Hydrogen Data Collection
Joint EGNRET58/EGEDA34 meeting
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
4-5 April 2023

Nobuhiro SAWAMURA, Senior Researcher, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC)EGEDA Secretariat

Definition of terms
What is Hydrogen?
• Hydrogen is the simplest element on earth—it consists of only one
proton and one electron—and it is an energy carrier, not an energy
source. Hydrogen can store and deliver usable energy, but it doesn't
typically exist by itself in nature and must be produced fromcompounds that contain it.
• Ammonia (NH3)- Ammonia is a colourless, reactive gas that is lighter
than air (approximately half as heavy) which dissolves readily in water. It
represents one of the most promising potential solutions as energy
vector and hydrogen carrier, having a higher potential to transportenergy than hydrogen itself in a pressurized form.

1Definition of terms
 e-fuels Electrofuels, also known as e-fuels or synthetic fuels, are atype of replacement fuel. They are manufactured using
captured carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide and hydrogenobtained from sustainable electricity sources such as wind,solar and nuclear power.
 After processing in refineries, e-fuels can replace gasoline,
diesel, heating oil, kerosene, gas and can completely replace
conventional fuels.

Source: e-Fuel alliance. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/efuels/what-are-efuels2Hydrogen production (1)• Thermal processes• Involve steam reforming, a high-temperature process in which steam reacts
with a hydrocarbon fuel to produce hydrogen
Natural gas reforming
Petroleum products reforming
Coal gasification
Biomass gasification
Biofuels reforming

Source: USDOE, https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-fuel-basics.

3

Hydrogen production (2)• Electrolytic processes• Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogenand oxygen.

• Other processes• Solar driven processes – use sunlight as the agent for hydrogenproduction including photobiological, photoelectromechanical and solar
thermochemical.

• Biological processes - use microbes such as bacteria and microalgae andcan produce hydrogen through biological reactions.
• Others

Source: USDOE, https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-fuel-basics.

4Hydrogen transformation
Hydrogen liquefaction is the process of liquefying Hydrogen to reduce thevolume by cooling it to below -253oC.
Liquefied hydrogen regasification is the process of regasifying liquefiedhydrogen.
Hydrogen compound production is the process of combining hydrogen withother elements to produce compound like ammonia, e-fuels and otherproducts to facilitate safe transportation.
Hydrogen reconversion is the process of separating hydrogen fromcompounds such as ammonia, e-fuels and other compounds.

Source: USDOE, https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-fuel-basics.

5

IEA Energy Statistics Development Group (ESDG) Meeting,Paris, France; 9-10 November 2022

・One of the purposes to participate in IEA’s ESDG meeting is to present EGEDA/APERC’s work onhydrogen data collection.
・ Participants of this meeting :Canada, Belgium, Austria, Australia, APERC, EUROSTAT and IEA.
6IEA Energy Statistics Development Group (ESDG) Meeting,Paris, France; 9-10 November 2022
Pilot hydrogen data collection in APEC member economies in 2022-2023:
Proposed trial data collection format
APEC format for annual Hydrogen data

Table 3. Final Energy Consumption
Unit: TerajoulesAmmoniaHydrogen
FI NAL ENERGY CONSUMPTI ONTOTAL I NDUSTRY SECTOR
Iron and steel
Chemical and petrochemical
Non-ferrous metals
Non-metallic minerals
Transport equipment
Machinery
Mining and quarrying
Food, beverages and tobacco
Pulp, paper and print
Wood and wood products
Construction
Textile and leather
Not elsewhere specified
TOTAL TRANSPORT SECTOR
Domestic air transport
RoadRailInland waterways
Pipeline transport
Not elsewhere specified
TOTAL OTHER SECTOR
Commercial and public services
Residential
Agriculture
Fishing
Not elsewhere specified

12345678910111213141516181920212223242526272829A00B

Methylcyclohexane
C0000Totale-fuels
D00E0000000000007

Next Steps and feedback from ESDG Meeting

Pilot Hydrogen data collection

Data processing

Collect data at the same time as the other 5annual energy questionnaires, energy prices
and CO2 emission

Currently, hydrogen used in oil refining isreported under “Other hydrocarbons”, which
is a primary productAll questionnaires will be sent to EGEDA focal
points before end of December 2022

Consumption of hydrogen is currently reportedunder “Other sources”

Deadline for submission of data would beMarch 31, 2023

Continue the same approach until an energy
product called Hydrogen is added in theStandard International Energy Classification(SIEC) of UNSD

The feedback from Canada and Australia⇒ all the data needed in the planned pilot data collection by the EGEDA
secretariat may not be available in 2022.
⇒EGEDA had better postpone data collection to have a harmonized data collection with IEA.
8

APERC-EUROSTAT-IEA H2 data trilateral meetingon 22 November 2022
• The main purpose of this meeting is to harmonize APERC’s data collection considering that
APEC and IEA have 8 common members so, both should not collect different data from thesemembers.
• APERC prepared the format considering the amount of Carbon captured and stored (CCS) intonnes and distinguishing between the amount of hydrogen production with or without CCS.
• After the meeting, we decided to add the revised “hydrogen compound production” and“hydrogen reconversion” to make them clearer. Further refinements on the wordings would stillbe needed.

