九大地熱・火山研究報告第 11 号 (2002) 44-55 頁

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END
REPORT AND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND
OPERATIONSAndresito F. Ulgado

ABSTRACTIn the year 2000, geothermal energy continues to be the leading indigenous energy resource for electricalgeneration in the Philippines. It contributed 25 % to the country's power requirement in 2000. The country
maintained its position as the second world`s largest producer of geothermal energy for electricity generation.
A total of 1930.89 MWe installed capacity is contributed by six (6) geothermal fields with almost 37% (712.68
MWe) coming from Tongonan, Leyte. Two Geothermal Service Contractors, Philippine National Oil Company(PNOC-EDC) and Philippine Geothermal Inc., (PGI) a subsidiary of Union Oil of California (UNOCAL),
are currently undertaking geothermal energy development in the Philippines. PNOC-EDC operates four (4)production fields (Leyte Geothermal Production Field, Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field, Bacman
Geothermal Production Field and Mindanao Geothermal Production Field). PGI on the other hand operates two (2)geothermal fields namely Mak-Ban Geothermal Field and Tiwi Geothermal Field.
The most impressive increase in geothermal capacity came only in the last seven years. From 888 MWe in 1993,
it increased to nearly 1931 MWe as even there were only two players involved in geothermal Field developmentin the country. This was mainly due to a major policy reform brought about by Executive Order No. 215 (EO215), which allows the private sector to construct, operate and sell its power to the grid through the BuildOperate-Transfer scheme (BOT).
Geothermal resource potential of the country from 35 areas is estimated at 4,537 MW of which 1930.89 MWe is
already being tapped. The development and exploitation of high-enthalpy energy prospects shall continue withthe projected capacity addition of 730 MW as per medium-term energy plan. Maximizing and optimization ofgeothermal production technologies will also be continually tapped for exploitation of the country`s low enthalpy
geothermal prospects and in projects involving direct use of geothermal systems.
Meanwhile, the recent passage and enactment of the reforms in the electric power industry also known as"Republic Act 9136" is expected to enhance private capital and broaden the ownership base of the power
generation, transmission and distribution sectors. This means that inflow of capital investment in geothermalenergy development is expected to increase with the passage of this law.
1. ACCOMPLISHMENT HIGHLIGHTS

displacement of about 19.51 million barrels of fueloil equivalent (MMBFOE) based on a yearly average
price of US$27.36 per barrel of oil. Power production
from geothermal also contributed nearly 25% of thecountry's total electricity requirement （Figure １）.

The geothermal sector has continuously contributed
in providing a reliable, efficient, safe, clean andenvironment-friendly energy for the country having
produced a total gross generation of 11,317.18
g i gawa t t - h o u r ( G W h ) o f e l e c t r i c i t y i n y e a r
2000. It has helped the economy by saving some
US$MM533.86 in terms of foreign exchange throughFour (4) wells were drilled during the year, namely,
KL4RD and KN5D in Mindanao Geothermal
Production Field, BL3D in Southern Negros

Geothermal Division, Energy Resource Development Bureau
Department of Energy
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Makati City, Metro Manila
Philippines

44GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Geothermal Production Field and TW1D in Bacman
Geothermal Production Field, while drilling of three(3) production wells, namely, TW2D in Bacman
Geothermal Production Field, PT-5D and PT-6D in
Northern Negros Geothermal Field was ongoing as ofyearend.

Geothermal Production Field, Mindanao Geothermal
Production Field and Northern Negros Geothermal
Project). There were no safety performance ratings
for Mt. Labo (Camarines Norte/Sur and Quezon) and
Mt. Cabalian (Southern Leyte) geothermal projects as
operations in these areas were still suspended.

All wells drilled in Mt. Labo Geothermal Project wereplugged and abandoned by PNOC-EDC in November.
This is in preparation for the abandonment of the
project area by PNOC-EDC.

On the other hand, Philippine Geothermal Inc., has 3
LTA and 74 Days Lost for the year with sixteen (16)reported vehicular accidents in Tiwi and Makban
Geothermal Fields.

