen (or qulet) ‘ten’, when used in a sentence: Tuallu ukut uqulegayagaat qulen uitalliut nanvamce÷iini. ‘The ten little pintail ducks evidently
stayed on the shore of the lake.’ (PEK 1977:25);
qulnek pingqertua ‘I have ten’; qulnguut ‘they
are ten in number’; qultun or qul’tun ‘forten (dollars)’; see Appendix 6 on the numerals;> qulair-, qularaq, qulcungaq, quleqsig-,
quletmun, qullsur-, qulmurte-, qulqin, qulruarte-,qulvani, qulvarqulngunritaraan, qulnguyan,
qulngurutailnguut; cf. qulaq*, qularaq, quliq,
qulliq, qussig-, quyig-; < PE qul0qulaq*, qula fore or aft deck-stringer of a kayak #Makut-llu cali unarcianek cauyanret, cauyarait,
paingit-llu qulaat-llu pagkut. ‘And they makethe ribs as well as the cockpit and deck stringers
out of straight-grained wood.’ (PAI 2008:266);
see Appendix 9 on the parts of the kayak; cf, qulae;> qularaq
qulagirte- to visit # qulagirtuq ‘he is visiting’;
qulagirtaa ‘he is visiting him’/ EG
qulair- to pass over # qulairaa ‘it passed over it’ /< qule-ir2qular- to intentionally omit something while
speaking # Tamaa-i qularyugnaunateng

578Basesqul’ar- — quliraq1

qularaq fore and aft lengthwise deck stiffeners ofkayak # see Appendix 9 on the parts of the kayak;< qulaq-?
qulcungaq eight in playing cards # NUN, NI;< qula-cungaq
quleqsig- to be located high # quleqsigtuq ‘it is highup’ / quleqsigiuq ‘it is getting higher’; < quleqsigquletmun upward # adverbial particle; Tua-i-llu
anngameng ellii ciuggluni quletmun piuq imna
ella amirluunani, akercirluni-llu. ‘And when theycame out, she tilted her head upward and saw
that that sky wasn’t cloudy, and in fact it was
sunny.’ (PRA 1995:429); < qule-tmun
quli- to make aged fish (Dolly Varden, trout, or
silver salmon) in fall and freeze them in rocklined ditches for winter use # NUN; < quluk-li2qulic’aq oldest one; firstborn #qulicungaq older brother # Qulicungama-w’ tua-iqanemcillra man’a nalluyagucuilkeka. ‘I neverforget what my older brother related.’ (KIP
1998:125); CAN, NI; < quli(’caq)-cungaq
qulig- to crack (as from dryness); to suffer greatthirst (even to the point of death) # quligtuq or
quligaa ‘it cracked’ / ellalliqsailan naucetaarvik
qulinguq ‘because it hasn’t rained the garden(soil) is cracking’; . . . Moses-aamun qanerluteng,“Ciin anucikut Egypt-aamek quligtelluta
tuquvkaryarturluta irniaput-llu ungungssiputllu?” ‘. . . saying to Moses, “Why have you
brought us out of Egypt, letting us die of thirstalong with our children and livestock?”’ (ANUC.
17:3); > qulineq; < PY quli!quliik back (anatomical) # HBC; cf. quliq
qulineq crack # < qulig-neq2
qulip’ak, qulip’agaq skin boot with beaver
trimming # NS
quliq side rail of sled # see Appendix 9 on the parts ofthe sled; cf. qula, quliik, qulliq; < PE quli3
quliranguarrsuun story knife # EG; < quliraq-uaqcuun
quliraq1, qulir(aq) legend; traditional story; subjectof a traditional story # handed down by word of
mouth and involving fictional, mythical, legendary,or historical characters, or animals taking on humancharacteristics, told for entertainment and edification;
Una wani uluaq umyuartequtaqa waniwa
qulirauluku niigartellruaqa, . . . ‘I remember
this [kind of] semilunar knife; I heard about ita¥gkut ciuliat taringepiartelluki ayagyuateng
qanrutetullrukait tamaa-i. ‘Those elders did
not keep things from their young people, buttaught them everything they needed to know
and understand.’ (YUP 2005:156); Wangkuta
tan’gurrarni ellangarteqarraallemte÷i qularluteng
pillrunritut tungemte÷un arcaqerluku mat’um
arnam tungiinun. . . . Qulautekevkenaku
navguuteklerkaa uum arnam ap’lallinikiit
wangkutnun. Tua-i qularpek’nateng.’ When
we young men first became aware of oursurroundings, those people did not withhold
things from us, especially about women. . . . They
told us ways a woman can harm and ruin us
without remorse. They did not withhold things.’(YUP 2005:162); Apeqmeggnek qularpek’nateng
qanrutkenritengnaqevkenaku.’ It was what
they termed “qularpek’nateng” (not withholding
information), which means they didn’t try tocensor anything.’ (ELD 1984:24); cf. qul’arqul’ar- to refrain from talking about something;
to refrain from saying the name of someone
recently deceased by calling a similarly named
object by a different word # this widespread
Eskimo practice resulted in the adoption of descriptive
terminolgy for objects (including body parts) thatbear the name of the deceased; the original term wasreinstated after a child was born and given the nameof the deceased, but in some cases the substitute term
had become so well established that it remained in use;qul’artuq ‘he is refraining from saying the nameof a deceased person in this way’; qul’aryaraq‘the practice of giving objects new names (for thisreason)’; Uani-am nunamta nuniini Nuqarrluut
amllertut atret. Tamana tua-i piluku cali ilaita,
wagg’uq qul’arluteng “Egutnek” piaqluki.
Ukut wani Tuntutuliarmiut qul’arenqegtut,
qulautekluki apqiitnek. Tamakut-llu piunrillret
apenrilkurquratullruamegteki tamaani. ‘Down
around our area, there are have been many
people named “Nuqarrluk” (literally: “oldatlatl”). So some people call them (the atlatls)“egutet” (literally: “throwers”), thus refraining
from saying the name of the dead. The people from
Tuntutuliak follow the custom of refraining fromsaying the names of the dead, it’s called practicing“qul’ar(yaraq)” toward them. Back then (it wasdone) because they would avoid saying the namesof those who had passed away.’ (CIU 2005:52); cf.
qular-

579

quliraq*2 — qulngurun

Bases
qulliq* top one; upper one; attic # qulliqut ‘they
are stacked one on top of the other’; qulliqellriit‘things that are stacked one above the other’;Tua-i-llu Kuul’tilakessaaq mayurluni qullirmun,
naspaaluki-llu ingleret. ‘And then Goldilocks
went up to the attic, and tried out the beds.’(KUU 1973:21); Yukutaq nem qullikacagiinun
pikuni, nem maqarqutii tamaanelnguq
assiiruciiquq amlleq-llu kiiq cagmaryaurciiqluni
amllermek-llu akimek cagmarciqluni. ‘Ifmoisture gets into the attic of the house [above
the insulation], the entire insulation of the housecan be ruined, and much heat will begin to belost, and also much money will be wasted.’ (GET
n.d.:7); ingelrek qulliqellriik ‘bunk-bed’; cf. qula,qulliq; < PE qulli3
Qulliq Lake Nerka # one of the Wood-Tikchik lakes
near Dillingham; this word may be the name of only
part of the lake
Qull’iq* Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia # also pluralfor the peninsula; Qull’irmiut ‘residents of the
Chukchi Peninsula’; NSU
qullsur-, qul’ssur- (Y form), qulyug- to be or cost ten
dollars # qullsurtuq ‘it costs ten dollars’ / < qulecur-, qule-cur-, qule-yugqulmurte- to rise; to go up; to ascend # qulmurtuq‘it is going up’ / < qule-murtequlngunritara(aq*) nine # literally: ‘not quiteten’; qulngunrita’ar ‘nine’, when used incounting: pingayunlegen, qulngurita’ar,qula ‘eight, nine, ten’; qulngunritaraan (orqulngunritaraat) ‘nine’, when used in a sentence:qulngunritaraan yuut taillruut ‘nine people
came’; qulnguritaraugut ‘they are nine in
number’; qulngunrita’arnek qimugtengqertua‘I have nine dogs’; qulngunritaraat ‘the ninth
one of them’; Alerquutet qulngunritaraat: ilan
piciliryaqunaku.’ (YUA 1945:44 & LIT 1972:21);
The ninth commandment: Thou shalt not bearfalse witness.’ See Appendix 6 on numerals;< qula-u-nritar(ar)qulngurun tenth (one or part) # . . . cikiutvet-llu
tamalkuita qulngurutait tunlarciqanka . . .
‘. . . of all that you give I will surely give one
tenth . . .’ (AYAG. 28:22); Alerquutet qulngurutiit:
ciknayaqunak ilavet iliinek . . . ‘The tenthcommandment: Thou shalt not covet thyneighbor’s . . .’ (YUA 1945:44 & LIT 1972:21);< qule-u-?-n

as the subject of a story.’ (CIU 2005:174); Quliraq
tauna, nukalpiaq taun’ qetqaci’irtellermini
tua-i qetqaciraucimitun tuqulliniluni, . . . ‘The
subject of the traditional story, the man in his
prime, when he fell on his back, just when hefell on his back, he died, . . .’ (AGA 1996:114);
Quli’irmek tutgara’urluquralriignek kiimek . . .
‘It’s a story about a grandson and grandmother
who lived by themselves . . .’ (CUN 2007:116); >quliranguarrsuun; qulirarta, quliri-; < PE quli3a3quliraq*2 very old dwelling site, said to be of first
Yup’ik people, around Russian Mission andGoodnews Bay # cf. quliraq1
qulirarta storyteller; Protestant minister (in someareas where agayulirta (q.v.) is reserved for a
Roman Catholic or Russian Orthodox priest) #< quliraq-ta1
quliri- to tell a legend # quliriuq ‘he is tellinga legend’; quliria (or quliritaa) ‘he is telling
her a legend’ / Tuaten tua-i ava-i qulirilriatun
yuralartut arnat, elicelluki piciryaraitnek.
‘The women danced as if they were relating alegend, letting them [the audience] learn fromtheir [the dances’] movements.’ (TAP 2004:66);. . . maurlumeggnek apa’urlumeggnekllu quliristengqetullruata tamaani, wiinga
maurlungqellrunrilama apa’urluunii-llu
qulirilriamek niicuitellruunga. ‘. . . when they[others] had storytellers in the persons of their
grandmothers and grandfathers back then, I
myself, since I didn’t have a grandmother ofgrandfather, never heard people telling stories.’(CIU 2005:406); < quliraq-li2qulitaq design from caribou fawn skin sewn onto aparka; type of traditional Yup’ik parka with twopieces of calfskin on the back (called by the same
name as the parka design), and two calfskinpieces on the chest (called cauyak) # worn in the
coastal (Canineq?) areas; cf. qulitequlite- to wash hair. qulituq ‘he is washing his own
hair’; qulitaa ‘he is washing her hair’; also qulitai‘he is washing them’ (hair) or ‘he is washing
their hair’ / Tua-i-llu taukuk arnak qulitellinilutek
nuyatek kituggluki, qaisek-llu kituggluku. ‘Those
two women washed their hair, fixed their hair, andfixed their clothes.’ (MAR1 2001:18); Mermekllu pivkenata teq’umek qulitevkarluta. ‘We didn’t
use water; they had us wash our hair with urine.’(CAU 1985:65); cf. qulitaq; < PE qulit-

580

Basesqulngurutailnguut nine # Qulngurutailnguatni
Ilalkescillra. ‘At the ninth Station of the Cross.’(CAT 1950:67); see Appendix 6 on numerals; NS, Y;< qula-u-?-n-ite1-nguq
qulnguyan nine # see Appendix 6 on numerals; BB, LI;< qula-u-?-nqulqin, qulqervik shelf # qulqitet ‘cupboard’;Pelatekam iluani estuulurtarluni, kaminiamek,
qulqitnek, ingleret-wa. ‘Inside the tent there was atable, a stove, shelves, and beds.’ (PRA 1995*:460);< qule-?-n, qule-?-vik
qulrarvik elevated cache # EG; < qula-?-vik
qulvarvik elevated cache # Maaten tekicarturaa
tauna ena puyirluni, qulvarvik-wa elatiini. ‘As
he was about to get to that house, he observedthat there was smoke coming up from it, andthere was an elevated cache outside of it.’ (MAR2
2001:100); Y, K, BB, NR, LI; < qulvar-vik
qulruarte- to overshoot above the target; tomiss by shooting too high; to go above (it) #qulruartuq ‘it overshot’; qulruartaa ‘he overshot
it’ / Ellakun-ll’ anguarluteng qulruarqaqluku
pitaqsugnaitem ugaani kituraqluku pilallinilriit.
‘And he would paddle through the air, going
above them, unable to catch them, he’d pass rightover them.’ (ELL 1997:326); < qule-?qulucuk hump on person’s back # cf. qulugte-; < PE
qulucu!
qulugcaraq sourdough pancake # LI; < ?-yaraq; cf.
quluk
qulugneq hump on the back # ungungssiq
qulugnelek ‘camel’; Tua-i Sarai pitekluku
atanrata Abram-aaq elluarrluku ciuniuraa,
cikirluku-llu qusnginek qusngirngalngurnek,
kuluvagnek, ciulvagnek, piste÷ek, ungungssinekllu qulugnelegnek. ‘On account of Sarai, their chief
greated Abram properly, and gave him sheep,goats, cows, donkeys, slaves, and camels (humped
animals).’ (AYAG. 12:16); < qulugte-neq1
qulugte- to be hunchbacked or stooped # qulugtuq‘he is hunchbacked or stooped’ / ungungssiq
qulugtellria ‘camel’; Ungungssiq qulugtellria
mingqutem iingakun itlerkaa qacignarqenruuq
tukuulriim Agayutem angayuqauvianun
itlerkaani. ‘It is easier for a camel (humped
animal) to go through the eye of a needle thanfor a rich man to enter God’s kingdom.’ (MARK
10:25)
quluk aged fish (Dolly Varden, trout, or silver

qulngurutailnguut — qumcir-

salmon) made in fall and then frozen for winteruse (NUN meaning); aged blackfish preparedby placing them in a grass of moss line hole in
the ground (CAN meaning) # = qussuk; > quli-;
qulungnaq; cf. qulugcaraq; < PY quluk
qulungnaq aged blackfish # NS; < quluk-naq2
qulungllugte- to be baggy; to be soggy; to not beenergetic # NUN
quluuraq sulfur; brimstone; Hell # Atanrem-llu
ellallircetaa Sodom-aamun Gomorrah-mun-llu,
kenermek quluuramek-llu, . . . ‘And the Lordrained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah fireand brimstone, . . .’ (AYAG. 19:24); Assiitellrianun
yugnun pircirceciiqaa kumalrianek qetegnek
quluuramek-llu; ‘On the wicked he will rainburning coals and sulfur;’ (PSALM 11:6); Ukuk
malruk egcimauk unguvarrarmek nanvamun
quluuramek ekualramun. ‘The two of them where
thrown alive into the lake of burning sulfur.’(REVE. 19:20)
qulvaq area high up # and qulvar- to elevate #qulvartuq ‘it is put up’; qulvaraa ‘he put it ina higher place’ / qulvaumauq ‘it is elevated’;qulvanek ‘from high up’; Tengengami
tua-i mayulliniluni pagaavet qulvanun.
Tua-i mernullerkani piluku tua-i qulvani
yaqiucuaqaqluni tengaurturalliniluni. ‘When
she flew, she went upward to high above. And in
as much as she’d become tired, high above she
flapped her wings now and then as she’d fly.’(AGA 1996:218); < qula-var-; > qulvarvik
Qulvinraq Kolavinarak River # the stream along thesoutheastern side of Nelson Is.
qumaq tapeworm often found in fish or seal #qumiquq ‘he or it has tapeworms’; Cam cam
uum asmuurmianga qumiim cam . . . ‘Some sortof a tapeworm is tearing me apart . . .’ (part of chantor song) (MAR2 2001:100); < quma(3)qumaqite- to be totally preoccupied with sex,
becoming enervated # apparently of men
only; qumaqituq ‘he is “sex crazy”’ / angun
pissutuli aglenrarmek arniuquni qumaqiciiquq,
picuirulluni-llu ‘if a hunter gets sexually
involved with a woman who just menstruatedfor the first time, he will be “sex crazy” and will
no longer be able to hunt’; = qumiqitequmcir- emotional root; NUN; > qumciryug-,qumcirnarqe-, qumcitar-; cf. qungvag-; < PY
qumci(3)-581

qumciryug- — qungag-

Basesqumciryug- to feel ticklish # qumciryugtuq ‘he feels
ticklish’ / NUN; < qumcir-yugqumcirnarqe- to make one ticklish # qumcirnarquq‘it makes one ticklish’ / NUN; < qumcir-narqequmcirtar- to be ticklish by nature # qumcirtartuq‘he is ticklish by nature’ / NUN; < qumcir-tar1qume- to freeze # qum’uq or qumaa ‘it froze’/ Tuamtellu ilii anagullutek piluguugni
mecungtellrullinikatek cingiryaraak qumuskaku
tauna cal’ tua cingiryaraak patgumaaqluku. ‘And
if one’s skin-boots had gotten too wet and theirbootlace froze to it, they’d put their hands over it(to thaw the lace).’ (QUL 2003:2); HBC, NUN, NI
qumig-, qumiar- to hold inside (clothing) # andqumik, qumiaq enclosed thing; thing inside;
fetus (additional meaning for HBC, NUN, NS, Y)# qumigtuq ‘he put something inside’; qumigaa‘he put it inside’ / qumigluku anutaa irniani ‘shebrought her child outside, holding it inside’ (herparka); Ataki tang tauna tua-i qumia nep’ngekan
pinerrliquteqernauqa, tua-i qanrusnguaqaqia‘See here, tell me if her fetus starts being stuck[during birth] so I can help her [to give birth].’(QUL 2003;512); > qumilek, qumingequmilek pregnant woman; prune (BB meaning); #literally: ‘one with a thing inside’; < qumik-lek
quminge- to get pregnant # quminguq ‘she
got pregnant’ / qumingellemni ‘when I got
pregnant’; < qumik-ngequmiqite- to be totally preoccupied with sex
becoming enervated # apparently of men only;
qumiqituq ‘he is sex-crazed’ / = qumaqitequmli- emotional root; > qumlike-, qumlinarqe-,
qumliyugqumlike- to be annoyed at (him); to feel contemptfor (him); to scoff at (him) # qumlikaa ‘he isannoyed at him’ / Ilaita-gguq qanrutaqacetengasgurakluki qumlikluki-llu pilartait, tamaa-i
tamakut alangrutuut. ‘Some people when told
things [about ghost] don’t believe the people
who tell them, and scoff at them, and these are
the ones who see ghosts.’ (QAN 1995:204);
Atawaqertuci qumlikekaceci nanglluci-llu . . .
‘Blessed are you when people revile you, andpersecute you . . .’ (MATT. 5:11); < qumli-ke2qumlinarqe- to be annoying # qumlinarquq ‘heis annoying, irritating’ / qumlinaqvaa! ‘howirritating!’, ‘darn him!, who does he thing he is?’;< qumli-narqe-

qumliyug- to be annoyed # qumliyugtuq ‘he isannoyed at someone’ / < qumli-yugqunackegg- to be very tart; to be very sour
# qunackegtuq ‘it is tart’ / Waten-gguq
kavirliturraarluni, imkunek qunackellriit icugg’kavirlit, makunek cimerlinek, wall’ cukilegnek,
tamakut tamaa-i cali inerquulluki. ‘After eating
cranberries, which, as you know are very tart,
they were told not to eat smelt or sticklebacks.’(KIP 1998:193); cf. qunarliq, quunarqequnarliq sourdock (Rumex arcticus) # NSK, UK;
cf. qunackegg-, quunarqequnavte- to split sinew or bark # qunavtaa ‘hesplit it’ / Tua-i maurluan kemyuksagucamiu,
yualunek qunavcirraarluni piirriluni
qelutekiuqiliu allamek tamana urluveq. ‘When
his grandmother gained more confidence inhim, she split some sinew, and then made a newbowstring for that bow.’ (YUU 1995:2);> qunavun
qunavun sinew splitter; bark splitter # Arentua-i kevkartellinian, pikaitenrilami yualunek
qelutekiulliniluk’ tamaa-i, imkurluki qunavutmek,
qupurrluki. “Oh dear, because it had broken
and since she didn’t lack sinew, she began tomake a string for his bow, doing this with a sinew
separator, separating the strands.’ (ELL 1997:80);< qunavte-n
qungag- to withdraw or retreat to a smaller area;
to pull back to a smaller area; to bunch up(of stitches being sewn) # qungagtuq ‘it/he
withdrew, retreated, pulled back’ / qungagtaa‘he pulled it back, brought it into a smallerarea’; Tua-llu tua-i tamakut imkut qayarugaat
qungalliniluteng tuavet nunanun. Qungagluteng
taguriita akiatnun ika-i . . . kuigem akianun
ikavet carr’ilqerrarmun mayurluteng, aren tuani
tua-i atakuyarcilliniluteng. ‘Then that great hostof kayaks retreated to that village. When they
retreated further up across there on the other side
. . . [they] went up to the other side of the riverto a clearing and waited there for evening tocome.’ (ELL 1997:394); Tak’uq tauna qanemciq,
ilii pivkenaku piciqaqa, qungaggluku ilii
qanrutkeqerluku carraq. ‘That story is very long,
but I will tell a portion of it, I’ll tell it condensing
it.’ (CIU 2005:70); Imkunek-llu iitallernek
tupigluki kangrit, aciit kankut qungaggluki.
Perriutarraat. ‘They wove those tall cotton-grass582

Basesqungagyug- — qunguturaq

qunginga- to have one’s legs folded (and sit
hunched up); to be curled up # qungingauq ‘heis sitting in a ball with his legs folded up toward
his chest / . . . akluunani matarmi qerruyuaralria
uqutmun caugarrluni, anuqii tunulluku,
qerrulluni qungingaluni. ‘. . . without clothes,
naked, shivering, facing away from the wind,with its wind at her back, being cold, all hunchedover and curled up.’ (ELL 1997:102); < qungte-ngaqungisvik cemetery; graveyard # < qungite-vik
qungite-, qungi- to bury # qungitaa ‘he buried her’
/ . . . tua-i yuunrian qungitelliniluku. ‘. . . and so,when she died they buried her.’ (ELL 1997:434);< qunguq-li2-te5; > qungisvik
qunglullag- to twitch; to shudder #Kap’lerraarluku-ll’ tua-i arulatliniluku tauna,
una-ll’ qunglullagluni. Qunglullakarluni tua-i
tuquqerluni. ‘After stabbing him, he shook him;
he shuddered. He shuddered spasmodically and fell
dead.’ (QAN 1995:48); K, Y, NI, BB; < ?-llagqungmelnguayaaq tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)# LI; = qugmelnguq; < ?-mete-lngu-?-ya(g)aq; cf.
equkqungte- to fold one’s legs # qungtuq ‘he folded his
legs’; qungtaa ‘he folded her legs’ / qunglluni‘folding his (own) legs’; > qunginga-; cf.
qungcur-, qungelra-, qunguq
qunguiq, qunguir(aq*) arctic or white fox (Alopex
lagopus); black bug that infests fish that are being
dried # < qunguq-iq
qunguq grave; coffin # Nunaminun tekitelliuq
can’gurneret ta¥gaam ukut, ik’ikika-wa
keluatni qungurugaat! ‘He arrived at his village
and observed that all that was left was grassy
mounds, and behind them were oh so many
graves!’ (MAR1 2001:93); also dual for one grave;> qungite-, qunguiq;cf. qungte-, qunguturaq
qunguturaq pet; domesticated animal # not awork dog; originally a wild animal kept for a time
as a pet; qunguturiuq naruyamek ‘he madea pet of a seagull’; Arenqia, qunguturaqa ima
ta’m neqkaanek pillemni qanaatelaamku tua-ikiimelama aipaqucirkamtun, . . . ‘My goodnes;
When I give my pet food, I do talk to it because
I am alone, and it is like my companion, . . .’(QUL 2003:148); Nayiyagaat melqurrit assipiat.
Ut’rucuitait. Unani tua-i qunguturaqerraarluki
ilait ayagcetaqluki. ‘The fur of ringed-seal pups
is beautiful. They didn’t take them home. Afterstalks, pulling together the lower parts of them.
The results were small wipers.’ (CAU 1985:23);> qungagyugqungagyug- to painfully shrink or shrivel due to
starvation # of the stomach; < qungag-yugqungasvik trunk, box, bag or other storage
container; bentwood box; sewing box # Tuallu-gguq atakuan iralirluni, pillia pakmani ca
imna qungasviggani aqvasqell’uku mamterami
tayim aganiluku. ‘Then when the moon rose in
the evening, she asked her to get a bag that was
hanging in the food cache.’ (AGA 1996:162);< qungate-vik
qungate- to put away; to stow # qungatuq ‘it has
been put away’; qungataa ‘he put it away’ /qungaciuq ‘he stored something away’; Cali
nunam naunrainek kiagmi katurrluki, cattamalkuan uqvigaat-llu avasait qungalluki
cungagcetellratni uqumek egnirluki. ‘Also, insummer they gathered the land’s plants, andthey’d put away willow shoots while they aregreen adding seal oil to them.’ (MAR1 2001:23);> qungasvik; < PY qu&at0qungcuq back of the knee # and qungcur- withknees flexed and legs folded toward the body# postural root; > qungcungqa-, qungcurte-,qungcuutaq; cf. qungte-; < PE qu&cu3qungcungqa- to have the knees flexed #qungcungqauq ‘his knees are flexed’ /tuqumalriit qungcungqaita qungitelallruit ‘theyused to bury their dead with their knees flexed’;< qungcur-ngqaqungcurte- to flex the knees # qungcurtuq ‘he flexedhis knees’; qungcurtaa ‘he bent her knees’ /< qungcur-te2qungcuutaq child’s sleeping bag made with sleeves;bunting # < qungcur-taq1
qungelra- to crouch; to curl up; to be huddled #Judah yugtutulitun ayuquq, pitani tuquqaarluku
utertaqluni igteminun, qungelraluni-llu tuani.
‘Judah is like a lion, after he kills his prey hebrings it to his den, and crouches there.’ (AYAG.
49:9); Qimugta-wa ugna qungelralria amlliqka,
agtungramni-ll’ cavkenani. ‘I stepped overthe dog huddled in the entranceway, and eventhough I touched it, it didn’t do anything.’ (YUU
1995:81); cf., qungte-, ungelrumaqungi- to bury # qungia ‘he buried her’ / NUN;
< qunguq-li2-583

qunguturi- — qununiq

Baseskeeping some as pets for a time down on theocean, they’d let them go.’ (PAI 2008:42); cf.
qunguq; > qunguturiqunguturi- to keep an animal as a pet # Ta¥gaam
tua-i makunek ungungssiarnek aiparrarkaminek
qunguturingnaqu’uryaaqaqluni. Nalayulkuglutengam qunguturiurluryaaqaqan ungungssiaraat
makut. Ayuqenrilngurnek tua-i ungungssiarnek
qunguturiyaaqaqluni. ‘However, he kept on
making pets, companions for himself, of various
animals. But, poor thing, whenever he made pets,
those animals would go and die. He made petsof various different animals, but in vain.’ (QUL
2003:138)
qunguturiurta cowboy; shepherd; herder #< qunguturaq-liur-ta1
qungvag- emotional root; > qungvagnarqe-,
qungvagtar-, qungvagyug-, qungvake-,qungvagciir-; cf. qumcirqungvagnarqe- to be ticklish (cause one to betickled) # qungvagnarquq ‘it tends to tickle one’/ asguruaqa qungvagnarquq ‘my parka ruff
tickles’; < qungvag-narqequngvagtar- to be easily tickled # qungvagtartuq‘he is ticklish by nature’ / < qungvag-tarqungvagyua- to feel queasy # qungvagyuaguq ‘heor it felt queasy’ / . . . akagluni cikmirmi, tua-illu tuc’ami pengum terr’anun uilluni pagna qilak
tangerrluku, tuarpiaq tamana nuna uivaalria,
ilua-llu cali qungvagyualuni. ‘. . . she rolled downwith her eyes closed, and when she landed at
the bottom of the hill she opened her eyes andlooked up above at the sky and the ground was
as if it were revolving, and her insides got allqueasy.’ (ELN 1990:27); < qungvagyug-aqungvagyug- to be tickled # qungvagyugtuq ‘he isin a ticklish mood, is tickled by something’ /< qungvag-yug-; > qungvagyuaqungvake- to be tickled by it; to be given a creepy
feeling by (it) # qungvakaa ‘he has a ticklish or
creepy feeling on account of it’qungvagciir-, qungvagciur- to tickle #qungvagciiraa ‘he is tickling her’ /qungvagciirluku mikelnguq ngel’arcetaa ‘hemade the child laugh by tickling him’;< qungvag-?qungyar- to be jealous (between men andwomen) # qungyartuq ‘he or she is jealous’/ qungyautekaa ‘he is jealous on account ofhim [his rival].’; Qungyarnarqellriit umyuamek
navgurinarqellriit ciutegpeggun niiteng’erpeki,angu ukveqsaqunaki tamakut. ‘Absolutely do notbelieve those things that cause jealousy and wreck
havoc in the mind even if you hear them withyour own ears.’ (YUP 2005:32); > qungyarcetaaq;< PE qu&ya3qungyarcetaaq bird decoy # < qungyar-cetaaq
qunigqe- to have dried mucus in one’s eyes #qunigquq ‘he has dried mucus in his eyes’; NUN;
< qunik-?qunik dried mucus in eye; “sleep” in eye # NUN,
EG; > quniggluk, qunigqe-; < PE quni! and qulvi
quniggluk dried mucus in eye; “sleep” in the eye;
HBC; < qunik-rrluk
qunu- to be reluctant to part with one’s possessions# qunuuq ‘he is reluctant to part with something’/ qunuuq akiutminek ‘he is reluctant to part withhis money’; > qunuite-, qunuke-, qununarqe-,
qunutungar-, qunuyug-; < PE qunuqunuite- to be generous; to be unpossessive #qunuituq ‘he is generous, not possessive’ /< qunu-ite1qunuke- to be reluctant to part with (himor it); to feel possessive of (him or it) #qunukaa ‘he doesn’t want to part with it’ /ayakatallrani qunuksaaqaa ‘when he wasabout to leave she didn’t want him to go’;Aullut’ar, qunuksaaqvagciken, kiima elliquma
aliayugciqngama. ‘Oh dear, how very reluctant I
am to part with you, since I’ll be lonely when I’mby myself.’ (QUL 2003:378); < qunu-ke4qununarqe- to be something that one does not wish
to part with; to be precious # qununarquq ‘it isprecious’ / qununarqellriit ‘precious things’;
Unguvasi-qaa qununarqenruuq neqkani, temsi-llu
qununarqenruluni aturarkani? ‘Isn’t your life more
precious than food, and your body more precious
than clothing?’ (MATT. 6:25); < qunu-narqeqununiq legendary person who lives in the sea
and wears a gut rain parka; seal that appears
in human form; mermaid # Wiinga qununinek
niitelaryaaqua ta¥gaam waten ungungssiuluku,
ukuk uatek tukulleglutek, yuuluni keggatii
arnauluni nuyarpiluni. ‘I have heard about“qununit”, but I have heard that the lower halfof its body is that of a seal, while the upper halfof its body is that of a woman with long flowing
hair.’ (CIU 2005:276); = kun’uniq584Basesqunutungar- to be stingy # qunutungartuq ‘he isstingy’ / < qunu-tu-ngar-; cf. qunutungarcuun
qunutungarcuun dip in back of neck # cf.
qunutungar-cuun
qunuyug- to feel reluctant to part with something;
to be stingy with something # qunuyugtuq‘he feels reluctant to part with something’/ Qunuyugpek’nata ikayuutekluki ta¥gaam
pisqelluki ikayurnarqelrianek. ‘They told us tohelp those in need of help without being stingy.’(YUP 2005:48): < qunu-yugqupae half; half-dollar; dime (additional BB meaning
in those areas where 20 cents is the basic unit ofmoney) # and qupe- to split; to crack # qup’uq ‘itsplit’; qupaa ‘he split it’ / qupumauq egalrem
ecia ‘the windowpane is cracked’; Imna¥rluq
utertelleq qamiganrilngermi taum tua-i pitami
qupiinek cikilliniluku . . . ‘He gave the dear
one who went home without having gone seal
hunting half of his own catch . . .’ (QUL 2003:632);
Ataam-llu equgcuutet tamakut kaugturluki
qup’artaqluki makut equut. ‘And again, by
pounding on those wedges they would split thesepieces of wood.’ (MAR2 2001:6); Kepraarluku
tuani qupaa. Qupngani qup’uq. ‘After he cut it(across the grain), he split it. When he split it, it
split.’ (MAR2 2001:8); pingayuak qupluku ‘half
dollar’ (BB, LI; literally: ‘halving their2 third’
meaning ‘the two times twenty cents plus half ofa third time’, since twenty is the basic unit of Yup’ik
counting); > qup’arte-, qup’ayagaq, qup’ayagaq,
qupneq, qup’issuun, qupucaaraat, qupun,
qupur-, qupurre-; < PE qup0qupalaaq robin (Turdus migratorius) # EG
qupanuar(aq*) gray jay; camp robber (Perisoreus
canadensis) # < ?-ar(aq)qup’arte- to immediately split # qup’artuq ‘it
immediately split’; qup’artaa ‘he immediately
split it’ / Aaqiitaayaarrlua¥rluum a¥g’um
qup’artaanga arenqialami. ‘Dear old
Aaqiitaayaarrluq split me in two, oh dear.’ (JOE2008); < qupe-artequp’ayagaq fish cut in half to hang and dry # NUN;
< qupa-aq1-ya(g)aq
qup’ayugaq one having the same name; namesharer # usually people stand in this relationshipif they were named after the same deceased person;
Stebbins area
qupcungaq* quarter; 25 cents # < qupa-cungaq

qunutungar- — qupurrissuun

qup’issuun, qupcuun wedge; ripsaw; or othersplitting tool # Muragkiurnarqaqamenggguq enernek qup’issuutnek aturluteng
muragkiuraqluteng. ‘Whenever they needed to
split wood, they’d split the wood using bonewedges.’ (CAU 1985:89); < qupa-i2-cuun, qupecuun
qup’lu, qup’luq maggot; grub; larva # and qup’luto become maggoty # Y, HBC, NI; = quvlu; >qup’luruaq; < PE qup0l3u3
qup’luruaq, qup’lunguaq grain of rice; macaroni
noodle # literally: ‘imitation maggot’; Y, HBC;
< qup’lu-uaq, qup’lu-nguaq; cf. paraluq,
paraluruaq
qupneq fissure; crack; crevice; crevasse #Qupnengqelartut ilait evunret tua-i nequtulrianek
qanikcam qiliumaluki. Tamakut-gguq tamaa-i
picurlagcecilartut ilait. ‘Some pressure ridges
have crevasses roofed over by broad expanses ofsnow. Some of these can cause tragic accidents.’(PAI 2008:294); < qupe-neq1
qupngur- for there to be open water with icebergs
beyond # NUN
qupucaar(aq*) piece of split kindling # < qupe-?
qupun wedge; lateral line of fish; short narrow
V-shaped calfskin piece on the shoulder of a
traditional Yup’ik parka # < qupe-n
qupur- to split repeatedly; to split (it) up #qupurtuq ‘it split’; qupuraa ‘he split it up’/ Ellam nengliin cakneq cimiqetaalalriim
maani Alaskami umcigutet caulking-aanek
atelget qupurcet’larai. ‘The coldness of the air,which varies greatly here in Alaska, causes theinsulation called caulking to develop cracks.’ (GET
n.d.:18); < qupe-urqupurre- to split finely # Taluluni tuaten imkunek
yualunek, makut ungungssit cat, tuntut taqukatllu yualuitnek waten qupurrluki, qupurrerraarluki
qip’iluki, qip’urluki yualuktullruit tamaani.
‘She split those sinews from caribou and seals,
into strands split them finely, and after splitting
them finely she would twist them, and that’s how
they’d get their thread, back then, by splitting
them [the sinews].’ (ELL 1997:138); < qupe-?-;> qupurrissuun
qupurrissuun sinew splitter # Tua waten ipegluteng
minqucetun ta¥gaam ellegluteng. Ta¥gaam
kankut iquit cakneq ipeckeggluteng tamakut
tamaa-i talussuutekluki, qupurrissuutekluki. ‘They585

qupurruyuli — qurrulluk

Bases

were sharp like needles, but thick. However,at their ends down there they were very sharp;
those were their sinew separators, sinew splitters.’(ELL 1997:140); < qupurre-i2-ssuun
qupurruyuli a certain legendary being with ahuman female face and is a spirit belonging toa shaman that helps people in distress at sea bybringing them a box of provisions on its back
# Tauna-am Qupurruyuliq pikestemini tuani
tua-i atuulliniuq caperrnaqluni. ‘Qupurruyuli
performed in miraculous and extraordinary ways
for its owner.’ (CIU 2005:124)
quq’uyaq legendary old and hard-to-kill polar
bear # Tua-ll’ tua-am niitelartuq piinanermini,
wagg’uq makunek quq’uyanek, caskum
iterngailkainek. Qaingit tamarmeng enrulrianek,
tua-i aqsaat-ll’ enruluteng. Tulimarlutenggguq waten qasmegusngalrianek. Tua-i
narulkam iterciiganaki. . . . Imkuciuyaaqluteng,arlunauyaaqluteng ta¥gaam ak’allat, ugaan’
ak’allaum, aqsait-llu enrilqurriulluteng,enrurrluteng tamarmeng. Igyarait-gguq ta¥gaam
kiimeng callaluteng anarcuutait-llu. ‘And sowhile he was living, he heard about animals
called “quq’uyaq” that weapons cannot enter.
Their body is all bones, and their abdomen is allbones. It is said that their ribs are all overlapping.
Spears cannot penetrate them. . . . They are
actually polar bears, but they are so old that
their abdomens are bones. Their esophagus andrectum are the only openings in their bodies.’(QUL 2003:318); from Inupiaq (King Is. dialect form)
quqquyaq, or < PE (presently PI) qupqu3iaq
qur- dimensional root; NSU; > qurkite-, qurtu-; = qerqura- root; HBC, Y; > qurayarnarqe-, qurasqite-;= qurra-, ¥gaqurak prostate # cf. qugar
qurayarnarqe- to be slippery # qurayanarquq ‘it isslippery’ / HBC; < qura-yar-narqequrasqite- to slip # qurasqituq ‘he slipped’ / Y,
HBC; < qura-?qurkite- to be low # qurkituq ‘it is low’ / < qurkite2qurrailitaq diaper # < qurre-ilitaq
qurrasqi- root; > qurrasqinarqe-, qurrasqite-;= qura-, ¥gasqiqurrasqicailkun device to keep one from slipping #. . . qurrasqicullerkaa piamiu ussukcallruar-gguq

kep’arrluku nuuganun kaugtuarluku kaputaa,
iqua pugumaurtelluku, qurrasqicailkuciulluku.
‘. . . concerned about it being slippery, he cut off
an old nail and poked it, hammering it, into theend [of his walking stick] letting it protrude andserve as a device to keep him from slipping.’ (QUL
2003:528); < qurrasqite-yailkun
qurrasqinarqe- to be slippery # qurrasqinarquq ‘itis slippery’ / < qurrasqite-narqequrrasqite- to slip # qurrasqituq ‘he slipped’ /qurrasqicaqunak; qurrasqinarqeqapigtuq! ‘don’tslip; it’s very slippery!’; NS, LY, NI, NUN, CAN,
LK, BB, NR; <qurrasqi-?-; > qurrasqicailkun
qurre- to urinate; to spawn (of fish) # qurr’uq‘he urinated’; qurraa ‘he urinated on it’ /qurrsugtua ‘I have to urinate’; iqalluarpiit
qurr’ut ‘the herring are spawning’; Tua-i-llugguq yuqercuguaqili. Arnassagaam-gguq pia,
“Ataki tumamnun qurri.” Tutgarrluum kiugaa,“Aa-aa, kiika-wa tumamun qurrneq nallukeka.”‘And so he pretended to have to relieve himself.
The old lady said to him, “Go ahead and urinate
into my palm.” The grandson answered her, “Er,ah, I don’t know about urinating into a palm.”’(CET 1971:13 & PRA 1995:451); > qurrenkaulug-,
qurrailitaq, qurrsaraq, qurrsuun, qurrun,
qurrvik; < PE qu30qurrenkaulug- to be spawned out (of fish) # NUN;
< qurre-?qurrluk, qurrlugtaq spring; waterfall # cf. qurre-,qurrlur-; < PE qu3lu3qurrlur- to cascade down # qurrlurtuq ‘it cascaded
down’; qurrluraa ‘it cascaded down on it’ /Kuigem qurrlulriim Eden-aami mertelaraa
naucetaarvik. ‘In Eden a cascading river watered
the garden.’ (AYAG. 2:10); Tangerqallinia anngani
augmek tua kegginaa qurrlura’arluni. ‘She saw
her brother and noticed that his face had blood
flowing down it.’ (QUL 2003:474); cf. qurre-,qurrlur-; < PE qu3lu3qurrsaraq urethra; penis # < qurre-yaraq
qurrsuun penis # Angun naulluutengluni
qurrsuutmikun maq’laquni, maqellra
menuulriaruuq. ‘If, getting a disease, a man has
a discharge from his member, then he is ritually
unclean.’ (LEVI. 15:2); < qurre-cuun
qurrulluk urine bucket # specifically for urine(without feces) to be saved for skin-processing
and washing purposes; Cali-am wii a¥gna

586

Basesmaurluirutka murilkelallruamku, waten
makuciq teq’itqata’arqamiu tua-i munarulluki
kemeggliryarpiaqallrit a¥g’arturarraarluki
keliganqegcaarturluki nutaan qurrullugmun
teq’umek imalegmun akurrluki.’ ‘Since I always
used to watch my late grandmother doing things,
when she was going to treat this kind of thing(fish skin) with urine she would carefully scrape
off all the meat from it, and when it was totallyclean, she would put the skin into the urine
bucket, containing urine.’ (CIU 2005:146);< qerrun-lluk
qurrun chamber pot; honey bucket; commode;
potty # Cali ilaitni qanlallruut qurrutnek
ciqiciuralaasqelluki picuciqniluki qessayuilkata.
‘Also sometimes they said that they’d tell themto go empty the commodes, saying that they’d begood at catching game if they weren’t reluctant
to do things.’ (CAU 1985:91); ayagcetuli qurrun‘flush toilet’; < qurre-n; > qurrulluk; < PY-S
qu3un (under PE qu30-)
qurtu- to be high # / qurtuuq ‘it is high’ / < qur-tuquruneq measurement from fingertip to the armpit
or chest # NUN; = qerruuneq
qus’alugarte- to start coughing # Tangvalriani
tua-i waten pirraarluni qus’alugartaqluni. ‘As one
watched him he would do this and start coughing
then.’ (CIU 2005:196)
qusenglluk CAN bronchitis (bad cough withsputum) # CAN; < quser-nglluk
quseq cough; cold # and quser- to cough; to havea cold # qusertuq ‘he is coughing’, ‘he has acold’; qusraa ‘he is coughing at him’ / igyarani
qusqerluni carriraa ‘he cleared his throat with ashort cough’; Ta¥gken-gguq tua-i im’ ukvertalria
tua-i piciukluki pilria, ilani qusengraata cakneq
qusyuunani. ‘They say, however, concerning
one who believes in these things that, even if
his associates have colds, he never gets colds.’(YUP 2005:74); = quyeq/quyer-; > qus’alugte-,
quserpak, quspag-, qusrircaun; < PE quy03quserpak the flu epidemic of 1918 # < quseq-rpakQusiirvik May # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < qusuuq-?-vik
qusngiq reindeer; sheep # This word was probably
used prior to 1900 in regard to reindeer pelts tradedfrom Siberia, where cognates of the term are used forreindeer in Chukchi and Koryak, native languagesof reindeer herders there; reindeer herds came toqurrun — qusngiyagaq*

the Yup’ik area around 1900, when the government
sponsored reindeer herding in Alaska with animals
and herders from Siberia (later from Lappland). In any
event, in the early decades of the twentieth century
this word was used in Yup’ik Bible translation in placeof sheep, because reindeer, like sheep, are gentle,
domestic animals that need protection — essentiallythe only such animals known to Yup’ik people at thetime. Later, with the decline of reindeer herding andwith increasing familiarity with the English Bible, theword qusngiq in the Bible was understood as sheep,
especially in the Kuskokwim and Bristol Bay areas,
while it retained its original meaning, reindeer, inother Yup’ik areas. Piluguuk-wa tang qerrcurpak
qusngilinraak atrarutegni-lli cakneq miluupaa,
uuggun ciuqamegnegun alngarlutek, maaggunllu caniqamegnegun alngarlutek. ‘And her boots
were of reindeer skin, all white, and, wow, werethe vertical stripes ever striking in appearance,
and there were dangling tassels on the sides.’(CIU 2005:274); Mulngakici qaneryariurualrianek
piciunrilngurnek. Taukut ullalaraiceci qusngit
amiitnek aturarluteng, ta¥gaam ilumegteggun
keglunruluteng alingnarqut. ‘Beware of false
prophets, which come to you in sheeps’ clothing
but inwardly are ravenous wolves.’ (MATT.
715); from Chukchi qora&0 ‘reindeer’, or Koryak
qoya&a ‘reindeer’; = quyngiq; > qusngiliur-,
qusngirngalnguq, qusngiyagaq
qusngiliur- to herd sheep or reindeer # < qusngiqliur-; > qusngiliurta
qusngiliurta shepherd; reindeer herder # Wiinga
qusngiliurte™guunga assirlua, qanertuq Ataneq;
qusngiliurtem assilriim unguvani pegtarkaugaa
qusngit pitekluki. ‘I am a good shepherd, says
the Lord; a good shepherd will lay down his lifeon account of his sheep.’ (YUA 1934:21 & LIT
1972:10); < qusngiliur-ta
qusngirngalnguq* goat # Ingrit-llu alingalliimeng
qecgaullruut qusngirngalngurtun; pengut-lu cali
qecgaurluteng qusngiyagartun. ‘From fear themountains jumped about like goats, and the hills
jumped like lambs.’ (PSALM 114:4); < qusngiqngalnguq
qusngiyagaq* lamb; reindeer calf # Isaac-aaq
qanertuq, “Muragkangqertuten kenermek-llu
kumarcissuutekaatnek, nauwa-mi qusngiyagaq
ekuagarkaq?” ‘Isaac said, “You have wood andkindling to build a fire, but where is the lamb forthe sacrifice?”’ (AYAG. 22:7); < qusngiq-yagaq

587

qusngulluk — qutug-Basesqusngulluk bronchitis (bad cough with sputum) #quser-?-llukquspag- to cough hard # < quseq/quser-pag2qusrircaun cough medicine # < quseq-ir2-car-nqussig- to be located high # qussigtuq ‘it is high’ /Pingayuulriakut wani wangkuta, pingayuatnun
tunkaku nutaan tamakut qussigturanritgun cali
ayagnirluki waten aciqsigiinallratnun, . . . ‘We arethree in number when something was given to
the oldest, then it [the gift giving] would proceedfrom the highest [in age] down to the lowest [inage], . . .’ (TAP 2004:97); = quyig-; cf. qulae
qussuk aged fish (Dolly Varden, trout, or silver
salmon) made in fall and then frozen for winteruse # Y; = quluk
qussuq middle finger (?) # EG
qusuuq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) # kiagmi
yuut Kusquqvagmiut qusuurculartut qalutgun‘in the summer Kuskokwim people fish for smelt
with dipnets’; Kinguatni-llu qusuuret taryaqviit
piata, kuvyaaqluni. ‘After the smelts [ran], when
it was time for king salmon, he would fish witha net.’ (PRA 1995*:461); Y, NI, NI, NUN, CAN, K,
NR; = quyuuq; > Qusiirvik
qusva- emotional root; Y, NS; > qusvake-,qusvanarqe-, qusvayug-; = quyvag-; < PE
quvya(yu!)qusvake- to be happy over (it) # qusvakaa ‘he is
happy over it’ / Y, NS; < qusva-ke2qusvanarqe- to make one happy # qusvanarquq ‘itmakes one happy’ / Y, NS; < qusva-narqequsvayug- to be happy # qusvayugtuq ‘he is happy’/ Y, NS; < qusva-yugquta1 solid ground # Ungungsilkuk tangellren
piulleq ta¥gaam catairulluni, petmigmek-llu
qutailngurmek mayurtarkaq piunritlerkaminunllun ayagluni, . . . ‘The beast that you saw was,and is not, and is about to ascend from thebottomless (literally: one without solid ground (atthe bottom)) pit and go to destruction.’ (REVE.
17:8); cf. quta2; > qutailqite-, qutirtur-, qutqir-;< PE qut0
quta2 two of a kind in playing cards # HBC
etymology unknown to compiler, but cf. quta1
qutailqite- to trip; to stumble # < quta1-ite1-ite3qutak rotten meat; odorous thing; body odor;
especially crotch rot # and qutag- to be rotten (ofmeat); to be odiferous # qutagtuq or qutagaa ‘it isrotten, smelly’ / qutagninarquq ‘it smells rotten’qutegneq vanity # < qutegte-neq1
qutegte- to gloat; to boast; to act as if one is better
than others # qutegtuq ‘he boasted’; pitniluni
maklaarnek qutegtuq ‘he bragged, saying that hecaught some bearded seals’; qimugtevvut-ggem
qagna qutegtellria ‘our dog out there is acting
as if it is superior’; Qut’gutkenrilngerminiu tua-i
picullni tamakutgun nakacugteggun Nakaciumi
picullra nallunaitaqluni. ‘Even though he did notboast about his ability to catch game, his prowess
at hunting is revealed during the Bladder Festival
through those bladders of his [the bladders
from the sea mammals he had caught].’ (CAU
1985:91); > qutegneq, qutegnga-, qutkaq
qutegnga- to be arrogant # qutegngauq ‘he isarrogant’ / Allam umyugaakun pingaunii
wii, wii ta¥gaam umyuamkun tua-i. Tuai-gguq qutegngaluni. Ilani catkevkenak
picirkiqayunaunani-llu. Angenruluni ilamini
ukuni, qutegngaluni-gguq tua-i. ‘I would ignore
the thoughts and feelings of anyone else, but only
[pay attention] to my own thoughts and feelings.
Such a person is said to be arrogant, disregarding
his associates, not taking them into account. He
holds himself greater than his fellows; they saythat he’s arrogant.’ (YUP 2005:40); < qutegte-ngaqutirtur- to walk on shore as when beachcombing asa boat accompanies one out in the water # NUN;
< quta-?qutkaq arrogant person # Waten pilqaanga
civuqliuluku: “Yuullerpeni qutkauyaqunang.”‘This is what he told me first: “Do not be arrogant
while you live.”’ (YUP 2005:48); HBC; < qutegte-?
qutnguk sealskin parka (NUN meaning); parka
made with two caribou skins (CAN meaning) #> qutnguyagaq
qutnguyagaq young seal # HBC; < qutguk-yagaq
qutqir- to sit close to the edge (as on a cliff, or on
one’s chair) # NUN; < quta-?qutqur- to mispronounce # NUN
qut’raaq, qut’rauk sandhill crane (Grus canadensis)# Y, UK, LI; from Aleut qu93aaX, and/or imitative of
the cry of the crane, which is expressed as qeter-r-r-rqutug- to snore # qutugtuq ‘he is snoring’ /Unuaquani tupagyarturtuq tan’germun, qutulriawa kina. ‘The next morning she woke up to thedarkness and there was someone snoring.’ (ELN588

Bases1990:68); cf. qutuk; < PY-S qutu!qutuga- to snore # qutugauq ‘he is snoring’ / HBC;
< qutug-aqutuk collarbone; clavicle; stupid person (idiomatic;
though this may be from qutug-) # cf. qutug-; < PE
qutu(!)
quu1- to close in # for example, a hole in the ice freezingin; the hole in a pierced ear healing shut; quuguq ‘itclosed in’ / ukinregka quulliniuk ‘the holes in
my pierced ears have healed shut’; quugarutaat‘they closed in around him’; Angpianek
piliurarraarluteng unaggun quungurirnauraatgguq. ‘After they make very large ones, theywould draw in the bottom section closing it.’
(KIP 1998:127); Tua-i-gguq taum kinguani caliquugaqengyarpialrianek qanlangut yuilqumi.
‘After that they would mention those that almost
got closed in (by ice, trapped) around someone
in the wilderness.’ (KIP 1998:237); Tua-i-gguq
tauna terpak quuqetaarturakayagluni. ‘That big
sea anemone would open and close, open andclose.’ (CUN 2007:94); > quuqetaaq, quurruyag-,quutaar-; cf. eqe2-, quu2-, quumig-, quurute-; < PE
qu9uquu2- root; > quuleciraq, quulerte-, quulqaq,
quunaq, quunarqe-, quunite-, quussniaq; cf.
quu1-; < PY-S qu!0l03quugaaq, quugaarpak legendary animal said tolive underground; mammoth (Mammuthus
primegenius) # the tusks of these animals are foundin Yup’ik areas and were traditionally identified
with legendary animals said to live undergroundat the present time; Iik tuarpiaq akagnganatek.
Keggutai-wa imkut quugaarpiit keggutaicetun
ayuqngacaaqellriit ta¥gaam allayuuluteng.
Cauciinaku tua-i. ‘Its eyes were like they wererolling. Its teeth seemed like the teeth of the“quugaarpak” but strange. We didn’t know what
it was. (YUU1995:24); Narulkaquyaaqlukugguq un’a cayagaq. Kanaqlayagartun-gguq un’aangtaluni qak’arrnaurtuq quugaarpak. ‘They
were attempting to harpoon some little thing
down there. It was as big as a baby muskrat,
and it would breach, that “quugaarpak”.’ (AGA
1996:188); E. W. Nelson (1899:443) states: “Thebones of the mammoth . . . are said to belong
to an animal known as the ki-lug-u-wuk [or]ko-gukh-puk . . . The creature is claimed to live
underground, where it burrows from place toqutuga- — quulerte-

place, and when by chance one of them comesto the surface, so that even the tip of its nose
appears above ground and breathes the air, it
dies at once. This explains the fact that the bonesof these animals are nearly always found partly
buried in the earth. The Eskimo say that theseanimals belong to the underworld and for thatreason the air of the outer world is fatal to them.”
also spelled equgaarpak; < ?-rpak; > quuqiinraq;
cf. Orlov-Pinart 1871 list (6)quugiinraq fossilized mammoth ivory # Una tangteggalqurruvkenani enrullinilria quugiinrarmek
pitukiit. Im’um ak’a tamaani nunavut
ungungssirpangqellrani makunek wagg’uq
quugiinrarnek, una waniwa quugiinrarmek
pitukengaqelliat. Maa-i-llu watua nallemte÷i
yuarastait nalkutaqluteng, nalaqutaqluteng
makunek maa-i enernek. ‘Apparently this is nota rock but a kind of ivory (“bone”) they calledmammoth ivory, it comes from a large animal that
lived in our area long ago, mammoth bone/ivory.
At the present time, people still find mammoth
ivory/bone when they look for it.’ (CIU 2005:208);< quugaar(pak)-linraq
quuk thing carried on the shoulder; firewood (EGmeaning) # and quug- to carry on one’s shoulder# quuget ‘firewood’, ‘shoulder loads’; HBC; EG;= equk/quuk
quuleciraunrilnguq* unleavened (bread) # Ernerni
malrunlegni nerlarciquci quuleciraunrilngurnek
kelipanek. ‘Seven days shall ye eat unleavened
bread.’ (ANUC. 12:15)
quuleciraq, quuleq (Y, HBC form) sourdough;homebrew # Urtamek tamaani quulecirilallruut
assaliaqameng carrarmek ilakuigaqluteng.
Tua-i-llu tauna ilakuaq mermek auluku
uitavkaqarraarluku-llu unugpailgan mukaamek
ilaluku. ‘From the dough they made sourdough,and whenever they made pancakes, they’d leave
a little bit [of the dough]. And then, to that which
they left [the “sourdough starter”] they’d add
water, let it stand and before the evening, add
some flour.’ PRA (1995*:460); < quu2-?-cir-aq1,
quu2-?; > quuleciraunrilnguq, quulerninarqe-,
quulrircaun
quulerninarqe- to smell sour # quulerninarquq ‘itsmells sour’ / < quuleq-ninarqequulerte- to be sour; to have heartburn # quulertuq
or quulertaa ‘it is sour’ / < quu2-lerte-589

quulqaq — quurute-Bases

quulqaq heartburn # HBC; < quu2-?
quulrircaun baking soda; antacid # < quuleq-ir2cuun
quumig- to grasp in one’s lap or crotch; to hold backone’s urine or feces # quumigtuq ‘he is holding
something’; quumigaa ‘he is holding it’ / murak
quumigluku nayumiaqaa ‘grasping the wood
between his legs, he is holding it steady’; < ?-mik;
cf. quu1quumkaute- to close around; to clasp # Tua-illu pivakarluni iliita keggluku, quumkaulluku.
A¥g’arciiganani. ‘After a while one of them bit
him, clamped around his foot. He couldn’t get
it off.’ (ELL 1997:250); Tua-i-tuq-tanem atama
cakitellregkenek quumkaulluten qimugtem
anaatun pitarrluten egglaken acin qilagcirluku.
‘I wish I could clasp you between pieces of myfather’s cut wood and toss you up as if you were
dog feces.’ (KIP 1998:69); cf. quu1quunaq sourness; sourdock (Rumex arcticus)(additional Y meaning) #; Y; < quu2-naq1; >quunarliaraq, quunarliq
quunarliaraq bog cranberry (Oxycoccas microcarpus)# HBC; < quunaq-li1-ar(aq)quunarliq wild rhubarb (Polygonum alaskanum) #EG; < quunaq-li1
quunarqe- to taste sour # quunarquq ‘it tastes sour’/ Iliit-llu aqvaqurluni urungalngurmek aqvatuq,
quunarqellriamek-llu mecirluku, . . . ‘And one ofthem ran and got a sponge, and filled it withsomething sour [vinegar or sour wine], . . .’ (MATT.
27:48); < quu2-narqequunenge- to become calm (of weather) #quunenguq ‘it became calm’ / Anuqet tamalkuita
tenglluk’ tua-i-llu quunengluni. Quunengan-llugguq atrainanermini qavaqalliniluni. ‘He wasblown away by the wind from every direction
and then it became calm. When it got calm he fell
asleep as he was going down.’ (ELL 1997:98);< quuneq-?-ngequuneq calm weather # Qavarlun’ tua-i anglaniluni
quunermek puqlerpagmek. ‘So he was sleeping,enjoying the calm weather and the warm air.’(ELL 1997:98); < ?-neq1; > quunenge-, quunir-; cf.
quunuk; < PE qu!(0)n0q
quunir- to be calm (weather, sea, one’s
surroundings, etc.) # quunirtuq ‘it is calm’ /quunillruuq-ggem tanem unuaq ‘apparently
it had been calm this morning’; Tua-i-ll’

tupagyaqliami tupagtuq ayuqucia quunirluni.
‘When he finally woke up, he realized that
it was calm all around him.’ (ELL 1997:114);
Aqumelliniuq imarpik caugarrluku. Imarpik
tua-i quunirluni cakneq. ‘He sat down facing thesea. And, the sea was very calm.’ (YUU 1995:98);< quuneq-ir1-; > quunirciyuli
quunirciyuli robin (Turdus migratorius) # Y;
< quunir-?-yuli
quunite- to pucker one’s lips in reaction to sour
food; to have a sour taste in one’s mouth fromeating sour food # quunituq ‘he is reacting tosour food’ / < quu2-neq2-ite3quunuk period of clear calm weather lasting until
one reaches destination # Kana-i-gguq qikertaq
tanglaryaaqaa quunugem-gguq ngelqaqsaaqaa
qerallra. ‘It is said that he would see the island
down there and the time it would take to crossover to it would match the period of calm weather.’(MAR2 2001:95) (note: quunugem may be an
archaic form of quunuum); cf. quuneq
quuqaq1 narrows # used in the plural, quuqat; EG
Quuqaq2 Golden Gate Falls on the Kiseralik River #quuqessngitak runt; smallest egg in a nest; smallest
pup in a litter, etc. # Y; = uuqessngitak
quuqetaaq jellyfish # NUN; < quu1-qetaaq
quurituasta ambassador; envoy # Quurituastet-llu
uitanqegcivkaringnaqellriit qiaqapiggluteng.
‘The envoys of peace weap bitterly.’ (ISAI. 33:7)
quurpallr(aq*) a certain legendary monster #Waten-gguq imum’, nanvaq kuiguarluni ce÷ii
man’a, ce÷iinek-gguq camaken pugciquq
quurpall’er angluni melqurrunani keggagpakwa-gguq qainga, tua-i-gguq tauna. ‘It is said thatin those days the lake was an oxbow lake, thatfrom its near shore down there will emerge a“quurpall’er” monster which is large and furlessand its skin is all rough, it is said.’ (KIP 1998:315);
cf. quugaarpak
quurruyag- for fog or mist to close in and clear up
repeatedly # NUN; < quu1-?quuruq valley # NS; < PE qu9uqu3 (under PE qu9u-)
quurute- to close in on or around (it) # Pikna
tua-i tangerqallia can’get quurulluku acitmun
elivqerringaluteng pika-i, angpartelliniluku.
‘When she looked up above her she saw that thegrass had flattened downward covering the hole,so she parted the grass to open it up.’ (MAR2
2001:72); < quu1-te5-590

Basesquuskegcir- to smile # quuskegcirtuq ‘hesmiled’; quuskegciraa ‘he smiled at him’ /Angun-llu tan’gaurluq tangerrluku waten
quuskegcirciiganaku ugaan ungacinayukluku.
‘And, seeing a man, a young lad, we couldn’t
smile at him because he might develop affection
for us.’ (YUP 2005:156); < quuyur-kegte-?quussniaq sourdough # NR; < quu2-neq2-liaq,
but perhaps instead from, or influenced by Russianrdƒitysq (kváshenyy) ‘fermented’
quutaar- to wink # quutaariuq ‘he winked’ /quutaaritaa ‘he winked at her’; < quu1-?quuyuar(ar)- to smile # . . . Anirtuutem atiin
tangrramia quuyuarluni pianga, “Qasgim
elaturraa carriran. Nek’enrilngerpeki-llu
qakemkut, carriquvki yuut quyaciqut.” ‘. . .
when Anirtuun’s father saw me, he smiled andtold me, “You are cleaning up the porch of the
kashim. Even though those are not your houses,
if you clean it up people will be grateful.”’ (YUP
2005:30); < quuyur-ar(ar)quuyupitaara- to always smile (at) # Cali
qanruyutnguluni quuyupitaarauquraasqevkenaki
angutet. Quuyupitaarauquralriitgguq aglumaksukluteng pituut.
Quuyupitaaranrilengraan-gguq angutem
aglumakuniu piarkaugaa. ‘There is also a maximthat they [girls] should not always smile at men.
They say that men will think they (the girls)
desire them if they always smile at them. They saythat even if she doesn’t always smile at him if aman desires her, he’ll have her (as his wife).’ (KIP
1998:119); < quuyur-?quuyur- smiling # used in the quantifier/qualifier
construction; tangvagaqa quuyurma ‘smilingI looked at him’; Tuani tua-i cingarturitellrani
tauna caqukegciqapiarluni, quuyurmi ikirrluku.
Alaircan-llu nulgairrluni kegginaa kaviriqerrluni,‘When he had a certain gift requested from him,
he opened the nicely wrapped [reciprocal gift]smiling. When it became clear [what he’d been
given in return despite his failure to comply
with the request] his face turned red.’ (TAP
2004:99); > quuskegcir-, quuyuar(ar)-, quuyurni-,
quuyurpag-, quuyurrar(ar)-; < PE qu&uyu!quuyurni- to smile # quuyurniuq ‘he smiled’ /quuyurnitaa ‘he smiled at her’; Taqiucan-am
aatiin quuyurnilluku eligarrniluku pia. ‘When
she’d finished, her father smiled at her and told

quuskegcir- — quya-

her that she had learned quickly.’ (ELN 1990:52);< quuyur-neq1-i-3; cf. quu1-, eqe2-, quuyurrar(ar)quuyurpak all smiling # and quuyurpag- smiling a
big smile # used in the observational and quantifier/qualifier constructions: quuyurpagmi ‘(he) smilinga big smile’; Maaten piuq maurlua quuyurpak,
quyam ugaani. ‘When she looked she saw her
grandmother, with a big smile on account of being
grateful.’ (ELN 1990:107); < quuyur-pag2quuyurrar(ar)- to smile continuously #quuyurra’artuq ‘he’s smiling continuously’ /quuyurrallruuq ‘he was smiling continuously’;
quuyurrarautaa ‘he’s smiling at him continously’;
may be used in the quantifier/qualifier construction:quuyurra’armi ‘(he) smiling continuously’;< quuyur-?-ar(ar)quvauk light gray or brown dog # qimugtengqertua
quvaugmek ‘I have a gray dog’quve- to decrease in size; to shrink # Tuamtellugguq quvngamek tauna call’ Nagiiquyarta
qagkumiu, cali-gguq tua-i mikliyaaquq.
Nutaan-ggur-am ellii tua-i quvngami cali tua-i
mikcuaraurrluni. ‘And when they2 decreased
in size, Nagiiquyarta, the one from up north,became smaller. And then when he shrank hebecame very little.’ (KIP 1998:225); Nulaaqamek
angenruaqluni, quv’aqamek-llu mikellruaqluni.
‘Whenever they2 expanded [to their full sizeby standing up], he seemed to be the bigger
one, and when they2 shrank down [crouched], heseemed to be the smaller one.’ (YUU 1995:88);< PE quv0quverta cataract in the eye # HBC, NUN; = quarta1;< PE quv03t0quvlu, quvluq maggot; larva; grub # NUN;
= qup’lu; < PE qup0l3u3
quvluruaq grain of rice # NUN; = qup’luruaq;< quvlu-uaq
quvqetaaqar- to shrug one’s shoulders # NUN; < PE
quv0quya- to be thankful; to be grateful; to be glad; tobe appreciative # quyauq ‘he is thankful, glad’/ quyatekaa ‘he is thankful or glad because ofit’; quyavikaa (or, quyaa) ‘he is thankful to her’,‘he thanks her’; quyakaa ‘he appreciates it’;quyataa ‘he is thankful because of something thathas happened to her’; Tua-i-ll’-am elliin quyiimi
Piliullinian tekican qell’uku tuaten paircelluni.
‘And because she was thankful since it evidently

591

quyana — quyungqa-

Bases

was Pili, when it came over she hugged it andlet it lick her.’ (ELN 1990:90); Elpenga’arrluni-llu
quyaluni anerteqellni man’a tekilluku quyatekluku,
irniani-llu cavkenaki. ‘Becoming aware [of thesethings] one would be grateful, being thankful that
his life had extended up to this time, and that hischildren were okay.’ (TAP 2004:76); > quyana,
quyanarqe-, quyavike-, Quyayaraq; < PE quyaquyana thank you # exclamation; quyana tailuten‘thank you for coming’; quyanarpiit-lli‘thank you very much’; “Quyana.” “Aang.” /“Canrituq.” ‘“Thank you.” “You’re welcome.”’;< quya-na1; < PE quyana3 (under PE quya-)quyanarqe- to cause one to be thankful #quyanarquq ‘it makes one thankful’; quyanaqvaa‘thank you very much’; quyanarqellriit ‘those
things or people that make one grateful’,‘aknowledgments (as in a book)’
quyavike- to be thankful to (him); to thank (him)# quyavikaa ‘he is thankful to him’, ‘he thanks
him’ / quyavikamken ‘I am thankful to you’; . . .
itqertut, mertameggnek itrulluteng. Maurluatallu quyavikluki, qanrulluki-llu tua-i qessailnguut
picularniluki, cikirluki-llu sugg’aliyaarnek.
‘. . . they burst in, bringing in the water they’dgotten. Their grandmother thanked them, tellingthem that those who aren’t reluctant to do
things have good fortune when hunting, andshe gave them little crackers.’ (ELN 1990:8);
Amllertut yuut quyaviksukngaput ikayuutellret
ukut kalikaat piliaqumallratni. ‘The people who
we want to express our gratitude to are numerous,
the ones who helped out when this book was
made.’ (KIP 1998:xxiii); Agayutma quyavikamkena¥g’aricavnga assiilngumnek . . . ‘My God, I
thank you because you’ve taken away my sins
. . .’ (CAT 1950:82); Agayutvut quyinermi, . . .
Quyaviklaut aulukngakut kusgualuta-llu.’ Our
God on high, . . . Let us thank Him because He
takes care of us and protects us.’ (YUA 1945:40 &LIT 1972:20); Elpet quyavikamteggen, Uaspataq.
‘We thank you, Lord.’ (ORT 2006:25); < quyavik-ke2Quyayaraq Thanksgiving # Quyayaraq pirpak’laraat
yuut cali-llu maa-i aturaqluku quyalaameng
neqekangaqameng cali-llu canek aturkanek. ‘The
Yup’ik people consider Thanksgiving importantand celebrate it because of their gratitude forfood and other necessities of life.’ (YUP 1996:56);

Tanqilria Quyayaraq ‘Holy Eucharist’ (Catholicterm); < quya-yaraq
quyeq cough; cold # and quyer- to cough; to havea cold # Nulirra quyertuq, quyerraarluni pia
takusaami, “Niituten-qaa?” Kiunrituq. ‘His wife
coughed, and after she coughed she said to him,
when she looked over her shoulder, “Did you
hear?” He didn’t answer.’ (MAR1 2001:61); HBC,
NS; = quseq/quser-; > quypag-; < PE quy03quyig- to be located high; to be high in status,
spirits, etc. # quyigtuq ‘it is high’ / Umsugaa
tutgara’urluum quyigtuq, anglaniuq. ‘The
grandson’s spirits were high; he was enjoying
himself.’ (MAR1 2001:76); Quyilriani-llu
calingerpeci nallunritarkauluci. ‘And even if
you work in high positions, you will know [whatto do].’ (YUU 1995:57); Amllermi akiillrulartuq
kallulegmek uligmek atullerkaq thermostat-am
quyilriami uitaurallerkaani. ‘It’s usually a lot
cheaper in terms of electricity to use a blanket
than to keep the thermostat turned high.’ (GET
n.d.:6); = qussig-; > quyigtaciq, quyigi-; cf. qulae
quyigi- to go higher and higher # quyigiuq‘it is going higher and higher’ / Akerta
quyigiuraqertelluku niugglugpalla’artelliniuq
qakemna, . . . ‘As the sun got higher there was arustling noise out there, . . .’ (YUU 1995:206);< quyig-i1quyigtaciq height; score; level (e.g., grade in school)# quyigtacia ‘its height’; ‘his score’; Camek
quyigtacingluten elitnaunermek taqellrusit? ‘What
grade were you in when you quit school?’ (KIP
1998:259); < quyig-ta2-ciq
quyngiq reindeer # HBC; = qusngiq (q.v.)
quypag- to cough hard # HBC; < quyeq/quyerpag2quyungtur- to knock # EG; the form recorded here may
actually have initial k; = kuyungturquyur- gathered together # postural root; yuut
quyurmeng niicugniat atanerpak ‘the people arelistening, gathered together, to the president’;> quyungqa-, quyurtequyungqa- to be gathered together # quyungqaut‘they are gathered’ / Maaten anngamengqasgi uivaat, tunuat igvaraat, aren tua-iyugugglugugaat quyungqalriit. ‘When they went
outside they went around the kashim, and when
the back area came into their view, they saw that592Basesquyurrvik — rruur-R

there were lots and lots of people gathered there.’(QUL 2003:424); > quyur-ngqaquyurrvik meeting place; community hall #quyurrvikaat ‘they gathered at it’; < quyurte-vik
quyurte- to gather together; to collect # quyurtut‘they gathered’; quyurtai ‘he gathered them’/ quyurtaartut ‘they got together for a time’,‘they had a conference’; Ayagniameng atakumi
tamarmeng quyurrluteng. ‘When they were goingto start they all gathered together in the evening.’(CAU 1985:71); Tangercitaaqaqluku atakuraqan,
nunat cuit quyurrluki qaygimun, ilalkelluku, . . .
‘He displayed him every evening, gathering
the people of the village in the kashim, andtormenting him, . . .’ (CEV 1984:76); quyurtellrat
arulairluni ‘adjourning (the meeting)’;
pingnaqellriit quyurtellriit ‘those who try to do
things together, organization, association’;> quyurrvik
quyuuq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) # HBC; =qusuuqquyvag- emotional root; HBC; > quyvagnarqe-,
quyvagyug-, quyvake-; = qusvag-; < PE
quvya(yu!)quyvagnarqe- to make one happy # quyvagnarquq‘it makes one happy’ / HBC; < quyvag-narqequyvagyug- to be happy # quyvagyugtuq ‘he is
happy’ / HBC; < quyvag-yugquyvake- to be happy over (it) # quyvakaa ‘he is
happy over it’ / HBC; quyvag-ke2-

For other words that sound as if they start with r, lookunder errriitar- to pluck a bird # EG; = eritar-, erritar-,neritarrruur- to wash (dishes) # rruurumauq ‘it has been
washed’; EG; = erur-593

saaganeq — saayuq

Bases

S

some sugar on it and gave some to their children.’(ELN 1990:5); saarralalissiyaagluni ‘showing
symptoms of diabetes’, medical neologism; UY,
K, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; from Russian cƒ[fh(sákhar); = caarralaq; > saarralarninarqe-,
saarralartussiyaagngailnguq, saarralirsaarralarninarqe- to be sweet; to be sugary #kuuvviaqa saarralarninaqsiyaagtuq ‘mycoffee is too sweet’; < saarralaq-ninarqe-;> saarralarninarqellria
saarralarninarqellria sweet thing; candy #< saarralarninarqe-lria
saarralartussiyaagngailnguq* diabetic #< saarralaq-tur2-ssiyaag-ngaite-nguq
saarralir- to add sugar # saarralirtuq ‘he addedsugar’ or ‘it has had sugar added’; saarraliraa ‘headded sugar to it’; Saarralirluku-llu malrugnek
saskagnek, akulluku saarralaq urugvianun. ‘Addin two cups of sugar, stirring the sugar until it
disolves.’ (YUU 1995:64); < saarralaq-ir1saaruin story knife # < Y; = yaaruinsaaskaq, saaskaaq cup # from Russian xƒirf
(cháshka); = caskaq, caaskaq, saskaq, saskaaq
saayikaaq washtub; washing machine # NR; from
Russian iƒqrf (sháyka)saayirissuun teapot; tea kettle # Mermek
puqliriqataquvet kuuvviarkamek, saayurkamek
wall’u allam pikaanek, arenqinruuq
saayirissuutekun puqlirillerkaq egatekun
patuilngurkun pivkenani. ‘Whenever you
heat water for coffee or tea or anything else, it
is important not to heat it in a pot or tea kettle
without a cover.’ (GET n.d.:14); < saayuq-ir1-i2cuunsaayuq tea (either the leaves or the liquid) # andsaayur- to drink tea # Wii tang nerellruama
kainrilngua, saayuryugtua ta¥gaam. ‘I’m not
hungry because I’ve already eaten, but I’d like todrink tea.’; Quliranek niicugniyukuvci,. . . kelgiluci, neqkegcarluki, akutarturtelluki
saayumek-llu nutaan assilriamek culriamek
saayirilluki atlilirluki yuurqertelluki
nurusngairulluki saayumek. ‘If you want to listen
to stories, . . . issue invitations, provide good
food, let them eat Eskimo ice cream, and givethem an inexhaustable supply of good strong
tea to drink out of saucers.’ (ELL 1997:333); LK,
CAN, BB; from Russian xfq (chay); = caayuq;> saayirissuun

saaganeq kayak side-stringer # see Appendix 9 onparts of the kayak; = caaganeq; cf. sagtesaagaq, saagaun sled brake # see Appendix 9 on partsof the sled; K, BB; < ?-, ?-n; cf. esgaq, sagtesaalaq shortening; lard # Tunrraarluki-llu melqulget
aturyukmeggnek canek paivciluni, mukaamek,saalamek, kuuvviamek, saayumek, suutamek,taryumek, saarralamek-llu. ‘After selling thepelts, he set out the various items they’d want
to use: flour, shortening, coffee, tea, soda, salt,
and sugar.’ (PRA 1995:461 (see 1997 or further
reprintings) ); NSU, Y, CAN, K; from Russian cƒkj(sálo); = caalaq
saaliq vest # NR; from Russian ifkm (shal’) ‘shawl’saaneq yardage (of fabric); sheeting # Mulut’uugtut
saanermek suulutaamek, . . . ‘And they did beat
the gold into thin plates, . . .’ (ANUC. 39:3); < PI
saat1- ‘be thin’ (but PI should be PE); and -neq1
saanigguaq teapot # < saanik-uaq
saanik, sainik, saaniik kettle # Piluguuk, cuukiik,
ilupri, qerrulliik, atkua, qaspera, kaumatii,
egatekai, saanigkaa, kenirvigkaa, neqkai, cali
yuurqerkai. Ca tamalkuan pingnaqluku pilartut.
‘Boots, socks, underwear, pants, parka, parka
cover, gloves, pans, cooking pot, kettle, food, andtea. They tried to provide him with everything.’(TAP 2004:78); from Russian xƒqybr (cháynik);= caanik, cainik; > saanigguaq, saanilisaanili-, saaniili- to heat a kettleful of hot water;
to make tea # saaniliuq ‘he heated the kettle;
made tea’ / saanilitaa ‘he made tea for him’;Tua-i-llu egmian kenirluni cali-llu saanililuni
tuaten assaliluni. ‘And right away she cooked,
heated the kettle, and made griddlecakes.’ (ELN
1990:108); Taum tua-i tuyum ciuniurlukek
kaminiaq kumarrluku saanilitellinilukek. ‘That
host welcomed them, lit the stove, and made tea
for them.’ (YUU 1995:7); < saanik-li-, saaniik-lisaarralaq sugar # Tua-i-llu yuurqamek
angayuqaagket taukut irniatek aukanek
masslirraarluki, saarralamek-llu kanverraarluki
avqukcaarluki cikirluki. ‘And then when theirparents were going to have tea they buttered
the bread that went with the tea and sprinkled594

Basessaginga- to be spread out # sagingaut ‘they
are spread out, arrayed in front of us’ /Umyuaqellruyaaqaqa augkut iqugmiutaat
wani sagingallratni. ‘I recalled it when thosebag fasteners were spread out before us.’ (CIU
2005:236); < sagte-ngasagiq flounder, either starry flounder (Platichthys
stellatus) or arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes
stomias); sand dab (Citharichthys sp.) # BB; from
Aleut chagi⁄ (ca!iX); = cagiq
Sagquralriit the constellation consisting of thealigned stars in Orion’s belt # means ‘strewn
ones’ in Yup’ik; three or four stars; Sassaunatengwa pilallrulriit. Agyanek ta¥gaam pagkunek
sass’irluteng. Murilkelluki agyat pagkut pillruit.
Ingkut-llu yaani pingayun qulliquralriit,
Sagquralrianek pilallrit, erteqatarqan
pug’aqluteng. Sass’aqluki pagkut agyat. Alingaren, murilkelluteng yuut yuullruut. Agyat
tua-i cuqyutekluki. ‘They didn’t have clocks.
However, they told time with the stars up there.
They observed them very carefully. Those three
in a vertical line, called “Sagquralriit”, they cameup every day. Those stars were their clock. Oh
my, people lived their lives observing them,
They used the stars to measure time.’ (KIP
1998:55); Nangyartullrani taukut tua-i Sagquralriit
imkut cetaman waten unuakuarmi erenretmayuqatallratni, tua-i-llu tayima tevirluteng.’
At the end of the moon’s cycle, the four stars“Sagquralriit” would start disappearing just atdaybreak in the early morning.’ (CIU 2005:364);
Tua-i-gguq neqet tut’ellerkaat taryaqviit,
yaqulget-llu tekitellerkaat imumek piyarartengnall’arrluku piarkaugaqata tua-i tuaten taukut
aperturqaat. Ellamun sass’aqnilarait taukut
Sagquralriit agyat ikegkut nallunrilkeput. ‘If
the bird season and the salmon season were
to come at their usual time, those stars would
show it. They say that those “Sagquralriit” acrossthere, those stars which we know about, are thetimekeepers for the seasons.’ (CIU 2005:364); =Cagquralriit; < sagte-ur(ar)-lria-plural
sagte- to scatter; to spread out; to be in disarray #sagtut ‘they are in disarray’; sagtai ‘he scatteredthem, spread them out’ / man’a nep’ut sagtuq‘this house of ours is a mess with everything
scattered around’; sagtaa kuvyani ‘he isspreading out his net’; . . . neviarcaraam tuacetun
cali manua saggluku nerevkatullinia. ‘. . . havingsaginga- — sap’akiq

her spread her skirt out in front, she would havethe girl eat.’ (CIU 2005:188); = cagte-; > saginga-,
Sagquralriit, sagtet; < PE ci9a!-; cf. yagtesagtet dog-team gangline and harnesses # < sagteplural
Saguyaq Clark’s Point # cannery site at the mouth of
the Nushagak Riversainar- to sign one’s name # sainartuq ‘he signed’;sainaraa ‘he signed it’ / sainarluku! ‘sign it!’;sainarilleq ‘endorsement’ (legal neologism); fromEnglish ‘sign’; > sainarilleq
sakaassiik church caretaker; secondary chief (LImeaning) # from Russian pfrƒpxbr (zakázchik)‘client’salayaq dock; wharf; cannery; saltery # salayamun
itutuq ‘he pulled up alongside the wharf’;BB, NR, LI, EG; listed in Barnum 1901 list from
Nelson Is. for the mouth of the Yukon and glossed as‘summer storehouse for fish’; from Russian cfhƒq
(saráy) ‘shed’
salkuuyaq, sal’kuuyaq casserole of meat or fishwith potatoes, onions, etc. # from Russian ;fhr˙t(zharkóe) ‘roast’; = cal’kuuyaq;> sal’kuuyarvik
sal’kuuyarvik frying pan # EG; < sal’kuuyaq-vik
sangupaluq swallow (species?) # EG
sanqegg- to be at peace; to be satisfied; to bestraight, young and flawless; to be aware andalert # sanqegtuq ‘he is at peace’, ‘it is flawless’,‘he is aware and alert’; sanqeggan ‘because he/it is at peace, flawless, aware and alert’; Kitaki
tutgarrlung, sanqegturalriamek atam equyaarmek
waten pitalriamek avayangqerpanrilngurmek
yuarluten, pingayunek yagnernek kepucartua.
‘See here, grandson, look for a straight, young,flawless piece of wood, with no big branches, andcut off three arm lengths of it.’ (MAR2 2001:8)
sapakaq fox # EG; from Russian cj,ƒrf (sobáka)‘dog’sap’akilek jack in cards # LI; < sap’akiq-lek
sap’akiq shoe; manufactured boot # ukiagnek
sap’akigni allagnek piuq ‘because his shoes haveholes in them he bought another pair’; Tuamtallu tamaani yuulriit sap’akinek atuyuunateng.
Pilugugluteng ta¥gaam, . . . ‘Also in those days
people never wore manufactured footware. Onlyskin boots, . . .’ (YUU 1995:66); from Russian
cfgju∫ (sapogí) ‘shoes’; = cap’akiq; > sap’akilek

