A Study on the Developmentof Evaluatuion MethodsĨŽƌ^ŵĂƌƚŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ

September 2016
APERC
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Notes

・
・
・

Frame IIPower supply
configurationspecific priceelasticity (ΔP/ΔD)

Power supply x
configuration rate
(renewable energy rate, inparticular) manipulation

Power supply
configurationspecific electricity
charges

Power supply
configurationspecific effect

Frame I

Total demand load
curve (medium- andlong-term)

Total demandPowerinfrastructure
investment cost

Increase inrenewable energy(non-private
facilities)

Benefit of
introduction ofsmart community

Electricity charges
after introduction ofsmart community

Sectoral load curve(medium- and longterm)

Sector 3
Sector 2
Sector 1

Residential sector

Frame IV-2

Frame IV-1

[Example of utilization of this framework](Example 1) Examine the influence on the costs and benefits when the power supply configuration is changed.
(Example 2) Determine the (optimum) power supply configuration by changing the costs and benefits.

Frame III-5

Transport sector(Technical elements ofa smart community)
Cost

Benefit(Benefit elements ofa smart community)

CBR (= B/C > 1) evaluation
NPV (= B−C > 0) evaluation

Frame IV-3

Commercial sector

Frame IV-4

Industrial sector

Frame IV-5

Transport sector

x Probability of occurrence of each event

Sectoral benefit

Basic frame[Evaluation of investment value of smart community]

Frame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh)(medium- and long-

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment
cost

Technical elements of a smart community
Region/area

Sectoral baseline(medium- and longterm)

Baseline

Frame III-4

Industrial sector

x Probability of occurrence of each event

Frame III-3

Commercial sector

Reduced amount

Frame III-2

Frame III-1

Sector 1

Residential sector

Technical elements of a smart community
Region/area

Whole* CBR: Cost Benefit Ratio* NPV: Net Present Value

1(1) A smart community is defined as the construction of a social infrastructure using a well-balanced 3E approach (energy security, economic efficiency, and environment protection) through energy management utilizing ICT.
(2) Focusing on the amount of reduced power consumption as a visible effect of energy management, the cost and benefit items for all stakeholders should be sorted out for 3E.
(3) Also, the framework for each stakeholder is useful for evaluating the investment value.
(4) An example of the calculation of the monetary value is given for some items.
(5) If it is difficult to calculate the monetary value as in the example, reorganize the calculation items or use the with-without method, which compares the total cost before and after the introduction of a certain event.
(6) Items that cannot be converted into monetary values should be evaluated, for instance, by scores based on their importance (importance evaluation).

Power

National/
regional data

National/
regional data

National/
regional data

Total demand

National/regional
demand growthrate (mediumand long-term)

Power generation
mix model

NuclearCoal-fired

Renewable energy(breakdown)

Power supply
configuration
rate

Renewableenergy(private
facilities)

Adjust the amount of renewableenergy introduced into the smart
community in accordance with thepower supply configuration.

Increase indemand (except
renewableenergy)Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

62

Frame IPower supply
configurationspecific effect

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for power retailers)Power supply
configurationspecific electricity
charges

Power supply
configurationspecific priceelasticity (ΔP/ΔD)

1. VS with sensor; 2. Remote-controlled SVR/SVC;
3. Pole transformers with tap (adopted by some power companies);
4. Automated distributors; 5. Smart meters

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by end users)

Increase inrenewable energy(kWh) (nonprivate facilities)

Increase indemand (kWh)(except renewableenergy)Increase inwind power
generation(kWh)

Increase inphotovoltaic
power
generation(kWh)

Weatherdependentfacilities* Ancillary: Quality ofvoltage and frequency

Systemoperatorsystemmeasures(ancillary)

Measures for
system operator
facilities

National/
regional data

Electricity charges
before introductionof smart
community

Application of
optimal power
generation
mix model

Electricity charges
after introductionof smart
community

Installation
cost

Other
measures forfacilities

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectReducedelectricity
charges

Reducedelectricity
charges

Economic efficiency
benefits

Operatingcost

Installation cost(including thatfor PCS)

Systembattery

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

2
Costs

Frame I
Frame IINo calculation
examples- Reduced electricity charges = Electricity saved by the introduction of smart communities (kWh) x Unit
electricity price calculated for Step 1(Step 2) Example of calculation of reduced electricity charges when the power supply configuration rate ischanged[Specific examples]- Candidate explanatory variables: Fuel procurement price for each power source, FIT imposition (affecting
renewable energy rate), etc.
- Unit electricity price = α x nuclear + β x coal-fired + γ x oil-fired + δ x gas-fired + ... + error term θ- Calculate the coefficients and establish the calculation formula.

(Step 1) Example of calculation of electricity charges depending on power supply configuration- Establish a calculation formula by multiple regression analysis of electricity charges and explanatory
variables.

[Matters to be attended to in the calculation of electricity charges](Note)
If the purpose is to take measures for facilities to meet system operators' needs, it is not a cost incurred fromthe introduction of a smart community, and therefore should not be considered for the evaluation of a smart
community. However, if the purpose is to make up for the power shortage in a certain region, it should beconsidered for the evaluation of a smart community.

[Matters to be attended to in cost calculation]
When incorporating it into the calculation formula for utilization in analysis using a framework, it is desirable tocalculate the capital investment per kWh (kWh unit price) first, and then construct the calculation formulausing "increase (kWh)" x "kWh unit price."

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

Installation
cost

Power
generation
controller

Operating
cost

Power
generation
cost

National/
regional data

Construction
cost

Cases that meet the investment objectives ofa smart community should be considered.

(Example of calculation)

Extra heatingin thermal
power station

Enhancement/
construction of
power system

National/
regional data

- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Also, for the facilities listed below, which are used for power flow monitoring, voltage adjustment, ancillary measures,and so on, whether or not to take them into consideration should be determined based on whether or not they meetthe investment objectives of the smart community.
- Smart meters are useful in a wide range of applications, including remote meter reading, load survey (power load
survey), provision of a power charge menu, power flow monitoring, non-lighting information, and system operation,
but are more widely used for the work of system operators than for providing additional services. Therefore, whether
or not to take them into consideration should be determined after clarifying the purpose of use.

Cost (borne by system operators)

Total demand load
curve (medium- andlong-term)

Frame IIPower
infrastructure
investment cost

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

63

Region/area

Basic frame

9

Frame IV-1

Frame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment cost

1

Amount of othertypes of power
generation
introduced

Amount ofgeothermal power
generation
introduced

Amount of biomass
power generation
introduced

Amount of wind
power generation
introduced

Amount ofphotovoltaic power
generation
introduced

Amount of water
DR service
introduced

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

DR by PPS/
aggregators

DR by retailers

DR by system
operators

Amount of DR
service introduced

Frame III-1

Frame III-1

4

5

DR incentive

Systems that
integrate all sectors,
such as CEMS and
AEMS, are assumed.

Management
systemCost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)- CSG and fuel cells arecalculated for eachsector.
- Solar thermal power
generation is rare, andtherefore notconsidered.

National/
regional data

Amount of private
power generation
facilities introducedPowerinfrastructure
investment cost

Negawatt
tradingavailable

No negawatt
trading

Point
application
systemLinkage withmanagement
systemManagement
integration
system* Ancillary: Qualityof voltage andfrequency

Ancillarymeasures forcommunities

Heat
accommodation

National/
regional data

Wheeling
service (pancake
problem)Constructionof private line

Use ofprivate line

Residential
sectorResidential
sectorResidential
sectorIndustrial
sectorIndustrial
sectorIndustrial
sectorIndustrial
sectorRedox flow
battery

Aggregator/capacity market type smart communities are assumed.

Commercial
sectorCommercial
sectorCommercial
sectorCommercial
sector

System battery

Lead battery

Assumed that FIT
does not apply tobatteries.

Heat
accommodation
conduit facilities

Local production/consumption typesmart communities are assumed.

Amount of wind
power generation
introduced

Amount ofphotovoltaic
power generation
introduced

Weather-dependentfacilities

Amount of othertypes of power
generation
introduced

Amount ofgeothermal
power generation

Amount ofbiomass power
generation

Assumed to be limited
to power generation
switching from system
power

Systematic useof powercompanies

Transport
sectorTransport
sectorTransport
sectorNAS battery

Lithium ion
battery

Power storage
technologies otherthan cell batteries,
such as flywheel
batteries, are notconsidered.