For the realization of the Department's visionand mission the Geothermal Division (GD),
Energy Resource Development Bureau (ERDB)
continues to explore and develop the country's
geothermal resources through continuous conduct ofreconnaissance studies and the first-of-its-kind in thePhilippines, the Controlled Source Magnetotelluric
surveys.

2. STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGYDEVELOPMENT (Producing Fields)

2.1. Tiwi Geothermal Production Field (PGI)
The electricity generated by Tiwi plants in year 2000
increased by 28.48% with 1,233.52 gigawatt-hour andutilization factor of nearly 43% (Table 1) as compared
to last year`s data. Forex savings contribution fromTiwi amounts to US$58.19MM.

The GD undertook reconnaissance studies namely,
geological/geochemical investigations in Calayan Is.,
Cagayan and San Juan, Batangas, Controlled Source
Magnetotelluric (CSMT) survey in Mabini, Batangas
and Socio-economic profiling in Banton Is., Romblon.

2.2. Makban Geothermal Production Field (PGI)
Cumulative power generation from Makban plants
with aggregate installed capacity of 425.73-MWeamounts to 2,588.52 GWh. While aggregate power
production from Makban plants barely changed
compared to last year's generation, it must be noted,
nevertheless, that electricity delivered from Makban
Modular Plants have increased by as much as 120%
(Table 1).

In lieu of the GD's mandate of safeguarding the
exploitation of the existing geothermal production
fields to ensure proper management of the resources fora sustainable energy source, the Division successfully
concluded the Japan International Cooperating
Agency's (JICA) Expert Dispatch Program on
Geothermal Reservoir and Resource Managementin November. The highlight of the program was the
donation by JICA to DOE of the geothermal wellbore
simulator program, Wellsim. This is the very firstgeothermal reservoir program that the DOE has
obtained.

2.3. Leyte Geothermal Production Field(PNOC-EDC)
Tongonan plants delivered a cumulative total of 4,719
of electricity in year 2000. Among the power plants,
only Tongonan I decreased its production by almost
15% compared to last year`s generation primarily due
to load sharing.

The safety performance of the geothermal developers
for the year generally deteriorated with overall
Frequency Rate (FR) and Severity Rate (SR) of 2.5
and 54.4, respectively. The deterioration of the fielddevelopers' safety performance is largely attributed
to PNOC-EDC's 22 Lost Time Accidents (LTA) withone (1) fatality resulting in 6,146 Days Lost. PNOCEDC's LTA is predominantly due to a total of forty (40)vehicular accidents reported in its five (5) production
fields (Leyte Geothermal Production Field, Southern
Negros Geothermal Production Field, Bacman

Electricity generation from Tongonan plants displacednearly 8 MMBFOE equivalent to an estimated forex
savings of US$MM 222.44.
Three production (MG-25D, -17D and -2D) and threereinjection (5R1D, 1R8D and 2R4D) wells were
worked over during the year. 1R8D and 2R4D wereboth acidized.
2.4. Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field(PNOC-EDC)
45

Andresito F. Ulgado

Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field(Palinpinon I and II power plants) with total installedcapacity of 192.5 MWe continue to increase theircumulative electricity production. In 2000, generation
escalated by almost 26% as compared to last year
having delivered a total of 1,371 GWh. This has
displaced 2.36 MMBFOE tantamount roughly to
US$MM2.36 of forex savings (Table 1).

worked over.
3. DOE ADMINISTRATION OF EXISTING
GEOTHERMAL FIELDSThe Philipine Department of Energy is currently
supervising the operations of nine (9) Geothermal
Service Contracts (SC), of which, six (6) areproducing fields and three (3) are under advanced
exploration stage (Figure 2). Two of the contracts,
Tiwi and Mak-Ban, are developed by Philippine
Geothermal, Incorporated (PGI), a subsidiary of Union
Oil of California (UNOCAL), while the remaining
are handled by the government-owned and controlled
corporation, the Philippine National Oil CompanyEnergy Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC).