595

sapat’ag- — seg’aq

Basessave- to row # LI; = cave-, yave-; > savun; < PY
yav0-

sapat’ag- to scold # sapat’agaa ‘he is scolding her’ /K; = savat’agsapeq cigarette # BB; possibly a loan word ofundetermined origin
sapun fence # EG; = capun
sarrsa- to drink tea # sarrsauq ‘he is drinking tea’/ sarrsayugtuten-qaa? ‘would you like to havesome tea?’; BB; from Aleut cha⁄sa⁄ (caXsaX) ‘fish
broth’; = carcasaskaq, saskaaq cup # from Russian xƒirf (cháshka);= caskaq, caaskaq, saaskaq, saaskaaq;> saskiurun
saskiurun dishtowel # < saskaq-liur-n
saskuk, saskuq implement; tool; weapon #saskirluni kaugtullrua qimugta ‘he hit the
dog with a weapon’; Tulukaruum pillinia,“Alingnaqvaa-ll’, elpeni tua-i saskurrailavet
arenqiatelaqatalliniatgen, uqilailavet-llu. Ataki
saskuliqernaamken.” ‘Raven said to him, “Oh, forgoodness sake, because you don’t have anythingwith which to defend yourself, the others are goingto make it difficult for you, also because you
are not fast on your feet. Let’s see now, allow
me to make you a weapon.”’ (QAI 1984:27);
saskulluarqessaraq ‘weapons violation’ (legal
neologism); = caskuk; < PE ca9ku
sass’aq, sassaaq (BB form) clock; watch; hour
# qipaa sass’aq arvinlegnun tekitellran‘she wound the clock when it struck six’;
Elitnaurat mikcuaraat elitnaulartut Yup’igtun
qaneryaramek sass’am avgani ernerpak sass’amillu ataucimi qaqiutnatkameggnun high schoolamek. ‘Little students study in the Yup’ik
language for half an hour a day, and then for one
hour a day until they finish high school.’ (KIP
1998:ix); “Sass’artangvailgan canek atulallruceci?”“Sassaunateng-wa pilallrulriit. Agyanek ta¥gaam
pagkunek sass’irluteng.” ‘“What did you use
before there were clocks here?” “They managedwithout clocks. They had only the stars up above
for telling time.” (KIP 1998:55); Camun sass’aqkaugaqan nerlarceci? ‘At what time (hour) do you
eat?’ (YUP 1996:54); “Qavciklaagmi ayagciqseci?”“Cetamanun sass’aq kaukan ayagyullruuk.” ‘“At
what time will you leave?” “He wanted to leaveat four o’clock.”’ (PRA 1995:429); from Russianxfcß (chasy); = cass’aq
savat’ag- to scold # savat’agaa ‘he is scolding her’ /= sapat’ag-

savte- to feel or touch intentionally with one’s hand
# LI; = caavte-, cavte-; < PE cav0tsavun oar # LI, UK; = cavun, yavun; < save-nsayak, sayalleq (LI form) red salmon; sockeye
salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) # sayiit ‘red salmon(plural)’; Tuamtellu pelluata taryaqvagnek
cali tamakunek tuamtellu iqallugnek neqnek
tua-i sayagnek, kangitnernek, qakiiyarnek,
imarpinrarnek, qusuurnek. ‘And then whenthey’re done with king salmon, there are chumsalmon, red salmon, dog salmon, silver salmon,
whitefish, and smelt.’ (YUP 2005:86); = cayak;< PY cayak

sayangaq front area of hill, mountain, etc. # Aren
qanganaq anlliniuq waten ingrim sayangaakun.
‘Well, the squirrel came out like this on thefront of the mountain.’ (CIU 2005:152); Una
waniwa qanganaq ingulautmek aturluni ingrim
sayangaani, ingrim sayangaakun anluni. ‘This
squirrel was singing a slow song as it came outof its den on the front of the mountain.’ (CIU
2005:154); cf. caa; < PE ca90-

seg- to cut fish in preparation for drying; inplaces where ulligte- (q.v.) means to cut fish inpreparation for drying, seg- means to cut open
the abdominal cavity of a fish or mammal# underlyingly [e]seg-; segtuq ‘she is cutting
fish’; segaa ‘she is cutting it’ / seg’umauq
or segg’umauq ‘it is cut, ready for drying’;
sek’kuvet ‘if/when you cut fish for drying’; Tua-i
amllernek-llu piliqlanrilnguq tua-i qavcinek-llu
pill’uni, anuurluan imum segluki agarrlarai imkut
neqtarrai. ‘He didn’t catch much but he did catch
some, and his grandmother cut in preparation
for drying, and hung those few fish he caught.’(MAR2 2001:4) Y, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; = ceg-,
esseg-; > seg’aq, segg’aruaq, segvik, segyaraq;< PE ci90!seg’aq, segg’aq fish cut in preparation for drying #Arnam segg’amek cikiraa inisqelluku. Mecaq’am
tegua. Egmian-llu segg’aq cellu’urtuq igglunillu cailkamun. ‘The woman gave him a cut fish,
telling him to hang it up. Mecaq’aq took it. And,
immediately the cut fish slipped out of his hands
and fell on the ground.’ (UUT 1974:11); < seg-aq1,
seg-aq1596

Basessegg’anqegg-, segganqegg- to be alert; to be fullof vigor # Moses-aaq allrakungluni yuinarnek
arvinlegnek tuqullruuq; segg’anqeggumaluni iikllu cali takviglutek. ‘Moses died at 120 yearsof age; he was full of vigor and his eyesight was
sharp.’ (ALER. 34:7); Kiaramallinkii pa¥gani
segg’anqeggiluni. ‘He became alert and scanned
the mainland for her.’ (WHE 2000:198);
Paallagaqluta erenrem qukallrani, unugmi
pilriacetun, segganqellriit akuliitni tuqumalriatun
ayuqliriluta. ‘We stumble in mid day as if innight, among the vigorous we are like the dead.’(ISAIA. 59:10); < segg’ar-nqeggsegg’ar- to become more active; to become wideawake. underlyingly [e]ssgar-; segg’artuq‘he became wide awake’ / alangrulriim
qavalria segg’arqaa ‘the unnatural occurrence
caused the sleeper to become wide awake
prematurely’; Caarkaucini umyuaqengnaqluku
segg’angcarluni, umyuaqerrluku, aatani cunaw’
malikarkaullinikii. ‘Trying to remember what
she was going to do that day she made an effort
to become fully awake, and then she rememberedthat she was going to go with her father thatday.’ (ELN 1990:15); = cegg’ar-, essgar-; >segg’anqegg-; < PY 0s!a3(a3)- (under PE 090)
segg’aruaq split and dried pike # LI; < seg-aq1-uaq
segvik dock # LI; < seg-vik
segyaraq cannery # LI; < seg-yaraq
selapaq broad-brimmed hat # from Russian ikΩgf(shlyápa); = cillapaq
Selavi Russian Christmas # celebrated on January 6;
from Russian ckƒdb (slávi) ‘praises’; = S’laavi
seleg- to do as one wishes # often of the mischievous
behavior of a child; selegtuq ‘he is doing as hewishes’ /selin whetstone # EG; = cellin, ellin
selip’ussaaq slipper # BB; from English ‘slippers’
seng’ur- to overflow # underlyingly [e]ssngur-;seng’urtuq or seng’uraa ‘it is overflowing’ / Y;
= ceng’ur-; < PY ci&u3senkaq land otter (Lontra canadensis) # Keltellanritut
camek, yaaqvanun-llu tamakut senkat. ‘They
weren’t wary of anything, and they went agreat distance, those otters.’ (QAN 2009:254); Y;= cenkaq, cinkaq
seq sweat; perspiration; condensation # and ser- to
sweat; to perspire; to have condensation form

segg’anqegg- — siligaq

on it # sertuq ‘he is sweating’, ‘condensation isforming on it’ / Elcessuutengqerquvet egmiankumareskiu kenirvigpet egalri seng’ekata. ‘If you
have ventilator [fan], turn it on right away if yourkitchens windows start to get steamed up.’ (GET
n.d.:14); underlyingly [e]sseq/[e]sser-; K, Y, NI,
CAN, BB; = esseq/esser-, ceq/cer-; < PE 09i3serr’ir- to move and make noise as one wakes up
from sleep # Kiavaqanrakun irniara serr’irtuq,¥gayalaagluni atkuilaagluni tegua. ‘Just as
she came in his child began to wake up, andafter quickly taking off her parka and clothes,
she held him.’ (MAR2 2001:79); Ilai-llu ukut
serr’irangluteng Turpak ta¥gken qavanertuami
neplingraagnek pekteksaunani qavaarluni. ‘Her
family members began to move around as theywoke up, but Turpak slept on without moving
even though they were noisy, since she always
slept soundly.’ (ELN 1990:21); cf. segg’arserrsallag- to make a sizzling sound # Qiatmek
tamatumek aturturainanrani serrsellalliniluteng
kankut ellilaraat. ‘As he was singing that dirgethat kindling down there made a sizzling sound[from his tears].’ (CUN 2007:28); imitative
setiinkaaq pig # Suulutaatun kulutetun setiinkaam
cigvikekiitun; tuaten ayuquq arnaq kenegnalriata¥gken ellatuvkenani. ‘Like a gold ring on a
pig’s nose (literally: as its nose bead), that is whata beautiful woman is like without good sense.’(AYUQ. 11:22); # = cetuinkaq, cetiinkaq, citiinkaq,
sitiinkaaq; from Russian pfl∫yrf (zadínka) ‘back
cut of meat’siimaq stone; rock; gallstone or kidney stone(additional meaning for NUN) # Qeterya(a)lkuciqallrullinia ta¥ga-i itegmikarluku
taumeg ta¥ga-i, siimameg allameg. ‘With her
foot she pushed in another one of those rocks
for a backrest.’ (WEB2); Mayuryalriamengsiimaurtelliur ta¥ga-i. ‘After climbing up heturned into stone.’ (WOR 2007:118); NUN, LI, EG;= ciimaq; > siimarar(aq*), simpak; < PE
ya(C)amaqsiimarar(aq*) small rock; large pebble # NUN;
< siimaq-ar(aq)siipaq chain # BB, LI; from Russian wtgm (tsep’)siissiq insect; bug; cold-blooded crawling thing;pimple # and siissir- to become infested with
insects; to become infected # BB; = ciissiq/ciisirsiligaq, siliyaq jelly; jam # from Russian ;tk® (zhelé)597

silin — sugg’aliqBasessilin vest # from Russian ;bk®n (zhilét)
simpak large rock; boulder # NUN; < siimaq-rpaksingssiiyaq elf; dwarf # LI; = cingssiik
sitaaq old-style coffin in which a person wasinterred with his knees folded and drawn up
near his chin, formerly elevated on four shortposts # = citaaq
sitiinkaq pig # Ner’aqluteng tuaten sitiinkaat
kemgitnek . . . ‘They eat the flesh of pigs . . .’(ISAI. 65:4); from Russian pfl∫yrf (zadínka) ‘back
cut of meat’; = cetiinkaq, cetuinkaq, citiinkaq,
setiinkaaq
siyuq small thrush-like bird (species ?) # . . .
qeyaqanrakun siyuq egalerkun uyanglluni
uikesqelluni. ‘. . . while she was crying the little
bird peeked in through smokehole and said that
he wanted to marry her.’ (GRA 1901:279); = ciyuq= Selavi; celebrated on January 6; from Russianckƒdb (slávi) ‘praises’smiiyaq snake # EG; from Russian pvtΩ (zmeyá)snuukuuq snowmachine # may be used in the
dual for a single machine; Kanavet snuukuugka
unitellruagka. Yaaqsinrituk. ‘I left mysnowmachine down there. It isn’t far.’ (PRA
1995:191); from English ‘snow-go’
spaak spark plug # from English
spickaq (NI, HBC, CAN form), spiickaaq (Y, EG
form) match # from Russian cg∫xrf (spíchka)staalista churchwarden; church caretaker # from
Russian cnƒhjcnf (stárosta)
stakaanaq glass pitcher; chimney for kerosene lamp
# BB; from Russian cnfrƒy (stakán) ‘drinking
glass’
stelussaq carpenter’s plane # and stelussar- to plane
wood # stelussaumauq ‘it has been planed down
or smoothed’; from Russian cnhe; (struzh);= stulussaq
stikluuq, stik’luuq glass # substance or drinking
glass; from Russian cntrk˙ (stekló)
stulussaq carpenter’s plane # and stulussar- toplane wood # from Russian cnhe; (struzh);= stelussaq
stuuluq table # . . . stuulum qainganun ellisqellukek
caniqliqlukek. ‘. . . asking her to place them side
by side on top of the table.’ (QUL 2003:380); from
Russian cnjk (stol); = estuuluq

The following words written with initial clustersof two consonants are all from Russian
or English. They may be pronounced andwritten with an e before the initial consonant
cluster; for example, stuuluq ‘table’ may
also be estuuluq.
skaapaq, skaapaaq shelf # skaapat, skaapaat‘shelves; cupboard’; from Russian irfg (shkap)
skauk barge # EG; from English ‘scow’skuulaq (Y, HBC, NI, NUN form), skuuluq (BB, NR,
LI, EG, NI form) school # and skuular-, skuulurto go to school # from Russian ir˙kf (shkóla)
and /or English school; > skuularaq, skuularista,skuularvik
skuularaq, skuuluraq student # < skuular-aq1,
skuular-aq1
skuularista, skuulurista teacher # < skuular-i2-ta1,
skuular-i2-ta1
skuularvik school #Y, HBC, NI, NUN: < skuular-vik
skuulutaq skillet; frying pan # from Russian
crjdjhjlƒ (skovorodá)skuutaq sheet (rope) of sailboat # from Russian irjn
(shkot)S’laavi Russian Christmas # Kass’alugpiat calillu Kass’alugpiarunrilngermeng ilagautetuutS’laavilrianun January-mi. ‘Russian Orthodox andalso those who aren’t Orthodox celebrate Russian
Christmas together in January.’ (YUP 1996:55);

suassaaq wild soup greens of any kind # = cuassaaq
sug- root; > sugaq, sugar-, sugkite-, sugtu-, suguaq,suungcarista; see also cuk, yuk; < PE i&u!
sugaq small doll; figurine # and sugar- to playwith dolls # sugartuq ‘she is playing with dolls’/ sugarviutaq ‘container for dolls’; BB, NR; =cugaq, yugaq; < sug-aq3; > sugaruaq; cf. suguaq
sugaruaq small doll; articulated figurine for play #BB; < sugaq-uaq
sugg’agte- to make a swishing sound in the air #Ayainanermini naken imumek sugg’agtellriamek
niicami piqalliniuq Tulukaruk man’a. ‘As he
was going along, he heard the sound of wings
swishing from somewhere and then saw that it
was Raven.’ (QAI 1984:27)
sugg’aliq cracker; pilot bread # specifically means the
manufactured, substantial unsalted crackers known

598

Basessugg’eq — suukuyaq

uitavkarluki. ‘Take salted fish, wash them,changing the water three times, and let themsoak in water overnight.’ (YUU 1995:63); from
Russian cjk=ysq (solyo’nyy); = culunaq;> sulunivik
sulunivik saltery # = culunivik; < sulunaq-li2-vik
sumcarista doctor # NR; = suungcarista
sumpaq jacket # NR; from Russian íi´,f (shúba)
sumpuluq gun-cleaning rod; ramrod # from Russiani˙vgjk (shómpol)
sun’aq ship; barge # Maaten tamana ingriuyukelqa
alairtuq sun’am tengalrautaqlinikek. ‘The thing
I had thought was a mountain came into view
and it turned out to be the sail of a ship.’ (KIP
1998:15); from Russian c´lyj (súdno)supa’aksaq shoe-pac # EG; from English
suraq blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) #Qengaqegcinruunga elpeni. Kuigem akiani
ingrim mengliini surat narkenka. ‘I have a better
nose than you. On the other side of the river atthe edge of the mountain I smell the blueberries.’(MAQ 1973:13); = curaq; > surav’ak
surav’ak type of large blueberry (Vaccinium sp.?);locally: huckleberry # BB; = curavak; < suraq-vak
surrsurpak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); shoveler(Anas clypeata) # = curcurpak; imitative and< -rpaksurvir- to examine # MY; = curvir, cuvrir-, ivrir-,suvrir-, yivrir-, yuvrir-, yurvirsuugi- to scrub; to wash floor, walls, etc. # suugiuq‘he is washing the floor’; suugia ‘he is scrubbing
it’ / Maaten piut aaniit kiugna taklalria canianiwa ca qatellriamek imgumaluni, maurluat-wa
natermi suugilria. ‘When they looked they saw
that their mother was lying down back there andnext to her there was something wrapped up inwhite, and their grandmother was scrubbing thefloor.’ (ELN 1990:9); also spelled essugi-; = cuugi-;> suugissuun
suugissuun scrub brush # < suugi-cuunsuukiiq sock # suukiini callmagaa egumumalria‘she darned her unraveled sock’; Suukiimek-llu
caunata. Suukiingqessuunata wangkuta. ‘We
didn’t have any socks. We never had any socks.’(KIP 1998:139); from Russian x´krb (chúlki)‘socks’; = cuukiiq
suukuyaq, suukuuq silk # from Russian i=krjt(shyólkoye) ‘silken’

as “pilot bread” (or “hardtack”) common in the
North but not elsewhere; Maurluan-llu cikirlukek,
yuurqaamek, sugg’aliyaarnek neqnirqellriamek.
‘And her grandmother gave them, when they
drank tea, a tasty little cracker.’ (ELN 1990:7); from
Russian ce[ƒhm (sukhár’); = cugg’aliq
sugg’eq upper or lower part of a snout or beak;lip # sugg’rek or suggrek ‘its beak, its (or his)
lips’; . . . Kaviarara’urluq sugg’egminek ayagluni
kaviriyartuqili pamyuminun. Amna ta¥gaam
pamyuan nuuga kiimi pivkenani.’. . . poor ol’ Fox
turned red from his muzzle to his tail. But only
the tip of his tail did not became that way.’ (YUU
1995:74); = cugg’eq; > sugg’elin, sugg’erpak
sugg’elin bridle # Piqrutat sugg’elitet-llu
atulartut kuuninun ciulvagnun-llu, tuaten-llu
piqertuarnarquq usviilnguq. ‘They use whips
and bridles on horses and donkeys, and like that afool is to be whipped.’ (AYUQ. 26:3)
sugg’erpak dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.); shoveler(Anas clypeata); yellowlegs (Tringa sp.) # <sugg’eq-rpaksugkite- to be short in stature # of humans; sugkituq‘he is short’; sugkinani ‘(he) being short’;
tan’gaurluq nasaurlumi sugkillruuq ‘the boy isshorter than the girl’ / = cugkite-; K, BB, MY;< sug-kite-2
sugtu- to be tall # of humans; sugtuuq ‘he is tall’ /sugturiuq ‘he is growing taller’; angun arnami
sugtunruuq ‘the man is taller than the woman’;K, BB, MY; = cugtu-; < sug-tusuguaq small doll; figurine # BB, MY; < sug-uaq;
cf. sugaq
suicekaaq candle # EG; from Russian cd®xrf(svéchka); = ciucekaaq, cuicekaaq, cuucekaaq
suinaq twenty # EG, MY; = cuinaq, yuinaq
suk person human; being # MY (i.e., some speakers inarea from Mountain Village to Marshall); see yuk formore information; cf. sug-; = cuk, yuk
sukunaq cast-iron pot # from Russian xeu´yjr(chugúnok); = cukunaq, kucunaq
sukutaq moisture # EG; = cukutaq, yukutaq
sulissuliar(aq*) song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) #<imitative and -ar(aq)sulunaq salted fish or meat that is eaten after it
is cut up and leached to remove excess salt #Sulunanek-llu neqnek tegulluten erunqigtaarluki
pingayurqunek, mermun-llu akurrluki unugpak

599

suuliyar- — taanganrirciigate-

Bases

T

suuliyar-, suuliar- to go to a movie or a show #suuliyartuq or suuliartuq ‘he went to a movie ora show’; < suuq-liyarsuuluciiyurta goldsmith # < Calistekameggnek
piut suuluciiyurteµek agayut’lisqelluku; . . . ‘They
hire a goldsmith to make a god; . . .’ (ISAI. 46:6);
suulutaaq-?-tasuulutaaq gold # Agayutmek nallulriit
agayutengqertut pilianek qerrirlinek suulutaanekllu, yuum unatmikun piliarinek. ‘Those that
don’t know about God, have gods of silver andgold made by the hands of man.’ (PSALM 115:4;
from Russian p˙kjnj (zóloto); > suuluciiyurta
suungcarista medical doctor # BB; = yungcarista,
cungcarta, sumcarista; < sug-u-nge-car-i2-ta1
suupaq soup; stew-like soup served as a maincourse # Suupan ata nerkiu nangluku,
kaigaqameng-gguq umyuaq’larait
ciinlluguaraluteng ciin nerellrunrilucimeggnek
taumek neqmeggnek. ‘Be sure to eat all yoursoup, because, they say, when people aresuffering famine they think about it and regret
not having eaten their food [when it wasavailable].’ (ELN 1990:5); from Russian ceg (sup)and/or from English; = cuupaq
suuq movie; show # from English ‘show’; >suuliyar-, suurvik
suuri spotted seal (Phoca largha) # NUN; from Aleut
isuĝi⁄ (isu3iX); = issuriq
suurvik movie theater # < suuq-vik
suvrir- to examine # MY; = curvir, cuvrir-, ivrir-,survir-, yivrir-, yuvrir-, yurvirsuy’uqerte- to become very sad and despondent #< suyute-qerte- (?)
suyute- to turn down a stove or lamp # suyutaa ‘heturned it down’ / suyusngauq ‘it is low, dim’;= cuyute-; cf. cungu-; > suy’uqerte-

ta- or tas- prefix used with demonstratives in NSU
for anaphora, emphasis or repeated reference, e.g.,
taingna ‘that one, the one over there’ from ingna‘the one over there’; the form tas- is used primarily
with consonant-initial demonstratives, e.g., taspikani‘there, up there’ from pikani ‘up there’ (but also
tasiani (or taingani) ‘there, over there’; outsideof NSU, this prefix appears only in tauna, tavani,
tamana, and tamaani (though outside of Yup’ik thisprefix is used in Siberian Yupik and Inupiaq); see
Appendix 3 on demonstratives
taa- to come # NUN; = tai-; > taayam
taaki, taa oh my! exclamation expressing surprised
reaction to what another has said; Y; cf. ataki
taamaq king in checkers # from Russian lƒvf (dáma)‘lady, queen’taamlek, taalek (EG, NUN form) darkness; dwellingplace of the spirits # and taamleg-, taamlegcete-,taaleg- (EG, NUN form) to become dark #Taamleg’aranga’arcan iralur mayunercirluku
arulairutlinia. ‘Because it had become dark, they
stopped and waited for the moon to come up.’(KIP 1998:239); Taamlegcetellrianek mingulget
ciqinqariyuitut kenurramek taumek kenurrat
amllermarqellriit tamakucinek avatelegni.
‘Things that have dark paint don’t reflect the raysfrom a light, and the lights must be increased insuch surroundings.’ (GET n.d.:17); < PY-Sta(a)ml0k
taamlegi- to become dark # of surroundings;
taamlegiuq it is becoming dark / Iralumgguq tua akerta kesianek maligqurluku.
Caqapigtaqami anguaqamiu kassuutaqlutek.
Cella-gguq taamlegiaqluni ugaani kasngusuum.
‘The moon, it is said, always follows the sun.
Very occasionally he overtakes her and they wed.
The world, it is said, is plunged into darkness, due
to shame.’ (UNP3); < taamlek-i-1
taanganrirciigacaraq alcoholism # < taangarnrirciigate-yaraq
taanganrirciigalnguq* alchoholic # <taanganrirciigate-nguqtaanganrirciigate- to be addicted to alcohol #< taangar-nrir-ciigate-; > taanganrirciigacaraq,taanganrirciigalnguq

600Basestaangaq liquor # and taangar- to drink liquor #taangartuq ‘he is drinking’ / Taangaryunqellriit
nernertulriit-llu cairuciiqngata. ‘Heavy drinkers
and gluttons will come to have nothing.’ (AYUQ.
23:21); taangam anglicurlagcetellra qumiullrani‘fetal alcohol syndrome’ (medical neologism);
anernerakun taangam cuqyutii ‘breathalyzer’(legal neologism); taangarpallalria ‘alcohol
overdose’ (medical/legal neologism); from Aleuttaanga⁄ (taa&aX) or Sugpiaq taangaq ‘water’; >taanganrirciigate-, taangarvik, taangaryaraq,taangatu-, taangiqe-; cf. Zagoskin 1842 list (1), Dall
1866 list (8)taangaryaraq (excessive) drinking # < taangar-yaraq
taangarvik bar; liquor store # < taangaq-vik
taangatu- to drink (alcohol) regularly (to excess)# taangatuli ‘heavy drinker, problem drinker’;
Unugmi qavalriit qavatuut-gguq, unugmi-llugguq taangatulit taangatuluteng, . . . ‘At night
sleepers sleep, and at night drinkers drink, . . .’(KIP 1998:289); < taanga-tu
taangiqe- to be drunk; to be inebriated # taangiquq‘he is drunk’ / Qasgimi-llu taangiqellria-llu
iterluni qanaagaqan piciatun, qenerrluni-llu
unuaquani akinaurlaraat canek akingqerkan-llu
akinek itrucelluku qang’a-llu equgnek, piciatun
canek neqkanek-llu. ‘And if the inebriate came to
the kashim and talked nonsense or said anythingin anger, the next day they’d give him a fine, andif he had any money they’d have him bring in themoney or wood or some kinds of food.’ (MAR1
2001:27); < taangaq-liqe2taaq tar; pitch # Puyiryararpenek taartun ayuqellria
maq’ngareskan, puyiryaran carrirnaria. ‘Ifsomething like tar oozes out from your chimney,
it is time to clean out your chimney.’ (GET n.d.:8);
from English ‘tar’ though pronounced without the
final ‘r’, unless a non-loan, cognate of Inupiaq taaq
‘darkness’; > taartetaaqassaaq skin for chewing # and taaqassaar- tochew on a skin to soften it. taaqassaartuq ‘she ischewing on a skin’; taaqassaaraa ‘she is chewing
on it’; aaqassaaq/aaqassaartaaqsipak (Y, K form), taaqcipak (NSU form) AfricanAmerican; black person; Negro # from Inupiaq
trade jargon taaqsipak ‘dark one’; = taqsipak,
taqcipak; cf. tungupak, qalqapaktaarri- to swat oneself or another in a steambath totone muscles and stimulate sweating # taarriuqtaangaq — tackaq‘he is swatting himself’; taarria ‘he is swatting
her’ / > taarrin; < PY taa3(a3)itaarrin, taarrissuun steambath switch or whisk # asmall bundle of branches used to swat the body during
a steambath; also plural for one switch; < taarri-n,taarri-cuuntaarte- to coat with tar or pitch # Angyarpali
muragmek assilriamek uitavililuki ucii, taarrluku
ilua elatii-llu ‘Make an ark of good wood, makecompartments for its cargo, cover it with pitch
inside and out.’ (AYAG. 6:14); < taaq-te6taassiq dishpan # from Russian nfp (taz)taatuggluk mist # < taituk-rrluk # NUN
taatuir(aq) Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus
brevirostris) (identification uncertain) # =taituir(aq); NUN
taavaaqiq leaf tobacco # NSU; partly from Russiannf,ƒr (tabák)
taave- to hurry excitedly # NUN; = tave-; > tavqartaavtaaq clam # Tua-i atralliniuq piyualuni tuavet
qanrucatni cat ce÷arayiit amlleriniluki, taavtaat,amyiit-llu. ‘He walked down there when they
told him that those things of the shore were
becoming plentiful, the clams, and the oysters.’(CIU 2005:322); = aatevtaaq, tavtaaq; NI; < PY
taavtaaq
taayam come! # exclamatory particle; < taa=am #NUNtacellgaq sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) # NSU; cf.
qucillgaq; < PY tat0l!a3
taces- dimensional root; > taceskite-, tacestu-; = cacet-,cas-; cf. cayaq
taceskite- to lack fortitude; to lack strength; to lackcourage # taceskituq ‘he lacks fortitude, strength,
courage’ / NS, Y; < taces-kitetacestu- to be unwavering, stable, srong, brave# tacestuuq ‘he is unwavering, stable, strong,
brave’ / NS, Y; < taces-tu-; > taceturqaurtaceturqaur- to comfort (someone) # < tacestu-?tacilaq sharpening or grinding stone; whetstone #NUN
taciq sandspit and bay formed by it; lagoon #> Taciq; PE taci3
Taciq St. Michael # village on the southern shore of
Norton Sound; < taciq
tackaq woman’s beaded hairnet # perhaps from
Russian c®nrf (sétka) ‘net’

601

tag’aq — taicir-

Bases

tag’aq surf; tide that brings things ashore # . . .
patuqcautaa ciulavignek imarpiim ce÷iini tag’am
erullrinek, . . . ‘. . . she covered it over with sea
grass root which the surf had washed over,
exposing it on the shore of the sea, . . .’ (MAR2
2001:90); < tage-aq1
tag’arte- to quickly go up on the shore; to quickly
pull (it) up onto the shore # tag’artuq ‘he quickly
got out of the water’; tag’artaa ‘he quickly
pulled it out of the water’ / . . . Cupluralriim
qayani tag’arrluku-w’ tua-i iiqerluk’ tangvaurluki
palurngaluni. ‘. . . Cupluralria quickly pulled
his kayak up on the shore, hid it out of view,
and observed them lying on his belly.’ (AGA
1996:188); < tage-ar(ar)tetagaurak rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) #tagcilleq thing washed ashore from the sea # Iliit-llu
qanertuq kiagmi-gguq tang cat amlleret ce÷ami
tagautetuyaaqekai ta¥gaam-gguq watqapik
tagcillernek nakacullernek tangyuunateng. ‘Oneof them said that in summer lots of things get
washed up on the shore, but they never see
bladders that have been washed up.’ (CAU 1985:35);< tage-te2-i2-lleq1
tagcirayuk barnacle # < tage-?-yuktage- to go up from a body of water; to go up any
gradual incline; to move back from the center ofattention # for to go up (not following the lay of theland) see mayur-; tag’uq ‘he went up’; tagaa ‘hewent up it’ / tagtaa ‘he pulled it up and away’e.g., pot from stove, boat from water; tagutaa ‘hebrought it up with him’; cen’aliurpek’naci amci
tagici! ‘don’t play on the shore, come up right
now!’; angyani tagtaa ‘he pulled his boat ashore’;
tag’uq imarpigmek kuigkun ‘he went up fromthe sea by the river’; tagciraa ‘he motioned tohim to come up’; egan tagesgu! ‘remove the pot
from the stove!’; Taqngamek neqtatek tagulluki
taglutek. ‘When they2 were done they came up
from the shore bringing their catch with them.’(ELN 1990:23); Inglernun tagluni, maaten pia
kegginaa mikelnguum kavirpak qacuqapiggluni,
iik-llu cikmiumalutek. ‘She got up on the bed,
and she observed that the infant’s face was all
red and wrinkled and its eyes were shut.’ (ELN
1990:10); > tag’arte-, tag’aq, tagcilleq, tagcirayuk,
tagelviiyaq, tagenquq, tagtaq, tagte-, taguyun;< PE ta!0tagelviiyaq tunnel passage under the snow # fromthe water to the den of muskrats, land otters, or mink
# Camani ta¥gaam qanikcaam aciani kuigetce÷aitni kangarluteng tagelviiyamegteggun. ‘Down
there, however, under the snow at the shores of
the rivers they’d go through their passageways.’(PAI 2008:222); < tage-?
tagenquq tunnel passage under the ground # fromthe water to the den # < tage-quq
taggiyar- to climb up on bed # NUN
tagura- for there to be a sudden gust of wind #NUN
tagtaq winnings in a gambling game # < tage-te2-aq1
tagte- to bring in toward oneself and/or upward #for example, one’s winnings in gambling, somethingtaken up off the floor, a pot from the stove, a boat fromthe water, guests on their way to visit someone else,
etc.; tagtaa ‘he brought it toward him or up’ /Nuq’lerluku keggngagu manani, tagtelraa, . . .
‘She quickly pulled it [the line], because it [thefish] bit her hook, and she quickly brought it
in, . . .’ (ELN 1990:23); Pitaqngaku wangkuk
ikayualuku taggluku tauna maklak. ‘When hecaught it, we2 helped him pull in that bearded
seal.’ (YUU 1995:24); < tage-te-3
tagun snout harness for unruly dog #tagurun corner post of traditional house # < ?-ntagutuar(aq*) pet # NUN; < ?-ar(aq)taguyun basket or other device for bringing things
up from the shore # < tage-te5-ntai- to come to the area of the speaker # taiguq ‘hecame here’ / taiqaa ‘please come over here’;qanrutaa taisqelluku ‘he told him to come overto him’; elucirararaa taisqelluku ‘he gestured
for him to come over’; neqkat taigut ‘the foodhas come, has been brought’; Cassurluten tangtua maavet maa-i taillinisit? ‘For what purpose
have you come here?’ (ELL 1997:372); Mikelnguut
wangnun taivkarciki aviraucaqunaci-llu, . . . ‘Let
the little children come to me and do not block
the way, . . .’ (MATT. 19:14); pinricunailnguq
qanercetaarviim taisqutii ‘subpoena’ (legal
neologism); = taa-; > taikanir-, taitai, taite-1, taite-2-,
taivkartaicir- to be foggy # impersonal subject; taicirtuq ‘itis foggy’ / taiciqan ‘if it is foggy’; taillrani ‘when
it was foggy’; taician ‘because it is foggy’; Tua-illu mer’em makuari tamakut aturluki imumek
kiarnaunani taicirluni compass-aitellratni,

602

Basestaigtur-1 — takaayi-

taitai come here! exclamation used, especially tochildren, in place of the usual second person optative
taigi; < tai-tai

kinguneq-llu nanluciirulluni, taugaam waniw’
nallunrit’lararput akerta yaaken tua-i pagaaggun
ayatullra nalluvkenaku. ‘We’d guide ourselveswith the reflective ice particles in the water when
visibility was low, when it was foggy, when they
didn’t have compasses, when we didn’t know
anymore where we’d set out from, but knew thecourse of the sun up there, knew its path.’ (QUL
2003:696); < taituk-ir-1
taigtur-1 to smooth # taigturaa ‘he issmoothing it out’ / Ayumian tua-i imna
qanganakegtaaraminek all’uni taigtuqerluni.
‘Straight away he put on his very good squirrel
parka and smoothed out it out.’ (MAR2 2001:113)
taigtur-2 to be outside without a coat # HBC; (?)
taikanir- to come closer; to bring closer; to explain,
to clarify # taikanirtuq ‘it moved a little closer’;taikaniraa ‘he brought it closer’, ‘he explainedit’ / Aperyarat ayuqenrilata taikaniumalriit ilait
ukut iliitnek canimegteggun igangqertut, . . .
‘Because the words are different, some of them
have explanations written next to them, . . .’ (CAU
1985:220); A¥gkuk ava-i taringcetaarukaraak
example-aak qanllemnun apqengagka kenkamun
taikaniqautngunayuklukek qanqautek’luugutagka.
‘I have spoken about these two examples because
I thought they’d clarify for us the principles oflove.’ (YUP 2005:12); < tai-kanir-; > taikaniutii
taikaniun explanation; meaning; clarification;
definition # < taikanir-te5
taima elsewhere # adverb; Y; for more information see
tayima; = tayima
taimiurta choir director # K, BB; from English ‘time’
taingkaq oil drum; tank # Kiircaucetaunani-llu,
kaminiaq ta¥gaam una imna taingkam kepii.
Tamakunek kaminiigaqluteng. ‘There were noheaters, but a stove made from a cut off oil drum.
They made stoves of that kind.’ (KIP 1998:303);
from English ‘tank’taiq inner layer of sealgut removed before further
processing # < + PE tai!- ‘remove a layer’(cf. Siberian Yupik tii!-, Naukan Yupik tia!-,
Inupiaq/Inuit taak-)tairvag- to be very foggy # tairvagtuq ‘it is very
foggy’ / Nunami maani kingunicugngauq
yuk kiarnaitqapigtengraan. Pircingraan wall’u
tairvangraan. ‘On land here a person can gethome even if the visibility is very poor. Even if
there’s a blizzard or dense fog.’ (YUU 1995: 67);
< taituk-vag-

taite-1 to pass (it) here (to speaker); to give it over(to speaker) # not in the sense of giving a gift; taituq‘he passed something over’; taitaa ‘he passed it
over’ / mingugissuun taisgu ‘pass, or give, me
the butterknife’; taryuq taiteqerru ‘please pass,or give, me the salt shaker’; tailluku ‘passing it
here’; < tai-te-2
taite-2 to bring (it) here (to speaker); to come or tobring for speaker # taituq (or taiciuq) ‘he brought
something over’; taitaa ‘he brought it over’ or ‘hecame over or brought something over for him’ /Tuani tua-i arnaurteqarraallemni aanama uumek
taitaanga allgiaraam amianek. ‘Then when I firstbegan menstruating my mother brought this skinof an oldsquaw duck for me.’ (YUP 2005:266);
Ayagceciuq-llu qamiquiresqelluku John-aaq
itercivigmi. Taum-llu qamiq¥rra taitaa qantakun,
tunluku-llu nasaurlurmun, . . . ‘He sent someone
to decapitate John in prison. And he brought
his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, . . .’(MATT. 14:10–11); Allanek-llu cali akinek tailluta
neqkanek kipuyutkamte÷ek. ‘And we’ve brought
other money to buy food for us.’ (AYAG. 43:22);< tai-te5taitnauraar- to sing and through song ask forspecific gifts from the other village’s people (hostfrom guests, or guests from host) as during the“Kevgiq” (“Messenger Feast”) # < taite1-naur-?taituir(aq*) Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus
brevirostris) (identification uncertain) # =taatuir(aq); Y; < taituk-ir(aq); < PY ta!itu!i(C)aq(under PE ta!0tu!)

taituk fog; mist # taitugmun ‘into the fog’; taituum
akuliini ‘amidst the fog’; Aren, taitunglliniluni-ll’
qakemna. Tua-i tangerqauvkenani yaaqvanun,
taicirluni. ‘Oh dear, a fog developed out there.
And so one couldn’t see into the distance; it was
foggy.’ (QUL 2003:96); > taatuggluk, taituir(aq),taicir-, tairvag-; < PE ta!0tu!
taivkar- to be stormy # of weather; taivkartuq‘stormy weather is closing in’ / < tai-vkar-

takaayi- to be or make elongated # . . . nanvarraq
iqkunani, takaayiurluni waten . . . ‘the pond
wasn’t wide, it was elongated . . .’ (PAI 2008:168);< take-?-603

takaite- — taklarte-Basestakaite- to lack self-restraint; to be overly forward;
to have no feelings of proper respect for others #takaitevkenak ‘don’t be forward, disrespectful’;
Tauna arnaq takaunani, kasngukevkenani
ellminek, nem’ini-llu uitayuunani; . . . ‘That
woman is loud and wayward, is never ashamedof herself, never stays at her home; . . .’ (AYUQ.
7:11); < takar-ite1takaneq stick poked into the ground at an angle andused to hold a pot over a fire # < ?-neq1; < PY
taka3-1
takar- emotional root; > takaite-, takaqe-, takarnarqe-,takartar-; < PY taka3-2
takaqe- to feel shy, respectful, or intimidated
toward (him); to be deferential to (him); to be
awed by (it); to dread (it) # takaqaa ‘he is shyof, respectful toward, or intimidated by her’ /aturaqegtaarnek atkulget nenglem takaqsuitai‘the cold doesn’t respect people with fancy
parkas’; Qigcikarkaugaten takaqluki-llu yuut
ak’allaurtellriit. ‘You must honor and defer to theaged.’ (LEVI. 19:32); < takar-ke4takarnaite- to not be intimidating; to notcause one to feel shy # takarnaituq ‘hedoesn’t make one shy’, ‘it’s not such that
one has to feel intimidated, or respectfularound it’ / Umyuaqelarniaci wani qaillun
elitnaullerkarci itraqavci tem’ircessiyaagpeknaci,kitngiassiyaagpeknaci takarnailengraan man’aelitnaurvigci. ‘Always keep in mind how it is thatyou are being educated whenever you come in;
don’t make too much racket, don’t kick aroundeven when this school of yours doesn’t reallyseem like something one has to act toward withrespect.’ (KIP 1998:67); < takar-naitetakarnarqe- to be intimidating; to be such as tocause one to feel shy or respectful # takarnarquq‘he is intimidating, makes one feel shy andrespectful’ / takarnarquciriluku ‘notorizingit’; Catun imutun kencignarqellriatun
takarnarqellriatun-llu nakacuut pitulallrulliniit.
‘They treated the bladders as something that is tobe revered and respected.’ (CAU 1985:60); < takarnarqe-; > takarnarqun
takarnarqun seal (e.g., a seal on a letter) #Malrunlegat-llu takarnarqun callarcaku
qusngiyagaam, qilagmi nepaiteqertuq
avekngalkiini. ‘When the lamb broke open theseventh seal there was silence in heaven for about

half (an hour).’ (REVE. 8:1); takarnarqucirista

kalikanek ‘notary public’ (legal neologisms);< takarnarqe-ntakartar- to tend to feel shy or intimidated by one’s
nature; to be a shy person # takartartuq ‘he is
shy by nature’; Tua-i-llu wangkuta ayagyuani
tuaten ayuqesqelluta arcaqerluta pitullruitkut,
niisngaluta, takartarluta. ‘They especially asked
us young people to be like that, to be heedful andrespectful.’ (YUP 2005:14); < takar-tar1takaryug- to feel shy, respectful, or intimided# takaryugtuq ‘he feels shy’ / Nutaan-gguq
nerumariluteng aklui Cung’um aqvaaki
nallunrirluni uikaquciminek tauna takaryuumllu-gguq tull’uku puqlanga’arrluni-llu-gguq
arenqianani-gguq tua-i man’a ayuqucia. ‘When
they’d finished eating when Cung’uq went andgot her luggage, she said that having found outthat he was her future husband, shyness cameover here and she became flushed all over, andthat’s just how it was.’ (ELN 1990:82); < takaryugtake- to be long # tak’uq ‘it is long’ / taktauq uutun‘it is as long as this one’; takenruuq uumi ‘it islonger than this one’; Ta¥gaam can’giircuutet
angluteng takluteng it’ganernek malrunlegnek
wall’ qulmek. ‘However, blackfish traps are large,
seven or ten feet long.’ (KIP 1998:321); Cigyiit
takluki qillerrluki-llu `gguun, tua-i-llu nutaan
cauyara’arluteng. ‘The strips of wood were long,and they tied them here; then they drummed’(CIU 2005:390); > takaayi-, takelmun, takelmur-,takla-, taksur-, taktaciq, taktassiar-; < PE tak0takelmun marking, cutting, moving, etc. lengthwise# adverbial particle; < take-tmun
takelmur- to cut, mark, etc. lengthwise on (it) #< take-?
takla- to be lying down # stative; Kitaki
maligcugngakuvnga maligesnga, arenqiatuq ikna
yun’erra’urluq taklauq ika-i tangrriiqluni. ‘Okay
then, if you can come with me, then come withme; that young man across there is lying down
totally besotted.’ (MAR2 2001:88); < take-?-;> taklar-, taklaur(ar)-, taklay’artaklarte- to lie down; to become bedridden# taklartuq ‘he is lying down, he became
bedridden’ / Maurlurluminun agluni
nererraarluni akianun tua taklarrluni. ‘He went
over to his dear old grandmother after eating and604

Baseslay down across from her.’ (QUL 2003:234);< takla-?taklaur(ar)- to rest lying on one’s back #taklaurtuq ‘he is resting on his back’ /Angalkut qavciuluteng-am unani tuunriluteng,
qavarayaaqluni tutgara’urluq uani amiim quliini
inglermi taklaurallermini kelutmun cauluni.
‘Several shamans were conjuring out there, andthe grandson was nodding off when he wasresting on his back facing the back (of the kashim)on the sleeping bench above the door.’ (MAR2
2001:21); < takla-ur(ar)taklay’ar- to lie around lazily # has negative
connotation; taklay’artuq ‘he is lying around’ /< takla-?takqupak longer or longest thing # Agluqrit-llu
cali imkut takqupiit, ikamranun angtuanun
aturaqluki, pirlaaqluki. ‘The longer jaws of them(the whales) they’d use for the runners on big
sleds.’ (PAI 2008:100)
taksagnira- for there to be sudden gusts of wind #NUN
taksur- root; > taksurenqellria yaassiiguaq, taksuryi-;< take-?taksurenqegg- to be elongated # taksurenqellria
yaassiiguaq ‘rectangle’; < taksur-nqeggtaksuryi- to become or have become elongated #Imkut qagkut taksuryiurluteng quaguaraat-am
qagaa-i taq’rugalriit tua qanikcam qaingani.
‘Those little ridges (snowdrifts) out there are
elongated and many have just been created on topof the snow.’ (QUL 2003:702); < taksur-?taktaciq length; duration # angyam taktacia
arvinlegnek yaaltangqertuq ‘the length of
the boat is six yards’; neq’akciqaqa yuullma
taktaciatun ‘I’ll remember it for as long as I live’;
Tuaten uitaaqluteng nakaciullrata taktaciatun.
‘They’d stay like that for the duration of the
bladder feast.’ (PRA 1995:459); < take-taciq
taktassiar-, taktaciar- to measure the length of #taktassiaraa or taktaciaraa ‘he measured
its length’ / < take-taciar-, take-taciar-;> taktassiarcuun
taktassiarcuun, taktaciarcuun yardstick; ruler; tapemeasure # < taktassiar-cuun, taktaciar-cuuntaku-1 to check a fish trap or fishnet # takua ‘he ischecking it’ / takuiguq ‘he is checking a fish trap
or fishnet’; Tua-i piyunariaqan kuvya takuaqluku.

taklaur(ar)- — takumcukun

Iliini unugiuraraqluteng mikurngataqata neqet.
‘And, when it was time, they’d check the net.
Sometimes they’d spend the entire night netfishing when fish were plentiful.’ (PRA 1995:461(see 1997 or further reprintings) ); < PE taku-; cf.
taku-2, taku-, takvik, takuyartaku-2 to try; to taste # EG; cf. taku-1
taku- presence; (life)time # used with possessed
localis case endings; takumni qiallruuq ‘he criedin my presence’; yuirutellruut takumni ‘it (avillage site) got abandoned during my lifetime;
Iquvanrilnguum tamana qanemcikellrua
qamani Massercullermi agayulirtem takuani.
‘Iquvanrilnguq told that story up in Marshallin the presence of the priest.’ (AGA 1996:159); cf.
taku-1
takuli- to chew food to soften it for someone,
usually a little child, to eat # takuliuq ‘she ischewing food for a child’; takulia ‘she is chewing
it (food) for a child’ / takulitaa ‘she is chewing
food for him’; < ?-li2takumcu- emotional root; > takumcuke-,takumcunarqe-, takumcutar-, takumcuyug-; < PE
takumcu!- (under PE taku-)
takumcuke- to have pity on (him); to feelcompassion toward (him); to be merciful toward(him) # takumcukaa ‘he has pity on her, feels
compassion toward her’ / Takumcukengramken
qaillun pisciigatamken. ‘Even though I feel pity
toward you, I can’t do anything for you.’ (MAR2
2001:92); Ta¥gaam elpet, Ataneq, takumcukia
assirivkarlua-llu, . . . ‘But you, Lord, be merciful
toward me and make me better, . . .’ (PSALM
41:10); < takumcu-ke4-; > takumcukun
takumcukiyaraq pity; compassion # Man’a-llu
cali kusgurtaryaraq takumcukiyaraq ak’a avaken
ayagluni piuguq. Ilaput-gguq a¥gkut tuaten
pilallrulliniut. ‘This tradition of giving aid andfeeling compassion has been practiced since longago. They say that our people have practiced
them from time immemorial.’ (YUP 2005:44);< takumcuke-i2-yaraq
takumcukun mercy; pity; compassion # Tua-i
Agayutem naklegtalriim takumcukutiikun,
tanqigmek pakmaken eruskakut,. . . ‘Throughthe mercy of compassionate God, when the dawn
with the light from above breaks upon us, . . .’(LUKE 1:78); < takumcuke-n

605

takumcunarqe- — talir-

Bases

takumcunarqe- to be pitiful; to merit compassion# takumcunarquq ‘he merits compassion or ispitiful’ / Tua-i-llu pilaucimegcetun taquarluteng
neqkameggnek ayagluteng, Irr’a¥rluq
nacingraan, cali-llu takumcunarqengraan. ‘As wastheir way, they packed food for their outing andwent on their way, even though poor Irr’aq cried
after them, and even though she was being pitiful.’(ELN 1990:105); < takumcu-narqetakumcutar- to be compassionate # takumcutartuq‘he is compassionate’ / Caprilnguq Agayun,
takumcutalria Aatama, ilutequkut assiilnguut
aturlalput pitekluki, . . . ‘Almighty God, ourcompassionate Father, we are grieved on accountof the sins we commit, . . .’ (CAT 1950:71);< takumcu-tar1takumcuyug- to feel compassion; to feel pity #takumcuyugtuq ‘he feels compassion’ / Ellii
takumcuyugluni akngirtellriamek taumek
Melngumek piluku assiriciqniluku kilinra . . .
‘She felt compassion for Melnguq, who’d been
hurt, and she assured him that his wound would
heal, . . .’ (ELN 1990:72); < takumcu-yugtakuqe- to reveal one’s thought to (him) # Tua-i
tuaten takuqaa, nutaan qanrupaalugaa nuliani, . . .
‘He revealed his thoughts to her, telling his wife forthe first time, . . .’ (MAR2 2001:30)
takuyar-, takusar- (NS form) to look sideways byturning one’s head; to look over one’s shoulder;to look back # takuyartuq ‘he is looking overhis (own) shoulder’; takuyaraa ‘he is looking at
her over his (own) shoulder’ / “Aa-a uterquraa,
ankuvet ta¥gaam takusaqia; nek’a una tangerqiu.”. . . Anlliuq. . . . Takusallia-m imna takusaasqelleq
qayuqegglim tauna elagallra tauna qavalliniluni,
qayuqegglit-wa tamakut anait. ‘“Yes, do go back,but when you go out look back at me; look at thishouse of mine.” . . . He went out. . . . He lookedback at it, and saw that that one that he looked backat was a arctic hare’s digging (den), where he’dslept, there were arctic hare droppings.’ (MAR1
2001:92); cf. takutakvialnguar(aq*) boreal owl (Aegolius funereus);
great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) # NR, LI;< takviate-nguq-ar(aq)takviate- to have poor eyesight; to see poorly(of the eyes) # takviatuq ‘he has poor
eyesight’ / Ta¥gaam iici takvialkata, temci-llu
tan’germeciiqut; ‘However, if your eyes are poor,

your body will be in darkness;’ (MATT. 6:23);< takvig-ate-; >takvialnguar(aq)takvigtu- to have good eyesight # takvigtuuq ‘hehas good eyesight’ / < takvik-tutakvik pupil of the eye # and takvig- to see
normally # takvigtuq ‘he sees normally’ /takviim
tumyaraa ‘optic nerve’; Iingelliniluni yuut iingita
takvinerpaitnek. ‘He had gotten eyes that wereable to see better than (normal) people’s eyes.’(QUL 2003:392); > takviate-, takvigtu-; cf. taku-;< PE takvi!takviun pupil of the eye # NUN; < takvig-ntala- to be confused; to be mixed up # EG; < PE
tala(t)talaariq rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) #Tua-i-llu Turpak neqciringinanrani Elngum
murilkartaa manani talaarirpiim ullakii
keglerluku-llu pitauluni. ‘And while Turpak was
baiting her hook, Elnguq turned her attention
to her own hook and saw a big rainbow trout
approach it and bite it, getting hooked.’ (ELN
1990:23); from Athabascan, cf. telaghi (Upper Inlet
Dena’ina Ath.)talayaq spawning salmon # locally as calico salmon;= nalayaq; from Athabascan, cf. nalay (Deg Hit’anAth.), nulay (Inland Dena’ina Ath.), nolaya (Upper
Kuskokwim Ath.), meaning ‘chum salmon’; Y, HBC
tali- root; > talin, talineq, talitetalicivik shelter for smoking fish; smokehouse# literally: ‘place to shelter things’; Tamaani
neqlillratni talicivigtarluni, ellivik-wa
keluqvaarni-wa pelatekaq. ‘There in their fishcamp there was a smokehouse, a cache andbehind them a tent.’ (ELN 1990:17); < talite-i2-vik
talin screen; shade # < tali-ntalineq shadow; shade # Makut-wa napat
talinvakayait ak’aki takluteng. ‘The shadows ofthese trees were oh so long.’ (ELN 1990:97);< tali-neq1 or tali-neq4; < PY talin0q (under PE
talu(-))
talir- to engage in Inupiaq-style Eskimo-dancing
in which men and women alternate in a straightline facing the drummers # talirtut ‘they are
dancing Inupiaq-style’ / Iciw’ imkut qagkurmiut
aqumqerluteng iqukliqa’arrluteng, tua-i-gguq
talirluteng.’ You know how those Inupiaqs sit in aline and dance Inupiaq style.’ (AGA 1996:118); Y;
from Inupiaq taliq-606Basestalirneq back of the head; dip in back of neck #1
NUN; HBC; < ?-neq
taliruaq type of clam # NI
talite- to shelter from wind, sun, rain, snow, etc.; toshade # talituq ‘he or it is sheltered’; talitaa ‘heor it is sheltering it’ / Taliyutekluki akerteµun,
qitngiryullerkarteng man’a talilluku. ‘They
had them (the visors) as shades against the sun,shading against their being dazzled by it.’ (CIU
2005:244); > talicivik; < PE talit- (under PE talu(-))
talkar- to darken suddenly # NUN
talkarte- to get or give a small scratch; to be
vaccinated or to vaccinate against smallpox #talkartuq ‘he got a small scratch or vaccination’;talkartaa ‘he gave her a small scratch or
vaccination’ / < tallegte-qartetallegcissuun steel wool; scouring pad # < tallegtei2-cuuntallegneq scratched spot; healing wound # <tallegte-neq1
tallegte- to scratch; to scour # tallegtuq ‘it
got scratched’; tallegtaa ‘he scratched it’/ talligmikun tallegqelliniuq pulallermini
amrailngurmek atuami ‘he got scratched on thearms when he was walking through the woods
in a sleeveless shirt’; Caavtaarluni-llu-gguq
atrarluni kuiggarmun iigni tallegcaaqekegni tua-icakanirpek’natek. ‘Feeling his way he went down
to the stream, but it didn’t make any differencewith his eyes that he scrubbed.’ (CUN 2007:4); >talkarte-, tallegcissuun, tallegneq; < PE ca@i!-1
tallimaat fifth one # a selectional word; irniamegnuk
tallimaat kassuuteksaituq ‘our fifth child hasn’t
gotten married’; Tallimaat Nanvat ‘Lake Kulik’(one of the Wood-Tikchik lakes near Dillingham);< talliman-possessed ending
tallimain five groups or pairs # Quyurciyaram
nalliini ataneq cikilararkaugarci quyurtellerpeci
avenrita tallimaingitnek. ‘At the time of harvest
you shall give to the master one fifth part of what
you have gathered.’ (AYAG. 47:24); Kuluviit
akiqliqerkat tallimainguluki kiputellruunga, . . . ‘I
have bought five pairs of oxen, . . .’ (LUKE 14:19);
ukut tallimainguluteng avgumaut ‘these are
divided into five groups’; < talliman-in
talliman five # tallimanek irniangqertuq ‘he has fivechildren’; tallimataarlutenng ‘five at a time’; see
Appendix 6 on numerals; Qanemcilriit piut ernerni
cetamani wall’u tallimani nakaciularniluki. ‘Thosetalirneq — talliq

who were telling stories said that they had theBladder Feast over a period of four or five days.’(CAU 1985:43); note from the second usage in thefollowing example that the singular is tallima(q)or tallimak: Tallimaugut-gguq angutet taukut,
arnaq-wa tauna. Tauna kinguqliteng tallimakluku
angutet taukut, arnamek arvinlirluteng. ‘Thosemen, they say, were five in number, and there
was that woman. That younger sibling of theirs
was the fifth one of those men, and the sixth
was the woman.’ (MAR2 2001:71); Tallimarqunek
evcugaqluku. ‘Five times they brushed him off.’(QAN 1995:254); yuinaat talliman ‘one hundred’(i.e., five twenties); avenrita tallimaingit ‘one
fifth of them’; Quyurciyaram nalliini ataneq
cikilararkaugarci quyurtellerpeci avenrita
tallimaingitnek. ‘At the time of the harvest youpl
must always give the ruler one fifth of what youpl
gather.’ (AYAG. 47:24); < talliq-?; > tallimaat,tallimain, tallimarraq, Tallimirin; < PE ta@@imat(under PE ta@i3)
tallimaq one dollar # from ‘five’ since one dollar isfive times twenty cents, basic monetary unit; BB, LI;
singular form of talliman
tallimarraq five in cards # NI; < talliman-rraq
tallimiri- to reach the fifth of a series #Tallimarqunek, evcugaqluku. Ayuqucia-ll’
man’a tuaten tua-i tallimirian ayuqucia man’auqegliluni, uqegliqerrluni. ‘They brushed him
off five times. The fifth time his being felt lighterin weight, much lighter.’ (QAN 1995:254); . . .
tallimirirraarluten makeskuvet kiareskuvet imkut
nunaten alaiciiqut tayima kiartellerpet ciunrani.
‘. . . the fifth time, when you get up and lookaround your village will appear in the direction
where you are looking.’ (QUL 2003:72); <tallima(n)-i3Tallimirin Friday # Tallimiritmi ayagciqua ‘I’ll leaveon Friday’; unuamek Tallimiritnguuq ‘today is
Friday’; < talliman-irin (or tallimiri-n)tallineq measurement from one’s fingertips to his
armpit with the arm (and hand) outstretched #< talliq-neq2
tallinin measurement from the extremity of one’s
fist to his armpit with the arm outstretched #< talliq-?
talliq arm (anatomical) # Yuk tua-i tallimi
nanillranek pitegcaucinrilkurrluni; yuum tallini
cuqyutekluku. ‘A person never made his arrows

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talliqiun — talun

Bases

shorter than his arm; a person used his arm as
his measuring tool.’ (CIU 2005:32); Wall’u-gguq
canek tegulaupakarlua ernerpak amllernek canek
tegulaupakarlua, talligka yuarama nuugatnek
ayaglutek talligka nangengaituk. ‘Even having
held and carried many things all day, my arms,
starting at my finger tips, will not wear out.’(YUP 2005:72); > talliman, tallimaq, tallineq,
tallinin, talliqiun, talliquq, Talliquq, talliraq,
tallirnaq, tallirpacuar(aq), tallirpik, tallirraq
talliqiun corner timber in a kashim (men’scommunity house) # < talliq-?-n
Talliquq Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands #Talliqurmiu ‘Aleut’; < talliq-quq
talliquq flipper of seal; foreleg of animal #talliq¥rrit ‘their flippers’; < talliq-quq; < PE
ta@iqu3 (under PE ta@i3)
talliqutaq spur of mountain # Alla ta¥gaam
an’aqami ingrim maaggun talliqutaakun
pangalegturluni ayatulliniuq, taum arnam
qucanglluulriim makikcaanun napcuumiinani.
‘There is another story about a squirrel that ran
on the spur of a mountain, refusing to go into thespring snare of a messy woman.’ (CIU 2005:154);< talliq-kutaq
talliraq bracelet; armband # Taumek waniwa
taitaput suulutaat tangnircautet, tallirat, kulutet,
aqlitet, uyamiit-llu wangkuta tegulput. ‘We
brought golden ornaments, bracelets, rings,
earrings, and the necklaces that we took.’(NAAQ. 31:50); Canegnek tallitek qulvaggun
tallirirlukek, nasqurrucirlutek-llu cali canegnek.
‘They put armbands of grass high up on theirarms, and also made headbands of grass.’ (CAU
1985:56); < talliq-aq3
tallirnaq curved part of major lateral root on spruce
stump # used for making curved parts of kayaks,
open skin boats, and sleds; < talliq-naq2
tallirpacuar(aq*) short-handled gaff #tallirpik right hand # tallirpingqertuq ‘he is righthanded’ (literally: ‘he has a right hand’);. . . tekiskani tallirpian tungiinun avitarkauluni,
tallirpiteng-gguq talliteng nalluit. ‘. . . when it (thebear) gets to one, he should dodge to its righthandside, since they (bears) aren’t righthanded.’(YUU 1995:70); Ta¥gaam elpeci cikiqengkuvci
iqsulirneci nallulit tallirpilirnerpeci caliaritnek.
‘But when you give alms, do not let your left
hand know what your right hand is doing.’(MATT. 6:3); < talliq-pik2; < PE ta@i3pi! (under PE
ta@i3); > tallirpilirneq
tallirpilirneq right-hand side # unatni
tallirpilirneret kiliamiki iqsumikun
igangnaq’lallruuq ‘because he had gotten cut on
his right hand, he’d been trying to write withhis left hand’; Nunaput kuigem caniani uitauq
tallirpilirnerani kuigem asgulriani. ‘Our village
is located beside the river on the right-handside of the river as one goes upstream.’ (PRA
1995:107); . . . aipaa tallirpilirneranun aipaa-llu
iqsulirneranun. ‘. . . one onto his right-hand side,
the other onto his left-hand side.’ (MARK 15:27);< tallirpik-lirneq
tallirraq hook used to pull things from the end of
the kayak to the cockpit, the other end being
used to push thing to the end # < talliq-rraq
tallur- emotional root; > talluqe-, tallurnarqe-,
tallurtar-, talluryug- < PE ta@u3; > tallurna
talluqe- to be shy, respectful or intimidated withrespect to (him) # talluqaa ‘he is shy of her,respectful toward her, inhibited by her’ /< tallur-ke-4
tallurnarqe- to cause one to be shy, respectful,deferential, or intimidated # tallurnarquq ‘hemakes one feel shy’ / < tallur-narqetallurtar- to be habitually shy, respectful, or
intimidated # tallurtartuq ‘he is shy by nature’ /< tallur-tartalluryug- to feel shy, respectful, deferential
or intimidated # talluryugtuq ‘he feels shy’
/ Waten-llu iterpaalulriani, friend-ama
nem’eggnun aguskanga, tua-i pekviinii nerestemkeggengraanga tua-i kumegyungramku
talluryuglua pekviini uitalua. ‘Thus, upon coming
in for the first time, if my friend brought me overto their house, even if a louse bit me and I had no
good alternative, and even if I wanted to scratchit, feeling respectful I’d accept things that way
because I had no alternative.’ (YUP 2005:140)
tallurna thank you! # exclamation; tallurnarpiit-lli!
‘many thanks!’; < tallur-na1
talmag- to spawn (of fish) # talmagtut ‘they are
spawning’; NUN; < PY-S tamla!talu partition between the areas of two families in ashared house # < PE talu(-); cf. taluyaq, talurtetalun, talurissuun, talussuun sinew splitter# Talutet imkuulartut cingickeggluteng tua

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Basestalu — tamace÷i-taluute- to move (it) around # . . . culuni-gguq
taluutnanrirai . . . ‘. . . so it is said, it can no longer
move its wing feathers around . . .’ (KIP 1998:227)

ellegluteng ta¥gaam. ‘Sinew splitters are sharply
pointed, but also thick.’ (ELL 1997:140); < talu-n,tulur-i2-cuun, talussuun

tamaa at once; right away; immediately; as soon
as possible # adverbial particle; tamaa ut’reskina!
‘come back right away!’; Makut allerquutet
atuquvki qerrungaituten, wall’u tamaa
pinialingaunak. ‘If you follow these rules you
won’t get cold, or (if you do) you won’t get weakright away.’ (YUU 1995:69); cf. tamaanitalu split sinew # and talu- (NI, NUN form), talur(K form) to split sinew # taluuq or talurtuq ‘it issplit’; talua or taluraa ‘he is splitting it’ / Aren,
uptenga’arcan maurlurluan taum caqussayugaq
uqumek imillinia, mingqutmek-llu cikirluku,
yualuarnek-llu, yualunek imkunek taluanek
qavcirrarnek. ‘Oh, when she was ready thatdear old grandmother of hers filled a poke withoil, and give her a needle, and thread, a few
pieces of split-sinew thread.’ (QUL 2003:236);
Kinercirraarluki-llu talutmek taluluki. Nutaanllu tua-i talurraarluki piirriluki. ‘After they dried
them, they split them with a sinew splitter.
Finally then, after they split them they’d ply
them.’ (CIU 2005:84); > talun, taluutaq

tamaa(ni) there (at that place or in that situation
whose identity is immediately known tolistener); back then (in the distant or relatively
distant past) # extended demonstrative adverb;
Ce÷’armun auqiiryaqatartukut, tamaani
amllernek auqiirkanek muragnek tangaalartukut
aquigaqamta. ‘We’ll go gathering firewood on
the shore; there we see lots of wood to gather
when we play.’ (ELN 1990:18); Tamaani qasgimi
kalukalartut, anglaniluteng. ‘Back then they’dhave the traditional feasts in the kashim, andenjoy them.’ (YUU 1995:8); ak’a tamaani ‘along time ago’; see tamana, the corresponding
demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; cf. tamaa; > tamaaten

talurte-, talugte- to go out of sight # talurtuq ‘hewent out of sight’ / talurngauq ‘it has gone outof sight’; Yaaqvanun-llu ayallerkaqa alikellruaqa
nunat taluggluki, nunat taluggluki ayakuma
tuunramun nernayuklua. ‘I was afraid to go far
out of the sight of the village, thinking that if I wentout of sight of the village a spirit would eat me.’(AGA 1996;99); cf. talu

tamaaten in Your (God’s) manner; according toYour will # used in Russian Orthodox and Roman
Catholic translations of Christian prayers and otherreligious texts; Atavut wangkuta, tayimanelnguq
qiliit qaingatni, tamaaten tanqignaurtuq atren
elpet; tamaaten tutnaurtuq elpet angayuqaucin;
tamaaten piunartuq picirkiucin elpet qaillun
qiliit qaingatni tuaten nunam qaingani . . . ‘Our
Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy
name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done onearth as in heaven . . .’ (ORT 2006:26); Atamta,
qiliiit qaingatnelnguq, tamaaten tanqignaurtuq
atren elpet; tamaaten tutnaurtuq angayuqaucin;
tamaaten piunaurtuq picirkiucin nunam
qaingani qiliit qaingatni elucimitun . . . (samepart of the Lord’s Prayer) (CAT 1950:1); Tamaaten
ilukegcinaurtut qilagmelnguut! Tamaaten
nunaniryugnaurtut nunamelngurni! ‘According
to your will may those in Heaven be happy!
According to your will may those on earth be
joyful!’ (ORT. 2006:33); < tamaa(ni)-equalis
tamace÷aq bird-skin parka # < tamar2-?; > tamace÷itamace÷i- to make a parka out of various types ofbird skin # < tamacenaq-li2-

taluyaneq measurement, the distance from thefolded elbow of one outstretched arm to the endsof the fingertips of the other outstretched arm #< taluyaq-neq2
taluyaq fish trap # also plural for one fish trap; taluyat
can’giircuutai imarmiutarmek cangellrulliniut‘his blackfish trap caught a mink’; Kuigpagmiut
canglartut manignarnek taluyarpagteggun‘Yukoners catch loche with large fish traps’;
Tauna-gguq atam can’giiq kuimararalria, tua-illu-gguq ukunun taluyanun tekilluni, . . . ‘That
blackfish, they say, was swimming along, andhe came to this fish trap, . . .’ (ELN 1990:5); >taluyaneq, taluyarkaun, taluyiurun; cf. talu
taluyarkaun chicken wire or wire mesh # raw
material for modern fish traps; < taluyaq-kaq-un
Taluyat the constellation Bootes # literally: ‘fish
traps’; < taluyaq-plural;

taluyiurun willow root # used for lashing of a fish
trap; NUN; < taluyaq-liur-n

taluutaq sinew splitter; grass comb (?) # < talu-taq1

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tamak’acagar- — tamarmirte-

Basestamak’acagar-, tamak’ackagar-, tamak’akackagarabsolutely all # used in the quantifier/qualifier
construction; Waten qasgimi quyurtaqameng
piqatarqata angutet imkut tamak’ackacagarmeng
ukveqngamegteki angalkuut, unugcuutmun
ayakata’arqata angalkut iliit, angutet imkut
tamak’akackacagarmeng qasgilalliniut, tua-itan’gurraat-llu tamak’acagarmeng qasgiluteng.
‘When they gathered in the kashim, when
they were going to do that, all those men, since
they believed in shamans, when one of theshamans was about to go to the moon, all thosemen would go to the kashim, and the boys
would all go to the kashim.’ (QUL 2003:556);
Tua-i-ll’ ellangellma kinguakun tengssuun
nepliryaqlirturainaqan tua-i tamak’acagamta
paqnaknaurput. ‘And after I became aware ofthings, whenever an airplane would finallymake noise and be heard, absolutely all of us
would be curious about it.’ (QUL 2003:590); see
Appendix 2 on the inflection of the quantifier/qualifier
construction; < tamar-kaca(g)aqtamalkuq one dollar; the whole thing # singularform, as a noun, of tamalkurtamalkur- all; whole; entire; every # used in thequantifier/qualifier construction though usually
only with third fourth person endings as with firstand second (and often fourth) person the shorterbase tamar- is used instead; ak’a paqtellruanka
negat tamalkuita ‘I already checked all thesnares’; Quyaviksuganka cakneq ciulirnerettamalkuita ikayuutellret . . . ‘I want very much to
thank all the elders who helped out . . .’ (AGA
1996:viii); . . . tamalkuan neraa neqni qantanillu painqercaarluku. ‘. . . she ate all her foodand licked his plate clean.’ (ELN 1990:5); Yuuttangerrluku tamalkurmeng. ‘All the people saw
it.’ (TAP 2004:79); Patuani nuna tamalkurmi
tunguriuq, . . . ‘Because it cast shade over it, theentire land became dark, . . .’ (ANUC. 10:15);
Anqerluni itruqurilliniluni tua-i tamalkuuciicetun
cetuanek tuaten. ‘After going out briefly she
brought in belugas in their entirety.’ (QUL
2003:108); Ataneq, Agayutmaa, umyuaqa
tamalkirrluku nanrarciqamken. ‘Oh Lord, my
God, I will praise you, entirely devoting mymind (toward that purpose).’ (PSALM 86:12); see
Appendix 2 on the inflection of the quantifier/qualifier
construction; < tamar-?

tamana the one there; that one; the extended thing
whose referred to already # extended demonstrative
pronoun; tamatum ‘of that one’; tamakut ‘those’;tamana cavun taguskiu! ‘bring up that oar!’;
Maqinerraraam kinguani nengllirpek’nani-llu
tamana qasgiq. ‘Right after the steambath thatkashim was not cold (inside).’ (AGA 1996:54); seetamaa(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives
tamaqernikiyagaq skinny young seal in springtime# NUN
tamar-1 to lose; to misplace # tamartuq ‘it is
lost’; tamaraa ‘he lost it’ / tamariuq ‘helost something’; tamaqertuq ‘it suddenly
disappeared’; Ilait ta¥gaam piciryarat
tamarluteng: yuraryaraq, yagyarat allat-llu ak’apiciryarallrit. ‘However, some of these customs
have been lost: dancing; abstinence practices,and other former customs.’ (KIP 1998:vii); Tuai-ll’ pivakarluni nulirra imna tayim’ tamarluni.
Nuliani tamariluku taum nukalpiartam. ‘His wife
was nowhere to be seen, lost. That man in his
prime had his wife go missing on him.’ (QAN
1995:102); < PE tamma3tamar-2 all; whole; entire; every # used in thequantifier/qualifier construction; used mostly withthird and fourth person endings, tamarmeng
tangellruit ‘they all saw them’; tamaita tangellruit‘they saw them all’; tamiin ‘all of it’; tamarkenka‘both of them’; yuk tamarmi ner’uq ‘every person
is eating’ (note the use of the singular; this sentenceis equivalent to yuut tamarmeng ner’ut ‘all thepeople are eating’); . . . nangerciiqua tayim’
imna tayima mernulqa tamarmi catunani. ‘. . . I
stood up, and all my tiredness was gone.’ (QAN
1995:348); Ta¥gaam tamarma angllullrunritua.
Maatekaarlua ta¥gaam mecungellruunga. ‘But
not all of me went under the water. I got wet only
up to here.’ (QUL 2003:730); see Appendix 2 on
the inflection of the quantifier/qualifier; > tamalkuq,
tamalkur-, tamarmirte-, tamat, tamatmun,
tamiini, tamqapiar-; < PE tama3tamarmirte- to do something wholeheartedly; todo something in its entirety # Tengmiirvigmi-llu
tua-i tamarmirrluteng yuirulluteng makut nunat.
‘And in March the village had emptied of people
altogether.’ (KIP 1998:268); Ta¥gaam Agayutem
angayuqauviani kina imna Agayutmun
tamarmirrluni calikuni, elliini angenruuq. ‘But

610

Baseswhoever in God’s kingdom devotes himself
wholeheartedly to God, such a person is greaterthan him.’ (LUKE 7:28); < tamar2-mirtetamarqellriit scattered ice in ocean # < ?-lria-plural
tamat all kinds # Itrutuq tuntunek tuaten aminek
meqciranek, nayirnek tuaten mallunek,
maklaarnek-llu mallunek tamanek. ‘He broughtin caribou with skins that had shed, beached seal
carcasses, and beached bearded seal carcasses ofall kinds.’ (MAR2 2001:9); < tamar2-plural
tamategte- to sew skins together for a parka #tamatmun in various directions # adverbial particle:< tamar2-tmun
tamatuu- to be that # Tua-i kamaku’urluku nuliani
piksailengraan. Tamatuuluni. ‘He was constantly
alleging things of his wife even though she hasn’t
done anything. That’s (an example of) what it is.’(YUP 2005:200); < tamatu- (base of tamana) -utamiini everywhere # adverb; meq tamiini uitauq‘water is everywhere’; < tamar2-localis
tamlu, tamluq chin # ?-luq, ?-luq; > tamlurnaq,
tamlurun; cf. tamu-; < PE tamlu
tamlurnaq triangular bowl made for boys; threesided dish; trapezoid shape that resembles a chin
# NUN; < tamluq-naq
tamlurun chin tattoo # Tauna-gguq
tamlurutengqertuq. Ak’a arnassagaat
tamlumegteggun qaralingqetullruut gguun.
Tamlurutait-gguq tua-i. Mingqutmek kapurluteng
tamluruciaqluteng. ‘That one had a chin tattoo. In
the past old women had decorations on theirchins here. Those were their chin tattoos. They
would make chin tattoos by pricking the skinrepeatedly with a needle.’ (KIP 1998:179);< tamlu(q)-?-n; < tamulu3un (under PE tamlu)
tamqapiar- all; whole; every # used in thequantifier/qualifier construction; . . . nag’arrluni
acilqullermun mecagmun paallagluni,
tamqapiarmi mecungurrluni, . . . ‘. . . tripping on
a root she fell headlong into a puddle, getting
completely soaked, . . .’ (ELN 1990:36); < tamarqapiar(ar)tamu- to chew once # > tamua-, tamuali-, tamuaneq,
tamukaaq, tamukassaaq, tamukassaar-; cf.
tamluq; < PE tamu3tamua- to chew # tamuaguq ‘he is chewing’;tamuagaa ‘he is chewing it’ / tamuamallrua
arucetaaq ‘he chewed on the dried fish skin fortamarqellriit — tanem

a long time’; tamuaksugtuq ‘he is nibbling’;. . . teguvailgagu-llu qimugkauryaraam ak’atamualuku igqalliniluku. . . . and before she could
pick it up, the puppy had already chewed it up
swallowed it down.’ (ELN 1990:78); < tamu-a-;> tamuayagaq, tamuayarat
tamuali- to chew food to prepare it for eating #usually for a child; tamualiuq ‘he is chewing
food for someone’; tamualia ‘he is chewing it
for someone or he is chewing food for her’ /tamualiaq ‘food chewed up for someone’; irniani
neqerrlugmek tamualitaa ‘she is chewing dried
fish for her child’; Turpak-llu elkek tamualiaqluki
neqerrlugnek cali keggutait piniriksailata. ‘Turpak
and she would chew on the dried fish to soften it
for them because their teeth hadn’t gotten strong
yet.’ (ELN 1990:76); < tamu-aq1-li-2
tamuanaq spawning fish hung to dry #tamuayagaq chewing tobacco # BB; < tamuaya(g)aqtamuayaraq molar # < tamua-yaraq
tamukaaq edible pussy-willow catkin # < tamu-?
tamukassaaq skin to chew on such as dried fish skin
# and tamukassaar- to chew on a skin to soften
it # tamukassaartuq ‘he is chewing on a skin’;tamukassaaraa ‘he is chewing on it’ / < tamu-?
tanaaluk boy # said to be an old term; < taneg-?
tane- (NUN, NS form), tanegte- (HBC form) to scrub;
to wash one’s hands # tanaa ‘he is scrubbing
it’ / taniuq ‘he is scrubbing’, ‘he is washing his
hands’; > tan’gun; cf. tanir-, tanukartaneg- root; > tanaaluk, tanekcitagaq,
taneksagglugaq, tan’gaurluq, tan’gurraq; < PY-S
tan!u3a3
tanekcitagaq* young boy # NI; < taneg-?
taneknaarallr(aq*) young boy # Aren,
taunallrayagaqtaq-gguq-am im’ taneknaarall’er
quyaqanrituq! ‘Well, that little squirt, that young
boy wasn’t happy!’ (QUL 2003:532); NI; < taneg?-llr(aq)taneksagglugaq* young boy # HBC; < taneg-?rrlugaq
tanektallr(aq*) young boy # Tauna-gguq
tutgara’urlua tanektallrauluni angevkenani tua-i.
‘His grandson was just a young boy, not very big.’(AGA 1996:164); NSK; < taneg-?-llr(aq)tanem ever; why; how on earth! # adverbial participle;
used with exclamations and questions, expressing

611

tanemkur- — tan’gerliq

Bases

perplexity or exasperation; ciin tanem ayallrusia?
‘why did I ever leave?’; ingna tanem nervakarta!
‘why on earth does that one keep on eating!’;
qaillun tanem pillrusiu? ‘whatever did you do tohim?’; Aling, angli-lli-llu tanem qavallinivaa-ll’taumi tan’gaurlumi! ‘Oh my, how on earth can it bethat that boy has slept so much!’ (CUN 2007:4);
kiituani tanem or kiita¥gani tanem ‘oh, what if it
had happened!’; > tanemkur-; < PY-S tan0m

llu qanrucuunaku. ‘People picked on him, neverspoke to him decently.’ (MAR1 2001:62)
tangemcuke- to look down on; to feel superior to #tangemcukaa ‘he looks down on her’ / <tang-?-ke2tangenqigcinarqe- to be pleasant to look at #tangenqigcinarquq ‘it is pleasant to look at, it
looks good’ / < tangerr-nqigte-i2-narqetangeq strip of seal blubber from which oil has been
rendered; seal cracklings # Y, NUN, NS;> tangevkayak, tangviaq; < PE ta&03
tan’geq darkness # miklemni tan’geq alikellruaqa‘when I was little I was afraid of the dark’; Tua-i
tayim’ unuut-llu erenret-llu nalluluki tan’germi
tua uitiimi taum iluani. ‘She didn’t know dayfrom night because she stayed in the dark insidethat there.’ (ELL 1997:152); Aciraa-llu tanqik“Ernermek” tan’geq-llu “Unugmek.” ‘He called
the light “Day” and the darkness “Night”.’(AYAG. 1:5); > tan’gercete-, tan’geri-, tan’gerliq,
tan’gerpak; < PE ta303n03 (under PE ta303)
tangercetaaq movie # and tangercetaar- to watch amovie # tangercetaartuq ‘he is watching a movie’/ George Bunyan-aam Naparyaarmium ukuk
paluqtaruak kegginaquk pilialqak 1946-aamitangercetaalillratni Disney-nkut Alaska Eskimomek. ‘George Bunyan of Hooper Bay made thesebeaver masks in 1946 when the Disney company
made the movie “The Alaskan Eskimo”.’ (AGA
1996:57); < tangerr-cetaaq; > tangercetaarvik
tangercetaarvik movie theater # < tangercetaar-vik
tangercete- to show # tangercetuq ‘he let himself
be seen’; tangercetaa ‘he showed it’ / sap’akigni
yuulukek suukiiqegtaaraagni qilagak tangercetak‘taking off his shoes, he showed his brand-new
knitted socks’; < tangerr-cete-1
tan’gercete- to be dark # tan’gercetuq ‘it is dark’ /tan’gerce÷ani ‘being dark’; Ernertaunani nuniit
tan’gercequraraqluni. ‘There being no day, theirvillage was continually dark.’ (CIU 2005:302);< tan’geq-cete2tan’geri- to become dark # tan’geriuq ‘it is getting
dark’ / Tan’geriyaurrlun’ waten uksuarmi. ‘It
was in fall time like this, when the darkness comes
earlier.’ (AGA 1996:202); < tan’geq-i1tan’gerliq black bear (Ursus americanus) # . . . taum
tan’gerlim tauna pikii, “Arenqiapaa, usuuq tangpivakarluni nayagarpet pitaqerkaurteqataqiiten.”‘. . . that black bear said to him, “Oh for goodness

tanemkur- to express (unwarranted) exasperation
toward (him) # Tamakut tamaa-i piksailengraan
apqiitnek tanemkurluku qanrutaqluku. ‘Even
though she hasn’t done anything, he speaks toher, as it’s termed, expressing exasperation toward
her.’ (YUP 2005:200); < tanem-?-tang look! # exclamation; tang, pagna tengssuun
tailria! ‘look, the airplane up there is coming
here!’; tang una mingqaaqa assirilria
qaraliliamni! ‘look, my basket is looking
better since I put decorations on it!’; Aatiin-llu
tangrramiki tamakut tumet piluni, “Ak’a tangkeglunret naryangllinilriit unitamegnun.” ‘And
when her father saw those paw prints he said,“Look, already the wolves have been been drawn
by the scent of what we left behind.”’ (ELN
1990:63); < tangtang- root; > tang, tangemcuke-, tangke-, tangniite-,tangnirqe-, tangquussiig-, tangrriiqe-, tangrru-,
tangssiite-, tangssug-, tangvag-; < PE ta&03tangaa- to keep looking at with yearning #tangaagaa ‘he is looking at it’ / < tangerr-a-tangaliuqur- to travel behind another; to work withanother # NUN
tangaliute- to mingle with others; to participate inan activity # NUN

tan’gaurluq* boy; lad # Tua-i anglilliniuq
tauna tan’gaurluq pavavet-llu kelumegnun
ayangssiaqluni, caaqami ingrim taum kelumegni
uitalriim avatiini tuntunek tangerrnaurtuq.
‘And that boy grew, and he would go up in land
from them and sometimes he would see caribou
around that mountain that was located inlandfrom them.’ (YUU 1995:2); < taneg-?-r(ur)luq

tangcuke- to pick on; to torment # Unguvalriit
tamakut ilaita-ggur-am tangcukluku-ll’
uumiknauraat! ‘Some of those sea mammals
tormented him; they would despise him!’ (CAU
1985:37); Tangcuklaqiit-gguq-am yuut, elluarrluku-

