HDS27-01

Room:A04

Time:May 27 09:30-09:45

Real-time tsunami inundation forecast system using S-net data
AOI, Shin1∗ ; YAMAMOTO, Naotaka1 ; SUZUKI, Wataru1 ; NAKAMURA, Hiromitsu1 ; KUNUGI, Takashi1 ;KUBO, Tomohiro1 ; HIRATA, Kenji1 ; MAEDA, Takahiro1
1

NIED

One of the causes of escalation of damages during the 2011 megathrust Tohoku earthquake (M 9.0) was the underestimations ofinitial estimation for tsunami height of JMA forecast as well as the insufficient dissemination of the tsunami information to people
due to power failures. To reduce the fatalities due to tsunamis, it is essentially important to deliver prompt and accurate forecast
to the on-shore residences when a large tsunami is generated by a huge earthquake. At the time of the Tohoku earthquake,in the Pacific coasts of Kanto, Tohoku and Hokkaido districts, off-shore observations were insufficient and the observed data
essential for efficient tsunami forecast was very poor. In response to this situation, Japanese government decided to construct Snet (Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis along the Japan Trench; Kanazawa et al., 2012, JpGU; Uehira
et al., 2014, AOGS; Uehira et al., 2015, JpGU) and NIED is now constructing this observation network under the sponsorship of
MEXT, Japanese government. S-net consists of 150 ocean bottom observatories linked by ocean bottom fiber optic cables withthe total length of approximately 5,700 km. This dense network covers the wide area of the Japan Trench and the southernmost
Kuril Trench from Kanto to Hokkaido, and every source area of an earthquake of magnitude larger than 7.5 includes at least one
observatory. One of the most important contributions of S-net is that we obtain additional lead time for earthquake and tsunami
early warning. For the best case, the additional lead time by using data from S-net is about 20 minutes for a direct direction of atsunami generated by an earthquake that occurs in the Japan Trench, and 30 seconds for earthquake early warning. To maximize
the advantage of S-net, we are developing a new methodology of real-time tsunami inundation forecast system. Many tsunami
forecast methods have been studied. For instance, Tsushima et al. (2012) proposed tFISH which estimates tsunami height byforward simulation using inverted source model and Baba et al. (2014) proposed a method using relationship of tsunami height
between offshore and near coast. We select an approach to prepare tsunami scenario bank in advance for at least thousands ofsource scenarios and, when a tsunami occurs, a forecast is carried out by comparing observed ocean bottom pressure data andpre-calculated data, and selecting several possible scenarios to represent forecast uncertainties which can almost evenly explain
observations according to a particular criteria (Yamamoto et al., 2014, AGU; Suzuki et al., 2015, JpGU), because inundation
is a highly non-linear phenomenon and its calculation costs are rather heavy. An advantage of our method is that tsunami
inundations are estimated explicitly without any source information which may have large estimation error, especially for realtime analysis. As the number of the tsunami scenarios stored in the bank is limited, due to heavy calculation loads for inundation
simulations, for accurate forecast, it is important to appropriately assume the input source models. Therefore, we first carry out
many calculations based on linear long-wave theory which only requires much less calculations comparing with nonlinear theory
to check the sensitivities of the source models to coastal tsunami heights. Based on a large number of sensitivities analyses, wewill construct the tsunami scenario bank that efficiently covers possible tsunami scenarios affecting the target region.
Keywords: tsunami, real-time tsunami forecast, tsunami inundation forecast, S-net

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HDS27-02

Room:A04

Time:May 27 09:45-10:00

Examination of algorithms toward real-time tsunami forecast using ocean bottom pressure
data
SUZUKI, Wataru1∗ ; YAMAMOTO, Naotaka1 ; AOI, Shin1 ; HIRATA, Kenji1 ; NAKAMURA, Hiromitsu1 ;KUNUGI, Takashi1
1

NIED

We are developing a method toward a real-time forecast of the tsunami inundation as well as the coastal tsunami heights using
the real-time data observed by the Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis along the Japan Trench (S-net;
Uehira et al., 2015) and are constructing a prototype system that implements the real-time forecast method for the Pacific coastof Chiba prefecture (Sotobo region) (Aoi et al., 2015). In this study, we examine an algorithm for the real-time forecast using
the data from the ocean bottom pressure gauges of the S-net. We employ the database-based method to forecast the inundation,
which is a nonlinear phenomenon, for relatively broad region. We use the densely observed data set probably including the dataobtained in or close to the tsunami source area to perform the rapid and precise tsunami forecast. The database is called as”Tsunami Scenario Bank” in this study and includes ”Tsunami Scenario” composed of the possible tsunami source model, andthe simulation results of the ocean bottom pressure data at S-net observation stations, coastal tsunami heights, inundation areas,
and flow depth if inundation will occur, for each of the source models. Triggered by an earthquake or tsunami, the algorithm starts
to search scenarios whose ocean bottom pressure data match the observed data reasonably well. Selected scenarios from thismatching then provide the information of forecasted tsunami heights, inundation areas and flow depth, adequately considering
the uncertainties of the forecast. Ideally, uncertainty of the forecast information becomes small as the tsunami generation andpropagation are well captured by widely deployed seafloor observation network.
One of our examined algorithms selects scenarios by evaluating the match of the spatial distributions as snapshots between theobserved and scenario offshore pressure data using multiple indexes (Yamamoto et al., 2014). The indexes for evaluation are thecorrelation coefficient of the observed and scenario pressure amplitudes, geometrical mean and geometrical standard deviation of
the ratio of the observed to scenario data. Use of multiple indexes provides more robust scenario selection or tsunami forecast thanuse of single index. We also examine the two variance reductions whose L2-norm part is normalized either by the observed data
or by the scenario data. The variance reduction with the normalization by the observed data is sensitive to the overestimationof the forecasted tsunami while that by the scenario data is sensitive to the underestimation. Use of both variance reductions
together has a potential to more robustly constrain the size of the generated tsunamis. In addition to the above algorithm that
evaluates the spatial snapshots of the tsunami propagation, we will further examine another approach that uses the time historyof the tsunami waveform itself.
Keywords: Real-time tsunami forecast, Tsunami inundation, Scenario bank, S-net

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HDS27-03

Room:A04

Time:May 27 10:00-10:15

A tsunami propagation modeling based on the adaptive mesh refinement
MAEDA, Takahiro1∗ ; AOI, Shin1 ; IWAKI, Asako1 ; HAYAKAWA, Toshihiko2
1

NIED, 2 Mitsubishi Space Software Co.,ltd.

For the efficient tsunami modeling, reduction of grid number is effective. It is important to construct the most suitable grid
spacing according to the topography of the seabed and to connect the grids appropriately because the grid spacing depends on a
propagation speed of tsunamis. A nesting is usually employed as the method to connect the grids and is suitable for the tsunami
modeling for specific area. However, it is necessary to calculate several times to cover up a wider area in case of large tsunamis
like the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. In this study, we employ the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) by discretizing a domain spatiallyusing tree-structure grid automatically based on the CFL condition.
Keywords: tsunami, simulation, adaptive mesh refinement, tree-structure grid

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HDS27-04

Room:A04

Time:May 27 10:15-10:30

Retrospective evaluation of tFISH performance: Forecasting of tsunami caused by the M
7.3 earthquake on Mar. 9, 2011
HORIUCHI, Akiko1∗ ; HINO, Ryota2 ; OHTA, Yusaku1 ; KUBOTA, Tatsuya1 ; TSUSHIMA, Hiroaki3
1Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 2 International Research Institute of Disaster Science, 3 Meteorological ResearchInstitute, Japan Meteorological Agency
On March 9, 2011, the largest foreshock (Mw7.3) of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake occurred accompanying tsunami withamplitude of about 50 cm at coastal tide-gauge stations in Iwate and Miyagi prefecture. When the earthquake occurred, nineocean bottom pressure gauges (OBPGs) were installed by Tohoku University around the epicenter, which recorded tsunami withamplitude of 10-30 cm. Kubota (2012) estimated the slip distribution of this earthquake from detailed analysis of the tsunami
waveforms. These waveforms were obtained from retrieved OBPGs after the earthquake, however, these offshore data would
contribute to an improvement of the accuracy of tsunami forecast if they were available in real-time.
We applied tFISH algorithm to this offshore tsunami data and calculated the waveforms of the coastal tide-gauge stations. We
inverted the waveform data recorded offshore to estimate the distribution of the initial sea-surface height, synthesized tsunami
waveforms at coastal tide gauge stations, and then compared the calculated waveforms with observations to evaluate the accuracyof the forecast. As a result, it turned out that coastal tsunami waveforms calculated 6 min after the earthquake, or 25 min before
the arrival of the first wave to the coast show good agreements with observations in arrival times with misfits less than 2 min.
Amplitudes were estimated in the range of 50 to 200 % of the tide-gauge records. This early and accurate forecast by the tFISH
was achieved by dense coverage of OBPGs in the range of the tsunami source. The main packet of the tsunami signal reached
the offshore stations within 6 min after the earthquake, making the initial sea surface height estimation accurate.
The results of this study demonstrate that tFISH can provide accurate forecast of tsunamis generated by frequent M7 class
earthquakes when dense offshore observation networks are available in real-time.

Keywords: Near-field tsunami forecasting, ocean-bottom pressure gauge, tsunami waveform inversion

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HDS27-05

Room:A04

Time:May 27 10:30-10:45

Investigation on Tsunami Source Inversion Methods for Real-time Inundation Predictions(2)
OISHI, Yusuke1∗ ; IMAMURA, Fumihiko2 ; SUGAWARA, Daisuke2 ; FURUMURA, Takashi3
1

Fujitsu Laboratories LTD., 2 International Research Institute for Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 3 Earthquake ResearchInstitute, the University of Tokyo
1. Background
In preparation for giant tsunamis, online observation networks of offshore tsunami and onshore ground deformation havebeen actively deployed. For instance, NIED is developing the S-net system that will consist of 150 observation stations andwill cover wide areas around the Japan Trench. Some analysis methods that utilize the online observation networks and predicttsunami inundation in real time have been proposed so far. Most of them find the best-matched solution from the database of
pre-computed inundation simulation results (e.g., Baba et al., 2012; Gusman et al., 2014; Yamamoto et al., 2014). Although
the database approaches have an advantage of rapid analysis speed, it would be difficult to comprehensively deal with all theinundation situations caused by megathrust earthquakes of which fault rapture processes are complicated and spread across wide
areas.
Another approach to predict the tsunami inundation after earthquakes occur is based on the real-time inundation simulation
with the input of instantly predicted tsunami sources. The recent development of high-performance computing makes the inundation simulation rapid enough, and in most cases the simulations can be completed before tsunamis arrive at the coastline (e.g.,
Oishi et al., 2015). However, in terms of the instant tsunami source analysis method, the existing methods (e.g., Tsushima et al.,2014; Ohta et al., 2011) are designed to predict the arrival time and maximum wave height at the coastline and do not necessarily
consider the accuracy of site-specific inundation predictions.
2. Tsunami Source Inversion Method for Real-time Inundation Prediction
Therefore, we develop a suitable source analysis method for accurate tsunami inundation predictions. Oishi et al. (2014, SSJ
Fall Meeting) proposed an inversion method that put a high priority on the reproducibility of the observed waveform in the offshore regions near the high-resolution inundation prediction area (i.e., the innermost area of the nested grid system in inundation
simulations), which enables to provide good prediction accuracy of the incident wave at the high-resolution inundation prediction
area. In addition, in this study, we propose a method that incorporates the crustal deformation prediction based on onshore GPS
geodetic observation data, which is very accurate in the inshore and inland regions. Our method predicts the sea-surface andcrustal deformations in the landward side of offshore tsunami observation stations using only the GPS geodetic observation dataand predicts the sea-surface deformation in the open-ocean side of offshore tsunami observation stations using the tsunami data.
We expect that the present method can improve the accuracy of the inundation predictions by accurately incorporating the land
subsidence as well as the sea surface deformation in the area of tsunami propagation path between the offshore tsunami source
and land.
3. Application to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki tsunami
The present source analysis method is applied to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki tsunami and the resulting source models are used in the
5-m-resolution inundation simulations of Sendai and Miyako cities. As a result, the observed waveforms at the coastal areas arewell reproduced demonstrating that the present method can accurately predict the incident wave at the high-resolution inundation prediction areas. The source model is repeatedly updated using the observed data of a longer time period and provides thewell-converged incident waveform when sufficient data are used. After the convergence, the predicted inundated regions show
good agreement with the observation.
Keywords: Inundation simulations, real-time tsunami source prediction

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HDS27-06

Room:A04

Time:May 27 11:00-11:15

Construction of tsunami prediction system using tsunami amplification
TAKAHASHI, Narumi1∗ ; ISHIBASHI, Masanobu1 ; NAKAMURA, Takeshi1 ; BABA, Toshitaka2 ;KANEDA, Yoshiyuki3
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2 University of Tokushima, 3 Nagoya University

In the Nankai Trough area, possibility of huge earthquake with over M9 is pointed out. Therefore, local governments along thearea revised estimation of many types of damages and planed action for the disaster prevention. The coastal area near the rupturezone, however, receives heavy tsunami within a few minutes according to Cabinet office of Japanese government. To take actions
against severe situation, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) constructed a tsunami immediate
prediction system using dense ocean floor network system for earthquakes and tsunamis (DONET) based on concept of tsunami
amplification.
Tsunami height strongly depends on the topography during tsunami preparation because the tsunami speed is expressed by afunction of water bottom. Therefore, JAMSTEC had investigated the possibility for use of tsunami amplification for the tsunami
prediction (Baba et al., 2013). With assurance of fault models, we calculated theoretical tsunami waveform for twenty DONET
stations and targets of the coastal cities and got each maximum tsunami height. We selected Kushimoto town, Owase city, andOmaezaki city as first step of the system construction and constructed tsunami database including their tsunami waveforms andinundation maps. This system detects first arrivals of earthquake and tsunami using real-time DONET data, calculated averageof absolute observed pressure values for twenty DONET stations, constructed a correlation profile between the average values
and maximum tsunami height of each city, and select fault models changing the average values from the correlation profile. We
introduce theoretical pressure waveform of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake and have considered method to make reduce the errorof predicted tsunami height by this system. As a result, we found that it is important to select stations used for this system andfault models based on directions of detected events. In this presentation, we report concept of the tsunami immediate prediction
system and future plan of the revise.

Keywords: tsunami amplification, immediate prediction, DONET, Nankai Trough1/1

HDS27-07

Room:A04

Time:May 27 11:15-11:30

A new technique for tsunami numerical simulation using tsunami observations in a source
region as an input
TANIOKA, Yuichiro1∗
1

Hokkaido University

After the 2011 devastating Tohoku-oki tsunami, improvement of tsunami warning system is one of key issues in Japan.
Japanese government is decided to install 125 ocean bottom pressure sensors and seismometers with a cable system along theJapan and Kurile trench. More than 50 sensors have already been installed off Boso to Sanriku. The rest of them will be installedby March, 2016. We should take an advantage using those data for real-time tsunami forecast.
Although the tsunami is generated by coseismic deformation due to a large earthquake, sensors on the top of tsunami sourcearea do not observe a large vertical coseismic deformation. They observes a tsunami wave when it starts to propagate. It will be
a network of pressure sensors on the top of tsunami source area in near future. In this paper, a new technique, which uses theobservations at a network of pressure sensors on the tsunami source area as an input to compute the tsunami, is presented.
In this technique, a time derivative of observed heights at sensors are used as an input to compute the tsunami. Actual tsunami
heights at the sensors on the source area is difficult to know immediately because the cosismic vertical deformation is unknown.
However, we observe directly the time derivative of tsunami heights at the sensors.
Equations of finite difference schemes using linear long wave equations with a staggered grid system are transformed. So, at
first, time derivatives of tsunami heights at each grid are used as inputs. Then we can numerically compute a tsunami using a
traditional finite difference technique. First, the technique was tested using the synthetic tsunami waveforms computed using 5
minutes grid system off Tohoku. Time derivatives of tsunami heights in 36 X 36 grids are used as an input to compute tsunami
instead of coseismic deformation or ocean surface deformation. The tsunami computed from this new technique is consistent
with the tsunami computed from the previous tsunami numerical simulation using the vertical ocean surface deformation as an
initial condition. This result indicates that tsunami forecast using this technique do not need any information about the source ofthe earthquake but the observed tsunami waveforms near the source area.

Keywords: Tsunami numerical simulation, Tsunami forecast, S-Net, tsunami ocean bottom cable

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HDS27-08

Room:A04

Time:May 27 11:30-11:45

A multi-grid algorithm for transpacific and regional tsunami modeling
HAYASHI, Kensaku1 ; VAZHENIN, Alexander1∗ ; MARCHUK, Andrey2
1

University of Aizu, Japan, 2 ICMMG SB RAS, Russia

The material presented in this paper can be divided into two parts. The first is the implementation of algorithms for generatingtsunamis in the course of numerical experiments as a result of the initial ellipsoidal water surface displacement or by boundary
conditions. In the second part, the realization is described of the multi-grid algorithm for tsunami computations .
Tsunami sources are usually located in deep-water areas. So, if we want to estimate tsunami parameters near the coastline thecomputational domain must include both deep and shallow-water areas. A standard stability condition for numerical algorithms
used for modeling requires the wave advancement at one time step be less than a spatial grid-step. In this case, we should use
a small enough time step (for the computation stability in deep-water areas of the domain), which makes computations on ashallow shelf with an unreasonably small time step be too long.
The multi-grid algorithm for the tsunami propagation computations from the initial source to the coastline that uses scale
switching has been developed. Computations are carried out on a sequence of grids with various resolutions where one is embedded into another. Tsunami wave parameters are transferred from the larger domain to the embedded smaller one by means of
the boundary conditions. Using the method proposed the numerical modeling of tsunami generated by a model ellipsoidal source
located in the middle of the Pacific was carried out. We are demonstrating that the proposed method effectively works in case ofpoor correlated gridded bathymetries with different resolutions as well as in using the pipeline computational scheme.

Keywords: Tsunami Numerical Modeling, Shallow-Water Model, Computational Grid, Grid Step, Boundary Conditions, Pipelined
Computing

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HDS27-09

Room:A04

Time:May 27 11:45-12:00

Tsunami-tide simulation: Early arrival time of tsunami due to tidal currents
NAKADA, Satoshi1∗ ; HAYASHI, Mitsuru1 ; KOBAYASHI, Ei-ichi1 ; KOSHIMURA, Shunichi2
1

Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 2 International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University
This study investigated influences of tides on a giant tsunami generated by the anticipated greatest scenario earthquake along
the Nankai Trough by conducting tide-tsunami simulation in Osaka Bay as a pilot shallow ocean. It has been reported that Nankai
Trough Earthquake will occur about 70 % of probability within 30 years in the future and drive the giant tsunami. The speed of
the tsunami plus the tidal currents may exceed 2 knot (approximately 1 m/s) at many ports in the Japanese coasts facing to Pacific,
in particular Seto Inland Sea. This speed can make difficult to operate the marine vehicles ships and escape from the port that thetsunami attacks according to the evacuation scenarios for ships and tsunami hazard maps. However, many tsunami simulations
have hardly considered the factor of the tidal current. We conducted the tsunami simulation under the consideration of tidal
current (i.e. tsunami-tide simulation) during three days from the earthquake occurrence. Our study area is Osaka Bay retaining
many landfills in the nearshore area as a pilot ocean for the tsunami simulation. The high-resolution simulation with a horizontal
resolution of 50 m was achieved by employing the nesting method to represent the complex coastal lines around the landfills
along the bay coast. Our simulation showed that the tsunami intruding to the bay accelerates (decelerates) in the flood (ebb). As
a result, the arrival time of tsunami to the coastline can be earlier (later) in the flood (ebb) than the tsunami without the tide. This
indicated that the speed of tsunami intruding to the bay is enhanced (declined) by the advection of the flood (ebb) tide. We haverevealed the relationship between the tidal phases and strengths of tsunami-tide interaction, demonstrating that the interaction
can be significant in the strong flood and ebb tide due to the advection effect as the tidal waves enters to the coastal, shallow water
regions. Further, our simulation showed that the tide-tsunami interaction was locally enhanced in the coastal oceans in front of
the landfills in the eastern Osaka Bay. Thus, the tide-tsunami interaction is essential process to improve the model accuracy in theshallow coastal ocean and estimate the accurate arrival time of tsunami wave to coasts. Our results encourage that the realistic
simulation of tsunami occurred in each tidal phase should be conducted to improve more safe evacuation scenarios or manuals
prepared by effective and accurate hazard maps based on the time-tsunami simulation.
Keywords: Tsunami, Simulation, Tide, Marine Hazard, Nankai Trough Earthquake

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HDS27-10

Room:A04

Time:May 27 12:00-12:15

Tsunami simulation with linear Boussinesq equations including elastic loading and seawater density stratification
BABA, Toshitaka1∗ ; ALLEGER, Sebastien2 ; CUMMINS, Phil2 ; ANDO, Kazuto3 ; IMATO, Yoshiyuki3 ;KATO, Toshihiro4
1

Tokushima Univ., 2 ANU, 3 JAMSTEC, 4 NEC

The tsunamis caused by the 2011 Tohoku and 2010 Maule earthquakes were clearly recorded at ocean-bottom pressure gauges
distributed in the Pacific Ocean such as DART system. However there were significant discrepancies between the observed waveforms and those computed using standard shallow water theory. The observed waveform mainly took the form of a delay in thetime of arrival and a small drawdown prior to the first-arriving positive peak in comparison with the computed waveforms. The
discrepancies have been investigated by several papers (Tasai et al., 2013, Watada 2013, Inazu and Saito 2013, Alleger and Cummins 2014). To solve the discrepancies, they reached a conclusion to include effects of elastic deformation of the Earth loaded
by tsunami and seawater density vertical stratification into the shallow water theory. On the other hand, frequency dispersion
is often apparent in the far-field tsunami records, which can be simulated with the Boussinesq theory. Therefore, we included
the effects of elastic loading and seawater density stratification into the Boussinesq equations to aim a comprehensive tsunami
simulation. We embedded the module developed Alleger and Cummins (2014) into our Boussinesq tsunami code (Baba et al.,2015), and used it for the simulation of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The new model including dispersion effect provided a good
agreement with the observations better than the without model at the far-field stations such as DART32401.
Keywords: Tsunami, Boussinesq, seawater density stratification, elastic loading

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HDS27-11

Room:A04

Time:May 27 14:15-14:30

Early warning system of tsunami by measuring tsunamigenic ionospheric hole
KANAYA, Tatsuya1∗ ; KAMOGAWA, Masashi1
1Dpt. of Phys., Tokyo Gakugei Univ.

Low frequency acoustic waves, termed infrasonic waves, are excited by the sudden displacement of ground and sea surface atlarge earthquake (EQ) and tsunami. When the acoustic waves propagate into the ionosphere, they disturb the ionospheric plasma.
The plasma disturbance has been detected by the measurement of total electron contents (TEC) between a satellite of Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) and its receivers on the ground. In addition to the acoustic waves, a TEC depression lasting for a
few minutes to tens of minutes, termed tsunamigenic ionospheric hole (TIH), is formed by the large EQ with tsunami above thetsunami source area. The largest TEC depression appears 10 to 20 minutes after the main shock. In particular, it takes 20 minutes
to identify the initial tsunami height for M9-class EQ only when we focus on the TEC depression to identify the height. In thispaper, we propose alternative methodology to shorten 5 minutes to identify the initial tsunami height.
Keywords: Tsunami, Tsunamigenic ionospheric hole, Total electron content

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HDS27-12

Room:A04

Time:May 27 14:30-14:45

3D numerical simulation of the tsunami-generated electromagnetic field using non-uniform
thin-sheet approximation
KAWASHIMA, Issei1∗ ; TOH, Hiroaki2
1Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 2 Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

A large (Mw=8.1) tsunamigenic earthquake occurred along the Kuril-Kamchatka trench on 13 January 2007. This event wasof normal fault type (Ji, 2007; Yagi, 2007; Yamanaka, 2007; Lay et al., 2009) and was considered to be strongly associatedwith another tsunamigenic earthquake of thrust fault type that occurred on the landward slope of the trench on 15 November
2006. The 2007 fault geometry, however, was uncertain in the sense that the dipping direction (southeast or northwest) was notdetermined by previous reports so far (e.g., Yamanaka, 2007; Lay et al., 2009).
The 2007 tsunami propagated through the Pacific Ocean and was observed at many tide gauge stations, seafloor tsunami sensors and the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) system. Fujii and Satake (2008) estimated the slip
distributions for this tsunami by waveform inversions and revealed insignificant difference between the two fault dips. Our
seafloor electromagnetic (EM) station successfully observed tsunami-generated EM variations approximately one hour after arrival of seismic waves (Toh et al., 2011). The EM variations were generated by the coupling of the particle motion of conductive
sea water with geomagnetic main field during tsunami passage. Some numerical simulations of the so-called motional induction
process, viz., the tsunami dynamo effect, were conducted in two-dimensional (2-D) time domain (Minami and Toh, 2013) andthree-dimensional (3-D) frequency domain (Zhang et al., 2014).
In this study, we introduced a 3-D non-uniform thin-sheet approximation proposed by McKirdy, Weaver and Dawson (1985).
We newly developed a 3-D frequency domain code to calculate the tsunami dynamo effect, which was able to represent actual
bathymetry by lateral conductance distribution within the surface thin-sheet without introducing many vertical grids in the ocean.
We applied this method to calculate the EM variations generated by tsunamis of the 2007 Kuril earthquake and estimated theslip distributions for both fault dips. As for kinetic tsunami propagation simulation, we used the linear Boussinesq approximation in order to reproduce subsequent phases after the tsunami first arrival. As for inversion, we used a non-negative least square
method to fit the observed downward magnetic component as well as to avoid negative slips on the fault plane.
Our calculations indicate that the southeast-dipping fault model explains the observed downward magnetic component better
than the northwest-dipping fault model. We also confirmed that the observed subsequent phases were produced by the frequency
dispersion effect of the tsunami waves. The variance ratio (1.83) for the downward magnetic component by the two fault models
was smaller than the critical F-value of 1.84 corresponding to 95% confidence level, although it passed the 90% confidence level.
This may be attributed to too few observed data by the sparse sampling rate (2min). Use of more data such as the other tsunamigenerated EM components can lead to determination of fault models with more accuracy. However, our calculation suggests that
EM observations are sensitive enough to estimate the slip distribution on fault planes and can contribute to seismology.
Keywords: Tsunami, Dynamo effect

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HDS27-13

Room:A04

Time:May 27 14:45-15:00

Three-dimensional simulation of the tsunami-generated magnetic fields: reproduction ofseafloor tsunami magnetic signals
MINAMI, Takuto1∗ ; TOH, Hiroaki1 ; ICHIHARA, Hiroshi2
1Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 2 JAMSTEC

Electrically conductive seawater moving in the geomagnetic main field generates electric currents in the ocean. This is called”tsunami-generated electromagnetic (TGEM) phenomenon” and there have been many reports on electromagnetic (EM) dataassociated with this phenomenon since the occurrences of the recent extreme tsunami earthquakes, e.g., the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (e.g., Minami and Toh, 2013). TGEM phenomenon could be applied to the tsunami early warning, diagnoses of tsunamis,
and inferences of the conductivity beneath the seafloor. However, each of these applications requires a highly accurate numericalsimulation code that takes real bathymetry and arbitrary sub-seafloor conductivity structures into account and can reproduce thetransient characteristics of TGEM fields.
For these applications, we developed a three-dimensional simulation code of TGEM fields, adopting the time-domain finite
element method (FEM) with unstructured tetrahedral elements. Tetrahedral elements have an advantage in accurate expressionof real bathymetry. In this simulation code, we first calculate the oceanic flow associated with tsunami propagation, solving the
Laplace equation in terms of the velocity potential of the irrotational and incompressible seawater. Then, we conduct an electromagnetic (EM) simulation using the observed oceanic velocity field as a source. Use of the same tetrahedral mesh betweenhydrodynamic and EM simulations allows us to obtain the self-consistent results between them.
We conducted a TGEM simulation of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami with the tsunami source model presented by Satake
et al. (2013). We compared the simulation results to the seafloor magnetic data observed on the eastern side of the Japan Trench
and found that the amplitude of the calculated vertical magnetic component is less than the observed one, while they are nearly
synchronized in phase. This result implies that the tsunami source model of Satake et al. (2013) could be improved by thetsunami magnetic field data.
In the presentation, we will report the comparison between the tsunami-generated magnetic data observed at the seafloor andthe three-dimensional simulation results of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami. Furthermore, we will also report our attempt
to infer a new tsunami source model that accounts for not only the existing sea surface elevation data but also TGEM field data.

Keywords: three dimensional simulation, finite element method, tsunami, magnetic field, tetrahedral elements, time domain

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HDS27-14

Room:A04

Time:May 27 15:00-15:15

Tsunami Heights of the 1707 Hoei and the 1854 Ansei -Nankai earthquakes on the coastsof the Bungo straits
TSUJI, Yoshinobu1∗ ; IWASE, Hiroyuki2 ; MORIYA, Takumi2 ; IMAI, Kentaro3 ; SATO, Masami3 ;HAGA, Yayoi3 ; IMAMURA, Fumihiko3
1

Fukada Geolog. Inst., 2 Ecoh Co. Ltd., 3 IRIDeS, Tohoku Univ.

We made field surveys of the height distributions of the tsunamis of the 1707 Hoei and the 1854 Ansei Nankai Earthquakes on
the coasts of both side of Bungo straits, the coasts of Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, and Ooita and Miyazaki prefectures, Kyushu
by using a GPS level. On the coast of Ehime Prefecture, we made field survey the top of Sada cape to the southern boundary of
the prefecture. Almost all of this area was the region of the clan of Date family, the lord of Uwajima Castle town. A detailed
documents on damage of houses, rice field, and fishery vessels by the tsunamis were officially recorded. On Kyushu coast, Lordof Saeki castle recorded damage house and rice field damage of the 1854 Ansei tsunami for 21 coastal villages in the south partof Ooita Prefecture, Kyushu. The obtained height distribution of the tsunami of the 1854 Ansei Nankai earthquake is illustrated
in the figure. Tsunami heights was 6.3 meters at Shimohisage village, Ainan town, Ehime prefecture, Shikoku, where all houses
were swept away. Tsunami height of 7.1 meters was clarified at Takenoura and Maruichi villages, Ooita prefecture, Kyushu. The
present study is financially supported by the Nuclear Regulation Authority.
Keywords: the 1854 Ansei Nankai Earthquake-Tsunami, the 1707 Hoei Earthquake-Tsunami, Bungo straits, Ehime prefecture,
Ooita prefecture, Miyazaki prefecture

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HDS27-15

Room:A04

Time:May 27 15:15-15:30

Maximum-level distributions of reflected waves from Chile and Hawaiian Islands in the2011 Tohoku Tsunami.
ABE, Kuniaki1∗ ; OKADA, Masami2 ; HAYASHI, Yutaka2
1none, 2 MRI

Reflected waves of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami were identified in the tide gauge records observed all over the Pacific Ocean andspace distributions of the maximum levels were obtained. The digital records of 1 minute sampling for 64.3 hours from the origin
time observed at 66 tide stations were used for analysis, which were summarized by ITIC. Main reflectors were assumed as ones
from Chile and Hawaiian Islands. Reflected waves were separated from the time histories on arrival time of tsunami and duration
time of large amplitude at the reflector or extension of the reflector. The maximum amplitudes were obtained and plotted as thegeographical distributions. The result shows that the reflected waves were realized as an increase of sea level synchronizing to
the arrival in a wide area. As for the reflected wave from Chile it is noticed that preceding propagation toward the pacific coastof central America and large-distance propagation arriving at Japan were observed (Fig.1). On the other hand reflected waves
from Hawaiian Islands dominated in the same direction as a linear extension of Hawaiian Islands. It is noticed that maximum
levels of the tsunami were attained by waves reflected from Hawaiian Islands at Kushimoto and Tosashimizu in Japan. Reflected
waves except for the two were also observed. One of other dominant reflected wave is one from Californian coast, which was
dominantly observed in north Pacific. .
Keywords: 2011Tohoku Tsunami, maximum level, reflected wave, Chile, Hawaiian Islands

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HDS27-16

Room:A04

Time:May 27 15:30-15:45

Tsunami Heights and Period Distribution of Tokyo Bay and Characteristic Oscillation ofTokyo and Sagami Bays
TAKIGAWA, Akira1 ; MUROTANI, Satoko1 ; HEIDARZADEH, Mohammad1 ; WU, Yifei1 ; SATAKE, Kenji1∗
1

Earthquake Res Inst, Univ Tokyo

Coastal areas in Tokyo Bay have experienced earthquake tsunamis several times, and there is large difference in wave height
distribution inside and outside the bay for tsunamis generated by near earthquakes (e.g. 1923 Kanto earthquake) and for thoseby far-field earthquakes (e.g. 2011 Tohoku earthquake). Significant attenuation of tsunamis results that wave heights at the innerpart of Tokyo Bay were much smaller than those outside for the Kanto earthquake (Hatori et al., 1973), while less attenuationof the Tohoku earthquake tsunamis yielded similar tsunami heights inside and outside Tokyo Bay (Sasaki et al., 2012). Waveheights in a bay strongly depend on the period relation between incident wave and characteristic oscillation of the bay, so it
is important to know about these. In this research, we conducted tsunami frequency analysis and calculation of characteristic
oscillation for Tokyo Bay and surrounding area.
First, we conducted spectral analysis of observed and numerically reproduced waveforms and estimated the dominant periods.
As a result, we found that dominant periods were different between two earthquakes, and that they were also different between
inside Tokyo bay and outside Tokyo Bay (around Sagami Bay) even for the same earthquake. For example, the dominant periods
were 70 and 30-40 min inside, and 110 min outside for the Kanto earthquake, while they were 60-70 min inside, 60-70 and 110
min outside for the Tohoku earthquake. These dominant period strongly affected wave heights in each area. In particular, for the
Kanto earthquake, the shorter period (<40 min) component that was included in the first wave is responsible for the attenuationof tsunami heights around the mouth of Tokyo Bay, especially at the border connecting from Kurihama in Kanagawa Prefecture
and Kanaya in Chiba Prefecture. The border is where the water depth becomes abruptly shallow when tsunamis enter the bay.
Second, we calculated characteristic oscillation of an area around Tokyo and Sagami Bays. Characteristic oscillations ofTokyo Bay have been calculated by Aida (1996) as solutions of the eigenvalue problem, but those of Sagami Bay have not. Fromtsunami numerical simulations, Imai et al. (2014) found the oscillation of Sagami Bay and its effects on tsunami behavior inTokyo Bay. We consider wide areas including Tokyo and Sagami Bays, and solved an eigenvalue problem composed of linear
shallow-water wave equation to obtain normal modes by the same method as Loomis (1975). As a result, we found that mostmodes were characterized by only inside Tokyo Bay (e.g. 112 min mode), but that several modes are characterized by outside
or by both inside and outside (e.g. 72 min). Comparing these modes with dominant periods by frequency analysis, we foundthat dominant periods around 110 and 70 min periods could be explained by normal modes. However, 30 to 40 min periods thatwere detected outside for the Kanto earthquake could not be explained by normal modes, because there were no obtained modes
correspond to them.
From above analyses and calculations, we consider the cause of the difference of attenuation. For the Kanto earthquake,shorter period (<40 min) components affected large wave amplitudes outside Tokyo Bay, but at the mouth of the bay they were
weakened, and wave heights were accordingly attenuated from there. This could not be explained by characteristic oscillations,
but Watanabe (1970) suggested that the wave reflection should have occurred and affected the attenuation, because of the abrupt
decrease of water depth. On the other hand, for the Tohoku earthquake, the dominant period outside the bay was around 70 min
that was close to the period of the coupled (inside and outside) mode of characteristic oscillation (72 min), so the oscillation
could be transported to the inner part of the bay.

Keywords: Tsunami spectral analysis, Characteristic oscillation, Tokyo Bay, Sagami Bay, 1923 Kanto earthquake, 2011 Tohoku
earthquake

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HDS27-17

Room:A04

Time:May 27 15:45-16:00

Small-amplitude water oscillation near the coast generated by local crustal deformationof the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
KITO, Tadashi1∗ ; NEMOTO, Makoto1 ; OSADA, Masaki2 ; HIRATA, Kenji2
1

OYO Corporation, 2 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

Small-amplitude water oscillation is observed at several tsunami stations along the Pacific coast of the Tohoku region justafter the origin time of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and before arrivals of main tsunami waves. To investigate the cause of thesmall-amplitude water oscillation, we focus on the tsunami wave data recorded at the huge tsunami meters deployed by the Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA). We selected the data sets observed at the 3 stations (Miyako, Ofunato and Ayukawa) where theamplitude of the water oscillation is relatively high and waveforms are reasonably clear. The maximum amplitude of the water
oscillation observed at the selected stations is about 50 cm, and the dominant period ranges from 60 s to 300 s.
Synthetic tsunami waveforms were calculated for the above-mentioned 3 stations using a tsunami simulation code in order
to compare the observed waveforms of the water oscillation with the calculated ones. Firstly, uniformly distributed crustal displacement was assigned to all the mesh cells in the 50 m mesh-sized areas. The given crustal displacement changes in the time
domain for 30 s based on the horizontal displacement of the GEONET data by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI)
with the sampling rate of 1 s. The displacement data are obtained from the nearest GEONET station to each tsunami station(Miyako, Ofunato and Ayukawa). Second, tsunami simulation was carried out based on the non-linear shallow water theory
using the created crustal deformation data and tsunami waveforms were calculated at the selected tsunami stations. Finally, aband-pass filter was applied to the calculated tsunami waveforms and the observed ones to alleviate the contamination of shortperiod noise and the long-period trend related to the main tsunami waves. Cross-correlation coefficients between the calculated
tsunami waveforms and the observed ones were subsequently calculated to estimate the coherency of those waveforms.
A comparison of the calculated waveforms and the observed ones indicates that the observed small-amplitude water oscillation
may be generated by the horizontal displacement near the Pacific coast in the Tohoku region due to faulting of the 2011 Tohoku
earthquake. In addition to the similarity between calculated waveforms and observed ones, the dominant period of the observed
water oscillation is consistent with the theoretically calculated natural period of water oscillation trapped in the bay. Since relatively small earthquakes along the plate boundary do not produce such large crustal deformation near the coast, this phenomenon
may be characteristic of great earthquakes such as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.

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HDS27-18

Room:A04

Time:May 27 16:15-16:30

Tsunami source of the earthquake doublet on Dec. 7 2012 derived from near-field records
by ocean bottom pressure gauges
KUBOTA, Tatsuya1∗ ; HINO, Ryota2 ; OHTA, Yusaku1 ; SUZUKI, Syuichi1 ; INAZU, Daisuke3
1
3

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 2 International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University,
UTokyo Ocean Alliance, The University of TokyoOn December 7, 2012, an earthquake doublet occurred in the Pacific Plate near the Japan Trench. Both earthquakes had magnitudes of Mw 7.2 and the early one was estimated to have a reverse faulting mechanism with a focal depth of about 55 km,
followed by a normal faulting earthquake occurred at a depth of about 20 km. The accuracy of the hypocenter locations basedon the seismic waveform analysis is not high; some studies estimated that the second earthquake occurred at the landward of theJapan Trench (Global CMT; JMA) whereas Lay et al. (2013) and Harada et al. (2013) showed that it occurred at the seawardof the Japan Trench. 17 ocean bottom pressure gauges (OBPs) were deployed by Tohoku University near the epicentral areaand high-quality waveform data of the tsunami associated with the doublet were recorded. The analyses of near-field tsunami
waveform will improve the accuracy of the hypocenter location and help to understand the generation process of this uniqueintraplate doublet. We carried out forward calculations of tsunami waveforms based on the previously obtained CMT solutions.
The observed tsunami was modeled best assuming the Global CMT solution, in which the second shallow earthquake is locatedbeneath the landward slope of the Japan Trench. We also calculated tsunami assuming the tsunami source model derived fromfar-field tsunami records (Inazu and Saito, 2014). The calculated waveforms matched well to the observation in arrival times but
calculated amplitudes were systematically smaller than the observations. We inverted the near-field tsunami waveforms for the
initial sea-surface height distribution. The estimated pattern resembled well to the tsunami model by Inazu and Saito (2014) andthat calculated from the Global CMT solution. However, the far-field tsunami waveforms calculated by our tsunami model did
not fit the observations completely in their amplitudes. These results of our preliminary modelings suggest us that the horizontal
locations of the tsunami sources estimated by these previous studies are consistent with near-field observations but there is still aroom for improvements in depth and slip amount of the faults, reflecting the observed tsunami amplitude. As a future study, we
will investigate the reliability of the static coseismic shift recorded by the OBPs near the epicenters and improve tsunami source
model by including far-field tsunami waveforms.
Keywords: tsunami, doublet earthquake, tsunami source model, ocean bottom pressure gauge

1/1

HDS27-19

Room:A04

Time:May 27 16:30-16:45

Magnitude of the North Chile Earthquake Tsunami of April 1, 2014
HATORI, Tokutaro1∗
1

None

In seismic gap, a tsunami was generated off the coast of North Chile at 23:46(UTC )on April 1, 2014. The epicenter of themain shock was located at 19.642 S, 70.817W with a depth of 20.1 km and earthquake magnitude of M8.2 (USGS). The sourcearea estimated by means of an inverse refraction diagram is 400 km length, extending N-S direction on the bathymetric line of
3,000 m. This location covers the source area of the 1877 tsunami. The tsunami began with up-direction at five tidal stations
around the source area. It suggests that the sea-bottom of the source area uplifted. Judging from the attenuation of tsunami heightwith distance, tsunami magnitude to be m=3 that the grade is the mean value for earthquake magnitude. Magnitude of anothertsunami accompanying with aftershock (M7.7) is m=2 . Tsunami heights caused by the main shock are 200 cm at Arica and 184
cm at Iquique ,that values are normal for tsunami magnitude. According to tidal records (NOAA), about 60 cm at Hawaii , Fr.
Polynesia and Iwate-Kuji are conspicuously large. The pattern of amplitude distribution is similar to other Chilean tsunamis.
Keywords: Tsunami source area, Tsunami magnitude, Distribution of tsunami heights

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HDS27-20

Room:A04

Time:May 27 16:45-17:00

A set of characterized earthquake fault models for the probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment in the Nankai Trough
TOYAMA, Nobuhiko1∗ ; HIRATA, Kenji1 ; FUJIWARA, Hiroyuki1 ; NAKAMURA, Hiromitsu1 ;MORIKAWA, Nobuyuki1 ; OSADA, Masaki1 ; MATSUYAMA, Hisanori2 ; KITO, Tadashi2 ; MURASHIMA, Yoichi3 ;AKIYAMA, Shinichi4
1

NIED, 2 OYO CORPORATION, 3 KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD., 4 CTC (ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation)

A set of characterized earthquake fault models are necessary for nation-wide probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment in Japan(Fujiwara et al., 2013; Hirata et al., 2014). It should include all possible earthquakes in future and should take into accountvarious types of uncertainty. We introduced our strategy to construct a set of characterized earthquake fault models for tsunami
hazard assessment in Japan, showing examples of earthquake fault models along the Japan Trench (Toyama et al., 2014).
In this study, we introduce a set of characterized earthquake fault models for tsunami hazard assessment in the Nankai Troughregion, referring to the ”Long-term Evaluation of earthquakes in the Nankai Trough region (2nd edition)” (2013/5/24) by the
Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion(HERP), which was revised based on the lessons learned from the Great Tohoku earthquake.
At first, we classify tsunamigenic earthquakes into two categories as tsunami source fault specified or not.
And we classify specified tsunami source fault models as follows; 1) basic (typical) models, in which we put ”large slip area
(LSA)” under the characterization rule a) we will mention later, referring to the LSA configuration of the previous studies for the
past large earthquakes occurred in the Nankai Trough region, 2) extended models, in which we put LSAs in various and possible
configuration.
In addition to these models, we make ”recurrence models”, in which we put the source area corresponding to the historicaltsunamigenic earthquakes and the simplified LSAs configuration based on the previous studies for the past large earthquakes.
The total number of assumed earthquakes becomes 85, the 15 kinds of earthquakes shown in the ”Long-term Evaluation” andpossible 70 kinds of earthquakes.
Next, seismic moment, Mo, to a characterized earthquake fault model, is determined by an empirical scaling relation between
Mo and fault area, S. We applied the relationship same as the one applied in the second phase report of the investigative commission for possible giant earthquake in the Nankai Trough region (2012) by Cabinet Office. There are some previous studies
suggesting that rigidity is depth dependent, but we use a constant value of 5∗1010 (N/m2 ) as rigidity.
We introduce inhomogeneity in earthquake fault slip to define LSA and ”extremely large slip area (ELSA)” by the same rule
applied in a set of characterized earthquake fault models along the Japan Trench as follows: a) LSA has twice slip amount as
average slip and 30% area of the entire fault area (Korenaga et al., 2014). b) LSA is allowed to be located half pitch for alongtrench direction and basically 3 patterns for trench-normal direction. c) ELSA can be allowed to be located along the upper edge
in a LSA when the LSA is located adjoined the trench axis and has 4 times slip amount as average slip. d) The overlap rate for
LSA is about a half to three fourths. e) The overlap rate for ELSA is about a half.
For unspecified earthquakes, we consider only a LSA at the center of the entire fault area. In this case, variability of possible
LSA location is taken into account by introducing an uncertainty value of possible LSA location in process of tsunami hazard
curve calculation(Fujiwara et al., 2013; Hirata et al., 2014).
A set of characterized earthquake fault models that we place in the Nankai Trough region, spans from Mw 7.7 to 9.2 for 85
kinds of earthquakes. Total number of the models in the Nankai Trough region reaches a little less than 4,000 in total. We areconducting non-linear tsunami simulations for all characterized earthquake fault models now.
This study was done as a part of the Management Expenses Grants project in NIED.
Keywords: tsunami hazard assessment, probability, characterized earthquake fault model, Nankai Trough1/1

HDS27-21

Room:A04

Time:May 27 17:00-17:15

Tsunami simulation using seabed displacement due to fault slip obtained by boundary
integration
AKIYAMA, Shinichi1∗ ; FUJIWARA, Hiroyuki2 ; HASHIMOTO, Norihiko1 ; KORENAGA, Mariko1 ; ABE, Yuta1 ;MATSUYAMA, Hisanori3 ; MURASHIMA, Yoichi4
1

ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation, 2 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3 OYO Corporation, 4 KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD
Initial water level of tsunami is generally considered equal to seabed displacement due to fault slip in simulation of tsunami
which is generated by earthquake. Exact solution for displacement due to rectangular fault slip in elastic half space (Okada,1985) has been widely applied to obtain the seabed displacement numerically.
On the other hand, we developed a new method to calculate the seabed displacement using boundary integration (Akiyama, etal. 2014). Our proposed method has advantages to calculate the seabed displacement easily only with the boundary integration
for the fault surface, considering the seabed as an elastic half space and applying the Green’s function which satisfies the freesurface boundary condition, and to calculate the displacement adopting the irregular fault plane faithfully. The proposed method
also has a feature that we can remove perfectly the influence of singularity of Green’s function applying the Projection and Angular & Radial Transformation (PART) method (Hayami and Brebbia, 1988), when a fault plane is near from a seabed surface.
In this study, first, we calculate the seabed displacement due to the fault slip which is expected to occur in the plate boundaryof the subduction area around Japan using the exact solution by Okada and the proposed method to compare the both results.
Second, we execute tsunami simulations which the initial water level is considered equal to these displacements obtained above,and examine the difference between both results.
This research was carried out as part of Tsunami Hazard Assessment for Japan by National Research Institute for Earth Scienceand Disaster Prevention (NIED).
Reference
Okada, Y. (1985) Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 75, 1435-1154.
Akiyama, S., H. Fujiwara and N. Hashimoto (2014) A new calculation method for seabed displacement due to fault slip byboundary integration, JpGU 2014, HDS27-14
Hayami, K. and C.A. Brebbia (1988) Quadrature methods for singular and nearly singular integrals in 3-D boundary element
method, (Invited paper), Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Boundary Elements, Southampton, Computational Mechanics Publication withSpringer-Verlag, Vol. 1, pp. 237-264

Keywords: boundary integration, plate boundary, seabed displacement, tsunami simulation

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HDS27-22

Room:A04

Time:May 27 17:15-17:30

Probabilistic tsunami inundation hazard assessment using detailed surface model
SAITO, Ryu1∗ ; MURASHIMA, Yoichi1 ; MURATA, Yasuhiro1 ; INOUE, Takuya1 ; TAKAYAMA, Jymnpei1 ;AKIYAMA, Shinichi2 ; MATSUYAMA, Hisanori3 ; HIRATA, Kenji4 ; FUJIWARA, Hiroyuki4
1

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD., 2 CTC (ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation), 3 OYO Corporation, 4 NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention)
A probabilistic tsunami inundation hazard for a city is described, as part of the probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment research work which has been promoted by NIED. Our study is primarily motivated by a need to understand that information oftsunami inundation hazard on a tsunami run-up area in a whole city contributes to the utility of disaster prevention plans and risk
assessment.
The probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for Japan has been conducted to estimate frequency of exceedance wave height
along coastal regions [Hirata et al., 2014, JPGU], which is probabilistically derived from numerical modelling of tsunami sources
as much consideration as possible. This tsunami run-up simulation has been implemented as a surface model at 50 m of minimum along coastal regions, however, which is not enough resolution to form an inhomogeneity of terrain topography and built
structures, levees and seawalls, in finer resolution than 50 m. Then, a tsunami run-up simulation using higher spatial resolutions
is important to quantify a tsunami inundation hazard for a city that includes several built structures and formation of inhomogeneous topography. With using the finer surface model above, different tsunami inundation hazards are quantified by a comparison
between a potential inundation hazard without any structures and an inundation hazard protected with structures, which will beapplicable for a performance of levees.
Here our study provides a technical note for quantification of probabilistic tsunami inundation hazard assessment for a city,
Rikuzentakata one of example, using inundation information obtained from tsunami run-up simulation run at horizontal resolution 10 m with the many tsunami sources. A comparison between (1) a potential inundation hazard without any structures and (2)the other inundation hazard with structures is discussed. Earthquake scenarios used in this study are set by 1890 tsunami sourcesand occurrence frequencies around Japan trench [Touyama et al., 2014, JPGU], based on the long-term evaluation. The surface
model of 10 m horizontal resolution is created from Airbone lider-derived high resolution surface model. This surface model
contains built structures. The tsunami run-up simulation is curried out by a nested grid system consisting of five sub-regions fromouter 2430 m to inner 10 m. The built structures are rigid, i.e. completely protect against tsunami overtopping and breachinglevees, because of finding a simple interpretation of minimum inundation hazard compared to the potential inundation hazard,
first of all. The probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment is quantified using much inundation information of area and depth in thecity, resulted from the 1890 scenario’s simulations.
We concluded that increasing model horizontal resolution clearly improved the tsunami inundation mapping and thus quantified the tsunami inundation hazard in detail. This ongoing study will lay a solid foundation for obtaining reliable tsunami
inundation hazard in a city and for a cost-benefit analysis. Studies in probabilistic hazard analyses are also underway to implement uncertainty into tsunami inundation information [Abe et al. 2014, JPGU], which offers a more accurate estimates of theplausible inundation hazard.
Keywords: Tsunami, Inundation, Hazard assessment, Probability

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HDS27-23

Room:A04

Time:May 27 17:30-17:45

Integration of hazard curves in Probabilitsic Tsunami Hazard Assessment in Japan
ABE, Yuta1∗ ; KORENAGA, Mariko1 ; AKIYAMA, Shinichi1 ; MATSUYAMA, Hisanori2 ; MURASHIMA, Yoichi3 ;FUJIWARA, Hiroyuki4
1

ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation, 2 OYO Corporation, 3 KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD., 4 National Research Institutefor Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) requires to simulate occurrences of several types of earthquake. We construct tsunami source models for each type of earthquakes and conduct numerical simulatiton of them to predict tsunami heights.
Hazard curves for earthquakes are calculated by using predicted tsunami heights and setting occurrence probabilities, and thenintegrated to one hazard curve which assesses total tsunami hazard at a coastal site. We introduce a practical example of PTHA,
specifically focus on the type of ”off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake”, and discuss a method for integration of tsunami
hazard curve.
In order to take account for the uncertainties, we construct 106 tsunami source models for the type of off the Pacific coast of
Tohoku Earthquake, which are difference in source region, magnitude, and slip distribution. As the first process of integration,
we set weights for each source model. A tsunami height probability density distribution are calculated from tsunami heights
and weights of each source model, and a hazard curve is calculated by multiplying the probability density distribution by theoccurrence probability of off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The probability density distribution is depend on the setting
rule of weight.
We experimentally examine PTHAs assuming different four weight setting rules. Mean values and standard deviations of theprobability density distributions are calculated and compared to the observed tsunami heights in 2011 off the Pacific coast of
Tohoku Earthquake. In one setting rule, which meet the policy of setting weights in the National Seismic Hazard Maps for Japan,
mean +1σ values are smaller than the the observed tsunami heights at almost every costal sites of Tohoku. By setting larger
weights for the source models which have the magnitude of 9.1, or have large slip amounts near trench axis, mean +1σ values
become larger and include the observation values.
This study was conducted by a part of research project in NIED for tsunami hazard assessment for the whole of Japan.

Keywords: tsunami, hazard assessment, probability

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HDS27-24

Room:A04

Time:May 27 17:45-18:00

Risk assessment of a tsunami caused by a large-scale sector collapse - Damage estimationof the Sakura-jima collapse YANAGISAWA, Hideaki1∗
1

Department of Regional Management, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University

A large-scale sector collapse due to volcanic activities sometimes flows into sea area and generates destructive tsunami disaster.
In Japan, large-scale sector collapses and following tsunamis that killed more than several hundred people were occured at least
3 times after the year 1603 (Edo era). The worst of them is the sector collapse of Mt. Mayuyama collapse in 1792. The
following tsunami was widespread across Ariake sea and killed 15,000 people. Although a tsunami due to sector collapses ismuch less often than that of earthquakes, they can cause unexpected disaster. The aim of this study is to estimate tsunami risk bya large-scale sector collapse using GIS system and conduct detailed simulation of the sector collapse and following tsunami fora high-risk active volcano.
We first estimated the flow range of the sector collapse of active volcanos in Japan and overlaid them on sea area data using
GIS to confirm whether the debris flows into sea area. Next, we searched populations around active volcanos to extract volcanos
prone to cause human damage. Using these information and active level of volcano, we ranked tsunami risk of active volcanos.
As a result, we found that Mt. Sakura-jima is the highest risk active volcano for tsunami disaster.
We further conducted the integrated simulation of landslide and tsunami. Here, we assume that volume of the sector collapse
is same as 1640 Mt. Komagatake collapse. According to numerical results in the worst-case, approximately 1,000 people areburied by the debris of Mt. Sakura-jima collapse and following tsunami with 50 m heights attacks the coast of the Kagoshimacity. The tsunami inundates 0.16 million home and 0.34 million people. These results indicated that large-scale sector collapse
and following tsunami could cause one of the most destructive disasters and we need to consider a response for the worst disaster
scenario.

Keywords: Tsunami, Sector collapse, Landslide, Simulation, Sakura-jima, Damage estimation

1/1

HDS27-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

A proper method of Mercalli intensity-based evacuation from tsunami
HAYASHI, Yutaka1∗ ; KATSUMATA, Akio1 ; MIYAOKA, Kazuki1 ; TSUSHIMA, Hiroaki1 ; CATALAN, Patricio2 ;BAQUEDANO, Jose2 ; ZELAYA, Cecilia3 ; ORELLANA, Victor4 ; BABA, Toshitaka5
1

Meteorological Research Institute, 2 Federico Santa Maria Technical University, 3 SHOA, Chilean Navy, 4 National Office ofEmergency of the Interior Ministry, 5 Tokushima Univ.

Three national organizations in Chile cooperate for tsunami early warning operations. National Seismology Center, Universityof Chile (CSN) operates real-time seismic analysis, Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA)
evaluates the necessity of tsunami alerts or alarms by using CSN data, and National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry(ONEMI) is the only responsible in disseminating warnings and prompting residents to evacuate directly. For example, after the
Iquique earthquake on April 1, 2014 (moment magnitude (Mw ) 8.2 by CSN), a tsunami warning was issued for all coastlines ofmainland Chile, because tsunami forecast areas have not been defined in Chile yet. Another example is the case of the earthquake
on July 13, 2014 (at 4:56 p.m. local time; local magnitude (M) 5.6 by CSN); based on the MSI reports from the coastal cities,
ONEMI issued precautionary evacuation of the coastal edges of Iquique, but it was soon canceled. It is found that this false alarm
likely was caused by an inadequate standard procudure of Mercalli Scale Intensity (MSI)-based.
This paper shows that deriving an empirical relationship among MSI, epicentral distance (∆), and M enable us to optimize theparameters of MSI-based precautionary evacuation, so that consistency between TFC-based warnings and MSI-based evacuation
is assured.
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began operation of a quantitative tsunami warning system in 1999 (Kamigaichi,
2011); TFCs were used from 1977 to 1999. The version used from 1987 to 1999 has three curves relating ∆ and M, which wereused as the thresholds between four tsunami warning categories (major tsunami, tsunami, tsunami advisory, and no tsunami).
After compiling data of the earthquake catalog by CSN, tsunami observation data by SHOA, and some additional tsunami
numerical calculation, we can apply TFC. Then, an empirical equation among MSI, Mw , and ∆ (e.g. , MSI = a Mw - b log10 ∆ +c , where a , b , and c are constants) can be derived from MSI data collected by ONEMI and an earthquake catalog by CSN. Whenthe range of precautionary evacuation by MSI-based method is defined ”within r (M) km from any coast city in which MSI is s or
higher”, parameters r (M) and degree s can be determined almost equivalent to the curves of thresholds used in the TFC method.
If M and MSI at a coastal area in concern are available, MSI-based method can be applied just after the earthquake. Duration ofstrong shake or MSI at remote cites can substitute M.
This indicates that optimization of parameters of the MSI-based method for consistency to the TFC method is promising
approach to improve the reliability of early tsunami warnings in Chile. This methodology could also be applicable to othercountries. By the way, the issue of real-time measurement and acquisition of objective MSI can be solved by tsunami alarm
equipment (Katsumata et al , in the same session).
Acknowledgements: This work is partly supported by SATREPS program by JICA and JST.

Keywords: Chile, early tsunami warning, instrumental Mercalli Scale Intensity, precautionary evacuation, tsunami forecast chart

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HDS27-P02

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Prototype of standalone tsunami alarm equipment
KATSUMATA, Akio1∗ ; HAYASHI, Yutaka1 ; MIYAOKA, Kazuki1 ; TSUSHIMA, Hiroaki1 ; BABA, Toshitaka2
1

Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, 2 The University of Tokushima

It is considered that one of the quickest ways of tsunami evacuation is movement to higher place soon after a strong and long
ground shaking. Information from mass media could be helpless sometimes due to power failure. It would be helpful if there isa device which tells risk of coming tsunami.
Strong ground motion means that the source area of the event would be close to the current location, and long ground shakemeans that the event magnitude would be large. When the strong ground motion continues for more than thirty second, themagnitude of the event could be more than 7.5, and the duration more than sixty seconds could mean occurrence of an eventof magnitude 8.5 or more. Whereas the accuracy of magnitude from strong-motion duration is very limited, it would be avaluable information when other information is not available due to power failure or other reasons. Ground velocity obtained byintegrating the acceleration can be used for rough magnitude estimation also.
The MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) sensors are currently available with low coast. Small computer systems arealso available. We are developing a low-cost equipment using a MEMS sensor, one-chip microprocessor, and a small computer
which could tell possible risk of tsunami with display and voice.
Instrumental seismic intensity could be one of outputs of the equipment. Seismic intensity is usually observed by human in
the world. It is considered that rapid grasp of possible damaged area can be done if seismic intensities are reported throughthe network like as in Japan. Some methods have been proposed as instrumental modified Mercalli scale. It is easy to installthose methods in the equipment. The seismic intensity itself could be a trigger of evacuation from tsunami (Hayashi et al., thismeeting). In Chile, there is such an evacuation rule based on seismic intensity. Former tsunami alarm in Japan was also based onseismic intensity observed by human. Similar way could be used for the countries where enough seismic network is not deployedyet.
Acknowledgments
Web pages of ”ITAI NIKKI”, ”HAJIMETENO PIC”, and others were referred to to make up the measuring part. This study
was partly supported by the SATREPS project of ”Enhancement of technology to develop tsunami-resilient community”.

Keywords: tsunami alarm, instrumental seismic intensity, magnitude, strong-motion duration

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HDS27-P03

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Real time earthquake information and tsunami estimation system for Indonesia, Philippines and Chile regions
PULIDO, Nelson1∗ ; INAZU, Daisuke2 ; SAITO, Tatsuhiko1 ; SENDA, Jouji1 ; FUKUYAMA, Eiichi1 ;KUMAGAI, Hiroyuki3
13

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 2 UTokyo Ocean Alliance, The University of Tokyo,
Nagoya University

Southeast Asia as well as South American regions are within the most active seismic regions in the world. To contribute to
the understanding of source process of earthquakes and long term seismic activity, the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention NIED maintains the international seismic Network (ISN) in the Asian-Pacific region. Continuousseismic waveforms from broadband seismic stations in Indonesia (148), Philippines (12), and Northern Chile (18) are currently
received in real time at NIED, and used for automatic location of seismic events. Using these data we perform automatic aswell as manual routine estimation of moment tensor of seismic events (Mw>4.5 in Indonesia and Philippines, and Mw>4.0 in
Northern Chile) by using the SWIFT program developed at NIED (Nakano et al. 2008). Since January 2015 we started the realtime calculation of local tsunamis in Indonesia, Philippines and Northern Chile using a tsunami simulation code and visualization
system developed at NIED (Inazu et al. 2014), as well as earthquake source parameters estimated by SWIFT. The goals of thesystem are to provide a rapid and reliable earthquake and tsunami information in particular for large seismic events in the region,and produce an appropriate database of earthquake source parameters and tsunami simulations for research.
The system uses the preliminary hypocenter location and magnitude of earthquakes automatically determined at NIED by the
SeisComP3 system (GFZ) from the continuous seismic waveforms in the region, to perform the automated calculation of moment tensors by SWIFT, and then carry out the automatic simulation and visualization of tsunami. The system generates maps of
maximum tsunami heights within the target regions and along the coasts and display them along with the fault model parameters
used for tsunami simulations. Tsunami calculations are performed for all events with available automatic SWIFT/CMT solutions.
Tsunami calculations are re-computed using SWIFT manual solutions for events with Mw>5.5 and centroid depths shallower
than 100 km. Revised maximum tsunami heights as well as animation of tsunami propagation are also calculated and displayed
for the two double couple solutions by SWIFT. Detailed procedure for tsunami simulation is as follows;
1. Calculate two finite fault models based on seismic moment, fault mechanisms and centroid location by SWIFT, as well as
by an empirical scaling relating seismic moment and fault dimensions. We use a large stress drop model by assuming, a fault
length over fault width ratio of 2, and a fault average slip to fault length ratio of 5e-5 (Utsu 2001). These values approximately
correspond to a fault average stress drop of 5MPa, implying larger values of simulated tsunami as compared to the values obtained from other scalings (i.e. Murotani et al 2008).
2. Compute the seafloor deformation using the dislocation theory (Okada 1985), for the source models obtained in step 1. In
addition to the vertical seafloor deformation, we incorporate the contribution of horizontal seafloor deformation to the verticalcomponent due to sea-floor gradient (Tanioka and Satake 1996 GRL).
3. Carry out the tsunami simulation based on a linear long-wave model and a long-wavelength filtering effect in the deep seas
(Kajiura 1963).
4. Automatically publish the earthquake parameters and tsunami simulation results in the following web site:
http://www.isn.bosai.go.jp/en/index.html
Acknowledgments
Seismic data from Indonesia and Philippines is received at NIED under a cooperative research with BMKG (Indonesia),
PHIVOLCS (Philippines), and GFZ (Germany). Data from Northern Chile is being provided by the IPOC (Integrated Plate
Boundary Observatory of Chile) and Universidad de Chile.

Keywords: Indonesia, Philippines, Chile, Earthquake parameters, Tsunami forecast, Realtime

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HDS27-P04

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Development of tsunami waveform database based on linear dispersive-wave theory forreal-time tsunami forecasting
TSUSHIMA, Hiroaki1∗ ; HAYASHI, Yutaka1 ; BABA, Toshitaka2 ; ANDO, Kazuto3 ; KATO, Toshihiro4
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 2 University of Tokushima, 3 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, 4 NEC Corporation

Real-time tsunami forecasting based on source inversion of offshore tsunami data is effective for update of tsunami early
warnings. To accomplish the real-time analysis in a short time, in advance of an earthquake we prepare a database of the tsunami
Green’s functions that are responses to the unitary displacement of a sea-surface element (unit source) at observing points.
For the construction of our present database, linear long-wave (LLW) approximation was used in the numerical simulation.
However, recent offshore tsunami observations have demonstrated that the LLW approximation is sometimes invalid and thelinear dispersive effect should be taken into account in tsunami modeling. If the effect is neglected in our source inversion, theaccuracy of the resultant tsunami predictions should be degraded. In this study, we develop a database of Green’s functions basedon the linear dispersive-wave (DSP) simulations to improve the forecasting accuracy. A difficulty to make the DSP databaseis very long computation time. The DSP simulation takes much longer time than LLW one. In addition, we have to performthe simulation more than 1000 times, corresponding to the number of the unit sources. To reduce the computation time, weused tsunami-simulation code JAGURS [Baba et al., 2015, PAGEOPH], which is optimized for the parallel computation in K
computer (the Japanese supercomputer) by using OpenMP and MPI techniques. For more effective computation of many cases,
we implemented a function that the tsunami simulations for more than 1000 source are performed in parallel once a user submits
only one job. As the result of its application to the Nankai-trough region where there is 1059 sources, the whole calculation was
finished in ˜20 hours by using 4236 nodes of the K computer.
This study is partly supported by the High Performance Computing Infrastructure program, MEXT. Numerical simulations inthis study were performed by using K computer.
Keywords: real-time tsunami forecasting, database, linear dispersive-wave theory, K computer

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HDS27-P05

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Possibilities of measuring great tsunamis using GNSS-based ship height positioning
INAZU, Daisuke1∗ ; WASEDA, Takuji1 ; HIBIYA, Toshiyuki1
1

The University of Tokyo

Offshore measurements of tsunamis are very useful for robust tsunami forecast and its source estimation. The measurements
using ocean bottom pressure gauges and GPS buoys with good sensitivities have been established and installed in open oceans.
Associated methods based on the on-line offshore data retrievals have been proposed and operated for real-time tsunami source
estimation and forecast (e.g., Tang et al. 2012 JGR Oceans; Tsushima et al. 2012 JGR Solid Earth). In terms of extending
the skills of the forecast and source estimation, it is useful to exploit further possibilities using other offshore measurements.
In the present study we examined an offshore ship-borne GPS height record to evaluate noise level at frequency of the greattsunamis (10ˆ-2-10ˆ-1 cpm). The kinematic PPP (Precise Point Positioning) solution was expected to show possible detectionof large amplitudes (>10ˆ-1 m) of offshore tsunami at the frequency. Such large-amplitude tsunamis seem to be hardly foundin low-precision positioning solutions (DGPS (Differential GPS) and single point positioning) because of inherent backgroundnoise levels one order of magnitude larger than that in the PPP solution. The low-precision positioning GNSS equipments are,on the other hand, inexpensive and will be widely used as the AIS (Automatic Identification System) by a lot of ships including
a larger number of small fishing vessels. The height information is not included in the current AIS data, but may be utilized infuture. We are evaluating possibility of large tsunami detection by the low-precision GNSS height time-space series based on
spatially-dense distribution from many ships.
Keywords: tsunami, GNSS, ship, height

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HDS27-P06

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Relationship between tsunami heights at offshore and coastal points in the Sea of JapanGUSMAN, Aditya1∗ ; MUROTANI, Satoko1 ; SATAKE, Kenji1
1

Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo

Several large (M>7.5) earthquakes occurred along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan and caused tsunami damage in Japan
as well as on Korean peninsula in the last two centuries. They were the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido (Mjma 7.8), 1983 Japan Sea(Mjma 7.7), 1964 Niigata (Mjma 7.5), 1940 Shakotan-oki (Mjma 7.5), and 1833 Shonai-oki (M 7.5) earthquakes.
In order to assess possible future earthquakes and tsunamis, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of
Japan recently identified 60 submarine active faults with lengths ranging from 24 to 162 km (corresponding moment magnitudesof 6.8 to 7.9).
Tsunami inundations in Aonae Bay, Okushiri Island, Japan on high-resolution bathymetry and topography data were simulatedusing the active fault models. For small tsunamis (coastal tsunami heights <4 m), the relationship between tsunami heights inthe offshore (50 m depth) and at the coast follows a linear regression line, whereas for larger tsunami the linear relationshipmay not hold. The regression line gives an amplification factor of 3.5 to roughly estimate coastal tsunami height from a tsunami
numerical simulation result on a coarse grid system.
We computed offshore and coastal tsunami heights along the Japanese coasts from these 60 faults and identified faults that may
possibly cause tsunami damage (coastal tsunami heights >1 m) for 156 municipalities (cities and towns). Comparisons between
offshore and coastal tsunami heights show that the ratios vary from place to place, and seem to be controlled by the bathymetricslope.

Keywords: Tsunami simulation, Tsunami inundation, Active faults, The Sea of Japan

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HDS27-P07

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Estimation of tsunami propagation paths using the array analysis of tsunami simulation
results
NAKATA, Kenji1∗ ; MIYAOKA, Kazuki1 ; KATSUMATA, Akio1
1

Meteorological Research Institute, JMA
BackgroundA maximum wave often arrives several hours after a first wave in case of a distant tsunami.
Therefore, it is considered to be important to prepare to monitor the maximum tsunami wave, knowing its propagation path.
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to show the tsunami propagation path in a single figure.
Methodology
Simulated tsunami waveform data are regarded as waveform data of an array observation.
An incoming wave direction for a reference point are determined, estimating semblance values (Neidell and Taner, 1971).
Going back toward the direction of the incoming wave from the reference point.
This process is done repeatedly until the ray reach the tsunami source.
It is a kind of a backward ray analysis.

ResultThis methodology was applied to the 2010 Chile earthquake.
The various backward propagation paths from a NOAA DART station near Japan are displayed in a single figure.
It shows that the each wave in the observed waveform at a DART station is associated with the those propagation paths andthe waveform is derived from them.
Keywords: tsunami simulation, backward ray analysis, maximum wave, array analysis, propagation path, distant tsunami

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HDS27-P08

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An investigation of sea level fluctuation around the Tosashimizu Port by observed data
TANOBE, Atsushi1∗ ; IMAI, Kentaro2 ; HAYASHI, Yutaka3 ; ABE, Kuniaki4 ; IMAMURA, Fumihiko2
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 2 IRIDeS, Tohoku University, 3 Meteorological Research Institute, 4 None

1. introduction
When a long wave such as tsunamis invades the harbor and port, secondary undulation may occur depending on the topography
condition and the period of the tsunami. Such a secondary undulation is observed in past tsunami events.
The study for a water level change caused by natural period is accomplished a lot with observation data and numerical computation.
Those studies were achieved dominant period of the natural period from the fluctuations of sea level of the harbor and the
topography condition and discussion about amplification factor.
In this study target at Tosashimizu port, Kochi and observed sea level at inside and outside the port. This study research forsecondary undulation at Tosashimizu port.
2. observation data
In this study, install 7 pressure gauge in the Tosashimizu Port and, during periods from September 10, 2014 to December
9, 2014, observed a sea level by 15 seconds sampling interval. We used High-frequency filter to remove sea level variations
associated with synoptic atmospheric activity. We divided that data into 2 types : period containing weather disturbance and theother.
We performed spectrum analysis for the these data and considered the characteristic of the secondary undulation in the
Tosashimizu Port
3. conclusion
In this study, We analyzed sea level data from September 10, 2014 to December 9, 2014 and examine characteristic of thesecondary undulation in the Tosashimizu Port and got the following results.
3.1. From a result of the spectrum analysis of the not containing weather disturbance, the Tosashimizu port has strong peakaround 20 minutes which are a natural period in the port. A peak begins to appear in around 40 minutes as approach the mouthof a port. On the other hand, out of the port has peaks seen around 40, 60 and 85 minutes.
3.2. From a result of the spectrum analysis of the containing weather disturbance, in the port, has strong peaks around 20 and
40 minutes. Out of the port has peaks around 30 and 75 minutes, on the other hand, not seen 40 minutes peak.
From the above results,
The period that spectrum peaks appears is different in inside and outside the port. In the Tosashimizu Port a state with different
secondary undulation properties was confirmed in the inside and outside. In the containing weather disturbance period, the peak
appear around 40 minutes is different from natural period and need to examination this peak generation factor.
Acknowledgments
This study received assistance to JSPS Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (B). I write it down here and express gratitude.
reference
1. Kuniaki ABE(2011): Seiche dominant periods of bays and ports determind from a repeated measurement (2) Pacific coastof Southwest Japan, Nippon Dental College bulletin, vol.40, pp.23-30
2. SusumuTAKAHASHI(1986):Tsunami and Secondary Undulation in the Ishikari Bay, Bulletin of the Faculy of Engineering
Hokkaido University, vol.130, pp.17-32
3. Hitoshi MURAKAMI, Tomio SHIMADA(1979):Consideration about the characteristic of the Secondary Undulation basedon field data and the actual survey (2), Journal of JSCE B2 (shore engineering), vol.26 pp.129-132

Keywords: secondary undulation, spectrum, Tosashimizu

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HDS27-P09

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Seismic - Seiche generated at Lake Ashinoko
HARADA, Masatake1∗ ; ITADERA, Kazuhiro1 ; YUKUTAKE, Yohei1
1

Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture

The water level at Lake Ashinoko vibrated for some hours after the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake (March
11, 2011, Mw9.0). We calculated the running spectrum for time series data of water level, and estimated natural periods (seiche)
at Lake Ashinoko. We observed the seiche periods of 15.16 (T1), 6.58 (T2), 4.48 (T3), 3.88 (T4), 3.13 (T5), and 2.19 minutes(T6). T1, T2, T3, and T5 vibrated under a steady state, even before the earthquake. The amplitudes of T3, and T5 were activatedafter the earthquake. In addition to these periods, T4 and T6 were generated only after the earthquake. The seismic seiche excitedby the earthquake continued at the maximum for about 20 hours. We discuss about the seismic seiche generated according toother earthquakes, and its mechanism.
Keywords: Seismic-Seiche, Lake Ashinoko, Spectrum Analysis, Natural Periods

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HDS27-P10

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Resuspension of Marine Sediment in Osaka Bay by Tsunami
HAYASHI, Mitsuru1∗ ; SUZUKI, Soyo1 ; NAKADA, Satoshi1
1

Kobe University

The non-dimensional bed shear stress in Osaka Bay by the tsunami caused by Nankai Trough Earthquake was calculated. And
the conditions which a resuspension of marine sediments occurs were clarified in every region of Osaka Bay. Resuspension notoccur in the western part of Osaka Bay, where the predicted maximum flow velocity of tsunami is 1.8 m/s, under the present
condition of the water depth and the moisture content. On the other hand, the resuspension occurs in the eastern part of Osaka Bay
by the predicted tsunami. The occurrence and the scale of resuspension in the eastern part depend on the moisture content andthe flow velocity of tsunami. Extremely strong resuspension will occur continuously throughout tsunami hitting in the estuarywith over 72 % of moisture content. The scale of resuspension such a ”Hot Spot” is decided by the moisture content. Marine
sediments contain cysts and heavy metals especially in the estuary. We are afraid that resuspension of sediment lead red tide andwater pollution over wide area to carried by advection after tsunami.
Keywords: Tsunami, Sediment, Resuspension, Osaka Bay, Nankai Trough, Shear stress

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HDS27-P11

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Effects of the 17th century great Hokkaido tsunami on Tohoku regions
IOKI, Kei1∗ ; TANIOKA, Yuichiro1
1

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University

Historically, great underthrust earthquakes occurred off east Hokkaido, Japan because the Pacific plate subducts beneath the
Okhotsk plate. Also, tsunami deposits by prehistoric tsunami have been found off east Hokkaido on the coast of Pacific Ocean.
Previous study suggest that the 1611 Keicho tsunami earthquake is the 17th century great earthquake (Okamura and Namegaya,2011). In this study, we examined effects of the 17th century great tsunami generated off east Hokkaido on the coast of Pacific
Ocean in Tohoku region.
We estimated fault model of the 17th century great earthquake by using locations and elevations where tsunami deposits were
found (Ioki and Tanioka, 2013). The result shows that tsunami inundation spread far inland were explained by a large rupturearea at deep part of the plate interface. Surveyed tsunami heights near the coast were explained by very large slip amount atshallow part of the plate interface near the trench. The total seismic moment of the 17th century great earthquake was calculated
to be 1.7×1022 Nm (Mw 8.8).
Tsunami heights and inundation were also calculated along the coast of Pacific Ocean in Tohoku region. Computed tsunami
heights along the coast were almost less than 4 m and computed tsunami inundation area is very small at Yamada bay. Even if
slip amount of estimated fault model is two or three times larger, computed tsunami inundation area in Tohoku region is small.
Tsunami inundation area by the 1611 Keicho tsunami were not explained by our estimated fault model. By an effect of directivity,
high tsunami was propagated toward east Hokkaido and low tsunami was propagated toward Tohoku.
Keywords: tsunami, great earthquake, Hokkaido, Kurile trench

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HDS27-P12

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Tsunami simulation for the Korean Peninsula using a Nankai-Tonankai earthquake scenario
KIM, Satbyul1∗ ; FUKUYAMA, Eiichi2 ; SAITO, Tatsuhiko2 ; KANG, Tae-Seob1
1

Pukyong National University, 2 Nat’l Res. Inst. Earth Sci. Disas. Prev.