Production well BL3D was completely drilled on 16
August 2000 to a total depth of 1,739 meters.
One production (LG3D) and one reinjection (NJ1RD)
wells were acidized during the year.
2.5. Bacman Geothermal Production Field(PNOC-EDC)
Shutdown of Unit 2 of Bacman I power plant since
May until year-end attributes to the decrease inaggregate power delivered by Bacman plants in year
2000. The Unit was shutdown because of excessive
turbine vibration.

Year 2000 has been a very significant year for the
Geothermal Division-ERDB prevalently because
during the second semester, the Geothermal Division's
request for an Expert Dispatch on Geothermal
Reservoir and Resource Management thru Japan
International Cooperating Agency's (JICA) Expert
Dispatch Program was realized. The dispatch
program, which was participated in by four (4) staffof the Geothermal Division began in September andconcluded on 29 November 2000.

Cumulative power generation amounts to 621.19 GWh
and accounts for 1 MMBFOE displacement translated
to about US$MM 29.3 of forex savings (Table 1).
Two exploration wells, namely, TW-1D and TW-2D,
were spudded in 2000. TW-1D was completed on
24 September 2000 to a total depth of 1,901 meters,
while TW-2D was ongoing as of year-end.

4. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EXPERT DISPATCH
ON GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR AND RESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Two (2) reinjection (CN2RD and PAL3RD) and two
production (PAL6D and MO2) wells were worked
over.

The transfer of expertise Mr. Ariki began his transferof expertise by JICA expert is focus on the context
that Geothermal Reservoir and Resource Management
is principally the responsibility and concern ofgeothermal developers, such as PNOC-EDC and PGI,
because it primarily involves taking decisions during
the operation of the reservoir in order to change its
operational conditions.

2.6.
Mindanao Geothermal Production Field(PNOC-EDC)
With Mindanao II operating the whole year, aggregate
electricity generation produced from Mindanao roseby as much as 89% with 784 GWh. Some 1.35
MMBFOE have been displaced equivalent to forex
savings of US$37MM （Table １）.
One production, KN5D, and one reinjection,
KL4RD, were completely drilled in 2000. KN5D
was completed on 27 March to a total depth of 1,537
meters, while KL4RD was completed on 25 January
to a total depth of 2,128 meters.

The Department of Energy (DOE) also recognizes
this. This is why in conjunction with its mandate, themain role of the Geothermal Division in Geothermal
Reservoir Management, is "monitoring of the physicaland chemical changes that occur in geothermal
reservoirs in response to exploitation. This is done toensure that the geothermal developers properly utilize
and manage the country's geothermal resource."

Two production wells, APO1D and SP4D, were

Geothermal Reservoir Management as a whole is46

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

very complex. There are general notions on how
this is done and dealt with, but rooms for deviations
and changes are always reserved as geothermal
reservoirs around the globe are individually uniqueand will therefore behave differently in response to
exploitation.
One of the most difficult aspects of reservoir
management is determining a time span for the
management objectives. It must be noted thatdifferent objectives will entail different time span.
There are cases for instance where depleting a given
reservoir in 5 years instead of 30 years, is more viablefrom the pure financial point of view. Such cases are,however, usually unacceptable from the political or
sociological point of view. For the DOE, of course,
reliable availability of energy for a long time isconsidered more valuable.

management.
 Conduct detailed case studies using monitoring datameasured at a specific geothermal field. Utilize
Wellsim if necessary.
For a start, preliminary study on the reservoir
performance of Makiling-Banahaw geothermal
field for the last ten years will be continued.The
study will investigate the Makban reservoir'spressure, temperature, massflow, enthalpy andchemistry histories.
 Reservoir activities of field developers will be

continuously monitored through actual fieldwork
applications.
 Set up simple wellbore simulation models to follow

