MEASURING THE SHADOW PANDEMIC:

VIOLENCE AGAINSTWOMEN DURING
COUNTRY REPORT: THAILAND

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to harsh economic shocks in Thailand, impacting women’svulnerability to violence and abuse. As a result, women have felt less safe, struggled withmental and emotional health issues and been
subjected to more dangerous situations overthe past year. In addition, there is an unmet
need for violence against women (VAW) support services, further exacerbating conditions
amid a growing number of support-seekers.1
The downstream impacts of COVID-19 vary intype and severity, based on pre-existing factors, including socioeconomic status and vulnerability to other stressors.

1

This research delved into the relationships between ways of measuring VAW and related
demographic, behavioural and socioeconomic
factors and found that COVID-19 has had significant negative impacts on women not feeling safe in public places as well as on theirmental and emotional well-being. Amongthe drivers of these feelings, external stressors such a food insecurity and family relations
stood out as having an impact not only on experiences of safety but also on women’s wellbeing overall.

Langerak, Annelie. 2020. “Thailand’s Silent Pandemic:
Domestic Violence during COVID-19.” Heinrich Boll
Stiftung. 1 July. https://th.boell.org/en/2020/07/01/
covid-19-domestic-violence.

2

1. INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Database on the Prevalence of Violenceagainst Women has used modelled estimates
to derive the prevalence of various types of
VAW. The best VAW estimate that exists at thecountry level is for intimate partner violence.
For the years 2000–2018, the model estimatedthat 24% of women aged 15–49 had experienced intimate partner violence in Thailand.2
Since the pandemic began, rapid assessments
conducted by UN Women using administrative
data from police, VAW hotlines and other service-providers suggest an increase in reported
cases of violence against women and girls.
Measures implemented to limit the spreadof the pandemic, such as lockdowns and curfews, have had an impact on VAW risk factors,
especially for women and girls who faced multiple forms of discrimination. As a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic, calls to the Thai Government’s Social Assistance Centre increased byat least 34%, from women in violent situations
seeking help.3

2
3WHO. N.D. Prevalence of VAW Database. https://srhr.org/
vaw-data/data.
UN Women. 2020. “What happened after COVID-19
hit Thailand.” https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/
stories/2020/11/what-happened-after-covid-19-hit-thailand.

Within this context, UN Women commissioned
Ipsos to conduct a rapid gender assessment
survey on the impact of COVID-19 on women’swell-being and safety in 13 countries across regions. In adapting the surveying methodology
to be feasible in the COVID-19 context, proxymeasures on experiences of VAW were used tocollect data on sensitive topics to reduce therisk to the respondents, and thus may not bedirectly comparable to other studies conducted before the pandemic.
Having reliable data that was collected inline with methodological, safety and ethicalstandards, without putting women at greater
distress and risk of violence, was critical to informing where policies and programmes can
respond to the UN’s system-wide efforts toscale up actions to address VAW in the context
of COVID-19.
This report details the findings of the survey in Thailand from May to June 2021. It was
conducted with women aged 18 and older
who had access to a mobile phone – among
this group, an estimated 90% of women own
mobile phones.4

4

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP). 2018. “NewInsights on Women’s Mobile Phone Ownership.” CGAP
Working Paper. p. 5. https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/
files/researches/documents/Working-Paper-New-Insightson-Womens-Mobile-Phone-Ownership-Apr-2018.pdf

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

3

KEY FINDINGS
27%
of women said
that they or other
women they know
have experienced aform of violence

17%

13%

7%

Verbal Abuse

SexualHarassment

Physical Abuse

10%

23%

of women feel unsafe intheir homes.

said this has gotten worse as a resultof the COVID-19 pandemic.

5%

8%of women live in households withconflict among adults at least weekly.

said conflict between adults has
become more frequent as a result of
the COVID-19 pandemic.

11%
of women think that the experience of
verbal or physical abuse at the hands ofa partner is common for women in theircommunity.

57%
said this has gotten worse as a resultof the COVID-19 pandemic.

