Research Material-318238

Digest of Japanese Science and Technology

2015
Indicators 2022
Oct. 2022
Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators

National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, MEXTThis document is the English version of the executive summary of the “Japanese Science andTechnology Indicators 2022” which was published by NISTEP in August 2022. The English
version is edited by KANDA Yumiko and IGAMI Masatsura.

【Contributors】
KANDA YumikoSenior Research Fellow, Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), MEXTNISHIKAWA Kai

Research Fellow, Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), MEXT

MATSUMOTO Kuniko Senior Research Fellow, Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), MEXTOKAMURA Asako

Senior Research Fellow, Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), MEXTIGAMI Masatsura

Director, Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), MEXT

Please specify reference as the following example when citing this NISTEP RESEARCH MATERIAL.
“Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022”, NISTEP RESEARCH MATERIAL No. 318,
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, Tokyo.
DOI：https://doi.org/10.15108/rm318e

Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (ABSTRACT)“Science and Technology Indicators” is a fundamental resource for understanding Japanese science andtechnology activities based on objective and quantitative data. It classifies science and technology activities into
five categories such as R&D Expenditure; R&D Personnel; Higher Education and S&T personnel; Output of R&D;
and Science, Technology, and Innovation, and shows the state of Japanese science and technology activities withapproximately 170 indicators. The report is published annually and offers the latest results of analyses of scientificpublications and patent applications conducted by the NISTEP.
This edition of “Science and Technology Indicators 2022” includes new indicators such as “Status of universitylaunched venture companies.” In addition, columns included “International comparison of research activities
focusing on corresponding authors,” “Partner countries/regions in imports/exports of high R&D intensive industries,”and “Public trust in science and technology.”
Overviewing the latest Japan’s situation from “Science and Technology Indicators 2022,” the R&D expenditureand the number of researchers in Japan are the third-largest in major countries (Japan, the U.S., Germany, France,
the U.K., China, and Korea). Furthermore, Japan remains the world’s first place in the patent family (patentapplications to more than two countries).
The rank of Japan in the number of scientific publications (fractional counting method) in the world has changed
from 4th to 5th, and the rank in the number of top 10% highly cited publications changed from 10th to 12th. The
rank in the number of the top 1% highly cited publications changed from 9th to 10th. China surpassed the U.S. forthe first time and ranked first in the world in the top 1% highly cited publications.
The number of new doctoral degree recipients in Japan peaked in FY2006 and has been on a slight downward
trend ever since. On the other hand, in Korea, China, and the U.S., the number of new doctoral degree recipientshas more than doubled compared to FY2000 (FY 2005 in China) and the latest year.

Blank page

1. Japan's trends in key indicators
Trends for Japan in key indicators are as follows. Japan’s ranking is generally the same as in the previous
edition of the report, except for drops in the rankings for the number of papers and highly cited papers. Although
Japan ranks third behind the U.S. and China in about half of the indicators listed, it shows smaller growth than theother selected countries in many cases as described later.
[Summary Chart 1] Japan's trends in key indicators
Indicators

Changes inJapan's ranking

Japan’s
figures

R&D expenditure

No. 3→No. 3

17.6T yenNo. 1: U.S., No. 2: China

Business enterprises

No. 3→No. 3

13.9T yenNo. 1: U.S., No. 2: China

Universities and colleges

No. 4→No. 4

2.1T yenNo. 1: U.S., No. 2: China, No. 3: Germany

Public organizations

No. 4→No. 4

1.5T yenNo. 1: China, No. 2: U.S., No. 3: Germany

Number of Researchers

No. 3→No. 3

690K

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S.

Business enterprises

No. 3→No. 3

515K

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S.

Universities and colleges

No. 3→No. 3

136K

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.K.

Public organizations

No. 3→No. 3

30K

No. 1: China, No. 2: Germany

No. 4→No. 5

68K

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S., No. 3: Germany, No. 4: India

No. 10→No. 12

4K

No. 9→No. 10

0.3K

No. 1→No. 1

64K

No. 6→No. 6

0.7

No. 1→No. 1

2.6

No.6→No.5

119K

Number of scientific papers(fractional counting)Number of adjusted top 10%
scientific papers (fractionalcounting)
Number of adjusted top 1%
scientific papers (fractionalcounting)
Number of patent families
The trade balance ratios forhigh R&D intensive industries
The trade balance ratios for
medium-high R&D intensive
industries
Number of cross-border
trademark applications (Numberof classes)

Note

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S., No. 3: U.K., No. 4: Germany,
No. 5: Italy, No. 6: Australia, No. 7: India, No. 8: Canada,
No. 9: France, No. 10: Spain, No. 11: Korea
No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S., No. 3: U.K., No. 4: Germany,
No. 5: Australia, No. 6: Italy, No. 7: Canada, No. 8:
France, No. 9: India
No. 1: Korea, No. 2: China, No. 3: Germany, No. 4:
France, No. 5: U.K.

No. 1: China, No. 2: U.S., No. 3: Germany, No. 4: U.K.

Note:1) The “Changes in Japan's rankings” compares the latest year and the previous year. The “Japan’s figures” is for the latest year.
2) Except for the number of papers and adjusted top 10% papers, the rankings are within the following selected countries: Japan, the U.S., Germany, France, the U.K.,
China, and Korea.
3) As for the number of researchers, the U.S. is excluded from the rankings in “universities and colleges” and “public organizations” as data have not been published for“universities and colleges” since 2000 and for “public organizations” since 2003. The overall number of researchers in the U.S. is an estimated figure.

-1-(1) The growth of R&D expenditure in Japan's “business enterprises” and “universities andcolleges” sectors is smaller compared to the other selected countries.
The U.S. has the largest R&D expenditures in the sectors of “business enterprises” and “universities andcolleges” among the selected countries. Both sectors have seen strong growth since the 2010s. China is also
increasing its R&D expenditures. Japan ranks third among the selected countries in the “business enterprises”
sector, but its growth has been moderate over the same period. In the sector of “universities and colleges”,
Japan's R&D expenditure has remained almost flat since the 2000s, surpassed by China and Germany, whichhave grown rapidly since the 2010s.
[Summary Chart 2] Nominal values of R&D expenditure by “business enterprises” and “universities and colleges”(based on OECD purchase power parities data)(A) Business enterprises¥ trillions

Japan
U.S.