The transfer of expertise under the Expert Dispatch
Program has been focused substantially on Monitoringof Reservoir Performance under Exploitation.
However, because of time constraint, tangible
application, which is, dealing with actual field casewas not done. Nonetheless, the transfer of expertisehas been very effective in giving the Geothermal
Division the overview of the subject. Moreover, theJICA expert has identified the important reservoir
parameters that should be constantly monitored, thesignificance of monitoring these parameters, andlastly, the relationship of these parameters with eachother that consequently bring about the changes in thereservoir.
With regard to Geothermal Resource Management,
the JICA expert also gave the DOE staff the basic
knowledge on the subject that there is no specificthumb rule on Geothermal Resource Management.
It is also a broad and complex subject and differs
depending on the objectives of the entity that will
undertake the management strategy.

the service contractors' evaluations on the different
production fields and make independent evaluations
on how well the service contractors are predicting
production.
 Follow the Decline Curves Analysis study done by

the Geothermal Division. Geothermal Division will
use Wellsim to find the relation between decline
curves and the pressure drawdown observed/
measured in the different production fields. Other
parameters such as temperature and chemistry of
fluids will also be investigated.

5. ADVANCED EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

5.1.
Mt. Labo Geothermal Project (PNOC-EDC)
All wells drilled in Mt. Labo Geothermal Project wereplugged and abandoned by PNOC-EDC in November.
This is in preparation for the abandonment of the
project area by PNOC-EDC.

During the last part of the expert dispatch program,
JICA donated to DOE thru GD the geothermal
wellbore simulator program called Wellsim. Thisis a major breakthrough in GD as it is the very firstreservoir program that the Division has obtained.

5.2.
Northern Negros Geothermal Project(PNOC-EDC)
Two production wells, namely, PT5D and PT6D, werespudded in November 2000. Drilling of these wells
was still ongoing as of year-end.

To set up the direction that the the DOE will follow in
the future, the Geothermal Division has planned andprogrammed the following:

Production well PT-2D was worked over in November.
5.3.
Mt. Cabalian Geothermal Project(PNOC-EDC)
PNOC-EDC did not have any activity in Mt. Cabalian Continue to review and study reservoir and resource
47

Andresito F. Ulgado

Geothermal Project.

valley.
There was no significant alteration within the vicinityof the hot/warm springs except for a wide area offossil hydrothermal alteration at higher elevations
atop the location of the hot springs at Tongonan. The
locals termed this as "white clay" and was quarried in
the past for pottery.

6. PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION

6.1. DOE EXPLORATION
6.1.1.

Geological / Geochemical Survey

Calayan Island, Cagayan

Faults are generally trending northeast to north-southdipping 45˚ to almost vertical either to the west or
to the south. Joints trend northwest and north-southdipping almost vertically. Deformations of the bands
were noted along Points Putbanwa near Mainit areaand Matagar near Poblacion. In almost all of theoutcrops, the rocks appear highly fractured.

A reconnaissance geological and geochemical surveys
were conducted in Calayan Island, an island belonging
to clusters of island-municipality collectively known
as "Babuyanes Group" north of Aparri, from January
22 to February 07, 2000 to explore its geothermal
potential. Babuyan Claro, another volcanic island
reported to have thermal occurrences, was not reachedbecause of bad weather and the danger of travelinghigh seas during the visit. As per communication withthe local folks, thermal manifestations in Babuyan
Claro occur as warm/hot springs and solfatara in thenorthern section of the island presumably related to
Mt. Babuyan. However, this has to be confirmed.

Based on topography and degree of alteration, thesouth side of the island seems older. Andesites in
the area are highly fractured. Peaks are eroded andalteration is more advanced, outcrops are brownish
even at high elevation. Mt. Amponggo probably
constitutes the youngest deposit as inferred from its
still well formed peaks.

Geological investigation and geochemical sampling of
the different volcanic centers of Calayan Island weremade to wit, Mts. Nangabaywanan, Macara, Calayan
and Piddan, in order to categorize and classify theireffusive equivalent.

Geophysical exploration is recommended in the area
to characterize and define the nature of subsurface
geothermal system.
San Juan, Batangas

Survey in Calayan revealed different volcanic rocksof Mio-Pleistocene age postulated to come from four
volcanic centers dotting the island. A total of thirtyone (31) rocks and four (4) sets of water samples werecollected. Aside from the geological and geochemical
surveys, a rapid socio-economic profiling was also
conducted during the visit. The conduct of the socioeconomic profiling aims to determine the social andeconomic conditions of the island-municipality.

