Final Report for the Visiting Researcher Program in 2015

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OVER THE MONITORING
FOR EARLY WARNING OF POPULATION FROM THE
THREAT OF LANDSLIDES AND MUDFLOWS

Prepared By

Elyor Fozilov
Leading specialist
State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
On Geology and Mineral Resources

Visiting Researcher (ADRC)
August – November 2015

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

CONTENTS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION …………………………………………………….

4

1.1. REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ………………………………………………..

4

1.2. JAPAN …………………………………………………………………………..

6

2. STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES (GOSCOMGEOLOGY) ………

9

2.1. History of Geological Survey …………………………………………………

92.2. About committee ……………………………………………………………….

10

2.3. Structure of Goscomgeology …………………………………………………

10

2.4. Main Tasks of Goscomgeology ………………………………………………

11

2.5. Mineral resources deposits, revealed during Independence years ………

11

3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT ……………………………………………………

12

3.1. Disaster Management in Uzbekistan ……………………………………..

12

3.1.1. Natural Hazards in Uzbekistan …………………………………………….

12

3.1.2. Disaster Management System in Uzbekistan …………………………….

12

3.1.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Uzbekistan ………………

15

3.2. Disaster Management in Japan ……………………………………………

16

3.2.1. Natural Hazards in Japan …………………………………………………..

16

3.2.2. Disaster Management System of Japan ………………………………….

18

3.2.3. Disaster Management Strategy, Policy, and Plan in Japan …………….

22

3.2.4. Japan’s Current Disaster Prevention Measures …………………………

23

3.2.5. Future Probable-Disaster and Countermeasure …………………………

31

4. MONITORING LANDSLIDES FOR THE ENSURE THE SAFETY
POPULATION IN MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL AREAS …………………...

35

4.1. Monitoring Landslides in Uzbekistan …………………………………….

35

4.1.1. Activity State Service on Monitoring over the Dangerous Geological
Processes …………………………………………………………………….

35

4.1.2. The Structure of Monitoring ………………………………………………..

36

4.1.3. The Structure of the Monitoring System and Alerting ……………………

38

4.1.4. Factors formation of landslides …………………………………………….

38

2

4.1.5. Monitoring system landslides ………………………………………………

42

4.2. Monitoring Landslides in Japan …………………………………………..

49

4.2.1. About the Japan Landslide Society ………………………………………..

49

4.2.2. Organizational structure …………………………………………………….

51

4.2.3. Major Landslides in Recent years and their impact ……………………..

52

4.2.4. New methods of monitoring landslides and maintaining them in astable state …………………………………………………………………...

59

4.2.4.1. New nailing network system ……………………………………………..

61

5. MUDFLOWS AND INFORMATION ……………………………………………

72

5.1. Mudflows in Uzbekistan …………………………………………………….

72

5.2. Mudflows in Japan …………………………………………………………..

77

6. CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………

89

3

1. GENERAL INFORMATION.
1.1. REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
1.1.1. Geography.
Uzbekistan – a country located in the central part of Central Asia.
Name of the State "Republic of Uzbekistan".
Uzbekistan has an area of 447,400 square kilometers. It is the 56th largest
country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries,
it is the 5th largest by area and the 3rd largest by population.
Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and northwest,
Turkmenistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to thenortheast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only
Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a shortborder (less than 150 km) with Afghanistan to the south (fig 1).

Fig. 1

1.1.2. Administrative Divisions.
Uzbekistan is divided into 12
provinces (compound noun viloyati e.g.,
Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati,etc.), (fig.3) one autonomous republic(respublika,
compoundnoun
respublikasie.g.
Qaraqalpaqstan
Avtonom Respublikasi, Karakalpakis
Fig. 2
4

tan Autonomous Republic, etc.),
and one independent city (shahar. compound noun shahri, e.g., Toshkent shahri).

Fig. 3
Division

Capital City

Area (km²)

Population

Key

Andijan Region

Andijan

4,200

2,477,900

2

Bukhara Region

Bukhara39,4001,576,800

3Fergana Region

Fergana

6,800

2,997,400

4

Jizzakh Region

Jizzakh

20,5001,090,900

5Karakalpakstan Republic

Nukus

160,000

1,612,300

14

Kashkadarya Region

Karshi28,4002,537,600

8Khorezm Region

Urgench

6,300

1,517,600

13

Namangan Region

Namangan

7,900

2,196,200

6Navoiy Region

Navoiy110,800

834,100

7

Samarkand Region

Samarkand

16,4003,032,000

9

Surkhandarya Region

Termez20,8002,012,600

11

Syrdarya Region

Gulistan

5,100

698,100

10

Tashkent City

Tashkent

335

2,352,900

1

Tashkent Region

Tashkent

15,3002,537,500

12

Table 1.

5

emographhics.
1.1.3. De
Uzbekisttan is Cen
ntral Asia''s most po
opulous country.
cItss 31,025,5500 citizeenscom
mprise nea
arly half th
he region'ss total pop
pulation. The
T popula
ation of Uzbekistan
n isveryy young: 34.1%
3
of itts people are young
ger than 14. Accord
ding to official sourcces,
Uzb
beks compprise a majority (800%) of the total po
opulation. Other ethnic grou
ups
inclu
ude Russians 5.5%%, Tajiks 5%
5 (officia
al estimate
e and disputed), Kazakhs
K
3%,
Kara
akalpaks 2.5%
2
and Tatars 1.5%.

Fig
g. 4

F
Fig. 51.2. JAP
PAN.
eographyy.
1.2.1. Ge
Japan haas a total of 6,852 islands ex
xtending alongathe Pacific cooast of Ea
ast
Asia
a. The cou
untry, inclu
uding all ofo the islan
nds it conttrols, lies b
between latitudes 24°2
and 46°N, and longitud
des 122° anda 146°E
E. The ma
ain islandss, from north to south,are Hokkaidōō, Honshūū, Shikokku and Kyūshū.
K
T
The
Ryūkyyū Islands, including
Okinnawa, aree a chain tot the souuth of Kyūūshū. Tog
gether theyy are ofteen known as
the JapaneseJe Archipela
ago.
About 73 percent of Japa
an is fore
ested, mountainouss, and un
nsuitable for
agriccultural, in
ndustrial, orresiden
ntial use. As
A a resu
ult, the habitable zo
ones, mainnly
loca
ated in coa
astal areaas, have extremelyehigh population deensities. Japan is oneoof thhe most deensely po
opulated countries inn the worlld.
The islannds of Ja
apan are located in a volcan
nic zone oon the Pac
cific Ring ofFire. They arre primariily the ressult of larrge ocean
nic movem
ments occ
curring ovver
hunddreds of millionsm
off years froom the miid-Silurian
n to the Plleistocene
e as a ressultof thhe subducction of th
he Philipp
pine Sea Plate ben
neath the continen
ntal Amurian
6Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plateunder
the Okhotsk Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coastof the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening
the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.
Japan has around 200 volcanoes, 110 are active (Fig. 7).

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.
7

1.2.2. Administrative Divisions.
Japan

Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each

日本国

overseen by an elected governor, legislature andNippon-koku

administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is

Nihon-koku

further divided into cities, towns and villages. The
nationiscurrently

undergoingadministrative

reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns
and villages with each other. This process will
Flag

Imperial Seal

reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative
regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.

Anthem:"Kimigayo"
"君が代"

•

Area: 377,900 km2

Government Seal of Japan•

Population: 127.8 million•

Prefectures: 47•

Municipalities: 1,718

五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri?)

CapitalTokyo

National

Japaneselanguage
Government

Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy- Emperor

Akihito- PrimeShinzō Abe

MinisterLegislature

National Diet

- Upper house

House of Councillors- Lower house

House ofFig. 8.

Representatives
Area

377,944 km2

Population

126 659 683

Currency

Yen (¥)

8

2. STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES (GOSKOMGEOLOGY).
2.1. History of Geological Survey.
The beginning of regular studying of geology of Central Asia has begun in
60 years XIX century when the first geological maps of Turkestansky region andsummary reports on minerals have been made.
In 1920, The Central Asia University (nowadays National University of
Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek) initiated training for experts-geologist.
In 1926, Central Asia Department of Committee of Geology (SAO Geolcom)
which in 1930 transformed to the Central Asia regional geological survey(SARGRU), was organized.
In 1937, there is a Central Asia Geology Trust, and in 1938 – Uzbek
Geological Agency of the Committee on geology and subsoil protection USSR.
During the period 1941-45, Uzbek geological agency was purposefully
carrying out prospecting and exploration for fuel and energy and strategic raw
material.
During the period 1946-57, intense geological researches were carried out,
for their realization, specialized enterprises for prospecting and exploration for
petroleum, gas, non-ferrous, rare and precious metals, mining chemical andindustrial minerals, and construction materials.
In 1957, geological survey of the various ministries and departments were
integrated and General Geology and Subsoil Protection Office at Cabinet Council.
On 17th of January 2007, the Order of the President of Republic of
Uzbekistan “About measures on radical improvement of arrangement of
exploration and activity of State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on
Geology and mineral resources” that had given a powerful impulse to branchdevelopment.
On 12th of February 1991, according to Decree of the President of
Uzbekistan of Republic of Uzbekistan №UP-142 the State committee of the
Republic of Uzbekistan on geology and mineral resources (Goscomgeology RUz)
was formed.
On 23rd of September 1994, Oliy Majlis passed the “Subsoil Law RUz”, andon 13th of December 2002, its redraft was approved.
th9

2.2. Aboout comm
mittee.
State com
mmittee off the Republic of Uzb
bekistan on
n geology and minerral resourcces
carriies out geologic analysis off entrails with the purpose of streng
gthening andadeve
elopment of the mineralmbasse of thee mining andaproce
ess industtry, provid
descoorrdination ofo differentt branchess of industry conneccted to thee geologic
c analysis ofentra
ails of the territory ofo Uzbekisstan, carriees out thee state con
ntrol over the geologic
analysis of en
ntrails by all enterp
prises and organizattions irresspective off patterns ofownership, creeates and provides fu
unctioning of a databbank on th
he geologic
c structure
e of
entra
ails and mineral reso
ources of thet republic, conductting the Sta
ate balancce on mine
eral
rese
erves, etc. with the purpose of definition ofo conditions of theirr economicc and ration
nal
use.

