Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitors
Application Note

The data which this application note shows are typical values, and they are not guaranteedvalues. Contents in this application note are subject to change without notice.

2009.7. Rev. 03

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

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1. Uses
Conductive polymer aluminum solid capacitors, which will be abbreviated to “polymer capacitors” in thefollowing, have been recently extending in their applications. The polymer capacitors as well as conventional
aluminum electrolytic capacitors are featured by large capacitance and excellent bias characteristics which
multilayer ceramic capacitors can never compete with. In addition to these advantages that aluminumelectrolytic capacitors have as well, the polymer capacitors have extremely low ESR characteristics. Regarding
ESL, which it is determined by inside structure and terminal configuration of the capacitors, by making
structural improvements the polymer capacitors have low ESL compared with the conventional aluminumelectrolytic capacitors.
Also, concerning the dry-out of electrolyte in service life and the changes of characteristics at a range of low
temperatures that have been regarded as disadvantages in aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the polymer
capacitors have realized very high reliability and superior low temperature characteristics by using solid
polymer materials as an electrolyte.
The polymer capacitors having these features have been demonstrating their capabilities in various fields. Theircommon uses are described in this application note.

Large Capacitance
Low ESR／ESLHigh Reliability
Excellent
Excellent characteristics
characteristics
at
at low
low temperaturestemperatures

2009.7. Rev. 03

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1. Uses: For backup

Load currents in ICs, etc. are not constant and always
change with its operation. As the load rapidly changes, thepower supply unit cannot supply a sufficient amount of
current to the ICs, etc., causing line voltage to drop with theresult of malfunction or stoppage of IC operation.
Capacitors for backup as used here can mitigate the drop
in line voltage by playing a role of power supply temporarily.
However, a capacitor contains equivalent components ofresistance and inductance in series, called ESR and ESL
respectively. These affect the capacitor's backup function.

Supply current frompower source

Power source

2009.7. Rev. 03

IC

Backup current
Line voltage reduction

ESR causes a drop in line voltage in proportion to thecurrent that capacitor discharges. ESL causes another dropin the voltage in proportion to the change amount of current
as a rapid change in current occurs. Also, since thecapacitor keeps discharging until the power supply unit will
respond to the load change, the voltage that capacitor
discharges and supplies will decrease. For this reason, thecapacitors used for backup need to have large capacitance
rating as well as low ESR and low ESL.
Since polymer capacitors have low ESR, low ESL andlarge capacitance, they have excellent response to achange in the load, thereby being able to support a change
in the load in ICs, etc.

Backup current

ESL

Voltage drop bycurrent change (di/dt)

ESR

Voltage drop bycurrent flow

Cap.

Voltage dropby charge loss incapacitor

Low ESL

Support rapid current change

Low ESR

Voltage drop is small even throughlarge current flows

Large
capacitance

Reduce voltage drop for a long periodof time

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1. Uses: Bypass and decoupling■Bypass capacitors

Current ：AC（Noise）+DC

There may be noises in current (voltage) which will be supplied
into an IC, etc. through a power supply line. The noises come tocause the IC, etc. to malfunction in their operation. The ACnoises can be shunted to the ground by bypassing the power
supply lines by a capacitor.

DC
Don’t delivernoise to IC

AC■Decoupling capacitors
Spike containing harmonic current, which IC generates by its
operation, flows into a power supply line. A decoupling capacitor
functions to circulate the harmonic current in a short loop. If thedecoupling capacitor is unable to handle an ample amount of
harmonic current, a long loop of harmonic current is formed andthe harmonic current flows into the power supply unit. This forms
an antenna and becomes the cause of emission noise.
It is said that capacitors used here should have low impedanceand sufficient capacitance. Therefore, polymer capacitors arevery effective as decoupling and bypass capacitors for power
supply lines and so forth.

Bypass capacitor

Don’
Don’t deliver noise from powersource to IC

Decoupling capacitor

Don’
Don’t deliver noise on IC to power
電源

2009.7. Rev. 03

source, etc.

PowersourceIC

DC

Role of bypass capacitor
Current：AC（Noise）+DCDC
Don’t delivernoise toPower Source

AC

DC

IC

Role of decoupling capacitor

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1. Uses: Filtering

Pole f P =

1
2π LC

1
Zero point f Z =2πR ESR C

2009.7. Rev. 03

RC Filter

LC Filter

π type Filter

T type Filter

LC Filter Bode diagramf P f Zb
fZa
0

f[Hz]
f Za Zero point : Polymer Capacitor[dB]

f Zb Zero point : Al-Electrolytic Cap.
ec
B/d
0d
-4

The pole in the LC filter is the frequency that gives a gain
slope of -40dB/dec. And the zero point in the LC filter isthe frequency that gives a gain slope of -20dB/dec. In thecase of an ideal capacitor having no ESR, the gainchanges by a -40dB/dec slope at the pole frequency fp
and higher. However, actual capacitors have ESR, so thatthe gain characteristics come to switch from the -40dB/dec
slope to a -20 dB/dec slope at the zero point frequency fz.
The zero point frequency fz is inversely proportional to theresistance (ESR) as the equation shows. Therefore, using
polymer capacitors featuring low ESR come to shift thezero point frequency fz to the higher frequency area, andeventually noise removal characteristics are improved at a
range of high frequencies.