R&D expenditure (nominal values)

60
50

Germany

40

France

30

U.K.

20

China
Korea

10
0

EU-27
1981

85

89

93

97

01

05

09

13

17 2020Year

Reference: Chart 1-3-3(A), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)(B) Universities and colleges

R&D expenditure (nominal values)

12¥ trillions

Japan

U.S.

10

Germany
8

France

6

U.K.

4

China
Korea

2
0

EU-27
1981

85

89

93

97

01

05

09

Reference: Chart 1-3-11(A), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)

-2-

13

17

2020Year(2) In Japan, China, Korea and Germany, the R&D expenditures in the manufacturing industry aremuch larger than those in the non-manufacturing industry. In the U.S., those in the nonmanufacturing industry also have a sizeable share, although smaller than the manufacturingindustry.
Regarding the business enterprises’ R&D expenditures by industry in the most recent year, the following industries
have undertaken large-scale expenditures in the respective countries: the “information and communication industry” in
the U.S., the “motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers and other transport equipment industry” in Japan and Germany,the “professional, scientific and technical activities industry” in France and the U.K., and the “computer, electronic andoptical products industry” in China and Korea. Note that R&D expenditures in the “information and communicationindustry” in the U.S. (13.9 trillion yen in 2019) are about the same as that of the entire business enterprises sector inJapan (13.9 trillion yen in 2020).
[Summary Chart 3] Business enterprises’ R&D expenditure by industry in the selected countries
45¥ trillions

14¥ trillions

Manufacturing nec, other
Motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers and other transport
equipment

12
35Electrical equipment

10

Manufacturing25

Non-manufacturing

15

8 2.9

4.8
5.9

4.3

9.1

7.1

2.7

5 5.6

9.2

1.2

1.1

5

15

25

5.8
3.0

1.7

6

Chemicals and chemical
products

4.2

6.6

2
4.9

0

13.9

2.9

2.5

1.3

1.3

0.8
0.6

1.0
0.4 0.3

0.9

0.9

0.6 0.3

0.4

0.6

1.2
0.7
0.4
0.6

0.8

0.3

0.9

2
1.0
3.4

0.7
0.5
0.6

1.2

0.3
0.4

1.0

0.7
0.6

Non-manufacturing nec, other

4.4

Services nec, other

1.9
0.2

0.4

Professional, scientific andtechnical activities

1.3

Financial and insurance
activities

4

08 11 14 17 19 08 11 14 17 19
U.S.
（Non-manufacturing：
42%）

Pharmaceuticals, medicinal
chemical and botanical products

1.1

4 3.8

2.1

Computer, electronic andoptical products

4.2

China
(Non-manufacturing：
12%)

6
Year

Information andcommunication
08 11 14 17 20 08 11 14 17 19 08 11 14 17Japan(Non-manufacturing：
10%)

Germany(Non-manufacturing：
15%)

France(Non-manufacturing：51%)

08 11 14 17 19 08 11 14 17 19
U.K.
(Non-manufacturing：
63%)

Note:
Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of the non-manufacturing industry for the latest year in each country.
Reference: Chart 1-3-6, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022(in Japanese)

-3-

Korea
(Non-manufacturing：13%)

Non-manufacturingYear(3) The growth of the number of researchers in Japan's “business enterprises” and “universities andcolleges” sectors is smaller than that in other selected countries.
China has the largest number of researchers in the “business enterprises” and “universities and colleges” sectors
among the selected countries. In the “business enterprises” sector, the U.S. and China are closely matched, with bothcountries showing rapid growth. The number of researchers in the “business enterprises” sector in Japan remained
almost flat from the late 2000s, but has increased slightly since 2017. The number of Korean researchers in the“business enterprises” sector has also been increasing over a long time. In the “universities and colleges” sector,
Germany has seen an increase since the mid-2000s. Japan's growth has been moderate and has recently leveled off.
[Summary Chart 4] Trends in the number of researchers in “business enterprise” and “universities and colleges”(A) Business enterprise

Number of researchers

10,000 people
160
140

Japan

120

U.S.
Germany

100

France

80

U.K.

60

China

40

Korea
EU-27

20
0

1981

85

89

93

97

01

05

09

13

17

2021 year

Reference: Chart 2-2-4, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)(B) Universities and colleges
10,000 people
70
Japan

Number of researchers

60

U.S.

50

Germany

40

France
U.K.

30

China

20

Korea
EU-27

10
0

1981

85

89

93

97

01

Reference: Chart 2-2-10, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)

-4-

05

09

13

17

2021 year

(4) Japan ranks fourth in the number of researchers per 10,000 people in the labor force in 2020, after
ranking first among the selected countries in 2002.
In 2020, the number of researchers per 10,000 people in the labor force, in descending order, is 160.4, 109.4,
103.8, 98.8, 97.0(2019), 93.1(2019), and 29.1 in Korea, France, Germany, Japan, the U.S., the U.K., and China,
respectively. Japan had the largest number of researchers per 10,000 people in the labor force among the selected
countries in the early 2000s, but in recent years it has fallen to fourth place.
[Summary Chart 5] Changes in the number of researchers per 10,000 people in the labor force in the selected countries

Number of Researchers per 10,000 Labor force

180

160.4

160
140
120
100

91.4

98.8
72.4

80

109.4

103.8

97.0

93.1
68.3

67.6

67.1

61.9

60
40

29.1

20
0

10.9

2002 2020
Japan

2002 2019U.S.

2002 2020
Germany

2002 2020
France2002 2019
U.K.