Imbalance penalty
charges (penalty forfacility managers)

Negawatt contract
money (reward tofacility managers)

Point applied(reward to facility
managers)

Aggregator
facilities

Local
government
facilities

Consumer
facilities

Local
government
facilities

Power generation
facilities(aggregator)

Power generation
facilities (local
government)

National/
regional data

- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)Power generation facilities using
combustion of wood chips, dust,
industrial waste, etc.
(including biogas power generation
facilities)

Poweraccommodation

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community
Frame III-1(Region/area 1)

Imbalance penalty
charges (penalty for
aggregators)

Negawatt contract
money (reward toaggregators)

Subsidy(national/local)

Installation
cost

Linkage
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost (includingthat for PCS)

Installation cost(including thatfor PCS)

Construction
cost(including that forsystem connection
measures)

Construction cost(including that forsystemconnection
measures)

Wheeling rate

Installation
cost

Construction
cost(including that forsystem connection
measures)

Sometimes
collected fromothercompanies

Part of businessincome (cost)

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

Operatingcost

National/
regional data

Estimate thetransaction
amount from themarket unit priceBusiness
incomeMaintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost(Example of calculation)

Costs

Construction
cost (includingthat for system
connection
measures)

3

64

3

Wastewater
treatment

Service water
treatment

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

Frame III-1

Continued from

Wastewater
regeneration

Wastewater(river/sea)

Seawater(desalination)Fresh water

Decorative water(fountains, water
channels, etc.)

Treated watersupply (for toilets
and greening)

Industrial
water

River/pond

Well

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Industrial
sectorCommercial
sectorRegion/area

Region/area

Industrial
sectorCommercial
sectorRegion/area

Region/area

Industrial
sectorCommercial
sectorDrainagefacilities

Water
distribution
facilities

Water supply
facilities

Water supply
facilities

Wastewater
regeneration
facility

Wastewater
regeneration
facility

Drainagefacilities

Regeneration treatment in a
wastewater treatment plant isassumed.

Wastewater
treatment plant

Fresh water
generation facilities(desalination ofseawater)Fresh water
generation facilities(desalination ofseawater)

Water
purification
plant
Meter
(water meter)

Conduit (forwater supply)(on-premises)

Conduit

Treatment
facilities

Treatment
facility

RecoveryvehicleConduit(for sewers)

Treatment
facilities(on-premises)

Conduit

Treatment
facility

Meter(water meter)

ControlsystemControlsystemMeter(sewer meter)

ControlsystemMeter(water meter)

ControlsystemMeter(water meter)

Conduit (forwater supply)

Water truck

ControlsystemTreatment
facility

Water truck

ControlsystemControlsystemTreatment
facilities

Treatment
facility4
Costs

Operatingcost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Operatingcost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Operatingcost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Operatingcost

Maintenancecost

Cost (borne byother companies)

No costs

Installation along with theconstruction of a building or
factory is assumed.

Calculated for each building or factory in the commercial
and industrial sectors

Construction/
installation
cost

Calculated for the transport sector

Installation
cost

Construction/
installationcost

No costs

Installation along with theconstruction of a building or
factory is assumed.

Calculated for each building or factory in thecommercial and industrial sectors

Calculated for the transport sector

Installation
cost

Construction/
installation
cost

Calculated for the transport sector

Installation
cost

Construction/
installation
cost

Calculated for each building or factory in the commercial
and industrial sectors

City developers, insome cases.

Frame III-1(Region/area 2)(Example of calculation)- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)65

Assumed as an
adjusting margin for
consumers.

Only countries
and governments

Amount of water DR
service introduced

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

Frame III-1

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

3

Continued from

Utilization ofbattery (including
PV linkage)

Other power
supply shift

Water
treatment time
peak shift

DR by PPS/
aggregators

DR by retailers

DR by system
operators

Management
systemWater quantity
adjustment DR

Power saving
DR

DR incentive

Water resource
management isassumed.

Management
systemRoad flood

River flood

Strengthening of a city (flood
control measures) is assumed.

Wastewater
regeneration

Wastewater(river/sea)

Regions, areas, buildings,
and factories areindividually assumed inaddition to execution by
the country or
government.

Water saving DR(water cutoff)

Water level control(water quantity
adjustment)

Industrial
wastewater
treatment

Industrial
sectorCommercial
sectorRegion/area

Management
integration
systemLinkage withmanagement
systemManagement
integration
systemRegion/area

Industrial
sectorCommercial
sectorIndustrial
sectorCommercial
sectorStatic Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Wastewater
treatment
facilities

Wastewater
treatment plantIndustrial
wastewater
treatment facilities

Wastewater
treatment
facilities

Service water
treatment
facilities

Service water
treatment
facilities

DR incentive

Management
system

DR incentive
Linkage withmanagement
systemLinkage withmanagement
systemManagement
integration
systemLinkage with themain body of EMS isassumed.

Point
application
systemTransport
sectorIndustrial
sectorCommercial
sectorResidential
sectorManagement
systemTransport
sectorIndustrial
sectorControlsystemCommercial
sector

Water storage
facilityMeter(sewer meter)

ControlsystemMeter (sewer
meter)

ControlsystemResidential
sectorUndergroundwaterway

Regulating/storagereservoir

Water forother use

Heat
accommodation
conduit facilities

Regional
heating/coolingwater (for heataccommodation)

RecoveryvehicleConduit

Treatment
facility
Drainagefacilities

Drainagefacilities

Treatment
facility

Industrial
water

Water
purification
plant

Linkage withmanagement
systemPoint
application
systemRegeneration
treatment in a building
or factory is assumed.

Wastewater
regeneration
facility

Wastewater
treatment
facility

Costs

Frame III-1(Region/area 3)(Example of calculation)

5

Point applied

Linkage cost

Point applied

Linkage/installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
costPart of thenegawatt
contract money

MaintenancecostPart of thenegawatt
contract money

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

MaintenancecostPart of thewater negawatt
contract money

Maintenance
cost

Linkage/installation
cost

Point applied

Maintenancecost

Operatingcost

Installation
cost

Construction
cost

Cost (borne by othercompanies)

Cost (borne by power
retailers)

Calculated depending on
the defrayer because thisis borne by an aggregatorin some cases.

Cost (borne byfacility managers)

Cost (borne by othercompanies)

When regions, areas, buildings,
and factories are individuallycalculated, calculate inaccordance with the operator
or cost defrayer.

Maintenancecost

Cases that meet the investment objectives ofa smart community should be considered.

Calculated for each building or factory in theindustrial sector

Calculated for the transport sector

No costs

Installation along with theconstruction of a factory is
assumed.

Calculated for each building or factory in the industrial sector- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)DetachedhousesFacilities
introduced byconsumers

ApartmenthousesSystemoperator'sserverPattern 3

DR (price induction,
point application, etc.)

PPS/
aggregator'sserverHome users (smart meters, smart equipment)

Pattern 2Powerretailer's
serverPattern 1

Assumed range of DR service

DR (negawatt)

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Facilities
introduced by
PPS/
aggregators

Facilities
introduced bypower retailers

Pattern 2

Pattern 3

Facilities
introduced bysystem operators

Pattern 1

DR incentive

Amount of EMS
equipment
introduced

Amount ofvisualization
terminals
introduced

Amount ofsmart meters
introduced

Assumed that visualization terminals are notsupplied to retailers.

Amount ofequipment andfacilities

Amount ofequipment andfacilities

Amount ofsmart meters
introduced

Aggregatespecific facility
improvement

The time when provided by
PPS/aggregators is assumed.

The time when provided by
PPS/aggregators is assumed.

Use of smart
child meters

Use of system
operator
facilities

Others (solar
thermal power
generation, etc.)

Amount of smart
appliances
introduced

Others (solar
thermal power
generation, etc.)

Private facilities such as specificsupply facilities are assumed.

Assumed to be prepared bysystem operators

Amount of fuelcells introduced

Amount ofbatteries
introduced

Amount of fuelcells introduced

Amount of heatpumps
introduced

Amount ofphotovoltaic power
generation
introduced

Amount ofbatteries
introduced

Basic frame

Amount ofphotovoltaic power
generation
introduced

1

Amount of smart
appliances
introduced

ApartmenthousesDetached
housesFacilities
introduced bysystem operators

Renewableenergy (private
facilities)

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

Amount of facilities
subject to DR service

Amount of smart
facilities introduced

National/
regional data

Costs

Frame III-2(Residential sector)(Example of calculation)

6

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase of gas)

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Frame III-1

Frame III-1* Sorted out for the region/area.

* Operating costs are sorted out for the region/area.

Maintenancecost* Operating costs are sorted out for the region/area.

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance cost(such as that forcertification/
replacement)

3[Matters to be attended to in cost calculation- Calculate the capital investment per kWh (kWh unit price) first, thenconstruct the calculation formula using "Sectoral power
consumption reduced (kWh)" x "kWh unit price.
- If it is difficult to calculate each cost individually, reorganize andcalculate the costs comprehensively.

3

Improvement
cost

Considered if necessary.

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installationcost

No costs

No costs* DR systems for retailing are sorted out for the region/area.

No costs

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase of gas)

* DR systems for system operation are sorted out for the region/area.

Installation
cost

Installationcost* EV and charging facilities for EV are sorted out for the transport sector.

Installationcost* EV and charging facilities for EV are sorted out for the transport sector.

Installation
cost

Operatingcost

Cases that meet the investment objectives ofa smart community should be considered.
Installationcost- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)Amount of heatpumps
introduced

Not subject to DR (Not considered since it has no merit.)

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment
cost

Residential sector[Assumed range]- Introduction of detached houses (HEMS) and apartment houses (MEMS) is assumed.

