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2015
Oct. 2015

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This material is the English translation of the executive summary of the “Science and Technology Indicators

2015” published by NISTEP in August 2015.

Digest ofJapanese Science and Technology Indicators 2015
October 2015

Research Unit for Science andTechnology Analysis and Indicators
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy(NISTEP)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
Please indicate the citation information in the case of quotation.

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Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2015 （ABSTRACT）“Japanese Science and Technology Indicators” is a basic resource for systematically understanding
Japan's S&T activities based on objective and quantitative data. It presents S&T activities in Japan using
approximately 150 indicators by classifying the activities into five categories; namely, “R&D expenditure,”“R&D personnel,” “higher education,” “the output of R&D,” and “science, technology and innovation.”
This summary presents indicators that have shown changes as well as indicators that deserve attention in“Science and Technology Indicators 2015”.
“Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2015” adds new indicators that show the number ofdoctorate holders working as a researcher in various sectors and the number of adult learners in a graduate
school. Indicators related to research expenditures of universities in major countries has been improved toshow the structure of the source of funding more clearly.
The key findings are the following: The level of Japan’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)
as a percentage of GDP is high compared to the benchmarking countries; however Japan is only country
that shows the decrease of GDP in the past decade. The percentage of adult learners in the enrollment of a
graduate school has been increasing and that causes the changes of composition of students in a graduate
school. Scientific papers from Japan remains at the same level in number, however the Japan moves downin rank due to the growth of other countries. Japan keeps large share in the number of patent families, but
Korea and China are catching-up in some technology fields.

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Blank page

1. Circumstances in Japan and the selected countries in terms of R&D
expenditure(1) Japan’s total R&D expenditure/GDP is at a relatively high level among the selected countries. However,
the amount of increase in the ratio/GDP compared with 10 years ago included the effects of decline in
the GDP.
In the most recent year of 2013, the ratio of Japan's total R&D expenditure/GDP is 3.75% (OECDestimate: 3.45%), which is at a relatively high level among the selected countries. Looking at changes in
the last 10 years, the ratios of the total R&D expenditure/GDP in the selected countries have been on an
upward trend, except for the U.K. and France. However, during this period, the GDP of Japan has declined,
whereas the GDPs of the other countries have been on the increase. For this reason, a certain amount of
increase in the ratio of Japan's total R&D expenditure/GDP is attributable to the decline in its GDP. On theother hand, for the United States, Germany, China and Korea, the ratios of their R&D expenditure/GDP
have risen, as their economic scales have expanded.
[Summary Chart 1] Trend in the total R&D expenditure/GDP in each selected countries
Japan

5

Japan
(estimated by OECD)
U.S.

Total R&D expenditure/GDP

4

Germany

3France
U.K.

2

China
Korea

1

EU-15

0

1981 84

87

90

93

96

99

02

05

11 2013Year

08

EU-28

Reference: Chart 1-1-3, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)[Reference] Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) of the selected countries
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

Japan
(Billion yen)
505,349.4
509,106.3
513,023.3
489,520.1
473,933.9
480,232.5
473,904.8
474,474.9
483,110.3

U.S.
(Billion dollar)
13,093.7
13,855.9
14,477.6
14,718.6
14,418.7
14,964.4
15,517.9
16,163.2
16,768.1

Germany(Billion euro)
2,297.8
2,390.2
2,510.1
2,558.0
2,456.7
2,576.2
2,699.1
2,749.9
2,809.5

France(Billion euro)
1,772.0
1,853.3
1,945.7
1,995.9
1,939.0
1,998.5
2,059.3
2,091.1
2,113.7

U.K.
(Billion pound)
1,326.7
1,403.7
1,481.0
1,518.7
1,482.1
1,558.4
1,617.7
1,655.4
1,713.3

China(Billion yuan)
18,742.3
22,271.3
26,659.9
31,597.5
34,877.5
40,281.6
47,261.9
52,939.958,667.3

Korea(Billion won)
919,797.3
966,054.6
1,043,257.8
1,104,492.2
1,151,707.8
1,265,308.0
1,332,681.0
1,377,456.7
1,428,294.6

EU-15(Billion dollar)
12,198.5
13,237.0
13,990.3
14,551.2
14,203.1
14,581.3
15,153.6
15,310.4
15,481.6

EU-28(Billion dollar)
13,745.7
14,959.2
15,899.7
16,623.5
16,283.2
16,752.4
17,461.2
17,670.9
17,915.6