In line with the Geothermal Division's thrust offurther assessing candidate areas for small-scale
geothermal development, a follow-up geological andgeochemical surveys were conducted on August 17-22
and August 28-September 10, 2000. Areas surveyed
were the interior barangays of the municipality andthe immediate vicinities of the thermal spring. The
primary objective of the survey is to map various
lithologies and structures to correlate existence ofthe hotspring area. A total of 63 square kilometers
was covered yielding sixty (60) rocks and six (6)sets of water samples. Aside from the survey,
public information campaign was also conductedwith both the municipal and barangay leaders of themunicipality.

Banton Island, Romblon

The favorable results of geological and geochemical
surveys in 1996 resulted to a follow-up detailed
geological mapping from February 27 - March 8, 2000
in order to establish the local stratigraphy and identify
structural features of the island.

Results of the study show that the area is underlain
mainly by NW-SE trending low grade undifferentiatedmetamorphosed rocks intercalated with hornfels(?),
shale and marbles. This rock is disposed in thenorthern portion of the surveyed area. The rock is
intruded by hornblende quartz diorite belonging

Results of the study showed Banton Island to beunderlained by banded andesite porphyry withvariable amounts of volcanic fragments collectively
known as the Banton Volcanics. Pyroclastics, anothermajor rock type, was found generally occupying the48

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

to the group of intrusive mass popularly known as
San Juan Diorite. This diorite is believed to havetriggered porphyry copper mineralization in the
Lobo and Taysan areas. The diorite is overlained in
the south and southeast margin of the surveyed areaby bedded to boulder tuffaceous sandstone. Bedded
tuff and reefal limestone, the most widespread in thearea occurs as the youngest lithological unit in thearea. The area has not undergone intense tectonic
disturbances as shown by the relatively few mapped
faults generally trending NW-SE.

prospects in the country, MBGP is a potentially
important one not only because of its geothermal
signatures (such as impressive surface thermal
manifestation, occurrence of young volcanic activity,
relatively high subsurface temperature, etc.) but also
due to its proximity to the port of Batangas, a potentialuser of geothermal power.
The readings were made in Brgys. Nag-Iba, Pulong
Anahaw, San Teodoro, Estrella, Mainit, Ligaya, Solo,
Malimatoc I and II, Sto. Tomas, Pilahan, Laurel andBagalangit. The total number of readings actually is
57, 5 of which are re-tests. Re-test was made due tonoisy to extremely noisy data or inconsistent readings.
Twenty-seven (27) stations were measured in thesouthern sector using the transmitter dipole in Pulong
Anahaw while 30 stations were occupied in thenorthern sector using the second dipole site in OrenseAnilao East.

The prospect area represents a blind geothermal
resource that need to be subjected to geophysicalexploration to locate concealed geologic structuresand determine heat source.
6.1.2. Controlled Source Magnetotelluric Surveys(CSMT)CSMT Equipment Retest

Initially processed data shows several stations
exhibiting low resistivity values which might either be
due to thermal manifestation, presence of structures
such as a fault, altered ground and sea water. Based on
the initial results, it seems that a geothermal system
is indeed present beneath the prospect. If the data
gathered are good and indeed indicate such system,
follow-up and detailed fill-in CSMT survey should be
conducted in the area.

Retest of newly repaired equipment was done on
March 16, 2000. Result of testing showed failure of
the receiver to register readings at Frequenzy 0.625
Hz, 1.25 Hz, and 2.5 Hz. Memory error also occurredand collected data were missing. This prompted
the Geothermal Division to send the receiver backto Japan for further checking. The equipment was
returned by the manufacturers on April 13, 2000 for
further retest. This time the equipment performedwell.