Fig. 9.

2.3. Structure ofo Goscommgeologyy.

Fig. 10.
100

2.4. Main Tasks ofo Goscommgeologyy.
ementatio
on of a unnified statee policy inn the fieldd of geolo
ogical studdy,
¾ Impleuse and pro
otection ofo subsoil and reeproductio
on of minneral reso
ources, theton of public adminisstration inn the field of mining relations;;
impllementatio¾ Orgaanization ofo geological explo
oration of mineral reesources, forecastingand identifying fields fo
or geologiccal and ec
conomic evaluationen of minera
al resourcces
ocarbons)), justificattion of thee possibiliity of subssoil use fo
or purposses(exccept hydronot related to the extraction of mineralmressources;
agement, within thheir competence, th
he state ssubsoil fu
und and thet¾ Manae fund ofo geologiical mateerials of stone,s
ass well ass specially protecttedstategeological objjects;¾ Coorrdination ofo activitie
es related to geolog
gical explo
oration in Uzbekisttan
h the exce
eption of workw
on hyydrocarbo
ons).
(with

2.5. Mineral resources deposits, reevealed duringdInddependennce yearss.
After inddependencce, the Re
epublic off Uzbekisttan has ssignificantlly increassed
its positionpat the world
d market ofo mineral resourcess in manyy directions.

Fig. 11.

111

3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
3.1. Disaster Management in Uzbekistan.
3.1.1. Natural Hazards in Uzbekistan.
Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country.
Uzbekistan ranks high among countries that have endured significant loss oflife and property due to earthquakes and other natural disasters. As one of themost seismic active regions in Central Asia, Uzbekistan is struck by earthquakes
in the eight to ten point ranges. In addition to its seismic vulnerability, Uzbekistan
is affected by hydro-meteorological hazards affecting the agricultural sector withseasonal floods and periods of drought. Other threats from landslides, locust
invasions and avalanche have been reported to affect the lives and livelihood of
Uzbekistan’s population.
3.1.2. Disaster Management System in Uzbekistan.
Administrative System
The State system of prevention and emergency response consists ofcontrols and capabilities of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, 12 regions, districts and municipalities, ministries anddepartments, enterprises, institutions and organizations.
The structure and functioning of the state system of prevention andemergency action by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan:- ensures the creation of state reserves of financial and material resources
for disaster management, as well as the procedure for its use;
- Responsible for financial and resource support capabilities for theprevention and liquidation of emergency situations, equip them special appliancesand other material and technical means;- Classification of states of emergency situations and determines the degreeof involvement of the executive power to eliminate them;- carry out the activities of ministries, departments, local authorities in theprotection of population and territories from emergency situations.
Specially authorized state body for the protection of the Ministry of
Emergency Situations for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

12

Ministry of Emergency Situations:- develop and adopt action to prevent emergency situations save lives andpreserve health, protect the material and cultural values, as well as the recovery
and reduce damages in emergency situations;- organizes the development and implementation of targeted programs andresearch in the field of population and territories from emergency situations;- takes within their jurisdiction, obligatory for execution by ministries,
departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations, officials and citizens;- organize the preparation of controls, forces and protection frames the
population and territories for actions in emergency situations;- controls the forces and means for dealing with emergencies, creates acontrol posts, warning systems and communications;- organizes the emergency rescue and other emergency operations inemergency situations;- carries out state control over the implementation protection measures the
population and territories from emergency situations.
Legal System and Framework of DM in Uzbekistan.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan is acentral government body responsible for directing and coordinating activities in
the field of civil protection, prevention and response to emergency situations
caused by accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan inaccordance with the Constitution, laws and other acts of the Oliy Majlis of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, decrees, regulations, and orders of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers and theinternational treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the management
Emergencies.
Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan carries out its
activities in cooperation with the Council of Ministers of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, regions, cities, districts, environmental and specially authorizedstate bodies.
Ministry of Emergency situations has few documents for disastermanagement of the Republic of Uzbekistan. There are:13

Fig. 12.

Structuure of Disaster Managemen
nt.
CABINEET OF MINISTEERS OF THE RE
EPUBLIC OF UZZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF
O EMERGENCYY SITUATIONSSOPERATIIONAL SUBSYTTEM OF SSESTERRRITORIAL SUB
BSYTEM OF SSSESLOCAL AUT
THORITIES(SUPREME COU
UNCIL OF THE
REPUBLLIC
OF САМООРГАНЫ
МЕСТ
ТНОГО
ОРГАНЫ
МЕССТНОГОСАМОAKHSTAN,
KARAKALPУПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ХОКИМИЯТЫ
ОРГАНЫ МЕЕСТНОГО
САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯЯ ХОКИМИЯТЫ
TS(MAYOR’SKHOKIMIYATРКОБЛАСТЕЙ
УПРАВЛЕНИ
ИЯХОКИМИЯТЫ
OFFICE) OF THEEЙOBLASTS ANDРК ОБЛАСТЕЙ
РК TASHKENОБЛАСТЕ
ЕЙCITY)NTMINISTRIES AND
AМИНИСТЕРС
СТВАМИНИСТЕР
СТВА
DEPARTMEN
TSРСТВАИМИНИСТЕР
ВЕДОМСТ
ТВАИИВЕДОМС
СТВАВЕДОМССТВА
NATIONAL LEVELLOCAL LEVEEL

ENTITY LEVELGOVERNIN
NG BODIESGGOVERNING
B
BODIES

GOVERNIING BODIES

DAY-TTO-DAYOPERATIOON BODIES

DAY-TO-DDAY
OPERATION BODIES
B

DAY--TO-DAYOPERATION BODIESCAPABBILITYCAPABILLITYCAPA
ABILITY

RESERVVES FORFINANCCIAL ANDPHYSICAL RESOURCESRESERVESS FOR
FINANCIALL AND
PHYSICAL RES
SOURCESRESER
RVES FOR
FINANNCIAL ANDPHYSICALL RESOURCESEARLY WA
ARNING AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEARLY WARNIING AND
COMMUNICATIONCN SYSTEM

EARLY WARNINGW
AND
COMMUNICAATION SYSTEM

Fig. 13.

14
4

3.1.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Uzbekistan.
For the implementation of the state policy in the field of vital interests of theindividual, society and the state act legal framework regulating the activities the stateauthorities and enterprises and organizations, as well as civil self in the area of civil
protection. The Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On protection of population andterritories from emergency situations of natural and man-made" and "Civil Protection",and a number of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The world practice shows that timely prevention of hazards of natural andman-made hazards, the priority realization of measures to prevent and reduce their
negative impacts are much more economical and more effective than emergency
response.
In order to realize these tasks, the Ministry of Emergency Situations together with
the interested ministries and departments of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional and Tashkent city State program isdesigned to forecast and prevention of emergency situations (hereinafter - the State
program).
The purpose of this state program is provide a guaranteed level of protection of the
population and territories from emergency situations, risk reduction and mitigation of
accidents and natural disasters in the country, taking into account achievements of thenational science and technology, as well as international experience in this field.
The State Program included the following:
А. Natural disaster risk reduction
1. Risk reduction program for the effects of earthquake
2. Program on prevention of floods, mudflows, avalanches and landslides
3. Program on prevention of epidemics, epizootic outbreak, epiphytoties

B. Technological disaster risk reduction
4. Program on prevention of chemical emergency
5. Program on prevention of accidents at explosive and fire hazardous sites
6. Program on prevention of accidents at the sites and power network
7. Program on prevention of transport accidents and disaster (motor transport, railway,
aircraft, the Metro)
8. Program on prevention of disaster at hydraulic engineering structures

C. Early warning of population
9. Program on creation of territorial and local systems and early warning

D. Improvement of emergency rescue services
10. Program on equipping the Center on training and advanced training of rescue workers
of MoES with rescue gear, equipment, outfit and on construction of training centers

E. Training of the population on disaster preparedness
11. Program on training of population
15

3.2. Disaster Management in Japan.
3.2.1. Natural Hazards in Japan.
Japan is affected by Typhoon mostly every year and Volcanic disasters
triggered by eruption and volcanic earthquake. Japan is earthquake prone area
due to the geological formation with plate boundaries of the Pacific plate, thePhilippine Sea plate, the Eurasian plate, and the North American plate.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.
16

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.
17

3.2.2. Disaster Management System of Japan.
Administrative System
Japan has three (3) administrative levels of governance; national, prefecturaland municipal. Each level of governments has its own disaster management
organizations, policy frameworks and budgets. When disasters occur,municipalities respond first. In case disasters are large in scale beyond theircapacity, national and prefectural governments provide every possible support.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 20.
18

In Japan: 24 designated government agencies and 56 designated public
institutions.
Structure of Disaster Management.
a) National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central Disaster
Management Council was formed, its brief being to ensure thecomprehensiveness of disaster risk management and to discuss matters ofimportance with regard to disaster management.