Note: The GDP of each country is based on 2008SNA (except for Japan and China).
Reference: Statistical Reference C, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-1-kari.indd1

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(2) The proportion of R&D expenditure that the Japanese Government bears is relatively low among theselected countries.
This section examines the role of governments in terms of R&D expenditure (proportion of
government-funding). The country with the largest percentage of government-funded R&D expenditure isFrance, with 35.0% in 2012. Japan has the lowest percentage among the seven countries shown in thesummary chart; in 2013, the percentage of the expenditure funded by the government was 19.5% (OECDestimate: 17.3%). This is due to the fact that the proportion funded by private universities (9.6%, which isconsidered to be sourced mainly from tuition fees) as well as the proportion funded by business enterprises(69.6%) are high in Japan comparing to the other countries.
[Summary Chart 2] Trend in the ratios of government-funded R&D expenditure in the selected countries

Ratio of government - funded R&D

60

Japan

％

Japan
(estimated by
OECD)
U.S.

50
40

Germany

30

France

20

U.K.

10

China

0
1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 2013 Year

Korea

Reference: Chart 1-2-4, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-2-

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(3) With regard to the R&D expenditure of universities and colleges in Japan, there has not been asignificant change in the proportion of the expenditure funded by business enterprises.
The portion of R&D expenditure of universities and colleges that is funded by business enterprises
shows no significant change in most of the countries, despite some increase in Germany and some decline
in Korea. The situation in the most recent year shows that China is the highest (33.8%), followed byGermany (14.0%), Korea (11.0%), the U.S. (5.2%), the U.K. (4.1%), France (2.7%), and Japan (2.5%;
OECD estimate: 2.6%).

Ratio of R&D expenditure funded by the business enterprises[Summary Chart 3] Trend in the ratio of the R&D expenditure of universities and colleges
funded by business enterprises
50

Japan

％

45

Japan
(estimated by
OECD)
U.S.

40
35

Germany

30
25France

20

U.K.

15
10

China

5
0
2000 01

Korea

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12 2013 Year

Reference: Chart 1-3-11, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-3-

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2. The situation in Japan in terms of R&D personnel(1) The number of researchers per ten thousand labor force in Japan is relatively high among theselected countries. However, the growth of this number has been small in the last 10 years, incomparison with many of the selected countries.
The number of researchers is a key input, along with R&D funds. The number of researchers per ten
thousand labor force (FTE1) in Japan had been the highest among the selected countries in the early 2000s.
However, Korea overtook Japan in 2009. Still, the number in Japan (FTE) remained at a high level among
the selected countries as of 2013. However, changes in the number of researchers during the past 10 years
show that the number rose in the selected countries except for the U.K. In contrast, the number in Japan(FTE) remained mostly flat. Close observation shows that there has been a particularly significant increasein the number of university and college researchers in Germany, and in the number of corporate researchers
in France and Korea.
[Summary Chart 4] Trend in the number of researchers per ten thousand labor force

reseracher / labor force

Japan*

Number of researchers per 10,000 labor force

140

Japan(FTE)

120

Japan(HC)

100

U.S.
Germany

80

France

60

U.K.
China

40

Korea

20

EU-15

0
1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 2013 Year

EU-28

Reference: Chart 2-1-5, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)

1
There are two types of methods for counting the number of researchers: by counting the actual number (HC: Head Count) and by taking account of the degree ofengagement in research (FTE: full-time conversion). Since the number of researchers is counted on the basis of FTE in the selected countries, it is appropriate thatthe number in Japan (FTE) be used when comparing it with other countries.

-4-

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[Summary Chart 5] Trend in the number of researchers by sector

10,000 people
80
70

Graph data are for 2005 to 2014 (from left) for all countries except Germsny & U.K.,
whose data are for 2005 to 2013, and France & Korea, whose data are for 2005 to 2012
and China, whose data are for 2009 to 2013.
Business enterprises

60

10,000 people
160
140
120

Public organizations

50

Public organizations and Non-profit
institutions
Non-profit institutions

40

Universities and colleges

100
80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

Japan（FTE)

Germany

France

U.K.