7. HIGHLIGHTS OF SAFETY ASPECT OF
GEOTHERMAL OPERATIONSCSMT Survey at Mabini, Batangas

A Controlled Source Magnetotellurics (CSMT)
survey was conducted at Mabini Geothermal Prospect(MBGP) Mabini, Batangas from April 10 - May 12,
2000. The purpose of the survey is to characterize
the resistivity signature of the prospect and to test thereliability of the newly repaired CSMT equipment.

The year 2000 is a milestone period on the safety
aspect of the Geothermal Industry. The Geothemal
Division was able to integrate the overseeing andmonitoring of the safety and health aspect of both
the geothermal field developers and the power plant
operators with the approval of the revised Geothermal
Safety and Health Rules and Regulations (GSHRR)
and the Medical Surveillance Guidelines on February
11 and March 3, 2000, respectively.

A total area of 18 km2 was covered by the survey
wherein fifty-seven (57) stations were occupied
utilizing two-transmitter dipole locations at Brgys.
Pulong Anahaw and Orense-Anilao East, respectively.

On the 2nd Quarter the Independent Power Producers(IPP) under the Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
scheme under contract with PNOC-EDC have alreadycoordinated with the Geothermal Division for theircompliance to the requirements of revised GSHRR,
and hopefully the power plant under the National
Power Corporation (NPC) will start their compliance

MBGP encompasses the entire Calumpan Peninsula,a NE-SW trending Quaternary volcanic chain about
15 kilometers SW of Batangas City. It forms part ofthe southwestern volcanic belt traceable from Bataan
Peninsula, Laguna - Batangas provinces and down
to Mindoro Island. Compared with other geothermal
49

Andresito F. Ulgado

by the year 2001. NPC's delayed compliance to therevised GSHRR is due to their current manpower
restructuring caused by the pending Energy Industry
Reform Bill.

7.4. Others
The Geothermal Division in coordination with thegeothermal industry players was able to consolidate
the different safety practices of the geothermal
industry and come up with a draft of Geothermal
Industry Safety Code.

7.1. Inspection and Monitoring
In line with the mandate of utilizing indigenous,
environment friendly and safe source of energy the
Geothermal Division conducted occupational safety
and health monitoring, workplace monitoring, physicalinspection of facilities and equipment, inspection of
explosive magazine and assessment of substandard
acts and conditions of various geothermal production
fields, projects and power plants.

7.5. Safety Performance of Geothermal Field
Developers
The safety performance of the geothermal developers
for the year generally deteriorated with overall
Frequency Rate (FR) and Severity Rate (SR) of 2.5
and 54.4, respectively. These have increased from last
year's figures by about 35% in FR and 94.1% in SR.

For the year 2000 the Geothermal Division conducted
field inspection on the following geothermal fields
and projects and geothermal power plants operated
by PNOC-EDC, PGI, Ormat, California Energy, andMindanao Geothermal Partnership:

The deterioration of the field developers' safety
performance is largely attributed to PNOC-EDC's 22
Lost Time Accidents (LTA) with 1 fatality resulting
in 6,146 Days Lost. PNOC-EDC's LTA is mainly due
to a total of forty (40) vehicular accidents reported
in its five (5) production fields (LGPF, SNGPF,
BGPF, MGPF and NNGP). There were no safety
performance ratings for Mt. Labo (Camarines Norte/
Sur and Quezon) and Mt. Cabalian (Southern Leyte)
geothermal projects as operations in these areas werestill suspended.

a. Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field(SNGPF)b. Mindanao Geothermal Production Field (MGPF)
c. Leyte Geothermal Production Field (LGPF)
d. Bacman Geothermal Production Field (BGPF)
e. Northern Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP)
f. Tiwi Geothermal Production Field (TGPF)
g. Mak-Ban Geothermal Production Field (MGPF)
h. Ormat Phils. (Ormat)
i. California Energy (CalEn)
j. Mindanao Geothermal Partnership (MIGP)On the other hand, PGI has 3 LTA and 74 Days Lost
for the year with reported sixteen (16) vehicular
accidents in Tiwi and Makban.
Among the four (5) production fields that PNOCEDC operates, the safety performance in Mindanao
Geothermal Production Field (MGPF) and Northern
Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP) are the mostcommendable having maintained the highest
safety performance rating without LTA resulting
in zero (0) Frequency Rate (FR) and Severity Rate
(SR). Likewise, Bacman Geothermal Production
Field (BGPF) has remarkably improved its safety
performance rating as evidenced by 85.7% and
98% decreases in LTA and Days Lost, respectively.
This is translated to 1.2 FR and 4.9 SR, a far great
improvement from last year's FR of 8.6 and SR of
250.1.