Filter (e.g.)

Gain

When using a capacitor in the low-pass filter to reduce
switching noises or to separate a power supply line in amixed digital-analog circuit, polymer capacitors are theoptimum choice because of their advantages of large
capacitance, good temperature characteristics and longlife performance. The polymer capacitors especially havecharacteristics of low ESR. Therefore they have extremely
high gain characteristics in the filter at a range of highfrequencies.
As an example, the gain characteristics of an LC filter isshown in the chart on the lower right. Based on thetransfer function, the LC filter has each frequency called“pole” and “zero point” as shown in the equations below.
The zero point depends on the ESR of the capacitor.

-2
0d
B/
de
c

Al-Electrolytic Cap.
Conductive Polymer Cap.

ESR : HIGH

Gain

SMALL

ESR : LOW－∞

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Gain

LARGE

ESR : Zero （Ideal Capacitor）

5

1. Uses: Smoothing

Since polymer capacitors have low ESR, using them as
input and output smoothing capacitors can downsize power
supply units.
A smoothing capacitor for the switching power supply units
can suppress ripple voltage better as its ESR becomes
lower. At the output side of the converter shown on the left,
an output ripple current in a triangular waveform isgenerated with a switching waveform synchronized, thereby
an output ripple voltage being generated as well. A
capacitor at the output side functions to smooth the ripple.
Smoothing the output ripple voltage provides stable
operation for ICs, etc. at the output side.

Non-Insulated Converter
Input
ripple voltage

Input ripple current

Outputripple voltage

Switchingvoltage

Output ripple
current

As for the input ripple current, pulse-shaped current is
synchronized with the switching waveform. The pulse
current becomes one of the causes of noise if it flows in thewiring. For this reason, sufficient consideration is required
for smoothing capacitors at the input side as well.
Since smoothing capacitors require sufficient capacitance,large capacitance aluminum electrolytic capacitors havebeen used. Nowadays polymer capacitors, which havegreater ripple current capability and lower ESR thanaluminum electrolytic capacitors, are available and therefore
ripple voltage can be suppressed with the smaller quantityof capacitors.

2009.7. Rev. 03

Input Capacitor
smooths input voltage
and input ripple voltage.

Output Capacitor
smooths output voltage
and output ripple voltage.

Smooth Input

influences noises.

Smooth Output

influences the stability of IC

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2. Examples of capacitor use

Polymer capacitors are capacitors with lower ESR as compared with the conventional aluminum electrolytic
capacitors. They also have stable characteristics over a wide range of temperature.
Since the smoothing capacitors (backup capacitors) require sufficient capacitance for the input and output
portions of switching power supply units, the aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been generally used for such
purpose. However, for the aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the specifications of ESR and rated ripple current
should be especially considered. Depending on use conditions, a multiple number of capacitors are connected inparallel.
Advantages of polymer capacitors are stable characteristics independence on temperature and low ESR andhigh ripple current capability, so that the switching power supply can be downsized by reducing the number ofcapacitors.
In the meantime, the downsizing can be made by reducing the size of the output inductor. However, reducing theoutput inductance leads up to an increase in the ripple current, which comes to increase in the load on thesmoothing capacitors. Although the ripple current can be reduced by increasing the switching frequency, a higher
switching frequency makes switching loss increase proportionally, the loss affecting efficiency and becoming a
cause of noise generation.
Low ESR capacitors as output capacitors can suppress the ripple voltage increased by the reduced output
inductance. Comparison and evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of the capacitors are made here byactually using an evaluation circuit board for step-down buck converters.

 Reduction in space of capacitors
 Available for coil downsizing

2009.7. Rev. 03

Practicable in downsizing
switching power supply

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
Ripple removing capability
In pursuing miniaturization of switching power supply units, to what an extent components with a large volume can be
reduced becomes one of the tasks. In determining output capacitors, the maximum value of output ripple voltage is one of
the factors to be considered. With ICs, etc. taking a shift to lower operation voltage, the maximum values of the ripple
voltage should be naturally reduced for stable operation.
Also, the conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors change their characteristics such as ESR at lower temperatures,and it affects ripple voltage. For this reason, power supplies, etc. had to be designed by assuming the worst cases
considering not only ripple voltage at normal temperature but also their changes at the lower temperatures.
Here is a simple explanation of the principle of the ripples and comparison of the polymer capacitors with the othercapacitors in term of quantity. In addition to this, measurement of ripple voltage will be done at a low temperatureenvironment, thereby verifying the temperature characteristics of the capacitors. Actual operation results of step-down buckconverters will verify the excellent ripple removal capability of polymer capacitors.

Buck Converter Evaluation Board

2009.7. Rev. 03

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
Illustrated on the right is a simplified circuit diagram of asynchronous buck converter. By turning on and off each FETat the high and low sides alternately, pulse-shaped voltage(switching waveform) is generated with its constant amplitude.
The output voltage value is determined by adjusting the duty
cycles in the high voltage (power supply voltage) portion andthe low voltage (GND) portion and then by means of thesmoothing function of an LC filter.

