ASIAN ALPINE E-NEWS
Issue No 83. February 2021

Contents
Brahmaputra Whitewater
Reflections on Solukhumbu
1

Shail Desai
Page 2 ~ 21
L. Choegyal & S. Das Page 22 ~ 29

Shail Desai
Brahmaputra Whitewater
Exactly thirty years ago, an Indo-Japanese contingent set off on an
audacious rafting trip on the Brahmaputra.

On 23 January 1991, Hindustan Times readers woke up to the headline “10 rafting teammembers rescued.” The river runners were part of an Indo-Japanese expedition on the
Brahmaputra. They’d been thrown off their rafts by high waves between Gelling andPasighat in Arunachal Pradesh.
The report had few other details. It didn’t mention that there were six members eachon two rafts. Those following the expedition grew anxious. There was no word from theteam over the next couple of days. Rafting had just about found its feet in the country.
The mighty Brahmaputra had never been attempted before. Far from being a breezy
rescue story, there were missing men to be accounted for.
Should they have gone at all?
Over the years, I’d heard the stories on the adventure sports circuit: legends of a boldrafting attempt that ran over 1,300km from Gelling near the Tibet border to Dhubri, thelast Indian village before Bangladesh. The upper section of the river is a stretch that had
never been navigated before and hasn’t been navigated since.
1That was thirty years ago. Last year, I began to track down members of the expedition.
I took a road trip from Mumbai to Mussoorie through lockdown and relied on theinterpretation skills of a new friend in Japan. I encountered exasperating dead-ends andpatchy phone connections. But the thrill of the chase kept me going. It was a small taste
of a very large adventure. Here is the story.

The Kumars

Colonel Narinder “Bull” Kumar was a legend in mountaineering circles. He was thedeputy leader of the Indian expedition that finally summited Everest in 1965 after two
unsuccessful attempts, though his finest hour came when he led an Army party to secure
the Siachen Glacier in 1981.
In 1975, he’d been on an audacious five-man rafting expedition on the Indus. On thattrip, the party had just one crash helmet (gifted to Bull by Austrian mountaineer Fritz
Moravec) and two life jackets (borrowed from the Indian Air Force, “the kind used bypilots while bailing into the sea”) between them.
He passed on the adventure bug to his children. “Akshay was born on skis,” he told me
about his son, who was first taken to the ski slopes in Gulmarg at the age of three, andthen packed off to Lake Manitoba in Canada for water sports training while still in his
teens. “The water training was all hands-on in Canada—boat repairs, kayaking, canoeing,
and of course, rafting,” his cousin Salil Kumar, who’d gone with Akshay that summer of
1985, remembered. “We were cut off from civilzsation and lived in the bush. Akshay wasa natural in this environment.”
Bull retired in 1983 and founded an outdoors company that’s now known as Mercury
Himalayan Explorations. He started offering rafting trips on the Ganga. “Around 1986,
the Colonel invited Edmund Hillary to raft down the Ganga,” Salil recalled. “There wasno better way to launch commercial operations. A number of rapids on the river got
their name after that trip: Golf Course, Rollercoaster, Three Blind Mice.”
In Delhi, the Kumar cousins spent their weekdays distributing brochures to attractadventure-seekers to fill their 18-seater bus. On weekends, they headed to Shivpuri,
2about 20km from Rishikesh. They used “bucket boats,” called so because the water thatcollected at the bottom had to be filled into buckets and then thrown out. Over time,other adventure-seekers joined them, and the “white water rafting” industry was born.
About 300 operators run commercial operations in the area today.
As commercial rafting picked up, the thrill of running unexplored rivers was an attractive
proposition for hardcore adventure sportsmen. Mixed teams featuring Indians took onrivers such as the Sutlej (1985), Teesta (1986), Sarda (1987) and Spiti (1990), descending
some of the roughest sections of the white waters for the first time in recorded history.
Skill levels and exposure improved. Some started dreaming of grander projects.