25%

6%

of women think that physical harm,abuse and harassment are a problem
for women in their community.

of women think physical harm, abuse,and harassment has gotten worse since
the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

39% walking alone at night.
of women feel unsafe

6% walking alone during the day.
of women feel unsafe

8%of women think that it iscommon for women to
be harassed in public.

4

2. PERCEPTIONS OF VIOLENCEAGAINST WOMEN
2.1. Perceptions of violence against
women in the communityand harassment were a problem compared to
women in rural areas (14%).

When asked about violence, abuse and harassment in their community, a quarter of women(25%) said they believe it is a problem5 andan additional 19% said it was “a little bit” ofa problem. This was particularly the case forwomen in urban areas (30%), who were morethan twice as likely to say that violence, abuse

Violence, abuse and harassment in the community was also more likely to be perceived
as a problem by women who: earn an income,experienced a decrease in income since thestart of the pandemic, and who experienced
frequent conflict or felt unsafe in their homes.

FIGURE 1

Extent to which violence, abuse or harassment is a problem in their community

All women

11%

14%

19%

55%

1%

Among those who
felt unsafe walking
around alone

11%

14%

24%

49%

2%

Among those
who felt unsafe
in their homeAmong those who
experienced frequenthousehold conflict atleast weekly

22%

18%

A lot

26%

16%

35%

8%

Somewhat

35%

1%

39%

A little bit

Not at all

Note: “Don’t know”, in the grey bars comprised 3% or less of total responses in each category

5

Combined responses “A lot” and “Somewhat” when asked
about the extent of the problem.

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

5

Although few women (6%) perceived that violence, abuse and harassment has increasedin their community since the start of the
COVID-19 pandemic, those who felt unsafe
or lived in households with frequent conflict were significantly more likely to report
this (19% and 14%, respectively, compared to
5% of women who did not), indicating that
COVID-19 may have exacerbated existing tensions and feelings of insecurity rather thancreating new ones.

know whether this violence occurred within or
outside of the household. Therefore, althoughdata from this study should not be interpreted
as prevalence data, it nevertheless provides
critical information on the impact of COVID-19
on women’s perception of safety and wellbeing.
Women were asked whether they, or any woman they knew, had been experiencing different
forms of VAW since the start of COVID-19, suchas violence, denial of basic needs, sexual harassment, restrictions or verbal abuse. Women
who said they thought VAW was a problem
in their community were significantly more
likely to say that they or someone they knew
had experienced any form of VAW. This was
also true of women in households that were
jointly headed (by herself and her husband),among women who earned an income, as wellas those aged 18–29 (particularly when it cameto physical abuse, verbal abuse and sexual
harassment).

2.2. Proxy measures of violenceagainst women in the community
When considering ways to measure violenceagainst women at the community level, it isimportant to keep in mind the context of thestudy. Due to the remote nature of this survey,
indirect questions were asked as proxy indicators of VAW, meaning it is not possible to distinguish respondent experiences from thoseof other women in their community or to
FIGURE 2

Percentage of women who reported experiencing or knowing another woman who has experienced different types of violence, by whether they think VAW is a problem in their community
Been yelled at,called names, humiliated

17%
34%
3%
9%

Had resources, like healthcare,or basic needs (like money,
food, water, shelter, denied

Had been slapped, kicked,
had things thrown at them,or other physical harm

Been forced to stay alone forlong periods of time or denied
communication with others

Been the subject of inappropriate
jokes, suggestive comments, leering,or unwelcome touching/kissing

14%
5%

7%
14%
2%
4%
7%
1%

All women

13%
23%
5%

Among women who
thought VAW is a problem
Among women who do
not think VAW is a problem

6

More specifically, women who lived in urban
areas were more likely to say that they or awoman they knew had experienced verbal
abuse (20%, compared to 10% of women in rural areas) and harassment (15%, compared to
8% of women in rural areas), suggesting thatthese types of VAW may be more prevalent inurban areas.
Women who said they were currently livingwith a partner were more likely than others tohave experienced, or know a woman who has
experienced, physical abuse (10% compared to
5% of single, divorced or widowed women) or
verbal abuse (21%, compared to 11% of single,
divorced or widowed women), suggesting thatthese types of abuse may be experienced mostoften at the hands of a partner.

