6th AOFSRR School: Cheiron School 2012 (Sept. 24-Oct. 3, 2012)
Spring-8/RIKEN Harima, Hyogo, Japan

Overview of Synchrotron Radiation (SR)Moonhor Ree* Chemistry Department, Division of Advanced Materials Science &Polymer Research Institute Adviser for Science* Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)

Pohang University of Science & Technology
Pohang 790-784, Korea
Tel: +82-54-279-2120, +82-(0)10-2080-2120 (mobile)
Fax: +82-54-279-3399
E-mail: ree@postech.edu
http://www.postech/ac.kr/chem/mree

1Sept. 24, 2012
10:40-12:00

Outline1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree2
Cheiron School-2012

AOFSRR Objectives• To encourage regional collaboration in synchrotron radiation
research and related subjects in Asia and Oceania.

• To promote advancement of synchrotron radiation researchand related subjects in Asia and Oceania.

• To achieve the objective stated above, the AOFSRR shall holda conference every year.

• The AOFSRR will also actively encourage any other activities
that will promote synchrotron radiation research and related
subjects in the region.

Specific Activities:• Organize scientific collaboration meetings• Exchange information of facilities and user groups• Provide a framework for cooperative activities

3

AOFSRR Organization (2012)

4

Indonesia (Suminar Pratapa ; Inst. Technol. Sepuluh Nov.) - new

5

mm

m

nm

Å

SR

Human hair
~ 50-100 mm wide

6

Synchrotron Radiation
When moving along a curved trajectory in a speed close to that of light,
electrons emit electromagnetic radiation in tangential direction.
This kind of radiation is called synchrotron radiation since it was firstobserved at a 70 MeV synchrotron radiation machine in 1947.
The curved trajectory can be created by bending magnet, wiggler andundulator magnets in accelerators.

M. ReeCheiron School-2012

FEL

fully dedicatedto SR
mainly forparticle physics

1st-Gen.
SR

2nd-Gen.
SR

3rd-Gen.
SR

ERL
etc.

Undulator,
Wiggler beamlines

bending-magnet
beamlines

1st-Man MadeSR – GE Scientists“Betatron” in 1947

Year

- 1970s - 1980s - 2000s- 20x0s

Coherent

4th-Gen.
SR

Non-coherent beam

Quality of Photon Beam

Development of SR Sources4th Generation

3rd Generation

910
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

SR Applications in Science• Spatial Science vs. Time-Domain Science• Spectroscopy Science• Scattering Science• Microscopy (Imaging) Science• Science & Technology Fields:
Physics, Chemistry, Materials , Biology, Medicine,
Pharmaceutics, Environmental, Agriculture, Information
Technology, Displays, Mechanical Engineering ……….
(almost all fields of Science and Technology)* SR Users are more than 100,000 in the world.

11

Properties of Synchrotron Radiation
Broad spectrum: from infrared to hard X-ray;
Wide tunability in photon energy (or wavelength) by
monochromatization: sub eV up to the MeV Range;
High Brilliance and high flux: many orders of magnitude
higher than that with the conventional X-ray tubes;
Highly collimated: radiation angular divergence angle
proportions inversely to electron beam energy (1/);High level of polarizations: linear, circular, elliptical;
Pulsed time structures: tens of picoseconds pulse;…
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
 Over the past 40 years, design and construction of dedicated SR
facilities have been continuously carried out all over the world.
Currently there are about 50 SR light sources in operation andabout 23 of them are third generation light sources;
Before 1970s, first generation light sources, attached to high energy
machines, were parasitically operated;
From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, second generation light sourceswere designed and constructed as dedicated SR user facilities;
From the mid-1980s, third generation light sources have been designed
and constructed with low emittance beam, undulators and Wigglers;
Since the Mid-1990s, the construction of intermediate energy third
generation light sources has been the focus of efforts worldwide;
Meanwhile compact synchrotron radiation facilities have been designed
and constructed.