Korea

0

China

Note: Since the figures of business enterprise sector are only available for the U.S., the trend is not shown.
Reference: Chart 2-1-7, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-5-

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(2) With regard to Japanese researchers, while many male researchers belong to “business enterprises,”a large number of female researchers belong to “universities and colleges.”
The percentage of female researchers in Japan as of 2014 is 14.6%. On the basis of the percentage of thenumber of researchers by gender in each sector, the largest number of male researchers belong to “businessenterprises” (64.1%), followed by “universities and colleges” (31.1%). On the other hand, the largest
number of female researchers belong to “universities and colleges” (61.8%), followed by “businessenterprises” (32.9%).
[Summary Chart 6] Percentage of the number of researchers by gender for each sector in Japan (2014)

Male Researcher
761,803 (85.4％)

Female Researcher
130,603 (14.6％)

1.0

3.8

4.3

1.0
32.9

31.1

61.8

64.1

Business enterprises

Universities and colleges

Public organizations

Non-profit institutions

Note: The values are on a head count basis (actual number).
Reference: Chart 2-1-12, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-6-kari.indd6

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(3) A large number of both male and female researchers with doctorates in Japan belong to “universities
and colleges.”Among both male and female researchers in “universities and colleges,” the proportion of doctorate
holders is high (43.6% for male and 25.7% for female). Meanwhile, the proportion of researchers with
doctorates in “business enterprises” is small, with 4.4% for male and 3.0% for female.

Male Researcher[Summary Chart 7] The situation of doctorate holders in each sector by gender (2014)

Non-profit institutions

Number of researchers with doctorates
Researcher(HC)Public organizations
Universities and colleges
Business enterprises

Female Researcher

010

Non-profit institutions

20

30

40
50
10,000 people

Number of researchers with doctorates
Researcher(HC)Public organizations
Universities and colleges
Business enterprises
0

2

4

6

8
10
10,000 people

Note: The values are on a head count basis (actual number).
Reference: Chart 2-1-12, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-7-kari.indd7

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3. The situation in Japan in terms of graduate students(1) The proportion of adults who aspire to enter doctoral programs at graduate schools is growing.
The numbers of students newly enrolled in graduate schools for doctoral programs in Japan began
decreasing after having reached a peak in 2003, down to 15 thousand enrollments in 2014. In contrast, thenumber of adult students newly enrolled in doctoral programs has continued to increase, reaching six
thousand enrollments in 2014. The ratio of the total number of adult students newly enrolled in doctoral
programs against the total was 21.7% in 2003, and increased roughly twofold to 37.7% in 2014.
[Summary Chart 8] The numbers of new enrollments in graduate schools (doctoral programs)(B) Trend in the number of newly enrolled
adult students (doctoral programs)(A) Trend in the number of new enrollments by major
subject (doctoral programs)
10,000 people

10,000 people

2.0

2.0

1.8

Others1.6

The number of enrollment

50%

Socialscience

1.4

40%

1.5

37.7%

Humanities

1.2
1.0

Medicalsciences

0.8

Agriculturalsciences

0.6

Engineering

0.4

30%

Not Adult
students
Adultstudents
Ratio of
Adult
students

1.0
21.7%

20%

0.5

10%

Naturalsciences

0.2
0.0
1981 84

87

90

93

96

99

02

05

08

11 2014 FY

0.0
2003

10

2014

0%
FY

Note: “Adult” refers to persons who have entered into employment to receive routine income such as pay, wage or remuneration as of May 1 of each year; it
includes retired employees and housewives.
Reference: Chart 3-2-4, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-8-(2) The composition of students in graduate schools has gone through changes.
In Japan, the proportion of adult graduate students among all the graduate students (currently enrolledin) was 12.1% in 2000, but increased roughly twofold to 22.3% in 2014.
The total number of graduate students had been rising until 2010, along with the number of adultgraduate students. However, the former number started declining after having reached a peak in 2011,
and the degree of increase in the latter number started shrinking. By field, the number of adult graduate
students in master's and doctoral programs in natural sciences has been on a downward trend sincearound 2005.
[Summary Chart 9] The situation of adult graduate students (enrolled in programs) in JapanThe number of all post graduate students and Adult
students

10,000 people

Adult students
Not Adult students
Ratio of Adult students

30

50%

25

40%

20

30%

15

22.3%
20%

10
12.1%

10%

5
0
2000 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

0%
13 2014 FY

Note: 1) Graduate students in this section mean those persons who are registered in a master’s program or the preliminary term of a doctoral program, adoctoral program or the latter term of a doctoral program, or a professional graduate program.
2) “Adult” refers to persons who have entered into employment to receive routine income such as pay, wage or remuneration as of May 1 of each year;
it includes retired employees and housewives.
Reference: Charts 3-2-7 and 3-2-5, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)-9-kari.indd9