I1

V in
Hi-side
FET
f

Where,Ton =…. converted from L x I = V x T

V in - V out
V in
1

V out
×
V in f sw

×

1

I2

C out

Low-side
FET
Step-Down Buck Converter
Simplified circuit

Switching waveform （Vsw）

Vin

f sw

Output current
waveform

ΔI

×T
Toff =（1 − Duty）
Ton = Duty × T
Duty[%] =2009.7. Rev. 03

Output current
is the sum of I1
and I2sw

Controller

C in

V out
I out

0[V]

Ripple current equation
×T
V
ΔI = out off
LToff =L

Vsw

The L as inductive reactance generates a triangular waveform
current based on the switching waveform (see graph on lower
right), this is the ripple current. Its peak value ΔI isdetermined by inductance (L), output voltage (Vout) and turnoff time (Toff).
For the capacitors, the rated ripple current is specified withregard to the ripple current above. When using capacitors,
attention needs to be paid to the specifications of the rated
ripple current.

I1+I2

I top

Iout

Ibottom

0[A]Ton

Ton V out=T
V in

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

T=

Toff
1
f sw

9

2. Examples of capacitor use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
I out
V out

Ripple voltage (1)Next, output ripple voltage is considered. The output ripple
voltage is basically determined by an output capacitor. As
shown on the right, an actual capacitor includes parasitic
components such as ESR and ESL, and these affect ripple
voltage very much.
It is generally thought that the output ripple voltage isdetermined by the capacitance and ESR of a capacitor. A
calculation equation of the peak value of output ripple voltage
ΔVripple in the worst case is expressed as equation (1) on theright. ΔI is the ripple current mentioned previously, and fsw isthe switching frequency. It is an equation in which each of ESR
and capacitance is a parameter with the ripple current. Then,the ripple voltage comes to be affected dominantly by ESR.
What superimposed spike-shaped noises to the ΔVripple iscalled “ripple noises”.

ESR：Large

fsw
Controller

ESL
ESR

Capacitor
Equivalent
CircuitC out
Step-down buck converter, output side
Ripple voltage equation （1）⎛⎞1⎟ΔVripple = ΔI × ⎜⎜ ESR +8 × Cout × fsw ⎟⎠⎝20mV/div¾ Large in ripple voltage¾ Becomes triangular-like

Ripplevoltage

waveform※The equation on this page is only for reference.
Result depend on the actual equipment because ofother factors to influence it.

2009.7. Rev. 03

470µF φ10 (1piece)
Al-Electrolytic Capacitor, Ripple voltage waveform

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
Ripple voltage (2)In the meantime, since polymer capacitors have low ESR, theinfluence of ESR becomes small in the equation (1) andtherefore the ripple voltage becomes extremely small as a whole.
However, an influence of ESL should be considered in this case.
The waveform shown on the right is the ripple waveform whenusing a polymer capacitor with low ESR. Ripple current
measurement has been done under the same conditions as
those for the aluminum electrolytic capacitor on the preceding
page. Although the ripple voltage value becomes the smaller as
a whole, there appear bounces in the waveform of the ripple
voltage.

Ripple voltage equation （2）⎛ 1
1 ⎞⎟⎟ × ESL
ΔVripple = ΔI × ESR +ΔI × ⎜⎜+⎝ Ton Toff ⎠20mV/div
Influence of ESL
Ripplevoltage

The bounces are caused by ESL and appeared in the ripple
voltage waveform of the said aluminum electrolytic capacitor as
well. On the aluminum electrolytic capacitor, the bounces caused
by ESL become comparatively inconspicuous as the ESR
noticeably influences the waveform very much.
Therefore, when using low ESR capacitors, the equation (2) that
includes the influence of ESL may be used to calculate the ripple
voltage.

ESR：Small

Influence of ESR

470µF φ10 (1piece)
Conductive Polymer Al-Solid Capacitors
Ripple voltage waveform¾ Small ripple voltage¾ Influence of ESL is noticeably on ripple waveform.

※ On high ESR capacitors, ESL influences the waveforms as well.
※The equation on this page is only for reference.
Result depend on the actual equipment because of other factors to influence it.

2009.7. Rev. 03

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2. Examples of use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
Measurement conditions for the ripples
Ripple voltages are reviewed by means of a buckconverter as an evaluation circuit board. The ripple
characteristics are measured to compare three types ofcapacitors; the polymer capacitors, conventional
aluminum electrolytic capacitors and high-aqueous
electrolyte aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
Ripple voltage is measured on the polymer capacitors,
aluminum electrolytic capacitors and high-aqueous
electrolyte aluminum electrolytic capacitors at a normal
temperature, and then it is reviewed how many of eachcapacitor are equivalent in ripple voltage to a single
polymer capacitor.
Also, for comparison with lower temperature
characteristics, ripple voltage is measured at the lower
temperature with the same numbers as above in eachcapacitor.

Test Conditions●SW Regulator :DC-DC Buck Type●SW Frequency :100kHz●Input/Output Voltage :12V/5V●Temperature :25℃ and -20℃

Capacitor
Under test

V

Controller

Test Circuit

Capacitor Type

Voltage-Capacitance

Qty.

Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitors(PS_ series)

16V - 470µF

1

Low Z, Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors(High water contains electrolyte)

16V - 1000µF

3Low Z, Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors(Conventional electrolyte)

16V - 470µF

62009.7. Rev. 03

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

Image

12

2. Examples of capacitor use:
Ripple characteristics of smoothing capacitors
Waveform Measurements

Normal room temp.（25℃）

The measurement results of ripple waveform are shown on
the right. The results on the left side show the comparison inquantity of capacitors at a normal temperature. The single
polymer capacitor becomes equivalent to three of the highaqueous electrolyte aluminum capacitors in the smoothingability, and also becomes equivalent to six of theconventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
Next, the results on the right side are the lower temperatureripples that were obtained by using the same numbers of
capacitors as above. Even at the low temperature, thepolymer capacitor gives almost the same ripple voltage as
the normal temperature measurement, whereas the highaqueous electrolyte aluminum capacitors give more than 3times as high as the ripple voltage. Also, the conventional
aluminum electrolytic capacitors give more than 2 times.
As can be seen from above, the polymer capacitors can
reduce the ripples by a smaller number of capacitors, andthey also have stable ripple removal capability even at lower
temperatures.

VP-P ： 57mV

Low temp.（-20℃）
VP-P ： 53mV

Conductive Polymer Al-Solid(PS) × (１piece)

VP-P ： 67mV

VP-P ： 236mV

Al-E Capacitors, high watercontain electrolyte(3 pieces)

VP-P ： 68mV

VP-P ： 145mVThe merit of polymer capacitors¾ Can reduce ripple with fewer parts¾ Very high ability to smooth ripples evenat low temperature environment
Contribution to the downsizing and stability of the
products
products that do not depend on a temperature change

2009.7. Rev. 03

Al-E Capacitors, Conventional
low resistance Electrolyte(6 pieces)

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Transient response characteristics of backup capacitors

Transient response characteristics

While DC-DC converters have been required to have high efficiency, low noise and miniaturization, one ofrecent additional requirements is faster transient response characteristics to the load change. This isbecause ICs, etc. have been developing into the directions of higher speed, larger current and lower
voltage operation. IC operation of the high-speed and large current comes to increase variations incurrent load, and the low voltage operation comes to require very accurate stability in voltage. All of themrequire faster transient response for the converter to support the ICs. Power controllers won’t work onsuch transient response due to the limits of their ability, so the backup capacitors come to have an
important role for the transient response.
Polymer capacitors with low ESR and low ESL can display the better transient response ability by thesmaller number of capacitors as compared with the conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
Explanations are given here about the discharge characteristics of capacitors on transient response.

IC operations: Speed up Larger current
 Lower voltage

2009.7. Rev. 03

The output capacitors of higher performance arenecessary to improve accuracy in output voltage.

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Transient response characteristics of backup capacitors
Regulator output during load changes
The waveforms on the right are the output current,
output voltage, and switching waveform taken while
the load of the buck converter was changing from 1[A] to 7.4 [A]. At the time of a load change, the output
voltage droops with a spike-shaped voltage drop at
startup. This is because the power controller cannot
support the transient response.
A certain period of time is required until the power
controller can respond to the load change. In order tocompensate for this, the backup capacitor needs todischarge. Therefore, the voltage droop during thistransient response is dependent on thecharacteristics of the output capacitor.

Output voltage

A load change makes
a voltage drop occur.

The range where the feedback of the power supply
does not catch up with thechange.

The range where feed backof the power supply
starts the operation

Load current ：１ To 7.4 [A]
ESL

Switching waveform( 330KHz )Switching pulse width
increases gradually.

R EL

ESR

Cout

Simple circuit diagram of buck converter

2009.7. Rev. 03

2μs/div
Power supply output waveformon the load change

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Transient response characteristics of backup capacitors
The transient response characteristics of a switching power supply during
the load change are concerned with the capacitance, ESR and ESL of
backup capacitors. The graph on the right shows the output waveform ofa switching power supply during the period that the load was changing
from light load to heavy load. The characteristics of the output capacitor
can be confirmed by this output waveform.
Since there arises a change in current as a result of the load change, avoltage drop caused by ESL of the capacitor occurs in the form of spikes.
Another voltage drop affected by ESR occurs in proportion to the amountof current. As the load reaches the heavy load current with a constantload, the voltage drop due to ESL resulting from a current change
disappears. Also, as the capacitor supplies the discharge current to theload, the last voltage drop arises and increases with the lapse of time.
The following equations show the relationship between the voltage drops
at the transient response and the ESR, ESL and capacitance of acapacitor.

・Voltage Drop

0VAC

Load current ：0 To 6.4[A]１μs/div
The transient response waveformΔVESR ( +ΔVC)

ΔVESL

ΔVESR + ΔVC
ΔVESR ( +ΔVC)
di
0A

ΔVESR
（t）= ESR × i(t )2009.7. Rev. 03

Voltage droop

ΔV(t )ΔV(t ) = ΔVC（t）+ ΔVESL（t）+ ΔVESR（t）・Discharge Voltage Drop1
ΔVC（t）= ∑ i(t )C・ESL Voltage DropdiΔVESL（t）= ESL ×
dt
・ESR Voltage Drop

Output voltagei( t )
dt

The illustration of the transient response waveform

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Transient response characteristics of backup capacitors
Measuring conditions for discharge characteristics
Explanations are given here to verify the discharge characteristics
of capacitors. As the fully charged capacitor is rapidly discharged,
the voltage drops arisen are measured.
The discharge should be made with a large discharge current ofhigh slew rate (200A/µsec.) in order to define the influence by the
ESR and ESL of the capacitor.