612

Basestan’gerpak — tangnerraq

tangerrsailkutaq camouflage # < tangerr-yailkutaq
tangerrsuutek binoculars # < tangerr-cuun-dualtangertaagute- to exchange knowing glanceswith one another # tangertaagutut ‘they areexchanging knowing glances with one another’/ ciin tangertaagucetek? ‘why were you2
exchanging knowing glances?’ < tangerr-?-te5tangevkar- to let one see, or be seen # Irniaqellinikii
angayuqaagminun-llu tangevkayuunaku. ‘It
was her child and she never let it be seen by her
parents.’ (QUL 2003:264); < tangerr-vkartangevkayak, tangevkayagaq strip of seal blubberfrom which oil has been rendered; seal cracklings# NI; < tangeq-?-kayag-, tangeq-?-kayag-aq?
tangiq bowpiece on keel of kayak (or open boat) #NUNtangke- to look at; to see; to watch # tangkaa ‘heis looking at it’, ‘he sees it’ / Man’a uskuraa
qerruinam uum tangerrluku kinguneqa-am
neq’akekeka, mangagciurarqata kaugpagnek
tangketullruamki. ‘Seeing this poke’s skin line, I
am reminded of how things used to be since I
used to see them when they scraped walrus skin.’(CIU 2005:16); NS, Y; < tang-ke4tangluq snowshoe # and tanglur- to snowshoe# tanglurtuq ‘he is snowshoeing’ / Imkunek
tanglunek at’etulliniut tanglut . . . Muruayailkutet
imkut qanikcarmi qetulngurmi. ‘They used
to put on those snowshoes. They are devices
to prevent one from sinking into soft snow.’(QUL 2003:558); Tulukaruum Tanglurallri or
Tanglullret ‘the Milky Way’ (so called because
in legend the Milky Way is the snowshoe trail of theRaven when he retrieved the sun); < PE ta&lu3
tanglurar(ar)- to walk across the snow using
snowshoes # tanglura’artuq ‘he’s walking
with snowshoes’ / tanglurallruuq ‘he walked
with snowshoes’; Tanglura’arluni calaratmun
ayalliniuq tauna imna tulukarugaurluq. ‘Walking
with snowshoes that dear old raven went toward
the south.’ (CUN 2007:112): < tanglur-?tangnerraq thing or person seen for the first time or
not recognized # and tangnerrar- to see for the
first time; to not recognize at first # tangnerrartuq‘he sees something for the first time’;tangnerraraa ‘he sees it for the first time’, ‘hedoesn’t recognize her at first’ / tangnerrarluni
allanernek mikelnguq qiaguq ‘the child cried at
the sight of the strangers’; tangnerraryaaqamken

sakes, your younger sister is eventually going tokill you.”’ (QUL 2003:378); < tan’geq-li1tan’gerpak crowberry; curlewberry (Empetrum
nigrum); locally: blackberry # Tua-i ta¥gken
tangnircaucirturlaamegteki-ll’-am tamaani,tuarpiaq makut tan’gerpagnek kepcimalriit. ‘Since
they always decorated them in those days,
these appear to be dyed with crowberries.’ (CIU
2005:148); Nunivaarmiut pituit paunranek. Ilaitallu qa¥gkut Hooper Bay-rmiut, Chevak-armiutllu kavlakuanek pituluki tamakut tan’gerpagnek
wangkuta pitukput. ‘Nunivak people call them“paunrat”. Some people at Hooper Bay andChevak call them “kavlakua(raa)t”, and we callthem “tan’gerpiit”.’ (CIU 2005:216); UY, NI, CAN,
K, BB, NR, LI; < tan’geq-rpaktangerr- to see # tangertuq ‘he sees’ (something);
tangrraa ‘he sees it’ / tangerrsugaqa ‘I want to
see it’; tangerrluku ‘seeing it’; tangenrritaa ortangenritaa ‘he doesn’t see it’; tangerciqamken
unuaqu ‘I’ll see you tomorrow’; tangrrutuk‘they2 see each other’; tangertuq ellminek
tarenriurutkun ‘he sees himself in the mirror’;tangerrluku kaillni ‘because of his hunger’
literally: ‘seeing his own hunger’; Qialuku-llu
nutaan tangerpaaluamiu tua-i alangaarluni.
‘Because she was seeing her crying for the firsttime she was very much surprised.’ (note use oftransitive subordinative on qia-) (ELN 1990:75); <tang-; > tangaa-, tangenqigcinarqe-, tangercetaaq,
tangercetaar-, tangercete-, tangerrinar-,tangerrnarqe-, tangerrsailkutaq, tangerrsuutek,
tangnerrar-, tangnerrayak, tangrruaq, tangrruar-,tangrruu-, tangssugnarqetangerrnaite- to not be visible; for visibility to
be poor # tangerrnaituq ‘it is not visible’ or‘visibility is poor’ / Tangerrnaunani tayima
irugkenek-llu nasaurluum tangyuunani.
‘Visibility being poor, he didn’t see the girl’s legs.’(KIP 1998:287); < tangerr-naitetangerrnarqe-, tangerrnau- to be visible; forvisibility to be good # tangerrnarquq ‘it is visible’or ‘visibility is good’ / Man’a ce÷a napailan
yaaqvarnun kiartellriani tangerrnaqngan ava-i
malrugnek tungulriignek cagnek tangerrluni.
‘Because that shore didn’t have trees and because
visibility was good when one looked into the
distance, one could see two black things.’ (ELN
1990:19); < tangerr-narqe-, tangerr-naq1-u-613

tangnerrayak — tangrruaq

Bases‘I didn’t recognize you at first’, ‘I thought you
were someone I hadn’t seen before’; < tangerrnerraqtangnerrayak stranger or strange thing seen for
the first time # Aren, tua-i makut iillayualuteng
naken paivngalillranek tangnerrayagmek. ‘My,
those around here were amazed at the stranger
and where she appeared from.’ (QUL 2003:232);< tangerr-nerraq-yak
tangniite- to be unpleasant to look at. tangniituq‘it is unpleasant to look at’, ‘it looks bad’ /Kegginaa tua qiuk’acagarluni tua-i tangniinani
tua-i kegginaa qiuluni! ‘His face was very blue,
his face was unsightly being blue!’ (ELL 1997:580);< tang-niitetangnircar- to strive to look nice; to decorate# tangnircartuq ‘he strove to look nice’;tangnircaraa ‘he decorated it’ / < tangnir(qe)car-; > tangnircaun
tangnircaun ornament; decoration # Cali
uyamigluteng, uyamignek piluteng
cali tamakunek nasqurrucirluteng-llu
tangnircautekluki pilartut. ‘Also they put onnecklaces, and by using necklaces and putting
on headdresses they had these items as
ornamentation when they danced.’ (TAP 2004:71);< tangnircar-ntangnirqe- to be pleasant to look at; to be attractive# tangnirquq ‘it is pleasant to look at’, ‘itlooks good’ / tangnirqutkaq ‘something withwhich to beautify oneself’; Assirluteng tua-itangnirqepiarluteng kenugngaluteng cakneq.
‘They were nice, very attractive, all spruced up.’(CIU 2005:254); < tang-nirqe-; > tangnircartangpeq old kayak skin # Kiarrluni kiani egkumi
pilliuq qayam amillra, acirlaqait tamakut qayat
amillrit tangpernek, augem mecilliniluku kiakiani. ‘He looked around and in there in the backthere was an old kayak skin — they called such
old kayak skins “tangpeq” — and blood hadsoaked into it.’ (MAR1 2001:48); NS; < + PY-S
ta&p0qtangquussaag-, tangquussiig- (Y, HBC form)to spy on; to peek # tangquussiigaa ‘heis peeking at her’ / Maaten tamaaggun
kelugteggun qinquussaagluni piuq, aren,
kegluneq un’ uskurarturluni pangarvalria,
uluni anlluku aitarmi. . . . Inerqullruluku
tangquussaagesqevkenaku. ‘She peeked out throughthe seams and, oh, she saw that this wolf wasrunning in harness, sticking out its tongue withits mouth open. . . . They had told her not to peek.’(QUL 2003:466); < tang-?-, tang-?-; cf. paquussiig-,
qinquussaagtangrriiqe- to be visually attracted; to be infatuated# tangrriiquq ‘he is infatuated’; tangrriiqaa ‘heis infatuated with her’ / nukalpiaq tangrriiquq
neviarcamek ‘the young man is infatuated with agirl’; < tang-?-liqe2tangrrinar- to see without doing anything else;
to see without responding to what one sees; toignore; to overlook # tangrrinaraa ‘he just saw
it/him and ignored it/him’ / tangrrinarpek’naki‘don’t ignore them’, ‘don’t overlook them’;< tangerr-inartangrriu look at him/it!; see! # imperative particle;
Uyivaangam, atiinun qer’ararutlia: “Tangrriu!
Qetunraan amalilkelluku, qetunraqvakaqen!”‘Uyivaangaq brought him across to his father:“Look at him! You thought your son was a greatman, this one here who was your son until now!”(CEV 1984:86); Maurlurluan pillinia, “Tangrriu,
iciwa qanrutellruyaaqekemken iqlungarniluki
makut nukalpiat.” ‘Her grandmother said to her,“See, remember how I told you that young men
were liars.”’ (YUU 1995:11); < tangerr-?-optative
tangrruacugyaraq hallucination # BB; < tangrruar-?yug-yaraq
tangrrualiurta theater manager, projectionist #< tangrruar-liur-ta1
tangrruaq hallucination; vision; illusion; movie #and tangrruar- to hallucinate; to have visions; to
go to a movie; to imagine things; to visualize;
to picture (in the mind) # tangrruartuq ‘heis hallucinating, having a vision, watching amovie, etc.’; tangrruaraa ‘he is hallucinating it,
imagines he sees it, sees it in his mind’s eye’/ tangrrualqa alingnarqellruuq ‘the movie
I saw was frightening’; Qaneqsaunateng
tangvauteqerluteng aaniin pillinia, “Aling,
waniwa-qaa tangrruartukut wangkuta?” ‘Without
saying a word they just looked at each other andhis mother said to him, “Gee, are we imagining
things?”’ (QUL 2003:190); Tangrruaraqamki yuut
tamakut ciumte÷i yuullret takumcunaqluteng
yuullrulliniut. ‘Whenever I picture those people
who came before us, (I think that) they led pitiful
lives.’ (YUU 1995:52); malrugnek tangrruarluni

614

Bases‘(he/she) having double vision’ (medical
neologism); < tangerr-uaq; > tangrruacugyaraq,
tangrrualiurta, tangrruarar-, tangrruarun,
tangrruarvik
tangrruarar- to watch with enjoyment #tangrruarartuq ‘he is watching’; tangrruararaa‘he is watching it’ / < tangrruaq-?tangrruarun fictitious thing # < tangrruar-ntangrruarvik movie theater # < tangrruar-vik
tangrruu- to be visible; to be seen # tangrruuguq‘it is visible’, ‘he was seen’ / tangrruullruuqgguq Mamterillermi ‘they say he was seenin Bethel’; . . . kass’am aklua caitqapik maani
tangrruuyugnaunaku. ‘. . . goods of the white man
definitely weren’t seen here.’ (AGA 1996:12);
Cali maa-i amllerteggun tangrruugut imumirpak
Yupiit piciryarait. ‘Also, at the present time, inmany ways the age-old Yup’ik customs are to be
seen.’ (KIP 1998:vii); < tangerr-?tangssiite- to entertain; to amuse; to put on a show
for # tangssiitaa ‘he is entertaining her’ / Atamtua-i tayima nayagaan qasgilluku tangssiitniarai
yuut. ‘Look, they’ll soon bring your sister to the
kashim to entertain the people.’ (CIU 2005:222);
Avaqutaa-ata, uitavkenang! Ukut tangssiiluki,
piki atakuat nanilcarluk’! ‘Son, don’t stay idle.
Entertain these people, make their evening
shorter!’ (CEV 1984:81); < tang-?tangssug- to look at; to watch # tangssugtuq ‘he iswatching something’; tangssugaa ‘he is watchingit’ / Canimelliinarluni tua. Tauna tua-i uyuraa
qianrirluni tua taumek tangssunglutek. ‘It was
getting all the more close. His younger brotherstopped crying and they began to watch thatone.’ (ELL 1997:74); < tangerr-yugtangssunarqe- to be pleasant to look at; to bewell worth looking at; to look interesting# tangssunarquq ‘it looks good’, ‘it looks
interesting’ / tangssunarqellriit ‘things thatare worth looking at’, ‘interesting things’; . . .
tangssunarqengraan angu tangvauryaqunaku.
‘. . . even if it looks interesting, don’t stare at it.’
(KIP 1998:253); < tangerr-yu-narqetan’gun washcloth, scrub brush # < tanegte-n
tan’gurraq* boy; lad; jack in cards; child of
either sex (NUN meaning) # Tamaani makut
angutet tan’gurraat-llu qasgimterpallurluteng
pilallrulliniameng. Qasgi una quyurtaarvikluku
calivikluku elitnaurvikluku-llu. ‘Back then thosetangrruarar- — tanite-

men and boys mostly lived in the kashim. The
kashim was their gathering place, workshop andschool.’ (CAU 1985:14); < taneg-?-rraq; < PY-S
tan!u3aq
tangvag- to look at; to watch # tangvagtuq ‘heis watching’ (something); tangvagaa ‘he iswatching it’ / tangvagcetuq ‘he is letting himself
be seen’ going out, visiting, etc.; E. W. Nelsonaaq tangvallminek Massercullermiut nuniitni
petugtalrianek qanemciuq. ‘E. W. Nelson spoke
about the “petugtaq” celebration that he hadseen in Marshall.’ (CAU 1985:25); < tang-vag-;> tangvagtelleq, tangvaur(ar)tangvagtelleq alibi witness # legal neologism;< tangvag-te2-lleq
tangvaur(ar)- to stare # tangvaurtuq ‘he is staring’;
tangvauraraa ‘he is staring at her’ / Tua-i
tangvauraqarraarluku alingalliimi qalrillagluni
aanani-llu ullagarrluku, teguamiu-llu aaniin
piluku alingnaitniluku tauna. ‘After she’d stared
at him for a short while she suddenly becamefrightened, cried out, and rushed over to hermother, and when her mother picked up she
told her that that one wasn’t to be feared.’ (ELN
1990:7); < tangvag-ur(ar)tangviaq (Y form), tangviarrluk (K, BB, HBC form);
tangviarrluggaq (NI, CAN form) strip of seal
blubber from which oil has been rendered;seal cracklings # Alla alerquun yuk enriskan,tangviarrlugmek igevkarluku iqua tegumiaqluku,
igevkarraarluku tangviarrluk cayugluku
antaqluku. ‘Another precept is that if a person
gets a bone caught in his throat then he should
be made to swallow a strip of rendered seal blubber
while one holds on to the end of it, and after
he’s swallowed it, one pulls out the blubber strip
and draws it (the bone) out.’ (YUU 1995:50); <tangeq-?, tangeq-?-rrluk, tangeq-?-rrluk-rraq
tanir-1 to wash one’s face; to scrub # tanirtuq ‘he iswashing his face’ # Y, HBC; cf. tane-, tanukartanir-2 to remove meat from (it — a bone) # NUN
tanite- to keep oneself from being seen by gameor an enemy # Pissurai anuurlumi imutun
pisquciatun aurrluki pissurai. Tanilluki piaqluki,
kiituani tekitai waniwa. ‘He hunted themaccording to his grandmother’s instructions; hehunted them by crawling after them. He would
hide from them, until finally he reached them.’(MAR2 2001:12); NS

615

tanqiate- — taperrnaq

Basestanqiate- to be dim; to lack brightness # tanqianani‘being dim’; < tanqik-atetanqigcete- to be bright # tanqigcetuq ‘it is bright’/ unuaquan tanqigiarautiini ‘as soon as themorning was light’; < tanqik-cete2tanqik brightness; moon (NUN meaning); month(NUN meaning); holy thing # and tanqig- to
be bright # tanqigtuq ‘it is bright’ / akertem
tanqiatun ‘like the brightness of the sun’; tanqia
kenurraam qitngirnarquq ‘the brightness of
the lamp is dazzling’; tanqigpagtuq NUN ‘themoon is shining’; Tua-llu Agayun alerquiguq,“Tanqigtangli” — tanqik-llu piurrluni. Agayutemllu tanqik tangrramiu assikaa. Elliin-llu avtak
tanqik tan’geq-llu. ‘And God said, “Let there belight” — and there was light. And God saw thatthe light was good, and God divided the lightfrom the darkness.’ (AYAG. 1:2-4); Tanqiuguq!
Tanqiuguq! Tanqiuguq! ‘(It is) holy! (It is) holy! (Itis) holy! (ORT 2006:25); Taqukat Tanqiat ‘March’(NUN usage), literally: ‘seals’ month’; Tengaurtet
Tanqiat ‘April’ (NUN usage), literally: ‘kittiwakes’month’; see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar; also
listed for ‘moon’ on Wrangell 1839 list (17) for K
and in Orlov-Pinart 1871 (23) for K; > tanqiate-,
tanqigcaq, tanqigcete-, tanqilissuun, tanqilria,
tanqiluryaq, tanqiun, tanqivyugte- cf. Petroff (10);< PE tanqi3
tanqigcaq bright one; holy one # < tanqig-caq
tanqilissuun calendar # NUN; < tanqik-li2-cuun
tanqilria bright one; holy one # Agayun qanertuq,“Taikaniryaqunak. Kamilarten ta¥gaam,
nangengqaviin tauna tanqilriaruan.” ‘God
said, “Come no further. Rather, take off yourshoes, for the place where you are standing isholy ground.”’ (ANUC. 3:5); tanqilrialgillrua‘he brought him some holy water’; Anerneq
Tanqilria ‘the Holy Ghost’; the following
are Catholic neologisms: Tanqilriim Mary-m
carrluunani piurtellra ‘immaculate conception’(of the Virgin Mary); Tanqilria Ilakuuciq ‘Holy
Communion’; Tanqilria Quyayaraq ‘Holy
Eucharist’; < tanqig-lria
tanqiluryaq cold month # Tanqiluryaq Ciuqliq‘December’ (literally: ‘first cold month’);Tanqiluryaq Kinguqliq ‘January’ (literally:‘second cold month’); NUN; see Appendix 7 on the
Yup’ik calendar; < tanqik-?
tanqivyugte- for a flicker or glimmer of light

to be visible # . . . tan’gercetkacagarpegnan’,tanqigmek caksuaralria-gga tua
tanqivyugteksuaralria. ‘. . . not being completely
dark, there was a little bit of light, a little light was
glimmering.’ (ELL 1997:156); < tanqig-?tanqiuksuar fontanelle; baby’s soft spot on head #NUN; < tanqiun-ksuartanqiun seal-gut skylight window # NUN; <tanqi-n; > tanqiuksuar
tanukar- to scrub # NI; cf. tane-, tanirtanugun scrubber # tanugukar ‘small scrubber’; cf.
tane-, tanirtapengyak binding material (dried grass, skin)# Una-llu tua-i terua tua-i ak’allartaurcami
tapengyaarayagarmek qup’arcailkuterluni,
teriterluni. ‘Since this notch had become old it
has a notch reinforcing feature, something toprevent its splitting, from a little bit of binding
material.’ (CIU 2005:30); Piqerluteng agarciut
tapengyagmek pikavet, uqumek-llu mingugluku
tapengyak tamana aqsarqelleq. ‘They hung binding
material up there, smeared the binding material
with oil — that spiral cut strip from an animal
stomach.’ (MAR2 2001:17); < taper-yak
tapenqun double amount (for example, a double
set of raingear that a hunter might use when
encountering wet weather at sea) # NUN; cf.
tapte-; < ?-ntapeq something given, taken or brought alongwith something else # Tamatum nalliini
kalukarpek’nateng. Piullra ta¥gaam tauna
angutem neqrarmek wall’u akutarrarmek
tapengqerrsugngaluni. ‘Around that time they
didn’t hold a feast. But, that thing that the manrequested could be supplemented with a little
bit of fish or Eskimo ice cream.’ (CAU 1985:24);
Tayimnguqerluni imna arnaq an’uq umyugaan
umyuarteqellranek tegumiarluni qaltamek
mer’utmek taperluni. ‘After that woman wasgone a short time, she came back bringing
what he’d wished and also a container of water.’(MAR2 2001:24); > tapir-; < PE tap03(-)
taper- root; > tapengyak, taperrnaq, tapraq, Tapraq,
taprualuk
taperrnaq coarse seashore grass used when
dried for making baskets and other things(Elymus arenarius or Elymus mollis) # Makut-llu
taperrnat, imarpiim ce÷iini naumatulit, arnanun
arcaqerluteng aglenrarauluki pisqevkenaki.

616

Basestapir- — taqaite-

tapricilleq holes on the edge of a kayak skin on theaft and fore decks that were used to draw thedeck seams together with a thong lacing prior to
the final sewing # < tapraq-li2-?-lleq
taprualuk babiche; rounded line made from the skinof a young bearded seal # < tapruaq-?
tapruaq skin rope made from skin of spotted seal
pups # < taper-?; > taprualuk, tapruar(aq)2
tapruar(aq*)1 semipalmated plover (Charadrius
semipalmatus) # NUN
tapruar(aq*)2 thin line made from thin skins ringed
or spotted seal and used for binding and making
king salmon nets # < tapruaq-?
tapruartaq man’s large median stone lip-plug #NUNtaptaar- to fold (it) up; to double (it) over repeatedly# taptaaraa ‘he folded it repeatedly’, ‘he folded itup’, ‘he doubled it over repeatedly’ / Qavarngan
qecignek taptaarluki qillerqelliniluku, . . . ‘When
he began sleeping, she tied him with pieces ofhide doubling them over, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:90);< tapte-a-; > taptaaryaraq
taptaaryaraq, taptaalriik pocketknife # < taptaaryaraq, taptaar-lria-dual
tapte- to fold; to double # taptuq ‘it is folded’; taptaa‘he folded it’ / Cuukiingssagaunateng can’get
imkut neruvercetenqurrait iluqliqluki tapluki
waten piinirnaurtut. ‘Not having any socks, theywould line their boots with the softest of thatgrass, folding it over they’d use it for insoles.’(QUL 2003:2); Akinek ayautellerci tapluku
ayaulluci; akit-llu qemagcimallret issratevce÷un
malikluki nallumeggni ekellruyuarait. ‘Take
away with you the money you brought, doublingit, in case they inadvertently put the money inyour bag and you brought it along.’ (AYAG.
43:12); > taptaar-, tapneq; cf. tapenqun < PE
tap0t-1 (under PE tap03(-))
taqailnguq* brown (or grizzly ) bear (Ursus arctos);
untiring person # < taqaite-nguq
taqaite- to be untiring; to be persistent; to persevere;
to be bold; to be reckless # taqaituq ‘he ispersistent’ / Kasemneruqapiarallinivagcetek!
Taqaitellinivagcetek! ‘You two are so persistent!
You two just don’t quit!’ (ELL 1997:58);
Qessayullerpet arrsaurceciiqaaten, taqaunanita¥gaam caliuralria tukuurtetuuq. ‘Your being
lazy will make you poor, but he who keeps
working persistently becomes a wealthy man.’(AYUQ. 10:4); < -ite1-; > taqailnguq‘When women had just had their first menstrual
periods, they were told that it was important
not to handle that coarse grass that grows on the
shore.’ (YUP 2005:256); < taper-naq2
tapir- to give, take or bring something alongwith # tapiraa ‘he gave it back and somethingalong with it’ / kemegmek tapillinia qantaq
payugtamnek imangqelleq ‘he gave some meat(to me) when returning the plate I had used
to give him food’; Pilaggaarluku amia tamana
iruanek tapirluku atmallinia. ‘After butchering it
he packed its skin on his back along with its leg
too.’ (YUU 1995:92); < tapeq-ir1taplegte- to double; to do two things in one action #(?); < tapeq-?
tap’luqutyaq chin tattoo; cockle # from its markings,
which resemble chin tattoo; NSU; partly from Inupiaq
tavluq ‘chin’
tapneq fold; crease; pleat # < tapte-neq1
tapqute-, tapquute- to include with anotheror with the others # tapqutaa or tapquutaa‘he included it along with the others he wasacting on’ / Akilirisciigalkuvet ingleten-llu
tapqulluki ¥gayarciqaatgen. ‘If you cannot
pay, they will strip you bare including your
bed too.’ (AYUQ. 22:27); “Qaqiciiksaitaatgen,cali piciqaatgen unuaqu. Tua-i ta¥gaam wii
tapqute¥rlurciqlikiitnga.” ‘They aren’t finishedwith you; they’ll do you in tomorrow. And
they’ll probably include poor old me too.’ (CIU
2005:222); < tapeq-ke-te5-, < tapeq-ke-?-te5Tapraq Stebbins # village on Norton Sound; < tapraq*
tapraq* thong or rope used for binding things
made of tree roots or animal hide; isthmus; spitof land # Imarnitek-llu yaavet cali unkut nacitet
kangiraitnun elliluku cali maavet qillrulluku,
yagnernek taprarmek uskurirluku. ‘And theraincoat too he put over there in the corner of thefloorboard, tying it up with yards of leather thong
being used to attach it.’ (QAN 1995:308); < taperaq3; > Tapraq, taprartaq, tapricilleq
taprartaq hide thong or rope # Ayumian tua-i egaleq
ikiqanirluku taprartamek akaar ilavkullratnek,
aqevlerciluni. ‘Then he opened the skylight more
and let dangle down a leather thong of the sortthey used as rope long ago.’ (QUL 2003:226);< tapraq-taq5
taprite- to have pain in the hands after long hours ofwork # NUN

617

taqaq — taqmigte-

Basestaqaq vein # HBC; = taqeq; < PE taqa3 and taq03
taqayuqerte- to be fatigued; to be tired fromoverwork # cf. taqetaqcagte- to be about to finish what one is doing #< taqetaqcipak African-American; black person; Negro #NUN; from Inupiaq trade jargon taaqsipak;= taaqsipak, taqsipaktaqe- to quit; to finish # taq’uq ‘he finished’;
taqaa ‘he finished it’ / taqutuq ‘he completed
something’; taqitaa ‘he finished with it’;taqiutuq ‘he finished with things’; taqiuskuvet
kitak maligeskia ‘when you finish your chores,
come with me’; taqumauq ‘it is completed,
ready’; taqumanrituq ‘it is not completed’;taqcuaqernariuq ‘it is time for a short break’;Niicuumiilani-llu qiangluni, nenglairuskan-llu
malikciqniluku piani ta¥gaam taqluni. ‘Because
he didn’t want to listen to her she started to cry,and it was only when he told her that she could
go along when it warms up, that she stopped.’(ELN 1990:14); taqucilleq picirkamek ‘contract’(legal neologism); used with a nominalized verb
to express ‘after V-ing’, as in the following three
examples: Ungungssit men’ermek taqngata angun
tegutuq kulutmek akitulriamek suulutaamek. . . ‘When the animals had finished drinking the
man took out a valuable gold ring . . .’ (AYAG.
23:22); Taqngameng nernermek egmianun cali
ayagluteng. ‘When they finished eating they left
again immediately.’ (ELN 1990:45); Aren, imnall’ pakemna kanguruaq qalrialuni mis’artelleq
qanenermek taqngan pillinia, elliin waniwa
alerqualuku iingevkaryuumayaaqniluku. ‘Well,when he stopped talking, the snow bunting thatlanded chirping told him that it would be able
to make him start seeing by telling him what todo.’ (QUL 2003:388); > taqaite-, taqcagte-,taq’i-,taqiir-, taqinar-, taqmigte-, taqsuarir-, taqte-,
taqucivik, taqucilleq picirkamek, taqumalria;< PE taq0taqeq vein # taq’ni kep’arrluku piqerturaa ‘he cut
his vein chopping it with an axe’; nunam taqra‘the main vein of the earth from which all plants
emerge’ (traditional concept); = taqaq; > taqerpak;< PE taqa3 and taq03
taqerpak aorta # < taqeq-rpaktaq’i- to change one’s mind and not dosomething as planned; to change (of one’s

thinking) # taqiuq ‘he changed his mind’ /tangercetaaliyallerkaminek taqiuq ‘he changed
his mind about going to a movie’; taq’itaa‘he changed his mind about it’; Umyugaa
taq’inglliniuq taum tutgara’urluan, canek
caruyagnek, . . . ‘The thinking of that grandsonof hers started to change, imagining various bad
things happening.’ (CUN 2007:8); < taqe-i2taqiir- to insist # taqiirtuq ‘he is insisting’ /taqiirutaa ‘he insists that she act’; “Pivkenak
tutgara’urluuq nulirqeciqerpenga nugusnga.”
Arenqialan taqiiran tutgara’urluum nugutaa
elaturramegnegun. ‘“Grandson, don’t act thatway! You’ll have me as your wife, pull me up.”
Because she insisted, that grandson pulled her up
into the entry porch.’ (MAR2 2001:40); < taqe-?taqik (Chevak (only?)) genitalia # and taqig- to havesexual intercourse (of humans) # taqik ‘penis’;taqiik dual ‘vagina’; > taqikartuliq, taqilek; cf.
taqikaq, taqikataq; < PE taqi!taqikaq blackfish # NUN; cf. taqik
taqikartuliq slough with lake at end # < taqik-?-tuli
taqikataq whitetailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus)# BB; cf. taqik
taqikcar- for there to be a south or east wind withstormy weather, a harbinger of fish coming in #taqilek clam # HBC; < taqik-lek
taqinar- to kill instantly # Qugcuulvak pakmani
elliciquq qasgim egalran mengliinun. Ciumek
pugelria allam yuum nasqurra’arluku,
nasq¥rrakun kaugturciqaa taqinarluku. ‘A big
wooden club will be placed up there by the
skylight of the kashim. The other person willclub the head of the first one to reach the top,
instantly killing him.’ (NAA 1970:9); < taqe-nginaq
taqingssak trout (sp. ?) # EG; cf. taqik
taqmak dress # and taqmag- to put on a dress #taqmagtuq ‘she is putting on a dress’; taqmagaa‘she put a dress on her’ / Atanviim qetunraanek
uingluni. (Tua-i-w’ taqmakegcivakaan cucullikii.)‘She got the chief’s son for her husband. (Well, it
was likely because she had such a beautiful dressthat he chose her.)’ (QUL 2003:90); < PY taqmak
taqmigte- to be fully grown # taqmigtuq ‘heis fully grown’ / Tua-i-gguq arnaurrluni
tua-i taqmiggluni, mikelnguunrirluni,
nasaurluunrirluni, neviarcaraunrirluni,
arnaurrluni ta¥gaam taqmiggluni. ‘And so she

618Basestaqneq — taquq2

always gave him food to take with him on his trip
in his bowl with Eskimo ice cream in it.’ (AGA
1996:188); < taquaq-li2-te5taqutiiq graduation; celebration of the endof something (e.g., war) # quyacilluci
taqutiillerpece÷i ‘congratulations on
your graduation’; . . . nerrlerteng tauna
anguyallermeggnun tua-i taqutiiqluku
nangniurutekluku. ‘. . . their eating was theircelebration of this matter of bringing it to an end.’(QUL 2003:690); < taqe-tiiq-lleq
taqukaq, taquka brown (or grizzly) bear (Ursus
arctos) (NS, Y, K, BB, NR, LI, EG meaning); seal
(HBC, NI, NUN, CAN meaning) # Tauna-am
nukalpiarat tuavet qayalgirluni anelrarluni
taqukassuryartulliniuq . . . ‘And their proficienthunter and provider taking his kayak along
went out to hunt seals . . .’ (QUL 2003:682);
Alerquucetangqertuq curukaqan taqukaq, yuk
qimagpeknaku pektaarpeknaku uitasqelluku.
‘There is this precept that if a bear charges, aperson shouldn’t flee, but should stay in place
without moving.’ (YUU 1995:70); Taqukat
Tanqiat ‘March’ (NUN usage), literally: ‘seals’month’; see Appendix 7 on the Yupi’ik calendar;> taqukanguaq, taqukassuun, taqukinraq
taqukanguaq reindeer moss (a lichen) # < taqukaquaq
taqukassuun seal net # NI, NUN; < taqukaq-ssuun
taqukinraq* product of a bear or seal; bear gut;bear scat; seal product # Taqukinraat-gguq
makut makuni umkumiutarni irnerrlugni
nangegiallruut. ‘Bear gut [parkas] are said to last
longer than sea mammal gut [parkas].’ (CUN
2007:56); < taqukaq-linraq
taqumalria store-bought; manufactured article;
prepared item; finished item # taqumalriit‘finished items’; < taqe-ma-lria
taqupseq earring # Y; cf. taquq
taquq1 braid # and taqur- to braid # taqurtuq ‘she isbraiding her (own) hair’; taquraa ‘she is braiding
her (another’s) hair’ / taquumauq or nuyai
taquumaut ‘her hair is braided’; alqerpet-gguq
taqurliten! ‘ask your sister to braid your hair!’;> taquutaq; cf. taquq2, taqupseq, taquupiitaq; <PY-S taquq
taquq2 wall; area right alongside; side area
# taq¥rrani ‘at its wall’, ‘against its wall;right alongside it’; tumyarat taq¥rratni ‘atbecomes a woman, grown up fully, is no longera child, no longer a little girl, nor a young lady,
but rather becomes a woman, grown up.’ (YUP
2005:172); < taqe-?taqneq, taqneluk (NUN form) adult# Maqirraarcelluki-llu qantatgun,
qantarrarteggun payuggluki makut neviarcaraat
taqnerurtenga’artellriit. ‘After they’d taken asweatbath, the young women, those who had justreached adulthood, brought little bowls of food tothem.’ (AGA 1996:80); < taqte-neq1, taqte-neq1-?
taqsipak African-American; black person; Negro# HBC; from Inupiaq trade jargon taaqsipak; =taaqsipak, taqcipak
taqsuarir- to be insistent # < taqe-?taqsuqair- to be rested # taqsuqairtuq ‘he is rested’/ taqsuqairutuq ‘he has gotten all rested up’;< taqsuqe-ir2-; > taqsuqaircartaqsuqaircar- to be resting # taqsuqaircartuq ‘he isresting’ / < taqsuqair-cartaqsuqe- to be tired # physically or otherwise;
taqsuquq ‘he is tired’ / taqsuqutaa ‘he is
tired of her’; taqsuqutekaa ‘he is tired of it’;taqsuqngapaa ‘oh, how tired I seem to be!’;Taqsuqua sen’ermek neqnek. ‘I am tired fromcutting fish for drying.’ (TAQ 1977:29); . . .
taukut muragtateng ciuqlirmi ang’aqurluki
ayagturluteng, kiiryungameng, taqsuqngamengllu unilluki tamaavet. ‘. . . whereas at first they’dtaken the wood they got with them as they wenton their way, now because they were getting hot
and because they were tired they left it behind
there.’ (ELN 1990:38); > taqsuqair-; cf. taqetaqte- to be fully grown # taqtuq ‘he is fully grown’/ < taqe-?-; > taqneq
taquaq provisions for a trip or outing # Unuaquan
unuakuayaarmi tua-i makcararluteng
taquarkameggnek-llu piluteng ernerpak
kayangussuqataameng tua-i ayagluteng, . . . ‘The
next day they got up early, and prepared the foodfor their outing, because they were going to huntfor eggs all day, and they went on their way, . . .’(ELN 1990:35); > taquite-; < PE taqu(C)a3
taqucivik factory # < taqe-te5-i2-vik
taquite- to provide with food for a journey #tuquitaa ‘he gave him food for the trip’ / Elliinllu-gguq qantaa, taquiquratuani taum’ aanami,
qantaa akutamek imarluni. ‘His mother, they say,619

taquupiitaq — tarike-Basestarenraa. ‘. . . the image of something that’s bright
will be visible even if it’s on the other side (of atranslucent sealskin).’ (QUL 2003:168); taren’er‘photograph’ (NUN usage); < tarneq-aq3, tarneqaq3; > tarenrair-, tarenriur-; < PE ta3(0)n03
tarenrir- to cast a shadow; to be reflected insomething # Tua-i-ll’ pikna necuariignek egalra
tarenrilliniluni kan’a-i uqumi qantam iluani. ‘And
then their little house’s window was reflected in
the oil inside the bowl. (CIU 2005:126); < tarneqir2-; > tarenriryaraq
tarenriryaraq area between the shoulderblades; baseof the neck # K, CAN, NI, BB; < tarnrir-yaraq
tarenriur- to look at one’s reflection # tarenriurtuq‘he is looking at his reflection’ / Unavet atrarluni
tarenriurluni mermun, ellakeggan-llu . . . ‘Hewent down there and saw his reflection in the(still) water, since the weather was good . . .’(AGA 1996:42); < tarenraq-liur-; > tarenriurun
tarenriurun mirror # Tava-llu pilliak, “Uqumek
atam egaqertek tarenriuqerniartukut nalirput
kenegnaareniarta.” Uqumek egalliuk
qallarvaulluku. Tarenriurutaitellermeggni. ‘She
said to them2. ‘You2 cook blubber into oil, so that
we can (use it to) see which of us is the most
lovely.” They2 cooked the blubber, bringing it
to a boil. That was when they didn’t have any
mirrors.’ (MAR1 2001:59); Maa-i tanglartuku
tuarpiaq tarenriurutkun mecikutesciiganata. . . ‘Now we see as through a glass, darkly . . .’(1COR. 13:12); < tarenriur-ntari spirit # Tariit tamakut alingnaqniaqait —nakacuut tariit. ‘Their spirits can cause havoc —the spirits of bladders (of caught game).’ (CAU
1985:70); Igaucilriit iliit piuq ukvellruniluku
tamakut tariita tamaantelallrat, ta¥gaamtangrrumavkenateng. ‘One of the writers statesthat they believed that the spirits were in the
bladders but they were invisible.’ (CAU 1985:95);> tariite-, tarike-, taringe-, tarirte-; cf. tarr’i, taru
tariite- to lack understanding # tariituq ‘he lacks
understanding’ / Makut-qaa assiilngurmek
atulriit tariitelartut? ‘Do those who follow evil
have no understanding?’ (PSALM 53:4); < tari-ite1tarike- to bother; to tease especially a member ofthe opposite sex (Y, NI, HBC meaning); to guard;
to watch out for; to look after (K meaning) #tarikuq ‘he is watching for something’; tarikaa‘he is looking after her’ or ‘he is bothering her’/ Taumek tarikici nalluavciu erenret naliatni

the side of the path’; Ullagluku, tangluugni
qulvarviim taq¥rranun ellilukek, nem qainganun
mayulliniuq egalerkun qinerrnaluni. ‘Going over
to it, he placed his snowshoes against the side of
the cache, and went up to the top of the houseto peek in through the window.’ (YUU 1995:86);. . . ketiinun aqumqerluku amiigem taq¥rranun
qantaa nangllerkaa utaqasqelluku. ‘. . . she also
told her to sit down in front of him, right on theside of the door, and to wait for him to finish(the contents of) his bowl.’ (QUL 2003:232); . . .
angullugaat makut maaken qasgim taquugkenek
qanqaqungartelliniut, . . . ‘. . . these old men fromthe sides of the kashim started speaking, . . .’(QUL 2003:232); cf. taquq1
taquupiitaq, taquupik earring # HBC; cf. taquq1
taquutaq woman’s hair ornament # < taquq1-taq1
tararte- to make no attempt to help those who arebusy working # NUN; cf. tarrartetarenrair- to take a photograph or X-ray; to takeor make a picture or image of something #tarenrairtuq ‘he got photographed’; tarenrairaa‘he photographed her’ / tarenraircecarturciqukut‘we will go have someone take our pictures’;tarenrairyarturciqukut ‘we will go have our
pictures taken’; yungcaristem tarenrairai
naulluulriim enri ‘the doctor X-rayed thesick person’s bones’; Icivaq Nome-ami
tarenrairyullratni imkut pinka, . . . ‘A while ago
in Nome when they wanted to photograph those
things of mine, . . .’ (TAP 2004:62); < tarenraq-ir2-;> tarenrairissuun, tarenrairista
tarenrairissuun camera # . . . qanemcillri
tarenrairissuutekun imiucimallruut
elitnauruteknaluki Yup’igtun yuuyaram
elitnaurutiini. ‘. . . the things he relates werefilmed with a camera so that they can be used
for the teaching of the Yup’ik way of life.’ (KIP
1998:xiv); < tarenrair-i2-cuun
tarenrairista photographer # < tarenrair-ta1
tarenraq, tarenr(aq*) (NUN form) image; picture;
likeness; reflection; photograph; shadow #tarenraa kassuutellragnek aaniin piksugaa ‘hermother wants to have a picture of their wedding’;
Tava-llu umsugarteqengnaqluni pilliuq, “Wall’uqaa imna tarenraqaqa.” ‘And then he tried tothink, and said (to himself), “Or, could it be thatthat is my reflection.”’ (MAR1 2001:92); . . . cam
tanqigcelnguum amatiinlengraan ca alaitetuuq

620Basestarikesta — tartuq

tarneq soul; spirit; soul of person # tarnera
pagglugmek uqamaituq ‘his soul is weighted
down with rancor’; = tarnaq2; > tarenraq,
tarenrir-; cf. taru; < PE ta3(0)n03
tarnik poisonous plant that grows around ponds(species ?)# cf. tarnaq1 # NUN
tarperaq drawstring tube at top of skin boot or otherclothing # NUN, HBC; = parteraq
tarr- root; > tarranqegg-, tarrarte-, tarr’utarranqegg- to be active and healthy # tarranqegtuq‘he is active, healthy, capable of getting aroundand doing things, of taking care of himself’ /< tarr-?tarrarte-, tarrirte-, tarrate-, tarrite- to wanderaround; to roam around # tarrartuq ‘he iswandering around’ / Tua-i-llu tag’urluteng
caaqameng yugnek tangrraqluteng
tarrartellrianek. ‘And coming up from the shore
occasionally they’d see people wandering
around.’ (ELN 1990:112); Macaaskaarrluk-gguq
tarrirrnaurtuq alingnartaarluni, keggutiin aipaa
cataunani. ‘Macaskaarrluk, they say, would roamaround acting extremely scarey, with one of his
teeth missing.’ (MAC 1977); Catngunrilnguut
assiitellriit yuut tarratelartut yuullguteteng
iqluurluki. ‘Worthless evil people go aroundtelling lies to their fellows.’ (AYUQ. 6:12);
Tua-i tarritaqamta, aquiluta, ernerpak tamana
umyuaqenriqaarluku umyuaqarcarturnaurput
alerquuterralput. ‘And whenever we roamedaround, playing, after not thinking about it allday, then we would begin to recall our rules of
behavior and life.’ (YUU 1995:49); < tarr-?-, tarr?-, tarr-?-, tarr-?-; cf. tararte-; < PY-S ta3a3tarr’i listen; let’s see # NUN; exclamation; cf. tari
tarriarte- to suddenly wander # < tarrite-artetarr’u go away; leave me alone # exclamation used
toward dogs, bees, etc.; < tarr-?
tartuq kidney # tartuk ‘kidneys’; Ayiimi-am tua-i
cikmirluni atulliniluni, “Avanir avani yav’anii,
taluyaruaqumta taluyaput civvluki, aqsagka
nangugtagka, tartugka nangugtaka. Cat ilait,tuntut ilait mangirrsuggutaarilnguut.” ‘As he(the blackfish in the story) went on his way, heclosed his eyes and sang, “Way over there ourfish traps are set. I scrape my belly against it. I
scrape my kidneys against it. Some caribou haveno teeth.”’ (CIU 2005:92); < PE ta3tu

Atanerpeci tekitellerkaa. ‘Watch out therefore,
because you don’t know on which day your Lord
will come.’ (MATT. 24:42); < tari-ke2-; > tarikesta
tarikesta guard; watchm # Elpeci
tarikestekangqertuci, ayagci . . . ‘You have awatchman, go on your way . . . (MATT. 27:65);< tarike-ta1
taringcetaarun metaphor; example; explanation;
parable # Waten taringcetaarucirluta
qanrutetullruakut, . . . ‘They gave us thefollowing example, . . .’ (YUP 2005:158)
taringe- to understand; to comprehend # taringuq‘he understands’; taringaa ‘he understands
it’ / taringenritamken ‘I don’t understandyou’; Cali-llu tamalkuan pinritevkenak
taringengnaqniaran. Taringenrilkuvgu apniaran
tuniarta mumigcesqelluki. ‘And also you should
try to understand everything without exception. If
you don’t understand it, you should ask the seller
to translate it.’ (NEL n.d.:8); Y, NSK, HBC, NI,
NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI, EG; < tari-nge-;> taringcetaarun, taringnaurun, taringun
taringnaurun explanation # qanrucit
taringnaurutait ‘explanations of the terms’;< taringe-naur-n
taringun understanding # Catholic neologism;< taringe-ntarirte- to talk in a voice audible to one’s listener but
not to a third party; to whisper # tarirtuq ‘he iswhispering’ / tarirutaa ‘he is whispering to her’;
HBC; < tari-?tarliaq mew gull (Larus canus) # NR; = arliaq,
qarliar(aq), from Aleut aĝliga⁄ (a3li!aX)
tarnaq1 wild celery; cow parsnip (Heracleum
lanatum) # = tarvaq; cf. tarnik; from Aleuttaaĝanĝi-s (taa3an!i-s) ‘lateral stalks of cow
parsnip’
tarnaq2 soul; spirit; soul of person # Allat cali yuutellam iluani piciryarait tuqulrianun amllelallruut,
ukvelaameng amlleret tuquyuilngurmek yuum
tarnaanek; tauna yuum tarnaa unguvauratuluni
tuqungraan, natmun-llu ayagvingqellranek caliukverluteng. ‘Other people in the world havea multiplicity of practices for the dead, because
many believe in the immortal soul of a person;that that person’s soul continues to live eventhough he dies; they believe also in it’s having
a place to go to.’ (CAU 1985:149); = tarneq; < PE
ta3(0)n03

621

taru — tass’uqe-Basestaru, taruq human being; person # this word issometimes known but rarely used instead of yuk,
the usual word for person, but it (taru) is thestandard word for ‘person’ in EG, is used sometimes
in NUN (and elsewhere perhaps), and is historically
identifiable as an “Aglurmiut” word; it may havebeen a shaman’s word elsewhere; Nunivak example:
Pinginanermini qamani arnalquaraungalngur
qanlliniur, “Tututgirrlug, tarum ityuilkiikug,
itraakug, curraumaarru.” ‘At that moment
someone who seemed to be an old lady spokefrom within, “Grandchild, a being has never comein on us; someone is here; go out to (meet) him!”’(WOR 2007:112); Aglurmiut example: Kwangkuta
taruni pitekluta taruurtellriaten nunamte÷i maani
kapevkarluten-llu panamek anguyiit iliitnun,. . . ‘On account of us men (humans), you became aman on our earth here and let yourself be piercedwith a spear by some of the soldiers, . . .’ (SBO
1896:9 & 2006:8); > tarungssak, tarupiaq,
taruurte-, taruyamaarun; cf. tarneq; < PE ta3u
tarungssak Chinese # EG; < taru-ngssak
tarupiaq Alaska Peninsula Eskimo (or “Aleut”, as issaid locally) from Egegik # EG; < taru-piaq
taruurte- to be born # EG; < taru-urtetaruyamaarun dance fan, finger mask #Makunek tua-i waten taruyamaaruterluteng
kenugngalrianek aturluteng; una nangertellria
makucinek tua-i taruyamaarucirluni yuraraqluni.
‘They used these kinds of beautifully decorated
dance fans, each person who stood up to dance
would be holding dance fans like these.’ (CIU
2005:298); < taru-?-ntarvaq, tarvak wild celery; cow parsnip (Heracleum
lanatum) # and tarvar-, tarvag- to fumigate andritually cleanse (one’s body) with the smokeof burning wild celery # Tua-i ta¥gken tua-i
tamakut itrucamteki, qilqerraarluki kuma’arrluki
tua-i tarvarluta. Unuaquaqan nangellratnun
tarvarturnauraitkut tamakunek. ‘At home afew plants (wild celery) were tied together
and lighted, and we smudged our bodies with thesmoke. We continued to smudge our bodies withthe smoke every day until the plants were gone.’(CIU 2005:386); = tarnaq1; from Aleut taaĝanĝi-s(taa3an!i-s) ‘lateral stalks of cow parsnip’taryaqvagcuun king salmon net # < taryaqvak-cuuntaryaqvak, tarsarpak (NSU form) king or chinook
salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) # Kinguatni-

llu qusuuret taryaqviit piata, kuvyaaqluni.
‘After the smelt when the king salmon came,he’d net-fish.’ (PRA 1995*:461); Kat’um-kin
kana-i amirlum acian neqtaanek ner’tullemnektaryaqvagmek uqurilriamek tuquvailegma-tuq
waniw’ nerqerlii! ‘Oh how I wish that before I
die, I could eat a fat king salmon like I used to
eat that were customarily caught from belowthat cloud!’ (QAN 1995:248); < ?-vak, ?-rpak; >taryarvagcuun, taryaqvayagaq; < PE ta3yaqva!
taryaqvayagaq* jack king salmon, a small,
immature king salmon # < ?-ya(g)aqtaryiraq, taryiqitaq, taryitaq salted salmon strip #< taryir-aq1, taryuq-?, taryuq-?
taryir- to salt; to add salt to (it); to be salty #taryirtuq ‘it’s salty’; taryiraa ‘he salted it’ /taryissiyaagtuq ‘it’s too salty’; taryiumauq ak’a‘it’s been salted’; Taqngata-llu nutaan akurrluki
mermun taryirluku, erenregni malrugni. ‘When
they are done, soak them adding salt to the water,
for two days.’ (YUU 1995:60); < taryuq-lir-;> taryiraq
taryirissuun saltshaker # < taryir-i2-cuun
taryuq, tarsuq (NS form) salt; brine; ocean; sea #Talliman ta¥gaam cipcaaqaqamiki taryuugaqluni
qaillun mey’unaunani. ‘But whenever heexceeded the limit of five, it tasted salty (itwould be brine) and was not drinkable.’ (ELL
1997:332); > taryitaq, taryurngalnguq, taryurrluk,
taryirissuun; < PE ta(9)yu3
taryurrluk salt rime or crust # as collects on boot soles
when walking on sea ice; < taryuq-rrluk
taryurngalnguq* Epsom salts # < taryuq-ngalnguq
tas- see tatass’igyugciur-to run out of time # NUN
tassiitaq breastplate used when carrying a backpack
or other back-load #tass’uqe-, tass’ur- to hold by the hand # tass’uquq‘he is holding hands with someone’; tass’uqaa‘he is holding her hand’ / tass’uquk ‘they2
are holding hands’; Anngameng Qalemankuk
Mik’aq-llu qes’arullutek Irr’am-llu tass’uqsuatek
tass’uqluku. ‘When they went outside Qalemaq
and Mik’aq hugged each other, and because
Irr’aq wanted them to hold her hand, theyboth held her by the hand.’ (ELN 1990;83);
Aren, tua-i qakma tass’urluku ayautelliniaqekii
taum tan’gerlim, pekqurlutek. ‘Well, that black622

Basesbear walked him there, holding his hand.’ (QUL
2003:386); < PE tatyu3taste- to fray # of rope, thread, etc.; tastuq ‘it frayed’;
tastaa ‘he frayed it’ / Cetuat-llu yualuitun
ayuqluteng tua-i, tastaayuunateng. ‘Beluga sinew
seem never to fray.’ (PAI 2008:106); = castetastuqite- to become stuck because an opening is
too small to go through # tastuqituq ‘it being toolarge got stuck’ / = castuqite-; < tastur-ite3tastur- to be too big to fit into # tasturtuq ‘it is toolarge to go through’; tasturaa ‘he is too large forit’ / = caltur-; > tastuqite-; < PE tat(0)tu3- under
PE tat0-)tataite- to be quick to respond (and help out) #Taringan tatailnguq? Uunguuq waten pikuma
camek egmian nang’erciiquten pinrilengramken.
‘Do you understand what a quick and willing
responder is? It is when I do something and you
will immediately jump up (to help) even though
I don’t ask you.’ (YUP 2005:72); # < ?-ite-; cf.
tatervaktatamallag- to suddenly get startled # < tatame-llagtatame- to be startled # tatamuq ‘he got startled’/ tatamtaa ‘he startled her’; tatam™gaitaa ‘he
won’t startle her’; Tua-i elitnauryaraminek
umyuartequrainanrani cam tengviklukek. Elliillu murilkenrilami tatamluni, kegginaa-llu man’akaviriqertelliami puqlanga’arrluni. ‘And while
she was thinking about her school something
flew up on them. And because she wasn’t alert
she got startled, and her face flushed and she
broke out into a sweat.’ (PRA 1995:336); cf. tave-;< PE tatam0(t)tatangquq cartilage (especially in fish head) #picalqukpiaranka tatangqurrit sayiit ‘I really likered salmon cartilage’; < -quq; = tetengquq; < PE
nata&qu3
tatek area at back of fish skull; forehead (UK, UY,
HBC, EB meaning) # tatga ‘his or its forehead’;. . . aaniin-llu cav’arrluku tatgakun. Piluni-llu
puqlanirniluku. ‘. . . her mother felt her on her
forehead. She said that it was hot.’ (ELN 1990:79);= tautek; < PY-S tat0k
tatellgaq sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) # EG;= tacellgaq; < PE tat0l!a3
tatervak one who is slow to respond # Imnata¥gken niiteng’ermi aqumgaluni tua-i
uitalria tatervak-gguq tua-i tauna. Makutllu ungungssiit ilait tatervaugut. Tuntuviit-

taste- — ta¥gken

llu makut ping’ermeng aqumgayugluteng,nangertevkenateng. ‘That person, however,
who stays seated even though he hears you, isa slow responder. And some of the animals arealso slow responders. These moose want to stayon the ground and not stand up no matter what
happens to them.’ (YUP 2005:72); < ?-vak; cf.
tataitetatkik two pairs of crossed poles, each pole with one
end stuck in the ground, and each pair bound at
the crossing-point, used to support a kayak andkeep it off the ground # and tatki- to put on apair of crossed-pole supports # tatkia ‘he put itup’ / qayaq tatkimauq ‘the kayak is resting on
supports’; . . . ena una, ketiini-wa qayak kankuk
tatkimalriik. ‘. . . this house, and down toward
the river from it were two kayaks on crossed-pole
supports.’ (YUU 1995:99); < PE tat0k0 (under PE
tat0)
tauciin first time # used in counting; Tua-ll’
yugcetun tallimarqunek ulpiarcesqelluku pikani
naaqikuni-w’, tauciin, aipaa, pingayua, cetamii,
tallimii. Tang yugtun naaqiyaraq. ‘If she told her
to roll over five times in Yup’ik, she would count:
first time, second, third, fourth, fifth time. That’s
the way to count in Yup’ik.’ (QUL 2003: 72); cf.
atauciinta¥gaam, ta¥g’am (UY form) however; but; only;
except for; instead # conjunctive particle; irniara
tekituq ta¥gaam maurlua pivkenani ‘her childarrived, but not her grandmother’; ta¥gaam
ataucimek cikillruanga ‘he gave me only one’;kuimaryugngaunga ta¥gaam piyuumiitua ‘I canswim but I don’t care to’; Ilait ta¥gaam piciryarat
tamarluteng . . . ‘Some customs, however, arelost, . . .’ (KIP 1998:vii); Kuigata-ll’ tamana ce÷ii
uqvigangqerrluni ta¥gaam marauluni pa¥gna
keluat. ‘The shore of their river had willows,
but behind them there was a marshy area.’(MAR1 2001:91); Taum-gguq tua-i nukalpiam
qasgini tauna maqiviuyuilan calivikuratuluku
ta¥gaam. ‘Because it was not used for bathing,that proficient hunter always used his kashim
as his workshop instead.’ (QUL 2003:622);< tava(ni)=amta¥gken even though; however; but; from there# conjunctive particle; ta¥gken inerciigalngermi
niiculuni ‘even though he is mischievous,
he pays heed’; Ilai-llu ukut serr’irangluteng
Turpak ta¥gken qavanertuami neplingraagnek

623

ta¥gak’estauna — tayarneq

Basespekteksaunani qavaarluni. ‘Her family members
began to stir from sleep and move around, but
Turpak slept on without making any movement
even though they were noisy, since she always
slept so soundly.’ (ELN 1990:21); < tava(ni)ablative ending -kenta¥gak’estauna see what happened, that’s what you
get # exlamatory particle; NUN
taumiqlak thing from there or then # tauna-localis-?
tauna that one; the thing near the person being
spoken to # restricted demonstrative pronoun; taum‘of that one’; taumi ‘in that one’; taukut ‘those’;saskaq kitak tauna taiteqerru ‘please hand me
that cup’; pania neryunqegtuq, taumek uqurilria‘her daughter loves to eat, and for that reason
she is fat’; see tua(ni) or tava(ni), the corresponding
demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < ta(prefix)-una; > taunginarmek,taungutaunginaq, taunginarmek without anyone
intending it to be so # particle; taunginaq
tangrraqa ‘I see him unintentionally on his partor mine’; tuqullruuq taunginarmek ‘he died ofnatural causes, not by the acts of a person’; < tau(na)nginaq, tau(na)-nginaq-abl.-mod.
taungu- to be that one # taunguuq ‘it is that one’/ “Imuuguten-qaa qanvarpak niiskengaqa
angalkuq?” Im’um kiugum kiugaa, “Ii-i,
taunguunga.” ‘“Are you that one, the shaman I’ve
heard of for so long?” That one in there answered
him, “Yes, I’m that one.”’ (MAR2; 2001:32);< tau(na)-utautek forehead # LI; = tatek; < PY-S tat0k
tautunrir- to become frail; to become terminally ill #NUN
tava-i, ta¥ga-i that’s enough; well then; and then;that’s all # see tua-i for forms with various enclitics
tavallut’ava it happened and there’s nothingthat can be done about it. exclamation; NSU;
< tava(ni)-?
tava(ni) (ta¥ga(ni)) there #restricted demonstrative
adverb; the ‘v’ in this word sounds like English‘w’ even for HBC because it is in fact anintervocalic ungeminated ¥g; HBC and NUN
writers prefer the spelling ta¥gani (or tawani),
since for them ‘v’ would sound like English ‘v’rather than like English ‘w’; tavatellengraan(ta¥gatellengraan) ‘even though it was likethat’; tavatnatulit (ta¥gatnatulit) ‘those who

act that way’; NS, NUN, HBC; see tauna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; = tuani; > tavallut’ava; cf.
ta¥gaam, ta¥gken
tavaq I doubt it # particle; Pirraarluteng-gguq
pinaurtut, “Tavaq tamakut yuugut.” Irr’ikluki.
‘After she said that, then she’d say, “I doubt thatthose are humans.” They were fascinated withthem.’ (PAI 2008:212); < tava(ni)tavatellengraan nevertheless # essentially a particle;
Ukut-llu kinguqliit yul’inraurtaqluteng.
Tavatellengraan maligtelliniluku, . . . ‘The one’s
after them [those prints] would turn humanoid.
Nevertheless he followed it, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:91);< tava(ni)-equalis-?-concessive
tavci belt # and tavci- to put on a belt # tavciuq ‘heput on a belt’; tavcia ‘he put a belt on her’ / < PE
tavci
tave- to hurry excitedly; to panic # tav’uq ‘he ishurrying’, ‘he is panicking’; tavaa ‘he is reacting
to it in a panic’ / Ta¥gken-am tavluni ava-i yuk
pikuni, pileryagakuni waten maaggun elatiikun
cikuq asmeskuni . . . ‘But if a person panics andmakes abrupt movements, and if he breaks theice around him . . .’ (QUL 2003:732); = taave-; cf.
tatame-; > tavcillagtavcillag- to suddenly panic # Ta¥gaamtangrramegteggu alangaallruut; tavcillagluteng-llu
qimagarrluteng. ‘But when they saw it they wereastounded, and fled in a panic.’ (PSALM 48:5);< tave-llagtavigtaq braid; braided thing # EG, NUN; <tavigte-aq1
tavigte- to string dried tomcod or other fish byrunning the body of one through the gill openingof the next; to braid # tavigtai ‘he is stringing
them’; ‘he is braiding them’ / HBC, NUN, EG;> tavigtaq
taviir(ar)te- to happen all of a sudden # tavii’rtuq ‘ithappened suddenly’ (ii is not compressed) / NUN
tavqar- to panic # tavqertuq ‘he is panicking’ /NUN; < taave-qartavtaaq clam # HBC; = aatevtaaq, taavtaaq
taya- to be exhausted; to be frustrated, confused,
and anxiety ridden # tayauq ‘he is exhausted’ /tayataa ‘he or it made him exhausted’;> tayatevkartayarneq wrist # also plural for one wrist or pairof wrists; tayarnerenka ‘my wrist or wrists’;624Basestayarneri’iryailkutaq — tegel’pag-tayimatmun into the area out of sight, as in the
distance # adverbial particle; Tua-i tayimatmunam tua-i pitlinikii taun’. Maaten-gguq tua-ipitegcautni tamana tarikaa kemganun
pulallinilria. ‘Then he shot it, shooting into thearea out of his perception. When he sensed [thepath of] his arrow, he realized it had pierced its
flesh.’ (CUN 2007:6); < tayima-tmun

aviqiarcetellrui tayarneni ‘he sprained his
wrist’; Tua-i pisqengan tayarneregkenkun
teguqalliniluku. Aren, tayarnerikun teguqertelluni
ungungssiurcartulliniuq, imna tua-i ungungssiq.
‘Then, as he’d been instructed he grabbed herby the wrists. And when he grabbed her by thewrists she started to turn into an animal.’ (QUL
2003:240); < ?-neq1; > tayarneri’iryailkutaq,
tayarnerilitaq, tayarnerun; < PE taya3n03

tayimngu- to be elsewhere; to be lost # tayimnguuq‘he is elsewhere’ / tayimnguvakarcit? ‘why
were you away for so long?’; Ayagluni tayima
uterciiqniluni atata. Ayagluni ernerpak-tang
tayimnguuq. ‘He left — going somewhere else —saying he’d return later. He left, see, and he wasgone all day.’ (MAR2 2001:96); < tayima-u-

tayarneri’iryailkutaq, tayarneriryailkun wrist
guard # < tayarneq-ir(ar)-yailkutaq, tayarneq-iryailkutaq
tayarnerilitaq bracelet; wristband # < tayarneqilitaq

tayarnerun knitted cuff on a sleeve to keep out thecold # < tayarneq-ntayimngurte- to disappear; to cease; to get lost #tayimngurtuq ‘it has ceased’, ‘it has disappeared’/ “Angayuqaaq! Cam-tang ayakauteqataqiikuk!”
Qayagaulriik-gguq taukuk nepairusngiinartuk
tayimngurrluni. ‘“Master! Look, something isabout to take us away!” Those two which werecalling out became silent as their cries faded andfinally disappeared.’ (PRA 1995*:396); < tayimaurte-

Tayarumiu Japanese; Chinese; Asiatic # NUN;
< Tayaruq-miu

Tayaruq1 Aleutian Aleut # EG; > Tayarumiu; from
Aleut tayaĝ-⁄ (taya3u-X) ‘person’

tayaruq2 mare’s-tail plant (Hippurus vulgaris)# Taum nanvam ce÷’akacagii canegtarluni
akuliitni-wa urut unaqvaatni-wa iitaat auluteng
tayarunek, meq-wa un’a. ‘There were grasses
right along the shore of that lake and between
them was moss, and toward that water down
there green tall grass interspersed with mare’s
tail.’ (ELN 1990:36); > tayarulunguaq

tegak male seal in rut # Y, NUN cf. tek’ar-; < PE
t0!!a!

tegalqingayar(aq*) Aleutian tern (Sterna aleutica);
arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) # NR
tegalquq rock; stone; kidney stone; gallstone #HBC, UK; = teggalquq

tayarulunguaq new edible willow growth # Calillu qeltairraarluki tayarulunguat, qanganaruat,
atsaruat, qugyuguat-llu ikiituut-llu ner’aqluteng.
‘And also, after peeling the outer layer off, they’deat new willow shoots, artemesia, chamomile,
groundsel, and wild celery.’ (PRA 1995*:461);< tayaruq-?-uaq

tegelciq thief # HBC, NI; < tegleg-?

tegelkar- to suddenly steal; to snatch # < teglegkar-; > tegelkassaagalriategelkassaagalria thief # Wiinga-llu tua-iqanrucimaaqama qalarucilriamek
nall’arkengaqama imutun tua-itegelkassaagalriatun ayuqlelalrianga umyuamneka¥g’anritaqan. ‘When I encounter someone
giving instruction, I’m like a thief for my own
wisdom, that is, if I don’t forget it.’ YUP 2005:16);< tegelkar-saag-?-lria

tayatevkar- to be limp from exhaustion # Itertuq
tayatevkaqapiaralliuq mernullni nalluluku. ‘Hewent in and was completely limp from being
exhausted and didn’t know how tired he was.’(MAR2 2001:11)

tayima elsewhere # adverbial particle; refers to theabsence from the speaker’s and listener’s area of thatwhich is talked about; from ima (see imna) and thesole Yup’ik prefix ta-; also spelled ta-ima; tayima
ayallruuq ‘he has left, has gone elsewhere’;tayima tang issratka tamarngalkeka ‘I think
I have lost my tote bag’; < ta(prefix)-im(na); =taima; > tayimngu-, tayimngurte-tegel’pag- to steal in a big way # . . . tua-illu cumikenricecuaqaqatni tegel’pagluni,
picurlatmuaqautekluku. ‘. . . whenever they
aren’t watching him he’ll steal in a big way andget himself into a lot of trouble over it.’ (QUL
2003:342); < tegleg-pag2-625

teggalqupiaq — teggneq

Basesteggalqupiaq a particular type of small dark stone
used for whetstones, not broken when exposedto heat # < teggalquq-piaq
teggalquq rock; stone; kidney stone; gallstone #Tua-llu tua caqerluni — nateqvani-llu tayima
pillrua — uumek teggalqumek tekitelliniluni tua
net’un tua angtaluni. Tua-i teggalqurruluni. ‘And
then one day — I don’t know exactly where — hecame upon a rock as big as a house. It was a rock.’(ELL 1997:236); UY, LK, NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI;= tegalquq; < tegge-quq; > teggalqupiaq
tegganeq elder # Pitqerraaqan tegganret arcaqakluki
pita imna tamalkuan aruqutkaqluku.
Qanlallruameng-llu cikiun arcaqerluni
tegganernun, uterciiqniluku amllenruluku. ‘When
one catches game for the first time the elders areimportant, the entire catch is distributed. Theysay that giving a gift to the elders is importantsince it will return manifold.’ (CAU 1985:94);= teggneq; < tegge-a-neq1
teggarvak large rock or stone # < tegge-vak
tegge- to be hard; to be tough # tegg’uq ‘it is hard,
tough’ / Aqumyaaquq aqumllitarpagmun
teggsiyaagluni. Mikenranun aqumllitamun
aqumyaaquq qetucessiyaagluni. ‘She sat downin the big chair and it was too hard. She sat downin the smaller chair and it was too soft.’ (KUU
1977:15); > teggalquq, tegganeq, teggarvak,
teggenquq, tegg’eraq, tegg’erpak, tegg’i-, teggliq,
teggmaarrluk, tegg’utaq, tegke-, tegqaq, teggsak;
cf. tek’arteggenquq hard thing; hard, unripe berry; styloid
processes (bones in fish); tumor; lump in flesh;elder person (additional NS meaning) # < teggequq
tegg’eraq hardwood # = etgeraq; < tegge-?
teggerpak shrubby cinquefoil or tundra rose
(Potentilla fruticosa) # a plant from which a tea ismade; often in plural: teggerpiit < tegge-rpak
tegg’i- to harden; to tense up # teggiuq ‘it hardened’/ Tegg’ivkenak atam qeturiluten! ‘Don’t tenseup, relax!’ (MAR1 2001:84); Tegg’iyuunateng-llu
uqurquraumalriit. ‘Those that are kept well oiled
never get hard.’ (CIU 2005:350); < tegge-i2-;> teggia-, tegg’iteteggia- to become tense; to be hard in some places
and soft in others # teggiaguq ‘it got partly hard’;< tegg’i-ateggigte- to giggle # teggigtuq ‘he is giggling’ /teggiksugtenrilu! ‘stop that giggling!’; Tamaa-i
tuaten cali tua-i-w’ akusraruqurpek’naki
mikelnguut piuraasqelluki, usviircalaraputgguq teggiguqu’urluki-llu piaqamteki,
qanruyutnek pivkenaki, qaill’ piqa’arqata-llu
ngel’allagatekluki. ‘Back then they told us not toplay noisily with children all the time; we would
raise them to lack common sense when we raisethem with uncontrolled giggling without giving
them precepts (of life) but rather by laughing atthem whenever they do some little thing.’ (YUP
2005:122); imitative
tegg’ite- to be constipated # tegg’ituq or tegg’itaa‘he is constipated’ / < tegg’i-te5teggiurci- to be in labor (giving birth); to have labor
pains # teggiurciuq ‘she is in labor / Teggiurcian
cakneq irnivkartekaan qanrutaa, “Alingevkenak,cali qetunranguten.” ‘When she was in hard labor
her midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid, you’re
getting another son.” (AYAG. 35:17); < tegge-?teggliaraq arrow with metal tip # < teggliq-ar(aq)teggliliurrsuun hacksaw # HBC; < teggliq-liurssuun
teggliq metal; bead # Caviggaat-llu tamaani tegglit
makut nurnallratni. Caviggaat tua-i cakneq
nurnallratni qelekluki cakneq caviggateng
pitullrulliniit. Tua-i nanikuakluki tamaqallerkait.
‘In those days, that’s when these metal knives
were scarce. When knifes were scarce they’dtake care of them. And they’d fret over them
if they lost them.’ (QUL 2003:28); Maaten tangtaq’ak uuggun patuiryarauluni asveruacuar . . .
Iilirluku-llu tegglirraagnek. ‘When he finished it,it had a latch, a little model of a walrus . . . andhe made eyes for it from two little beads.’ (CIU
2005:98); < tegge-li1; > teggliaraq, teggliliurrsuun
teggmaarrluk boiled half-dried salmon; dog
salmon; chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) #Murilkellemni pitullruut neqet qeltaitnek,
teggmaarrluut qeltaitnek waten ituqurluki tua-i.
‘When I observed it being done they did it byputting it (the cover) together from fish skins,
chum salmon skins.’ (AGA 1996:138); Y, NSK;
< tegge-maarrluk
teggneq elder # Teggneret makut maa-i
ciuliqagte™guarkauyaaqut camun tamiinun, . . .
‘These elders now are supposed to be the leadersin all respects, . . .’ (TAP 2004:102); Y, HBC, NUN;
= tegganeq; < tegge-neq1; teggneraq

626

Basesteggneraq* elder # Takaqenrikacagarluku-llu
tua teggneraungraan, ciuqliq’ngermegteggu
carraungraan itrutenrilan. ‘And even though he
was an elder, if he didn’t bring in even a small
gift, he would lose the people’s admiration andrespect.’ (TAP 2004:14); < teggneq-aq3
teggsak hardwood for bows, sled runners, etc. #NUN: < tegge-?
tegg’utaq splint; cast; brace # tegg’ucirtuq ‘it issplinted or braced’; tegg’uciraa ‘he splinted orbraced it’; < tegge-taq1
teggvak conical wooden trap for otter or mink # thetraps are built strong to withstand the animal’s biting;the animal drowns in the trap; . . . cuignilngurcuutet
tamakut pituut taluyat. Teggvagnek aterluteng. . . .
Cuignilngurcuutet ta¥gken tamakut tegviit, . . .
‘. . . those otter traps were (a sort of) fish trap.
They called it “teggvak”. . . . Otter catching
devices were “teggviit”.’ (PAI 2008:224)
tegke- to be too hard in texture for (him/it) # tegkaa‘it is too hard for him’ / < tegge-ke3tegleg- to steal # teglegtuq ‘he stole’; teglegaa ‘hestole it’ / teglegia ‘he stole from him’; teglegiuq‘he stole from someone’; tegelgumauq ‘it’s
been stolen’; teglegyaqunak ‘do not steal’;piciqngaunani teglelleq ‘embezzling’ (legal
neologism); > tegelciq, tegel’pag-, tegelkar-,
teglengar-, tegliur-; cf. tegu-; < PE t0!l0!teglek white mark on fingernail (“theft mark”) #NUN; direct nominalization of teglegteglengar- to be a thief # Angayuqaagni-llugguq cakenrirarkaulukek inerquumayuilami,
teglengariluni tua-i. ‘If one is never admonished,he can cease paying attention to his parents andbecome a thief.’ (YUP 2005:134); < tegleg-ngarteglessaagta, teglegissaatuli thief # < tegleg-ssaag1ta1, tegleg-i2-saag1-tuli
tegliur- to steal something # Kass’am taum
tegliullruyukluku melqulgutminek, . . . ‘That white
man thought that he was stealing his furs, . . .’(YUP 2005:22); < tegleg-liurtegqaq hardwood for bows, sled runners, etc. #< tegge-?
tegquciraq cord to make a seam in a kayak # NUN
tegu- to take; to take in hand; to pick up # tegua‘he took it’ in his hands / tegutuq ‘he took
something’; teguu! ‘take it!’, ‘pick it up!’;
seg’at teguurarai elliaqluki iqairissuutmun

teggneraq — teguler-‘she is gathering the cut fish and putting
them in the washtub’; . . . aaniin tauna irniaq
murilkuralaagu qiagaqan teguaqluku. ‘. . . because
her mother constantly watches that baby andshe picks it up whenever it cried.’ (ELN 1990:10);
tegunqiggngaunaki unicilleq (mikelngurnek
wall’u cautminek) ‘abandonment (of children
or property)’ (legal neologism); > teguaq, tegui-,tegukengaq, tegular-, teguler-, tegullitaq,
tegumiaq, teguqar-, tegun, teguneq, tegusta,
tegute-, teguyaraq; cf. tegleg-; < PE t0!uteguaq something taken; adopted child; captive;
crimp in the sole of a skin boot # Allani nunani
Agaligmiuni teguartangqelliniuq arnamek. ‘Inanother village, Arolic, there was a captive
woman.’ (YUU 1995:17); . . . ta¥gaam-gguq
tauna egatii qallarvagturalria cauciitellruat.
Tuarpiaq-llu-gguq tang yuum piluguan nat’raa
teguarluni iquugmikun, qallaucetaarturqii.
‘. . . however, they didn’t know what was inthat pot of hers boiling away. It was like aperson’s skin boot’s sole having crimps at theends, that was being boiled.’ (CUN 2007:74);
Nalluyaguteqeryaqunaciu teguarullerci Egyptaami. ‘Never forget that you were captives in
Egypt.’ (ALER. 24:22); teguarkaq akitulria‘collateral’ (legal neologism); < tegu-aq1; >teguarcuun, teguarun; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list
(103)
teguarcuun, teguarun device for crimping bootsoles # < teguaq-cuun
tegui- to forfeit; to lose something by it’s being
taken away # teguiluku ‘forfeiting it’; < tegu-i2tegukengaq animal caught without weapons byhand; captive person; arrested person #< tegukenge-aq1
tegukenge- to capture (an animal or person);to arrest # kalikartaq yugmek tegukengssuun‘warrant (for arrest)’ (legal neologism); < tegukenge-; > tegukengaq
teguler- to grab; to quickly pick (it) up #teguleraa ‘he grabbed it’ / Tegulerluku-am tua-ipeksucuklua, . . . ‘I quickly picked it up thinking it
was an egg, . . .’ (AGA 1996:176); Tua-i-ll’ taumek
teguleramiu egatmek taumek qamiqurrakun
kuvvliniluku. ‘Then he grabbed it and dumped
the contents of the pot on her head.’ (CUN
2007:16); note that when a vowel-initial suffix follows
this base, the semi-final e is usually not deleted, hence627

tegulkaute- — tekeq

Bases

its presence in teguleraa (cf. also bases ayaper-, andellimer-); < tegu-lertegulkaute- to be bunched together (of hair or thelike) # NUN
tegullitaq pot holder # < tegu-?-taq1
tegumiaq something held in the hand or arms;
dance fan; baby’s rattle # Tauna ayarulilleq
angun qasgimelnguut qukaatnun piluni
tamatumek ayarumek tegumiarluni.’ That man
who made the staff went to the middle of thepeople in the kashim holding that staff in his
hand.’ (CAU 1985:25); < tegu-mik; > tegumiaqe-;< PE t0!um(m)I(C)a3 (under PE t0!u-)tegumiaqe- to hold or carry in one’s arms or hand(s)# tegumiaqaa ‘he is holding it’ / Tua-i-llu ava-i
ciungatni uterrluni piicikani-llu tegumiaqluku.
‘And over there in front of them she was goingalong carrying her birchbark basket in her hands.’(ELN 1990:103); nepcurlim tegumiaqestii ‘camfollower in a motor’; tegumiaqucilluku ‘holding
something in trust for him’ (legal neologism);< tegumiaq-ke2tegun recovery hook, used to take killed seals outof water; harpoon that is used without an atlatl(throwing device) # < tegu-n; < PE t0!!un (underPE t0!u-)teguneq warp strand when twining grass # seekeluk for the weft strand; < tegu-neq
teguniyagaq fibrous stem of plant #teguqar- to clutch in the hands, claws, or the like #pitani avelngaq iggiayulim teguqerluku tengutaa‘the owl flew away with the mouse it had caught,
clutching it’; < tegu-qartegurciurun, tegurrliurun tangle remover;comb with widely spaced teeth # A¥gkut-llu
negartulriit nuyiurutet tegurrliurutnek piuratuit.
Maa-i tua-i tegurciuruciaqellinikait makut-am
maa-i. ‘Those combs with widely spaced teeth
are tangle removers. These tangle removers were theones they made.’ (CIU 2005:212); < ?-un, ?-un; cf.
tegute2tegusta policeman; state trooper # literally: ‘one whotakes (people)’; < tegu-ta1
tegute-1 to take something; to pick up something #tegutuq ‘he took something; he picked somethingup’/ Tua-i-llu Turpiim taum aipaanek saaniigem
cikilaagluku, cikuliurutmek tegulluni qalarrluni
elakaq-am cikumaarkauniluku. ‘And Turpak

hurriedly gave her the other kettle, and picked upa shovel, saying that the water hole will be frozen
over.’ (ELN 1990:61); < tegu-te5tegute-2 to be tightly tangled # tegutut ‘they aretangled’ / nuyanka tegutut ‘my hair is tangled’;
cf. tegurciurun
teguteguaq pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos); #HBC; = tukutukuar(aq*)
teguyaraq handle # Tua-i-llu tekicamiu amik pia
allayugmek teguyararluni. ‘And when she got
to it she saw that the door had a strange kind ofdoor handle.’ (ELN 1990:112); < tegu-yaraq
tegyiar(ar)- to peek; to spy # NUN
tekagte- to move around # with negative connotation,
perhaps of purposeless motion; (?); > tekallngaq
tekallngaq one who messes around, is careless in asilly way # < tekagte-?tek’ar- to have an erection of the penis; to havesomething projecting out; to spew forth #tek’artuq ‘he has an erection’, ‘he or it has
something projecting out’ / Piqerluni-ggur un’,qeyngiinaani, tukua ak’a-ll’ augmeng tek’allaglun’qanmikun. ‘Suddenly, being squeezed harderand harder, his host just spewed forth with blood
through his mouth.’ (CEV 1984:86); Enermek
ipegcaumalriamek tekauralriarcitukminek
anguarutni cimiraa tag’uraqerlutek. ‘As they2
were going up he exchanged his paddle for one
with a sharpened bone projecting out from it.’ (CIU
2005:18); > tekallragte-, tekarte-, tek’itekallragte- to stand on end (of hair) # NUN;
< tek’ar-?tekalragte- to pack (things) so loosely that they
don’t all fit # NUN
tekarte- to protrude; to stand on end # NUN;
< tek’artekciuk, tekciugaq, tekciugglugaq, tekcitak (CANform), tekcika(aq*) (NUN form), tekcilunaq
savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) #< ?, ?, ?-naq2, ?-rrlugaq
tekep’ag- to urinate in an arc (refers to male) #NUN
tekeq index finger; thimble (additional meaning
in Y, UK, HBC, NR, LI, EG) #. tekmikun
qerruartuq ‘he got a splinter in his index
finger’; Cukaringellrani-gguq imna taunanaqugutmiutarraa keglunrem pamyua
wani agalria, tuarpiaq-gguq avani tekeq

628

Basesnengingauralria. ‘When he ran faster, that wolf
tail hanging on his belt was just like an index
finger sticking out.’ (QUL 2003:426); > tekeryuk,
teklin, tekneq, tekrun: < PE t0k03
tekeryuk wingtip feather # . . . tua-i-gguq
imumek yaqulgem tekeryuanek mer’ucilallruit.
Tekerkyuk akurrluku aitartelluku-ll qanranun
ellngartelluku. Ellnganriqreskan-llu cipeggluku.
Tua-i-gguq miitaa. ‘. . . they used a bird’s wingfeather to give them (children) water. They’d
dip the wing feather and have (the child) open
his mouth and then let the water run in (fromthe feather held above the mouth). When it quit
flowing, they’d squeeze out more with theirhands. So that’s how they gave him water.’ (CIU
2005:198); < tekeq-yuk
teki hard white bone inside the cranium of fish #NUN
tek’i- to have an erection # NUN; cf. tek’artekiarte- to arrive at destination directly (in timeor space) # Aanakalliiq ciutegni tekiarrlukek
qanerluni. ‘Aanakalliuq (the legendary cannibalbaby) had a mouth that extended right to his ears.’(AGA 19962:208); < tekite-ar(ar)tetekingnaqe- to try hard to reach one’s destination# tekingnaquq ‘he trying hard to get to where
he’s going’; tekingngaqaa ‘he’s trying hard to getthere’ / Nutaan tua-i pitacirmitun tekingnaqliniuq.
Tua-i anguvailgani tekitelliniluni. Tekicami
itqerrluni ingleminun aqumqalliniuq. ‘Now
then with all her might she tried to get there. And,
before it could overtake her she arrived. When
she arrived she went right in and plopped down
on her bed.’ (YUU 1995:12); < tekite-ngnaqe- (cf.
tuqute- and tuqungnaqe-)
tekiq earwax; cerumen # < PE t0k90(3)tekiqatar(ar)- to dance before the host villagers
during a holiday; to dance the arrival dance #said of the guest villagers; Qasgimun ciuniameng,tekiqata’arluteng. Tekiqata’arluteng imkut
allanret yurarluteng. Yuraqatarluteng imna
tekiqatarararkaq iterluni kana-i kan’a neviarcaq. . . ‘When they were received at the kashim
they did the arrival dance. Doing the arrival
dance those visitors did dance [with spirit].
When they were about to dance, that girl who
was going to do an arrival dance went in . . .’(CIU 2005:352); . . . waten qamaken Takcanek
curukallrat kiagmi. Tekiqata’arluteng-gguq

tekeryuk — tekivsiar-

kanani Tuutalgarmiut ketiitni, tamaakeneglertessuutmeggnek tagvailegmeng, arulamek
waten tekiqata’arcuutmeggnek-wa pilliniluteng. ‘In
the summer the festival guests had come from
Takcak upriver there; they were doing the arrival
dance down there in front of Pilot Station before
they came up from their canoes. They danced toa proper arrival dance song.’ (AGA 1996:152);< tekite-?
tekitarkaq future # Ukut kalikaat aturluki
piyuutekaput pugtavkaumatkesqelluki elitelput
ciulirnemte÷ek tekitarkami aturarkauluki. ‘Using
this book, it is our wish that what we havelearned from our ancestors will be thus available
to “stay afloat”, to be used in the future.’ (KIP
1998:x); < tekite-arkaq
tekite- to arrive; to reach; to come upon # tekituq‘he arrived’; tekitaa ‘he reached it, got as far as
it’ / tekituq nunamun ‘he arrived at the village’;tekituq elakamek ‘he came upon a water holeor he arrived from a water hole’; tekiuciyaraq‘importation (of banned substance)’ (legal
neologism); > tekiqatar(ar)-, tekiutaq, tekingnaqe-,
tekitarkaq, tekiute-; < PE t0kittekiutaq meal on arrival; welcome meal # Uinitekitnayukngamiu kenilliniuq tekiutarkiurluku.
‘Because she thought her husband would arrive,
she cooked, preparing him a welcome meal.’ (YUU
1995:127); < tekite-taq1
tekiute- to arrive with (it); to bring with one #tekiutuq ‘he arrived with something’; tekiutaa‘he arrived with it’ / Carayagmek-gguq
tangellret tuaten akaguanritaqameng ciqitami,
naulluutmek ciunermeggnun tekiutetuut
naulluuvkarluki. ‘It is said that if those whohave seen a ghost don’t roll around in the dump
area, they bring sickness home with them, causing
people to be ill.’ (YUU 1995:7); Tua-i tekiucamiu,
itrulluku nem’un aipani pillinia, “Kitaki, una
waniwa elluarrluku, aulukniaran!” ‘So when
he arrived with him, he took him into the houseand said to his wife, “Please care for him well!”’(QAN 1995:14); < tekite-te5-; < PE t0ki9ut0- (underPE t0kit)
tekivsiar- to go farther toward one’s destination #tekivsiartuq ‘he went on toward his destination’/ Tua-i ayuqucini utumaricuaraan atmiurluni
taumek tua-i atmaminek tuntumek qayaminun
tekivsiarluni pilliniuq, utertelliniuq. ‘When he felt