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4. Circumstances in Japan and the selected countries in terms of R&D output(1) Despite the fact that the volume of papers produced in Japan has remained at the same level inlast 10 years, Japan has dropped in rank due to increase in the volume of papers produced byother countries.
The number of papers produced in Japan (the average from 2011-2013 [PY]) ranks Japan third
behind the U.S. and China on the basis of fractional counting that takes account of the degree ofcontribution to the production of papers. In terms of the number of adjusted top 10% papers incitations, Japan ranked sixth behind the U.S., China, the U.K., Germany, and France. In terms of thenumber of adjusted top 1% papers, Japan ranked seventh behind the U.S., China, the U.K., Germany,
France, and Canada.
Despite the fact that the volume of papers produced in Japan has remained at the same level in last
10 years, it is clear that Japan has dropped in rank due to increase in the volume of papers produced byother countries. This trend is particularly notable in adjusted top 10% papers and adjusted top 1%
papers.
[Summary Chart 10] Number of papers by country/region, and number of hot papers (top 10% and top 1%):
top 10 countries/regions (fractional counting)All fields
Country/Region

U.S.
Japan
U.K.
Germany
FranceRussiaCanada
Italy
India
Netherlands
All fields
Country/Region

U.S.
U.K.
Japan
Germany
CanadaFranceNetherlands
Italy
Australia
SwedenAll fields
Country/Region

U.S.
U.K.
GermanyJapan
CanadaFranceNetherlands
Switzerland
Australia
Italy

1991 － 1993年 (PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

178,30243,65239,75536,84328,05826,834
22,532
16,15011,364
10,768

Share
32.7
8.0
7.3
6.8
5.1
4.9
4.1
3.0
2.1
2.0

All fields

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1991 － 1993年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

27,545
4,494
3,141
3,034
2,494
2,428
1,325
1,196
1,062
998

Share
50.6
8.2
5.8
5.6
4.6
4.5
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.8

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1991 － 1993年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

3,113
440
294
257
230
213
120
100
96
90

Share
57.1
8.1
5.4
4.7
4.2
3.9
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.6

Country/Region

U.S.
Japan
Germany
U.K.
FranceChina
Italy
CanadaRussiaSpain
All fields
Country/Region

U.S.
U.K.
Germany
Japan
FranceCanadaItaly
China
Netherlands
Australia
All fields

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Country/Region

U.S.
U.K.
Germany
Japan
FranceCanadaChina
Italy
Netherlands
Switzerland

2001－ 2003年 (PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

206,916
66,63550,85949,56036,60435,147
27,53024,763
20,253
19,341

Share
26.8
8.6
6.6
6.4
4.7
4.5
3.6
3.2
2.6
2.5

All fields

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2001－ 2003年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

31,430
6,042
5,196
4,561
3,549
2,816
2,337
2,313
1,858
1,722

Share
40.8
7.8
6.7
5.9
4.6
3.7
3.0
3.0
2.4
2.2

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2001－ 2003年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

3,802
633
485
363
296
254
190
179
176
150

Share
49.3
8.2
6.3
4.7
3.8
3.3
2.5
2.3
2.3
1.9

Country/Region

U.S.
China
Japan
Germany
U.K.
FranceIndia
Italy
South Korea
CanadaAll fields
Country/Region

U.S.
China
U.K.
Germany
FranceJapan
Italy
CanadaAustralia
Spain
All fields

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Country/Region

U.S.
China
U.K.
Germany
FranceCanadaJapan
Australia
Italy
Spain

2011 － 2013年 (PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

263,133
163,891
64,84363,08757,43344,45543,03440,76340,32337,809

Share
21.0
13.1
5.2
5.0
4.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.0

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2011 － 2013年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

38,50915,062
7,983
7,711
4,932
4,471
4,270
4,230
3,612
3,518

Share
30.8
12.0
6.4
6.2
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.8

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2011 － 2013年 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
Fractional counting
The number of papers

4,613
1,405
880
749
459
419
367
365
311
310

Share
36.8
11.2
7.0
6.0
3.7
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.5
2.5

World rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Note: The analysis targeted articles and reviews. Publication years (PYs) were used for annual aggregation. For the number of times cited, the values as ofthe end of 2014 were used.
Reference: Chart 4-1-6, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)- 10 -