For the same period, the Division also conducted
inspection of four (4) PNOC-EDC explosive
magazines at BGPF, LGPF, M1GPF, and SNGPF.
7.2. Issuance of Permits
With the inclusion in the monitoring and overseeingof the geothermal power plant operators the Safety
Unit prepared and issued a total of forty (40) Safety
Officers Accreditation permits;twenty two (22) for
PNOC-EDC, nine (9) for NPC, six (6) for PGI, one (1)for CalEn, one (1) for MIGP and one (1) for Ormat.
7.3. Safety and Health Statistics
For the year 2000 the Safety Unit were able toconsolidate, evaluate and analyze the safety statistics
submitted by geothermal field developers (PNOCEDC, PNOC-EDD and PGI) and BOT power plant
operators (Ormat, CalEn and MIGP).

On the other hand, the safety performance ratingof Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field(SNGPF) has drastically deteriorated with 2.4 FR and6426.8 SR. The poor performance is mainly ascribedto the one fatality that resulted in 6,146 Days Lost.

50

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Accidents for the year were commonly caused by
Struck By/Against (35.4%) and Caught In/Between(27.7%). Usually affected parts of the body wereHands and Fingers (35.4%) and Eyes (15.38%).
Personnel frequently involved were Drilling Group
Personnel (44.67%) and Mechanics/Machinist(29.23%). Most of these accidents occurred at Drill
Sites (43%) and Maintenance (35.38%).

exploration activities to assess identified geothermalareas to effectively reduce the risk to prospective
geothermal service contractors.
Meanwhile, the recent passage and enactment of thereforms in the electric power industry also known as"Republic Act 9136" is expected to enhance private
capital and broaden the ownership base of the power
generation, transmission and distribution sectors. Thismeans that inflow of capital investment in geothermalenergy development is expected to increase with thepassage of this law. This will also ensure the quality,
reliability, security and affordability of the supply ofelectric power.

8. PLANS AND PROGRAMS

The development and exploitation of high-enthalpy
geothermal prospects shall continue with the projected
capacity addition of 730 MW as per medium-term
Philippine Energy Plan for the period 2002-2010(Table ３).

Relative to this, the DOE will develop a policy
direction towards the privatization of government
agencies related to energy, deregulation of the powerand energy industry, and reduction of dependency on
oil-fired plants. These shall encourage more private
sector investments and participation of new players in
geothermal energy development.

The Binary, topping and bottoming plants geothermal
production technologies will also be continuallytapped for exploitation of the country`s low enthalpy
geothermal prospects and in projects involving selfsustaining, direct use of geothermal systems.

REFERENCES

More projects like the Manito Livelihood Geothermal
Project will be pursued during the present
administration in response to the President`s call forsocially responsive programs, which will provide
direct impact to the people. On the downstream side,
interconnection projects will be pursued to makepower from geothermal energy accessible to thedifferent areas of the country.

Geothermal Sector Monthly Highlights (2000).
Geothermal Division, Energy Resource Develoment
Bureau, Department of Energy, internal report.
Geothermal Sector Accomplishment Report (2000).
Geothermal Division, Energy Resource Development
Bureau, Department of Energy, internal report.