Test Conditions●Input Voltage : 2.5V
●Charge : 100msec●Discharge : 10usec●Current : 0A to 40A (Dynamic)●Current Slew Rate : 200A/μsec
Discharge
200A/μsec

Charge

The transient response characteristics are measured on thepolymer capacitor and the high aqueous electrolyte aluminum
capacitors for the comparison purpose.
V

Test samples

Cap. Under
test

V

A current
detecting resistor

Test Circuit

Capacitor Type

Voltage-Capacitance

Qty.

Case size

Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitors(PS_ series)

2.5V-820µF

1

φ8x10mm

Low Z, Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors(High water contains electrolyte)

6.3V-820µF

1

φ8x10mm2009.7. Rev. 03

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2. Examples of capacitor use:
Transient response characteristics of backup capacitors
Waveform of discharge characteristics
The graphs below show the measurement results of transient response characteristics. It can be seen that the single
polymer capacitor realized the smaller voltage drops because of the lower ESR and ESL. This means that the plural
number of the high aqueous electrolyte aluminum capacitors will be necessary to achieve such small voltage drops.
That is to say, a small number of polymer capacitors can realize equivalent transient response characteristics. This comesto contribute to the miniaturization of power supply units.

Room Temp. (25ºC)
ΔVESL+ΔVESR： 0.69V
ΔVESR： 0.28V

Output voltage
Load current
Polymer capacitor(PS) ×１piece

ΔVESL+ΔVESR： 1.18V
ΔVESR： 0.73V

Output voltage
Load current
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors(High water contains electrolyte) ×１piece

Merit of polymer capacitors
Spike-shaped voltage drop is small.
ΔVESL+ΔVESR： SpikeΔVESR： Voltage droop is small after the spikespike-shaped drop.
Improvement of the voltage accuracy is available with few components

2009.7. Rev. 03

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3. Precautions for capacitor use

Polymer capacitors have lower ESR than the conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Therefore, a smaller
number of polymer capacitors can have characteristics equal to or better than that of the latter, greatly contributing
to reduction in the number of components and space saving with regard to pc board mounting.
However, because of the low ESR, consideration should be given to the use of polymer capacitors in somerespects as compared with the conventional capacitors with large ESR.
Explanations are given here about abnormal oscillation that is found in step-down buck converters (voltage controlmode) when using low ESR capacitors, and about anti-resonance caused by the parallel connection of different
capacitors. Data shown in the following are obtained through actual measurements by using an evaluation circuitboard.

2009.7. Rev. 03

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3. Precautions for capacitor use: Abnormal oscillation
Output smoothing capacitors for switching converters have a smaller voltage drop at the time of ripple suppression ortransient response as ESR is lower. However, phenomena occur which have not appeared in the conventional
electrolytic capacitors. One of such phenomena is that a 180 degree phase shift easily occurs, which gives rise toabnormal oscillation.
The graphs below show the output voltage waveforms obtained by a step-down buck converter. The graph below on
the left shows a normal output waveform. Only ripple voltage of dozens of millivolts can be seen in the normal
waveform. However in the graph below on the right, oscillation that has superimposed on the ripple voltage can beseen at the frequency different form the switching frequency. This is an output due to abnormal oscillation.
As mentioned earlier, mere replacement of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor as the output capacitor for a step-downbuck converter with a polymer capacitor may give rise to such oscillation in some cases. For this reason, when usinga polymer capacitor as the output capacitor, its surrounding circuits also need to be taken into account.

Output voltage（3.3V）
Output voltage（3.3V）※ The waveform on the pulse is
the ripple voltage.

Output waveform （Normal）

Inappropriate
peripheral
circuit

Anomalous
oscillation

Output waveform （Oscillation）

It is necessary to review the factor design of peripheral circuit when changing
changing output capacitors.
capacitors.

2009.7. Rev. 03

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3. Precautions for capacitor use: Abnormal oscillation
The diagram below shows an example of a circuit of a step-down buck converter (voltage control mode). It is generally
divided into blocks: PWM control, LC filter and phase correction section. The LC filter is located in the output portion.
Pulse voltage with constant amplitude is generated by the PWM control, and output voltage is smoothed by means of the
LC filter. And the output voltage is adjusted to an intended constant voltage by negative feedback to the output voltage.
However, if a 180º phase delay occurs in the output voltage loop at this time, positive feedback is created. This positive
feedback causes abnormal oscillation.
As for a cause of the 180º delay in phase, the delay may be caused by ESR of a capacitor used in the LC filter in the
output portion. This is because, as ESR of the capacitor becomes lower, the phase tends to be delayed by a 180º which
is a property of the LC filter. Therefore, in order to prevent abnormal oscillation, the phase correction portion needs to be
adjusted properly. For the details of the adjustment method of the phase correction portion, check them with the
manufacturer of the power supply control IC or refer to various types of reference literature. control IC or refer to various
types of reference literature.