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart CommunityDR(negawatt)

DR (price induction, point
application, etc.)

DR(negawatt)

66

67

Amount of facilities
subject to DR service

Amount of smart
facilities introduced

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Sectoral power
consumption
reduction (kWh)(medium- and longterm)

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment
cost

Commercial
sector8

Frame III-3

Amount of wholesale
and retailing (shopping
malls) introduced

Amount of officebuildings introduced

3

Building
manager
facilities

Frame III-1* To 1

Wastewater
treatment

Service water
treatment

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

Frame III-3

LED

Amount ofsmart facilities
introduced

Aggregate-specific system
improvement

8

Cloud type

Lead battery

Data onintroduced
facilities

Amount ofmanagement
systems (BEMS)

Amount ofbatteries
introduced

Amount of PV
power generation
introduced

Amount ofswitched heatsources

Renewableenergy (private
facilities)

OthersWastewater
regeneration

Seawater(desalination)Fresh water(well)

Air conditioner(including
radiant heat)On-siteinstallation
type

NAS battery

ControlsystemWastewater
regeneration
facility

ControlsystemFresh water
generation facilities(desalination ofseawater)

ControlsystemTreatment
facility

With water
management(optional)

Without water
management(normal)Redox flow
battery

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase of gas)

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase of gas)

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Installation cost(including that formeters)

Maintenancecost* Also used for heat accommodation

Installation cost(including that formeters)* Also used for heat accommodation

Maintenancecost* Also used for heat accommodation
Installation cost(including that formeters)Installation
cost* Linkage with a water management control system (calculated if necessary)

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Amount ofother facilities
introduced

Lithium ion
battery

Frame III-3(Commercial sector 1)* Water flowing from water treatment facilities is used.

Installation
cost

Ice storage, absorption type gas
cooling, solar thermal, etc., areadded depending on the diffusion
rate.

Costs

(Example of calculation)

7

Amount of heatpumps
introduced

Amount of CGS(cogeneration
systems)
introduced

Regional heataccommodation

Heat
accommodation
conduit facilities- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)[Assumed range]- Introduction of BEMS is assumed.
- Classification of the commercial sector (into 8 types): 1. Office buildings, 2. Wholesale and retailing, 3. Restaurants, 4. Schools and testing/research institutes, 5. Hotels and inns,
6. Theaters and amusement facilities, 7. Hospitals and other medical facilities, 8. Other service industries- 4. Smart campuses and 5. Hotels can be considered as elements of a smart community, but here, 1. and 2., which are highly possible with BEMS, are considered.

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart CommunityPowerretailer's
serverDR (negawatt)Not assumed

DR

Tenants

Outing induction DR

Home users

Pattern 2

Facilities,
heatsources,etc.

EMS

Offices/wholesale and retailing(shopping malls)

PPS/
aggregator'sserverAmount of facilities
subject to DR service

Pattern 1

DR fornegawatt
trading

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Outageinduction DR

Information, point
application, coupon
issuing, etc., areassumed.

Cost (borne by system operators)

Pattern 2

Amount of wholesale
and retailing (shopping
malls) introduced

Pattern 1

Amount of wholesale
and retailing (shopping
malls) introduced

Amount of officebuildings introduced

Coupon issuingterminal

DR system

Imbalance
penalty charges

DR incentive

Amount of smart
child meters
introduced

Tenantfacilities

Installation
cost

Water
(sewers)

With water
management(optional)

Without water
management(normal)Frame III-1

Frame III-1

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

5

3

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Improvement
cost

Water
(water supply)

Gas

Electricity* Terminals are individually calculated.

- Coupon issuing at shopping malls is assumed.
- Not required when a smartphone screen is usedinstead.

Amount ofvisualization
terminals
introduced- Private facilities such as specificsupply facilities are assumed.
- Power consumption is measured,in principle.
- Gas and water are assumed as
optional services for visualization.

Aggregate
systemcorrespondence

Building
manager
facilities

Costs

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Frame III-3

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost* Sorted out for the region/area.

* Sorted out for the region/area.

7* From 1

Frame III-3(Commercial sector 2)(Example of calculation)

8

Considered if necessary.

- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Introduction of BEMS is assumed.
- Classification of the commercial sector (into 8 types): 1. Office buildings, 2. Wholesale and retailing, 3. Restaurants, 4. Schools and testing/research institutes, 5. Hotels and inns,
6. Theaters and amusement facilities, 7. Hospitals and other medical facilities, 8. Other service industries- 4. Smart campuses and 5. Hotels can be considered as elements of a smart community, but here, 1. and 2., which are highly possible with BEMS, are considered.

[Assumed range]

DR (negawatt)

68

69

Sectoral power
consumption
reduction (kWh)(medium- and longterm)

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment
cost

Commercial
sectorAmount of facilities
subject to DR service

10

Cost (borne by end users)

Frame III-4

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Amount of smart
facilities introduced

Amount of factories
and other facilities
introduced

Frame III-1

Frame III-4

Cloud type

LED

Amount ofmanagement
systems (FEMS)
introduced

Amount of smart
facilities
introduced* To 1

Industrial
wastewater
treatment

Wastewater
treatment

Service water
treatment

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

Lead battery

Data onintroduced
facilities

Amount ofbatteries
introduced

Amount of PV
power generation
introduced

Amount ofswitched heatsources

Aggregate-specific system
improvement

10

Factory
manager
facilities

3

Renewableenergy (private
facilities)

Without water
management(normal)With water
management(optional)

NAS battery

Wastewater
regeneration

Wastewater(river/sea)

Wastewater
regeneration

Seawater(desalination)Fresh water(well)

Air conditioner(including
radiant heat)

OthersControlsystemWastewater
regeneration
facility

ControlsystemWastewater
treatment
facility

ControlsystemWastewater
regeneration
facility

ControlsystemFresh water
generation facilities(desalination ofseawater)

ControlsystemTreatment
facility* Linkage with a water management control system (calculated if necessary)On-siteinstallation
type

Redox flow
battery

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase ofgas)

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance cost(including that forthe purchase ofgas)

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Installation cost(including that formeters)

Maintenancecost* Also used for heat accommodation

Installation cost(including that formeters)Installation cost(including that formeters)* Also used for heat accommodation

Installation cost(including that formeters)* Also used for heat accommodation

Installation cost(including that formeters)* Also used for heat accommodation

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Amount ofother facilities
introduced

Lithium ion
battery

Frame III-4(Industrial sector 1)* Water flowing from water treatment facilities is used.

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Ice storage, absorption type gas cooling,solar thermal, etc., are added dependingon the diffusion rate.

Heat
accommodation
conduit facilities

Costs(Example of calculation)

9

Amount of heatpumps
introduced

Amount of CGS(cogeneration
systems)
introduced

Regional heataccommodation- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Introduction of FEMS is assumed.
- Classification of the industrial sector (into 4 types): 1. Manufacturing, 2. Mining, 3. Construction, 4. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries- 1., which is highly possible with EMS, is considered here.

[Assumed range]

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

70

PPS/
aggregator'sserverFacilities, heatsources, etc.

EMS

Factories and other facilities

DR (negawatt)Powerretailer's
serverAmount of facilities
subject to DR service

Not assumed

Amount of factories
and other facilities
introduced
DR fornegawatt
trading

Imbalance
penaltycharges

DR incentive

Factory
manager
facilities

With water
management(optional)

Without water
management(normal)Aggregate
systemcorrespondence

Costs

Frame III-1

9

Frame III-3

Frame III-1

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)* Sorted out for the region/area.

5* Sorted out for the region/area.

3

Improvementcost* From 1

Frame III-4(Industrial sector 2)(Example of calculation)

10

Considered if necessary.

- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Introduction of FEMS is assumed.
- Classification of the industrial sector (into 4 types): 1. Manufacturing, 2. Mining, 3. Construction, 4. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries- 1., which is highly possible with EMS, is considered here.

[Assumed range]

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

DR (negawatt)

71

12

Frame III-5

Amount of facilities
subject to DR service

Amount of smart
facilities introduced

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Sectoral power
consumption
reduction (kWh)(medium- and longterm)

Frame III

Sectoralinvestment
cost

Transport sector

Other public
facilities

V2X-dedicatedfacilities

Assumed that smart meters
are not essential because theresidual SOC quantity isdetermined from on-board
equipment.

Assumed that smart meters
are not essential because theresidual SOC quantity isdetermined from on-board
equipment.

Energyreplenishment
facilities

Vehicle bodies

Frame III-1

12

Frame III-5

Amount of two-way
chargers introduced

Amount of hydrogenstations introduced(number ofdispensers)

Amount of
introduced chargers(private one-way
chargers)

3

Assumed that smart meters
are not essential because
the residual SOC quantity isdetermined from on-board
equipment.