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(2) While Japan has maintained a high share of the number of patents (the number of patent families)
for the last 10 years, Korea and China are catching up with Japan in some technological fields.
The number of patents is examined based on the counting of patent families, which is measured with
the number of inventions produced by each country and region in an internationally comparable form.
Looking at shares of the number patent families, Japan overtook the U.S. during the second half of the
1990s and Japan maintained the top share in the 2000s. This reflects the fact that the number of patentapplications submitted from Japan to multiple countries increased. China's share has continued toincrease, moving up to fifth place in 2009.
[Summary Chart 11] Shares of the number of patent families in the selected countries(whole counting)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

1982

86
U.S.
China

90

U.K.
France

94

98
Japan
Korea

02

2009
06
Germany Year

Note: Three-year moving averages of shares of the number of patent families in all technological fields (for 2009, the average of 2008, 2009 and 2010)
Reference: Chart 4-2-6 (B), Science and Technology Indicators 2015
(in Japanese)- 11 -

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Japan's technology field balance among patent families shows that Japan has a portfolio with highshares for electrical engineering, general machinery, and information and communication technology
and low shares for biotechnology/pharmaceuticals and bio/medical devices. Changes over time indicatethat Japan's shares of electrical engineering and information and communication technology have been
on a downward trend, with increase in the number of Korea's and China's patent families. With regard
to transport equipment, mechanical engineering, and chemistry, although Japan's shares do not standout much, they are roughly at the same level as Germany's and the U.S.'s shares. Similarly, incomparison with the shares 10 years ago, Japan's shares have been at the same level or slightly higher.
[Summary Chart 12] Comparison of shares of the number of patent families for each technological field(%, 1998-2000 and 2008-2010, whole counting)(a)Japan(b)U.S.

Electricalengineering
50

Electricalengineering
50

40

Other

ICT

40

Other

30
20
Transport
equipment

20
Generalmachinery

10

Transport
equipment

0

Mechanicalengineering

Mechanicalengineering

Bio/medical
devices

Bio/medical
devices

Biotech/pharmaChemistry

1998-2000Year

2008-2010Year

Electricalengineering
20

ICT

Other

15

30

Generalmachinery

10

5

Transport
equipment

0

Bio/medical
devices

1998-2000Year

Generalmachinery0

Mechanicalengineering

Biotech/pharma

ICT

10

20
Transport
equipment

2008-2010Year(d)Korea

Electricalengineering
50
40

Chemistry

1998-2000Year(c)Germany
Other

Generalmachinery

100Biotech/pharma

ICT

30

Mechanicalengineering

Bio/medical
devices

Biotech/pharmaChemistry
2008-2010Year

1998-2000Year

Chemistry
2008-2010Year

Note: “Patent family” refers to a group of patent applications made to two or more countries that are tied directly or indirectly by priority rights. Ordinarily,
patents for which applications with the same content are made to multiple countries belong to the same patent family.
Reference: Chart 4-2-10, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)- 12 -

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5. Circumstances in Japan and the selected countries in terms of science,technology, and innovation(1) Although Japan's strength lies in technology, it has not expanded such technology in the form of
introducing new products and services on an international scale, as much as the other selected
countries have.
Although the analysis of patents indicates that technology is Japan's strength, it is not clear whether
such strength has led to new products and the like. To ascertain this, the number of transnational
trademark applications and the number of patent applications (triadic patent families) is analyzed. In thisanalysis, the number of trademark applications is used as an indicator relating to the situation of theintroduction of new products and services overseas, and the number of patent applications as an indicator
to measure technological levels of countries.
The balance between the number of trademark applications and the number of patent applications
indicates that Japan, Germany and Korea have a larger number of patent applications than theirrespective numbers of trademark applications. Notably, Japan shows a strong trend of this kind with nosignificant change for 11 years from 2002 to 2012. Therefore, although Japan's strength lies intechnology, it has not, as a whole, expanded such technology in the form of introducing new products
and services on an international scale, as much as the other selected countries have.
[Summary Chart 13] Cross-border trademark applications* and patent applications** (per 1 million population)
Japan

U.S.

Germany

France

U.K.

Korea

Cross-border trademarks * per 1 million population

160

This shows time-serieschanges during 11 years fromthe starting point of 2002 to
the end point of 2012.