Feed Back
Adjust so that phase will be not delayed 180o
at phase correction section.

V in

PWM Control

Phase correction section

In LC filter, using low ESR
capacitors easily delayphase 180º .

RAMP Generator
Pulse voltage
generation

COMP
FB

VREF

LC Filter
High-Drive

Low-Drive

V out

The output waveform,
which was smoothed

Example of Buck Converter

2009.7. Rev. 03

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3. Precautions for capacitor use: Abnormal oscillation
Another thing should be noted with regard to phasecorrection. It is the response characteristics during a loadchange. The graphs on the right show the output
waveforms of a DC-DC converter whose oscillations aresuppressed, in which the responses during the loadchanges are verified here. In the upper right graph,
although there is no abnormal oscillation caused by phasecorrection, degradation in responses can be seen, andappropriate phase correction has not been done yet. The
lower right graph shows the improved waveform of the loadchange which was made on phase correction. The change
in voltage is small during the load change, and the effect of
the improvement can be seen.
Making sufficient phase correction comes to suppress
oscillation and improve response characteristics during aload change. When using polymer capacitors that have low
ESR, their superior characteristics can be optimized
effectively by giving sufficient consideration to phasecorrection. With regard to phase correction, in addition tooscillation control, sufficient consideration needs to begiven to response characteristics during a load change as
well.

Output voltage: 3.3V

Large voltagechangeLarge voltage change

Load current: 1.5A → 7.5A→1.5A

Output waveform by insufficient phase correction
Output waveformby appropriate phase correction

Small voltagechangeOutput voltage: 3.3V

Small voltage change

Load current: 1.5A → 7.5A→1.5A
The phase correction has to be considered not
only for the oscillation restraint but also for
response characteristics.
Output waveform by appropriate phase correction

2009.7. Rev. 03

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

22

3. Precautions for capacitor use: Anti-resonanceConnecting capacitors having different capacitance rating or
characteristics in parallel reduces impedance over a wide
frequencies range, and it has been often used for many
applications.
At that time it has to be made sure that the impedance has
been lowered at the intended frequency range. This is because
the parallel connection of capacitors may cause an increase in
impedance at a certain frequency to the contrary.
Let us consider the parallel connection of capacitors in termsof the circuit deployment as shown in the upper right diagram.
When the capacitors (CAP1 and CAP2) are connected inparallel, the connection is expressed as shown on the left inthe upper right diagram.

CAP1

2009.7. Rev. 03

ESL2

ESL1

ESL2

ESR1

ESR2

ESR1

ESR2

C1

C2

（C1）

C2

CAP2

Influence of capacitancebecomes small.

Placementon the circuit

Equivalent circuit
model

Higher freq. range than
CAP1 resonance point

The parallel circuit diagram of the capacitor

However, its indication in an actual equivalent circuit becomesas shown at the center in the upper right diagram due to ESR
and ESL that are the parasitic factors of capacitors. Now let us
consider a combination of capacitors with C1>C2 and
ESL1>ESL2. The lower right graph shows impedance curvesof CAP1 and CAP2. CAP1 and CAP2 have their resonancepoints at different frequencies.

Impedance curves
It becomes the parallel
connection of ESL
component(1) andcapacitance component(2)CapacitanceComponent (2)ESL
Component (2)|Z|[Ω]

At a range of higher frequency than a resonance frequency, acapacitor behaves as inductance of ESL more rather thancapacitance component. In a frequency range between theresonance frequencies of CAP1 and CAP2, CAP1 is greatly
behaves as the inductor and CAP2 is the state of the capacitor,
and therefore CAP1 and CAP2 form the parallel-connection
shown on the right in the upper right diagram. This results inanti-resonance (parallel resonance).

ESL1

CAP1
CAP2
CapacitanceComponent (1)Frequency [Hz]Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

ESL
Component (1)CAP1Resonance
Point

CAP2
Resonance
Point

23

3. Precautions for capacitor use: Anti-resonance

While an increase in impedance due to anti-resonance is
proportional to the ESL of each capacitor, the impedance due
to anti-resonance comes to decrease as ESR increases.
Therefore, anti-resonance can be mitigated by quite
separately placing the capacitors to be connected in parallel.
Also, as the capacitor with the smaller capacitance increases
in capacitance, the impedance due to anti-resonance comesto decrease. When mounting different capacitors, sufficientattention has to be paid to their combination and layout.
The restraint ofantianti-resonance2009.7. Rev. 03

Small Capacitance Cap. Model

Capacitance : 560µF

Capacitance : 1µF

ESR : 9mΩ

ESR : 3mΩESL : 2.8nH

ESL : 0.3nH

Impedance curve 【simulation 】
100
Synthetic Impedance

Large Capacitance Cap.
Small Capacitance Cap

1Anti-resonancefrequency

0.1

ES
L

10

e
nc
ita
ac
ap
C

Based on the above, when connecting capacitors withdifferent characteristics in parallel, attention needs to paid not
to rise obstructive anti-resonance point(s) in the frequency
range where low impedance value is required.