Since the late 1990s, fourth generation light sources (so-called free electron
lasers) have been started designing and construction.
Since the laet 2000s, energy recovery linac (ERL) light sources have been
started designing and construction.
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities (in operation)
Asia-Oceania : 26

Europe : 25

America : 18

14

www.lightsources.org

3rd Generation Light Sources
 3rd generation light sources, based on advanced undulators,
Wigglers, and low emittance storage ring, are currently then main
working horses. According to the storage ring energy, it can beclassified into low-, high- and intermediate energy light sources;
High energy third generation light sources (>4GeV)：ESRF (6 Gev), APS(7 GeV), Spring-8 (8 GeV);
Low energy ones (<2.5GeV): ALS, Elettra, TLS, BESSY-II, MAX-II,
LNSL, … ;Intermediate energy ones (2.5 ~ 4.0GeV): PLS/PLS-II, ANKA, SLS, CLS,SPEAR3, Diamond, SOLEIL, INDUS-II , ASP, SSRF, ALBA, NSLS-II, TPS,
MAX-IV, … ;In addition, further advanced third generation light sources, diffraction
limited or ultimate, are under investigations and studies. Notably,progress is very encouraging in upgrading the high energy physics
accelerators into advanced third generation light sources, such as the
PETRA-III in operation at DESY and the PEP-X proposal at SLAC.
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

Intermediate Energy Light Sources The pioneering third generation light sources generated brightradiation based on fundamental and lowest harmonic spectralline of undulator:
High energy machines were optimized at 5-25keV for hard X-ray science;
Low energy ones were designed &optimized for VUV and soft X-ray
sciences; As undulator technology well developed, its theoretical brilliancecan be achieved at higher harmonics, this leads to a few ofoutstanding properties of intermediate energy light sources;
The photon beam properties in the 5-25keV range generated withintermediate energy light sources are comparable with those from highenergy machines;
Up to 11th-15th harmonics are currently used at operating machines;
Circumference ranges from 100+m to ~800m depending on budget;
Low construction and operation costs make it a cost effective lightsource right for meeting the regional needs;
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

3rd Generation Light Sources around the World

Iran

: 23
: 0
: 2
: 5

17
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (1)Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status

1. ALS

1.9

196.8

6.3

400

126.7m

Operation (1993)

2. ESRF

6.0

844.4

3.7

200

326.3m

Operation (1993)

3. TLS

1.5

120

25

240

66m

Operation (1993)

4. ELETTRA

2.0/2.4

259

7

300

126.1m

Operation (1994)

5. PLS
(in upgrading)

2.5
(3.0)

280.56

18.6
(5.8)

200
(400)

126.8m(+ 12x4.2m)

Operation (1995)(2011)

6. APS

7.0

1104

3.0

100

406.7m

Operation (1996)

7. SPring-8

8.0

1436

2.8

100

446.6m, 430m

Operation (1997)

8. LNLS

1.37

93.2

70

250

63m

Operation (1997)

9. MAX-II

1.5

90

9.0

200

103.2m

Operation (1997)

10. BESSY-II

1.7

240

6.1

200

85.7m, 84.9m

Operation (1999)

11. Siberia-II

2.5

124

65

200

123m

Operation (1999)

12. NewSUBARU

1.5

118.7

38

500

214m, 44m

Operation (2000)

Light Source

18
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (2)Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

13. SLS

2.4-2.7

288

5

400

311.7m, 37m,
64m

Operation (2001)

14. ANKA

2.5

110.4

50

200

45.6m, 42.2m

Operation (2002)

15. CLS

2.9

170.8818.1

500

125.2m

Operation (2003)

16. SPEAR-3

3.0

234

12

500

27.6m,44.8m,
123.1m

Operation (2004)

17. SAGA-LS

1.4

75.6

7.5

300

82.93m

Operation (2005)

18. ASP

3.0

216

7-16

200

145.4m

Operation (2007)

19. DIAMOND

3.0

561.6

2.7

300

68m, 185m

Operation (2007)

