九大地熱・火山研究報告第 11 号 (2002) 67-78 頁

THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGYIN TURKIYE
Haﬁze AKILLI* and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ**

ABSTRACTEnergy is becoming the major problem of the whole countries in the world. This is a result of increase inpopulation, industrialization and rise in the living standards. Rapidly increasing energy demand of the world will
necessarily be met by fossil, hydraulic energy source, and renewable energies which are geothermal, solar, wind,
wave, tides, biogas energies. The most improved one in these new energy sources is geothermal energy.
Geothermal energy is one of the natural energy recourses of Turkiye to add a benefit to decrease the payment offoreign currency depending on fuel oil.
It is one of the inexhaustible resources as hydraulic, solar and wind energy. The geothermal energy is a long lifeand renewable energy resource compared with fossil fuels as coal, petroleum and natural gas. The geothermalenergy is cheaper than those, produced from fossil fuels.
Geothermal energy has lesser and much easily soluble environmental problems in comparison with the ones
created by the use of lignite, coal and nuclear sources. Geothermal energy is new, renewable energy. Since itworks with nature sources, it is friendly with it. They minimize the threats of acid rain, air pollution and green
house effects. It exists locally and has continuity.
The General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) has carried on geothermal energy
explorations in Turkiye. The inventorial works and chemical analyses of the hot springs and mineral waters
started in 1962.
Turkiye is situated on Alpine- Himalayan orogenic belt (Fig.1). The presence of the young grabens developed
as the result of this orogeny, wide spread volcanism, fumaroles, hydrothermal alterations, existence of morethan 1000 thermal and mineral water springs. Some of them have 100°C temperature indicate that Turkey has animportant geothermal energy potential (MTA, 1993, Fig.2). Turkiye is the 7th the richest country in the world in
geothermal energy potential.
1. INTRODUCTION

There are numerous lakes and some, such as lake
Van, are as large as inland seas. In the north, theeastern Black Sea Mountain chain runs parallel tothe Black Sea; in the south, the Taurus Mountains
sweep down almost to the narrow, fertile coastal plain
along the coast. Turkey enjoys a variety of climates,
ranging from the temperature climate of the BlackSea region, to the continental climate of the interior,then, to the Mediterranean climate of the Aegeanand Mediterranean coastal regions. The coastline of

Turkiye's land mass is about 814,578 km 2. About
97% of which is situated in Asia, 3% in Europe.
The European and Asian sides are divided by the
Istanbul Bogazi (Bosphorus), the Sea of Marmara,and the Canakkale Bogazi (Dardanelles). Anatolia
is a high plateau region rising progressively towards
the east, broken up by the valleys of about 15 rivers,
including the Dicle (Tigris) and the Firat (Euphrates).

* Geological Engineer, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara** Mechanical Engineer, General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development
Administration, Ankara

67

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ

Turkiye's for seas is more than 8,333 km long.

Kizildere, Germencik, Simav, Seferihisar, Caferbeyli,
Dikili, Tuzla, Golemezli and Salavatli geothermal
fields are suitable for electricity production. Amongthe above-mentioned fields only Kizildere is in use.

The main principles of environmental policy havebeen identified as management of natural resources,
enabling continuous economic development throughprotection of human health and natural balance, andleaving a natural physical and social environment to
the future generations.

The main utilization of the other geothermal energy
fields is district heating, green houses, spas andthermal resorts installed for balneology purposes(Table 1). In Turkey, utilization of geothermal energy
for direct heat is shown in Table 2 (Batik et al. 2000).
The geothermal energy utilization projections inTurkiye in twenty years are as shown on Table 3(Simsek, 2001).

The fundamental objective of energy sector is tosupply reliable, inexpensive and high quality energy to
all consumer sectors wherever and whenever required
at appropriate price and to sustain economic and social
development in an environmentally sound manner.

The exploration activities have been continuing
increasingly every year.

Turkiye is a country aiming at completion of her
infrastructure; increase the potential of the industrial
sector to complete with the EU countries, to create
an informative society and setting up development
objectives though the integrations with the developed
countries. These target bring together a rapid increasein the electrical energy demand will be twofold
between the years 2000 and 2010. The supply anddemand projections prepared for the provisions of theincreasing energy demand constitute the basic element
for the existing energy policies.