Large Capacitance Cap. Model|Z| [Ω]The graph on the right shows the impedance curves withbroken lines that were individually measured on each of thetwo capacitors: one has large capacitance and the other has
small capacitance rating, and the graph also shows the other
impedance curve with a solid line that was measured on aset of these two capacitors which were together connected inparallel. It can be seen that impedance increases in thevicinity of the intersection between the inductive reactance ofthe capacitor with large capacitance rating and the capacitive
reactance of the capacitor with small capacitance rating due
to anti-resonance (parallel resonance).

0.01

0.001
0.1

1

10

100
f [kHz]

1000

10000

100000 Widen the distance between the large capacitance andsmall capacitance rating capacitor.
 Increase capacitance rating of small capacitance capacitor.
 ESR control in the small capacitance capacitor

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

24

3. Precautions for capacitor use: Anti-resonance
When connecting capacitors in parallel, here anti-resonance is reviewed in the influence caused by a capacitancedifference in the smaller capacitance rating capacitor. As a way to review it, impedance curves are measured on a set oftwo capacitors: one is large in capacitance rating and the other is small, which were connected in parallel each other. As
the large capacitance rating capacitor, a polymer capacitor in the PXF series with low ESR is used. As for the small
capacitance rating capacitor, two different capacitance ratings of MLCC’s are prepared with 1 µF and 10µF.
The graphs below show the results of measurement when the polymer capacitor has been combined with either of the
MLCCs. The combination with 1µF MLCC generates a larger anti-resonance, whereas anti-resonance is suppressed in the
combination with 10µF. Based on the results of this measurement, increasing capacitance rating of the small capacitancecapacitor is effective as a technique for suppressing anti-resonance.

Impedance curve – PXF 330µF + MLCC 1µF

Impedance curve – PXF 330µF + MLCC 10µF

1010Synthetic impedance

Synthetic impedance
1

PXF, 330µF

Anti-resonance
Large

MLCC, 1µF

|Z| [Ω]|Z| [Ω]PXF, 330µF

0.1

1MLCC, 10µF

Anti-resonance
Small

0.1
MLCC
1→10µF

0.01

0.01

0.001

0.001
1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1

10

f [KHz]2009.7. Rev. 03

100

1000

10000

100000f [KHz]Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation25

4. Simulation
Background
Circuit simulation is numerical analysis by means of computation of analog operation of an electronic circuit. The operationof the entire circuit can be verified by representing electronic components (wiring), etc. with mathematical logic models andby using computers, etc.
While there is demand for the shortening of the time for developing electronic products, by making use of simulation in circuitdesign, the circuit operation can be verified prior to confirmation with actual equipment by using circuit board operation. This
will contribute to the shortening of the design period and cost reduction as well as to securing quality starting from the design
stage.
By making most of the simulation,
reduce man-hour of trial production andsteps of evaluation
Pass
CircuitdesignTrialproduction

Evaluation

Judgment

Start massproduction

Fail
Redesign

As this loop increases, trial
manufacture cost anddesign periods increase.

Circuit design flow (Example)¾ The reduction of repeating the trial manufacturing reduces
Use of the simulation

cost and a designing period.

¾ By verifying circuit designs in the designing stage, earlyproblem presentation become possible.

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26

4. Simulation
Capacitor models
In order to carry out simulation, modeling of various electronic components is required. The models with higher accuracy
lead to higher accuracy in circuit simulation as well. This is also true of capacitors. A capacitor is an element that is mainly
made up of the components of capacitive reactance. In the case of being made up of only the pure reactance components,
impedance decreases indefinitely with an increase in frequency. However, there actually are parasitic factors such as thoseof lead wires. These are generally expressed as ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) and ESL (Equivalent Series
Inductance), and the frequency characteristics of the capacitor actually becomes in the form of V as shown in the graphbelow. In order to define ESR and ESL affecting as parasitic factors to circuit operation, ESR and ESL need to be reflectedin capacitor models.
Impedance curve SPICE Model (PX, PS)

Characteristicsof the actual
capacitor|Z|[Ω]ESL
ESR
Influence of
ESL

Characteristicsof the ideal
capacitor
Frequency[Hz]Influence of
ESR

Capacitor characteristics graph
Modeling
odeling of each circuitcomponents is necessary
for simulation.
simulation.

2009.7. Rev. 03

Capacitance
Model Example

Construction and the offer
of the equivalent circuit model
For thethe capacitors
capacitors as well as the others, their
their model isnecessary for ESR, ESL and capacitance tocorrespond with their
their actual characteristics.
characteristics.

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation27

4. Simulation
Presentation of capacitor equivalent models
Equivalent circuit models that are handled by us are presented here.
3-element modelThis is a general capacitor equivalent circuit.
ESR

The capacitor changes in capacitance and ESRover frequencies. However, this model cannot
show the changes. This model is only used forconvenience to perform simple simulation.

ESR does not change at all

Frequency

This model adds one step ladder of CR against 3
elements model.
In specific frequency range, this model canadjust ESR and capacitance component toactual measurement values.

ESR

5-element model
ESR fits on partially.

