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About measles

Mashin＆ Hashika

People who had measles as achild don't need to worry.

What is Measles?

••Measles can be prevented by vaccination, but there are countries and regions
where vaccinations have not been administered. It is said that the backgroundof this outbreak includes the lifting of international travel restrictions following
the coronavirus pandemic, which has been a trigger.
It was common to get
infected as a child andnaturally acquire immunity.

Prodromal phase:
Symptoms similar to acold, such as fever around
38°C, runny nose, cough,and conjunctivitis, lasting
2 to 4 days.

About complications of measles

Rash phase:
The fever, once subsided,returns, reaching close to40°C, accompanied by arash all over the body.

Recovery phase:
If not severe,
recovery occurs 7 to
10 days after onset.

厚生労働省：麻疹の現状と今後の麻疹対策について

Complications caused by measles can affect up to 30% of cases, with about half of these being
pneumonia, followed by enteritis, otitis media, and others. Although less common, encephalitis is also
a complication, and alongside pneumonia, it is considered one of the two major causes of death frommeasles, warranting caution.

What is the vaccine situation in Japan?
With a single vaccine dose, immunity is established in 95% of individuals, and forassured immunity, two doses are recommended. In Japan, the current
recommendation is for two routine vaccinations. However, since vaccination is notmandatory, it's necessary to verify whether an individual has actually been vaccinated.

Basic number of vaccinations

Before September 30, 1972

A generation likely never vaccinated.

From October 1, 1972,
to April 1, 1990

One dose (an era when one routine vaccination
was recommended).

From April 2, 1990,
to April 1, 2000

One or two doses (an era when two doses werebasically possible, but vaccination rates were low,
and additional vaccinations were allowed under
special measures).

After April 2, 2000

Japan was the first to issue
a health record book forboth mother and child!

infected

Incubation period:
10 to 12 days

The current measles outbreak

What did people do before
vaccines were available?

Check the number of vaccinations in the maternity health record bookUndergo a measles antibody test through a blood test
(subsidies may be available in some regions)

What symptoms appear when a person without immunity to the measles virus becomes infected?

Measles is an infectious disease caused by the measles virus. The modes oftransmission include airborne, droplet, and contact infections, and its
infectiousness is considered among the strongest of viruses. Nearly 100%of individuals without immunity who are exposed to the virus will develop
the disease. Once infected and symptomatic, lifelong immunity is said to beacquired, making it a disease that can be eradicated.

Birthdate

The maternity healthrecord book in Japan
started in 1948, right?

Want to know if I am immune”Mashin(Measles) “, also known as "hashika," is an infectious disease causedby the measles virus. Nowadays, the term "mashin" is more commonly used,
but it was also referred to as "hashika" in the past. The origin of "hashika"comes from the regional dialect "hashikai," meaning "itchy and prickly." Thus,"mashin" and "hashika" are equivalent.

Sangyou hoken service Inc.

Two doses.
From NHK WEB News, March 13, 2024

Are there any preventive measures for measles?
Unpreventable

Measles is highly contagious and can be transmitted through the air, so handwashing and masks alone cannot prevent it. Vaccination against measles is themost effective method of prevention. Additionally, if you have been in contact
with someone infected with measles, getting vaccinated within 72 hours canpotentially prevent the onset of the disease.

Pregnant women need to be cautious
Pregnant women without measles immunity are at risk of miscarriage orpremature birth if they contract measles. Vaccination before pregnancy canoffer protection, but vaccines cannot be administered during pregnancy.
Avoid going out or being in crowded places, and if cohabitants are not immune,
they should be vaccinated.

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I feel like I've developed a rash,both from measles and rubella...

Global Measles Outbreak Situation(January 2023 to December 2023)

What's the difference between measles and rubella?
Rubella is also called German measles, and its symptoms are very similar to those of measles.

Measles cases reported per population
Top 10 countries
Country Name

Number ofReports

Main Modes of Incubation
Symptoms
Transmission
PeriodAirborne
transmission,
Contact
10 to 12
Measles Measles Virus
Fever, upper respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, rashtransmission,
days
Droplettransmission

Report Rateper 1 Million
Population

Virus Type

Yemen
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
Liberia
Gabon
Central African
Republic

Report Rate per 1Million Population

Cameroon

Rubellacountries

Rubella Virus

countries

Iraq
Armenia

I don't really know muchabout which is which.

Droplettransmission

countries

Source: WHO measles report rate per 100,000 population

Range from asymptomatic to severe complications;
14 to 21 symptoms in children are relatively mild, but adults candays
occasionally experience severe cases; fever, rash,swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, etc.

countries

countries

厚生労働省：麻疹について

Infectious diseases spread when pathogens (such as viruses orbacteria) infect individuals who do not have immunity to thosepathogens. If a certain percentage of the population acquires
immunity to a specific pathogen, even if some individuals become
infected, the disease is less likely to spread to others, preventing
outbreaks. This indirectly protects individuals without immunityfrom infection. This condition is referred to as herd immunity.

What is herd immunity?

Is there a cure for measles?
There are no drugs that specifically treat measles. Therefore, treatment issymptomatic, using pain relievers and fever reducers to alleviate symptoms
while waiting for natural recovery.

Peoplewithout antibodies

What should I do if I think I have measles?
If you have symptoms suggestive of measles, such as a rash or fever, contact
your primary care physician or medical institution by phone to inform themthat you suspect measles and check whether a consultation is needed. Follow
their instructions. When traveling to a medical facility, wear a mask and avoid
using public transportation as much as possible.

Is it a big problem if I get measles abroad?
Especially in countries or regions where measles is nonexistent or very rare,developing measles during your stay can lead to strict movement
restrictions not only for the person who developed the disease but also for
their companions, in order to prevent the spread of infection.

I'm thinking about traveling abroad; what should I be aware of?
In 2023, the main regions reporting measles were Southeast Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean,and Africa, accounting for 79% of the total (according to the first edition of the 2024 Measles
Outbreak Risk Assessment by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases). Besides themeasles vaccine, there are other diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. Visit
https://www.forth.go.jp/moreinfo/topics/useful_vaccination.htmlfor more information.

People who havereceived vaccinationand developed
antibodies

Infected

By actively gettingvaccinated, you not only
protect yourself but alsoothers.

From the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare "New Coronavirus Vaccine Q&A": What is herd immunity?

Is it okay to go to work?
If you have symptoms, the first course of action should be to consult a medical institution.
(Confirm via phone call before visiting the medical institution.)
If it turns out to be measles, considering its high contagiousness, it is advisable to avoid going towork and to rest at home instead.
Infectious Diseases

School Health Law (Period of Absence)

Seasonal Influenza

After 5 days from onset and 2 days after defervescence(for elementary school students and above)

Measles

Until 3 days have passed since defervescence

RubellaUntil the rash disappears

Tuberculosis

Until a doctor determines there is no risk of contagion

The School Health Law
provides guidelines onwhen students can returnto school based on thetype of infectious disease.