Women who said they have a disability wereless likely to report having experienced or
knowing someone who has experienced physical abuse (4%, compared to 8% of women who
said they do not have a disability). However,they were much more likely to have experienced or know someone who has experienced
a denial of basic needs (19%, compared to 6%
of women who said they do not have a disability) and harassment (21%, compared to 11% of
women who said they do not have a disability).
Women who reported that they or another
woman they know had been subject to verbal
abuse or sexual harassment were more likely
to have experienced moderate or severe foodinsecurity (72% and 66%, respectively) whencompared to women that did not (28% and35%, respectively), indicating that structuraland economic factors could be a significant
driver of violence against women.

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

7

3. SAFETY IN THE
PUBLIC SPHERE
3.1. Personal safety in the
public sphere
When out in their communities, an overwhelming majority of women said they feelsafe walking around the areas where they
live during the day (93%). This drops to 61%
when asked the same question about walking
alone at night, with a third (34%) saying they
have felt less safe since the start of COVID-19.
Women aged 60 and over and those that are

widowed were more likely to feel unsafe alone
in public than their younger or married counterparts, whether it was during the day or atnight.
Experiences of safety also differed across typeof location, with women living in rural areas
more likely to say they have felt unsafe while
walking alone at night and women living in urban areas more likely to say that the COVID-19
pandemic has had a negative impact on their
feelings of safety.

FIGURE 3

Perceptions of safety while out in public, by location
Felt unsafe walking alone
during the day

Felt unsafe walking
alone at night

Felt less safe since theonset of COVID-19

46%
36%

36%
28%

7%

6%

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

8

3.2. Women’s perceived safety inthe public sphere
The data show a clear trend between women’s
perception of their own personal safety andtheir perception of violence and harassment in
the community, which has worsened significantly since the onset of COVID-19. About 4 in
10 women (39%) said they feel unsafe walking
in public at night. However, among women

who think VAW is a problem in their community, this rate increases to 44%. This group of
women were nearly twice as likely to feel lesssafe since the onset of COVID-19.
There was also a direct correlation between
women who thought that harm, abuse or harassment are problems in their community
and women who reported that their feelingsof safety have decreased since the onset of
COVID-19.

FIGURE 4

Percentage of women who felt unsafe, by their perceptions of safety in their communities
Felt unsafe walking
alone during the day

Felt unsafe walking
alone at night

Felt less safe since theonset of COVID-19

46%

44%
34%

24%
9%
Yes

4%
No

Said violence/abuse/harassment is a problem

Yes

No

Said violence/abuse/harassment is a problem

The majority of women (90%) expected thatwomen experiencing harassment or abuse in
the public sphere would seek help, with one
third (33%) saying they thought women would
seek support from family and less than a quarter (24%) of women said that they would seek
help from the police, suggesting that thistype of VAW may be largely underreported toauthorities.

Yes

No

Said violence/abuse/harassment is a problem

Although it is clear that women had an increased sense of anxiety and fear outside of
the household, this had not stopped most ofthem from engaging in public. A large majority of women (82%) said that they leave theirhouse at least once a week and still see theirfriends and social groups with some frequency, despite constraints related to the COVID-19
pandemic and shifting feelings of safety.

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

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4. SAFETY INSIDE THE HOME
4.1. Personal safety inside the home
When it comes to safety at home, only 5% of
women said that there has been conflict between adults in their household at least weekly over the past six months and 55% said they
have had no conflicts at all. A large majorityof women (85%) said that COVID-19 has had

no impact on the frequency of arguments intheir household. Those who experienced conflict more often were significantly more likely
to say that the frequency had increased as aresult of the pandemic, suggesting that already existing household tensions had been
exacerbated.

FIGURE 5

Changes in household conflict as a result of COVID-19

All women

8%

Among women fromhouseholds withfrequent conflict
between adults
Among women fromhouseholds with
infrequent conflict
between adults

85%

37%

6%

60%

88%

More frequent

One in 10 women (10%) said they have felt unsafe in their household in the last six months,
and 55% of these women said that the
COVID-19 pandemic has made things worse(23% of women overall). Women who felt unsafe in their homes were more likely to have

6%

About the same

3%

6%

Less frequent

children or be the head of their household,but they were not more likely than others
to be moderately or severely food insecure.
When asked why they have felt unsafe in theirhomes, women cited verbal abuse (12%) and issues around trust (11%) as the main factors.