Amount of charging
stations introduced(number of stations)

Amount of hydrogenvehicles introduced

Amount of electric
drive vehicles (EDV)
introduced

Renewableenergy (private
facilities)

Attached
facilities

Amount of V2M(for apartment
houses) introduced

Amount of V2H(for houses)
introduced

Amount of chargers
introduced inapartment houses

Amount of homechargers
introduced

Amount ofphotovoltaic
power generation

Amount ofbatteries
introduced

Quick charge

Lead battery

Installation
cost

Commercial
vehiclesCommercial
vehiclesCommercial
vehiclesCommercial
vehiclesAmount of V2B (forbuildings)
introduced

Installation
cost

Amount of chargers
introduced inbuildings

PrivatevehiclesAmount of fuel-cellvehicles (FCV)
introduced

Normal charge

PrivatevehiclesPrivatevehiclesAmount of plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles(PHEV/PHV/PEV)
introduced

Amount of electricvehicles (EV/BEV)
introduced

PrivatevehiclesAmount of hybrid
electric vehicles (HEV)
introduced

Subsidy

Buses

Buses

Buses

Buses

Amount of V2F (forfactories)
introduced

Subsidy(national/local)

Amount of chargers
introduced infactories

Lithium ion
battery(national/local)

Freight
vehiclesFreight
vehiclesFreight
vehiclesFreight
vehiclesInstallation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Costs

Frame III-5(Transport sector 1)

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Subsidy(national/local)(national/local)

Subsidy(national/local)

Subsidy

Subsidy

Frame III-5

Frame III-5* To 2* To 1

Cost (borne by power
retailers)- Calculated depending on the defrayer
because this is borne by a power retailer(aggregator) in some cases.

- Hydrogen stations are not subject toenergy management.

Cost (borne by local
governments, etc.)- Calculated as required becausehydrogen stations are installed byvarious installers.

Cost (borne by local
governments, etc.)- Calculated as required because charging
stations are installed by various
installers.

1212- FCV is not subject to energy
management.

- The purchase cost and maintenancecost are not calculated because they areoffset by switching from gasoline
vehicles.

(Example of calculation)

11(national/local)- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Classification of the transport sector (into 4 types): 1. Vehicles (private passenger vehicles, commercial passenger vehicles, private freight vehicles, commercial freight vehicles), 2. Railways, 3. Ships, 4. Aviation- 2. LRT (Light Rail Transit) and 3. Electrification of fishing boats can be considered as elements of a smart community, but 1., which is highly possible with EMS, is considered here since 2. is one of the modal shifts and 3. only
applies to a limited range.

[Assumed range]

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof Smart Community

72

Cost (borne by end users)

Cost (borne by facility managers)

Cost (borne by other companies)

Cost (borne by power retailers)

Cost (borne by country or government)

Cost (borne by system operators)

Amount of facilities
subject to DR service

Frame III-5

Continued from11

V2X control
systemTraffic control
systemOther public
facilities

Motorcycle(scooter, etc.)

Shared taxi

Passenger car

Demand traffic

Development oflight rail transit(LRT)

DR incentive

DR incentive
V2H (for houses)
control system

V2M (for apartment
houses) control
systemAmount of chargers
introduced inapartment houses

V2B (for buildings)
control system

Amount of chargers
introduced inbuildings

Amount of chargers
introduced infactories

V2F (for factories)
control system

Improvement
cost

Improvement
cost

Improvement
cost

Amount of homechargers
introduced

Charging station
control system(for aggregation)

Installation
cost

Installation
cost

Frame III-5

Maintenance
cost

Maintenancecost

Frame III-1* From 2* From 1

Control system
maintenancecost

Frame III-1* Sorted out for the region/area.

3* Sorted out for the region/area.

3

11 Frame III-5

11

Operatingcost

Installation
cost

Maintenancecost

Parking lot
maintenance
cost

Body
maintenance
cost
Body cost

Improvementcost- Access from car navigation systems, PCs, cellular phones.
etc., is assumed.
- User communication costs are not assumed.

Welfare taxi

BicycleMaintenancecost

Operatingcost

Installation
cost

Operatingcost

Maintenancecost

Installation
cost

Development
and expansionof bus network

Frame III-5(Transport sector 2)

Parking lot
maintenance
cost

Bus

Costs

Development
and expansionof parking lot- Distribution to car navigation systems, PCs,
cellular phones. etc., is assumed.
- User communication costs are not assumed.

Promotion of
sharing

Promotion ofuse of trains

On-board equipment
such as SOC control
information (foraggregation)

Visualization service
for users

Traffic management
system (vehicle
information management,
starting DR, etc.)

Modal shiftfacilities

12(Example of calculation)- Capital investment in the management required for efficient use of energy in a certain region should be considered.
- Capital investment in anything other than smart communities, such as enhancement of the functions of existing facilities,
should not be considered.

(Notes)- Classification of the transport sector (into 4 types): 1. Vehicles (private passenger vehicles, commercial passenger vehicles, private freight vehicles, commercial freight vehicles), 2. Railways, 3. Ships, 4. Aviation- 2. LRT (Light Rail Transit) and 3. Electrification of fishing boats can be considered as elements of a smart community, but 1., which is highly possible with EMS, is considered here since 2. is one of the modal shifts
and 3. only applies to a limited range.

[Assumed range]

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof Smart Community

73

Frame III

Frame III-1

Region/area

Sectoral benefit

Frame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

3

Amount of water DR
service introduced

Amount of water
treatment facilities
introduced

Benefit of DR service- CSG and fuel cells arecalculated for eachsector.
- Solar thermal power
generation is rare, andtherefore notconsidered.

Other power
generation

Geothermal
power
generation

Biomass
power
generation

Wind power
generation

Photovoltaic
power
generation

Benefit of private
power generation
facilities

Regional use

Power selling topowercompanies

Frame IV-1

14

Frame IV-1

Frame IV-1

14

Ancillarymeasures (oncommunity side)

15

Regional use

Heat
accommodation

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Power generation facilities using
combustion of wood chips, dust,
industrial waste, etc.
(including biogas power generation
facilities)

Poweraccommodation

Power source
development

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Environment protection

Operation andmaintenance ofprivate facilities

OthersNormally entrusted to utility
companies

Beneficial due to theutilization of waste
heat instead of heatgeneration using
electricity.

Energysecurity

Reduction ofsystem powerpurchase
Economic
efficiency

OthersOperation andmaintenance ofprivate facilities

Normally entrusted to utility
companies

Reduction ofsystem powerpurchase

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Energy selfsufficiency rate
improvement

Energy selfsufficiency rate
improvement

Energy security
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectReduction ofelectricity
charges

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectReduction ofelectricity
charges

FIT income

Economic efficiency
benefits

Improvement of
the standard oflivingOther
benefits

Creation ofregional
employment

Number of
employees(personnel cost)

Probability of
duplicate effects

CO2 credit due
to installation

Creation ofregional
employment

Reduced power
consumption
converted into CO2

Price/kg-CO2

Total operating cost x
Personnel cost ratio- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who
is liable.

kg-CO2/kWh

Price/kWh

Also evaluated by possible cost reduction considering therate of return of "electric power purchased when there are
no private facilities − operating cost due to private
facilities."Powerpurchase saved

No calculation
examplesTotal operating cost x
Personnel cost ratio- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who
is liable.

Price/kg-CO2- Index used in local governments, etc. Always acts as apositive effect.
- Benefit can also be evaluated by reduction of the cost for
BCP measures when there are no private facilities.

Number of
employees(personnel cost)

Probability of
duplicate effects

kg-CO2/kWh

Price/kWh

Also evaluated by possible cost reduction considering therate of return of "electric power purchased when there are
no private facilities − operating cost due to private
facilities."

Reduced power
consumption
converted to CO2

No calculation
examplesUnit price of
FIT(price/kWh)- Index used in local governments, etc. Always acts as apositive effect.
- Benefit can also be evaluated by reduction of the cost for
BCP measures when there are no private facilities.

Powerpurchase saved

No calculation
examplesNo calculation
examplesSuppression of FIT
acceptance (upper
limit quantity)

May also be considered as an alternative effect of revitalization ofregional economic power, expansion of investment andemployment, and improvement of medical care, education, andstandard of living.

Amount ofpower selling(kWh)

No calculation
examplesNo calculation
examplesFrame IV-1
(Region/area 1)(Example of calculation)

Benefits

May also be considered as an alternative effect of
deforestation (= reduction of CO2 absorption) andecosystem disruption.

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation* May be considered as an
improvement of thevalue of the region.

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation* May be considered as an
improvement of thevalue of the region.

Beneficiaries depend on the owner ofthe power generation facilities.

Naturedestruction due
to construction

Environment
protection
benefits

13

74

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

DR by
PPS/aggregators

Aggregator/capacity typesmart communities are
assumed.

Negawatt
tradingavailable

Local production/
consumption typesmart communities are
assumed.

No negawatt
trading

Regional
economicripple effect

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Negawatt
revenue

Regional economic
ripple effect

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Efficient use ofenergy* May be considered as an
improvement of thevalue of the region.

CO2 credit due
to DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

No calculation
examplesCustomercorralling

Customercorralling

Comfort

Improvement of
the value of theregionFrame IV-1
(Region/area 2)

Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

Unit price ofnegawatts

Unit price ofnegawatts

Assumed to be the same as "No negawatt trading" above.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of DR" above.