Fig. 21.
b) National Organizations for Disaster Risk Reduction.
All the line ministries and agencies have responsibility to take actions related
to disaster reduction within their own mandate. The Cabinet Office is responsible
for formulating basic policies, strategies and guidelines for disaster reduction andfor securing coordination of government disaster reduction activities.
Within the Cabinet Office, which is the secretariat for the Central Council, theMinister of State for Disaster Management has been assigned as the Minister
State for Special Missions to take lead in the responsibilities for disaster reductionin the Natural Government.
The Minister is assisted by the department of the Cabinet OfficeDirector-General for Disaster Management. The Director-General has mandate tohandle planning and central coordination with regard to matters relating to basic
policy on disaster risk reduction, and matters concerning disastercountermeasures in the event of a large-scale disaster.
19

Central Disaster Management Council

Fig. 22.

c) Local Organizations for Disaster Risk Reduction.
In prefectures and local municipalities, the prefectural and municipal Disaster
Management Councils are established with the members of representatives of
local government organizations including police and fire management department,
and designated local public corporations. Implementation of disaster risk
management measures is based on the Local Disaster Management Plans
drafted by the Councils.
Legal System and Framework.
In order to applying to all of the disaster phases of prevention, mitigation andpreparedness, emergency response as well as recovery and rehabilitation,
relevant laws and regulations were enacted.
The cornerstone of legislation on disaster risk reduction is the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act enacted in 1961.
The main features of the Act are:
¾ Responsibilities of national and local governments as well as the private
sector and people;

20

¾ Organization of multi-sectorial coordination bodies for disaster risk
management at the national and local levels;¾ Disaster risk management planning system;¾ Basic actions to be taken in each phase of the disaster management
cycle: prevention preparedness, emergency response, and recovery
rehabilitation;¾ Annual Government Official Report on Disaster Countermeasures.
Relevant laws are as follows.
〔Basic Acts〕
1. Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (1961)
2. Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster (1970)
3. Act on Disaster Prevention in Petroleum Industrial Complexes and other
Petroleum Facilities (1975)
4. Act on Special Measures for Large-scale Earthquakes (1978)
5. Act on Special Measures for Nuclear Disasters (1999)
6. Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Tonankai and Nankai
Earthquake Disaster Management (2002)
7. Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Disaster Management for
Trench-type Earthquakes in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches(2004)〔Disaster Prevention and Preparedness〕
1. Erosion Control Act (1897)
2. Building Standard Law (1950)
3. Forest Act (1951)
4. Act on Temporary Measures for Disaster Prevention and Development ofSpecial Land Areas (1952)
5. Meteorological Services Act (1952)
6. Seashore Act (1956)
7. Landslide Prevention Act (1958)
8. Act on Special Measures for Disaster Prevention in Typhoon-prone Areas(1958)
9. Act on Special Measures for Heavy Snowfall Areas (1962)
10. River Act (1964)
11. Act on Prevention of Steep Slope Collapse Disaster (1969)
12. Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes (1973)
13. Act on Special Financial Measures for Urgent Earthquake
Countermeasure Improvement Projects in Areas for Intensified Measures (1980)
14. Act on Special Measures for Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures(1995)
15. Act on Promotion of the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of Buildings (1995)
21

16. Act on Promotion of Disaster Resilience Improvement in Densely
Inhabited Areas (1997)
17. Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment
Disaster Prone Areas (2000)
18. Specified Urban River Inundation Countermeasures Act (2003)
3.2.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Japan.
Basic Disaster Prevention Plan is the master plan and a basis for disaster
reduction activities in Japan. Basic Disaster Prevention Plan is prepared by theCentral Disaster Management Council in accordance with Article 34 of theDisaster Countermeasures Basic Act. The plan clarifies the duties assigned to theGovernment, public corporations and the local government in implementing
measures. For easy reference to countermeasures, the plan also describes thesequence of disaster countermeasures such as preparation, emergency response,
recovery and reconstruction according to the type of disaster.
Basic Disaster Prevention Plan has been reviewed annually and amended
as needed. In a recent review in February 2008, the Basic Plan was revised
based on the lessons learned in the recent disasters and the deliberation in theCentral Council including the view points of necessity to take follow-up measuresof priority issues and to facilitate nationwide movement for disaster reduction.
Besides of the Basic Disaster Prevention Plan, Disaster Management
Operation Plan is made as a plan for each designated government organizationand designated public corporation, and Local Disaster Management Plan isdrafted as a plan for each prefectural and municipal disaster management council,
based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan.

Fig. 23.
22

National Emergency Response Flow.

Large-scale
DisasterLarge-scale Disaster
CabinetOffice
OfficeCabinetCabinetInformation
Cabinet Information
Collection
CenterCollection Center

within 30 minutes
Emergency
Response
Team
Emergency
ResponseTeam
composedofof
composed
SeniorOfficials
Officials
from
Ministries
Seniorfrom
Ministries

MinisterofofState
State
Ministerfor
DisasterManagementfor Disaster Management¾Stand-by
7 days¾Stand-by atat2424
hrshrsx 7xdaysbasisbasis¾Collectionand
andAnalysisof Disaster¾Collection
Analysisof Disasterand and
DamageInformation
Damage Information¾Information-sharing
with
Prime Minister and¾Information-sharing
with
Prime
Relatedand
Organizations
Minister
Related Organizations

PrimeMinister
MinisterPrime

Analysisofof
Scaleof Damage
Analysis
Scaleof DamageInter-Ministerial
Headquarters
for Emergency
Response
Inter-Ministerial Headquarters
for Emergency
Response

Fig. 24.

Further, disaster reduction perspectives are incorporated into relevant
development plans such as Comprehensive National Development Plan, Social
Infrastructure Development Priority Plan, Land Use Plan and urban and ruralplanning.
3.2.4. Japan’s Current Disaster Prevention Measures.
In Japan Current disaster prevention measures:
1. Research and development.
2. Early Warning systems and Prevention against natural disaster.
3. Response to natural disaster.
4. Recovery and reconstruction.
1. Research and development.
JMA monitors seismic activities in and around Japan around the clock, andissues tsunami warning/information and earthquake information promptly when
an earthquake occurs. In addition, JMA constructed a dense monitoring network23

around the Tokai area in cooperation with relevant organizations in order to detect
the precursor of the great earthquake, which is estimated to occur in the near
future. If anomalous data is observed in the region, JMA will issue information on
the Tokai Earthquake.
When an earthquake occurs, JMA issues seismic intensity information in 2
minutes, which announces the occurrence of the earthquake and regions where
the seismic intensity is equal to or greater than three in JMA Scale. Subsequently
information on the hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake andcities/towns/villages where a strong shake has been felt is issued.
Since seismic intensity information is directly connected to the expected
damages, therefore, this information is used as a trigger for disaster management
authorities to take emergency measures.
In case earthquakes occur repeatedly, such as aftershocks of a large
earthquake or earthquake swarm events, the number of the earthquakes is alsoannounced.

Fig. 25.

Fig. 26.
24

Fig. 27.

Earthquake Monitoring Network.
Seismometer Network.
JMA operates seismic network, which consists of about 180 seismometersand collects seismic waveform data in real-time around the clock. When a large
earthquake occurs, JMA quickly determines hypocenter and magnitude of theearthquake using the collected seismic data and issues tsunami warning andearthquake information.
JMA also collects and analyzes seismic data from universities and disastermanagement research institutes such as the National Research Institute for Earth
Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) in order to conduct a comprehensive
assessment on seismic activities for promotion of research activities incooperation with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology (MEXT). The products of this analysis are shared with relevantorganizations.
JMA Seismic Station

Fig. 29. Seismometer and Seismic
Intensity Meter in Box
Fig. 28. Communication Facilities in
Shelter
25

Seismic Intensity Network.
JMA installed about 600 seismic intensity meters throughout the country. In
addition, JMA collects seismic intensity data from other 3,300 stations operated
by local governments and the National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster Prevention (NIED). When an earthquake occurs, JMA promptly issues
seismic intensity information based on the data obtained at those stations. The
seismic intensity information is used by disaster management authorities asreference for their initial actions in emergency.

2. Early Warning systems and Prevention against natural disaster.

Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

26

Fig. 32.

3. Response to natural disaster.

Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 35.

Fig. 36.

27

Fig. 37.

Fig. 38.

Fig. 39.
28

Fig. 40.

Fig. 41.

4. Recovery and reconstruction.
•Return the affected area to its original state•Rebuild the lives of the affected people•Secure housing•Restore the local economy

29

Fig. 42.

Fig. 43.

Fig. 44.

Fig. 45.

30

3.2.5. Future Probable-Disaster and Countermeasure.
Future Issues in Disaster Prevention:• Electricity and communication were down
• Impaired transmission of information by local authorities• Unable to protect the coast from a natural disaster beyond imagination• Difficulty in the transportation of fuel and relief supplies• Hospital facilities were also damaged and had difficulties in taking in
affected people and treating existing patients

Fig. 46.

Fig. 47.
31

Fig. 48.

Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.
32

Fig. 51.

Fig. 52.

Fig. 53.

Fig. 54.

33

Fig. 55.

Fig. 56.

Fig. 57.

34

4. MONITORING LANDSLIDES FOR THE ENSURE THE SAFETY
POPULATION IN MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL AREAS
4.1. Monitoring Landslides in Uzbekistan.
4.1.1. Activity State Service on Monitoring over the Dangerous
Geological Processes.
On the basis of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Republic of
Uzbekistan № 194 in 1994 was established State Service on Monitoring over theDangerous Geological Processes to monitoring the formation and development oflandslides, rock falls, subsidence, suffusion and forecasting of natural andresulting from the economic activity of hazardous geological processes on the
territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan in order to warning the local authorities andmanagement of ministries, state committees and departments and othergovernment and economic management of their possible catastrophic forms for
decision-making and implementation of activities under the notification of the
population, protection of human settlements and economic facilities from theeffects of these processes.
Main Tasks of State Service on Monitoring:¾ Identification of areas of dangerous geological processes and theevaluation of their activation;¾ Organization of monitoring;¾ State control of dangerous geological processes;¾ Preparation and issuance of recommendations;Also¾ Warning the local public authorities, relevant ministries, state committees
and agencies of the possible activation of hazardous processes shall issue
recommendations on the organization of observations of dangerous geologicalprocesses, and for the State Service on Monitoring is equipped with thenecessary means warning, and can use the system alerts the Office Civil Defence

35and Emergencies (as agreed with the Head of the Office of Civil Defence andEmergency);¾ Gives engineering and geological information about the development of
dangerous geological processes, findings and prescriptions for taking action toprevent or mitigate their negative impacts;¾ Agree upon to local government authorities, ministries, state committees
and departments to current and perspective plans use of territories, including
projects for industrial and civil construction, in the areas of dangerous geologicalprocesses and issues conclusions about the possibility of their development andother.

4.1.2. The Structure of Monitoring.
The Structure of the State Service on Monitoring consists of the following:

Fig. 58.