10

FIGURE 6

Reasons women felt unsafe in their homes, among the 10% who reported feeling unsafe

There was verbal abuse in my household

12%

I was living with people I cannot trust

11%

My shelter was insecure (e.g., there are no locks)

10%

There was substance abuse (e.g., alcohol or drugs) in the household

9%

I was unable to communicate/reach out for help

8%

I had a serious medical condition or disability and felt vulnerable

8%

There was physical violence in my household

5%

Other adults in the household had been hurt

3%

Other adults in the household had hurt me2%

Another reason

2%

Indicates reasons most closely tied to violence

4.2. Women’s perceived safetyinside the home
When considering the broader community,
11% said they think that the experience of verbal or physical abuse at the hands of a partneris ‘common’ for women.6 Out of women who

6perceived violence, abuse, or harassment as aproblem in their community, 21% felt verbal or
physical abuse at the hands of a partner is acommon occurrence for women. The majorityof all women (57%) thought things have gotten worse since the start of the pandemic.

Combines responses of “very common” and “common”.

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

11

FIGURE 7

Perception of partner abuse, by opinion and experience of VAW

All women

1% 10%

Among women who
thought violence, abuse,or harassment is a problem
in their community

2%

Among women who
had felt unsafe intheir home5%

Very common

55%

18%

32%

62%

41%

Common15%

31%

Uncommon

2%

3%

23%

Very uncommon

Note “Don’t know” answers (in grey) comprised 3% or less of total responses in each category

Women who reported feeling unsafe in theirown home were much more likely to think that
abuse at the hands of a partner is common for
women, as were women living in urban areas,
and women who said that they or a woman
they know has experienced any type of VAW.

they experienced verbal or physical abuse at
the hands of a partner, and many said they
think these women would seek support fromfamily (43%), followed by the police (23%), indicating that domestic violence may also be
underreported to authorities.

These data points suggest that women may
be including their own experiences when reporting on the experiences of women ‘in theircommunity’. This bolsters the evidence-based
theory that women who report abuse happening within their homes or in others’ homes are
more likely to think that abuse is common in
the community overall.

Further, women who said that they have felt
unsafe in their own home were significantly
more likely to suggest that women would
seek help from friends or family (63%) whencompared to those that have not felt unsafe
in their homes (46%). Conversely, women thatsaid they have not felt unsafe in their homes
were much more likely to suggest that women
would seek help from the police (24%, compared to 9% among women who said they
have felt unsafe in their homes).

Similar to experiences of violence outside thehome, the majority of women (87%) said they
believe that women would seek out help if

12

5. IMPACTS OF VIOLENCEAGAINST WOMEN
In Thailand, there appears to be a correlation
between feelings of safety and experiences ofviolence for women inside and outside of thehousehold. For instance, women who felt unsafe walking alone were three times as likely
than those who did not to say that they had
felt unsafe inside their home, and nearly twice
as likely to say that the COVID-19 pandemic
had made things worse.

Women who felt unsafe walking aroundalone were also more likely to say that there
was frequent conflict between adults intheir household and that the COVID-19 pandemic had made this conflict more frequent.
Women in this group were also more likely tothink that violence at the hands of a partner
was a common occurrence (20%, compared
to 5% among women who did not feel unsafe
walking alone).

FIGURE 8

Percentage of respondents who reported safety issues in their home, by their experience ofsafety outside the home

10%

Felt unsafe
inside their
home

23%

Felt less safe
since the onset
of COVID-19

18%

32%

5%

17%

5%

Frequent conflict
between adultin household

8%

8%Householdconflict more
frequent since theonset of COVID-19

3%

All women

Felt unsafe walking around alone

13%

4%

Did not feel unsafe walking around alone

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

13

FIGURE 9

Percentage of respondents who reported safety issues in public areas, by their experienceinside the home
Felt unsafe walking
alone during the day

Felt unsafe walking
alone at night69%

Felt less safe since theonset of COVID-19

62%
36%

30%

15%
5%
Yes

No

Felt unsafe in their home

Yes

No

Felt unsafe in their home

In addition to intersectional impacts of experiencing violence both inside and outside of
the home, this study indicates strong relationships between VAW and women’s feelings ofmental and emotional well-being.
Women who said that VAW is a problem intheir community tended to be more likely
to report mental health issues. Additionally,

Yes

No

Felt unsafe in their home

women who reported experiencing safety issues were more likely than those that did not
to say that the COVID-19 pandemic has madetheir mental and emotional health worse andhad an overall negative impact on their wellbeing. Those women that had not experienced
safety issues were more likely to say COVID-19
had no impact at all on their well-being.

14

FIGURE 10

Measures of mental health, by opinion of VAW
Difficulties piled up too high to overcome
Among women who
thought VAW was 2% 15%
a problem

Among all women 2% 9%

32%

23%

26%

20%

27%

43%

Unable to control the important things in life
Among women who
thought VAW was 1% 11%
a problem

Among all women 2% 7%

Very often

43%

33%

Fairly often

The majority of women who said they did
not struggle with these measures of mental
health were not likely to be food insecure. Thissuggests, as previous reports have found, thatthe negative impacts of COVID-19 may be felt
the strongest by those who were already experiencing hardship.

16%

19%

Sometimes

29%

40%

Almost never

Never

Violence against women in both public andprivate spheres was also observed when analysing women’s socialization and movement
patterns. Women who reported feeling safe,
whether it was in their own home or when
they were in the public sphere, were more likely to leave the house daily.

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

15

6. RECOMMENDATIONS
The impact of COVID-19 on VAW and genderinequality was significant. Women in Thailand
face an enhanced risk of VAW as a result of
the economic shocks of COVID-19.7 Since thepandemic began, the country has seen morethan twice as many women arriving at the
One-Stop Crisis Centres for women and girls
suffering from violence and abuse.8 Moreover,around a quarter of women (27%) are likely to
be food insecure, whether moderately or severely, and 82% said they had lost income dueto the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, external
stressors that can increase the risk of VAW are
clearly on the rise.
Given the intersectionality of VAW, policy andprogrammatic interventions need to be tailored to the factors driving different experiences of violence. Not only does the type of response that is best suited to address VAW vary
based on the specific experiences of women,
but the resources they seek out vary as well.
This work stresses the importance of partnering with the existing infrastructure that
supports women in vulnerable situations toempower communities with the full suite ofresources they may need to support women.
Considering this, the research supports threerecommendations:
1. Conduct further research to measure direct
prevalence, as well as the social norms andbehavioural drivers that underlie not only
VAW but also the taboos that exist around itin Thailand.
While this study provides insightful information about the current state of VAW in Thailand, it is critical to conduct further research tounderstand the nuances that could not be captured, due to methodological and situational

barriers. Since no VAW prevalence data has
been collected in Thailand, it is recommended
that a nationally representative prevalence
survey should be conducted to better measure
the magnitude of VAW. If social distancing
and stay-at-home measures continue to compromise the implementation of face-to-facedata collection, innovative remote methods
could be explored, provided that they adhere
to globally agreed methodological, safety andethical standards.
In addition to a large-scale quantitative survey,
formative qualitative research could be used tohelp understand where there may be barriers
to discussing VAW and what measures could
be used to provide reliable estimates. This research is critical not only for understanding
how women experience, are impacted by, andtalk about VAW, but also for tracking any future programming or interventions that seek
to bring about change.
2. Focus on educational and prevention programming, in particular destigmatizing andbreaking taboos around talking about VAW,
are required before it is possible to know thefull extent of VAW in Thailand.
In order to understand the full extent of VAWin Thailand it is critical to undertake programming focused on destigmatizing the topic inorder to encourage women to participate infurther research comfortably and openly. The
results from this study clearly show that VAW
remains a taboo topic that women are not
comfortable discussing and have conflicting
feelings about. In comparing data collected inthis survey through various techniques, particularly projective questions (like the vignettes)
with those about women’s own safety, there

7

United Nations Thailand. Social Impact Assessment of
COVID-19 in Thailand. p. 124.
8 Langerak 2020 and UN Women 2020.

16

is inconsistency in responses, inferring thatperhaps not all questions were answered completely candidly.9
Further, the findings suggest that women who
experience safety issues in the home are significantly less likely than those who do not toreach out for help through official channels.
This supports the belief that VAW is especially underreported in Thailand, and that VAW
remains an issue that most women believe
should be dealt with within the family.
3. Have VAW interventions meet people
where they live and work, through existingsocial networks and resources, while considering how VAW programming could bemainstreamed through policy interventionsin other areas.
The complex nature of VAW – particularly incountries like Thailand, where the topic is still
considered taboo – calls for a comprehensive
policy approach that mainstreams the issue
and its impacts across a number of areas. For
instance, it is important to capitalize on programming that is already working with women in their communities to provide additional
education and support on VAW. In particular,

9

due to the strong correlation between women’s feelings of safety in public spaces and in
the household, programming that addresses
women’s safety and vulnerabilities generally stands out as an area to diversify. As withany programme implementation, however,
it is critical to acknowledge the impacts thatchange in household dynamics have on relational stress between family members, as wellas the downstream effects that may result
from shifting connections outside the community. This can easily do more harm than
good if not carefully accounted for.
Additionally, centralized resources may not be
accessible for all women experiencing violencefrom a partner or other household member,not only because domestic violence is often
considered a private matter but also becauseof a lack of accessibility and fear of repercussions. Such cases require careful placement of
resources in informal channels where womenfeel comfortable, for instance through family
centres, community health workers, or community or religious leaders.

This was perhaps a contributing factor influencing the
low response rates to this survey overall and high refusals
among women who were contacted. For more informationon this, please see the Technical Report.

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Violence against women during COVID-19

17

7. METHODOLOGY
The survey was fielded via Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing using randomdigit dialing to mobile numbers between 30
April–18 June 2021. The total number of completed interviews was 1,202. During the survey
period, Thailand’s COVID-19 caseload was rising sharply (where case counts ranged fromroughly 1,900 to 3,500 per day).10 Thailand had
imposed limited nightly curfews during the
uptick of COVID-19 cases from May 2021. Despite the vaccination drive beginning as earlyas March, only 3% of the population was fully
vaccinated by June 2021.

The survey sample was drawn via random-digit dialing among the population with mobile
phone numbers, so the sample population islimited to women aged 18 or over with mobile
phone access. Women over the age of 60 werealso specifically targeted with an existing database to ensure adequate coverage of thisage group. The percentages for each age groupin this survey are within 2 percentage points ofeach age group in Thailand’s 2020 Census data,
and weighting is used to achieve a matching
distribution.11

Age group

Percentage of adult women based on Census data

Percentage of adult women from sample data

18–29

20%

22%

30–39

18%

19%

40–49

20%

21%

50–59

19%

17%

60+

23%

21%

10 Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center
data.

11

National Statistical Office. N.D. http://statbbi.nso.go.th/
staticreport/page/sector/en/01.aspx

18

DEFINITIONSCommunity: A term referencing the geographic area in which the respondent lives.
Food insecurity: This study used the World Food
Programme/Food and Agriculture Organization formulation to measure food insecurity
with an eight-statement battery of questions.
These data can be used to establish estimatesof the proportion of the sample who are moderately or severely food insecure, which canalso be disaggregated by other variables of interest through the use of the FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) module.12 Any references in the report to prevalence of moderateor severe food insecurity represent estimatesof the prevalence and should be interpreted assuch.
Partnered: A term referring to women who aremarried or living/cohabiting with a partner.
Violence against women: Any act of genderbased violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harmor suffering to women, including threats ofsuch acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivationof liberty, whether occurring in public or in
private life.

12 The FIES software developed by FAO can be found online athttps://fies.shinyapps.io/ExtendedApp/

Measuring the shadow pandemic:
Violence against women during COVID-19

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© 2021 UN Women. All rights reserved.
The views expressed in this publication arethose of the author(s) and do not necessarily
represent the views of UN Women, the United
Nations or any of its affiliated organizations.
Produced by the Women Count programme
Editor: Jen Ross
Design: Ouissal Hmazzou

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