629

teklin — temyig-

Bases
temciyug- to find something funny; to be amused#temciyugtuq ‘he finds something funny’ /< temci-yugtemeqliq* undershirt (BB meaning); innermost
part # Tua-i-gguq ce÷ami tuaten anguyak
ayagnillruluku wii niitela’arqa. Ta¥gken pavani
temeqliitni aavcaalriignek ayagnirluku niitaqlua.
‘I hear that war started that way on the coast.
However, inland there I hear that it started withtwo people throwing darts.’ (CIU 2005:22); <tema-qliq
temeqvanek from long ago; from far away #adverbial particle; < tema-qva-ablative-modalis; cf.
temyigtemia- to have a throbbing pain # Aatii
apcani elliin qaill’ ayuquciagnek kiuluku
puqlaniqapiarnilukek temialutek-llu
aviranaqlutek. ‘When she asked her father how
they felt, he said that they were very warm andwere throbbing with a pain that he’d rather not
have.’ (ELN 1990:78); cf. tema
tem’iq rumbling noise # tem’iq niitaa ‘he heard
a rumbling noise’; tem’irpak ‘a big rumbling
noise’; > tem’irtetemiquyugglugaq bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)that is very large # NUN
temirta adult # temirtet ‘adults’; Imkut tua-i
tamakut-llu waten ataurtellriit, temirte™gurtellriit
tuaten, qayiuraqata, nerluki tuaten a¥g’alteng
makut piaqluki. ‘And even those who had
become fathers or adults, when they madekayaks, would eat the scraps (of skin) which theycut off.’ (ELL 1997:285)
tem’irte-, tem’i- to make a rumbling noise #tem’irtuq ‘it is rumbling’ / Tua-i piuraqerluni
cama-i nevuq qasgim aciakun tem’irrluni tuaten
kitulliniluni. ‘Soon it moved through the groundunder the kashim making a rumbling noise.’ (QAN
1995:190); < tem’iq-?, tem’iq-?
temli- to sleepwalk # temliuq ‘he is sleepwalking’ /Aaniin qaill’ piqerluni tupaggluku nallunrilamiu
temlitucia Turpiim. ‘Her mother woke her up
knowing about Turpak’s sleepwalking habit.’(ELN 1990:21); cf. eme-; < PE 0t0mlitemtemtaaq pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos);
ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) # imitative
temyig- (K form), temyi- (BB form), temyigi- (NUNform) to be old; to be elderly # temyigtuq ‘he iselderly’ /better, he put on his backpack filled with caribou,
went on his way to his kayak, and then headed
home.’ (QUL 2003:540); < tekite-vsiarteklin measurement from the tip of the thumb to tipof index finger when each is stretched out awayfrom the other # < tekeq-?
tekneq measurement being the width of the lastsection of one’s index finger # < tekeq-neq1
tekpacuk back part of fish stomach # < ?-cuktekrun thimble # NSK; < tekeq-n
Teksik Tikchik Lake (and River) # one of the WoodTikchik lakes near Dillingham
tela’a what a surprise! # excalmation; HBC
tellunrun skin scraper # K; = ellumrun, pellumrun,
urumerun; < ?-n; < PY-S p0@u!telt oh yeah; that’s what you say # exclamation
expressing a mocking attitudetemae body; main part to which somethingis attached # temet ‘bodies’; Elkek-llu
Turpak-llu aipaqluku Irr’aq apqaurluku
nallunrilkekngamegnek canek piciatun tuaten
temiin atritnek . . . ‘She and Turpak kept Irr’aq
company asking her about what words she knew,
including the names of various parts of her body
. . .’ (ELN 1990:66); Pissurcuukarani ta¥gaam
tamakut tua-i cali-llu tememini maani qaiminiuitalriit yuunanritui pissurcuutekngamiki.
‘However, he wouldn’t take off his few hunting
accessories which stayed on his body here, on his
clothing, because those were the things he’d huntwith.’ (CIU 2005:26); temem pekcellagcessuutai‘reflexes’ (medial neologism); > temeqliq,
temeqvanek; cf. temia-; < PE t0m0
temci- emotional root > temciarauteke-, temcike-,
temcinarqe-, temciyuke-; < PE t0mcitemciarauteke- to laugh at derisively #temciarautekaa ‘he is laughing at her derisively’/ < temci-?-teketemcike- to find (it) funny; to laugh at # temcikaa‘he finds it funny’, ‘he is laughing at it’ / Tua-i
iliikun temciklartua wangnek . . . ‘And sometimes
I laugh at myself . . .’ (YUP 2005:206); < temci-ke4temcinarqe- to be funny # temcinarquq ‘it is funny’/ < temci-narqe-; > temcinarqellria
temcinarqellria a joke # temcinarqerrlulriit ‘somethings that are slightly funny’; < temci-narqe-lria
temcitar- to tend to find things funny # temcitartuq‘he tends to find things funny’ / < temci-tar1-

630

Basestengak — tengmiarpak

tengempak giant bird # NUN; < tengmiaq-rpak
Tengemqapiar April # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < tenge-?
tengesqaar(aq*) green-winged teal (Anas crecca) #< tenge-?
tengessuun airplane # NSU; = tengssuun; < tengecuun
teng’guar(aq) small black, blue, and white bird seenon the ocean (could be a shearwater) # NUN
tengleryaq (HBC form), tengleryagar(aq*) (NUNform) gnat found on beaches, gets in eyes #< tenge-ler-yaq
tengluk fist # and tenglug- to punch with one’s
fist # tenglugaa ‘he punched him or it’ /tengluarautuk ‘they2 are having a fistfight’;
Kiituani imna tan’gaurlurluni tenglugaa
nataqusngairucamek. Tutgara’urlua nekayugtuq.
‘Finally she slugged her dear boy because they
couldn’t find what they were looking for. Herdear grandson’s feelings were deeply hurt.’ (GRA
1901:280–281 & PRA 1995:453); > tengelpag-; <PE t0&lu!(-)
tengmiacuar(aq*) sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiterstriatus) # < tengmiaq-cuar(aq)tengmialler(aq*) raven (Corvus corax) # < tengmiaqller(aq)tengmiaq bird; fowl # Neryungami unuaquanercan qerruni teguamiki ayagtuq tengmiarcurluni;
tengmiarcaryaaquq tengmiartaituq. ‘The next day
when day broke, because he started to wantto eat, he took his arrows and he went on tohunt birds. He hunted birds all right, but there
were no birds.’ (ESK 1899:476); Tengmiaret
Irnitiit (NUN usage) ‘June’, literally: ‘birds givebirth’; Tengmiaret Tanqiat (NUN usage) ‘May’,literally: ‘birds’ month’; see Appendix 7 on the
Yup’ik calendar; > tengempak, tengmiacuar(aq),tengmialler(aq), tengmiaqsar(aq), tengmiarcuun,tengmiarpak, tengmiarrluk, Tengmiirviguaq,
Tengmiirvik, tengmiqsaq; < PY t0&mi(C)aq (underPE t0&0-)
tengmiaqsar(aq*) small bird # < tengmiaq-?
tengmiarcuun shotgun # < tengmiaq-cuun
Tengmiariuq indigenous Yup’ik holiday celebrated
shortly before the Nakaciuryaraq (“Bladder
Feast”) # HBC; < tengmiaq-?
tengmiarpak mythical “thunderbird” # the subjectof legends; said to have had a nest at the top of Pilcher

tengak pubic hair # tengiit ‘pubic hairs’; >tengayuk1; < PE t0&a! or t0&0
tengalraq sail # and tengalrar- to sail # tengalrartuq‘he or it is sailing’; Tua-i cav’urluta ayagaqamta
wangkutni cukangataqluta. Tengalrarlutengta¥gaam pilriit cukaaqluteng. ‘When we rowed
it seemed to us that we were moving fast.
Those who used sails, however, would really go
fast.’ (YUU 1995:31); < tenge-?; > tengalrautaq,
tengalrarcuun; < PE t0&0l3a3- (under PE t0&0-)
tengalrarcuun sailing vessel # < tengalrar-cuun
tengalrautaq flag # < tengalraq-taq1
tengaur- to be in flight; to fly around # tengaurtuq‘it is flying’ / unuamek-qaa tengssuutet
tengaurtut? ‘are the planes flying today?’;< tenge-ur-; > tengaurcuun, tengaurta
tengaurcuun (BB, LI, NR form), tengaurrsuun (EGform) airplane # < tengaur-cuun, tengaur-cuun
tengaurta black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) #Tengaurtet Tanqiat ‘April’ (literally: ‘kittiwakes’month’); NUN; < tengaur-ta1; > Tengaurtet
Tanqiattengayuk1 throat hair of caribou # < tengak-yuk;< PE t0&ayu! (under PE t0&a! or t0&0)
tengayuk2 index finger # word used in a finger-naming
jingle; < ?-yuktenge- to fly; to take off in flight # teng’uq ‘itflew off’ / ak’a tamaani yuut ukvelallruut
angalkut tengyugngaciatnek iralumun ‘long
ago people used to believe that shamans could
fly to the moon’; Tua-i tenglliniluni. Tengengami
tua-i mayulliniluni pagaavet qulvanun.
Tua-i mernullerkani piluku tua-i qulvani
yaqiucuaqaqluni tengaurturalliniluni. ‘It flew off.
When it flew off, it went up high above. To stave
off tiredness, it flapped its wings now and thenas it glided.’ (AGA 1996:218); Piyagaat Tengutiit‘July’, (CAN usage), literally: ‘month when theyoung birds take flight’; > tengalraq, tengalrar-,
tengaur-, Tengemqapiar, tengesqaar(aq),tengessuun, tengleryaq, tengssuun, tengte-,
Tengun, tengute-; < PE t0&0tengelpag-, tengelvag- to punch hard with one’s fist
# tengelpagaa or tengelvagaa ‘he punched him
hard’ / Aren, ullagarrluku-gguq qayuqegglim
tengelpaglurluraa, man’a tua-i aren ayakutaraa
akngirrluku. ‘Gosh, the arctic hare punched thepoor thing, and hurt it in the temple area.’ (QAI
1984:5); < tenglug-pag2-

631

tengmiarrluk — tenguqlirte-

Bases

Mt. near Marshall; E. W. Nelson (ESK 1899: 45)
states: “This is described as an enormous eagle
which varies in its habits according to locality. . . .
said to catch either whales or deer.” < tengmiaqrpak
tengmiarrluk (HBC form), tengmiarpak (Y form),
tengmirrluk (NUN form) golden eagle (Aquila
chrysaetos); bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) #< tengmiaq-rrluk, tengmiaq-rpak
Tengmiirviguaq March # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < tengmiaq-?-vik-uaq
Tengmiirvik April # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < tengmiaq-?-vik
tengmilquq bird; fowl # NS
tengmiqsaq type of bird (species ?) # < tengmiaq-?
tengqucuk tip of parka hood # Y; < ?-qucuk
tengru- to be enthusiastic or eager especially,
to be eager to go # tengruuq ‘he is acting
enthusiastically’ / tengruluni imirai imirarkani‘he eagerly filled out the forms’; Tua-i-lluam ellii tengrungluni umyuarteq’ngengami
uksiyallerkameggnek, qavanguqengluku-llu
ayagviteng. ‘And she started to be eager thinking
about how they’d be going to fall camp and she
started to dream about where they would go.’(ELN 1990:44); > tengrucetaarun, tengruke-; < PY
t0&3utengrucetaarun preview (as of movie) or anything
to arouse enthusiam # < tengru-cetaar-ntengruke- to be enthusiastic about (it) # tengrukaa‘he is acting enthusiastic about it’ / Maa-i cali
yuut quyurrluteng callerkarteng tengruk’laqiit,
cali neqkun ilaliurutlerkarteng cakneq
tengrukluku. ‘People are enthusiastic about what
they are going to do when gathered together, andthey are very enthusiastic about their fellowship
through the (shared) meal.’ (CAU 1985:13);< tengru-ke4tengssuuciurta pilot # < tengssuun-liur-ta1
tengssuun airplane # miskunani tengssuun agiirtuq‘the plane is approaching, just barely visible’;tengssuun mit’uq ‘the plane landed’; tengssuun
teng’uq ‘the plane took off’; Piuq maaten pagna
carpak tengaulria quleqvaarni caucianek ellii
apcan aaniin piluku tengssuutnguniluku. ‘When
she looked she saw that there was a big object
flying way up there, and when she asked hermother what it was, she told her that it was an

airplane.’ (ELN 1990:92); Cali-llu kass’artaunani,tengssuutetaunani-llu man’a. Levaanek-llu
tangyuitellruunga. ‘There were still no white
people, and no airplanes here. I never saw
outboard motors.’ (YUU 1995:31); < tenge-cuun;> tengssuuciurta, tengssuuterpak
tengssuuterpak, tengssuulvak, tengssu’rvak big
airplane # < tengssuun-rpak, tengssuun-vak,tengssuun-vak
tengtarkaq Alaska cottongrass (Eriophorum sp.) #NUNtengte- to blow away # tengtuq ‘it was blown
away’; tengtaa ‘it blew it away’ / anuqem
kalikaq tengtaa ‘the wind blew the paper away’;tengesngaitaa or teng™gaitaa ‘it won’t blow it
away’; < tenge-te2-; <PE t0&0t- (under PE t0&0-)
tengtengaaq guitar; banjo; ukulele; or other plucked
stringed instrument # imitative
tenguga’rte- to be unable to breathe because ofa blow in the solar plexus; to have the windknocked out of one # tenguga’rtuq ‘he cannot
breathe’ / < tenguk-ar(ar)te2tenguggluk “Eskimo ice cream” made with fish
liver # < tenguk-rrluk
tengugpalek burbot, loche (Lota lota) # EG;< tenguk-rpak-lek
tengugtaarun game of tug-of-war # < tenguk-?-a-ntenguk liver; solar plexus # Kaigamek-llu
tua-i qassarlutek tenguan iliinek. ‘Since they
were hungry, they ate some of its liver raw.’(ELN 1990:61); > tenguga’rte-, tengugpalek,
tengugtaarun, tenguggluk, tenguqe-, tenguqlirteTengun August # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < tenge-ntenguqe-, tenguqaar- to show physical strain
by facial expression # as when lifting a heavy
object or defecating; tenguquq ‘he is straining’/ Atmagluku ut’rutaa tavaten tenguqluni.
“Uqamaitengnaagar una.” ‘He brought it backcarrying it on his back and showing the strain.
“Oh, it’s so heavy.”’ (MAR1 2001:81); < tenguk-?-,tenguk-?tenguqlirte- to have a feverish, throbbing pain; tobe puffy and sick-looking # tenguqlirtuq ‘he orit (body part) is puffy and sick-looking’ / . . .
tuaten-gguq qep’sutiin qulii tenguqlirteqapiggluni.
‘. . . he was painfully full above his belt.’ (MAR1
2001:69); Caluteng nunurnganateng-llu, wagg’uq

632

Basestengurpag- — teptu-

tepcuar(aq*) fish that has been frozen after being
allowed to age slightly, eaten uncooked andfrozen # < tepa-cuar(aq)umyuameng qamum tenguqlirutekvaka’arqaku
una qanrutarkani, tutgarani, usruni,
cani pini tungayani, umyuami apqiitnek
tenguqlirutekvaka’arqaku tua-i qanrutaqluku
nunurnganaku. ‘They (the elders) would seemto be scolding them in some way, but inwardly
in the mind it would be very much a source of
pain to have to talk that way to one’s grandchild,nephew, or any sort of relative.’ (YUP 2005:46);< tenguk-?tengurpag- to occur late at night # NSU;
tengurpagtuq ‘it happened late at night’ /< ?-rpaktengute- to fly away with (him/it) # tengutuq ‘itflew away with something’; tengutaa ‘it flew
away with it’, ‘he flew away with her’ / Taunagguq arnaq mertallrani atakumi taum waniyaqulpiim tengutelliniluku natmun qavavet
ingrimun qertulriamun Kuigpiim ce÷iini, tuavet
tua-i mis’ulluku. ‘And when that woman was
getting water in the evening the huge bird flew
off with her to somewhere inland on the highmountain beside the Yukon River, and landedwith her there.’ (AGA 1996:86); < tenge-te5> Piyagaat Tengutiit
tepae smell; aroma; odor; scent; emanation; aged fishhead # tepet ‘odors’; qurrutem tepii tukniuq ‘thesmell of the honey bucket is strong’; tepturtuq
or tepnek ner’uq ‘he is eating aged fish heads’;
Wall’u cat neqallret-llu tep’ngaqluteng uitatellriit.
‘Or, food scraps that are left around start tostink (get an odor).’ (YUP 2005:76); Arnat-gguq
angutni teptunruut. Tangerrluku kina ungacirliu
tan’gaurluq arnam. Maaggun-gguq tepeput
eltetuut. Angun-gguq tepaillruuq angutnguami,
arnaq ta¥gken aunratuami teptunruluni. They
said that women had more scent than men. Lookat how a woman attracts any young man. Our
scent leaks out through here, they say, and aman has less scent because he’s male. A woman,
however, has more emanations because she
menstruates.’ (YUP 2005:150); > tepci-, tepkegte-,
tep’li-, tep’ngaayak, tepcuar(aq), tepsarqe-,
teptu-, teptuli; < PE t0p0
tep’aq, tep’aryaq driftwood or other thing that has
drifted ashore # < tepe-aq1, tepe-aq1-yaq; < PE
t0p9a3 (under PE t0p0-)
tepci- to taste; to have the taste in one’s mouth #tepciyugngaaqa ‘I can taste it’; < tepa-ci-

tepe- to drift ashore # tep’uq ‘it drifted ashore’ /teptaa ‘it (e.g., the wind) brought it ashore’;> tep’aq, tep’errluaq; < PE t0p0-

Tep’arrluaq alternate name of the legendary hero,
Kukugyarpak (q.v.) # < tep’aq-rrluk-aq2

tepkegcaun perfume # Tamakut aturluki
kencignarqellriamek mingugkiurniartuten
pilauciicetun tepkegcauciaqameng tepkegcaucitulit.
‘Using these, you shall make a sacred ointmentin the manner of a perfumer when he makes
perfumes.’ (ANUC. 30:25); < tepkegte-car-n
tepkegcilria incense; fragrant spices # . . .
tukuutmeggnek-llu cikiraat, waniwa
suulutaamek, aruvagkamek-llu tepkegcilriamek,uqumek-llu. ‘. . . they gave her riches, gold,
fragrant incense, and oils.’ (MATT. 2:11); <tepkegte-i2-lria

tepkegte- to have a good smell; to have a goodaroma # tepkegtuq ‘it smells good’ / Piqerluni
atam kenerrliullinilria tauna maurlurlua, tuai-gguq tepkeggniriluni man’a nem ilua tua-iarenqianani. ‘Soon his grandmother started
up a fire and the inside of the house took on apleasant aroma.’ (CIU 2005:284); < tepa-kegte-;> tepkegcaun

tepli- to have food particles or stains around one’s
mouth # tepliuq ‘there is food around his mouth’/ < PE t0pli
tep’li- to age fish heads for eating by burying them# tep’liuq ‘he is making aged fish-heads’ /< tepa-li2-; > teplicir(aq)teplicir(aq*) aged fish head # NUN; < tep’li-li2-cir1aq1

tepluar- to spit # tepluartuq ‘he spit’; tepluaraa ‘hespit on it’ / NUN; cf. tevvaartep’ngaayak fish that has been frozen after being
allowed to age slightly, eaten uncooked andfrozen # < tepa-?-yaktepsarqe- to stink; to be odiferous # tepsarquq‘it stinks’ / tepsaqvaa! ‘boy, it stinks!’;
Angurrlugmek-gguq tan’gaurluq tepsakluku
qanqeryaqunii. ‘They told me never to say that ayoung man stank. (YUP 2005:151); < tepa-?
teptu- to be odoriferous # teptuuq ‘it is odoriferous,633

teptukuyuq — terikaniaqBasesteqiyaar(aq*), teqirayuli (Y form), teqelquayaq (NSform) arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea); Aleutian tern
(Sterna aleutica) # < ?-ar(aq), ?-yuli, ?
teqsuqaq adipose fin of a fish; tail feathers of a bird;
tail fin of an airplane # Cauyat-llu avatait waten
allgiaraat teqsuqritnek kapusvikluki qivyurrarnek
nuulirluki. ‘On the periphery of the drums they
stuck in oldsquaw tail feathers, attaching a few
down feathers on their tips.’ (AGA 1996:87);< teq-?-qaq
teq’uciq coccyx; human tailbone # Y; < teq-uciq
teq’ulungssaq clam (species ?) # HBC; < teq-?
teq’uq urine # = etquq; Mermek-llu pivkenata
teq’umek qulitevkarluta. ‘They had us use urine
and not water for washing our hair.’ (CAU
1985:65); teq’um tumyaraa ‘ureter; urethra’; < teqquq; < PE 0t0qu3
ter’aq whale tail # Tangenqigtellemni ter’agni
mayurcatek, meq amlleq qurrlullagtuq. ‘When
I looked again, I saw how, when it lifted its tail,a large amount of water was stirred up.’ (YUU
195:24); Arevret taugken tua-i tamakut cali
malluutuluteng un’gaani nunamni. Cali imkut
ingkut terait qassarluki cali pituyaaqait, . . .
‘Whale carcasses are found ashore down there
in my place. People eat their tails raw, . . .’ (PAI
2008:102); < teq-aq2
teriaq, teriayaaq, teriar(aq*) weasel; ermine(Mustela sp.) # especially in summer brown coat; inwinter coat it is called narullgiq in most areas; Imkutteriaraat tayima tangerrnaunrilriit, narullgit-llu.
‘Those ermines and weasels aren’t seen anymore.’(PAI 2008:216); NUN; K; < PE t03i!a3 (under PE
t03i!)
teriir- to react to a strange animal by becoming veryalert and emitting low, muffled barks # of a dog orother animal; teriirtuq ‘it barked in a muffled way’
terikaniaq, terikaniar wolverine (Gulogulo) # Tekicameng Irr’aq iteryuumiilan
terikaniamek qamani tangrrarkauniluku
piatni iteryunga’arrluni. Tua-i-llu itrucatni
irr’iqapiggluni terikaniamek yuvriarluku. ‘When
they arrived, Irr’aq didn’t want to go in, butwhen they told her that she’d see a wolverine
inside, all of a sudden she started to want to go
in. And when they brought her in she marveledat the wolverine and examined it.’ (ELN 1990:66);
UY, K, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; cf. terikarte-; < PE
t03ikanni(C)a3 (under PE t03i!)

has a strong smell’ / < tepa-tu-; > teptukuyuq,
teptuyakteptukuyuq valerian (Valeriana capitata) # this herb
was boiled, and the resulting liquid poured over linen
nets to remove any fishy smell so that the smell would
not scare fish away; Y; < teptu-?
teptuli high-bush cranberry (Viburnum edule);
odoriferous plant or insect # < tepa-tuli
teptuyak beach greens (Honckenya peploides) #< teptu-yak
tepumirtur- to go in and out (of the fog) # NUN
teq anus; rectum; bottom; sea anemone; diamondin cards (additional meaning for LI) # underlyingly[e]teq; terr’a ‘its anus’, ‘its bottom’; nanvam
terr’ani ‘at the bottom of the lake’; terr’et ‘sea
anemones’; Tii-iq, tii-iq, pegesnga, pegesngarrai! Angama, angacarama, nulirran aipaanek
nunuliramken uqinranek, ‘Sea anemone/anus, sea
anemone/anus, release me, let me go! I’ll reward
you with one of my uncle’s wives, the fatter one,’(CUN 2007:96); Aling arenqiapaa-ll’, etiiq tangpegteqernga. Angama nulirran assinqurraanek
cikirciqamken. ‘Oh dear, sea anemone/anus,
release me. I’ll give you one of my uncle’s wives.’(KIP 1998:171); Te¥rluuq kacuuq caitua piitua
angaitua teq’ermek naullruunga! ‘Poor dearsea anemone down there, I have nothing, I don’t
have anything because I grew from a pit.’ (QAN
1995:82); Angayaarrlugmun marayamun kitua,
tell’itesciiganii; kisngaunga et’ulriami, . . . ‘Into themire and mud I sink, I cannot get a foothold on
the bottom; I am sunk in the depths, . . .’ (PSALM
69:2); > teq’aq, teq’ar-, teqsuqaq, teq’uciq,
teq’ulungssaq, teq’uq, ter’aq, terlak, terr’ilitaq,
terruaya(g)aq, tertuli, teryurauluk; cf. leq; < PE
0t03
teq’aciileq, teq’alleq pit; hole in the ground #Tep’liqataraqameng teq’allirraarluteng qamiqunek
imiraqluku teq’alleq tua-i-llu muiran nunamek
patuluki. ‘When they were going to makefermented fish, after they made a pit, they filled
it with fish heads and then when the pit was
full up they covered it with soil.’ (PRA 1995:461(see 1997 or further reprintings) ); < teq’ar-cilleq,
teq’ar-lleq­1
teq’aq fish aged or stored in a pit; pit # and teq’arto bury in a pit # teq’ertuq ‘he is burying
something’; teq’eraa ‘he is burying it’ food or otherthing / < teq-?; > teq’aciileq634

Basesterikarte- to stand alert; to be proud in a silly way #cf. terikaniaq
terikeggiate- to not be very sensitive to soundor motion # terikegiatuq ‘it is not sensitive’;terikeggiallruuq ‘it is less sensitive’; < terikeggi1-ateterikegg- to be very sensitive to sound or motion# Uliiret ta¥gken terikeggluteng, ciuteggluteng.
‘White foxes, on the other hand, are very sensitive
to sound and motion; they have good ears.’ (PAI
2008:230); terikenruuq ‘it is more sensitive’
terlak, terlaaq* swale; dry creek bed; pit; ditch;socket # . . . kucuqut iciw’ iruyagait nengqelalriit
terlauluteng tua-i akagenqeggluteng . . . ‘. . . thepelvis bones, you know, their little leg joints,
have places (where they fit) which are roundsockets . . . (CIU 2005:68); . . . alerquaqurallruani
maaggun terlaarteggun aurrurluku ullaasqelluku. . . ‘because she’d instructed him to approach
it by crawling through the swales. . . (MAR2
2001:108); < teq-?
terrigte- to catch (a person) talking about one #NUN
terrigyug- to yearn for fresh fish # NUN
terr’ilitaq diaper # < teq-ilitaq
terruaya(g)aq* doughnut # literally: ‘little imitationanus’; K, BB; < teq-uaq-ya(g)aqterteq humpback salmon; pink salmon(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) # NSU
tertuli lynx (Lynx canadensis) # literally: ‘one wellendowed with a bottom’; Tertulit maqaruanek
nertuut. ‘Lynx eat hares.’ (YUP 1996:41); < teq-tuli
teru area at foot of person, animal, bed, etc.; bed
partner who sleeps with his body heading in
the opposite or the perpendicular direction at
the end of the bed; notch for bowstring in endof arrow shaft or at end of bow # ingleret teruat‘the foot of the bed’; teruklutek inareskitek! ‘you2
go to bed each facing opposite directions’ (headto-foot)!; Una-llu nakrutain aciat nemervimi
ngeliinek, wangkuta piciyarallemcetun avani,kavirquraumaluni teruni tekilluku. ‘An area
below the stabilizers starting from the binding,in accordance with our custom, is painted
red all the way to its notch.’ (CIU 2005:34);
Tua-i-llu iluvaucamegteggu aviukaqvikluku
tauna tuqumalria, natiinun teruanun-llu
aviukaqraarluteng . . . ‘And when they brought
the bowl of food further in (to the house)terikarte- — tevak

they’d put a pinch of food by its [the body’s]
foot area as a food offering for the deceased . . .’(CAU 1985:122); Taqukam . . . paallagviklinia.
Waniwa-gguq patginanarani, yuk imna tengelria
ciuqerranek, pagg’un quliikun. Yaavet-llu
teruanun tuc’ami ngel’arturluni. ‘The bear sprang
it him. Then while it was slapping (at him), that
person flew up in front of it, and over it. Whenhe landed at its foot behind it he was laughing.’(YUU 1995:13); cf. teruvailitaq
teruvailitaq, terupailitaq great-great-grandchild #LI; = neruvailitaq; < teru-ilitaq, teru-ilitaq
teryeri- to begin a coiled grass basket # NUN
teryurauluk coccyx; human tailbone # BB, K, NI< teq-?
tetenge-1 to have a grinding feeling in the joints #tetengluteng ‘grinding feeling in joints’; NUN; cf.
tetengquq
tetengquq cartilage # HBC; = tatangquq; < PE
nata&qu3
tetengte- (NUN form), tetenge-2 (NI form) to bulge;
to be full almost to bursting # . . . tuaten tua-itumyarani peknginanermini tekitelliniuq
maklinrarmek uumen anrutarpall’ermek, cakneqllu-gguq tetengvaa. ‘. . . while he was walking
on the trail he came upon a large bearded-seal
stomach, and, on my, was it full almost to the pointof bursting.’ (QAN 2009:320)
tetgaq upturned part at front of sled runner # seeAppendix 9 on the parts of the sledtevaar- to carry (a child) on one’s back # tevaaraa‘she is carrying him on her back’ / < teve-atevagneq engraved mark; ditch # Tua-ill’-am waniwa taum yuut iliita aklui
nallunailkutangqellrulliniut ukunek
tevagnernek waniwa tallimauluteng. ‘Somepeople’s belongings had recognition marks— these engraved marks, five in number.’ (CIU
2005:162); Makut-gga tevagneret waten tua-iayuqnganateng; tanglallrullikci. ‘Also there wereditches looking something like this; you musthave seen them.’ (ELL 1997:242); < tevak-neq?
tevak groove # Cali-llu tua-i caniryamek waniwa
tangerpek’nii, ta¥gaam ukunek tevagnek. Kan’allu akitnam ciungatun ayuqsaaqluni, tevagnekta¥gaam tua-i piluni elalirnemikun. ‘I don’t see
an extra point on it, but I see these grooves here.
And the front end of the point resembles an“akitnaq” (a certain type of arrow); but it635

tevatevaaq — tiissitsaaq

Bases

has grooves on its outer side.’ (CIU 2005:34);> tevagneq
tevatevaaq, teviteviar(aq) (NUN form) American
golden plover (Pluvialis dominica); black-bellied
plover (Pluvialis squatarola) # imitative
teve- to go over or through a portage; to set (sun,moon, etc.) # tev’uq ‘he is portaging’; tevaa ‘he isportaging over it’ / tevutaa ‘he is taking it overa portage’; akerta tev’uq ‘the sun is setting’; Aa
ciin pikna umyuama qam’um teveviknaluku alkau
pikna? ‘Ah, why is it that in my thinking I find
it feasible to go over that one up there?’ (MAR2
2001:15); = et’ve-; > tevaar-, tevte-, tevyaraq,
Tevyaraq, tevyuli; < PE 0t0v0tevegtu- to make spaced cuts on fish flesh #tevegtuuq ‘it has widely spaced cuts on it’;tevegtua ‘he made the cuts in it, spacing
them widely’ / Nernermeng-llu taqngamek
uptesqellukek ta¥gamt’-llu aaniigneng-llu
taum aaniita makut pisqaqaat caneng ta¥ga
neryungnarcarluk’ tevegtuareluki. ‘When they
had finished eating she asked them to get ready,their mother asked them to make it (the fish) lookappetizing, cutting it evenly.’ (WEB1)
tevigte- to cut fish into chunks # so as to put into abarrel with oil; tevigtaa ‘he cut it up’ / tevigciuq‘he is cutting fish up’; tevigtaq ‘a chunk of fish
put into a barrel with oil’; HBC
tevinga- to be draped over something # tevingauq‘it is draped over something’ / < tevte-ngatevir-1 to disappear; to dematerialize; to vanish;
to set (sun, moon, etc.) # tevirtuq or teviraa‘it is gone’ / akerta tevirtuq ‘the sun set’;Cali Caninermium qanrutkaa tua-i erenraniuluararraarluteng akerta-llu tevian taqluteng.
‘Also this Canineq person talked about how
on that day (after the death) after they’d been
cutting with a semi-lunar knife they’d stop
(using it for a period of time) when the sun set.’(CAU 1985:127); < PE t0vi3tevir-2 to add as an ingredient in (it) # teviraa ‘heput some into it’ / suupaq teviraa cuassaanek‘she put greens in the soup’; . . . camna-ll’ acia
tamakunek cuukviit agluqritnek amllertatekluki
tua-i tevirluku. ‘. . . and they put in those pikejawbones to the bottom (of the pot) down there(where they couldn’t be seen and would be eaten
causing injury or death).’ (QUL 2003:204)
teviri- to put dried fish or other food in seal oil in asealskin poke # teviriuq ‘she is putting dried fishin seal oil in the sealskin poke’ / HBC; < tevir2-i2tevviriyukar- to be curious; to be nosy # NUN
tevtararaq* decorative (or otherwise distinctive)
pattern on sewn item # and tevtara’ar- to sew inthis pattern # < tevte-?
tevte- to drape over something # tevtuq ‘it got
draped over something’; tevtaa ‘he draped itover something’ / tevingauq ‘it has been draped
over’; paltuuni tevtaa inivigmun ‘he draped hiscoat over the clothesline’; teverqai ‘he hangs
them one after another’; Qa¥gna-ll’ amirkanek
tus’arrluku teveqvik’lallrukii qasgim egkua. ‘He’dhang the bearded seal skins covering the entire
back of the kashim.’ (AGA 1996:190); < teve-te2-;> tevingatevuq solid ingredient; bread or otheraccompaniment to tea or coffee (NS meaning) #;> tevir2-, tevurkaq
tevurkaq bread # NS; < tevuq-kaq
tevvaar- to spit # tevvaartuq ‘he spit’ / imitative; cf.
tepluar-; < PE t0vvu!Tevyaraq Iliamna # village on the north shore of Lake
Iliamna; < teve-yaraq
tevyaraq, tevcaraq (NUN form) portage #tevyarakun angyaput kevegluku tevutellruaput‘we took our boat through the portage by
carrying it’; < teve-yaraq, tevte-yaraq
tevyuli muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) # . . .
ac’etnauraatevyulit aqsanritnek pilugulirlukullu. ‘. . . they had him dress [in clothes] made ofmuskrat belly skins, and put on skin boots too.’(CAU 1985:130); NI, CAN, BB; < teve-yuli
teyqiqe- to be clumsy while working # teyqiquq ‘heis being clumsy’ / HBC; < ?-liqe2tiiguayaaq striped broadcloth # < tiik-uaq-ya(g)aqtiik, tiiggluk mattress ticking; striped cloth; calico# Iciw’ cingyaangqetullrulriit tamaan’ tulvaanek
qatellriamek, tiignek-llu imkunek pilallritnek . . .
‘You know, they had those tarps back then ofwhite canvas and of what they called “ticking”. . .’ (AGA 1996:122); from Russian nbr (tik);> tiiguayaaq
tiissiq legendary large, caterpillar-like creature thatleaves a scorched trail # NSU; cf. ciissiq
tiissitsaaq, tiicitsaaq one thousand # Methuselah-m
allrakui tapeqluteng amllertaut tiissitsaam
avga, yuinaat yuinaq pingayunek cipluku,

636

Basestiivartar- — tuar

tuamta-llu, tuamtellu then again; furthermore;
moreover # conjunctive or adverbial particle;
tuamta-llu taqngameng nernermek anngaminun
neryarturluteng ‘and when they got througheating again they went to his older brother’s toeat’; agayulirta ayaggaarluni tengssuutmikun
tuamta-llu ernerpak qip’arrluni ‘the priest left
with his airplane and then came back again
the same day’; Anuqengucateng arulailliniut
capurciurluteng. Tamaanlluteng-llu ernerni
amllerni. Tua-i kiingan yuurqalalliniut
saayumek saarralirluku. Tuamta-llu
saarralautairutliniluteng. ‘Because it got windyon them, they stopped and were weatherbound.
They were there for many days. They drank
only tea with sugar. Furthermore they ran out ofsugar.’ (YUU 1995:15); Cali tuamta-llu yuilqui
yuk mer’ilkuni mermek . . . ‘And moreover if aperson is out of water in the wilderness . . .’ (ELL
1997:590); < tua(ni)=amta=llu
tua(ni) there # restricted demonstrative adverb; tuaniaqumgallruuq ‘he was sitting there’; tuavet elliu‘put it there’ near you; tuaken teguu ‘take it fromthere’; tuatelluku ‘for that reason’; see tauna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; = tavani; > tua-i, tuakenirnek,
tuamta-llu, tuar, tuaten, tuatkacagaq, tuatnatuaq shore-fast ice on the ocean # Tua-i kanaami
alerqullratun tuam ngeliikun ungalatmun
ayalliniluni. Ayagturaqerluni cingineq una
igvaryartullinia ingna yug aqumgalria tuami,
caniani-w’ a¥g’ maklak. ‘When he got down (tothe shore) in accordance with instructions hewent southwards along the edge of the shore-fast
ice. After going along for a while he started toround a point and saw that person sitting there
on the shore-fast ice with that bearded seal next
to him.’ (QUL 2003:250); = tuvaq; > tualleq; < PE
tuva3tuar, tuarpiaq like; similar to # adverbial or
conjunctive particle; Maaten murilkaa kegginaa,
iirpiik ukuk qukaani. Nutaan tuar mikelngurmek
tangellria, elitaqevkenaku-llu. ‘When she
observed his face, there were two big eyes rightin the middle of it. It was like she was seeing achild for the first time; she didn’t recognize him.’(ELN 1990:7); the postbase -piaq is often used witheither the word tuar (hence tuarpiaq) or with theword indicating the thing to which the comparison is
being made; tuar Yupiaq ‘like a Yup’ik’; tuarpiaq

qulngunrita’arnek cipluku. Yuunrirluni-llu.
‘Methuselah’s years amounted to one half ofa thousand, and twenty times twenty-three,and nine in addition (total: 969). And he died.’(AYAG. 5:27); from Russian nßczxf (tysyacha); =ciissitsaaq
tiivartar- to make a crackling noise (as of lightningor the like) # NUN
tiiviiq television # and tiiviir- to watch television #from English ‘TV’tiiyaq tiny usually black sea anemone # NUN; cf.
eteq
tit’assiq northern pintail (Anas acuta) # NSU
titiq otitus; runny ear # (Kwethluk); possibly from
Russian ntxm (tech’) ‘to flow’
tu- deep root: impact; cf. tuk-, tut’e-, tuma, tuner-,tuger-, tukni-, tumak, tungetua-i that’s enough; well then; and then; that’s all# exclamation, conjunction; often marking a change
in theme; tua-i-llu ‘and then’; tua-i-ngunrituq‘goodbye’, ‘this is not the end’; tua-i-qaa? ‘is thatall?’, ‘what else?’; tua-i-wa ‘just because’; tua-igguq taukuk anngaqelriik qavainanragni uksumi
kiangelliniluni ‘and so, it is said, while those twobrothers slept through the winter, summer had
arrived’; tua-i aqsiunga ‘that’s enough, I’m full’in response to being offered more to eat; = tava-i,
ta¥ga-i; < tua(ni)-i
tuakenirnek from that time on # adverbial particle;
Aqumqanrakun, tauna Nukalpiartayagaq
itqerrluni. Itqercami pillinia, “Waknirnek tua-inuliqsagutamken.” Nuliqsagutellinia imna
tuakenirnek. ‘A young proficient hunter rushed
in just as she sat there. When he came he said toher, “From now on I’m taking you as my wife.”
She was his wife from then on.’ (YUU 1995:12);< tuaken (at tuani)-?-ablative-modalis
tualleq large, moving ice floe that breaks away fromshore ice after ocean swell # < tuaq-lleq
tuallituar- to consider what going to happen andaccept it (?) # Tuallituarluni tua-i umyugaa
piqataryukluni. ‘His mind considered it,
thinking they were going to come after him.’(PAI 2008:388); Tuamtell’ piinanermeggni ukut
qanernaurtut, cali waniw’ alikelallma ayagnillra,
tuallituarnaurtut, tua-llu-gguq qakma aanag’
itqatartuk. ‘Meanwhile they would talk, andconsider the origin of my fears, and the mothers
were about to come in.’ (KIP 1998:309

637

tuaten — tuigte-

Basesyaani aatamitun nangengqalria ‘over there, he
was standing just like his father’; < tua(ni)-?,tuar-pik1
tuaten like that # adverbial particle; tuaten pinrilu!
‘don’t act like that!’; > tua(ni)-equalis: > tuatequatuatequa- to give up; to accept things the way theyare; to resign oneself to circumstances beyond
one’s control # Aren, tua-i umyuaminek
anglaninringami, a, tuatequalliniluni tua-iumyugaa, “Tuqukilii tua-i, nangteqelnguunga,. . .” ‘Oh dear, since she wasn’t happy anymore
she just gave up, thinking, “I should just die; I’m
so tired of the torment, . . .”’ (QUL 2003:74);< tuaten-?tuatkacagaq exactly like that # adverbial particle;< tuani-kaca(g)artuatna- to act that way # tuatnauq ‘he is acting thatway’; tuatnaa ‘he is acting toward it that way’ /tuatna! ‘do it like that!’; tuatnallruunga ‘I did itthat way’ (the way you were talking about); . . .
tamakut cali a¥gkut ciuliaput tuatnaut.
‘. . . the same happened to our ancestors.’ (ELL
1997:432); Elpeci-ll’ tan’gaurlurni agurrlugmek
tuatnaqeryaqunaci. ‘And you boys, don’t everbehave like that.’ (KIP 1998:122); Kusquqvagmi
tuatnaaqameng, Kuigpagmun tevtulliniut.
‘When they did that on the Kuskokwim, theywould cross over to the Yukon.’ (YUU 1995:41);
tuatnallruniluku ‘alleging it happened that way’
(legal neologism); < tua(ni)-tna-; cf. watnatuave- (HBC form), tuavte- (NUN form) to be very
busy; to be swamped with work # tuavuq or
tuavtuq ‘he is very busy’ / tuavellruuq ‘hewas swamped with work’; tuavluni ‘(he) being
swamped with work’; tuaveqatartuten ‘you’regoing to be swamped with work’; tuavnarquq ‘itis such that it will swamp one’
tuc’araq step; rung of a ladder; rug # < tut’e-yaraq
tuc’e÷aq, tuc’inaq (HBC form) insole # < tut’e-?,
tut’e-?
tuc’ete- to blame it # tuc’etaa ‘he blamed it on
someone’ / angutem tuc’etaa qimugtemi tuqullra
arnamun ‘the man blamed the death of his dog
on the woman’; < tut’e-cete1

I made a hole at my fishing place by using
an ice chisel’; Mingqerraarluki-llu qaingani
qecgaurluteng, cikumek tuaten tugaurluku,
aunrarcetaarluku-gguq. ‘After he sewed them(the holes in the carcass), they jumped up anddown on top of it, and jabbed it with a piece ofice trying to make it bleed.’ (YUU 1995:22);< tuger-?-tugeq ice chisel for making holes in river, lake, orsea ice # and tuger- to strike with the point of a
stick, ice chisel, etc.; to hit the cut-bank (of waterin a river) # tugertuq ‘he or it struck something’;
tugraa ‘he struck at it’ / massiinam tugercuutii‘piston’; = tuuq; > tugeryaraq, tugkar(aq),tugneq, tugrun; cf. tu-; < PE tu!03(-)

tugeryaraq large log parallel to the back of a kashim
that supports the planks that cover the firepit # <tugeq-yaraq
tugcilqar- to lace a thong through loops on a kayakskin and tighten it # fromtugiryarte- to have pain (in bones) # NUN
tugkapagaq trout fry # NUN

tugkar(aq*), tugkaraq walrus tusk # Tuluulutengllu wall’ tugkarauluteng aperyarameggni makut
agciit. ‘These inlaid design pieces are ivory or
walrus tusk as they say.’ (CIU 2005:102); < tugerkar(aq)1; < PE tu!0ka3(a3) (under PE tu!03(-))
tugglugpak male grass plant # < ?-rpaktugneq place where the ice has been picked; the way
to use an ice chisel; point where the river current
cuts the bank at a bend # < tuger-neq1

tugrinaq “Eskimo ice cream” made with sourdock #tugrun ice chisel # < tuger-n

tuig- turned around # postural root; > tuignga-,
tuigte-tuignga- to be turned around 180 degrees #tuigngauq ‘he is turned around 180 degrees’ /< tuig-nga-

tuigte- to turn around 180 degrees # tuigtuq ‘heturned around’; tuigtaa ‘he turned it around’/ ataucirqumek tuigtuq ayallermini ‘he turned
around once as he left’; . . . ciuliste÷i asvaiqluku
ciungatnun taukut qimugteµi pirraarluku,
utetmun-llu ikamrak tuigqaurraarlukek tua-iuterrlutek, . . . ‘. . . after he secured his leader at
the head of his dogteam, he turned his sled aroundand headed home, . . .’ (ELN 1990:65)

tugaur- to strike or jab repeatedly as with an ice
chisel # tugaurtuq ‘he is striking or jabbing
something’; tugauraa ‘he is striking or jabbing
it’ / manaryallemni ukiciunga tugaurturlua
manarvigkamnek ‘when I was going ice fishing638

Basestuir(aq*) American tree sparrow (Spizella arborea)# . . . pug’uq-gguq maaten tuirauluni imna tua-iyaqulget wani kanevnekacagiit. Nakleng. ‘. . . hegot to the surface and saw there a tree sparrow atthe bottom of the little scattering of birds. Poor
thing.’ (KIP 1998:113); < ?-iqtuir(aq*) — tukriar2005:214); tukervik ayagaq ‘deck beam just fore of
the cockpit deck beam of a kayak’; < tuk-?;> tuk’naayaaq, tukpag-; cf. Wrangell 1839 list (16);> tukeqnirte-, tukervik, tukite-; < PE tuk03-

tukervik strut fore and aft next to large strut
running across top of kayak; one of the three ribs
in front of hatch # NUN: < tuker-vik

tuk- deep root; > tukar-, tuker-, tukriar-, tukriar-; cf.
tu-tukeryaraq chopping block for splitting pieces ofwood # < tuker-yaraq

tukaayuq wild parsley (Ligusticum scoticum) #NUN, NS

tukir- to be a guest # tukirtuq ‘he is a guest’; tukiraa‘he is a guest of his’ / Kauturyaraat-am yugnun
tukituluteng. ‘Swallows, it seems, like to stay withpeople.’ (AGA 1996:44); Y, HBC, NUN; < tukuqir1-; > tukirvik

tukangcar- to raise, to rear (a child) # literally: ‘to try
to induce to kick’; tukangcaraa ‘he is raising her’
/ < tukar-ngcar-

tukar- to kick with both feet (from a lying position,
as a baby does) # tukartuq ‘he is kicking’; tukaraa‘he is kicking it or him’ / Tangerqeraak-tang
mikelnguyagaq una tukalria, tan’gaurluuluni.
‘They took a look at this little child kicking and it
was a boy.’ (MAR2 2001:99); . . . uyu’urmi qayaa
kinertanek tua-i ucivigtutaciatun ucililliniluku.
Tukarluki tuaten nek’egtaqluku. ‘. . . he loaded
his brother’s kayak with as much dried meat as
it would hold. He’d pushed them in with his feet,packing them in place there. (QUL 2003:408);< tuk-?-; > tukangcar-; < PE tukka3-

tukirvik hotel; room or apartment (for rent) #< tukir-vik

tukite- to give out gifts to (him) # Maaten-gguq
tauna angukar piat tuaten-gguq tukitelliat canek,
cikirtulliat. ‘When they looked at that old man
they noticed that they were giving him gifts,
presenting them to him.’ (MAR2 2001:70); NS;< tukuq-?-tuk’naayaaq fish fry (baby fish) # < tuker-?-ya(g)aqtukni- to be strong; to be potent; to be powerful (ofmedicine, eyeglasses, shamanistic powers, odors,etc.); to be strong (in any sense) (EG meaning) #tukniuq ‘it is potent’ / una tukninruuq taumi‘this one is more powerful than that one’;ackiigken tukniuk ‘your eyeglasses are strong’;
Atam clorox-aartun ayuqut tamakut teq’ut
tuknirilriit. ‘That urine that becomes potent is like
Clorox.’ (ELL 1997:446); kangingnaurtet tukninrit‘grand jury’; > tukniate-; cf. tu-

tukar(ar)- to explain the masks during a dance
during the Kelek holiday # said of shamans;
tuka’artuq ‘he is explaining the masks’; CAN; cf.
tukar-; > tukaraun
tukaraun shaman’s mask, song or figurine # CAN;
< tukar(ar)-n

tukarta rope; cord; loop of line through seal
harpoon head # < + PY tuka3ta (cf. Siberian Yupik
tuka3ta ‘seal harpoon line’)tukniate- to be weak # tukniatuq ‘it is weak’ /. . . yuut tangellratni angalkuungermi imuuluni
tuknialnguq. ‘. . . in the view of the people. Even
though he was a shaman, he was weak (in his
powers).’ (QUL 2003:28); < tukni-ate-tukeqnirte- to resist; to pull # Tukeqnirtengermenggguq pissuutailnguq tua-i arulairngaituq. ‘If they
try to pull back and resist, one without powers
won’t be able to move.’ (PAI 2008: 400); tuker-?-

tukpag- to kick hard # < tuker-pag2-

tuker- to push or brace with one’s feet; to hatch (ofan egg) # tukertuq ‘he is bracing himself withhis feet’; ‘it is hatching’; tukraa ‘he is pushingagainst it with his feet’ / tukqertuq ‘it (gun)kicked’; kayangutanka iisuraalinraat tukellruut
akwaugaq ‘the sandpiper eggs which I foundhatched yesterday’; . . . ungiliit tua-i qerruluteng
tuquluteng, a¥gkut ta¥gaam ingqiyagait
tukeryutullruut. ‘. . . the lice would freeze todeath, but their little nits would hatch.’ (CIU

tukriar- to knock # tukriartuq ‘he knocked’;
tukriaraa ‘he knocked on it’ / unuum qukaani
yugnikek’ngaqa tukriallruuq kaingellermini ‘inthe middle of the night my friend knocked when
he was hungry’; Kaigaci, tua-i cikiumaciquci;
yuarci, tua-i nataquciiquci; tukriarci, tua-iikirucimaciquci. ‘Ask and you will be given, see
and you will find, knock and it will be opened foryou.’ (MATT. 7:7); < tuk-?-639

tukriayuli — tulukaruk

Basestukriayuli legendary underground dweller thatknocks on the earth’s surface # tukriar-yu-li
tukrun doorstop or the like # < tuker-n
Tuksuk Toksook Bay #tukulleggaq* beach greens; sea chickweed(Honckenya peploides) #NUN literally: ‘small foot’;< tukullek-rraq; cf. it’garralek
tukulleguaq plant type (species ?) # EG
tukullek flipper of seal; foot (of human or animal)(HBC, NUN additional meaning) # tukullgek‘flippers2’ or ‘feet2’; Tua-i yuvrirluku pivakarluku
tukullgi cillartait tuaggun tua-i angullrullinikii
taum nagiiquyam. ‘And he examined its flippers,
spreading them apart and saw that that spear
had caught it there.’ (CIU 2005:62); Cali-wa ukut
cuum tumai tukullgi murualriit maani qanikcami,. . . ‘Also these human tracks, his feet weresinking into the snow here, . . .’ (AGA 1996:46);< tuk-?; HBC, NUN > tukulleggaq
tukuq host; wealthy person; in-law acquiredby marriage of child, sibling, or self # andtukur- to have possessions; to be wealthy #tukurtuq ‘he is wealthy’ / Tua-i-llu tauna
tukua qimugtengqelliniluni qimulvall’ermek
angqapigtellriamek tungulriamek . . . ‘That hostof his had a great big black dog . . .’ (MAR1
2001:53); > tukir-, tukuqe-, tukur-, tukurliq,
tukuu-, tukurtaar-; < PE tuku3
tukuqe- to be a guest of (his) # tukuqaa ‘he is
his guest’ / Taukuk-gguq tua-i tukuqurallrek
taryaqvaullinilutek. ‘Those two whose guest he’dbeen evidently were king salmon.’ (CIU 2004:88);< tukuq-ke2tukurliq wealthy person # Y, HBC, NUN; < tukuqli1
tukurnaq edible yellow seaweed (species ?) # NUN;
< ?-naq2
tukurtaar- to be crassly well-off; to be ostentatious
with wealth; to give gifts in large number as
at celebrations # has negative connotations now,
formerly was more positive; Tukurtaarpek’nateng
Petugtatuut. Kevgiryaraq ta¥gaam
tukurtaaryarauguq. ‘Gifts and goods exchanged
during “Petugtaryaraq” were minimal. But
on the other hand, “Kevgirayaraq” was whenpeople demonstrated their ability to provide, andmany gifts were shared among the people.’ (CIU
2005:382); < tukur-?

tukutukuar(aq*) pectoral sandpiper (Calidris
melanotos) # imitative; = teguteguaq
tukuu- to be wealthy # tukuuguq ‘he is wealthy’/ . . . qulugtellriim anllerkaa mingqutem
iingakun qacignarqenruuq tukuulriami Agayutem
angayuqauvianun itlerkaani. ‘. . . it is easier for acamel to go out through the eye of a needle thanfor a wealthy person to go into God’s kingdom.’(MATT. 19:24); < tukuq-u-; > tukuutet
tukuun wealth; riches # Ta¥gaam elpeci qilagmi
tukuutekangengnaqici parut qallrem-llu
piunrirngailkainek, ¥gayaritulit-llu navgulluteng
teglegngailkiitni. ‘Instead, strive to have yourwealth in heaven where bugs and rust won’t
destroy it nor thieves break in and steal it.’
(MATT. 6:20); < tukuu-n
tukuurte- to become wealthy # tukuurtuq ‘hegot wealthy’ / A¥gna ava-i qanrutek’ngaatukuurrluni. ‘That person he mentioned got rich.’(TAP 2004:39); < tukuq-urtetulag- to arrive (especially at land from the sea) #tulagtuq ‘he arrived’; tulagaa ‘he reached it’ /< PE tula!tulignaq bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) that isdark on the belly and gray on the top #tuli’ik a small bird #; HBC, EG; (species ?); cf.
tuusiik; < PE tu9i!
tuli’ilkaaq, tulilekaaq metal dish # such as a pie pan;from Russian njh®krf (torélka) ‘plate’tulikaq dowitcher (Limnodromus sp.) # BB; cf. tuli’ik
tulimaq (HBC, NI, CAN, Y, LK form), tulimaraq(Y, K, BB form) rib # Ilaita-gguq qantait
akutanek imaqaarluteng tulimaranek-llu-gguq
qaliqamaarluteng. ‘Some of them had bowls
filled with Eskimo ice cream and topped with(seal) ribs.’ (CIU 2005:132); Tulimaq-llu aturluku
arnamek piliuq, iluvaulluku-llu angutmun.
‘Using the rib he made a woman, having her
be a companion to the man.’ (AYAG. 2:22); < ?,tulimaq-aq3; > tulimarte-, tulimite-; < PE tulima3
tulimarte- to cut at a rib-like juncture # tulimartaa‘he cut it at the ribs’; < tulimaq-?tulimite- to share the seal one has caught by giving
the ribs to fellow hunters # < talimaq-?-ite2tulukarnarar(aq*) swallow (sp. ?) # tulukarnaraam
alungellra ‘cowslip’ (Caltha palustris); NUN
tulukaruk, tulukaruq (Y form) raven (Corvus corax) #. . . qasgim iluani Tulukaruk qanlliniuq,

640

Basestulungqa- — tumagliq

tuluryaq, tuluryaaq canine tooth; eyetooth # Aqsiik
ullingqalutek. Tuluryagglainarnek kegguterluni.
‘Its stomach was slashed open. It had only canine
teeth.’ (AGA 1996:172); < tuluq-yaq, tuluqya(g)aq; < PE tulu3ya3 (under PE tulu3)
tuluvkuyuggaq feather # Tuluvkuyuggaq ta¥gaam
meciqerluku qantar-im’ minugluku. ‘Then hetook a feather and dipped it into the mixture andpainted the bowl.’ (AGA 1996:106); cf. culuk
tulvaaq, tulvaarraq heavy cloth; denim # Wiinga-w’
pingenratgun pillruama, iliit-llu tulvaarrarmek
itrutlalria alkungyugvikaqatni. ‘Since I was there
when it became available, one of them would
come in bringing heavy cloth since someone
had requested wall covering material.’ (AGA
1966:120); from Russian n˙ktdsq (tólevyy) ‘roofing
felt’
tumae footprint; track; trail # tumet tracks;
tan’gerlim tumai maligcuarturluki pissullruat‘following the black-bear tracks, they hunted it’;Nutaan cikumi cali, qainga man’a assingraan,
imarpigmi, ciuneni yuvrirrlainarluku
tumtangqengraan. ‘Although the surface of thesea ice looks good, one has to keep checking his
foreground even though there may be tracks there.’(YUP 2005:4); > tumci-, tumengqerr-, tumingiq,
tumlia-, tumlliqe-, tumnirqe-, tumte-, tumyaraq;
cf. tu-; < PE tum0
tumag- to be bitter-tasting and dry # said of seaweed;
tumagtuq ‘it tastes bitter’ / NUN; > tumagaq,
tumagliq; < PE tuma!tumagaq tannin # Cuukvaguat tumagaitnek meq
imirluku tua-i. ‘The bitter part of the alder (bark)
was added to the water [to make dye].’ (CIU
2005:350); < tumag-aq1
tumagcur- to grab small ball-like portions of Eskimo
ice cream carried by women and hide them inthe cracks as in the porch of the men’s communal
house, to be looked for later, during the “Aaniq”
holiday # said of certain boys called “dogs”(qimugtet (q.v.)); CAN; < tumak-cur- (?)
tumagliq low-bush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)# Umyuaqertelliamiki-llu imkut kavirlit tumaglit
apluku aatiit qaku aqvaciqucianek puckaq, calillu tumaglilegmek akutaryungniluni. ‘And when
she recalled those red cranberries, she asked theirfather when they’d get the barrel, saying that she
was beginning to want Eskimo ice cream withcranberries in it.’ (ELN 1990:66); < tumag-li1; < PY
tuma!liq (under PE tuma!-)“Wii-tuq-tam kingumek ayakarlua,
ernengullamci.” ‘. . . inside the kashim Raven
said, “I should go at last; let me bring you all
daylight.”’ (YUU 1995:86); tulukaruut neqait‘baneberries’ (Actaea rubra), (literally: ‘ravens’
food’); the plant bears poisonous berries; Tulukaruum
Ayarua ‘the constellation Orion or Orion’s belt’,(literally: ‘raven’s walking staff’); Tulukaruum
Pitegcautii ‘a certain constellation’ (undetermined);
Tulukaruum Tanglurallri ‘the Milky Way’ (socalled since in a traditional story the Milky Way is
Raven’s snowshoe tracks as he walked across the sky
having stolen back the sun); < PE tuluka3
tulungqa- to be leaning against something, to besupported by being put on something (e.g., thesurface of the ice) # tulungqauq ‘it is leaning
against something’ / wiinga-wa tua wani
tamatum egkum iquani, naparyarluni a¥gna
uitalria, waten nangerrlua tulungqalua ikavet
tangvaurkeka ‘I was here, at the end of the backwall which had a post, standing and leaning
against it as I watched her’ (ELL 1997:282);< tulur-ngqatuluq* ivory # alqaqa tuluqegtaarmek
yaaruitengqellruyaaquq ta¥aam nanvamun
kic’etellrua ‘my older sister had a really niceivory story knife but she dropped it in the pond’;Nuusaarpiit taqumaut tulurnek pingayunek
cingilegluteng. ‘Pronged spears are made withthree ivory prongs.’ (YUU 1995:66); > tuluruaq;< PE tulu3tulur- leaning against something, supported bysomething # postural root; > tulungqa-, tulurte-;< PE tulu3tulurte- to lean against something; to support it byputting it on something (e.g., the surface of theice) # tulurtuq ‘he leaned against something’;tulurtaa ‘he leaned it against something’/
Tua-i-ggur-am pitsakevkenan’ et’ulriamun
kiskuvci, cikumun-gguq tulurrluku irugnun-llu
qumiulluku tamaaggun mayuryugngaluci cikum
qainganun. ‘And if you accidentally fall into
deep water, they say that you can climb up on
the surface of the ice by leaning it (one’s staff) on
the surface of the ice and grasping it between thelegs.’ (KIP 1995:187); < tulur-te2tuluruaq large piece of bent wood firmly fixed
to the ground over which a skin is placed for
scraping and stretching # < tuluq-uaq

641

tumak — tumte-

Basestumak (K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC, BB form), tum’i (NUNform) palm of hand # “Wall’uq’ tumiigemnun?”“Yuut tumaitnun qurrsuitaqukuk!” ‘“Or, howabout into my palms?” “We do not pee in
people’s palms!”’ (WOR 2007:19); > tumagcur-,tumagneq; cf. tutumagneq measurement of the width of the palm
(flattened and with the fingers and thumb held
together) # < tumak-neq1
tumangqa- to be assembled; to be “in shape” (of aperson) # tumangqauq ‘it is all together’, ‘he is in
shape’ / < tumar-ngqatumaqcaaq, tumartaq patchwork quilt < tumartecar-?-, tumarte-aq1
tumar- assembled # postural root; > tumaranqellria,
tumarayuli, tumangqa-, tumarte-; < PE tuma3tumaranqellria stone that breaks when exposed toheat # < tumar-?-nqegg-lria
tumarayuli legendary magical kayak type that canrepair itself # < tumar-?-yuli
tumarcat jigsaw puzzle. < tumarte-?-plural
tumarneq wristbone; tarsus (bone in middle offoot); styloid processes (bones in fish); assembly(assembled thing); one of several ice pieces
that have suddenly surfaced after being stuck
to bottom # Tuamta-llu Agayun qanertuq,“Qilakutartangli tumarnermek mer’ek akuliik,. . .” ‘Then God said, “Let there be a canopy
assembled in the midst of the waters, . . .”’ (AYAG.
1:6); < tumarte-neq1
tumarte- to assemble; to fix; to put “in shape” (ofa person) # tumartuq ‘it is repaired’; tumartaa‘he fixed it’ / levaani angiqaarluku tumartaa‘he assembled his motor after taking it apart’;Nangtequtii alaitenrilengraan tuunramikunta¥gaam caliluku, kituggluku, tumarrluku,
ayaggluku. ‘Even though his affliction wasn’t
visible, he (the shaman) worked with his spirit
powers on him (the patient), fixed him up, shaped
him up, and cast out his affliction.’ (ELL 1997:520);< tumar-te2-; > tumaqcaaq, tumarcat, tumarneq
tum’arte- to follow tracks; to trail # tum’artuq ‘heis following tracks’; tum’artaa ‘he is following
its tracks, trailing it’ / Nernginanermeggni
aatiit piuq nutaranek tuntuvagtarnek tum÷iluni
nutegyallermini qangqiirnek. Unauqu nutaan
ikamrarluni tum’artarqauniluku. ‘While they were
eating, their father said that he saw moose tracks
when he hunted ptarmigan. Tomorrow, he said,

he’d go by sled following its tracks.’ (ELN 1990:58);< tuma-te-ar(ar)tetumci- to find tracks # tumciuq ‘he found tracks’;tumcia ‘he found its tracks’ / < tuma-citumengqerr- to have an opportunity to act #tumengqertuq ‘he has an opportunity’ /tumengqerquma ‘if I have the opportunity’;< tuma-ngqerrtumig- to cup something in hand; to cup the hands# NUN
tumilngu- to be very hungry; to growl (of thestomach); to have food caught in the lower
part of the throat # tumilnguuq ‘his stomach is
growling’ / NUN; < ?-lngutumingiq insole # tumingirkat ‘dried grass to be
used for insoles in boots’; NUN; < tuma-?
tumite- to have food stuck in the esophagus # NUN
tumkaq the path that one will take # Taum arnam. . . tarnaa ayautellrullinia angalkut iliita tuqunrettumyaraatnun, apertuulluku-gguq tumkaanek.
‘One of the shamans took along the soul of awoman . . . on the pathway of the dead, showing
her the path she will take.’ (CAU 1985:120); < tumakaq
tumke- to go by way of (it) # tumkaa ‘he went by
way of it’ / tumekluku ‘going by way of it’;< tuma-ke2tumlia- to be full of footprints or tracks # tumliaguq‘it is full of prints’ / Tua-i tamana tumyaraak
tumlialuni piciatun ungungssiaraat tumaitnek.
‘That trail of theirs was full of tracks, the tracks ofvarious animals.’ (ELN 1990:62); < tuma-lir-a1tumlliqe- to have a bad trail # tumlliquq ‘he hasa bad trail (to travel on) / Tumkegpagluni
tua-i tumlliqsugnaunani. ‘He had a perfect trail,
definitely not having a bad trail.’ (QAN 1995:316);< tuma-lliqetumnaq large oblong wooden bowl that can be used
as a serving dish # tumnacuar or tumnaruaq‘small oblong wooden bowl’; Qasgimiut
uitainanratni itliniuq kan’a tumnaq-wa-gguq
tegumiara akutamek imarluni, . . . ‘While theresidents of the kashim were waiting there,
she came in carrying a platter full of Eskimo ice
cream, . . .’ (CIU 2005:378); < PE tum0na3
tumnirqe- to be a good trail # tumnirquq ‘it (trail,way) is good’ / < tuma-nirqetumte- to find tracks # tumtuq ‘he found tracks’ /642Basestumyaraq — tungaite-

tuner- dimensional root; > tunerkite-, tunertu-; cf. tutunerkite- to not have a strong impact # tunerkituq‘it does not have a strong impact’ / < tuner-kite2tun’ernarqe- to cause one to feel embarrassed;
to be shameful # tun’ernarquq ‘it or hemakes one embarrassed’ / Aling, tua-lli-wa
kaigtura’urlurraarlua cucuklirlua neqmek
kaigakuma tun’ernaqciqvagcia. ‘Oh, after I’ve been
hungry for so long, if I’m choosy when I beseech
someone for food, it will be so shameful!’ (QUL
2003:68); < tunrir-narqetunertu- to have a strong impact # tunertuuq ‘it has
a strong impact’ / nutma tukqallra tunertuuq‘my gun’s kick is strong’; Tua-i-am encuum
tamana cukarivkalliniluku; aren carvaneq-wa
tua-i tunerturivkallia. ‘The outgoing tide madeit faster; it made the current stronger.’ (AGA
1996:138); < tuner-tutungae direction of; area toward # nunam tungiinun
ayagtuq ‘he is going in the direction of the land’;tungen cumikluku ‘watch the direction in which
you are going’; . . . camek imumek niitelliniluni
unegken kuigem tamatum paingan tungiinek.
‘. . . he heard something from down there fromthe direction of the mouth of the river.’ (ELL
1997:184); > tungair-, tungayak, tungcirtur-,tungelquq, tungliq, tunglirneq, tungyuq; cf. tu-;
< PE tu&0tungair- to go back to specifically get someone
who has been left behind # tungairaa ‘he went
back to get her’ / . . . nuliani wani-gga maaken
aqvallruniluku tungairniluku tau-i-gga paqniluku‘. . . saying that he had specifically come here
to get his wife from here, that is, he had comethis way in order to find out about her’ (QAN
1995:110); < tunge-ir2tungaite- (tungaun . . . ) to be face-to-face; inperson # apparently used only in the subordinative:
tangerciqamken tungaunak ‘I’ll see you in
person’; Iigpegun-gguq ta¥gaam tangerquvgu
tungaunaku nutaan ukveqina. ‘Believe it only
when you have seen it in person with your own
eyes.’ (YUP 2005:78); Ilumun Agayutem elliin
tungaunani eriniatesciigalamikut cauyakun
uuggun erinialluta pituluni. ‘Truly since God
himself cannot speak to us in person he speaks to
us through this drum.’ (CIU 2005:116); Agayun
tungaunaku tangellruaqa, ta¥gken cali unguvalua.
‘For I have seen God face-to-face and yet I am

Camek-llu tumllutek, cam-llu taum nerrliniluki
talliman cangtakek. ‘And they2 found the tracks
of something, and that something had eaten
five of the things (rabbits) they’d caught.’ (ELN
1990:89); > tum’artetumyaraq trail; path; road; route; way (figuratively)# Tumyaraq tua-i nallunrilamiu caavtaarturluku
tua-i tekite¥rlulliniluni. ‘Since he knew
the way by feel, the poor old one arrived
at his destination.’ (CIU 2005:282); Atamta
apa’urlumta-llu qalaruyutii nalluyagutevkenaku
tumyaraqluku pingnaquraasqelluki. ‘I told themnot to forget but to strive to use our fathers’ andgrandfathers’ instructions as their path or way (inlife).’ (YUP 2005:84); may be used in the plural for asingle trail: Tua-i-llu tagluni tumyaratgun, . . .
‘She went up by the path, . . .’ (ELN 1990:107);
mikelngurkam kayangum tumyaraa ‘Fallopian
tube’; takviim tumyaraa ‘optic nerve’; teq’um
tumyaraa ‘ureter; urethra’ # < tuma-yaraq
tunciur- to herd reindeer # < tuntu-liurtune- to exchange; to give; to trade; to sell # tun’uq‘it is given, sold’; tunaa ‘he gave it to someone’/ nutek tunellrua qetunraminun ‘he gave thegun to his son (to use, but can also be permanent
giving, perhaps in exchange for something else)’;tuniuq ‘he is selling something’; tunviirutuq ‘hecan’t give any more’, ‘he has no more to give’;
angyacuarallni tunaa yuinarnek tallimatun ‘hesold his little old boat for one hundred dollars’;
tun’ivikaa ‘he sold something to him’; . . .
uumun ciuqlirmun teggnermun tunciqaat. Caliyuarluteng, yuarluteng, cali ang’uralriamek
nalkuskuneng tunglianun tunluku. ‘. . . they will
give it to the first elder. And, while searching andsearching, and if they find something greater
they give it to the next ones.’ (TAP 2004:97);
Tekicamiu tunngaku pillinia taum, “Una-mi
cauga?” ‘When he reached him and when he gave
it to him that person said to him, “And what thenis this?”’ (YUU 1995:21); > tuneniar-, tuniaqe-,tunturtuneniar- to sell; to trade # tuneniartuq ‘he is sellingor bartering’ / Qanemcitnaamken . . . Kass’amek
maavet tekiteqarraallermek maani Caninermi
pektelaqerraallermek tuneniarluni. ‘Let me tell
you . . . about the white man who was one of
the first pioneers here, who was one of the few
to travel around the Canineq area selling goods.’(YUU 1995:15); < tune-niar-

643

tungayak — tungulleralria

Bases
his bound them. She bound them till she got tothe part where they would taper to an end . . .’(MAR2 2001:7)
tunglar- to harden; to tense up the muscles # EGtungliq* second one # functions as an appositive or
as a selectional word; irniak tungiq angutnguuq or
irniaragnek tungliak angutnguuq ‘their second
child is a male’; < tunge-liq; < PE tu&(0)li3 (underPE tu&0-)
tunglirneq the particular side of some specified
geographical place or direction # Nunivaam
tunglirneranek erinatangluni, asveyagaam
eriniinek, qilugturalria tuarpiaq-llu. ‘From the
Nunivak side a voice arose, a young walrus’s
voice, like barking.’ (KIP 1998:7); Tua-i-lluwa tua-i inerqungraatni uivqertellria calaramkiugum tunglirnera atu’urrluku. ‘Even though
they’d warned her, she quickly went aroundtoward the side on the eastern side.’ (CIU
2005:120); Sagquralriit atakumi agaalirnerkun
ungalam tunglirnerakun mayuraqut, . . . ‘The
“Sagquralriit” (a particular constellation) in theevening across there rises up from the southernside, . . .’ (CUN 2007:66); < tunga-lirneq
tungmagte- to bury (the dead) # tungmagtaa‘he is burying her’ / tuqulriit yaaliakuani
tungmagtelarait ‘they bury their dead on thesecond day after death’; tungmagesgu ‘buryhim’; tungmagingalria ‘buried one; grave’;
Waniwa’ tuqu’urluquma tungmagtevkenii
pikavet ta¥gaam qulvarvigpecenun mayuullua
kiavet egkuanun man’a caniqaq maktatekluku
aqumllua uitavkaqicia. ‘When I die, poor me,
don’t have them bury me, but rather take me up
to your fish cache and set me up sitting against
the back wall.’ (QUL 2003:244); tuqulrianek
tungmagcissuun ‘burial of the dead’; cf.
tungvagtetungu- to be black # tunguuq ‘it is black’ /tunguuralria ‘little black spot’; > tungulleralria,
tungulria, tungulriaya(g)aq, tungunga-,tungungalnguq, tungunqeggliq, tunguleq,
tungunqucuk, tungunquq, tungunqurpagtaq,
tungupak, tunguri-, tunguryak, tungurpak,
tungussiqatak; < PE tu&utunguleq black scoter (Melanitta nigra) # cf.
tungunqeggliq; < tungu-?
tungulleralria black person; African-American # K,
BB; < tungu-ller(aq)-lria

still alive.’ (AYAG. 32:30); Maa-i tanglartukut
tuarpiaq tarenriurutkun mecikutesciiganata,tuani ta¥gken tungaunata tangvauciiqut. ‘Now
we see as through a glass darkly, but then we willsee face-to-face’ (1CORI. 13:12); < tunge-ite- (?)
tungayak, tungay’ak, tungayaq, tungayaak
relative; cousin # Tuamte-ll’ tua-i ilii
tamaa-i yuurqerkangqerturayuilameng,yuurqerkailnguq iliini kelenrilkatni, anluni
yuurqalassaage¥rlurluni tungayaagani
paqtaarluki. ‘And then not everyone had asupply of tea or coffee, so a person who lacked
a supply, although he was not invited, would
go out to check to see which of his relatives
was drinking a hot beverage.’ (QUL 2003:4).
. . . tuaten pillruut Atanrem Moses-aakun
alerquutii aturluki, uingluteng tungayameggnek.
‘. . . thus as the Lord had commanded Moses
they took husbands from among their cousins.’(NAAQ. 36:10, 11); . . . niicugniu qanelqa —nalluyagulluki ilaten tungayaten-llu pikina.
‘. . . listen to what I say — forget your family andyour relatives.’ (PSALM 45:10); < tunge-?, tunge-?,tunge-?; cf. tungelquq
tungcirtur- to ask to come or bring something back# tungcirturaa ‘he asked her to come back’ /taq’ercugnaunaku-am tungcirturalliniluku.
‘unceasingly he asked that she be brought back tohim.’ (ELL 1997:44); < tunge-cir-; < PE tu&ci3tungelquq relative; cousin; someone who acts like a
relative # tungelqurri amllertut ‘she has a lot of
relatives’; Tungeqlquqeltek nallunrirluku, cakeltek
nallunrirluku. ‘They2 became aware that they
were related. They learned that they were cousins
or somehow related.’ (TAP 2004:11); < tunge-quq;
cf. tungayak
tungeq menstrual pad # Y; < PE tu&03
tungi- to provide a pad under something # Tua-i-llu
aqumluni ellurluni, tungiqerluni. ‘She sat down
and slid down after putting a mat under herself.’(MAR2 2001:91); < PE tu&03-litungimaq insulating mat # NUN; < PE tu&03
tungite- to bind the spiraling strip of wood
onto the longitudinal strips of a traditionalfish trap # “Waten atam cali,” tungicesqelluki
imkut. Imkut tungiskiliki anuurluan imum.
Tua-i tungilluki iquklitevkenaki . . . ‘“Like thisalso,” she instructed him how to bind them(the longitudinal strips). That grandmother of644Basestungulria black thing # tungulria yaassiik
taiteqerru! ‘please bring me the black box!’;< tungu-lria
tungulriaya(g)aq* cross fox (Vulpes vulpes var.) #< tungu-lria-ya(g)aqtungunga- to have a dark complexion #tungungauq ‘he is dark’ / An’uq, maaten
tangrraak imkuk angayuqaagken tan’gurra’urluq
una tungungaluni qaterpek’nani-llu makutun
ayuqevkenani mikelnguartun tunguluni-llu
kemga, ta¥gaam kenegnarluni. ‘When he wasborn, his parents looked at him, and the lad
had a dark complection, not white like these otherchildren, dark of flesh, but attractive.’ (MAR2
2001:26); < tungu-ngatungungalnguq* gray thing # < tungu-ngalnguq
tungunqeggliq black scoter (Melanitta nigra) # cf.
tunguleq; < tungu-keggliq
tungunqucuk wide strip of otter fur below thelight-colored decoration at the hem or cuff of a
traditional Yup’ik parka, or other dark fur trim
on a parka # < tungu-qucuk
tungungqu, tungunquq bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus) # Tamakut ta¥gken makut angtuat
makliit wall’ tungunqut, . . . atauciuyaaqelriikta¥gaam allakarmek atengqertuk, . . . . ‘These
big ones, “maklak” or “tungunquq”, are one but
have different names (two names for the beardedseal), . . .’ (ELL 1997:282); Caqerluni tua-i iliit
maliin tungunqutliniluni-am tua-i malia. ‘One day
one of his companions caught a bearded seal, hiscompanion did that.’ (QUL 2003:612); NI, CAN;
< tungu-quq
tungunqurpagtaq iris of eye # K, Y, NI, CAN, HBC,
BB; < tungu-quq-rpak-taq4
tungupak black person; African-American #< tungu-rpak; cf. taaqsipak
tunguri- to blacken # tunguriuq ‘it turned black’;tunguria ‘it blackened it’ / Tulukaruum
Tungurillra ‘How the Raven Became Black’ (MAR1
2001:74); < tungu-i1tungurpak all black; very black # predicative particle;
Caqerluni ellarayanguq Agayunerrluni tua-i
anuqlirluni caaqameng tua-i amirlut tengnaurtut
agaatmun tangvalriani iliini-llu amirliqapiggluni
tungurpak kallaggluni tanqigpallagaluni-llu
tuaten. ‘One day the weather became stormy andfor a whole week it was very windy. Sometimes
when they watched the clouds they would slide

tungulria — tunrir-

across the sky, and sometimes the sky would
be very dark with thunder broken by occasional
lightning.’ (ELN 1990:41); Elle¥rluan-wa man’aanernera tungurpak. ‘Poor him, now his breath
was a black vapor!’ (QAN 1995:244); < tungu-rpak
tunguryak, tunguyaaq brown thing; gray thing;black thing (NUN meaning) # < tungu-yak,tungu-ya(g)aqtungussiqatak dark colored (from mud or sand)piled ice # < tungu-?
tungvagte- to put away for later use # tungvagtaa‘he put it away’ / NSU; cf. tungmagtetungyuq, tungyu incoming tide # tungyirtuq ‘thetide is coming in’; NUN; < tunge-?; < PY-S
tu&yuqtuniaqe- to sell (it); to trade (it) # tuniaqaa ‘he soldit’ / Melqulget amiit tuniaqelarait. ‘they sell theskins of fur-bearing animals.’ (YUP 1996:41);< tune-niar-ke2tuniar- to sell things; to trade things; to market
things # tuniartuq ‘he is selling’ / Tunianeq
arenqiallugcugyailkutarnek. ‘The marketing of
insurance’ (NEL 1978:6); tuniarutkaa ‘he is selling(or sold) it’; < tune-niartuniarta seller; dealer # Paqluki qavcin tuniartet
cali-llu qalarutekluki piyuketen cali-llu
nutaan assinrulriamek kiputarkiurluten,
ayuqeltassiarluki-llu akiit cali-llu qelkutait.
‘Check out a number of dealers and talk about
the things you want and determine which is thebest one to buy, comparing prices and coverage.’(NEL 1978:8); < tuniar-ta
tuniarvik marketplace # Cass’ami qulngunrita’armi
cali ayiimi tangertuq allanek qacigtellrianek
tuniarvigmi. ‘At nine o’clock when he wenton his way he saw others taking it easy in themarketplace.’ (MATT. 20:3); < tuniar-vik
tuniqtaq jade # NUN; probably from Inupiaq tuniqtaq‘soapstone lamp’ (from PI tun0q ‘legendary preEskimo’)tunngaq tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) # NUN;
< PY tun&aq
tunqaq saucepan; bowl
tunrike- to feel beholden to (him); to feelembarrassed around (him) # tunrikaa ‘he feels
beholden to her’ / < tunrir-ke-4
tunrir- to feel embarrassed because one is imposing
on someone; to feel beholden because of an645

tuntu — tunu

Basesinability to reciprocate for things someone hasdone for one; to feel embarrassed by the actionsof someone (such as a child for whom one feels
responsible) # tunrirtuq ‘he feels embarrassed’ /tunriutekaa ‘he feels embarrassed on account ofit’; tunriituq ‘he never feels embarrassment’;> tun’ernarqe-, tunriketuntu caribou (Rangifer tarandus); reindeer (additional
meaning especially in K, BB) # tuntut neqait
amllertut nunamte÷i tuntutailan ‘reindeer mossis plentiful in our area because there are no
reindeer’; Nukalpiaq-gguq tauna uitaarqellria,
kuigem ce÷iini. Kiimi yuuluni. Pavavet
tuntunek pissuraqluni. Unavet-llu imarpigmun
issurissuraqluni. ‘A young proficient hunter, theysay, lived by shore of the river. He lived alone.
He’d hunt caribou up there back from the river.
And he’d hunt seal down there out at sea.’ (YUU
1995:105); especially in K and BB this word tuntu
is also used for reindeer, the smaller domesticatedrelatives of caribou, which were introduced into
the Yup’ik area around 1900, and to distinguishcaribou from reindeer, caribou are sometimes
called tuntupik or tuntupiaq; (literally: ‘genuine
caribou’); tuntut neqait ‘reindeer moss, a lichen(Cladonia rangiferina)’; > tunciur-, tuntulek,
tuntunaq, tuntuq, tunturpak, tuntussiik,
Tuntutuliaq, tuntuvak, tunturyuaryuk,
Tunturyuk; < PE tuntu
tuntulek reindeer herder # < tuntu-lek
Tuntuq a constellation formed of Perseus andAuriga # HBCtuntunaq one side of two-piece end or next-to-end
deck beam of kayak # tuntunak ‘two-piece deck
beam of kayak closest or next closest to bow orstern’; see Appendix 9 on the parts of the kayak;< tuntu-naq2
tuntur- to give (it) away # tunturaa ‘he gave it
away’ / Ii-i, aruqutekluki, imkut-ll’ inuguarugani
tunturluki tamalkuita. ‘Yes, they distributed
them. They gave all her dolls.’ (KIP 1998:127);
Tukuuqapiggluni-gguq tunturiluni, uilgetllu-gguq tukuunqelluku. ‘Being very rich she
became able to give away gifts, and she was
wealthier than those with husbands.’ (MAR1
2001:16); < tune-tur1tunturpak horse (NSU meaning); moose (EGmeaning) # literally: ‘big caribou’; < tuntu-rpaktunturyuaryuk caribou of some sort in stories witha porcupine; legendary caribou-like creature# Tunturyuaryuktaq una cassuaqtarta tukaarqa
minguniraa? ‘What is this darned caribou creaturedoing messing up my trail?’ (QAI 1984:17); . . .
issaluuq at’reskii kuimarciiganani, tunturyuaryukll’ ingluklermegni. Tunturyuaryuum
pairrsaagyungraani qessaqtarluni ellminek
piarkauniluni. ‘. . . porcupine drifted down
unable to swim — it was when porcupine andcaribou-like creature were rivals — even thoughcaribou-like creature wanted to go out to meet him
in the water, he said he could do it (get to land)
himself.’ (AGA 1996:114); < tuntu-?-yukTunturyuk the constellation Ursa Major #literally: means ‘great caribou’; Wiinga-llu
nalluvkenaki taukut Sagquralriit, Kaviaraatllu nallunrit’lallruyaaqanka. Cali-llu Tunturyuk
pikani. ‘As for me, I recognize “the Spread OutOnes” (Orion’s Belt), and I used to recognize the“Little Foxes” (either the Pleiades or Ursa Minor).
Also, the Great Caribou (Ursa Major) up there.’(CIU 2005:368); < tuntu-yuk; < PE tuntu39u!
(under PE tuntu)
tuntussiik, tuntussiikaq, tuntussuliangalek
yellowlegs (Tringa sp.); solitary sandpiper (Tringa
solitaria) # derivation (connection with caribou)
semantically unclear to compiler; < tuntu-?, tuntu-?,tuntu-?
Tuntutuliaq Tuntutuliak # village on the Kuskokwim
River below Betheltuntuvak moose (Alces alces) # Piqerluni aatiin
tuntuvinrarnek tumnek apertuulluku, tua-i-llu
unuakurpak maliggluki tamakut tumet. ‘Then
her father pointed out to her the moose tracks,
and they followed those tracks all morning.’(ELN 1990:59); tuntuviit ‘moose (plural)’;tuntuviim kemga ‘moose meat’; tuntuviim
cirunrek ‘moose antlers’; < tuntu-vak; < PY-S
tuntuvak (under PE tuntu)
tunu back of; area in back of # applies to humanbodies, buildings and similar immovable objects,
etc.; opposite of manu; tunumni ‘behind me’;
Taqngamiu nem’eng-am tunuanun uitavillminunaqumluni nacarluni iggangliuralliniluni. ‘When
he finished it he sat down behind their house
where he had lived, put on his hood, and leaned
on his side.’ (ELL 1997:112); Tunumnun kinguvaa
Satan-aaq. ‘Get thee behind me, Satan.’ (MARK8:33); > tunucuk, tunuirun, tunumig-, tunumike-,

646

Basestunucuk — tupicilleq

tunutellek, tunutlek, tunucellek, tunullek,
tunucillek (HBC form) arctic loon (Gavia
arctica) # Tua-i pivakarluni tunutellgem
kayanguinek tekicami-am tua-i, malruulutek,
tua-i teguqatarlukek tunutellek ciuqerranun
mip’allalliniluni. ‘So when she came upon theloon eggs, they were two in number and as she
was about to take them, a loon landed all of asudden right in front of her.’ (AGA 1996:214);
Iingilnguq Tunutellgek-llu ‘the Blind Boy and theLoons’ (story title) (ELL 1997:6); < tunu-?, tunu-?,tunu-?, tunu-?, tunu-?
tupag- to wake up # tupagtuq ‘he woke up’/ tupagtaa ‘he woke her up’ intentionallyor accidentally; tuparqaa or tupagqaa ‘heintentionally woke her up’; tupaumauq ‘he isawake’; tupagyara’artuq ‘he woke up early’;
tupagyararalartuq ‘he wakes up early’; tupii!
‘wake up!’; tupagesgu ‘wake him up’; Tua-i-ll’
makcami pilliniuq, “Waqaa! Tutgar, tupaksaitutenqaa?” Kiulliniluku ak’a tupallruyaaqniluni,. . . ‘When he got up he said, “Hello there!
Grandchild, haven’t you awakened yet?” And heanswered him saying that he had indeed alreadyawakened, . . .’ (QAN 1995:52); > tupagyaaqe-,
tupautaq; < PE tupa!tupagyaaqe- to experience “sleep paralysis”; topartially awaken, feeling that one cannot move# one having this experience feels that he will regain
his ability to move after he makes even the slightest
movement; tupagyaaquq ‘he woke up feeling thathe couldn’t move’ / < tupag-yaaqetupautaq breakfast # and tupautar- to havebreakfast # Tupagcani tupagluni, tupiimeng
tupautaararraarluteng upluni . . . ‘When she woke
him up, he woke up, and when they all wokeup, after having some breakfast, he got ready, . . .’(MAR2 2001:67); < tupag-taq1
tupeg- to be excited to see someone (NSU meaning);
to be responsive (NUN meaning) # tupegtuq ‘he isexcited to see someone’ /> tupeke, tupgiatetupeke- to be excited to see (him) # tupekaa ‘he isexcited to see him’ / NSU; < tupeg-ke4-; = tupke-;< PE tup0k0
tupgiate- to be unresponsive # < tupeg-ate- # NUN
tupipiarumalria woven-grass sock # < tupig-piaqu-ma-lria
tupicilleq one of six holes in rim to lash to frame of
kayak # NUN; < tupiq-?