Meanwhile, the DOE will continue to conduct51

Andresito F. Ulgado

E n e r g y M ix 2 0 0 0� ���� � �� � �� � �� � � � � � �� �� � �� � � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � � ��� � �� � �� � � � �� � �� � � ������ �� � �� � � � �� �� �� � �� �� � � �� � �� � �� �� � � � � � � �� �� � �

Fig.1 Energy Mix 2000

Table. 1 Geothermal Performance

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52

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS������PRODUCING FIELDSUNDER DEVELOPMENT

MT. LABO, CAMARINESNORTE/SUR & QUEZON(DOE-PNOC-EDC)

MAK-BAN, LAGUNA(NPC-PGI)TIWI-ALBAY (NPC-PGI)

BAC-MAN,SORSOGON/ALBAY(DOE-PNOC-EDC)NORTHERN NEGROS,NEGROS OCC.
(DOE-PNOC-EDC)

TONGONAN,
LEYTE(DOE-PNOCEDC)

PALINPINON,
NEGROS OR.
(DOE-PNOC-EDC)

MT. APO, NORTHCOTABATAO/DAVAO(DOE PNOC EDC)

MT. CABALIAN,
SO. LEYTE(DOE-PNOC-EDC)

Fig. 2 Geothermal Service Contract Areas

53

Andresito F. Ulgado������
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MAINIT-SADANGA , MT. PROVINCE

MAK-BAN, LAGUNA (PGI-NPC)-425.73 MWe

BUGUIAS, BENGUETACUPAN, BENGUET

MT. LABO, CAMARINES NORTE

MT. NATIB, BATAANMABINI, BATANGAS

MT. ISAROG, CAMARINES SURMONTELAGO, OR. MINDOROTIWI, ALBAY (PGI-NPC)-330 MWe

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BAC-MAN, ALBAY(PNOC--EDC)-151.5 MWe
MT. BULUSAN,SORSOGON

MT. MALINDIG, MARINDUQUEMANDALAGAN-SILAY, NEGROS OCC.

BILIRAN ISLANDTONGONAN, LEYTE(PNOC-EDC)-722.68 MWe

MAMBUCAL, NEGROS OCC.
MT. CANLAON

BATO-LUNAS, LEYTE

PALAWAN

MT. CABALIAN,
SO. LEYTE
MAINIT, SURIGAOPALINPINON, NEGROS OR.
(PNOC-EDC) - 192.5 MWeMT. HIBOK-HIBOK

MT. CALAYOMANAT-AMACAN, DAVAOMALINDANG, MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL

MT. RAGANG

LAKEWOOD, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR

MT. MAKATURING
MINDANAO 1 and 2,
NO. COTABATO(PNOC-EDC)-108.48 MWe

BALINGASAG, MISAMIS ORIENTAL

MT. MATUTUM, SO.
COTABATO
MT. PARKER, SO.
COTABATO

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Fig. 3 Philippine Geothermal Energy Resources

54

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: 2000 YEAR END REPORTAND UPDATE ON THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Table. 2 Producing Geothermal Fields in the Philippines

FIELD

INSTALLED CAPACITY
(MWe)

TIWI
MAK-BANTONGONAN I
II
III
SOUTHERN NEGROS
Palinpinon I
Palinpinon II
BACMAN IBACMAN II
MANITOMINDANAO I
MINDANAO II

330.00425.73112.50219.48390.70OPERATORSTEAMFIELD/POWERPLANT
PGI/NPC
PGI/NPC-ORMATPNOC-EDC/NPC
PNOC-EDC/CALEN
PNOC-EDC/CALEN

112.5080.00
110.00
40.00
1.50
54.24
54.24

PNOC-EDC/NPC
PNOC-EDC/NPC
PNOC-EDC/NPC
PNOC-EDC/NPC
PNOC-EDC
PNOC-EDC/OXBOWPNOC-EDC/OXBOW

Total

1930.89

Table. 3 Geothermal Capacity Addition (2002-2011)

PROJECT
Northern Negros
Montelago
Rangas Tanawon
Mt. Cabalian
Mahagnao
NatibBatong-Buhay
Buguias-Tinoc
Lakewood
Mabini
Leyte (PNOC-EDC)

CAPACITY ADDITION
(MW)
40
20
40
110
80
40
120
120
80
40
40

TOTAL

730

55

Commissioning
Year
2004
2005
2005
2005
2006
2007
2009
2009
2010
2011
2011