2002 2020
China

2002 2020 year
Korea

Reference: Chart 2-1-5, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)(5) The percentage of female researchers in Japan is the lowest among the selected countries andregions.
The percentage of female researchers to all researchers in Japan is 17.5% in 2021. Although the percentage is thelowest among selected countries and regions, the number is the third largest after the U.K. and Germany.
【Summary Chart 6】 Number of researchers by gender and the percentage of female researchers (Head count)
Male researchers (HC)
Female researchers （HC)
Female researchers as a percentage of total researchers
53.0

Thousands

39.0
28.1
21.4
17.5

41.3
38.8 36.7

28.3

42.5

37.6

33.3
27.9

34.2

％
60
39.0

32.6
30.4

35.8

50
40

27.6 3020

22.9

Reference: Chart 2-1-10, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)-5-

GreeceCzech Republic

Switzerland

Argentina

Austria

Belgium

SwedenPortugal

Netherlands

PolandItaly

Chinese Taipei

Spain

RussiaRepublic of Turkey

U.K.

France

Korea

Japan

10

Germany

1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

0

(6) Although the percentage of female researchers in Japan is lower than that in other selected
countries, the percentage of women among newly hired researchers has been increasing.
The percentage of women among all researchers is the lowest in “business enterprises” in all the selected
countries. The percentage of female researchers in Japan is the lowest in each sector compared to the othercountries. In Japan, the percentage of newly hired female researchers tends to be higher than the percentage ofwomen among all researchers regardless of the sector.
[Summary Chart 7] Shares of female researchers of the selected countries by sector

％
60
50
40

Business enterprises
Public organizations
Universities and colleges
Non-profit institutions
Public organizations and Non-profit institutions
47.445.6
43.9
40.0
39.9
39.0
37.2
37.0
28.3

30

20.3

20

16.9

10.9

10
0

23.0

21.3

33.1
29.4
26.2

17.5

14.8

(2021)(2019)(2017)(2019)(2020)

Japan

Germany

France

U.K.

Korea

Reference: Chart 2-1-11, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)[Summary Chart 8] Newly hired researchers by gender in Japan

4.0

Male researcher
Female researcher
Ratio of the number of female researchers against the total

40

34.6

3.5

35

30.8

3.0

30
23.5

2.5

24.6

20.1

2.0

25
20

1.5

15

1.0

10

0.5

5

0.0

0

2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

Number of newly hired researchers％

Businessenterprises

Publicorganizations

Universities andcolleges

Reference: Chart 2-1-18(A), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)-6-

Non-profit
institutions

Total

Ratio of the number of female researchers against the
total

10,000 people2. Students and graduate students: situations in Japan and selected countries(1) Enrollment in Japanese graduate school doctoral programs peaked in FY2003 and has been on along-term declining trend.
The enrollment in Japanese graduate school master's programs peaked in FY2010 and has declined since then.
Although there has been a long-term downward trend, it increased by 3.3% year-on-year to 74,000 in FY2021. The
number of recurrent students enrolled in master's programs has remained at about 10% of the total, beginning todecrease slightly in FY2019. The enrollment in graduate school doctoral programs has been on a long-term
downtrend since its peak in FY2003, totaling 15,000 in FY2021. Among them, the number of recurrent students
enrolled in doctoral programs increased for a long time, but has been decreasing since FY2018, totaling 6,000 in
FY2021. This number accounted for 41.7% of the total in FY2021, about double the percentage in FY2003. Looking at
the composition by major, there has been a long-term increase in the number of students enrolled in “Others” in boththe master's and doctoral programs. Compared to FY2000, enrollment in the master's programs has decreased in“Humanities” and “Social Science,” and in the doctoral programs in all majors except “Medical Sciences” and “Others.”-7-

[Summary Chart 9] The number of new enrollments in graduate schools (master’s programs)(A) Changes in the number of new enrollments in graduate
schools by major subject (master’s programs)
9(B) Changes in the number of recurrent students newly
enrolled in graduate schools (master’s programs)

10,000 people

10,000 people

The number of enrollment

8

Others76
57

Humanities

643

Agriculturalsciences

2

Engineering

1

Naturalsciences
1981

86

91

96

01

06

11

16

8

Socialscience

Medicalsciences

0

50.0%

9

30.0%

5
4

Fresh
Students
Ratio of
Recurrent
Students

20.0%

3
2
10.8%

10.0%

1

9.3%

0

2021 FY

40.0%

Recurrent
Students

2003

10

15

2021

0.0%
FY

Reference: Chart 3-2-3, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)[Summary Chart 10] The number of new enrollments in graduate schools (doctoral programs)(B) Changes in the number of recurrent students newly
enrolled in graduate schools (doctoral programs)(A) Changes in the number of new enrollments in graduate
schools by major subject (doctoral programs)
2.0

10,000 people

10,000 people

The number of enrollment

1.8

Others

1.6

Socialscience

1.4

41.7%
40.0%

1.5

Humanities

1.2
1.0

Medicalsciences

0.8
0.6
0.4

30.0%

Recurrent
Students
Fresh
Students
Ratio of
Recurrent
Students

1.0

Agriculturalsciences

21.7%

Engineering

0.5

20.0%

10.0%

Naturalsciences

0.2
0.0

50.0%

2.0

1981

86

91

96

01

06

11

16

2021 FY

0.0

2003

10

15

2021

0.0%
FY

Reference: Chart 3-2-4, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)
Note.
“Others" in chart (A) are “Education,” “Arts,” “Merchant Marine,” and “Domestic Science,” as well as “Others,” which indicates “Others” in the “Departmental Classification Table”
of the “Report on School Basic Survey” Actual major study fields’ names included in this category often use words such as “Environment,” “Human,” “Information,” “International,”
and so on.