Tununeq, tunupirtaq, tunupirte-, tunupista,tunuq, tunuqliq, tunute-, tunutellek
tunucuk back of head just above the neck; occipitalbump # Umyuangarcami-ll’-am ellii angqit’liluni
qanikcarmek. Turpak-llu tunucuarrluku
milqerluku. ‘When she suddenly got an idea, shemade a snowball and threw it at Turpak, hitting
her in the lower back of the head.’ (ELN 1990:101);
K, Y, NI, CAN, BB; < tunu-cuk; cf. Nelson 1877–
1881 list (112, 113)
tunuirun shortcut channel # Agna taugken imna
tumyaraqelallerput tunuirukarauluni. ‘The routewe take across there was a little shortcut channel.’(CIU 2005:40); Y, HBC; < tunu-ir2-ntunumig- to carry on one’s back # tunumigtuq‘he is carrying something or someone on his
back’; tunumigaa ‘he is carrying her on his back’/ Elnguq takumcunarian aatiin tunumigluku
ut’rulluku. ‘Because Elnguq became so pitiful,her father brought her home, carrying her on his
back.’ (ELN 1990:16); < tunu-migtunumike- to have at or on one’s back # tunumikaa‘he is carrying it on his back’ / Tua-i tunumikluku
mamteranun tekitaqamek uyangqavkaraqluku.
‘Then, with him on her back, whenever they cameto a smokehouse, she’d have him look in.’ (CIU
2005:388); < tunu-mik-ke2
Tununeq Tununak # village on Nelson Is.; < tununeq4
tunupirtaq common loon (Gavia immer) # NUN;
< tunu-?
tunupirte- to put on clothing back to front # NUN;
< tunu-?tunupista male common eider (Somateria mollissima)# NUN; < tunu-?
tunuq tallow; back fat; back of body (K, Y, NI, CAN
additional meaning) # < tunu; > tunuquyugaq,
tunuruaq
tunuqliq* one right behind # tunuqliqu’rluteng‘one right behind the other’; < tunu-qliq
tunuquyugaq, tunuquyuggaq caribou tallow #CAN, Y; < tunuq-quq-?
tunuruaq pancreas # HBC; < tunuq-uaq
tunute- to turn one’s back (on) # tunutuq ‘he turned
away’; tunutaa ‘he turned his back on her’ /tunuyutuk ‘they2 are turned back-to-back’; Tua-i
ataam tunulluku ayalliniluni, ayagturalliniluni
tua-i. ‘Turning his back on him, he left and kept on
going.’ (CUN 2007:44); < tunu-te?-647

tupig- — tuquBasesnangniiqatarmiaqameng imkut ingluteng
tuqlurluk’ taisqelluki. ‘So when they weregoing to have the final session, they would callby name or summon their rivals to come over.’(AGA 1996:14); . . . tuqluqatni taiciquq amkut
ikayurpek’naki. ‘. . . if they him call by name,he will come and not help out those over there(where he is).’ (TAP 2004:20); tuqlum paanga(NUN usage) ‘larynx, voice box’; > tuqluk; cf.
turquq; < PE tuqlu(!) and tuqlu3

tupig- to weave # tupigtuq ‘she is weaving’;
tupigaa ‘she is weaving it’ / tupigtuq canegnek
curulugkaminek ‘she is weaving a grass mat forherself’; Missuugtaitellrani can’giirucilallruut
tupigluki can’get . . . ‘When there weren’t any
gunny sacks around, they’d make containers forblackfish by weaving grass . . .’ (KIP 1998:85); >tupigat, tupipiarumalria, tupilluk; < PY tupi3-

tupigaq woven thing; grass mat; string of small fish
arrayed for drying # . . . qunguliluku muraganek,
yaassiigenkegglukek qunguk, tupiganek-llu
iluqlilirlukek. ‘. . . they made him a coffin out
of wood, making it rectangular shaped, andthey lined the coffin with grass matting.’ (YUU
1995:42); < tupig-aq1

tuqluun kinship term; calling name (the name bywhich a person is customarily called or referred
to — often a relational term or based on one— as distinct from his or her actual name) #tuqluuciraa ‘he gave her a calling name’;< tuqlur-ntupilluk wide finely woven grass mat # NUN;
< tupig-?

tuqmik bucket; pail # . . . nem-llu ilua kiarrluku.
Pilliniuq tuqmigtangqellinilria, mermek
imarluni. Umyuarteqliniuq, “arnaq-llu kan’ameqsunga’arteqaqsaunani.” ‘. . . he looked
around the interior of the house. He looked andthere was a bucket, with water in it. He thought[endeavoring to guide her actions by the powerof his mind], “that woman down there hasn’t
gotten thirsty for a while now.”’ (YUU 1995:86);
K, NR, LI, EG; < PY tuqmik

tupiq’uyaq mosquito-net tent around a bed # NSU;
from Inupiaq tupiq ‘tent’ or tupi!u$aq ‘little tent’
tupiq lashing # and tupir- to lash # perhaps only thetype of lashing used to hold the ribs and stringers
of a kayak together; > tupicilleq, tupirtaarute-,
tupiutaq; < PY tupi3tupirtaarute- to baste in sewing # Y; < tupiq-?-

tupiutaq lashing of kayak hatch to its supports #NUN; < tupiq-taq1

tuqniar- to finally swallow with difficulty #Igluku ca tuqniarluni mermek tuvtengleggluni
neviarcaq imna mertuq pegnevkaqerluni
igyaraani pellugluku. ‘She swallowed something,swallowing water with difficulty, chokingly she
drank the water with it, finally getting past thethroat.’ (MAR2 2001:25)

tupke- to take care of; to accept; to babysit # tupkaa‘he is taking care of her’ / Ta¥ga-ggur taum
civunran ta¥g’, tupekluku, uingyunrilami. ‘She
accepted him because prior to that time she had
not wanted to get a husband.’ (CEV 1984:61);. . . ancamiu tupekluku piurallinia, qayar tamana,
kinracirturallinia. ‘. . . when it was taken outside
he took care of the kayak as it dried.’ (WOR2007:108); NUN, HBC; = tupeke-; < PE tup0k0-

tuqsiiq small harpoon or dart for seal # EG
Tuqsuk Tooksok Bay #tuqsuk widening or bay at the mouth of a river # cf.
PI tuq$uk ‘entrance tunnel to house’

tupugaq hardwood; hickory # perhaps from Russianle,˙dsq (dubóvyy) ‘oaken’

tuqtuq inboard engine; boat with an inboard engine# Y, HBC; imitative
tuqu death # and tuqu- to die (animals or humans)# tuquuq ‘he died’ / tuqumauq ‘he is dead’;tuqullret akluitnek ekuagilartut ‘they burnthe clothes of those who have died’; Wiinga
nanikuallruunga cakneq aanaka tuqullrani.
‘I was overwhelmed and felt despair when
my mother died.’ (YUP 2005:142); Tuqu, cukia
nanta? ‘Oh death, where is thy sting? (1CORI.
15:55); Nangyaryugaqluteng-lu ilait qaillun

tupuk whitefish (species ?) # NSU; from Inupiaq tipuk‘whitefish’tupuuluq axe # UK, EG; from Russian njg˙h (topór)
tuqluk tunnel entrance to traditional semisubterranean house # NSU; from Inupiaq tuq5uk‘tunnel entrance’

tuqluq throat; trachea; windpipe # and tuqlur- tocall out; to summon; to call be name; to telephone# tuqlurtuq ‘he is calling out’; tuqluraa ‘heis calling out to her by name’ / Tua-i waten

648Basestuqucetaaq — turqe-

tuqunarqe- to be poisonous # tuqunarquq ‘it ispoisonous’ / . . . neryunaitniluki tuqunaqniluki.
‘. . . saying that they weren’t to be eaten, that they
were poisonous.’ (ELN 1990:29); < tuqu-narqetuquneq (the) dead # tuqunret nuniit ‘the dwellingplace of the dead’; < tuqu-neq1
tuqungnaqe- to try to kill # tuqungnaqaa ‘hetried to kill him’ / Ta¥gaam tua-i allanretnaken tekitellriit tuqungnaqu’urluki. ‘However,
he’d try to kill the strangers who arrived fromanywhere.’ (QUL 2003:622); Imarpigmi waten
nall’arutaqameng qanemcicetulliniameng,qanemciucetulliniameng, tamaa-i
tuqungnaqucuilameng . . . ‘At sea whenever theyencounter each other they’d tell each otherstories, just tell each other stories, because
there they do not try to kill each other . . .’ (QUL
2003:686); < tuqute-ngnaqe- (cf. tekite- andtekingngaqe-)tuqunqucuar(aq*) freckle # < tuqunquq-cuar(aq)tuqunquq mole on skin; dead plant; dead branch #Y; < tuqu-quq; > tuqunqucuar(aq)tuqutarayuli murderer; killer # < tuqu-?-yuli
tuqute- to kill; to choke on a bone (additional K
meaning) # tuqutuq ‘he choked on a bone’(K usage); tuqutaa ‘he killed it or her’ /
ellminek tuqutuq ‘he killed himself’; tuquciuq
avelngarnek ‘he killed some mice’; tuqulluku‘killing it’; tuquciyaqunak! ‘thou shalt not
kill!’; tuqucaqunak ‘don’t choke on a bone’;tuqucarpiartua ‘I almost choked on a bone’;tuqulluku ‘killing it’; tuqucilleq yugmek‘homicide, murder’; ellminek tuqutelleq ‘suicide’;tuquterraarluku or tuquqaarluku ‘after killingit’; tuquciiqaa ‘he will kill it’; tuqusngaitaa ‘he
won’t kill it’; the following are legal neologisms:
umyugairrluni tuqucilleq, 5-99 allrakuni
itengqayugngaluni ‘manslaughter’; alakelluku
tuquciyaraq, 5-99 allrakuni itengqayugngaluni‘second-degree murder’; pitsaqutmek
tuquciyaraq, 20-99 allrakuni itengqayugngaluni‘first-degree murder’; uluryakluku tuqucilleq‘justifiable homicide’; < tuqu-te2-; < PE tuqut(under PE tuqu(-))
tuquyia- to be in the throes of death # tuquyiaguq‘he is in the throes of death’ / tuqu-?
turqe- to land multiple times # Qanikciurutiin-ll’
egqaqellra qakma qakmum nemta qainganun
turqelluni. ‘(The snow) that he’s shoveling isayuqellerkaanek tuqum kingua . . . ‘Some
fear what it will be like after death . . .’ (CAU
1985:151); Wangkuta tan’gurrarni arnaq
una qanrutkaqamegteggu wangkutnun una
nancecuitaat, arnaq-gguq tuquuguq. Tua-llu
tua-i tuquucia una maaten taringluku pinaurput
ava-i a¥gna nulirturpailemta arnamek
agturakengkumta tua-i tuqutellriatun ayuqluta
man’a unguvaqallemte÷i tememta qaillun
kayutacirkaa. ‘When we young men were
instructed about women, they never failed toinclude the statement, “It is said that a woman
is death.” When I came to understand what they
meant when they said that a woman is death,it was like a woman caught and killed us if wetouched her before getting married, affecting ourhealth and well-being while we were alive.’ (YUP
2005:162); . . . pitekluta aunrallruami tuquteklutallu anirtuamikut . . . ‘. . . for us he bled and diedfor us to save us . . .’ (YUA 1945:49 & LIT 1972:25);> tuqucetaaq, tuquilria, tuquma-, tuqunaq,
tuqunarqe-, tuquneq, tuqungnaqe-, tuqunquq,
tuqunret, tuqutarayuli, tuqute-, tuquyia-; < PE
tuqu(-)
tuqucetaaq poison # < tuqu-cetaaq
tuqui- to experience a death (as of a family member)# tuquiguq ‘someone near to him died’ /Tua-i-ll’ tuquingameng nem iluani watqapik
pupsuarngaunateng, uluarngaunateng, ernerni
tallimani. ‘When they have had a death in thehouse they absolutely will not use scissors or aknife for five days.’ (KIP 1998:125); < tuqu-i2tuquilria mourner # < tuqui-lria
tuquma- to be dead # tuqumauq ‘he/it is daad’ /tuqumayuksaaqaqa ‘I thought it was dead’;< tuqu-ma-; > tuqumalria
tuqumalria corpse # kangingnaurista tuqumalrianek‘coroner’; < tuquma-lria; qaillun tuqumalriim
tuqullran kangingengnaqutii ‘coroner’s inquest’;> tuqumalriit
tuqumalriit the dead; cemetery (additional LI
meaning) # tuqumalriit nuniit ‘the land of thedead’; unguvalriit tuqumalriit-llu ‘the living andthe dead’; < tuqumalria-plural
tuqumkassua (tuqumkayua ?) small sculpin withstriped markings around jaw (sp. ?) # NUN
tuqunaq, tuqunarliq poison; poison water hemlock(Cicuta sp.) (EG meaning) # < tuqu-naq1, tuqunaqli1

649

turquq — tut’e-Baseslanding out there on top of our house.’ (QUL
2003:40); < tut’e-rqeturquq, turtuqaq throat; trachea; windpipe # Y;
< ?-quq, ?-tuqaq; cf. tuqluq
turruluq, turuluk cousin; good friend # Tauna-am,
ukuk-gguq Apanuugpiinkuk Pangalgalriallu turruluqelriik . . . ‘Those two, Apanuugpak
and Pangalgalria, were cousins, good friends . . .’(CIU 2005:42); Avaken ayagluni elissallruami,
usvituriuraami elissarluni, tua elitkacagarlutek
tauna-llu Turuluni-ll’, Turulullraminek-llu
pilaqengani elissarluku tauna. ‘Because fromthe time when he was first able to understand,he learned, they both learned, and he taught his
Good Friend, the one called his Good Friend.’ (ELL
1997:422)
turtuniaq big clam (species ?) # EGturun outermost slat on a sled bed # see Appendix 9on the parts of the sled; < ?-ntusailitaq shoulder band on a parka # <tusek(*tusa)-ilitaq
tusairnaq grebe (Podiceps sp.) # < ?-naq2
tusek shoulder # tus’ka or tuska ‘my shoulder’;Tua-i kingyarqami akutamek miryaraqluni
kingutmun. . . . Tua-i qat’rilutek tusgek.
‘Whenever he looked back he’d vomit “Eskimo
ice cream” toward the back. . . . So his shoulders
became white.’ (CIU 2005:128); K, Y, NI, CAN,
BB; = tuyek; > tusailitaq, tusneq; cf. tutek; < PE
tuy0; the present Central Yup’ik form was probably adual originally; the obsolete singular *tusa shows up
in tusailitaq and tusneq
tuskaq board; plank # Qikutaq tuskallernekavaterluni ilua-llu nat’liumaluni tuskanek. ‘The
fish bin had siding of planks and the inside floorof it was of planks.’ (PRA 1995*:460); from Russianljcrƒ (doská)
tuskuar- to carry with straps around shoulders #NUN; < tuyek-?tusneq measurement being the width from theoutside edge of one should to the outside edge ofthe other # < tusek(tuya)-neq2
tusnga- to rest on a base or foundation; to depend
on something; to be attached # tusngauq ‘itrests on something’; tusngaa ‘it rests on it’ /tusngauq teggalqumun ‘it rests on the rock’;
qulqerviit tusngaut qacarnermun ‘the cupboards
are attached to the wall’; Acia-gguq qerrataluni

tayima ataucimek it’ganrungalngurmek, acinitusngavkenaku. ‘It was suspended in the air
about a foot off the ground, not resting on any
foundation.’ (YUU 1995:77); = tuynga-; < tut’enga-, tut’e-nga-; > tusnganqaar-, tusngavik,
tusnganeqtusnganqaar- to have justifiable anxiety #tusnganqaartuq ‘he feels anxious’; < tusnga-?
tusngavik, tusnganeq foundation # Tusngavikiu
Ataneq. Ukverluten, cacetuluten. ‘Let the Lord be
your foundation. Have faith, take heart.’ (PSALM
27:14); < tusnga-vik, tusnga-neq1
tusrun, tusrulluk short, narrow, V-shaped calfskinon the shoulder of a traditional Yup’ik parka #< tusek-n, < tusrun-lluktuss’aq ace in playing cards # = tuussaq; from
Russian nep (tuz)tuss’aqerte- to abruptly change from being happy tobeing sad # HBCtuss’araq step; rung of a ladder; stage # Ilii-llu
amirkam makliim qainganun nangerrluni
tuss’araqluku yuraqatararaqluni. ‘Sometimes
when one was going to dance, he’d standdancing on top of a bearded seal skin, having it
as his stage.’ (AGA 1996:194); < tut’e-yaraq; < PEtutya3(a3) (under PE tut0-)
tussite- to be crippled; to be lame; to limp # tussituq‘he is lame’ / tussilluni ‘limping’; tussicami‘because he is limping’; tussiskuni ‘if he islimping’; cukitellruami akwaugaq tussituq ‘he islimping because he stepped on something sharpyesterday’; < tut’e-?tus’un, tus’utaq elevating block; prop; wedge; timeor amount of impact or occurence # Tamatumek
yuarutmek tus’ucirluku. ‘It was an indication thenwith that song that the time had come.’ (TAP
2004:105); < tut’e-n, tut’e-taq1
tut’at plural fish in a basket, dried and packed down
# < tut’e-aq1
tut’e- to step on; to land on; to arrive not of people;
to come over one (of an emotion (see below)) #tut’uq ‘he stepped on something’; tutaa ‘hestepped on it’ / anaq tuc’aqunaku! ‘don’t stepon the feces!’; tuq’urarai ‘he keeps stepping onthem’; taryaqviit tut’ut ‘the king salmon havearrived’; uksuq tull’uku cataitellruuq ‘he wasgone until the arrival of winter’; tuskii-wa ‘andit landed on it’; this base (and perhaps only this verbbase) can be used with a subject that is a verb base650

Basestutek — tuullek

there a grandmother and her dear grandhcild.
Her grandchild had the name Pupitukaar.’ (PUP
1977:1); Irniaten-llu kenekluki. Charlie-m-llu
tutgarani-llu irniani-llu kenekluki. ‘You love yourchildren also. And Charlie too loves his own
grandchildren and his own children.’ (TAP 2004:2);< tutek-ar(aq), tutek-ar(aq), tutgaraq-r(ur)luq,
tutgaq-rrluk; cf. qellu-raq
tutga’rrluk, tutgarrlugaq grandchild; darned
grandson # term implying irritation, frustration,etc.; Tua-i ak’a yurarngan tutga’rrluk maurluan
pillia, “Qanrut’laryaaqamken-ggem . . .” ‘Becausethat darned grandson was dancing already, his
grandmother said to him, “It seems that I’ve
been telling you in vain . . .”’ (AGA 1996:174);
Tutga’rrlung, keneq mallegpiinaku, uuciiquten!
‘Darned grandson; don’t get so close to the fire;you’ll get burned!’ (UNP1); < tutgaraq-rrluk
tutmaqaq step or rung of a ladder # < tutmar-qaq
tutmar- to step more than once; to walk on #tutmartuq ‘he is stepping on something’;
tutmaraa ‘he is stepping on it’ / neqettutmauteksunaitut ‘fish should not be left aroundwhere people might step on them’; Usuuq
qavarpiiqnak, tutmaraatgen. ‘Hey you, don’t
sleep so much, they are stepping on you.’ (YUU
1995:28); < tut’e-mar-; > tutmaryaraq, tutmaqaq;< PE tutma3- (under PE tut0-)
tutmaryaraq mat; walkway # < tutmar-yaraq
tutneq wooden crosspiece for the foot on asnowshoe # Maaten tanglugni tekitelliak
qakilliuk ak’allaurrlutek. Tegumiakek qeciik
tutnekek pilliak arulliuk. “Cakneq-lli wangni
qavallinivaa!” ‘He went to his snowshoes andsaw that they were bleached and had becomeold. ‘When he picked up the leather webbing, its
wooden crosspieces were rotten. “Oh my, I musthave slept a long time!” (MAR1 2001:92); < tut’eneq?
tutviqe- to fear (him); to be afraid of (him); to
respect (him) # EG
Tuulkessaaq Tuluksak # village on the Kuskokwim
River upriver from Bethel; etymology unknown tocompiler
tuullek common loon (Gavia immer); yellowbilled loon (Gavia adamsii) # “Cauga tam
tuullek?” “Yaqulpagnek-wa pitukait,
tunutellegpagnganateng, . . .” ‘“What is this‘tuullek’?” “They refer to them as great big

expressing an emotion used directly with a relative
case noun ending as in the following: iluteqem(qiam, alingem, angniitem, or angnim, etc.)
tutaa ‘grief (crying, fear, sadness, happiness)came over him’; qenqertem tut’engraani . . .
uitangnaqluni anertevkaqapiggluni unatek-llu
qet’erpaumalutek ‘even though sudden anger
came over her . . . she tried to remain (as she hadbeen) breathing hard and with her hands tightly
clasped’ (ELN 1990:61); Makut atawaqautet tull’it
Joseph-aamun . . . ‘May these blessings comeupon Joseph . . . (AYAG. 49:26); see also derived
forms tuc’araq, tuc’en’aq, tuc’ete-, turqe-, tusnga-,tuss’araq, tussite-; cf. tututek bedmate # and tuteg- to sleep next to(another); to sleep with (her) # tutegtuq ‘he issleeping next to someone’; tutgaa ‘he is sleeping
next to her, sleeping with her’ / tutegtuk or
tutgutuk ‘they2 are sleeping together; miklemni
anngaqa tutkelallruaqa ‘when I was young I
had my big brother for a bedmate’; Rachelaaq qanertuq, “Waniwa pisteka Bilhah. Tutgu
irniangniartuq wiinga pikamnek, aanaurrniartua
elliikun.” ‘Rachel said, “Here is my servant
Bilhah. ‘Sleep with her so that she can have a childfor me, so that I can become a mother throughher.”’ (AYAG. 30:3); > tutga(raq); cf. tusek; < PE
tut0!(-)
tutemqaq stair; rung of a ladder; bridge (Y meaning)# . . . qulvarviit waten tutemqangqetullruut imumi,
avngulek man’a, qugniilnguq, imna ellegpak,
waten ak’lirturaumaluni . . . ‘back then elevatedcaches would have a ladder, a thick cottonwood
log with notches in it . . . (CUN 2007:80); < tut’e-?;< PE tutm0qa3 (under PE tut0-)
tut’esteke- to blame; to be angry with # tut’estekuq‘he blamed himself’; tut’estekaa ‘he blamedher’ / Uitacurlagyaqunaci tut’esteksaqunaci-llu
tun’illerci ukunun wangnek pitekluku. ‘Do not
be distressed or blame yourself that you sold me.’(AYAG. 45:5); < tut’e-ta1-ke2tutgar(aq*) (NI, CAN, LK, BB form), tutgaraq (NS,Y, HBC, K, NR form), tutgara’urluq* (Y, K,
NR, LI form) grandchild # tutgaraa, tutgarii,
or tutgara’arlua ‘his grandchild’; tutgaraqa,
tutgarqa or tutgara’urluqa ‘my grandchild’;
Ukut-gguq nunat ilangqertut maurlurlurmek
tutgara’urlurluni. Tutgara’urlua-gguq
Pupitukaarmek aterluni. ‘This village had living

651

tuunralek — tuvair(ar)-Basesbirds, and they look like big loons, . . .”’ (QUL
2003:170); cf. tunutellek; < PE tu(C)utl0!
tuunralek shaman; person with a familiar
spirit # Ukvekan-qaa tuunralek (angalkuut)?
Tuunricellartuten-qaa? Qang’a-llu Irniaten?
Qang’a-llu ilaten? Ak’allaat-qaa piciryarallrit
aturlaraten? ‘Do you believe in one with familiar
spirits (shamans)? Do you let the power of theshamans’ incantation and conjuring be used on
you? Or your children? Or your family members?
Do you follow the old ways?’ (CAT 1950:76);
Ta¥gaam-gguq amlleq, tamaani tuunralegteggun
pitullermeggni, amlleq-gguq nalkuqaqlartuq
tamakut tuunralget pissuutiitnek. ‘However,back then when they relied on shamans a lot (ofgame and the like) was found with the shamans’hunting devices.’ (AGA 1996:154); < tuunraq-lek
tuunrangayak evil spirt; the Devil; Satan #Niitellemnek waniw’ . . . qanemcikciqaqa
qasgim qanemcikellratnek, tuungrangayiim
iterqaaqellranek. “I’m going to tell it exactly
the way I heard it . . . just as they told it in the
kashim, about how an evil spirit tried in vain toenter.’” (QAN 1995:184); “Ayii tuunrangayaak”. . . Nutaan tuunrangayiim unitaa . . . ‘Go away,
Satan” . . . So the Devil left him . . .’ (MATT.
4:6–7); < tuunraq-kayagtuunraq, tuunr(aq*) (NUN form) shaman’s
helping spirit; familiar spirit; nowadays
often devil # Tuunraq tauna ikayuqellriatun
pikaqluku, kiingan anirtuutekluku tamaani,
yuungcaristetaunani-llu cellangeqarraallemni.
‘He’d have that spirit as a source of help, only forsaving people then, as there weren’t any doctors
around when I first became aware of things.’(AGA 1996:34); Tua-lli-wa cali atralriaten tuunramnuniinun, Anirturtemni, navgurluku amiiga
asvailucirpetun; . . . ‘And You did descend into
the realm of the devil, My Savior, shattering
its gates with your power; . . .’ (ORT. 2006:37);
tuunram ciutii ‘mushroom’ (NUN usage); literally:‘spirit’s or devil’s ear’; < ?-nraq; > tuunralek,
Tuunrangayak, tuunri-; < PE tu!0n3a3
tuunri- to use spirit power; to traffic with familiar
spirits # tuunriuq ‘he is using spirit power’ /Ataucirqumi a¥g’umek tuunrilrianek tangertua.
Alingelqa tauna avausuitaqa. ‘Once I saw spirit
power being invoked. I’ve never forgotten the fright
I felt.’ (AGA 1996:54); < tuunraq-i3-; < PE tu!0n3i-(under PE tu!0n3a3)

tuupicaaq quarter; twenty-five cents # LI; fromEnglish ‘two bits’

tuuq ice chisel for making holes in river, lake, or sea
ice # = tugeq
tuurkaq bread # LY; perhaps from English ‘dough’tuusiik, tuuyiik lesser golden plover (Pluvialis
dominica); black-bellied plover (Pluvialis
squatarola) # = tuvik; cf. tuli’ik; < PE tu9i!

tuuskayag-, tuuykayag- to be disoriented; to act
scatterbrained # tuuskayagtuq ‘he is disoriented’;tuuskayagyaraq ‘confusion’; < ?-kayag-; < PE
tucila3tuussaq1 horizontal log in men’s community house# NUN
tuussaq2 ace in playing cards # NUN; = tuussaq;
from Russian nep (tuz)tuutae frozen-over place; ice bridge between floes #tuutaalquciq Hutchin’s Canada goose (Branta
canadensis hutchinsii) # NSK Tuutalgaq,
Tuutalgarmiut Pilot Station # village on the Yukon;< tuutaq-lek-?, Tuutalgaq-miu
tuutangayak Canada goose (Branta canadensis) #tuutangayiit ‘Canada geese’; Y, HBC, NI, NUN,
CAN, LK, BB, NR; < tuutaq-kayagtuutaq labret # Makut-llu-gguq-am yuuttuutarrarluteng aqumganaurtut, cunawa-gguq
asveret. ‘And some of these “people” seatedthere had labrets, and were actually walruses.’(ELL 1997:344); > Tuutalgaq, tuutangayak,tuutaruaq; cf. Nelson 1877–1881 list (107); < PE
tu(C)uta3

tuutaruaq rose hip (Rosa acicularis) # literally:‘imitation labret’; Issaluuq-gguq tauna
ayainanermini kuiggaam akianun takuyartuq
tuutaruarugaat agkut. Tuutaruat atamtangnirqeyagarluteng picalqurruyaarlutengllu pituut. ‘One day as the porcupine waswandering along a river he saw many, manyrosehips across the river. To the porcupine, rosehips
are very tantalizing, appetizing, and delightful tothe eye.’ (CIU 2005:260); < tuutaq-uaq
tuvapak piece of gravel # NUN; cf. Muset 1891 list
(5), Barnum 1901 list (45); < PE tuvapa!

tuvair(ar)- for ice to break up unplugging the rivermouth; for shore-fast ice to break up # < tuvaqir2-?-652

Basestuvaq shore-fast ice # = tuaq; > tuvair(ar)-; < PE
tuva3
tuvartaq big seal that stays on pack ice and has
pups in spring (species ?) # NSU; < tuvaq-taq2
tuvcu- root; > tuvcuguaq, tuvculqurraq,
tuvcunguarvik; cf. tuvetuvcuguaq Adam’s apple # CAN, BB; < tuvcu-uaq
tuvculir- to get food stuck in throat # <NUN; tuvtetuvculqurraq tumor; lump (in flesh) # K; < tuvcuquq-rraq
tuvcunguarvik lump in throat # K, Y, NI, CAN,
HBC, BB; < tuvcu-uar-vik
tuve- to cake up; to become lumpy # tuv’uq ‘it
caked up’ / > tuv’i-, tuvlak, tuvute-; cf. tuvcutuv’i- to become constipated # tuviuq ‘he has
become constipated’; < tuve-i2tuvlak lump of caked matter # as in batter or snow.
< tuve-?
tuvqa- emotional root; > tuvqake-, tuvqatar-,tuvqayug-; cf. tuvraq
tuvqake- to act generously toward (him) #tuvqakaa ‘he saved some and shared with him’/tuvqakiyaraq ‘generosity’; Wiinga-llu irnianka
pissiyaanrilengramki, tuvqakluki anrutait. ‘Even
if I didn’t have much for my children, I made suretheir stomachs didn’t go empty.’ (QAN 2009:34);< tuvqa-ke4tuvqatar- to be of a generous nature; to beconsiderate # tuvqatartuq ‘he is a generous
person’ / Una tuvqataryaraq cali ilani
umyuaqsugluki, qunuyugpek’nani. ‘This
generosity is a matter of thinking of others andnot being selfish.’ (YUP 2005:94); < tuvqa-tar1tuvqayug- to act generously # tuvqayugtuq‘he’s being generous’ / Man’a ilameggnek
aulukillerteng wall’u ilameggnek
tuvqayugturluteng yuut imumirpak
pikngamegteggu, tamakut-llu tua-i tuqullrettuaten ayuqutellrullinikait. ‘Because this matterof watching over one’s fellow man, or being
generous to one’s fellows, was a characteristic of
theirs, they treated the dead in that way.’ (CAU
1985:105); < tuvqa-yugtuvqertat set of twenty loche fish # < ?-plural
tuvraq successful hunter; one on whom one candepend # Tuvram-qaa ayuqucia nalluarci? Cagguq tamiin pitaqluku canek tua-i tekiuqaqluni
nunamiutarnek imarpigmiutarnek-llu. ‘Do(n’t)

tuvaq — tuyuq2

you know what a “tuvraq” is? It’s one who brings
home all sorts of sea and land game animals.’(CIU 2005:132); cf. tuvqa-; < PE tuv03a3
tuvte- to choke; to become choked # tuvtuq ‘hechoked on food’, ‘it got choked up’; tuvtaa ‘it
choked it’ / tuvcarpiartua ‘I almost choked todeath’; kuik tuvtuq cikumek ‘the river becamechoked with ice’; tuvun ‘object caught in thethroat’; Wateqtall’er pinaluni a¥gna pillinilria,
anirtima nulirqa camek-llu mertallermini
tangrruallruuq mell’ermini-llu tuvcarpiarluni,a¥guulliniuq ava-i. ‘No wonder that, when
my wife was packing water, she had a visionof something when she drank and she almost
choked, and it was that one!’ (MAR2 2001:27);> tuvculir-; cf. tuve-; < PE tup0ttuvute- to be constipated # tuvutaa ‘he isconstipated’ / < tuve-te5-; cf. tuvuuricaraq
tuvuuricaraq constipation # CAN, NI, BB, HBC; cf.
tuvutetuyek shoulder # HBC, NUN; = tusek; > tuskuar-;< PE tuy0
tuyik lesser golden plover (Pluvialis dominica);
black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola) # NUN;
= tuuyiik; < PE tu9i!
tuynga- to rest on a base or foundation; to depend
on something; to be attached # HBC; = tusngatuyngavik, tuynganeq foundation # HBC;
< tuynga-vik, tuynga-neq1
tuyuq1 reader; lay preacher; pastor; village chief (LI,
EG meaning) # possibly from Russian nj=y (toyón);perhaps influenced by tuyuq2
tuyuq2 thing that one sends; mail-order item # andtuyur- to send; to send for; to order (e.g., by mail)# tuyurtuq ‘he ordered something’; tuyuraa ‘hesent her something’ / tuyullrua neqerrlugnek
qetunrani ‘he sent his son some dried smokedfish’; cuyamek qetunramikun tuyullruuq ‘heordered tobacco through his son’; tuyullruuq
paltuugmek Sears-Roebuck-aanek ‘he ordereda coat from Sears-Roebuck’; tuyuutaa ‘heordered something for her’; tuyuqai neqerrluut
qetunraminun ‘he sent the dried fish to his son’;
Qanerluni-llu qanganartellikan tuyurciqniluten
pitainek. ‘And she said that if he happened tocatch ground squirrels he will send you what he’scaught.’ (PRA 1995:299); Maurluan tua-i taum
tuyurtequallinia tauna ilakutni Kuinerraarmi
aqvasqellutek. ‘That grandmother relayed a653

tuyurcuun — uamqutke-

Bases

U

message to her relative in Quinhagak he should
get them.’ (PAI 2008:326); > tuyurcuun; < PE
tuyu3tuyurcuun mail-order catalog # < tuyur-cuun
Tuyuryaq Togiak # village in the Bristol Bay area;< ?-yaquakarar- area right downriver from possessor #uakaraani ‘just downriver of it’, immediately
on the downriver side of it’; Pitegcurlim taum
ikani Caputnguarmiut uakaraatni elanellruarii
akma uitauq. ‘Robin’s dugout nest was acrossthere right downriver from old Chefornak.’ (KIP
1998:177); < uan-karaq
ualirneq area toward the exit # < ua(ni)-lirneq
uamcaaq half-dried, boiled fish # EGuame- to waste time; to occupy time frivolously# uamuq ‘he is playing around withoutaccomplishing anything’ / uamtaa ‘he is wasting
her time, keeping her from working’; uamutkaqa‘I’m using it to waste time or it is delaying me’;Una waniwa qanemcikqata’arqa tak’urangraan.
Uamteqataramci. ‘I’m going to tell this story eventhough it is long. I’m going to take up your time.’(CIU 2005:280); > uamqe-, uamulqutaq; < PE
u9a(t)uamqe- to play; to fool around; to babysit; todistract # uamquq ‘he is playing’; uamqaa ‘she isbabysitting him’ / uamqiuq ‘she is babysitting’;
uamqitaa alqani ‘she is babysitting for her older
sister’; Uamqelnguqertua, maryarteqataramken.
‘I’m tired of fooling around, now I’m really
going to lead you.’ (NAA 1970:6); Makut
uamquraqeryartuqernaunka. ‘I am going to distract
them.’ (QUL 2003:472); Y, LI; < uame-?-;> uamqunuamqun toy; something that serves or acts as a
distraction or hindrance # Kiimelngerpet ayakaa,uamqutaileng’erpet tekicararanrullerkarpenun. ‘Go
alone without anyone to hinder you, so that you
can return right all the sooner.’ (QUL 2003:528);< uamqe-n
uamqutke- to toy with; to have as a toy #uamqutkaa ‘he toyed with him’, ‘it’s his toy’ /Tua-am unitevkarluni tua-am paqnayagulluku
aqevluni anguluku. Uamqutkumallia ernerpak
nukalpiartani tauna. ‘He’d allow himself to beleft behind, and then being curious about him,
he’d run and overtake him. Thus he toyed withthat young man all day.’ (NAA 1970:8);< uamqun-ke2-654Basesuamulqutaq something that keeps one fromdoing what he wants to do; something thatoccupies one’s time; hindrance; distraction# Ellii-am maligucungraan cali cukaitelaan
uamulqutaqsuumiinaku ilain unilluku. ‘Even
though she wanted to go along too, because she
was slow, and not wanting her to be a hindrance
to them, they left her behind.’ (ELN 1990:13);< uame-n-kutaq
uan body from the waist down; skirt; haunch #Wiinga qununinek niitelaryaaqua ta¥gaam
waten ungungssiuluku, ukuk uatek tukulleglutek,
yuuluni keggatii arnauluni nuyarpiluni. ‘I haveheard about “qununiq” (legendary mermaid-likecreature), that it’s an animal, with the lower partof its body like a seal’s flippers, and its upper parthuman, a woman with long hair.’ (CIU 2005:276);
cf. uate-, ¥gasek; < PE u!anua(ni) downriver; by the exit; on the right facing
the ocean # restricted demonstrative adverb;
taqukaq uani uitauq ‘the bear is downriver’;uavet ‘to downriver or the exit’; uatmun‘toward downriver or the exit’; uaken or ugken‘from downriver or the exit’; uaggun ‘throughdownriver or the area near the exit’; Tua-itan’gerian nutaan nunat uatiitgun uaggun
kanarluni . . . ‘When it became dark he thenwalked downriver of the village, through thedownriver area . . .’ (QAN 1995:42); see ugna, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; > ualirneq, uaqliq, uaqvaaq,
uaqnaq, uate-; < PE dem u!uaqliq* part of house near the door; area downriver# uaqliq cakemna nengllirtuq ‘the area by thedoor over there is cold’; Misviim-llu ketiinita¥gaam nemta cali-llu agayuviim keluagni
nutarat net uaqliqluteng. ‘Toward the river fromthe airfield, but behind our house and the church,
the new houses are arrayed one downriver of thenext.’ (PRA 1995:107); < ua(ni)-qliq
uaqvaaq* area far downriver # uaqvaarni ‘far
downriver’; < ua(ni)-qvaaq
uaqnaq southwest # LI; < ua(ni)-?
uar- to let out a yelp (of dogs mostly) # uartuq ‘ityelped in pain’ / imitative; > uarauara- to wail; to yelp repeatedly # qimugta uarauq‘the dog is yelping’ in pain; uaratai ‘the things he
is wailing for, the objects of his (a child’s) intense
desire’; < uar-a-uamulqutaq — ucluryaq

Uaspataq God # used in Russian Orthodox prayers;
Naklekikut wangkuta, Uaspataq, naklekikut
wangkuta. ‘Have mercy on us, Lord, have mercy
on us.’ (ORT 2006:54); from Russian ujcg˙lm(gospod’) ‘God’, ‘Lord’uassaaq horse # LK; from English ‘horse’uassiaq west; west wind (NSU meaning); north;
north wind (NUN meaning) # < PY u(!)atsaq oru(!)atyaq (under PE u!an)uatae area downriver or toward the exit frompossessor # uatairaa ‘he went by the downriverside it’; Nem-wa keluani agayuvik. Agayuviimllu uatiini kelinikaaq. ‘Behind the house is thechurch. And on the downriver side of the church isthe clinic.’ (PRA 1995:107); cf. uan; < ua(ni)-te3-; >uakarar-; < PE u!anuataq cotton # NSU; from Russian dƒnf (váta)‘wadding’
uci load; cargo; burden # qayani uciliraa taquanek‘he loaded his kayak with provisions’; Tua-i
caknerlutek kasmurlutek, makelvall’er-w’ uciak.
‘They were working very hard, pushing it [thesled], as its load was a huge bearded seal.’ (QUL
2003:252); > uciar-, uciir-; cf. ucinglluk; < PE uci1
uciar- to be heavily laden; to be completely full ofcargo # uciartuq ‘it is loaded down’ / Caqerluni
tuaten unuakumi kiarrnginanrani, atam qa¥gna
angyaq igvallinilria, tua-i-gguq uciarluni. ‘One
time, in the morning when he was scanning his
surroundings, a boat appeared upriver, and it
was heavily laden.’ (YUP 1005:11); < uci-?; < PE
uci(C)a3- (under PE uci1)
uciir- to unload # uciirtuq ‘it has been unloaded,
is now empty of cargo’; uciiraa ‘he unloaded it’/ uciiraat paacaq tuskanek ‘they are unloading
lumber from the barge’; < uci-ir2-; > uciirta,
uciirvik; < PE uci&i3- (under PE uci1)
uciirta longshoreman; cargo handler # < uciir-ta
uciirvik dock; wharf # < uciir-vik
ucing- root; > ucinglluk, ucinguq, ucingvak
ucinglluar(aq*) medium-sized beaver # <ucinglluk-ar(aq)ucinglluk beaver in its third year # < ?-nglluk;> ucinglluar(aq); ucingvak; cf. uci
ucinguq old woman # EG; from Sugpiaq ucinguq
ucingvak large beaver # < ucing(lluk)-vakucluryaq whirlwind # Y; = ull’uyaq; < ?-yaq; < PE
ul0(t)luya3-655

ucngate- — ugaaniBases
is praiseworthy’ / Tengssuutet tamaani
ucurnarqellruut cakneq tua-i ucurnaqluteng.
‘Back then, airplanes were worthy of praise, verypraiseworthy.’ (QUL 2003:594); Kina Elpetun
ayuqa tanqiullermikun ucurnaqluni? ‘Who is like
You, glorious, in holiness?’ (ANUC. 15:11); < ucurnarqe-; > ucurnarquciq, ucurnarqutkeucurnarquciq, ucurnarqun glory # Angayuqauvik,
piniq-llu ucurnarquciq-llu elpet pikngavki, . . .
‘For Thine is the kingdom, the power, andthe glory, . . .’ (MATT. 6:13); < ucurnarqe-ciq,
ucurnarqe-n
ucurnarqutke- to honor # ucurnarqutkaa ‘heis honoring it’ / Ca tamalkuan tamakut
ucurnarqutkengnaqluku yuungameng tamatum
nalliini yurallermeggni. ‘They strove to honor
everything at that time when they danced
because they were Yup’ik.’ (CIU 2005:320);< ucurnarqe-tkeucuryagte- to boast about oneself # Watenucuryaggluku yuuqaasqevkenaku, catungraan
unangyungraan canek pitungraan,
ucuryagteqaasqevkenaku. ‘They told one to live
without boasting no matter what he acquired,
they told him not to boast.’ (KIP 1998:131);< ucur-?
ucuryug- to be in awe; to be alarmed # Aren,ucuryugluteng tua-i. Iillayugluteng, “Qaill’a¥gkut nalarqaki?” ‘Oh my, they were full of awe.
They were amazed. “How did he kill them?”’(QUL 2003:290); Umyuaqa ucuryunrilan anlua
ellamun. ‘Because I wasn’t alarmed, I went
outside.’ (QUL 2003:546); < ucur-yug¥ga . . . instead of ua . . . at the beginning of words forsome speakers in the Togiak area; for example ¥gaqliq
instead of uaqliq ‘downrivermost area, or area
most by exit’, ¥gan’i instead of uani ‘downriver,or by the exit’ (note the gemination in ¥gan’i aswith other non-stress-repelling (see Intro.) “short”
bases (e.g., in Yup’ik ‘authentic person’, nem’i ‘inthe house’); see also ¥gi . . .
ugaani, ugaan’ because of; as a consequence of;on account of # used with a verb that is treatedas a noun and put in the relative case, this uniqueconstruction expresses a very strong causal
connection; uqamaitem ugaani kit’elliniuq ‘asa direct consequence of being heavy it sank’;
nangteqem ugaani maktesciigatellruuq ‘because
he was sick he couldn’t get up’; qavaryuum

ucngate- to be haughty (especially because of what
one has unexpectedly acquired) # ucngatuq ‘he ishaughty’ / Kanavirta una imumek ucngatevkenani
piyaraulria. ‘A person who is downcast is nothaughty.’ (QUL 2003:110); ucngalnguq ‘one who
is haughty (especially on account of his new
wealth)’; < ?-ate- or ?-ngateucugnaq, ucuguaq (NSU form) carrot # < ucuk-naq,ucuk-uaq
ucugyamqitak oval shape # NUN; < ucuk-?
ucuilleq front lateral fin of fish # BB < ucuk-ir2-lleq1
ucuk genitalia; penis; vagina # may be usedin the dual for one ‘vagina’; uculiurluku‘fondling her or his genitals’; arnam ucuugken
cenkek ‘vulva’; ucuum naulluutii ‘venereal
disease’ > ucugyamqitak, ucuilleq, ucugnaq,
ucukacellngiir(aq), ucukcaq, ucumqatak; cf.
uyug-, ussug-; < PE ucu!; cf. Nelson 1877–1881
list (120, 121)
ucukacellngiir(aq*) song sparrow (Melospiza
melodia) # ucuk-?
ucukcaq nail; peg # NSU; = ussukcaq; < ucuk-?;< PY ucukcaq (under PE ucu!)
ucumqatak anal fin # NUN; < ucuk-?
ucur- emotional root; > ucuqe-, ucurnarqe-,
ucuryagte-, ucuryug-; < PE ucu3ucuqe- to praise; to be in awe of (him); to express
one’s respect toward (him); to revere # ucuqaa‘he praises, reveres, or respects her’ / ucuquq
ellminek ‘he exalts himself’; allanek yugnek
ucuqituq ‘he expects too much of other people’;
Taum kinguakun uqilariqerrluni. Ilain-llu
ucuqaqluku yaaqvanun ayallra, tekitaqami
qanemciaqan natmun ayallminek. ‘After that
he became fleet-footed. His fellows were struck
with awe at him when he told them how far away
he’d come from whenever he arrived.’ (YUU
1995:79); Nanraramteggen ilukegcitkamteggen,ciktaarvikamteggen ucuqamteggen
quyavikamteggen-llu ucurnan angtatailan. ‘We
praise You, we are well pleased with You, webow down to You, we revere You, and we arethankful to You because Your praise-worthinessis boundless.’ (YUA 1945:51 & LIT 1972:25);< ucur-ke2ucurnarqe- to be worthy of respect; to be
praiseworthy; to be awesome; to be glorious# ucurnarquq ‘he is worthy of respect’, ‘he656

BasesUgaassat — ¥gayite-llu, alingallagluni-llu igeskuni tua-inunurciumaarkaungami mayurasqumaksailatnillu iggnayukluku. ‘She slipped and almost fell
off, and she got frightened because if she did
fall she’d certainly be scolded since they’d told
her not to climb, thinking that she would fall
down.’ (ELN 1990:47); UY, UK, LI; = qurrasqite-;> ¥gasqinarqe-; < PE qu3a(yaqit)¥gayar- to strip bare; to take off one’s clothes; topillage; to rob, to plunder # ¥gayartuq ‘he got
undressed’; ¥gayaraa ‘he stripped him of his
possessions’ / anguyagtet ingluteng ¥gayarait‘the soldiers plundered the enemy’; arnam uini
¥gayaraa cavullermegni ‘the woman left her
husband destitute when they got divorced’;
Tekilluni-am caqerluni itrami tua-i ¥gayarluni
nuliani unangkengaminek tua-i camek piluku
neqkaarmek, tangllinia manuani akakiigem
qeltii nepingalria atkuani. ‘One day when he got
home and took off his garments and mentioned
to his wife his little catch, he noticed a whitefish
scale stuck on the front of her garment.’ (YUP
2005:182); = wayar-, mayar--; > ¥gayarituli,¥gayite-; < PE ivaya3- (under PE iva3-)¥gayaran legendary giant in Kuskokwim-areafolklore #¥gayarituli thief; robber # Tukuutnek quyurcinrici
nunam qaingani, . . . ¥gayaritulit-llu navgulluteng
teglegciqngatki. ‘Lay not up for yourselvestreasures upon earth, . . . where thieves breakthrough and steal.’ (MATT. 6:19); < ¥gayar-i2-tuli¥gayite- to give one’s belonging to (a younger
female when a girl has her first menses) #¥gayitaa ‘they gave something to her’ / Iciw’
arnaurtaqameng tamaani cateng naanguateng
pikenritullrukait, waniwa-gguq ¥gayiqurluki.
¥gayiqurturluki cateng tunlarait ilameggnun.
Taumek tua-i yaaruitmek cikillranga ¥gayillua
aren quyaqapiarallruunga tua-i. ‘You know, backin those days when a girl had her first menses
they did something called ¥gayiqurluki. Theygave their things to their (younger relatives).
When her story knife was given to me, I was very
happy.’ (CIU 2005:320); Tua-i-gguq ta¥gken
tamakut ¥ayiqurluki canek tua-i piciatun-gguq
cairluku tua-i. ‘And they they would give themher belongings, taking various things from her.’(KIP 1998:125); < ¥gayar-ite2-

ugaani inartuq ‘because of the desire to sleep
he lay down’; qastum ugaani niitaat ‘because of
loudness of voice they heard him’; angniitem
ugaani aluviliurtuq cakneq ‘because of sadness
he was very tearful’; Akitmi-llu acianun
ellinauraa taum ugaani qunukem. ‘And shewould put it under her pillow on account of
possessiveness (toward it).’ (CIU 2005:320);
Aatiit-llu caqerluni qanganarcuuciqatarniluni
piuq, ellii-llu paqnayuum ugaani maligcugluku
aatani apqaurturluku maligucugluni. ‘Once,
when her father said he was going to set
squirrel traps, on account of curiosity, shewanted to go with her father, and she kept
asking to go along.’ (ELN 1990:15); Kiituan’tamakut nulirrniartek’lallni eq’uyagutlinii,
angqitkangqerkuni-llu milqerarkauluki ugaani
uingyuumiitem. ‘Eventually getting peeved attheir seeking her hand in marriage, if she hadsomething to throw, she’d throw it at them, due
to her disinclination to take a husband.’ (YUU
1995:121); = uguani
Ugaassat Alaska Peninsula and/or Aleutian Islands(loosely speaking) # Ugaassarmiu ‘Aleut’; from
Sugpiaq name, Ugaasaq and plural ending, for
Ugashik; cf. Ugaassiq
Ugaassiq Ugashik # EG; from Sugpiaq name,
Ugaasaq, for Ugashik¥galguun fish-skin bag; ammunition pouch; quiver
for arrows #¥gaq’allaga- to retch; to gag # ¥gaq’allagauq ‘he isretching’ / Ngel’arturluni tuaten ¥gaq’allagaluni
temcikluni ellminek. ‘Laughing like that, shegagged, finding herself so funny.’ (PAI 2008L272);
imitative; = waq’allagaug’ar- to be good weather for traveling # ug’artuq or
ug’araa ‘the weather is good’ /ug’arte- to abruptly get up on top of something# Amiicuarkun itqertuq yaassiicuaraak-llu
qaingagnun ug’arrluni. ‘Popping in through thelittle door, he jumped up on top of the little box.’(QES 1973:8); < ugte-ar(ar)te¥gasek tundra hare; arctic hare; Alaska hare (Lepus
othus) # locally: jack rabbit; NI, CAN; cf. uan¥gasqinarqe- to be slippery # ¥gasqinarquq ‘it isslippery’ / K; = qurrasqinarqe-; < ¥gasqite-narqe¥gasqite- to slip # ¥gasqituq ‘he slipped’ /Tua-i-llu ¥gasqiarcaaqluni, igtenritqerluni-

657

uge- — ugte-1

Basesuge- root; > ugi’irte-, ugirte-, ugte1¥gi . . . instead of ui . . . at the beginning of words
for some speakers in the Togiak area; for example¥gitauq instead of uitauq ‘he is staying’; ¥ging’a
instead of uinga ‘her husband’, and ¥git’ellruuq
instead of uitellruuq ‘he opened his eyes’ (notethe gemination in ¥ging’a and in the base ¥git’e- as
is usual in non-stress repelling (see Intro.) “short”
words and bases); Ii-i, ak’arpagnun ¥git’alliniluni
nallumini. Tua-i-ll’ tauna-llu gguq imna ¥ging’acataunani tayim’, ¥git’ayuilami-gguq ¥ging’atauna ayagturatuami, . . . ‘Yes, without realizing
it she had stayed with them for a very long time.
And that husband of hers was gone; he neverstayed idle; he was always going somewhere, . . .’(CUN 2007:126); see also ¥ga . . .
ugi’irte- to beach accidentally and fast # of a boat;
ugi’irtuq ‘it (boat) beached, ran up on the shore’/ < uge-?uginagumaq mother bearded seal swimming nearan ice floe on which her pup is lying # NUN(Auginaq sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) # Nayiit,
makliit, issurit, cali allat, wall’u asveret, uginat,
cetuat-llu nakacuit piaqluki. Cali negeqlirmiut
arevret, . . . ‘They would deal with the bladdersof spotted seals, bearded seals, ringed seals, andother (seals), or walrus, sea lions, and belugas thatway. Also, for northerners, whales, . . .’ (CAU
1985:42); < uge-naq2; = uinaq; > uginagumaq;
from Aleut u!ina-X ‘broad-shouldered sea lion
bull’
uginga- to be perched on an elevated flat object,such as a floating block of ice, the shore, or atable # ugingauq ‘it is perched on something’/ Kaugpiit atam makut cikut ta¥gaam
qertunqurraitni ugingangnaquratuut. ‘Walrus,
however, always try to stay perched on the highest
parts of the ice.’ (QUL 2003:64); < ugte1-ngaugirte- to beach (of a boat); to pull (a boat) onto
shore # ugirtuq ‘it (boat) beached’; ugirtaa ‘hebeached it’ (boat) / < uge-?ugiyaqar- to run aground (accidently or purposely)with a boat # NUN
ugkae cooked food # Tua-i ikirngaaqata taukut,
cillangqaaqata, cillaptertaqata taluyat neqnekgguq tua-i nallunailkutauluteng taukut taluyat
ugkekameggnek. ‘When the fish traps were seen
open it was a sign of fish, of their future food.’(CIU 2005:370); Tua-i-llu-gguq egan taunateguamiu kenillermun kanavet kuvvliniluku
ugketuumaan. ‘She took the pot and dumped it on
the fire, along with the food in it.’ (CUN 2007:126);< + PE u!k0- (cf. Siberian Yupik uxka ‘cooked
food’)
ugken from downriver or by the exit # look underua(ni)
uglaniiq ferocious bear # LK; < ?-iq
uglarun pancreas # CAN; < ?-nugluussiq caterpillar # NUN; perhaps from Inupiaq
u!$uk ‘bearded seal’ and postbase -ciq (q.v.); cf.
discussion at uguguaq
ugna the one downriver or by the exit # restricteddemonstrative pronoun; ugna amiigmelngurmun
ikircessgu! ‘let the one at the door open it!’;ug’umun ‘to the one downriver or by theexit’; ugkut ‘those downriver or by the exit’;
Waniwa Pengurmiut Atrivigmiut-llu ugkut
uitallruut yaaqsiutevkenateng. ‘The downrivervillages of Penguq and Atrivik were not far
from each other.’ (TAP 2004:18); see ua(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; < PE dem u!ugnaraq* (HBC form), ugugnaraq* (NSU form)
vole (Microtus sp.) # Caungremeng-gguq ta¥g
ugnararraungremeng-llu tayim alikevkenakuta¥g. ‘Whatever they are, even if they are only
little voles, they aren’t scared of him.’ (WEB1); =uugnar(aq*); < PE u!9u!na3 (under PE u!9u!)
ugtaq, ugtalria seal on an ice floe or shore # Ugnagguq kuiggaq, ukut Qipnermiut nunaurpailgata,maklaarnek ugtartangqelgulartuq. . . . Taunatua-i ugtalria uani ug’um paingani pitaqaqluku.
‘That little river downriver there, before Kipnuk
became a village, always had bearded seals
hauled out on the shore (or ice floes). . . . He
would catch seals that had hauled out down thereat the mouth of that (river) down there.’ (KIP
1998:31); < ugte1-aq, ugte-a-lria; > ugtarcurcuun
ugtarcurcuun bentwood hunting hat # < ugtaq-curcuun
ugte-1 to climb or get on top of something; to put
on top; to “haul out” (of seal or walrus) # ugtuq‘he got on top’; ugtaa ‘he put it up’ / estuulumam qainganun ugtelliniuq look, ‘he got up on topof the table’; . . . qerarluku kuik tamana uggluni
nunam qainganun. ‘. . . crossing that creek he got
up on top of the land.’ (MAR1 2001:10); Tua-i-llugguq ugtuq. Ugcami kameksallraagni yuugak,

658

Basesugte-2 — uikaun

ui- to fade; to lose color # uiguq ‘it faded’ /uicqar- to land a boat on a beach # uicqertuq ‘helanded’; uicqeraa ‘he landed it’ / = uiyaqaruicungaq* male cross-cousin of a female; son of awoman’s mother’s brother or father’s sister, also
female’s grandparent’s cross-cousin’s grandson #literally: ‘dear little husband’; Petugtami angutet
arnanek ingluluteng cikirtaagutaqluteng, imkutllu nuliacungateng wall’u uicungateng arcaqerluki
ingluliuryugaqluki. ‘At the “Petugtaq” (feast
wherein requested gifts were given) men would
have women partners with whom they’dexchange gifts, and it was especially desired
to have female cross-cousins of males or malecross-cousins of females as opponents in teasing
each other.’ (CAU 1985:182); < ui-cungaq; < PY
uicu&aq (under PE u!i)
uig- to sample; to taste; to try; to measure # uigtuq‘he is trying something’; uigaa ‘he is trying it’ /Tua-i-llu yuaraak. Yuaryaaqekiik; nataqenritaak.
Uigyaaquk tua-i wanirpak nataqutenrituk. ‘Sothey looked for it. They looked in vain for it;they didn’t find it. They tried in vain and they
didn’t find anything.’ (GRA 1901:280-281 & PRA
1995:453); > uigtua-, uigturuigarte- to suddenly open one’s eyes # <uite-ar(ar)teuigtua-, uigtuar- to sample; to taste; to try #uigtuaguq ‘he is trying something’; uigtuagaa ‘heis trying it’ / Tua-i-llu Kuul’tila’aksaq mayurluni
navi’iskaamun, uigtualuki-llu ingleret. ‘And so
Goldilocks went up to the attic and tried out thebeds.’ (KUU 1977:21); NS, Y, HBC, NI, NUN;
< uig-tur1-auigtur- to dance one’s first dance during the Kelek(“Inviting-In Feast”) # said of a young man; CAN;
< uig-tur1-; > uigturcuun
uigturcuun a mask that a man makes in accordancewith his own wishes, the first mask that a young
man uses when he first dances # CAN; <uigtur-cuun
uilgaq unmarried woman (including widow) #Tauna atii angutngurtenglliniuq, pilaryaaqellinia
uilgaungairutniluku, . . . ‘Her father was becoming
an old man and told her that she couldn’t remain
an unmarried woman anymore.’ (YUU 1995:121);< ui-?; < PE u!il!a3- (under PE u!i)uikaun bridegroom # < ui-kaq-n. . . ‘And so she got up onto it (the sleeping
platform in the house). When she got up on it, shetook off her old skin boots, . . .’ (GRA 1901:280–
281 & PRA 1995:453); < uge-?; > uginga-, ugtaq
ugte-2 to remove one’s footwear # ugtuq ‘he took off
his boots’; NUN
uguani, uguan’ because of; as a consequenceof; on account of # used with a verb which istreated as a noun and put in the relative case,this unique construction expresses a very strongcausal connection; Tua-i tang qanemcinek-llu
neq’ayugteqsunrilama, uguan’ qellugtem.’ I can’t
remember stories on account of (my mind) being
decrepit.’ (ELL 1997:400); = ugaaniugu- to pile up # usually of ice, as when floes on thewater slide up on one another. uguut ‘they (iceblocks) piled up’; NUN; = evu-; > uguneq
uguci- to perform acupuncture # NUN
ugunret piled-up ice; pressure ridge # NUN;
= evunret; < ugu-neq1-plural
uguguaq furry caterpillar # from unattested *uguk
cognate to Inupiaq u!$uk (u!3uk) ‘bearded seal’and postbase -uaq ‘imitation, thing like’; cf. Siberian
Yupik maklak ‘bearded seal’ (as in (Central) Yup’ik)
and maklawaaq ‘caterpillar’; see also ugluussiq
ugyumi- to grumble # NUN
ugyuun plant type (species ?) # EGui husband # uinga pissurtuq ‘her husband is
hunting’; uikaqa ‘he is my husband’; uiksagutaa‘she got him for her husband’; uingunani‘without a husband’; uiruk ‘big husband’;
Cunaw’ Qalemam uiklinikii. Elliin murilkak ukuk
Qalemankuk uini-llu tangerqaquurautaqlutek,
quuyurniquraullutek tuaten. ‘The reason turned
out to be that he was Qalemaq’s husband. She
observed that Qalemaq and her husband kept
looking it each other and smiling at each other.’(ELN 1990:82); Tauna-gguq nulirran uini, yuutllu tupagpailgata, mermek payuggnauraa
unuakumi. ‘It is said that his wife would serve
her husband water in the mornings before people
woke up.’ (MAR1 2001:17); . . . paniak tauna
uiluni, irniarluni-llu. ‘. . . their daughter had ahusband and children.’ (YUU 1995:80); . . . uiruni
tauna, tua-i kenkepiarluku uikellinikii!’. . . shereally loved that big husband of hers; he was her
husband!’ (CUN 2007:92); > uicungaq, uikaun,
uiigaq, uilgun, uilingiataq, uinge-, uinguaq,
uinguar-; < PE u!i659

uilgun — uita-

Basesuilgun woman’s husband’s brother # Wangkuk
tua-i uilgutma nulirra-llu, uingan taum
yuarutainek yuratullruukuk. ‘We two, that is, I
and my husband’s brother’s wife, would dance tothe songs that husband of hers had composed.’(CIU 2005:388); < ui-lgun
uilingiataq older (but still desirable) unmarried
woman; spinster # Tangerrluku yun’erra’armek
uumek tangnerrayagmek allanitaakut. Wall’ imaqaa uilingiatarliq-llu amna nulirrniallikii. ‘Look,
this young man that we’ve never seen before has
visited us. Perhaps he came to ask to marry thatspinster.’ (UNP2); < ui-?
uil’kaq, uil’kaaq, uilekaq fork # from Russian d∫krf(vílka)uiluq clam; clamshell; spoon (additional meaning
in LY, CAN, BB, NR, LI) # Agaa-i-am uilunek
yuangarrluni, uiluq-am qupraarluku tucaaqekiini
kill’uni.’ Across there he scrambled aroundlooking for clams, split a clam open when hestepped on it, and fell into the water.’ (WOR2007:22); = uviluq; < uiluruyak; < PE uvilu3
uiluruyak meadow jumping mouse (Zapus
hudsonius) # considered a bad omen; uiluruyiit
pamyuit tak’ut ‘the tails of meadow mice arelong’; derivation semantically unclear to compiler,
but < uiluq-? and cf. agluruyak; E. W. Nelson (ESK
1899:442) describes a fearsome mythical animal, “thesea shrew”, wi-lu-gho-yuk, clearly the same word as
this.
uinaq sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) # HBC; = uginaq
uinge- to acquire a husband; to marry # of a woman;uinguq ‘she got married’ / Wiinga qessangerma
uingevkallruanga aatama, . . . ‘Even though I was
disinclined, my father had me get married, . . .
(YUP 2005:190); < ui-ngeuingiar(aq*) bog cranberry (Oxycoccus microcarpus)# Paningayaq: “Caugat uingiaraat?” Ackiar:“Icugg’ tumagliungalnguut, amitkacagalriamek
epungqerrluni, ataucirrarmek yualukarrarmek,
tumagliq-wa.” ‘Paningayaq: “What are bog
cranberries?” Ackiar: “You know, the ones likelow-bush cranberries, but with very thin stems,
and with a single berry per stem, otherwise likelow-bush cranberries.”’ (QAN 1995:82); < ?-ar(aq)uinguaq, uingussaq lover; pretended husband;
imaginary husband # and uinguar- to pretend tohave husbands; to imagine one has a husband
when one doesn’t # uinguartuq ‘she pretends

to have a husband’ or ‘she imagines she has ahusband’ / < ui-nguaq; < PE u!i&(&)u9a3 (under
PE u!i)uinguyuk inedible red worm found on beaches(species ?) # NI, NUN < ?-yukuintaq screw; bolt # from Russian dbyn (vint);= miintaq
uipinipaaq white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia
leucophrys); golden-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia
atricapilla) #uiq* marmot (Marmota caligata) # . . . qiuret-llu
uiret uitavikaqluki. ‘. . . coneys (marmots) havethe boulders as their dwelling places.’ (PSALM
104:18); K, BB; imitative
uirler- to snarl or maul suddenly # uirlertuq ‘itsuddenly snarled’; uirleraa ‘it suddenly snarledat it, mauled him’ / Tauna tua-i caqerluni
erenrani qetunracuayagiik tauna aquillrani
waten qimugtem uirlerluku nalaarturlulliniluku.
‘One day when their little son was playing, a dog
suddenly mauled him and killed him instantly.’(QUL 2003:132); < uir(re)-leruirrani- to snarl and growl # uirraniuq ‘it issnarling’; uirrania ‘it is snarling at it’ / Taumllu curukiini cali aipiriluku nutegyaaqengraani
maa-i cali tailuni nutaan keggutni tangerrnaqluki
uirraniluni. ‘When it rushed at him, he shot it asecond time but it kept coming, baring its teeth
and growling.’ (ELN 1990:63); < uirre-?-; < PE
u!i3ani- (under PE u!i3(a3)-)
uirre-, uir- (NSU form) to fight; to roar in fight# uirruq ‘it is fighting’; uirraa ‘it is fighting
it’ another dog or a person / qimugtek uirruk
or qimugtek uirrutuk ‘the dogs2 are fighting’;. . . alingnarqelaami ayuqluni uirrelriatun
yugtutulitun, . . . ‘. . . because he is frightening
like a roaring lion.’ (AYUQ. 28:15); > uirler-,uirrani-; < PE u!i3uita- to stay; to remain; to be situated; to live #uitauq ‘he or it stays’, ‘it is situated’ / nem’iuitauq ‘he is in the house’; maani uitaciqua
pingayuni ernerni ‘I shall stay here for threedays’; ataka Mamteriilerni uitalartuq ‘my father
lives in Bethel’; uitaqaqaa! ‘wait a minute!’;uitanqegciuq ‘he lives peacefully or comfortably’;uitaurallruuq ‘he stayed on, continued tostay put’; uitaurciiganani ‘being hyperactive’(medical neologism); Tua-llu-wa-gguq ukut nunat
uitaarqellriit imarpiim ce÷iini. And so, they660

Basesuitanqegcin — uivaar-

first time he will smear his face with ochre.’(ELL 1997:256); Uiteraq-gguq tallurtartuq.
Waten-gguq tua-i kavirciaqami yuk allamun
yugmun tangvagcetevkenani tunusngaurluku
ta¥gaam kavircitullruuq. . . . Yugnek-gguqam tangvagterluni kavickeggluni taqsuituq.
Ta¥gaam-gguq yuum atuacim aulukluku waten
aulukekani assirluni taq’erkauluni kavickeggluni
tua-i-gguq talluryunrilami. ‘It is known thatochre is very shy and unpretentious. When aperson painted something red, she turned herback away from others and concealed her work
. . . When a person is making something red
while others are observing her, the color will
come out in a weaker shade. But when someone
made something red without observers, thecolor would come out sharp and distinctly
red, because it did not feel intimidated.’ (CIU
2005:258); < PE ivit03a3
uiterte- to dye with ocher # Kangaciqamek
calikuneng caliciqaat tua muragaq man’a tua
caliluku, uiterrluku-llu. ‘When they’d work on the
ceremonial staff, they would use wood and dye itwith ocher.’ (QAN 1995:168); < uiteraq-te6uitqaci- to be unoccupied; to have free time #uitqaciuq ‘he has free time’ / caarkairucami
uitqaciuq ‘since he is done with his work he isunoccupied’; cf. uitauivaar-, uivvaar- to revolve repeatedly; to circle
repeatedly # uivaartuq ‘it is revolving’; uivaaraa‘it is going around it repeatedly’ / . . . akagluni
cikmirmi, tua-i-llu tuc’ami pengum terr’anunuilluni pagna qilak tangerrluku, tuarpiaq tamana
nuna uivaalria, ilua-llu cali qungvagyualuni.
‘. . . she rolled down with her eyes closed, andwhen she landed at the bottom of the hill, she
opened her eyes, and looked at the sky up
there, it was like the world was going around ina circle, and her insides felt all queasy.’ (ELN
1990:27); Tua-i-llu pissurtet nanerpateng teguluki
nakacugnek qillerrvikumalriit uivvaarluku kan’a
iteryaraq, tuamte-llu nakacuut kalevvluki tuavet
anluamun. ‘The hunters took their spears withthe sea mammal bladders tied to them andrepeatedly circled around the (ice hole) entrance
down here, and then pushed the bladders into
the hold in the ice.’ (CAU 1985:79); < uive-a-,uive-a-; > uivaartur-, uivaaryaraq; < PE uyiv9a3(under PE uyiv0-)

say, there was this village on the shore of thesea.’ (YUU 1995:86); uitaaqellriik ‘they2 lived
there’; assingnaqluni uitauq ‘he is trying tolive right’; Nerenriata uitaqainanratgun itqertuq
ugna angaklinikiit . . . ‘Shortly after they hadfinished eating, a man who turned out to be theiruncle came in . . .’ (ELN 1990:7); “Tutgarrluk,
atam uitaqaa. Matarten.” Matartuq. “Qaillun,
matarma-qaa waten uitasqellua?” ‘“Grandchild,stay put. Take off your clothes.” He took off his
clothes. “What’s going on that you want me tobe naked like this?”’ (MAR2 2001:87); qingalriit
uitaviat ‘prematernal home’; uitacurlagceciyaraq‘disorderly conduct’ (legal neologism); >uitacurlagceciyaraq, uitanqegci-, uitaurciigate-,
uitate-; < PE uvita- (under PE uvi(t)-)
uitanqegcin, uitanqegcillerkaq peace #Uitanqegcitmek unisvikamci, uitanqegcitmek
cikiramci, . . . ‘Peace I leave with you, peace I give
to you, . . .’ JOHN 14:27); < uita-nqegci-n, uitanqegci-lleq-kaq
uitassuun, uitan eye; on Wrangell 1839 list (19) for K
and in Orlov-Pinart 1871 list (22) for K; not attested
in modern Yup’ik; < uite-a-cuun, uite-a-nuitate- to let be; to leave undisturbed # uitataa ‘he isleaving it alone’ / uitasgu ‘leave it alone’, ‘let itbe’; uitasnga ‘leave me alone’; Amci, ayii, irniama
aatiin uitasngaitaaten! ‘Hurry up and go; mychild’s father won’t let you be!’ (YUU 1995:83);< uita-te2uite- to open one’s eyes; to wake up; to bloom(of flowers) # uituq ‘he opened his eyes’ /neplirpakaavci piipiq uituq ‘since you are sonoisy, the baby is waking up’; uisngauq ‘hiseyes are open’, ‘he is awake’; uiten! ‘open youreyes, wake up!’; qimugkauyaraat uitengut‘the puppies are starting to open their eyes’;
naucetaaq uituq ‘the flower is blooming’;
Qerruqatarluni iik-llu cikmirciiganatek,
uiterpaumalutek. ‘He was about to freeze to deathand his eyes could not close; they were wide
open.’ (YUU 1995:68); Y, NS, K, HBC, NUN, NI,
CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; > uitassuun, uitemssuaq;< PE uvi(t)uitemssuaq snow goggles # HBC; < uiteuiteraq, uiter(aq*) soft red rock; ochre #Uitertenrrayagalria nutaan tan’gurraq . . .
kegginaa-gguq mingugciquq uitermek.
‘When a young man gathers ochre for the661

uivaartur- — uivutar-

Bases

uivaartur-, uivvaartur to continue to circle
repeatedly # Tuamta-ll’ nalugiqatarqameng
unuakuayaarmi, nakaculget egalrem ikingqalriim
avatiini uivaarturluteng, qasgim qaingani. ‘And
early in the morning when they were going toperform the ritual, those who had the bladders(of the animals they’d caught) went round andround the open skylight on top of the kashim.’(YUU 1995:39); < uivaar-tur1uivaaryaraq revolver # < uive-a-yaraq
uivacetaaq wheel # < uive-a-cetaaq
uivagci-, uivagcir- to be hesitant; to go incircles (figuratively); to be anxious # Aling
quyanaqvaa-ll’, tua-i tang allaunritliniavet
qaillukuarutnayukluten ta¥gaam ukunun
ciunerpece÷un, uivagcirceskevnga. ‘I’m so relievedthat you aren’t someone else, thinking that thesepeople in your host village might do something
to you, you did make me so anxious.’ (KIP
1998:247); < uive-?uivaq vertebra # uivat ‘spine’, ‘vertebrae’; uivam
arivnera (NUN form), uivam usgunra (K, Y, NI,
CAN, HBC, BB form) ‘spinal disk’; < uive-aq1;< PE uyivva3 (under PE uyiv0-)
uivcetaaq top (toy) # Caukiaqata’arqameng qantam
allungalgem iluanun uivcetaaq piluku waten-llu
elliurluku. ‘When they play the game “turn tome”, they’d spin a top in the bottom of a bentwood bowl, inside it.’ (CIU 2005:316); < uivecetaaq
uive- to circle; to revolve; to rotate # uivuq‘it is going around in a circle’; uivaa ‘it isgoing around it’ / uivtaa ‘he is turning it
around’; uivutaa ‘he is taking it with him as
he goes around’; Apiatam-llu kinguani cali
uivevsiarraarluku nanvaq uterrluteng kalngatengmuinrilengraata. ‘After lunch and after goingaround the lake some more (gathering eggs),
they went home even though their backpacks
weren’t full.’ (ELN 1990:105); = uyive-; > uivaar-,uivagci-, uivcetaaq, uivenqegg-, Uivik, uivluk,
uivneq, uivquq, uivtaaq, uivun, uivur-; cf. Nelson
1877–1881 list (127); < PE uyiv0uivenqegg-, uivtanqegg- to be round; to be
spherical # uivenqegtuq ‘it is round’; Maaten
murilkartaa aanani uquringllinilria-llu, aqsiik-llu
anglutek uivenqegnganatek. ‘When she took a lookat her mother, she saw that she had evidently
become fatter, and that her belly was big andseemed so round.’ (ELN 1990:99); / < uivenqegg-; > uivenqellria
uivenqellria circle # Enirluku piuq uivenqellria,“Tut’aqameng cat tua-i una nagingauralriaa¥gaarcet’laraat patuqerrlutek-llu kapkaanaak.
Tua-i ca pitauluni.” ‘Pointing to the disk, he said,“When something steps here it gets caught; itreleases the mechanism and the trap snaps shut.
And so it’s caught.”’ (ELN 1990:52); < uivenqegglria
Uivik, Uiv’ik, Uivevik December #Nakaciutullruut-gguq uksumi Uiviim wall’u
Iralullraam nalliini. ‘They held the Bladder Feastin winter around December or January.’ (PRA
1995:458); see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik calendar;< uive-vik, uive-vik, uive-vik; concerning Uivik(as opposed to Uivevik), cf. naivik and naiveuivluk marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) # the namecomes from the round shape of its leaves; NUN;
> uive-?
uivneq joint or connecting point of a hoop-likeobject # < uive-neq1
uivquq knot in wood; circular cap of squirrel orother skin with beaded decorative bands #Uivqurra ayaruan kangranun qillrutaa, nacaa
qanganaq. ‘He tied his (another’s) circular hat tothe top of his (the other’s) staff (which projectedup); his hat was of squirrel fur.’ (MAR2 2001:90);< uive-quq
uivqurraq* circular cap of squirrel or other skinwith beaded decorative bands # < uivquq-rraq
uivtaaq top (toy) # and uivtaar- to spin # Waniwa‘ggun uivtaararkauluku, tua-i-llu malruulutek —una nucugterluni — uumek waniwa nemerluku.
‘They spin it (the fire drill), there are two — one
pulling the cord — winding around here.’ (CIU
2005:204); < uive-te2-a-?
uivukaq hyaline cartilage # (?)
uivun device for stirring # < uive-nuivur- to go around something thoroughly #Tua-i-llu nanvaq uivurluku, apiatarnarian-llu
aqumqerluteng can’get akuliitnun nerluteng.
‘They worked their way around the lake, and when
it was time, they sat down amid the grass andate.’ (ELN 1990:105); < uive-uruivutar- to give the namesake(s) of the deceased
a complete set of new clothing during the Elriq(“Greater Memorial Feast”) or Merr’aq (“Lesser

662Basesuivvluaq — ukeggna

ukanirpak historically; up till now at least# adverbial particle; Teggneq cali tuaten
teggnermek tangeqsaitukut ukanirpak tuaten
pinriqualriamek, pingailngurmek-wa pingraata.
‘Throughout our history we have never seen anelder who gave up and didn’t participate’ (TAP
2004:102); Tua-i picim iliini tauna maurlua
qaillun umyuarteqluni, inerquutaqapiarmek
ukanirpak niitetukemte÷ek, . . . ‘Then one day
his grandmother thought about a very serious
prohibition which we used to hear about since
time immemorial, . . .’ (ELL 1997:12); < ukani-rpak

Memorial Feast”) # uivutaryaraq ‘the ceremonyof clothing a person in this way’; CAN;
< uive-te5-?uivvluaq round bowl made for girls # NUN
uivvsak round labret # NUN
uiyamte- to be in the way # uiyamtuq ‘he is in theway’ / from English ‘way’ and Yup’ik suffix -mteuiyaqar- to land a boat on a beach # uiyaqertuq ‘helanded’; uiyaqaraa ‘he landed it’ / = uicqarukakarar- a little on the side toward speaker(or focus of attention) from possessor #Caqerluni-llu Elngum murilkaa nanvam ilua,
kankut qaleqcuuget ukakaraagni-wa mermi
ungluungalnguq. ‘And one time Elnguq looked
into the lake and saw that down there were
grebes, and on the near side of a couple of them
there was what appeared to be a nest in thewater.’ (ELN 1990:105); < ukate-karaq
ukamar- to tow a boat with a rope while walking
along the shore # ukamartuq ‘he is towing
something’; ukamaraa ‘he is towing it’ /Yaqutgiarcankut ukut upalriit. Angyarrlugluteng.
Aatiit ukamarluni. ‘Yaqutgiarcaq and family weremoving. They used a large skin boat. Their father
was walking along the shore, pulling it with a rope.’(WOR 2007:12); < PE ukama3ukangiiq access to something; potential toobtain something # and ukangiir- to obtainwhat one can (of food) by doing one’s best #Tamaani-wa kaigaqameng kaitulliniut, camekukangiiritlermeggni kass’artarmek. ‘Back thenwhen people went, they starved because
they lacked the potential to obtain any storebought food.’ (CIU 2005:320); Tua-i canek
tuaten ukangiirluki waten kiagaqan pilaamek,
naunrainek-llu pa¥g’um nunam, atsainek-wa
tua-i unangnatuutaqluku taun’ maurlurluni.
‘When it was summer, she’d do whatever she could
about them (foodstuffs), gathering the plants andberries of the land up there for her grandmother.’(CUN 2007:118); cf. uka(ni)uka(ni) in the area toward here; in the area throughwhich we came # extended demonstrative adverb;
ukani agiirtellemten’i qerrutepiaqiikut ‘backthere while we were coming we were very cold’;
see ukna, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > ukaniku,
ukaqsig-, ukate–, ukatmun, ukatrute-, ukanirpak;< PE dem uk-

ukaniku in the near future # adverbial particle;
Ukaniku piyunarqekumta cali ukucetun
naaqerkarpece÷ek igauciyugyaaqukut. ‘In thenear future, if it’s possible for us, we would like towrite more like this for you to read.’< ukani-ku
ukaqsig- to be close (to here) # ukaqsigtuq ‘it isclose by’ / neqlillrat ukaqsinruuq Mamterillerni‘their fish camp is closer than Bethel’; < ukaniqsig-

ukaqvaggun in the near future; recently #essentially a particle; Ukaqvaggun microwave
oven-aat paivngangellruut tamakut-llu
aninqinertunruluteng cani tamaitni kenircuutni.
‘Recently those microwave ovens have begun tocome on the scene and they are more economical
to use than any other cooking device.’ (GET
n.d.:14); < uka(ni)-qva-vialis
ukate- this side # ukatiini ‘on this side of it’ # Ciku
man’a qaingani nunam assiituq uum kipusviim
ukatiini. ‘This ice on top of the ground is bad on
this (toward us) side of this store.’ (PRA 1995:192);< uka(ni)-te3-; > ukakarar-ukatmun toward here; this way; on this side #adverbial particle; Maaten pug’uq yucuayaaq . . .
iirpayagauluni, qanerpayagauluni ukatmun
cauluni. ‘When it came in (to the house), it was alittle person with big eyes and a big mouth facing
this way.’ (GRA 1901:288); < uka(ni)-tmun

ukatrute- to shoot short of a target # ukatrutaa ‘heshot short of it’ / < uka(ni)-trute-ukayiruaq, ukasiruaq cottongrass (Eriophorum sp.)
# from unattested ukayiq, ukasiq cognate to Siberian
Yupik ukaziq ‘snowshoe hare’ (with cognates alsoin Inupiaq and some Sugpiaq, cf. PE uka9i3), andpostbase -uaq imitation, thing likeukeggna the one approaching # see ukna

663

uki- — uknaBasesukisqaq strong, capable person; source of assistance# ukisqangqertuq ‘he has a source of assistance’;
Kitak atu’urkiurnaurpuk ukisqaqlunuk! ‘Okay,
let’s make clothing for him, helping each other!’;(QUL 2003:110); NS; > ukisqir-; < PY ukisqaq
ukisqir- to help # ukisqiraa ‘he is helping her’ /HBC, NI, CAN, NUN, BB, NR; ukisqiutuq ‘he is
helping out’; < ukisqaq-ir1ukite- to make a hole in it # ukitaa ‘he madea hole in it’ / ukiskina! ‘get your ears
pierced!’; Wagg’uq, “Cikum ukicugngaurtii,
ayakuaryaqunaku iinga-llu ingluilengraan,
kegginaa-llu qaillun ayuqengraan.” Cikum-gguq
ukicugngaurtii camaken uksumi anguyugngauq.
‘And they said, “Do not refuse one who can makea hole through the ice, even though he is missing
one eye and his face is disfigured.” They say that
one who can make a hole through the ice can getfood from underneath during the winter.’ (YUP
2005:160); < uki-te2-; > ukicissuun, ukirqe-; < PEukit- (under PE uki-2)
ukiutnaq snap or clasp; hard-shelled sea creaturethat resembles a stick # the creature is about two
inches in length and half an inch in width, and to
eat it one breaks the shell in half and sucks out thecontents (species ?); NUN
ukivkaneq open hole in river ice during winter # Y;
< uki-vkar-neq1
ukiyaaq seal’s breathing hole in ice # BB; < ukiya(g)aq
ukli- to cut up food in preparation for cooking; todice # ukliuq ‘he is cutting up something’; uklia‘he is cutting it up’ / . . . Mikellaq-llu kemegmek
uklisqe™gani, ukliluni, aaniit-llu kenirluni. ‘. . . and
Mikellaq cut up some meat because she’d been
told to cut it up, and their mother cooked.’ (ELN
1990:66); cf. uklir-; < PE u!ukliukliaq cooked piece of fish # < ukli-aq1
uklir-, uk’lir- to provide solid ingredients in soup #ukliraa ‘he is providing it with solid ingredients’/ < ?-ir1-; cf. ukliukna, ukeggna the one approaching # restricteddemonstrative pronoun; kituuga ukna? ‘who isthat coming?’; uk’um ‘(of) that one approaching’;
ukegkut ‘the ones coming’; ernerni ukegkuni‘in the days to come’; Tua-i-ll’ ika-i nangerrluni
kiarqaarluni ayumian-gguq ukna ukatmun
agiireskili. ‘And then, across there, he stood up,
and after looking around, straight away that one

uki- to get a hole (in it); to get pierced # ukiuq ‘it gota hole in it’ / ukimauq ‘it has a hole in it’; elakaq
ukiuq ‘the water hole is all the way through tothe water’, i.e., the person making the hole finallychipped all the way through the ice, permitting thehole to fill with water; > ukii-, ukima-, ukineq,
ukinqucuk, ukilqaar(aq), ukite-, ukivkaneq,ukiyaaq; < PE uki-2
ukicissuun drill; awl; hole-making device, auger #< ukite-i2-cuunukii- to pierce a hole through # ukiiguq ‘he pierced
through’ / Tua ukiingnaqluni ukiivailegmi-ll’
ayimlluni panini taun’ meqsullrani. ‘When
his daughter was thirsty, he tried piercing ahole through [the ice], but before he could pierce
through, his pick broke.’ (ELL 1997:230); < uki-?ukima- to have a hole in it # ukimauq ‘it has ahole in it’ / Aipaan taum qimugkauyaraam
qanran qilii piak ukimaluni aipaan ta¥gken qanra
assirluni. ‘The roof of the mouth of one of the
puppies had a hole in it, but the mouth of theother one was fine.’ (ELN 1990:59); < uki-maUkiivak King Is. # in the Bering Sea near Nome,
formerly inhabited by Inupiaq people
ukilqaar(aq*), ukiqlak open-weave grass bag #< uki-?
ukineq hole (especially a hole made intentionally)# ciin una puyirvik ukinengqerta? ‘why does
this stovepipe have a hole in it?’; Anngamek
piuq ukinerugaat nunam qaingani, tekitellrani
cataiqaarluteng, tanqigmek anlluggluteng.
‘When they2 went out, they saw lots of holes in
the ground that hadn’t been there when he’darrived, and they were glowing with light.’ (YUU
1995:81); ukinerpall’er or ukinvall’er ‘huge hole’;< uki-te2-neq1
ukinqucuk upper bow-piece (with tote-hole) of
kayak # see Appendix 9 on the parts of the kayak;< uki-qucuk
ukiqlaaq* open-weave grass basket # cf. ukiukirqe- to make multiple holes in (it) # ukirqai ‘heis making holes it in’ / . . . angyaat ukirqelliniat,
mermek-llu imangami kill’uni. ‘. . . he made holes
in their boat, and when water came in it sank.’(YUU 1995:19); ukiqluku ‘(he) making hole afterhole in it’; < ukite-rqe1-; > ukirqissuun
ukirqissuun drill; awl; hole-making device #< ukite-rqe1-i2-cuun

664Basescoming approached from the distance toward thisarea.’ (CIU 2005:180); see Appendix 3 on Yup’ik
demonstratives; < PE dem ukuksi- to spend the winter # uksiuq ‘he is spending
the winter’ / Ta¥gaam-gguq maani — uksumi
cikungellra ayagluku pilliut — uksivimeggnun
nunameggnun quyurtaqluteng. ‘But here —maybe starting when ice formed in winter —they gather at their wintering headquarters village.’(CAU 1985:12); < uksuq-i3-; < PE ukyi- (under PE
ukyu3)
uksii-, uksui- to spend the fall # uksiiguq or
uksuiguq ‘he is spending the fall’ / < uksuaq-i3-;> uksiiyar-, uksuilleq
uksiiyar-, uksuiyar- to go to fall camp # uksiiyartuq
or uksuiyartuq ‘he went to fall camp’ / Tua-i-llu
uksiiyarpailegmeng ce÷’armi aquinginanermeggni
yakiicimaagulluteng tuaten camek qalrialriamek
niitut, . . . ‘And then, before they went to fall camp,while they were playing tag on the shore, they
heard something calling out, . . .’ (ELN 1990:30);< uksii-yaruksuilleq, uksuivik, uksiiyaraq fall camp # . . .
aipaan taum piyaaqellinia tua-i alangruamek,
uksuillerni qavartarlutek. ‘. . . his companion
tried to tell him about it, because they wereexperiencing a supernatural presence, spending
the night in the fall camp.’ (QAN 1995:206);< uksui-lleq1, uksui-vik, uksii-yaraq
uksuaq* fall; autumn; last autumn # and uksuarto become autumn # uksuartuq ‘it became
autumn’; uksuaraa ‘it became autumn onhim’ / Tan’geriyaurrlun’ waten uksuarmi.
Qakurnaryaurrluni-llu. ‘It started getting darker
in autumn like now. And also the frost started
to form.’ (AGA 1996:202); Tua-i-llu uksuarluni
cikuluni-llu, yuut-llu pektengluteng cikukun
tamaaggun. ‘Autumn came, and ice formed [onlakes and rivers], and people started walking on
the ice there.’ (MAR1 2001:5); < uksuq-?; > uksii-,
uksuaqu, uksuarpak; < PE ukyu3a3 (under PE
ukyu3)
uksuaqu this coming autumn # adverbial particle;< uksuaq-ku
uksuarpak all autumn # adverbial particle;
Tamaanlluteng-llu uksuarpak uksurpak-llu. ‘They
were there all autumn and all winter.’ (YUU
1995:100); < uksuaq-rpakuksullaq* thing of last winter # kumlivigmek

uksi- — uku-

luqruuyagmek uksullarmek aqvaten ‘get one oflast winter’s pike from the freezer’; < uksuq-llaq
uksuq winter; last winter; year # and uksur- to
become winter # uksurtuq ‘it became winter’;uksuraa ‘winter came upon it (the land)’ / uksuq
melqulegcullrunrituq ‘last winter he didn’t trap
for fur’; uksumi ‘during the winter’; uksuuguq‘it is winter’; uksuurtuq ‘it has become winter’;uksurcuun ‘something used for winter’; Tua-illu cat iliitni uksumi, uksum-wa qukaani tamaani
nengllillran nalliini qasgimiut uitanginanratni,
angutet tamaani qasgimi uitauratullratni, . . .
‘And then, one time in the winter, in the middleof winter, during the time when it was cold, when
the residents of the kashim stayed in, when themen stayed in the kashim, . . .’ (MAR1 2001:49);> uksi-, uksuaq, uksullaq, uksuqu, Uksurnarli,
uksurpak, uksurtaq; < PE ukyu3
uksuqu this coming winter # kiak kiputellruunga
nutaramek snuukuumek uksuqu aturnaluku ‘lastsummer I bought a new snowmachine to use thiscoming winter’; < uksuq-ku
Uksurnarli Portage Creek # village near Dillingham;< uksuq-naq1-li1
uksurpak all winter # adverbial particle; < uqsuqrpak
uksurtaq thing of winter; snow bunting(Plectrophenax nivalis) # < uksuq-taq2
uksussaq vinegar # from Russian ´rcec (úksus)
uku- one like this (indicated something on oneself
or nearby) # used with a possessor (or theequivalent) as in: a¥g’um arnam ukua iqauq‘that woman’s area here (indicating something
on oneself) is dirty’; ukuituq ‘it doesn’t have
one like this (indicating something on or nearoneself)’; Kegginaqurtangqellinilria ukua,
kegginaqumek, imkunek kegginaqunek-wa
tua-i muraganek. ‘In this part of it (narrator
indicating on or near himself), there was aevidently a mask, a mask, one of those kindsof masks which are made out of wood.’ (QAN
1995:52); Ukatmun kingyaraqami miryaraqluni
akutamek. Qat’riturnipaa-lli-gguq ukugkeni.
‘When he would turn his head and look backin this direction, he’d vomit out some “akutaq”(“Eskimo ice cream”). Oh my, how white, sothey say, his areas here and here became (narrator
indicating his shoulders).’ (CIU 2005:128); cf.
maku-; < base for ukut (q.v.)