9APERC-EUROSTAT-IEA H2 data trilateral meetingon 1 December 2022
• The APERC draft revised at the meeting held on 22 November 2022 was much closer with theEurostat/IEA draft.
• However, APERC, EUROSTAT, and IEA had to talk because differences remained.
• e.g., production by input product vs production by process, transformation/backflows, blending,carbon emissions ((hydrogen produced with/without CCS vs tonnes of carbon produced)) andlevel of details in the energy sector).
• As a result of this meeting, we revised our data collection format.

10Proposed data collection format
APEC format for annual Hydrogen data

Table 1a. Production and supply
Unit: Terajoules (Gross calorific values)

Energy input

PRODUCTI ON
Thermal process
Natural gas reforming
Petroleum products reforming
Coal gasification
Biomass gasification
Biofuels reforming
Electrolytic processes
Electricity exclusively from renewables
Geothermal
Solar (Thermal)
Solar (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
OthersElectricity exclusively from nuclear energy
Electricity exclusively from fossil fuelsElectricity from grid
Other processes
Solar-driven processes
Biological processes
OthersImports
Exports
International marine bunkers
International aviation bunkers
Stock change (opening-closing)
Gross inland deliveries (calculated)
Statistical difference (+ or -) (11 minus 13)
Gross inland deliveries (observed)
StocksTotal stocks in national territory- opening
Total stocks in national territory- closing

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233

ProductANatural gas
Petroleum products
Coal
Biomass
Biofuels
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Solar energy
Other energy (specify)
Other energy (specify)

Quantity
B000

Hydrogen
C00

Energy Output
Ammoniae-fuelsDE0000TotalF0000000000000000000000000011Proposed data collection format
Table 1b. Carbon captured, utilized and stored
Unit: Tonnes of Carbon

Thermal process
Natural gas reforming
Petroleum products reforming
Coal gasification
Biomass gasification
Biofuels reforming
Electrolytic processes
Electricity exclusively from renewables
Geothermal
Solar (Thermal)
Solar (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
OthersElectricity exclusively from nuclear energy
Electricity exclusively from fossil fuelsElectricity from grid
Other processes
Solar-driven processes
Biological processes
Others1234567891011121314151617181920212223

Hydrogen
A00Ammonia
B00e-fuels
C00Total
D000000000012

Proposed data collection format
APEC format for annual Hydrogen data

Table 2. Consumption in the transformation and energy sectors
Unit: Terajoules
TOTAL TRANSFORMATI ON SECTOR
Main activity producer
Electricity plants
CHP
Heat plants
District cooling plants
Autoproducer
Electricity plants
CHP
Heat plants
District cooling plants
Natural gas blending plants
Gas works plants
Coke ovens
Blast furnacesNatural gas liquefaction
LNG regasification
Gas-to-liquid plants
Oil refineries
Petrochemical industry
Hydrogen compound production (hydrogen toammonia)
Hydrogen reconversion (ammonia to hydrogen)e-fuels production (hydrogen to e-fuels)
Other transformation

123456789101112131415161718
192021222324

Hydrogen
A000Ammonia
B000e-fuels
D000Total
EHydrogen
A000

TOTAL ENERGY SECTOR
Coal mines
Oil and gas extraction
Oil refineries
Coke ovens
Gas works
Electricity, CHP and heat plants
Natural gas liquefaction plants
LNG regasification
Natural gas blending plants
Gas-to-liquid plants
Oil refineries
Hydrogen production
Hydrogen compound production (hydrogen toammonia)
Hydrogen reconversion (ammonia to hydrogen)Hydrogen liquefaction
Liquefied hydrogen regasification
e-fuels production (hydrogen to e-fuels)
Other energy sector
LossesDistribution
Transmission

252627282930313233
3435
3637383940
414243444546Ammonia
Be-fuels
DTotal
E0000000013

Proposed data collection format
APEC format for annual Hydrogen data

Table 3. Final Energy Consumption
Unit: Terajoules
FI NAL ENERGY CONSUMPTI ON
TOTAL I NDUSTRY SECTOR
Iron and steel
Chemical and petrochemical
Non-ferrous metals
Non-metallic minerals
Transport equipment
Machinery
Mining and quarrying
Food, beverages and tobacco
Pulp, paper and print
Wood and wood products
Construction
Textile and leather
Not elsewhere specified
TOTAL TRANSPORT SECTOR
Domestic air transport
RoadRailInland waterways
Pipeline transport
Not elsewhere specified
TOTAL OTHER SECTOR
Commercial and public services
Residential
Agriculture
Fishing
Not elsewhere specified