Amount of negawatt
due to DR

Income due to DR

Penalty charges(for imbalance)

Payment of theprice of DR- May be considered as an alternative effect of the location and customer
attraction, continuity of contracts, customer contract rate, degree of satisfaction,etc., and also as customer corralling = an improvement of the value of the region.

- Evaluated as the livability of the region rather than thermal comfort such as temperatureand humidity.
- Here, the livability of the region is considered as an improvement of the value of theregion.

May also be considered as an alternative effect of theincrease in number of locations, population, tax revenue,
street value, and land price.

- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

No calculation
examplesUnit price ofthermal power
generation

30-minute target
achievement rate

- Improvement of efficiency by xEMS is calculated for each EMS.
- Necessary to consider the adjustment balance (e.g., increase in gas
when electricity decreases) between electricity and gas due to DR.
- However, it is assumed that heat demand does not change due toDR.

Demand adjusting
capacity due toxEMS

Adjustable capacity(kWh)

Unit price ofthermal power
generation per
kWhAmount ofunachieved 30
minute target

Unit price ofthermal power
generation

30-minute target
achievement rate

Unit electricity
chargesAssumed to be the same as "No negawatt trading" above.

No calculation
examplesLocation andcustomer attraction
due to smart
community

Probability of duplicate
effects

Comfort

Improvement of
the value of theregion* May be considered as an
improvement of thevalue of the region.

CO2 credit due
to DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Demand adjusting
capacity due to
CEMS

Cost for extra heating inthermal power station forunachieved 30 minutetargetUnit price of DR per
kWh

Adjustablecapacity (kWh)Unstable demand(kWh)

Assumed to be the same as"Efficient use of energy" above.

Difference indemand adjusting
capacity between
CEMS and xEMS

No calculation
examplesDifference inregulated power
supply cost

Reduction ofregulated power
supply cost

Economic
efficiency

Economic
efficiency

Benefits- Calculated as "unstable demand = power outage = loss of opportunity for power
utilization."14that if there are no batteries on the community side, measures for the(Example of - Assumed
maintenance of power quality are borne by the system operator side, and the penalty forof quality is restriction of power generation when selling FIT electricity, andcalculation) deterioration
loss of utilization opportunity during regional use.

Demand adjusting
capacity (per 24 h
30 min)DR by retailers

Otherbenefits

Effect of decreasing
margin of regulated
power supply

Systems that integrate all
sectors, such as CEMS and
AEMS, are assumed.

Environment
protection
benefits

Energysecurity

DR by system
operators

Economic
efficiency
benefits

Unstable demand
due to renewableenergyEnergy security
benefits
Power quality
stabilizing
effectBenefit of DR service* Ancillary: Quality of voltage and frequency

Energysecurity

Frame IV-1

Battery for
ancillarymeasures

9

Continued from

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

75

Frame IV-1

OthersWater level control(water quantity
adjustment)

DR by
PPS/aggregators

DR by retailers

OthersAvoidance offloodsWater quantity
adjustment DR

Power saving
DR

OthersEnsuring ofwater resources

DR by system
operators

Environment
protection

Wastewater
treatment facilities(industrial
wastewater)

Water storage
facility

Environment
protection

OthersWastewater
treatment
plant

Wastewater
regeneration
facilityFresh water
generation facilities(desalination ofseawater)

Water
purification
plant

Water saving
DR (water
cutoff)

Benefit forenergyBenefit forwater
resources

One of the adjustingmargins for powersaving in negawatt
trading

Benefit of water DR
service

Benefit of water
treatment facilities

13

Continued from

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community
Energy security
benefits

Economic
efficiency
benefits

Pollution control(for industrial
wastewater)

Pollution control(for household
wastewater)

Improvementof corporate
activities

Environment
protection
benefits

Urban disasterprevention(BCP)

Ensuring of thestandard oflivingUrban disasterprevention(BCP)

Improvement
in health andsanitation

Improvement
in health andsanitation

Improvementof the standardof living

Other
benefits

Benefits

Calculated for each building
or factory in the commercial
and industrial sectors.

No calculation examples

No special benefits

Strengthening of a city (flood
control measures) is assumed.

No calculation examples

Frame IV-1
(Region/area 3)

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Cases that meet the investment objectives ofa smart community should be considered.

(Example of calculation)

15

76

Frame III

Frame III-2

Residential sector

Sectoral benefit

Frame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

6

Facilities

An average living
environment andintroduced facilities
are assumed.

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit of
DR service

Benefit of facilities
subject to DR

Benefit (for end users)

17

Frame IV-2

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Operation

Others (solar
thermal power
generation etc.)

Smartappliances

Battery forhome use

Fuel cell

Heat pump

Photovoltaic power
generation
for home use(Service development
including automaticmeter reading, remote
operation, andvisualization of
charges)

Visualization
terminal* EV and charging facilities
for EV are sorted out for
the transport sector.

Safety(Improvement ofsafety in meterrelated works)* Only for somepower companies(Status monitoring,facility efficiency
improvement,
facility and metercost reduction, etc.)

Benefit offacilities
introduced byconsumers

Benefit (for power retailers)

Smart meter(Note) Advantage of smart meters

Benefit offacilities
introduced bysystem operators

Benefit (for system operators)

Benefit of smart
facilities

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Energy-saving
effect ofvisualization

Reduction of
the number ofdisasters

Otherbenefits

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

CO2 credit due
to visualization

CO2 reduction
effect ofvisualization

Improvement of
the value (charm)of the region* May be considered as an
improvement of the valueof the region.

CO2 reduction
effect ofvisualization

Environment
protection
benefit* May be considered as an
improvement of the valueof the region.

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectBatteries are
assumed.

Cost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency benefit

Assumed as smallscale.

Energy security
benefit

Benefits

Probability of
duplicate effects

Frame IV-2

(Residential sector 1)

Frame IV-2

19

Unit electricity
charges- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Number of
consumers

May also be considered as an alternative
effect of the increase in number of locations,
population, tax revenue, street value, andland price.

Amount of
demand reduced
per house

No examples
of calculation- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Frame IV-2

18

[Effects specified by EU]
1. Reduction of meter reading and operatingcosts
2. Reduction of management costs(maintenance cost, repair cost, etc.)
3. Postponement of investment in power
distribution facilities
4. Postponement of investment in powertransmission facilities
5. Postponement of investment in power
generation facilities
6. Reduction of technical power loss
7. Power saving
8. Reduction of commercial loss
(electricity theft, recovery of revenue fromillegal and increased power contracts, etc.)
9. Reduction of power outage time
(service value, customer compensation cost,etc.)
10. Reduction of CO2 emissions
11. Reduction of air pollution(Reference)
The effect list obtained by cost-effectivenessanalysis of smart meters conducted by EU is asfollows.
Specifications and needs for smart meters
depend on the country and region, andtherefore the benefits are also dependent on
this.

Assumed as the same as "Energy-saving
effect of visualization" above.

Amount (value) of
demand reduced byintroduction ofvisualization

Location andcustomer attraction
due to smart
community

Probability of duplicate
effects

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) ofexpenses reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment

Idle personnel costs andothers are considered.

No calculation
examplesComparison of demand
before and after installation is
also considered.

No calculation
examplesAutomatic meter reading,
reduction of stop/start
operation costs, reduction ofcapital investment, andothers are considered.

No calculation
examplesCases that meet the investment
objectives of a smart community
should be considered.

(Example of calculation)

16

Not subject to DR (Not considered since it has no merit.)

Systemoperator'sserverPower
retailer's
serverPattern 3

DR (price induction,
point application,
etc.)

PPS/
aggregator'sserverHome users (smart meters, smart
equipment)

Pattern 2

Pattern 1

Assumed range of DR service

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Assumed only for peak cuts
because 24-hour DR (demand
adjustment) is not suitable forthe residential sector.

Benefit of DR
service

Frame IV-2

DR(negawatt)

DR (price induction,
point application, etc.)

16

Continued from

Pattern 3

DR by
PPS/aggregators

DR by power
retailersPattern 2

Pattern 1

DR by system
operators

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefits ofa Smart Community

DR (negawatt,)

DR (negawatt)77

Ancillarymeasures

Electricity
saving(peak cuts)

Energy security
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Reduction offuel and light
costs

Negawatt
revenue

CO2 credit due
to DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

CO2 credit due
to DR

Amount (value) of
demand secured
by DR participants

No examples ofcalculation

Customercorralling

Customersatisfaction

Probability of duplicate
effects

Amount of energy
reduced by DR

Demand of DR
participants per
house

Amount of gas
shift due to DR(m3)

Regional
characteristiccoefficient

Regional
characteristiccoefficient
Season,temperature, andother conditions

Diffusion rate offacilities subject
to DR

Payment of theprice of DR

Unit electricity
charges

Penalty charges(for imbalance)

Number of DRapplied houses

Total number ofhousesDR application
rate- The amount of reduction is assumed to be the same as "Amount of
power consumption reduced by negawatts" above.
- The amount of gas shift is calculated because it means an increase of
CO2 emissions in the gas industry.

Amount of gas
shift due to DR(m3)- The amount of reduction is assumed to be the same as "Amount of
power consumption reduced by negawatts" above.
- The price of DR is different between the point application type andprice induction type.

Price of DR

Number of
consumers

Unit price ofnegawatts

Amount of
demand reduced
by DR (kWh)Amount (value) of
demand reducedby DR

Amount of
demand reduced
per house

Unit electricity
charges- The amount of reduction is assumed to be the same as"Electricity saving (peak cuts)" above.
- The amount of gas shift is calculated because it means anincrease of CO2 emissions in the gas industry.

Amount of
demand reduced
by DR (kWh)Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

Assumed to be the same as"Amount of power consumption
reduced by negawatts" above.

Expensessaved by DR

Income due toDR

Probability of duplicate
effects

Amount of energy
reduced by DR

Price of DR

Number of
consumers

Season,temperature, andother conditions

Frame IV-2

(Residential sector 2)

Diffusion rate offacilities subject
to DR

Benefits- The amount of reduction is assumed to be the same as"Electricity saving (peak cuts)" above.
- The price of DR is different between the point application
type and price induction type.

Amount (value) of
demand reducedby DR

Amount of
demand reduced
per house

Assumed to be the same as"Electricity saving (peak cuts)"
above.

Amount (value) of
demand reduced
by DR(Example of calculation)

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Other
benefits

Expensessaved by DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Environment
protection
benefits

Reduction offuel and lightcosts

Economic
efficiency
benefits

17

78*EneFarm

Fuel cell* EcoCute

Heat pump(HP)

Photovoltaic (PV)power generation
for home use

Continued from16 Frame IV-2

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energy security
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency
benefits

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

Environment
protection
benefits

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community
Other
benefits

Unit price of FIT(medium- andlong-term)

Amount ofreverse FIT flowrate (kWh)Amount ofreverse FIT flowrate (kWh)Usage of gaspowered hot
water supply (m3)

Initial cost(HP)

HP usage(kWh)

Running cost (gaspowered hot watersupply VS HP)

Gas usage after
installation(fuel cells)
Amount of system
power purchased
after installation

Amount of system
power purchased
before installation

Electric energy
savingProbability of duplicate

Amount of
reduced gas

Gas usage before
installation (gaspowered water
heater)Running cost (gaspowered hot watersupply VS fuel cells)

Gas energy
saving

Initial cost
(fuel cells)- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

Amount (value) of
reduced switchingfrom gas-heatedExpenses saved
by installation

Probability of duplicate
effectsGas usage
beforeinstallation- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

Amount (value) of
reduced switchingfrom gas-heatedwater

Expenses saved
by installation

Probability of duplicate
effects

Amount of system
power purchased
after installation

Unit electricity
chargesAmount of system
power purchased
before installation

Unit gaschargesAmount of system
power purchased
after installation

Benefits

Unit electricity
charges

Unit electricity
charges

Frame IV-2

(Residential sector 3)

Unit electricity
charges

Unit gaschargesAmount of system
power purchased
after installation

Unit electricity
charges

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Unit gascharges- The average usage or the rated value and thermal efficiencyof each piece of gas equipment and HP in the average living
environment are considered.
- The gas amount is converted from m3 to watts.

Amount ofreverse FIT flowrate (kWh)Amount of PV
power generation(kWh)

Private PV power
consumption(kWh)

System powerpurchase saved

FIT income(medium- andlong-term)

Running cost(system VS PV)

Initial cost
(PV)

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

Amount (value) of
reduced use of
system power

Expenses saved
by installation(Example of calculation)

18

79

Others (solar
thermal power
generation, etc.)

Smart appliances are assumed
not only as energy saving
appliances but also as being
remote-controllable.
(ECHONET Lite is installed inJapan.)

Smart
appliances

Battery forhome use

Continued from16 Frame IV-2

Four major appliances inJapan are assumed as themainstream.

Television

Refrigerator

LightingAir
conditioner

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Energy security
benefits

Environment
protection
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of
installation

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectCO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

Battery usage

Initial cost(battery)Amount of power
outage backup by
batteries (kWh)Unit electricity
charges

Running cost(system VSbattery)

Unit electricity
charges

Rated capacity
beforeinstallation

Initial cost(homeappliances)

Rated capacity
after
installation

Running cost(system VS home
appliances)- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Probability of duplicate
effects- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Added depending on the diffusion rate.

Probability of duplicate
effects

Unit electricity
charges

System powerpurchase saved(value)- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Amount of system
power purchased
before installation

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

System powerpurchase saved(value)Expenses saved
by installation

Probability of duplicate
effects

19(Example of calculation)

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

System powerpurchase saved(value)Energy-saving
effect of
installation

System powerpurchase saved(value) due to power
outageExpenses saved
by installation

Other
benefits

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effect

The role of emergency power supply inthe event of broken lifelines such as
electricity and gas is assumed.

Economic
efficiency
benefits

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Unit electricity
charges

Frame IV-2

(Residential sector 4)

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Number of
installed units

Amount of system
power purchased
after installation

Benefits

80

Frame III

Frame III-3

Commercial
sector

SectoralbenefitFrame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

7

Benefit of facilities
subject to DR

Benefit of
DR service

Management
system (BEMS)

Smart
facilities(LED, etc.)

PV power
generation

Other heatsourcefacilities

Heat pump

CGS(cogeneration
system)Battery

CGS(cogeneration
system)21

Frame IV-3

Visualization
terminal fortenants

Independent energy
management without DR isassumed.

Ice storage, absorption
type gas cooling, solar
thermal, etc., areadded depending on
the diffusion rate.

Benefit ofbuilding
manager
facilities

Benefit ofsmart facilities

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Energy security
benefits

Environment
protection
benefits

System powerpurchase saved

Initial cost (after
installation ofequipment)

Amount ofpower outage
backup (kWh)CO2 credit due
to visualization

CO2 reduction
effect ofvisualization

Increase in gas
demandRunning cost(difference before
and after
introduction of EMS)

Presence/absenceof watermanagement

Amount of
demand reduced
per tenant- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Probability of duplicate effects

Number oftenants per
facility

Unit electricity
charges

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Number of
facilities- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving
effect of visualization" above.

Amount (value) of
demand reduced byintroduction ofvisualization

Probability of duplicate
effects

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of EMS" above.

System powerpurchase saved

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction of EMS

Energy-saving
effect ofvisualization

FIT income(only for PV)

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Energy-saving
effect of EMS

Probability of duplicate
effects

Initial cost (after
introduction of
EMS)

CO2 credit due
to EMS

Increase in gas
demandRunning cost(difference before
and after installationof equipment)

Unit electricity
charges

Frame IV-3

(Commercial sector 1)

Electricity and heat are assumed for CGS(cogeneration system).

Benefits

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) ofexpenses reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment(Example of calculation)

Amount (value) ofexpenses reduced byintroduction of EMS

CO2 reduction
effect of EMS

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation

Other
benefits

Reduction ofbuilding cost

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Reduction ofbuilding cost

Distributed power supply andalternative private power generation
facilities are also assumed.

Economic
efficiency
benefits

20

Benefit is assumed for each type ofequipment concerned.

Powerretailer's
serverBenefit of
DR service

Frame IV-3

Continued from

Not assumed

Tenants

Outing induction DR DR

Home users

Pattern 2

EMS

Facilities,
heatsources,etc.

Offices/wholesale and retailing(shopping malls)

PPS/
aggregator'sserverBenefit of outage
induction DR

Pattern 2

Benefit of negawatt
trading

Pattern 1

DR (negawatt)

20

DR (negawatt)

Economic
efficiency

Home users

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Wholesale andretailing(shopping malls)

Wholesale andretailing(shopping malls)

Office building

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Pattern 1

81

Energy security
benefits

Amount (value) of
demand reduced byoutageEnergy-saving
effect of DR

Amount of gas
shift due to DR(m3)

No calculation
examplesPayment of
the price ofDR

Presence/absence of water
management

Penalty charges(for imbalance)

Presence/absence of water
management- Food outlets, restaurants, apparel business, andelectronics retail stores are assumed.
- Calculated considering the interest rate.
- Increased amount is also considered by dividing it into
customer attraction off time and on time.
- "Sales per customer x number of stores or sales growth"and others are considered.

- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Amount of
demandreduced by DR(kWh)No examples ofcalculation

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Should be aware that outing-related expenses increase
while household electricity charges decrease.

- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Probability of
duplicate effects

Amount (value) of
demand reduced byoutageExpenses (value)
saved by outage

CO2 credit due
to DR

Reduceddemand fortenants

Unit price ofnegawatts

Frame IV-3

(Commercial sector 2)- Regarding economic effects (economic ripple effects), the direct effects (such as
construction costs), primary economic ripple effects, and secondary economic
ripple effects should be evaluated, but the targets of smart communities should
be considered.
- When all the effects are considered, CBR (= B/C) > 1 is always true, andtherefore it may be impossible to evaluate the validity of the investment insmart communities. For the economic effect index, the benefits for the whole
region or area should also be considered.

