FY-2018

Country Report- INDIAVISITING RESEARCHER PROGRAMMEADRC COUNTERPART: MINISTRY OF
HOME AFFAIRS, INDIA
FY-2018

Disclaimer

This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member countries.

The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC. The
boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in the report also do
not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

1|PageCONTENTS
Page Number
A. General Information about India:
1. Capital City

3

2. Official Language

3

3. Constitutional Languages

3

4. Head of the State

3

5. Head of the Government3

6. Head of Disaster Management3

7. Geography

3-4

8. Geology

4

9. Climate

5

10. Population

5

B. Disaster Risk Profile of India:

5-6

C. Disasters Affecting India:
I.

Classification of hazards in India:

6-7

II.

Brief about hazards having major affect in India and area

7-13

of occurrences
D. Recent Significant Disasters in India (2015-2018)

14-15

E. Disaster Risk Management in Indiai.

Legal framework

15-21

ii.

Institutional Framework

22-28

F. Disaster Budget

29-30

G. Recent National Initiatives on Disaster management in India

30-33

H. National Flagship Projects on Disaster Management in India

34-35

I.

Targets under Global International Frameworks

35-44

J.

Photographs & References45-46

2|PageCOUNTRY REPORT -INDIA

A. General Information about India:

1. Capital City:New Delhi

2. Official Language:Hindi

3. Constitutional Languages:

22

4. Head of the State:

Hon’ble President of India

5. Head of the Government

Hon’ble Prime Minister of India

6. Head of Disaster Management (Chairman, NDMA): Hon’ble Prime Minister of India

7. Geography:
India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural
heritage. India has total 29 States and 7 are Union Territories. It covers an area of 3,287,590 sq.
km extending from the snow-covered Himalayan heights to the tropical rain forests of the south.
As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as
it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Boundedby the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers
off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on thewest.

Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8° 4' and37° 6' north, longitudes 68° 7' and 97° 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north tosouth between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between theextreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastlineof the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km. The Indian
peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas. The Country is surrounded by the
3|PageBay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south. Indianneighbours consist of Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west; China, Bhutan and Nepal to
the north; Myanmar to the east; and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka isseparated from India by a narrow channel of sea, formed by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.

8. Geology:
Geologically;

India

divided

3

into

is

Sorce of map: Indian Journal of
Geosciences, Volume 66, No.
4October - December, 2012; pp.
181-192, Article by A.B Roy

major

regions based on rocks,
structures and geologic
history. 1. The Peninsular
Plateau region – It also
includestheShillong

Plateau and the Kutch
Kathiawar

region(Outliers) 2. The Extrapeninsular region – themountainous region of
Himalayas- The Himalayas
are young, weak andflexible in their geologicalstructure, unlike the rigid

Figure: 1 Geology of Indiaand stable Peninsular Block. Consequently, they are still subjected to the interplay of exogenic
and endogenic forces, resulting in the development of faults, folds and thrust plains. Thesemountains are tectonic in origin, dissected by fast-flowing rivers which are in their youthfulstage. Various landforms like gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls, etc. are indicative of
this stage. 3. The Indo-Gangetic Plain between the above two. In addition to these, there are
2 minor divisions: The Coastal Plains (Eastern and western), The Islands (Lakshadweep andAndaman and Nicobar). Tectonic plate movements both Inter and Intra Plate movements
cause Earthquakes in India. The Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate at the suture of
Himalayan belt. Hence the Himalayan belt is seismically very active.

4|Page9. Climate:
The climate of India can broadly be classified as a tropical monsoon one. But, in spite of muchof the northern part of India lying beyond the tropical zone, the entire country has a tropicalclimate marked by relatively high temperatures and dry winters. There are four seasons as
designated by the Indian Meteorological Department, namely:
Winter (December-February)
Pre-Monsoon/ Summer (March-May)
Monsoon/rainy season (June-September)
Post monsoon season/autumn (October-November)

10. Population:
India's population, as on 1 March 2011 stood at 1,210,193,422 (623.7 million males and 586.4
million females). India’s population consists of approximately 16.7% (1/6th) of the world
population. More than 50% of the population is below 25 years of age and more than 65% isbelow 35 years. The average annual exponential growth rate stands at 1.64 per cent during
2001-2011. The Crude Birth and death rates were 18.3 and 7.3 respectively in 2009. Sex Ratio- 940 females per 1000 males according to 2011 census. Population density is 382 persons/sq.
km. as per 2011 census. The next population census data is expected to be published in 2021.

Figure: 2 Decennial Population (in million)-Year wise

B. Disaster Risk Profile of India:
India is highly vulnerable to floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches,tsunamis and forest fires. Out of total 36 (29 States and 7 Union territories) in the country, 27of them are disaster prone. Almost 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes ofmoderate to very high intensity. Over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) are prone tofloods and river erosion. Out of the total 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone
5|Pageto cyclones and tsunamis. 68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly
areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches. Himalayan region is prone to disasters likeearthquakes and landslide, the plain is affected by floods almost every year. The desert partof the country is affected by droughts and famine while the coastal zone susceptible tocyclones and storms. The Geo-tectonic movements going on in the ocean floor make thecoastal region prone to tsunami disaster too.

C. Disasters Affecting India:
I.

Classification of hazards in India:

Disaster affecting India can be classified into 6 broad categories: A. Water and climate related
disasters B. Accident Related Disaster C. Geological Disasters D. Chemical Industrial andnuclear related disaster E. Biological Disaster F. State Specific Disaster

The categories and sub-categories containing list of disasters affecting India are described in
the following pages

I. Water and climate related disasters

II. Accident related disasters

Floods and drainage management

Forest fires

CyclonesUrban fires

Tornadoes and hurricanesMine flooding

Hailstorm

Oil spills

Cloud burst



Major building collapse



Heat wave and cold waveSerial bomb blastsSnow avalanchesFestival related disastersDroughts

Electrical disasters and fires



Sea ErosionAir, road and rail accidentsThunder and lightningBoat capsizeTsunami

Village fire

6|PageIII. Biological related disasters

IV. Geological related disasters

Biological disasters and

Landslides and mudflows

epidemics



Earthquakes

Dam failures/ Dam bursts



Minor fires

Pest attacks

Cattle epidemics

Food poisoning

V. Chemical, industrial and nuclear

State Specific disasters: (Assam)

related disastersErosionLightningThunderstorm

Chemical and industrial
disasters

Nuclear disaster

The above mentioned categorical classification of disasters affecting India is quite a broadclassification and is under the process of re-classification and a more detailed list is being
prepared by the National-Disaster Management Authority, with all kinds of localised disasters
affecting various parts of India. The criteria for revised classification was widely discussed
during the “National workshop on Disaster database” held in New Delhi on 2nd May,2018.
II. Brief about hazards having major affect in India and area of occurrence:
Briefly explained below are the few hazards that cause greater damage to the Country’s
economy due to its occurrence. And the scale of occurrence of such disasters is quite massive
within the country.
1. Flood:
India is one of the most flood prone countries in the world. The principal reasons for flood lie
in the very nature of natural ecological systems in this country, namely, the monsoon, thehighly silted river systems and the steep and highly erodible mountains, particularly those of
the Himalayan ranges. Most of the floods occur during the monsoon period and are usuallyassociated with tropical storms or depressions, active monsoon conditions and breakmonsoon situations and also one of the common phenomena occurring in recent times is due
to excessive release of dam water, the downstream areas face flood havoc.

7|PageTwenty-three of the 36 states
and union territories in the
country are subject to floods and
40 million hectares of land,roughly

one-eighth

of

the

country’s geographical area, isprone to floods. The National
Flood

Control

Programwaslaunched in the country in 1954.
Since then sizeable progress has
been

made

in

the

flood

protection measures. By 1976,
nearly one third of the floodprone area had been afforded
reasonableconsiderable
been

protection;
experience

gainedin

implementationhasplanning,
and

performance of flood warning,protection and control measures (CWC, 2007). As depicted in the map at Figure: 1, States
which are highly prone to flooding are Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Kerala.
2. Earthquakes:
India has been divided into four seismic zones according to the maximum intensity ofearthquake expected. Of these, Zone V is the most active which comprises of whole ofNortheast India, the northern portion of Bihar, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Gujarat
and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. India has highly populous cities and the constructions inthese cities are not earthquake resistant. Regulatory mechanisms are weak, thus any
earthquake striking in one of these cities would turn into a major disaster. Major earthquakes
have struck different parts of India over a span of the last 15 years.

