Japan Association for Social Policy Studies (JASPS)
132nd Conference
Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
25th-26th June 2016

DAY1 (25 June 2016)
CONFERENCE MAIN SESSION
9:30-16:45(Room1031)

LABOR ISSUES IN PUBLC SECTORS: CHANGES AND PROSPECTS
Recent social security policy reforms have focused on the roles of local government, especially in systemmanagement and social services deliveries to people living in community. While the workforces in public
sectors have faced higher demands in terms of quality and quantities in their duties, the employment systems
for civil servant have also been radically changed under the financial difficulties in central and local
governments. It have been concerned that the increasing instability in public sectors through part-time
contract and atypical employment, combined with new management initiatives, could lead to further social
issues.
This main session will discuss on labor issues in public sectors, including analysis of recent policy
developments, new evaluation and assessment system on public sectors workers, issues in non-regular
workforces and their low wages, and child care workers in public sectors.

9:30-12:30
CHAIR: Makoto ABE(Oita University)
SPEAKER:
Koichi MATSUO (Aoyama Gakuin University)
Kenichi KURODA (Meiji University)
Masanori KAWAMURA (Hokkai Gakuen University)
Kumiko HAGIWARA (Shimonoseki City University)

12:30-14:00
Lunch time
14:00 - 16:45
CHAIR: Makoto ABE(Oita University)
DISCUSSANT
Junri SAKURAI (Ritsumeikan University)
Yoji KAMBAYASHI (Japan Research Institute for Local Government)

DAY2 (26 June 2016)
Special Themed session
9:30- 11:30 Room 1073

Special Themed Session 1 : Long-Term Care: Service Delivery and Local Government
Administration in Sweden, Korea, and Japan
Chair : HIRAOKA, Koichi（Ochanomizu University）＜Theme of the Session＞
After Japan began to considerably expand long-term care services in the 1990s, Korea saw arapid, substantial increase in the provision of long-term care services in the 2000s and the 2010s.
Consequently, it would currently be inappropriate to compare the long-term care systems in
Sweden, Korea, and Japan by positioning each of these countries on “highly developed” versus “lessdeveloped” axes. Instead, we need to develop an alternative framework for contrasting these threestructures by analyzing their commonalities and differences.
This symposium consists of three presentations by scholars who are well-versed in the local
government administration related to long-term care in each of the three nations covered by thisstudy. As the first step to developing the framework, each scholar intends to examine the system ofservice delivery and local government administration in the field of long-term care in theirrespective country. The presentations will focus specifically on the decentralized administrative
system and the diversity of the network of service delivery in Sweden, the division of roles between
the insurer of long-term care insurance and local governments in Korea, and the expanded roles of
local governments in Japan’s “Community Total Care System.”*This research is partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (KAKENHI) #25380836, #15H03427 and #15H03433.

SAITO, Yayoi（Osaka University）
Diversity of municipal eldercare system and the Act on System of Choice in the Public Sector (Lagen om
valfrihetssystem) in Sweden – comparative study of two municipalities
The aim of my presentation is to clarify the recent character of municipal autonomy in thedecentralized eldercare system in Sweden. Privatization and marketization of eldercare service
provision has developed during the 1990s in Sweden, and the conservative majority government
accelerated the trend. The conservative government aimed to spread the voucher model overmunicipal social services in the whole country by the Act on System of Choice in the Public Sector(Lagen om valfrihetssystem) in 2009.
In spite of this government aim, only 23.4% ofmunicipalities introduced any kind of voucher model in their eldercare system. Municipal
eldercare system has diversified because municipalities tried to introduce the system with theirown policy and strategy. My study in 2012 compares two municipalities in Stockholm (840 thousand
inhabitants) and Växjö (83 thousand inhabitants) to see the influence of the Act on care providers,
price of the services, regulations and quality control. In this presentation, I will analyse thesituation under the coalition government of the Social Democrats and the Green Party after the lastelection in 2014.

KIM, Jimi（Kyungnam University）
Korea's Long-term Care Service Delivery System and the Role of Local Governments
A series of policy interventions for the socialization of long-term care has been implemented in Korea bychanging long term care service delivery system from the "Public assistance" to "Social insurance scheme" ('Long
Term Care Insurance Act' was enacted in 2007) and introducing "Voucher scheme" for the service amid
marketization and decentralization since the mid-2000s. Also, as the long-term care insurance was enforced inJuly 2008, Korea's long-term care system was reorganized into the long-term care insurance service by NHIS
(National Health Insurance Service) and the care voucher service for the aged by local governments. In thispresentation, the role of local governments in Korea's long-term care delivery system is going to be examined byreviewing how the local governments have responded to long-term care in the complex relationship between thecentral government and NHIS or private organizations including long-term care providers and social welfare
corporations. And it is examined specifically from the examples of policy development in two local governments,
Changwon City and Uiryeong county in South Gyeongsang Province, on the basis of restructuring process of
Korea's long-term care system.

MORIKAWA, Mie（National Institute of Public Health）
Is building a community-based integrated care system a paradigm shift?: Comparison of two
municipalities in the Tokyo metropolitan area
The scale of Japan’s long-term care service system has expanded tremendously as a result ofmanagement of the long-term care insurance system based on the paradigm of marketization andprivatization. From the perspectives of restraining cost and increasing effectiveness of care,however, the national government has reviewed the system and is requesting local governments tobuild community-based integrated care systems. The guidelines of the government’s 6th Long-TermCare Insurance Service Plan indicate a paradigm shift in system management, including theparticipation and networking of stakeholders as a means of building a community-based integrated
care system. However, it has not been made clear how the existing care system management
paradigm and the newly requested governance setup are connected (or not connected) at the local
government level, nor the differences of the connection among local governments. This report
explores these issues on the basis of the results of interview surveys in two municipalities in theTokyo metropolitan area, which were conducted two times in each municipality (at the time of
discussion of the 6th Long-Term Care Insurance Service Plan and at the time of the plan’s start).
*This research is partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (KAKENHI) #25380836, #15H03427 and #15H03433.

12:50-14:50 Room 1073

Special Themed session 2: Improving the Quality of Employment of Persons with
Disabilities: with Interview, Investigation and Japan-Korea Comparision
Chair: Yukiyoshi WATANABE（Doho University）＜Theme of the Session＞
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted by United Nations, andJapan ratified it in 2014. The Employment of Persons with Disabilities Promotion Act was amended
in 2013. The prohibition of discrimination against persons with disabilities, including low wages,

refusal of employment, and obligation to provide reasonable considerations, will be enforced in 2016.
In 2018, mandatory rates of employment will be introduced for persons with mental disabilities as
well,
There has been criticism that workplaces employing persons with disabilities have had low
wages, unstable employment, and slave-like labor-management relations. But there has been aqualitative improvement. Therefore, this subcommittee will look back to workplaces employing
persons with disabilities, focus on the role of the workplace and human relationships, and consider
the nature of the employment of persons with disabilities in both the present and future.
We have invited Hirotaka Koyama, a non-member, because he has probably seen the widest
range of employed persons with disabilities and is therefore very well suited to be lead-off presenter.
He will report on new developments and future challenges while describing conditions of persons
with disabilities at work.
Hirotaka KOYAMA（Japan Professional Photographers Society）"Employment of Persons with Disabilities" as Discussed by a Photographer
The employment of persons with disabilities in Japan was first executed in earnest with thecomprehensive amendment in 1976 of the Employment of Persons with Disabilities Promotion Act,
which levied fines on companies that did not meet the mandatory rates of employment ofhandicapped person. Recently, I went around Japan as a photographer visiting sites where
handicapped persons were being employed. The theme of the tour was “employing people withdisabilities”. I have continued to interview working persons with disabilities for almost 40 years.
During this time, the employment promotion act was amended several times, so the employment
rate was raised from 1.5% to 1.8%, and then to 2.0%, and all disadvantaged persons, including thosewith mental health problems, were included. Then I conducted interviews in offices across various
industries with regard to the changing employment situation of disabled people. At present, I canreport that companies are actively working with communities to employ handicapped persons.
Managers understand different forms of disability, and have improved workplaces accordingly. My
report focuses on company efforts to employ persons with mental disabilities and developmental
disorders.
Junko EMOTO（Prefectural University of Hiroshima）
Benefits of employing disabled people in the workplace: Regarding the workplace as a dynamic system
In this century, Japan's employment system for disabled people has grown in size, with priority given to
economic and financial factors. In recent years, this growth has accompanied by a gradual strengthening of quality
consciousness, as seen in legal reforms following the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Guaranteeing the right to work is an important aspect of the employment of disabled people. However, there isanother important aspect: the benefits of employing disabled people. This aspect cannot be explained byconventional thinking that places employees on one side and employers on the other. The benefits of employing
disabled people can be examined by seeing the whole workplace as a system, specifically a spatial expanse that
contains life (working life) and human interactions in the flow of time.
The workplace is not merely a physical space but is a place where humans form emotional and social
relationships with each other and grow in humanity. From the above-described perspective, I have studied theimpact of employing disabled people through the perspective of the workplace functioning as a dynamic system.
Specifically, I selected ten establishments with disabled employees based on the Japan Standard Industrial
Classification, and, through discussions, investigated the impact of employing disabled people. This report isbased on the results of that investigation.

Haejin KWON（Ritsumeikan University, Graduate School of Economics）
Employment Promotion System for Persons with Disabilities in the Aspect of the Quality of Lifein the South Korea
According to the 2014 Employment Plan for Persons with Disabilities and the Report on Its
Implementation by the Ministry of Employment and Labor, both the number of employed persons
with disabilities (120,901 persons) and the employment rate of persons with disabilities (2.48%)
have increased every year. However, according to the 6th Panel Survey on the Employment of
Persons with Disabilities (2014) by the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled, most employedpersons with disabilities work in poor and unstable environments: 65.2 percent of employed persons
with disabilities were working for very small companies and 55.5 percent of employed persons withdisabilities believed that they need better consideration with regard to working environments,
including the assignment of jobs.
So far, the employment promotion policies for persons with disabilities have pursued only thequantitative expansion of their employment, but from now on efforts to improve employment
quality should be emphasized. In particular, not only wages, but also improvement of human rights
and life quality should be reviewed in evaluating policies for persons with disabilities. This study
adopts such a perspective in analyzing Korea's employment promotion system for persons withdisabilities by emphasizing quality of life issues.

International Exchange Session (English Session)
12:50-14:50 Room 1085
International Exchange Session１: Thinking Framework for Comparing Social Policies of Japanand China
Chair: Shen Jie（Japan Women's University）
Discussant１: Shogo Takegawa（The University of Tokyo）
Discussant２: Yasuhiro Kamimura（Nagoya University）＜Theme of the Session＞
Since 1990s, policy practice in China began to accelerate to overcome political and economic
challenges. Forming a theoretical system has been lagging behind its practical application. At
present, we are asked to solve this problem along with how to build the academic system of China's
social policy. In this session, taking academic system of Japan’s social policy for reference, we will
discuss the way for building a Chinese system of social policy studies, and propose a framework forcomparing social policies of Japan and China. The first report analyzes the direction of China's
social policy from the perspective of a modern state development. The Second report discusses thedevelopment of various social actors and the way of social governance through the case of
professional organization of social workers in Guangzhou city.
Wang Chunguang （Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China）
The Trend of Social Policy and Modern State Construction in China
The social policy is correlated closely with the modern state construction. In more than three
decades in the past, the social policy has being changed through three phases---dual track,fragmentary, and universal base-line. This process means that the modern state has being

constructing in China. But the economic construction is considered as the core work by thegovernment and the social policy is just at its marginal position that helps to resolve the social
problems resulted from the economic construction. So the social policy does not have its own
purposes and values. Now the economy enters into the new normal in China. It means the modern
state construction is facing with many obstacles. How to deal with them? In my opinion, it is very
important to redesign and develop the social policy. Here the shared value is very important for thesocial policy development in the future in China. My presentation tries to discuss how to develop
the Chinese social policy according to the shared value in future.
Ngok Kinglun （Center for Chinese Public Administration Research/School of Government, Sun Yat-sen
University, China）
The reemergence of social work organizations and its implications for social governance in China：the caseof Guangzhou
In order to address the increasing social complexity brought about by continuing urbanization,industrialization and marketization, especially the heightened social tension caused by the
GDP-oriented economic growth model, the Chinese authorities have put much more emphasis onsocial governance and its innovation since the beginning of the new century.
Social governance innovation is used as a way for the government to release social pressures andmaintain social stability. In doing so, more efforts have been made in the areas such as providing
social services to people, developing social organizations into new social actors in managing society,promoting community building, and so on.
In recent years, many major Chinese cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen
are introducing non-governmental social work NGOs into the civil affairs system as well as urbanneighborhoods through the government purchase-of-service scheme. Both social work NGOs andthe government purchase-of-service scheme are treated as forms of social governance innovation.
Guangzhou is chosen as the research site of this study not only because it is the provincial capitalof Guangdong where market and social reforms have been among the most progressive in China,
but also because it was one of the earliest Chinese cities to introduce social work in residential
communities. The number of social work NGOs in Guangzhou grew from less than 10 in 2008 to 267
by January 2015. The number of social workers, by 2013, reached 6,873. These social work NGOs
have operated more than 160 NGO-operated social work service centres, known as “integrated
family service centres” (jiating zonghe fuwu zhongxin) in Guangzhou, which have been establishedin street-level residential communities to offer professional social work services to residents.
This paper focuses on the state-sponsored development of social work NGOs in Guangzhou’s
residential communities, examines their functions and operational mechanism, and explores theirimplications for social governance in China.

15:00-17:00

Room 1085

International Exchange Session2: Impact of Flexible, Unstable Work Schedules on Family
Care Arrangements and Children’s Well-being
Chair: Akira Suzuki（Hosei University）
Discussant: Takeshi Mizunoya（Hokkai Gakuen University）＜Theme of the Session＞
This international exchange session is proposed as a forum in which two specialists of work-lifebalance in the United States and Japan present their respective research and engage in“substantial” discussions on the issues related to the state of unstable work schedules and theirimpact on family care arrangements in the United States, Japan, and other countries. The issues
related to the gender division of labor, disparities in child care between single and married mothers,
and institutional regulation of working time are also discussed. The speaker on the US side,
Professor Elaine McCrate, participates in this session as a labor scholar representing LERA (theLabor and Employment Relations Association). In addition to the presentation of the two papers,
Professor Takeshi Mizunoya, a specialist of working time, will serve as a discussant.
Elaine McCrate （University of Vermont, United States of America）
Gender and the Organization of Working Time
Social scientists are well acquainted with the association between the length of the paid work day
and the gender division of labor between the home and the market. With traditional gender roles,
anything that lengthens the work day makes it more difficult for women to work for pay.
Less recognized is the relationship between work schedule instability and the gender division oflabor. Unstable work schedules – those that are variable and largely not under the control ofworkers – have become much more common in recent years, as firms have pursued flexibility torespond to changes in demand. This has made women’s position in the labor market even moretenuous as work has become more variable and unpredictable, jeopardizing family carearrangements.
Who bears the cost of schedule instability and unpredictability? Institutions make a difference.
This paper explores how the relationship between gender and work schedule instability is mediatedby the regulation of overtime and the provision of childcare in different countries. Overtime isdisproportionately male, and it is often highly unpredictable; its regulation makes it easier for
women to participate in the market and for men to participate in the home. Universal, low cost andhigh quality childcare arrangements make it easier for women to work unstable schedules.
Akiko Sato Oishi （Chiba University, Japan）
Mothers’ nonstandard work schedules and their effect on children’s well-being in Japan
With the prevalence of ‘24/7 economy,’ an increasing number of mothers across the industrializedcountries work hours that fall outside of a typical daytime. Japan is no exception. This labor market
trend has raised concerns about its potential impact on children’s well-being. In fact, various
studies in the US have reported significant associations between parents’ nonstandard work
schedules and a negative child outcome (Li et al. 2014).
The issue is more important for single-mother families because single-mothers are more likely towork nonstandard hours and they have fewer time and money to spend on children when comparedto their married counterparts. Furthermore, not only in the US but also in Japan, the gap in timespent on children between single-parent families and two-parent families has widened in the pastfew decades (Fox et al. 2013, Tamiya and Shikata 2007). Despite the growing concern overinequality in children’s well-being in Japan, there has been no study that explicitly focuses onmothers’ nonstandard work schedules and their possible effect on family resources spent onchildren. Thus, using a unique survey that comprises of single and married mothers in Japan, thisstudy 1) provides key features of nonstandard work schedules of mothers in Japan, 2) investigatesfactors influencing the decision to work nonstandard hours by paying attention to the difference
between single and married mothers, and 3) examines how mothers’ nonstandard work hours affectthe time and money spent on children.

SESSION
9:30- 11:30 Room 1074

Session 1 : People with disabilities
Chair: Koichi OGIWARA
Katsuhiko Iwata（National Institute for Educational Policy Research）
The challenges of Japanese employment policies for the persons with the disabilities including there-constructing of sheltered employment
Recently, employment of the persons with disabilities (PWD) are so promoted. Employers eager tohire PWD and the transition rate from the sheltered workshops to the open labor market isincreasing. But employers of companies that do not satisfy the statutory employment rate are stillin the majority and it is very difficult to ensure the employment for the majority of PWD who want
to work in the open labor market.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD) adopted in 2006 have required
nations to protect the rights of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others and topromote employment opportunities for PWD in the labor market(or to ensure the alternative
supports).
Japanese sheltered workshops should be reconstructed along with the content of CRPD thatsheltered employment should be regarded as a transitional arrangement as people move to more
open forms of employment that enable them to work alongside persons without disabilities, but also
one that provides ongoing support to those who, for a variety of reasons, may be unable to assume
employment in the open labor market.
After getting a bird's-eye view of the challenges of Japanese employment policies for PWD, thepresenter will discuss how we should re-construct Japanese sheltered workshops.
Genki Harada（Hitotsubashi University）
Why Have Intellectually Disabled People Been Placed in Workshops? : Post-war Welfare Services
for Disabled People as Work-Orientation
This paper aims to examine postwar welfare services for intellectually disabled Japanese people
by exploring the reasons why they have been mainly placed in sheltered workshops instead of inresidential institutions.
By analyzing policy documents, journals of stakeholder organizations, and surveys, I show thatwelfare services have attempted to place intellectually disabled people in the workforce, whether incompanies or other forms of sheltered workshops. Consequently, the number of residential
institutions has not increased greatly, while that of sheltered workshops has shown a significant
increase since 1970. I define this approach as “work-orientation,” which is shared not only by thegovernment but also by parents, teachers, and social workers.
This research reveals certain characteristics of welfare services for intellectually disabled
Japanese people that have previously remained ambiguous. Furthermore, it contributes todesigning a community living policy for disabled people and a social policy of supported
employment.
Kazue Tatsumi（Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences）
Significance and Issues of Labour Union for Persons with Disabilities

There is a tendency to understand the issues surrounding workers with disabilities only from a“welfare” perspective. Against this backdrop, an inauguration rally for Shougaisha Rodo Kumiai(Labour Union for Persons with Disabilities; an organization formed with support from the
National Union of Welfare and Childcare Workers) was held at the at the Tokyo Welfare Centre for
Persons with Disabilities in the Bureau of Social Welfare and Health, Tokyo, on December 23, 2015.
However, the situation is that it is unknown to what extent the Labour Union for Persons with
Disabilities has experienced conflict and also to what extent it can accumulate the ability to solve
problems. It is considered there are many workers who feel “labour unions” are unapproachable
these days. Therefore, as the Labour Union for Persons with Disabilities has the function of
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), the author considers that it might be more effective forworkers to consult with unions as non-members, then formally join the labour union when the otherparty refuses to engage is discussions and explore solutions through exercising the three rights oflabour.
This report considers the necessity of the Labour Union for Persons with Disabilities and its ADR
function through three case studies on what type of consultation agencies workers with disabilities
actually rely on and how these agencies respond when these workers lose their jobs for the reason of
having a disability.

9:30- 11:30 Room 1085

Session 2 : East Asia
Chair: Zhu Min
Myoung-Jung Kim（NLI Research Institute）
The current status of the Earned Income Tax Credit in Korea and the implication to Japan: Earned
Income Tax Credit or Reduced Tax Rate?
Korean government introduced the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in 2008 for the purpose of raising
the work incentive of the working poor. EITC provides tax benefit to low- and moderate- income working
people.
Korean government expanded the coverage of EITC to the self-employed worker household in 2015.
EITC of Korea would be worth considering for Japanese government, which is planning to reform thetraditional safety net. Some Japanese researchers have insisted that Japanese government should introduce
EITC instead of Reduced Tax Rate. Japanese government should introduce a highly effective system.
Zheng

Wang（Jiangxi Agricultural University）

Analysis of China's delaying retirement policy -- Based on the function of family security

CANCELLED

Yeong Joo Lee（Doshisha University）
Theory evaluation of the elderly dementia policy contained in South Korea’s Third Comprehensive
Plan on Dementia Management (2016～2020)
As the number of elderly in the developed world keeps rising, the number of elderly individuals
with dementia and the problem of how to deal with them are the focus of increasing concern.
This concern prompted the World Health Organization to hold the first Ministerial Conference on
Global Action Against Dementia in 2015. Such conferences reveal an increasing desire to takepositive measures to confront the present situation. Along with this backdrop of international
efforts, the Third Comprehensive Plan on Dementia Management (2016～2020) was released inSouth Korea in presence of criticism that the first and second plans were not properly evaluated.
As it forms the central component of government policy, the general plan is extremely important.
This presentation focuses on the problems of the present results-based evaluation system, andconsiders the contents of the Third plan. Specifically, I investigated and analyzed the contents of
the Third Plan, based on an easily comprehensible visualized logic model and I suggest
improvements based on implications obtained in the process.

9:30- 11:30 Room 1083

Session 3: Poverty and Social Security
Chair: Utae MORI
Keiko Kawahara（Toyo University）
A study on the policy issues for young homeless women in Japan
International studies have categorized the homeless into three types (single, family, and youth).
However, Japan’s policy and research on the homeless has largely focused only on the issues related
to single homeless men, while no measures have been taken to address the problems of the othercategories. This biased perspective of homeless studies can lead to the development of additionalsocial problems. For example, women, who resort to survival sex, may face unwanted pregnancy
and abandon or abuse the children as a result. In order to address such negligenced homeless issues,
a comprehensive approach is important as incorporating the three types of homeless issues. This
presentation attempts to contribute to the effort to develop such comprehensive perspective bydelineating policy issues specific to young homeless women in Japan.

Masami Sasao（Teisei Gakuen Junior College）
Policy Issues for Single-Mother Households (with a History of Domestic Violence) at a Public
Housing Facility

CANCELLED

Rie Iwanga（Japan Women's University）
Examining public assistance scheme at the local government level
The reform of poverty policies and public assistance schemes promoted in the 2000s have since
been implemented or completed. However, since the legal enforcement of these policies, researchers,lawyers, and social workers have pointed out that the enforcement of the laws associated with thesepolicies and with public assistance is not congruent with the philosophical logic on which they arebased.
The focus of the reactions to contemporary poverty lies in the implementation of policies. This
paper examines the operation and implementation of management within welfare systems at the
local government level.
Previous studies on welfare states—to promote the introduction of inclusive activation or public
assistance scheme reforms—have focused on the ability of local governments to implement andmanage strategies in this area. These studies have revealed (at local government or caseworker
level) that a comprehensive description is difficult and that the processes are path dependent. In
light of this, the focus is on the historical processes within local governments to develop andmanage welfare operations.

12:50-14:50

Room 1074

SESSION 4: SWEDEN
Chair: Mayumi OSHIO
Ayae Akitomo（Takasaki City University of Economics）
Changes in economic inequality and poverty in Sweden
Sweden is known for its comparatively low level of economic inequality. However, according to an
OECD report from 2008 titled Growing Unequal? Sweden’s Gini coefficient and relative poverty
rate—as that of several OECD nations—have been increasing in recent years. Disposable income
trends from 1991 to 2013, for various income brackets, reveal that income increased for high-income
individuals but remained largely constant for low-income individuals. This indicates that economic
disparities are on the rise in Sweden.
The report conducts a detailed examination of the nature of economic inequality in Sweden andthe context for the widening gap, both before and after redistribution. The report focusses onpolicies from the year 2000 (promotion of fixed-term employment, taxation and social welfare
reforms), considering the fact that Sweden’s Gini coefficient and relative poverty rate haveworsened since then.
In addition, as Sweden has a universal social welfare provision, the report attempts to re-assess
economic inequality and poverty based on “adjusted disposable income” data, which includes
personal social services.
Tomoko Odamaki（Ritsumeikan University）
Co-production on The Decision Making Process: A Comparative Case Study of Sweden and Japan
Co-production is the mix of activities that both professionals and users contribute to the provisionof public services. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of co-production in welfare fields
with particular attention to the decision making process. Cases of co-production from Swedish
pre-school and Japanese medical and welfare cooperatives are used. The author interviewed
managers in parent cooperatives, personnel cooperatives, parent and personnel cooperatives,municipal and profit oriented pre-schools in Sweden. The study revealed that they have different
decision making systems among users, professionals and municipal authority. Co-production on
decision making process is only observed in parent cooperatives, parent and personnel cooperatives
and personnel cooperatives. In Japan, consumers’ cooperatives and healthcare cooperatives havedecision making system including users and staffs. After inception of nursing care insurance system
in 2000, their efforts have expanded in the society. The finding of this research also shows thatJapanese government expects co-production in public services involving the users. It can beconcluded that co-production initiatives are spreading in Sweden and Japan.
Kayo Fukami（Kyoto University）
Who can be a “member”? ‐Health care in Sweden.
This presentation will discuss membership of the social security system based on Swedish healthcare system. In Japan, the main social security system is insurance based, so people with low
income who cannot afford to pay the insurance fee are excluded from medical care. To resolve thisproblem, some researchers have proposed a tax based system instead. In a tax based system, there
is no legal relationship between tax payments and rights to medical care. Therefore medical
accessibility is easily guaranteed for all income levels. However, how one can be a 'member' of thesystem has to be defined; In Sweden's case, nationality or citizenship is the main requirement. This
presentation will discuss these points.

12:50-14:50

Room 1083

SESSION 5 : LABOR ISSUES 1
Chair: Kimihiko ISHIKAWA
Tohru Fujikawa（The university of Tsukuba）
Research on QC-circles after 1980's: Tendency of newspaper articles
The purpose of this research is to understand role change of QC-circles after 1980's.
QC-circles contributed to expand Japanese economy through improving quality of products andmorale of workers during Japan was progressing its export-led economy. Nowadays, QC-circles are
not popular in Japan except for some industry fields. It have lost social influence such as seen inexport-led economy era.
This research is based on newspaper database. Research on variation of the relevance between
QC-circles and other words in the newspaper articles may contribute to understand the process ofdecreasing social attention to QC-circles.
Guangjie Lu（Osaka City University）
Consideration on the Future Effort of Public Vocational Training for Job Seekers ―with a Focus on
the Mid-Long Term Effects
After the financial crisis (Lehman’s collapse), the Japanese government expanded existing public
vocational training programs and established a new program .
The most important indicator for judging whether those programs are good or bad is theemployment rate. Paying attention to achieving the rate too much is causing harms. For example,
outsourcing companies that run some public vocational training classes guide the trainees tounstable employment for improving the rate of employment.
So instead of researching how to enhancing the rate of employment, the paper focuses on how to
improve the training’s mid-long effects , for example, habit of study , job satisfaction and retentionof workplace. We will do econometric analysis in this paper.
Masao Yamasaki（Hosei University）
Current Status and Issues of Labour Unions in the Construction Industry

This study discusses the current status and issues of labour unions in the construction industry.
The investigation has been undertaken for three purposes. First, there is a blank that theaccumulation of research on the labour unions in the construction industry. Second, since labour
unions naturally possess the functions of ‘mutual aid’ and ‘human resource development’, the realmof role clearly falls in their court. Finally, the succession of engineer’s intuition in the constructionindustry is becoming a pressing challenge. I conducted interviews with 16 labour unions (10construction unions and 6 unions from other industries) about the unions’ role. The results of theseinterviews suggest that construction labour unions are much less developed than the unions of otherindustries. The main issue is that labour unions lack funds to carry out activities and their function
is misunderstood. At the present time, labour unions in the construction industry will be put to thetest.

15:00-17:00 Room 1074
SESSION 6 : HEALTH POLICY
Chair: Kimiko NAGASAWA
Kaori Kogure（The University of Tokyo）
Delivery benefits in kind by insurance midwives from 1932 to 1942
In Japan, though delivery is supposed to be outside of the benefits in kind by health insurance
because “delivery is not disease,” delivery benefits in kind by insurance midwives were performedfor 10 years starting in 1932. However, few studies have reported on insurance midwives. A
previous study stated that delivery benefits in kind were not fixed in Japan, and that insurance
midwives disappeared naturally. However, delivery benefits in kind and the activities of insurance
midwives have not been appropriately recognized. Therefore, this report aimed to reveal theactivity of insurance midwives based on published document.
As a result, it was revealed that insurance midwives worked widely. For example, 86% of alldelivery benefits were benefits in kind from insurance midwives in 1936. In addition, “delivery
benefits” included not only birth assistance, but also antenatal and postpartum health checkup.
Summarizing the above, delivery benefits in kind have been widely available in the past, and thecoverage of delivery benefits was defined broadly.
Sachiko Hayakawa（Hiroshima International University）
The Analysis of Art in Hospital from a Perspective of Social Inclusion
Frequently, a hospital mirrors the citizen's value for life. And, the processes of cure and carearen’t only process of organ recovery, but also process of human recovery. So, if a hospital be “humanconscious”, a hospital could present social inclusive value.
This presentation focuses on “Art in Hospital”, and uses a case study approach to explain. It will
convey the value to both patients and workers.
Saori Watanabe（Meiji Gakuin University）
Disease-Category-Based Model of Rare Diseases Policy: A cross-national comparison
This paper examines the characteristics of Japanese social policy towards patients of rarediseases (Nanbyo) under the “Disease-Category-Based” model and makes a cross-national
comparison with rare diseases policies in the EU and US.
By analyzing the historical documents of medical research projects and the discourses of medical
researchers who participated in rare diseases policy, I find that social policies applied to sufferers ofrare diseases have been significantly affected by a research-oriented "Disease-Category-Based"
model in which clinical medical researchers in public hospitals and national university hospitals
play a major role. National disease research groups organized by the authorities are responsible forformulating the concept of “rare diseases” and the diagnostic criteria thereof. These national
disease research groups consist almost entirely of clinical medical researchers; moreover, they
define which diseases are eligible for limited public healthcare coverage.
Rare diseases policies in each country could be categorized into three types: (1) a ”Private
Expense” model, (2) a ”Universal” model, and (3) a ”Disease-Category-Based” model. Under the“Disease-Category-Based” model, out-of-pocket medical care expenses of patients of rare diseases
have been publicly subsidized as “rewards for the clinical donor”, rather than as social or healthcare
policies.

