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Common Language Errors inResearch Manuscripts
Greg Adams
Managing Editor, FORTE Inc.

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英文校正・翻訳 FORTE

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Goals of today’s seminar• Identify 3 types of language errors• Give real examples of each type
• Improve your chances of publication

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www.forte-science.co.jp

Important note to keep in mind
Obvious errors stop manuscripts before review
The most critical components of your submission:

Title
Abstract
Cover letter
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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Subject/Verb Agreement“anodized wafers were rinsed in deionized water”“each anodized wafer was rinsed in deionized water”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Subject/Verb Agreement“diffusion coefficients have been calculated for each model…”“a diffusion coefficient has been calculated for each model…”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Subject/Verb Agreement
In academic writing, “data” is plural“The data show that…”“Data were analyzed by…”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Prepositions“No significant difference between the BH1 and BH2 sites
was observed”“There were no significant differences among the BH1, BH2
and BH3 sites.”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Prepositions“measurements were collected at 1 hr”“measurements were collected for 1 hr”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Hyphenation“the filament was 10 mm long”“…using a 10-mm filament”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Hyphenation“...interviewees were all 35 years old.”“interviews of 35-year-old scientists revealed…”

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Language errors
Common grammar errors:
Hyphenation
For numbers, the style is consistent from 21 to 99“twenty-one”  “ninety-nine”

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Respectively“The values were 176 mm and 198 mm, respectively.” X“The values for the AC-powered devices and the DC-powered
devices were 176 mm and 198 mm, respectively.” 

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Respectively“The values were 176 mm and 198 mm, respectively.” X“The values for the AC-powered devices and the DC-powereddevices were 176 mm and 198 mm, respectively.” 

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www.forte-science.co.jp

Language errors
Word choice errors:
Relatively“The proposed method has relatively high resolution.” X“The proposed method has a relatively high resolution of 0.001
nm, which is an order of magnitude higher than conventional
methods, such as…” 

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Relatively“The proposed method has relatively high resolution.” X“The proposed method has a relatively high resolution of 0.001
nm, which is an order of magnitude higher than conventional
methods, such as…” 

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Vague terms“…are important in medicine, optics, computing, etc.” X“...are important in fields such as medicine, optics, andcomputing” 

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Vague terms“…has been observed in the Bismarck, Cortland, andEmpire cultivars, among others.” X“…has been observed in several cultivars, including”
Bismarck, Cortland, and Empire. 

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Unnecessary words
As a result of…
The majority of…
At this point in time…
Due to the fact that…
With the exception of…
It is possible that…
At the same time as…
In light of the fact that…

Consequently…
Most…
Now… (Currently…)
Because…
Except…
May…
Concurrently…
Since…

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Unnecessary words
Title:
Abstract:

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Language errors
Word choice errors:
Close words
staff

stuff

ruptureraptureregionlesionfetalfatal

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Non-English characters“samples stored at -20℃ or -70℃ for 1, 6, and 12 months”“increased from 21.6±4.84％ to 25.3±4.46% (p＜0.02)”

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Non-English characters
Always include a space between numbers and units“27.5 kg”

“890 cm3”“3 ml”

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Table and figure orderFigures and Tables must be cited in ordere.g. Fig. 1 must be described before Fig. 2

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Table and figure order
Even figure panels should be described in order
Discuss Fig. 1(a) before 1(b)英文校正・翻訳のフォルテ - Your Trusted Partner in Science Communications

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
In-text citations
Most commonly, citations should be in numerical ordere.g. Reference 7 must be cited before Reference 8

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
In-text citations
Citations must follow the style of your target journal…solar cells [1].

vs. …solar cells. [1]…solar cells1).

vs. …solar cells.1)…solar cells1.

vs. …solar cells.1

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Inconsistencies
Abbreviations should be defined at the first instance ofa term in the abstract and again in the manuscript
e.g., time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS)
After that, only the abbreviation should be used

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Language errors
Style/format problems:
Inconsistencies
Provide manufacturer/model/developer information for
all instruments and software
At first mention, provide details in full, e.g., “(AgilentTechnologies, Santa Clara, CA)
After that, just “(Agilent Technologies)”
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Review
Common Language Errors:
Grammar errors-Subject/Verb Agreement-Prepositions-Hyphenation

Word choice errors-Respectively-Relatively-Vague terms-Unnecessary words-Close words

Style/format problems-Non-English characters-Table and figure order-In-text citations-Inconsistencies
英文校正・翻訳のフォルテ - Your Trusted Partner in Science Communications

www.forte-science.co.jp

Goals of today’s seminar• Identify 3 types of language errors• Give real examples of each type
• Improve your chances of publication

英文校正・翻訳のフォルテ - Your Trusted Partner in Science Communications

www.forte-science.co.jp

Thank you for your attention!

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英文校正・翻訳 FORTE

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Q&Aセッション
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これより、セミナーの内容についてご質問を承ります。
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科学技術論文の専門家
業界トップレベルの翻訳者・校正者が皆様をサポートいたします！

✓英文校正サービス ✓翻訳サービス ✓リバイズ原稿✓査読コメント ✓セミナー・ワークショップ ✓校正者派遣✓学生支援プログラム ✓研究室支援プログラム
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