The Japanese
The Japanese fascination with the Himalayas is over a hundred years old. Since theJapanese Alpine Club was founded in 1905, its climbers made rapid progress, pulling off
a number of first ascents, including Manaslu in Nepal and Nanda Kot on the Indianside. In 1975, Junko Tabei became the first woman climber to scale Everest.
India’s Northeast had a particular appeal for Sadashige Inada, president of theHimalayan Association of Japan. It was his idea to raft on the Brahmaputra. “He waslooking for somewhat uncharted territory,” Kuniaki Yagihara, head of the Japanesecontingent, told me over a phone call via an interpreter. “It wasn’t a mountaineering
expedition, but the association was keen on exploring any place—mountains, rivers,
highlands.”
In the summer of 1990, Inada sent a letter proposing the rafting expedition to Captain
MS Kohli, then president of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation. He asked Yagihara
to assemble a team that could join him on the river. Yagihara, who’d climbed Everest
and Dhaulagiri IV, had little rafting experience. He’d been on the Yellow River in China
in 1985, but that was an 80km stretch so calm that “even a child could do it.”“That trip was actually cut short due to the slow flow of the river,” said Hiroshi Yashima,
Yagihara’s long-time climbing mate who’d also been on the Yellow River expedition.
Neither of the men knew how to swim.

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“I constantly looked for a good excuse to withdraw from the project at the beginning,particularly because I was to head the Japanese crew,” Yagihara wrote later. They began
their search for potential teammates at Tokyo’s University of Agriculture, which refused
to commit any members. But through the exploration club at Waseda University, theyfound three students: Kazuaki Uehara, Toshio Nakatani and Akitoshi Sekiguchi.
Sekiguchi had rafted on the Mekong in Thailand. Uehara had run the Yukon in Canada.
Yet, this was an opportunity they hadn’t seen coming: an all-expenses paid trip toexperience one of the world’s toughest rivers, in a part of India that seemed especiallyremote. “I was an ordinary university student leading a relatively uneventful life. It wasquite a shock to see people like Yagihara and Yashima who stopped at nothing to just go
on long journeys to unexplored destinations,” Sekiguchi said.
Nakatani had done multiple rafting trips, mostly in Japan. It was his final year atuniversity and he was due to begin a well-paying sales job. He turned it down to go on
the expedition. For six months before their departure, the contingent prepared by taking
on the rapids of the Abukuma and Yoshino rivers, popular rafting destinations in Japan
today.

The Servicemen
Back in India, Kohli was keen to involve his former employers, the Indo-Tibetan Border
Police. He approached DVLN Ramakrishna Rao, director general of the ITBP, who wasquick to pledge the involvement of his best men. The expedition found a patron in
Gegong Apang, then chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh, who was keen to promote
tourism in his state.
Shiv Prasad Chamoli was a natural choice for team leader. As a boy growing up in Uprarivillage in Uttarkashi district, he’d see the Bandarpoonch peak on his way to school.
Foriegn climbers who wanted to attempt it would set up camp near the village. After astint in the Army, he joined the ITBP in 1968, where he was able to pursue his passion
for climbing.

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SP Chamoli and Toshio Nakatani pose for the camera. Courtesy: SP Chamoli
Chamoli first went rafting during a Saser Kangri III expedition in 1986 when the party
had to cross the turbulent Shyok River in Ladakh. For the Brahmaputra expedition,
Chamoli called on a few old teammates who had little experience of running rivers, but
relished a challenge. The deal was that the Japanese would bring the equipment, andthe Indians would handle logistics.
The Japanese had started looking for funds to buy equipment. They approached Fuji TV,a television station in Tokyo, to shoot a film for primetime viewing, one that would
capture the culture and natural beauty of the region in addition to the rafting. Coming
along to host the documentary was the celebrity Japanese zoologist, Masanori Hata,
who decided to take the land route along the river.
On 20 December 1990, the Japanese flew to Delhi. Their cargo included, but was not
limited to, a brand new 16-foot oar-paddle combination Avon raft imported from theUK; a second raft made in Japan; a rubber dinghy; two sets of outboard engines; wetsuits; oars and paddles. The rafts were ‘self-bailing,’ meaning that they drained5

automatically. Bucket boats simply would not cut it on the giant rapids of theBrahmaputra.
Few people knew the technical aspects of river navigation better than Akshay Kumar,then 20 years old. In Canada, he’d trained to be a river guide, someone who studies ariver—from currents to rock formations—to figure out the best course to run it. With
him was Chewang Motup, from the mountains of Ladakh. Motup had fallen in love withwater during his school days in Srinagar, where he’d captained a boat during the Dal
Lake regattas.
By Christmas day, the team was in Rishikesh for a short training camp. Over the next few
days, they were taken through the basics by Motup and Akshay: reading the river;assessing currents; understanding rescue protocols. “Our main aim was to get rid of theirfear,” Motup remembered. “We got them to jump before some of the biggest rapids.”
The camp was also a selection trial for the ITBP men. Bihari Lal and Tajber Singh were
well-known for their strength on skiing and mountaineering expeditions. Attar Singh was
also an experienced mountaineer. He had grown up swimming in the Bhagirathi river.
Shasidharan Pillai and Bharu Mohamad from Kerala were likewise strong swimmers.
Others, on standby, would join the party providing land support to the river runners.
Once the camp wrapped up, Motup hopped on his Yamaha RX100 at midnight, eager toride to Delhi for final preparations, but the bike flew off a speed breaker in the thick fog
at dawn, and Motup broke his shoulder.
It was down to Akshay to salvage the situation. Back in Delhi, he got in touch with a 23year-old named Ajay Maira he’d met on the Ganga. Together, these Delhi boys had run
smaller rivers like the Teesta and the Beas. The following day, a coiffed and besuited
Maira rode to the ITBP headquarters on Lodhi Road to meet Chamoli, and was signed
up as Motup’s replacement.
“Any new river is a draw,” Maira recollected. “You want to test the waters like a skier
wants to run a new slope. Almost 90% of the game is about reading the currents anddeciding where you want to be; the paddling and man management makes up the other
10%.” It was just that when it came to the Brahmaputra, there were hardly any points
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of reference. There was no one to call to figure out logistics. The young river guides wereon their own.

The River

The Brahmaputra takes on multiple identities through its 2,800km course. Rising fromthe Chemayungdung glacier, it flows through Tibet as the Tsangpo. It enters Arunachal
Pradesh as the Siang and becomes the Brahmaputra on the plains. On the last leg of its
journey, in Bangladesh, it is called the Jamuna.

The upper section of the Brahmaputra in Arunachal Pradesh. Courtesy: SP Chamoli

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British colonists were keen to figure out whether the Tsangpo and the Brahmaputra
were the same river, particularly given the sharp difference in their altitudes. Some early
expeditions went in search of a waterfall that would explain the precipitous drop. At theend of an arduous four-year journey that started in 1880, a Lepcha man named Kinthup
concluded that the Tsangpo flowed into India as the Siang. His finding was not widelybelieved until it was confirmed by the 1912-13 Bailey-Morshead expedition to the steep
gorges of the Tsangpo canyon, the deepest in the world.
After Pei, one of the last settlements along the Tsangpo in Tibet, the water drops froman altitude of around 3,000 metres. The mountaineer Harish Kapadia, former editor of
The Himalayan Journal, noted that the river enters Indian territory at around 580 metresabove sea level. Pasighat, about 260km into India from this point, is located at just 150
metres. Chunks of the river rage relentlessly over a series of drops for most of the year:
the Brahmaputra has the fifth highest mean discharge in the world at 19,300 cubic metre
per second. Rapids are more navigable when the river is at its lowest. That is why winter,
despite the freezing waters, is the ideal season to mount an expedition.
The American Whitewater Association classifies rapids from 1 (Easy) to 6 (Extreme andExploratory Rapids). Maira told me that the Brahmaputra is a Class 5 river, which means
it offers “extremely long, obstructed, or very violent rapids which expose a paddler toadded risk.” In Class 5 stretches, swimming is dangerous, and rescue is complicated evenfor experts. (For comparison, the Ganga is a Class 3—Intermediate level.) The
Brahmaputra’s altitude drops send the water hurtling downstream in a series of rapids
and cascades. For a river runner, this is paradise.

The ScoutingThis home in Delhi, Maira pulled out a diary with a bleached cover and a title that read‘Brahmaputra 1990-91.’ Its pages contain the maps he made of almost every section of
the river. There was information about rapid grades, markings for holes, waves andeddies. Maira had also marked portage spots, those stretches of unnavigable river
where the rafts have to be carried on land along the banks. For many future expeditions,this was the bible.

8

“I went on the river a few times after that, as have other river runners, but that stretch
from Gelling to Tuting has never been done again. It’s pure hardship,” Maira said.
Back then, the only thing the team was sure about was that the Brahmaputra was a pooldrop river, meaning that there were calm stretches after a rapid to help gain composure
before the next one. Chamoli, Rao and Apang had undertaken an aerial scouting trip but
couldn’t make precise observations. In November, Attar Singh and Bihari Lal followed
the land route. They took a train to Dibrugarh and a ferry to Pasighat, before hopping
into a car that drove them to Yingkiong, observing the river along the way.
“Beyond Yingkiong, we had to continue on foot until we reached a section through dense
forest, high above the river,” Attar remembered. “It was not possible to proceed beyond
this since time was running out. We turned back and submitted our report once in Delhi.”
Another cause for concern was the fact that the expedition involved foreigners, who
needed travel permits from the defence and home ministries. Bull Kumar decided totake matters into his own hands. “There were elections at Delhi Gymkhana and agentleman who was additional secretary needed the votes to win,” he told me. “Whenhe won, we threw him a party and I told him we needed inner line permits for the
expedition. Even though the next day was a Sunday, he got the offices of the home
ministry opened.”
The expedition booked an entire train bogie to carry the ration that had been packed
away in wooden boxes by Devendra Mulasi, the administrative in-charge. It went to
Tinsukia in upper Assam from where it was moved onto another train to Mohanbari. An
air force carrier transported the ration further to the small town of Tuting in Arunachal
Pradesh, where it was segregated in smaller loads for the porters to carry to Gelling, oneof the first settlements after the river enters Indian territory.
The expedition was flagged off by Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar in Delhi. On 2 January,
the team flew to Dibrugarh, where they met those who’d travelled by train. Together,
they stood on the lip of what was to them an unknown world.

9

ad weather caused the cancellation of all plans the following morning. Maira and Akshay
realized that one of the rafts needed repairs. That afternoon, the residents of Mohanbariwere treated to the sight of a little tricycle rickshaw carrying a 16-foot raft over to thewelders.
When the weather cleared, the team piled into an Mi-17 transport helicopter. They flew
over the Brahmaputra as it lazily crawled past signs of civilisation, tea gardens and sandbanks. The hills appeared soon their foliage interspersed with clusters of huts
surrounded by barren fields. A newly cut road snaked its way along the river, the only
thing out of place in the gorgeous world of cascading waterfalls and creamy white riverfoam.
“We asked the pilot to fly as low as possible to have the opportunity to scout,” Mairasaid. “There’s only that much you can observe over a distance of 250-odd kilometres,
yet we were looking out for landmarks that could help us identify rapids when on theriver.”In Gelling, around 4km from the India-China border, the team was greeted by the firstof many reception parties. That afternoon, a few of the members hiked down 6km toBona, and looked at what Maira called “a mother of a rapid,” right where they were
supposed to begin. Winter in the east meant that the light was already fading by thetime they got back to Gelling at 4pm. In the evening, they were treated to a dance
performance by local monks in the morung. That night, the team lay under a canopy ofstars, restless for the dawn light of the big day.

The Beginning
The following morning, Gelling was buzzing with hushed whispers about a bunch ofcrazed men who planned on taking on the river. Overnight, locals had cleared a pathwide enough to carry the rafts down. A few men lined up long bamboo poles and tiedthe rafts on it. “It was like a massive baraat on foot as we carried the raft down,” Maira
said.
Chief Minister Apang and his family had flown in to flag off the expedition, but he took
one look at the humongous waves and hopped over to Chamoli. “He suggested we
10descend to Tuting and start from there. We were army men, so we decided to go for it
and deal with the consequences. It was simple—maaro ya maro, like going to battle,”
Chamoli said.
The first raft set off amidst cries of ‘Brahmaputra ki jai,’ with Buddhist lamas chanting
prayers on the banks. Almost immediately, it was tossed about by the churning water as
the waves came crashing down: the raft went near vertical at one point. The rafters
leaned over to the front to counter the lift, paddling furiously down the river. There was
excitement in the air when the two teams reunited after negotiating the first rapid. It
was a relatively short day with just 5km of rafting, but that evening the apong tasted
sweeter than ever.
As they set out in the chill of the following morning, the team noticed a few people, sittingby the banks. Over time, they figured it was a cue for them: locals would park themselvesat the big rapids because they knew there was a good chance of the rafts flipping there.
They pulled over to the left bank and scrutinised the best line to take. Soon, they weretackling 15 feet high waves: a converging tributary had brought debris and gushing waterwith it. Over the next couple of hours, both rafts manoeuvred rapids of various grades,
some featuring big drops and gaping holes.
Later that day, they came face to face with their biggest challenge yet: the river dropped
30 feet over a 100-metre stretch. This was a Grade 6 rapid. With a heavy heart, theydecided to portage this section. Portaging meant dismantling the raft, carrying the heavy
load over the slippery rocks of the bank, and putting it all together again before taking
to the water: “a lot of sweat,” as Maira said, “and absolutely no fun.” It wasn’t even the
only time they’d have to do it: up ahead before Tuting, the river roared down avertiginous drop that looked exceedingly dangerous.
Just before Tuting, villagers crowded the banks and the suspension bridge above them.
On land, curious locals touched the paddlers’ dry suits with wonder. Though Tuting had
an airstrip that was built during the 1962 war, there was no road connectivity at the time.
“If you saw a tractor and a trailer in town, it had been choppered in,” Maira said. “If it
needed major repairs, it had to be choppered out.”

11That evening, the Japanese film crew started pouring into Tuting. They were escorted
by a dao-wielding local, who had been guiding them on the long trek through dense
undergrowth.
The film crew had had its own set of adventures on land. “We weren’t that interested in
the rafting,” Jeremy Angel, a still photographer who travelled with the crew, told me.
“But it was the only way we could get to this territory where no film crew had been for
decades. We even crossed into Bhutan on one occasion, quite unknowingly.”
That night, the crew enjoyed a grand reception hosted by the locals. The team joined
the residents of Tuting village in dancing the ponung
around a bonfire. The
celebrations ran late into the night.

The EscapeThe next day was a rest day. Maira recalled looking at the bows and poisoned arrows
with which the locals would hunt. In some instances, because of the similarities in facial
features, the Japanese were mistaken for Indians. “They would say these Japanese arelike our brothers,” Maira said.
Everywhere they went, they were welcomed: they got rice cakes cooked in bamboo
shoots, oranges in abundance, and massive jungle rats, though they preferred to stick
to local fish and chicken.
Hata endeared himself to the locals by getting a haircut with a dao. In Tuting, Uehara
and Sekiguchi noticed something hanging on the wall in a local home. It turned out tobe fatty pork meat, which they were offered and ate without complaint, despite a rancid
smell. In the days ahead, both suffered a severe bout of diarrhoea.
The communication barrier posed a problem for the Japanese. The ITBP members simply
didn’t consult them before making decisions. “I was not part of any of the planning andorganization,” Sekiguchi told me. Things had been smooth sailing until then, but now
there were upset stomachs, and for some, a palpable fear of death.

12Soon after setting off from Tuting, Chamoli noticed a 20-foot-high spray, a sure shot signof a massive rapid approaching. “I felt all my years of rafting in Japan had been
completely diminished,” Nakatani remembered, “looking at the sheer magnitude of theriver.”The river guides concluded that it was a Class 5 rapid: dangerous but worth a shot. Thisdaring attempt had to be recorded for posterity, so Attar suggested Chamoli parkhimself on the bank to take photographs. Akshay went first and Maira saw his raftdisappear behind a big wave for what seemed like ages. “I waited and waited but he justwouldn’t be seen again, that’s how big the wave was. When I finally saw him rise on the
crest, he was also the only one on the raft.”Uehara remembered paddling hard, unable to think of anything else. The waves
increased in size as they advanced, until he saw a massive wall of water in front of him.
“Our guide shouted ‘Over front!’ which is when I moved to the front of the boat. Then I
heard ‘Over right!’ and I moved to the right. After the third or the fourth wave, he yelled‘Drop!’ which is when the team lay flat on the bottom, trying to hold on.”The raft hit the wave at an angle and swung to the left. The next moment, they had fallen
into the freezing river and were being battered by the waves. Through it all, Uehara tried
to keep his head above the water. By the time he reached a calmer stretch, Tajber wasaround to pull him out.
The waves pummelled Maira’s raft too: five men were tossed into the choppy waters.
Most managed to recover until Chamoli, from the bank, realised that someone was
missing. He spotted a red helmet bobbing about in a whirlpool. It was Nakatani,
frantically trying to grab onto some slippery rocks. He was having trouble moving after
injuring his leg during the fall. To Chamoli, it looked like he had given up.
“I was spun around vertically multiple times and thrown against a rock. At one point, I
lost consciousness after drinking a lot of water,” Nakatani told me.
Attar ran down the bank and hurled a throw bag at Nakatani. It took him a few attempts
to grab the line, until he was finally drawn in, exhausted and speechless. For the next13

hour, the team kept pumping water out of him. “That incident made me realise thatdeath was not a distant thing,” Nakatani said, “that it was right next to me.”On the opposite bank, Chamoli sat holding his head in his hands. He felt guilty for having
hopped off the raft despite being the leader. He realised that they had been lucky toescape with just the loss of equipment. That evening, honouring protocol, Chamoli sentout a message to Dibrugarh through the wireless operator. It was relayed toheadquarters in Delhi via Guwahati: “Big rapid, 10 paddlers rescued.”
When Maira called home a couple of days later, his father heaved a sigh of relief. He hadread the terse newspaper report about the 10 rescued men. No men were missing after
all—two simply didn’t fall off the rafts, and a third had been taking photographs on thebank.

The Gorges
The focus now shifted to two gorge sections near Pango. The river could be seenplunging in between the steep walls of the gorge and disappearing in the distance.
Nobody had an inkling of what lay ahead. That evening, the team got together toformulate a plan over the sake and dried squid that the Japanese had brought along.
There was dense forest on top of the cliffs, making a recce difficult. None of the locals
had any information nor volunteered to accompany them.
Uehara had now left the expedition to sit for university examinations back in Tokyo. His
place was taken by Yagihara, who hadn’t been on the rafts until then. An experienced
mountaineer, he agreed with Chamoli’s suggestion to carry rock climbing gear, which
they would use to scale the walls of the gorge in case of an emergency. They also decided
to carry enough rations on the raft to be self-sufficient for a few days.
“I was glad they asked for our opinion,” Yashima said. “This was the riskiest part of thejourney where lives could have been lost had someone smashed into a rock or gone
down a waterfall.”On the other side of a Class 4 rapid, the river narrowed as they drifted into the darkchasm of the gorge. It was dank and cold. Sunlight was blocked by the high walls. The
14

azure sky above them would turn overcast at times. The resulting rain hampered
visibility. At each blind curve, it was difficult to figure what lay around the bend. On a
few occasions, they had to clamber up a rock to get a good look ahead.
There were anxious moments when the raft would momentarily disappear behind themenacing wave of a rapid, and whoops of joy when it was spat out by the tempestuous
water. “We had youth on our side and had also been on many rivers, so it wasn’t
something untoward that we were thinking about. At the same time, you rely a little biton the almighty as well,” Maira said.
A boisterous crowd awaited the team in Yingkiong, Apang’s home ground. But thegorges held up the advance. The locals would gather along the banks each morning in
anticipation of the crew’s arrival, only to return home at sundown. Finally, on 13 January,
the two rafts appeared in the distance. In Yingkiong, it took some time for the team to
get accustomed to the Maruti Suzuki Gypsies zipping around town. Modern constructionrose above traditional bamboo huts. The team was treated to the luxuries of running
hot water and a lavish dinner hosted by Apang.

15

The team was warmly received by many such local parties in the villages of Arunachal
Pradesh. Courtesy: SP Chamoli
After a day’s rest, they set off again, this time in the company of honking vehicles on theroad that ran above them. The land party now travelled by government trucks. Though
they ran rapids every now and then, it was evident that the river was gradually calming
down. The team finally sailed into Pasighat under pouring rain and flashes of lightning.
It had taken two tense weeks to get there.