Frequency

L: Etching length
D: Dielectric loss
S: Skin effect
I: Interface loss

2009.7. Rev. 03

This model includes the structure of thecapacitor in details.
The characteristics can be adjusted to actual
values over a wide range of frequencies byusing equivalent models of etching depth (L),dielectric loss (D), skin effect (S) and interface
loss (I).

Nippon Chemi-Con CorporationESR

LDSI model

ESR fits on at all
the frequency

Frequency28

4. Simulation
Simulation of frequency characteristics by means of capacitor equivalent models

Series : PSE¾ ESR change by frequency¾ Capacitance decreases in high frequency range
5-element model is effective

2009.7. Rev. 03|Z|-Simulation|Z|-Measurement
ESR-Simulation
ESR-Measurement

Voltage : 2.5V
Capacitance :330µF
ESR : 7mΩ100

10

ESR accords with |Z|

Therefore, by constituting the equivalent circuit of acapacitor with 5 elements, a specific frequency range canbe reflected in the circuit. Here the PSE series polymer
capacitors are made into a 5-element model and its effectis well verified.
The graphs on the right show the measurement results offrequency characteristics and the simulation (ACanalysis) results by means of the 5-element model. It canbe well verified that the ESR values coincide at 10 kHz 300 kHz, and the capacitance values coincide at 10 kHz–
100 kHz.

1000|Z|/ESR [mΩ]

In general, the characteristics of a capacitor are definedat a specific frequency. The capacitance is defined at 120
Hz, ESR (or impedance) at 100 kHz or 300 kHz.
However, the frequency characteristics of a capacitor are
not constant actually, and the 3-element model cannot
reflect a change in ESR and a decrease in capacitance ata range of high frequency.

Impedance - ESR Curve

Sample :11

10
f [KHz]

100

1000

400

4.7mΩ
156mΩ
268uF

0.1

Capacitance Curve

2.0nH

31.5uF

Capacitance [µF]The actual measurement results of frequency
characteristics by means of an impedance analyzer arecompared with the simulation (AC analysis) results of oneof our equivalent models.

300
Capacitanceaccorded200

Cap-Simulation
Cap-Measurement

Equivalent circuit
100

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

0.1

1

10
f [KHz]

100

1000

29

4. Simulation
Ripple simulation
Here simulation is actually carried out and the validity of theequivalent models is verified. Concerning a method of
simulation, simulation of ripple voltage in a buck converter
is carried out. When four PXE series polymer capacitors of
surface mount type are connected in parallel as output
capacitors, the equivalent model simulation is comparedwith the actual measurement by using an evaluation circuitboard in terms of the amplitude of ripple voltage.
The fundamental ripple frequency that includes a majorpart of ripples is 330 kHz which is the switching frequency,
and therefore the 300kHz-measured ESR value, which
would be close to the 330kHz, is used to carry out thecapacitor simulation. By using an ESR value corresponding
to the fundamental ripple frequency, it can be thought thatthe conventional 3-element model is applicable to modelingthe PXE series to be used in simulation. The frequency
characteristics (capacitance, ESR and ESL) are measured
by means of an impedance analyzer.

Test Conditions

Capacitor Specifications●SW Regulator :DC-DC Buck Type●SW Frequency :330kHz●Inductor :1.5µH●Input/Output Voltage :12V/1.8V●Form:φ5.0×6.1L●Capacitance:180µF 【120Hz】●ESR:14.3mΩ【300KHz】●ESL:2.5nH【40MHz】●Rating:6.3V

V in

V out

C in
Controller
PXE180uF × 4

Test circuit
The comparison ofsimulation and actual equipment measurement
U1
1
2

FET

PXE model

L1
3

3

1

VOUT

2
1.5uH

2

2

2

2

Lx1
2.5nH

Lx2
2.5nH

Lx3
2.5nH

Lx4
2.5nH

1

1

1

1

Rx1
14.3m

Rx2
14.3m

Rx3
14.3m

Rx4
14.3m

Cx1
180u

Cx2
180u

Cx3
180u

Cx4
180u

3

3

U2
FET

2
1

2
1

1
2

Simulation circuit

2009.7. Rev. 03

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation30

4. Simulation
The result of actual measurement and the result of the simulation are shown below. According to the waveform shown on
the lower left, which is measured by means of the evaluation circuit board, the amplitude of output ripple voltage becomes
15.6 mV. The result of simulation shown on the lower right, output ripple voltage is 15.4 mV, which is almost equivalent to
the measured data (15.6mV).
It was verification by simple simulation by using a capacitor model (equivalent circuit). Thus, by utilizing simulation, circuit
characteristics can be verified on the desk.
Simulation is a convenient tool that helps increase efficiency in circuit design. In order to carry out simulation, information isrequired on various components, and the accuracy of the component model (equivalent circuit) becomes the accuracy ofsimulation. This is true of capacitors as well.
Lastly, actual circuit boards involve the inductance and resistance matters of wiring and also the parasitic factors in eachindividual component. Therefore it should be noted that the last verification is required by actual equipment to be designed.

The actual equipment measurement

Voutand simulation result are approximately equal

Vout

VP-P ： 15.6mV

Measurement result

2009.7. Rev. 03

Simulation result

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation31