The 20th East Asian Social Policy Network & the 30th Foundation forInternational Studies of Social Security Joint International Conference

Oral Presentation Session & Post-Graduate Session
AbstractsIndex
Oral Presentation Sessions
from 1-1 to 1-9from 2-1 to 2-8from 3-1 to 3-10
from 4-1 to 4-9
from 5-1 to 5-8

3 - 1112 - 19
20 - 29
30 - 38
39 - 46

Post-graduate Sessions

47 - 51

Please refer to the Program Timetable on page 6 to find the session corresponding to
your conference number.
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1

Oral Presentation Sessions
2024 EASP/FISS Joint Conference
13th & 14th June 20242

Oral Session 1-1
OR-044

Welfare State

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Daiva Skuciene, Vilnius University
Viktoriia Blyzniuk, State Organization “Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine”; Svitlana Shumska, State Organization "Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine“; Tautvydas Vencius, Vilnius University

Is the evolving welfare state in Ukraine similar to the Baltic model?
The research aims to evaluate the structure and principles of welfare provision in Ukraine compared to Lithuania. To implement theaim, we investigated welfare funding in both countries. It was one of the characteristics defining the Baltic model (Greve, 2022). The
financing of Ukraine's welfare provision is evaluated over 2016-2022 and using available data during the war. The funding of the
Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian welfare state is assessed in a more extended period up to 2022, using historical data in 2003 prior tojoining the EU.
Further, we analyzed the welfare state structure in both countries seeking social risk management (Holzman and Jorgensen, 2001)
and needs satisfaction (Alcock, 2016; Greve,2015). Social protection against social risks is analyzed based on entitlements, coverage,
and benefits adequacy. Implementing this task, we used Ukrainian document analysis (actual version) and secondary analysis of
Ukraine statistics from 2016 to 2022. The poverty level of benefits receivers is evaluated. The data structural elements are compared withthe data of Lithuanian Social insurance, based on Lithuanian laws (actual version) and Eurostat statistics 2016-2022 (2003 data areadded).
The minimal income guarantees are evaluated, providing the most deprived in both countries. The minimal income guarantee schemes
are analyzed from the perspective of administration, accessibility, and entitlement in Ukraine and Lithuania. The analysis is based on
actual versions of legal documents in both countries. The number of receivers and benefits adequacy are evaluated using thecountry's administrative data of the Social Policy Ministry(Ukraine) and the Social Security and Labour Ministry of Lithuania in 2022.

OR-096Young-hwan Byun, SOFI, Stockholm University

The Varieties of the Welfare State in East Asia: Findings from Social Policy Indicator Dataset (SPIN)
In comparative welfare state research, Social Policy Indicator Dataset (SPIN) has been widely used to examine the institutional design ofsocial policy programs and its impact on policy outcomes. However, it has remained unavailable for non-Western countries besides Japan.
Using the SPIN framework, I have created social policy indicators for six East Asian countries for the period of 1985-2020. By integratingthem into SPIN, it is now possible to compare social policy development in East Asian countries among each other and with Western
democracies. This study compares social policy development for Japan, Korea, and Taiwan that share a common political regime,
development model, cultural tradition, and initial social policy model. The analysis focuses on public pensions in terms of the coverage andincome replacement rates for marginal, average, and ‘productive’ labor. The findings bring attention to the varieties of the welfare state for
old-age security rather than the common East Asian characteristics. Since democratization, once-similar pension policies have diverged
into distinct types - conservative (Japan), regressive (Korea), and progressive (Taiwan). This development has a critical implication for oldage poverty and inequality in these countries where population ageing proceeds rapidly. The study concludes with a discussion on the
merits and the limits of using SPIN for the analysis of non-Western welfare states.

OR-118Masatoshi Kato, Ritsumeikan University

Cancelled

OR-120Young Jun CHOI, Yonsei University

Why is it so difficult to transform a welfare regime? Exploring the role of institutional complementarities
East Asian welfare regimes have been facing unprecedented social risks due to rapid demographic changes and increasing labour market
instability. Yet, strong path-dependent changes have been found in these welfare states. In this theoretical paper, we ask the reason of pathdependent changes in the turbulent times and their possible consequences. The complexities of transforming regimes can be attributed tothe concept of institutional complementarities. These refer to the supportive interconnections among institutions that create a cohesive
system. While such complementarities can lead to efficient outcomes, they can also cause rigidity, making adaptation to new challenges
arduous. As societal and economic conditions evolve, existing institutions may become less effective, leading to systemic contradictions.
Although public-backed reformers might gain political power to initiate change, the entangled nature of institutions implies that altering
one can impact the effectiveness of others, potentially worsening the situation temporarily. A wholesale transformation of multiple
institutions, ‘big push’, is impractically ambitious whereas targeted changes could destabilize the existing complementarities, again leading
to short-term inefficiencies. Therefore, for transformative changes while avoiding the systemic contradiction, policymakers must not only
recognize the interdependencies of institutions but also devise strategies that can sustain the short-term inefficiencies that arise fromaltering them. Successful regime transition involves crossing the "Death Valley" of temporary dysfunctionality before a new, more
effective system of complementarities can emerge.

3Oral Session 1-2
OR-029

Employment of Older Adults

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Misa Izuhara, University of Bristol; Matt Flynn, University of Leicester; Heike Schröder, Queen’s
University Belfast; Misa Izuhara University of Bristol; Masa Higo, Kyushu University

Late career change in the UK and Japan: Investigating institutional support through a Capability Approach lensThere has been an interest in extending individuals’ working life globally and there is a growing consensus on measures which could
encourage older workers to delay retirement. Career development and opportunities for job change are, for example, two of the main ways
in which extended working life has been promoted. How older workers change jobs is indeed an important question within the context ofageing workforces and the policy area of extending working life. This article explores how late-career job changes are facilitated and/or
restricted by employers and institutions in making a job change. We aim to answer this question through two lenses: First, we consider theexperiences of older job changers through the lens of Sen’s Capability Approach: an ethically individualist framework which is used to
explore the extent to which people have and can make use of the resources they need to build the lives which they value. In this case, weare exploring the support, career planning, training and guidance which they need to build second careers which they value. Second, we
compare the experiences of job changes in the UK and Japan. Using institutional theory, we explore their experiences in an external labour
market (UK) with relatively low job security and institutional barriers to changing employers and regulations prohibiting age
discrimination and mandatory retirement versus a more coordinated labour market (Japan) in which many older workers benefit from varyhigh levels of job security, but also face a mandatory retirement age. We identify and examine barriers and enablers within the comparative
contexts.

OR-030

Shuai ZHOU, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Work Longer, Live Longer? Late-Career Engagement and Longevity in China
Research on productive ageing has shown that later-life employment may benefit health and survival. It remains unclear whether the
longevity premium of late-career engagement differs by pension status. Drawing on five waves of nationwide survey data from the China
Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study collected during 2011-2020, this study employed Weibull survival models to examine all-cause
mortality risks in four groups of older populations:(1) inactive non-pensioners; (2) working non-pensioners; (3) working pensioners (bridge
employees); and (4) full retirees. In the sample of 12,031 older adults (aged 50-79 at baseline), 14.87% were deceased in follow-up waves.
Results of baseline late-career engagement showed that the hazard of all-cause mortality was higher in inactive non-pensioners (Hazard
ratio [HR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-2.02) but lower in working pensioners (HR =0.52, CI: 0.43-0.62), relative to working
non-pensioners. Nonetheless, differences in mortality risks between working non-pensioners and full retirees were minimal. In stratified
analyses, we found that male, older, urban, and literate working pensioners had lower hazards of all-cause mortality than their counterparts.
Moreover, the negative association between bridge employment and all-cause mortality was more salient among working pensioners who
participated in the resident pension scheme and received a below-median pension income. Overall, the findings support the longevity
premium hypothesis that continued employment, especially among older pensioners with more socioeconomic resources but inadequate
retirement protection, can enhance longevity over the long term while workforce detachment before pension entitlement increases the riskof all-cause mortality.

OR-032

Seung-ho Baek , The Catholic University of Korea
Sophia Seung-yoon Lee, Taieun Ko, Chung-Ang University

Perceptions of Precarity and Social Policy Preferences in the Digital Era: A Multilevel Analysis of OECD Countries
This study investigates how individuals across different skill levels and occupations perceive the risks associated with precarity in thedigital era. It further explores how these perceptions influence social policy preferences, considering the role of institutional protection in
shaping perceptions and preferences across OECD countries. The research draws on the debate about the effects of digital transformationon the labor market, particularly focusing on the relationship between digitalization and precarious work.
Utilizing data from the OECD's Risks That Matter Survey 2022, the study employs hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine
individual-level and country-level factors influencing perceptions of job security and social policy preferences. The multilevel analysis
accounts for the variation in perceptions and preferences across national contexts, considering the level of institutional protection provided
by each country.
The expected outcomes of this research include a nuanced understanding of how skill levels, occupational groups, and institutional contexts
shape individuals' perceptions of job security risks in the digital era. It is anticipated that individuals in occupations more susceptible toautomation and digitalization may express higher levels of concern regarding their job security, but these concerns may be mitigated by thepresence of strong institutional protection in their respective countries. Additionally, the study expects to find variations in social policy
preferences across skill levels, occupational groups, and countries, with those at higher risk of job displacement and those in countries withweaker institutional support potentially favoring stronger social safety nets and targeted policies to support workers affected by digitaltransformation.

OR-033

Luigi Burroni, University of Florence

Welfare provision for an ageing workforce: the role of Collective Bargaining in Italy and the Netherlands
The paper focuses on two important changes that are affecting welfare systems and labor regulation in recent years. The first has to do withthe crescent role that industrial relations practices-especially collective bargaining-are playing in welfare provision in many productive
sectors, complementing or replacing measures produced by public actors through public policies. The second has to do with the process ofworkforce ageing, that is one of the most critical challenges in contemporary economies and that needs specific measures related
employment regulation. Our analysis focuses on the role of sectoral collective bargaining in supporting welfare provision related to anageing workforce, adopting a comparative research design by focusing on two Western European countries, Italy and the Netherlands. We
conducted a content analysis of most representative sectoral collective agreements (more than 40 industry wide agreements, from industrial
to service activities) in the two countries, coding different types of possible intervention – such as training and skills provision, tools forinter-generational solidarity, flexible working hours related to age needs, etc. – and we find that Dutch collective agreements specificallytarget older workers with several dedicated provisions, while Italian collective agreements neglect age related welfare provision apart froma few exceptions focusing on early retirement. The final part of the paper focuses on weaknesses and strengths of the two models,emphasising also intra-national differences related to sectors, and identify some possible variables that explain the differences among thetwo countries.

Oral Session 1-3
OR-042Child Outcomes

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Padmore Adusei Amoah, Lingnan University; Afua Amankwaa ,Independent Researcher; Maggie Lau,
Lingnan University; Gizem Arat,Dominican University

Cancelled

OR-063

Akiko S. Oishi, Chiba University; Takuya Hasebe, Sophia University

Parents’ Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child OverweightStudies in the U.S. and Europe report that parents' nonstandard work schedules (NSWS) negatively affect their children's outcomes. For
example, Miller and Han (2008) report that a child's BMI increases significantly if mothers work either a few years or many years at
NSWS. Using cross-sectional data from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Kachi et al. (2021) found that mothers' NSWS are associated withadolescent obesity. However, studies have yet to be conducted using longitudinal data on children in Japan.
We used a sample of 21,216 12-year-olds from the Japanese Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century to analyze the effect ofparents' NSWS on adolescent overweight, considering child lifestyles (screen time and sleep time) as potential mediators. Parental history
of NSWS was obtained from the 2007, 2008, and 2010 waves of JLSN. Child's overweight was assessed using the Rohrer Index. Separate
analyses were also conducted by family income and the child's gender.
The mother's working NSWS were positively associated with the child's longer screen time and shorter sleep time. Moreover, the mother's
working NSWS at age 10 were associated with the child's being overweight at age 12. On the other hand, father's working NSWS wereassociated with neither children's time allocation nor being overweight at age 12. These results indicate the long-lasting effect of maternal
NSWS on adolescent overweight. Policy measures to enhance work-life balance are needed to reduce adolescent overweight and healthierchildren's lifestyles.

OR-138

Xiaochen Zhou, The University of Hong Kong; Minghong Shen, The Hong Kong University of Science andTechnology; Han Zhang, The University of Hong Kong; Yao Fu, Hong Kong Polytechnical University

A Life Course Approach to Examine the Impacts of Childhood Family Stability on Developmental Outcomes in Adolescence
The increased rates of divorce in the past few decades and a large scale of parental migration have transformed family life in China,
making millions of children experience family instability. While the literature in Western countries suggests that changes in family
structure have impacts on children’s behaviours and social functioning across life courses, our understanding of the longer-term effects offamily instability on Chinese children is still limited. Adopting a theoretical perspective of family instability, we applied five waves of the
China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. We selected adolescents who were aged 10-15 years old in 2018 and traced back their family
dynamics in previous waves. We examined whether family instability in childhood would affect individuals’ bonding with parents,
behavioural problems, and psychological well-being in adolescence.
The results suggest that, compared to fathers, the co-residence with mothers during childhood had a more significant impact on children’sdevelopmental outcomes. Children who constantly lived without mothers were more likely to have worse bonding with their parents andmore behavioural problems, indicating a cumulative effect of long-term separation from their mothers. Initial results suggest that more coresidence time with mothers after six years old was significantly associated with the decreased likelihood of children’s behavioural andpsychological problems. As one of the few attempts that adopt a life-course perspective to explore the longer-term impact of childhood
family instability on the outcomes in adolescence, this study not only captured the role of the pattern of family instability but also
highlighted the timing of changes.

OR-143

Myung Hee An, Hokkaido University; Ichiro Matsumoto, Hiromichi Kato, Hokkaido University

Does poverty affect children’s educational aspirations and levels of depression in Japan? Understanding the role of income
brackets and children’s perception of household income on their educational aspirations and mental healthObjective: To investigate the relationship between household income brackets, children’s perception of household income, theireducational aspirations, and their mental health issues in Japan.
Methods: The data of this research is from the “Survey of Children’s Lifestyle” in Hokkaido prefecture and Sapporo city in Japan. We
analysed 4839 children-caregiver pair data (1448 5th-grade elementary students, 1953 2nd-grade junior high school students, and 1438
2nd-grade high school students) and analysed the relationship between income brackets, children’s educational aspirations, financial
reasons for educational aspirations, and their depression via 5x2x2 ANOVA.
Results: Although there were no interrelationships between for the aforementioned features for any school year, there were main effects of“financial reasons” on depression, marginally significant among elementary and junior high school students, and statistically significant
among high school students. Regardless of whether they chose high school or university as their final educational goal, depression scores
were higher for children who made such choices due to financial reasons than for those who did not. Moreover, depression scores wereabove the cutoff value, which indicates a high likelihood of being diagnosed with depression, for high school students who aspired for highschool graduation or university due to financial reasons.
Discussion: This study’s findings suggest that children’s perspectives of low household income could affect their educational aspirations
and lead to a decline in mental health. The results suggest that guaranteeing equal educational opportunities regardless of householdincome is an important factor in safeguarding children from mental health issues such as depression.

5

Oral Session 1-4
OR-052Marriage and Low Fertility

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

CHUN-YU LIN, Soochow University

Between migration management and marriage immigrants: the frontline worker experiences
Over the past two decades, the number of migrants arriving in Taiwan for the purpose of international marriage has exceeded 590,000.
Predominantly, these immigrants are women, with the majority originating from Mainland China (MC) and Southeast Asian countries(SEA) such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. The influx of marriage immigrants has resulted in significant demographic shifts andsocial challenges. Concerns have been raised regarding its impact on domestic social stability and national security. As a consequence, thegovernment implement stricter immigration policies. However, these policies have also increased the workload of frontline workers due tofrequent revisions and updates to the laws.
This research builds upon Michael Lipsky’s concept of the street-level bureaucrat by focusing on the attitudes and behaviors of frontline
social service providers. This paper aims to investigate the experiences of these workers who regularly interact with marriage immigrantclients, exploring how they implement policies and the strategies they employ in their work practices.
This research has been conducted employing qualitative research methods. It combines participant observation, literature review, document
analysis, and in-depth interviews with10 frontline practitioners. The interviewees comprised social workers, administration personnel fromthe Immigration Agency and Customs, and specialized operation brigades who conduct home visits to immigrant families.

This research result confirms that street-level bureaucracy has autonomy and discretion. Moreover, the findings show that coping strategies
of frontline workers are varied. In some cases, these frontline workers in social services are not merely policy takers but also contribute topolicy-making processes.

OR-064Hiromi Tanaka, Osaka Metropolitan University
Kiwako Endo, KinjoGakuin University; Fang Guo, Doshisha University; Jeoungmi Lim, Gyeongsang
National University

Could support for marriage serve as a measure to address declining birth rates？: a Japan, South Korea and China comparison
East Asia is facing a new social challenge of severe population decline. The recent total fertility rates in Japan, South Korea, and China are
the lowest levels in the world, at 1.26, 0.72, and 1.16 respectively, with each country recording historically low numbers of child births.
While Japan and South Korea have implemented policies such as improving childcare facilities and reducing the economic burden ofchildbirth and child-rearing, and China has abolished birth restrictions, none of these measures have led to an improvement in birth rates.
Various factors contribute to the decline in birth rates, with delayed marriage and a rise in unmarried individuals being common
phenomena in these countries. Consequently, in East Asia where marriage is often a prerequisite for having children, support for marriage
among young people may become a policy issue. However, there has been insufficient consideration in policy research regarding marriage
and comparative studies in East Asia are scarce.
This paper aims to examine whether support for marriage could serve as a measure to address declining birth rates, by comparing thesituation in Japan, South Korea, and China. The analysis presents the current status and characteristics of support for marriage in thesecountries.
Based on these findings, this paper contributes to the discussion of the changes in values ​regarding marriage and family formation in East
Asia and the role of social policy.

OR-088Kyungju Woo, Sogang University; Jinwook Kim, Sogang University

The Effect of Perception on the current circumstances on the Marriage Intention of Young Koreans: Focusing on Mediating Effectof Future Expectation
The decision to enter into marriage is influenced by various factors, including perceptions of one's current life circumstances andexpectations for the future. The marriage rate in South Korea is decreasing every year along the fertility rate. Therefore, the decline inmarriage among young people is currently the major policy challenges in Korean Society. This study aims to examine the mediating effectof future expectations on the relationship between the perception of current life and marriage intention. Using data from the『2022 Survey
on Youth Living』, a nationally representative survey conducted by Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs, multiple linear
regression and logistic regression models is used to analyze the data and examine the relationships between perception of current life,
future expectations, and marriage intention. Based on previous research and theories, it is hypothesized that future expectations will
mediate the relationship between perception of current life and marriage intention. The findings of this study will contribute to a better
understanding of the factors influencing marriage intentions of young adults in South Korea and provide insights into the role of future
expectations in shaping individuals' decisions regarding marriage.

OR-141

Sunwoo Ryu, University of Bristol

Does everyone’s fertility matter equally? The variations in 21st century East Asia’s pronatalist family policy
approaches
In the face of rapidly dwindling birthrates, East Asia has shown an unprecedented level of family policy expansion with an explicit
pronatalist aim. Despite this common aim, this research argues that East Asian societies have varied their pronatalist family policy in termsof ‘inclusiveness’, namely, the extent to which it equally assists all births irrespective of different family profiles, especially with respect tofamilial socio-economic status. This article is structured two-fold. Firstly, from an inclusiveness-centred perspective, it builds threedifferent ideal types of pronatalist family policy approaches: the ‘inclusive’ where pronatalist family benefits and services are provided foralmost everyone; the ‘stratified’ where they are more accessible for the middle- and upper-income households; and the ‘targeted’ where
they are concentrated on the low-income classes. By using them as an analytical framework, this article pinpoints and compares thepatterns of pronatalist family policy development in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. The analysis shows that the region has
pursued different paths, with Japan and Singapore promoting a stratified path in contrast to Taiwan favouring a targeted one, whilst South
Korea pioneered introducing inclusive support. However, it also suggests that the other three countries have also recently adopted more
inclusive pronatalist family policies especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Oral Session 1-5
OR-011Social Policy by Cities

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Gemma Scalise, University of Milan-Bicocca

Post-industrial cities as hubs of institutional change? Social policy experimentation in Milan and Amsterdam
Welfare states have become more service-oriented and services are delivered locally, relying on capacitating provision and in-kind benefits
able to equip people to navigate flexible labour market and de-standardized life course. The city is the principal site where post-industrial
challenges (e.g., demographic shift, changes in the world of work and family, augmented income and educational inequality) impact andmanifest their implications, where post-industrial risks arise but also where problem-based and concrete political responses can be provided.
Yet, territory-specific context variables, administrative traditions and state-society relations shape the city-level policy autonomy and roomfor experimentation.
Building on two comparative - mixed methods - case studies focused on European post-industrial cities, Milan and Amsterdam, this paper
aims to explore the local institutional capacity and governance mechanisms which are behind social policy experimentation and innovative
policy success and failure. We uncover how political commitment and administrative discretion allow for innovation in integrated social
services at the local level in collaboration with civil society stakeholders and citizens-led actions, empowered to participate in decision
making and policy delivery. Our analytical framework combines ‘structure’ and ‘agency’, considering both the impact of multi-levelinstitutional and regulatory factors and the role and agency of local socio-economic actors who participate in the city social governance.

OR-012

Seo Eun Oh, Yonsei University; Seon Hoe Han, Yonsei University

Do Local Social Security Programs Meet Local Welfare Needs? Exploring through Social Network Analysis
Over recent decades, South Korea has seen its welfare system expand both in scale and quality, with a growing emphasis on the
involvement of local authorities. Yet, due to the country's centralized governance, effective coordination between the welfare ministry andlocal governments remains elusive, leading to a piecemeal approach to welfare program delivery at the local level. This lack of
coordination often results in redundant welfare initiatives by central and local governments and gaps in service delivery. However, studies
on whether the numerous welfare programs of the central and regional governments are solving problems or merely remaining as politicalrhetoric are rare.
This study seeks to map out the social security program landscape at the local level through social network analysis (SNA) to draw out
policy recommendations for program improvement. By extracting keywords from the objectives of roughly 1,800 social security programs
across diverse regions (including a major urban centre, a mid-sized city, and a rural area) using data from the Local Finance Management
System (e-Hojo), and then applying SNA with these keywords as nodes, the study aims to identify key themes, clusters of similar programs,
and areas not addressed by current initiatives. The outcomes will be juxtaposed with regional welfare needs data to assess how well the
local social security framework meets citizens’ welfare demands.

OR-045

Xue Li, Fudan University

A Decline in Urban-Rural Divide? Impact of Hukou Reform and Participation in Social Insurance in China, 2010–2018
China is undergoing significant reforms in its social welfare regime and household registration (hukou) system. As a result, millions ofrural residents are now for the first time in history covered by social insurance programs, similar to their urban counterparts. Scholars
debate whether and how the urban-rural divide in participation in social insurance programs is narrowing (if at all).
Focusing on the role of the central and local governments in shaping this urban-rural divide, we conducted an analysis by merging the fivesurvey waves of the China Family Panel Studies with province-level data from 2010 to 2018.
We found that fiscal subsidies from the central government consistently played a significant role in encouraging participation in both typesof social insurance. However, the urban-rural divide persisted to some extent. For employment-based social insurance, the urban-rural gap
did not narrow until the central government's fiscal subsidies reached a relatively high level. In contrast, the urban-rural divide in
residency-based social insurance began to diminish and even disappeared after 2014, when hukou restrictions were lifted in most cities.
Nevertheless, the divide between the state sector and non-state sector did not shrink.
These findings suggest that the social insurance system in China has been reorganized, with less emphasis on the urban-rural divide andmore on the divide between the state and non-state sectors.

OR-119Bruno Miguel Oliveira, DINÂMIA'CET-Iul

Cancelled7Oral Session 1-6
OR-047Long-term Care

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Ming-Fang Chang, National Taiwan University

Examining Long-Term Care Workforce Policies in Taiwan and Japan: An East Asian Welfare Capitalism Perspective
This paper aims to explore the political discourses and ideas behind the long-term care workforce policies in Taiwan and Japan. While
welfare state retrenchment prevails in most countries, Japan and Taiwan launched national long-term care systems in 2000 and 2007. This
paper examines how the social investment was framed as the solution to the perceived problems of these two systems of LTC and how suchprocess is similar or different across the two countries. This empirical analysis shows how the two countries define specific problem
representations, underlying assumptions and silences, and then argues that the driving factors of these state welfare expansions are largely
derived from the government intention of the improvement of labour force participation across both sexes and all age groups rather than the
decline in the provision of family care. While the social investment approach is the dominant idea of LTC policy in both Taiwan and Japan,
they adopted different strategies to the problem of care worker shortage emerged from different underlying assumptions. Thus, the divert
directions of policy development further occur various public debates or new issues. In conclusion, the analysis highlights themethodological advantages of juxtaposing seemingly similar discourses in different contexts. The discussions of the ideas behind the LTC
policy development also offer insights into the debates of East Asian welfare capitalism and the related productivist welfare regime.

OR-061

Yu-Chih Chen, The University of Hong Kong; Ting Hu; Yinkai Zhang, The University of Hong Kong
Julia Shu-Huah Wang, National Taiwan University

Navigating the long-term care policy landscape in China: Patterns, variations, and mechanisms of insurance policy on health andwell-being
China officially implemented its first city-level long-term care insurance (LTCI) policy in 2016 with provisions for hospital, home, andinstitutional care. Although previous research has explored the general impact of LTCI on health and well-being, there remains a dearth ofstudies delving into the nuanced aspects of LTCI policies, such as the specific services provided, duration of coverage, and mechanisms
underlying their influence on health outcomes. Using data from the 2011-2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we
examined the diverse impacts of various LTCI measures on physical health (e.g., self-rated health, activities of daily living [ADLs], andfrailty), mental well-being (e.g., depressive symptoms and life satisfaction), and cognitive function. Additionally, we investigate
heterogeneous policy effects by social and health-related characteristics.
Using difference-in-differences methods with robustness checks using inverse probability of treatment weighting, results showed that LTCI
is associated with reductions in depressive symptoms, ADL limitations, and frailty, alongside improvements in self-rated health. Thesebeneficial effects are mediated by decreased hospital expenditure and shorter hospital stays. Particularly, the study finds evidence of both
immediate policy announcement effects and longer-term implementation effects. While the former positively impacts frailty and ADL
limitations, the latter is associated with improvements in depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Furthermore, these positive effects are
particularly pronounced among individuals with pre-existing disabilities, mobility limitations, and cognitive impairments. The findings
underscore the efficacy of LTCI as a strategic policy tool for enhancing the health and well-being of older adults in China.

OR-072

Jiwei QIAN, National University of Singapore; Dewen WANG, World Bank

Long-Term care Insurance: International Experiences and Implications for China

This paper reviews the design and implementation of long-term care insurance (LTCI) in selected countries and draw implications to longterm care (LTC) financing in response to rapid ageing globally and in China. It examines the design features, challenges, and lessons
learned from major countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Korea, and Japan. It also investigates various local LTCI pilots in China andimplications to inform a unified design of policy framework at the national level. The paper raises key questions regarding the goals,
coverage, adequacy, affordability, and sustainability of LTCI public policies and discusses the potential role of private insurance. Throughcomparing policy designs and implementation in these countries, it aims to draw implications to China’s ongoing LTCI policy reforms andother developing countries with a similar challenges of population ageing.

OR-109Seonwoo Yoon, University of Oxford

Prioritisation in Elderly Care Policies: Differential care need interpretations and inclusion of target groups in South Korea
In keeping with demographical and financial pressures, elderly care policies across OECD countries have tried to meet the growing careneeds of elderly populations by providing better quality services on-the-ground. However, these ways of reforms toward ‘Ageing in Place(AIP)’ have not asked what types of care needs are prioritised in different institutional units and how this process relates to various forms
of inclusion and exclusion. In analysing recent elderly care policy reforms in South Korea toward AIP, the paper asks: How are care needs
differently interpreted at each institutional unit? Under what conditions are differential care need interpretations across actors located at
different institutional units related to prioritising certain target groups of elderly people? This article firstly identifies multidimensional
aspects of care needs by developing the concept of ‘care poverty’ from Teppo Kröger – personal, practical, socio-emotional, financial, andfamilial aspect of need. In line with this conceptualised framework, the paper adopts a critical frame analysis and investigates policy
documents, administrative data, and interviews from both government- and city-level policymakers. The study firstly shows what
categorical distinctions are especially salient bases of care need interpretations at different institutional levels. It also illustrates the factors
underlying these variations among care need interpretations and their relationship with differential inclusion of a certain group of older
people. The study reveals that how prevailing theories about prioritisation in the target group inclusion/exclusion process, such as social
constructions of deservingness, would vary depending on care need interpretations.

8Oral Session 1-7
OR-069Poverty in Old Age

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Pei-Yuen Tsai, National Chengchi University

Challenges and Debates of Social Assistance Act in Taiwan
Social Assistance Act is an important legislation to support the poor in Taiwan. It provides several kinds of welfare including living
support, medical subsidies, emergency subsidies, disaster aids, and various benefits in childcare, education, housing and so on.
Nevertheless, there are many problems in implementation and thus many poor people are excluded from the social assistance system. In
order to address these problems, some social groups have advocated the amendment of Social Assistance Act.
This study adopts qualitative research method and interviews with staff in social groups and government officials involved in social
assistance to explore the problems and challenges in implementing Social Assistance Act, their ideas on the solutions to solve existing
problems and debates regarding these issues. This study firstly analyses existing problems in implementing Social Assistance Act in
Taiwan. Second, it demonstrates different approach of solutions that government officials and social groups propose to address these
problems. Finally, this study reviews these different legislation proposals and summarises some key disputes regarding the amendment ofSocial Assistance Act, such as the adoption of ‘fictitious income’, the range of family maintenance obligation, the rights of immigrants toapply for social assistance, the discretionary power of social workers, the measures to encourage work and the ways to facilitate poor
people to escape poverty trap. The findings of this research can contribute to the understanding of the problems and the development ofsocial assistance policies in Taiwan.

OR-073San-lin Chung, National Taiwan University; Fen-ling Chen, National Taipei University

Pension Reform and Elderly Poverty: An Empirical Study in Taiwan
Pension schemes for the elderly are important systems to prevent them living in poor. Every country employs various kinds of old-age
payments to keep the living quality of the elderly. In modern society, even if most countries provide various public-private mixed annuity
systems, can the annuity system protect the elderly from the risk of poverty?
After World War II, many countries rapidly invested in economic development under the leadership of the government, driving thedevelopment of education and labor markets. As a result, labour insurance was introduced in East Asia since 1950s. In the mid-1980s,
many countries also launched democratization revolutions and demanded more social security. Taiwan has also begun reforming its
pension system in the 2000s. In 2009, labor insurance’s old-age benefits, which has the largest number of insured persons, began to become
annuitized.
In this paper, we use Taiwan’s labor insurance data of insured person's seniority file, the insured person's insured salary file and thecontribution file of individual labor pension account to exam the impacts of the reform proposals of reducing the old-age benefits. For eachreform proposal, we estimate its effects in terms of (1) the percentage change of annuity amount, (2) the percentage change of income
replacement rate, and (3) the probability of economic risk (falling into poverty) for recent retired workers born from 1950 to 1960. We also
provide detailed analyses to see how the disadvantaged retired workers are affected and discuss what kind of pension design can reducepoverty for them.

OR-111

Dongjin Kim, Seoul National University; Keon Kim, Taehyung Kim, Seoul National University

The Effect of Marital Dissolution on Poverty Rates among Older Women in Korea

Why do elderly women experience a significantly higher poverty rate compared to elderly men? Previous studies suggest that factors suchas lower levels of education, disadvantaged career paths, and marital dissolution contribute significantly, as viewed through the lens of
Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage Theory (CAD). For instance, within the traditional male breadwinner model, many married
women were unable to contribute to pension plans as they primarily tended to household chores and childcare responsibilities.
Consequently, they relied solely on their husband’s pension income in old age. In this context, marital dissolution emerges as a primary
trigger for poverty among older women, as they lose access to their husband’s pension income.
Drawing on this explanation, numerous previous studies on the poverty rates of elderly women have centered on the correlation between
marital dissolution and poverty. However, this explanation may only hold for Western countries with well-established pension systems. In
contrast to Western counterparts, the Korean National Pension system, implemented in 1988, is still in its developmental stages. Given thisinstitutional context, marital dissolution alone cannot be mainly attributed as the sole cause of poverty among women, as men too can fall
into poverty due to inadequate National Pension benefits.
Few studies have investigated the effect of marital dissolution on poverty rates among older women in the Korean context. This paper aims
to fill this gap by applying the synthetic control method with a difference-in-difference event study to assess whether marital dissolutionindeed exacerbates poverty rates among older women in Korea.

9Oral Session 1-8
OR-024

New Alleviation

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Kim Taehyung, Seoul National University

Impact of the 2019 Revision of Earned Income Tax Credit on poverty: A case of South Korea
The Korean Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which was introduced in 2009, is a prominent policy that benefits the working poor byproviding incentives in the form of tax refunds on labor income. The Korean EITC, like the U.S. EITC, is distributed in three levels: phasein, flat, and phase-out. The EITC has steadily expanded its coverage and benefits. Specifically, the implementation in 2019 marked themost substantial expansion to date, with the number of recipient households more than doubling and tax expenditures increasing by
approximately 2.7 times over the previous year. The EITC was expected to have an impact on eligible households' income and poverty
levels by providing labor incentives and income support. However, because of the retrospective application and the narrowing of the phasein range where labor incentive effects are expected, it is unclear whether the 2019 expansion produced the theoretically predicted effects.
This study employs the synthetic difference-in-differences (SDID) method to estimate the causal effects of the 2019 EITC expansion on
eligible households' disposable income and poverty. The effects were examined based on income region, considering the heterogeneity ofpolicy effects. Furthermore, to control the effects of other concurrent policy expansions, such as the Child Tax Credit (CTC), the study
limited the analysis sample to non-recipient households for each policy and conducted robustness tests. The results show that the poverty
rate of households in the phase-in range decreased by 8.7%p at statistically significant levels. However, upon controlling for the effects of
CTC, no significant income increases were observed.

OR-065

Yu-Tzu Lo, National Taiwan University; Shih-Jiunn Shi; National Taiwan University

Urban-rural gap broadened by targeted poverty alleviation? An Empirical Study of Dibao in China
Dibao, China's principal pillar of social assistance since the late 1990s, is directly related to poverty affairs. Previous literature draws on
decentralism theory, local budgets, bureaucracy, trade openness, and social unrest factors to explain Dibao's distribution and fairness.
Meanwhile, preceding studies indicated the urban bias in the social assistance system that targeted urban impoverishment while neglecting
the same situation in the countryside. Although the poverty alleviation campaign (tuopin) launched in 2021 was officially declaredsuccessful, in which the aggregate number of Dibao recipients has reduced significantly afterward, its effects on poverty amelioration inunderdeveloped regions remain moot.
Against this background, this article aims to examine the impact of the tuopin campaign on Dibao policy by measuring the latter’s coverageamong the regions of different development levels. This research applies multiple period difference-in-differences (DID) and difference-indifference-in-differences (DDD) approaches with a data set collected from the Chinese government. The primary empirical results
demonstrate that the impact of the tuopin campaign on Dibao coverage is slightly more significant in urban areas than their disadvantaged
rural counterparts, which echoes former urban-rural inequality. This finding underpins our major argument that the tuopin campaign may
have alleviated the overall poverty situation, though at a high price of the unintended increase in urban-rural disparity. Based on empiricalevidence, this research implies that China’s urban-oriented governance is still ingrained and strengthened; the tuopin campaign’s social
integration target is simply propaganda.

OR-114

Hannes Lenaerts, University of Antwerp

Is subsidized employment a pathway out of poverty? A comparative EU study.
The persistent lack of labour market inclusion of disadvantaged groups (in combination with inadequate minimum income protection) has
been identified as a major possible explanation for the disappointing (relative) poverty trends among the working-age population, against
the backdrop of economic growth, increasing employment and even increased social spending in many EU countries in the past decades(Burniaux et al., 1998; Cantillon, 2022; Cantillon et al., 2018; Cantillon & Vandenbroucke, 2014; Corluy & Vandenbroucke, 2014; Crettaz,
2018; Fischer & Strauss, 2020; Förster & Pearson, 2003; Förster & Mira D'Ercole, 2005; Halleröd et al., 2015; Lohmann & Marx, 2018;
Marx & Nolan, 2014; Nolan, 2018; OECD, 2008, 2011). The social economy, a publicly subsidized economic sector that exists in different
forms in many European welfare states, employs people that cannot get jobs in the regular economy. Even though the relationship between
work and poverty is not always straightforward, stable employment can be - especially in combination with policies on other life domains
such as housing - an important pathway out of poverty and social exclusion (Halleröd et al., 2015; Lohmann & Marx, 2018; Van Lancker,2019). Using microsimulation modelling, we assess to what extent social economy systems in different EU countries lead to a durable exitout of poverty and social exclusion for those employed in in it.

10Oral Session 1-9
OR-041

Changing Definition of Poverty

10:20-11:50 13 JUNE

Chien-Chung Huang, Rutgers University
Li-Hsin Chuang, Yuan-Shie Hwang, National Chi-nan University

Asset Based Community Development and Happiness in Community Residents in Taiwan

The rise of literature on Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) has indicated a positive association between ABCD and life
outcomes in communities. However, less is known about the effects of ABCD on happiness in life of community residents in Taiwan. This
study used 682 residents to examine the relationships between ABCD and happiness in Taiwan. The findings of this study show that
ABCD had significant positive effects on happiness (beta=0.42, p<.001). Specifically, the dynamic assets has relatively larger effects onhappiness (Beta=0.44) than the static assets in the communities (beta=0.36). Further, the study found that the community capacities in
below dimensions have high effects on the happiness of the residents: participation (beta=0.47), leadership (beta=0.43), and organization(beta=0.43). This study calls for specific strategies to strengthen community assets in community development that has vital effects onhappiness of community residents in Taiwan and beyond, especially for participation, leadership, and organization capacities.

OR-068

Bo-Yung Kim, Yeungnam University

Beyond the Blind Spots Detection System: An Analysis of Media Coverage on Welfare Tragedies in South Korea
This study delves into the persistent issue of welfare blind spots in South Korea, as highlighted by tragic incidents extensively covered innational media from 2018 to 2022. Despite governmental efforts to expand social welfare programs and implement advanced extensive
data-based detection systems, neglect and desperation continue to emerge, casting doubt on the effectiveness of such measures.
Through a comprehensive analysis of major newspapers and broadcasting reports, this research categorises the incidents into types of crises
leading to fatalities, examines the socio-economic backgrounds of the victims, and evaluates the current welfare policies' capacity toaddress these crises. The findings reveal that the welfare blind spots are not merely detection failures but are rooted in a complex interplayof economic hardships, social isolation, and gaps in the welfare system.
The analysis uncovers the limitations of a detection-centered approach in addressing the ongoing welfare blind spot tragedies in South
Korea. Over half of the cases could not have been resolved by mere detection due to systemic exclusions within the welfare framework.
Notably, many incidents involved individuals already known to public institutions or those who had sought assistance, underscoring theneed for proactive engagement rather than reactive discovery. The analysis also suggests that improving caregiving accessibility, engaging
housing managers, and focusing on financial distress as early indicators could prevent many tragedies.

OR-097

Inhoe Ku, Seoul National University; Chung-Yang Yeh, Soochow University;
Yong-Chang Heo, Sun Moon University; Atsushi Yuyama, Rikkyo University

Asset-based welfare and public pensions in East Asia

The underdevelopment of public pension is a main characteristic of welfare states in Est Asia. One of the reasons for the underdevelopment
may lie in the asset-welfare state relationship. The literature on asset-based welfare hypothesized that assets, in particular housing assets,
have a trade-off relationship with public pension systems. In the asset-based welfare, individuals are encouraged to accumulate assets formeeting their own welfare needs, instead of relying on public income transfers. Wealth accumulated in working ages, such as housing
assets, may be considered as resources for consumption smoothing in later life and a functional equivalent to retirement incomes. It is
known that the asset-based welfare has also been emerging in many Western developed countries as an additional pillar of their welfare
systems in 21st century. However, we focus on the asset-based welfare in East Asia because it was developed earlier in the virtual absenceof redistributive programs and may have had profound impacts on later development of pension systems. We examine the association
between the asset-based welfare and public and private pension systems in East Asia, focusing on Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. First,
we compare the historical development of asset-based welfare and its relationship with the introduction and subsequent reforms ofretirement income systems in each country. Second, we assess the welfare states of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in the vein of thenexus between asset-based welfare and retirement income systems.

OR-127

Kok-Hoe Ng, National University of Singapore

Minimum Income Standards and Social Security in Singapore

This study presents results from the Minimum Income Standard (MIS) project in Singapore since 2017 and assesses its value in advancing
public discourse on basic needs in the context of a neoliberal welfare state with no official poverty line and no legislated minimum wage.
The MIS project uses consensual focus groups to determine the minimum incomes that different configurations of households need toachieve a basic standard of living in Singapore. The method is participatory instead of expert-driven, built around a deliberative process
distinct from aggregative strategies like surveys. The income benchmarks produced by the study revealed the defining features of social
welfare in Singapore. Cash transfers are often strictly means-tested, requiring people to fall below a basic standard of living before they
qualify for help. Amounts given are inadequate for meeting basic needs. Income limits are inconsistent and the underlying policy rules are
not always transparent. In general, schemes that reach more people provide smaller amounts. In other words, Singapore does not yet have awelfare system that provides universal and adequate social security. The study concludes by reviewing the value of MIS research as a tool
to monitor social policy development over a period that included the Covid-19 pandemic and recent hikes in living costs; its impact onpolicy debate and public understanding of basic needs; and its contribution to the realization of a living wage.

11

Oral Session 2-1
OR-013

Health insurance and Institutions 14:50−16:20 13 JUNE

Ryozo Matsuda, College of Social Sciences, Ritsumeikan University

Institutional legacy in health reform: the case of public-private mix of health care delivery in Japan
The public-private mix of health care delivery matters not only in economic terms but in political terms. By describing and analyzing
regional variations in public-private mix since the mid twentieth century, this paper explores different mixes, presumably bringing different
political configurations in regional healthcare reform. The paper first describes its background: how restructure of regional health caredelivery has been discussed, what the national government has proposed, and how the proposal has been implemented (or not) in regions. It
particularly focuses on Regional Healthcare Planning, which are supposed to develop a regional plan of restructuring hospital services,involving multiple public and private actors. Second, it briefly discusses theoretical issues, focusing on institutional legacy, on regional
health care reform. Third, the paper gives an historical account of the variations: they emerged in a market-driven healthcare delivery,
complementarily intervened by national and local governments, under the Statutory Health Insurance System. It also elaborates
classification of healthcare providers used for legislative and statistical purposes by the government in terms of public-private mix. It
describes and analyzes how public-private mixes of regional health care delivery have changed (or not). The paper concludes with someinsights for regional reforms from institutional legacy perspectives and further research development.

OR-080

Koeun Park, Health Insurance Research Institute (HIRI), NHIS, South Korea

A Comparative Study on Health Insurance Entitlement and Contribution System For the Dependent Self-employed
As the labor market flexibility and diversification of employment forms increased, non-standard employment such as part-time and fixedterm contracts increased. These non-standard workers experience higher levels of job insecurity and income insecurity and lower access tosocial insurance compared to standard workers represented by full-time regular employees. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic andshift towards outsourcing and sub-contracting with technological transformation (digitalization), not only non-standard employment among
wage workers but also a ‘grey zone’ between dependent employment(wage workers) and self-employment has been expanded. This grey
area is termed variously, such as ‘false,’ ‘sham,’ ‘dependent,’ ‘misclassified,’ and ‘bogus’ self-employment, or ‘disguised’ employment(Behling and Harvey, 2015; Harvey and Behling, 2008; Jorens, 2008; Pedersini and Coletto, 2010, Thörnquist, 2013).
Most traditional social insurance systems in countries apply different entitlement and contribution systems depending on this binary divide
between dependent employment and self-employment. In Korea, most people are enrolled in health insurance, but a dual qualification
system is established according to their occupational status. For wage workers(“workplace insured”), mainly focusing on regular workers,
insurance premiums are levied on income and shared with employers. On the other hand, most self-employed individuals are classified as
different types of entitlement("regionally insured" or "dependents of workplace-insured”) and contribute insurance premiums not only on
their income but also on their property, which is a point that distinguishes them from wage workers.
Therefore, reviewing how to design the entitlement and contribution system for workers in this grey area(hereafter dependent selfemployment) is necessary. Dependent self-employment is a phenomenon that is also seen in other advanced countries such as Italy andSpain (ILO, 2016; Lee 2019, etc.). Thus, this study aims to explore the diversity of health insurance systems for dependent selfemployment and derive policy implications to improve the blind spots of non-standard workers and to seek a more equitable contribution
system. The research question is, "Howhave health security systems in advanced countries diverged in response to the diversification of
employment forms?". This study conducted comparative analysis of the Health Insurance System for Dependent Self-employed Workers in
26 OECD countries, focusing on key institutional conditions consisting of equity, accessibility, and social security consistency, throughfuzzy-set ideal type analysis. The policy implications for the Korean labor market and healthcare insurance of dependent self-employedworkers were discussed based on the analysis of the institutional similarities and differences in healthcare systems in OECD countries.

OR-084

Neil Lunt, University of York ; Mark Exworthy, University of Birmingham

Are we moving towards a two-tier healthcare system? UK reflections post-Covid
The UK health care system has, since 1948, been dominated by the National Health Service in terms of expenditure; 81.5% of UK healthspending is from the central government (ONS 2022). Out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending has been rising as a share of total healthexpenditure in the UK and other countries for several years. In 2021, OOP accounted for 13.9% of health spending in the UK. OOP
spending accounts for a much larger share of health spending than private insurance (2.5%). This figure reflects the lack of public funding
for long-term care (social care), perceived limitations of the NHS, policy choices for services such as dentistry, the limitations of private
medical insurance, and changing public attitudes towards health care (and the NHS). Arguably, these recent developments have been
exacerbated by the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, especially on NHS waiting lists. Yet, relatively little is known about the motives,
meanings, and outcomes of OOP as they relate to the public, patients, NHS providers and commissioners, and private health care providers.
This discussion examines the antecedents of the OOP spending in the NHS and explores their implications. How do such developments sit
alongside foundational NHS principles - centrally funded and free at the point of delivery, universal, equitable, comprehensive, and highquality? This question is timely in light of 2024 being a general election year, and with the NHS and private healthcare a potential
battleground, given what it symbolizes for British voters.

OR-125Cancelled

12

YUXIN LI, Duisburg-Essen University

Oral Session 2-2
OR-071Child Poverty

15:00−16:00 13 JUNE

Hung-ju Lai, National Chi Nan University

Looking into child poverty in the Taiwanese context through gender and Capabilities– a participatory approach
The Capability Approach has been discussed in children’s studies since it was addressed by Sen and further clarified by Nussbaum. This
perspective provides a unique way to examine children’s well-being and their interpretation of ‘what is good’ for their lives. In somediscussions, children are still forming their ‘being’ and possibly lack of a complete set of capabilities compared to adults. However, many
believe that this should be understood through children’s developmental stages. Additionally, external factors that might limit theircapabilities, such as poverty or gender, should be explored in depth. While wildly adopted in Western contexts or disciplines relevant tointernational development, few studies have integrated this perspective into issues regarding child poverty in the Taiwanese context. This
research conducts three focus groups with disadvantages children and youth aged 11 to 14 in Taiwan, comprising two mixed-gender groups
and one all-girl group. The research aims to understand these children’s expectations of their lives and the capabilities they supposedly
possess as a result. Their understandings of the limitations imposed by gender will also be the focus of the study. Vignettes and family
profiles are incorporated as data collection tools in the focus group process. The results show that children and youth focus on theiremotional and affectional capitals, and older children begin to become aware of the gender differences. It is suggested that anotherperspective, particularly from the children themselves, should be emphasized in the contexts where poverty is mostly determined by themonetary resources.

OR-100Dominic Richardson, The Learning for Well-being InstituteDavid Harris, John Hudson, Sophie Mackinder

How Universal Child Benefits Can Begin to Address Countries’ Underinvestment in the Youngest Children
This paper builds on evidence published in the Too Little Too Late Report by UNICEF and partners last year, and new analysis of theeffects of universal child benefits (UCBs) on income distributions and relative child Income poverty. Together these studies combine toprovide a tool for simulation of child social protection reforms across the life course to assess the cost benefit implications of delivering anadequate universal child benefit (at 6 percent of average earnings in a given country – the international average level of UCB payment).
The simulations across countries from different income groups/development stages will be used to analyze 1) the macro effects on publicbudgets (total and marginal costs) the overall balance of the public portfolio policy portfolio for children, and national targets of poverty
and child wellbeing. And 2) within country inequalities and child and family outcomes in different population groups (sole parents,preschoolers, etc.). Results of the analysis will be used to better understand how the delivery of a UCB results in the re-ranking of countries
in international comparisons of relative child income poverty and in terms of positive spillovers this may have on measures of well-being,
including education, health and family functioning – and implications for the final push towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
Recommendations of the paper will focus on the merits and methods of implementing, and financing, universal or near universal childbenefits for countries at different stages of development.

OR-113

Bruce Bradbury, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW Sydney
Markus Jantti, Stockholm University

Low wages and child poverty
There is substantial evidence that wages are a poorly targeted means of poverty alleviation. Many low-wage workers are living in not-poorhouseholds and many of the working-age poor live in households with no employed members. Nonetheless, across nations there is a strong
correlation between low rates of child and working age poverty and high minimum wages (or low wage inequality). There are several
potential explanations for this. If wages are low, income support might be set low to encourage labour supply. In the other direction, highbenefits will increase the wage bargaining power of unskilled workers. More generally, societies with strong labour movements may havedeveloped institutions that have led to both high wages and high benefits. Also important are impacts on employment, with higher wages
possibly inducing labour supply and demand employment responses.
In this paper we detail the relationship between low wages, employment rates, taxes, transfer income and disposable income in the highincome countries included in the Luxembourg Income Study. We focus on the role of these different components among households
containing the poorest one-fifth of children in each country over the last three decades. How are these components associated with eachother? Among those countries where bottom-end parental wage rates are low, which countries are able to achieve relatively high disposable
incomes for the most disadvantaged families? Is this due to high employment rates, high transfers or demographic characteristics?
Similarly, why do some countries with high bottom-end wages have relatively high poverty rates?

13

Oral Session 2-3
OR-015

Gender Inequality at Home 1

15:00-16:00 13 JUNE

KIM, Minseop, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
JUNG, Nahri, Seoul National University
ZHOU, Ying, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Work-from-Home Arrangements and Work-Family Conflict during the COVID-19 Pandemic
In an effort to curb the spread of the virus, many countries implemented lockdown measures during the pandemic, mandating or advisingpeople to work from home. These unprecedented arrangements, coupled with the widespread closure of schools, considerably blurred theboundary between work and family life, which raises a question about how work-from-home arrangements influenced parents’ workfamily conflict during the pandemic. Based on survey data collected from working parents with young children (ages 7-8) in Hong Kong
(N= 278), this study investigated the association between working from home and the two forms of work-family conflict (i.e., work-tofamily conflict and family-to-work conflict) assessed by the work and family conflict scale (WAFCS). Given persistent gendered role
expectations, the study also examined gender differences in the association between working from home and work-family conflict.
Structural equation modeling revealed that parents (both fathers and mothers) who worked from home experienced lower levels of work-tofamily conflict compared to their counterparts who did not work from home. However, similar effects were not observed for family-towork conflict. Instead, the spouse’s work-from-home status was a significant predictor, in that parents were found to experience higher
levels of family-to-work conflict when spouses were unable to work from home. These findings suggest that working from home served asa family-friendly work option during the pandemic. Policy implications for the post-pandemic era will be discussed.

OR-019Futoshi Taga, Kansai University

Exploring the Plurality of Caring Men: “Conflicted Masculinity" in East Asian Metropolitan Areas
Recent gender policies in Western countries tend to focus on men’s involvement in “care” as a key to promote women's social statuses andmen's quality of life. However, some studies suggest that men's participation in caring behaviors, such as childcare and housework, does
not necessarily foster men's gender-egalitarian attitudes. While clarifying the complicated nature of relations between men and care is
crucial for formulating effective gender policies, such evidence for men in East Asia is not yet sufficiently available. To address thischallenge, the paper analyzed data from online surveys carried out in five East Asian metropolitan areas: Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, Shanghaiand Hong Kong. Based on the hypothesis that the relationship between men’s caring behaviors and their supposed effects may not be
uniform but may be differentiated into multiple patterns, we conducted hierarchical cluster analysis of 728 cases of married men withchildren under 7 years of age by city, and confirmed the existence of a unique type of masculinity in four cities other than Taiwan that
could not be captured by the bipolar (traditional or non-traditional) model. Men who fall into this type, which we named “conflictedmasculinity,” had the most traditional gender views and the lowest quality of life of the plural masculine types in their respective countries
despite having the highest frequency of caring behaviors and the highest degree of caring attitudes, and shared the tendency to be younger,
to have wives working full-time, and to have higher incomes for their wives across the country.

OR-123

Shu-Yung Wang, National Chung Cheng University

Unpacking the Gendered Division of Work and Care Balance among Working Parents: Gender Norm, Working Time, andParental Leave Policies
The female employment rate in Taiwan has increased substantially from 40% in 1980 to 70% in 2020, transforming Taiwan’s family
structure from a male breadwinner model to a universal breadwinner framework. Behind this remarkable change, civil society groups haveplayed a vital role. After three decades of feminist contributions, Taiwan has passed progressive parental leave. All employed parents withchildren under age 3 are entitled to six months of parental leave and 80% of the insured salary as non-transferable individual rights
regardless of gender. Nevertheless, there is still a substantial gendered gap between the eligibility and uptake of benefits. Most working
mothers are still trapped in work and family conflicts.
This study investigates the factors influencing the division of unpaid care and paid work between fathers and mothers by conducting
interviews with 30 employed parents with preschool-aged children, 5 labour unions, and 7 middle-size employers.
The factors include societal expectations and norms regarding gender roles in parenting and the division of caregiving responsibilities, thepresence and effectiveness of support systems, the influence of work schedules and flexibility in the labour market, and the impact ofcaring-related leave policies. We will provide evidence of the gender disparity in the utilization and accessibility of leave benefits. The
main factors causing the discrepancy are the eligibility criteria and financial resources. The dynamic labour market intensifies thedisparities in implementing caregiving-related policies, resulting in heightened social inequalities. Finally, this paper will propose anagenda for policy reform.

14Oral Session 2-4
OR-035

Housing Conditions

15:00-16:00 13 JUNE

Feng-Yi Liu, National Chung-Cheng University
Hsi-Ling Liao, University of Chicago Inclusive Economy Lab

Exploring the Quality and Spatial Factors of Subdivided Housing in Taiwan's Rental Market

The World Health Organization report (2018) underscores the importance of enhancing housing quality for disease prevention, improved
quality of life, and poverty alleviation. Housing quality encompasses living spaces, where cramped conditions and overcrowding can haveadverse effect on residents’ physical and mental health. In Taiwan, issues surrounding living spaces, including shared rooms andsubdivided apartments, have continued to gain public attention due to their prevalence in the rental housing market. Yet, previous literature
predominantly focuses on the ’’ rental housing market in Taipei, the primary city in Taiwan, neglecting the potential spillover effect to thesatellite metropolitan areas. This study investigates:
1.Differences in housing quality among all rental housing across Taiwan's metropolitan areas.
2.Differences in rental housing quality among subdivided rooms across different metropolitan areas.
3.Differences in rental housing quality between subdivided rooms near and distant from college campuses.
4.Spatial variation in the quantity and proportion of subdivided rooms.
5.Primary spatial factors associated with high or low proportions of subdivided rooms within regions.
We compile a unique dataset by scraping data from 591.com, a popular rental website among Taiwanese renters. This rich dataset allows us
to examine rents, subdivided housing types, room size, building types, and other amenities at the sub-city district level. We explore thespatial patterns of subdivided rental housing using bivariate tests, spatial autocorrelation, and regression models. We find that subdivided
rooms near college campuses have much smaller living spaces and fewer facilities. Spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals Taipei
metropolitan area as a focal point for subdivided rooms, with spatial clustering particularly pronounced in Taipei City and Hsinchu City. In
the regression analysis, we also find that the proportion of rental listings consisting of subdivided rooms is higher in districts closer touniversity campuses or with a higher concentration of older apartments in the neighborhood. This suggests a strong relationship between
Taiwan's urban planning, economic development, and housing disparities in the rental market. Without government regulation, vulnerable
groups may face housing choice stratification, exacerbating their disadvantages and exposing them to additional risk factors in substandard
housing.

OR-040Yi, Bongjo, The Seoul Institute

Housing as conditions for life transitions toward adulthood in South Korea
This study aims to demonstrate impacts of financialized housing on a population, linking to the social and cultural contexts of South Korea(hereafter Korea). Korea has faced the lowest fertility rate (0.81 in 2021) among the OECD countries since 2013. Also, the natural decreasein population has been evident since 2019, regardless of Covid-19 impacts. In fact, the number of births in Korea has rapidly shrunk from438,420 in 2015 to 260,562 in 2021; meanwhile, the average of deaths is 285,998 over the last decade. In addition, the pattern of births has
been closely correlated to one of marriage since at least 2015. In this context, housing is strongly associated with the demographical risk.
The 2021 Korean Housing Survey (KHS) shows huge gaps between the housing of single-person households and one of the married
couples, such as housing qualities and tenure types. Whilst single-person households rely on small-sized housing (e.g., studio or one-room),
the married couples are more likely to prefer apartments with better housing and environmental conditions. However, living in theapartments becomes harder due to the skyrocketing housing prices and rent, as a result of quantitative easing in the last decades. Korean
governments have been also attempting to keep the national housing prices up, allowing more people to access more opportunities in thefinancial market. In this regard, KHS shows how a household consumed their housing in a year, providing financial data such as equity,
mortgage and familial financial support to rent or buy. This study analyses that financialized housing has penetrated Korean young renters,
demonstrating that the average share of bank loans for their rent was 24.3%, albeit 16.1% of financial support from parents.

OR-083

Wong Yee Lok, National University of Singapore

Using deliberative methodology to set minimum place standards
Current discussions around participatory planning recognise the need to incorporate citizen perspectives into urban policy design. However,existing methods often lack structured processes for translating citizen input into standards that elucidate their basic needs forneighbourhoods. Drawing on the authors’ experience of applying consensus-based focus groups—a special variant of the focus groupmethod, this paper examines the methodological application of such method to derive minimum place standards (MPS). This approach was
drawn from the authors’ prior studies on minimum income standards (MIS). In both studies, participants from diverse socioeconomic
backgrounds were tasked with deliberating and agreeing on the meaning of an adequate standard of living, and then developing lists ofhousehold items (MIS) or neighbourhood facilities (MPS) required to achieve the standard.
This paper explores methodological insights from applying deliberative methodology to neighbourhood design discussions anddemonstrates how such methods can support inclusion and participation. Findings suggest that consensual methodology allows researchers
to incorporate local knowledge and reveal rich social dimensions of place needs. Participants could articulate their perspectives on lived
realities with specificity and craft consensus amidst group diversity. Meanwhile, the authors reflected on challenges in adapting the MIS
approach to the neighbourhood context, which include grappling with basic needs constrained by planning realities, capturing both tangible
and intangible qualities, reconciling potentially competing place needs across demographic groups, and addressing both current and future
place needs. Despite these challenges, consensual methodology shows potential for more inclusive, participatory planning by respecting
diverse voices through reasoned deliberations on basic needs.

15Oral Session 2-5
OR-059Immigrants in the COVID-19 Era

15:00-16:00 13 JUNE

Xiaochen Zhou, The University of Hong Kong
Lucy Jordan, James Cook University; Han Zhang, The University of Hong Kong

Household risk diversification in the time of COVID-19: Participation in social protection programmes among transnationalfamilies in Southeast Asia
Few, if any, have been spared the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic among transnational families. What is known about the
impact on migrants, and their families, is mixed. Despite initial concerns for sharp reductions, remittances remained stable or evenincreased in some instances. On the other hand, many migrants were repatriated or experienced increased restrictions on movement as adirect result of pandemic containment strategies. There remain significant gaps in understanding how the pandemic and associatedcontainment strategies will reshape public policy which informs labour migration, migrants, and their families.
Southeast Asia is a major source of temporary labour migration to global and regional destinations, often regulated by bilateral agreements
which govern many aspects of migration. Migrants face limited access to pathways for citizenship. Bilateral agreements focus on the
migrants, with less emphasis on their families, who are assumed to benefit from the household risk diversification strategy provided by the
migrants. This paper draws on data from a panel study about the longer-term impacts of growing up in a transnational family with datafrom Indonesia and the Philippines to explore how families of migrants have coped in the past few years, including their food security andparticipation in government social protection schemes specifically related to the pandemic and recovery. The unique dataset includes
information for up to twenty years about children and their families, including fieldwork with the households and community leaders
providing insight into the impacts of the pandemic on transnational families in origin countries.

OR-060Norihiro Nihei, The University of Tokyo; Misako Nukaga, The University of Tokyo

Multifaceted Challenges of Immigrants in Japan during Corona Pandemic: Understanding the Potentials and Limits of Support
Measures by Civil Society Organizations
The Corona pandemic caused great difficulties for immigrant people living in Japan. This study focuses on the multifaceted challenges
immigrants faced during the 2020-21 pandemic and examines the support measures undertaken by civil society organizations to addressthese obstacles. For this purpose, we draw on data from grant applications and activity reports of approximately 120 civil society
organizations throughout Japan that conducted support activities for immigrants. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 ofthese organizations for further analysis.
Due to the coronavirus, immigrants faced a range of challenges including learning setbacks for their children, unemployment anddeprivation, isolation, and lack of access to medical care. Immigrants without residency status were particularly vulnerable. In response,
civil society organizations played a crucial role by offering a variety of support activities, including counselling, online tutoring, Japanese
language instruction, distribution of food and goods, interpretation services, and information provision. However, these measures were
inadequate, especially in terms of employment support, income compensation, housing provision, and advocacy efforts, which were limited.
In addition, many organizations depended on small grants, making it difficult for them to have significant social and political influence, andtheir financial sustainability was minimal. While these limitations highlight the weaknesses of Japanese civil society, a more fundamental
problem lies in Japan's public system, which fails to recognize and accommodate the presence of immigrants.

OR-128

Yixuan Huang, University of New South Wales
LI Chunyu; ZHAO Shanshan; SHANG Lili; KATZ, Ilan; LI, Bingqin

Social Entrepreneurship as a Pathway to Social Integration for Elderly Migrants: A Case Study of Sydney Senior Learning Society

Later-life migrants in foreign lands face significant integration challenges, such as language barriers and social isolation. Nonetheless, they
have shown remarkable resilience, increasingly turning to social entrepreneurship as a means to engage with their host communities andachieve social integration.
This research aims to investigate the role of social entrepreneurship in fostering social integration among older migrants in Australia, with a
specific focus on migrant organizations. By examining how the Sydney Seniors Learning Society (SSLS)— a non-profit organization
catering to the diverse needs of the elderly—navigates these challenges, this qualitative study deploys document analysis and in-depth
interviews to investigate the motivations, obstacles, and approaches employed by later-life migrants in adopting social entrepreneurship toestablish social initiatives.
This research finds that elderly migrants strive to access multiple resources, design tailored programs and activities, and continually adjustorganizational mechanisms to demonstrate social entrepreneurship that addresses the specific needs of later-life migrants. By launchingentrepreneurial activities, SSLS becomes a pivotal platform for networking, resource mobilization, and knowledge exchange among older
migrants. Their initiative highlights the capacity to adapt and thrive in a diverse socio-cultural environment, significantly contributing tosocial integration efforts. SSLS proofs the potential that social entrepreneurship can serve for later-life migrants to enhance their integration
within new communities.
In conclusion, this research deepens the theoretical understanding of elderly migration and entrepreneurship, emphasizing the significant
role of social entrepreneurship in promoting social integration. It provides valuable insights for policymakers, community leaders, andservice providers seeking to enhance the well-being of older migrants.

16

Oral Session 2-6
OR-018QOL of People with Disability

15:00−16:00 13 JUNE

Ching Man LAM, St Francis University

Reflective Practice in Parent Education for Parents Having Children with Intellectual Disabilities / Special Learning Needs
The study employed qualitative study methods of in-depth and focus group interviews to evaluate the reflective approach in parent
education for parents having children with intellectual disabilities / special learning needs (ID/SENs). Going beyond parenting skills, theproject adopts a parent-oriented, process and narrative-focused group approach to help parents reflect and co-construct the meaning ofparenthood and to adjust parental expectations. There were 38 in-depth interviews with parents conducted before and during the groupprocess, 4 reflective focus groups with parents after their participation, and 3 reflective sharing meetings with group facilitators. Research
participants including 11 parents from 4 special schools and 12 parents from 8 ordinary schools (the comparative group).
Findings provided rich information for understanding the parents’ unique needs, perception, and parenting journey. There were strong
emotion and pent-up feelings given that a lot of parents were with traumatic childhood experience, hardy life journey, experience of nonacceptance and multi-difficulties. Also, the nature of special need was very diverse that required specific knowledge and differential
intervention. Findings evidenced the effectiveness of the reflective parent education approach and provided insights into parent education
practice, it also pointed to the shortcomings in the existing policies in supporting SEN students and families. Based on the findings, theteam make recommendations on program improvement, reflecting on the meaning and concerns in parent education, and suggest areas forenhancement in practice research collaboration.

OR-133Chao-Yin Lin, National Taipei University

Factors associated with the quality of life among people with speech disorders: Evidence from an intervention study of AI assistive
devices of communication in Taiwan
Purpose: People with speech disorders suffer from poor communication with other people and thus might influence their family and social
life. As the advance of technology, their communication problems could be addressed by assistive technology, ranging from
communication boards to Artificial Intelligence (AI) speech translation software. This study drew data from a project aimed to develop AI
assistive devices of communication for people with speech impairments in Taiwan. Before and after participating the project, the research
participants were invited to complete a questionnaire of quality of life, so as to evaluate the effects of the personal AI translation software.
Methods: This project has recruited samples with dysarthria syndrome which might be caused by congenital or acquired diseases;
nevertheless, speech disorders associated with cognitive problems or psyche problems were not included in the project. From July to
December 2023, thirty-nine participants completed the on-line questionnaires of quality of life themselves. The concept of quality of life
was measured by the WHOQOL-BREF (Taiwanese version), and factors associated with quality of life including age, gender, residentialarea, economic status, marital status, employment, social participation, etc.
Preliminary results: According to descriptive analyses, the overall levels of quality of life among the respondents were significantly lower
than that of the general population. No significant differences in four domains of quality of life were found between male and female
respondents.

OR-144

Seongeun Oh, Hanyang University
Sooyeon Huh, Hansung Kim, Yushin Lee, Jeongmi Park

A study on social exclusion type of visually impaired individuals: Focused on genderThis study aims to categorize the social exclusion of visually impaired individuals and determine gender-based disparities in such exclusion.
The social exclusion encountered by visually impaired individuals exhibits distinct features in contrast to other disability types. Moreover,female visually impaired individuals experience discrimination and exclusion across various domains more extensively than male visually
impaired individuals or non-disabled females due to the compounded risks of being visually impaired and being female.
Therefore, the following research questions were drawn:
Research question 1: Is the social exclusion of visually impaired individuals categorized into distinct types with features that differentiatethem from other disability types?
Research question 2: Are female visually impaired individuals experiencing more exclusion compared to male visually impaired
individuals due to the intersectionality of gender and disability?

In this study, for research question confirmation, analysis was conducted on 371 visually impaired individuals aged 18 to 64 who
responded to the second wave of the Disability and Life Dynamics Panel Survey in South Korea. Initially, latent class analysis was
employed to classify the social exclusion experienced by visually impaired individuals into three types: (1) educational exclusion, (2)economic and educational exclusion, and (3) high-risk multiple exclusion. Results indicated a notable likelihood of experiencing
educational exclusion among visually impaired individuals across all three classifications of social exclusion types. Furthermore,
employing automatic three-step analysis, it was confirmed that, in comparison to males, female visually impaired individuals exhibited agreater likelihood of belonging to two classifications involving multiple types of social exclusion: (2) economic and educational exclusionand (3) high-risk multiple exclusion.
Visually impaired individuals are found to have a higher likelihood of exclusion in education due to difficulties in acquiring visual
information. Given that educational exclusion often correlates with exclusion in other aspects of life, safeguarding their right to education
emerges as pivotal in tackling the multifaceted social exclusion encountered by visually impaired individuals. Additionally, an approachfrom a gender mainstreaming perspective is imperative to mitigate the multidimensional exclusion faced by female visually impaired
individuals, who contend with the compounded risks associated with disability and gender.

17

Oral Session 2-7
OR-081

Community Welfare

15:00−16:00 13 JUNE

Tom Moore, University of Liverpool; John Sturzaker, University of Hertfordshire

A typology of community participation in urban development
There is a variety of groups which might be categorised as being part of civil society. There is similarly a range of forms of activity
undertaken by these groups, which is the focus of this paper. Building on the rich history of literature considering participation in planning,
it situates strands of civil society activity which have become particularly prominent over the last decade, focussing particularly on the UK.
Activity including Neighbourhood Planning and Community-Led Housing development has been promoted by governments and activists
alike as representing new, or enhanced, forms of activity that have the potential to re-shape structures of governance and power (Sturzaker&amp; Nurse, 2020). Such activity is argued to better reflect the needs and preferences of communities, whether because it “deepens”
democracy, or draws on attachment to place more effectively than “standard” forms of planning (Moore, 2021). In this paper we draw on
the latest research on this activity to develop a typology of participation which fully considers the difference between state-framed andcommunity-framed, and proactive vs. reactive, civil society activity.
Through this new typology and accompanying matrix, we highlight the differences between participative activity that is community-led but
framed by the state, and that which is more clearly framed by the desires of the community itself. In turn we suggest that planners working
with, for and on behalf of communities might more fully reflect on these differences and the implications they have for participation,
democracy and planning. Tom Moore is a Senior Lecturer in Planning at the University of Liverpool. His recent research has focused on
forms of citizen and community participation in housing and urbanisation initiatives. He is also Editor-in-Chief of the Housing and Society
journal. John Sturzaker is Ebenezer Howard Professor of Planning at the University of Hertfordshire. His recent research has focussed on
various aspects of Planning in England and internationally, including neighbourhood/community-led planning, governance and the role ofideology in planning reform.

OR-104

Akira MATSUBARA, Tokyo Metropolitan University; Aya ABE, Tokyo Metropolitan University

Association between neighborhood association activities and psychological well-being of children
In the debate on child poverty policy in Japan, there has been increasing interest in the role of local organisations. Activities such as study
groups and free canteens run by NPOs have proliferated over the past decade, and initial research suggests that they act as a 'third place'and have positive effects on children. However, traditional neighbourhood associations, which are self-governing organisations of residents
and dwarf other types of local organisations in terms of numbers and participation, have been neglected in the discourse on poverty.
Neighbourhood associations have a long history in Japan, including a nationwide expansion in the 1930s under the national policy oforganising people for the war effort. However, from around 1950 to the present, they have been involved in a wide range of activities,
including the maintenance of local infrastructure, beautification, fire and disaster prevention, and festivals. Although the number ofmembers has declined in recent years, it still has a significant presence as one of the traditional forms of community-based organisations inJapan.
This paper analyses the relationship between children's psychological well-being and participation in activities organised by neighbourhood
associations. The data come from a population-based survey of Grade 5 children and their parents in a particular prefecture in Japan, andwe have used various statistical methods to correct for selection bias. The results show that while children's resilience and pro-social
tendencies were not related to participation in neighbourhood association activities, a positive and statistically significant relationship was
found between such activities and children's self-esteem.

OR-105Marcel Mérette, University of Ottawa; Thaddé Rolon-Mérette, HEC Montreal, University of Montreal

The Neurocognitive Impact of Loneliness on Economic Growth

Many recent studies report a rapid increase of loneliness in advanced economies. According to the Surgeon General Advisory of the U.S.,
loneliness has become a public health crisis. Disconnection is recognized to affect mental, physical, and societal health. Moreover, recent
findings in neuroscience and cognition link loneliness to changes in specific brain structures, which seem to impair the ability to form
positive social relationships by distorting emotional responses and trust towards others. In this paper, using recent findings in neuroscience,
we argue that loneliness can reduce the capacity (social capital) of an economy to solve collective action problems and hence hamper
economic prosperity and welfare. To carry out the analysis, we construct an economic model in which loneliness distorts individual choices
and economic activities. Moreover, new technology and new labour environment contribute to increase loneliness. We conduct quantitative
simulations with the model to illustrate the potential neurocognitive impact of loneliness on economic performance and welfare.

18Oral Session 2-8
OR-008

Women and Labor

15:00-16:00 13 JUNE

Saori Miyashita, Nagoya City University

Social security, taxation, and gender equality among the self-employed: Collective movements by women’s clubs in Japanese tradeassociations
The promotion of self-employment and the inclusion of the self-employed in social security is a contemporary global challenge along withthe pursuit of gender equality. This study examined the demands made by Japanese women in small family enterprises how they havecampaigned for social security and taxation systems directly related to their businesses and livelihoods. Japanese commercial and industrial
self-employed workers, including women family workers, extensively organized themselves into women's clubs. Using periodicals anddocuments published by trade associations and their women’s clubs since the 1950s, this study found that these groups have consistently
challenged the tax system, in particular regarding its denial of remuneration for family workers in tax law and their lack of social security
such as maternity and sickness benefits. These campaigns were partially successful in the 20th century, and the tax system allowed an
exception to remuneration for self-employed meeting certain criteria and then extended the exception’s scope. Despite well-organized
campaigns, in the twenty-first century, social security has not become more inclusive of micro-enterprises, and the government isincreasingly returning to the principle that remuneration for family work is not permitted under tax law. This lack of progress toward
gender equality has led to the informalization of micro-enterprises.
This study explores social inequality in the Japanese system, suggesting the importance of gender equality and social protection in selfemployment.

OR-077

LI Ruobing, The Chinese University of HongKong

Employment History, Family Support, and Chinese Women’s Employment Maintenance in the Childbirth Process
Although China has one of the Asia-Pacific’s highest female labor force participation rates, women’s labor force participation (WLFP) in
China has experienced a tremendous decline after the comprehensive implementation of the two-child policy in 2016. Therefore, it has
become an urgent social issue in China to promote women’s labor force participation and ensure their employment continuity duringchildbirth. Using data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study sets out to investigate how pre-birth employment history,
i.e., employment characters, salary, and working hours, affect Chinese women’s employment maintenance in the childbirth process. The
moderating effects of three types of family support in shaping the relationship between women’s employment history and fertilityemployment continuity are further explored. It is observed that Chinese women employed in the private-enterprises face more challenges inmaintaining their jobs during childbirth compared with those in other institutions. Meanwhile a high and stable working hours job canenhance Chinese women’s fertility-employment stability. The interactive effects of parents’ housework support and family financial
support as well as employment history are also found in this study. The exploration of women’s employment history provides policy
support at the market level to promote the entry and long-term engagement of Chinese women in the labor market. This study further
enhances its contribution by providing empirical evidence on various levels and types of family-oriented welfare, thereby supporting theimplementation of diverse social policies for Chinese women employed in public institutions, private sectors, and self-employment
separately.

OR-117

Jing Guo, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Women’s employment and economic security across life course: Japan in comparison to Sweden and the United States
We examine women’s employment patterns over the life course and work-life balance policies in Japan, Sweden and the United States, as
three illustrated cases of welfare states (East Asian, Nordic model, and Liberal Model). Following concepts from life course, age, andgender perspectives and using OECD family database and World Value Survey data, we compare employment patterns of women by age,
employment gender gap, employment rates for women with young children, employment rates for older women, as well as poverty rates
for older women, across the three countries. We also examine social norms toward gender roles and employment. In all three countries
female employment rates are consistently lower than males, with the exception of the 20-24 age group in Japan. The gender gap starts toincrease substantially with each advanced year. During the prime childbearing and childrearing age, the employment gender gap is at its
highest in all three countries (20.9 in Japan, 16.7 in the United States, and 6.4 in Sweden respectively) although noticeably higher in Japan.
Results from World Value Survey data show the percentages of responses disagreed with the statement “when jobs are scarce, men shouldhave more right to a job than women” is 28% in Japan, in comparison to Sweden and the United States (94% and 78% respectively).
Through comparison, we focus on the story of Japan that reflects a nuanced picture of social context and social policy. We offer concluding
thoughts to further this discussion on women’s employment over the life course.

19Oral Session 3-1
OR-074

QOL of Older Persons

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Felix Sai Kit NG, Saint Francis University
Kim KWOK, Kin-wah MAK, Michael Sik Wai LAU, Yiu Tung LUK, Yan LIANG, & Yu Cheung
WONG

The Impact of Employment on the Quality of Life of Low-Income Older Adults in Hong Kong: An Analysis Using the Job
Demands-Resources Model
Hong Kong is facing a demographic shift, with predictions indicating that its population aged over 65 will constitute 36% by 2046,
signaling the city’s progression towards an aging society. Elderly employment has gained increasing interest among policymakers,
particularly in response to this demographic change. In the absence of a mandatory first-pillar retirement protection system in Hong Kong,
low-income older adults are often compelled to choose between reliance on means-tested social benefits and continued employment later inlife. Those who choose to work at an older age are largely motivated by financial necessity rather than the pursuit of personal fulfillment.
Therefore, it is imperative to investigate how different factors contribute to the quality of life of low-income older adults in the context of
their employment. The Job Demands-Resources Model is a widely used framework to assess employee well-being. By adopting this model,
this study examines the influence of different job demands and resources on the quality of life of low-income older adults. This paper uses
a representative sample of 540 participants aged between 60 and 69 who had been employed between the ages of 55 and 59. It is found thatjob resources (particularly teamwork and rewards) have a significant positive impact on the life satisfaction of this demographic group,
even more so than health factors. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications, highlighting the need for strategies toenhance the employment and life quality of low-income older adults.

OR-087

Yan Liang, Saint Francis University
Wong Yu-cheung, Felix Ng Sai Kit, Saint Francis University

Life Satisfaction of Low-income Elderly in Hong Kong: A Comparison between Retirees and Non-retirees
Hong Kong lacks a comprehensive universal retirement pension system. Consequently, low-income elderly often opt to continue working
even upon reaching the conventional retirement age, as a means to sustain their income and uphold their living standards. However, some
low-income elderly individuals are compelled to retire, potentially due to health-related constraints that render them unable to continue
working. This paper intends to find out if the retired low-income elderly suffered a lower life satisfaction compared to those who are still in
the labor market in Hong Kong under its specific retirement context. If so, what factors contribute to differing life satisfaction for these twogroups of low-income elderly. Our study is based on a representative sample comprising 540 individuals aged 60 to 69. Preliminary results
suggest that retired elderly individuals report a lower level of life satisfaction compared to the non-retirees, with self-perceived healthemerging and types of housing as a salient influencing factor in this regard for both. Specifically, for the retired respondents, age andreason for retirement predicted their life satisfaction. Policy implications related to health and housing will be discussed.

OR-147
Cancelled

20

Yuan Zhe, Renmin University of China

Oral Session 3-2
OR-004

Covid-19 Policy Response

9:05-10:15 14 JUNE

Hao Luo, The University of Hong Kong
Julia Shu-Huah Wang, National Taiwan University
Chenhong Peng, The University of Hong Kong
Olivia Cheung, Global Development Incubator, Hong Kong
Steven Kuan-Ju Chen, the London School of Economics and Political Science

Investigating the Typologies and Timeliness of COVID-19 Social Policy Responses Across Countries
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred social policy interventions aimed at mitigating hardships. This paper investigates the typology ofsocial policy responses, the timeliness of responses, and their relationships. The topic regarding the timeliness of policymaking is underexamined in current literature as countries rarely had to formulate policies urgently for such crises. COVID-19 offered a unique
opportunity for governments to test their policy-making capacity, the policy tools chosen, and the speed of their responses. By analyzing
data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), we examine the speed and categorization of policy responses
across countries. Using sequence analysis, we identify four clusters of response timeliness: limited, transient, slower, and fastest responses.
Additionally, we utilize data from the ILO’s Social Protection Monitor to empirically study typologies of social policy responses. We
capture social policy responses to COVID-19 via three dimensions: the total number of policy responses, the types of social policy tools(e.g., social insurance, income and job protection, food and housing protection, and children and family support programs), and the type ofpolicy adjustment (e.g., new programs or existing program adjustments). We identified three categories: low-level responses focused on
new programs, medium-level responses emphasizing income protection, and high-level responses with balanced approaches. Multinomial
regression analysis reveals correlations between policy typologies and timeliness, indicating that countries with low-level welfare support
tend to offer transient or limited responses, while those with high-level welfare provision may act slower. These findings provide insights
for governments to enhance their shock-responsive social protection systems.

OR-089David B. Harris, Children’s Research and Education Institute, and Columbia University and UNICEF
Innocenti Senior Fellow

The Case for Per Capita Rebates: Counting Children as Full People
The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by a flurry of legislative activity in response to both the health and economic
fallout. Among the more prominent policies passed were Economic Impact Payments (EIPs) – flat dollar amounts available to all but thewealthiest households. By 2021, congress ultimately passed three rounds of EIPs. The first round provided $1,200 per adult and $500 per
child. As such, a parent with two children received a smaller benefit than a childless couple. The subsequent two rounds of EIPs provided
the same full benefit to children as adults.
While the EIPs created in response to the COVID pandemic may be considered “one offs”, direct payments - with varied purposes andnames including EIPs, stimulus payments, dividends, and rebates - arise regularly in federal and state policy as well as in policy proposals.
In this brief we examine rebates from the standpoint of children. Often overlooked, their inclusion in these policies can dramatically
improve a lot of our nation’s poorest children. We examine the impacts of EIP round 2 and 3 on child poverty and then model what the
impact would be if children were not included, or if they only received half payments as originally proposed – and in so doing, make thecase for counting children as full people when creating flat payments policies.

OR-092

Naoko Unoura, Osaka Metropolitan University
Manami Sando, Osaka Metropolitan University; Chie Matsutani, Iwate Prefectural University;
Michihiko Tokoro, Osaka Metropolitan University

Issues of the Livelihood Welfare Fund Loan System in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic
Some of Japan's public financial assistance programs integrate individual consultation to encourage applicants to manage their lives
independently. Some financial assistance is delivered through a loan scheme, rather than a social assistance program. The Livelihood
Welfare Fund Loan System is a typical loan scheme program that provides individual consultation in addition to financial assistance to
low-income households, persons with disabilities, and the elderly. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the provision of individual
consultation within the loan system has been significantly reduced. From March 2020 to September 2022, many people were forced toclose or suspend their businesses and became impoverished due to the pandemic, so the Japanese government significantly eased the loanrequirements to help those people. Additionally, the government decided to increase loan amounts and extended loan application periods as
an emergency measure. As a result, there was an overwhelming influx of loan applications, surpassing that of the 2008 financial crisis, andlending decisions were made unilaterally without sufficient consultation and support by social workers. While the loan system operated
during the pandemic provided financial assistance to many applicants, some of them could not access the individual consultation they were
supposed to receive. This study structurally analyzes issues of the individual consultation in the loan system during the COVID-19
pandemic and reconsiders the meaning of social work in this crisis.

21

Oral Session 3-3
OR-055

Resilience against Health Crisis

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Kyoko Suzuki, The Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training (JILPT)

Resilience in the COVID-19 crisis: Heterogeneity in the trajectory of recovery
This paper examines how people's incomes were affected by the COVID-19 crisis and their subsequent recovery, focusing on various
patterns of trajectory. The analysis utilized the Group-Based Trajectory Model, a method that captures changing trajectories, using datafrom a panel survey conducted by JILPT (Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training) on seven waves over a two-year period.
Despite the government's provision of "Employment Adjustment Subsidies" totaling over 6 trillion yen during the pandemic, the analysis
revealed significant diversity in the impact of the shock and recovery patterns based on demographic factors. Among the employed, whilemore than 80% maintained their pre-pandemic income, those with certain characteristics (e.g., women, individuals working in small
businesses, and informal workers) were disproportionately affected, with their incomes remaining depressed and unrecovered. For the selfemployed, approximately half experienced a notable decrease in sales, and some continued to experience declining sales without recovery.

The analysis also uncovered a tendency for individuals to resist change and prioritize stable employment. While government support
through established subsidy channels effectively stabilized people's incomes, marginalized individuals within the Japanese employment
system were often excluded from it. Consequently, government support through companies played a role in maintaining the existing social
structure during the crisis, failing to seize the opportunity to create a more equitable Japanese society.

OR-134

Gaoming MA, Zhejiang University

Capital, Capability, and Wellbeing: Exploring a Practical Framework for Social Policy in Response to Social Crises
What lessons can we learn from past social policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic? How can we develop effective social policies tomaintain quality of life during global crises? These are valuable research questions, but not much literature has emerged to date. Previous
studies have usually focused on the impact of crises on social policies and welfare states, particularly whether and how they change welfare
regimes. However, little research has analyzed how social policies respond to global crises and how these policies ensure social well-being
during crises. As the pandemic has entered the post-response and recovery phases, social policies implemented in response to COVID-19
during the initial alert phase have come to light. It is, therefore, an appropriate time to reflect on social policies in response to COVID-19
and to outline future directions. Our study aims to fill the gap in the literature by proposing a practical framework for social policy inresponse to global crises. The new framework argues for an integrated theory of capital, capability, and well-being, with capability as themechanism in the capital-wellbeing nexus. Our study may have three theoretical contributions and policy implications. First, it combines
the advantages of structure and agency to provide a theoretical framework for social policy during social crises. Second, it proposes
empirical measures of capital, capability, and well-being, providing a basis for policy evaluation and academic research. Third, theempirical measures, such as forms of capital, resilience, self-motivation, and mental health, make our theoretical framework into a practicalmodel.

OR-135Chao Fang, Centre for Ageing and the Life Course, University of Liverpool
Alastair Comery, University of Bath; JD Carpentieri, University College London

Resilience: A political agenda or an inherent defence from ageing?
Resilience is often portrayed as the innate ability to adapt and recover from life's challenges. Grounded in the human psyche, extensive
research portrays it as a self-defence mechanism, enabling people to navigate and overcome adversity, stress, and trauma. This perspectiveis mirrored by social policies that have been increasingly influenced by neoliberal ideologies, shifting welfare responsibility from the state
to individuals. While policy discourses across the globe have promoted resilience in various individual/community settings (e.g., healthcare,economy), the conceptualisation remains poorly defined, prioritising politico-economic interests rather than those of individuals.
Drawing upon longitudinal qualitative data (2021-23) from individuals over 50 experiencing Long-COVID symptoms in the UK, we argue
that resilience is an embodied construction rooted in life narratives and framed by social dynamics. Through three case studies highlighting
varied resilience trajectories- significant decline, improvement, and persistence – we illustrate the complexity of resilience narratives
within the policy landscapes of Long-COVID and ageing.
Our analysis shows inherent resilience is not always stable or positive and is deeply tied to narrative identity, with people seeking tomaintain consistency in their life plots despite fluctuating experiences. This challenges neoliberal policy agendas that engender individuals
to consistently draw upon their inherent resilience to navigate their ongoing experiences, thus questioning ‘enforced’ resilience. We
emphasise how holistic social support can alleviate such challenges by addressing both social and structural/policy factors influencing
individuals’ ability to adapt and recover within the novel landscape of Long-COVID and ageing.

22Oral Session 3-4
OR-036Social Housing

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Jolanta Aidukaite, Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Sociology

Improving housing rights in the EU: the case of Lithuania
This study seeks to examine housing policy as an essential component of social investment. The major argument is that affordable andadequate housing should be considered as a social investment strategy since it supports worker mobility, improves people's health,improves children's educational attainment, and provides safety and security. Specifically, this paper delves into the discussion around two
major questions: What is the role of housing in welfare state literature and how does it intersect with income and wealth inequality? What
policy measures, whether national, regional, or municipal, are necessary to attain the desired outcome of sustainable, affordable andadequate housing for all?
To address these questions, the study aims to theorize housing rights and then examine their political implementation in Lithuania. The
study combines both quantitative and qualitative data. Drawing on ministerial level and parliamentary documents, this paper analyses therecent (ten years period 2014-2024) housing policy formation process and implementation in Lithuania. The situation in the housing market
is explored by analysing the OECD and Eurostat data. The qualitative data come from the semi-structured interviews, carried out in 2024,with the policy makers, politicians, practitioners working in the housing sector, and municipality officials engaged with housing policy.
The interviews provide insights into the policy formation process and decision making, as well as current trends and problems, andhighlight the policymakers' views on housing as a social investment.

OR-039Yi-Yi Chen, National Taiwan University

Cancelled

OR-108CHAN Siu Ming, City University of Hong Kong

Examining the Policy Implications of Transitional Social Housing Projects and the Implementation of an Urban Graduation
Approach to Alleviate Poverty in Hong Kong
This paper examines the policy implications of transitional social housing (TSH) projects in Hong Kong. As a prominent global city, Hong
Kong faces issues of inadequate housing and deteriorating living standards. To alleviate these concerns, the government implemented TSH
policies in 2018 to enhance the quality of life for low-income families. This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of TSH projects,
encompassing policy analysis, service evaluation, and social impact assessment. By employing both quantitative and qualitative researchmethods in studying 88 households in one TSH project in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2022, the study reveals significant improvements
in housing conditions and affordability among TSH participants, including an increase in living space per person and a decrease in housing
expenses per person. Additionally, the project demonstrates positive effects on community dynamics and interpersonal relationships.
However, challenges related to securing suitable housing after leaving TSH project have been identified. Furthermore, this paper explores
the Urban Graduation Approach to uplift poor households in Hong Kong. This approach applies multidimensional poverty analysis, anddevelops a comprehensive and holistic intervention to uplift disadvantaged households. This paper highlights the ongoing need forattention to housing policies and social services in effectively addressing the poverty and housing challenges and livelihood issues faced by
the families, while also exploring the potential of the Urban Graduation Approach to alleviate poverty.

23Oral Session 3-5
OR-049Single Women

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Fok, Doris Yuen Hung, Saint Francis University

Impacts of invisible hands of neoliberalism on teenage mothers in Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, teenage motherhood has been overlooked by social policy makers, viewing it as an individual issue rather than a societal
concern. This study aimed to understand the real-life experiences of teenage mothers and how their identity was shaped in the Hong Kongsocio-economic context. An interpretative phenomenological research approach with purposive sampling was adopted to collect andanalyze data. 20 participants were recruited and a total of 40 in-depth interview sessions were conducted.
The findings revealed that more than half of the participants faced financial hardships after becoming pregnant or becoming mothers.
While only three received welfare assistance, the majority relied on financial support from their families or partners. At the time of thestudy, only three participants were financially independent. Aligned with the ideals of neoliberalism, teenage mothers were often
stigmatized as societal burdens, consuming social resources undesirably. This discourse, influenced by neoliberalism, portrayed teenage
mothers negatively and further diminished the recognition of their identity.
In conclusion, neoliberalism perpetuated the economic subordination of teenage mothers and contributed to the degradation of their identity.
In response to those challenges, several policy recommendations were proposed, including establishing a clear policy framework to support
teenage mothers in pursuing recognized academic qualifications, improving the quality and availability of childcare services, andimplementing family-friendly policies in training institutes and the private sector. These recommendations aim to assist policymakers inbetter addressing the challenges faced by teenage mothers and promoting their well-being.

OR-050ZHOU Xinji, Kobe University

Single Mother by Choice in Japan: How did single women struggle for legitimacy
In recent years, the prevalence of "Single Mother by Choice" (SMC) has been increased in Japan. They are predominantly well-educated,financially self-sufficient women in their thirties and forties who deliberately choose to become mothers on their own. It is a verifiable factthat single mothers in Japan, who encounter limited employment opportunities, face the peril of experiencing poverty alongside theirchildren. Hence prior research on them predominantly concentrates on their state of destitution. The association between "single mother"and being dependent on welfare has become closely interconnected, hence contributing to the stereotype of them as individuals who are
impoverished and lack responsibility.
The appearance of SMC sheds light on an additional aspect of single motherhood. However, they lack the ability to eliminate the negative
perception linked to being a single mother, which is still being questioned. It is widely posited that the phenomenon of single parenting is
influenced by a multitude of issues beyond the mere consideration of poverty. This article will examine the deconstruction of legitimacy
around the deliberate choice of single women to become single mothers, focusing on the ethics of caring. We conduct interviews with themto gain insight into their experiences as single mothers and the challenges they encounter. We demonstrate how single motherhood has
been marginalized by the prevailing gendered allocation of care, based on the narratives of their life stories. This study aims to enhance ourcomprehension of women and the concept of motherhood within the context of modern Japanese society.

OR-148Dahye Kim, The University of Hong Kong
Jeremy Lim-Soh, Centre for Ageing Research and Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, National
University of Singapore; Christine A. Mair, University of Maryland

Financial Stability among Widows in South Korea: A Focus on Employment, Family Transfers, and Pensions
Following bereavement, widows face a heightened risk of poverty due to the loss of income and social security benefits linked to theirspouse’s employment—a challenge exacerbated in gendered labour markets. Despite variations in labour market dynamics, family transfers,
and welfare provisions among widows, existing studies often treat them as a uniform group and lack a comprehensive approach to income
sources. To address this gap, our study analyses data from eight exit waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). It
investigates the financial stability profiles of widows in Korea—a society with one of the world’s highest levels of gendered old-age
poverty, alongside a welfare mix that integrates social security and social assistance for older adults. Using latent class analysis, weconstruct a 5-class financial stability typology encompassing income, assets, family transfers, and pensions. Our findings reveal that threeclasses (around half of widows) exhibit comparatively well-balanced financial stability with sufficient family assets, with differences
primarily stemming from employment history. However, between the other two groups lacking sufficient family assets, support fromchildren and social assistance play a preventive role against poverty. The most vulnerable group, comprising more than one-third of thesample, are younger women who are ineligible for the basic pension and have fewer children to support them. Better policy support isessential for widows who face challenges due to the limited coverage of social assistance programs and disadvantages in contributory
pension benefits within a gendered labour market, against the backdrop of Korea’s evolving demographic landscape.

24Oral Session 3-6
OR-009Market for Care

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Hsiao-Hui Yang, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management
Chung-Yang Chung, Soochow University

Crafting a Welfare Market: The Rise of the Market-based Homecare Service in Taiwan

The focus of earlier welfare state studies is the expansion and retrenchment of the state in welfare provision. However, the rise of neoliberalism has foregrounded the role of market-based welfare provisions when the financial burden of the welfare state is already heavy.
Apart from some exceptions, less attention is attached to the emergence of the welfare market. The development of the Long-term caresystem in Taiwan presents a fascinating case for understanding how a welfare market is unintentionally crafted by the state despite its
initial attempts to establish a public long-term care system. In this study, by conducting interviews with state officers and homecare service
providers of NPOs and POs, we demonstrate that the emergence of a welfare market of homecare services in Taiwan is not caused by thefiscal crisis of the welfare state which is often the main reason of the introduction of market-based welfare provision, but by the state’s
attempts to expand the coverage of long-term care services. Following its 2000 election victory, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)
government pursued establishing a tax-funded long-term care system, known as Long-Term Care Plan 1.0 (LTC 1.0). However, theinitiative ultimately fell short due to limitations in its eligibility criteria. In response to these limitations, the reinstated DPP government in2016 initiated the LTC 2.0 to expand coverage. This revised program not only introduced new services but also extended the scope of
eligibility criteria. However, rather than directly establishing a public homecare service system, the DPP government opted to provide
financial incentives to homecare service providers to address the substantial rise in the number of homecare service users. The number of
non-state service providers substantially increased since 2016, and a competitive, but regulated, welfare market was therefore crafted, evenunintentionally. In this case, we find that the rise of the welfare market is not the result of liberalisation or privatisation of the welfare state,
but an unintentional outcome of the expansion of the role of the state in welfare provision.

OR-010

Yan Zi, Waseda University; Sun Xin, Fudan University

From ‘care dyad’ to ‘support networks’: purchase intention for home- and community-based service of Chinese older adults
This study examines the underlying types of intergenerational solidarity and informal support networks among impaired older adults in
China, and explains how they may influence the home- and community-based service purchase intention of these individuals. Based on the2018 and 2020 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Aging and Social Survey, a total of 3,564 older adults (aged 60 and above, with at least
one child) were selected. First, we use K-means cluster analysis to identify four types of intergenerational solidarity among Chinesefamilies: tight-knit, distant-but-intimate, independent-intimate, and emotional-detached. Secondly, we examined the size of three distinct
types of informal support networks among Chinese older adults: general social networks, functional support networks, and emotional
support networks. Subsequently, binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the relative impacts of intergenerational solidarity
and informal support networks on impaired older adults’ purchase intention. Our findings highlighted the diverse impacts of informal
functional/emotional support networks on older adults’ purchase intentions. These networks exhibit the potential to either substitute for orcomplement formal care, contingent upon the specific types of intergenerational solidarity. This research enriches the theoretical literature
by incorporating both vertical and horizontal perspectives. It also enhances our understanding of the dynamics between ‘formal’ and‘informal’ care within the Chinese context. This study underscores the necessity for precise targeting in service delivery, emphasizing theimportance of considering the entire family and the influence of the older adults’ social network on service utilization and purchasedecisions.

OR-149Wing-kit Chan, Sun Yat-sen University; Zhongyan Zhang, Sun Yat-sen University"Government Dominance " versus "Service Outsourcing"——Disability Assessment Mechanism of Long-term Care Insurance in
China
Given the significant emergence and rapid growth in demand for long-term care (LTC) services, the current care systems for elderly people
are facing an unprecedented crisis in many countries, leading to the widespread development of LTC policies. As the country with theworld’s largest ageing population, China started the long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilot programme in 2016, and diverse service delivery
patterns have been established. However, the adequacy and sustainability of LTC provision remain contested.
The disability assessment mechanism is not only a crucial link between demand and supply for care services but also a direct factor
affecting the sustainability of LTCI funds. This study therefore attempts to fill the research gap through an insightful discussion of thedevelopment and transformation of China's disability assessment system. Based on an empirical study in Guangzhou City, one of thetypical cases of LTCI in China, the study explores the transition of disability assessment mechanism from “government dominance” to“service outsourcing” as well as its outcomes and influencing factors. A thematic analysis was conducted based on the data collected fromsemi-structured interviews with different groups, such as government officials and insurance enterprises.
The findings indicate that, compared with the international experience of Germany, Japan and South Korea, the assessment system in
China is not satisfactory yet, especially in the aspects of legality and legitimacy, independence, market competition and incentive
mechanisms. The assessment mechanism transformation in Guangzhou is attributed to factors such as cost minimization during LTCI
reform, leaders’ support under local discretion, and the governmental ability in service outsourcing. Under the guidance of central policies,
expanding the outsourcing market and cultivating independent assessment institutions are the directions of LTCI in China.

25

Oral Session 3-7
OR-112

School Bullying

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Oleksandr Movshuk, University of Toyama

Heterogeneous Effects of Bullying on Academic Achievement in Japan: Evidence from Causal Machine LearningThis study applies novel machine learning techniques to uncover the heterogeneous effects of bullying on the academic performance ofhigh school students in Japan. While prior research has established correlations between bullying and poorer academic outcomes, few
studies have established causality or examined effect heterogeneity. This analysis applies causal forests, an innovative algorithm thatflexibly estimates heterogeneous treatment effects by partitioning the data into neighborhoods with similar characteristics. The approachmoves beyond conventional linear regression that relies on restrictive assumptions, and often struggles to capture complex variableinteractions. In contrast, machine learning methods like causal forests can automatically learn subtle relationships from high-dimensional
data. The added flexibility allows causal forests to model nuanced nonlinear effects and high-degree interactions challenging to specify instandard regressions.
The study analyzes data from the 2015 and 2018 PISA surveys in Japan. While past studies with regressions find negative correlations,causal forests revealed a more varied picture. For milder bullying, initial coping efforts by resilient students, especially males, might offset
detrimental effects. However, at higher bullying levels, these coping mechanisms got overwhelmed, resulting in strongly negative impacts.
Causal forests then identified student age, gender, and resilience levels as primary drivers of heterogeneity. This discovery of effectheterogeneity is a key advantage of causal forests, allowing interventions to be better targeted toward subgroups with the largest treatment
effects. The flexible machine learning framework has proved useful for uncovering nuanced bullying impacts overlooked by standard
regression techniques. This methodology has broader applicability for investigating heterogeneous causal mechanisms in education andsocial policy.

OR-132

CHEN Zirui , The University of Hong Kong

A Meta-Analytic Review on Influencing Factors of Bystander Response Behaviour in Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is a pervasive social issue associated with psychological illness and suicide, particularly among adolescents and youth.
Research has highlighted bystanders play a significant role in cyberbullying, their various behaviours can influence on the discontinuity ofcyberbullying and its negative effects. To develop effective interventions, scholars dedicated to investigate the influencing factors ofcyberbullying bystander behaviours. This meta-analysis synthesized findings from 36 studies published between 2012 and 2022, aiming tosummarize the associations between three categories of influencing factors (individual, social, and contextual level) and three cyberbystander roles: defenders, outsiders, and reinforcers. The overall associations demonstrate small to medium effects (rs = -.214 to .335) of
their relations. Particularly, for defender, the online episodic factors (r = .290) exhibited the strongest protective impacts on it, while noneof three factors demonstrated significant negative associations with the role. For reinforcer, the personal factors (r = .335) exhibited thestrongest protective influence on it but the social environmental factors (r = -.214) expressed the closest risky associations with this role. As
for outsider, only protective online episodic factors and risky personal factors are significantly relevant to the role. These findings suggestthat the factors closely associated with each cyberbullying bystander role are unique and originate from three distinct domains. To
effectively intervene in various cyber-bystander responses, a successful intervention plan should focus on specific factors and implement
strategies in their respective domains.

OR-139Cancelled

26

Yuhang Cheng, The Chinese Univeristy of Hong Kong; Shan Jiang, Zhejiang Univeristy

Oral Session 3-8
OR-027

Disability and Labor

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Cheryl Hiu-kwan Chui, University of Hong Kong

Promoting disability inclusive employment through policy incentives? Why it isn’t working and how to fix it
The Hong Kong government has for years implemented employment and support policy measures to promote disability employment. The
imperative to improve disability employment was also echoed by growing commitments towards diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI)
practices in the private sector. However, empirical evidence of the positive effects of these policy tools and incentives on hiring, retaining,
and advancing the economic participation of people with disabilities is lacking. Persons with disabilities continue to experiencedisproportionate rates of unemployment and underemployment. To this end, this study draws on Lipsky’s Street-Level Bureaucracy theory(SLBT) (1980) to examine the persistent inability of policy efforts to translate into tangible improvements in employment outcomes forpeople with disabilities.
Focus groups were conducted with 60 working-age adults with visual impairment in Hong Kong. Within the focus groups, participations
were asked to share their user experiences as they engage with employment support services provided by the government. Thematic
analysis was used for data analysis.

Findings from the study will illustrate how SLBT is theoretically relevant and useful in explaining discretion between stated policy
intentions and actual outcomes. They will contribute to policy literature in three important ways. Firstly, findings advance the theorizationof disability employment using SLBT. Secondly, perspectives drawn directly from people with disabilities shed light on the interface
between public policy and target end users and reveal existing barriers to manifest policy intentions. Last, this study carries importantpractice implications to address street-level bureaucrats as they carry out policy mandates in the context of promoting disability
employment.

OR-031

Euiyoung Kang, Sogang University
Cheol-Sung Lee, Seong-Jun Ahn

Occupational World Changes and Inequality in the Disability Labor Market: Focus on Automation and Informatization.
How do workers with disabilities cope with multiple challenges in a rapidly changing technological environment? In South Korea, workers
with disabilities have traditionally been seen as separate from the non-disabled labor market, typically employed in manual, repetitive jobs.
However, changes in the labor market due to technological change are presenting new challenges for workers with disabilities, such as
acquiring new skills and job mobility.
This study aims to integrate considerations regarding the employment of people with disabilities into ongoing discussions of automationand informatization to identify the unique challenges of the disabled labor market. Using data from the Korean Disability Employment
Panel Survey, alongside occupation-specific automation (degree of machinery introduction, exposure to repetitive tasks) andinformatization (computerization, exposure to AI) data, we examined occupational segregation, wage disparities, and perceived
occupational stability based on disability types, severity, and occupation-specific characteristics.
Our findings confirm that workers with mental disabilities and severe disabilities concentrate in occupations with lower levels of machineand digital proficiency. Additionally, the possession of mental or severe disabilities, exposure to repetitive tasks, and exclusion from digitalproficiency adversely affect wages and perceived occupational stability. These results indicate that the lack of vocational skills, social
experience, and statistical discrimination experienced by individuals with mental disabilities lead to automation and informatization-related
occupational segregation. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of a policy approach not only enhances accessibility to automation
technologies but also supports education and vocational rehabilitation.

OR-142

Minjie Chen, University of Nottingham

Cancelled27

Oral Session 3-9
OR-006

Politics and Policy

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Ding-Yi Lai, Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica

Winning Coalition Sizes, Regime Type and Welfare
A key result of selectorate theory is that as the size of the winning coalition increases, the government increases the supply of public goods
relative to private goods. The reward that leaders give to their supporters consists of a public good that is of benefit to all, and a private
good that is of direct benefit only to the members of the winning coalition. As coalitions grow, the cost of private goods increases. This
price increase motivates leaders to provide relatively cheap public goods. However, power-sharing theory suggests that the core issue ofdictatorships is the relationship between dictators and elites, including conflicts of interest and the distribution of power. On the other hand,most definitions of democracy are based on the government allowing the opposition to freely organize, compete, and be fairly elected inpolitics. In other words, politicians in democratic countries need the support of their citizens more than leaders in authoritarian states. In
this paper, I argue that the effect of winning coalition sizes on welfare spending is stronger in democracies than in dictatorships.
Specifically, the size of the winning coalition is related to whether the people can choose their leaders and hold them effectively
accountable. This paper uses cross-sectional time-series data for 104 countries from 1960 to 2005. I find that the winning coalition is apredictor of welfare spending in democracies, while the personalization of power is a more important factor in dictatorships.

OR-021

Sho Sasaki, Lund University

When conservative parties propose policies for caring fathers: Policy-framing analysis of parental leave reforms in Germany andJapan
This paper investigates how conservative parties framed fathers' involvement in childcare when they proposed parental leave reforms
aiming to increase fathers' leave uptake. Unlike earlier parental leave developments in Nordic countries that were led by Social Democratic
parties to achieve gender equality, some parental leave reforms in East Asian and European countries in more recent years were driven by
conservative parties. Even though the promotion of fathers’ involvement in childcare did not supposedly match their conservative party
ideologies around family and care, existing studies have not addressed how conservative parties justified the policy reforms to maintainsupport from conservative voters. Moreover, little has been known about the differences in the role of fathers promoted by different
conservative parties. To address these issues, a comparative analysis was carried out on the cases of the Christian Democratic Union ofGermany and the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, which led parental leave reforms in 2007 and 2014 respectively. Statements ofpoliticians on parental leave and fatherhood were collected from parliamentary records and party documents to conduct a qualitative frame
analysis based on a diagnosis-prognosis framework. While the results showed contrasting framing patterns in terms of presented issues andsolutions, both parties successfully framed the parental leave reforms as compatible with conservative interests. This study contributes tothe understanding of framing strategies on fatherhood taken by conservative parties as well as presents a new analytical framework that canbe utilized for a more systematic comparative analysis of parental leave policies.

OR-155

Ijin Hong, National Taiwan University
Shih-jiunn Shi, Fen-ling Chen, National Taipei University

Does political partisanship matter in initiating and sustaining social investment policy reform? Agenda-setting, political parties andwomen’s movements in South Korea and Taiwan

Formerly known as authoritarian, developmentalist, and familialistic, South Korea and Taiwan have now developed as the most democratic
political systems in East Asia, with a rapid expansion of their respective welfare systems. Still, politicisation of welfare issues happened
relatively late, as both Korean and Taiwanese political parties used to appeal to an electorate based on regional and ethnical divides, andthe policy focus concerned more international relations (ex. North Korea, China) rather than welfare issues (Lee, You, 2019; Sullivan,
Nachman, 2024). As a result, welfare politics has only gained momentum over the last twenty years. In terms of social investment policies,
whilst Korean administrations have invested considerable resources in private childcare and family allowances in a bipartisan manner,
Taiwan has also shown slim party differences in its approach to slower reforms in support of reconciliation policies (Yeh & Lue, 2022;
Hong et al. 2024).
To which extent did political parties matter in determining social investment policies? What was the role that women’s movements playedin this?
This study aims to investigate these differences systematically, testing the political partisanship theory – the expectation that political party
competition will influence welfare expansion or retrenchment, with the Left being more pro-welfare, the Right being more pro-market(Huber and Stephens 2000, Haeusermann et al. 2010, Kuehner, 2018). By making use of policy documents and interviews with key
stakeholders in the agenda-setting process, we argue that political partisanship still matters in agenda-setting when viewed in tandem withwomen's movements and their role in agenda-setting. On the other hand, the expansion of left-initiated family policies appears to follow
more path-dependent, credit-claiming or blame-avoidance rationales in these two latecomer welfare systems.

28

Oral Session 3-10
OR-007

Gender Inequality at Home 2

9:05−10:15 14 JUNE

Haijing Dai, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Cancelled

OR-107

Michihito Ando, Rikkyo University

Daycare Supports Gender Equality at Home
This study assesses how daycare enrollment influences the distribution of housework and childcare responsibilities between mothers andfathers. Utilizing survey data from a Japanese municipality and accounting for nearly all key variables influencing daycare enrollment, we
employ a quasi-experimental approach to infer causal relationships. The findings demonstrate that daycare enrollment enhances genderequality at home by increasing fathers' participation in housework and childcare, without significantly diminishing mothers' contributions
to these tasks. Additionally, the study shows that while daycare enrollment boosts mothers' participation in the labor force, it has anegligible impact on fathers' labor supply. These results suggest that while daycare enrollment alters the parental division of labor in both
domestic and market contexts in Japan, it does not significantly modify the traditional gender roles of mothers and fathers. Subgroup
analyses further explore these effects across different parental educational and employment statuses, offering nuanced insights into how
these dynamics vary within the population.

OR-131

Meixuan Li, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Deborah De Moortel, Lara Stas, Christophe Vanroelen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Reciprocal Links between Workloads and Mental Well-being in Dual-Earner Couples: Insights for Work-Family Reconciliation
Practices
Empirical evidence shows that the "dual-waged/earner" model has been found to be broadly reflective of modern society worldwide,
including China, where this form accounts for more than half of all family types in urban areas. The dominant collectivistic culture in
China, which also prioritizes employment over family and other relationships, is deeply ingrained in work, family, and organizationalsettings. Nevertheless, the transformation to market economy and the dismantling of lifelong guaranteed/social security system- danwei- in
which the benefits sheltering housework and childcare provisions have altered the gendered division of labour in urban China, particularly
at the expense of women for bearing the double burden. It thus implicates that balancing paid and unpaid work is considerably stressful fordual-earner couples and tends to be gendered, resulting in the disparity of health and well-being outcomes within both partners. Noteworthyof noting, work-family interactions within highly interdependent relationships, potentially through the pathways in which the amplificationof work-related commitments and domestic responsibilities, enables the partners to influence each other in mental well-being, are still
understudied. Moreover, family-oriented values in China trigger people living in a dual-earner model to adopt alternative work-familystrategies, with seeking support for housework from extended families being the predominant approach. Family-friendly workplace policies
are currently being gradually promoted in China to allow for more flexible work-family arrangements; however, greater attention needs tobe paid to the underlying connections to mental well-being of this labour group for constructing a harmonious, symbiotic work-family
environment.
Drawing on the conceptual framework developed based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) and family system theories in this study,
we utilize a novel approach for enriching the understandings of work-family dynamics by interrogating the reciprocal relationship between
workloads (combined, paid, and unpaid) and mental well-being from a dyadic perspective, as well as incorporating the family support forhousework from extended families as the buffering moderator into these crossover associations. Analyzing urban couple data from the
China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), our empirical results indicate predominantly unidirectional and limited crossover impacts, primarily
affecting wives, while husbands are more affected by paid workload—i.e., employment workload—as a key determinant of mental wellbeing compared to women. We argue that women demonstrate higher empathy towards their counterparts, showing greater sensitivity to
spousal work intensification. Furthermore, moderation results suggest that family support serves as a significant moderator, attenuating theadverse association between workloads and depression. Following this, we will discuss the implications of the findings and explore
potential strategies for organizational and policy-level practices aimed at work-family reconciliation in enhancing work-family balance andarrangements.

29Oral Session 4-1
OR-091

Health Disparity

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Lisa Scullion, University of Salford

Cancelled

OR-130

Yoshiaki Takahashi, Meikai University; Kayako Sakisaka, Kaichi International University

Why are the COVID-19 related IACI cases very rare? Evidence from the COVID-19 patients survey in Japan
Introduction: Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) is an important tool for workers to secure their working conditions. It’s
also important during covid-19 pandemic because it provides financial support to workers affected by the virus. In April 2020, Japan's
Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare (MLHW) issued a special notification to facilitate the application process for IACI among workers
affected by COVID-19. According to the MLHW, as of February 2024, there were 220,301 cases approved for IACI related to COVID-19.
However, comparing the number of approved IACI cases related to COVID-19 to the total number of COVID-19 cases, the ratio is verysmall (0.65%) in Japan. In this presentation, the authors explore the reasons why it is small.
Methods: Data from the COVID-19 patients survey conducted in February 2024 (n=513) was used. The survey included items such as
gender, age, job status, affected situation, IACI application and reasons not apply.
Results: 12.1% or 4.2% of COVID-19 affected workers explained they were possibly affected at workplace or commuting. However, only
7.3% or 5.3% of them submitted application to IACI. Another 4.3% or 0.0% of them prepared to submit application respectively. When
asked why they did not submit it, some mentioned the application was time-consuming. Another said that health conditions were not sosevere. Others explained reasons that their companies did not allow them to submit applications.
Conclusion: It appears that the costs of COVID-19 were inappropriately covered by health insurance rather than IACI. Therefore,
companies should allow workers to apply IACI easily. For instance, the COVID-19 patients reporting system should be integrated into
IACI application. If the cases were automatically applied to IACI, companies would pay more attention to protecting workers fromCOVID-19.

OR-153Youngchae Park, Chungang University

A Study on the Typology of Occupational Injury Risks in the Interpersonal Service Sector in South Korea
The economic structure of South Korea has shifted to a service economy, which led to significant changes in the nature of work, forms of
employment, and working environments. While the altered working environment affects the health of workers differently from before,
South Korea's occupational safety net established during the period when manufacturing was the dominant industry, creates significant
gaps in safety and health protection for service workers. Therefore, a comprehensive and multi-dimensional analysis is required tounderstand how occupational injury risks are shown in South Korea's service sector.
The aim of this study is to identify the types of occupational injury risks of interpersonal service jobs and discern who is being exposed towhat types of occupational injury risks. The study comprehensively examines occupational injury risks in six dimensions: physical risks,ergonomic risks, intimidation at the workplace, work intensity, emotional demands, and unsocial working schedules. Data from the 6th
Korean Working Conditions Survey(KWCS) 2021 were used. The study first conducted latent class analysis to identify how theoccupational injury risk factors combine, and then conducted cross-tabulation and ANOVA analysis to investigate who are exposed towhich occupational risks by labor market and sociodemographic factors.
The results showed that there are various types of occupational injury risks in the interpersonal service sector, which not only affect mental
health but also physical health of workers. It was observed that there were significant differences in the distribution by type according toage, gender, size of the business, and employment type. Based on the research findings, the study emphasizes the necessity of expanding
the scope of application of occupational safety regulations to businesses with fewer than five employees and moving away from a jobbased approach to encompass various forms of employment.

OR-158

Merita Mesiäislehto, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
Maria Vaalavuo, Sanni Välimäki, Finnish Institute for Health and WelfareMarkus Jokela, University of Helsinki

Ill health and the risk of poverty in Europe: three measures, different results?
In this study we examine poverty penalties for persons with ill health and how penalties differ across countries and contextual factors. With
“penalty” we refer to the increased probability of poverty associated with ill health. Using EU-SILC data for 25 European countries for
2008-2020, we study (1) how the association between ill health and the risk of poverty varies between countries, i.e., how do penalties
differ across countries, (2) how the penalties vary across welfare state settings and (3) whether using different indicators of poverty(monetary poverty, material deprivation and subjective poverty), affects the results. The aim is not to study the causal link between ill
health and poverty or its direction, but rather focus on the country-level variation in the association. We limit the analysis to working age
population (18-64 years old) with a total sample of 4,424,023 individuals. For the analysis we use descriptive and regression analysis.
Our preliminary results show that individuals with ill health experience higher risk of poverty compared to those with good health.
Moreover, the three indicators of poverty present the association between ill health and poverty differently in different countries: in mostcountries material deprivation and subjective poverty yields higher poverty penalties for ill health compared to monetary poverty.
Furthermore, higher welfare generosity (measured by social protection and health care expenditure) is associated with lower poverty
penalties for ill health but only when poverty is measured by material deprivation and subjective poverty.

30Oral Session 4-2
OR-001

Pension Mix

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Fang-Yi Huang, Soochow University; Chung-Yang Chung, Soochow University

To Choose or Not to Choose: Do the Taiwanese want more Choices in Pension Provision? —A Survey Experiment
In response to welfare state pressures, it is suggested that the responsibility of old-age economic security has to be shifted from the state to
the market, that is, individuals. In this context, New Public Management attracts attention by advocating for market-based welfare systems.
Proponents of NPM argue that “choice” should serve as a key value which would not only enhance the efficiency and quality of welfare
provision but also represent the realisation of freedom. Therefore, recent pension reforms not only in the advanced welfare states in Europe
and North America but also in East Asian welfare states where population ageing and the issue of financial sustainability of the pension
systems have become urgent issues witness how the value and mechanism of choice was embedded onto pension provisions such as theintroduction of DC (defined-contribution) pension schemes. The desire for market-based pension reform among the public remains asignificant unknown. Do people want more choices in welfare provision in general, pension provision in particular? Or do they prefer moresecurity? This paper aims to determine whether increasing choices is supported by the public through an experimental survey. The
experimental survey recruited 1,200 participants, who were then equally and randomly assigned to three groups. Group A served as thecontrol group, where the main dependent variable is their willingness to increase contributions to their individual accounts without any
conditions or incentives. In Group B, participants were queried about their willingness to increase contributions to individual accounts,
contingent upon their autonomy in determining the investment and management of funds; while Group C received the same contribution
option coupled with the additional incentive that the state would also increase its contribution if they opted for higher self-contributions.
This study reveals that only Group C shows a preference for increasing contributions to individual accounts when the state also increases
its contributions, compared to Group A. Thus, we posit that economic security or incentives outweigh the significance of "choice" infostering the progression of DC pension schemes. Moreover, our findings indicate that within Group B, individuals with higher levels offinancial literacy, males, younger participants, and those in better health, are more predisposed to autonomously managing their IRA
investments, despite acknowledging the associated risks. Remarkably, within Group C, we observed a heightened willingness andproportion of IRA contributions when the government matches individual contributions, particularly among individuals exhibiting greater
concern regarding financial burdens and the sustainability of the public pension system. In conclusion, we argue that choice is not always
treasured by the public, and the state has to play a pivotal role in crafting a welfare market in general, and pension market in particular, andregulating the welfare market.

OR-110Xinmei Wang, Research Fellow of Center of Social Welfare and Governance, Zhejiang University

Regressive or Progressive? China’s Public Pension Benefits
By the perspective of income distribution, the role of public pension benefits should be progressive in principle. And it has been
progressive in practices in developed countries and many developing countries with almost a full coverage of public pensions. However, in
China it is controversial. Li and Zhu (2023) concluded progressivity using the measurement of Kakwani (1977, 1984), in contrary,
Takayama (2017) regressivity. Such an opposite conclusion could result in an entirely different policy implication and pension systemdesign.
This paper aims to explain the reasons that lead to the contradiction. The only difference between these two measurements lies in the
different approaches when estimating the concentration ratios of public pension benefits. Li and Zhu (2023) estimated it based on the
distribution of total income excluding public pension benefits, but Takayama (2017) including. In the case that the Gini coefficient ofChina’s public pension benefits has been much higher than that of the total income of the elderly (Li, Wang, Xu and Yuan, 2020), themeasurement of Kakwani results in dramatic changes of income positions of rich people from high when working to low when retire in
China: the rich was implicitly taken as the poor. However, there are no such changes in the measurement in Takayama in all kinds ofcountries, or in the measurement of Kakwani when it applies to developed countries. Our analysis concludes that China’s public pension
benefits are definitely regressive, not progressive.

OR-115

Kun Lee, University of Oxford; Jongseok Oh, National Pension Research Institute; Seho Son, Seoul
National University

Exclusion from a Mandatory Pension Scheme: Late-stage Cancellation of the National Pension in South Korea
While welfare states are meant to alleviate economic inequality by redistributing resources, contributory social insurance programmes often
exclude individuals disadvantaged in the labour market because the entitlement is conditional to contribution records. The South Korean
National Pension is a relevant test case for achieving universality in a contributory scheme, as the system offers a generous option ofcontinuing enrollment for those who did not meet the minimum contribution requirement. This study explores why some individuals stillcancel their pension rights and apply for a lump-sum refund despite the existence of highly generous and redistributive measures. Using
monthly administrative records of applications for a lump-sum refund from 2012 to 2020, we combine two-way fixed effects and Mundlak
regressions to explore the characteristics of individuals who cancelled their pension entitlement to draw out a lump-sum refund. Nearly halfof the individuals at the age of 60 who did not meet the minimum contribution period applied for a refund. Our regression results show thatone’s cumulative amount of payment and the length of contribution period were negatively associated with the probability of cancelling. At
the regional level, the gross regional domestic product per capita and social welfare spending were both negatively associated with theoutcome. The effects of individual- and regional-level predictors consistently support the hypothesis that individuals with lower lifetime
income and unstable career trajectories were more likely to apply for a refund. Our findings imply that such a ‘universal’ social insurance
still excludes labour market outsiders even with measures to achieve inclusivity.

31

Oral Session 4-3
OR-023

Redefining Poverty

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

CHEN Sheng, Shokei University Junior College

Poor People Talk about Poverty: Discourses, Images & Understandings and Meanings
This study aims to understand poverty from the poor people’s perspective through a participatory poverty survey.
Since the 1990s, traditional poverty research has been criticised in the UK for excluding poor people from itself. As a result, ‘Poverty' isconceptualised without knowing how it is understood by those in poverty. In response, some researchers have practised a participatory
approach incorporating the perspectives of the poor, which is thought to be effective in understanding the reality of poverty.
Inspired by the above research, this survey was first undertaken in Japan using the participatory approach to encourage poor people to joinpoverty research as specialists. In this study, 32 participants were divided into eight groups, and each group discussed their understanding
and image of 'Poverty' and the poverty-related discourses ‘Underclass' and 'Social Exclusion', frequently addressed in the academy, andwhat they thought ‘poverty means'.
As a result, participants feel that 'Poverty' has a negative feeling, with a ‘needy and struggling’ image as the Kanji character implies.
Regarding ‘Underclass’ and ‘Social Exclusion', participants commented that these items are unfamiliar in Japan; they rarely use them daily
and are unsure about their definitions. They felt a negative image of these two items and showed resistance. Therefore, it is thought thatsome of the discussions on poverty in academia may be distant or misaligned with the poor's reality and will. Regarding the meaning of‘poverty', the participants analysed that poverty is a concept with a meaning of seven aspects, a definition close to 'relative poverty'.

OR-066

Soyoon Weon, Chung-Ang University

Cancelled

OR-067

Dah Ming CHIU, St Francis University; Suhang YAO, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Trying to understand subjective poverty by machine learning
We get access to a dataset of a household survey of 2000 participants in Hong Kong. Besides various profile information, such as income,housing and other situations, each participant answered the question: "How much monthly income do you think is sufficient to meet yourfamily's most basic living needs?" To deal with the biased dataset (more low-income samples), we normalized it by adding artificial
samples to make the income distribution consistent with that of the population. The traditional approach to derive a consensus poverty linefrom the opinions of the samples is to assume some function that relates important parameters (typically income) to the individual opinions,then determine the subjective poverty line by reconciling the function with the actual opinion values. In our study, we instead try to find the“best” predictive function (from given attributes) by machine learning. This approach leads to a subjective poverty line in similar fashion.
The result also allows us to look at the factors that play more important roles in determining the subjective poverty line. The traditional
approach can also subdivide the whole sample into groups according to some factor deemed important (e.g. the housing situation – public
housing, renting, or partly owning). In our study, we try to discover important factors using a different approach, by applying clustering
analysis to the sample, and see if the resulting clusters show some pattern consistent with our expectation. Preliminary results show thatsuch machine learning methods lead to reasonable results and give us new insights.

OR-093

Satomi Maruyama, Kyoto University; Atsushi Nagasawa, Kyoto University

Financial diaries as a method for poverty researchThis study delves into the use of financial diaries as a research tool for understanding poverty, assessing its merits and acknowledging its
limitations.
The financial diary method involves maintaining household accounts over a specific period and conducting regular money-related
interviews with survey participants. Unlike general approaches that rely on annual income as a measure of poverty, this method offers
insights into the financial intricacies of impoverished individuals, including the impact of inconsistent monthly income, changes in assets
and debts, and the exchanges of daily necessities.
In 2023, our research team employed financial diaries for four low-income Japanese individuals over a span of three to six months. The key
findings of this study are as follows. (i) Individuals facing poverty often resort to additional sacrifices and strategic adjustments in payment
schedules to make ends meet. (ii) The ability to borrow from acquaintances serves as a form of relationship capital. (iii) Fluctuations inmonthly income owing to social security benefits were observed to cumulate over several months. (iv) The use of money varies depending
on its source and significance.
The time-consuming nature of financial diaries limits the scope of cases covered. Nevertheless, they offer valuable insights into the
dynamic aspects of the financial lives of the poor, the meaning they assign to money, and the inequalities in resource distribution withinhouseholds.

32

Oral Session 4-4
OR-043

Community

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Jeremy Lim-Soh, Centre for Ageing Research and Education, National University of Singapore;
Dahye Kim, National University of Singapore; Yugyeong Eo, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; Choi Jae
Woo, Aejung Yoo, Health Insurance Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service; Wan Chen K Graham,
Wong Loong Mun, Agency for Integrated Care, Singapore; Angelique Chan, Centre for Ageing Research and
Education, Health Services and Systems Research, National University of Singapore

Two paths to Community Care for Older Adults: Korea and Singapore’s Long-Term Care Evolution
Aging populations pose significant challenges to institutional Long-Term Care systems. Community Care services, which provide
professional support for functional limitations, chronic diseases, or cognitive impairment to community-dwelling older adults, haveemerged as a potentially cost-effective solution that can support aging-in-place. However, differing implementations of Community Careacross societies can affect older adults’ health and quality of life.
We conduct a comparative case study of the evolution of Long-Term Care policy in Korea and Singapore towards Community Care. Bothsocieties exhibit similar demographic trends—rapid aging, ultra-low fertility, and declining old-age support ratios—coupled with
Confucian cultural ideals. However, their welfare systems differ historically; Korea took a welfare state approach emphasizing institutionalcare, and Singapore leaned towards neoliberalism with a reliance on informal care.
While both societies are developing various Community Care programs including home-based nursing, day care centers, and assisted living,
we find significant differences in the way that Community Care is planned, funded, and implemented. Moreover, the challenges faced
depend on cultural context and welfare system. Based on these insights, we discuss the compatibility of Community Care with different
sociocultural settings and policy ecosystems, concluding with potential implications for other societies struggling with population aging
and LTC sustainability.

OR-075

Yumika Shirase, Hitotsubashi University

Who can organise neighbourhood preventive long-term care services in Japan?
Background: Although older adults require care, they can also serve as community support resources. The Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare in Japan encourages municipalities to provide preventive long-term care and livelihood support services by neighbourhood
volunteers. These services, called as "Kayoinoba," include physical exercises, recreational activities, and senior salons.
Objective: This study empirically explored attributes related to older adults’ willingness to be a volunteer organiser.
Methods: Data were obtained from the 9th Preventive Long-term Care Daily Living Area Needs Survey in 2023. The secondary analysis
was conducted with written permission from X city. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify which individual attributes
predicted older adults' willingness to volunteer. The independent variables were sex, age, family type, living conditions, health status,
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG) Index of Competence, and participating in organisations.
Results & Discussion: Those who wished to be organisers scored high on the Intellectual Activity subscale of the TMIG Index. Those who
belonged to volunteer groups, lifelong learning circles, and neighborhood associations, and had paid jobs were more interested inorganising neighborhood volunteering. Interestingly, no significant relationships were observed for senior organisations, such as seniorclubs and salons. Intellectually active older adults can be potential organisers along with experienced volunteers. By contrast, participantsin senior organisations were presumed to be frail and less energetic about organising activities. Those who engage in paid jobs might facedifficulties in balancing work and neighborhood activities. These aspects should be considered for the sustainability of neighborhood
preventive services.

OR-095

Yuko Suda, Toyo University

FINANCIALIZATION OF SOCIAL POLICIES FOR OLDER ADULT CITIZENS IN JAPAN: A NEW RISK FOR THE MIDDLE CLASSThe social policies to support older adult citizens in Japan are based on the new public management(NPM) since the 1980s. However,recent policies are designed differently from the doctrine. This study explored the transformation in the policy area by drawing on thefinancialization concept. Previous studies suggest that financialization proceeds in two layers. One is based on the post-NPM context inwhich the government and private increasingly collaborate to attract private funds to support public social service systems. Another isbased on the existing NPM context in which the division between the government and private remained based on the difference in
responsibilities for funding and service provision. The results show that financialization based on the post-NPM context was reflected in a
pay-for-service system newly incorporated in a governmental long-term care system, coupled with the introduction of a personal pension
account program. In contrast, financialization based on the existing NPM context was reflected in the financial engineering practiced byservice organizations. Financial engineering includes maintaining the organizational lifespan short, repeating mergers and acquisitions, andfocusing on the service users eligible to use a large volume of services funded by the government. This study also presents that a new risk
was created for the middle class to be excluded from necessary services as a result of the financialization in two layers. Non-profit organizations and human service professionals are expected to enhance advocacy functions in order to represent the interests of older adult citizens.

OR-101Fang Liu, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Variations Of Conflict And Resonance：The Social Process Of Introducing The Long-Term Care Insurance System In X Village, China

The subject of this study is the social process and operating mechanism of the implementation of modern social welfare system in rural
areas of China . Unlike the existing research, which mainly regards the social long-term care insurance system as an independent variable
and explores its functions and effects, this article treats the social long-term care insurance system as a dependent variable and tracks how
the modern social insurance, characterized by the nature of public goods, gains momentum for growth within villages, particularly insituations where traditional and modern ideologies may clash. The study shows that implementing the long-term care insurance system invillages is challenging, as it cannot adhere to the same rules as in urban settings. Building upon considerations of social redistribution
interests, it relies on the distinctive social foundation and economic and organizational resources within the village to grow and solidify,
forming a unique institutional form. Taking a certain village as a case study, this article elucidates the pivotal role of interest redistribution
and social foundation in shaping the rural social welfare system while analyzing potential limitations. At the same time, the article suggeststhat addressing the interests of villagers, establishing a deeply integrated relationship between institutional rules and the social foundationof rural area, and creatively transforming and leveraging rural social foundations and resources could facilitate overcoming challenges inpromoting the long-term care insurance system in rural areas, ultimately enhancing the level of social rights protection for rural residents in
China.
33

Oral Session 4-5
OR-034

Housing Insecurity

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Yung Yau, Lingnan University

To Move or Not to Move? Rationalization of the Transient Affordable Housing Schemes in Hong Kong
Inadequate housing is a challenge that affects both developing and developed countries. Hong Kong, for example, has a large-scale public
rental housing program, yet inadequate housing in various forms continues to be a problem. To address this issue, transient affordable
housing schemes such as transitional housing and light public housing have been implemented or proposed to resettle residents living ininadequate housing. However, not all of these schemes have been successful in attracting residents. A structured survey was conducted in
Hong Kong to analyze the factors that influence the decision-making process of residents living in inadequate housing when considering
relocation to a transient affordable housing unit. The findings of this survey provide valuable insights into the challenges andconsiderations that these residents face when deciding whether to move to a new housing unit. One of the key factors that may influence
the decision to relocate is the location of the new housing unit. In many cases, residents may be hesitant to move to a new housing unit if its
location is not convenient for working or schooling. Additionally, the rental level also plays a role in the decision-making process.
Residents are more likely to move to a new unit if its rental level is significantly lower than the amount they are paying for a subdivided
flat. Policymakers and housing providers must take these factors into account when designing and implementing transient affordable
housing schemes to ensure that they are effective in addressing the challenge of inadequate housing.

OR-037

CHOE, KyungHo, Seoul National University

Cancelled

OR-082

QI Xuan Yuncg, Lingnan University

Navigating Senior Housing Transitions: Insights from Macau S.A.R.'s Innovative Public Senior Housing Project Targeting Senior
Homeowner
In the context of densely populated urban centers facing dual challenges of demographic and infrastructure aging, this study examines
Macau S.A.R.'s innovative response through a public senior housing project. Targeting senior homeowners in tenement buildings, theproject aims to integrates social, medical, and senior care resources to address housing challenges in aging urban environments. The
research explores obstacles hindering seniors from aging in place, analyzes government resource allocation efficiency in the novel housing
scheme, and examines motivating factors for senior homeowners considering relocation.
The research methodology employs social listening, utilizing a cloud-based platform for unobtrusive data collection from various online
sources, including social media platforms, online forums, newspapers, government official press releases, and association websites. Data
collection spans from 2019 to 2023, with a precise focus on Macau S.A.R., ensuring relevance to the government's public senior housing
initiative. This holistic data collection approach, encompassing both traditional and contemporary media sources, enhances the research's
depth and reliability.

The findings contribute to the conference theme of "Best Practices of Social Policy in Turbulent Times" by addressing the challenges of
population aging and offering insights into Macau S.A.R.'s pioneering approach to navigate these turbulent demographic shifts through an
integrated public senior housing initiative. This study not only provides valuable considerations for similar urbanized cities globally but
also emphasizes the importance of motivating senior homeowners to relocate for optimal living environments in the midst of evolvingsocial and demographic landscapes.

OR-122Mami Takahashi, Ochanomizu University

Changes and Challenges of Residence Security in Japan: An Intersectional Perspective
Housing is a human right and the foundation of life. In recent years, amidst precarious employment and evolving family structures, thesignificance of social policies aimed at securing housing has increased. This discussion places particular emphasis on the intersectionality
perspective. Intersectionality underscores the uniqueness of lived experiences and elucidates the complexities of social inequality andoppression observed at the intersections of categories such as gender, ethnicity, and class. Residential security is a universal need acrossindividuals occupying diverse social positions. Therefore, questioning who is being included or excluded and interrogating the ideologies
and values underlying these dynamics through the lens of intersectionality is imperative.
Based on this premise, this study delineates the evolution of housing policies in Japan and the attendant challenges in housing support.
Despite the historical absence of a comprehensive residence security policy in Japan, the country has recently considered a new approach to
housing assistance since 2017. Thus, this study clarifies two points from an intersectional perspective. First, it outlines the historicaltrajectory of postwar housing and welfare policies, highlighting that the assumption of these policies targeting male breadwinner families
has resulted in residential instability among singles and nontraditional families unable to attain owner-occupied housing. Second, this study
explores recent housing support frameworks and acknowledges their successes in comprehensively addressing the needs of the target
population. However, it underscores the lingering issues that must be tackled to ensure housing security for individuals positioned at theintersections of various social categories.

34

Oral Session 4-6
OR-078Dualized Labor Market

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

SATO ITARU, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

An analysis of the impact of differences in employment status on future asset formation and measures to address this issue
As in other countries, the percentage of non-regular workers is increasing in Japan. In general, non-regular workers not only have unstable
employment conditions, but also earn lower wages and receive less social security than regular workers. Therefore, we used a survey
conducted on the working-age population to analyze the data and obtained the following results.
First, if a worker becomes a non-regular worker in his or her first job, he or she is more likely to remain a non-regular worker in subsequent
years, especially for men. In addition, those whose first job was in regular employment or those who had been in regular employment for agreater proportion of their working lives tended to have started building assets in retirement and the amount they considered necessary was
also greater.
Therefore, the gap in retirement between individuals who were in regular employment for a longer period of time during their working
years and those who were not in regular employment is expected to widen further. In Japan, all citizens are insured by the public pension
system, but non-regular workers contribute less and receive fewer benefits in old age. The results of this analysis suggest the need toincrease the public pension assets of non-regular workers by promoting the accumulation of private assets through labor market policies
such as improving the treatment of non-regular workers, and by taking complex policy responses such as extending the period of pension
participation and expanding the coverage of employees' pension insurance.

OR-079Seong-jun Ahn, Sogang University

How Labor Market Outsiderness Shapes Gendered Backlash: Slowdown and Resistance Mechanisms in Dualized Labor Markets
This study identifies two mechanisms illustrating how labor market outsiderness shapes individual support for women's equal participationin labor market. Utilizing World Values Survey (WVS) data, this study assesses individuals’ employment prospects and intergroup status
threats by gender and age within occupational classes. It examines their association with support for gender equality through multilevel
analysis. First, the results confirm a slowdown in the transition of gender role attitudes due to income polarization, showing that 'insiders'
are more likely to support gender equality in the labor market. Simultaneously, the findings uphold the 'resistance' mechanism, where maleinsiders with high job insecurity and male outsiders nearing insider status both show reduced support for women’s participation in the labormarket. This dynamic creates a U-shaped relationship, minimizing support for gender equality in the labor market, especially near thetransition from outsider to insider status. Although intergroup threats among gender-age groups intensify this resistance at labor market
divisions, they also positively affect average support for gender equality. With intergroup threats rising from 1989 to 2021, both average
support for gender equality and resistance at breakpoints have seen an increase. In summary, the benefits of gender equalization haven't
sufficiently reached the lower end of the income spectrum. While relaxing the internal labor market has broadly improved support forgender equality by reducing social closure, it has also heightened resistance near the insider-outsider transition points in recent decades.

OR-085

Gyu-Jin Hwang, University of Sydney

The Future of Social Insurance in a Dualized Labour Market
The paper seeks to answer whether social insurance has a future in an increasingly dualized labour market. Social insurance is one of theoldest and most widely used social policy instruments. Recent literature suggests that increasingly liberalised markets have made its
functions of social protection and social integration redundant and instead sharpened the divide between labour market insiders andoutsiders. The paper identifies the extent to which the labour market transformation towards increasing dualism has impacted on the utilityof social insurance. It then investigates whether contributory social insurance is indeed a poor fit for a country where there is increasingpresence of non-traditional forms of employment. It discusses the future directions of social policy particularly in relation to whether weshould consider moving towards establishing the dualized structure by offering social insurance to those with stable employment and social
assistance to those without (e.g., introducing tax-financed, non-contributory, universal/or categorical schemes), or whether we should
redirect our attention to making social insurance more inclusive rather than undermining it (e.g., introducing subsidies to support social
insurance contributions or restructuring the way it is funded and provides benefits).

OR-154

John Emmanuel Villanueva, National University of Singapore

Public Employment Services and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence Of Linkage from the Philippines
Drawing on a panel data comprised of all 16 administrative regions in the Philippines observed over a 14 year-period (i.e., 2006-2019), thestudy offers empirical evidence on the linkage of Public Employment Services (PESs) and labor market outcomes (LMOs) from adeveloping country context via the accessibility lens. It does so by quantitatively assessing the effect of access to institutionalized Public
Employment Service Offices (PESOs) on regional unemployment and underemployment rates. Based from the results of Panel-corrected
Prais–Winsten Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation, this research finds that an increased presence of institutionalized PESOS issignificantly associated with lower regional unemployment. Results further suggest that access to institutionalized PESOs is particularly
indispensable at the municipal level and among regions outside of the country’s National Capital Region (NCR), more commonly known
as Metro Manila, in addressing unemployment. Meanwhile, the study finds no statistically significant relationship between institutionalized
PESO accessibility and regional underemployment, with or without NCR in the analysis. In line with the study’s empirical results, several
recommendations for policy actions and further research are humbly offered.

35

Oral Session 4-7
OR-005

Economy, Politics and Youth

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Jiwon Kim, Chung-Ang University

Mapping the Economic Precariousness of Youth: A Comparative Study using Fuzzy-Set Ideal Type Analysis
The purpose of this study is to first explore the multidimensionality of economic precariousness among youth. Then it identifies the typesof youth economic precariousness and analyzes the distributions across different welfare regimes. Challenging the one-dimensional andvague discourse defining youth precariousness, this research defines employment, income, and asset precariousness as sub-dimensions ofyouth economic precariousness. According to Lynch(2006), conventional welfare regime theories have questioned ‘how much’ the welfare
state decommodifies individuals, but they do not pay attention to ‘whom’ it decommodifies. Lynch shows countries that have universal,
citizenship-based policies tend to be more youth-oriented. Building on Lynch, this research categorizes welfare states focusing on youth.
Using data from the Luxembourg Wealth Study (LWS), an analysis was conducted on the youth aged 25-34 in 10 OECD countries. Fuzzyset ideal type analysis reveals five out of eight ideal types of youth economic precariousness. The analysis identifies country types, Finland
and the UK were classified as 1) ‘not precarious’ (eia) type, Korea as 2) ‘somewhat precarious’ type, especially employment
precariousness is serious (Eia). Among 3) ‘highly precarious’ types, Norway, Austria, Germany, and Japan were classified as 3)-①
‘Employment‧Asset precariousness’ type (EiA), the USA as 3)-② the ‘Income‧Asset precariousness’ type (eIA), Italy and Spain as 3)-③
the ‘Employment‧Income precariousness’ type (EIa).
This study empirically demonstrates the diversity of youth economic precariousness and provides a comparative perspective on the current
status of Korean youth precariousness and youth policies. Also, it provided a theoretical basis for discussing age-orientation in welfare
regime theory.

OR-048

Soohyun Lee, King's College London

Labour Market Dualization, Economic Insecurity and Right-Wing Populism: The Rise of Sexism among Young Men in SouthKorea
The 2022 presidential election in Korea saw a huge swing of young men toward the conservative candidate, which was critical to his
unexpected electoral victory. This unprecedented electoral volatility created a gendered division among young voters, who had been a solid
progressive voting block supporting the center-left party. The article shows how the conservatives’ anti-feminist campaign drove a wedge
between young men and women, and it investigates the sources of modern sexism that allowed the successful mobilization of young men.
The research points to the socio-economic foundations of anti-gender politics: economic insecurity caught up with the traditional gendernorms of the male breadwinner model produced toxic status anxiety among young men as leading a “normal life”, of marriage and family,is perceived as beyond their reach; and this anxiety made them vulnerable to the right-wing populism that was at the heart of the antigender campaign of the conservative party. The research draws attention to the importance of addressing the labour market dualization andthe ever-intensifying competition for insider employment in order to curb populist appeal among young men.

OR-090

Mehmet ÖÇAL, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University; Oğuz KARADENİZ, Pamukkale University

SOCIAL POLICY PRACTICES FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE STUDENTS' WELFARE
The study aimed to explore the impacts of social policies for university students on their well-being and living conditions. In a humane
approach, welfare regimes have always adopted the principle of providing individuals with a minimum level of well-being through social
policies. The expanding scope and limits of social policy also cover university students among disadvantaged groups. Today, aconsiderable number of social policies have been introduced with their direct or indirect impacts to improve the well-being of university
students. In this context, the most preferred ones by welfare regimes may be scholarships, loans, financing of higher education fees,
accommodation, and nutritional assistance. Within the scope of the study, in order to measure the effect of social policies towards
university students on the welfare levels of students, two separate studies were conducted, one being a field study with 2909 students andthe other being a Income and Living Conditions Research. As a result of these studies, it has been determined that scholarships, loans, freehigher education, dormitory facilities and food aid increase the welfare of students and reduce poverty rates; It has been understood that
there is a significant difference between student poverty and the social policies implemented towards them. Again, significant differenceswere found between poverty, being in employment, receiving nutritional assistance and various attitudes towards social policies. Although
it has been determined that scholarships and loans, which have a direct effect on student welfare, have decreased in terms of purchasing
power parity, it has been observed that scholarships and loans and dormitory opportunities have expanded and reached more university
students in recent years. Within the scope of the "University Student Friendly Higher Education Index" developed within the study,
considering the type, scope and intensity of social transfers made by Türkiye to university students, it has been determined that Türkiye is
included as a "student-friendly welfare regime" in the middle-upper category among the examined OECD countries. Again, the "University
Student Social Protection Index" developed with the study showed that the social protection provided by Türkiye to university students is
medium-high category.

OR-126

Hana Sugita, Osaka City University

Social Security for Young People Living in Rural Areas in Japan: Focusing on Disparities in Access to Healthcare and Social
Welfare Services
This study aims to clarify the current situation of access to social security for young people living in rural areas in Japan, using Iwate
Prefecture (North part of Japan) as a case study. This study mainly focuses on the access to healthcare and social welfare services,comparing depopulated areas with provincial areas.
The declining birthrate has been a significant nationwide issue. In provincial areas where about half of Japan's population lives, thepopulation is declining especially rapidly. One of the most depopulated prefectures in Japan where disparities in access to social security
systems for young people is Iwate Prefecture. For example, survey data from 2024 indicated that distribution of doctors was at the lowest
level in Iwate (MHLW, 2024). Furthermore, primary care in Japan is provided mainly at private clinics (83% in 2015), but the proportionof private clinics in Iwate is comparatively low (62% in 2019). In other words, there are significant disparities in access to healthcare foryoung people among metropolitan, rural, and depopulated areas. In Japan, family responsibility is often considered to correlate with delays
in responding to young people’s risks. However, this study attempts to grasp this situation along with regional disparities, as an issue forsocial policy.
To investigate the disparities that young people in rural areas face in accessing healthcare and social welfare services and in addition to
how they overcome these constraints, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The analysis of the interview and statistical data werealso focused on the differences in regional situations.

Oral Session 4-8
OR-046

Policy Choice

10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Yumeng Fan, University of York

Many lessons learned, but with what effect? A systematic review of policy learning literature
Policy learning is considered as a useful lens to study the policy process, and a burgeoning literature has developed around this concept.
While existing studies have identified a wide range of actors (who learns) and learning types (what is learned) in diverse contexts, muchless is known about their impact on policymaking and policy change (with what effect). A systematic understanding of learning effects is
yet to be established, which is largely due to the fragmentation of the policy learning literature with an absence of shared vocabulary.
One notable contribution to the field is the typological framework developed by Dunlop and Radaelli (2013), which conceptualised four
major genera of learning differentiated by levels of problem uncertainty and legitimacy of key actors, thereby enabling conceptual
synthesis and cross-case comparisons. Thus, this study adopts the Dunlop and Radaelli’s (2013) framework to comprehensively review
policy learning literature and synthesise the effects of the four learning modes.

This paper makes three key contributions. First, it deepens scholarly understanding of the conditions that facilitate or hinder certain policy
outcomes across different contexts. Second, it contributes to the conceptual and empirical consistency of the policy learning literature byoffering a holistic review of the under-researched area of learning effects. Third, the review informs future research aiming at strengthening
causal links between policy learning and its outcomes.

OR-099Pär Dalén, Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University

Cancelled

OR-121

Takeshi HIEDA, Osaka Metropolitan University
Katsunori Seki, Nagoya University; Jianyang Yang, Osaka Metropolitan University

Measuring Multi-Dimensional Preferences for Welfare Programs among Japanese Voters: An Online Survey and Conjoint
Approach
Research Objective: This study examines public preferences for social investment versus social compensation policies using data from an
original survey conducted in Japan. Previous research has found that support for social investment is higher among those with
universalistic values and middle-class status. However, since most existing works are geographically limited to West European countries,in which party systems are realigned with socio-cultural libertarian–authoritarian dimension, it is not clear whether universalistic values
cause support for social investment programs or partisan cueing leads those with universalistic values to favour these programs. To test thegeneralizability of the theory developed in Western Europe, this study examines data from Japan, where the party system is aligned withneither socio-economic nor socio-cultural dimensions.
Data: To answer the research question above, we conducted an online survey of Japanese voters in 2023, replicating the questionnaire fromthe “Welfare Priorities” survey executed by Häusermann et al. (2020). We conducted the survey in October 2023 and obtained 1,314
effective responses.
Method: To address the research question, we used conjoint experiments and structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyse how social
status, universalistic–particularistic values, and other factors shape support for different social programs.
Result: The results show that while those with universalistic values favour social investment programs, those with particularistic values
favour social compensation programs, such as old-age pension. However, our SEM models reveal that, unlike in Western Europe, social
status measured by occupational class and education attainments does not constitute socio-cultural universalistic–particularistic values inJapan.

OR-124Shiori Yoshioka, Nagoya University

Varieties of Eco-Social Policies: International Comparison with Focusing on Asian Countries
In this climate change era, the cycle of (1) economic growth, (2) securing financial resources, and (3) implementing social policies has
become dysfunctional, and the economic, social, and environmental trilemma emerges (Sabato and Mandelli 2018). Therefore, discussionsof “eco-social policy” (Gough 2017) are becoming popular in Europe. This study focuses on whether Asian countries have the backgrounds
to introduce eco-social policies. There are many comparative studies of European policies and public attitudes, but Asian studies are very
less. Based on Gough's (2008) “A Simple Model of Social Policy Making” and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (Yandle et al.
2002), this study addresses the “outcome” of environmental, inequality, and economic conditions, the “output” of environmental and social
policies, and “public attitudes”. The data include per capita GDP and CO2 emission levels, the Gini coefficient, GDP levels of green taxes
and social expenditures, and the ISSP 2020 “Environment” Module. The countries analyzed are the seven Asian countries covered by the
ISSP 2020 survey.The results confirmed that “outcome” and “public attitudes” follow the environmental Kuznets curve, but “output” doesnot. A certain level of economic growth does not naturally lead to the environmental policies, while some emerging countries are relatively
active in green taxation. The significance of this study is expanding the analytical perspective of eco-social policy to Asia. The Asian
region's CO2 emissions of the global total is about 60 %, and the average Gini coefficient is higher than the global one. Therefore, forachieving global decarbonization and reducing inequality, eco-social policies in Asia are important.

37

Oral Session 4-9
OR-016

Provision of Care for Children and Older Persons 10:30−12:00 14 JUNE

Migyeong Yun, Collaborative Research Centre 1342, SOCIUM, University of Bremen

Learning from a peer: a case of long-term care insurance in South Korea

This research investigates the role of policy diffusion in the relatively early adoption of long-term care insurance (LTCI, hereafter) bytracing the process whereby a universal long-term care system was pushed onto a government agenda in South Korea. Drawing on themultiple streams framework, this research shows that although victories of the pro-welfare party in presidential elections were essential forthe governmental-level discussion to be initiated, it was mainly scholars and bureaucrats who committed consistent efforts to the processfrom the early stage. They regarded Japan as a relevant reference based on similarities to South Korea regarding demographic trends, legal
system, health care system, and culture. They learned from Japan that long-term care would be a pressing issue due to population aging,and LTCI would be a promising solution. Taking advantage of access to political leaders, they tried to teach them about aging issues andthe necessity of LTCI. As it seemed politically appealing, political leaders were receptive to it. Since LTCI was expected to contribute to
the development of an aging-friendly industry and to create many job opportunities in light of Japan’s experience, economic ministries
didn’t also oppose it. These enabled a universal long-term care system to be established as a government agenda. This research shows thatboth solutions and issue awareness can be learned from a foreign country that is regarded as a peer or reference point, which serves as anecessary condition for welfare policy change by contributing to the ripening of the problem and policy stream.

OR-017

Wenting Liu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

State childcare provision in China: subnational variations and localized policy contexts across 31 mainland provinces

The social organization of childcare is of special relevance to the state-market-family nexus, which is central to the academic discussions
regarding feminist welfare provision. Childcare provision in China is often regarded as a case of familism, which highly relies on familycare with limited state support. However, this all-encompassing view may mask the local discrepancy generated by a decentralized social
welfare system, especially when emerging initiatives have been enacted due to the government’s concern about decreasing fertility.
This research analyzes the variation of childcare policies across 31 mainland provinces in China, from the perspective of welfare regime
theory. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, I examine how familizing policies and defamilizing policies are combined at the subnational
level and identify six policy patterns: 1) dual-earner support, 2) moderate dual-earner support, 3) moderate support, 4) general family
support, 5) modified family support, and 6) a geo-special case.
This research further explores the socioeconomic contexts of various policy profiles in China, with a particular focus on fertility and female
employment. I find that welfare provision featuring a weak familization and a strong defamilization is often embedded in a context where
fertility is low while scoring high on female employment and other dimensions of social development. By contrast, provinces with highfertility but a low level of female employment and social development usually embrace more familization than defamilization.
Findings suggest that, although with a nationally shared welfare ideology, subnational governments could exploit divergent strategies tosupport childcare in response to localized socioeconomic status. This research also provides insights into how childcare responsibilities are
distributed between state and family in a post-socialist country.

OR-106

Xiaohui ZHONG, Sun Yat-sen University

Establishing Substitute Families: Care Arrangements for Childless Older People in Urban China
While the issues of childlessness and social support in old age have received considerable attention in more developed countries, thephenomenon of aging without children in China has been relatively underexplored. The existing, albeit limited, literature highlights thevulnerability of childless elderly in China and the inadequacy of social care services, which is predominantly directed towards the mostimpoverished groups. This study examines the care arrangements and social support mechanisms for childless older people in urban China,emphasizing the role of community-level officers in this context. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted in 2019 with 27 childlesselderly individuals and 10 community-level officers in Shanghai, the study reveals the formation of community-based substitute families.
These substitute families, comprising of neighbors and extensive relatives and friends, provide daily assistance, emotional support, andsometimes intensive care. The establishment of these families hinges on the childless individuals' ability to navigate public and social
resources, as well as the institutionalized mobilization and informal work strategies by community-level officers. We argue that the carearrangements for childless older people are significantly shaped by the state's aging-in-place elder care policy. However, the effectivenessof this policy is mediated by the informal work strategies of community-level officers and the proactive care planning by the childlesselderly themselves. Our findings offer important insights for improving the current family-based elder care policies and enrich ourunderstanding of aging without children in urban China.

OR-140Miyang Jun, Yonsei University

A Critical Reflection on the Undervaluation Phenomenon of Unpaid Care Work in Early Childhood Care Policies in Korea
The ethics of care view it as unjust for individuals providing care to face social and economic discrimination and disadvantages because of
their care responsibilities. Agreeing with this perspective, this study explores whether early childhood care policies in Korea treats unpaid
caregivers and paid workers equally in terms of the accessibility and priority. The findings suggest that early childhood care policies aredesigned to be more advantageous for those who engage in paid work compared to those solely performing unpaid care responsibilities.
This highlights that individuals' social rights are selectively and differentially guaranteed based on their engagement in paid work, with
unpaid caregivers being undervalued relative to paid workers. This study advocates for restructuring the accessibility of care policies based
not on employment status but on caregiving involvement, as a crucial first step in establishing an environment where all family members
can freely choose between work and caregiving responsibilities.

38

Oral Session 5-1 Advances in Poverty Research
OR-022

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Leizhen Zang, China agriculture University; Qiongyu Zhang. China Agriculture University

Cancelled

OR-038Bingqin Li, UNSW of Sydney, Australia

The 'Great Leap Forward' of Urbanisation in China: Is it too fast or too slow?
A dichotomy of discourse exists regarding China’s urbanisation rate. One view, drawing on international comparisons of urbanisation rates
to GDP per capita, suggesting China urbanised too slowly when benchmarked against counterparts in Latin America. In contrast, concerns
are raised about an overly rapid pace of urbanisation, evidenced by "big city diseases" and regulatory measures to direct migration towards
smaller cities.

This paper questions the assumed linearity between urbanisation and economic growth, instead arguing that a more humane urbanisation
should be a function of time, resources, and capacity. The author of this paper uses international data from Our World In Data to compare
the relationship between the speed of urbanisation and GDP growth at the given time and for fixed periods of time and shows that the longterm capacity of a system to absorb migration should not be equated to short term shocks. China’s swift urbanisation has led to a distinctive
struggle with growing urban human needs. This is not to say that cities should not try hard to accommodate migrants. At the same time,policy makers have recognise that fast urbanisation would shock the existing urban system. Cities have to mitigate these shocks and they
had not always succeeded. The pandemic introduced further complexity, leading to a reconsideration of urban centrality and catalysing a
potential shift towards quality-driven urbanisation. The paper concludes that China, having underestimated its urbanisation rate, has tointensify efforts to meet escalating human needs, reframing the urbanisation paradigm from quantitative expansion to qualitativeenrichment.

OR-156

Karel Van den Bosch, University of Antwerp and Belgian Federal Planning Bureau

Work-poor households: who are they? Does each welfare state have its own kind?
In most EU countries, there is a stark contrast – within the population at active age – in the At-Risk-Of-Poverty (AROP) rates between
households with no or very little paid work and those with higher work intensity. Among the former, AROP rates generally exceed 50%.
While there has been research into the reasons for the prevalence of workless households, relatively little is known about the characteristics
of work-poor households and the persons living in them.
This study looks at the characteristics of work-poor households and the adults living in those households, using the EU-SILC data, andcovering 13 ‘old’ EU countries. Results reveal surprisingly large differences between countries with different kinds of welfare state in thecomposition of these households. In Denmark and Sweden a large proportion are below 30 and students, while the age category 50-59 is at
relatively high risk to live in work-poor households in most countries, but not in Denmark and Sweden. Being born outside the EU is a risk
factor in most countries, but not in Ireland, Greece, Spain and Italy. The impact of being limited in activities due to bad health varies acrosscountries, being stronger in Austria, Germany and The Netherlands and weaker in Greece, Spain and Italy.
The paper explores possible reasons for these differences in the interplay between labour markets, household formation and welfare states.
It is also checked whether these differences are stable over time, and whether they have an impact on the persistence of the being workpoor across years.

OR-157

Marius Olivier, Nelson Mandela University; North-West University

ADDRESSING GENDER-BASED SHORTCOMINGS IN SOCIAL PROTECTION:
INTERVENTIONSTHE NEED FOR CRITICAL

Key gender gaps with social protection (SP) implications impact negatively on the resilience of women in particular flowing, among others,
from the androcentric design of SP systems, and the patriarchy endemic in several countries in the global South, characterised by deeply
entrenched gender-biased societal and cultural perceptions. These gaps cause women to have lower levels of SP coverage, more limited SP
access, and less SP benefits, relative to their male counterparts. Contributing factors include more limited (formal) labour market
attachment (impacting on women's access to contributory SP benefits), extended periods women have to engage in reproductive
responsibilities and the care economy, significant gender pay gaps, longer life expectancy of women, and the failure of non-contributory SP
arrangements to prioritise extending coverage to impoverished and vulnerable women. Commensurate interventions needed to addressthese gaps include gender mainstreaming, gender-focused interventions in SP, investing in SP floors that extend minimum protection to
women, special attention to extend SP to workers in the care economy, closing the gender pay gap, removing structural barriers toachieving gender equality, and adopting laws, policies and programmes to give effect and implement remedial measures. The weak SP
situation of migrant women needs to be specifically addressed, given their overrepresentation in the weakly protected informal economy,
and the multiple forms of discrimination, exploitation and abuse, including sexual and gender-based violence, they are exposed to, and theoperation of, in particular, the Kafala system in certain countries of destination, in addition to language and cultural barriers they may be
experiencing

39

Oral Session 5-2
OR-014

Public Perception

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Yeun-wen Ku, National Taiwan University
Chung-Yang Yeh, Hsin-Hsin Pan, Fang-Yi Huang, Soochow University
Julia Shu-Huah WANG, National Taiwan University

Welfare Deservingness in East Asian Welfare States: A Preliminary Analysis of Survey Experiment in Taiwan
Who is deserving/undeserving poor? The concept of welfare deservingness is an important normative question in social policy design
gaining increasing attention since the 1980s as discussions surrounding the welfare state's crisis intensified. However, this concept is,however, seldom debated or analyzed in East Asian welfare states. Moreover, this normative question is further complicated by the social
desirability bias. Building on prior research, this study employs the CARIN (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, and Needs) principle toelucidate how people assess and perceive who are deserving/undeserving poor. In this study, we will use the conjoint analysis, a method ofsurvey experiment, to deal with the social desirability bias. In Taiwan, 4,054 cases (over 20 years old) are collected from 13th Dec. 2023 to
9th Feb. 2024. Our findings suggest that perceived controllability of risks by individuals or households emerged as the most salient factor
in shaping how the public assess who is deserving/undeserving poor, followed by two determinants—needs and reciprocity. Moreover,home ownership emerges as a critical factor in differentiating between deserving and undeserving poor. Education and age also shapepublic attitude towards welfare deservingness. Our findings underscore a robust tendency towards productivism.

OR-056

Yuxuan Yang, Sun Yat-sen University

Cancelled

OR-070Chuanqi Que, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Bo Liu, Northeast Forestry University

Understanding disadvantaged citizens’ public participation: Does policy transparency matter?
Enhancing public participation among disadvantaged citizens poses a global challenge for local governments. Increased participation is
crucial for formulating public policies that align with disadvantaged citizens’ needs and for receiving valuable feedback. Previous studies
have revealed a positive association between policy transparency and public participation. However, the underlying mechanism in thisrelationship and how the dynamic variation in policy transparency levels could affect public participation remain unclear. Using panel datafrom the 2015-2017 Chinese Longitudinal Urban-Rural Social Policy Support Survey (CLSPSS), this study draws on China’s Minimum
Living Standard Guarantee Program, also known as Dibao policy, and its information publicity. We investigate how policy transparency
affects public participation among disadvantaged Chinese citizens. The findings indicate that policy transparency promotes disadvantaged
citizens’ public participation in community-based elections and ordinary community affairs by enhancing their policy perceptions,encompassing notions of fairness, and perceptions of supervision. For the dynamic effects of policy transparency fluctuations, the shift ofpolicy from transparency to non-transparency, such as the cancellation of policy publicity, significantly discourages public participation,
whereas the impact of the shift from non-transparency to transparency, such as the introduction of policy publicity, is comparatively lesspronounced. Furthermore, an extended cumulative duration of policy transparency exerts a greater positive impact on public participation.
This study sheds light on the impact and mechanisms of policy transparency on public participation. It contributes to the theory and policy
practice in promoting public participation among disadvantaged citizens in China and other developing countries.

OR-102

John Hudson, University of York; Kit Colliver, Neil Lunt & Jed Meers, University of YorkThe dynamics of blame avoidance during a prolonged crisis: the interplay of central government social security and local
discretionary welfare in England during COVID and the cost of living crisis
During the COVID-19 and cost of living crises, UK central government developed an expanded portfolio of local welfare programmes thathave devolved funding and discretionary decision-making to local authorities in England.
At first sight these programmes appear to be additional supports designed to protect vulnerable households against rising living costs.
However, detailed examination presents a more complex picture: these programmes run contrary to the centralisation and simplification
principles embodied in the UK’s flagship welfare reform programme, Universal Credit, so present something of a policy puzzle.
Moreover, they were scaled up as temporary national-level protections were phased out, raising complex questions about whether thechanges represent an expansion or retrenchment of social security provision, which do not sit easily with current theory.
Building on the comparative social policy and public policy schools of blame avoidance theory, and drawing on extensive fieldwork withlocal authorities, we unpack this unusual case study. We show that altered dynamics of decision-making during the pandemic createdunanticipated policy-making challenges for central government as it sought to phase out COVID-specific social security interventions. It
deployed a ‘cut and devolve’ blame avoidance strategy in response, but feedback loops created ‘blame boomerangs’ as new coalitions
emerged around differing ‘temporary’ packages of support, bringing the value of local level welfare more firmly into national politicaldebates.
We argue much can be learned by asking how social security policymaking alters under conditions of a prolonged crisis, in particular how
crises may trigger “blame games” that affect decision-making dynamics.

40

Oral Session 5-3
OR-057

Immigration and Public Perception

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Li Sun, University of Leeds; Bingchun Hu, University of Leeds

Cancelled

OR-058

Yen-Fen Tseng, National Taiwan University

Trapped in Civic Stratification: The Interconnected Precarities of Long-Term Temporary White-Collar Migrants in Taiwan
This presentation explores the challenges confronted by a growing population of long-term temporary white-collar migrants in Taiwan,
shedding light on the precariousness arising from deficiencies in labor rights and social protection linked to their temporary migrant status.
The primary focus is on foreign students transitioning into the Taiwanese workforce, as they constitute the primary source of white-collar
migrants in the country over the past decade. In response to the nation's declining population, a more lenient evaluation process was
instituted for foreign graduates from Taiwan’s higher education institutions to obtain work permits, along with a pathway to permanent
residency. Based on in-depth interviews with thirty-six foreign graduates, this study reveals the implications of Taiwan's relaxed skilled
immigration policy. The findings underscore that the criteria for acquiring permanent residency and citizenship predominantly hinge on ahigher-than-average salary requirement. This poses a significant hurdle for many white-collar migrants, impeding their complete integration
into Taiwanese society in the foreseeable future. As non-permanent residents, these individuals are deprived of crucial social entitlements,
including participation in better pension schemes and eligibility for unemployment benefits. The rising number of long-term temporary
skilled migrants in Taiwan underscores the commodification of citizenship, wherein the rights of migrants are contingent on their market
values. Consequently, they find themselves trapped in a structure of civic stratification, reflecting varying degrees of partial membership, as
conceptualized by Morris (2003). Aligning with the argument advanced by Hujo and Piper (2015), addressing migrant precarity
necessitates host countries adopting an "integrated rights-based approach," rather than merely admitting more foreign workers while
concurrently restricting their rights.

OR-103

Pekka Rasanen, University of Turku

Cancelled

OR-116

Jang, Ikhyun, Hanshin University; Lee Eunchae, Chung-Ang University

Study on the impact of attitude for immigrant on possibility of welfare expansion: The case of UK
Recently, many studies have argued that people&#39;s attitudes towards the national welfare system are deeply related to their attitudes
towards immigration. In other words, support for welfare expansion or redistribution is influenced by perceptions of immigration. Whilemost studies have focused on America, research on European countries has emerged since 2010. Therefore, this study investigates the UK
case. Data was collected from the British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey in 2020, which examined the attitudes of 3,000 adults in the UK
towards immigrants, redistribution, and welfare generosity. This study proposed two hypotheses: 1) Drawing on social identity theory andwelfare chauvinism, negative attitudes towards immigration are related to negative attitudes towards welfare expansion and redistribution.
2) Based on the compensation effect, negative attitudes towards immigration are related to positive attitudes towards welfare expansion andredistribution among the low-income class. The results show that individuals with negative attitudes towards immigration are likely to havenegative attitudes towards welfare expansion. However, individuals in the low-income class do not exhibit the compensation effect. Thissuggests that welfare chauvinism prevails in the UK, and an increase in immigration is likely to lead to a decrease in welfare generosity in
the UK.

41

Oral Session 5-4
OR-003Social Welfare in the IT Era

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Choi, Jung Eun, Korea Social Security Information Service
Choi, Young Jun, Kim, Na Ri, Yonsei University

Digital welfare as panacea? Korean case of AI big data application in social security administration

In the process of transitioning to the digital welfare state, various digital technologies are introduced and applied with the goal of
improving the efficiency of welfare administration and citizen's satisfaction. These technologies in social security and support systems inadvanced economies are focusing on identifying or predicting welfare recipients and monitoring welfare fraud by implementing an
automated decision-making system. Much has been discussed about this topic, but there has been little systematic discussion of underwhich conditions digital technology could enhance not only citizen's welfare but also minimize street-level bureaucrats' administrative
burden. In this context, this study aims to analyze the case of AI big data application in social security administration in South Korea. In
Korea, an AI big data prediction system has been introduced in 2015 following some fatal accidents in blind spots of the welfare system.
Despite its many advantages, there are still questions about to what extent this system has advanced the overall social security system andthe level of welfare. In fact, some social problems such as continued fatal accidents in welfare blind spots, a narrow scope of publicbenefits, and excessive administration work by welfare bureaucrats have been witnessed. Further, the confidence in being able to precisely
target welfare recipients is gradually showing a tendency to transform welfare programs into a residual system based on smaller scales withmeans-tests. Through the example of Korea, we suggest specific conditions under which digital technology contributes to the developmentof the welfare state.
OR-054
Elshad Khanalibayli, State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan

Mr Fahmin Hajizada, State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan
Cancelled

OR-086

Vincent W. P. Lee, Hong Kong Baptist University

The acquisition of online health information by Hong Kong older adults and their physical and mental well-being
The COVID-19 pandemic has expedited the transition towards digital health services, heightening the reliance on technology for accessing
healthcare information and services. Many older adults in Hong Kong were forced to learn how to make appointments to receive
vaccinations and virus tests online. Besides, most health and hygienic information and anti-epidemic measures were disseminated throughonline channels.
Nevertheless, a significant digital divide has emerged, disproportionately affecting older adults. This qualitative study aimed to identify thechallenges and barriers older adults faced in accessing online information and services relevant to their well-being, and to identify feasible
interventions and policies for promoting digital inclusion. A total of 25 older adults aged 60 and above were recruited for individual or
small-group interviews to share their experiences. It was found that older adults generally encountered enormous barriers in accessing
online health-related information and services due to poor vision, hearing difficulties, and deteriorating memories. Besides, their limitations
in literacy and affording the costs of digital devices and Internet connection also hindered their full utilization of such online resources.

It is recommended that public agencies, health service providers, and technological designers consider the design and operation of healthrelated applications and online platforms from the perspectives of older people so as to enhance user-friendliness. Additionally, providing
more intensive and immersive support for their continuous learning can empower them in the digitalized society, thereby bridging thedigital divide. In terms of policy initiatives, it could help older people by offering subsidized technology programmes to provide affordable
online services.

OR-129Kyunghwan Kim, Ajou University; Cheon Hee Park, Ajou University

The social practice of digital divide: A fuzzy set ideal type analysis of digital behaviours in the Korean welfare state
Recent technological advancements create new opportunities to digitalise the welfare state, but simultaneously raise concerns about
intensifying existing inequalities and introducing new social risks for social protection and labour market. Many studies have shown that
digital gaps across socio-demographic groups can limit their access to social and economic capital, their participation in society, and(re)produce social inequality and exclusion within society. The research, however, has made less progress in the measurement of digital
divide, specifically how and to what extent digital gaps exist within digital economies and societies; thus, neglecting to sufficiently identify
multifaceted nature of digital gaps. Against the backdrop, this study employed fuzzy-set ideal type analysis to explore the digital
behaviours of different socio-economic groups in Korea. It draws on social practice theory, viewing these behaviours not merely as isolated
actions but as interconnected parts of broader social processes. In particular, by defining the digital divide as a social practice comprising
three elements—material, competence, and meaning—the study offers new insights into the multidimensional investigation of the digital
divide within the welfare state. The analysis revealed intricate patterns of digital inclusion and exclusion, suggesting an interplay among
the three elements. These findings are positioned within the broader discourse on digitalisation and social welfare.

42Oral Session 5-5
OR-076

Labor Market

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Nessa, National University of Singapore

Navigating the Crisis of Work in Singapore: Why millennials turn to financial entrepreneurialism
Social security in Singapore is heavily contingent on employment and participation in the formal waged system. What does it mean when
young, highly-educated millennials choose instead to take up entrepreneurial self-employment, effectively denying themselves ofbenefiting from the welfare system? In this study, I explored the appeal of insurance and real estate sales work among millennials in
Singapore, seeking to understand the logics and rationale of these professions within the broader context of a crisis of work. My findings
suggest that the recourse provided by financial entrepreneurialism outweighs what Singapore’s welfare system can offer respondents, who
are therefore willing to take on the risks and costs of such careers. More specifically, respondents are able to locate their desires for labourautonomy, meaningful work, and pathways to early retirement in financial entrepreneurialism. I argue that their embracing of private,market-based pathways to individual welfare raises implicit criticisms of the public welfare system. Beyond exposing the inadequacies of
welfare provision in Singapore, my research also serves as an indictment of the conditionality of work and waged employment.

OR-150

Yooseop Chun, King's College London

Union Democracy and Revitalisation: What do trade union members and leaders do to union revitalisation?

Union organising has received attention as a useful strategy for union revitalisation through inclusivity. Literature highlighting member-led
union organising has emphasised the innovative experimentation from below, the development of grassroots activists and active
participation often associated with social movements (Holgate, 2015). Conversely, the top-down approach to union organising has had anegative impact on its success, with bureaucratic procedures disempowering members and replacing activism with formal procedures(Humphrey, 2000). This paper re-examines the relationship between the top-down/bottom-up approach and union revitalisation throughinclusiveness by comparing two unions in the South Korean public sector. The case of the hospital union shows that a top-down approach
can also contribute to union revitalisation through greater inclusiveness. In particular, the case suggests that the quality of leadership,
underpinned by members' recognition of and trust in committed leaders, was essential to its success. On the other hand, the teachers' union
failed to implement the revitalisation strategy, demonstrating how labour market insiders can rely on participatory democracy, including the
spontaneous grassroots movement, to reflect their preferences for an inward turn. The findings contribute to the literature on union
organising and union democracy by addressing different relationships between union revitalisation and the top-down/bottom-up approach.

OR-151

Mohamad Kamis Bin Baharuddin, Waseda University

Cancelled

OR-152Gilbert MONTCHO, University of Ottawa

Underemployment in an Ageing Population: Evidence from the Canadian Labour Market

Population ageing has brought about debates over potential labour shortages in many countries, particularly Canada. With women’s
participation stagnating and immigration raising heated debates, harnessing the labour supply from the underemployed could be analternative for compensating for an eventual labour shortage. However, underemployment and the underemployed have received relatively
little attention from governments and researchers worldwide.
In this study, we use the Canadian labour force surveys with data covering the period between 1981 and 2017 to analyze the prevalence ofunderemployment and the additional labour supply that persons working under their full employment potential represent. We also explore
the personal characteristics associated with underemployment to guide public policies that aim at greater well-being through full
employment.
Results show that between 1981 and 2017, there are, on average 3.4 million underemployed workers per year, representing 20.1% of thelabour force, who could have provided an additional labour equivalent to 1.5 million full-year workers, working 40 hours per week for 50
weeks per year. Being single or having a low education level are the main traits of underemployed men, while recent immigrants and lesseducated best describe underemployed women.

43Oral Session 5-6
OR-146

Education & Training

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Kyoko Ichikawa, Tokai University

Is inquiry-based learning, developed by the MEXT transformative or exploitative learning?
-Research background and the research question The MEXT(Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) change the
National Curriculum in 2022, opening up inquiry-based learning. This is intended to reform education from literacy-centered learning todeveloping problem-solving capabilities. In inquiry–based learning, students identify and address issues that are integral and inseparablefrom oneself. To explore issue, students often visit communities to research their questions and with the support of local government,
organizations and residents. It could be argued that in the process of inquiry learning, students are expanding their social networks anddeveloping their social relational capital within the community. However, it has been criticized that the issues and inquiries that students
focus on are given to them by teachers and adults, and that students' own inquiry is not fostered. This study aims to analyze that inquiry–
based learning is transformative or exploitative for the students themselves and the community?
-Methodology The research methodology is a case study. The author analyzed the curriculum design, the students' inquiry-based learning
process, and the achievement in inquiry learning class worked on by MEXT research and development school. The author analyzed lesson
transcripts, school reports, presentations by students and statements by teachers and students.
-Findings The survey by high schools indicated that the students themselves were changing, including their understanding of the issues andtheir own belief that society would change if he/she took actions. On the other hand, the more committed schools were to education,
students questioned whether this learning and questioning was their own. Teachers and adults may also intervene excessively in the focus
and process of inquiry-based learning, potentially putting them on a learning track that is expected by adults.

OR-025

Irene Y.H. Ng, National University of Singapore
Zhi Han Tan, Asher Goh, National University of Singapore

Training as A Channel out of poverty: Findings on Low Income Young Worker in A System with Universal State Subsidies
In industrialized economies today, training is an important source of wage advancement and a potential channel out of poverty. Singapore,a highly industrialized country in Asia, employs a universal training subsidy program to encourage lifelong learning. Named SkillsFuture,
the national program includes progressive subsidies to lower wage workers to enable skilling for industries with high manpower demand.
To what extent do low wage young people take hold of these training opportunities, and do they benefit from the training?
Our mixed-methods analysis used data of 1,127 Singaporeans aged 21-40 who answered two waves of a survey conducted between 2020
and 2022, and of respondents who answered both waves of in-depth interviews.
OLS regression to analyze the socio-economic factors of training found that higher educated respondents were more likely to attend
training, largely because of employer sponsorship. Difference-in-differences regression to examine the effect of training on wages foundpositive effects of training on wages in wave 1 (during Covid) but not in wave 2 (post-covid). Benefits accrued in particular to technicaleducated respondents. We also highlight, through four case studies, the barriers and possibilities for young workers engaging in training
and the implications of training in relation to low-wage work.
Through a discussion of how the scale and composition of training shift during recessions to benefit vulnerable workers, and of thepersonal and institutional barriers experienced by those who still have limited access to training, we draw lessons from a global pandemic
on how training policy can be truly universal and progressive.

OR-145

Shinichi Aizawa, Sophia University; Sachiko Horiguchi, Temple University; Yukiko Aoki, Musashino
Gakuin University; Hideyasu Kodama, St. Viator Rakusei Junior and Senior High School

The Role of the Religious Sector in Upper Secondary Education: A Quantitative Survey of Private High Schools in Japan
This presentation will use a survey of school principals at private schools in Japan to examine what the religious sector’s participation inschool education has brought to school education. In Japan, 30% of upper secondary education level schools are private high schools.
Because Japan has a long history of high school entrance examinations and many of these private high schools were established late in the
expansion of the enrollment rate, many of them have less prestige than older and more established national and public schools. After thequantitative expansion, many private schools achieved qualitative differentiation and increased their prestige. Private schools with highprestige are more common, especially in urban areas. These prestigious private schools are often Christian. Therefore, this study examines
what the entry of Christianity and other religious sectors has brought to school education in Japan.
A survey was sent to the principals of 417 private high schools. The results are currently being collected (As of 29 March, 148 answers
returned), and details of the analysis will be reported. Although the communal nature hypothesis of Catholic schools, which was pointed
out in a previous study in the U.S. (Bryk et al. 1993), also tends to apply in Japan, it is difficult to determine what is unique about Christianschools because of the emphasis on collectivity throughout Japanese schools. In addition, while all private high schools struggle to recruit
students because of the declining number of children in Japan, Christian schools also may struggle to balance their religious principles.

OR-026

YEN KIAT, CHONG, National University of Singapore

Do Differences in Secondary School Quality Mediate the Inequality of Opportunity?
Tracked education systems where students are sorted into different types of secondary schools at an early age are known to exacerbate theinequality of opportunity, the extent to which parental socioeconomic status shapes the academic performance of their children. Yet, recent
research in an early tracking education system found that secondary schools play a neutral role: between-school differences in learning areroughly equal to between-home environment differences in learning. In other words, secondary schooling does not widen inequality inacademic performance. Such a finding is counterintuitive considering the dominant narrative of schools as one of exacerbating theinequality of opportunity: high socioeconomic status parents are more likely to send their children to high quality schools to enhance theirlearning which results in socioeconomic gaps in academic achievement.
This article examines how school quality mediates the inequality of opportunity in the context of Singapore, an early tracking education
system. Using multilevel structural equation modelling on the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment data, secondary
school quality was found to mediate a significant part of the relationship between school-level socioeconomic status and academic
performance in a positive manner. Schools with higher levels of parental socioeconomic status were associated with a higher quality ofschooling which, in turn, translated into better academic performance of students. This suggests that differences in secondary school quality
exacerbate rather than neutralise the inequality of opportunity. The findings highlight the importance of considering the embeddedness ofschools in the broader contexts of both education and welfare systems.

Oral Session 5-7
OR-002Social Workers

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Ken FUNG, Ka-wo , Soochow University

Prosocial Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Subjective Wellbeing in Taiwanese Welfare professionals
This study aims to examine prosocial motivation and its relation to job satisfaction and subjective wellbeing in Taiwanese welfare
professionals (clinicians, teachers and social workers).
The local empirical research of this study surveys on 1,200 local welfare professionals from different sectors aforementioned using cluster
sampling, with a special attention to the moderating effects of civil servant status on the effects of prosocial motivation.
Against the policy background in Taiwan regarding the lower levels of salary and job security of welfare professionals who are notcivilservants, prosocial motivation is especially relevant to retaining and motivatingthem. In addition, our sample will cover general
government officers (who do not provide service directly to the public) as the control group.
Apart from prosocial motivation and the moderating effects of sector affiliation, the mediating effects of organizational and professional
commitment are unneglectable. The will study will verify those hypothesized associations with structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis, and cross-verify the findings with in-depth focus group interviews.

OR-051

Zimin Tan, South China Normal University

Cancelled

OR-053Fengrui Hua, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
Ruoyu Zhao, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

Study on the Relationship between Social Workers’ Organizational Cultural Identification and Job Burnout
Using Individual-Environment Fit Theory, this study aimed to explore the relationship between social workers’ organizational cultural
identification and job burnout and the mediating effect of job satisfaction, and the moderating effect of organizational support on therelationship between organizational cultural identification and job burnout. For empirical analysis, this study used 1174 cross-sectional
sample data from the "China Social Work Dynamic Data (CSWLS)" in 2019. The results show that organizational cultural identification
has a negative predictive effect on job burnout, and job satisfaction has a mediating effect on the relationship between organizational
cultural identification and job burnout. However, the data could not verify the moderating effect of perceived organizational support on therelationship between organizational cultural identification and job burnout. This study clarified the intermediate mechanisms by which job
satisfaction affects the relationship between organizational cultural identification and job burnout, expanded the research on the association
between organizational cultural identification and job burnout. Finally, this study proposes some positive countermeasures and suggestions
for enhancing the cultural identity of social work organizations, increasing concern for social workers' job satisfaction, increasing social
workers' sense of organizational support, and encouraging and cultivating social workers' positive work emotions.

45

Oral Session 5-8
OR-062Child Care and Family

13:00-14:30 14 JUNE

Sally Ka-wing LO, Saint Francis University; TSUI Ming-sum, Saint Francis University

Reconceptualising caregiving relationships for policy development: Exploring communication and family dynamics in informalcare in Hong Kong
The authors are conducting a research project to develop an integrated service model for care planning. Using data from the first phase of
fieldwork between 2022 and 2023 in Hong Kong through ten in-depth interviews, the team identified some emerging themes related to
informal care provision that have been underexplored within Hong Kong's family dynamics and the influence of Confucian ethics. The
authors will share the initial findings in this presentation.
The first theme explores the distinction between "insiders"(family members) and "outsiders" (non-family members) in care planning andarrangements, focusing on the dynamics of love and trust. Care provided by family members is often perceived as being motivated by loveand trust, whereas care from non-family members, such as domestic helpers, is often perceived as falling short of the standards set byfamily members. Interestingly, informal care provided within the home also gives rise to conflicts within the family. These conflicts may
be related to the distribution of workload, responsibilities, finances, and relationships. The study also explores the communication
dynamics between carers and care recipients. Some carers face challenges in effectively communicating with the individuals they care for.
Thus, “care partner” emerges as a relevant notion, challenging the traditional one-way direction of caregiving from carer to care recipient.
The study suggests carers and care recipients engage in shared responsibilities and joint decision-making.
The identified themes in this study are of significant concern for informal carers in Hong Kong, and their relevance extends to the East
Asian region with similar cultural backgrounds and family structures. These findings bring a fresh perspective to policymakers and social
service practitioners, highlighting the need to consider caring relationships.

OR-136

Kankan Zhang, University of Cambridge

Childcare provision as an intergenerational project: the gendered and generational division of childcare labour in urban Chinesefamilies
Based on interviews with parents and grandparents from 46 families who are jointly involved in the care of children under three in
Guangzhou, China, this study investigates how childcare labour is negotiated and shared between parents and grandparents along the linesof gender and generation. The interviews reveal that, childcare is organised as a coordinated group project with the joint involvement ofmultiple family members, who are often positioned hierarchically. Compared with parents, grandparents are generally found in avulnerable position in the intergenerational division of labour. Their childcare involvement is characterised by a greater time commitment,
more time alone with children, more physical care and housework, as well as less flexibility. Grandparents’ role is further differentiated bytheir gender, lineage (paternal vs maternal) and socioeconomic status. Within the younger generation, the division of childcare labour isstill highly unequal between the parents. Compared with their partners, mothers are disproportionately responsible for supplementing
grandparents’ care provision, and for the maintenance of a harmonious intergenerational relationship. This study shows that, by transferringa considerable amount of care work to the grandparents, mothers are able to juggle their full-time work and motherhood. At the same time,the division of childcare labour between parents remains highly unequal even with grandparents’ support.

OR-137

Nan Yang, Liaoning University

The Silent Crisis: Addressing the New Dynamics of Left-behind Children's Need in Rural China
The discourse surrounding left-behind children in rural China has predominantly centered on the socio-economic ramifications of parental
migration for work. However, academic debates increasingly highlight the multifaceted nature of this issue, focusing on the psychologicaland emotional well-being of these children. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion by providing empirical insights into theevolving dynamics of left-behind children's circumstances, revealing a significant shift in the underlying causes and resultant needs of thisvulnerable group. Through a targeted survey on left-behind children, complemented by in-depth interviews with policymakers, educators,
and guardians in rural Northeast China, the research highlights a significant shortfall in parental care and affection. This issue is further
intensified by the increasing prevalence of only children against a backdrop of a declining birth rate. Contrary to the traditional view that
economic migration is the primary factor, our findings suggest that complex family situations, such as divorce, abandonment, or the deathof parents, are increasingly prevalent causes of children being left behind. This nuanced understanding calls for a reassessment of support
strategies, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses the psychological challenges these children face. The study
underlines the importance of developing targeted interventions that offer emotional support and counselling, thereby fostering resilienceamong left-behind children in rural China. Through this research, we aim to bridge the gap in current academic discussions by highlighting
the critical need for policies and programs that cater to the emotional and psychological well-being of left-behind children, paving the way
for more inclusive and effective solutions.

46

Post-Graduate Session
2024 EASP/FISS Joint Conference
13th & 14th June 2024 8:45-10:15

47

Post-Graduate Session 1 Children and Youth Research
SOR-041

8:45-10:15 13 JUNE

Can Xu, Zhejiang University

Bridging the Gap: Decomposing the Causes of Socioeconomic Disparities in Early Childhood Development in China
Globally, socioeconomic disparities in early childhood development are prevalent and recognized as a significant factor contributing to theintergenerational transmission of disadvantage. Despite the extensive academic scrutiny and debate surrounding the causes andconsequences of income inequality in China, there has been a scarcity of research into how these socioeconomic inequalities affect thedevelopment of Chinese children. This gap is particularly evident given that existing studies within China have primarily focused on thedivide between urban and rural children, neglecting other dimensions of socioeconomic disparity. Addressing this gap, our study utilizes
newly collected data from 4,231 preschoolers in Hangzhou, China, to examine socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive and socio-emotional
skills, focusing on children aged three to five. By applying the concentration index, we quantify these inequalities and subsequently employ
the recentered influence function regression decomposition method to identify and analyze the contributing factors to developmental
disparities among Chinese children. This comprehensive approach not only highlights the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in earlychildhood development but also provides insights into the mechanisms driving these disparities, offering valuable implications for policy
and future research. The results show significant pro-rich inequalities in both cognitive and socio-emotional development among Chinesepreschoolers, with developmental delays concentrated among children from low-income families. Key drivers of these inequalities include
child, household, and neighborhood characteristics.

SOR-042HUANG Hsinhao, Kyushu University

Towards Diversity in Children’s Social Care: The Policy Processes of Japan’s ‘Small-Scale Group Care’ and ‘Small-Scale Foster
Home Services’

In the 2000s, the provision of children’s social care in Japan was developing towards a situation of ‘diversity’. In addition to the original
care services conducted by traditional large-scale facilities and foster families, several new types of services that can be positioned
somewhere between them were introduced. These included the ‘local small-scale childcare facility’ institutionalised in 2000, the ‘smallscale group care’ institutionalised in 2005, and the ‘small-scale foster home services’ institutionalised in 2009. In the first half of the 1990s,
the foster home community in Japan began advocating for the nationwide institutionalisation of the ‘group home’ service in the country.
After a period of time, benefiting from the developments of subsequent events and phenomena, the ‘local small-scale childcare facility’was institutionalised in 2000. In the years that followed, under what policy processes have the other two services been institutionalised?
This is the topic that this paper aims to address.
This paper applies Kingdon’s multiple streams framework to approach the institutionalisations of the two services of ‘small-scale groupcare’ and ‘small-scale foster home services’, investigating the problematisations, solution proposals, and the influences of political factors
through their policy processes. The results of this paper contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the context in which Japan’s
provision of children’s social care developed towards a diverse spectrum in the 2000s, and serve as a basis for further evaluations of thepolicies as a whole.

SOR-043

Park Jeongmi, Hanyang University

Parental Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) Institutions Selection
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of parental socioeconomic status on the choice of early childhood education institutions,specifically daycare centers and kindergartens, which are bifurcated in South Korea. This study delves into the potential role of earlychildhood education in transmitting parents' social class to their children because early childhood education has a more enduring influence
on individuals compared to other life stages. Utilized Data were from the 2018 National Childcare Survey conducted by Korea Institute ofChild Care and Education. The study sample consisted of 1,661 households with children aged 3 to 5 years. Independent variables
comprised various indicators of parental socioeconomic status, such as parental education levels, employment status, and householdincome. The dependent variable was categorized into the types of institutions attended by children, distinguishing between daycare centersand kindergartens. Initially, binary logistic regression analyses were conducted using these two variables. Subsequently, to reflect
qualitative discrepancy among the types, the dependent variable was further classified into four groups: public daycare centers (including
corporate/company-sponsored types), private daycare centers (including home-based types), public kindergartens, and private
kindergartens. Multinomial logistic regression was employed using these four categorizations. The analysis results affirmed that factors
within parental socioeconomic status, particularly maternal education levels, employment status, and household income, significantly
influence the selection of early childhood education institutions for children. Building upon these findings, the study suggests implications
for developing an integrated policy on Early Childhood Education and Childcare in Korea to ensure equal educational opportunities.

SOR-044

Madoka Ishioka, Osaka university

The possibility of safety net linking children’s participation and protection: A community-based approach through'Ibasho' practices in Japan
In recent years, the concept of 'ibasho', denoting a space and time where children experience safety, belongingness, and affirmation, has
emerged as a crucial element in Japan’s child policy. Several municipalities have implemented their initiatives to support the practices of'Ibasho' run by the voluntary sector. However, there is a concern that the expansion of environments for children created by adults may leadto the expansion of controlled spaces. This study aims to examine the potential contribution of community practices in fostering 'ibasho'
practices to child welfare and strategies for its implementation.
A case study was conducted on community practice related to a municipal initiative in Japan. This initiative appoints coordinators to foster
the creation of 'ibasho' by citizens or voluntary organizations, and the formation of networks. By applying a childhood studies frameworkthat perceives children's agency within relational dynamics, this study analyzed the multifaceted interactions among various stakeholders.
The initiative envisages 'ibasho' practices assuming two roles. Firstly, it pertains to children’s development, aiming to cultivate a sense of
self-esteem and provide opportunities for various experiences. Secondly, it is related to children’s protection, aiming to discover children’s
invisible needs and connect them to professional support. The coordinators play a pivotal role in establishing conducive conditions for'ibasho' to effectively fulfill these roles. The case suggests that the 'ibasho' led by the voluntary sector can be one of the community
resources in Japanese contexts, contingent upon the evolution of regional structures and shifts in societal values.

Post-Graduate Session 2 Welfare Regimes and Health Policy Research 8:45-10:15 13 JUNE
SOR-051

Cheng Chow, The University of Hong Kong

Policy models of immigrant political incorporation: Conceptualization and empirical cases in Asian developed
economies using fuzzy sets
Despite the high volume of migration in Asia, there remains a dearth of research on immigration policies in the region, especially political
incorporation which is fundamental for social cohesion and the effective exercise of civil rights. This paper aims to investigate the ways inwhich developed Asian countries, emerging destinations for immigration, address the influx of immigrants by implementing policies
related to political incorporation. Employing fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, this study conceptualizes policy models of immigrant political
incorporation and investigates policy landscapes among six developed Asian economies: Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Macao, andHong Kong. The findings suggest that despite similar economic and demographic challenges in these cases, policy models of immigrant
political incorporation show a divergent picture among them; Taiwan shows active citizen participation, Japan and Korea demonstratedifferent degrees of political community, while Singapore, Macao and Hong Kong show a more restrictive policy model. The prevailingtrend reveals a conservative stance toward immigrant political incorporation, despite the diverse range of integration regimes in theseburgeoning destinations for immigrants. The study further discusses possible determinants of policy landscapes in these Asian developed
economies by connecting demographic challenges, economic strategies, and colonial history. The research contributes to theconceptualization of immigration policy models which have been fragmented to date and the investigation of Asian developed economies
for their immigrant political incorporation. The research further extend the discourse on immigrant political incorporation, traditionallycentered on Western contexts, by showcasing the distinct dynamics within Asian polities.

SOR-052

Qian Zhang, The University of Hong Kong

Local Welfare Regimes and Driving Forces: Understanding Health Poverty Alleviation Policy in rural China
China’s triumph over absolute poverty in 2020 has sparked investigations into the complexities of its poverty alleviation policies, given thesignificant administrative decentralization and uneven economic development in the country. This study focuses on the health poverty
alleviation (健康扶贫HPA) policy, a pivotal component of China’s poverty alleviation campaign targeting rural areas and analyses the
local welfare regimes and their driving forces. We establish a comprehensive policy database by coding the content of city-level HPA
policy documents across 78 cities. Next, we perform the cluster analysis to identify distinct policy patterns of HPA regarding both policy
domains (i.e., financing, service delivery, and public health), and overall policy attributes (i.e., comprehensiveness, magnitude, andadaptability). We find most cities (65%) exhibit a balanced policy magnitude across three policy domains, with a few cities emphasizing
more financing (11%), delivery (11%), and public health (13%), respectively. Regarding policy attributes, 69% of cities emphasize all three
attributes. Conversely, a few cities (17%) have a higher level of policy adaptability than the other two attributes, while some cities (15%)
prioritize comprehensiveness and magnitude over adaptability. Multinomial regression analyses show that top-down mandates of theprovincial government, local politicians’ characteristics (i.e., gender and tenure), and fiscal dependency have a more pronounced impact on
local policy preferences, compared to local social risk factors. These findings underscore the nuanced sub-national variations in China’s
HPA policy, with political factors emerging as the primary drivers shaping sub-national welfare regimes.

SOR-053

Tauchid Komara Yuda, Lingnan University

Between Crisis and Reform: Developing Causal Mechanism of Indonesian Healthcare Reform with Process Tracing
This presentation compares the causal mechanisms by which the healthcare system in Indonesia has been developed. This study analyses
the specific processes of how the Indonesian production regime and political bargains in 1998–2015 affected these reform outcomes.
The findings of this study, which utilized process-tracing analysis based on 25 elite interviews and secondary data, have identified twocomplex causal mechanisms that elucidate different reform outcomes:
First, the policy entrepreneurs' cooperation mechanism, as core explanatory mechanism for this research, highlights the interaction of
welfare bureaucrats and Academic Administrative Entrepreneurs (AAE), who hold secure positions within public administration
institutions regardless of political-economic changes, in facilitating policy solutions that align with political interests. Their actions wereenabled by the 1998 economic crisis and the unstable power transition. Nevertheless, the redistribution of power towards center-rightaligned parties curtailed the ability to enact significant changes, resulting in the unsuccessful implementation of reforms in 2004. In 2005,
the new center-right government pursued a rapid development agenda, which allowed policy entrepreneurs to take advantage of theopportunities it offered to rejuvenate a failed reform.
The second mechanism is the policy learning-driven interest-interdependence mechanism which explains how policy reform experiencesfrom external contexts were assimilated domestically to address a domestic political concern. This argument was substantiated by empiricalevidence demonstrating that the implementation of health reform in the United States weakened opposition at the local level and wasleveraged to enhance political credibility. Subsequently, analogous strategies were adopted in order to diminish persistent unfavourable
perceptions of the ruling right-center wing party, which had been tarnished by extensive corruption scandals involving its members. Thesetactics effectively bolstered the party's popularity in preparation for the 2014 election.

The Indonesian case illustrated alternative explanatory arguments to explain how the nature of the crisis and reform happen in the Global
South. It also helped to reduce power-resource biases observed in earlier studies. The study suggests modifications to the largely welfarestate-oriented literature, highlighting the role of political dynamics in 'critical junctures' and the different meanings of crises for different
policy paths. This may include the implications of complexity, policy routines, and the emergence of new shared beliefs or learning
processes among policy actors involved

49

Post-Graduate Session 2 Welfare Regimes and Health Policy Research 8:45-10:15 13 JUNE
SOR-054

Liping Zhao, The University of Hong Kong

Welfare Regimes and Subjective Well-being: A Systematic Review
Accumulative evidence reveals that welfare regimes can affect the subjective well-being of individuals. To better understand the synthesisof this growing body of evidence, this systematic review ultimately located 30 empirical studies from 1957 original search records across 9
databases (i.e., PubMed, Embase, PsyInfo, Sociological abstract, ASSIA, PAIS index, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI). Primary findings
include: (1) The most frequently used reference group is the Social-Democratic (i.e., Nordic or Scandinavian) welfare regime (12 studies).
Overall, it is found that when compared with Social-Democratic regimes, living in regions of other welfare regimes was significantly
associated with lower subjective well-being (supported by 8 studies). (2) When compared with Eastern or Mediterranean welfare regimes,
other welfare regimes are significantly associated with an increased likelihood of higher subjective well-being (supported by 5 studies). (3)The above results are mostly based on data from Western countries. Only five studies included Asian societies in their analysis (For East
Asia specifically, Japan = 5, South Korea = 3, mainland China = 3, Taiwan = 2, Hong Kong SAR = 1). Noticeably, the majority of studies
focused on European countries and classic welfare regime types, whereas merely one paper incorporated the productivist capitalism
welfare regime to categorize Asian societies. Future research can provide more evidence from other parts of the world (e.g., Asia) and also
welfare regime types for a more comprehensive evaluation of the impact of welfare regimes on subjective well-being.

50

Post-Graduate Session 3 Work and Family Policy Research
SOR-061

8:45-10:15 13 JUNE

Eunha Kim, Seoul National University

Parenthood and Gender Inequality on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from South Korea
This study aims to estimate the long-term effect of parenthood on labor market outcomes and explore the variations within this effect bygender and education. We use the event study method to track changes in a range of labor market outcomes from three years before, toeight years after the first birth, with a sample of 556 married women and 528 married men from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). We find that women experience an immediate drop in wages following birth, whereas men experience continuous wage growtheven before birth. The decline in women’s wages arises largely from their withdrawal from the labor market, while the increase in men’s
wages could be explained by a positive selection bias among fathers. In addition, mothers’ wage trajectories do not vary significantly byeducation level, whereas other labor market outcomes show discernible trends. These patterns are the opposite of those observed for men.
Highly educated fathers experience a larger increase in wages than their low-educated counterparts, notwithstanding they follow similarlabor supply patterns irrespective of their education. The findings indicate that severe gender inequality in the Korean labor market lowers
the wages of mothers, regardless of their education. However, the wages of fathers, who are strongly attached to the labor market, are more
likely to be affected by compensation differentials based on education. We make policy suggestions for improving the work-family balance
for all genders.

SOR-062

Yijun Nie, Japan Women's University

Women’s Employment and Child Care Choices in Urban China ― Policy perspectives based on dehousewifization in
Japan
This paper analyzes the changes in employment trends of Chinese and Japanese women by comparing the similarities and differences
between life events of education, marriage, and childbearing. Based on data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS2018,
CGSS2021) to identify the characteristics of full-time housewives of the younger generation and explore the influence factor of married
women who become full-time housewives in urban China. Especially under the pandemic time.
The results show that married women in urban China more like dropping out of the labor market become a housewife for family reasons on
the pandemic’s effects. Second, we confirmed that the wage gap between wives and husbands exists. Also, we confirm Douglas' first law
that the employment rate of wives decreases with the increase of husband's wage. Third, we also show that education, rural hukou, thenumber of children under 18 will influence the employment choices of married women in childbearing. Especially in 2021 during the
pandemic with prevention measures such as lockdowns, quarantines may result in intergenerational care, public care services, or childcare
services can not be provided as easily as before, which made women to be housewife. But high education as an important component of
human capital has a positive impact on the employment of married women.
Finally, by comparing the impact of the Japanese government's social policies to achieve work-family balance on the dematerialisation ofJapanese women, we suggest policy recommendations to promote work-family balance among Chinese women in their childbearing years.

SOR-063

Jiayin Yuan, The University of Hong Kong

From “fatherhood premium” to “fatherhood penalty”? A systematic review and meta-analysis of paternity leave andfathers’ labor market outcomes
Despite the expanding availability of paternity leave worldwide, there is currently no meta-analytical research on the associations between
paternity leave and fathers’ career outcomes. This study employs a meta-analysis and systematic review approach to synthesize evidence
from existing studies evaluating the effects of paternity leave policies and uptake on fathers’ labor market outcomes. We conducted acomprehensive search for journal articles published from January 1993 to December 2023 in EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Sage Journals Online,
Scopus, and Web of Science. We summarized the correlation coefficient outcomes (Fisher’s z, 95% CI) and applied a random-effect model
to compute the pooled estimates. Of the 6,238 initial records, 216 articles entered full-text screening. We included 34 studies for systematic
review, of which 22 observational or quasi-experimental studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Most studies focus on major welfare states
within the family welfare regime model proposed by Korpi et al. (2013), with one study specifically examining Japan's context.
Preliminary results revealed no statistically significant influence of paternity leave-taking on fathers’ earnings in the short-term (0.17; 95%
CI: -0.15, 0.50) or long-term (-0.001; 95% CI: -0.06, 0.06), but indicated a statistically significant impact of paternity leave policy on
father’s working hours (-0.39; 95% CI: -0.59, -0.19). No significant differences were found among the three family welfare regimes(Earner-carer, Traditional-family, Market-oriented). Human capital depreciation was not evident among male parental leave takers in major
welfare states. Strengthening policy advocacy for paternity leave uptake is a crucial step in promoting the transcendence of conventional
gender role perceptions.

51

2024 EASP/FISS Joint Conference Organizing Committee
Aya Abe, Tokyo Metropolitan University​
阿部彩 東京都立大学
Kiwako Endo, Kinjo Gakuin University
遠藤希和子 金城学院大学
Yuko Tamiya, Kobe Gakuin University
田宮遊子 神戸学院大学(Assistants)​

Wenshuo Zhai, Tokyo Metropolitan University​翟文朔 東京都立大学
Akira Matsubara, Tokyo Metropolitan University
松原祥 東京都立大学

We thank all those who helped us to make the conference possible.