-8-(2) As for natural sciences and engineering students, many of those who graduated fromundergraduate programs find employment in the service type industries. In contrast, the majority of
those who completed master's degree programs work in the manufacturing industry.
Looking at the employers of undergraduate graduates in natural sciences and engineering by industry, thepercentage employed in the manufacturing industry was in the 50% range in the 1980s, but has declined over time to
23.5% in 2021. Now, the service type industries have taken over from the manufacturing industry, employing 40.7% of
undergraduate graduates in natural sciences and engineering in 2021, about triple the percentage in 1981.
In the case of master’s graduates in natural sciences and engineering, the percentage of those employed in the
manufacturing industry has been declining over time, reaching 53.7% in 2021. The percentage of those employed in
the service type industries is on a long-term increase, standing at 28.9% in 2021.
[Summary Chart 11] The employment status of students of natural sciences and engineering by industry classification(A) College graduates entering employment

The ratio of the employment for industry
classification％
100

Manufacturing
Service type industries
Others90
80
70
60 52.950
40 34.4

40.7
35.8

30

23.5

20 12.7
10
0

1981

85

89

93

97

01

05

09

13

17

2021 Year(B) Master’s degree program graduates entering employment

The ratio of the employment for industry
classification％
100

Manufacturing
Service type industries
Others

90
80

70.9

70
60

53.7

50
40
30
20
10
0

28.9

19.7

17.4

9.4

1981

85

89

93

97

01

05

09

13

17

2021 Year

Note：1) The service type industries include “Information and communication,” “Academic research, professional and technical services,” “Education and learning support,” etc.
2) “Others” includes “Construction,” “Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water supply,” “Transportation, postal service,” “Wholesale and retail trade,” and “Financial industry andinsurance industry.”
Reference: Chart 3-3-4,5， Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)-9-(3) The number of new doctoral degree recipients in Japan is on the decline.
Comparing the latest year's data for each country, the U.S. has the largest number of new doctoral degree
recipients (92,000), followed by China (66,000) and Germany (26,000). Japan has 15,000 new doctoral degree
recipients. Compared with FY2000 (FY2005 for China), the number has more than doubled in Korea, China, and the
U.S. Japan’s number peaked in FY2006 and has been on a slight downward trend since. Germany and the U.K. sawlarge declines in FY2020. 1[Summary Chart 12] Changes in the number of new doctoral degree recipients in the selected countries

New doctoral degree recipients10

10,000 people

9

Japan

8

U.S.

7

Germany

6

France

5

U.K.

4

China

3

Korea

2
1
0

2000 02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20 2021FY

Note:
The number of new doctoral degree recipients in the United States is the value calculated by subtracting all the figures for “Professional fields” (formerly referred to as “Firstprofessional degrees”) from the figures for “Doctor’s degrees” stated in the “Digest of Education Statistics.”
Reference: Chart 3-4-4(A), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)

1 The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), a U.K. source, suggests on its website that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the status of

responses from individual universities.

- 10 -

(4) Trends in hiring of PhD holders vary by industry.
In many manufacturing industries, the number of PhD holders newly hired as researchers and the percentage of
PhD holders among the newly hired researchers decreased in 2021. In the non-manufacturing industries as well, thenumber of PhD holders hired decreased in 2021, but the percentage of PhD holders among the newly hired
researchers increased. Many industries have reduced hiring of PhD holders after 2019 or 2020.
[Summary Chart 13] PhD holders among newly hired researchers of business enterprises (by industry)
PeoplePeopleData of 2017 to 2021 presented from left to right25%

10% 250

1,000

No. of PhD holders among newly hired researchers (All industries
No. of PhD holders among newly hired researchers (Manufacturing)
No. of PhD holders among newly hired researchers (Non-manufacturing)% of PhD holders among newly hired researchers

20%

Reference: Chart 2-1-19, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)- 11 -

Other non-manufacturing

0%

Scientific research, professional &technical services

0

Information services

0%

Other manufacturing

0Transportation equipment

5%

Information & communicationelectronics equipment

50

Electrical machinery,equipment & supplies

2%

Electronic parts, devices,& electronic circuit

200

Business oriented machinery

10%

Iron and steel

4% 100Petroleum and coal products

400

Chemical products

15%

Drugs & medicines

6% 150Non - manufacturing

600

Manufacturing

8% 200All industry

800

(5) PhD holders account for a large percentage of employees in Japan's university-launched venturecompanies
The number of university-launched venture companies in Japan has been steadily increasing, standing at 3,306 in
FY2021. By venture category, “research-based ventures” accounted for 53.8% of the total. PhD holders account for
16% of the total number of employees in university-launched venture companies, which is substantial compared tothe percentage of PhD holders among researchers in general companies (4%).
[Summary Chart 14] The status of university-launched venture companies(A) Changes in the number of companies
3,500

Companies
Unknown
Relations ventures
Student ventures
Technology-transfer ventures
Joint-research ventures
Research-based ventures
Total

3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1989

92

95

00

05

08 20142021 FY

2017(B) Percentage of PhD holders in the number of employees by venture category (FY2021 survey)
0%

10%

20%

Research-based ventures

50%

60%

15%

Technology-transfer ventures46%
3%

Relations ventures

9%

University-launched ventures total

Researchers of general companies

40%

23%

Joint-research ventures

Student ventures

30%

16%

4%

Note:
The source of Summary Charts 14(A) and 14(B) is the “FY2021 Industrial Technology Survey (Survey on University-Developed Venture Businesses) Report” by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The report includes a breakdown by venture category for FY2017 and thereafter, which is presented here. Summary Chart 14(B) is
sourced from the Survey on University-Developed Venture Businesses (2022), showing the results of the survey of university-launched venture companies identified in the“Survey on the Establishment of University-Developed Venture Businesses (2022),” of which contact information was available (374/3,048 cases were collected, for a response
rate of 12.3%). The largest percentage of PhD holders was found in the “technology-transfer ventures” category (46%), but it should be noted that the number of venturecompanies in the category is small.
Sources:(A): METI, “Survey on the Establishment of University-Developed Venture Businesses (May 2022)”(B): “Survey on University-Developed Venture Businesses (May 2022)”; General companies: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Survey of Research andDevelopment”
Reference: Chart5-4-10(A),12(A), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)- 12 -

3. R&D outputs and status of science, technology and innovation in the selected
countries(1) Number of papers from Japan has remained flat but has dropped in ranking due to the increase inpapers from other countries and regions. The pronounced fall in Japan's ranking is evident in thenumber of adjusted top 10% papers. China ranked first in the world in the number of adjusted top
1% papers as well.
In terms of the number of scientific papers, which is one measure of R&D outputs, the number of papers fromJapan (the average of PY2018–2020) is ranked 5th after China, the U.S., Germany, and India, when counted by thefractional counting method that measures the degree of contribution to paper production. Japan ranked 12th and 10th
in the number of adjusted top 10% and top 1% papers in citation counts, respectively. Compared with the previous
time frame, Japan dropped one rank in the number of papers, two in the number of adjusted top 10% papers, and one
in the number of adjusted top 1% papers. China surpassed the U.S. and ranked first in the world in the number ofadjusted top 1% papers as well.
[Summary Chart 15] Top countries/regions in the number of papers and in the numbers of adjusted top 10% and 1% papers incitation counts (in natural sciences, based on the fractional counting method)
All fields
Country/Region
U.S.
Japan
Germany
U.K.
FranceItaly
CanadaChina
RussiaSpain
All fields
Country/Region

1998 － 2000 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers

Country/Region
U.S.
China
Japan
Germany
U.K.
FranceItaly
India
CanadaKorea
All fields
Country/Region

2008 － 2010(PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers

Country/Region
China
U.S.
Germany
India
Japan
U.K.
Korea
Italy
FranceCanadaAll fields
Country/Region
China
U.S.
U.K.
Germany
Italy
Australia
India
CanadaJapan

2018 － 2020 (PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
407,18123.4
1293,43416.8
269,7664.0
369,0674.0
467,6883.9
565,4643.8
653,3103.1
752,1103.0
845,3642.6
943,5602.5
102018 － 2020 (PY) (Average)
The number of adjusted top 10% papers

Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
46,35226.6
136,680
21.1
2
8,772
5.0
3
7,246
4.2
4
6,073
3.5
5
5,099
2.9
6
4,926
2.8
7
4,509
2.6
8

…

Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
36,910
34.1
1
9,011
8.3
2
7,420
6.9
3
6,477
6.0
4
4,568
4.2
5
4,369
4.0
6
4,078
3.8
7
3,450
3.2
8
2,941
2.7
9
2,903
2.7
10

All fields

…

U.S.
China
U.K.
Germany
FranceJapan
CanadaItaly
Australia
Spain

2008 － 2010(PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
246,18822.7
1
107,955
10.0
264,7836.0
358,095
5.4
454,1165.0
542,8114.0
636,8583.4
735,1503.2
834,9133.2
931,6502.9
10…

Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
30,710
42.1
1
6,071
8.3
2
4,991
6.8
3
4,369
6.0
4
3,609
4.9
5
2,842
3.9
6
2,128
2.9
7
1,814
2.5
8
1,687
2.3
9
1,398
1.9
10

All fields

…

U.S.
U.K.
Germany
Japan
FranceCanada
Italy
Netherlands
Australia
Spain

1998 － 2000 (PY) (Average)
The number of papers
Fractional counting
Papers
Share
World rank
203,66927.9
164,7528.9
251,5977.1
351,0537.0
437,6575.2
524,7073.4
624,3203.3
722,5493.1
822,3513.1
917,140
2.3
10

3,780

2.2

12

1998 － 2000 (PY) (Average)
2008 － 2010(PY) (Average)
2018 － 2020 (PY) (Average)
All fields
All fields
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
The number of adjusted top 1% papers
Fractional counting
Fractional counting
Fractional counting
Country/Region
Country/Region
Country/Region
Papers
Share
World rank
Papers
Share
World rank
Papers
Share
World rank
U.S.
3,681
50.5
1 U.S.
4,459
41.2
1 China
4,744
27.2
1
U.K.
622
8.5
2 U.K.
818
7.6
2 U.S.
4,330
24.9
2
Germany445
6.1
3 China696
6.4
3 U.K.
963
5.5
3
Japan
333
4.6
4 Germany642
5.9
4 Germany686
3.9
4France310
4.2
5 France419
3.9
5 Australia
550
3.2
5
Canada258
3.5
6 Canada
411
3.8
6 Italy496
2.8
6Netherlands
181
2.5
7 Japan351
3.2
7 Canada
451
2.6
7
Italy
163
2.2
8 Australia
301
2.8
8 France406
2.3
8
Switzerland
155
2.1
9 Italy279
2.6
9 India353
2.0
9Australia152
2.1
10 Netherlands
278
2.6
10 Japan
324
1.9
10
Note:
The number of Articles and reviews was counted. Publication year (PY) was used for the year tally. The number of citations is the value at the end of 2021.
Reference: Chart 4-1-6(B), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)
All fields- 13 -

Comparing the shares of the number of adjusted top 10% papers by field, the shares of “Physics,” “Clinicalmedicine,” and “Chemistry” are higher in Japan than those of other fields. In the U.S., the shares of “Clinicalmedicine,” “Basic life sciences,” and “Physics” are high. In China, the shares of “Material science,” “Chemistry,”“Engineering,” and “Computer science/Mathematics” are high.
[Summary Chart 16] A comparison of the share of the papers and adjusted top 10% papers in Japan, the U.S. and China by
field(%, 2018–2020, fractional counting method)(A)Japan(B)U.S.

Chemistry
10.0

Chemistry
50.0

Basic life
sciences

Basic life
sciences

Materialscience

Materialscience25.0

5.0
Clinicalmedicine

Clinicalmedicine

Physics

0.0

Computerscience/
Mathematics

Environment/
Geoscience

0.0

Physics

Computerscience/
Mathematics

Environment/
Geoscience

Engineering

Engineering

Share of the number of papers
Share of the number of adjusted top 10% papers

Share of the number of papers
Share of the number of adjusted top 10% papers(C)China
Chemistry
50.0
Basic life
sciences

Materialscience25.0

Clinicalmedicine

Physics

0.0

Computerscience/
Mathematics

Environment/
Geoscience
Engineering

Share of the number of papers
Share of the number of adjusted top 10% papers
Reference: Chart 4-1-10, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)14

Looking at the changes in the percentage of papers by field and by country, the share of “Chemistry,” “Basic life
sciences,” and “Physics” has each decreased in Japan. In contrast, the share of “Clinical medicine” has increased
significantly, indicating a change in the composition of fields of papers produced in Japan. The U.S. has seen adecrease in “Basic life Sciences” and “Physics” and an increase in “Clinical medicine. In China, “Materials science”
and “Engineering” are larger in percentage than those in the other selected countries.
[Summary Chart 17] Changes in the percentage of papers by field in Japan, the U.S. and China (fractional counting method)（A）Japan（B）U.S.

100%

100%

Chemistry90%

Chemistry

90%

80%

Material science

80%

70%

Physics

70%（C）China
100%

Physics

80%

Computer science/Mathematics
Engineering

70%

Environment/Geoscience

60%

Computer science/Mathematics

50%

Environment/Geoscience

50%

Clinical medicine

40%

40%

30%

30%

30%

20%

20%

20%

60%

Engineering

40%

Material science

60%
50%

Clinical medicine

Basic life sciences

Chemistry

90%

Material science

Physics
Computer science/Mathematics
Engineering
Environment/Geoscience
Clinical medicine

Basic life sciences

10%

10%

10%

Basic life sciences
0%
1981

86

91

96

01

06

11

16 2020 (PY)

0%
1981

86

91

96

01

06

11

16 2020 (PY)

0%
1981

86

91

96

01

06

11

16 2020 (PY)

Reference: Chart 4-1-9, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)(D) Classification fields
Category
Chemistry
Material science
Physics
Computer science/
Mathematics
Engineering
Environment/
Geoscience
Clinical Medicine
Basic life sciences

Chemistry
Material science
Physics, Space science

Consolidated ESI 22 field classification

Computer science, Mathematics
Engineering
Environment/Ecology, Geoscience
Clinical medicine, Psychiatry/Psychology
Agricultural Science, Biology & Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology & Genetics,
Neuroscience & Behavior, Pharmacology, Plant & Animal Science

Reference: Chart 4-1-4(B), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)

Note:1) Summary Charts 15, 16, and 17: The number of Articles and reviews was counted. Publication year (PY) was used for the year tally. The number of citations is the value
at the end of 2021.
2) Summary Chart 17: Results do not include papers that cannot be categorized into the eight categories.
3) Summary Chart 17(D): The ESI 22 fields are journal-based classifications from http://esi.help.clarivate.com/Content/journal-list.htm (esi-master-journal-list-02-2022). The
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy reclassifies papers included in the Web of Science (SCIE) using the ESI 22 field classification of the Essential
Science Indicators (ESI). The eight categories do not include “Economics & Business,” “Multidisciplinary,” and “Social Sciences, general.”15

(2) Japan has maintained the 1st position in the world in the number of patent families (patents filed
in two or more countries/regions). Japan's shares in “Information and communications
technology” and “Electrical engineering” are declining as China's shares increase.
This section examines the status of patent applications by analyzing the number of patent families, which is thenumber of inventions created in each countries/region measured in an internationally comparable manner.
Between 1995 and 1997, the United States was ranked the first and Japan the second. Between 2005 and2007 and between 2015 and 2017, Japan was ranked the first and the United States the second.
Note that Japan's global share has been declining since the mid-2000s. And that China is in the fourth place in2015-2017, steadily increasing the number of patent families.
In terms of technological fields, Japan has high shares in “Electrical engineering” and “General machinery”; theU.S. has high shares in “Biomedical devices” and “Biotechnology/pharmaceuticals”; and China has high shares in“Information and communications technology” and “Electrical engineering.” Compared to 10 years ago, China's
shares have expanded while Japan's shares in “Information and communications technology” and “Electricalengineering” have shrunk.
[Summary Chart 18] The number of patent families by selected countries/region: top 10 countries/regions

Country/Region

1995 - 1997(Average)

2005 - 2007(Average)

2015 - 2017(Average)

Number of patent families（Whole counting）

Number of patent families（Whole counting）

Number of patent families（Whole counting）

Share

Patent Families

World rank

Country/Region

Patent Families

ShareWorld rank

Country/Region

Patent Families

ShareWorld rank

U.S.

30,227

28.0

1

Japan

61,922

29.9

1

Japan

63,627

26.0

1

Japan

29,728

27.5

2

U.S.

48,732

23.5

2

U.S.

55,01822.4

2

Germany

18,23916.93

Germany

28,504

13.8

3

Germany

27,709

11.3

3

France

6,722

6.2

4

Korea

18,919

9.1

4

China

26,793

10.9

4

U.K.

5,747

5.3

5

France10,583

5.1

5

Korea

22,298

9.1

5

Korea

4,774

4.4

6

Taiwan

8,874

4.3

6

France11,075

4.5

6

Italy

3,094

2.9

7

U.K.

8,595

4.2

7

Taiwan10,162

4.1

7

Switzerland

2,482

2.3

8

China

8,537

4.1

8

U.K.

8,624

3.5

8

Netherlands

2,469

2.3

9

Canada

5,262

2.5

9

Italy

5,815

2.4

9

Canada

2,294

2.1

10

Italy

5,242

2.5

10

Canada

5,160

2.1

10

Note:
Reference: Chart 4-2-5(B), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)[Summary Chart 19] Comparison of the shares of patent families by technological fields in Japan, the U.S. and China(％, 2005-2007 and 2015-2017, whole counting)(A)Japan(B)U.S.

