Ship source spills andtransboundary risks
Nicky Cariglia
Technical Adviser

ITOPF

PAJ Oil Spill Workshop, Tokyo, Japan, 29th January 2015

THE ORIGIN OF ITOPF
Established in 1968 with support from the oil companies, independent tankerowners and P&I Clubs

MT Torrey Canyon, UK, 1967•

Largest VLCC, built in1966•VLCC ‘TORREY CANYON’ ran aground in1967 spilling 119,000 tonnes of Kuwait
crude oil cargo•

Fault-based liability & compulsory
insurance 1st discussed in Tokyo, 1969•

Ship-owners agree interim voluntarymeasures, TOVALOP•ITOPF established to administer
TOVALOP & to provide expert technicaladvice•

Now the shipping industries’ primarysource of technical advice

Yokohama,

ITOPF’S WORK
Main aim: promote effective response to spills

Main role: on-site advice at shipping spills (oil/HNS)ROLE ON SITE
• Technical Advice: government, responders & victims• Promote effective response, joint assessments & cooperation• Level of involvement & type of work vary depending on needs• Assist with securing equipment & organising clean-up• Monitor spill response & investigate damage to resources• Help to design & implement post-spill studies / restoration• Promote underlying principles of international compensation regime

GLOBAL TRENDS

ACCIDENTS STILL HAPPEN…

Photo: KCG

Photo: Reuters

TRENDS BASED ON ITOPF SPILL ATTENDANCE

100Tankers
90
80% Attendance

7060
50403020100

Non-tankers

Bulk carriers & containerships

ITOPF ATTENDED SPILLS

Spills attended over the last 12 Months

TRENDS IN ASIA:
Tanker oil movements

GLOBAL TRENDS: INCIDENT CAUSESTRENDS IN ASIA:Spills attended since 1980

WHY INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION?

OPRC ‘90WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRANSBOUNDARY SPILLS?
ERIKA, 1999 – not transboundary, but substantial international assistance provided

Source: French Navy

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRANSBOUNDARY SPILLS?
PRESTIGE – Spain and FranceWHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRANSBOUNDARY SPILLS?
MSC NAPOLI – no major oil pollution ultimately, but it posed a risk to both France and the UK

WHEN DOES A SPILL BECOME A TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUE?

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONIn summary, Article 7 of OPRC ‘90 which pertains to international
cooperation states:(1) Parties agree, where feasible, to provide advisory services, technical support andequipment for the purpose of responding to an oil pollution incident, when the severity ofsuchincident so justifies, upon the request of any Party affected or likely to be affected.
(2) A Party which has requested assistance may request financial assistance from the IMO
In line with paragraph 1(3) In accordance with applicable international agreements, each Party shall take necessary
legal or administrative measures to facilitate:(a) the arrival and utilisation in and departure from its territory of ships, aircraft and othermodes of transport engaged in responding to an oil pollution incident or transporting
personnel, cargoes, materials and equipment required to deal with such an incident; and(b) the expeditious movement into, through, and out of its territory ofpersonnel, cargoes, materials and equipment referred to in subparagraph (a).

PRACTICAL ISSUES WITH INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE:
Large versus small to medium spills

Typical requirements:“Major” orLarge spills(most oftentankers)- Equipment and other resources- Technical expertise- Facilitation of customs procedures- Definition and integration of chain of command

Common issues:- Variable quality of contingency planning- Lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities- Over-reliance on external resources- Inadequate logistical/customs support- Inadequate consideration of waste issues- Insufficient documentation for claims

PRACTICAL ISSUES WITH INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE:
Large versus small to medium spills

Typical requirements:

Small tomediumspills- Communication• Point of notification• Coordination procedures

Common issues:- Coordination of aerial assets for surveillance- Point of first notification- Integration of command centres- Coordination of operations

BARRIERS TO COOPERATION- Aerial surveillance and rapid access to airspace- Notification procedures - POLREP (Pollution reportingsystem), when to notify a state?
- Command integration- Operational and logistical coordination- Place of refuge

AERIAL SURVEILLANCECASE STUDY: ALYARMOUK
On 2nd January 2015, tanker ALYARMOUK suffered a collision
Cargo tank reported as containing 5,000MT was ruptured
As part of Straits of Malacca and Singapore agreement, Singapore notified the Malaysian andIndonesian authorities

Aerial surveillance by the Singapore authorities was limited due to restricted Indonesian airspace
Indonesian response was focussed on Air Asia crash at the time.