2.1. Present Situation Of Geothermal Wells
Up to now 400 geothermal production wells and
300 gradient wells have been drilled in Turkiye.
The portion of the wells drilled by MTA in the total
number of wells is 305.
Table 1.Capacities in geothermal utilization in Turkiye(January 2001)���������� �����������

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2. MAIN GEOTHERMAL FIELDS IN TURKIYE

The first exploration about geothermal energy
was started at Balcova-Izmir geothermal field in
1962.Denizli (Kizildere) Geothermal project was
carried on as a joint venture project with United
Nations Development Programme.

Table 3.Geothermal utilization projections ofgeothermal energy in Turkiye

There are 170 geothermal fields in Turkiye. The
geothermal regions are distributed along the important
active tectonic regions in Turkiye. Their temperatures
ranged from 40° to 242°C (Fig.1).

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Some examples;
Denizli-Kizildere
242°C
Aydin-Germencik
232°C
Canakkale-Tuzla
174°C
Kutahya-Simav
162°C
Aydin-Salavatli
171°C
Izmir-Seferihisar
153°C
Izmir-Balcova
126°C
Afyon
106°C
Ankara-Kizilcahamam 106°C�������

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�� ������� ����� ��������87%of the wells drilled by MTA has been realized inWestern Turkiye, 11% in Middle Anatolian and 2% in
Eastern Turkiye (Batik et al. 2000).
The temperature distribution obtained from the well
outputs in Turkiye is as follows
68THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKIYE

Table 2. Utilization of geothermal energy for direct heat as January 2001 (H: SpaceHeating, B: Balneology,
I:Industrial use, G: Greenhouse heating, *City central heating
LocalityBALIKESIR-GONEN*KUTAHYA-SIMAVKIRSEHIR
ANKARA-KIZILCAHAMAMIZMIR-BALCOVA-NARLIDERE
AFYON-SANDIKLIAFYONNEVSEHIR-KOZAKLIAGRI-DIYADINIZMIR-MEDICAL FACULTY HOSBALCOVA THERMAL FACILITY
BOLU
AFYON-OMER
AFYON-ORUCOGLU
AFYON-BOLVADIN
AFYON-GAZLIGOLKUTAHYA-GEDIZBALIKESIR-PAMUKCUBALIKESIR-SINDIRGIBALIKESIR-EDREMITBALIKESIR-HISARKOYCANAKKALE-EZINECANAKKALE-TUZLACANAKKALE-KESTANBOLDENIZLI-KIZILDERE
DENIZLI-TEKKEHAMAM
DENIZLI-GOLEMEZLIIZMIR-BERGAMAIZMIR-DIKILIIZMIR-SEFERIHISAR
ANKARA-AYAS
ANKARA-HAYMANA
TOKAT-NIKSARTOKAT-RESADIYEAMASYAESKISEHIR-SAKARIILICAGERMENCIK-ALANGULLUKUTAHYA-SIMAVMANISA-SALIHLI
RIZE-AYDERSAKARYA-KUZULUKSAMSUN-HAVZASIVAS-SICAKCERMIKURFA-KARAALIYALOVAYOZGAT-SARAYKENT
TOTAL

Type
H.B.I
H.B.G
H.B
H.B.G
H.G
H.B
H.G
H.G
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B.G
H.B
G
G
H.B
G
G
G
G
G
H.B.G
G
G
G
H.B
H.B
G
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B.G
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
H.B
G
G
G

Capacity (MWt)
32
58
18
30.7
110.4
45
41.5
13.7
6.3
21.7
13.6
8
2.5
5.7
1.5
5
3.94
2
0.4
9.9
0.12
0.3
9
0.4
2.4
1.8
0.28
0.4
2
1.06
2
0.1
0.14
0.1
2
0.05
0.8
3.6
0.37
0.29
20
0.07
0.6
15
0.12
0.6
493.44

69

Energy (TJ/yr)
353.3
900.5
198.7
350.321357.5496.8
470276.104
695.5
239.6
150.1
88.32
27.6
62.9
16.6
55.2
46.81
22.1
7.6
187.361.33
5.7
170.33
7.6
45.4
34
4.4
7.6
35.2
18.7
22.1
1.1
2.65
1.1
22.1
0.55
9.63
39.7
4.09
3.2
220.8
0.77
6.62
283.9
2.27
11.35
6965.104