8|PageMassive earthquakes generally occur
near the junction of two tectonic plates,e.g., along the Himalayan range, where
the Indian plate goes below Eurasianplate. The Indian sub- continent situatedon the boundaries of two continental
plates is very prone to earthquakes.
Some of the most intense earthquakesof the world have occurred in India.
India has a very high frequency of greatearthquakes (magnitude greater than8.0); for instance, during 1819 to 1950,
the country was hit by four greatearthquakes.

Kutch

Earthquake(Gujarat) of 1819 (magnitude 8.3),
Assam earthquake of 1897 (magnitude 8.7), Kangra (Himachal Pradesh) earthquake of 1905
(magnitude 8.6), Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1934 (magnitude 8.4), The Andaman earthquakeof 1941 (magnitude 8.1) and the Assam-Tibet earthquake of 1950 (magnitude 8.7). However,
Earthquakes of 8 magnitudes has not occurred in last 6 decades. But earthquakes measuring
5, 6 & 7 in Richter Scale have occurred. For instance, the Koyna Earthquake of 1967, BiharNepal earthquake,1988, Uttarkashi Earthquake 1991, Killari (Latur earthquake) of 1993,
Jabalpur Earthquake of 1997, Bhuj Earthquake of 2001, Kashmir earthquake 2005, Sikkim
earthquake of Sept, 2011 (6.8), The Bay of Bengal earthquake of May,2014 (6.0), The Imphal
earthquake of January, 2016, (6.7), The Tripura earthquake of January,2017 (5.5). And lastly a
9 Richter scale Earthquake in Indian Ocean that occurred in 2004 and triggered tsunami.

9|Page3. Landslides:
Landslides constitute a major
natural hazard in our country,
which accounts for considerable
loss of life and damage tocommunication routes, humansettlements, agricultural fields
and forest lands. Landslides
mainly affect the Himalayan
region and the western Ghats ofIndia.

Landslides

are

also

common in the Nilgiri range. It isestimated that 30 percent of theworld’s landslides occur in the
Himalayas. Due to its uniquenature, the Himalayas have ahistory of landslides that has nocomparison with any othermountain range in the world. Landslides are also common in Western Ghats. In the Nilgiri hills,
in 1978 alone, unprecedented rains in the region triggered about one hundred landslides
which caused severe damage to communication lines, tea gardens and other cultivated crops.
In figure 3, all the areas marked in red are highly landslide prone. States like Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,
Meghalaya, Sikkim, Assam, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra are highly prone to landslides.

4. Tropical Cyclones:

10 | P a g e

The major natural disaster that affects the coastal regions of India is cyclone and as India has acoastline of about 7516kms, it is exposed to nearly 10 percent of the world’s tropical cyclones. About
71 percent of this area is intenstates(Gujarat,

Maharashtra,

Goa,

Karnataka,

Kerala,Tamil

Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa and West
Bengal) (Figure:4). The islandsof Andaman, Nicobar andLakshadweep are also prone
to cyclones. On an average,
about five or six tropical
cyclones form in the Bay of
Bengal and Arabian sea andhit the coast every year. Outof these, two or three aresevere.

Whenacycloneapproaches to coast, a risk ofserious loss or damage arises
from severe winds, heavy
rainfall, storm surges andriver floods. The effect of a
storm

surge

is

most

pronounced in wide andshallow bays exposed to cyclones such as in the northern part of Bay of Bengal. Some of the major
cyclones that have affected India in the last decade (2008-2018) are –i.

Cyclone Vardah- 2016-Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradeshii.

Cyclone Phialin- 2013-Orissa

iii.

Cyclone Hudhud-2014-Orissa, Andhra Pradesh

iv.

Cyclone Khaimuk-2008-Andhra Pradeshv.

Cyclone Laila-2010- Andhra Pradeshvi.

Cyclone Nilam-2012- Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

vii.

Cyclone Helen-2013- Andhra Pradesh
11 | P a g e

viii.

Cyclone Lehar-2013- Andhra Pradeshix.

Cyclone Kyant-2016- Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadux.

Cyclone Phyan-2009-Maharashtra

xi.

Cyclone rashmi-2008-West Bengal

xii.

Cyclone Aila-2009- West Bengal

xiii.

Cyclone Komen-2015- West Bengal

xiv.

Cyclone Roanu-2016- West Bengal, Tamil Nadu

xv.

Cyclone Mora-2017-West Bengal

xvi.

Cyclone Nisha-2008-Tamil Nadu

xvii.

Cyclone Jal-2010-Tamil Nadu

xviii.

Cyclone Thane-2011-Tamil Nadu

xix.

Cyclone Madi-2013-Tamil Nadu

xx.

Cyclone Nada-2016-Tamil Nadu

xxi.

Cyclone Ockhi-2017-Tamil Nadu

5. Drought:
The primary cause of any drought is deficiency of rainfall and in particular, the timing,
distribution and intensity of this deficiency in relation to existing reserves. A prolonged periodof relatively dry weather leading to drought is a widely recognized climate anomaly. Drought
can be devastating as water supplies dry up, crops fail to grow, animals die, and malnutrition
and ill health become widespread The environmental effects of drought, including salinizationof soil and groundwater decline, increased pollution of freshwater ecosystems and regional
extinction of animal species. In India around 68 percent of the country is prone to drought invarying degrees. Of the entire area 35 percent receives rain falls between 750 mm and 1125
mm which is considers drought prone while 33 percent which receives rainfalls between lessthan 750 mm is considered to be chronically drought prone.
6. Tsunami:
Tsunamis and earthquakes happen after centuries of energy build up within the earth. A
tsunami (in Japanese ‘tsu’ means harbor and ‘nami’ means wave) is a series of water waves
caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean. Seismicity
generated tsunamis are result of abrupt deformation of sea floor resulting verticaldisplacement of the overlying water. Earthquakes occurring beneath the sea level, the water
12 | P a g e

above the reformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. The release of energy
produces tsunami waves which have small amplitude but a very long wavelength (often
hundreds of kilometer long). It may be caused by non-seismic event also such as a landslide
or impact of a meteor. Tsunami in the deep ocean may have very long waves length ofhundreds of kilometer and travels at about 800 km per hour, but an amplitude of only about
1 km. It remains undetected by ships in the deep sea. However, when it approaches the coast
its wavelength diminishes but amplitude grows enormously, and it takes very little time toreach its full height. Computer model can provide tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of
the arrival time. Tsunamis have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand, coastal
vegetation and dissipating its energy through the destruction of houses and coastal structure.
Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004) was triggered by an earthquake measuring 9.3 in the Richterscale and caused a lot of damage in the coastal areas.
7. Thunderstorm, Hailstorm and Dust Storm:
As winter season transforms into spring, the temperature rises initially in the southern partsof India, giving rise to thunderstorms and squally weather which are hazardous in nature.
While the southernmost part of the country is free from dust storms and hailstorms, suchhazardous weather affects the central, north-eastern, north and north-western parts of thecountry. The hailstorm frequencies are highest in the Assam valley, followed by hills of
Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Vidarbha Maharashtra (Philip & Daniel 1976). However,thunderstorms also occur in Kolkatta, Delhi, Jaipur and Ahmedabad. Tornadoes are rare in
India but some of them are quite devastating.

13 | P a g e

D. Recent Significant Disasters in India (2015-2018):
i.

ii.

iii.