(C)China

Electricalengineering

Electricalengineering

Electricalengineering

OthersTransport
equipment

50
40

ICT

Others

50
40

30

30

20

20

GeneralmachineryTransport
equipment

Bio/medical
devices

Mechanicalengineering

100Mechanicalengineering
Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals(2005-2007)

Chemistry(2015-2017)

ICT

OthersGeneralmachineryTransport
equipment

Bio/medical
devices

Mechanicalengineering0

Chemistry(2005-2007)(2015-2017)

Generalmachinery0

Bio/medical
devices

Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals

Note:
Same as Summary Chart 18. The item “ICT” in Summary Chart 19 stands for “Information and Communications Technology.”
Reference: Chart 4-2-12, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)

16

ICT

10

10

Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals

20(2005-2007)

Chemistry(2015-2017)

Looking at the changes in the percentage of patent families by technological field and by country, “Electricalengineering,” which accounts for a large share in Japan, has been on a downward trend since around 2010. During
the same period, the percentages of “Mechanical engineering” and “Transport equipment” have increased. Comparing
1981 and 2017 of the U.S., “Information and communication technology” has increased, while “Mechanicalengineering” and “Chemistry” have decreased. Comparing 1985 and 2017 of China, “Information and communication
technology” has increased significantly.
[Summary Chart 20] Changes in percentage of patent families by technological field in Japan, the U.S. and China（A）Japan（B）U.S.

100%

100%

90%

100%
Electrical engineering

90%

Electrical engineering

80%

80%

70%
60%

70%
General machinery

40%
Chemistry

30%
20%
10%

Bio/medical
devices

Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals

30%

Mechanical engineering

20%

Transport equipment

10%

Others
89

93

97

01

05

09

13 2017 Year

01

05

Mechanical engineering

10%

Others97

Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals

20%

Transport equipment
93

Chemistry

30%

Mechanical engineering

89

Bio/medical
devices

40%

Biotechnology/
pharmaceuticals

0%1981 85

General machinery50%

Chemistry

40%

ICT

60%

Bio/medical
devices

50%

General machinery

Electrical engineering

80%

ICT

60%

50%

90%

70%

ICT

0%
1981 85（C）China

09

13 2017 Year

0%
1985

Transport equipment
Others
89

93

97

01

05

09

13

2017Year

Reference: Chart 4-2-11, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)（D）Technological fields
Technological fields
Electrical engineering
Information and communication technology
General machinery
Bio/medical devices
Chemistry
Biotechnology/pharmaceuticals
Mechanical engineering
Transport equipment
Other

35 detailed classifications (WIPO)
Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy, Audio-visual technology, Semiconductors
Telecommunications, Digital communication, Basic communication processes, Computer technology, IT methods
for management
Optics, Measurement, Control
Analysis of biological materials, Medical technology
Organic fine chemistry, Food chemistry, Basic materials chemistry, Material, metallurgy, Surface, Micro-structureand nano-technology, Chemical engineering, Environmental technology
Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
Handling (elevators, cranes, robots, packaging devices, etc.), Machine tools, Textile and paper machines, Other
special machines, Thermal processes and apparatus, Mechanical elements
Engines, pumps, turbines, Transport
Furniture games, Other consumer goods, Civil engineering

Reference: Chart 4-2-11, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)
Note：1) Summary Chart 18, 19, 20：A patent family is a group of patents filed in two or more countries, directly or indirectly related to each other by priority rights. In many cases, thesame patents filed in multiple countries belong to the same patent family.
2) Summary Chart 19： Percentage of each technological field is the share of each country in the world.
3) Summary Chart 20：Percentage of each technological field is the share of each field in the target country.
4) Summary Chart 20(D)：Classified by NISTEP based on WIPO, IPC-Technology Concordance Table.

- 17 -

(3) Japan has strength in technology yet with a possibility of lagging other selected countries in termsof international launching of new products or services based on their technologies.
When comparing the numbers of cross-border applications for trademarks and patent families per million
populations, Japan is the only country with fewer trademark applications than patent family applications in the latest
year.
In Korea, the U.K., and Germany, the number of trademark applications surged in the period between 2002 and2019.
[Summary Chart 21] Cross-border trademark applications and patent applications (per 1 million population)
Japan

U.S.

Germany

France

U.K.

Korea

160

[Meaning of the number of trademark applications
as an indicator]
The number of trademark applications is related to theconcretization of innovations in the forms of new productor service introductions, or marketing activities thereof.
In this sense, the number of trademark applications is
considered as data that reflect the relationship between
innovations and markets.

Cross-border trademarks * per 1 million population

140
120
'19
100
'19

80

'19

'19

60

'02
'02
'19

40

'19
'02
'02

20

'02

'02
0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Triadic patent families** per 1 million population
Note:1)* For the definition of cross-border trademarks, “Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective” released by the OECD is followed. The specific definition is as follows.
・The number of trademarks in Japan, Germany, France, the U.K. and Korea is the number filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
・The number of trademarks for the U.S. is the average of (i) and (ii).
(i) The corrected number of the U.S. applications, based on the ratio of Japanese and the U.S. applications to the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM)= (number of the U.S. applications to the OHIM / number of Japanese applications to the OHIM) × number of Japanese applications to the USTPO(ii) The corrected number of the U.S. applications, based on the ratio of European and the U.S. applications to the Japan Patent Office (JPO) = (number of the U.S.
applications to the JPO / number of EU-15 applications to the JPO) × number of EU-15 applications to the USTPO
2)**Cross-border patent applications mean the number of triadic patent families (patents with the same content submitted to Japan, the U.S. and Europe).
Reference: Chart 5-3-3, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)- 18 -

Looking at the industry sector composition based on the International Classification of Goods and Services (NiceClassification) in trademark applications to the U.S., Japan has many trademark applications related to “Chemicals”
and “Transportation.” China has many trademark applications related to “Household equipment” and “Clothing andaccessories.”[Summary Chart 22] Industry sector composition based on Nice Classification in trademark applications from the selected
countries to the U.S. (specialization coefficient)(A)Japan
Agriculture
3.0
Transportation
2.0
Research andtechnology(B)U.S.
Agriculture
3.0