Capacity Factor
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.35
0.35
0.6
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.6

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ

Western Turkiye:
Percentage (%)
1
2
2
5
11
5
2
7
3
21
5
8
7
9
7
5

Temperature (ºC)
240-250
230-240220-230200-210190-200
170-180130-140
110-120100-11090-100
80-90
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40

Middle Anatolian:
Percentage (%)
5
4
4
4
17
34
32

Temperature (ºC)
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40

Eastern Turkiye:
Percentage (%)
6
6
6
16
16
38
11

Temperature (ºC)
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40

field there are two main reservoirs (Figure 3). The
first reservoir consists of Pliocene aged limestone.
The second reservoir Paleozoic marbles, schistts
and quartzites (Simsek, 1985). The geothermal
manifestations are fumaroles, fossil thermal springs,
and hydrothermal alteration and travertine deposition.
The field is ``high temperatures systems in nonvolcanic region`` with Larderalla (Italy) in the worldclassification.
In Kizildere, 23 wells were drilled. The founded
reservoirs are at depths between 450-2261 m. withtemperature rate of 198-242 °C. The total amountof the geothermal fluid, 140 °C obtained from theproduction wells is about 1000 tons/hr. Approximately
10% of this fluid consist of steam which is utilized
in electricity production. The capacity of the thermal
plant is 20 MW. At present, an exact amount of 15
Mwe is produced. In addition to electricity production
this energy also utilized in greenhouse heating (6000m2) and in the production of dry ice from the CO2
gas of the steam phase (with a capacity of 120,000
ton/year). Feasibility studies are started to use ofwastewater in district heating.
The hot spring and the waters from drilling wells
are all dominated by sodium and bicarbonate ions,although sulphate can also reach appreciable amounts.
Scaling is the main problem in Kizildere. This
problem is overcome by mechanical cleaning. Scaleinhibitor was tried into three wells to prevent scaling.
It was not successful because of high production
rates and high vibration in the wells. It was also noteconomic because of high cost.

Moreover, the first geothermal well was drilled in
1963 and the number of the wells drilled increase after
1982.

The other problem is the wastewater, which has highboron concentration. Three reinjection wells havebeen drilled to solve this problem. One of the wellreenjection test result is positive. Reinjection tests arestill continued.

As it will be considered, the number of geothermal
production wells is too few if compared to the highgeothermal potential of Turkiye. Most of thesewells have been drilled by MTA and financed by theGovernorships, Municipalities and their companies,
which constitutes 66.2% and followed by MTA with
16.5 % and 11.7 % Private.

2.2.2.Aydin-Germencik Geothermal Field
It is located at the part of Buyuk Menderes Graben
in the West Anatolia. In this area the preliminary
studies were carried out in 1967. Detailed geologicalmap, hydro geological, geophysical and geochemical
studies and drilling tests were implemented (Simsek
1984). Germencik was discovered in 1982 as thesecond important high enthalpy geothermal field to
produce electricty.

2.2. High Temperatures Fields And Applications
2.2.1. Denizli-Kizildere Geothermal Field
It is the first geothermal field suitable for electricity
production. Kizildere is situated the eastern partof Menderes Graben in Western Anatolia. In this70THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKIYE

Two reservoirs have been explored in this field. The
first one is a Neogene conglomerate and the other one
is in metamorphic rocks containing gneisses, schists,
quartzites and marbles of Paleozoic age (Fig. 4).

1975, Fig.6). Two deep exploration and five shallow
production wells were drilled. The depths of thesewells are 152-1417 m. The higher temperature wasmeasured 153 ° C. The flow rate is 100-240 t/h.
There are two types waters. The first one is Na/CaHCO 3 water. Second are Na-Cl waters. The studies
have shown that the existing drill holes can produce
8.17x10.000.000 Kcal/hr. thermal energy. This isenough to heat greenhouses of 117,000 m 2. Afterdevelopment of this field the capacity will be enoughto heat 3.600.000 m2.