140
120
100
80

'12
'02

60
'02 '12

40

'12
'02

'12
'12

0

'12

'02

20

'02
'02

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Triadic patent families** per 1 million population
Note: 1)* For the definition of cross-border trademarks, “Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective” released by the OECD was followed. The specificdefinition is as follows.
・The number of trademarks in Japan, Germany, France, the U.K. and Korea is the number filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
・The number of trademarks for the U.S. is the average of (i) and (ii).
(i) The corrected number of the U.S. applications, based on the ratio of Japanese and the U.S. applications to the Office for Harmonization in theInternal Market (OHIM) = (number of the U.S. applications to the OHIM / number of Japanese applications to the OHIM) × number of Japaneseapplications to the USTPO(ii) The corrected number of the U.S. applications, based on the ratio of European and the U.S. applications to the Japan Patent Office (JPO) =(number of the U.S. applications to the JPO / number of EU-15 applications to the JPO) × number of EU-15 applications to the USTPO
2)**Cross-border patent applications mean the number of triadic patent families (patents with the same content submitted to Japan, the U.S. andEurope).
Reference: Chart 5-3, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)- 13 -

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(2) Japan's superior competitiveness in high-technology industries is eroding; however, it maintains
high competitiveness in medium high-technology industries.
Last of all, looking at high-technology industrial competitiveness from the standpoint of products andservices trade balance, Japan's trade balance continues to fall. Its balance ratio has been below 1 since2011 and it has had an import surplus. Its balance ratio in 2013 was 0.78. By industry, Japan's Computer,electronic and optical had its first import surplus of approximately nine billion US dollars in 2013,
despite continuous export surplus until then. Further, its pharmaceuticals continue to have an importsurplus; in 2013, this industry had an import surplus of approximately 18 billion US dollars.
[Summary Chart 14] Changes in the trade balance ratios for high-technology industries in the selected countries

The trade balance of high technology industry

4

Trade balance ratio = Amount of Export / Amount of Import

3

Japan
U.S.

2

Germany
France
U.K.

1

China
Korea

0

1990 92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12 2013Year

Note: High-technology industries refer to “Pharmaceutical,” “Computer, electronic and optical,” and “Aerospace,”
Reference: Chart 5-2-3, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)- 14 -

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On the other hand, Japan's medium high-technology trade balance ratio in 2014 was 2.70, ranking
number one among the selected countries. Japan showed a rapid decline in the mid-1990s followed by agradual decrease; however, its export surplus is still larger than the other countries. By industry, as of2014, Japan had an export surplus of approximately 120 billion US dollars in the industry of motor
vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, and an export surplus of approximately 81 billion US dollars in theindustry of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
[Summary Chart 15] Changes in the trade balance ratios for medium high-technology industries
in the selected countries

The trade balance of
medium-high technology industry

6
5
Japan

4

U.S.
3

Germany
France

2

U.K.
China

1
0

Korea
1990 92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12 2014 Year

Note: Medium high-technology industries refer to “Chemicals and chemical products,” “Electrical equipment,” “Machinery and equipment n.e.c.,” “Motorvehicles, trailers and semi-trailers,” “Railroad equipment and transport equipment n.e.c.,” and “Other.”
Reference: Chart 5-2-5, Science and Technology Indicators 2015 (in Japanese)- 15 -

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Characteristics of the Japanese Science and Technology Indicators
The Japanese Science and Technology Indicators is published annually to present the most recent
statistics/indicators at the time of publication. Items that allow time-series comparisons as well ascomparisons among the selected countries based on data that are updated each year in principle arecollected.

Use of original statistical data published by authorities in each country
Wherever possible, statistical data published by authorities in each country are used as the sourcesof data for indicators appearing in Japanese Science and Technology Indicators. Every effort has been
made to clarify each country’s method of collecting statistics and how it differs from other countries’
methods.

NISTEP conducted analysis of paper and patent databases
Paper data were independently aggregated and analyzed by NISTEP using Thomson Reuters Web
of Science.
Of indicators pertaining to patents, patent family data were independently aggregated and analyzed
by NISTEP using PATSTAT (the patent database of the European Patent Office).

Use of “reminder marks” for international comparisons and time-series comparisons
The reminder marks “attention to international comparison”

and “attention to trend”

have been attached to graphs where they are required. Generally, the data for each country
conform to OECD manuals and other materials. However, differences in methods of collecting data or
scope of focus do in fact exist, and therefore attention is necessary when making comparisons in somecases. Such cases are marked “attention to international comparison.” Likewise, for some time series
data, data could not be continuously collected under the same conditions due to changes in statisticalstandards. Cases where special attention is required when reading trends of increases and decreases
are marked “attention to trend.” Specifics for such points requiring attention are provided in the notesof individual charts.

- 16 -

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2015
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