36

Map displays dangerous geological processes in mountain and foothillareas of the Republic of Uzbekistan

LegendModern landslides and landslide cracks (possible secondary displacement)
Localities common in the zone of influence of landslides
Places from which temporarily resettled farms
Health facilities located in the zone of influence of landslides
3

Landslides, larger than 1000 m , which appeared in 2015.
Mining facilities
Base station tracking
Observation posts

Fig. 58.
Mining and hydraulic engineering

Many channels

facilities

Lots of roads and railways

Settlements

Health facilities

Fig. 59. Figure ratio observation plots37

4.1.3. The Structure of the Monitoring System and Warning.
Structure monitoring dangerous geological processes - more attention is not
paid to the forecast, and the hazard assessment and the Prevention of process.
On this basis, a system of monitoring of dangerous geological processes consistsof four blocks:
OBSERVATIONASSESSMENTCONTROLWARNING

Fig. 60.

Features of Monitoring Landslide.
¾ Daily transmission of information results observation from monitoring
stations to Central Control communication of SMS, where it generalizes
forwarded to the Council of SMS;
¾ Council of SMS reviewed daily results of observations of atmosphericprecipitation forecasts, fluctuations in flow rate water springs various trends oflandslides and makes the following recommendations;¾ At the most hazardous events immediately sent to information of the
Ministry of Emergency Situations and other interested agencies;¾ Practically conducted daily control of the results of observations.

4.1.4. Factors formation of landslides.
The mountain territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan are most susceptible todangerous geological processes (landslides, avalanches, subsidence, suffusion,
karsts). Among them are the highest risk of landslides.
Landslide – slipping and detachment masses of rocks down the slope under
the influence of gravity, with the participation of surface and underground water,
seismic impact and human activities.

38

Fig. 61.
Signs landslides on the slopes:- Cracks on the surface of Earth;- At the foot of slopes formed by extrusion shaft;- Between the rollers and bumps under certain conditions, accumulate
surface water and groundwater. This causes waterlogging slopes;- "Drunken trees" and broken tree trunks, as well as the loss of a verticalcolumn of telephone and power lines, fences, walls, etc.;

Fig. 62.
39

Factors formation of landslides are:
- Meteorological conditions;- Seismic factors (earthquake);- Technogenic impact.
Meteorological conditions#
1

2

Types of research

Threshold levels

Determination of water content which is expected next

Change of low water on wet

spring season

years

Estimation of rainfall the previous winter period> 500-600 mm(November or December to February months)

II-160-200 mm
3

Estimation of monthly total precipitation spring (March,

III -170-400 mm

April, May)

IV-140-250 mm
V-150 -200 mm

Monitoring and evaluation of the daily loss atm. rain for
4

2-3 days, 5 and 10 days, with a view to timely
identification of critical periods and improved thesituation

2-3 days >90-110 mm
10 days – 150 -170 mm
15 days –> 220 mm
1 day – 35-50 mm

5Control of the intensity and duration of heavy rain

intensity
8-12 mm/hour

Table 2.

Fig. 63. Combined schedule Snow depth, precipitation, air temperature, river flows andearthquakes in the winter and spring 2015.
40

Seismic factors of landslides on impact of earthquake.
1. It is a devastating historical earthquake, which are associated with about
65 ancient landslide zones. In these areas there is a relationship inherit places
Education today landslides in the circus of ancient seismogravitational residual
deformation;
2. Influence of local earthquakes that emerged over the past 50 years is very
limited, because they are not deep, and often took place in the autumn;
3. The formation of landslides during and after the strong influence of M 5,5-7,4, distant (400-500 km), deep (170-230 km), the Pamir-Hindu Kush
earthquake zone. These earthquakes in the mountain areas of Uzbekistan in thespring cause long-term low frequency (2 min) fluctuations in saturated soils thatform liquefaction, cracked, mud flows;
4. Landslides after earthquake in spring in 3-10 days under influence of
precipitation and groundwater.
Table 3. Time of onset of the Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquakes and formation
landslide processes in 2015
The time and intensity ofDate and place of landslide

earthquakes#

Day and
month

M

Н

Day and

(km)

month

Name of site

Volume m3

Djauz

700 th.

1

11.03

4.4

88.97

11.03

2

15.03

4,4

173,8

15.03

3

21.03

4,9

100

21.03

Pustinlik 2004

2,7 th.

4

24.03

4,3

140,1624.03

Nondek5 mln.

5

5.04

4,2

128,14

6.04

Handiza

1,5 mln.

6

11.04

4,3

217,3

11.04

Etimtav

2,6 th.

7

11.04

5,2

217,3

11.04

Zarangbulak

10,8 th.

8

15.04

4,2

94,5

15.04

100,6 km railway T-B-К

11,5 th.

9

17.04

4,1

200,2

17.04

Gushsay

11, 7 th.

41

BUT M-39 high/way
1316,8-1316,9 km

10 th.

Anthropogenic impact on natural environment.
All kinds of engineering-economic impact on geological environment lead toactivation of dangerous geological processes.
Areal.
Development of land, industrial zones, etc.
Linear.
Construction of roads and railroads, canals, etc.
Local.
Some local construction in the mountainous area.

4.1.5. Monitoring system landslides.
Monitoring system in Uzbekistan subdivided into three groups:
First – areal monitoring landslide-prone areas to identify new dangerous
areas for settlements, recreation, mining and hydraulic structures, roads, canals,
water pipelines, transmission towers and other facilities.
Second – Stationary where monitoring of the development of landslide
fissures held on extensometer, Mark.
Third – stationary sites, home of the full range of observations of themechanism of the landslide. Areal monitoring station conducts observations at
750-800 sites.
Aerovisual observation.
Together with representatives of the Uzbek Hydrometeorological Service(Uzhydromet), the Ministry of Emergency Situations and others. Ministries anddepartments conducted a survey aerovisual mountain and foothill areas of the
Republic of Uzbekistan in order to identify new areas and landslide-prone areas,
as well as the scale of the landslide threat.

Fig. 64.
42

Fig. 65.

Methods for monitoring landslides.
Identifying and study of the areal development of dangerous geologicalprocesses performed carrying out route engineering geological studies. The studyof the dynamics and mechanism of large landslide carried using high-precision
measuring devices of different types.
For the indirect study of the geological structure, water cut landslide arrays
are used geophysical methods, such as vertical electrical sensing of using a
digital device made in Japan. For the direct study of the geological structure,lithology and water cut of the array landslide performed drilling activity using
machine tool company YBM.
The study of the deformation and displacement of landslide dynamics ofarrays performed using the method of geodetic satellite navigation (GPS),extensometers, deform meter, inclinometers.
Study of the groundwater level, determining the number and intensity of
precipitation, as the main factors contributing to the formation and development of
dangerous geological processes performed using electronic gauges and rain
gauges in different versions.

43GPS meethod 500
0 (Switzerrland).
Geodeticc Satellitee Navigatio
on Systemm Leica GPSG
Syste
em 500 (wwith softwa
areSKI--Pro) – thee automattic mode, you can get
g an incrrement of geodetic coordinattes
and elevation
ns of pointts with no direct line
e your vissibility betw
ween themm in a mooremTecchnical chharacterisstics GPS receiverss can deetermine thetoperational mode.
ation benchmark accuratea
to 10 mm,mincre
easing th
he accuracy of thetloca
inforrmation about the statesof th
he landslide; GPS receiver rreceives signals
s
fro
om
sate
ellites of NAVSTAR
N(USA). SoftwareS
SKI-ProS
ussed for coomputer prrocessing offield
d observa
ations pe
erformed GPS recceiver to determinne the baselinesbofcoorrdinates.
7 landslid
des condu
ucted top
p geodeticc observa
ations using
In Uzbekistan, 77
GPSS.

Fig. 66.

Fig. 67. ElectronicEc tachymeter for sho
ooting lan
ndslide.
444

Fig.68. GPS receiver to measure

Fig. 69. Electronic tachymeter

Landslide displacement

for shooting landslide

Electronic extensometer (Japan).
Electronic extensometer detects the movement of the landslide mass andmeasures the deformation of cracks as result of activation of the landslide. The
device also used to refine the direction of the landslide mass and deformation
monitoring, whether due to a large cut slope, bulk works.
Measurement principles are as follows:
Strong piles installed on two points for measuring the deformation cracking.
On one side of the crack is mounted extensometer and stretch super Invar wire
through the piles installed. Invar wire extensometers coupled to cable wound on
the drum extensometer, so that it can expand and contract. On the drum set
extensometer recorder, which records the time and length of compression or
extension.
In Uzbekistan, eight landslide areas are conducted monitoring observations
by electronic extensometer for warning the public and ensure uninterruptible
vehicular traffic in National road in the mountainous area.

Fig. 70. Landslide displacement measurement with an automatic electronic extensometer.
45

Fig. 71. Measurement disclosure landslide cracks using extensometer (SLD).

Fig. 72. Electronic rain gauge (Japan).

Fig. 73.
46

Fig. 74.

Every year are prepared warning information on possible forms of dangerous
geological processes for eight regions and one summary of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (fig. 75).

Fig. 75.
47

Anti-landslide measures.
Anti-landslide measures by their nature divided into two groups:
Passive and active.
Passive security-related restrictive event:Prohibition of cutting landslide slopes and devices to them all sorts of
seizures;
Preventing various kinds bedding as slopes and above them withinthreatening strip;
Prohibition of construction on slopes and in these band structures, ponds,
reservoirs, objects with large water consumption without performing constructive
activities completely eliminates leakage of water into the soil;
Prohibition of explosions and mining operations near the landslides;
Protection of trees and shrubs and herbaceous vegetation;
Prohibition of uncontrolled irrigation of land, and sometimes theirplowing;
Prohibition of devices and constant column of water aqueduct device
without sanitation;
Preventing dumping torrential landslide slopes, thawed, sewage andother waters;
Moving in landslide areas.
For active, relate landslide events holding which requires a device
engineering structures:
Retaining structures – to prevent landslides;
Retaining walls – relatively small landslides on the slopes in violation of
their resistance because of cutting and give a lick and a promise;
Pile rows – to strengthen the landslide slopes in the period of temporary
stabilization of landslides, with a relatively small (up to four meters) bias power ofthe body (concrete, reinforced concrete and steel piles are staggered in notbiased rock to a depth of 2 m;
Solid pile or sheet series (thin walls) (established less other holding
facilities because of their high cost).