Reservoir temperatures are between 203-232 °C. Depths of the reservoirs are 285-2398 m andsteam ratio is 13-20%. Nine wells were drilled. A
well with a depth of 285 m in this field and is oneof the shallowest and highest temperature wells in
Turkiye. In this geothermal field BRGM (France) and
Mitsubishi (Japan) cooperation carried out feasibility
study in 1985. Conclusion of this report point out that
2x55 MW capacity of electric power plant will be andalso this power plant needs 22 production wells and
11 reinjection wells. For this project, a development
plan is under discussion with Ministry of Natural
Resources and Energy. The chemical composition ofwaters from the Germencik field are characterized by
Na>Ca>Mg and Cl>HCO3>SO4. In comparison to
the Kizildere field, the geothermal fluids have higher
Na, B, and Cl, but lower HCO3 and SO4 contents.
Disposed hot water can be used on district heating,greenhouse, drying, canning, textile industry, coolingand balneological purposes.

2.2.5. Aydin - Salavatli Geothermal Field
Aydin-Salavatli geothermal field is located in the
middle of Menderes Graben, halfway between
Kizildere and Germencik fields. The stratigraphic
series of Salavatli geothermal field consist of
Menderes Metamorphic and sediments deposited
during the Menderes rifting period. Two deep holes
were drilled in 1987. They have depth of 962-1510
m. The reservoir temperature is changing between
162-171 °C. This field is suitable for space heating,agricultural purposes, balneology and producing
electricity.
2.2.6. Kutahya - Simav Geothermal Field
Simav (Kutahya) is located on the north of Simav cityin West Anatolia. The Simav Graben is located on thesouthwest part of Simav, which is 100 km. Away fromthe area and generally limited by E-W trending faults(Fig.7). Eynal, Citgol and Nasa geothermal fields arelocated on northern and western part of the graben(Karamanderesi and Yilmazer, 1984).

2.2.3. Canakale - Tuzla Geothermal Field
It is located in Northwestern Anatolia, 80 km
southwest of Canakale, 5 km to Aegean sea (Fig.
5). Important and promising results were obtained
from geological, geophysical, geochemical studies
and gradient drilling in previous years. The firstwell of 814 m depth was drilled in 1982. In this wellsteam and hot water mixture was recovered fromthe first reservoirs at the depths between 333-553
m. in volcanic rocks. Production rate of the wellis measured as 130 t/hr, temperature is 173 °C andsteam ratio is 13%. Up to now four deep wells were
drilled. Expected second reservoir of marbles andmetamorphic rocks encountered at 759 m. but could
not be tested. These studies are have been continuing.
This field is suitable for agricultural uses (heating,greenhouses, drying, etc.) and electrical energy
production. In addition to this, geothermal fluid canbe used for salt production because of its chemical
properties.

Totally nine wells are opened at Eynal, Citgol andNasa geothermal fields. The depths of these wells are
100-725 m. A deep hole drilled at this field and thefounded reservoir is 162°C. It is suitable for the useof electricity production and the use of space heating.
The flow rate in this field is about 262 t/hr.
The construction of the Simav District Heating System
has started in March 1991. 3200 residences are heatedat present and this amount is expected to rise to 6500
when completed.
2.2.7. Izmir-Dikili-Bergama Geothermal Field
It is situated approximately 90 km the north of Izmir.
Exploration study has begun in the frame of MTAJICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)
cooperation in this field. During testing of this field

2.2.4. Izmir - Seferihisar Geothermal Field
This is located 40 km southwest of Izmir. The spillitesof the ``Izmir flysch`` are the main reservoir in the
Seferihisar geothermal field (Ester and Simsek,
71

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ

the modern technology was used by deep holes.
The well drilled in 1989 has a depth of 1500 m. The
temperature of the geothermal activity in Kaynarcaarea is related to post volcanism of the Sulukayalava and Kocatepe lava. According to the geothermal
gradient survey there are no significant reservoir down
to 700 m, to the north of Kaynarca. It is scarcely
expected that geothermal reservoir of higher than 200°C is formed shallower than 1000 m in Kaynarca area.

In Omer-Gecek area 26 wells have been drilled by
MTA since 1971. The reservoir temperature changes
in a range of 50-100 ° C. The drilled wells havethe total flow rate of about 300 l/s, at the depths of
120-905 m. The hot waters are sodium bicarbonate issodium chloride type waters.
In Omer-Gecek thermal units, geothermal heating
has been applied to 4000 residence, spas and 5000
m2 greenhouses. Total amount of the heat producedis 2.8x10.000.000 kcal/hr. The water rising throughthe drill holes created scaling or corrosion problems.
Down whole heat exchanges and chemical inhibitors
were utilized to overcome these problems.