No calculation examples

Amount (value) of
business income
increased by DR

Probability of
duplicate effects

CO2 credit due
to DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Reduced demandfor building
facilities

Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts(Example of calculation)

Benefits

Assumed to be the same as "Amount of power consumption reduced by negawatts" above.

Income due toDRAmount (value) ofenergy reduced by
DR

Other
benefits

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Environment
protection
benefits

Fuel and light
cost reduction
effectRegional
economicripple effect(BEMS)

Business
incomeEnergy-saving
effect of DR

Negawatt
revenue

Economic
efficiency
benefits

21

82

Frame III

Frame III-4

Visualization
terminal for
offices

Benefit ofnegawatt
trading

Benefit of facilities
subject to DR

Benefit of
DR service

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for end users)

Management
system(FEMS)

Smart
facilities(LED, etc.)

PV power
generation

Other heatsourcefacilities

Heat pump

CGS(cogeneration
system)Battery

CGS(cogeneration
system)Independent energy
management without DR isassumed.

Ice storage,
absorption type gas
cooling, solar thermal,
etc., are added
depending on the
diffusion rate.

Benefit offactory
manager

Benefit of smart
facilities

Benefit (for system operators)

Commercial
industrial sector

SectoralbenefitFrame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

9

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Assumed as not
being beneficial.

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Energy security
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Negawatt
revenue

Energy-saving
effect of EMS

Reduction offactory cost

Energy-saving
effect of
installation

Reduction offactory costOther
benefits

CO2 credit due
to DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of EMS* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

CO2 credit due
to installation

CO2 reduction
effect of
installation* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

Environment
protection
benefits

Distributed power supply andalternative private power generation
facilities are also assumed.

Economic
efficiency
benefits

System powerpurchase saved

Initial cost (after
installation ofequipment)

Amount ofpower outage
backup (kWh)Increase in gas
demandRunning cost(difference before
and after installationof equipment)

Unit electricity
charges

FIT income(only for PV)

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage

System powerpurchase saved

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction of EMS

Increase in gas
demandRunning cost(difference before
and after instructionof EMS)

Unit price ofnegawatts

Reduceddemand fortenants

Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

Reduced demandfor building
facilities

Probability of duplicate
effects

Amount (value) ofenergy reduced by
DR

Amount of gas
shift due to DR(m3)

Presence/absence ofwater management- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Amount of
demandreduced by DR(kWh)Payment of theprice of DR

Presence/absence ofwater management

Penalty charges(for imbalance)- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Assumed to be the same as "Amount of power consumption reduced by negawatts" above.

Income due toDR

Probability of duplicate
effects

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of EMS" above.

Initial cost (after
instruction of
EMS)- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Amount (value) ofexpenses reduced byintroduction of EMS

Probability of duplicate
effects

Frame IV-4

(Industrial sector)

Electricity and heat are assumed for CGS(cogeneration system).

Benefits

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of installation" above.

Amount of energy
reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) ofexpenses reduced byintroduction ofequipment

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment(Example of calculation)

22

Benefit is assumed for each type ofequipment concerned.

83

Frame III

Frame III-5

Benefit of DR
service

Benefit of facilities
subject to DR

Other public
facilities

V2Xdedicatedfacilities

Energyreplenishment
facilities

VehiclebodiesBenefit of smart
facilities

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Commercial
transport sector

SectoralbenefitFrame IV

Sectoral power
consumption reduction(kWh) (medium- andlong-term)

11

Frame IV-5

26

27

Frame IV-5

Assumed that nobenefit is yielded byfacilities alone.

Frame IV-5

25

24 Frame IV-5

HydrogenvehicleElectric drive
vehicles(EDV)

Electric vehicles(EV/BEV)

Plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles(PHEV/PHV/PEV)

Hybrid electricvehicles(HEV)

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energy security
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of
introduction

Maintenancecost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of
introduction

Maintenancecost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of
introduction

Maintenancecost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency
benefits
Other benefits

Brand image
improvement
effect

CO2 reduction
effect of
introduction

Air pollution
control effect

CO2 reduction
effect of
introduction

Brand image
improvement
effect* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

Brand image
improvement
effect* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

CO2 reduction
effect of
introduction* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

Environment
protection
benefits

Benefits

Frame IV-5
(Transport sector 1)

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Initial cost(difference inpurchaseamount)Number ofvehiclesintroduced

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)[energy saving]

Charging
amount per
charging

Initial cost(difference inpurchaseamount)Running cost(charging amount =system purchase)[increased energy]

Number of
charging times
per month

Running cost(chargingamount)Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Number ofvehiclesintroduced

Unit electricity
chargesNumber ofvehiclesintroduced

May be evaluated by questionnaires such as CVM (contingent
valuation method).

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)[energy saving]

Fuel
consumption
rate per km

Initial cost(difference inpurchaseamount)Running cost(charging amount =system purchase)[increased energy]

Electric
consumption
rate per km

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Number ofvehiclesintroduced

Travel distanceper month(km)

Number ofvehiclesintroduced

May be evaluated by questionnaires such as CVM (contingent
valuation method).

No calculation examples

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of introduction" above.

Amount of fuelconsumption
reduced byintroduction

Amount ofhealth damage
per emission

Amount (value) of
maintenance cost
reduced byintroduction

No calculation
examplesAssumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of introduction" above.

Amount of fuelconsumption
reduced byintroduction

Amount (value) of
maintenance cost
reduced byintroduction

No calculation
examplesAssumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of introduction" above.

Amount of fuelconsumption
reduced byintroduction

Amount (value) of
maintenance cost
reduced byintroduction

Number ofvehiclesintroduced(Example of calculation)

23- Weighted depending on the body size or average body size or whether
for private or business use.
- Compare with gasoline vehicles. Weighted as necessary including diesel
vehicles.

Assumed that CO2 credit is not applicable tovehicle bodies.

84- Assumed that there is noenergy saving or CO2
reduction effect since theprimary energy is used after
being stored in batteries.
- Only the salvage aspect isassumed.
- Peak cut is sorted out as abenefit of DR service.

V2X-dedicatedfacilities

Energyreplenishment
facilities

HydrogenvehicleContinued from23 Frame IV-5

Two-way charger
for V2F(for factories)

Two-way charger
for V2B(for buildings)

Two-way charger
for V2H(for houses)

Hydrogen station

Chargers (private
one-way chargers)

Charging station

Fuel-cellvehicles(FCV)Electric vehicles(EV/BEV)

Plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles(PHEV/PHV/PEV)

Energysecurity

Energysecurity

Energysecurity

Assumed that no benefit isyielded by facilities alone.

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Energy-saving
effect of
introduction

Maintenancecost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency
benefits
Other
benefits

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment

Amount (value) of
emergency response
due to introduction ofequipment

Benefits

Travel distanceper month (km)Number ofvehiclesintroduced

Frame IV-5
(Transport sector 2)

Unit electricity
charges

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage

Unit electricity
charges

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage

Unit electricity
charges

Probability(frequency) of
occurrence ofpower outage
Supply of residual battery capacity to buildings andfactories is assumed.

Amount of power
outage backup
per unit (kWh)Assumed that there is two-way supply between
gas stations and buildings/factories.

Amount ofpower outage
backup per unit
(kWh)

Number ofunits available

Possible number oftimes of gasoline
replenishment

Number ofunits available

Number ofunits available

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Overseas, the unit price of influence reduction isestablished for CO, NOx, PM, SOx, and VOC + DUST.

Assumed that there is no two-way supply between gas
stations and houses.

Amount ofpower outage
backup per unit(kWh)

No calculation
examplesAssumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of introduction" above.

Number ofvehiclesintroduced

Hydrogenconsumption
rate per km

Gasoline
consumption
rate per km

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Running cost(difference in fuelconsumption)

Initial cost(difference inpurchaseamount)(Example of calculation)

No calculation examples

Amount ofhealth damage
per emission

Air pollution
control effectBrand image
improvement
effectAmount of fuelconsumption
reduced byintroduction

Amount (value) of
fuel consumption
reduced byintroduction

Amount (value) of
maintenance cost
reduced byintroduction

CO2 reduction
effect of
introduction* Sorted out as emission
assignment forcompanies.

Environment
protection
benefits

Capable of salvaging residual battery capacity and residue in hydrogen tanks, but
are considered to be the same as gas stations and therefore not considered as
benefits.

Energy security
benefits

Assumed that CO2 credit is not applicable tovehicle bodies.

24

85

Frame IV-5

Promotion of
sharing

Promotion ofuse of trains

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Other public
facilities

23

Continued from

Demandtraffic

BicycleMotorcycle(scooter, etc.)