Disaster that occurred in India during 2015:•
February 13 Anekal derailment•
March North India unseasonal rain•
March Swine flu outbreak•
March 20 Uttar Pradesh train accident•
April 25 Nepal earthquake•
May 12 Nepal earthquake•
May 25 Muri Express derailment•
May–June Heat Wave•
June 17 Mumbai alcohol poisoning•
June 24 Gujarat flood•
July 27–30 North Gujarat flood•
August 4 Harda twin train derailment•
September 12 Petlawad explosion•
November 8–10 South Indian floods
Disaster that occurred in India during 2016:•
January 4 Imphal earthquake•
January 22–24 East Asia cold wave•
February 3 Siachen Glacier avalanche•
February 5 Gujarat road accident•
March 31 Kolkata flyover collapse•
April 10 Puttingal temple fire•
April 13 Myanmar earthquake•
April 26 National Museum fire•
April–May Uttarakhand forest fires•
April–May INDIAN HEAT WAVE•
May 17 Cyclone Roanu•
July 22 Air Force An-32 disappearance•
July Assam floods•
August 16 Bihar hooch tragedy•
August 24 Myanmar earthquake•
November 20 Pukhrayan train derailment•
December 12 Cyclone Vardah•
December 28 Kanpur train accident•
December Smog in Delhi
Disaster that occurred in India during 2017:•
January 3 Tripura earthquake•
January 3–14 North India cold wave•
January 14 Patna boat accident•
January 21 Kuneru train derailment•
January 25 Gurez sector avalanche•
January 28 Ennore oil spill•
February 6 Uttarakhand earthquake
14 | P a g e

iv.

•
July Assam-Brahmaputra floods•
July Gujarat flood•
July West Bengal flood•
August GORAKHPUR HOSPITAL DEATHS•
August Nepal and India floods•
August 19 Khatauli train derailment•
August 23 Auraiya train derailment•
August Bihar flood•
August 29 Mumbai flood•
September 29 Mumbai stampede•
November 1 NTPC power plant explosion•
November 29 Cyclone Ockhi•
December 23 Rajasthan bus crash•
December 28 Kamala Mills fire
Disaster that occurred in India during 2018:
Indian dust storms
May Nipah Virus outbreak in KeralaAugust Kerala floods

September South Kolkata Majherghat bridge collapse

E. Disaster Risk Management System in India:
i. Legal framework:

a. Enactment of the Disaster Management Act 2005
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into the statute book on 26 December 2005 by aGazette notification, exactly on the first anniversary of the devastating tsunami of 2004, which
killed nearly 13,000 people in India alone and affected 18 million people. The Act provides alegal and institutional framework for “the effective management of disasters and for mattersconnected therewith or incidental thereto.” It provides for establishment of National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and District
Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) at the National, State and District levels withadequate financial and administrative powers and creation of the National Institute ofDisaster Management (NIDM) with the mandate of undertaking training and capacity building,
Develop Training Modules on various aspects of Disaster management, Undertake Researchand Documentation, Formulate and implement comprehensive HRD Plan covering all aspectsof DM, Provide assistance in national level policy formulation and Provide assistance to state

15 | P a g e

governments and State Training Institutions. The act also provides guidelines for creation of
National Disaster Response Fund, National Mitigation Fund, Establishment of funds by State
Government and Allocation of funds by Ministries and Departments for Emergency
procurement. The act also provides for establishment of National Disaster Response Force(NDRF).

b. National Policy on Disaster Management 2009
The National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Government in November
2009. This comprehensive policy document lays down policies on every aspect of holistic
management of disasters in the country. The main aim the policy espouses to achieve is tominimize the losses to lives, livelihoods and property, caused by natural or manmade disasters
with a vision to build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive,
integrated, multi-disaster oriented and technology driven strategy. With this national Policy
in place in India, a holistic and integrated approach will be evolved towards disastermanagement with emphasis on building strategic partnerships at various levels. The themes
underpinning the policy include community based disaster management, capacity
development in all spheres, consolidation of past initiatives and best practices andcooperation with agencies at national and international levels with multi-sectoral synergy.
The Policy is also intended to promote a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at
all levels through knowledge, innovation and education. It encourages mitigation measures
based on environmental sustainability. It seeks to mainstream disaster management into thedevelopmental planning process and provides for Institutional and Financial arrangements at
National, State, and District-levels for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness andResponse as it ensures adequate budgeting for disaster mitigation activities in all Ministries
and Departments.
The Disaster Management Act 2005 has provided the legal and institutional framework for
Disaster Management in India at the National, State and District levels. In the federal polity ofIndia the primary responsibility of disaster management vests with the State Governments.
The Central Government lays down policies and guidelines and provides technical, financial
and logistic support while the district administration carries out most of the operations incollaboration with central and state level agencies.

16 | P a g e

In the Central Government there are existing institutions and mechanisms for disastermanagement while new dedicated institutions have been created under the Disaster
Management Act of 2005.
c. State Policies on Disaster Management:
At the State Level the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), headed by the Chief
Minister, lays down policies and plans for disaster management in the State. It is also
responsible to coordinate the implementation of the State Plan, recommend provision offunds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the developmental plans of thedifferent departments of the State to ensure integration of prevention, preparedness andmitigation measures. The State Disaster Management Department (DMD) which is mostly
positioned in the Revenue and relief Department is the nodal authority.

Legal provisions under Constitution of India:
A number of constitutional provisions provide for States’ obligation to provide relief andrehabilitation. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees every person right to life andpersonal liberty. It casts a positive obligation on the State to take all possible steps forprevention, preparedness and mitigation of disasters. Article 21 has been liberally interpretedby the Supreme Court to expand the scope of life and can be said to be the repository of allimportant human rights. Besides, this Article 38 directs State to promote the welfare of thepeople. Article 51 directs State to honor the international treaty obligations. India is a party
to a number of international treaties on environment which contain specific provision on
disaster management. Under Article 51 India is under an obligation to honor its international
commitments. India is a party to a number of international Conventions which highlight its
obligation to protect its people from disasters. The United Nations General Assembly
designated the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Its
basic objective was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and economic
disruption caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, droughts, locust infestations, and other disasters of natural origin.
Even other than this, State is responsible under the doctrine of parens patriae. Doctrine ofparens patriae imposes an obligation on the State or sovereign authority to protect persons
under disability. This doctrine which was originally applicable to the king has been applied by

17 | P a g e

Courts in a number of cases to make the State responsible for providing relief to victims ofdisaster.
Various laws related to Disaster Management- Prevention, Mitigation, Response, Recovery
and Rehabilitation:
General acts:
1. THE INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 2. THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 3. THE CIVIL
DEFENSE ACT, 1968. 4. THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 5. THE CODE OF CRIMINALPROCEDURE, 1973 6. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
7. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) RULES, 1975 8. FOREST(CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 9. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT,1981 10. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) RULES, 1982 11.
ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 12. THE ENVIROMENT (PROTECTION) RULES,
1986 13. THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 AS AMENDED BY THE FACTORIES (AMENDMENT) ACT,1987. 14. PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991 15. THE PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCERULES, 1991 16. THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS’RIGHTS ACT, 2001
17. THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002 18. FOREST (CONSERVATION) RULES, 2003 19.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005. 20. FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS ACT 2006 21.
THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE) RULES, 2008 22.
CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION BILL, 2010 23. NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT2010 24. WETLANDS (CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT) RULES, 2010
Acts related to Fire Prevention:
1 THE BOILERS ACT, 1923 2. THE CINEMATOGRAPH FILM RULE 1948 3. OILFIELDS(REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) ACT, 1948 4. THE CINEMATOGRAPH ACT, 1952 5. THE
INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES ACT, 1952 6. THE MINES ACT, 1952 7. INDIA ELECTRICITY
RULES, 1956 8. THE COAL MINES REGULATIONS, 1957 9. THE COAL MINES(CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT) ACT, 1974 10. THE MINES RESCUE RULES, 1985 11.
INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003 12. THE MINES AND MINERALS (DEVELOPMENT &REGULATION) ACT, 2010 13. THE OIL MINES REGULATIONS, 2011
Acts related to Explosives:

18 | P a g e

1. THE EXPLOSIVES ACT, 1884 2. THE EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES ACT, 1908(AS AMENDED BY
THE AMENDMENT ACT OF 2001) 3. PETROLEUM ACT, 1934 4. THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT1962 5. THE STATIC AND MOBILE PRESSURE VESSELS (UNFIRED) RULES 1981 6. ATOMICENERGY (WORKING OF THE MINES, MINERALS AND HANDLING OF PRESCRIBEDSUBSTANCES) RULES, 1984 7. HAZARDOUS WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING)
RULES, 1989 8. THE GAS CYLINDER RULES 2004 9. THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASREGULATORY BOARD ACT, 2006 10. THE EXPLOSIVES RULES, 2008 11. HAZARDOUS
WASTES (MANAGEMENT, HANDLING AND TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT) RULES, 2008.
Acts related to Flood, dam burst, tsunami & Cyclone:
1. DAM SAFETY BILL 2010 2. COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION 2011
Acts related to Lightning:
1. INDIAN STANDARD PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND ALLIED STRUCTURES AGAINSTLIGHTNING CODE OF PRACTICE 1991
Acts related to Earthquake, Snow Avalanches and Landslides:
1.INDIAN STANDARDS ON EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 2. MODEL TOWN AND COUNTRY
PLANNING ACT 1960 3. MODEL BUILDING BY- LAWS 2004 4. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF INDIA 2005
Acts related to Chemical/ Industrial/ Nuclear Disasters:
1. ATOMIC ENERGY (SAFE DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES) RULES, 1987. 2. THE
BHOPAL GAS LEAK DISASTER (PROCESSING OF CLAIMS) ACT, 1985 3. CALCIUM CARBIDERULES, 1987 4. THE MANUFACTURE, STORAGE AND IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALRULES, 1989

5. CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS (EMERGENCY PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS, ANDRESPONSE) RULES, 1996 6. THE MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD CONTROL RULES, 1997 7.
DUMPING AND DISPOSAL OF FLY ASH DISCHARGED FROM COAL OR LIGNITE BASEDTHERMAL POWER PLANS ON LAND RULES 1999 8. THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION
ACT, 2000 9. ATOMIC ENERGY (RADIATION PROTECTION) RULES 2004 10. WEAPONS OF
MASS DESTRUCTION AND THEIR DELIVERY SYSTEMS (PROHIBITION OF UNLAWFULACTIVITIES) ACT, 2005 11. THE CIVIL LIABILITY FOR NUCLEAR DAMAGE ACT, 2010
Acts related to Biological Disasters:

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1. BIO- MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES 1998 2. THE MUNICIPALSOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 2000 3. RULES FOR THE
MANUFACTURE, USE, IMPORT, EXPORT AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MICROORGANISMS GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS OR CELLS 1989
Acts related to Poisoning:
1. THE DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS AND PESTS ACT, 1914 2. THE POISONS ACT, 1919 3. THE
DRUGS AND COSMETICS ACT, 1940 4. THE PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT,1954 5. THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968 6. THE INSECTICIDES RULES, 1971 7. THE NARCOTICDRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT, 1985 8. THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT,1986 9. THE BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2001. 10. BATTERIES(MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) AMENDMENT RULES, 2010 11. E-WASTE (MANAGEMENTAND HANDLING) RULES, 2011 12. PLASTICS (MANUFACTURE, USAGE AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT) RULES, 2011
Acts related to Accident:
1. THE INLAND VESSELS ACT, 1917 2. THE INDIAN CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT, 1925
3. THE AIRCRAFT ACT, 1934 4. AIRCRAFT RULES, 1937. 5. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ACT, 1956
6. THE MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT, 1958 7. CARRIAGE BY AIR ACT 1972 8. THE INLANDWATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA ACT, 1985 9. MOTOR VEHICLES ACT 1988 10. THE
RAILWAYS ACT, 1989 11. CENTRAL MOTOR VEHICLES RULES, 1989 12. THE RAILWAY
ACCIDENTS AND UNTOWARD INCIDENTS (COMPENSATION) RULES, 1990 13. RAILWAY(NOTICES OF AND INQUIRIES INTO ACCIDENTS) RULES, 1998 14. STATUTORYINVESTIGATION INTO RAILWAY ACCIDENTS RULES 1998 15. CARRIAGE BY ROAD ACT, 2007
16. CARRIAGE BY ROAD RULES 2011
Acts related to Stampede:
1. A GUIDE FOR ADMINISTRATORS AND ORGANIZERS OF EVENTS AND VENUES OF MASSGATHERING- A GUIDE FOR STATE GOVERNMENT, LOCAL AUTHORITES, ADMINISTRATORSAND ORGANISERS, NDMA 2. POLICE ACT 1861
Acts related to Epidemic Diseases:
1.

EPIDEMIC DISEASE ACT 1897

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Acts related to Drought:
1. JUDGEMENTS OF SUPREME COURT RELATING TO DROUGHT
Acts related to Cloud Burst:
1. DAM SAFETY BILL 2010
Acts related to Pest attack:
1. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS AND PESTS ACT 1914 2. INSECTICIDES ACT 1968 3. INSECTICIDESRULES 1971
IMPORTANT GUIDELINES OF NDMA:
1. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES- MANAGEMENT OF EARTHQUAKES 2.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ON TSUNAMI 3. THE NATIONAL GUIDELINESFOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CYCLONES 4. NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENTBY THE NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA) 5. NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES- MANAGEMENT OF URBAN FLOODING 6. NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES: MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT 7. GUIDELINES FOR DIVERSION OF
FOREST LANDS FOR NON-FOREST PURPOSE UNDER THE FOREST (CONSERVATION), ACT 1980
8. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES—MANAGEMENT OF LANDSLIDES AND
SNOW AVALANCHES 9. THE GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCIES 10. NATIONAL GUIDELINES ON CHEMICAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT 11.
NATIONALDISASTERMANAGEMENTGUIDELINES:

MANAGEMENTOF

CHEMICAL(TERRORISM) 12. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES—MANAGEMENT OF
BIOLOGICAL DISASTER 13. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES PSYCHO-SOCIALSUPPORT AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 14. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENTGUIDELINES PREPARATION OF STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS 15. NATIONALDISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES—INCIDENT RESPONSE SYSTEM 16. GUIDELINES ON‘NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM’ 17.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES SCALING, TYPE OF EQUIPMENT AND
TRAINING OF FIRE SERVICES 18. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES SEISMICRETROFITTING OF DEFICIENT BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURE

21 | P a g e

i.

Institutional framework: The National Disaster Management Authority:
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on May 30,
2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister vide an executive order. Following enactmentof the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the NDMA was formally constituted in accordancewith Section-3(1) of the Act on 27th September, 2006 with Prime Minister as its Chairperson
and nine other members, and one such member to be designated as Vice-Chairperson. The
NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster management and guidelines
which would be followed by different Ministries, Departments of the Government of India andState Government in taking measures for disaster risk reduction. It has also to laid down
guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plans and to takesuch measures for the management of disasters, Details of these responsibilities are given as
under :(a) Lay down policies on disaster management;(b) Approve the National Plan;(c) Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in
accordance with the National Plan;(d) Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;(e) Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of theGovernment of India for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disasteror the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;(f) Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plan for disastermanagement;(g) Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;(h) Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determinedby the Central Government;

22 | P a g e

(i) Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness
and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may
consider necessary;(j) Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute ofDisaster Management.
Besides the nine members nominated by the Prime Minister, Chairperson of the Authority,
the organizational structure consists of a Secretary and five Joint Secretaries including one
Financial Advisor. There are 10 posts of Joint Advisors and Directors.

Figure showing the Institutional Framework for DM in India
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in the Central Government has the overall responsibility
for disaster management in the country.

23 | P a g e

State Relief Codes / DM Codes
Many States have manuals and codes for management of drought, floods and other disasters
and relief measures to be taken, etc. Now many states are in the process of changing their
State Relief codes into Disaster Management Manuals.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):The DM Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs and DDMAs in all the states and UTs. As
per the information received from the states and UTs, except Gujarat and Daman & Diu, all
the rest have constituted SDMAs under the DM Act, 2005. Gujarat has constituted its SDMA
under its Gujarat State Disaster Management Act, 2003. Daman & Diu have also established
SDMAs prior to enactment of DM Act 2005.
 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
In the district level the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) is headed by theDistrict Magistrate, with the elected representative of the local authority as the CoChairperson. DDMA is the planning, coordinating and implementing body for disaster24 | P a g e

management at district level. It will, inter alia prepare the District Disaster Management Planand monitor the implementation of the National and State Policies and the National, Stateand the District Plans. DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by
all departments of the State Government at the district level and the local authorities in the
district.
 The Local Authorities both the rural local self-governing institutions (Panchayati Raj
Institutions) and urban local bodies (Municipalities, Cantonment Boards and Town Planning
Authorities) These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees for
managing disasters, carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affectedareas and will prepare DM Plans in consonance with guidelines of the NDMA, SDMAs and
DDMAs.
 National Institute of Disaster Management
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) functions as the nodal center for
Human Resource Development in the area of Disaster Mitigation and Response. It is a premiernational organization working for human resource development at national level in the areaof disaster mitigation and management. The NIDM came into existence since October 16,
2003 by a Government of India order upgrading the National Centre for Disaster Management(NCDM) located in New Delhi, and established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Department ofAgriculture and Cooperation, Government of India, in March 1995. The DM Act, 2005 hasbrought the institute under the MHA and has assigned roles as per the Act.
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has the mandate for human resource
development and capacity building for disaster management within the broad policies andguidelines laid down by the NDMA. NIDM is required to design, develop and implement
training programs, undertake research, formulate and implement a comprehensive humanresource development plan, provide assistance in national policy formulation, assist otherresearch and training institutes, state governments and other organizations for successfullydischarging their responsibilities, develop educational materials for dissemination andpromote awareness among stakeholders in addition to undertaking any other function as
assigned to it by the Central Government
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