665

ukurraq — ulaeBasesukurraq, ukuaq (NUN, HBC, NS form) daughterin-law; sister-in-law brother’s wife only; parallel
cousin’s son’s wife # Tuaten-gguq tua-iayuquq cali, muragtun caliarkarniilngurtun
yuk, nengaugkarniinani, panigkarniinani,ukurrarkarniinani-llu. ‘One can be like a piece ofwood that is difficult to work with, difficult asa son-in-law, a daughter, or a daughter-in-law.’(YUP 2005:80); > ukurrite-; < PE uku3a3
ukurritaq woman from another village residing in
her husband’s village; woman who has married
into a family # Taprarmiunun ukurritauguq‘she is living in her husband’s village, Stebbins’;
Tuani-am tua-i ukurritauyaaqellrem amaken
Qinarmek, ayagtelluku-gguq ilain, taqvailgata
anguyalriit. ‘Although she was living in her
husband’s village having come from Qinaq, her
relatives sent her away before the warring
stopped.’ (KIP 1998:197); < ukurrite-aq1
ukurrite- to marry into a certain village or family;
to get married # of a woman; ukurrituq ‘she
got married into a family’ / Nunanun allanun
nugtarrluni nengaugicaraq wall’u ukurricaraq
qaneryarartangqertuq cali inerquutnek. ‘There
are instructions and admonitions concerning
moving to another village, becoming a sonin-law or becoming a daughter-in-law.’ (YUP
2005:180); < ukurraq-ite2-; > ukurritaq
ukurmiu person from this place right here #Maa-i ukurmiunek ilangqelliniukut ayagyuanek
elitnauranek. ‘We have young people, students,
people from right here, attending.’ (ELD 1984:4);< uku-miuukut these # plural of una (q.v.); > ukurmiu
ukveke-, ukveqe- to believe # ukvekaa or ukveqaa‘he believes it or her’ / ukvekenritamken or
ukveqenritamken ‘I don’t believe you’; Ta¥gaken
ayagnirluku cuut ukvekenglliniat ukicimayukluku
Nanwarciar imarpigmun. ‘From that, people
began to believe that Nanwarciar had a passage(underground) that led to the ocean.’ (WEB2);
Atam nukalpiat iqlungartut; tauna ukveqenrilgu.
Nulirkani amllerrata iliitnek nuliangeciquq.
‘Look, young men lie; don’t believe him. Because
there are many potential wives for him, he willtake one of them for a wife.’ (YUU 1995:10);< ukver-ke4ukveq religion; belief; faith # and ukver- to believe;to have faith # ukvertuq ‘he believes’ /ukvertacia ‘the depth of his faith’; qanemcia
ukvernaituq ‘his tale is hard to believe’; ukvertua
Agayutetangqerrucianek ‘I believe that there isa God’; Cali yuut ukvelartut yuum tarneranek
tuquyuilngurmek. ‘Also people believe in theimmortal soul of a person.’ (CAU 1985:34); Ciin
nangyaryugceci, elpeci ukverkilngurni?’ Why are
you terrified — you of little faith?’ (MATT. 8:26);> ukveke-, ukveraite-, ukvernarqe-, ukverneq,
ukvertar-, ukverun; < PE ukv03ukveraite- to be incredulous; unbelieving; tobe overjoyed; to marvel # ukveraituq ‘he isoverjoyed’ / Nanraumali Ataneq! Ukveraitnarquq
kenekminek nasvagillra wangnun . . . ‘The Lord
be praised! His showing his love toward me
makes one marvel . . .’ (PSALM 31:21); < ukveraq1-ite1ukvernarcar- to pledge; to swear truthfulness
or loyalty; to guarantee # Ukvernarcarirraara
wangnun, . . . Tua-i Esau ukvernarcariluni
paitarkani Jacob-aamun pikarkaurcetaa. ‘Pledge
to me first, . . . So Esau pledged and allowed hisbirthright to pass to Jacob.’ (AYAG. 25:33);< ukver-narq-car-i1ukvernarqe- to be believable; to be trustworthy; tobe credible # ukvernarquciq ‘credibility’;. . . tamarmeng-llu alerquutai ukvernaqluteng.
‘. . . and all his precepts are trustworthy.’ (PSALM
111:7); < ukver-narqeukverneq faith # < ukver-neq2
ukvertar- to tend to believe things # ukvertartuq‘he tends to believe’ / Ta¥gken-gguq tua-i
im’ ukvertalria tua-i piciuyukluki pilria, ilani
qusengraata cakneq qusyuunani. ‘But, one who
tends to believe in the truth of these things, evenif others get colds, he never gets a cold.’ (YUP
2004:74); < ukver-tar1ukverun, ukveruciq religion; belief; faith # <ukver-n, ukver-ciq
ukveryagute- to come to believe (it/him) #ukveryagutuq ‘he has come to believe’;ukveryagutaa ‘he has come to believe it, or him’
/ Waniwa tang arnassagaama qaneryarat-ll’ ilait
elitaqsaurcamki ukveryaguskeka’ll’-am tamana
tua-i. ‘Now that I’m an old woman, because
I’ve begun to learn this things that have beenstated, I’ve come to believe that [tradition].’ (AGA
1996:110); < ukver-yaguteulae high tide; flood # Tua-i ul’aqan, una, ula

666Basesmayuraqan kit’aqluni qaill’ pitalriamek.
‘Whenever the tide came up, when the high tiderose, this one would be under the water this far.’(PAI 2008:200); see also ule-; < PE ul0(-)
ulakitaar- to play tag # ulakitaartut ‘they areplaying tag’; NSU; cf. ullag-; < PY ulakitaa3ulapeqe- to waste time; to act wantonly (andperhaps cruelly); to take advantage of someone;
to play around # ulapequq ‘he is wasting time,
playing around’ / ulapequtekaa ‘he is using
it to waste time, he is playing around withit or her’; . . . tumyarat taukut tekiartellinii
ulapeqellrata nuniini inuguacuar una arenqianani
kenugngaluni. ‘. . . when she got to the path,at the place where they’d been playing aroundthere was a little doll and it was certainly welladorned.’ (CIU 2005:332); Ulapequcilaagnekllu ungungssiarnek casciigalivkaraqluki.
‘Wantonly they mistreated animals, making
it so that the animals couldn’t do anything.’(AYAG. 49:6); Tua-i taum arnam tunllinii taukut
nakacuut. Quyaluni tegullinii, angniriqerrluni.
Ulapequteklinii, egqaqluki tuaten. ‘And thewoman give those bladders. He gladly took themand got very happy. Playing with them, he threw
them about.’ (YUU 1995:87) cf. ulapsagteulap’aq waterproof boot # Amiitnek tamakut
ulap’angqellruukut imumi. Wiinga-ll’
angullruanka. Wiinga-ll’ aturaqluki. ‘We hadwaterproof boots from their skin. I caught the tailend of that era; I also used to use them.’ (AGA
1996:184); = alap’aq; from ‘rubber’ulapsagte- to make a mistake; to forget # ulapsagtuq‘he made a mistake’; cf. ulapeqeulariq type of berry called “apple berry” (species ?) #picked in spring; they make the mouth dry; LI
ulcetaaq baking powder; yeast; or other leavening
agent # . . . ulcetaarutet iciw’ imkut anglallrulriit
imumi, taukut terr’at ukilleryayagirturluku
ussukcamek. ‘. . . back in those days baking
powder cans were large; they made little holes inthe bottom with a nail.’ (CIU 2005:196); < ulecetaaq
ule- to rise (of liquid or semiliquid, e.g., dough);to be high tide (coast and along tidal rivers); toflood (inland); # ul’uq or ulaa ‘the tide is high’;‘it is flooding’; ‘the level of the liquid is rising’ /un’gaken anuqlirpakaami ulnguq ‘because thewind is blowing from downriver it is beginningulakitaar- — uligui-

to flood’; negtaaraq ulcirtuq kaminiam caniani‘the bread dough is left to rise by the stove’;ulesqaar ‘a little flood’; ulesqiirluni ‘flooding alittle’; Taukut-llu keliparkat ulcirluki, ulngata-llu
uulluki. ‘She waited for the dough shaped into
loaves to rise, and when they rose she baked
them.’ (PRA 1995:413); ulengnaqenrilnguut‘nonprofit corporation’ (literally: ‘those that
don’t try to rise (above others for profit)’) (legal
neologism); see also. ula; > ulengnaqenrilnguut,
ulcetaaq, ulerpag-, ulerpak, uleve-, ulevlar-,ulute-; < PE ul0(-)
ulerpak flood # and ulerpag- to flood # ulerpagtuq‘it is flooding’ / ulerpautaa ‘it is floodingit’; . . . nunam pektellrakun wall’ ulerpagkun
cagmarilleq. ‘. . . earthquake or flood damage.’(NEL 1978:3); Tangerrluku ulerpagcetqata’arqa
nuna unguvangqellriit tamalkuita piunrirluki.
‘See, I am going to bring a flood upon the earthand destroy all life.’ (AYAG. 6:17): < ule-rpak
uleve- to well up (of water from beneath the earthor ice); to babble (of one speaking) # ulevuq ‘it isbubbling up’, ‘he is babbling’ / NSU; = ulve-;< ule-?ulevlaq spring (of water) # and ulevlar- to have aconstant visible flow of water as evidenced bybubbles # ulevlartuq ‘it (water) is entering’ /Nasaurluut-gguq iliit kingunruluni ivqatallrani
iliit kingyarluni piuq nanvaq tauna camaken
ulevlat anngartellinilriit. ‘When the last girl began
to go into the water, one of the people in front
looked back and noticed water bubbles comingfrom the bottom.’ (CIU 2005:118); Ulevlarpallraat
anqerrluteng. ‘Large bubbles would surface.’ (PAI
2008:28); < ule-; < PE ul0vla3- (under PE ul(0))
ulevleruyak bumblebee flower; lousewort(Pedicularis sp.) # the roots of this plant are eaten;< ?-ruyak
ulevte- to be messy; to mess up # ulevtuq ‘it ismessy’; ulevtaa ‘he messed it up’ / NUN, NS
ulganaq parka ruff # NUN; < uuleg-a-naq1
uligaaq coat # NSU; < ulik-?
uligiayuli ghost said to have a big blanket, which
it wraps around children who are out too late atnight playing hide-and-seek, it then takes themaway # < ulig-?-yuli
uligui- to distract attention from its young by
pretending to be disabled and thus drawing
an intruder’s attention to itself (of a bird) #667

uliiq — ulligte-

Basesullacuk bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) with dark
fur # NUN
ullag- to approach # ullagaa ‘he approached it orher’ / ullautuq ‘he approached something’;
ullagartaa ‘he rushed up to it’; ullagarutuq ‘hehimself rushed up’; Tua-i-am apqaurturluni
pilaucimitun tauna Elnguq, tua-i-llu
paqnakngamiu kaminiaq ullagluku canimek
murilkaa, qaraliarluni piciatun. ‘And so, asking
questions as was her way, Elnguq went over tothe stove out of curiosity and when she looked
at it from the side she saw that it had various
decorations.’ (ELN 1990:7); Ulliini mak’arrluni
uirraniluni tuaten ullagiinaarluku. ‘When she went
over to it, it stood up and slowly approached her
growling!’ (ELN 1990:80); > ullaute-; cf. ulakitaarullaute- to approach something; to cometo something # ullautuq ‘he approachedsomething’; ullautaa ‘he brought (him) tosomething’ / Nunat-gguq ukut piaqata allat
nunat ullautaqluteng Elriliyarluteng. ‘When thevillage did that, the other village would comefor the Great Memorial Feast.’ (CAU 1985:129);
Cikmiumalria-llu elliinun ullautaat, . . . ‘They
brought to him a blind man, . . .’ (MARK 8:22);< ullag-te5ull’eruaq (ul’eruaq ?) exterior grove of an oval bowl
# NUN
ulligtaq fish cut for drying # < ulligte-aq1;> ulligtaruaq
ulligtaruaq split and dried small fish, suchas whitefish, pike, or trout # Unuakumi
makcara’arluteng uptut atrauquriluteng
aklumeggnek, cali-llu kinertalluliameggnek,
ulligtarualiameggnek-llu uciviirucan ta¥gaam
angyaq taqluteng. ‘They got up early in themorning and got ready to go by taking theirpossessions down to the boat, and also theyloaded the meat they’d dried and small split driedsmoked fish and stopped only when there was no
more room in the boat.’ (PRA 1995*:460);< ulligtaq-uaq
ulligte- to cut fish for drying, in the traditionalmanner, making cuts so that air can reach allparts of the flesh (LK meaning); to turn over (NUN
meaning); to mess things up; to scatter things (EGmeaning) # ulligtuq ‘it is cut for drying’; ulligtaa‘she cut it for drying’ / ulligciuq ‘she is cutting
fish for drying’; > ulligtaq; cf. ullirte-; < PE u@i3-

uiiguiguq ‘it (bird) is performing its distracting
act’ /
uliiq arctic fox; white fox (Vulpes lagopus) #Qavartaraqluta uksumi pingnatugluta
akikarcungnaqaqamta kaviarnek, uliirnek-llu.
‘We’d camp out in the winter while doing
subsistence activities trying to get furs, red fox
and white fox, to sell for cash.’ (KIP 1998:263);< PY ula!aq
ulik blanket; quilt # and ulig- to use a blanket #uligtuq ‘he put on a blanket’; uligaa ‘he put
a blanket on her’ / Uliilami-llu ulik nuqluku
imgulluni uligmun uitaurluni, piqerluni
qerrutenrinrakun Turpiim qerruyinglliami
makluni ulik nuqtarluku ulingnaqluni uliamita¥gaam taqluni. ‘As she was not covered by theblanket, she pulled the blanket over and wrapped
herself up in the blanket staying warm like that,
but as soon as she became warm, Turpak started
getting cold, sat up and pulled the blanket backtrying to cover herself with the blanket, stopping
only when she was covered with the blanket.’(ELN 1990:60); Qanikcamek nuna ulilaraa . . . ‘Heblankets the earth with snow . . .’ (PSALM 147:16);> uligaaq, uligiayuli, ulikutaq, ulilek; < PE uli!(-)
ulikutaq, ulikussuk something thrown overthe shoulders and used as a robe; shawl;
cloak # uligmek ulikutarluni aqumgauq‘putting a blanket over his shoulders asa shawl, he is sitting down’; ‘Tua-i-llu
qayagpagaqtaryaaqerraarlukek itqercami
kaviavialuarani ulikutaqeqerluki anqertelliniluni.
‘She yelled out some instructions to them2, andwhen that did not work, she rushed back into
the house, and she grabbed her fox-fur piece,
wrapped it around her shoulders, and went
out.’ (CIU 2005:230); Aqevlerucirarkaugan-llu
kangiraikun ulikussukluku aturan. ‘You shallmake tassels on the corners of the cloak you
wear.’ (ALER. 22:12); < ulik-kutaq
ulilek beaver in its third year # Y; < ulik-lek; cf.
paluqtaq, the general term for beaver
uliun sinew before it is split to use for sewing;
top layer of back muscle and ligaments used
for making sinew # Tamakunek tamaa-i tuntut
piitnek uliutaitnek pituut. ‘They use thoseligaments from the muscles on the back of the
caribou [for sinew].’ (PAI 2008;106); < ulik-n;< PE uli(C)un668

Basesullinga- to be turned inside out # ullingauq ‘it isinside out’ / < ulte-ngaullirneq a cut # Y; < ullirte-neq1
ullirtaaq coat; jacket # so called because of the way inwhich it opens in front, in contrast to the traditional
pullover parka, atkuk; BB, NR, LI, EG; < ullirte-?
ullirte- to open or cut so as to expose the inside #ullirtuq ‘it is opened, cut open’; ullirtaa ‘he cut
it open’ / Atam tua-i ava-i upyut’ngareskaku,
mikelnguq anyungareskan, uuggun waniwa
uum ipegcarturalallrakun tua-i aqsiik ullirrlukek
irnivkarniarput. ‘When the child is ready to comeout, we cut her [the woman’s] abdomen withthe knife we’ve been sharpening and take thebaby out.’ (CUN 2007:31); > ullirneq, ullirtaaq; cf.
ulligte-; < PE u@i3ullukarak tool box # NUN
ull’ute- to collapse on the people in the building as
during an earthquake # ull’utaa ‘it collapsed onhim’ or ‘it (the ground) swallowed him as during
an earthquake’ / < ulte-te3ulluvak cheek # ulluviigken ‘your cheeks’; Yuum
qacareskaten ulluvagpegun inglua-llu manikiu.
‘If a person slaps you on the cheek, turn theother one.’ (LUKE 6:29); < ?-vak; > ulluvalqin,
ulluvalquq; < PE u@u!a!
ulluvalqin gill cover of a fish; operculum #< ulluvak-?
ulluvalquq cheek of a fish, cut from the fish #< ulluvak-quq
ull’uyaq whirlwind # ull’uyam kalikallerpakayall’er
quletmun tengtaa ‘the whirlwind blew thelarge piece of paper upward’; Ataneq, ull’uyamayagaskiitun urr’artun ayuqlirivkarki, . . . ‘Lord,
make them like the dust blown about by awhirlwind, . . .’ (PSALM 83:13); K, BB; = ucluryaq;< ?-yaq; < PE ul0(t)luya3ulmirte- to flare # e.g., copper tubing; < PY ulmi3t0ulpeg- to be boiling # ulpegtuq ‘it is boiling’ / NUN
ulpecuqnaq toy or game in which a stick is tossed
up and the player tries to have it fall into or
through a small hole in a handheld component #NUN; cf. ulpegteulpegte- to upend so as to check or clean
underneath # Muragnek qaill’ taktalrianek
tegumiirluta, akiqliqluta waten, kuiggaq
kelugkat aciirluku ulpegtaqluki waten. ‘We’d get astick of certain length, and after putting the stickunder the overhanging grass along the side ofullinga- — ulu

the stream, the two holding the ends of the stickwould turn up the grass, getting under it.’ (PAI
2008:196)
ulpete- to somersault # EG; cf. ulpiarteulpiarte- to somersault # ulpiartuq ‘heis doing a somersault’ / mikelnguut
ulpiartaartut nunapigmi ‘the children are
somersaulting on the tundra’; Ancamegnegu
pilliniak, ulpiartaaresqelluku tallimarqunek,
tegulayunaitniluku. ‘After they’d took him out,
they told him to do five somersaults, telling him
he was undesirable to touch (otherside).’ (YUU
1995:98); cf. ulpete-; < PE ulp01 or ulp0t (under PE
ul0t-)
ulqiq potato; wild potato plant (Claytonia tuberosa) #NUN; = utqiq; < PE ulqi3
ulqucinak parka made with the fur side inward #Wiinga-llu tevyulinek ulqucinaarauluki. ‘Me too,(they’d have me use) a fur-side in parka of muskrat
skins.’ (CAU 1985:130); < ulte-?
ulruk pair of pants # and ulrur- to put on pants #ulrurtuq ‘he put on pants’; ulruraa ‘he put pantson him’ / the noun ulruk is a dual with base ulruras in ulrurpiik ‘big pair of pants’; BB, NR, LI, EG;> ulrusiik
ulrussiik old pair of overalls # < ulruk-?
ulte- to turn inside out; to reverse # ultuq ‘it turned
inside out’; ultaa ‘he turned it inside out’ /ullesgu! ‘turn it inside out!’; ullelluku ‘turning
it inside out’; Waten-gguq tang alangrulriit
tamakut, makuit, aliit ultaqelriit elatmun,
qerrulliit-llu makut akuit pingermeng caliullingaluteng; negiliit-llu cali ullingaluteng.
‘Like this, they say, those who encountered anapparation would have their sleeves turned inside
out, and their cuffs and hems and ruffs also
turned inside out.’ (QAN 1995:196); > ullinga-,
ull’ute-, ulqucinak; < PE ul0tulu, uluq tongue # uluni kegqeraa
tamuallerminiu cukangnaqluni ‘he bit his
tongue when he chewed it, trying to chew
fast’; Yuucuaqaurlullerpeni qanerpeggun
ilaten ilakniteksaqunaki. Ulu mik’lengermi
akngirnarquq. ‘During the brief span of yourlife don’t say anything to your fellows without
considering their feelings. Even though the
tongue is small, it can hurt.’ (YUP 2005:66); Y, NS,
HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, UK, LI, EG; > uluckegcir-,ulucuar, ulukaq, ulungayaraq, uluvirte-; cf.
uluaq, uluar-; < PY-S ulu(q)669uluaq — ulurpak

Basesuluaq traditional Eskimo woman’s knife shaped likea broad wedge set in a handle opposite the arcshaped edge; semi-lunar knife; any type of knife(CAN meaning) # sometimes called ‘ulu’ in English,
from the Inupiaq name for this kind of knife; the sharpedge of an uluaq is its kegginaq, the handle is its
egkuaq; uluakun ulligciuq ‘she is cutting fish fordrying with a semi-lunar knife’; Urluvminekgguq tauna tan’gaurluller tegumiarrarluni.
Tauna-llu-gguq aipaa nasaurluq uluamek.
Nanikuangengamek taum tan’gaurlullraam
tauna nasaurluq pillinia, “Uluarpegun kepqerru.”‘The little boy clutched his bow and arrow andthe girl her semi-lunar knife’. When they panicked,
not knowing quite who to do, the boy told thegirl, “Cut it with your semi-lunar knife.”’ (PAI
2008:400); NS, Y, NI, NUN, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI;
cf. ulu; > uluara-, ulurpak; < PE ulu(3) and ulu3a3
uluar- to saw # uluartuq ‘he is sawing’; uluaraa‘he is sawing it’ / NS; cf. ulu-; > uluarun; < PE
ula3a3uluara- to use a knife # Amllermi
inerquutngullrulliniuq caliyaraq arcaqerluni
uluarayaraq wall’u piqertuaryaraq. Cali
Caninermium qanrutkaa tua-i erenraniuluararraarluteng akerta-llu tevian taqluteng.
‘There were prohibitions [after a death]concerning work, cutting with a knife, or
chopping. A person from Canineq has told about
how they would use knives during the day, thenas soon as the sun sets they’d stop using them.’(CAU 1984:127); CAN; < uluaq-?uluarun saw # NS; < uluar-n
uluckegcir-, uluc’ukcir- to babble; to blab #uluckegcirtuq ‘he is babbling’ / < ulu-?, ulu-?
ulucuar uvula # Y; < ulu-cuar
ulug1- to flex a skin or the like to make it pliant byworking it with both hands in a circular motion;
to crumple # ulugtuq ‘he is softening a skin’; ‘itis wrinkled’; ulugaa ‘he is softening it’ / ulugaq‘something that has been softened by being
worked on with the hands’; Cali-llu ulukuni
amiitnek wangnun ikayuusqelluni tua-i-wa
pitlikan uini. ‘Also when she was going to soften
the skins, she wanted me to help her, that is, if
her husband happened to catch any (squirrels).’(PRA 1995:299); > ulugcuun, ulugglug-; < PE
ulu!ulug2- to twinkle # > ulugtalria

ulugtalria twinkling star or beacon; the Morning
Star # < ulug-tar1-lria
ulugcuun, uluggsuun washboard # < ulug1-cuunulugglug-, ulugglugte- to be wrinkled # of clothes;ulugglugtuq ‘it is wrinkled’ / < ulug1-rrluk,
ulug1-rrluk
ulukaq slate stone formerly used to make semilunar
knives # Uluarit-wa cali ciimat, ulukarnek acirluki
piaqluki. ‘Their semilunar knives were made ofstone they called “ulakaq”.’ (MARl 2001:23);< ulu-kaq
ulunalek three-cornered needle # EG
ulungayaraq (HBC form), ulunguyar(aq*) (NI, CAN,
NUN form) uvula # < ulu-u-yaraq, ulu-u-yaraq
ulupirute- to talk to # Ulupirutelliniluku
qantullinian, qaillun piluku pillranek,
apqaulliniluku. ‘He talked to it, since it was able
to talk, interrogated it as to how it came to be theway it was.’ (MAR2 2001:43); Y; < ulu-?
uluqaq something or someone that one can orshould turn one’s head and eyes away from #. . . assirluni arenqianani-gguq tangrraarluni
uluqauvkenani. ‘. . . being so fine that, oh dear,after one had seen him, he wasn’t one that one
could take one’s eyes off.’ (CIU 2005:174); < ulur-qaq
uluquq lee side # uluq®ra ‘its lee side’
ulur- to turn one’s head and eyes away; to ignore# ulurtuq ‘he turned away’; uluraa ‘he turned
away from it’ / aqessngaqatallermini uluraa‘when he was about to sneeze he turned his headaway from her’; Imumi nunamini [nunavni]
nerevkallrunrilkuvni neresqessarpek’nak,tangrraarluku ulullrukuvni. ‘He wouldn’t haveasked you to eat in his village if you hadn’t asked
him to eat in your village, if you had ignored
him after seeing him.’ (QUL 2003:22); Ta¥gaam
wiinga ulullerpenga nanikuallruunga. ‘But
when you turned your face away from me I was
dismayed.’ (PSALM 30:7); > uluqaq; cf. uluryaulurpak large semi-lunar knife # Tua-i-llu aturluni
ikani, yuarutni iquklican imum arnangiallerraam
ulurpak egtaa tungiinun, maa-maani tailuni,
uniurqurluku tull’uni, egkuara ta¥gaam
alaunani. ‘So she sang across there, and when
her story came to an end that ugly old woman
threw the large semi-lunar knife toward him, andit came, toward here, and, barely missing him,
it landed with only its handle visible.’ (MAR1
2001:66); Waten-gguq ayarua ulurpall’ermek

670Basesulurrugnaq — umciginga-

ul’utvak “whitecoat”; newborn or unborn seal,
especially spotted seal (Phoca largha) # < ?-vakuluvirte- to scold, to give a tongue-lashing #uluvirtuq ‘he is giving someone a tonguelashing’; uluvirtaa ‘he gave her a tongue-lashing,bawled her out’ / < ulu-?uluvlite- to rustle # BB
ulve- to well up (of water from beneath the earth orice) # Ta¥gaam meq ulvelartuq nunam acianek
nuna mirluku. ‘But the water welled up fromunder the earth and watered the earth.’ (AYAG.
2:6); = uleve-; > ulvelria
ulvelria spring (of water) # Kuigtalegmun
mermek-llu ulvelriatalegmun, nunam-llu aciakun
kuiggartalegmun, qurrlurluteng kuignayugni
qemini-llu. ‘To one with rivers, to the one withsprings, and underground streams gushing forthin the valleys and hills.’ (ALER. 8:7); . . . ulvelriit
mer’et ulvenrircetaqluki. ‘. . . it makes the springsof water cease to flow forth.’ (PSALM 107:33);< ulve-lria
um- root; > umci-, umcig-, umek, umeg-, umgiumci-, umcigi- (HBC form), umcigci- (HBC form)
to be plugged; to be stuffed; to have nasal
congestion # umciuq ‘it is plugged’, ‘he has nasal
congestion’; / qengagka umciuk ‘my nose isstuffed’; < um-?umcig- to be airtight # umcigtuq ‘it is airtight’ /umcigtaa ‘he made it airtight’; umcigtai nem’iakulqucui urunek ‘he sealed the cracks ofhis house with moss’; qallilirluku nunamek
umciggluku ‘making it airtight by covering
it with a layer of dirt’; “Qaillun ayuqellrua
nepiami marayami uitalleq?” “Assillruuq.
Nenglliurnaunani umcikcarnaunatengllu cat. Assirluni tua-i nenglliyuunani
kumauranrilngermi.” ‘What was it like staying
in a semi-subterranean house?” “It was nice. It
didn’t tend to cause one to get cold and nowhere
did it require extra sealing. It was good, nevercold even though a fire wasn’t burning.” (KIP
1998:301); > umcigun; < PE umci!- (under PE
um0!-)
umcigun, umcigutekaq weather stripping;caulking; oakum; plug # < umcig-te2-n,
umcig-te2-n-kaq
umciginga- to refrain from having seal oil until
summer at the time when one’s son first catches aseal # NUN

cingilegluni. Yuilqumek-gguq agiirtaqan ayaruni
tauna waten piyuatekluku, akertem-gguq aciani
qevlerpallaraaqluni tauna ayarum cingilga.’ His
staff had a large double-edged blade at its tip. Whenhe was approaching from the wilderness walking
with his staff, the sun would sparkle on the tip of
his staff.’ (CIU 2005:174); < uluaq-rpakulurrugnaq legendary sea monster said to devour
whales # < ?-naq2
ulurya- emotional root; > uluryacir(ar)-, uluryaite-,uluryake-, uluryanar-, uluryatar(ar)-, uluryayug-,uluryarutaq, uluryatar(ar)-,uluryake- to fear especially getting hit by (it); tocringe before (it) # uluryakaa ‘he fears (getting
hit by) it’ / < ulurya-ke2uluryanarqe- to cause one to fear (getting hit); tocause one to cringe / uluryanarquq ‘it causes one
to wince or quiver with fright’, ‘it is threatening’/ . . . akertem-gguq aciani qevlerpallaraaqluni
tauna ayarum cingilga. Uluryanaqluni
alingnaqluni. ‘. . . the tip of his staff would
sparkle under the sunlight. It was intimidating
and scary.’ (CIU 2005:174); < ulurya-narqeuluryayug- to show fear; to cringe / uluryayugtuq‘he winced, afraid of being hit’ / < ulurya-yuguluryacir(ar)-, uluryaca(ar)- to threaten to hit him
with something held in the hand and used
as a weapon # uluryaciraraa ‘he is making
threatening motions at him’ / Eq’ngengami
kegginaakun piirraminek uluryacirallinia.
‘Exasperated, she made motions to strike him in theface with the sinew that she was braiding.’ (YUU
1995:127); < ulurya-?-; > uluryaciriyaraq
uluryaciriyaraq assault # < uluryacir(ar)-i2-yaraq
uluryaite- to not fear getting hit; to not cringe; to be
cruel # < ulurya-ite1uluryarutaq native-made maul consisting of a log
with one end thinned to serve as a handle #< ulurya-?-taq1
uluryatar(ar)- to flinch # uluryata’arluni ‘(he)flinching’; A, uluryatarallrani tua-i unrakun‘gguun pitgallralliniluku. ‘Ah, when he flinched
he went ahead and shot him here through thearmpit.’ (QUL 2003:430); < ulurya-?ulute- to flood; to inundate # ulutaa ‘it is flooding
it’ / cupraarcelluku ulerpiim nep’ut ulutellrua‘after breakup the flood inundated our house’;< ule-te5-; < PE ulut0 (under PE ul0(-))

671

ume- — umsuarrulaar-Basesume- to panic; to be in a dither # um’uq ‘he is in apanic’ / NS; > umruksuarumek door; hatchway; cover # and umeg- to close;
to turn off; to close off; to cover over # umegtuq‘it (door, store, etc.) closed’; umgaa ‘he closed it’/ niicugnissuutet umegki! ‘turn off the radio!’;umget ‘the doors’; Amik-llu umegturluku,
kan’a-llu kenirlallrat maqilriit umgumaluni.
‘The door was closed and the firepit down there
was covered (with planks).’ (AGA 1996:54);
piqatarraarpeknateng umegluku ‘emergency
closures (of fishing or hunting season)’; Imam
Umgutii ‘November’ (NUN usage); literally:‘the sea’s closing in (with ice)’; > umguci-,
umkaryaraq
umgi- to have a stuffed nose; to have nasal
congestion # HBC; < um-i2umguci- to bring a small gift for the communal
men’s house during the Kevgiq (“Messenger
Feast”) # CAN; < umeg?-?
umi- to fade away and be gone (for a long time)# umiuq ‘it is gone’ / umivkenani ‘not being
gone for long’; Cetamarqunek tuatnarraarluteng
tayima umiluteng. ‘After they did that for the
fourth time, their noise diminished until it wasgone.’ (MAR1 2001:44); > umiqer-, umiqsig-,
umiqvanek
umialek wealthy person # NSU; from Inupiaq
umialik ‘boat owner, boat captain’umi, umik, umiq hard stone used to make tools
and weapons; stone arrowhead or harpoon
point; spade in cards (additional BB, NI meaning)# Tauna-am pilliniuq tua-i tuqutenritqaasqelluni,
umikamek, umikaatnek nunulirciqniluki. ‘He told
them not to kill him, that he’d reward them witharrowhead material.’ (PAI 2008:342); > umilek
um’i spades (in playing cards) # NUN
umilek arrow with stone arrowhead; three-corneredskin-sewing needle (in HBC) # < umi-lek
umingmaq musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) # from
Inupiaq umi&mak, since musk oxen were introduced
to this area from Greenland # NUN
uminguaq one of two pieces of calfskin sewn tomake a V pattern just below the strip of otter fur
across the chest and back of a traditional Yup’ik
parka or on skin boot # < umi-uaq (?); but cf.
Inupiaq umik ‘whisker
umiqer- to occur a while later # used in thesubordinative (only ?); Kiituani umiqercelluku
kingurakun paitmurtuq, . . . ‘Then he, after awhile, went following her toward the mouthof the river, . . .’ (GRA 1901:293); Imumi
murilkessagutua, up’nerkami tua-i waten un’aketvut cikuirtellra umiqerluku, Kusquqvagmek
muriit an’aqelriit. ‘Back then, I began to watch
what was happening and in spring, down at our
seashore, shortly after it became free of ice, drift
logs would come out from the Kuskokwim.’ (PAI
2008:244); < umi-qarumiqsig- to be almost inaudible because of distance;
to be remote in a general sense # umiqsigtuq‘it is inaudible and far off’ / Tuamta-llugguq niiciiquq iliini naken tua-i umiqvanek
ama-i niitnarqevyaagarluni tuatnayaaqluni,
qanikciurutem tutmallra, umiqsigluni ama-i
egqaqellra. ‘And sometimes he would hearsnow landing as it is being shoveled but itwould barely be audible.’ (QUL 2003:42); Man’a-ll
kuingill’er. Man’a-llu kuingimi taangaq tuarpiaq
umiqsinrurtuq. Tamaa-i tamana ayagyuama
usviirutii. ‘And now there’s this bad kind of
smoking. When one smokes [marijuana] it’s likeliquor; but one becomes more remote. This iswhat is making our youth crazy.’ (ELD 1984:53);< umi-qsigumiqvanek from the distance; from out of sight #adverbial particle; tengssuun umiqvanek neplirtuq‘the airplane is making noise from far off’; < umiqva-ablative-modalis
umkaryaraq stovepipe damper # < umeg-qar-yaraq
Umkumiut prominent fish camp on Nelson Is. #< ?-miu-plural
umlluaqar-, umllekar- to cook rare # HBC; < uu-;
= uungllekar-, uuvlaar-, uvluaqarumnaq rope # EG; cf. unraq
umran roughly woven grass cover used to protect
drying fish from rain # NUN; < ?-n; cf. umumruksuar- to tremble, shake # HBC; < ume-?ksuarumsuaq, umsugaq mind; idea; thought;
mental activity; frame of mind # Umsugaa
iluteqkanirtuq. ‘His feelings became more andmore hurt.’ (MAR1 2001:4); NS = umyuaq,
umyugaq; > umsuarrulaar-, umsuarteqe-; cf. usvi;< PY-S umyu!$aq
umsuarrulaar- to be in a panic # umsuarrulaartuq‘he is in a panic’ / NSU; < umsuar-?

672

Basesumsuarteqe-, umsugarteqe- to think # Tua-gguq
umsuartequq, “Wall’u-qaa wanguuq kan’a?
Wang’ungatuq kan’a.” ‘Then he thought, “Or
could that one down there be me? It’s probably
me down there.”’ (AGA 1996:162); Y, NSU; =umyuarteqe-; < umsuaq-teqe-, umsugaq-teqeumta fog # and umte- to be foggy # umtuq ‘it isfoggy’ / Y
umyuacuar- to partially lose one’s sanity #umyuacuartuq ‘he is somewhat crazy’ /< umyuaq-cuar(aq)umyualiurta psychiatrist; psychologist; counselor;social worker # umyualiurtet qalaruciyaraat‘mental health counseling’; < umyuaq-liur-ta1
umyuallgutke- to agree (in thought); to be of one
mind; to have the same opinion; to think likeor alike # umyuallgutkuk ‘they2 have the same
opinion’; umyuallgutkaa ‘he has the same
opinion as her’ / < umyuaq-llgun-ke2umyuanga’rte- to suddenly get an idea #umyuanga’rtuq ‘he just thought of something’ /< umyuange-ar(ar)te1umyuange- to get an idea # Tua-i umyuangani,unugmi qavallratni qasgimi, caviggani taunaanulluku, . . . When he got the idea, at night
while they slept in the kashim, he took his knife
outside, . . .’ (PAI 2008:420); < umyuaq-ngeumyuanqutag- to have a tantrum #umyuanqutagtuq ‘he is having a tantrum’ /< umyuaq-?
umyuaq mind; idea; thought; mental activity; frameof mind # umyuara assirtuq ‘his idea or frame ofmind is good’, ‘he is happy’; umyuani cimiraa orumyualinqigtuq ‘he changed his mind’; umyuani
ngelkarrluku ‘to the extent that he had it inmind’; Apqaullerminiu tuar Nalaurmek tuaraaniin umyuara assiitellria. ‘When she questioned
her about Nalauq, it was as if her mother’s mind
was troubled.’ (ELN 2990:84); Tua-i-ll’ umyuani
assiircan . . . ‘And so, since he got into a badframe of mind (became angry) . . .’ (ELL 1997:l24);
Pingraani-am elliyartuusqelluki tuquarqauniluki
ilangcivkenaku qunguturaqarkauniluki umyuani
aturluku tua-i algacakluki taukut unglutuumaita.
‘Even though she told her to put them backsince they would die, saying she’d have themfor a pet she followed her own inclination andkept them [the little birds] and their nest too.’(ELN 1990:24); malrugnek umyualek ‘hypocrite’umsuarteqe- — umyuarniurun(neologism used in New Testament translation); =umsuaq, umyugaq; > umyuacuar-, umyualiurta,
umyuallgutke-. umyuange-, umyuanqutag-,umyuaqe-, umyuaqegci-, umyuarcirtur-,umyuarite-, umyuarniur-, umyuarrliqe-,
umyuarrlugcarar-, umyuartu-, umyui-,
umyuiqe-; cf. usvi; < PY-S umyu!$aq
umyuaqe- to think about # umyuaqaa ‘heis thinking about it’ / umyuaqnarquq ‘itis memorable’; uumiku taiyara’arciqua
umyuaqluku tauna ‘I’ll come early next timewith that in mind’; umyuaqenritliniaqa-am tua-i
maqissiyaayuilama ‘I hadn’t thought of it since
I don’t often take steam baths’; Alussistuami
cikiriyullermeggnek yugnek cikirilartut
umyuaqluki tuqullret. ‘During Christmas Yup’iks
give gifts commemorating the departed.’ (YUP
1996:56); = umyugaqe-; < umyuaq-ke2umyuaqegci- to anticipate something with relish; tobe in a good frame of mind # umyuaqegciuq ‘heanticipates something good, is in a good frame ofmind’ / < umyuaq-kegciumyuarcirtur- to consider one’s actions(before acting) # Cali-ll’ nunakenrilkemte÷i
uitakumta nunataangelriaci tua-i, tua-i-gguq
umyuarcirturluki qaill’ qanruteksailengraitkut,
murilkuraasqe÷auraitkut tamaani. ‘Also if westay in a village not our own — since you arestarting to visit the villages — they would tell us
to be careful, to consider our actions even if they
haven’t told us (about the particular situation).’(KIP 1998:189); < umyuaq-cir-turumyuarite- to be stupid; to lack mental ability; tolack common sense # umyuarituq ‘he is stupid orlacks sense’ / = umyugaite-; < umyuaq-ite1-;< PY umyu!a3it0- (under umyu!$aq)
umyuarniur- to be anguished; to worry; to regret; tofeel remorseful # umyuarniurtuq ‘he is worried’/ umyuarniurutkaa ‘he is worried over it’;umyuarniurtuq qaillun ayallerkaminek ‘he isworried over how he will go’; umyuarniurtua
assiilngumnek ‘I regret my sins’; Elpet, Agayun,
qavarciigacet’lararpenga; Umyuarniuryaaqem-llu
ugaani camek qanerciigataqlua. ‘You, God, keepme from sleeping; On account of anguish I cannot
speak.’ (PSALM 77:4); = umyugarniur-;< umyuaq-niur-; > umyuarniurun
umyuarniurun anguish; anxiety; worry; regret;remorse # umyuarniurutkaa ‘he regrets it, hasanguish over it’; < umyuarniur-n

673

umyuarrliqe- — una

Basesumyuarrliqe- to have malicious or malevolent
thoughts; to have evil intentions # umyuarrliquq‘he has evil intentions’ / umyuarrliqutaa ‘he has
evil intentions towards her’; Tua-i anuurlurpet
kat’um umyuarrliqluni tuaten elliqiiten ‘Your
grandmother down there has malevolently madeyou become like that’ (ELL 1997:14); < umyuaqlliqeumyuarrlugcarar- to regret one’s actions; to feel
remorse; to worry # umyuarrlugcarartuq ‘hefeels remorse’ / Ciin umyuarrlugcaralarceci
aturarkarpece÷ek? ‘Why do you worry over what
you will wear?’ (MATT. 6:28); < umyuaq-rrluk-?
umyuarteqe- to think # umyuartequq ‘he isthinking’ / camek umyuarteqsit? ‘what are you
thinking about?’; umyuartequa ayagnayukluku ‘Ithink that he might go’; umyuarteqsaaqellruunga
unuaqu Tallimiritngunayukluku ‘I thought
wrongly that tomorrow would be Friday’; Y,
NSK, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; = umsuarteqe-,< umyuaq-teqeumyuartu- to be wise # umyuartuuq ‘he is wise’ /< umyuaq-tu-; > umyuartulriit
umyuartulriit the Wise Men (Biblical) # <umyuartu-lria-plural
umyuassuugar- to be distressed; to be troubled #< umyuaq-?umyugailkacag- to lose one’s train of thought; tobe unable to concentrate; to be unable to think
clearly #< umyugaq-ite1-?umyugailkar- to act thoughtlessly #umyugailkartuq ‘he is acting thoughtlessly’;< umyugaq-ite1-qarumyugaite- to be stupid; to lack mental ability; tobe foolish # umyugaituq ‘he is stupid or lacks
sense’ / Kina-llu qaneryaramnek makunek
niitellria aturpek’naki-llu, ayuqerkauguq
yugtun umyugailngurtun qa¥gyami nel’ilriatun.
‘Whoever hears these words and doesn’t follow
them is like a foolish man who builds a houseupon the sand.’ (MATT. 7:26); = umyuarite-;< umyuaq-ite1-; < PY umyu!a3it0- (under
umyu!$aq)
umyugaq, umyu(g)aq mind; idea; thought; mental
activity; frame of mind # umyugaa assirtuq ‘his
idea or mind is good’, ‘he is happy’; umyugaan
cacetuqutekluku ‘with his mind fortified
by it’; . . . umyugaa tua-i assirpek’nani taum
tutgara’urluan pillinia, “Meqsugyaaqua.”‘. . . being in a bad frame of mind, that grandsonof hers said to here, “I am thirsty.”’ (CIU
2005:286); note that words based on this form
are used even in areas where umyuaq is used,
if the suffixes are such that the g is geminated;thus a person who says umyuaqa ‘my mind’,umyuartequq ‘he thinks’, etc., may say umyugaa‘his mind’, and umyugaituq ‘he lacks mental
ability’, rather than umyuara and umyuarituq, sothat the word for these speakers should be consideredumyu(g)aq, cf. postbases -ya(g)aq ‘baby N’, and-kaca(g)ar- ‘to be very V’; = umsuaq, umyuaq;> umyugailkar-, umyugaite-, umyugaqe-,
umyugarniur-, umyugartur-, umyugiur-; cf. usvi;< PY-S umyu!$aq
umyugaqe- to think about # umyuaqaa ‘he isthinking about it’ / = umyuaqe-; < umyuaq-ke2umyugarniur- to be anguished; to be anxious; toworry; to regret # = umyuarniur-; < umyugaqniurumyugartur- to think # umyugarturtuq ‘he isthinking’ / cameng umyugarturcit? ‘what are
you thinking about?’; HBC, EG; < umyugaq-tur2umyugiur- to follow one’s whims; to indulge
oneself (because of having abundance); to think(NUN meaning) # umyugiurtuq ‘he is following
his whims’ / Cali irniangama irnianka neqmek
umyugiurcetellrunritanka. ‘Also when I got
children I did not let them follow their whims
concerning food.’ (YUU 1995:56); < umyugaqliurumyui- to be insistent (like a child); to follow one’s
whims # umyuiguq ‘he follows whatever whim
he has’ / < umyuaq-i3umyuiqe-, umyualiqe- to be mentally ill; to havea troubled mind; to be severely depressed# umyuiquq ‘he has a troubled mind’ /umyuiqluni ‘being mentally ill’; Tamana-am
tamaa-i umyuiqsaraq cali nalqigtellermeggni
nalqigutekaat umyuiqsiyaalria-gguqta¥gaam umyugaan-llu mat’um unaketua,
callerkairutetua. ‘When they explain mental illness
they say one’s state of mind overcomes him anddisables him.’ (YUP 2005:42); < umyuaq-liqe2-,
umyuaq-liqe2
una this one; the one near the speaker # restricteddemonstrative pronoun; ukut ‘these three or
more’; ukuk ‘these two’; uum ‘of this’; uumi
‘in this’; usuuq or uyuuq ‘hey, you there!’; una674

Basesuna-1 — una(ni)unairute- to become soft # unairutuq ‘it got soft’ /< una3-i:ruteunaite- to be soft # unaituq ‘it is soft’ / Mikenranunaqumllermun aqumyaaquq unaitessiyaagluni. ‘She
sat on the smaller chair but it was too soft.’ (KUU
1973:15); = munaite-; < una3-ite1
unake- to obtain (it) # unakaa ‘he obtained it’/ Tamakut tamaa-i amlleret tua-i atkugkat
unakelarait, ta¥gken qaqiucameng amiirluki.
‘They would get lots (of animals or birds) formaking parkas, and only when they had acomplete number would they skin them.’ (PAI
2008:162); kaigatet unakek’ngat ‘grants (of moneyor the like)’; < PY-S unak0- (under PY-S una-1)
Unaliq Yup’ik Eskimo from the Norton Sound area,
especially from the villages of Elim and Golovinon the north shore, and Unalakleet and St.
Michael on the south shore; speaker of the NSU
dialect # < una(ni)-li1
unan hand; seal flipper # also plural for one pair ofhands; unategka or unateten ‘your hands’; Ilain
caaqameng unatai cavtaqluki aliimatairraarluku.
‘Her family members from time to time would
feel her hands [checking for frostbite] after
removing her mittens.’ (ELN 1994); . . . unatetengtalliteng-llu kiingita pugtaqluki. ‘. . . letting only
their hands and arms come to the surface.’ (CAU
1985:85); Tangerciki unatenka it’ganka-llu. ‘Behold
my hands and my feet.’ (LUKE 24:39); Y, K, HBC,
NUN, NI, CAN, BB, NR; < una1-n; > unaci-,
unaciur-, unatair(ar)unange- to obtain something # unanguq‘he obtained something’ / unangelliniuq
iqvallermini ‘she got lots of berries when
picking’; akit unangkengat ‘proceeds’ (legal/business neologism); > unangkengaq; < PY-S
una&0- (under PY-S una-l)unangig- to be a fast berry picker # unangigtuq ‘heis a fast berry picker’ / < una1-ngigunangkengaq what one has obtained (as bysubsistence activities) # < unange-kengaq
una(ni) down there toward water or toward theexit # extended demonstrative adverb; unaken ‘fromdownriver there’; Taum nanvam ce÷akacagii
canegtarluni akuliitni-wa urut unaqvaatni-wa
iitaat auluteng tayarunek, meq-wa un’a. ‘Closest
to the shore of that lake there was grass, andbetween the grass there was moss, and out in thelake from there, tall cotton grass, mare’s tail andcaknaluku ut’ruciu? ‘for what purpose did you
bring this home?’; uunguuq ‘it is this’; ukuugut‘they are these’; uunguciitaqa ‘I don’t knowwhat it is’, ‘I can’t think of it’; uumek nerkuvet
naulluuciqsugnarquten ‘if you eat this you
might get sick’; uunguciitua ‘I can’t choose’, ‘I
don’t know what it is’, ‘I can’t think of it’; seewa(ni), the corresponding demonstrative adverb;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; > uumi; < PEdem. uvuna-1 to work on by hand, without using tools;
to handle; to touch (EG meaning) # unaluku‘working on it by hand’; Ta¥ga im’um
arnaunrata, pitacirramitun, unalliniaqkai pitait.
‘And that younger sister of theirs did the best she
could to take care of whatever they caught.’ (CEV
1984:72); > unair-, unake-, unange-, unangig-,
unatar-; <PY-S una-1
una-2 to play (of puppies) # unaut ‘they (puppies)
are playing’; NSU cf. ungauna-3 root: > unair-, unairute-, unaiteun’a the one down below; the one toward orat the river # extended demonstrative pronoun;
un’um ‘of the one down there’; unkut ‘thosedown there’; unyuuq or unsuuq ‘you down
there!’; un’a tang kuigem ce÷ii marastuuq‘see, the area along the river is muddy’; Tua-ll’
kuicuar un’a entaqan tua-i amlliqerlun’ ikavet
qer’aqertaqluni. ‘When the tide is low in thatcreek down there, one crosses to the other sidewith just a step.’ (AGA 1996:202); see una(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; > unkumiutaq; < PE dem. ununaci- to wash one’s hands # unaciuq ‘he iswashing his hands’ / < unan-i3-; > unacissuun
unacissuun washbasin # < unaci-cuun
unaciur- to shake hands # unaciurtuq ‘he is shaking
hands with someone’; unaciuraa ‘he is shaking
hands with her’ / unaciurtuk ‘they2 are shaking
hands’; < unan-liurunair- to lose coordination; to be spastic; to become
numb; to become unfit; to go limp # unairtuq‘he lost coordination’ / Angutngung’ermi
arnaungermi-llu ayuqluni piyuilnguq
unaqiarulluni kemga piniarulluni. Unairluni-wa
tua-i pilallil’ qessangluni. ‘Either a man or awoman can become unfit and his body strength
will dissipate. Getting soft, he doesn’t care to do
things.’ (YUP 2005:74); < una3-ir2-

675

unaqserte- — ungair-Bases
unegkumiu downriver person; resident of thedownriver area # < unegna-non-singular-miu
unegtaq the one left behind; loser in a race orcard game # Aa wii-llu unegtaungaiteqertua
ilagauteqerciqua pilrianun. ‘As for me, I just
won’t be left behind; I’ll join the others.’ (MAR2
2001:18); < unegte-aq1
unegte- to remain; to stay behind # unegtuq ‘hestayed behind’ / un’ga’rtuq ‘he was left behind’;maurluminun panika unegtuq ‘my daughter
stayed behind with her grandmother’; uneggli‘may he stay behind’; Aren uneggngaitua,
maligtarkaugamken ayakuvet. ‘Well, I won’t staybehind; I will go with you when you leave.’ (KIP
1998:101); > unegtaq, un’garte-; < PE un0!uneq armpit; foreleg or flipper pit # Cunawagguq, unrakun taum taqukam anqertellerrnini
ircaq¥rran nalliikun nuussiminek kapellrullinikii.
‘The reason was, it turned out, that when heslipped past the bear’s foreleg pit he had stabbed
it with his knife right through the heart.’ (YUU
1995:14); > unermik; < PE un03
unermik, unermiaq something carried under thearm (gripped between arm and body) # andunermig- , unermiar- to put or have under
one’s arm. unermigtuq ‘he put something under
his arm’; unermigaa ‘he put it under his arm’/ unermiaqa una uqamairiuq ‘this thing I’mcarrying under my arm is getting heavy’; < uneqmik, uneq-miaq
unga- to show affectionate attachment by clinging
to another (usually of a child who clings to an
adult) # ungauq ‘he is showing affectionate
attachment’ / ungakaa or ungavikaa ‘he isshowing affectionate attachment to her’; >unganarqe-, ungaqtar-, ungatar-; cf. una2-; < PEu&aungagaq, ungaggaq, ungaguaq black “reindeer
moss”, a lichen # < ungak-aq3, ungak-rraq,
ungak-uaq; < PY-S u&a!$aq (under PY-S u&ak)
ungagciiq, ungagciraq bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus) with long rolled-up whiskers #< ungak-?
ungaggli- to be whiskery # ungaggliuq ‘he iswhiskery’ / < ungak-rrluk-i3ungair- to remove one’s whiskers; to shave #ungairtuq ‘he is shaving’; ungairaa ‘he is shaving
him’ / Ungailallruut ungairyulriit. Ipegcarluki-ll’
ilait takumni uluanek ungailallruut kelikarluki.

then the water itself beyond that.’ (ELN 1990:36);
see un’a, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun;
see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; < PY dem. ununaqserte- to feel weak from fear, exertion, or
sickness; to feel washed out; to almost collapse #unaqsertuq ‘he felt weak’ / Kainritniluni piluku
meqsugniluni ta¥gaam, mak’arteqaataryaaqlunillu maaten piuq unaqserteqapiggluni, aqumngami
piuq aayalngurrlugluni. ‘She told her that she
wasn’t hungry but that she was thirsty, and when
she tried to get up fast she felt very weak, andwhen she sat up she felt dizzy.’ (ELN 1990:49)
unarciaq straight-grained piece of wood usefulfor making things # Unarcianek tuaten,
saaganerkanek, cauyararkanek tuaten. ‘Straightgrained wood like that, for stringers and ribs (forthe kayak).’ (PAI 2008:244); > unaciiyurcuun; =munarciaq; <PE una3ci3
unarciiyurcuun woodworking tool # < unarciaq-?cuun
unasmiur- to challenge # NUN; < PE una9miunatair(ar)- to have cold hands # unatairtua or
unatairaraanga ‘I have cold hands’ / < unanir(ar)unatar- to pick berries # unatartuq ‘he is picking
berries’; unatarai ‘he is picking them’ / . . . atsat
naugaqata unataryarqan-llu ikayuryaurrluku. ‘. . .
when the berries became ready to pick, whenever
she went berry picking, he would help her.’(MAR2 2001:54); LY, HBC, NUN, NS, EG;= nunatar-; < una1-?-; < PY unata3unavag- to go down # akertam unavallrani ‘as thesun set’unayaqe- to ask someone to accompany one; toinvite along # unayaqaa ‘he asked her to go withhim’ / unayaqiuq ‘he asked someone to go withhim’; ilungama unayaqellruanga iqvaryaucuglua‘my cousin asked me to go berry picking withher’
unegken from downriver # look under un’ga(ni)unegna the one down(river) there; the one
toward the sea; the one out to sea # extended
demonstrative pronoun; un’gum ‘of the one
downriver’; unegkut ‘those downriver’; unegna
atam tangerqerru agiirtellria! ‘look at that one
approaching from downriver!’; see un’ga(ni), thecorresponding demonstrative adverb; see Appendix 3
on demonstratives; > unegkumiu; < PE dem. un!-676BasesPupsugnek-llu pingameng pupsuugnek
piaqluteng. Ilait-llu ungangqerrsuumiilnguut
qecuktarturluki piaqluki, nang’urainaraqluteng. . . ‘Those who wanted to remove their whiskers
removed them. Sharpening them in my sight,
they’d shave with a knife, scraping them [thewhiskers] off. When they got ahold of tweezers
they did it with tweezers. And some who didn’t
want to have whiskers did it by pulling them out,
and they [the whiskers] would finally be wellplucked . . .’ (KIP 1998:281); < ungak-ir2-;> ungaircuun; < PY-S u&a!i3- (under PY-S u&ak)
ungaircuun, ungairissuun, ungairun razor #Alunguten ungairutatun ipellriatun ayuqluni, . . .
‘Your tongue is like a sharp razor, . . .’ (PSALM
52:2); < ungair-cuun, ungair-i2-cuun, ungair-n
ungak whisker; beard hair; mustache hair #ungiinka ‘my whiskers’; Catangqerrmiqatarta
tanem alingnarqellriamek?!’
Uyangqataarnaurtuq; ala-i, kan’a melqurrlainaq
ungagglainaq. ‘And what on earth could this scary
thing be? He would bend over slowly, looking
down and eek, down there was something
covered with fur and whiskers.’ (MAR1 2001:92);. . . tuarpiaq-gguq asevrem ungii, plasticaarnganani akagenqeggluni. ‘. . . like a walrus
whisker, it looked like plastic, and was perfectlyround.’ (PAI 2008:402); > ungagaq, ungagciraq,
ungaggli-, ungair-, ungalek, ungalruk; < PY-S
u&ak
ungalaq south; south wind; east (LI meaning) #ungalamek anuqlirtuq unuamek ‘there is a windfrom the south today’; ungalirtuq ‘there is asouth wind blowing’; Nunautseng nengciiqaat
negetmun, ungalatmun, calaratmun, kanavatmunllu. ‘They will extend their territory toward thenorth, toward the south, toward the east, andtoward the west.’ (AYAG. 28:14); > Ungalaqliit,
ungalaqlirneq; < PE u&ala3 (under PE u&an)
Ungalaqliit plural Unalakleet # village on Norton
Sound at the border between Yup’ik- and Inupiaqspeaking regions; so called from an Inupiaq point ofview because it is their southernmost village;< ungalaq-qliq
ungalaqlirneq southwest # < ungalaq-qliq-neq4
Ungalek the Bearded One; name for God according
to a traditional conception # Cali ilait qanraqluteng
Ungalegmek. Ilaita ellamun yukniluku tauna
Ungalek. ‘Also some of them spoke of the Bearded

ungaircuun — ungaulug-

One. Some said that the Bearded One was theowner of the world.’ (CAU 1985:213); <ungak-lekungalruk nose area of moose, seal, walrus, etc.
# Itrutaqamegteki tua-i tamakut taqukat
ayuqenrilnguut, pirrlainanrilngermeng
piqa’arqata, tua-i tamakut taqukat elluarrluki
ciuniulallruit arnaita. . . . ugg’un ungalruggen’gun
mermek kuvqerluku tallian-ll’ ingluakun. Tuai-gguq merrilluki. ‘Occasionally, when theybrought in those different kinds of seals, theirspouses received them and took care of themproperly. . . . here on the nose they spilled alittle bit of water as well as on the front flipper.
It is said that they were providng them withwater to drink.’ (ELL 1997:280); Tua-i-llu ukuk
waniwa, kat’utun ayuqeqapigtenricaaquk, tuai-am cali iniqsakallermini tayima apeqmeggnek
iliita asveq una kaugpak narulkallrullinikii tua-i
ungalruca’arrluku. ‘This walrus figurine tells of
the hunter’s extraordinary experience when hespeared it near its nose, killing it.’ (CIU 2005:24);< ungak-?; cf. PI um0l3uq
unganarqe- to be such as to induce clinging
affection / unganarquq ‘he makes you feel
affection for him, want to cling to him’; <unga-narqeun’ga(ni), un’gaa(ni) downriver; toward the exit
# extended demonstrative adverb; un’gavet or
un’gaavet ‘to downriver’; un’gaken, un’gaaken
or unegken ‘from downriver’; un’gani-gguq
tumcillruuq tuntuvagmek ‘he said that he foundmoose tracks down river’; un’gavirtellruut ‘theywent downriver’; see unegna, the corresponding
demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix 3 ondemonstratives; < PE dem. un!ungaqtar-, ungamqi- (HBC form) to respondaffectionately to an adult’s cooing (usuallyof a child) # ungaqtartuq ‘he is responding
affectionately’ / < unga-qtaq, unga-?
un’garte- to abruptly stay or be left behind #Taumek piicauskiki ilaput un’gartellret. ‘Therefore
pray for the remnant of our people.’ (ISAI. 37:4);< unegte-arteungatar- to develop affection easily # ungatartuq‘he is affectionate by nature’ / < unga-tar1ungaulug- to shake one’s head from side to side #ungaulugtuq ‘she is shaking her head’ / Tua-illu-am ellii pitsaqsunqerrami-am ungaulugaluni

677

ungaulugte- — unglu

Basestuaten ircaquni cavcimaluku inarrluni. ‘And,
being the way she was, she started shaking herhead from side to side while holding her handon her heart, and collapsed.’ (ELN 1990:28);> ungaulugteungaulugte- to shake (it, especially the head) indisapproval # ungaulugtaa ‘he shook it indismay’ / Qanraqluteng Ungalgem-gguq yuutuqlaupaka’arqatki neqet ungaulugtelarai wall’uellangcarluki, kainiqevkarluki wall’u allakun
nanikuavkarluki. ‘They’d say that if people arewasteful of food, then the Bearded One (God)shake his head from side to side or (otherwise)
reprimands them, or lets them suffer in anotherway.’ (CAU 1985:213); Qanrat pitekluku
piunrirciqai, tangertaita-llu qamiquteng
ungaulugciiqait. ‘Because of what they said hewill destroy them, and those who see them will
shake their heads in horror.’ (PSALM 64:8);< ungaulug-te2ungelkaaq fish steak cut transversely # cf. ungllekaq
ungelruma- to be curled up (of a dog, wolf, etc.)# Qimugta-gguq tauna uatiini ungelrumauralria
ciutek naparareskilik. ‘That dog, they say,
was curled up in the area toward the door ofher, with its ears perked up.’ (KIP 1998:71);. . . kegluneq tauna ayayuunani tuani tua-iungelrumalliniaqelria. ‘. . . that wolf didn’t leave,
but stayed curled up there.’ (ELL 1997:38); cf.
qungelraungi- to become soggy; to get sodden; to getwaterlogged; to dissolve; to disintegrate;
to be reduced to powder # ungiuq or ungia‘it got soggy’ / ungitaa ‘he made it soggy’;kameksiigken alukek ungilliniuk ‘your bootsoles got soggy’; Tamakut-llu tua-i imkut urut,
ungiluteng tua-i, ungiqapiarluteng. Mukaatun
ellirluteng. Imkut teguniyagait-llu ungiluteng.
Tua-i-llu qayanun angyanun- llu assirikata
puyat tamakut, elliluki. ‘That moss gets dissolved,
disintegrates. It becomes like flour. The fibrousstems of the moss disintegate. Then when it isjust right they put that moss and oil mixture on
kayaks and on boats.’ (PAI 2008:108);> ungicetaaq, ungirqe-; cf. uni-; < PE u&iungicetaaq dried fish skin for chewing # NI; < ungicetaaq
ungilak louse (LK meaning); spruce cone #and ungilag- to itch # ungilagtuq ‘it itches’/ ungilagtua ‘I itch’ i.e., my body itches;
ungilakan kumggu! ‘if it itches, scratch it!’;ungiliit ‘lice’, ‘spruce cones’; Tua-i-llu-gguq
avelngaat puguraluteng mermi. Cunawa-gguq
arnassagaam ungilai. ‘And so the mice surfacedin the water. It turned out they were the oldwoman’s lice.’ (CET 1971:21 & PRA 1995:452);
Kumakiqernga tang qamiquqa ungilagpakartuq.
‘Pick the lice off me, please, for my head isvery itchy.’ (YUU 1995:98); > ungilagliar(aq),ungilayaq; < PE u&ila!ungilagliar(aq*) gnat # . . . ungilagliaraat
nerilkautek’laraci, ta¥gken ungungssiq
qulugtellria ig’aqluku. ‘. . . you strain atswallowing gnats, but swallow a camel.’ (MATT.
23:24); < ungilak-?-ar(aq)ungilayagaq* tiny biting gnat # < ungilak-yagaq
ungilegte- to whine # Tuaten qanqegtaaqauqurluku
tuani unuakumi qatguurutevkenaku mikelnguq
cali tuaten ungilegtengraan pisqumaluku. ‘They
told us to speak softly and kindly to the child in
the morning without shouting at him even if heis whining.’ (YUP 2005:118)
ungiliqe- to itch # EG; < ungilak-liqe2ungiqar- to cushion # upautaqluku ici-w’ uligmek
ungiqerluku ‘they moved with her wrapping or
cushioning her with a blanket’
ungirqe- to soak and soften # Tauna-llu tua-iaipani waten amirkamek kiagmi waten amirkaq
kenilluku cetuanek-llu kevirkainek egaaruluki
ungirqelluku tauna. ‘During the summer he had
his wife soak and soften a young bearded seal
skin poke and had her stuff it with cooked beluga
meat.’ (ELL 1997:570); < ungi-rqe2ungllekaq boiled fresh fish # cf. ungelkaaq # NUN
unglu nest # ungluringaarpenga ‘you embraceme like a nest’; Tua-i-ll’-am ullagarrluki
qalarrluni unglutniluni mayuqerrluni
napamun qanrutengraani Turpiim ak’aaitaupayagaurtellruniluki kayangut. ‘And
so she rushed over to it, saying that she hadfound a nest, and she climbed the tree eventhough Turpak had told her that the eggs had
already hatched into baby birds.’ (ELN 1990:24);
Pitsaqevkenak nalaquskuvet yaqulgem ungluinek
napami wall’u nunami, aaniit-llu evaluni
kayangumini wall’u piyagamini, aaniit taukut
tegungaitan. ‘If you accidentally find a bird’s
nest in a tree or on the ground, and the mother is678Basesunglunguaq — unguvan

ungungssiar(aq*) domesticated animal (in Bible
translation); small(er) animal # . . . ta¥gaam
imkut tan’gurraat pitaqerraarit yaquleyagaat
allat-llu ungungssiaraat nakacuit qelkaqluki
kinercirraarluki. ‘. . . however, they dried andthen saved the bladders of those little birds andsmaller animals that were the first catches of theboys.’ (CAU 1985:60); < ungungssiq-ar(aq*)
ungungssiq land mammal; quadruped; bear (Ursussp.) # Ilait ungungssit uksuraqan igteliluteng
nunam aciani wall’u neliameggni qavarluteng
uksurpak, puqlangan ta¥gken ataam
tupagluteng up’nerkami. ‘Some animals makeunderground dens when it is winter or hibernate
all winter in the houses they’ve made, only
waking when the warm weather comes back inspring.’ (EGA 1973:19); Cali yuilqumi ungungssit
yugnek curukaqenglartut. Yuk murilkevkenani
ayakuni ungungssimun tekiciiquq. ‘Also in
the wilderness bears attack people. A person,
if he isn’t watchful as he goes on his way, cancome upon a bear.’ (YUU 1995:70); ungungssiq
qulugnelek or ungungssiq qulugtellria ‘camel’;ungungssim amian cavigtaa ‘big game tag’; cf.
unguva, ungu-; < PY u&u&siq
ungunqukar(aq*) harlequin duck (Histrionicus
histrionicus) # < ungunqun-kar(aq); NUN
ungunqun man’s labret # > ununqukar(aq); NUN
unguqupak wooden device used to keep stitches
evenly tight as when sewing a waterproof seam
on a kayak skin #unguquutaq plug to close hole on a sealskin float #Unguurvik February # see Appendix 7 on the Yup’ik
calendar; < ungu-ur-vik
unguva life # and unguva- to be alive # unguvauq‘it is alive’ / Cali-qaa unguvau? ‘Is it still
alive?’; Tua-i ellii tangerpaaluami unguvalriamek
qanganarmek irr’iluni . . . ‘For the first time
she saw living squirrels and she was amazed. . .’ (ELN 1990:16); unguva nangyuilnguq‘life everlasting’; > unguvalria, unguvan,
unguvarrar-; cf. ungungssiq
unguvalria black bear (Ursus americanus); living
thing # < unguva-lria
unguvan heart; fish heart (in areas where ircaquq isa general term for heart) # Maaten tua-i pilliniuq
unguvataitellinilria, unguvatni yuaryaaqellinia.
Nalaqsugnairutaa. ‘To his amazement he foundthat he had no heart; he searched in vain for his

sitting with her eggs or young, you shall not takethe mother.’ (ALER. 22:6); > unglunguaq; < PEu&lu
unglunguaq bowl # literally: ‘imitation nest’; BB;< unglu-uaq
ungpaar(aq*) (NUN form), ungpek (NS form) shorteared owl (Asio flammeus) # < PE u&p0!
ungu- to drive rabbits, geese, or other game into anarea where they can easily be killed # unguut‘they are driving game’; unguit ‘they are driving
them’ / unguyartut ‘they are going on a gamedrive’; > ungumrar-, Unguurvik; cf. ungungssiq;< PE u&uungucugte- to grumble # NUN
unguir- to come back to life # unguirtuq ‘it cameback to life’ / Up’nerkaan tua-i akerta mallgian
ataam imkut tuqullret naunraat unguirluteng
nauluteng ataam. ‘When spring came the suncame closer again and the plants that had diedcame back to life and grew again.’ (EGA 1973:29);
Tua-i ilangciaraqaasqevkenaku, tuqutengraaku
unguinrilngaitniluku. ‘He told that one to leave
him alone, saying that, should he be killed, hewill not fail to come back to life.’ (QUL 2003:312);
unguircetaa ‘he brought it back to life’; . . . tuaten
tuqukuma unguirniartua nunakegtaarpenun
qilagmun. ‘. . . when I die I’ll come back to lifein the good place in heaven.’ (CAT 1950:59; cf.
unguvaungulerqur- to shake oneself all over #Apanuugpak imna matarciiqelliniuq,
matareskuni-llu ungulerqurluni tua cairluni.
Ungulerquqan pitegcautet imkut cingilgit
kaimluteng unavet acianun. ‘Apanuugpak
would undress, and as he undressed he’d shakeeverything loose. When he shook himself, thearrowheads would fall to the ground.’ (ELL
1997:414); < PE u&ul0!ungullugte- to be wrinkled # NUN
ungumrar- to drive fish into net by slapping thewater with a paddle or stick # < ungu-?;> ungumraun
ungumraun stick splashed in water to drive fish
into a dipnet # Man’a-gguq taangaryaraq
arrsagmun ungumrautauguq. Cali-llu
pikaicaramun cali ungumrautauluni. ‘This
drinking is something that will drive one to poverty.
It’s something that will drive one to the point oflacking all things.’ (figurative use) (KIP 1998:289);< ungumrar-n