Passenger car

Development oflight rail transit(LRT)

Development
and expansionof bus network

Development
and expansionof parking lot

21

Frame IV-5

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energy security
benefits

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Energy-saving
effect of use

Householdcost reduction
effectEnergy-saving
effect of use

Householdcost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency
benefits

Air pollution
control effect

CO2 reduction
effect of use

Noise
reductioneffectTraffic accident
reduction effectAmount ofhealth damage
per emission

Amount (value)of fuelconsumption
reduced by theAmount (value)of fuelconsumption
reduced by the

Purchase expenses
for private cars

Difference in
expenses dueto the use

No calculation
examplesAmount ofdamage bytraffic accidents

Amount of timeloss due to traffic
congestion

Amount ofhealth damage
per emission

Air pollution
control effectAmount of fuelreduced by nonuseof vehicles

Difference in
expenses due tothe use of public
transportation

Amount of fuelconsumption rate
reduced by nonuseof vehicles

Road traffic
congestion
mitigation
effectOther
benefits

CO2 reduction
effect of use

May not be beneficial.

Environment
protection
benefits

Benefits

Parking
charges

Average travel
distance (km)Difference infareUnit price ofgasoline

Frequency ofuse of parking
lots

Amount of damage
per accident(property damage
accident)

Time loss per
accident (injury
accident)

Probability ofoccurrence of an
accident in therelevant time zone

Number of cars
shared- Assumed that private car users utilize car sharing.
- Car sharing by taxi users is not assumed.
- When assuming utilization by those who do not own private cars,
estimation of the utilization rate and calculation at a high expense
are required.

Expenses during
car sharing at therelevant time

Travel distance(km)

Number of cars
sharedNo calculation
examplesOverseas, the unit price of influence reduction isestablished for CO, NOx, PM, SOx, and VOC + DUST.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of use" above.

Difference in fuelconsumption between
gasoline vehicles and EV(km/L) [energy saving]- Sharing of EV by owners of private gasoline vehicles is assumed.
- When assuming utilization by those who do not own private cars, estimation of the utilization rate andcalculation with a high environmental load are required.
- Assumed that the additional charge amount of EV is also contained in "electric consumption x travel
distance."- Energy saving and CO2 reduction effects of avoidance of production of vehicle bodies are not considered.

Private car
maintenance cost
(fuel, insurance,
maintenance, etc.)

Expenses during
the use of private
cars at therelevant time

May also be considered as an alternative effect of the improvement of
comfort and stress level.

Amount ofdamage per
accident (injury
accident)

Number ofunusedvehiclesTransportation
costs (train/bus)

Overseas, the unit price of influence reduction isestablished for CO, NOx, PM, SOx, and VOC + DUST.

No calculation examples

No calculation
examplesFrame IV-5
(Transport sector 3)(Example of calculation)

25

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of use" above.

Fuel
consumption
rate (L/km)

Fuel cost pertransport- Publicity benefits, such as the environmental image,brought by the introduction of public facilities are notassumed.
- Assumed that no CO2 credit is brought by trains or
promotion of sharing.

May be benefit for consumers.

86

23

Demandtraffic

Benefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

BicycleMotorcycle(scooter, etc.)

Frame IV-5

Continued from

Welfare taxi

Shared taxi

OthersOthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energy security
benefits

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Difference in fuelconsumption between
gasoline vehicles andelectric motorcycles (km/L)[energy saving]Amount (value)of fuelconsumption
reduced by use

Energy-saving
effect of use

Fuel consumption rateof gasoline vehicles(km/L) [energy saving]Amount (value)of fuelconsumption
reduced by use

Energy-saving
effect of use

No calculation
examplesConvenience
effectNo calculation
examplesNo calculation
examplesNoise reduction
effectConvenience
effectAmount ofdamage bytraffic accidents

Traffic accident
reduction effectAmount of timeloss due to traffic
congestion

Amount ofdamage bybicycle accidents

May be beneficial for
consumers.

- Assumed that private gasoline
vehicle users utilize the sharing ofbicycles.
- The additional charge amount ofbattery-powered bicycles is notassumed.

- Assumed that private car users
utilize the sharing of bicycles.
- Bike sharing by taxi users is notassumed.
- When assuming utilization by
those who do not own private cars,
estimation of the utilization rateand calculation at a high expense
are required.

- Demand traffic is assumed to be used by elderly people.
- The use of demand traffic reduces the household cost, energy-saving and CO2 reduction effects, etc., which is notbeneficial.
- However, it is considered beneficial here considering the importance of the administrative effect such as the
improvement of the living standard of elderly people.

May also be considered as a time shortening
effect of use.

May also be considered as an alternative effect of the improvement of
comfort and stress level.

Amount ofdamage by car
accidents

No calculation
examplesUnlike the case of an automobile accident,
the extent of damage by an bicycle
accident is assumed to be different fromthat of a car accident.

Overseas, the unit price of influence
reduction is established for CO, NOx, PM,
SOx, and VOC + DUST.

Amount ofhealth damage
per emission

Air pollution
control effectNo calculation
examplesAssumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of use" above.

Number of bikes
sharedNumber of bikes
sharedAmount (value)of fuelconsumption
reduced by use

Travel distance(km)

Expenses during
bike sharing at therelevant time

- Assumed that private gasoline
vehicle users utilize the sharing ofelectric motorcycles.
- When assuming utilization by those
who do not own private cars,
estimation of the utilization rateand calculation with a highenvironmental load are required.
- Assumed that the additional charge
amount of electric motorcycles isalso contained in "electric
consumption x travel distance."- Assumed that private car users
utilize the sharing of electricmotorcycles.
- Bike sharing by taxi users is notassumed.
- When assuming utilization by those
who do not own private cars,
estimation of the utilization rateand calculation at a high expense
are required.

Frame IV-5
(Transport sector 4)

May be beneficial for consumers.

CO2 reduction
effect of use

Road traffic
congestion
mitigation effectExpenses during
the use of private
cars at the relevant
time

Difference in
expenses due to
use

May also be considered as a timeshortening effect of use.

Householdcost reduction
effectNo calculation
examplesNo calculation examples

Amount of timeloss due totrafficcongestion

Convenience
effectNo calculation
examplesAmount ofhealth damage
per emission

Air pollution
control effectNumber of bikes
sharedNumber of bikes
sharedBenefits

Overseas, the unit price of influence
reduction is established for CO, NOx, PM,
SOx, and VOC + DUST.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving
effect of use" above.

Amount (value) of
fuel consumption
reduced by use

Travel distance(km)

Expenses during
bike sharing at therelevant time

CO2 reduction
effect of use

Road traffic
congestion
mitigation effect26(Example of calculation)
Expenses during
the use of private
cars at therelevant time

Other
benefits

Difference in
expenses due touse

Environment
protection
benefits

Householdcost reduction
effectEconomic
efficiency
benefits- Publicity benefits, such as the environmental image,brought by the introduction of public facilities are notassumed.
- Assumed that no CO2 credit is brought by trains or
promotion of sharing.

87

V2X control
systemTraffic control
systemBenefit (for end users)

Benefit (for facility managers)

Benefit (for other companies)

Benefit (for power retailers)

Benefit (for country and government)

Benefit (for system operators)

Benefit of
DR service

Continued from23 Frame IV-5

Environment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

OthersEnvironment
protection

Economic
efficiency

Energysecurity

Static Frameworks for Costs and Benefitsof a Smart Community

Disasterprevention(BCP)

Electricity saving
effect (demandfor charging,surplus PV, etc.)

Demandpromotion effect(absorption of
surplus PV, etc.)

Load leveling
effectDisasterprevention(BCP)

Energy security
benefits

Environment
protection
benefits

Energy-saving
effect of DR

Price of DR

Energy-saving
effect of DR

No calculation
examplesFuel cost
reductioneffectUnit price of
posiwatts

Unit price ofnegawatts

Unit market
purchase price

Payment of
the price ofDR
Payment of
the price ofDR

Penaltycharges (forimbalance)
Penaltycharges (forimbalance)

Frame IV-5
(Transport sector 5)

Frame IV-5

Probability of duplicate effects

CO2 credit due
to DR- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who
is liable.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of DR" above.

Amount (value) of
system powerpurchase saved byDR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Unit electricity
charges

Unit price

Available
battery capacity(kWh)

System powerpurchase saved by
DR (kWh)

Calculated for V2X-dedicatedfacilities

No calculation examples

Amount (value) of
system powerpurchase saved byDR

Price (value)
due to DR

19

Amount of timeloss due to traffic
congestion

Probability of duplicate effects

CO2 credit due
to DR- Beneficiaries depend on who is liable.
- May be an independent effect depending on who isliable.

Assumed to be the same as "Energy-saving effect of DR" above.

Amount (value) of
electricity saved
by DR

CO2 reduction
effect of DR

Unit electricity
chargesAmount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

Amount (value) of
electricity saved
by DR- Depends on the contents of aggregation- If the unit price of charging is reduced or some points are applied, it
is calculated as an effect.

Increase due
to posiwatts

Income due toDR

Adjustablecapacity(kWh)Calculated for V2X-dedicatedfacilities

Posiwatt
revenue

Demandadjustingcapacity

Frame IV-5

Amount of power
consumption
reduced by
negawatts

19

Benefits(Example of calculation)

Income due toDRRoad traffic
congestion
mitigation
effectOther
benefits

Negawatt
revenue

Assumed to be used as a power supply
command in the event of a disaster.

Economic
efficiency
benefits

27