25 | P a g e

The Disaster Management Act has mandated the constitution of a Specialist Response Forceto a threatening disaster situation or a disaster. This Force functions under the National
Disaster Management Authority which has been vested with its control, direction and generalsuperintendence. This is a multi-disciplinary, multi-skilled, high-tech force for all types ofdisasters capable of insertion by air, sea and land. All the 12 battalions are equipped andtrainedforallnaturaldisasters

includingfourbattalionsincombating nuclear,biologicalandchemical disasters.
Presently this Forceis constituted of 12
battalions,threeeach from the BSF
and CRPF and two
each

from

CISF,

ITBP and SSB. Each battalion will provide 18 self-contained specialist search and rescue teamsof 45 personnel each including engineers, technicians, electricians, dog squads andmedical/paramedics. The total strength of each battalion will be approximately 1,149. TheseNDRF battalions are located at 12 different locations in the country based on the vulnerability
profile to cut down the response time for their deployment. During the preparedness
period/in a threatening disaster situation, proactive deployment of these forces is carried out
by the NDMA in consultation with State authorities.
 State Disaster Response Force (SDRF):
The States/UTs have also been advised to set up their own Specialist Response Force forresponding to disasters on the lines of National Disaster Response Force vide Ministry of Home
Affairs letter dated 26th July 2007 and 8th March, 2011. The Central Government is providing
assistance for training of trainers. The State Governments have been also advised to utilize 10
percent of their State Disaster Response Fund and Capacity Building Grant for the
procurement of search and rescue equipment and for training purposes of the Response Force.

26 | P a g e Civil Defense
The Civil Defense Policy of the Govt. of India until 1962 was confined to making the states and
UTs conscious of the need of civil protection measures and to keep in readiness civil protectionplans for major cities and towns under the Emergency Relief Organization (ERO) scheme. The
legislation on Civil Defense (CD) known as Civil Defense Act was enacted in 1968 which is inforce throughout the country. The Act defines CD and provides for the powers of Central
Government to make rules for CD, spelling out various actions to be taken for CD measures.
It further stipulates for constitution of CD corps, appointment of members and officers,functions of members etc. The Act has since been amended in 2010 to cater to the needs ofdisaster management so as to utilize the services of Civil Defense volunteers effectively forenhancement of public participation in disaster management related activities in the country.
The CD Organization is raised only in such areas and zones which are considered vulnerable
to enemy attacks. The revision and renewal of categorized CD towns is done at regularintervals, with the level of perceived threat or external aggression or hostile attacks by antinational elements or terrorists to vital installations.

Committees under Disaster management:
The Cabinet Committee on Management of Natural Calamities (CCMNC) oversees all aspects
relating to the management of natural calamities including assessment of the situation andidentification of measures and programs considered necessary to reduce its impact, monitor
and suggest long term measures for prevention of such calamities, formulate and recommend
program me for public awareness for building up society's resilience to them. The Cabinet
Committee on Security (CCS) deals with the matters relating to nuclear, biological andchemical emergencies
The National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) under the Cabinet Secretary oversees
the Command, Control and Coordination of the disaster response.
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has created new institutions at the national, state, district
and local levels. The new institutional framework for disaster management in the country is
as under:27 | P a g e

The National Executive Committee (NEC) is mandated to assist the NDMA in the discharge ofits functions and further ensure compliance of the directions issued by the Central
Government. The NEC comprises of the Union Home Secretary as the Chairperson, and theSecretaries to the GOI in the Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defense,
Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, Finance (Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural
Development, Science and Technology, Space, Telecommunications, Urban Development,
Water Resources and the Chief of the Integrated Defense Staff of the Chiefs of Staff
Committee as members. Secretaries in the Ministry of External Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human
Resource Development, Mines, Shipping, Road Transport & Highways and Secretary, NDMA
are special invitees to the meetings of the NEC. The National Executive Committee is
responsible to prepare the National Plan and coordinate and monitor the implementation of
the National Policy and the guidelines issued by NDMA.

State Executive Committee (SEC) The Act envisages establishment of State Executive
Committee under Section 20 of the Act, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state
Government with four other Secretaries of such departments as the state Government may
think fit. It has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the
National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan as provided under section 22 of the Act.

28 | P a g e

F. Disaster Budget of India:
The Second Finance commission brought the concept of Margin Money as a separate fund for the
management of natural calamities. The margin money allocated to the states by various financecommissions steadily increased from Rs.13.75 crores during 1955-60 to Rs.1203.75 crores during
1985-90. The Ninth finance commission (1990-95) constituted the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) to becontributed by the central government and the state Governments on 75:25 basis as non-plan grant.
CRF allocation to the states has registered an increase from Rs.4020 crores during 1990-95 to Rs.
21333.33 crores during 2005-10. The tenth (1995-2000), eleventh (2000-2005) and the Twelfth
Finance commissions (2005-2010) retained the scheme with minor modifications.
The Tenth Finance commission had constituted the National Fund for Calamity relief to deal withcatastrophic disasters, which was substituted by National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) by the
Eleventh Finance Commission with an initial corpus of Rs.500 crores.
The 14th Finance commission has recommended Goods and Service Tax (GST) for funding catastrophewith total amount of Rs. 61,220 crores by introducing State Disaster response Fund with thecontribution of 10 % by the State Government (Rs.6,123 Crore) and National Disaster Response Fund
as recommended in clause 46 (section 46) of the National Disaster Management Act 2005. with thecontribution of 90% by the Central Government. (Rs. 55,097 Crores). States can use this allocation for
12 notified natural calamities viz; avalanches, cyclone, cloudburst, drought, earthquake, tsunami, fire,
flood, hailstorm, landslides, pest attack and cold wave/frost. In addition, 10% of the annual fundallocation of the SDRF may be used for localized State specific natural disaster. In case of a large scaledisaster, if the State is unable to manage with SDRF funds, demand for central assistance is sought
and central govt. releases funds available under NDRF. The volume of post disaster funding iscontinuously growing and now it has reached from Rs.500crore to Rs. 61,219 crores. National Disaster
Management Act has also made a mention of the creation of National Disaster Mitigation Fund, Clause
47 exclusively for the purpose of mitigation

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G. Recent National Initiatives on Disaster Management in India:

a. India-Japan Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018
The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India has organized the first India-Japan
Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction on 19-20 March, 2018 at Vigyan Bhawan, New
Delhi. The workshop was attended by 150 domain experts from Japan and India. The
two-day workshop was the follow-up of the Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC)
signed between the Government of India and the Government of Japan on
Cooperation in the field of Disaster Management, which was signed during the visit ofPrime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinjo Abe to India in 2017. The workshop deliberated
on various themes viz. disaster management policy framework, risk assessment,
disaster resilient infrastructure, early warning system, preparedness by sub-national
governments and approaches by private sector.