BARRIERS TO COOPERATION- Aerial surveillance and rapid access to airspace- Notification procedures - POLREP (Pollution reportingsystem), when to notify a state?
- Command integration- Operational and logistical coordination- Place of refugeWHEN TO NOTIFY?

CASE STUDY: CAPTAIN VANGELIS L• Bulk carrier CAPTAIN VANGELIS L
collision with GREEN PLUS – 15thFebruary 2014
• 237 m3 of IFO 380 spilled• Majority of oil remained at seaby 25th February, and limited
oiling to South Korean shorelines• Oil slick observed by Japan CoastGuard (JCG) in vicinity toTsushima Island on 25th February• Korean Coast Guard (KCG) unable
to conduct systematic aerial
surveillance due to airspace
restrictions

CASE STUDY: CAPTAIN VANGELIS L• On 18th February, KCG reported
that 80% of all oil had been
recovered at sea and at-sea
response was terminated on 25thFebruary• Oil reached shoreline of northern
Tsushima Island on 3rd March2014• Clean-up in Tsushima alreadyunderway due to a differentincident, simplifying response
arrangements

BARRIERS TO COOPERATION- Aerial surveillance and rapid access to airspace- Notification procedures - POLREP (Pollution reportingsystem), when to notify a state?
- Command coordination- Operational and logistical coordination- Place of refugeCOMMUNICATION BETWEEN COMMAND CENTRESBARRIERS TO COOPERATION- Aerial surveillance and rapid access to airspace- Notification procedures - POLREP (Pollution reportingsystem), when to notify a state?
- Command integration- Operational and logistical coordination- Place of refugeOPERATIONAL AND LOGISTICAL COOPERATION
Integration of resources, assets and personnel can be important to ensuring an effective
response, however it is important that the following are considered prior to a spill occurringand SOPs definedFinancial and administrative• Customs and immigration – establish agreements with relative
authorities to facilitate entry of response equipment• Establish and maintain an inventory, including dimensions
Personnel• Consider any communication barriers such as language, channels ofcommunication etc.
• Define communication SOPs in regional or bilateral agreements
Equipment• If borrowing equipment, establish chain of responsibility• Consider logistical aspects of equipment transfer (airport landingfacilities, transport, packaging etc.)

BARRIERS TO COOPERATION- Aerial surveillance and rapid access to airspace- Notification procedures - POLREP (Pollution reportingsystem), when to notify a state?
- Command integration- Operational and logistical coordination- Place of refuge

PLACES OF REFUGEPLACES OF REFUGE

STOLT VALOR – off Saudi Arabia (15th March 2012)• Chemical tanker (15,732 GT; Built 2004; Stolt Tankers)• 13,000 MT MTBE + 1,300 MT IBAL + 430 MT HFO• Fire eventually controlled by salvors after 5 days

• Delay in providing port of refuge for three months
Photo: Swire PacificSummary- Aerial surveillance is a critical factor in ensuring an effective response.
Minimising bureaucracy by establishing pre-agreed protocols can result in amore effective response, and minimise uncertainty/disputes as regards sourceof contamination- Notification of the oil spill to other authorities or organisations allows them toprepare, even if ultimately no action is required- Regular communication between command centres as well as operational
units will avoid use of incompatible response measures- As risks in the region grow, with more complex and larger vessels, the need forswift granting of places of refuge is increasingly important.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONANY QUESTIONS?
Nicky Cariglia, Technical Adviser

www.itopf.com