There is a Korean historical document which records an observation of anomalous tidal waves at Jeju Island in 1707. The datecorresponds to the occurrence of the great 1707 Hoei earthquake (M8.4) which occurred in the Nankai trough off southwesternJapan. This record suggests a possibility that the tsunami waves caused by the Hoei earthquake reached the Korean peninsula.
In this study, we investigate whether the tsunami caused by an anticipated Nankai-Tonankai earthquake will affect to the Korean
peninsula or not. We conducted a tsunami simulation based on the nonlinear longwave equations with a dynamic rupture scenariothat breaks the whole Nankai-Tonankai area as a single event. We used the dynamic rupture scenario computed by Hok et al.
(2011, JGR). The simulation shows tiny tsunami arrivals in Jeju Island about 4 hours after the start of tsunami propagation. At
12 points around the Jeju Island and 2 points between China and Jeju, tsunami heights are computed. We obtained larger tsunami
heights (˜0.08 m) at the western side of the Jeju than the eastern side (˜0.05 m), and we observed the largest amplitude ( ˜0.17 m)
at the southwestern coast. Also, we found that a larger tsunami wave reaches the eastern coast of China, in contrast to the Korean
peninsula. Small tsunami amplitudes are observed at Jeju Island because the first tsunami wavefronts attenuated while turning
around Kyusyu Island. This kind of simulation would be useful to understand how tsunamis originating at southwestern Japanpropagate to Korea, which will serve for the mitigation of tsunami disasters in the Korean peninsula.
Keywords: Tidal waves record at Jeju Island, Nankai-Tonankai earthquake, Numerical simulation

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HDS27-P13

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Relationships between heights and damage of the 1854 Ansei Nankai tsunami along west
coast of Kochi prefecture, Japan
NAMEGAYA, Yuichi1∗ ; IMAI, Kentaro2
1

IEVG, AIST, 2 IRIDeS, Tohoku University

Estimation of the historical tsunami heights is basically based on historical documents which record concrete marks of inundation heights and/or inundation limits. Some documents recorded only damage, for example, numbers of damaged buildings.
In this case, it is no doubt about the tsunami inundation, but it is difficult to estimate the tsunami heights from only the damage
records. Therefore, relationships between the tsunami heights and the damage are needed. The relationships are proposed astsunami fragility (e.g. Koshimura et al., 2009, JDR), but it basically targets recent tsunamis. These relationships cannot be directly applied to the historical tsunamis, because resistance of buildings might be different between the present and the historicalera. In this study, relationships between heights and damage ratio of the 1854 Ansei Nankai earthquake tsunami along west coastof Kochi prefecture, Japan, were obtained. A document “Kaei kinoe-tora doshi ojishin hikki recorded by Tatsusuke Tokunaga”
documented in “Shinshu Nihon jishin shiryo 5 suppl. 5” was used. The document recorded numbers of buildings which were
swept away, collapsed buildings, and slightly damage buildings. We calculated damage ratio (Hatori, 1964, BERI) as numbersof damaged buildings divided by those of total buildings for each hamlet. The numbers of the total buildings were used from
“Kanpo gocho” . Tsunami heights have already been reported by previous studies (e.g. Tsuji et al., 1994, Historical Earthquake).
Then, relationships between the damage ratio and the tsunami heights were obtained. The result shows that tsunami heights of 2
m corresponds to damage ratio of zero. The damage ratio drastically increases to more than 0.8, when the tsunami height exceeds
5 m.
Keywords: tsunami height, damage ratio, the 1854 Ansei Nankai earthquake tsunami, Kochi prefecture

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HDS27-P14

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Tsunami source model of M7 earthquakes occurred in the Sea of Japan
MUROTANI, Satoko1∗ ; SATAKE, Kenji1 ; HARADA, Tomoya1
1

ERI, the Univ. of Tokyo

Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan has been considered as a nascent plate boundary between the Eurasian and North American
plates but not a typical subduction zone, hence the maximum magnitude (M<8) of earthquakes is considered to be smaller thanthose in the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, several large earthquakes with M >7.5 in the last century caused seismic and tsunami
damages, such as the 1993 Southwest off Hokkaido (Mjma 7.8), 1983 Japan Sea (Mjma 7.7), 1964 Niigata (Mjma 7.5), or 1940
Shakotan-oki (Mjma 7.5) earthquakes. Detailed studies of source process were performed for these earthquakes. There are many
active faults along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. Smaller (M˜7) earthquakes also cause seismic and tsunami damages
if their hypocenters are near the land. However, there are few analyses for earthquakes around M7. Therefore, we study thecharacteristics of the M˜7 earthquakes in the Sea of Japan using seismic waveform and tsunami waveform data.
We analyzed the 1983 West off Aomori (Mjma 7.1), 1971 West off Sakhalin (Mjma 6.9), and 1964 off Oga Peninsula (Mjma
6.9) earthquakes. We made teleseicmic waveform inversion using Kikuchi and Kanamori (1991, BSSA)’s code to obtain theheterogeneous slip distribution. We then computed tsunami waveforms using JAGURS code (Baba et al., 2015, PAGEOPH)
at the tide gauge stations and compared with the observed tsunami waveforms. The tsunami waveforms were also computedfrom simpler rectangular faults with uniform slips. For the 1971 earthquake (Mw 6.8) and the 1983 earthquake (Mw 6.7),
the amplitudes of tsunami waveforms calculated from the heterogeneous slip model did not reproduce the observed tsunami
waveforms; to match with the observed tsunami amplitudes, larger seismic moment and average slips are required. Furthermore,
for all the earthquakes, we have to examine the locations and parameters of each fault to reproduce the travel times and theagreements between observed and calculated waveforms.

Keywords: tsunami source model, fault parameter, tsunami waveform analysis, eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

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HDS27-P15

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Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Multiple Tsunami Scenarios considering Large Slip Zone, Super Large Slip Zone, Hypocenter and Seismic Magnitude
SETO, Shuji1∗ ; TAKAHASHI, Tomoyuki2
1

Graduate School of Safety Science Kansai University, 2 Faculty of Safety Science Kansai University

In the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Disaster, the actual tsunami heights had exceeded the estimated heights extremely
and the underestimation caused serious damages in Japan. This tsunami shows a disaster beyond assumption increase damages
greatly. Multiple scenarios might be effective in reducing the risk beyond assumption and they have been studied for the tsunami
disaster mitigation (e.g. Takahashi et al., 1995 ; Kawata et al., 2003 ; Suzuka et al., 2004 ; Tomioka et al., 2005 ; Suzuki and
Kawata, 2012). However, many researches have focused on the macroscopic fault parameters and the microscopic fault parameters have not been considered sufficiently.
After the Tohoku tsunami, Cabinet office government of Japan reported ’Large slip zone (LSZ) and Super large slip zone
(SLSZ)’ related with asperity and the assumed tsunami faults models (e.g. Cabinet office government of Japan, 2012). After
that, some organizations consider a new assumption about fault model. However, the idea about a shape or location of LSZ andSLSZ is different. And the standard method has not been decided. Assumption of their shape or location could be different in
the case of same hypocentral region, and the characteristic of occurred tsunami might be different. Therefore, the general model
to assume LSZ and SLSZ is required.
Seto and Takahashi (2014) proposed a model to assume multiple tsunami scenarios considering uncertainly of LSZ and SLSZ,
and the model was applied to the Nankai trough. The model consists of background rupture zone (BZ), LSZ and SLSZ. The
main feature of this model is to enable to make the multiple tsunami scenarios systematically after determining some parameterssuch as the ratios of area and dislocation of LSZ to a tsunami fault. As a result, Seto and Takahashi (2014) showed 15 tsunami
scenarios. However, it was indicated as the improvement that the model is not examined several LSZ and SLSZ, the uncertainlyof hypocenter and seismic magnitude.
In this study, the improved general model considering more the above 3 points is proposed. Compared with the model of
Seto and Takahashi (2014), the characteristic of this proposed model is as follows. (1) The uncertainly of seismic magnitudeconsidered by a scaling law can be examined. (2) The two couples of LSZ and SLSZ can be examined. (3) The uncertainlyof hypocenter can be examined. The proposed model was applied for the Nankai Trough to assume multiple tsunami scenarios
and its detailed procedure was shown. As a result, several hundreds scenarios were assumed. By using these tsunami scenarios,
tsunami propagation was simulated numerically and the maximum variation of water level observed within 24 hours on GPS
buoys is examined comparing with the previous model.

Keywords: Tsunami fault, Uncertainly, Nankai trough, GPS buoy

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HDS27-P16

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Effect of uncertainty in offshore tsunami heights on the probability inundation hazard
assessment
ABE, Yuta1∗ ; KORENAGA, Mariko1 ; AKIYAMA, Shinichi1 ; MATSUYAMA, Hisanori2 ; MURASHIMA, Yoichi3 ;FUJIWARA, Hiroyuki4
1

ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation, 2 OYO Corporation, 3 KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD., 4 National Research Institutefor Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
Application of the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) to a tsunami inundation, which assumed occurrence ofseveral types of earthquake, was discussed (Saito et al., 2014, JpGU). Estimations of tsunami inundation in PTHA is generally
given by numerical simulations. The simulation results inlude uncertainties caused by tsunami source characteristics, propagation
path characteristics or site characteristics. Therefore, there is variability in residual errors of tsunami heights at offshore. If one
tsunami simulation results does not over a coastal levee, continental areas may not be inundated, but there is the potential that thetsunami clear a coastal levee due to an increase in offshore tsunami height by uncertainties.
We propose an approach of assessing inundation hazards considering the potential of overflow using a practical example oftsunami inundation hazard in Rikuzen Takata City, Iwate. First, we examine the correlation distribution of offshore tsunami
heights and inundation height, and and calculate an approximate straight line. We assume the approximation line as a model for
predicting tsunami inundations from offshore tsunami heights. Using the tsunami hazard curve calculated at the offshore site andthe approximation line, we can estimate the tsunami inundation hazard curve for the potential of overflow. Comparing with thetsunami inundation hazard curve for the results which over coastal levee, we discuss the effect of uncertainty in offshore tsunami
heights.
This study was conducted by a part of research project in NIED for tsunami hazard assessment for the whole of Japan.
Keywords: tsunami, inundation, hazard assessment, probability

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