b. First International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI), 2018
1. In pursuance with 1st point of Hon’ble Prime Minister’s 10point agenda on Disaster
Risk Reduction, which calls for global cooperation in the field of disaster resilient
infrastructure, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in collaboration
with United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), organized first of its
kind International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI) on 15-16
January, 2018 at Hotel Ashok in New Delhi.
2. The Workshop was inaugurated by Shri Rajnath Singh, Union Home Minister on 15th
January, 2018. More than 180 delegates including experts from 21 countries,
multilateral development banks, the United Nations, the private sector, academics
and national representatives of Central Government and State Governments
attended the event. The valedictory session was chaired by Dr. Rajiv Kumar, ViceChairman, NITI Aayog, and co-chaired by Shri Kiren Rijiju, Hon’ble Minister of State in
the Home Affairs.
3. Apart from inaugural and closing ceremony, the workshop had five technical sessions
on “Disaster Resilient Infrastructure: Opportunities and Challenges”, “RiskManagement of Key Infrastructure Sectors”, “Risk Assessment, Standards, Design andRegulation for Infrastructure Development, Operation and Maintenance”, “Financing
Disaster Resilient Infrastructure” and “Reconstruction and Recovery of Critical
Infrastructure after Disasters”.
4. The Workshop emphasized the role of risk resilient infrastructure. It identified best
global practices prevailing in the resilient infrastructure, as well as key challenges andgaps in existing practices and ways to address them. Potential areas for collaboration
among the stakeholders on disaster resilient infrastructure were also identified.
30 | P a g e

c. First Joint Disaster Management Exercise for BIMSTEC Countries, 2017
1. The Government of Republic of India hosted the first Annual Disaster Management
Exercise for ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation’ (BIMSTEC) countries (BIMSTEC DMEx-2017) on 10-13 October, 2017 in
New Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR).
2. BIMSTEC DMEx-2017 provided a very good platform for sharing best practices andexperience to all member countries involving their response teams. During thesimulation exercise, various components viz. Table Top Exercise (TTX), Field Training
Exercise (FTX) and After Action Review (AAR) facilitate in demonstrating the important
aspects of Disaster Risk Reduction, strengthening regional response and coordinationfor effective disaster management among the BIMSTEC member countries. About 200
disaster professionals from all seven BIMSTEC countries participated for the first timein table top and field exercises.
d. Second Meeting of national Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction held in Bigyan Bhawan,
New Delhi during 2017
1.
The meeting was attended by delegates from State/UT governments, Academic
institutions,research

centres, Media, CSUs, and union agencies. The

meeting provided a road map for

implementing Prime Minister’s ten-point

agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction in the development plans and policies.
2.

The meeting was held in May,2017

e. First Asian Ministerial Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2016 after adoption of
SFDRR
1. The Government of India, in collaboration with the United Nation International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), hosted the Asian Ministerial Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) 2016 in New Delhi from 3-5 November 2016.
Delegations from 41 Asia and Asia Pacific countries participated in the Conference.
Besides, few countries were represented through their respective Embassies
stationed in New Delhi. In addition, representatives of UN agencies, NGOs and otherlocal stakeholders like Union Ministers, Deputy Chief Minister and Ministers ofStates/UTs, Secretaries of Union Ministries, Chief Secretaries, Director General of
Police, Relief Commissioners, Secretaries of the States/UTs, Members of District
Disaster Management Authorities, Senior functionaries of Zilla Parishads, Municipal
Corporations and Municipal Councils and experts in the field of disaster management
etc. also attended the Conference.
2. The theme of AMCDRR 2016 was “Risk Sensitive Development for Community
Resilience”. The Conference had six Technical Sessions, three Featured Events, three
Ministerial Sessions and 22 Thematic Events on various cross- cutting and impinging
issues such as strengthening community resilience, risk resilient critical infrastructure,
31 | P a g e

implementing the health aspects of Sendai framework, promoting educational
continuity and resilience of children and communities, disaster risk identification andfinancing solutions etc. The Conference concluded with (i) a Political Declaration,
reaffirming the government and stakeholders’ commitment to Disaster Risk
Reduction, and (ii) Adoption of Asia Regional Plan for implementation of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
f.

Cooperation with UNIDSR, 2016
1. The Government of India and United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNISDR) signed a Statement of Cooperation in November 2016 during the second
day of the AMCDRR 2016, in New Delhi. The Statement underlined the guiding
principles, objectives and areas of cooperation between India and UNISDR towards
the effective implementation and monitoring of the Sendai Framework on Disaster
Risk Reduction (SFDRR), which was adopted at the Third World Conference on DRR at
Sendai in Japan in March 2015.
2. India partnered with UNISDR to work towards strengthening the capacity of Asian
countries in ensuring risk resilient development. It will also facilitate the sharing of
knowledge and experiences, and collaborative efforts towards addressing criticalregional challenges.
3. The cooperation aims to ensure effective implementation and monitoring of the
Sendai Framework through training and capacity building for Asian countries;
promoting international and regional cooperation to reinforce political commitment,
facilitate knowledge sharing and strengthen the capacity of UNISDR for monitoring
and review of the Sendai Framework.
4. The statement was officially signed by Shri. Bipin Mallick, Additional Secretary,
Government of India and Mr. Robert Glasser, Special Representative of the UN
Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction.

g. Meeting of BRICS Ministers for Disaster Management, 2016
1. The Meeting of BRICS Ministers for Disaster Management was held on 22 - 23 August,2016 in Udaipur, Rajasthan. The Udaipur Declaration agreed for setting up a Joint Task
Force on Disaster Risk Management (DRM) for regular dialogue, exchange, mutual
support and collaboration among BRICS countries. The joint Task Force is expected toinitiate the actions as agreed in the Roadmap for implementation of the Joint Action
Plan signed by the BRICS countries at the Udaipur Meet.
h. First Disaster Management Exercise with SAARC Countries in 2015
1. The Government of India organized the South Asian Annual Disaster Management
Exercise (SAADMex) from 23-26 November 2015, in New Delhi. The main objective
32 | P a g ewas to synchronize efforts to institutionalize regional cooperation on disaster
response among SAARC member countries.
2. All the SAARC member countries participated in first ever joint exercise conducted by
the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) of India. The focus was to test the intergovernmental coordination and create synergy to synchronize efforts toinstitutionalize regional cooperation on disaster response among the member
countries of the SAARC region.
3. It was followed by the SAARC Regional Workshop on sharing best practices and todeliberate upon the outcomes of SAADMEX 2015 on 27th November 2015.

H. National Flagship Projects on Disaster Management in India:

1) National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project:
To reduce the loss of life and properties in the events of future calamities, the Ministry ofHome Affairs, with support from the World Bank, in two phases, introduced a project in thecyclone prone coastal states and Union Territories. The (NDMA) is the implementing agency.
2) Infrastructure Development for 10 battalions and 10 teams of NDRF:
The Ministry of Home Affairs sanctioned a scheme in March, 2015, to raise the infrastructureof 10 Battalions and 10 team locations. The project includes construction of Office Buildings,
Training Block (Basic rubble field and props, High rise rescue, Advance search & rescue andSwimming pool deep diving etc.) and Residential quarters.
3) Creation of a National Disaster Response reserve (NDRR):
The purpose of NDRR is to mitigate the sufferings of the victims of the disaster which arebeyond the coping capacity of the States. The tentative
items to be kept in NDRR are tents,

food, medicines,

blanket, temporary shelters lighting equipment etc. Items
are procured by NDRF with financial assistance from MHA.
4) Aapda Mitra Scheme:
Training community volunteers in disaster response in the
30 most flood-prone districts of 25 states in India.
5) Sustainable Reduction in Disaster Risk in 10 Multihazard Districts:
Strengthen community and local self-government’s
preparedness and response in the ten most multi-hazard

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vulnerable districts, two each in five identified states (Uttarakhand, Assam, Bihar, Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir)6) National Emergency Communication Plan (Phase II): The project aims to provide VSATs
for voice, date and video communication between National Emergency Operation Centre,
NDRF and NDMA.
7) School Safety Programme: The project aims to promote a culture of safety in schools.
8) National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project:

The project aims to enhance thepreparedness of the nation to face earthquakes and to reduce the loss to life and property
caused by earthquakes.
9) National Landslide Risk Mitigation Project: This project aims to strengthen the structuraland non-structural landslide mitigation efforts to reduce the landslide risk and vulnerability inhilly districts prone to landslides and mud flows.
10) National Flood Risk Mitigation Project: This project aims to mitigate consequences offloods by improving capacity for effective preparedness, promptness in response and to assess
the risk and vulnerabilities associated with floods.