Business
services

1.0

Transportation
2.0
Research andtechnology

Chemicals

1.0

0.0

Chemicals

0.0

Leisure andeducation

Clothing andaccessories

Householdequipment

Business
services

Leisure andeducation

Clothing andaccessories

Householdequipment

Construction

Construction

HealthHealth(C)China
Agriculture
3.0
Transportation
2.0
Research andtechnology

1.0

Business
services

Chemicals

0.0
Leisure andeducation

Clothing andaccessories

Householdequipment

Construction
HealthNote:1) For a correspondence table between Nice Classification and industry sectors, “Annex B. Composition of industry sectors by Nice goods and services classes” in “WorldIntellectual Property Indicators 2020” by WIPO was consulted.
2) Applications for international registration using the Madrid System (international applications) and direct applications
3) The number of classes is measured. Data shown are specialization coefficients, which represent the ratio of applications (number of classes) to the U.S. by a particularcountry against applications to the U.S. from all countries, both in a particular industry sector. (Specialization coefficient = Composition rate of industry sector A (e.g.
household equipment) in trademark applications from a particular country to the U.S. / Composition rate of industry sector A in trademark applications from all countries to theU.S.). The totals for 2018-2020 are used.
Reference: Chart 5-3- 4(C), Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)19(4) The balance of trade shows Japan’s high R&D intensive industries are in trade deficit while mediumhigh R&D intensive industries are in trade surplus. Japan's trading partner countries and regions forthe high R&D intensive industries have shifted from the U.S. to China and other Asian countries andregions in imports and exports.
Regarding trades in high R&D intensive industries, “Computer, electronic and optical products” is dominant inimport and export in many countries. The balance of trade (of the latest year for each country) shows that Japan andthe U.S. are in trade deficit while Germany and China are in trade surplus. Regarding the export value of mediumhigh R&D intensive industries, “Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers” account for the largest share in Japan andGermany, “Chemicals and chemical products” being the largest in the U.S., and “Electrical equipment” in China. Thebalance of trade shows that Japan, Germany, and China are in trade surplus while the U.S. is in trade deficit.
[Summary Chart 23] Trends in the value of industrial trade in the selected countries(A) High R&D intensive industries

1.0

Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
Computer, electronic and optical products
Air and spacecraft and related machinery¥ trillions

0.8

Imports Exports

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

Japan

U.S.

China

Japan, U.S.:1995～2021
China、Germany:1995～2020

Germany

Reference: Chart 5-2-3, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)(B) Medium-high R&D intensive industries¥ trillions
1.0

Chemicals and chemical products
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Railroad equipment and transport equipment n.e.c.

Electrical equipment
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
others0.8

Imports

Exports

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6

Japan, U.S.:1995～2021
China、Germany:1995～2020

0.8
1.0

Japan

U.S.

Note：
Others" include "Magnetic and optical media" and "Medical and dental instruments and supplies.
Reference: Chart 5-2-6, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)- 20 -

China

Germany

Looking at the trading partners for the high R&D intensive industries, the U.S. was Japan's largest export partner inthe past, shifted to China and Asia (other than Japan, China, and Korea) in the latest year. As for the U.S., Germany,and China, they maintain a certain level of exports to the regions to which they each belong, i.e., regions of America,
Europe, and Asia. As for imports, Japan, the U.S., and Germany all import more from China than before (comparison
between 1995 and 2021: Japan 5%→36%, the U.S. 5%→27%, and Germany 3%→24%). In China, Asia (other thanJapan, China, and Korea) has replaced Japan and the U.S. as the largest source.
(C) Trading partner countries/regions for the high R&D intensive industries
10,000

Other

6,000

Asia (other than Japan, China,
and Korea)
Korea

4,000

China

Exports

Japan, U.S.、Germany:1995～2021
China:1995～2020

2,000

Europe (other than
Germany,France and U.K. )U.K.

Imports

8,000¥ trillions

2,000

0

FranceGermany

4,000

North/Latin America (other than
U.S.)
U.S.

6,000
8,000
10,000

Japan

Japan

U.S.

China

GermanyNote.
The original data for China's imports also included the value of imports from China. Since this corresponds to re-imports, which was excluded in preparing this chart.
Reference: Chart 5-2-5, Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022 (in Japanese)- 21 -

Characteristics of the Japanese Science and Technology Indicators“The Japanese Science and Technology Indicators” is published annually to present the most recent
statistics/indicators at the time of publication. The statistics/indicators are selected considering the following two
conditions: 1) the indicators should allow either of the time-series comparison or the comparison among the selected
countries and 2) the indicators should be possible to update annually in principle.

NISTEP conducted analysis of paper and patent databases
Paper data were aggregated and analyzed by NISTEP using Web of Science provided by Clarivate Analytics.
Patents family data were aggregated and analyzed by NISTEP using PATSTAT (the patent database of the European
Patent Office).

Use of “reminder marks” for international comparisons and time-series comparisons
The reminder marks “attention to international comparison”

and “attention to trend”

have been attached to graphs where they are required. Generally, the data for each country are collected in line with
the OECD’s manuals. However, differences in methods or scope of collecting data exist, and therefore attention isnecessary when making comparisons in some cases.

Such cases are marked “attention to international

comparison.” Likewise, for some time series data, data could not be continuously collected under the same
conditions due to changes in statistical standards. Cases where special attention is required when reading
chronological trends are marked “attention to trend.” Specifics for such points requiring attention are provided in thenotes of individual charts.

To download the collection of statistics (numerical data for the graphs in this report)
The numerical data for the graphs in this report can be downloaded from the following URL or QR code.
https://www.nistep.go.jp/research/indicators
The references shown below the summary charts in this report indicate the table numbers in the collection of
statistics.

- 22 -RESEARCH MATERIAL No. 318
Digest of Japanese Science and Technology Indicators 2022

October 2022

Center for S&T Foresight and Indicators
National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
https://doi.org/10.15108/rm318e

https://www.nistep.go.jp