15:00-17:00 Room 1073
SESSION 7: HISTORY
Chair: Michihiko TOKORO
Satoshi Yano（Nihon University）
The Evolution of the Social Policy and the Break-up of the English Poor Law
The Break-up the Poor Law movements by the Fabian Society did not functioning effectively in1910 and after. The main cause of it was drawn by the historical cultural, and administrative
traditions of which English poor law had used a right to solving of poverty problems. The Boards ofGuardians still had power and resisted the policy of the central government. Therefor the
succeeding governments had to introduce the modern social policy known as social insurance
systems to strengthen the prevention of the modern problems of poverty and tried to take the placeof the Poor Law systems. This Studies analyzes the historical process of the social reforms toconfrontation to the Boards of Guardians from central government. At the same time, it was thereal process of the Break -up of a regime of the Poor Law in Great Britain.
Shinjiro Morita（Touhoku Bunka Gakuen University）
Review“Beveridge Report”
This presentation intends to review“Beveridge Report”in modern Japan,especially in relation to
B.Seebohm Rowntree. Rowntree’s poverty-study affected national minimum of Beveridge.
He also published” The Human Factor in Business” based on his experience of manager. He
pursuited ideal personnnel management and improved the quality of employment. Success ofBeveridge plan is based on Keynes‐policy(quantity) and Rowntree－policy(quality).This angle
suggest some significance of “Beveridge Report”in Japan where irregular workers are increasing.
Kiyoshi Mitomi （Shizuoka University）
Studies on social exclusion and carers
The history of the studies on social exclusion can be traced back to 1960s in France and it has
gradually introduced internationally. The studies on the analysis about R.Lenoir’s work varies
between countries. For example, in France and the UK, researchers discuss about relationshipbetween social exclusion and carers, yet they do not share the common circumstances. In case ofJapan, there is significant lack of understanding about the question raised by R. Lenoir.
The objective of the study is to discuss the author’s view on the various discussions about
R.Lenoir’s work as well as to analyze the trend of studies in France, the UK and Japan. It also
discusses the work of P.Townsend (1957 and 1962) and the studies about exclusion policies in theU.S..

15:00-17:00

Room 1083

SESSION 8 : LABOR ISSUES 2
Chair: Fumiki ISHIZUKA
Mieko Yasuda（HANAZONO University）
Mass Media And Woman Labor Problem in Work Place - In Case of STAP cells.
During January of 2014, it was reported that STAP cells were discovered by a Japanese woman
researcher; however, by December of the same year, the reported discovery was discredited andwithdrawn. From the reporting of discovery to withdrawal announcements, there appear to exist
problems of both organizational structure and individual conducts. This discovery and withdrawal
process should have been simply "a scene" in the scientific progress. However, the news media
reported the incident as - reflecting the consciousness of people – and used data mining toemphasize and further analyze involvement of “woman researcher”. Among the issues raised bythis unfortunate event, though somewhat hidden, is the possible gender issue dealing with theprocess of educating and training the female research scientists. By studying this incident as an
example, this paper will address and analyze the existing developmental process for women in
workforce. It is noted that this paper will not deal with elucidation of STAP cells.
Katsuhide Isa（Seinan Gakuin University）
Labor disputes at a school corporation in the era of high-speed growth: the case in Fukuoka
Prefecture
In recent years, several studies have been published concerning labor disputes in the era ofhigh-speed growth. Concerning disputes at educational institutes in this period, many studies havefocused on university disputes mainly led by students. On the other hand, there are few studies
concerning labor disputes at schools led mainly by school staffs. In Fukuoka Prefecture, there
occurred a large scale labor dispute that continued more than 100 days at Seinan Jogakuin in 1961,
following the Miike dispute that ended in the previous year. Though this dispute got a lot ofcoverage in the local media at that time, it is almost forgotten nowadays. On the other hand, sinceresearchers as well as government have paid their main attention to the occurrences in and aroundTokyo, no organized documentation has been made about this dispute so far. Given the current
situation of the university, it should be of much significance to uncover and document the materials
concerning our predecessors' experiences. In addition, this study will have much significance as aninterdisciplinary nexus of labor movement history, university history and regional history. Given
these backgrounds, this study aims to investigate the historical backdrops, process andcontemporary relevance of this dispute using primary source materials.
Yoko Maki（Hitotsubashi University）
Wages/work, conditions of care, and market law: a case study of French registered childminders(assistants maternels)
The price of care has been one of the main issues in Gender and Care Studies. Registeredchildminders in Paris represent one of the exceptions to the norm in care work. Using data gatheredin field work and actors’ narratives, this paper will analyse how these childminders, most of whom
are immigrants with low qualifications, can fix relatively high wages for their care work.

French childminders (assistants maternels) care for up to four young children at their own homes
after being registered by the local authority. This is the most usual type of care situation in the
French childcare system. There exist regulations on the upper and lower price limits for such care;and childminders can freely fix the price for their work within these bounds.
In Paris, where the demand exceeds the supply and the care users are often of a high social class,the childminders can fix the price of their service near the upper limit in negotiating their contracts
with the parents. They are even in a powerful negotiating position regarding working hours
vis-à-vis their employers. On the other hand, in the provinces, the price is lower and childminders
tend to accept whatever hours that parents require.