I. Targets under Global International Frameworks:
The Roadmap chalked out at the end of AMCDRR, 2016 convention for implementation of DRR tomeet the Global targets is as follows:The

15-yeartimeframeoftheSendaiFramework together with other internationalframeworks including the SDG’s – provides anopportunityforgreatercoherence

integration

in

terms

of

and

planning,

implementation and monitoring. By providing
guidance towards the achievement of the
Sendai Framework’s seven global tar- gets andby presenting a set of intended results inchronological order, the Road Map contributes
to this process of mutual reinforcement in Asia.
The Road Map fits within the overarchingpolicy direction and will steer the two-year
action plan.
34 | P a g e

The below milestones are based on a shared vision across Asia towards risk prevention andresilience building that will achieve the 7 global targets of the Sendai Framework. The milestones
are sequenced in a way to enable this. The earlier milestones – such as the development andestablishment of countries’ disaster risk management status, disaster damage and loss databases,
and national and local strategies and plans (target e) – are relevant for other targets, namely areduction in mortality, people affected, economic losses and losses of critical infrastructure andservices.
The regional plan will support progress against all Sendai Targets specially to target a) i.e.
enhanced international cooperation. It also facilitates achievement of target b) i.e. thestrengthening of trans-boundary early warning systems and the sharing of disaster risk
information. The key milestones of the Road Map are as below.

By 2016
1. Translation and dissemination of key messages and essence of the Sendai Framework innational languages to increase awareness.
2. All countries have identified their Sendai Framework focal point.
3. 20 percent of countries take stock of their current status of disaster risk reduction.
4. The AMCDRR agreed on implementation of the Asia Regional Plan for implementation of the
Sendai Framework which was one of the outcomes of the Conference.

By 2018
1. Technical guidance by UNISDR to national indicators is finalized with a link to SDG targets andindicators.
2. 50 percent of countries have prepared a design to establish a national mechanism to collect,analyse and disseminate information on disaster losses and risk aiming to achieve appropriate
level of disaggregation for gender, age and disability.
3. 40 percent of countries have revised/ developed their national strategies and/ or plans fordisaster risk reduction in line with the Sendai target e).

35 | P a g e

4. 50 percent of countries have reviewed their initial progress in implementation of the Sendai
Framework through the Sendai Monitor.
5. 40 percent of countries have established multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder national and local
platforms to foster the dialogue and cooperation between governments, science and technology
community and other stakeholders for risk sensitive development and innovative risk
management.
6. 10 percent of countries have developed regulatory or policy frameworks to reinforce risk
considerations and risk reduction measures into development initiatives, particularly in theinfrastructure sector.

By 2020
1. All countries have established methodologies to collect disaster loss data and risk profiles, withgender, age, disability disaggregated data.
2. All countries have revised/developed their national strategies and/or plans for disaster risk
reduction with increased focus on local actions, ace).
3. 30 percent of countries have developed regulatory or policy frameworks to re- inforce risk
considerations and risk reduction measures into development initiatives, in particular in theinfrastructure sector
4. 60 percent of countries have established multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder national and local
platforms.
5. Review regional targets under the Asian Regional Plan from 2022-2028, every biennium.

By 2022
1. 50 percent of countries have developed regulatory or policy frameworks to re- inforce risk
considerations and risk reduction measures into development initiatives, in particular in theinfrastructure sector.

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2. 60 percent of countries have improved their early warning systems including improved
monitoring and forecast systems evacuation procedures, analyses of risk, availability and accessto early warning information.
3. All countries have established multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder national and local platforms.

By 2030
1. All countries have demonstrated reduction in disaster-related mortality, affected population,
economic losses and damages to critical infrastructure and basic services.
2. All countries have reviewed their progress of implementation through the Sendai Monitor.
3. A regional review report of the Sendai Framework is available.
4. All countries have risk-sensitive development planning and practice.
5. All countries have improved their governance and accountability for risk-resilient investment
in both the public and private sector.
6. Sub-regional and regional cooperation mechanisms established for transboundary disaster risk
reduction efforts.

V. Two-year Action plan (2017-2018)
The two-year action plan is in line with the policy direction and contributes to the achievement of
the milestones in the long term road map. The action plan is de- rived from priorities shared bygovernments and stakeholders during the development of the Asia Regional Plan and in
consultations through the IAP. The two-year action plan will be reviewed and updated in line withthe biennial Asian Ministerial Conferences and through the IAP forum.

Regional level actions
These actions cover trans-boundary issues, regional cooperation mechanisms and so on. They will
be implemented through the cooperation of countries and by regional and sub-regional actors

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such as inter-governmental organizations (IGOs); UN regional entities; other regional andinternational organizations; networks and consortiums; and stakeholders and partners.
UNISDR, as the secretariat will have the role of facilitating and advocating for implementation ofthese actions in line with the Sendai Framework. The actions are as follows:

Strengthen the Regional Platform for DRR – i.e. the Asian Ministerial Conference, the ISDR Asia
Partnership and its secretariat – by means of enhanced high-level engagement of governments,
intergovernmental organizations and partners to support the implementation and monitoring of
the Sendai Framework.
a. Establish a collaborative mechanism of UNISDR, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) and
UNESCAP Regional Coordination Mechanism to support the implementation and monitoringof Sendai Framework in line with the SDGs.
b. Strengthen existing regional mechanisms to reduce the risk of and enhance early warning andpreparedness for trans-boundary disasters.
c. Strengthen regional cooperation including through public-private partnership for theapplication of science, technology and innovation in policy making for disaster risk reduction.
d. Promote and support gender-sensitive DRR actions at national and local level including
universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, prevention and response togender-based violence and women’s leadership.
e. Strengthen the role of inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) and cooperation among themfor information and knowledge exchange and concerted support to national actions.
f.

Establish regional cooperation for disaster resilient infrastructure development in the region
with an aim of ‘preventing future risks’.

g. Strengthen regional cooperation between private sector organizations and chambers ofcommerce to promote public private partnership for DRR.
h. Enhance stakeholder groups’ engagement in the Sendai Framework by means of
implementation and monitoring of their voluntary commitments.
i.

Implement the ‘United Nations Plan of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience’ andintegrate disaster risk reduction into UN country level operations through regional UN
Development Group processes.

38 | P a g ej.

Strengthen UNISDR to facilitate, coordinate and advocate for the implementation of the Asia
Regional Plan by countries, partners, inter-governmental organizations, UN, internationalorganizations and stakeholders.

k. Promote the provision of human, financial and technical resources by multilateral andbilateral donors to support actions from the Asia Regional Plan. Raise public awareness of
Tsunami taking the opportunity of the World Tsunami Awareness Day on 5th November.

National and local level actions:
The following national and local specific actions address priorities of Asia in the next two years
and are guided by the Sendai Framework. Bearing in mind that countries will develop or revise
their national DRR strategies and plans in the coming years, this set of actions will complement
such plans and provide guidance on the setting of priorities. National and local activities can be
implemented by governments, stakeholders and partners. The actions are as follows below.

Priority 1: Understanding disaster riska) Establish/ strengthen consistent and appropriate level of disaggregation for gender, age anddisability data disaster loss baseline data at national level with local data.
b) Assess disaster risk, vulnerability, capacity, exposure, hazard characteristics and their possible
impacts (risk profiling).
c) Establish risk information systems and promote the collection, analysis, management, use anddissemination of the relevant data and information, usingd) space and in situ information including geographic information system (GIS), and information& communication technology and innovations.
e) Incentivise businesses to strengthen business continuity and conduct location specific risk
assessments of their operating environment and supply chain with a clear understanding of theirhazard exposure, vulnerability and risks to hazards.
f) Integrate disaster risk information into business investment planning and management acrossprivate sector entities, in particular Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), throughbusiness associations, chambers of commerce and national and local platforms on DRR.

39 | P a g eg) Mobilize public-private partnership initiatives for awareness raising, advocacy and education tostrengthen private sector attitudes towards risk-sensitive development.
h) Consolidate/adapt guidelines for local risk assessments and their use in local development
planning, ensuring the complementarities of proven traditional, indigenous and local knowledge
and practices, and science and technology.
i) Institutionalize efforts to build the knowledge and capacity of local and national government
officials, civil society, communities and volunteers to monitor hazards, exposure and social
vulnerabilities.
j) Raise public awareness of disasters by taking the opportunities provided by the International
Day for Disaster Reduction and the World Tsunami Awareness Day.

Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster riska) Review/ revise existing national and local disaster risk reduction strategies/ plans in line with
the Sendai Framework, Paris Agreement, SDGs and New Urban Agenda to ensure disaster risk
sensitive development.
b) Establish/ strengthen multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral national and local platforms that are
gender responsive and inclusive, with the participation of local community representatives andother stakeholders.
c) Improve the legal, policy and regulatory environment to incentivize businesses to reinforce DRR.
d) Build corporate governance and risk-sensitive investment beyond corporate social
responsibility, through business associations, chambers of commerce and national and local
platforms on DRR.
e) Develop guidelines for coherent implementation of the 2030 development agendas at the local
and national level involving the relevant national authority.
f) Promote implementation of health aspects of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030, including the Bangkok Principles, with a view to ensuring more systematic cooperation,
coherence and integration between disaster and health risk management.
g) Undertake an inventory of available local DRR strategies/plans and work to- wards achieving
the Sendai Framework Target e) on ‘risk-informed local DRR strategies/plans’ by 2020.
40 | P a g eh) Foster local leadership and forums such as the ‘Asian Local Disaster Risk and Resilience Forum’.
i) Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at alllevels of decision-making in disaster risk reduction.

Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resiliencea) Establish/strengthen regulatory frameworks to reinforce risk consideration in structural andnon-structural investments.
b) Promote national mechanisms for disaster risk transfer and insurance as appropriate.
c) Increase resilience and integrate disaster risk reduction into business models, corporate
practices, and supply chains through intensified partnerships be- tween the private sector, local
government and other stakeholders.
d) Promote appropriate financial mechanisms to integrate disaster risk reduction considerations
and measures to support the building of disaster resilient communities by engaging development
funds, banks, private foundations and stakeholders.
e) Allocate resources to local governments as appropriate to implement DRR measures.
f) Institutionalize community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) to strength- en resilienceof households and communities.
g) Strengthen education on disaster and climate risk reduction and accelerate the implementationof comprehensive school safety.
h) Invest in the development of resilient health systems, and design and implementation ofinclusive policies to ensure access to social safety nets and primary health care services, including
maternal, new-born and child health, sexual and reproductive health.

Priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” inrecovery, rehabilitation and reconstructiona) Prepare/update disaster preparedness and contingency plans at local, nation- al and regional
levels with a multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approach, ensuring comprehensive and41 | P a g e

accessible service and referral mechanisms to pro- mote specific needs of women and children,
the elderly, people with disabilities and other at-risk populations.
b) Strengthen multi-hazard early warning systems to ensure last-mile accessibility.
c) Integrate disaster risk concerns and measures in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction
planning and practice, such as developing / revising building codes and standards in recovery andreconstruction practices at the national and local levels.
d) Expand private sector engagement in preparedness for response, recovery, and to ‘build backbetter’ through more systematic public-private cooperation.
e) Develop and implement disaster management plans that would include early warning, response
coordination, evacuation plans, stockpiling of necessary materials to implement rescue and relief
activities.
f) Build capacity of local authorities, including strengthening leadership of women, persons withdisability and youth to develop local disaster recovery plans that include retrofitting,reconstruction, building code enforcement, post-trauma programmes, resilient livelihoods,
shelter provision for displaced population etc.
g) Mainstream ecosystem-based approaches through transboundary cooperation to build
resilience.

VI. Implementation and monitoring of the Asia Regional Plan
The regional plan is intended to guide the implementation of the Sendai Frame- work at national
and local level. The application of the policy direction; pursuing the roadmap; and monitoring the
2-year action plan requires some level of dedicated support in terms of advocacy, monitoring andthe provision of technical support.
In this regard, cooperation at the regional level through North-South, South-South and Triangular
Cooperation will be important, including through the exchange of experiences and home-grownapproaches of countries in the region, such as the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy of Thailand.
The overall roles and responsibilities of international, regional and sub-regional organizations andentities will be in-line with the Sendai Framework (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/69/283).

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The IAP forum – under the stewardship of UNISDR’s Regional Office for Asia Pacific and with theengagement of governments (via Sendai focal points), inter-govern- mental organizations, the UN,international organizations, civil society organizations and various other stakeholders –constitutes a regional technical support mechanism.

Among its responsibilities, the regional technical support mechanism will: periodically assess the
progress of the regional plan; identify key gaps in DRR in the region from the national perspective;
provide or mobilize technical expertise and guidance at the regional level; and advocate foraccelerated implementation of the Sendai Framework.

UNISDR is mandated to facilitate implementation, follow-up and monitoring of the Sendai
Framework. As part of its support to the regional technical support mechanism, UNISDR’s Regional
Office for Asia Pacific requires strengthening with adequate resources and capacities. This may
include resourcing through various funding mechanisms, including increased, timely, stable andpredictable contributions to the United Nations Trust Fund for Disaster Reduction as well as
enhancing the role of the Trust Fund in relation to the implementation of the Sendai Framework.
The following factors will support effective implementation of the Asia Regional Plan:

Regional inter-governmental organizations playing a stronger role in the region- al platform fordisaster risk reduction and enhanced regional cooperation to enable policy and planning for the
implementation of trans-boundary risk assessments; mutual learning and exchange of goodpractices and information. · The entities of the United Nations system – including the regional
commission, funds and programmes and the specialized agencies – promoting and supporting
implementation of the regional plan through technical assistance upon request.

UNISDR’s Regional Office for Asia Pacific providing a range of support, including:(i)advocating for and facilitating the implementation, follow-up and review of the Asia
Regional Plan through partners and the IAP forum including the Advisory Working Groupfor AMCDRR;

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(ii)supporting the implementation of the Sendai Framework monitoring system at thenational level;(iii)

providing technical support to countries to establish disaster loss baselines;(iv)

convening the Asian Ministerial Conference with governments, regional organizations andpartners;(v)

mobilizing science and technical work for disaster risk reduction through an enhanced roleof its Asian Science and Technology Advisory Group in close cooperation with the Scienceand Technology Advisory Group of the UNISDR; and(vi)

Facilitating engagement of the various stakeholder groups, including the private sector,
civil society organizations and local actors, in the implementation of the Asia Regional Plan.



The various stakeholder groups providing support to States, in accordance with national
policies, laws and regulations, in the implementation of the Sendai Framework at all levels.
This will build on their past disaster risk reduction actions. Stakeholders have consistently
provided and reviewed ‘Voluntary Statements of Action’ at previous AMCDRRs. The Asia
Regional Plan and all ‘Voluntary Statements of Action’ from stakeholder groups will
constitute two principal regional instruments for tracking progress.

The periodic review of the Asia Regional Plan by governments and partners through theannual meetings of the IAP forum. There will be no separate monitoring system ormechanism specifically for the Asia Regional Plan. The progress will be reviewed throughthe overall monitoring of the Sendai Framework. The monitoring of the Sendai Framework
will follow the internationally agreed set of indicators and monitoring system, expected
to be agreed at the Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group (OEIWG) in November
2016 and will be endorsed by the member States at the UN General Assembly. The Asian
Ministerial Conferences from 2018 onwards will provide an opportunity for the Regional
Plan to be reviewed and revised based on the emerging priorities and needs. Experiencesharing and peer learning among countries within the region and beyond, will bepromoted toward standardized data and best practices.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF DISASTERS IN INDIA

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REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones_that_affected_India
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_disasters_in_India
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2016_disasters_in_India
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2015_disasters_in_India
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2018_disasters_in_India
6. Disaster Management in India, MHA report
7. NIDM, India Country report
8. www.ndma.gov.in
9. http://www.nidm.gov.in/
10. www.imd.gov.in
11. Compendium on Laws of DM by NDMA
12. Indian Journal of Geosciences, Volume 66, No. 4October - December, 2012; pp. 181-192,
Article by A.B Roy
13. http://www.mospi.gov.in
14. censusindia.gov.in/
15. http://www.ndrf.gov.in/about-us

ADRC Counterpart

Disaster Management Division
Ministry of Home Affairs
Government of India
NDCC-II New Delhi
Website: www.ndmindia.nic.in(Country Report prepared by Ms. Mridusmita Borah, Project Officer (Disaster Risk Reduction),
Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), Government of Assam, India, Visiting
Researcher, 2018A, ADRC, Kobe, Japan.)45 | P a g e

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