2.2.8. Izmir-Balcova Geothermal Field
Balcova geothermal field is located to the NE of theSeferihisar field and is at a distance of 10 km. to Izmir(Fig.8). Exploration studies were started in this field in
1963. The oldest unit in the Balcova field is the Upper
Cretaceous ``Izmir flysch`` that covers large areas.
The flysch consist of sandstones, schists and phyllites
and contains lenses of limestones and exotic blokes ofserpentinities, diabases and granidiorite. The Neogene
units consist of Miocene aged sandstones, clay stones,
limestones, Pliocene volcanic (tuff, andesitic lava) and
Quaternary alluvium and talus deposits (Yilmazer,
1985). Up to now, nineteen production wells were
drilled. The heat energy of 5x1000000 kcal/hr
produced from the production wells. The major anions
and cations of the waters are, in descending order,
HCO3, SO4, Cl and Na, Ca, Mg respectively. The hotwater has been used to heat the thermal installationsof Balcova, some units of Dokuz Eylul University and9,400 residences in Balcova. Izmir-Balcova Geotermal
District Heating System will be the biggest district
heating system in Turkiye 15,000 heating capacity.

2.2.10. Manisa - Salihli - Caferbeyli Geothermal Field
Salihli geothermal field is located along thesouthern boundary fault of the Gediz Graben. The
major reservoir of the Salihli field is the Paleozoic
metamorphics with secondary porosity developedin connection with the tectonic movements in thearea. The conglomerate and sandstone layers of the
Neogene sediment comprise the secondary reservoir.
A total of five wells were drilled in the field. The
highest temperature is 155 °C. The depth of this wellis 1189 m. The flow rate this well reaches 2 l/s. The
hot waters of Salihli field are sodium bicarbonate andcalcium bicarbonate types.
2.3. Low Temperature Applications in Turkiye
There is one low temperature large-scale city heating
applications in Turkiye, Kirsehir GDHS.

2.2.9. Afyon-Omer-Gecek Geothermal Field
This field is located on the eastern part of Western
Anatolia. The oldest unit in this area is metamorphic
rocks of Paleozoic age. These metamorphic rocks startat the base with alternation of micaschists, quartzites
and phyllites and are followed by marbles andcalcschists the thickness of which reaches 100 m in the
Omer-Gecek field (Erisen, 1984). Neogene sediments
consist of clay, clayey sand, silt, marl, limestone andsilicified limestone. Trachytic tuff and agglomerates
and the basaltic lava flows intercalated with the
Neogene sediments represent the products of the
volcanic activity at Afyon (Fig. 9). Afyon geothermal
province is located along the Afyon Graben to thesoutheast of the Simav graben. Geological studies
have revealed the presence of several faults in the areawith trends in NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W directions.

Kirsehir is a city in the middle of Anatolian region
that shows a terrestrial climate. According to the TS
2164, the outdoor design temperature is -12 °C. The
system uses 54/57°C geothermal water from artesian
wells located within Kirsehir city. The wells areclose to the heat plant, thus the investment cost of thetransportation line was kept minimum. The discharge
temperature is 40 °C.
Kirsehir City distribution network comprises preinsulated fibreglass pipes. In the return line no
insulated pipes were used for economy. Due tocharacteristics of fiberglass pipe, no heat expansion
joints were used. Pipes are kept between two fixed
concrete blocks and expansion is stored as stress inthe pipes. Branching is done using steel tees. From
this connection fiberglass pipe is laid up to the house
entrance.
72

THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKIYE

Temperature loss in these pipes is minimum. In larger
dimensions, DN 300 and above, it is about 0.1 km.
The equipment used in building stations is self
operated temperature and flow control valves,
circulating pumps, pressure and temperature gauges.

of the proper and understandable geothermal energy
procedures and laws in Turkey.
3.1. Waste Water Problem
It is created due to chemical pollutant in the
produced fluid at geothermal fields. Major chemical
pollutants can be due to high salinity and high boron
concentration. In addition to this, As, Cl, NH4 andsome other ions can be stated as other pollutants.
Especially, these pollutants are harmful for agriculture.