48

4.2. Monitoring Landslides in Japan.
4.2.1. About the Japan Landslide Society.
Japan is located at an island arc of Circum Pacific Ocean, which is a
Subduction zone. Therefore, Japan has natural conditions characteristic of many
volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. In addition, there is much precipitation andmost of the land is mountainous. Such geologic, geomorphologic and climate
conditions are causing easily landslides which claim precious human lives inevery year.
The Japan Landslide Society was established in 1963 in the background ofsuch natural conditions. Later, in August, 1999, this society was approved to be a
corporation by Science and Technology Agency. This is only one scientific society
dealing with landslides not only in Japan, but also in the world.
Main purpose of the society is

researching and studying landslides andrelated phenomena, and countermeasures for preventing such disasters, andacceptance and support funding for studying . Main activities of the society areholding technical meetings, educational seminars, and foreign scientist seminars
on variable landslides, editing and publishing journals and books, and sending
disaster investigation groups etc.
This society organizes annual conference and special symposium every year,
and special seminars irregularly. It is issuing bimonthly journal
Japan Landslide Society , andLandslides in Japan

Journal of theintroducing landslides ofJapan, which is published each several years.
Recently, the Japan Landslide Society consists of 1,600 individual and groupmembers of scientists and engineers from universities, institutes and geologic
consultant companies. The specialties are covering wide fields such as geology,
geomorphology, soil mechanics, erosion control and civil engineering etc. This
society includes Department of General Affairs, Department of Editing andPublication, Department of Event Planning, Department of Research and Study,
Department of International Affairs. Besides, in Kyushu, Kansai, Chubu, Niigata,
Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kanto, local branches are doing firm-rooted activities (fig
76).

49

Fig. 76.

A landslide is a phenomenon in which soil mass on a slope moves slowly
along the slip surface downward the slope under the influence of ground waterand other causes. Since landslides occur over an extensive area and a large
amount of soil mass moved in general, it can cause serious damages.

Fig. 77.
50

4.2.2. Organizational structure

Fig. 78.

51

4.2.3. Maajor Landdslides inn recent yearsyandd their imp
pact.

Fig. 79.

Fig. 80. Tohoku-T
Taiheiyo Ea
arthquake, Shirakawa
a, Fukushim
ma (March 2011)522

Fig. 81. Hiroshima (August 20, 2014)

Fig. 82. Shimekake, Yamagata(Jun 2009)

Fig. 83. Aratozawa, Miyagi (Jun 2008)

Fig. 84. Kashiwazaki, Niigata (Jul 2007)

Fig. 85. Kamikitayama, Nara (Jan 2007)

Fig. 86. Wajima, Ishikawa (Mar 2007)

Fig. 87. Nakagusuku, Okinawa (Jun 2006)

Fig. 88. Imari, Saga (Sep 2006)

53

Fig. 90. Myouken, Niigata (Oct 2004)

Fig. 89. Higashi-yokoyama, Gifu (May 2006)

Table 4. The impact of disaster: number of Dead and Missing
Year

Slope Failure

Debris Flow / Landslide Flood / Others

Snow Avalanche

Total

1967

158

297

152

0

607

1968

5

154

100

0

259

1969

82

32

69

0

183

1970

27

22

114

0

163

1971

171

53

126

0

350

1972

239

194

154

0

587

1973

18

19

48

0

85

1974

129

40

155

0

324

1975

49

71

93

0

213

1976

81

72

120

0

273

1977

8

12

154

0

174

1978

23

16

114

0

153

1979

23

4

181

0

208

1980

25

0

123

0

148

1981

20

13

185

14

232

1982

185

152

187

0

524

1983

78

29

193

1

301

1984

16

29

149

5

199

1985

15

41

142

1

199

1986

26

4

103

15

148

1987

4

3

62

0

69

54

1988

12

17

64

0

93

1989

15

14

67

0

96

1990

19

32

72

0

123

1991

12

55

123

0

190

1992

3

0

16

0

19

1993

141

33

264

0

438

1994

0

0

39

0

39

1995

8

38

120

0

166

1996

4

14

65

1

84

1997

10

21

40

0

71

1998

12

9

88

0

109

1999

17

17

107

0

141

2000

6

0

72

0

78

2001

2

2

86

0

90

2002

2

2

44

0

48

2003

2

21

39

0

62

2004

28

34

248

0

310

2005

8

22

229

1

260

2006

7

18

152

0

177

2007

0

0

41

0

41

2008

6

14

81

0

101

2009

5

17

93

0

115

2010

3

8

69

9

89

2011

9

76

19908

0

19993*

2012

9

15

168

0

192

2013

6

47

120

0

173

2014

9

72

-

0

-

55

Fig. 91.
56

Table 5. The Number of Disaster Occurrence.
Year

Debris Flow

Slope Failure

Landslide

Total

1982

293

1567

147

2007

1983

352

1093

119

1564

1984

67

103

51

221

1985

165

538

145

848

1986

104

356

102

562

1987

165

186

70

421

1988

181

291

102

574

1989

200

345

111

656

1990

238

852

180

1270

1991

2879*

599

122

3600

1992

4035*

232

55

4322

1993

2288*

1413

171

3872

1994

853

142

68

1063

1995

309

347

237

893

1996

91

258

64

413

1997

101

917

136

1154

1998

317

1160

152

1629

1999

373

960

168

1501

2000

180

291

137

608

2001

48

365

96

509

2002

46

275

218

539

2003

57

712

128

897

2004

565

1511

461

2537

2005

158

483

173

814

2006

169

1057

215

1441

2007

129

675

162

966

2008

154

452

89

695

2009

149

803

106

1058

57

2010

234

767

127

1128

2011

419

781

222

1422

2012

256

505

76

837

2013

262

590

89

941

2014

338

769

77

1,184

Fig. 92.
58

4.2.4. New methods of monitoring landslides and maintaining them in astable state.
Two third of the Japanese Archipelago is dominated by mountains; 100
million people are forced to live and work in slopes or around slopes. Landslides
often cause disasters and cause extensive damage.
In this regard, research organizations and universities to carry out research
work on the study and prevention of landslides. Also conduct monitoring oflandslides and develop new designs to maintain a steady state of landslides.

Fig. 93. Map of landslides.

59Fig. 94. The legend for map of landslides.

60

Preventive measures against landslide.
A landslide is caused by a combination of various factors (topography,
geology, geological structure, ground water, etc.). Accordingly, measures to betaken for landslide prevention come in a variety of types. Broadly the landslide
preventive measures are classified into two types of works: control works andrestraint works.
The control works are intended to remove or mitigate factors which may leadto the occurrence of a landslide. On the other hand, the restraint works aim at
stabilizing a slope by the construction of structures. Landslide-prone slope iseffectively stabilized by the combination of both types of works.

Fig. 95.

4.2.4.1. New nailing network system.
Japan, topography, geology, from the social conditions of the natural
conditions and land use, such as weather, is a leading slope disaster zone in theworld. Therefore, so far has been developed various disaster prevention method
In recent years, with increasing awareness of the environment andlandscape, also for slope stabilization measures, there is a growing interest in theconstruction method of conservation taking advantage of the green on the slopes.
"Non-frame construction method" is, as a new slope stabilization method thatmeet the demands of this era.
Non-frame construction method reinforcing material (rock bolts), Bearing
plate. Head consolidated material consists of (wire rope).
61

Fig. 96.

Fig. 97.

Fig. 98.
62

It has become a double corrosion protection structure over the reinforcement
length. On request, such as landscape protection, it will be able to paint a member,which exposed to the earth's surface.
Used material.

Fig. 99.
Table 6.
#

Name

Material

Standard
JIS G 4051

1

NNS rod

S45C equivalent

Mechanical structural carbon
steels2

3

4

NNS cap – G

NNS nut

ADC12 equivalent

FCAD900-8
SubstantiallyNNS

FCAD900-8

Cap washer

Substantially

JIS H 5302
Aluminum alloy die-casting
JIS G 5503
Austempered spheroidal graphite
cast iron goods
JIS G 5503
Austempered spheroidal graphite
cast iron goods

63

Surface treatment
Hot dip galvanizing
HDZ55

-

Hot dip galvanizing
HDZ55

Hot dip galvanizing
HDZ55

#

Name
NNS with

5

projection
coupler

6

7

NNS bellows
sheathNNS bitMaterial

Standard

FCAD900-8
Substantially

NBR equivalent

S45C equivalent

JIS G 5503
Austempered spheroidal graphite
cast iron goods
Synthetic rubber
JIS G 4051 Mechanical structure
for carbon steel

Surface treatment
Hot dip galvanizing
HDZ55

-

Hot dip galvanizing

8

Bearing plate

SS400

JIS G 3101

HDZ55

General structural rolled steel(Necessary plating rear
coating also available)

9

Wire rope

SWRZA

Frame portion
10

11

PS turnbuckle

STKM11A

JIS G 3525

Alloy plating

G species equivalentZn + 10% Al + Na

JIS G 3445
Carbon steel pipe for mechanicalstructure

Pipe type

Clamp W tube

Hot dip galvanizing
HDZ35

Eyebolt

JIS G 3101

SS400

General structural rolled steel
JIS H 4000

ADC12

Aluminum alloy

Fig. 100. Standard layout.
64-

Wire rope Masu mounting three lock bolt in one so that the triangle. Digits
and the hatching in the figure shows the mounting position of the wire rope.
Construction interval of the lock bolt, it may also be shortened by soil
conditions.
Construction process.
1. Positioning Engineering.
Principles of positioning (each control value in the case of standard punch
set interval (2.0m pitch)).
1. Drilling position is the length of one side is I be placed on a slope so thatthe equilateral triangle of 2m.
2. As drilling position and perpendicular to the contour.
3. There is an obstacle to the drilling position, when the Bearing platecannot be installed, and moving the drilling position to the location where thelength of one side of the triangle does not exceed 3m.
4. Three sides total length of the triangle does not exceed 7m.
5. It should be noted that, depending on the size of the obstacle, if the total
length of the three sides of the triangle is more than 7m, I add strokes set a
reinforcing material.