679

unguvarrar- — un’uBasesheart; he couldn’t find it.’ (QAI 1984:25); UY,
NSU, NUN, UK, BB, NR, LI, EG; < unguva-n; >unguvatararunguvarrar- being alive; still alive # used in thequantifier/qualifier construction; < unguva-rrarunguvatarar- to have a pounding heart #unguvatarartuq ‘his heart is pounding’ / NS;< unguvan-?uni- to dissolve; to disappear # uniuq ‘it dissolved’/
mer’urtellermini saarralaun unilliuq ‘when thesugar got wet it dissolved’; > unime-, unista,
unite-, uniurte-, univkaraq; cf. ungiuniarte- to suddenly or abruptly leavebehind # uniartaa ‘he suddenly left him’
/ uniartaatnga ‘they just left me behind’;Tua-i ellii uniarrnayukluni anluni ikamragni
ekumauryarturluni uliit qaingatni. ‘And she,thinking that she might be left behind, went out
and got on the sled on top of the blankets.’ (ELN
1990:9); < unite-ar(ar)teunime- to forget (to leave behind, or to notremember); to leave out # unimuq ‘heforgot’; unimaa ‘he forgot it’; Unimaankata¥gaam watua cat tangerrluku ta¥gaam una
qanruteksuumayaaqaqa kegginaquq. ‘I can’t
recollect them (the stories behind the masks), but
I can look at one and I can talk about the mask.’(AGA 1996:30); / Y, HBC, NI; < uni-?unineq water mark from a drip or from high tide #< unite-neq1; NUN
uniqtaraq spruce (Picea sp.); sapling #unista deceased parent # Urluvilua- llu unistema
pitegcaucilua-llu meq’ercetaanek. ‘My late father
made me a bow and arrows with points that
dislodge.’ (PAI 2008:298); < uni-ta1unite- to leave (it) behind; to go away from (it)# unituq ‘he is left behind’; unitaa ‘he left
her or it behind’ / unicimauq ‘he has beenleft behind’; unitaat neqlilleq ‘they left fish
camp’; nacan unicaqunaku ‘don’t leave yourhat (behind)’; Muiran-llu uqamailan tuavet
unilluku patunqercaararraarluku piciatun canek
nallunailkucirluku-llu . . . ‘Because it was full,and heavy, they left it there, covering it well withvarious things and putting a marker on it . . .’(ELN 1990:55); uniyutellruuk ‘they2 separated,
got divorced’; < uni-te2-; > uniarte-, unineq; < PE
unituniurte- to overlook; to miss the mark # uniurtaa‘he missed it’, ‘he overlooked it’ / uniurutaa‘he missed with it’; neqliullermini uniurtellinia
kinguqlikacaarateng tan’gaurluq ‘when she wasserving it seems she overlooked their youngestboy’; nutlemku uniurtellruaqa ‘I missed it when
I shot at it’; Qayaq tua-i unuakumi cetuluni
igvarqan pitgaraqluku wall’ uniurcuunaku
egmian tua-i paluartaqluni. ‘When a kayak
would come into view in the morning they’dshoot arrows at it, and since they never missed, itwould capsize immediately.’ (ELL 1997:408);< uni-?-; < PE uni(C)u3univkaraq legend passed down from generation to
generation; thing of the past # univkariuq ‘he isrecounting the past, telling a traditional story’;
Tamakut-wa univkarat, imkut ak’a, ciuliameng
aturlallritnek univkarinilalriit. ‘They say thoselegends are accounts of things the ancestors
experienced long ago.’ (AGA 1996:38), Y, NS;< univkar-aq1; > univkarrsuun; < PE univka3a3
univkarrsuun story knife # NUN; < univkar-ssuun
univkaq tale; account # and univkar- to tell;to relate # Tua-i wani-wa uumek univkamek
univkaarqatartua ciumek tamaquvci qaillun wall’u
cat aturluki kingunitengnaqlerkarpece÷ek. ‘Now
I’ll relate a tale of what to do to try to find yourway back if you are lost.’ (YUU 1995:67); < PE
uni(C)u3unkumiutaq sea mammal #unkumiutarturcetenritqeraanga ‘for once
he didn’t let me eat any sea-mammal meat’;unkurmiutaat irnerrluit ‘sea mammal guts’; <un’a-miutaq
unrapigaq small thin straight log from a spruce
sapling # Ellii camek pikaitniluni unrapigaq
naparciiqniluku nem’i elatiinun qamiqunai
qulliqluki; mimernai. ‘He told him that wewould erect a small thin log from a sapling with its
root side up next to his house.’ (CIU 2005:10)
unraq spear line; spear with line attached # NSU; cf.
umnaq
un’u clothing; garment # un’uka ‘my garment’;
Tauna-ggur kiimi irugni qap’illukeg pilria
mecituur unui tamarmeng, nekevyugnaunani
nengelmi, qumqautarkauluku nekevkenani. ‘But
that one that dug a place for his legs, all of his
garments are soaking wet, he can’t stand in thecold, and if he stands up he freezes right away.’(WEB2); NUN

680

Basesunuaku in the morning # adverbial particle; Unuaku
tua-i tamakucimek tua-i tamuagurluku,
egenriuskan-llu igluku. ‘In the morning they’dchew one like that and then swallow when there
was no liquid left in it.’ (QUL 2003:4); Unuakum
Agyartaa ‘Venus; the Morning Star’; < unuaq-ku;> unuakuar, unuakutaq
unuakuar early morning # unuakuarmi ‘in theearly morning’; unuakuayaar ‘very early in themorning’ < unuaku-?
unuakutaq breakfast # and unuakutar- to eat
breakfast # Seven-klaagmi unuakutalartukut,
twelve-klaagmi-llu apiatarluta, tua-i-llu sixklaagmi atakutarluta. ‘We eat breakfast at seven,lunch at twelve and dinner at six.’ (YUP 1996:54);< unuaku-taq1
unuamek today # adverbial particle; maani ellallirtuq
unuamek ‘it is raining here today’; Caqerluteng
tupiimeng aaniita pii, “Unuamek ikna nunapik
paqciiqaput, aatavci atsat assirinii.” ‘One time
when they woke up, their mother said to them,“Today we’ll check the tundra across there; yourfather says the berries are ready.”’ (ELN 1990:25);< unuaq-ablative-modalis
unuaq this past morning # adverbial particle;< unuk-?; > unuaku, unuamek, unuaqu,
unuaquaqan; < PE unnu(C)a3 (under PE unnu!)
unuaqu tomorrow # adverbial particle; unuaqutangerciqamken ‘I’ll see you tomorrow’;tekiciiqsugnarqut unuaqu wall’u yaaliaku ‘theywill probably arrive tomorrow or the next day’;ayallerpet unuaquani tekituq ‘he arrived the
day after you left’; unuaquciiqaaten ‘tomorrow
will be your day’; < unuaq-ku; > unuaquaqan,
unuaqute-; < PE unnu3aqu (under PE unnu!)
unuaquaqan daily; every day # adverbial particle;
Tua-i-am tuaten unuaquaqan pissulalliniuk
piliqlutek. ‘Every day they2 would hunt, catchinga lot of game.’ (YUU 1995:127); < unuaqucontingent mood
unuaqute- to make plans for the next day # Tua-illu caqerluni angayuqaagket unuaqullutek, tua-i
unuaqu up’nerkiyaqatarluteng. ‘Then one time
their parents made plans for tomorrow; tomorrow
they would go to spring camp.’ (ELN 1990:95);< unuaqu-te?unuggsuun, unugcuun night-light; moon (NIand some CAN meaning) # Qavallerminek
tupakalliniuq cakneq-lli-gguq pik’umi qasgim

unuaku — upag-

egalrakun unugcuutmi itqertellrani tua-i
tanqigcepaa, nunaniqvaa. ‘She awoke fromher sleep and saw that the moonlight coming inthrough the kashim window up there was brightand beautiful.’ (WOR 2007:94); < unug-ssuun,
unug-cuun
unugi- to spend the night # Iliini unugiuraraqluteng
mikurngataqata neqet. ‘Sometimes they’d spendnight after night fishing when the fish were there
in great numbers.’ (PRA 1995:461 (see 1997 or
further reprintings) ); < unug-?-i3unugpak all night # adverbial particle; < unuk-rpak
unuir(aq*) bat (Myotis lucifugus) # Ta¥gaam makut
maa-i yaqulget ner’arkaqenrilkeci: yaqulegpiit,
kenriiret, qakurtat, eskaviat, tulukaruut, naruyat,
unuirat-llu. ‘However, you are not to eat thesewinged creatures: eagles, short-eared owls,
goshawks, hawk owls, ravens, sea gulls, andbats.’ (ALER. 14:12); < unuk-iq
unuk night; last night # and unug- to become night.
unugtuq ‘night fell’; unugaa ‘night fell on him’
/ unugmi ayayuitut ‘they never leave at night’;unuk qavarciigatellruunga kuuvviassiyaallruama‘last night I couldn’t sleep because I had too
much coffee’; unuuguq ‘it is night’; unugpailgan
before night falls’; ernerpak unugtuumaan‘all day and night’; Caskut tua-i aturngaunaki
ernerni taukuni tallimani unugni-llu tallimani.
‘They were forbidden to use cutting implements
for those five days and five nights.’ (ELL 1997:38):
Tua-i cuyait napat igtengvailgata caqerluni
unugyungarluku qimugtet qilungluteng. ‘Before
the leaves of the trees began to fall one day, asnightfall approached the dogs began to bark.’(ELN 1990:56); > unugi-, unugpak, unuir(aq),unuku; < PE unnu!unuku tonight # adverbial particle; unuku naaqiciqua
imkunek kalikanek ‘tonight I’ll read that book’;< unuk-ku
upag- to change one’s place of residence; to move; torun toward someone (NSU meaning) # upagtuq‘he moved’ / upallruukut Tuntutuliarmun
yaaliagni ‘two years ago we moved to
Tuntutuliak’; Pinarian-am cali neqlillmeggnun
upagluteng, kiagmi. ‘And when the time was rightthey moved to their fish-camp in the summer.’(ELN 1990:37); Kuigilngurmek-llu upiima maavet
tua-i makumiungulua. ‘And when I moved
here from Kwigillingok I became a local.’ (KIP
1998:59); < PE upa!-

681

upete- — uqamailtassiirun

Bases# uputaa ‘he is saying unfavorable things
about her’ / uputaariuq ‘she is gossiping’;
assiilkaqa uputaariyunqeggan ‘I don’t like her
because she likes to gossip’; Ava-i ciuqermini
ciktaallrani upucung’ermiu iluteqsiyaagpakaami
uputenritniluku. ‘He said that even though hewanted to comment on her while she was bowing
he didn’t comment on her since he was so sad.’(QUL 2003:396); Qanruyutet maligtaqukuvciki
nepaunaci uputestaunaci-llu yuuciquci. ‘If
you follow the precepts you will live a quiet
life without anyone’s criticizing you.’ (YUP
2005:62); Upucaqunaku ilan piciqenrilkiinek
picilirluku. ‘Thou shalt not bear false witness.’(the eighth commandment) (CAT 1950:3); . . .
kiimurrsugyaramek, piciliutmek-llu,
uputaaryaramek, pivaksaramek, aakulagcaramekllu. ‘. . . (of, about) selfishness, slander, gossip,
pride, and confusion.’ (1CORI. 12:20)
upute-2 to tell (him) something; to speak to (him)#Y
uq- shelter # deep root; cf. uqeq, uqite-1, uqivigaq,
uqvik, uqurrsuk, uqumigte2uqamailkutaq, uqamalkutaq weight; ballast #tauna ciin maligutaa uqamailkutaunaluni?
‘why did that person come along to be a deadweight?’; Teggalqurrullrunritut, angqaulutengta¥gaam. Uqamailkucilallruit angqat iluitgun.
‘They weren’t rocks, but rather balls. They
put weights inside the balls.’ (CIU 2005:312);< uqamaite-kutaq, uqamaite-kutaq
uqamailtaciq, uqamaltaciq weight of something# uqamailtacia or uqamaltacia ‘its weight’;
Patgumaurluku tua-i tallimi uqamaltaciakun. ‘He
continued to leave his hand there, using just theweight of his arm.’ (QAN 1995:190); < uqamaitetaciq, uqamaite-taciq
uqamailtassiir-, uqamaltassiir-, uqamailtassiar-,uqamaltassiar- to weigh # uqamailtassiiraa,
uqamaltassiiraa, etc. ‘he is weighing it’/ < uqamaite-taciar-, uqamaite-taciar-; >uqamailtassiirunuqamailtassiirun, uqamaltassiirun,
uqamaltassiarcuun scale for weighing# Pitalqellrianek cuqcissuutnek
uqamaltassiarcuutnek-llu atulaqici. ‘Use
accurate rulers and scales.’ (LEVI. 19:36);< uqamailtassiir-n, uqamailtassiir-n,
uqmailtassiir-cuun

upete- to get ready to go # NSU; = upte-; < PE up0tupenerkaq spring (season) # NSU; = up’nerkaq
upinga- to be ready # upingauq ‘he or it is ready’/ Aren, nutaan tua-i upingariamek ayalliniuk
negetmun. ‘Now that they were ready theyheaded north.’ (QUL 2003:408); < upte-ngauplerquute- to prepare to leave on short notice #NUN; < upte-?up’nerkaq spring (season) # and up’nerkar- to
become spring # up’nerkartuq ‘it became spring’;
up’nerkaraa ‘spring came upon it’ / up’nerkami
angutet tan’gurraat-llu kanaqlagculartut ‘inspring men and boys hunt muskrats’; < upteneq1-kaq, upte-neq1-kaq; = upenerkaq; >up’nerkarpak, up’nerkarrvik, up’nerki-; < PE
up0n(0)3ak9a3 (under PE up0n(0)3a3)
up’nerkarpak all spring # adverbial particle;< up’nerkaq-rpakup’nerkarrvik spring camp # Y; up’nerkaq-te1-vik
up’nerki- to spend the spring # < up’nerkaq-i3-;> up’nerkilleq, up’nerkiyarup’nerkilleq, up’nerkivik spring camp #Up’nerkivigmi qayuw’ ellii qangqiircuucirluni
qavcirrarnek cali-llu maqaruarcuucirluni. ‘In
spring camp she set several squirrel snares andalso rabbit snares.’ (ELN 1990:35); < up’nerkilleq, up’nerki-vik
up’nerkiyar- to go to spring camp # up’nerkiyartuq‘he went to spring camp.’ / < up’nerki-yarup’nge- to start to get ready # up’nguq ‘he isstarting to get ready’ / up’ngutaa ‘he’s startingto get for it ready’; Tua-i aturkaitnek-gguq
upengluteng, up’ngulluki. ‘They started preparing
what they’d use; getting them ready.’ (PAI 2009:2);
cf. upteupte- to get ready to go # uptuq ‘he is getting
ready’; uptaa ‘he is getting it or her ready’ /upluteng ‘(they) getting ready’; upesngaituq‘he won’t get ready’; upcavet ‘because you
got ready’; upeskuvet ‘when you get ready’;
upnaluni ‘in order to get ready’; upepailegma‘before I get ready’; upyutaa uini taquarkaanek‘she is getting travel provisions ready for her
husband’; > upinga-, uplerquute-, up’nerkaq,
up’nerkar-; = upete-; cf. up’nge-; < PE up0tupute-1 to say unfavorable things about (him); tocriticize; to gossip about (him); to comment
unfavorably on (him); to complain about (him)682Basesuqamair- to become heavy; to feel very listless; topartially awaken, feeling that one cannot move;to experience “sleep paralysis” # one having sleep
paralysis experience feels that he will regain the ability
to move after making even one slight movement;uqamairtuq ‘he partially awakened, feelingunable to move’ / < uqamaq-ir2-; < PE uqima&i3-

uqamair- — uqilali

uqer- to wipe the anal area after defecating #uqertuq ‘he is wiping his (own) anal area’;uqraa ‘he wiped his (another’s) anal area’ / aan,uqernga! ‘mother, wipe me!’; > uqrun2, uqriutaq;< PY uq03uqerrsuun hat # UK; < uqeq-cuunuqi- to have plenty of food and other goods; to havemuch oil # of a seal. uqiuq ‘it has a lot of oil’ /< uquq-i3-; > uqite-2, uqiinaq, uqilngu-, uqiqite-,uqiqur-, uqivik

uqamairi- to have become heavy # uqamairiuq‘it got heavy’ / . . . uqamairiut wiinga-llu
arturyagulluki. ‘. . . they have become too heavy forme to bear.’ (PSALM 38:4); < uqamaq-ir2-i1-

uqicetaar- to ceremonially share blubber and meatfrom a freshly caught seal # uqicetaartuq ‘sheis sharing’ / Tengruluteng cakneq uqicetaatuut,uqiqutuata-llu uqunek kemegnek tapirluki,
arnarrlainaat angutmek ilaunateng. ‘The women
only, excluding men, enthusiastically shareblubber with meat too when they have a “sealparty”.’ (YUP 2005:39); < uqite2-cetaar-

uqamaite- to be heavy # uqamaituq ‘it isheavy’ / uqamaitessiyaagtuq ‘it is tooheavy’; uqamailnguq ‘heavy thing’; Tuai-am uqamailtassiikatalliniluteng nalitenguqamailqurrautassiarluku. ‘And so they weregoing to weigh themselves to see which was
the heaviest.’ (QUL 2003:196); < uqamaq-ite1-;> uqamailkutaq, uqamailtaciq, uqamailtassiir-;< PE uqima&it-

uqiggeli-, uqigli- to become light in weight #uqiggeliuq ‘it is getting light’; uqiggelia ‘he ismaking it lighter’ / Maaten pilliniuq ayuqucia
uqigliqertellinilria. ‘Suddenly he realized that hedidn’t feel listless anymore (literally: saw that
his condition had become light).’ (YUU l995:99);< uqiggete-i1-, uqiggete-i1-; < PE uqi&itli- (underPE uqi&it-)

uqamaq weight; pound # . . . uqamangqertuq
uspernek tiissitsaak malruk yuinaat-llu
qulngunritaraat akimiarmek cipluki. ‘. . . itweighed two thousand one hundred and ninetyfive pounds.’ (ANUC. 38:24); > uqamair-,uqamairi2-, uqamaite-; cf. uqiggete-uqenqar-1 to put all one’s strength into doing
something # Aqvaucuan aipani ellii uqenqerluni
piluni ellii, tua-i-llu kiturluku Turpak. ‘She
(Turpak) wanted to race and she (Turpak’s sister)ran as fast as she could and got ahead of Turpak.’(ELN 1990:63)

uqiggete-, uqaggete- (HBC form), uqgete- to
be light in weight # uqiggetuq ‘it is light’ /uqiggenani ‘(it) being light’; kevegluku taisgu
tauna uqiggelnguq! ‘lift and bring that lightthing!’; Aren waqaa tuaten-qaa maqaqluteng
pilugugtuumarpet, atkuun-llu tauna maqarcetuq,
maqarcessngapakarta. Atam uqiggelcarluten
pikina! ‘My, but you have such heavy thick
and warm boots and parka! Lighten up!’ (NAA
1970:7); Unaruluq ta¥gken uqaggellruluni. ‘This
poor fellow is lighter.’ (CEV 1984:43); > uqiggeli-;cf. uqamaq, uqila-; < PE uqi&it-

uqenqar-2 to have the wind blow from behind while
one is traveling # uqenqertuq ‘he has the windblowing from behind him’; < uqeq-?uqeq leeward side; sheltered side # uqra ‘its lee
side’; Ull’uyirluni ingrim tamatum uqrani.
‘There were small whirlwinds in the lee ofthat mountain.’ (YUU 1995:23); Na¥gg’, ava-i
inerquumalallruukut arnaq una agiireskan
uqlirnerakun kituusqevkenaku. ‘Since long
ago we’ve been admonished that if a woman
approaches she is not to be passed on her lee(downwind) side.’ (ELL 1997:339); > uqenqar2-,
uqerrsuun, uqetmun, uqrir-, uqraq; cf. uq-; < PE
uq0q

uqiinaq mixture of berries, sugar, and seal oil # K;
< uqi-nginaq

uqila- to be fleet-footed; to run fast # uqilauq ‘heruns fast’ / uqilatauq qimugtetun ‘he runs as
fast as a dog’; Taum-llu nuraam taum aanani
uqilanruami unilluku. ‘Because that fawn ran
faster than its mother, it left her behind.’ (YUP
2005:234); > uqilali; cf. uqiggete-; < PE uqila-

uqetmun toward the sheltered side; away from thewind # < uqeq-tmun; = uqutmun

uqilali fast runner # < uqila-li1683

uqilngu- — uqrun1

Basesuqilngu- to feel sick from eating too much fatty
food # uqilnguuq ‘he is feeling sick from eating
fatty food’ / uqilngunarquq ‘it (food) is too richin oil’; Uqilnguqeryuama tang tunurraungraanllu wii akutartuqsaitelalrianga. ‘I avoid eating
Eskimo ice cream since I get sick so easily fromeating even a small amount of caribou back fat;it’s as if I’ve eaten too much of it.’ (YUP 1996:43);< uqi-lngu-; < PE uq9il&u- (under PE uq9u3)
uqiqite- to become flooded with gasoline or oil #uqiqituq ‘it got flooded’ / < uqi-ite3uqiqur- to distribute seal blubber and meat andgifts when someone has caught a seal; to givea “seal party” # formerly only women and girls
participated; uqiqurtuq ‘she is passing out stripsof blubber’; uqiqurai ‘she is passing them out’ /Wall’u tan’gaurluq pitqerraaraqan ilait cenarmiut
uqiquraqluteng nerevkariluteng-llu. ‘Or when aboy makes his first catch some of the seacoastdwellers give a “seal party” and a feast.’ (CAU
1985:95); < uqi-?uqir- to put oil in # uqirtuq ‘it has oil put init’; uqiraa ‘he put oil in it’ / Aling arenqia,
naken waniw’ kenurraqa uqirciu? Cakneq-llu
tanqigiqerpaa! ‘My goodness, where did you
get more oil to fill my lamp? It’s so bright!’ (QUL
2003:239); < uquq-ir1-; > uqirissuun, uqirvik
uqirissuun funnel # < uqir-i2-cuun
uqirvik, uqiryaraq fuel tank # < uqir-vik, uqiryaraquqissaqsuun blubber carrier #uqisnga- to be sheltered # Tua-i-tuq uqisngalii
yaqugpet aciagni!. ‘Let me be sheltered under yourwings!’ (PSALM 61:4); < uqite-ngauqisvik sheltered spot; shelter; refuge # = uqiyvik;< uqite-vik
uqite-1 to take shelter # uqituq ‘he took shelter’;uqitaa ‘he put it in a sheltered spot’ / > uqisnga-,uqisvik; cf. uq-; < PE uqqit- (under PE uq03)
uqite-2 to distribute seal products (blubber and thelike) and gifts # uqicitaaryarnariuq ‘it is time togo get seal blubber’; Piciatun ta¥gaam uqitetuitakutanek-llu piaqluteng, amllermek akutamek.
‘They gave out various things when giving out
seal products, but especially “Eskimo ice cream”.’(PAI 2008:120); < uqi-te4-; > uqicetaaruqiyvik sheltered spot; shelter; refuge # HBC; =uqisvik; < uqite-vik

uqivik, uqivigaq container for oil # < uqi-vik, uqivik
uqlar- to become messy; to pollute # uqlartuq ‘hegot messy’; uqlaraa ‘he got it messy’ / nuna
man’a uqlaasqevkenaku ‘we are told not topollute the earth’; Pika-i paallacalkarvillra, agyat
uqlausnganateng ayuqut. ‘Up there, (at) the place
where he (Raven) stumbled, the stars seemto be all jumbled up.’ (YUU 1995:87); Tua-i-llu
neqliyarameng, neqsuameng aturluki tuamtellu
qelte÷ek tua-i yuvgermek tuaten, tamana tua-iuqlautnguluni. ‘They used them (their kayaks)
when they went fishing, and so again it would begrimy with scales and fish slime.’ (PAI 2008:286)
uqlir- to be set or ready to act usually to spear or
shoot, to take aim # uqlirtuq ‘he is set to act’
/ uqliutaa ‘he is set to act on or with it, he isaiming at it’; = urnir-; < PE uqli3uqnaq cooked horsetail or mare’s-tail tuber takenfrom mouse caches; berries cooked with blood #HBC; < uu-?-naq1
uqnarliq cooked blackfish # HBC; = uuqnarliq;< uu-?-naq1-li1
uqnarqe- to be burning hot # HBC, NUN; =uuqnarqe-; < ?-narqeuqni- to have a fever # NUN; < uu-?-naq1-i3uqnir- to heat (of liquids) # NUN; < uu-?-naq1-liruqniraq dish of cooked sourdock and salmon roe #NUN; < uqnir-aq1
uqraq shelter; windbreak # Tua-i arenqialami taunauqrarmun tuavet aqumqa¥rlulliuq. ‘And so, thatbeing how it was, that poor dear one sat down
there in the sheltered area.’ (CAU 1985:209);< uqeq-aq1
uqriilitaq shelter; windbreak # NUN; < uqraq-ilitaq
uqrir- to go through the area on the sheltered sideof (it); to pass downwind or down-current of(it) # uqriraa ‘he went on the sheltered side ofit’ / Uqriquniu-gguq nasaurluq tepii narkuniu
arniqciquq, ala-i. ‘It is said that if he passes
downwind of a girl and if he smells her odor
(female emanations) he will be adversely affected
thereby, oh dear.’ (KIP 1998:129); < uqeq-ir2uqriutaq diaper # BB; < uqer-?-taq1
uqrun1, uqrutaq1 shelter; windbreak #uqrucirturluku ‘shielding it from the wind’;Tuavet tua-i arulailliniuk tua-i taukut
uqrutaqeqerluki. ‘He stopped there and used it as684

Basesuqrun2 — uqumcuaq

uquarqe- to appear oily and milky # specificallyrefers to water where fish are spawning; NUN;
< uquq-?uquggluk mold (fungus); “leprous” disease ofgarments and structures (in the Bible) # anduqugglug- to be moldy # uqugglugtuq ‘it ismoldy’ / Uqugglugnimek tepsarquten anluten
qimugtet nuniitni akaguaryartua. ‘You smell ofmold; go out and roll on the ground where thedogs are.’ (CIU 2005:134); < ?-rrluk; < PE uqu!
uquinaq mixture of berries, sugar, and seal oil # K;
< uquq-nginaq
uquir(aq*) pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos);
pomarine jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) #< uquq-iq; < PY uquiq
uquirte- to run out of fuel # uquirtuq ‘he or it ran
out of fuel’ / < uquq-ir(ar)teuquirun fat scraper # < uquq-ir-un
uqulegaq northern pintail (Anas acuta) # Tuallu ukut uqulegayagaat qulen uitalliut nanvamce÷iini. ‘So these ten baby pintails were living on
the shore of the lake.’ (PEK 1977:25); Y, HBC, NI,
NUN; < uquq-lek-aq3
uqulek fried bread # HBC; < uquq-lek
uquliurta oil worker; oilfield worker # < uquqliur-ta1
uqulkatagpak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) #< uqulkatak-rpak; cf. uqsuqaq, uqsuqerpak; andyuukaq, yuukarpak
uqulkatak northern pintail (Anas acuta) # NI;< uquq-?; > uqulkatagpak
uqulkuk motor oil # < uquq-lkukuqumaarrluk fish slightly aged and stored in seal
oil; locally poke fish # < uquq-maarrlukuqumelnguq* smoked fish soaked in seal oil #NUN; < uquq-mete-nguq
uqumigte-1 to cut hair short # uqumigtuq ‘he got a
short haircut’; uqumigtaa ‘he gave him a short
haircut’ / NIuqumigte-2 to have the wind blow from behindwhile one is traveling. uqumigtuq ‘he has thewind blowing with him’; Natetmuruciirucamek
tua-i uqumigglutek ayalliuk. ‘When they became
disoriented, they began to go with the wind.’(AGA 1996:132); NUN, Y, NI
uqumcuaq buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites
subruficollis) #a shelter from the wind.’ (ELL 1997:194); < uqeq-n,
uqeq-taq1
uqrun2, uqrutaq2, uqrutarkaq, uqrutarkaun,
uqrilitaq toilet paper (or other material to wipeanus) # Tenguraluteng kingunratni-ll’ tua-i
caarkaiteqerluni uqrutalleruarmek-gguq ta¥gaam
pukukcaarturluni. ‘They flew off and then there
was nothing to do but nibble on scrapsof something for wiping the backside.’ (QAN
1995:96); < uqer-n, uqer-taq1, uqer-taq1-kaq,uqer-taq1-kaq-un, uqer-ilitaquqsunaq*, uqsunaaq aged fish head # LI, UK;< uqsuq-naq2
uqsuq head (UY, LI, UK, EG meaning); aged fishhead (HBC, NS meaning) # Tekiutaa tuamta-ll’am uqsuanek. Kiituani tua-i arenqaituq elliin-llu
nereksaitelaryaaqekai uingan imum nernaurai.
‘Then he brought its [the carrion’s] head to her.
Alas, she’d never eaten such a thing before, butthat husband of hers had.’ (UNP2); Taumek
cukilanamek ac’etaat uqsuakun . . . ‘Then they
made him put on a [crown of] thorns on hishead . . .’ (ORT 2006:52); > uqsunaq, uqsuqaq,
uqsurpayagaq; < PY uqsuq
uqsuqaq northern pintail (Anas acuta); fat of fatty
bird (NUN meaning) # Tua-i-llu piqerlutek
piyuanginanermegni teng’ilutek malrugnek
uqsuqagnek. ‘And then suddenly while they2
were walking they had two pintails fly up.’
(ELN 1990:36); NI, CAN, K, BB < uqsuq-?;> uqsuqerpak
uqsuqerpak (K form), uqsurtaq (NI form) mallard(Anas platyrhynchos) < uqsuqaq-rpak, -?;cf. uqulkataq, uqulkatarpak; and yuukaq,
yuukarpakuqsurpayagaq nickel; five cents # LI; < uqsuqpayagaq
uqtaq hookless lure used to attract fish when
dipnetting or spearing; hook (additional CAN
meaning) # Cali-llu uqtarluteng qusuurnek
piliqaqluteng. ‘Also they caught a lot of smelt
with hookless lures (and dipnets).’ (YUU 1995:61);
from Aleut uXtaX ‘fish hook’; > uqtaqngaq
uqtaqngaq rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) # CAN;
< uqtaq-kengaq
uquaq oil slick from a boat or dead animal; fish oiltaken from the surface of fish broth # < uquq-?
uquariqe- to die of an overdose of oil # < uquqar(aq)-liqe-

685uqumleq — uqutmun

Basesuqumleq (HBC form), uqumluk (NUN form) mixtureof berries, sugar, and seal oil. < uquq-?, uquq-?
uqumyagngalnguq* pearl # in Bible translation;. . . tangnircaumalriami-llu sulutaamek . . .
uqumyagngalngurnek-llu, ‘. . . adorned withgold, . . . and pearls.’ (REVE. 18:16); < uqumyakngalnguq
uqumyak quartz # so called because of its light color,
resembling seal fat; < Maurluanam taum tua-i
kamakengamiu aluqatkamek taumek pillinilria,
ikiitugmek-llu, teggalqumek-llu uqumyagmek.
‘Because his grandmother was beginning tosuspect it [to be other than human], she tookout a beaver castor, some wild celery, and aquartz rock.’ (PAI 2008:332); < uquq-yak; >uqmygngalnguq; < PE uq9umya! (under PE
uq9u3)
uqunge- to get oil; to gain weight; to catch a seal
# uqunguq ‘he got oil’, ‘he became fat’, or ‘hecaught a seal’ / < uquq-ngeuqungnak fuel oil # NUN; < uquq-?
uqunguaq olive oil # EG; < uquq-uaq
uqup’alek fry bread # K; “fry bread” is thecharacteristic widespread Native American homemade
deep-fried biscuit, sometimes called “Eskimo
doughnut” locally, known as “bannock” in Canada;< uquq-?-lekuquq oil; especially seal oil; blubber; by extension
any edible oil; in context also fuel oil; lubricating
oil; gasoline # Kenurrarluteng qikunek uqumek
imalegnek. ‘For lamps they had clay vessels
full of seal oil.’ (CAU 1985:48); Tamukaanekllu caqerluteng aurluteng tua-i-llu meciarluki
uqumek nerluki. ‘And once they gathered pussy
willow catkins, dipping them in seal oil as they
ate them.’ (ELN 1990:16); . . . uquirirraarluni-llu
makliim taum uqua pilagtuarluku . . . ‘. . . after
she removed the blubber she butchered thatbearded seal’s blubber . . .’ (CUN 2007:19); <?-quq; > uqi-, uqir-, uquaq, uquariqe-, uquarqe-,
uquinaq, uquir(aq), uquirun, uqulegaq,
uqulkatak, uqulkuk, uqumaarrluk, uqumleq,
uqumyak, uqumelnguq, uqungnak, uqunguaq,uqup’alek, uqurcailkun, uqurcir-, uquri-,uqurkaq, uqurkellicarrsuun, uqurliq, uqurpak,
uqurte-1, uqurte-2, uqurvik, uquurte-, uquucilleq,
uquucunguaq, uquviarrluk, uquryak; < PE uq9u3
uqurcailkun oiler wick (in a motor) # < uquq-?yailkun

uqurcir- to make a temporary patch, as on a kayak,
with blubber; to seal a leak with seal oil or
blubber # uquq-?
uquri- to be fat # of humans, animals, fish, or birds;
uquriuq ‘he is fat’ / Tuquvailegma-tuq waniwa. . . taryaqvagmek uqurilriamek nerqerlii! ‘Before I
die . . . that I could eat a fat king salmon!’ (QAN
1995:242); < uquq-i1uqurkaliurta oil worker; oil company # < uqurkaqliur-ta1
uqurkaq fuel oil; petroleum; gasoline; kerosene# kenurram uqurkaa ‘lamp oil’; Kaassalinaq
uqurkaqaa snuukuum. ‘The snowmachine usedgasoline for fuel.’ (NEK 1981:21); < uquq-kaq;> uqurkaliurta
uqurkellicarrsuun carburetor # NUN; < uquq-kellicar-cuun; NUN
uqurliq* silver or coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) # Y; < uquq-li1li1
uqurpak fried bread # NUN;. < uquq-rpakuqurrsuk parka hood; hat # cf. uququrte-1 to apply oil to # uqurtuq ‘it has been oiled’;uqurtaa ‘he oiled it’ / Cali-llu ivruciput qeciit
aturraarluki, yuuluki kinercirluki, kinraqata
uqurtaqluki cali qayamcetun piluki. ‘Also afterusing our skin wading boots, we’d take themoff and dry them, and whenever they were dry
we’d apply oil to them like we do to our kayaks.’(PAI 2008:284); < uquq-te6-’ > uqurun; PE uq9u3(under PE uq9u3)
uqurte-2 to catch a seal # uqurtuq ‘he caught a seal’/ < uquq-te1uqurun lubricating oil # NUN; < uqurte1-n
uqurvik, uquryaraq fuel tank # < uquq-vik, uquqyaraq
uquryak1 pus # and uquryag-1 to have pus #Tang kavirpagluni igyaran, iiragken-llu(qenercinraagken-llu) uquryaglutek. ‘Your
throat is red and your tonsils are covered withpus.’ (YUP 1996:51); Kiitaqluku qatellriamekuquryagngalngurmek nevumaluteng. ‘When it (thedressing) is peeled off, it has stuck to it a whitesubstance that looks like pus.’ (PAI 2008:108);< uquq-yak
uquryak2 white cloud that rises from the horizon #and uquryag-2 for a white cloud to arise on thehorizon # NUN
uqutmun toward the sheltered side; away from the686Basesuquucilleq — urelvaute-

uqviicar(aq*) redpoll (Carduelis sp.) # < uqvik-?
uqviinraq willow root # < uqviaq-linraq
uqvik willow (Salix sp.); more generally, tree #> uqviaq, uqviggluk, uqvigpik, uqviicar(aq),uqvinraq; cf. uq-; < PE uqvi!
uqvinraq drift log # (?); < uqvik-nraq
uralate- to be lethargic due to illness or otherphysical problem # NUN
uraluq starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)(BB meaning); wild celery (Angelica lucida) (LImeaning) # cf. uraruq
uraruq starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)(HBC,
NUN meaning); round whitefish (Prosopium
cylindraceum) (BB, LI, NR meaning); edible sea
slug, orange or purple in color (species ?) (NImeaning) # cf. uraluq; < PY u3a3uq
urasqaq (CAN, NI form), urasquq (NUN form)
white or gray clay (which is mixed with caribou
hair and used to make pottery) # Kegginatengmingugluki urasqamek, urasqarrluteng. ‘They’dpaint their faces with white clay, apply whiteclay to themselves.’ (TAP 2004:106); . . . qungut
urasqercimalriit . . . ‘. . . whited sepulchers . . .’(MATT. 23:27); = urr’aq; < PE u33a3
uravyunqegg- to be crisp and crumbly # NUN
urciq loop at end of line #ure-1 to melt; to dissolve; to run of colors; to run
down (soil from a slope); to have a dirty face
# ur’uq or uraa ‘it is melting, etc.’ / urtaa ‘it(e.g., sun) is melting it’; mikelnguq ur’uq ‘thechild has a dirty face’; qerrulliik ur’illiniuk ‘thepants are “running”’ i.e., their color is fading in
the wash; saalam uria ‘she is inconvenienced
by the melting of the shortening’; . . . pingnawa manuani nunanirqelriami ingrim urillrani
nerpall’er pingna qer’artaunani ta¥gken. ‘. . .
there in front of where the mountain formed
good land as it (the soil) ran down from its slope,
there was a large house but without any meat
rack.’ (MAR2 2001:91); > urte-, uruma-; cf. urug-;< PY-S u30ure- 2 root; urcaarluku or urevkangnaqluku‘sustained yield’ (Fish and Game terns); > urelriit,
urenequrelriit parent’s cross-sex siblings and their children# < ure2-lria-plural
urelvaute- to aim # Tua-i-gguq qavciliriluni
cupngan, urelvaucaaqaa taum aatiin, wavet tua-i

wind # . . . paqtellinia, arnaq pikna akluunani
matarmi qerruyuaralria uqutmun caugarrluni,
anuqii tunulluku, qerrulluni qungingaluni.
‘. . . when he checked on her he saw that woman
up there without clothes, naked, shivering withher back to the wind, curled up and cold.’ (ELL
1997:102); < uqeq-tmun; = uqetmun
uquucilleq, uquucivik pit or container for storingseal oil # NUN; < uquq-un-li2-lleq, < uquq- unli2-vik
uquucunguaq glass; glass bottle # NUN; < uquq-?uaq
uqu’urniq type of light-colored stone used forwhetstones #uquurte- to become oily by accident # literally: ‘tobecome oil’; uquurtuq ‘it got oily’; uquurtaa ‘hegot it oily’ / “Uumi-lli pellernaqvaa! Melqunka
uquurtanka,” qanertuq Taqukaq. ‘“This is soyucky! I’ve gotten my fur all oily.” said Bear.’(TAQ 1977:43); < uquq-urteuquutellek musket; heavy large-caliber shoulder
firearm # NUN
uquutvaguaq poison water hemlock (Cicuta
mackenzieana) # Neqivigluteng kanaqliit.
Imiraqluki neqkameggnek uquutvaguanek, . . .
‘Muskrats have their food storage places. They’dfill them with their foods, with poison water
hemlock, . . .’ (PAI 2008:228); < ?-uaq
uquviarrluk strip of seal blubber # HBC; < uquq-?rrluk
uqviaq*, uqviaraq, uqvigaq willow (Salix sp.); moregenerally, tree # . . . qugtarqamta qakineruarnek
uqviarnek ekqutkamte÷ek . . . ‘. . . whenever we’d
get dried willows for kindling . . .’ (AGA 1996:102); < uqvik-aq2; > Uqvigartalek
Uqvigartalek the traditional boundary point
between Yup’ik and Inupiaq territory near
Golovin on the Seward Peninsula # literally:‘place with many willows’; < uqvigaq-talek
uqviggluk pussy willow # EG; < uqvik-rrluk
uqvigpik (Y form), uqvigpiaq willow (Salix sp.)
# Unuaquani-llu unuakumi makcara’arluteng
aanakellriit qusuuliuqataameng, nuv’itkarrluteng
uqvigpagnek. ‘The next day the children and theirmother got up early in the morning because
they were going to work on the smelt, and theygathered stringers from willow shoots.’ (PRA
1995*:461); < uqvik-pik2, uqvik-pik2

687

urenke- — urte-

Bases

keputpakatarluku, aren urelvauqaarluku-gguq
engaarraarlun’ un’ mangllegluni tuaten. ‘Whenhe [the shaman] blew out a certain number oftimes, that father [of the child] aimed, ready tochop, but after he had aimed, he cleared his noseand sobbed.’ (KIP 1998:213)
urenke- to have time (for it); to be intent on what
one is doing; to be unoccupied otherwise #urenkuq ‘he is intent on what he is doing, isunoccupied with anything else’; urenkaa ‘he hastime for it; he is able to devote himself intently
or diligently to it’ / urenkekuma piciqaqa‘when I have time, I’ll do it’; Cumikluku pillinia,
yaatii tua-i a¥gna urenkelluku, egilraurallinilra.
‘Observing it, intently looking at the area aroundit, he found out that it was moving.’ (QUL
2003:678); Tangertuten-qaa angutmek urenkelluni
calilalriamek? ‘Do you see a man who is working
intently?’ (AYUQ. 22:29); > urenkenrite-, urenkun
urenkenrite- to be busy; to have no time for (it) #urenkenrituq ‘he is busy’; urenkenritaa ‘he is toobusy for it’ / urenkenrilama ikayurciigatamken‘because I’m busy I can’t help you’; < urenkenriteurenkun opportunity of importance; time to devote
to what one is doing; thing of intense interest #Kiagmi urenkutmek-am tailliut unkut ce÷armiut
Kusquqvagmi maani kevgirarkauluteng
apeqmeggnek. ‘In the summer the coastal
people came with the intention of participatingin what’s called the Messenger Feast here in
the Kuskokwim.’ (AGA 1996:196); Urenkutmek
pillerkillruukut arcaqaknaluku yugtun qanemcit
igausngallerkaat, tamarcetenritengnaqlerkaat-llu.
‘Using the opportunity, we planned for the allimportant matter, writing the spoken Yup’ik to
try to prevent it from being lost.’ (KIP 1998:xv);. . . caungan-mi yuk urenkutek’larciu auluklukullu; tuquarkaungraan tarikluku? ‘. . . what thenis a person that he should be something of intenseinterest to you, that you should take care ofhim even though he is bound only for death?’(PSALM 8:4)
urluveq, urluraq (NSU form); urlu (NUN form) bow
for shooting # Apa’urlurpet urluvqaa, pitegcautaillu, tangluk-llu. ‘It’s your grandfather’s bow,
his arrows, and his snowshoes.’ (YUU 1995:2);
Tua-ll’ pillinia urluvra-gguq qelutairtuq, qelutii
kevkartuq. ‘Then he told her that his bow hadcome unstrung, that his bowstring had snapped.’(ELL 1997:80); < PE u3luv03
urneq, urrleq overflow; increase; descendant;
spillover; excrescence # yuum urneri ‘theperson’s descendants’; . . . kiartuq, nunai kankut
alaunateng kana-i tamatum ingrim urellrani
uitiimeng. ‘. . . when she looked around, she saw
her village visible down there because it was
located at the mountain’s spillover (onto the plain;that is, at its base).’ (QUL 2003:72); > ure-2; cf.
uryururnir- to be set or ready to act usually to spear or
shoot; to take aim # urnirtuq ‘he is ready’ /urniutaa ‘he is ready to shoot it or spear it’;urnia! ‘get ready’ to spear or shoot!’; Iqluluku,
tangvallrani urenpausngarraarluni! ‘He was lying
to him after he’d been aiming directly at him!’(QUL 2003:314); = uqlir-; < PE u3ni3urniur- to regret something # NUN
Urr’agmiut Ohogamiut # old village site on the
Yukon
urr’aq, urrasquq white or gray clay, powdery
when dry; silt # the clay was mixed with caribou
hair and used to make pottery; ‘Kinguveten-llu
amllertarivkarciqanka nunam urraatun. ‘And I
shall cause your descendents to be as numerous
as the fine sands of the earth.’ (AYAG. 13:16); Tua-i
urr’aqegtaarmek tua-i urr’arrlirluni tua-i, cai tua-i
tamarmeng tua-i. ‘He was covered with whiteclay, very nice white clay, all over his body’ (ELL
1997:500); = urasqaq; < PE u33a3
urre- to urinate # EG; = qurreurr’i- (ur’i- ?) to have diarrhea # NUN
urr’urruayuli common loon (Gavia immer) # BB
urtaq batter; sourdough # urtaq ilau! ‘add somemore (water to the sourdough and mix flour)to the batter!’; urciuq ‘she is making sourdoughbatter’; Qulqitet-llu qaingatnun urtaq elliluku.
Urtamek tamaani quulecirilallruut assaliaqameng
carrarmek ilakuigaqluteng. ‘They would set
the batter on the shelf to become sour when
they made sourdough pancakes, leaving a little
sourdough (for starter).’ (PRA l995*:460);< -urte-aq1
urte- to make into a batter # urtaa ‘he made it intoa batter’ / assaliarkaq urtellrua ‘he made thepancake mix into a batter’; Tamarmek imarlutek
muirumalutek mukaamek uqumek urcimalriamek,. . . ‘Both filled full with flour mixed with oil, . . .’688

Bases(NAAQ. 7:73); = murte-; < ure1-te2-; > urtaq
urug- to thaw; to melt # urugtuq or urugaa ‘it ismelting’ / cikuq urugtaa ‘he is melting theice’; cikumek urugciuq ‘he is melting someice’; Ta¥gaam tua-i akercillrani tamana qanuk
urugluni erenrumainanrani. ‘But when it
became sunny the snow melted during the day.’(ELN 1990:57); . . . ircaquqa-llu cuicekaarkatun
urugluni. ‘. . . and my heart melts like a candle.’(PSALM 22:14); > urugcir-, urunquq, uruumauq;
cf. ure-, uquggluk; < PY-S u3u!- (under PY-S u30-)
urugcir- to warm up; to thaw # urugcirtuq ‘heis warming up’; urugciraa ‘he is thawing
it’ / Turpak-llu ellimerlukek petuusqelluki
qimugteteng urugcillrani aatiit. ‘She told Turpkak
and her to tether their dogs while their father was
warming up.’ (ELN 1990:77); < urug-cirurugnaq arrow with barbed ivory point #urugun skin scraper # seeuruma- to be warm (of a person) # Tuamta-llu-gguq
nutaan tukninruluku piyukuniu, qurrerraarluni
teq’uq cal’ uqumek avuluku, meq’uniu nutaangguq tua-i urumanrurpagarkauluku. ‘And if hewants to increase the potency, he is to add seal
oil to his pee and drink it. When he drinks it, heis going to be doubly warmed.’ (QUL 2003:734);< ure-maurumerun skin scraper # = ellumrun, pellumrun,
tellunrun
urunqiq, urunquq spot on top of an elevatedplace from which the snow has melted; thawed
patch # Tua-i-llu kiagutiini tua-i imumek
urunqit amlleriqercata qanikcartuumaan, tua-ikamilarrluta. Tua-i an’aqamta nem’ek yaavet
urunqimun aqvaqurluta agqertaqluta. ‘And inearly summer when the thawed patches became
numerous, (but) with snow too, we would gobarefoot. When we went out from the house we’drush over to the snowless patch over there, runningfrom one such spot to another.’ (KIP 1998:137);
Tua-i tamaa-i ima tanem urunqinek tua canek
tan’gerpagnek-llu nerqaqluni tamaa-i tumemini
pingluni tamaa-i. ‘Oh yes, it was then that she
started eating crowberries and other kind of
berries along her way from patches where the snow
had melted.’ (ELL 1997:160); < urug-neq1-?, urugneq1-quq?

urug- — usguneq
Neqnguut. Neqkaput, akutauluteng.
Puyaurtaqata neryugngarilaraput. ‘There isreally lots of sphagnum moss around here. It’s
food. It’s our food, as “Eskimo ice cream”. We
can eat it after it becomes aged mixed with seal
oil.’ (PAI 2008:86); < PE u39u3-

uruuma- to have melted; to have thawed; to be
unfrozen # uruumauq ‘it has melted’ / Nutaan
tua-i avatiitni qanikcarraat uruumanrilnguut
atsat amlleraqluteng. ‘Now the berries wereplentiful around the patches of unmelted snow.’(ELN 1990:102); . . . muragak kapullukek nem
natranun, uruumiiku nem natra. ‘. . . poking
the two pieces of wood into the (soil) floor of
the house since the floor was not frozen.’ (QUL
2003:546); < urug-mauruvak great-great-grandparent #urvagnaq sea cucumber # NUN

uryur- to overflow; to spill over # uryurtuq ‘it isoverflowing’; uryuraa ‘it is overflowing it or fromit’ / Mer’utka uryurtuq. ‘My cup runneth over.’(PSALM 23:5); cf. ure-; < PE u3yu3- and u3ya3usaaq*, usaaraq line attached to a spear; leather
rope (for spear) made of seal or walrus
skin # Tauna-wa tua-i usaaq, qerruinamek
pilallratnek iqugluku. Waniwa usaam iquanun
petuumassuutekaa tauna. ‘A float was tied to theend of the leather rope. Here is the part where theleather rope was tied.’ (CIU 2005:12); < PY
uya(C)aq
uscaryuyagaq ice that one can climb up on without
it breaking # < uste-?-useqnak two-year-old spotted seal (Phoca largha) #useqniim amia ‘two-year-old spotted sea skin’;
NI; = uyeqnak; cf. issuriq, the general term for theseseals
usgu- to add to; to extend # usgua ‘he extended
it’ / ak’a usguuq ‘it has already been
extended’; Tuamta-llu usguqatarqa qanemcimek
Kuigpagmiutarmek. ‘Now I’ll add another story
to this, one that comes from the Yukon people.’(QUL 2003:638); > usgute-; < PE uy!u-usguneq knuckle; link joint; knot # Apqucingetuut
tamakut. Usgunrit assiirulluteng. ‘They get
infirmities. Their joints get bad.’ (PAI 2008:68);
uivam usgunra ‘spinal disk’; K, Y, NI, CAN, BB;< usgute-neq1; > usguniqe-, uivam usgunra

uruq sphagnum moss (Sphagnum sp.); menstrual
pad # Amllepiartut atam maani urut tamakut.

689

usguniqe- — ussukaascengiir(aq*)

Basesusguniqe- to suffer arthritis or other joint problems# usguniquq ‘he is having painful joints’; <unguneq-liqe2-

uss’arneq chipped place; caved-in part of riverbank# < uss’arte-neq1
ussarquralria three in playing cards # NUN

usgute- to be attached or connected; to be spliced #of two similar things; usgutuk ‘they are attached toeach other’; usgutaa ‘he attached it to something’/ usgucimauq ‘it has been attached’; ak’ausgutuk caviyagaak ‘the two wires are alreadyconnected, spliced’; = uygute-; < usgu-te2-;> usguneq; cf. uskuq

uss’arte- to chip # Tua-i ta¥gken taum tua-i cingilga
uss’artellrullinikan, tuani narulkautellrani, tua-inaliatnun ekiliqarraaruciilkunegteggu, tua-itaumun uss’arnelegmek cingilegmun pikliutelluku
tauna pitarkaq. ‘However, if someone’s
spearpoint had chipped when he struck an animal,
and if they didn’t know which one of themhad wounded it, then the caught animal would
belong to the one whose spearpoint had the chip.’(CIU 2005:64); < uste-ar(ar)te-; > uss’arneq

uskaanaq snowshoe hare; varying hare (Lepus
americanus); locally rabbit # EG; from Russianeirƒy (ushkán) ‘hare’
uskuq rope, cord; umbilical cord # > uskuraq,
uskurari-, uskurtuliaraq; cf. usgute-; < PEuyukku3(u3)uss’aryuk riverbank # Anlliniut, atralliniut tua-ice÷ami maani yugugaat uss’aryuum qaingani
tangssukatalriit piurquraullutek ayalriignek.
‘They went out, and they went down and saw
lot of people up on the riverbank who there
going to watch the two who were going to go[racing].’ (QUL 2003:420); . . . egmian aurrluni
im’ uss’aryugkun tayim’ mayulliniluni. ‘. . .
immediately crawling going up the riverbank.
‘(QUL 2003:646); < uss’arte-yug- (?); cf. uss’ariyak

uskuraq tether; harnesses and gangline; kitestring; string of toy # and uskurar- to harness# uskuraraa ‘he harnessed it’ / uskuriraa ‘heprovided a line for it’; Man’a uskuraa qerruinam
uum tangerrluku kinguneqa-am neq’akekeka,. . . ‘Seeing the tether line of this skin float I’mreminded of my past, . . .’ (CIU 2005:17); espaam
uskuraa ‘spark plug wire’; UY, HBC, NI, CAN,
LK, BB, NR, LI, EG; < uskuq-aq3

usserqe- to erode; to keep on chipping, caving in #Nuyiurutnguyaaqut ukut, ta¥gaam tulurraugut
ukut tangellrat. Ta¥gaam usserqenglliniluteng
kegginait-llu, . . . ‘This had been a comb thatappears to be ivory. However, its toothed edge
evidently has started to wear away more andmore, . . .’ (CIU 2005:210); < uste-rqe1-

uskurari- to have long stringy feces # uskurariuq‘he has long stringy feces’ / < uskuq-?uskurtuliaraq* bog cranberry (Oxycoccus
microcarpus) # Y, NS; < uskuq-?

usneq chipped place; caved-in part of riverbank #= ussneq; < uste-neq1

ussneq chipped spot; caved-in part of riverbank #= usneq; < uste-neq1

uspeq weight; pound # and usper- to weigh #usperaa ‘he weighed it’ / ellminek uspertuq ‘heweighed himself’; Aturluni suulutaamek yuinaat
pingayun akimiarmek uspernek, piliaqellrui
kenurrarvik aklui-llu. ‘He made the lamp holder
and its fittings using seventy-five pounds of gold.’(ANUC. 37:24); < PE usp03- (under PE u90!-)

ussuciaq post for oil lamp # NUN

ussug- root; > ussukaascengiir(aq), ussukataq,
ussukcaq, ussungiq, ussungluq;cf. ussugcin, ucuk
ussugcin digging tool; ground or ice spud
# ussugciksuar ‘small such tool’; Taumgguq tua-i anngami tangrraa angyam iluani
ekumalria ussugcin-wa-gguq tegumiara.
Tua-i tangvakartelluni nunam tungiinun
tugrusnguaqii, taum tua-i ciunra ustelliniuq
man’a ce÷a.’When he came out he saw someone
inside the boat holding a digging tool. And, when
he looked him that one made impact motions
toward the land and the shore in front of him
caved in.’ (CIU 2005:224); cf. ussug-

usraqpakiiqertellria squirrel with bright spots (insummer) # (?)

usruq man’s sister’s child; man’s niece or nephew
through his sister # = uyruq; < PE uyu3u(3)ussar- to check; to look around # ussartuq ‘hechecked’; ussaraa ‘he checked it’ / NUN

uss’ariyak eroded high sand dunes or eroded
high coast that cannot be climbed # NUN; cf.
uss’aryuk

ussukaascengiir(aq*) Townsend’s warbler(Dendroica townsendi) # < ussug-?

690Basesussukataq — utaqa-

usvi intelligence; awareness; sanity # = uyvi;> usviir-, usviite-, usvillugte-, usvingqerr-,
usvitu-; cf. umyuaq; < PE uyvi
usviilkayag- to go berserk; to become violently
insane # usviilkayagtuq ‘he went berserk’ /< usviite-kayagusviilqi- to outwit or be outwitted; to defraud; todeceive # usviilqiuq ‘he was outwitted’; usviilqia‘he outwitted him’ / Jacob-aam tua-i usviilqia
Laban-aaq nallunrircetenrilamiu ayakatallermini.
‘Jacob outwitted Laban because he didn’t let him
find out that he was going to leave.’ (AYAG.
31:20); Usviilqingnaqsaqunaku nunalguten, wall’u
teglegiluku. ‘Do not defraud your neighbor, or
steal from him.’ (LEVI. 19:13); < usviite-?
usviir- to become mentally ill; to become insane; tolose one’s mind # usviirtuq ‘he became insane’/ Ilait-gguq tamakut uingyuumilengraata
uingevkaqait usviirut’lartut, umyugairulluteng,. . . ‘Some of them who were forced to takehusbands even though they didn’t want to marry
became mentally ill, lost their minds, . . .’ (YUU
1995:35); < usvi-ir2usviite- to be insane; to be crazy; to be mentally ill;to be foolish; to lack common sense # usviituq ‘heis crazy’ / usviinani ‘(he) being crazy’; Usviilnguq
qanertuq umyuamikun, “Agayutetaituq.” ‘The
fool says to himself, “There is no God.”’ (PSALM
53:1); < usvi-ite1-; > usviilkayag-, usviilqiusvillugte- to be insane # usvillugtuq ‘he is insane’/ usvillugtellria ‘insane person, mentally ill
person’; usvillugcaraq alerquutnek navgillerkani
tekilluku ‘criminal insanity’ (legal / neologism):< usvi-llukusvingqerr- to be sensible; to have a good mind #usvingqertuq ‘he is sensible’ / < usvi-ngqerrusvitu- to be wise # usvituuq ‘he is wise’ / usvituli‘wise one’; < usvi-tu
utakinaq volcano # NR; < PE utakin0q or utakinaq
utaqa- to wait (for) # utaqauq ‘he is waiting’; utaqaa‘he is waiting for her’ / utaqanga! ‘wait for me!’;utaqasciigaliamken ‘I can’t wait for you any
longer’; utaqiima ‘because I’ve been waiting’;
Cat iliitni avelngaq utertellrani utaqauraraa igtiin
amiigan caniani elavqerluni. ‘One time he kept
waiting for the mouse while it was returning,crouching beside the door of its den.’ (KAV
1972:9 & PRA 1995:317); NS, Y, NI, NUN, CAN,
K, BB, NR, LI, EG; = utaqa-; > utaqalgir-; < PE
utaq0-

ussukataq fire-drill; bow-drill # in particular, theshaft of the drill; < ussug-?
ussukcaq nail; peg # and ussukar- to hammer anail or peg; to mortise # . . . ayarukiulliniuq
uqvilqurrarmek tua-i-ll’ waten ayaruqluku
piluniu, nuuga inga qurrasqicullerkaa piamiu
ussukcallruar-gguq kep’arrluku nuuganun
kaugtuarluku kaputaa . . . ‘. . . he made a staff outof a piece of willow, and, because its tip mightslip, he cut an old nail in two and pounded it into
its tip . . .’ (QUL 2002: 526); Tua-i nutaan qaqicata
makut, quyurrluki tangaarraarluku, assiata,
ussukcaraqluki-am waten, piyailkucirturluki.
‘Then, when these were finished, they groupedand examined them closely, and finding themappropriate they pegged or mortised them like this,fastening them with to keep them in place.’ (PAI
2008:256); = ucukcaq; < ussug-?; < PY ucukcaq
ussukcaute- to nail (it) up; to crucify (him)* . . .
kelistanun-llu ussukcaulluki, . . . ‘. . . and theynailed them to the crosses, . . .’ (MATT. 23:34);< ussulcaq-te5-; > Ussukcautelleq
ussukcautelleq1, ussukcausngalleq,
ussukcaucimalleq crucifixion # < ussukcautelleq, ussukcaute-nga-lleq, ussukcaute-ma-lleq
Ussukcautelleq2 Easter # NUN; < ussukcaute-lleq
ussungiq shaft of bow-drill # and ussungir- to
start fire by friction with a bow-drill # NUN;
< ussug-?; > ussungirkaq
ussungirkaq reddish wood used for bow-drill shaft# NUN; < ussungiq-kaq
ussungluq edible sea creature, tubular andtransparent, with visible guts, perhaps a sea slug
(species ?) # NI, NUN; < ussug-?
uss’utali queen; king # from Russian ujcelƒhm
(gosudár’) ‘sovereign’ussuuq (usuuq ?, uyuuq ?) grass that grows insandy areas and has prickly leaves (species ?) #NUN
uste- to erode; to chip; to cave in # ustuq or ustaa ‘it
caved in, eroded, chipped, collapsed’ / ussluni‘(it) caving’; usciiquq ‘it will cave in’; uspailgan‘before it caves in’; ussnia ‘he said it caved in’;> uscaryuyagaq, uss’arte-, uss’aryuk, usserqe-,
usneq, ussneq; cf. uyte-; < PE uyt0usuuq hey you!; you here! # exclamatory particle; thisis the vocative form of una (q.v.); it can be shortened
to uss; NS, LY, LY, NI, NUN, CAN, BB, NR;= uyuuq691

utaqalgir- — utqite-Basesutaqalgir- to wait for something to occur #utaqalgirtuq ‘he is waiting’ / Mamterillerni
utaqalgirtuq irnillerkaminek ‘she is waiting in
Bethel for her child to be born’; < utaqa-?-;> Utaqalgirvik
Utaqalgirvik Purgatory (Christian conception)# Ikayuqiki-llu angayuqaanka, atanrenka-llu,
tungayiinka, elluarrluteng pistenka, anerneret-llu
Utaqalgirvigmelnguut. ‘And help my parents, mymasters, my relatives, the righteous servants, andthe souls in Purgatory.’ (CAT 1950:8); < utaqalgirvik
utaqlir- to wait (for) # NS; = utaqaute- root; > uterte-, utengqa-, uteryug-, utelmun,
utetmun, utqiar-, utqite-, uteskiaqer-, ut’rarte-,ut’ruteutelmun homeward, toward one’s point of origin #adverbial particle; Utelmun-llu paqnaqkengarput
uterrvikluku piaqluku. ‘And on the way back we’dreturn to the place that we were curious about tocheck it.’ (PAI 2008:230); = utetmun; < ute-tmun;> utelmuarutelmuar- to backtrack # Piyunaitelliniaqan
utelmuarluta allakun mallengnaqu’uraraqluki.
‘When it [the trail] wasn’t suitable we’d backtrack
and approach on another route.’ (PAI 2008:234);< utelmun-?utertengkiu(ar)- to go with the intention of
returning the same day # < uterte-?utengqa- to be back (home); to be visiting at one’s
former home # utengqauq ‘he is visiting his oldhome’ / Tua-llu a¥g’umun ayakata’aryaramun
cali ten minutes utengqaqaqerlii. ‘Allow me toreturn to the topic I started with for ten more
minutes.’ (QUL 2003:256); < uterte-ngqautertaaq chorus # utertaara ‘its chorus’; < uterte-auterte- to return; to go back # utertuq ‘he returned’;
utertaa ‘he returned along it (a route)’ / uterten‘come back’; unuaqu ut’reskina ‘come backtomorrow’; uterrngaituq ‘he won’t come back’;uterciiquq ‘he will come back’; utercugtuq ‘hewants to come back’; Equgmek tangerpek’naniuterrnaurtuq perrirpak tekitnaurtuq
caanginarluni. ‘Not seeing any firewood he’dreturn, and he’d arrive completely without
having achieved any results.’ (ESK l899:475);
atakumi utertellerkiuraq ‘curfew’ (neologism);< ute-?-; > utengkiur(ar)-, utengqa-, utertaaq,
ut’rarute-, utrinar-, ut’rutaq; < PE ut03-

uteryug- to be homesick; to want to go home
# uteryugtuq ‘he is homesick, wants togo home’ / Tuunriinanermini taqngami
pilliniuq, arenqialnguq-gguq tang tua-i una
tuunriskengaa, uteryulria, tuqulinrem tungiinun
tua-i aviucessaangraani. ‘When he was finishedusing his spirit powers, he said that the one he
was using his powers on wanted to return in the
direction of death even though he’d been trying
to lead him away.’ (QUL 2003:574); < ute-?-yuguteskiaqer- to ricochet; to bounce back; to turnaround and come back # HBC; < uteutetmun homeward, toward one’s point oforigin # adverbial particle; Tua-i-llu utetmun
umyuarteqengluni ciuliallminek. ‘On the way
back he began to think about his ancestors.’ (PRA
1995:376); = utelmun; < ute-tmun
utgucik cooking pot # NUN; < uu-?-uciq; < PE
ut!uci!
utngugartaq trigger string (?) for squirrel snare #< utnguk-aq3-taq4
utnguk wart # > utngungssaq, utngugartaq; cf.
Nelson 1877–1881 list (124); < PE ut&u3
utngungssaq* tuber of mare’s-tail plant (Hippurusvulgaris), found in mouse caches; locally mouse
food; mouse nuts # Imkut-llu call’ utngungssaraat
papitussaayaarngalnguut, tua-i-gguq
tuaten quunanek avukegcagteskevkenata,
inerqunqegcatullruitkut. ‘They forbade us mix
mare’s-tail tubers, those things that look likelittle potatoes (or beans), with sourdock.’ (KIP
1998:193); < utnguk-?
utqerr- to row # utqertuq ‘he is rowing’; utqerraa‘he is rowing it’ / Y; > utqerrun
utqerrun oar # Y, NSK; < utqerr-n
utqerte- to return hurriedly # utqertuq ‘hereturned hurriedly / Tua-i-llu taukuk nukalpiak
qessavkenateg-am tumllermegteggun
utqertellinilutek tayima. ‘And then those men2,
without delay or hesitation, returned hurriedly by
the same path they came on.’ (CAM 1983:322);< uterte-qerteutqiar- to reverse one’s course # NUN; < ute-?utqiq potato; “wild potato plant” (Claytonia tuberosa)# NS; = ulqiq; < PE ulqi3
utqite- to ricochet; to bounce back; to turn aroundand come back # utqituq ‘it bounced back’ /Piqertuutaq-llu tuc’ami egmian utqitliniluni.

692

Bases‘When the axe hit it, it immediately bounced off.’(PAI 2008:312); < ute-?ut’rarte- to go and return on the same day #ut’rartuq ‘he went and came right back’ /Alingqercami ut’rartuq, aqvaqurluni. ‘Overcome
by fright, he came right back running,’ (MAR1
2001:80); < ute-?ut’rarute- to bring (them) back to one’s own village
and have them dance there and request specificgifts, during the Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”),
instead of exchanging places in the host village’s
communal men’s house # said of the guest villagers
doing this to host villagers; CAN < utertear(ar)te-te5utrinar- to return empty-handed, without
catching anything # utrinartuq ‘he returned
empty-handed’ / . . . caaqami utrinalaami,
tallimarraarnek-llu kapkaanangqerrami nutaan
yuinaq tallimanek cipluku qanganautengluni.
‘. . . because sometimes she’d come back emptyhanded and because she only had five traps, she
only caught twenty-five squirrels.’ (ELN 1990:55);< uterte-inarut’rute- to return (something); to bring home #ut’rutuq ‘he brought something back’; ut’rutaa‘he brought it back’ / calissuun ut’rutaa
pikestiinun ‘he returned the tool to its owner’;ut’rutaqaa ‘it is the thing he brought home’;
Kitak tua-i nutaan kingunemegnun ut’ruskuk.
‘Now, would you take us2 back where we camefrom.’ (CIU 2005:224); < ute-te5ut’rutaq skin tag; acorn-squash shaped projection
near newborn’s ear, said to be the remnant of asecond person # < uterte-taq1
utuma- to be better # utumauq ‘it is better’ /nerevkallrua utumauralrianek neqautmegnek‘he let her eat the better ones from their2 foodsupply’; > utumari-, utumarteutumari- to become better; to recover # utumariuq‘it is getting better’ / Kapurraartelluni,
utumariami ayalliniuq ernerkarcurluni, calaram
tungiinun. ‘After he’d been stabbed, when herecovered he went on his way looking for daylightin a southerly direction.’ (YUU 1995:86);< utuma-i1utumaringnaqsaraq rehabilitation # < utumaringnaqe-yaraq

ut’rarte- — uulganarqeutumarun ‘improvement’; < utuma-?-utuqa- to be aged (of sealskins) # utaqauq ‘it isaged’; < PE utuqqa3

utvak snow that has been carved into a block #< ?-vak

uu- to be cooked # uuguq or uugaa ‘it is cooked,
done’ / uumauq ‘it is completely cooked, ready’;uumanrilnguq tan’gerlim kemga neryaqunaku!
‘don’t eat the undercooked bear meat!’; Tua-illu qimugtait uitanginanratni nepairulluteng
keniraq-llu uuluni, nerluteng-llu. ‘Their dogs
were quieting down while they were there,
and the cooking got done, and they ate.’ (ELN
1990:20); > uqnaq, utgucik, uungllekar-, uuqitar-,uuqnarliq, uuqnarqe-, uussaar-, uute-, uuvlaag-;< PE u!uuucissuun bread pan; baking pan # Paraluruaq,
neqet-llu keniinanratni pie-am elaqlirkaanek
pililuten a¥g’umek negtaallerpenek,
uucissuutekun takelriakun.’While the rice andfish are cooking, make pie crust in a baking pan
with the dough you made.’ (YUU 1995:64);< uute-i2-cuun
uucivik oven # < uute-i2-vik

uuga’rte- to cook quickly as by placing in boilingwater # uuga’rrluk ‘food that is cooked this way’;< uute-ar(ar)teuuggun through here # Look under wa(ni) ‘here’
uugiyun wild celery (species ?) # EGuugkete- to give up; to quit # uugketuq ‘he gaveup’, ‘he quit’

uugnar(aq*) vole (Microtus sp.); locally, mouse #Anipat iciw’ uugnarnek, avelngarnek, nertulriit.
‘Owls, you know, eat voles, voles (in anotherdialect’s word).’ (AGA 1996:74); NI, CAN, BB,= ugnaraq; < PE u!9u!na3 (under PE u!9u!)uuleg- root > ulganaq, uulegte-, uulenge-,uulganarqe-, uulgatar(ar)-; < PE u&ul0!-

uulegte- to shiver; to shake # uulegtuq ‘he isshivering’; uulegtaa ‘he is shaking it’ /< uuleg-?-; cf. uulungak, uulungiiq

uulenge- to start to tremble; to start to shake #NUN; cf. uulegteuulganarqe- to be frightening; to cause one totremble # uulganarquq ‘it is frightening’ /< uuleg-a-narqe-

utumarte- to improve # utumartuq ‘he is
improving’; utumartaa ‘he is improving it’ /693

uulgatar(ar)- — uuqnarliq

Basesuulgatar(ar)-, uulegyatar(ar)- (HBC form) to
tremble # uulgata’artuq or uulegyatarretuq ‘heis trembling’ / . . . uulgata’arluni tuaten, maaten
Qalemaq murilkartaa qia¥rlulria piani. ‘. . . she
was shivering, and she saw poor Qalemaq crying
up on the bank.’ (ELN 1990:27); < uuleg-?-,uuleg-?uullaq parboiled blubber or flipper strips preservedin seal oil # NUN, CAN; cf. uu- from NUN and
PAI 2008:8
uulungak piece of fringed fur (mink, squirrel belly,etc.) sewn on hem or hood of garment # cf.
uulegteuulungiiq parka decorated with a fringe of squirrel
belly # Tamaani-gguq uulungiingqetullruut
qanganaat aqsanritnek kenuggluki. ‘At thattime they had squirrel-skin parkas decorated withsquirrel bellies.’ (CIU 2005:322); cf. uulegte
uumi recently; this time; once # adverbial particle;
Uumi tekicama egmianun uitavigkamnun
pirraarlua agutellruanka tuyuuteten alqavnun
Nev’amun. ‘When I arrived at my dorm recently,
I immediately took what you’d sent over to yoursister Nev’aq.’ (PRA 1995:299); < una-localis; >uumirpak, uumiarqu, uumiku
uumi, uumek, uumun in this, from this, to this #Look under una ‘this’uumi- emotional root; > uumike-, uuminarqe-,
uumitar-, uumiyug-; < PE u!umiuumiarqu, uumiaraqu in the near future # adverbial
particle; < uumi-ar(aq)-ku, uumi-ar(aq)-ku
uumike- to be infuriated at (him) # uumikaa ‘he isinfuriated by or at her’ / uumikutut ‘they are
angry at one another’; Atanema, assiilngunka
tamalkuita uumikanka, . . . ‘Lord, I am furious at
all my sins, . . .’ (CAT 1950:6); < uumi-ke4uumiku next time # adverbial particle; uumiku calitangerciqamken ‘I’ll see you again soon’; < uumiku
uuminarqe- to be infuriating; to be irritating# uuminarquq ‘it is infuriating, irritating’ /uuminaqvaa! ‘darn it!’; < uumi-narqeuumirpak in the past period of time (days, hour,
minutes); for some time now # adverbial particle;
Ukut-llu tang qimugtet uatmuculnguuralalriit
uumirpak. ‘These dogs, see, have kept on looking
down river for some time.’ (ELN 1990:19); < uumirpak

uumitar- to be of an irritable nature # uumitartuq‘he is irritable by nature’ / < uumi-taruumiyug- to be peeved; to be irritated; to be
infuriated # uumiyugtuq ‘he is peeved, irritated,infuriated’ / < uumi-yuguuneq burn on the flesh # Wall’u yuum qaingani
uunertangqerqan, . . . Melqut-llu uunrani
qat’rillrukata . . . ‘Or whenever there’s a burn ona person’s body, . . . If the hairs on his burn turnwhite . . .’ (LEVI. 13:24-25); < uute-neq1
uungllekar- to cook rare # = umlluaqar-; < uu-?;> uungllekaraq; < PE u!u&ila3- (under PE u!u-)uungllekaraq rare-cooked meat or fish; <uungllekar-aq1
uunguciicaraq confusion # < uunguciite-yaraq
uunguciirute- to have become confused; tonot know # Tama-i-llu nani-ll’ uitacini
uunguciirulluku. ‘And at that point he was notable to pinpoint his own location.’ (QAN 1995:222);< una-u-ciq-iruteuunguciir- to get confused # Waken wanigga
uunguciirtaqa. ‘From this point onwards I am
unsure about the rest.’ (ELL 1997:250)
uunguciite- to be confused; to not know # literally:‘to not know what it is’; Tua-i tang wiinga
kingunemta caqapiara nanteqapiaraucia tua-i
waniwa uunguciilkeka . . . ‘Presently I’m notexactly sure where our home is located . . .’ (QAN
1995:266); < una-u-ciiteuuqassugar- to worry; to feel apprehensive thatsomething might happen # uuqassugartuq ‘heis worried’/ uuqassugartua kitnayukluku ‘I am
worried that he might drown’; Cikiqengllerkaqllu cakneq tengrunaqluni. Camek pikaitellerkaq
uuqassugarnaqluni. ‘Gift-getting makes one
excited with enthusiasm. If one should lackthings to give in return, it makes one worry.’(CAU 1985:28)
uuqessngitak runt; smallest egg in a nest; smallest
pup in a litter, etc. # = quuqessngitak
uuqitar- to have a burning sensation (at intervals) #uuqitartuq ‘he has a burning sensation’ / Unataigguq tuar uuqitalriit ugaani-gguq kumlatem. ‘His
hands appear to have had a burning sensation on
account of the cold.’ (YUU 1995:6); < uu-?uuqnarliq (K form), uuqnarniq (Y form) cooked
blackfish # . . . nulirrit uuqnarlinek egaluteng
qantat imirluki. ‘. . . their wives boiled up some694Bases(cooked) blackfish filling the bowls.’ (AGA 1996:80);= uqnarliq; < uu-?-naq1-li1, uu-?-naq1-li1

uuqnarqe- — Uuyarmiut

uussaariuq ‘he is cooking thawed frozen fish’;< uu-?uussiiqar- to cook rare; to half cook # NUN
uusqunguaq a type of moss used for making lamp
wicks #
uusurte- to have a rash; such as a diaper rash; tobecome raw and irritated from constant moistureof flesh # uuyurtuq ‘he or it (body part) is raw’ /uuyurciluni ‘(he) having diaper rash’; = uuyurteuutaq hard candy or other hard-baked food; bread #< uute-aq1
uutar- to apply heat or steam to (it) # Uutarluki-gguq
saaganret pitegcautet-llu epukait makut pituit.
‘They say that they apply heat to side stringers
and arrow shafts.’ (PAI 2008:266); < uute-?uute- to burn (flesh); to cook by baking or roastingrather than boiling # uutuq ‘he burned himself’;uutaa ‘he cooked it, burned it’ / uusngaituq‘it won’t get burnt’; caskami imaanek uucetaa‘he burned her with the contents of his cup’;
Tutgarrlung, keneq mallegpiiqnaku, uuciiquten!
‘Grandson, don’t go so close to the fire; you’ll getburned!’ (UNP1); Tua-i-llu elkek panini-llu taukut
pie-yarkat qaqicata uulluki. ‘And when the pies
were ready she and he daughter baked them.’(PRA 1995:413); < uu-te2-; > uucissuun, uucivik,
uuga’rte-, uuneq, uutaq, uutar-; < PE u!ut(under PE u!u-)uutkaaq, uuteka’aq duck; especially mallard(Anas platyrhynchos); northern pintail (Anasacuta) # Caqerluni-gguq uuteka’artangqertuq
aterluni Macaq’amek. It’garpiik piyuagaqan
mecartaqlutek. ‘Once, they say, there was aduck named Mecaq’aq. When it walked, its feetwould make a smacking noise.’ (UUT 1974:1);
Maaten ullagluku piaqa wangni una uuteki’inraq
peksuq. Uuteki’inrartun tua-i angtaluni. ‘Then I
approached and found what appeared to be a
mallard egg. It was the size of a mallard’s.’ (AGA
1966:176); Y; from Russian ´nrf (útka)uutuk sea urchin # < PY uutuk
uutun like this one # Look under una ‘this’uuturrluk flake of dandruff # NUN; < ?-rrluk
uuvlaag- to cook rare # uuvlaagtuq ‘it isundercooked’; uuvlaagaa ‘he undercooked it’ /= umlluaqar-, uvluaqar-; < uu-vlaagUuyarmiut plural an old name of present-day Bethel# < ?-miuuuqnarqe- to be burning hot # uuqnarquq ‘itis hot’ / . . . arnassagaat tamakut puqlamek
uuqnarqelriamek kuvluki, paralut tuquqertelluki.
‘. . . the old women poured boiling hot waterover them, instantly killing the maggots.’ (PAI
2008:148); Kuuvviaq cali uuqnaqsiyaagtuq.’ The
coffee is still too hot.’ (YUP 1996:39); = uqnarqe-;< uu-?-narqe-; > uqni-; < PE u!u3- (under PEu!u-)uuqnituq (Y form), uuqniquq (NI form),
uuqniikuuq (Y form) bumblebee # Uuqniikuuq,
qassarluku! ‘Bumblebee, eating it raw!’ (children’s
ditty said upon seeing a bumblebee, from Emmonak)uuquciik fox (species ?) # EGuur- to toot; to whistle; to make an “uu” sound #of steam whistles and similar sounds; uurtuq ‘itwhistled’; uuraa ‘it whistled at it’ / imitative

uurcaq one coming to get help holding a gaff asa signal that he has caught a sea mammal #and uurcar- to go to get others to help one #Atam tua-i unavet piqtaalriit pivakarluteng
qakemkut qanngartelliniut uurcamek cam’umek.
(Nangrrarmeng tagelriit unaken uurcarniluki
pitullrukait.) ‘After they started going to theocean at various times, someone suddenly
mentioned a person walking up holding a gaff,
coming for help. (They used to say of someone
walking home in this way that he was“uurcar-”).’ (KIP 1998:217); Kitak tua-i pilaggu,
pilaggaarluku taqkuvet uterrluten yaavet
kangimun uurcaryarturniartuten. ‘Go ahead andbutcher it and after you butcher it when you arefinished go back to the bay and get some help.’(QUL 2003:150)

uurcara- to regret a loss that might have been
prevented by appropriate action # uurcarauq‘he regrets what happened’; Umyuarteqliniluniam, “Aling, kilgarmun-llu tuntumek tangerrlua
uitaskumku uurcaraqatarpakar. Atak tua-i
pissungnaqa’arteqerlaku.” ‘He thought, “Oh my,seeing a caribou just anywhere here, if I leave it
alone I am going to regret it. I will go ahead andtry to hunt it.”’ (QUL 2003:148); < PE u!!u3uurritaq “sea egg”; chiton # EGuussag-, uussaar- to cook frozen fish after itis thawed # uussaaraa ‘he is cooking it’ /695

uuyurcailkun — uyangte-Basesuuyurcailkun talcum powder # < uyurte-yailkutaq
uuyutair- to remove frostbitten skin # . . .
uuyutairraarluni-gguq nerciquq. ‘. . . he said that
he would eat after he’d removed the frostbite fromhis skin.’ (PAI 2008:332)
uuyurte- to have a rash, such as a diaper rash; tobecome raw and irritated from constant moistureof flesh # uuyurtuq ‘he or it (body part) is raw’/ uuyurciluni ‘(he) having diaper rash’); =uusurte-, > uuyurcailkun
uvaa- to rock from side to side (of a boat) # uvaaguq‘it is rocking’ / Ellerrarrluni man’a, amta-llugguq qayaak-llu uvaavkenani. ‘There was abubbling, whirling rushing sound here, and yet
their2 kayak wasn’t rocking.’ (AGA 1996:138);= eveqaa-; < uver-a-; < PE uv0(C)a- or 0v0(C)a(under PE uv03- or 0v03-)
uver- slanting; tilted # postural root; = ever-; >uvengqa-, uvenqegg-, uverte-, uvaa-, uvqercug;< PE uv03- or 0v03uvengqa- to be slanted; to be tilting # uvengqauq ‘itis slanting, tilting’ / < uver-ngqauvenqegg- to be steep # uvenqegtuq ‘it is steep’ /< uver-nqegguverneq slope # . . . tua-i qanikcarkun qengaruumllu uverneranun tekicami inarmi tull’uni, . . .
‘. . . when he reached the slope of the snowbank,he landed (at the bottom) lying down, . . .’ (CIU
2005:340); < uverte-neq1
uverte- to tilt; to slant # uvertuq ‘it tilted’; uvertaa‘he tilted it’ / Ketii-gguq tua-i a¥gna uverrluni,
kuik taman’ kananritaraqerluku. ‘The area below
sloped down, barely reaching the river.’ (QUL
2003:152); < uver-te2-; > uverneq, uverteckegguverteckegg- to be steep # uverteckegtuq ‘it is
steep’ / < uverte-ckegguviluq thin-necked clam # HBC; = uiluq; < PE
uvilu3uvluaqar- to cook rare # HBC; = uuvlaag-,umlluaqar-; < uu-?-qaruvqercug- to suddenly rock # Y; < uver-qar-?uvruar(ar)- to go or be outside without a coat #NUNuvrun pullover; sweater # NUN
uya neck (often non-anatomical or non-human);figurine of human used as amulet # putiil’kam
uyii ‘the neck of the bottle’; Tua-i-llu waniwa
ukut uyaugut, uyat. Waniwa uyat atkuliluki,

temliluki yaqulget uyaitnek. Uyarrlainarnek
atkuliluki. . . . . Tua-i-gguq qalriatuut makut
kukumyalqita’arluteng. Kukumyalqitaralriamek
niiskuni tua-i uyauguq. ‘These are what we call“uyat” [human figurines]. The parkas were madefrom bird-neck (skins). They made them parkas
out of just the necks. . . . . It is said that they makesounds by whistling. If one hears something
whistling it is an “uya” [human figurine].’ (CIU
2005:228); for anatomical neck, see uyaquq; >uyakite-, uyalek, uyalquq, uyamik, uyangte-,uyaquq, uyatu-; < PE uya(qa3)uyakite- to be near; to be short; to be narrow #uyakituq ‘it is near’, ‘it is short’, ‘it is narrow’ /NI; < uya-kite2uyalegpak double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax
auritus) # Uyalegpiit. Ang’ut makut angenritpiyuatuluteng-llu piyuapiarluteng, lagitun
piyuatuluteng. ‘Double-crested cormorants. They
are larger (than pelagic cormorants), they truly
walk; they walk like geese.’ (PAI 2008:170);< uyalek-rpakuyalek pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) #Taqnerungermeng arnaurtengermeng-llu uyalget
tamakut atkukaqluki. ‘Even though they were
adults and even though they had become older
women, they had those cormorant parkas.’ (CIU
2005:338); < uya-lek; > uyalegpak; < PY uyal0!
(under PE uya(qu3))
uyalquq area of seal behind head; neck area of seal
# < uya-quq
uyamik necklace; pendant; cross worn as a pendant# Uyamigani pillia wani qillrumauralria ca.
Petenglluku pillia aklanqurrun. ‘He saw that
his neckpiece had something tied to it. When heuntied it and smoothed it out he saw that it wasa weasel.’ (MAR1 2001:93); < uya-mik; < PEuyami! (under PE uya(qu3))
uyangte- to look over a barrier; to look through thedoor or window; to peek in or out # uyangtuq‘he is looking over or through a barrier’;uyangtaa ‘he is looking through a barrier at it’/ ‘. . . nem qainganun mayulliniuq egalerkun
qinerrnaluni. Uyangtelliniuq, arnamek, angutmek,
yungqellinilria. ‘. . . he climbed to the top of thehouse to look in through the window. When helooked down he saw that it had people, a woman
and a man.’ (YUU 1995:86); < uya-?-; < PE uya!or uyan0!-696Basesuyaqe- to hit with a missile or projectile # e.g., a rock,spear, bullet; uyaqaa ‘he hit it’ / uyaqutuq ‘he hit
something’; uyaqsuuq ‘he has good aim’; Ilait
uyaqsunaqluteng-gguq apqiitnek, narulkautellriani
nall’ararucunaqluteng. ‘Some were accurate,
so they term it, hitting right on target whensomething (a spear) was thrown with them.’(CIU 2005:54)
uyaqinraq neckbone # < uyaquq-ir1-nraquyaqsuk pearl # NUN
uyaqucuayaalek northern pintail (Anas acuta) # NR,
LI; < uyaquq-cuar-ya(g)aq-lek
uyaqukiirar-, uyaqukiir(ar) to be in up to theneck # in water, tall grass, etc.; uyaqukiirartuq
or uyaqukiirtuq ‘he’s in up to his neck’ /uyaqukiirarnarquq or uyuqukiirnarquq ‘it’sneck deep’; Piqertuq maaten ellii mermi
nangengqalria uyaqukiirluni caumaluni
ce÷’am tungiinun. ‘When she observed her
surroundings, she saw that she was standing in
the water up to her neck facing the shore.’ (ELN
1990:22); < uyaquq-kiiraruyaquq neck (anatomical) # uyaqua, uyaq¥rra,or uyaqurra ‘his or its neck’; Tuqunricaaqellria
uyaquni ta¥gaam kepumiita kiarcecurlagluni.
‘He wasn’t really dead but since his neck wascut (that is, his throat was slit), he was unable tolook around well.’ (QAN 1995:72); < uya-quq,> uyaqinraq, uyaqucuayaalek, uyaqurrilitaq,
uyaqurrun, uyaraq, uyarr’uyaq, uyaqukiirar-;< PE uya(qu3)uyaqurrilitaq scarf; dog collar # < uyaquq-ilitaquyaq¥rrun necklace; dog collar # < uyaquq-nuyaraq necklace # HBC; < uya-?
uyarr’uyaq, uyarr’uyar(aq*), uyarruyuaq
semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus);
ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) # < uya-?
uyatu- to be distant; to be be long; to be wide #uyatuuq ‘it is distant’, ‘it is long’, ‘it is wide’/ Uyatutacirkaa cuqluku narulkarcuutmi
uskuraan utaqallinia. ‘He waited for it (theseal), calculating the distance that his spear’s line
would extend.’ (YUU 1995:22); NI; < uya-tuuyeqnak two-year-old spotted seal (Phoca largha) #HBC; = useqnak; cf. issuriq, the general term forthese seals
uyerqe- to approach in order to get food, such as
bait in a trap # uyerquq ‘he or it came over touyaqe- — uyur(aq*)

eat’; uyerqaa ‘he or it came to him or it for food’/ HBC; cf. uyiqeuygute- to be attached or connected # HBC; =usgute-; < PE uy!uuyiqe- to keep going back for more; to takefreely; to get a lot of food at a party # uyiquq‘he keeps going back for more’; uyiqviiqnak!
‘don’t overdo it (wastefully)!; Tamaa-i akluitnek
tegutelallminek atii uyiqluni pillilria. ‘His father
had their clothes that he had taken freely.’ (QUL
2003:274); < ?-liqe1-; > uyiqvik; cf. uyerqe-;< PE uyiq0uyiqvik smorgasbord, buffet, meal with various
types of food laid out for diners to select #< uyiqe-vik
uyive- to turn # HBC; = uive-; < PE uyiv0uyruq man’s sister’s child; man’s niece or nephew
through his sister # HBC; = usruq; < PE uyu3u(!)
uyte- to cause to cave in # uytaa ‘he made it cave in’/ uylluku ‘making it cave in’; uyeygu! ‘make it
cave in!’; HBC; cf. uste-; < PY uyt0uyug- to have sexual intercourse (of humans)# uyugtuq ‘he is having sexual intercoursewith someone’; uyugaa ‘he is having sexualintercourse with her’ / uyugtuk or uyuutuk‘they2 are having sexual intercourse’; cf. ucuk,kuyag-; < PY uyu!uyunge- to squat down; to collapse # uyunguq‘he squatted’, ‘he collapsed’; uyungumauq‘he is squatting’; Ak’anun-llu pivkenani tauna
taqukaq pilualuqerrluni, aciminun-llu uyungluni.
Uyungan pillinia Makalaq, “Taitai, tuquuq.” ‘Fora long time that bear had no success, and then it
collapsed down on the ground beneath it. Whenit collapsed, he told Makalaq, “Come; it’s dead.”’(YUU 1995:13); Ta¥ga-gguq uyungqerrluni taukut
ineqsuarautekluki . . . atuutai . . . ‘Squatting down
and cooing to them . . . he sang to them . . .’(WOR 2007:110); > uyungqa-, uyungssuar-;< PY-S uyu&0uyungllugte- to be wrinkled (of clothing) # NUN
uyungqa- to be squatting # uyungqauq ‘he issquatting’ / < uyunge-ngqauyungssuar- to stand with one’s knees bent slightly# uyungssuartuq ‘he is standing with his knees
bent slightly’ / < uyunge-cuar(aq)uyur(aq*) younger sibling # brother or sister;Arenqialnguq-wa tua-i umyuan eq’engkan