123456789101112131415161819202122232425262728
29

Hydrogen
A00Ammonia
B00e-fuels
D00Total
E

000000000014

Proposed data collection format

Table 4. Non-energy consumption
TOTAL NON-ENERGY CONSUMPTI ON
Fertilizer production
Manufacture of vegetable oil
Manufacture of organic compounds
Manufacture of hydrogen chloride
Mettalurgy
Other non-energy uses

123456
7

HydrogenA0Ammonia
B0e-fuels
D0TotalE015

Proposed data collection format
APEC format for annual Hydrogen data

Table 4. Production Capacity
Unit: Terajoules/year

PRODUCTI ON
Thermal process
Natural gas reforming
Petroleum products reforming
Coal gasification
Biomass gasification
Biofuels reforming
Electrolytic processes
Electricity exclusively from renewables
Geothermal
Solar (Thermal)
Solar (PV)
WindHydro
Biomass
OthersElectricity exclusively from nuclear energy
Electricity exclusively from fossil fuelsElectricity from grid
Other processes
Solar-driven processes
Biological processes
Others

12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

HydrogenAmmoniae-fuels

TotalABDE0000000000000000

Electricity
generation
capacity(MW)
F

Electricity
consumption(MWh)
00F0016

Proposed data collection format
APEC format for Hydrogen data
Imports by source
APEC Economies
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
CanadaChile
China
Hong Kong, China
Indonesia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
MexicoNew Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russian Federation
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
United States of America
Viet Nam
ASEAN (non-APEC) economies
MyanmarLao P.D.R
Cambodia
Rest of the World

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Hydrogen
A0Ammonia
B0e-fuels
D0000000Total
E00000000000000000000000000017Proposed data collection format
APEC format for Hydrogen data
Exports by destination
APEC Economies
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
CanadaChile
China
Hong Kong, China
Indonesia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
MexicoNew Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russian FederationSingapore
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
United States of America
Viet Nam
ASEAN (non-APEC) economies
MyanmarLao P.D.R
Cambodia
Rest of the World

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425
2627

HydrogenA0Ammonia
B0e-fuels
D0000000Total
E000000000000000
00000000000018

Proposed trial data collection format
Definition of products
1. Hydrogen (H2 )Hydrogen is the simplest element on earth—it consists of only one proton and one electron—and it isan energy carrier, not an energy source. Hydrogen can store and deliver usable energy, but it doesn't
typically exist by itself in nature and must be produced from compounds that contain it.

2. Ammonia (NH3 )Ammonia is a colourless, reactive gas that is lighter than air (approximately half as heavy) which
dissolves readily in water. It represents one of the most promising potential solutions as energy vector
and hydrogen carrier, having a higher potential to transport energy than hydrogen itself in apressurized form.

3. e-fuelsElectrofuels, also known as e-fuels or synthetic fuels, are a type of drop-in replacement fuel. They aremanufactured using captured carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, together with hydrogen obtained fromsustainable electricity sources such as wind, solar and nuclear power. Examples of e-fuels are
replacements for traditional jet fuel and diesel.

19Status of hydrogen production and consumption based on the last
EGEDA33 meeting (the Philippines, 26-28 October 2022)
EconomyStatusEconomyPapua New
GuineaBrunei Darussalam

1-year demonstration project onhydrogen production andtransportation.
No hydrogen production andconsumption data available atpresent.
Conducting Pre-Feasibility study on
possible use of Hydrogen.

The Philippines Conducting further study on
possible inclusion of Hydrogen in
the energy mix.
Chinese Taipei Conducting pilot project on greenhydrogen and co-firing withhydrogen and ammonia.
ThailandConducting a study on thepossibilities of hydrogen use inpower generation, industry,transportation and others.
United Sates
Collects data on hydrogendisposition.
Viet Nam
Conducting the pilot study on
Hydrogen production.

Australia

Hong Kong, China

Indonesia

Currently conducting surveys to get
information on consumption data.

Korea

Trying to collect data but still needs
to improve collection system.

Malaysia

Pilot project on ammonia co-firing incoal power plants.

StatusLooking into studying renewablehydrogen in the future.

20

Conclusions• If necessary, EGEDA Secretariat needs to talk with APEC member economies and IEA to improve
our data collection format in the future.
• EGEDA Secretariat will send data format by the end of 2023.
• Data collected will be 2022 data.
• IEA will be collecting the same data by using their own format. OECD-APEC members can use
IEA format for submitting data to EGEDA Secretariat.

21Thank you for your kind attention.
https://aperc.or.jp