The Lower Reaches
E
xtortion bids and killings had grown common on the lower section of the river, as theUnited Liberation Front of Asom, ULFA, rose to prominence. In November 1990, theoutfit had been banned by the government, and the Indian Army had launched
Operation Bajrang to rein in the “underground” elements.
It presented a different kind of challenge altogether. “ULFA commander Paresh Barua
had sent out a warning that if we came there, he would shoot us,” Attar recalled. Two
Border Security Force (BSF) patrol boats with armed personnel escorted the expedition
from here on. One raft was packed up and the crew shifted to the rubber dinghy. The
other was fitted with a Yamaha outboard motor. It was a convoy of sorts, with the two
expedition vessels in between the bigger patrol boats.
The river dynamics, too, had completely changed. The Brahmaputra is known to havethe second-highest sediment yield in the world, bringing a large volume of debris down
to the plains. [10] This meant that it was important to stick to navigable channels. The leadboat used a bamboo stick to gauge the depth of the river before proceeding.
“You have markers on the river to indicate shallow waters. With the motors, we were
simply logging distances, yet you had to see where you were going,” Maira said.
On this stretch, the river was busy with signs of life: steamers ferried commuters andcars; fleets of trawlers sailed across purposefully. The sun set behind giant Chinese
fishing nets. Playful river dolphins showed up on occasion. Yashima, who always carried
16

fishing gear, could now try his luck at procuring fresh catch, though he always returned
empty-handed. “Akshay and I went to the market to get Yashima-san fresh fish at
Dhubri,” Maira laughed.
Soon, the last of the snow-capped peaks faded into the distance. The landscape cameto be dominated by low-lying green hills and elephant grass marshes. Sand and reedislands dotted the course. Despite the idyll on the river, reminders of the violence thatthe region was dealing with were never far away. As they unfurled the tricolour on 26
January, the ground party received news of an ULFA ambush just 5km from their location.
At Tezpur, the team was asked to move their tents because of the threat of a guerrillaattack. In Guwahati, they saw a double-decker bridge that was heavily guarded by armedmen.
The river became increasingly human from here on. Yagihara recalled seeing giant
patches of foam as they made their way further downstream to Guwahati. After meeting
dignitaries and journalists in the capital, the team set off towards its final destination.
At Dhubri, in the fading light of the last day of January 1991 and amidst cries of‘Brahmaputra ki jai,’ the crew hopped off the river one final time.
The expedition was a formative experience in the lives and careers of its participants,
young turks and grizzled veterans alike. The ITBP members won medals and out-of-turn
promotions. The ITBP formally included rafting as part of its adventure activities.
Chamoli and Attar went on to lead multiple expeditions in the years to come.
Commercial rafting in the Rishikesh area became a mainstream tourist activity in the
1990s. Its success was replicated in other spots around the country. In Japan too, rafting
picked up after the expedition. Akshay and Maira returned to the Brahmaputra withclients who had heard of their adventure.
The months leading up to the thirtieth anniversary of the expedition were tragic for
Indian adventure tourism’s first family. Akshay Kumar died due to an unexpected cardiac
arrest last September. Then Bull Kumar, aged 87, died on the last day of 2020, just weeks
after he regaled me with stories about his son and their mutual passions. The
Brahmaputra expedition is an indelible part of their legacy. Its planning and execution17

displayed trademark Kumar traits—a thirst for the untried; doggedness in the face ofadversity; a tireless curiosity about the country they loved so much.
For Akshay, the river was literally where it all began. His wife Dilshad Master-Kumar told
me what it meant to him: “It tickled him, how as a 20-year-old kid, all he had to say was
kudo paani mein, and all those tough ITBP men would jump in the river.”Akshay Kumar in 1990, a few months before the expedition. Courtesy: Salil Kumar
18

Shail Desai is a freelance writer based out of Bombay. Besides writing about the outdoors
and endurance sports, he likes to chase stories that give him his next excuse to wander
the mountains. His other work can be read at shailwrites.com. He tweets @dshail.