697

uyuqliq* — verte-

Bases

V

taumek uyu’urpenek, uitasngailavnga! ‘It is
unfortunate, because if you become enraged
about your younger brother, you will not leaveme alone!’ (ELL 1997:88); > uyuqliar(aq*); < PY
uyu3aquyuqliq* youngest sibling # < uyuraq-qliq
uyuruar- to hum or sing a wordless tune (especiallywhen going out in the morning to check theweather) # NUN
uyuuq hey you!; you here! # UY, UK, NBC, LI, EG;= usuuq; < una-yuuq
uyvi intelligence; wisdom # HBC; = usvi; < PE uyvi

For words that sound as if they start with v, lookalso under ev, since many writers prefer tospell such words with an initial e, or if this is
unsuitable, with an initial apostrophe.
vegtaq* # bumblebee # Maaten-gguq an’uq
allat ungungssit ak’a pekngellrullinilriit,
yaquleyagaat, qanganaat, avelngaat, vegtaat,
cat-llu tauten allat ungungssiyagaat. ‘On goingout they saw that other animals had begun
to stir, little birds, squirrels, mice, bumblebees,
and other small creatures like that.’ (CIK
1972:3); Cali Ataneq Agayutsi ayagceciciquq
tamakunun puukatulinek vegtarnek, . . . ‘Also
the Lord your God will set upon them stinging
bees, . . .’ (ALER. 7:20); vegtaat neqait ‘rosewort(Sedum roseum)’; vegtaat paatakaaliarat or
vegtaat paatakaarngalnguliarat or vegtaat
neqkautait ‘honey’; . . . neqnirqenruluteng-llu
vegtaat paatakaaliaratni. ‘. . . and they are sweeter
than honey.’ (PSALM 19:10); Nereksaunak
anagarulluten vegtaat paatakaarngalnguliaratnek;. . . ‘Don’t eat an excess of honey; . . .’ (AYUQ.
25:16); . . . ner’aqluni-llu petgartaayulirpagnek,
vegtaat-llu neqkautaitnek. ‘. . . and he would eat
locusts and (wild) honey.’ (MATT. 3:4); also spelled
evegtaq: NI; LY, NI, CAN, LK, BB, NR, LI, EG
vegtar- to gather grass # vegtartuq ‘he is gathering
grass’; vegtaraa ‘he is gathering grass from it’ /Canegtangqerqan tangellni canegnek vegtarluni,
can’get-ll’ imkut iquit-ggun tamarkenka
qillerrlukek, qillerqaarlukek nutaan curuqlukek
aqumluni. Tua-i nulluuk mecungengaunatek. ‘If
one sees any grass, he should gather it, and tie
the ends of two bundles together, and having
tied them, have it for a pad to sit on. Then one’s
buttocks won’t get wet.’ (QUL 2003:736); also
spelled evegtar-; < vek-tar-; > vegtarcuun
vegtarcuun sickle # < vegtar-cuunvek grass #; plural: veg’et ‘grass’; NS; underlyingly[e]vek; > vegtaq, vegtar-, vesraarar(aq)verquun awl; tool for prying or unraveling # < ?-nverte- to get a foreign object in one’s eye # vertuq
or vertaa ‘he got something in his eye’ /698Basesverun — wall’uWveringauq ‘he has something in his eye’; vertua
carangllugmek ‘I got some dirt in my eye’; =everte-, erevte-; > verun
verun, ver’un foreign object in the eye # verutii‘the foreign object in his eye’; verutengqertua
qemeryamek ‘I have an eyelash in my eye’; Ciinllu ver’un mikengraan tangvagciu ilavet iingani,ta¥gken ver’uten angelria iigpeni elpekevkenaku?
‘Why do you look at the speck even though it
is small in your brother’s eye, but overlook thelarge object in your eye?’ (MATT. 7:3); = ervun,
evrun; < verte-n, [e]verte-n
vesraya(g)aq*, vesraarar(aq*) tender new grass #Maaten ellangyungami ellangelliniuq maram
qukaani, vesrayaarnek ta¥gaam naumasterluni.
‘When he finally came to, he was in the middle
of a vast field of short grass.’ (YUU 1995:78);
Can’get kepularaten tuamtellu vesraaraat qemit
qacarneritni allat naunginanratni. ‘You harvest
the grass and while new grass grows on the sidesof the hills . . .’ (AYUQ. 27:25); < vek-?, vek-?
viuq gray-cheeked thrush (Catharus minimus) #imitative
vvelak flag # from English ‘flag’ or Russian akfu
(flag); = pelak

In NS, HBC, and the north part of NI, w is pronoucedvoiced just like ¥g, while in NUN and EG a labialized
front velar stop is used instead and often written kw,
thus, for example, kwaten, kwall’u, kwiinga, andkwangkuta, instead of waten, wall’u, wiinga, andwangkuta.
wa- root for first person personal pronouns word refering
to immediacy in time or space; see Appendix 1 on
personal pronouns; > wangkuta, wangkuk, wii,
wani, watna-, watua, wall’u, waqaa; < PE uvwacicetun like now # adverbial particle
wagg’uq that is to say; in other words; it is called# particle; Cali tamakut angalkut tuaten cikum
aciakun ayatulit, wagg’uq kill’uteng, kiingan
cetamarqunek pituut. ‘Shamans who went under
the ice, that is to say, submerged, did that thing
four times.’ (YUU 1995:41); Nutaan tua-i qayani
ucilirluku ayalliniuq tua-i allganrilngurtun qayaa
uqum tamatum tua-i patgumiini allganra, meq
iterpek’nani qayaanun. Wagg’uq uqurcirluku.
‘When he loads his kayak, he sets out, and his
kayak is like one that didn’t get a hole in it
because the kayak’s hole is covered with that seal
blubber, and the water doesn’t get into his kayak.
It’s called “laying on blubber”.’ (CIU 2005:20); also
spelled wa-gguq; < wa=gguq
wagg’uq-qaa exclamation expressing disappointment or
dissatisfaction
wakencuillak one who reacts or retaliates
immediately without thinking it over #wak’nirnek from this time on; from now on;
henceforth # adverbial particle; Wak’nirnek
nem’elnguut tallimaukuneng pingayun
malruk inglukciqagket, malruk-llu taukunun
ingluliullutek. ‘From now on a household of five
will be divided three against two, and the two
against the others.’ (LUKE 12:52); < wani-?ablative-modalis
wall’u, wall’ or # conjunctive particle; una pikiu
wall’u ingna ‘you can have this one or thatone’; ‘do this or that’; wanirpak-qaa kuvyaq
civcarturyugan, wall’u ataku? ‘do you want to
set the fishnet now, or later this evening?’; < wa =llu; > wall’upik

699

wall’upik — watna-

Bases

wall’upik really, I wonder # interjectional particle;
NSK; < wall’u-pik
wang . . . (as in wangni, wang’ukuvet, etc.) Look
under wii, wiinga
wangkuk wedual; usdual # see appendix on personalpronouns; < wa-?
wangkuta weplural; usplural # see appendix on personalpronouns; Wangkuta avani iluramta cakneq
ilangciaralallruakut qaillun-llu kiusciiganata,qenqerrluta-llu pisciiganata. ‘We were teased
intensely by our cousins, and until we couldn’t
answer back; we just got angry but we couldn’t
do anything.’ (YUU 1995:31); Tuaten cali
ciuliamta wangkutnun egmircugngariluki. ‘Inthat way our ancestors made it possible topass them down to us.’ KIP 1998:iii); Taukut
nunat, nunaulriit, nunaullinilriit, nani ak’a,
ak’a tamaani, nunat, tua waten wangkucicetun
nunauluteng. ‘That village — it was a village
somewhere, a village like this, like us at thepresent time — long ago it was a village.’ (ELL
1997:432); Tua-i-gg’ nen’i piqalaryaaqengramtekita¥gaam makut maa-i qanruteknanriraput
wangkuungramta nallunrilengramteki tua-i
ukut-llu waniwa tanglarait. ‘Even though we
speak about them in the houses, we’ve generally
stopped talking about these things, even though
we are who we are and even though we know
about them, and they see that.’ (ELL 1997:300);
Agayun ¥gaspatauguq cali nasvagtuq Ellminek
wangkutnun. ‘God is the Lord; He reveals Himself
to us.’ (ORT 2006:8); < wa-?
wang’u- to be me # wang’ukuvet cayarcit? ‘ifyou were me what would you do?’; tarenrami
wanguuq ‘it’s me in the picture’; wanguunga ‘itis I, it’s me’; wang’ukuvet elpet-llu piyartuten‘if you were me, you’d do it too’; Kitaki tua-i
atkullraanka all’uki, pilugullraagka-llu all’ukek,
wang’unguarluten tua-i qasgi. ‘Put on my oldparka and my old boots and go over to the qasgi,
pretending to be me.’ (CIU 205:222); < wa(seewii)-uwani here; now # restricted demonstrative adverb;
wavet ‘to here’; waken ‘from here’; see una, thecorresponding demonstrative pronoun; see Appendix
3 on demonstratives; > wak’nirnek, waniku,
wanirpak, waniwa, waten, watkacagaq, watna-;
cf. kuni, kuut, kuten
waniku later on # adverbial particle; < wani-ku; >wanikuarqu
wanikuarqu a little later on # adverbial particle; <waniku-?-kuwanirpak now and for a short time hence; for awhile # adverbial particle; caqatarceci wanirpak?
‘what are you going to do now?’; < wani-rpak
waniwa, wanigga now # adverbial particle;
Tua-i-llu waniwa unuaqulluteng, unuaquayagarkaurrluteng Uksiyaramun. ‘And now they
made plans to move to Uksiyaraq the very next
day.’ (ELN 1990:114); pronounced with the vowelof the second syllable (rhythmically) lengthened (andwithout geminating the consonant heading the final
syllable) — this is a lexicalized form of wani-wa;< wani = wa, wani = -wa
wani-wa, wani-gga here (it is)! #exclamatory
particle; Nem-wa keluani agayuvik. Wani-wa
nem uakaraani qulvarviput. Qulvarviim-wa
aciani ikamraq. ‘And behind the house, (is) the
church. And here, a little downriver of the house,(is) our cache. And beneath the cache, (is) thesled.’ (PRA 1995:107); wani-gga-qaa man’a nuna
aqevyilituli? ‘is this the place that usually has lotsof cloudberries?’; pronounced with gemination of
the consonant heading the final syllable (and without(rhythmically) lengthening the vowel of the secondsyllable); < wani = wa, wani = wa
waniwau- to be these # waniwaugut ‘they are these’/ < waniwa-uwaq’allaga- to retch # waq’allagauq ‘he is retching‘/
imitative; = ¥aq’allagawaqaa hello; what’s the matter?; ‘what are
you doing here?’; ‘what can I do for you?’ #exclamatory particle; waqaanrituq ‘nothing’s up, I
don’t need anything’ in answer to waqaa; = aqaa;< wa = qaa
wataimarta? what time is it? # from English ‘whattime’ and Yup’ik interrogative ending
waten like this # particle; waten pi! or waten pii! ‘doit like this’ as I am showing you!; = kuten;< wa(ni)-equalis
watkacagaq exactly like this # adverbial particle;< wani-kaca(g)arwatmi, wat’um nalliini now at this time # particle;< wa(ni)-?-localis
watna- to act like this # watnauq ‘he is acting likethis’ / Tamaani ak’a Nakaciumi-llu arcaqerluteng
tegganret auluktullrulliniit neqkatgun. . . .

700

BasesWatnaaqameng neqnek canek-llu allanek
qasgicilallruut qasgi tua-i cikirluku, nutaanllu tamakut taitellrit ayagasciigalngurnun
aruqutekluki. ‘Long ago during the Bladder Feast
they made a point of taking care of the elders
with food. . . . When they acted in this way they’dbring whatever foods or other products they had
to the kashim, that is, give them to the kashim,
then they would distribute whatever was
brought into the kashim to those who couldn’t
go out and around.’ (CAU 1985:94); cf. tuatna-;< wa-tnawatngu- to be present, actual # . . . uliiret, kaviaret.
Watngullruut maani tamakut. Paluqtaat-llu
piyuunateng. ‘. . . white foxes, red foxes. These
were present here. But beaver weren’t.’ (PAI
2008:216); < wa-uwatngurte- to become present, actual #Alerqulalliniit, yuarutet watngureskata atullrit
qavciureskata, tallimaureskata-ll’ atullrit
tekiciiqniluteng. ‘They told them that, if thesongs they sang were performed a certain numberof times, five maybe, they would return.’ (QUL
2003:556); < wa-urtewatpik, watqapik never ever!; without fail! #adverbial demonstrative; emphatic; watqapika¥g’utun pinqigcaqunak! ‘never do what you did
again!’; < wa-?-pik, wa-?-qapigtewatlirqantar of course # particle; Taunatua-i qailluivkenani, “Agh. Watlirqantar
nevengqaurayuriaqellria.” ‘That one, without
giving it another thought explained, “Ah. Of
course it [the moon] is always lying down [at thistime].”’ (CIU 2005:362); < wa-?watua, wat’a¥ga (NS, HBC form) just now; rightnow; that’s fine by me, just go ahead and do it #exclamatory or adverbial particle; watua anellruuq‘he just went out’; neriu watua! ‘eat it right now!’;< wa-tava(ni}watuacetun like nowadays # adverbial particle;
Tua-gguq cat alaillallruut nuna can’egtellrani
watuacetun ayuqenritellrani. ‘Things were distinct
when the land was thin, not like it is nowadays.’(AGA 196:38); . . . avani ungairutengqelallruut
waten watua watuacetun pivkenateng, tuar’nuussit. ‘. . . back then they had razors, not likenowadays; but, like knives.’ (QAN 2009:296);< watua-equalis
wayar- to strip bare; to pillage; to rob; to plunder #watngu- — wii

wayartuq ‘he stripped, undressed’; wayaraa ‘heplundered him’ / matartellruuq wayarluni ‘hestripped completely naked’; = mayar-, ¥gayarwii, wiinga I; me # see Appendix 1 on personalpronouns; wiinga neryarturciqua ‘I shall goeat’; wangnun ‘to me’; wangnek ‘from or aboutme’; wangni ‘on me’, ‘with me (at my house)’,‘than me’; wangkun ‘with me (by means of me’;wang(ce)tun ‘like me’; ingna angun sugtunruuq
wangni ‘that man is taller than I’; wangkun
piciqua ‘I’ll do it by myself’; < wa-nga (1st personsing. ending), wii-nga; > wang’u-

701

yaag- — yaarui-

Bases

Y

yaaken ‘from there’; yaaggun ‘through there’;yaani ingkut maniaqatartut makliit tartuitnek‘those people over there are going to roast thekidneys of bearded seals’; tang yaa-i! ‘look, overthere!’; see ingna, the corresponding demonstrative
pronoun; see Appendix 3 on demonstratives; >yaaliagni, yaaliaku, yaaqliqe-, yaaqsig-, yaaqva-,
yaaveskanir-, yaaveskaniur-, yaate-; < PE dem.
i&-yaag- to follow a traditional practice associatedwith birth, death, illness, puberty, etc., consistingof abstaining from certain foods or activities #yaagtuq ‘he is abstaining’ / yaaga! ‘abstain!’;yaagumauq ‘he has been abstaining’; NUN, HBC;
= eyag-; PY i&a!yaakucugglugaq giant bird # NUN
yaaliagni day before yesterday or year before last
(K, Y, BB meaning); three days ago or three years
ago (NI meaning) # adverbial particle; Yaaliagnirnek
qavaumalriaten, tua-i cali qavarluten, taumek
assigtan imailnguq! ‘You have been sleeping since
the day before yesterday, and you are still sleeping
and that is why your container is empty.’ (CAU
1985:144); < yaa(ni)-liaq-localis; cf. amatiigni
yaaliaku day after tomorrow or year after next (K, Y,
BB, LI meaning); three or more days hence or threeor more years hence (NI meaning) # adverbial
particle; Akungqamaqatuit teq’umi. Unuaquani
wall’ yaaliakuani nugtaqluki. ‘They soak them inurine for some time. On the next day or on the day
after that they take them out.’ (CIU 2005:146);< yaa(ni)-liaq-ku; cf. amatiiku
yaalirtaq dark-colored bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus) # Tua-i-gguq ta¥gaam waten
malrugnek pitetuuq tauna nayirmek, yaalirtamekcal’ nayirmek aipirluku. Imkut tungulriit nayit
yaalirtanek pituit. Qaingit nayiungermeng icuw’
cam iliini tungulrianek pitqatuut, tamakunek. He
told him that the other man catches two kinds,
the regular seal and the dark-colored bearded seal.
They call those dark seals “yaalirtat”. The bodyis like that of a regular seal, but they are dark incolor.’ (QUL 2003:418); = eyalirtaq; < eyaq-lir-?
yaaltaq, yaal’taq yard (length) # cetamanek
yaaltanek ciitsaamek kiputellruunga ‘Ibought four yards of fabric’; yaaltackellria or
yaal’tackellria ‘cubic yard’; yaaltanqellria or
yaal’tanqellria ‘square yard’; from Russian zhl(yard), or English ‘yard’; = yaltaq
yaamaq rock # EG; cf. ciimaq, siimaq; < PE
ya(C)amaq

yaaqliqe- to be situated in a line (not necessarilystraight) # yaaqliqut ‘they are in a line’ /Ak’akik’, takluteng, yaaqliqurayagarluteng,
nakacuut angtatkevkenateng. ‘They were spreadout in rows one after another, those bladders ofdiffering sizes.’ (QAN 1995:164); < yaa(ni)-qliqke2yaaqsig- to be distant # yaaqsigtuq ‘it is distant’ /New York City-q yaaqsigtuq Mamteriilermek‘New York City is far from Bethel’; yaaqsikiinice÷am ‘far offshore’; yaaqsinrilkiini ‘in the area
not far from it’; yaaqsigpek’naku ‘not being far
from it’; < yaa(ni)-qsig-; > yaaqsigtaciq

yaaqsigtaciq distance # mat’um yaaqsigtacia
kalikivigmun yaaqsigtangatuq maaken
agayuvigmun ‘the distance from here to the post
office seems to be the same as from here to thechurch’; < yaaqsig-taciq

yaaqvaq area farther away # Tuaken
nangerngallerpenek nacessgu yaaqvaq tamalkuan.
‘From there, from where you’ve been standing,look over the whole area in the distance.’ (AYAG.
13:14); the previous example notwithstanding
this word is usually used with a possessed ending:yaaqvani ‘in the area farther away’; yaaqvanun‘(to) farther away’; yaaqvanek ‘from farther
away’; yaaqvaqanirtuq ‘he moved farther away’;
yaaqvanurtuq or yaaqvalirtuq ‘he went far into
the distance’; < yaa(ni)-qvaYaarayuli, Yaayaalria Swede; Norwegian # BB;
so called because of the way they say ‘yes’ in theirlanguages; < ?-yuli, ?-lria

yaarcaq Laysan albatross (Diomedia immutabilis) #yaarui- to use a story knife to draw pictures on
mud or snow and tell a story to go along withit # a traditional and still common activity of young
girls; yaaruiguq ‘she is telling a story-knife tale’/ Nel’inguarluni yaaruiluni acililuku-llu catllu ellinguarturluki . . . ‘He made an imaginaryyaa(ni) over there; yonder # restricted demonstrative
adverb; yaavet ‘to there’; yaatmun ‘toward there’;702Basesyaaruin — yagte-

yaaveskanir- to go further # < yaa(ni)-terminaliskaniryaaveskaniur- to save food for later # NUN;
< yaa(ni)-terminalis-?yag- to abstain # See eyag-, yaagyagarcete- to be busy working # yagarcetuq ‘heis busy’ / Tua-i caqerlun’ tauna maurlurlua
qanlliniuq yagarcecsiyaalarniluni tua-iarenqiatniluni, tamakunek-wa tua-i calingaqami.
‘Then one time his grandmother complained that
she was too busy, because she was incessantly
working on those things.’ (CUN 2007:4); K;= cagarcite-; < ?-cete2yag’arussuk net thrown over birds to capture them
# NSU; < yagte-?
yagipra- to slap # Tuaten kegginaitgun yagipraluki
pisqessuitait, nulluakun ta¥gaam ping’ermi
caksaitniluku. ‘They told us never to slap themon their faces, but that it is said that it would do
him no harm [if the child was slapped] on his
buttocks.’ (YUP 2005:118); < yagte-?=yagira- to make the arm motions in an Eskimo
dance; to thrust out one’s arm(s) as when striking
or threatening someone # yagirauq ‘he is making
the arm motions in an Eskimo dance’ /< yagte-?-; > yagiraciq
yagiraciq, yagiran the arm motions in an Eskimo
dance # Tamakut tamaa-i yagiratet qanemciugut,
quliratun ayuqut. ‘Those arm motions in the dance
would tell the story, just like a traditional spoken
story.’ (TAP 2004:65); < yagira-ciq, yagira-nyagneq fathom; distance between the ends of
one’s arms extended outward in opposite
directions # uum kuvyama taktacia yuinarnek
yagnengqertuq ‘this net of mine has a lengthof twenty fathoms’; < yagte-neq1; < PE iya!n03(under PE iya!-)yagte- to stretch out one’s arms; to raise one’s hand;to engage in hand-to-hand combat; to fight #yagtuq ‘he is extending his arms’; yagtaa ‘he isreaching out to it, he is fighting him’ / yagutuk‘they2 are fighting each other’; Yug’e¥rluut-wa
a¥gkut ellmeggnek cuqekluteng calitullrulriit.
Tua-i calikuneng wavet elliluku yaggluku
pinaurtut, “Una pikanrulliniuq waniwa.”‘Those dear people back then used their own
body measurements in making things. Whenthey’d make something they’d extend their arms
her and say, “This measurement is right forhouse with a story knife, putting in a bed andother things . . .’ (ELL 1997:100); < igaq-uaq-li2-; >yaaruinyaaruin story knife # imumi yaaruicilallruut
tulunek ta¥gaam mat’um nalliini yaaruilartut
mass’lirissuutetgun ‘in the old days they madestory knives of ivory, but nowadays they use
butter knives for drawing story-knife pictures’;
Y, NSK, NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; = saaruin;< yaarui-nyaassiickellria cube # < yaassiik-?-lria
yaassiigek suitcase; trunk; footlocker # Yuaran
pia aatiin qullirmun yaassiigek iluagnun
qemagtellruniluku uqurqaarluku. ‘When helooked for it, his father told him that he had put
it away inside the footlocker in the attic after oilingit.’ (PRA 995:335); < yaassiik-dual
yaassiigenqegg- to be square # yaassiigenqegtuq ‘itis square’ / < yaassiik-nqegg-; > yaassiigenqellria
yaassiigenqellria, yaassiigenqelria square # . . .
yaassiigenqelriaruarkauluni maraq, menglai
cetaman taktaaqluteng tiissitsaanek yaaltanek,
nunarpak qukamenani. ‘. . . to be a square of
pasture land, its boundaries four thousand yards
long, the settlement in the middle.’ (NAAQ.
35:5); < yaassiigenqegg-lria
yaassiik box # qemagtai aklut yaassiigem
iluanun ‘he packed the clothes into a box’;
Akqutem Yaassiiga ‘the Ark of the Covenant(Biblical)’ (literally: ‘the Box of the Promise’);taksurenqellria yaassiiguaq ‘rectangle’; from
Russian Ωobr (yáshchik); > yaassiickellria,
yaassiigek, yaassiigenqeggyaate- area beyond # yaatiini ‘in the area beyondit’; Ayalalqa yaaqsigtuq, akmavet-llu yaaqsinrat
Oregon-aamun, Seattle-aam yaatiini yaaqvanun
amavet. ‘The place I went to is far, outside, farfrom them, to Oregon, beyond Seattle, very far,outside.’ (KIP 1998:257); < yaani-te3-; > yaatiiryaatiir- to speak to a group of people directing one’s
words at a particular person in the group; to lookat while passing by; to go beyond # yaatiirtuq itor he went beyond; yaatiiraa ‘he is directing his
words at her’ singled out within in the group, ‘heis looking at it while passing by’ / Yaatiirluni.
(Tallirpilirnermi) Yaatiirluni. (Iqsulirnermi) ‘It
goes beyond. (To the right). It goes beyond. (Tothe left)’ (moves in a game, kapuckaryaraq, likemumblety-peg) (KAP 1998:11); < yaate-?

703

yakiicimaagute- — yay’ussaq

Basesit.” (CIU 2005:96); aruqellratni angernek elliillu yagtuq ‘when they passed out gum he too
reached out his hand’; mikelnguuk sugg’alimek
allurtaigaullutek yagutuk ‘the two children arefighting over a cracker’; yaguyutaa ‘he is fighting
for him’; nutaan unuaquan erqaaraqertelluku
tanqigiaraqertelluku nutaan qasgimiut imkut
yagutelliniluki ‘the next day early in themorning, just as it was getting light, they had
a contest with those in the men’s community
house’; = cagte2-; cf. sagte-, cagte1-, yaquq; cf.
Wrangell 1839 list (129); > yag’arussuk, yagira-,
yagneq, yakiicimaagute-, yakiitaaq; < PE iya!yakiicimaagute- to play a game of tag #yakiicimaagutut ‘they are playing tag’ /Tua-i-llu uksiiyarpailegmeng ce÷’armi
aquinginanermeggni yakiicimaagulluteng tuaten
camek qalrialriamek niitut, tuar levaaq, . . . ‘One
time, shortly before going to fall camp, while
the children were playing tag on the beach they
heard a noise which sounded like an outboard
motor, . . .’ (ELN 1990:30); K; < yagte-?-te5yakiitaaq game of tag; act of tagging in the game #< yagte-?; cf. akimitagaq, alakiitaaq
yaltaq (NUN form), yal’taq (HBC form) yard (length)# from Russian zhl (yard), or English ‘yard’; =yaaltaqyaqiur- to flap wings (of a bird) # yaqiurtuq ‘it isflapping its wings’ / Yaqiuresqateng-gguq taukut
imkut piyagaat yaqiuqtanga’areskilit. ‘When she
told them to flap their wings the young ones began
to flap their wings.’ (CUN 2007:100); < yaquq-liuryaqulegcuun shotgun # < yaqulek-cuun
yaqulegpak common loon (Gavia immer); arctic
loon (Gavia arctica); bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus); golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos);
eagle (general) # Urr’urruayulinek pituaput
wangkuta yaqulegpagnek-llu. ‘We call the“urr’urruayulit” and common loons.’ (CIU
2005:280); . . . tailuteng cukataluteng yaqulegpiim
tengaulauciatun. ‘. . . coming as fast as an eagle
flies.’ (ALER. 28:49); < yaqulek-rpakyaqulek bird; duck; fowl; angel (NSU meaning)# literally: ‘one with wings’; Angutet-llu
angutngung’ermeng tua-i yaqulget atkukluki.
Atkulget amllerrluteng yaqulegnek. ‘And men,even though they were men, had bird (skin withfeathers) parkas. Those with bird parkas werenumerous.’ (CIU 2005:342); Yaqulget Ingutiit‘July’; = caqulek; < yaquq-lek; > yaqulegcuun,yaqulegpak, yaquleyagiurta, yaqulkussagaq,
yaqulpakyaquleyagaq baby bird; Fish and Game officer #the officers are said to be so called because of theirappearance (like ducklings) in their uniforms;
yaquleyagaq-gguq napam qaingani aturpagtuq‘the little bird in the top of the tree, they say, issinging out’; yaqulek-ya(g)aq
yaquleyagiurta, yaquliurta Fish and Game officer #yaquleyagiurtet ‘Alaska Department of Fish andGame’; < yaqulek-ya(g)aq-liur-ta1, yaqulek-liurta1
yaqulkussagaq* small bird # < yaqulek-?
yaqulpak, yaqulvak bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus); golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos);
eagle (general) # Tauna-gguq arnaq mertallrani
atakumi taum wani yaqulpiim tengutelliniluku
natmun qavavet ingrimun qertulriamun
Kuigpiim ce÷iini, tuavet tua-i mis’ulluku. ‘Whenthat woman went to fetch water in the evening,
the eagle flew away with her to somewhere
inland to a high mountain by the shore of the
Yukon, and landed her there.’ (AGA 1996:86);< yaqulek-rpak, yaqulek-vak
yaquq wing # also plural for one wing; yaqua,yaq¥rra, yaqui or yaq¥rri ‘its wing’; kagiuq
yaqutgun ‘she is sweeping the floor with a wing’;
Naruyinraq-gguq yaquq mermun akurqaarluku
qanminun-llu cipeggluku. ‘After dipping the gullwing into the water, he also squeezed the liquidfrom it into his mouth,’ (YUU 1995:37); the form
yaqungqellria can be used for ‘winged thing, onewith wings’, to avoid confusion with yaqulek ‘bird,
one with wings’, thus: Tamarmeng-llu ciissit
yaqungqellriit menuulriaruut. ‘And all creeping
insects with wings are ritually impure.’ (LEVI.
11:20); = caquq; < ?-quq; > yaqiur-, yaqulek; cf.
yagte-; < PE iyaqu3yar- to tattoo # see eyaryarra kin of some kind # Y
yave- to row # NSU; = cave-, save-; > yavun; < PY
yav0yavun oar # NSU = cavun, savun; < yave-n; < PY
yavun (under PY yav0-)
yay’ussaq dried tomcod or whitefish that has beenfrozen all winter; leftover fish from winter split
from the back and dried # Sagciluteng tuamtell’arnat tua-i, yay’ussanek-am pilaqait sagqurluki,704

Basespiirriluki pivkenaki. . . . Assirtut. ‘The women
would spread put out (the fish) they called
yay’ussat without braiding them. . . . They are
good.’ (PAI 2008:204);
yiinraq* thing of a human; evidence or remains of ahuman #
yiir- to occupy; to people # see eyirYiissus, Yiissussaaq Jesus # from Russian Bbcec(Iisus); = Ciissussaaq
yiistaq yeast # from English; = iistaq
yik’ute- to point out the person (in question or
responsible) # . . . Kuigglugmiut yik’ucaaqelliniat
nall’arrlukek taukuk ken’gutkelriik. Kamaklukek
tua-i taukugnun piyukluku. ‘. . . people inKwethluk had suspected for certain these two men
who were close friends. They suspected that they
were the ones . . .’ (PAI 2008:324); < yuk-?yinqigun descendant # < yuk-linqegte-n
yinraq* thing of a human; evidence or remains ofa human # Maaten kuiguam iquakun kanartuq
ak’anun pivkenani maaten kanaami ketmunce÷aq tangrraa yinraat ukut enret. ‘As he went
down toward the end of the long oxbow lake,
but not for long time, he saw human bones down
there on the beach.’ (GRA 1901:288); Tuc’ami
nutaan qaini pillinia yinraunrillinilria qainga
man’a, ungungssiurtellinilria. ‘When he got tothe bottom (of the water) he looked at his bodyand saw that his body was no longer of a human,
but that it had become an animal.’ (PAI 2008:
128–130); = yiinraq; < yuk-linraq
yir’- to occupy; to people # see eyir-: Agayutem-llu
atawaqaasqai qanrulluki, “Irnikici amlleriinarluci
nuna yirluku atanirturluku-llu.” ‘God blessed
them, and said to them, “Be fruitful and muliply,
and populate the earth and subdue it.”’ (AYAG.
1:28); Nunarpiit mat’um ciungani yuitelallret
yil’arciqaci. ‘You will settle the desolate towns.’(ISAI. 54:3); Nunami yir’arkarpece÷i, yuut tamaani
angalkumirtaatulit naspequtek’larait; ‘In the land
which you will occupy, the people there give heed
to soothsayers;’ (ALER. 18:14); < yuk-liryitaar- to scold; to denounce # yitaaraa ‘he scolded
her’ / Pharisee-aanek yitaarillra ‘his denunciationof Pharisees’ (section heading at LUKE 11:37)
yit’e- (K form), yiite- (Y form) to have a stranger
come upon one; to come upon as a stranger #yit’uq or yiituq ‘he met a stranger’; yitaa or yiitaa‘he came as a stranger upon him’ (literally: ‘heyiinraq* — yuar-

produced a person — in the person of himself— for him’; cf. allanite-) / yisvigpuk ‘the one
who came to us2, the one we2 came to, our host’;
Urluvmi qaralia maniqaaku, elliin-llu taman’urluvni tua tegumiaqngamiu yitkarcaaqevkenakuta¥gaam iqua puggluku tangvakarcetliniluku
cali. ‘When he showed him his bow’s insignia, heshowed him the insignia on his bow too, since he
was holding it so that he did not reveal himself
to him by letting the end [of the bow] protrude
too visibly.’ (QUL 2003:100); Yupiunricugnarquq
imna yisvigpuk. ‘That one that appeared to us out of
the blue probably isn’t a human.’ (MAR2 2001:95);< yuk-i2-te5yivrir- to examine # Ca tamalkuan yivrirturluk’.
‘Examining everything.’ (KIP 1998:193); CAN; =curvir-, cuvrir-, ivrir-, survir-, suvrir-, yuvrir-,
yurvir-; < PE iyuv3i3- and iyiv3i3yuale’rsaq crab # NSU; = ivalriiyak
yualukaq sewing thread made of caribou, whale,or moose sinew; any sewing thread # tuntuviit
yualuitnek yualukirluteng mingqelallruut
ak’a tamaani ‘they sewed using moose sinew
as thread in the old times’; < yualuq-kaq;
yualukarvik
yualukarvik spool for (or from) thread #< yualukaq-vik
yualunguaq fish-skin thread # < yualuq-uaq
yualukiuraq hand-twisted sinew or linen thread #< yualuq-kiur-aq1
yualuq sinew; tendon; thread # Taluluni tuaten
imkunek yualunek, makut ungungssit cat,tuntut taqukat-llu yualuitnek waten qupurrluki,
qupurrerraarluki qip’iluki, qip’urluki
yualuktullruit tamaani. ‘She separated the sinewof these animals, she split the sinew of caribou
and seals, after splitting them she plied theminto thread; she would make thread from themby plying them at that time.’ (ELL 1997:138);
iim yualui ‘the optic nerve’; = ivaluq; < ?-luq; >yualukaq, yualukiuraq, yualunguaq; < PE ivalu
yuar- to look for; to miss; to long for # yuartuq ‘heis looking for something’, ‘he misses someone
or something’; yuaraa ‘he is looking for it’, ‘hemisses her or it’ / camek yuarcit? ‘what are you
looking for?’; yuarnarquq ‘it (or he) makes one
miss it (or him), long for it (or him)’; yuaraa
iqmiutaq tamallni ‘she is looking for the snuffbox
which she lost’; “Tutgara’urlumkutagaq. Angu!

705

yuaralek — yugnike-

Bases

Cagmarciqenrituq. Kiingan mingqutkapuk.
Natmun cagmarciu? Cagmallerpeni ik’ikika
yuarru!” Tua-i-llu yuaraak. Yuaryaaqekiik;
nataqenritaak. ‘“You darned little grandson. No!
It is not to be misplaced. It’s our only needle.
Where did you misplace it? Go on and search for
it where you missplaced it.” So they searched forit. They searched for it in vain; they didn’t find it.’
(GRA 1901:280-281 & PRA 1995:453); yuariluku
teguiluku-llu ‘search and seizure’; yuarcuun
kalikartaq ‘search warrant’, (legal neologisms);= ivar-; > yuar-; cf. yuarun; < PE iva3yuaralek glove # Akulmi makut aigsaanek
pituaput makut. Ilaita-llu yuaralegnek piaqluki.
Kuigpagmi-llu-gguq aasgaanek piaqluki. ‘In thetundra area we call these “aigsaat”. ‘And somecall them “yuaralget” (literally: those with fingers).
And on the Yukon, it is said, they call them“aasgaat”.’ (CIU 2005:258); < yuaraq-lek
yuaraq digit; finger; toe # yuaranka puvngelartut
kumlataqameng ‘my fingers and toes swell up
whenever they are cold’; . . . kulutet atulallrit
yuarameggni qengameggni-llu . . . ‘. . . the rings
they wear on their fingers and in their noses . . .’(ISAI. 3:21); yuaram kegginaa or yuaram nuuga‘fingertip’ = yugaraq, cugaraq; > yuaralek; cf. yuk
yuarii- to search suspected persons # Yuariigai-llu
ciuqlikacagiitnek ayagluki kinguqlikacagiitnun. . . ‘And he searched them (starting) from theoldest one of them going on to the youngest oneof them . . .’ (AYAG. 44:12); < yuar-?yuarukar(aq*) song sung during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) requesting specific gifts #CAN; < yuarun-kar(aq)yuaruksualler(aq*) song during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) that is designed to makethe listener ashamed of having offended the one
singing the song # NI; < yuarun-ksuaq-ller(aq)yuarulluk ritual song; song used to obtainwhat is desired # Tamana tua-i yuarulluk
ellalluggsuutnguluni. Ellalliisqumakuniu tua
tamana yuarulluk, yuarun-gga tua tamana,
atulriaruarkauluni. ‘That ritual song was an
instrument for bad weather. If one wanted badweather, that ritual song, that song, would besung.’ (ELL 1997:150); < yuarun-lluk
yuarun song; music # includes old-time songs, modern
secular songs and Christian songs; Tuaken-llu tua-iayagluteng yuarutnek nutaranek yuarucirluteng

nakaciullmeng nalliini yuarutkameggnek. ‘From
that point they began new songs; they prepared
many songs during the Bladder Feast time,
their own songs.’ (CAU 1985:63); Mikelnguut
Yuarutait Yugcetun ‘Yup’ik Children’s Songs’(title of compact disc and booklet published in 2006);(agayussuutet) yuarutet ‘hymnal’; Y, NS,
NI, CAN, K, BB, NR, LI; = ivarun; < ?-n;
> yuarukar(aq), yuaruksualler(aq), yuarulluk;
cf. yuar-; < PY iva3un
yuc’illia- to have signs of human habitation #. . . tauna tua pissuryaraat yuc’illiaciqniluku.
‘. . . saying that that hunting ground of theirs
would have signs of human habitation.’ (QUL
2003:406); < yuk-?yugaq doll; human figurine # Tua-i ilait qavani
Kusquqviim kangrani yuilqumun elliluki, makut
wani apqeteng yugat pitullrulliniit. ‘People
in the upper regions of the Kuskokwim Riverput figurines they called “yugat” out in thewilderness.’ (CIU 2005:228); < yuk-aq2; = sugaq;
cf. cugaq
yug’aq shaman’s mask or representation of his
familiar spirit # CAN, Y < yuk-aq3
yugaraq digit; finger; toe # = yuaraq, cugaraq; cf.
yukyugg’acngiar(aq*) elf; one of the legendary “little
people” # Yyugiyugiq robin (Turdus migratorius) # NSU;
imitative
Yugngalnguq*, Yugngalnguar(aq*) Asian; Japanese;
Filipino; Italian; something that seems to be a
person # literally: ‘one similar to an Eskimo’;a¥gna Yugngalnguq yuuyukluku yugcetun
qalarutellruaqa ‘thinking that the Asian wasan Eskimo, I spoke to him in Yup’ik’; Tuaten
migpallarqaarcelluku, niiskengangelliniluteng.
Yugngalngurmek qakmaken piyualriamek ena
uivluku. ‘After it made a thud it was quite
audible. Something that could be person waswalking around the house out there.’ (YUU
1995:65); < yuk-ngalnguq, yuk-ngalnguq-ar(aq)yugniite- to be unfriendly # yugniituq ‘he isunfriendly’ / < yuk-niiteyugnike- to feel comfortable with (him); to consider(him) a good person; to regard (him) in a positive
light # yugnikaa ‘he feels comfortable withher’, ‘he considers her a good person’ / Tamana
call’ tamaa-i inerquutekarput, eq’ukiksaunata706

Basesyugnikek’ngaq — yuilquq

yugtutuli man-eater; lion; shark #Kassugusngaatnga inglukestema, yugtutulitun
kailriatun yuum kemganek. ‘My enemies encircle
me, like a lion hungry for human flesh.’ (PSALM
57:4); < yuk-tur2-tuli
yuguaq ball (NUN meaning); human or humanlike figure; doll; figurine # literally: ‘imitation
person’; note that in NUN ‘person’ is cuk, notyuk; Qaingani-llu-gguq yul’inguarluni — icigg’
pilinguarluni yuguamek, arnaruamek. ‘On top of
it he made an imaginary person — you know, hedrew a make-believe person, an imaginary woman.’(ELL 1997:100); Elpenun yugualiyaqunak, . . .
‘Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image,. . .’ (ANUC 20:4); = suguaq, yunguaq; < yuk-uaq
yugugaq* many people # yugugarnek
tangellruukut ‘we saw lots of people’; yugugaat
taillruut ‘may people came’; note that g is notgeminated here, unlike in other words derived fromyuk (base yug’-); < yuk-rugaq
yug’urte- to become a human # Anernerkun
Tanqilriakun cali Mari-akun Nayaarkun cali
yug’urtellria. ‘Through the Holy Spirit andalso through the Virgin Mary He became aman (human).’ (ORT. 2006:22); Mecaq’am
erinakegcarraarluni pia, “Usuuq kitak
qanrutqernga qaillun pilua yug’urtellerkamnek.”‘Mecaq’aq, after clearing his throat, said to him,
“You here, tell me what I should do to become ahuman.” (UUT 1974:9); < yuk-urteyugyag- to have many people; to be populous# yugyagtuq ‘there are many people’ here
/ anutiillrani man’a ena kalukallemte÷i
yugyallruuq ‘when it was his birthday we hada party and there were a lot of people at thishouse’; yugyaurciiqutek ‘you2 shall become
many’ i.e., have many descendants; Nunaniyugyalriani Nakaciulrianek tanvallrunritua.
‘I haven’t seen the Bladder Feast in populous
villages.’ (CIU 2005:372); < yuk-yag-; < PE
i&u!ya!- (under PE i&u!)yugyak (BB form), yugyaq (LI form) arctic char
(Salvelinus alpinus).
yuilquq wilderness; uninhabited place #pissullemni unukautellranga yuilqumi
qavartallruunga ‘when I was hunting andnight fell on me, I camped in the wilderness’;
Yuilqumlluni tua-i yuilqumi tua-i uitaluni. ‘He wasin the wilderness and he stayed in the wilderness.’(ELL 1997:552); < yuk-ite1-quq

ilamte÷ek pisqelluta, ilaput ta¥gaam tamalkuita
kenekluki yugnikluki. ‘We are admonished by our
tradition not to bear enmity toward our fellow,
but rather to love all of them and to regard them ina positive light.’ (KIP 1998:39); < yuk-nike-;> yugnikek’ngaq
yugnikek’ngaq one whom one feels comfortablewith; friend # yugnikek’ngaqa-llu akwaugaq
eqiullemegni pitsaqevkenaku it’gaakun
kilillruaqa ‘yesterday when my friend and I
chopped wood I accidentally cut him on thefoot’; Waniwa kenka tamiini angenrulria, yuum
unguvani piireskaku yugnikek’ni pitekluku.
‘Greater love hath no man than this, that a man
lay down his life for his friend.’ (JOHN 15:13):< yugnike-kengaq
yugninarqe- to smell of human use or habitation# yugninarquq ‘it smells of humans’ / < yukninarqeyugnirqe- to be friendly; to be gracious # yugnirquq‘he is friendly’ / < yuk-nirqe-’ < PE i&u!ni3(under PE i&u!)
yugtaq artifact; Eskimo artifact; Native-made item;
homemade thing; Yup’ik food item # yugtauguq‘it is a Native-made thing’; Nerangnaqutnun
canun piciatun aturtuq qayaq tamaani avani
ciuqvani, wangkuta ngel’ekluta, yugtaat makut
qayat taqelriit tayima. ‘The kayak was used forall sort of subsistence activities in the past, but
starting with our generation, the use of truly
Eskimo-type kayaks has ceased.’ (PAI 2008:316);< yuk-taq2; > yugtarvik
yugtarvik museum of man-made artifacts #< yugtaq-vik
yugte- to commit murder or manslaughter # yugtuq‘he killed a person’ / yug’eskuvet ‘if you kill a
person’; < yuk-te1-; < PY yu!t0- (under PE i&u!)
Yugtun, Yugcetun in the Yup’ik Eskimo language;
like a person; like a Yup’ik # Maaten cam
mat’um estuuluungalnguum kelua murilkaa una
kass’arpall’er, nuyarrlainaq-wa kegginaa, cali
qaterrlugluteng nuyai. Waqaallrani-llu Yugcetun
tatamallagluni, erinvangqerran-llu. ‘Behindsomething like a table she saw a big White Man,
his face all hairy, and his hair blonde. When hesaid hello in Yup’ik she was startled, and he had a
big voice.’ (ELN 1990:113); Tua-i tauna ircenrraq
yugcetun ayuqluni. ‘That leprechaun was like aperson.’ (CIU 2005:294); < yuk-equalis, yuk-equalis

707

yuilriq — yukBasesyuilriq witch or ghost that walks in the air above
the ground and has no liver; a large monsterthat lives in the mountains and eats people (LImeaning) # < yuk-?
yuinaq* twenty # see Appendix 6 on numerals;“Qavcircit?” “Yuinaat pingayun arvinlegnek
cipluku allrakunglua maa-i.” ‘“How old areyou?” “I’m sixty (three times twenty) six years
old now.”’ (KIP 1998:319); yuinaam yuum ipia ‘four
hundred’ (recorded by E. W. Nelson (ESK1899:239)(as yuinam yuum ipia), by Francis Barnam (GRA
1901:222) (as yuinaq ipiat or yuinaripiat), andalso found in Naukan Yupik in Siberia (as yuginam
yuum ipia); = cuinaq, suinaq; < yuk-nginaq; >yuinaunritaraan; < PE i&u!inna3 (under PE i&u!)
yuinaunritaraan, yuinaunrita’ar nineteen #Yuinaunrita’artun akingqelliniuq tauna saaniik.
‘Apparently that teakettle costs nineteen dollars.’(YUP 1996:29); see Appendix 6 on numerals; <yuinaq-u-nritar(ar)-, yuinaq-u-nritar(ar)yuk person; human being # if used with a suffix thatretains the g of the stem and follows it with a vowelor replaces the g with a consonant and follows itwith a vowel, the g or the replacement consonant
will be geminated; yul’irtuq ‘it has many people’;yup’ik ‘real person’, ‘Southwestern Alaskan
Eskimo’; if used with a velar-dropping suffix,
velar dropping in such cases is optional (though
preferred), for example, yui or yug’i ‘its people’;yuut or yug’et ‘people’; sometimes retaining thevelar renders of more literal meaning, for example:
yug’urtuq ‘it became a person’ (in contrast to
yuurtuq ‘he was born’); yug’uluni ‘(he) being aperson or Eskimo’ (in contrast to yuuluni ‘(he)being alive’); in context yuk may mean ‘offspring’,‘owner’, or ‘Southwestern Alaskan Eskimo’:
una yuk’aqa ‘this is my child’; ut’rutaa navraq
yuanun ‘he returned the borrowed thing to
its owner’; yung’uq ‘she got a child’, ‘it got anowner’; yuuyuksaaqaqa ‘I thought he was an
Eskimo’, ‘I thought it was a human’; “uin-qaa
yuuguq?” “qaang, kassauguq” ‘“is your husband
an Eskimo?” “no, he’s a white man”’; further
examples: yugtaituq ‘there is no one here’; yuut
taigut ‘people are coming’; yugtanguq ‘it got
inhabitants’; yugtaituq ‘there’s no one there’;
yuituq ‘it doesn’t have an owner’; aninguam yua‘the encased pus inside the boil’ (literally: ‘theperson of the boil’); tangellruunga pingayunek
yugnek pamani ‘I saw three people backthere’; Yuunrilngermi, qimugte™gunge’rmi,
niisngariluku yun’i. ‘Although it wasn’t a person,
and although it was dog, it began to heed its
owner.’ (YUP 2005:136); Atanrem tangrrai nunam
yui assiitqapiggluteng kesianek, . . . ‘The Lord
saw that the people of the earth were always very
evil, . . .’ (AYAG. 6:5); . . . umyuaqevkalarciqait
alerquutenka, wiinga-llu elpeci yuk’arkauluci.
‘. . . they will remind (you) of mycommandments, and you will be my people.’(NAAQ. 15:40); Imna-w’ qayam yua tayima.
Tua-i aqvalgirluku. ‘That kayak’s owner(person) was gone. They went back to gethim.’ (QUL 2003:636); Nakaciuryarakun
qigcikillerteng pitameggnek, cali quyalteng
maniluku tamakunun pitameng yuitnun:
Ukvelallrulliniameng cam unguvalriim yua
nakacuani uitalarniluku, . . . ‘Through theBladder Feast they’d show respect for the gamethey’d caught, and display their gratitude to theirquarries’ spirits: In that they believe that a living
creature’s spirit resided in its bladder [when the
animal was about to be killed its spirit entered
its bladder], . . .’ (PRA 1995:458); Caperrnarquttamaani yullret a¥gkut, yuk’egtaaraat assilriit
tangvallrenka. ‘Those people of the past weresuperb, the ones I saw were good, fine, people.’(AGA 1996:112); the word yuk is the source of the
English term “yua”, which along with its Inuit/
Inupiaq counterpart “inua” is used in anthropologicalliterature for the “soul”, “spirit”, or “essence” ofa person, animal, or object in traditional Eskimo
belief; Ellam Yua ‘the Person of the Universe;
God’; Tamaani tamakut yuut Agayutmek
qaneqsaunateng, waten ta¥gaam qanraqluteng,‘Ellam Yua’. Ellam Yua qigcikluku callermeggni
tamiini, tua-i cakneq qigcikluku. ‘In those days
people did not use the word “God”, but theywould say “the Person of the Universe”. In their
daily lives they showed the Person of the Universe
great reverence because they were keenly awareof his presence and behaved accordingly withrespect and honor.’ (CIU 2005:274); NS, Y, Hooper
Bay (but for Chevak, see cuk), NI, CAN, K, BB,
NR, LI; = cuk, suk; > yik’ute-, yuc’illia-, yugaq,
yug’aq, Yugngalnguq, yugniite-, yugnike-,yugninarqe-, yugnirqe-, yugtarvik, yugte-,
yugtutuli, Yugtun, yug’urte-, yugyag-, yuilquq,
yuilriq, yuinaq, yuk’acessngiar(aq), yuk’apiaq,
yuksagute-, yuliaq, yul’inraq, yuliur-, yulkia-,708

Basesyulkitange-, yulkiite-, yull’itaq, yun’errar(aq),yungcar-, yungruyak, yunguaq, Yup’igcetun,
Yup’ik, yuss’ug-, yuu-1, yuurte-1, yuvyiite-; cf.
sug-, yit’e-, yuaraq, yuuniartuq; < PE i&u!
yuk’acessngiar(aq*), yuk’acengiar(aq*) midget # Y;
< yuk-?-ar(aq), yuk-?-ar(aq)yuk’apiaq a regular person; real person # Tua-i
yuk’apiartun tauna qimugtii, yum’i tua-i qanellra
maligtaquluku. . . . ‘That dog of his followed his
master’s speech like a regular person. . . .’ (MAR2
2001:35); < yuk-qar-piaq
yuksagute- to adopt # yuksagutaa ‘she adopted
him’ / yuksagutellrua alqami irniara ‘sheadopted her older sister’s child’; < yuk-ke2yaguteyukutaq moisture; dampness; mildew #yukutarninarquq ‘it smells of mildew’; Minkatui
atam imumek caluki, yukutam piaqaki. The fish
being dried immediately get moldy when they
are exposed to damp conditions.’ (PAI 2008:146); =cukutaq, sukutaq; > yukutarte-; < PE iyukuta(3)yukutarte- to be moist; to be damp; to have mildew# yukutartuq or yukutartaa ‘it is mildewy’/ Kiagurrlainalaami yukutarcuunani-llu ella,
naulluun ca piciatun assiilnguq cataunani. ‘Since
it was always summer, the world was never damp
and mildewy, and evil sickness of any sort was
nonexistent.’ (EGA 1973:5); < yukutaq-?
yuliaq adopted child # kinguqliqa angayuqaagma
yuliaqaak ‘my younger sibling is my parents’adopted child’; < yuk-liaq
yul’inraq* evidence of human presence, suchas human footprints or human excrement #Tava-llu tumaikun eglerrluni, tumai tamakut
picirtaangelliniluteng, yuc’ungaurtaqlutengllu tumain ingluit, ingkut-llu ciuqliit
yul’inraurtaqluteng. ‘And then he followed its
tracks, and those tracks began to alternatelychange, every other one becoming a small
humanoid’s, and the ones in front becoming
human.’ (MAR1 2001:91); = yinraq; < yuk-linraq,
yuk-linraq
yuliur- to gossip about people; to deal with people
through shamanistic power # . . . kangarlua ukukwani caumallutek tekiciiqagka qanerturalriik.
Maaten-gguq niicugniqerciqagka yuliurlutek
taugaam, yuum taum nalluani callranek
ikiullranek qanaalriik. ‘. . . while walking I would
hear these two people facing each other andyuk’acessngiar(aq*) — yun’errar(aq*)

talking. I would listen to them and they would
be gossiping about people’s misdeeds behind
their backs.’ (YUP 2005:16); Niicugnilaratenqaa yuliulriit? ‘Do you listen to gossipers?’ (CAT1950:80); Tuunrilangluni yuliurluni. When hebegan using shamanistic powers he used them on
people.’ (PAI 2008:326); < yuk-liuryulkia- for there to be sounds, or other indications,
often unexpected, of human presence #yulkiaguq ‘there are indications of humans being
present’ / Tua-i-llu piinanrani qakemna yuk
yulkialuni. ‘And then a little while later there wasa person making human sounds out there.’ (ELL
1997:116); < yuk-?
yulkiite- for there to be no sounds, signs, or otherindications, of human presence / yulkiituq ‘there
are no sounds of humans around’ / Tekicami
tangvaumaqeryaaqellinia, yulkiinani. ‘When hearrived, he looked around it in vain, there was nosign of human presence.’ (YUU 1995:86) /< yuk-?-ite1yulkite- to make one’s presence known,
intentionally or not, by making noise or giving
other indications # Itqertelluku qakemna qakma
yulkitliniluni. ‘Just as they entered someone
outside the house made his presence known by
making noise.’ (QAN 1995:256); Tua-i nutaan
tuatnangamek yulkit’langlutek. Yulkitaqagnek
tamakut anguyaita-am pileryautaqlukek. ‘When
they2 began to do that they made their presence
known by the noises they made. Whenever those
two made noises that could be detected, the enemy
warriors would attack them.’ (ELL 1997:408);< yuk-?-kite3yulkitange- to become aware of a humanpresence through sounds or other indications# Qavarpailgan yulkitangelliniuq pamaken
pulayaranek. ‘Before he fell asleep he heard
someone from the trail beyond.’ (YUU 1995:123)< yuk-?-ngeyull’itaq human sounds or other indications ofhuman presence # Yull’itanrilan mayurluni-am
egalerkun uyangcartullinia. ‘Because there were
no sounds of humans, she went up and looked
through the window.’ (CUN 2007:42); < yuk-?
yun’errar(aq*), yun’err(aq*) male teenager; young
man # yun’erra’ar or yun’erraq ‘a young man’;yun’erraraat or yun’erraat ‘young men’; Tamaai-gguq nukalpiam uum yun’erraraam una wani709

yungaq — yuqerte-Basesyungcaun medicine # < yungcar-nyung’elraarun any of the first human inhabitants of
the world # < yuk-nge-?-nyung’eqarraarun firstborn child # yung’eqarraarutii‘his firstborn’; yung’eqarraarutkaqa ‘he is myfirstborn’; Elliin Egypt-aami tuqutellrui angutet,
yung’eqarraarutait yuut ungungssiaraat-llu. ‘In
Egypt He slew the male firstborn of humans andanimals.’ (PSALM 135:8); < yuk-nge-qar-rraar-n
yungqerr- to be inhabited (by humans or animals)# ta¥gaam kaviarnek yungqertuq ‘it is inhabited
only by foxes’; < yuk-ngqerryungruyak extraordinary person # < yuk-?-ruyak
yunguaq doll; figurine, = suguaq, yuguaq; NSU;
< yuk-nguaq
yunriur- to beget a child # yunriurtuk ‘they2 begot achild’/ NSU; < yuunraq-liurYup’igcetun, Yupiacetun in the Yup’ik Eskimo
language # < Yupik-equalis, Yupiaq-equalis
Yup’ik, Yupiaq Yup’ik Eskimo; ordinary or ordinary
person (in contrast to shamans and the like)# literally: ‘real person’, ‘authentic person’, or‘person of our sort’; originally the form Yup’ik wasused in the northern area (NS, Y, some NI) while theform Yupiaq was used in the southern area (K, CAN,
BB), while certain places (Chevak, Nunivak, Egegik)
had other forms (Cup’ik, Cup’ig, Tarupiaq), but theform Yup’ik is now used as a common term (though
not replacing Cup’ik and Cup’ig); ing’um aatii
Yupiuguq aanii-wa avek ‘that person’s father is
a Yup’ik Eskimo and his mother half’; Yup’igtaq‘Yup’ik thing, tool, artifact, food’; Yup’igtaat
neqkat enurnartut maani ‘Yup’ik foods are
hard to obtain here’; Agayutmi Kass’artaituq
Yup’igtaunani-llu, tamalkuita yuut irniaqai. ‘In[the sight of] God there are no Whites and there
are no Yup’iks; all people are His children.’ (GRA
1951:21); Ilak-wa cali ikegkuk tua-i ika-i maaten
tauna tua-i allakarrarmi uitalria yupiunritlinilria
angalkuuluni ta¥gaam pillinilria tauna. ‘Unlike
his two parners over there, that one who wasby himself was not an regular person, but was ashaman instead.’ (ELL 1997:578); < yuk-pik1, yukpik1; > Yup’igcetun
yuqerrvik outhouse; toilet; privy # angutet
yuqerrviat ‘men’s room’; arnat yuqerrviat ‘ladies’
room’; < yuqerte-vik
yuqerte- to defecate or urinate in an appropriate
place; to relieve oneself # has the politeness ofneviarcar umyuamikun al’kengaqamiu, watengguq tua-i pilinguitua. ‘When a lad, a youngman, became attracted to a girl and sought theopportunity with her, he’d make these things forher.’ (CIU 2005:236); < yuk-nerraq; < PY
yu(u)n3aq (under PE i&u!)
yungaq jaeger (Stercorarius sp.) # = cungarrlugaq;< PI iyu&&a3yungcar- to treat medically; to heal # yungcartuq‘he is being treated medically’; yungcaraa ‘heis treating her medically’ / . . . naulluulriit-llu
amlleret uqumek mingugait yungcarluki. ‘. . .
applying oil to the many sick people, he healed
them.’ (MARK 6:13); Qanikcaam qainganun
piluteng uksurpak calinaurtut yungcariluteng
naunrarnek nunami qanikcam aciani. ‘Beingon top of the snow, all winter they [the little
elves] would work healing the plants on the
ground under the snow.’ (EGA 1973:27); note thatyungcar- and yungcarista are used in NUN where‘person’ is cuk, but not in HBC, where ‘person’ isalso cuk; there, cungcar- and cungcarta are usedinstead; < yuk-nge-car-; > yungcaraq, yungcarista,
yungcarvik, yungcaun; < PY yu&ca3- (under PE
i&u!)
yungcaraq one who has been medically treated;patient # < yungcar-aq1
yungcarista, yungcarta (Y form) medical doctor;
physician; healer # Yungcariste™guyaramekelitnaurtuq. ‘She’s studying to become a doctor.’(YUP 1996:17); = suungcarista, yuungcarista;< yungcar-i2-ta1, yungcar-ta1
yungcarte- to seek the essence of someone; toseek (its) person (owner or human form) #Tua-i angnirluteng yurarluteng ilakuyun
atuqata’arqamegteggu waniwa yungcartetuut
tua-i una cauyaq aturluku. ‘And throughhappily dancing when they were going to use
it to bring people together they’d strive for the
essential spirit of the people using the drum.’ (CIU
2005:112); Kitaki uitatevkenaku yungcarteqerru.
‘Go ahead, don’t leave it alone; seek its owner.’(QUL 2003:542); Yungcarcesqe™gatgu tuatnaluni
tauna angalkuq pilliniuq, atam-gguq kana-i
paqcugtainun paqcesqelluku. ‘When they asked
him to seek its human form, the shaman told the
curious ones to come and look down there.’(QUL 2003:542)
yungcarvik hospital # < yungcar-vik

710Bases“to go to the toilet”; yuqertuq ‘he is relieving
himself’ / yuqerteqatartua ‘l’m going to relieve
myself’; yuqercugtua ‘I have to relieve myself’;Inglupiarrarmek aritvagluni anciquq naquggluni
nacarluni-llu yuqerrluni. Tallimani tua-i ernerni
tuaten eyatulliniut tamakut aglenraraat. ‘Wearing
only one mitten and putting on a belt and hat
she goes out to relieve herself. For five days the
newly menstruating practice this custom.’ (CIU
2005:258); = cuqerte-; > yuqerrvik; < PY-S yuqa3(under PE iyyu3-)
yuq’uq target # and yuq’ur- to shoot at a target #yuq’urtaartuq ‘he is target shooting’; Pissurta
pia, “Kitak qanrutqernga qaillun pilua
yuq’urtellerkamnek.” Pissurtem nutek tunaa
Mecaq’amun, “Kita, Kitak nutkaa.” ‘He said tothe hunter, “Go ahead, tell me what I must do to
be a target shooter.” The hunter gave the gun to
Mecaq’aq, “Here, go ahead and shoot.”’ (UUT
1974:13); Yyur-1 to defend verbally # Y, K, CAN, NI, BB, NR,
LI; see eyur-1
yur-2 to jell # see eyur-2
yuranerrlugcaraq a dance during the Kevgiq(“Messenger Feast”) designed to cause specificpeople to bring in requested gifts # Y; < yurarnerrlugte-yaraq
yurapigcaraq a gift-requesting dance during the
Kevgiq (“Messenger Feast”) NI, Y, CAN # <yurar-pig-?-yaraq
yuraq Eskimo dance # and yurar-1 to dance in the
traditional Eskimo style # NSU of women only;
yurartuq ‘he is dancing’; yuraraa ‘he is dancing
it’ a dance / yurautaa ‘he is dancing for him’; Ak’a
imumi ciuliaput imutun neq’arilriatun nunat yuit
quyurrluteng nerevkarirpalallruut yurarlutengllu. ‘In days past as a memorial to our ancestors,
the people of the villages would gather and holda big feast and dance.’ (PRA 1995:458); Tuaten
tua-i ava-i qulirilriatun yuralartut arnat . . . ‘The
women dance as if they are telling a legend . . .’(TAP 2004:66); Tua-i-llu avelngaam pia kaviaq,“Tua-i ner’arkaurtarpenga. Kitak nervailegpenga
atuullua elpet yurauteqernauramken.” ‘And so
the mouse said to the fox, “Well, it’s fated thatyou’ll eat me. Go ahead before you eat me, singto me and let me dance for you.”’ (KAV 1972:11 &PRA 1995:317); yuraliyartuq or yuriyartuq ‘he isgoing somewhere to take part in the dance’; NS,

yuq’uq — yurvir-

Y, K, HBC, NI, NUN, CAN, BB, NR, LI, EG; >yuranerrlugcaraq, yurapigcaraq, yuraryaraq; cf.
yuarun; < PY-S yu3$a3yurar-2, yura’arte- to check outside; to poke one’s
head out as to take a look; to emerge; to pop
us into view # amiigkun maaten yura’artuq
iinga qiuluni ‘as he popped outside by the door,
I saw that he had a black eye’; Asveret iliini
yura’arrvik’larait qayat. ‘Sometimes walrus emerge
from the water onto kayaks.’ (PAI 200:290); =curaryuraryaraq way of dancing; separate hood usedwith hoodless parka # < yurar2-yaraq on
Yurialnguq* Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan Indian# < yuriate-nguq
yuriate- to speak in a language that cannot be
understood # < ?-ate-; > yurialnguq
yuringa- to be in a jelled state # Tua-i-ll’ unuaquan
apiatami nutaan yuringiita ipuutnek piluteng
qantat imirturluki. Yuringaqapiarluteng tua-i,
mer’at-llu yuringaluni. ‘Then the next day atlunch when they (the blackfish) were jelled they’dfill the bowls with a ladle. They’d be very muchjelled and their liquid would be jelled.’ (PAI
2008:214); < eyur2-te2-ngayurneq cold draft # Y; < ?-neq1; cf. eyur-2
yurrluk wicked person # Agayutmaa, aviusnga
assiitellrianek yugnek, tegumiaqestemnek
aarinateng yurrlugnek. ‘My God, separate mefrom bad people, from wicked people who grasp atme without restraint.’ (PSALM 71:4); < yuk-rrluk;> yurrluulria
yurrluulria wicked person; scoundrel # Atataarquyurrluulriit catairuciiqut; ‘In a little while thewicked will be no more;’ (PSALM 37:10); <yurrluk-u-lria
yurturuaq small dark piece of fur at the very topof light-colored garment hood ruff (said torepresent a black bear sitting on a mountain ofsnow) or small light piece of fur on dark-colored
garment hood ruff (said to represent a polar bear)# < ?-uaq
yurvir- to examine # Tua-llu tua-i makut
pissuukarani yurvirluki piurallinii. ‘Then he
examined the (magical) hunting paraphenalia that
he usually used.’ (ELL 1997:584); NI; = cuvrir-,curvir-, ivrir-, survir-, suvrir-, yivrir-, yuvrir-; cf.
yurar-2; < PE iyuv3i3- and iyiv3i3-

711

yuryiur- — yuulria

Basesyuryiur- to inhale something # Anuqsaarii cauluk’
tua-i anuqa yuryiullinikii ellacugnimek ak’anek
naruraami. ‘Since she was smelling the smellsof the world for the first time in a long time, she
faced the direction the breeze was coming fromand kept inhaling.’ (QUL 2003:228); = yuurrmiur-,
yuuryiur-, niurrsig-; < PE ni9u3yuss’ug- to be groggy; to be hung-over # yuss’ugtuq‘he is groggy hung-over’ / = yuussug-, < yuk-?yuu1- to live; to be alive; to be a Yup’ik Eskimo# literally: ‘to be a person’; the Yup’ik Eskimo
connotation is there in certain contexts: uin-qaa
yuuguq wall’u kassauguq? ‘is your husband a
Yup’ik Eskimo or a white man?’, but not in othercontexts: apa’urluqa cali yuuguq ‘my grandfather
is still alive’, and, tangellren yaaqvani
yuullrunrituq, tuntuvauyarquq ta¥gaam ‘theone you saw isn’t a person; instead it was
likely a moose’; Cali-llu waten yuugurallemte÷i,ilavut, ciuqlirput wall’u kinguqlirput
umyugaa navgualuku pisqevkenaku ta¥gaam
maligtengnaqu’urluku yuusqelluta. ‘Also in ourlife we’re told not to perturb the minds (of) our
relatives, our elders or those younger than up,
but we are to live following them [our precepts].’(ELL 1997:6); < yuk-u-; > yuuciq, yuulgun,
yuullgun, yuumavik, yuun, yuunginar-,yuungnaqe-, yuungui-, yuunraq, yuunrir-,yuutnguarkaq, yuutu-; < PE i&u!u- (under PE
i&u!)
yuu2- to disembark; to take off (clothing); to removea net or snare; to take out from a vessel orcontainer # yuuguq ‘he got out of a boat, sled,etc.’; yuugaa ‘he removed it’, ‘he took it off orout’ / kuvyani yuugaa ‘he took out his net’;
paltuuni yuugaa kiircetsiyaagan ‘he took off hiscoat because it was too hot’; yuuguq angyamek‘he got out of the boat’; yuugiuq ‘he is taking
out nets, traps, or snare, ‘he is taking somethingout of a vessel or container’; yuunga’rtuq ‘itsuddenly came off’; > yuugaq, yuumavik,
yuugissuun, yuuman, yuussuun; < PE ni!u-

bladders, apparently they would tell it [the seal]
to quickly get its life-spirit, its life-force, into its
bladder [when it was caught by a hunter].’ (QUL
2003:44); < yuu1-ciq; < PE i&uci3 (under PE i&u!)

yuugaq photograph # from the photograph’s“removing” the image of a person or thing; or perhaps
rather from yuk ‘person’; BB; < yuu2-aq1

yuugissuun camera # BB; < yuu2-i2-cuun

yuukaq northern pintail (Anas acuta) # NSU, HBC;
= iyukaq; > yuukarpak; < PE i&(0)yuka3

yuukarpak mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) # NSU,
HBC = iyukarpak; < yuukaq-rpak; cf. uqsuqaq,
uqsuqerpak and uqulkatak, uqulkatagpak
yuulerviuk, yuulerviugaq gray-cheeked thrush(Catharus minimus) #yuulgun one born in the same year; agemate; peer
# yuulgutai ‘his agemates, his contemporaries’;
Anirta-wa makut yuulgutenka aquigaqata
ullagaqamteng alingqerrluteng ayakaqulartut.
‘So that’s why my peers run away in frightwhenever I approach them.’ (AGA 1996:162);< yuu-lgun

yuulgutkelriit, yuulgutkellriit age cohort;
generation # Tuaten-llu ukut maa-i yuulgutkellriit
assilnguut ayuqeciqut. ‘So will it be also with thisevil generation.’ (MATT. 12:45); = yuullgutkelriit;< yuulgun-ke2-lria-plural
yuullgun fellow human being # Yuk tuqucillrukan
yuullgutminek, qimagauvkaqiciu tuqunatkaanun,
ikayuryaqunaciu. ‘If a person kills his fellow
human being, you shall pursue him until he iskilled; you shall not help him.’ (AYUQ. 28:17);> yuullgutelriit

yuullgutkelriit age cohort; generation # =yuulgutkellriit; < yuullgun-ke2-lria-plural

yuullrurte- to reach a certain age # qaillun
pitalriamek yuullrurcit? ‘how old are you?’;yuinarnek yuullrurtua ‘I am twenty years old’;< yuu1-lleq-urte-

yuulraaq ocean swell or wave; thin flexible sheet of
ice on ocean; nilas #yuuciq life; lifetime; immortal soul # yuucia yuum
akwanun pisciigatuq ‘a person’s life cannot go
on forever’; yuucimini tangeqsaitaa ‘during
his life he never saw her’; Cunawa-gguq, tua-i
ava-i nakacugnek qanemcilrianga, camavet
nakacuanun yuucia, unguvii itqercesqelluku
pilallinikait. ‘It is as I told you concerning

yuulria one who lives an ordinary traditional
life # Tuamta-llu tamaani yuulriit sap’akinek
atuyuunateng. Pilugugluteng ta¥gaam . . .
‘Furthermore at that time ordinary traditional
people didn’t wear shoes. They used skin-boots
only . . .’ (YUU 1995:66); < yuu-lria

712

Basesyuuman drawstring at the waist of a garment #< yuu2-ma-nyuumavik photograph # from the photograph’s“removing” the image of a person or thing; or perhaps
rather from yuk person; LI; < yuu2-ma-vik
yuun a voice that identified a dead person andcould be summoned up by a shaman, according
to traditional belief # < yuu1-nyuungcar- to treat medically; to heal # yuungcartuq‘he is being treated medically’; yuungcaraa‘he is treating her medically’ / < yuk-u-ngcar-;> yuungcaraq, yuungcarista, yuungcarvik,
yuungcaun
yuungcaraq one who has been medically treatedby a doctor or treated by a shaman; patient #< yuungcar-aq1
yuungcarista medical doctor; physician; healer# Yuungcariste™gurrluni tua-i. Tuunrilangluni
yuliurluni. ‘He became a healer. He usedspirit power to work on people.’ (PAI
2008:326); Tuunraq tauna ikayuqellriatun
pikaqluku, kiingan anirtuutekluku tamaani,
yuungcaristetaunani-llu cellangeqarraallemni. ‘He[the shaman] had the helping spirit to renderaid, only to save one at that time; there wereno medical doctors when I first became awareof the world.’ (AGA l996:36); = suungcarista,
yungcarista; < yuungcar-i2-ta1
yuunginaq ordinary person # and yuunginar- tolead an ordinary, unexceptional life; to live inthe traditional way; to be married; to possess noshamanistic powers # yuunginartuq ‘he leads anordinary life’ / yuungina’urluut ‘ordinary people
living the old way’; < yuu-nginaq
yuungcarvik hospital # < yuungcar-vik
yuungcaun medicine # < yuungcar-nyuungnaqe- to make a livelihood by the traditional
means of hunting and fishing, picking berries,
food preserving, etc.; to live by subsistence #literally: ‘to endeavor to live’; yuungnaquq ‘hefollows a subsistence lifestyle’ / Maa-i cali Yupiat
alerquutait yuungnaqsaramun amllertut. ‘Now
the Yup’iks’ rules concerning making a living by
subsistence are many.’ (CAU 1985:11); < yuungnaqeyuungui- to have things easy # yuunguiguq ‘he has
things easy’ / K; < yuu-nguaq-li2-; > yuunguiteyuunguite- to act superior toward (him); to beyuuman — yuurrmiur-

unsympathetic toward (him) # yuunguitaa ‘heis acting superior to him’ / Yuunguicisciigatua.
‘I cannot act superior toward others.’ (YUP
2005:62); < yuungui-te?yuuniar- to complain (especially of one’s aches
and pains, or troubles); to moan and groan #yuuniartuq ‘he is complaining’ / yuuniarauq‘he repeatedly’; Atam-gguq tauna mikelnguq
tuaten anglicaqumte÷i agamyauluni yuuniartuq. . . ‘Look, it is said that if we raise that childthat way, he’ll be restless and complain . . .’ (YUP
2005:120); Agayutem niicamiu yuuniarallrat
neq’akaa akqutkellni . . . ‘When God heard theirgroaning He remembered His covenant . . .’(ANUC. 2:24); cf. yuk
yuunin high skin boot worn by women # NUN
yuunraq child # NSU; < yuu-neq1-aq3; > yunriuryuunrir- to die; to pass away # euphemistic; ofhumans; literally: ‘to cease living’; yuunrirtuq ‘hepassed away’ / Tua-i-ll’ pivakarluni maurlua
tauna yuugurngailami tua-i yuunrilliniluni. ‘Then
some time later his grandmother, because shewasn’t going to live forever, passed away.’ (ELL
1997:206); < yuu-nriryuupiksagte- to be restless (especially when others
are going out from the village during niceweather) # NUN
yuupkaaq slip; petticoat # from Russian µ,rf
(yúpka) ‘skirt’yuurleqtaaq Jell-O; jellyfish (in BB) # < ?-qetaaq; cf.
eyur2yuurqaarcuun spoon # < yuurqar -cuun
yuurqaq, yuurqaaq hot beverage; tea # andyuurqar- to drink by sipping (hot drink suchas coffee, tea, or hot chocolate); yuurqertuq‘he is drinking a hot beverage’; yuurqeraa‘he is drinking it’; yuurqam tepii ‘the smell of
the hot beverage’; yuurqallruuq ‘he had a hot
beverage’; Yuurqerinanragni-ll’ angayuqaagteng
taukut irniakek airrangluteng. ‘And while theirparents drank the hot beverage, their children
told string stories.’ (ELN 1990:5); < yuurte2-?; >yuurqaarcuun, yuurqaun; < PE ni9u3qa3 (underPE ni9u3-)
yuurqaun cup for coffee or tea # < yuurqar-nyuurrmiur- to inhale something; to snuffle #yuurrmiurtuq ‘he snuffled’ / = niurrsig-,
yuryiur-, yuuryiur-; < PE ni9u3-

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yuurrnerrar(aq*) — yuvyiite-

Basesyuurrnerrar(aq*) newborn child # < yuurte1nerr(aq)yuurrvilleq birthplace; birthday # yuurvillra ‘hisbirthplace or birthday’; < yuurte1-vik-lleq1
yuurte-1 to be born # literally: ‘to become a person’;yuurtuq ‘he was born’ / kinguqliqa yuurtellruuq
anutiimni ‘my younger sibling was born on mybirthday’; Kuigilngurmiuni ellanglua, maani
yuurrlua. ‘I became aware in Kwigillingok; I wasborn here.’ (KIP 1998:59); cailkakun yuurtelleq‘child of unwed mother’; yuurtellrem eruyutii‘birthday’; < yuk-urte-, yuurrnerra’ar, yuurrvilleq
yuurte-2 to sip a hot beverage # yuurtuq ‘he took asip’; yuurtaa ‘he sipped it’ / HBC; > yuurqaryuurte-3 to curve or bend (of river, road, trail) #yuurtuq ‘it curves’ / NUN
yuurun birthday # yuurte1-n
yuuryiur- to inhale something; to snuffle # Ilait-w’
qengait pai¥rluit tungurpak, puyuqnermek
yuuryiurturallrat, qengait puyuqnerem itliniluki.
‘And the fronts of the nostrils of some of thosepoor souls were pitch black because they had
been inhaling soot; soot had gotten into theirnoses.’ (QUL 2003:4); = niurrsig-, yuryiur-,
yuurrmiur-; < PE ni9u3yuussug- to be groggy; to be hung-over #yuussugtuq ‘he is groggy, hung-over’ /= yuss’ug-, < yuk-?yuussuun hook for dragging recently killed seals #NI; < yuu2-cuun
yuuteke- to have as one’s livelihood; to live by (it)# yuutekaa ‘he lives by means of it / . . . neqa
kiingan yuutekellruamegteggu kass’artartaitellrani
man’a. ‘. . . fish was their sole livelihood when
there were no imported foods hereabouts.’ (AGA
1996:32)
yuutnguarkaq thing that is useful for life # may be asource of food, wise advice, etc. < yuu-tnguarkaq
yuutu- to be robust; to be healthy and strong.
yuutuuq ‘he is robust’ / < yuu-tuyuuyaraq way of life # in particular, the Yup’ik way
of life; Maa-i yuuyaraq man’a cimiqapiartuq. ‘Atpresent the (Yup’ik) way of life has changed verymuch.’ (KIP 1998:53); < yuu1-yaraq
yuvgeq fish slime # = cuvgeq; Yuvgeq-llu mermek
ping’ermi erurciigalami, neptetuami, kelikarluku
ta¥gaam pilriani a¥g’atuluni. ‘Fish slime can’t be
washed off even with water because it adheres;
instead one has to scrape to remove it.’ (PAI
2008:286); < PE n0v!u3
yuvrir- to examine # yuvrirtuq ‘he is examining
something’; yuvriraa ‘he is examining it’ /Cakneq-llu quyavikarput Irene Reed-aq Alaska
Native Language Center-aami calilria . . . sass’atamlleret aturluki ilagarluta caliluni yuvrirluki
igausngalriit, alangqalriit-llu kituggluki. ‘We
are grateful too to Irene Reed, who works at
the Alaska Native Language Center . . . andspent many hours with us working, checking
what was written and correcting the errors.’(KIP 1998:xxv); the following are legal neologisms:
ciunguluku yuvrirluku qanercetaarvigmi‘arraignment’; apqaurtet yuvrinqigtellrat ‘crossexamination’; yuvrinqigtesqumaluku picurlautni
qanercetaarviim quyinranun ‘appeal’; NS, Y, K,
NI, CAN, BB, NR, LI; = curvir-, cuvrir-, ivrir-,survir-, suvrir-, yivrir-, yurvir-; > yuvririyaraq,
yuvriun; < PE iyuv3i3- and iyiv3i3yuvririyaraq ‘investigation’ # the following arelegal/business neologisms: aklut amllertaciitnek
yuvririyaraq ‘inventory’; kalikanek yuvririyaraq‘audit’; < yuvrir-i2-yaraq
yuvyiite- to be unsmiling; to be unfriendly #yuvyiituq ‘he is unfriendly’ / LI; < yuk-?-ite1-714

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