Heating circulating pumps are divided into threestages. These are low, medium and high temperature
pumps. The outdoor average temperature determines
which pumps operate. But, supply and returntemperatures are always kept the same.

3.2. Scaling and Corrosion
This is resulted from decreasing pressure andtemperature of discharged fluids. Content of CO3 in
fluids is the main effect on CaCO3 scaling. Calcite
deposit is very serious in geothermal fields like
Kizildere with high CO2 content. In order to solve
this serious problem, inhibitors, pressure control
and exchanger systems are used. Corrosion is being
overcome by using epoxy pipe at some fields.

The geothermal water in Kirsehir is corrosive andcauses scaling. To minimize these problems, scale
inhibitor is injected to the wells. To protect against
corrosion fiberglass pipes and titanium plate heatexchangers are used. The system was commissioned
partially in 1993 and completed in 1994 with acapacity of 188-residence equivalence and 18 MWt.
Some of the other low temperature geothermal
applications;3.3. Legal Problems
One of the most important problems is the lack oflaws for geothermal use. The present laws are thoseused for mining, groundwater and mineral water. They
are not applicable and a draft geothermal law has been
prepared. If it is enacted the exploration of geothermalenergy, it will improve.

Gediz spa and motel facilities are heated by 78 °C
geothermal fluid since November 1987.
Floor heating system is applied in Havza spa by 54 °C
geothermal water.

4. RESULTS

Rize Ayder thermal curing center is heated with ageothermal water of 54 °C at an elevation of 1700m
above sea level.

・The General Directorate of Mineral Research andExploration (MTA) has carried on geothermalenergy explorations in Turkiye since 1962. AydinGermencik (232 ° C), Denizli-Kizildere (242 ° C),
Kutahya-Simav (162 °C), Aydin-Salavatli (171 °C), Canakkale-Tuzla (174 ° C), Izmir-Seferihisar(153°C), these fields are the suitable for electricity
production.

Two mosques in Haymana are heated by 43 ° C
geothermal water.
Sivas-Sicak Cermik spa is heated by 46 °C geothermal
water.
Afyon Gazligol Spa facilities use 68 °C geothermal
water for heating and curing purposes.

・ Turkiye is located on active tectonic belt. The

carbonate dominated rocks, which gained secondary
porosity and permeability, limestone, marble,
conglomerate, granite, andesite, diabase and spilite
are reservoirs rocks. The common cap rocks consistof claystone, sandstone, conglomerate and clayey
limestone type sedimentary rocks.

Another thermal curing center using low temperaturegeothermal water is Orucoglu Thermal Resort. 48 °C
3. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN GEOTHERMALUTILIZATION

・Turkiye is one of the 10 countries with the richest

The wastewater and CaCO 3 scaling are the mostimportant technical problems encountered duringexploration. The other problem is the non-existence

geothermal potential of the world. The potential ofgeothermal energy, including wells is 2,308 MWt.
73

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ・ Geothermal energy has a wide utilization areaof Afyon area in domestic heating and agriculture.
Seminar on the utilization of geothermal energy forelectric power production and space heating, 14-17
may 1984, Florence, Italy.

according to different temperatures; its utilization
area in Turkiye is mostly district heating. Mostof the development is achieved in geothermal
direct-use applications by 52.000 residences
equilance geothermal heating (493 MWt) including
district heating, thermal facilities and 454.470 m2
geothermal greenhouse heating. 194 spas in Turkey
are used for balneological purposes (327 MWt).

Erisen, B., (1989), The Simav Graben (Kutahya)
geothermal energy projects Of Turkiye. U.N. Seminaron new developments in geothermal energy, 22-25
May 1989, Ankara, Turkey.

・170 geothermal fields exist in Turkiye, which 500

Esder, T. And Simsek, S., (1975), Geology ofSeferihisar geothermal area, western Anatolia of
Turkiye; determination of reservoirs by means ofgradient drilling. Proceedings of Second U. N.
Symposium on Development and Use of Geothermal
Resources, San Fransisco, USA, p. 349-361.