Fig. 101.

2. Scaffolding Engineering.
Basic scaffold assembly.
1. Scaffold local conditions, to determine its structure in consideration of thedrilling machine and the like.
65

2. Work floor area of 4m2 or more is desirable.
3. The scaffolding I to ensure always provided safe fall prevention fence.
4. Even trees hinder scaffolding assembly; in principle, logging not
performed.

Fig. 102.

3. Drilling Engineering.
Basics of drilling.
Drilling machine is a standard the Regguhanma (auxiliary rail Su~ibe Le
combination), taking into account topography, geology, vegetation, the drilling
length, etc., and to select a drilling machine of suitable capacity.
However, if the scaffold assembly to adopt a difficult and unavoidably rope
scaffold, but carry out the drilling in Regguhanma alone, drilling length and 2m or
less.

Fig. 103.
66

4. Whole cleaning Engineering.
Mounting the air hose through the adapter to the stiffener (Su~iberu may beused), it is subjected to cleaning in the hole while the upper and lower
reinforcement members, so as not to disturb the grouting, remove slime
remaining in the hole to.

Fig. 104.

5. Injection Engineering.
Grout material.
Using cement, ordinary Portland cement specified in JIS R 5210 "Portland
cement" is the standard, in the case of requiring early strength, uses theearly-strength Portland cement.
Admixture as well as improves the properties of the grout, used to adjust the
speed of condensation and initial curing of the grout.

Fig. 105.
67

6. Confirmation test engineering.
The purpose and the number of test.
Confirmation Test Engineering intended to be performed in order to verify
whether a reinforcing material has been constructed satisfies the predetermined
design tensile force, 3% of the total number or, is carried out for a large number ofleast three.
It should be noted that, if the predetermined value not obtained in this study, I
would discuss the supervisors and their countermeasures.

Fig. 106.

7. Bearing plate installation Engineering.
Bearing plate installation.
Bearing plate was placed in a reinforcement head, fixed a cap washer andnut.
In addition, Bearing plate bottom surface to be in close contact with theground, is not the land of the Bearing plate installation range to fill the shaping or
dry mortar, etc. in advance.
Bearing plate installation procedure is as follows (fig. 107).
8. Head coupling member attached Engineering.
Head connecting member-connecting situation (fig. 108).

68

Fig. 107.

Fig. 108.
69

Construction control.
Construction management intended to be carried out in order to terminate
the construction of a given quality in safety and in the construction period, taking
into account the construction conditions and construction scale, in consultation
with the order's specifications and supervisors, management items and frequency,
etc.
Safety measure.
When working performed to fall prevention treatment, if necessary.
If there is a lifting stones targeting the slopes, in consultation with thesupervisor for the sake of safety of the work and take action as described below.
(1) It will be removed from the slope.
(2) It is fixed to the base in fixed or roots solid Engineering.
(3) It is providing a safety fences.

Fig. 109.

When planning of non-frame construction method, in advance to investigate
consider the following matters, it is safe, it must be planned with consideration to
the rational and the surrounding environment. It should be noted that the purposeof the construction work, you need to add the survey item by construction place
and working conditions.

70

1. Design documents, construction cases of the district.
2. Ground conditions, the ground surface situation.
3. Adjacent structure, the status of the buried structures.
4. Work restrictions, environmental protection regulations, construction
related laws and regulations.
5. Power, water, waste disposal.
Note that the content described in the construction plan are as follows.
1. Construction purpose.
2. Construction overview (name, location, construction period, ordering party,
contractor, quantity, etc.).
3. Planning, design conditions.
4. Construction planning (process, organization, use machinery, materials
used, temporary equipment, work procedures).
5. Construction management plan.
6. Quality management plan.
7. Safety Management Plan.
8. Technical documentation catalogues.
Maintenance, the facility administrator done depending on the management
guidelines that defined for slope disaster prevention. It should be noted that, after
the heavy rains and earthquakes (guideline seismic intensity 5 or more), performthe inspection on the status of the slope change like presence and superstructure
as possible. And to clarify the cause if Hen-jo is seen in the slope, there is a needto consider the precise measures.

71

5. MUDFLOOWS AND INFORRMATIONN.
5.1. Muddflows in Uzbekisttan.
A mudfloow or mud flow is a form of mass wastingw
invvolving "vvery rapid to
extre
emely rap
pid surging
g flow" of debris that has become parrtially or fu
ully liquefiedby thhe additio
on of signifficant amo
ounts of waterw
to th
he source material.
Mudflow
ws contain a significcant proportion of clay, whicch makes them mo
ore
fluid
d than deb
bris flows; thus, theyy are able
e to travel farther annd across lower slo
ope
angles. Both typest
are generallyy mixturess of various kinds off materials
s of differe
ent
es.
size

Fig. 110.
1

Fig. 111.
1

72
2

In Uzbekistan, the monitoring carried out in accordance with the decree of
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan - "On Measures to prevent
emergencies. Related to the flood, mudflow, avalanche and landslides, andmitigation” 585 from February 19, 2007, which defines the tasks involved,
ministries and agencies for organizing the monitoring of hazardous natural andanthropogenic phenomena and mitigation.
The tasks of monitoring include:• Determination of a representative spatial and temporal spread of
dangerous meteorological phenomena based on statistical analysis of historicaland newly received data;• Assessment of current and future state of objects representing a
potential threat of severe weather events;• Preparation of background and specific warnings about the occurrenceof severe weather events in the short-term (up to 5 days) and long-term (6months) outlook;• Inventory of hazardous weather phenomena.
Tools for monitoring:• Network hydrometeorological stations and posts (145 gauging stations
and 78 meteorological stations, 30 agrometeorological posts) including 18
meteorological stations of international exchange, 9 stations hydrometeorologicalinformation exchange with the CIS countries, 10 gauging cross-border monitoring;• Aerovisual survey (95 observation points);• Specialized forwarding the survey;• Remote sensing (satellite imagery NOOA 17, 18).
In Republic of Uzbekistan monitoring of mudflows are Centre of
Hydrometeorological Service at Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet).
Centre of Hydrometeorological Service (Uzhydromet).
Centre of Hydrometeorological Service at Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet) is the state governing body speciallyauthorized for the solution of tasks in the field of hydrometeorology in the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
The objectives of Uzhydromet are the development and improvement of thestate system of hydrometeorological observations, hydrometeorological provisionof the sectors of economy, scientific research activities, improvement ofshort-term and long-term weather forecasts, water availability of rivers, climate
73

change.
Observations of water regime of hydrological objects in the basins of
Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers and their components. Uzhydromet conductshydrometeorological and agrometeorological observations on the whole territoryof the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the zone of responsibility of Uzhydromet, thestations that have long terms of observation are located.
Main objectives and tasks of hydrometeorological monitoring are provision ofusers with hydrometeorological data and prognostic and analytical information
prepared on its base.
Uzhydromet is the component of one of UN links – World MeteorologicalOrganization (WМО), the main aim of which is weather and climate observation,
cooperation for collection and exchange of data of meteorological, hydrologicaland other observations of environment conditions.
Since 1967, Таshkent is one of 29 Regional Meteorological Centers, which
fulfills collection of meteorological information, preparation and dissemination of
weather and forecasting charts in Central Asian and Middle Eastern states andAsian part of Russia. It is the zone of responsibility of Uzhydromet in the system
of World Weather Watch (WWW).
The network united under Uzhydromet includes more than 400 stations ofenvironment observation. Meteorological, hydrological and agrometeorologicalobservations carried out on the territory of republic since 1921. The ecologicalobservations of the conditions of water bodies, air and soil carried out since 1972.
Monitoring Mudflows.
The main sources of surface runoff in the Central Asian region areTransboundary Rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya, the average annual flow of which
is - 78.5 and 37.1 cubic km / year respectively, and to the basins of the rivers,
most of which belong to the region. The main flow of the river Amu Darya - 83%
formed on the territory of Tajikistan, the Syrdarya river flow by 80% formed on the
territory of Kyrgyzstan. Much of the territory occupied by mountains of the Central
Asian Republics and this determines the specific form of floods. In Kyrgyzstan
Mountains, cover 95% of the total, 93% in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan about 30%,
Turkmenistan - 28%.
Spring and summer - the main phase in the hydrological regime of the riversof Central Asia, during which takes place from 70 to 80% of annual runoff. On
most rivers at this time of the year, there is the greatest water flow. The nature of
the formation of flood and flood depends on a variety of meteorological factors
and the physical and geographical features of the river basins that are in a
relationship create different conditions for their formation in any given year. Whena certain combination of these factors generated outstanding floods and floods.
74

Often such anomalies water availability acquire the character of natural disasters,
which caused considerable human and material losses.
It should be noted that in terms of the damage, the most attention in theCentral Asian region deserve mudflows and floods, formed as a result of highaltitude lake.
Mudflows are widespread throughout the mountain and foothill part ofUzbekistan (fig. 110), and are often cross-border nature, since the majority ofmudflows formed on the territory of neighbouring states – Kyrgyzstan andTajikistan.

Navoi

Tashkent

Namangan

JizzahAndijanFergana
Sirdarya

Samarkand

The number of floods

Kashkadarya

Surhandarya

Fig.112. Areas affected by the danger of mudflows.

These long-term observations of the manifestations of debris flow activity
and its spatial and temporal variability of the territory of Uzbekistan the following
conclusions:
9 As a whole, in the republic, the area of the mudflows active streams is53770 km2 (12% of the total territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan), the number of
streams mudflows active – 709, the number of national economic and others.
Objects in the mudflow zone – 858;
9 Mudflows most exposed to danger: Namangan (19%), Fergana (14%),
Surhandarya (13%), Tashkent (12%), Samarkand (12%) and Kashkadarya region(12%);
9 The highest number of landslides were registered on the territory of the
districts located in the Fergana Valley (40%), characterized by the highest densityof population;75

9 Peak of debris flow activity to the territory of Uzbekistan is in April (30%)
and the month of May (36%);
9 Mainly mudflow activity (85%) on the territory of Uzbekistan due to heavy
rains and rains of high intensity.
One of the powerful village-forming factors are of high altitude lake. Lakes
Breakthroughs do not happen often, but are extremely destructive. Employees
Uzhydromet together with representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
conducted special observations of the state of some of the glacial lakes.
Total number of glacial lakes that threaten the territory of Uzbekistan locatedon the territory of Uzbekistan and neighbouring territories is – 315, glacial lakes
spread diagram is shown in Figure 111.