Acknowledgement note:This story wouldn’t have been possible without the enthusiasm of the Indian expedition
members, who agreed to meet me despite the pandemic and dug out material fromthree decades ago. I would like to thank Akshay Kumar’s family for sharing theirmemories during such a difficult time in their lives. The Japanese team patiently
answered my questions despite the communication barrier. Eri Okazaki in Japan was
really kind to steal time from her hectic work schedule at a law firm and patiently play
the role of a translator.

19

Sibi Arasu

20

Reflections on the Solukhumbu by Lisa Choegyal
Everest is more than just a mountain, more than the highest point on earth, and more than Nepal’s mostmajestic icon. Everest, or Sagarmatha or Jomolungma to Nepalis and Tibetans, is the tallest of a pantheonof peaks worshipped by billions as the abode of the gods, the ‘brow of the sky’ and ‘mother goddess of theworld’. A vital source of spiritual wellbeing, many millions depend on water from the Himalaya’s life-giving
glaciers and rivers. Everest ignites our collective imagination, its lofty heights etched into our hearts andembedded in our dreams.
The crowning glory of the regal ramparts of the Himalaya, Mount Everest is the centrepiece of a crystal tiaraof peaks that curve 2,400 kilometres from Pakistan to Myanmar. The world’s highest mountains, averaging
6,000 metres in height, rise dramatically from the subtropical Tarai and Gangetic lowlands only 100 metresabove sea level. Across Nepal’s 200-kilometre width the swell builds through the gentle folds of the Siwalik(Churia) ranges, ever upwards through the waves and troughs of the fertile pahar mid hills, before themassive up-thrust sweeps relentlessly to the icy snow-clad summit crests. Of only 14 mountains that tower
above 8,000 metres in the world, eight are found within or bordering Nepal, and four of them in Solukhumbu.
On the centenary of Sir Edmund Hillary’s birth, this book is a personal reflection on the sacred landscape of
Solukhumbu and the Sherpa people who live there in the shadow of Mount Everest and its flanking attendant
giants. Sujoy Das, a veteran trek leader, photographer and blogger, has regularly visited Nepal since 1978.
The startling purity of his images reveal the intricacy of mountain moods and cast a fresh light on thepervasive spirituality of the Sherpas, capturing the intimate essence of contemporary life beneath theirmagnificent scenic backdrop.
Everest at 8,848 metres (29,028 feet) is so high and its environment so extreme that winds whip the snow
from its southern slopes, leaving a black pyramid and trailing plume. From Nepal, Everest is set back,appearing dwarfed by its looming neighbours of Lhotse (8,516m) and Nuptse (7,861m). For trekkers, Ama
Dablam (6,812m), Thamserku (6,623m), and even the sacred peak of Khumbila (5,761m) present more
impressive profiles. They dominate the walking trails that wind through Khumbu’s villages, fields andwoodlands, past gnarled rhododendrons, fluttering prayer flags, squat lichened walls and ancient carved

mani stones.
This is the heartland of the Sherpas, the hardy high country people originating from east Tibet who havemade north-eastern Nepal their home for centuries - the name derives from Tibetan, ‘dweller in an easterncountry’. The origins of the Sherpa people are lost in the mists of time, but according to legend the steep
valleys of the upper Dudh Kosi river and its tributary Solu Khola are a beyul or holy refuge, set aside by
Guru Padmasambhava as a secret sanctuary to be discovered by their ancestors.

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2Children at Khumjung school

Sherpani elders on the final day at the Dumji festival Mamche monastery

The third lake of Gokyo 4800 meters3

A large mani stone on the trail from Namche to Thani

A kani (doorway) at Chaurikharka village
4Setting moon on Mount Taboche at sunset from Dingboche

A porter cames corrugated sheets in the ghostly mist near Khari La pass5

Pasang Nuru a yak herdsman brings a prayer flag to Khumjung monastery

Pemba Dome lights juniper in the morning at Kyanjuma
6Rhododendrons in bloom near Monjo

Shartse Island Peak and Cho Polu from Chukung
7The three chortens commemorating Sir Edmond Hillary, his wife Louis and daughter Belinda
standing on a high ridge above Kunde village8