Mwe power production and 3.500 MWt (500,000
residences) space heating is targeted for the year
2010.
・The geothermal energy is 50-80% cheaper than otherenergy sources in Turkey.
Karamenderesi, I, H., and Yilmazer, S., (1984), Youngtectonic movements and relatae geothermal energy
possibilities in Gediz Valley, Manisa. U.N. Symposiumon the Utilization of Geothermal Energy for ElectricPower Production and Space Heating,14-17 May
1987, Florence, Italy.

・ Turkiye meets demand of energy with imported

oil. Geothermal energy is an important resource inbridging the gap between the energy supply anddemand of Turkiye.
・Turkiye's first commercial geothermal power plantinstalled in Denizli-Kizildere area. The capacity ofthe plant is 20.4 Mwe. Installation of the electricity
power plant in the power of 185 Mwe and total
usage of geothermal energy with integrated
installations of 2890 MWt in heating (According to
the 8th. Development programmed for five years)

Mertoglu, O. And Basarir, N., (1993), Direct use ofheating applications in Turkiye. Geothermal Resources
Council Transections.
MTA, (1993), Geothermal Energy. Special Publ.,
General Directorate of the Mineral Research andExploration.

・Laws related with the geothermal regulations both

ORME Geothermal Inc., Company Brochure, (1999).

in research and utilization of it must be prepared assoon as possible.

Simsek, S., (1984), Aydin-Germencik-Omerbeyli
geothermal field of Turkiye. Seminar on Utilization of
Geothermal Energy for Electric Power Production andSpace Heating, 14-17 May 1984, Florence, Italy.

・The distribution of geothermal fields in the country

indicates conformity to the energy demand in
Turkiye. Mainly high enthalpy geothermal fields arelocated in west and northwest Anatolia where theenergy shortage exists. On the other hand, In Central
and Eastern Anatolia where the heating energy isneeded, and the existing fields are suitable for thispurpose with their low enthalpy.

Simsek, S., (1985), Geothermal model of Denizli,
Saraykoy-Buldan area. Geothermics, 14, 2/3, 393-417.
Simsek, S., (2001), an overview of geothermal
developments in Turkiye, geothermal Development in
Asia, ITIT International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan.

REFERENCES

Yilmazer, S., (1989), Studies to define potential of
Balcova (Izmir) geothermal field and down-holeheat exchanger application. U.N. Seminar on New
Developments in Geothermal Energy, 22-25 May
1989, Ankara, Turkiye.

Batik, H., Kocak, A., Akkus, I., Simsek, S., Mertoglu,
O., Dokuz, I., Bakir, N., (2000), Geothermal energy
utilization development in Turkiye, Proceedings World
Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu, Tokyo.
Erisen, B., (1984), Utilization of geothermal energy
74THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKIYE

BULGARISTAN(BULGARIA)

K

A

R

(B

L

A

D

A
C

K

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E

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E

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N

GURCISTAN(GEORGIA)Z

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YUNANISTAN(GREECE)ISTANBUL(No

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ault
)

ERZINCANSIVASANKARAERMENISTAN(ARMENIA)TRABZON
A na
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IRAN
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TOL
IANT
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ISPARTAIRAK(IRAO)MERSINANTALYA

HATAY

A

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(M E D T E R R A N E A N

SURIYE(SYRIA)Z

Upper Tertiary - Quaternary volcanic rocks
Upper Tertiary - Quaternary volcanoes

S E A)

Major grabens

KIBRIS(CYPRUS)

Major faults
Major thrusts
Geothermal Areas

Fig. 1 The Geothermal Fields in Turkey

Fig. 2 Distribution of Hot Springs in Turkey

75

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ

Fig. 3 Geologcal map of the Kizildere geothermal
field (from Simsek, 1985)

Fig. 4 Simplified geothermal map of the Germencik
geothermal field (from Simsek, 1984)

Fig. 5 Geological map of the Tuzla field76

THE APPLICATION AND THE PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKIYE

Fig. 6 The geological map of the Seferihisar geothermal field (modified from
Esder and Simsek, 1975)

Fig. 7 Geological and location maps of Simav graben and its surroundings

77

Hafize AKILLI and Mehmet Cemal ERSOZ

Fig. 8 Distribution of hot-springs and drilling wells in the Balcova geothermal
field (from Yilmazer, 1989)

Fig. 9 Geological map of the Omer-Gecek geothermal field (from Erisen, 1984)78