Fig. 113. The scheme of distribution of glacial lakes.

The most dangerous and less predictable breakthroughs of moraine lakes.
Most moraine lakes formed in recent decades due to the rapid retreat of glaciers.
The mechanism of self-destruction was observed at the dam lake outburstthat led to the formation of the catastrophic mudflows, past the river Shahimardan
in July 1998.
Flood of 1998 on the river Shahimardan formed as a result of the
breakthrough three moraine lakes formed on the end moraines and "dead" icebelow the glacier Archabashi on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, in the upper reachesof the same river – one of the components of the river Shahimardan flowing in the
Fergana Valley, located on the territory of Uzbekistan. As a result, spreading76

floodwater flow in the region of Shahimardan was equal to 150-200 m3 / s. This
led to the deaths of more than a hundred people and caused enormous damage
to the facilities.
In the case of glacial moraine lakes and virtually impossible to predict the
beginning of the flood. But it is possible to identify areas where floods are possible,
and to determine the periods when they are most likely occurrence. Typically, thisis the hottest time of the summer, when the moraine and glacial lake overflow
water.
Preventing floods flood risk.
9 Much attention paid in Uzbekistan to the development and improvementof methods of prevention mudflows danger. Warning threat of flood, various
origins include:
9 Compiling short-term background of warnings about the possibility of the
mudflows and floods on the basis of an assessment form factors (rainfall, theirintensity, the state of the snow cover, air temperature);
9 Alert stakeholders about the passing of the risk of floods and mudslides
on the approved scheme warning;
9 alert the public about the passing of the risk of mudslides and floods;
9 Risk Assessment threat mudflows and floods on specific objects basedon specialized research. Design and construction of protective structures.
9 Issuing regulations on carrying out the necessary steps to protect the
public, staff and facilities from mudflows threats and monitoring theirimplementation.

5.2. Mudflows in Japan.
The phenomenon of debris flow has been recognized since ancient times inJapan, where debris flow disasters have caused damage and suffering. In steep
mountainous areas of Japan, residents have given evocative names to debris
flows to warn future generations of their danger. Such names include “Ja-nuke”(the runoff of the king snake), “yama-tsunami” (mountain tsunami), and“yama-shio” (mountain tide). However, because debris flows usually originate on
remote high mountain slopes or steep ephemeral gullies and arise during adverse
weather conditions, the characteristics and mechanisms of debris flows had longremained poorly understood and the phenomenon was even considered a“phantasmal disaster.”
Scientific investigations of debris flow began in the 1950s and included
qualitative discussions of the definition of debris flow. Nomitsu and Seno [1959],
77

Tani [1968], and Murano [1968] defined debris flow as the gravitational motion of
a porridge-like mixture of sediment and water, in which the volume of sediment ismuch larger than the volume of water. Koide [1955] classified debris flow into
“yama-tsunami” and “doseki-ryu” types. He defined a yama-tsunami as thepushing ahead of a cohesive earth mass produced by a landslide along a valley
and a doseki-ryu as the pushing ahead of sediment accumulated on a gully bed.
Thus, a doseki-ryu had no direct relationship to a landslide. Kaki [1954] defined ayama-tsunami as a forward-moving mixture composed of 70% soil and 30% waterand a doseki-ryu as a flow composed of 30% soil and 70% water with relatively
thin depth. The term doseki-ryu is now widely used in Japanese to refer to debris
flow; “doseki” means a mixture of soil and stone, and “ryu” means flow.
Tani [1968] classified three types of debris flow initiation: 1) transformation ofa landslide block into debris flow, 2) collapse of a landslide dam, and 3) sedimententrainment into the surface water flow on a gully bed. He also compiled several
observed characteristics of debris flow: 1) the lateral surface profile of flow is
upward convex, with the front part swelling longitudinally. 2) The flow is dominatedby soil and stone rather than water and resembles a moving hill composed ofstone, sand, mud, and wood that produces a smoke-like cloud of debris and a badsmell. 3) The sound is like that of thunder or a formation of airplanes.
Yano and Daido [1965] referred to debris flow as “mud flow.” They defined it
as a flow of muddy clay and modeled its motion by applying concepts ofpseudoplastic fluid and Bingham fluid. Full investigations were not undertaken
until the 1970s. By that time, improvements of major rivers had lessened the riskof large-scale flooding disasters. However, management of minor rivers lagged
behind that of major rivers, and the use of slope lands for human activities
increased vulnerability to sediment hazards. Before 1964, among human victimsof total water-related hazards, 32% were affected by sediment events. Since 1965,
this percentage has increased to approximately 50% [Takahashi, 2009]. Thissituation provides strong motivation for research on debris flow and othersediment hazards.
Natural conditions of Japan.
Seventy per cent of the Japanese archipelago is mountainous. About 120
million people live on densely populated plains, alluvial fans, slope foothills, andslopes. The mountains are high and the rivers draining these are short with steep
gradients. Flood waters are therefore fast moving. Japan has a summer rainyseason in June and July called the Baiu season, and an autumn rainy period in
September and early October characterized by tropical low-pressure systems(typhoons). These rains supply the water needed for growing rice and other crops,
but sometimes their intensity causes damaging debris flows and landslides.
78

SABO is a Japanese term that means erosion and sediment control works. The
Japanese style of SABO erosion control works is more intensive than Westernerosion control works. The term SABO is known internationally, and is used bothin and outside Japan.

Fig. 114.

Sediment-related disasters in Japan.
A total of 12.1 million people are threatened with sediment-related disasters
in Japan.
Table 7.
Prefecture

Number of mountain streams Places at risk

Places at risk ofPlaces at risk ofat risk of debris flowof landslide

steep slope failure

avalanche

Hokkaido

1,607

437

3,158

1,151

Aomori

645

63

1,318

892

Iwate

2,204

191

1,792

333

Miyagi

1,359

105

1,841

110

Akita

1,692

262

1,318

1,052

Yamagata

1,268

230

585

839

Fukushima

1,678

143

1,435

200

Ibaraki

537

105

1,105

-

79

Tochigi

1,043

96

887

142

Gunma

1,863

213

1,667

464

Saitama

585

110

825

-

Chiba

212

52

1,613

-

Tokyo

391

26

2,046

-

Kanagawa

705

37

2,511

-

Niigata

2,544

860

1,975

1,421

Yamanashi

1,653

104

1,412

56

Nagano

4,043

1,241

3,205

910

Toyama

556

194

1,004

712

Ishikawa

1,030

420

1,177

1,285

Gifu

2,934

88

2,957

847

Shizuoka

2,311

183

3,749

40

Aichi

1,555

75

2,910

-

Mie

2,693

85

4,090

-

Fukui

2,080

146

1,588

849

Shiga

1,421

62

1,317

299

Table 8.
Prefecture

Number of mountain streams Places at risk

Places at risk ofPlaces at risk ofat risk of debris flowof landslide

steep slope failure

avalanche

Kyoto

2,328

58

1,637

687

Osaka

1,009

145

896

-

Hyogo

4,310

286

5,557

826

Nara

1,136

106

1,289

-

Wakayama

2,526

495

3,144

-

Tottori

1,626

94

1,530

1,121

Shimane

3,041

264

2,874

516

Okayama

3,019

198

2,475

256

Hiroshima

5,607

80

6,410

234

Yamaguchi

2,655

285

3,865

-

Tokushima

1,129

591

2,097

-

80

Kagawa

1,592

117

929

-

Ehime

3,540

506

2,750

-

Kochi

1,939

176

4,175

-

Fukuoka

2,508

215

3,566

-

Saga

1,760

200

1,759

-

Nagasaki

2,785

1,169

5,121

-

Kumamoto

2,120

107

3,552

-

Oita

2,543

222

4,927

-

Miyazaki

1,413

273

2,823

-

Kagoshima

2,160

85

4,231

-

Okinawa

163

88

465

-

Total

89,518

11,288113,557

15,242

The above figures for debris flow and slope failures, avalanche, andlandslide are published in fiscal 2003, 1997, and 1998 respectively.
Table 9.
Total population in

Population in the

Population in the

Population in the

Population in thethe threatened

mountain streams at places at risk ofplaces at risk ofplaces at risk ofarea preserved

risk of debris flow

landslidesteep slope failure

avalanche

About 12.1 million

About 4.3 million

About 1.6 million

About 6.2 million

peoplepeoplepeoplepeoplePopulation in theplaces at risk ofavalanche

Administrative organizations engaged in erosion and sediment control.
Erosion and sediment control works are administered and conducted under
the authority of two governmental organizations: (1) the erosion department of the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, formerly the Ministry ofConstruction; and (2) the Forestry Agency of The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries. The former is responsible for erosion and sediment control mainly
related to rivers, while the latter agency focuses on erosion control to conserve
forest lands. There are 47 prefectures in Japan; in each prefecture, theAgriculture and Forest Department and the Sabo Section of the Public Works
Department are responsible for erosion control works.

81

Countermeasures adopted in the Sabo works.
Structural measures and nonstructural measures are applied to mitigate
sediment hazards, termed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ measures, respectively, in Japan. Hardcountermeasures include construction of SABO dams, channels and hillside
works, and restoration of vegetation. Soft countermeasures include conservation
land-use practices, warning systems, and preparedness, such as emergency
planning and evacuation measures.
Current research and development of SABO works in Japan includes:
1) Mechanisms of rainfall runoff, debris flows, landslides, sediment transport,
lava flows, and snow avalanches.
2) Sediment control planning at the river basin scale.
3) Sediment management from mountains to coastal zones.
4) Debris flow control structures; open-type SABO dams.
5) Prediction of debris flow occurrence, including the location, time, andmagnitude of the event, as well as effects on the impacted area.
6) Prediction of landslides, including the location, time, and magnitude of theevent, as well as effects on the impacted area.
7) Analysis of critical rainfall characteristics that trigger debris flows andlandslides.
8) Landslides triggered by earthquakes.
9) Natural landslide dams and their outburst.
10) Development of SABO structures and works, taking into consideration
natural environment preservation in mountains and mountain torrents; forexample preserving fish, animal, and insect populations along rivers prone totorrents.
11) Countermeasures against shallow and deep-seated landslides.

82

Debris Flow Measures.
Building Sabo dams upstream traps the sediment there and prevents it fromeroding and flowing downstream. Sabo dams also serve to stop debris flow.

Fig. 115.

A debris flow is generated by severe erosion of the torrent bed in sourceareas, as small temporary natural landslide dams burst and contribute to a debris
flow of the landslide mass, including a large volume of water. It is not known what
triggers the debris flow in a specific torrent. Several surges are often observed
during one debris flow event, as shown in Figure 115. The frequency of debris
flow is low, occurring once approximately every 100 years or more. Sabo dams
intended to control debris flows may fill with sediment and trash, mainly woody
debris, before a debris flow occurs. Maintaining the debris flow trap at its design
capacity requires excavating this accumulation.
Open-type Sabo dams incorporating steel pipes or iron bars have been usedas debris flow control structures for more than 30 years; the opening is designed
to trap large boulders from the debris flow front. Flume experiments haverevealed that the most effective opening size for trapping debris flow is 1.5 times,
or less, the maximum grain size that is likely to be concentrated at the front part ofa debris flow. When they were first developed, these dams were designed to be
self-cleaning. Researchers assumed that after the structure trapped a debris flow,
subsequent ordinary flow would gradually erode the trapped fine sand and gravel,and debris flow trap capacity would be restored automatically. This rarely ever83happens in actuality because ordinary flow discharge is generally not sufficient toerode trapped sediment. After large boulders and woody debris are trapped by
the open dams, almost all sediment except the washload is deposited upstream of
the Sabo dam (figure 116) where it must be excavated by heavy machinery.
Before such excavation equipment was available, a new Sabo dam wasconstructed after the original dam was filled with sediment.

Fig. 116. Open steel pipe in a Sabo dam.

Fig. 117. Grid Sabo dam with trapped debris flow.

Note that fine sand is trapped as well as large boulders and woody debris84

In the early 2000s, concrete-slit Sabo dams were constructed as debris flow
control structures. These are now considered unsafe because the narrow slits
may cause water to back up. The debris flow is not stopped by the slit but instead
stops in the low-flow velocity zone of the Sabo dam, so that deposited sediment
may be eroded and flow through the slit (see photos 117 and 118). These
concrete-slit dams are no longer constructed, and lateral steel bars are generally
installed in the slits of existing concrete-slit Sabo dams.

Fig. 118. Concrete-slit Sabo dam before sediment discharge.

Fig. 119. Sediment originally trapped upstream of the slit dam, released during therecession period, and deposited again downstream of the sabo dam.

85

Debris flow barrier or wire net.
A wire net can be used to trap a debris flow. The advantage of this structureis that it does not require people to work inside a torrent bed. After a debris flow,
the debris is removed and the wire net is replaced if it has been damaged.
Although some doubts have been raised about their durability, nets have beenused successfully in Switzerland and Japan (figure 119).

Fig. 120. Debris flow barrier successfully catching the debris flow snout at Mount
Tateyama, Japan. Part of the wire (left) was cut by boulders.

Debris Flow Sensors.
1) Wire sensors.
Wire sensors detect a debris flow when the wires laid out inside of river
channels get cut by a debris flow. Consequently, every time a wire gets cut by adebris flow, it requires repair work. Prior to installing a wire sensor, it is extremely
important to determine the appropriate height at which to install the wire sensor
according to the scale of debris flow potentially anticipated in the area. It is also
crucial to carefully determine the appropriate positioning of the wires in order toprevent accidental or unintentional activation of the sensor by animals, driftwood,
and/or fallen trees.
2) Vibration sensors.
Vibration sensors detect the vibration of the ground soil in case of a debris
flow. Prior to installing a vibration sensor, it is extremely important to determine
what level of vibration is appropriate to activate the sensor in case of a debris flow.
86

It is also important to keep in mind the risk of unintentional activation caused byearthquakes, as well as areas in which there is construction traffic and othervibration causes that may activate the sensor.
3) Light sensors.
Light sensors detect a debris flow when they intercept the light axis installed
through a river channel. Prior to installing a light sensor, it is important todetermine the appropriate positioning. The risk of unintentional activation causedby animals, driftwood, snow, fog, and other conditions, also needs to be taken into
consideration.
4) Acoustic sensors.
Acoustic sensors detect the sound propagating underground in case of adebris flow. Prior to installing an acoustic sensor, it is important to determine theappropriate acoustic level at which the sensor is activated. It is necessary to take
into consideration the risk of unintentional activation caused by traffic in the area,
including construction as well as ordinary traffic.
Needless to say, it is crucial to make sure that all of the workers will haveenough time to evacuate far enough from the site once any one of the sensors
above is activated and before the debris flow reaches the construction site.

Fig. 121.

Flow depth measurement at two monitoring stations makes it possible toassess mean front velocity (the horizontal scale is shortened with regard to both
the distance between the sensors and the debris flow profile).

87Fig. 122. Sketch of the components of a debris-flow warning system.

Sensors.
The new debris flow monitoring system will be based on the existing
infrastructure with several new enhancements. The first is a new type of mobile
sensor that will flow with the debris for new types of real-time tracking. The
second is to add wireless capability to other types of sensors used in the existing
infrastructure. Capsules for the Mass Flow Sensor We envision a mobile sensor,
called the Mass Flow Sensor, to be a pyramid-like capsule that normally stands
idle along possible debris flow paths and housed in a weather-proof, sturdy
enclosure.
Integration with Current Infrastructure The capsule will serve as an initial
platform on which different types of sensors can be attached either directly or
indirectly.

Fig. 123. Different type of sensors.
886. CONCLUSIONS.
Over the last decade, emergencies caused by natural and man-madedisasters have become more frequent and the risk of emergency situations ofvarious origins increased. Because of the different types of natural disasters(earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, mudslides, landslides,
avalanches, volcanic eruptions), more than 350 thousand people have died in thetwenty-first century. Unfortunately, the number of victims of natural disasters
continues to grow every year.
Every disaster brings destruction and loss of life, damages the environment.
The surface of the Earth will change continuously under the influence of naturalprocesses. Landslides will take place on unstable hillsides; will continue toalternate between large and small water in the rivers and storm surges would
occasionally flood the sea coast, no cost and no fires. Man is powerless toprevent the natural processes themselves, but in its power to avoid casualties
and damages.
It should be noted that, along with its unique geographical position in Central
Asia region is highly prone to natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides,
mudflows, floods, droughts, etc.). Complex environmental situation existing in theregion and elsewhere in the world is primarily due to natural and anthropogenic
factors. Therefore, it is imperative that new ways of solving problems developed,
including effective cooperation with the international community.
Reduction of losses due to natural disasters is one of the most pressing
issues that affect different aspects of human rights (economic, social andcultural).
Every year during the past decade has seen an alarming increase in theincidence of natural disasters, as well as the size of their social, economic andenvironmental impacts.
Seven thousand cases of natural disasters that have occurred over the last
25 years around the world, have claimed the lives of two million, while the numberof victims has exceeded five billion people.
Natural and environmental disasters can occur anywhere in the world, butthey are often bombarded disasters with devastating consequences in thosecountries that are prepared for them the least. Uzbekistan ranks high among
countries that have suffered significant loss of life and property as a result ofearthquakes and other natural disasters.
As one of the most seismically active regions in Central Asia, Uzbekistan isoften experienced an earthquake of eight - ten-point power. In addition to theseismic vulnerability, Uzbekistan threatened and hydrometeorological hazards

89that could affect the agricultural sector, in the form of seasonal flooding andperiodic droughts.
As we know, Japan is a highly developed country in the world. Nevertheless,every year in Japan, facing natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis,
floods and volcanic eruptions, which cause great damage to the economy andloss of life. The use of modern technologies and has extensive experience indisaster prevention and safety of residents said the leader of one of the countries
in the world. Especially for monitoring earthquakes, landslides, floods and theconstruction of protective structures in mountain and foothill areas.
After the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the Japanese government pays
special attention to natural disasters. For 12 years, the Japanese government hascreated a unique system to monitor earthquakes, landslides, floods, and tsunamis,
weather, etc. and early warning of tsunamis, earthquakes, floods. The early
warning system was launched in 2007.
Japan has a wealth of experience and knowledge to mitigate and prevent
natural disasters, in which the whole world takes the example, including
Uzbekistan. For achievement that the people of Japan have experienced a lot,
the result has demanded full commitment and full involvement of all relevant
subjects, including Governments, regional and international organizations, civilsociety including volunteers, the private sector and academia.
Currently Goscomgeology collaborates and interested in further cooperation
with ADRC mitigation of natural disasters, with the common goal of substantial
reduction of the victims, the early warning of the dangers and to reduce the social,economic and environmental assets of communities.
In Japan, I spent a wonderful time. I learned about a new system of disastermanagement, early warning and disaster prevention.
I would especially like to stay at the developed method to prevent landslides“New nailing network system” which is very effective for the reinforcement oflandslides preserving the natural surface structure of the environment.
After returning to the country, I plan to show presentation about Disastermanagement system and recommend this “New nailing network system” thechairman. I also plan to prepare a lecture for primary school students about
natural disasters and the action in the event of disaster, with intended installation
examples.
Firstly, I want say thank you Shiomi san for organizing all meetings, lectures,presentations, trips and for wholesome advice. And also thanks all the staff ADRC
for hospitality and cooperation.
Thank you very much!

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