20. SOLEIL

2.75

354.1

3.74

500

412m, 127m,
83.8mOperation (2007)

21. SSRF

3.0

432

3.9

300

412m, 166.5
m

Operation (2009)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status19
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

New 3rd Generation Light Sourcesin Operation, Commissioning, Construction and Plan
Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

22. Indus-2

2.5

172.5

58

300

84.5mOperaation

23. PETRA-III

6.0

2304

1.0

100

120m, 85m

Operation

24. ALBA

3.0

268.8

4.5

400

48m, 124.2m,
82.6mOperation

25. SESAME

2.5

133.1226400

84.44m, 82.38 Constructionm

26. TPS

3.0

518.4

1.6

400

612m, 187m

27. CANDLE

3.0

216

8.4

350

164.8m

28. NSLS-II

3.0

792

2.1

500

29. MAX IV

3.0

287.2

0.8

500

124.6m

30. TSRF

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

StatusConstruction
Planned159.3m, 156.6 CommissioningmConstruction
Planned20

M. ReeCheiron School-2012

SR Applications in Science• Spatial Science vs. Time-Domain Science• Spectroscopy Science• Scattering Science• Microscopy (Imaging) Science• Science & Technology Fields:
Physics, Chemistry, Materials , Biology, Medicine,
Pharmaceutics, Environmental, Agriculture, Information
Technology, Displays, Mechanical Engineering ……….
(almost all fields of Science and Technology)
21
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

• There are dramatic increased demands from life
science research, for example, big three statistics(ESRF, APS, Spring-8) in structural biology.
• One may note that cases of PLS and TLS are also
outstanding results.
• The overall users are about 100,000 in the world.

22
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

Scientific Demands
Coherency
Atomic and nanoscale imaging (Cells & Viruses, Nano-materials etc.), Others
Femto-second science
Real-time reaction with high repetition rate
(Chemical reaction, Photo-induced phase transition etc.)
Nano beam
Condensed matter physics under extreme conditions

Performances
Brilliance : brighter by 2 orders
Pulse width : shorter by 2 orders
compared to those of 3rd generation SR

New Light Source X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) Energy Recovery Linear-Accelerator (ERL)

4th Generation
SR
23

M. ReeCheiron School-2012

X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL)
Self Amplification of Spontaneous Emission (SASE)

24
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

XFELs around the World
Project

Type

Location

Country e-Beam (GeV) Photon (nm)Status

LEUTL

SASE

APS

USA

0.22

660-130

Since 2001

TTF I

SASE

DESY

Germany 0.3

125-85Since 2002

SDL DUV-FEL

HGHG SDL/NSLS

USA

400-100

Since 2002

FLASH (TTF)

SASE

DESY

Germany 1.0

12 - 6Since 2006

SCSS Prototype SASE

SPring-8

Japan

0.25

150-50Since 2006

LCLS

SASE

SLAC

USA

14.5

0.15

in 2009

SACLA

SASE

SPring-8Japan80.1 (0.05)

in 2011

Euro XFEL

SASE

DESY

Germany 17.5

0.05

in 2014

PAL XFELPSI XFEL
SPARC
FERMI
DUV/Soft X-ray

SASE
SASE
SASE
HGHG
HGHG

PohangPSIINFN Frascati
Trieste
SINAP

Korea
Swiss

0.06
0.1
500
10
>3

in 2014(in 2016)
in 2007
in 2011approved

Soft X-ray FEL

HGHG BESSY

Germany 2.3

64 - 1.2

proposal

SPARX

HHG

Italy

1-2

1.5

proposal

4GLS

HGHG Daresbury

GB

0.6

100 - 19

proposal

ARC-EN CIEL

HHG

France0.7

1

proposal

INFN Frascati

Saclay

Italy
Italy
China

0.145

10
5.8
0.15
1.2
0.8-1.3

25
25

Functions of X
FEL(SASE), XFEL-O & ERLXFEL(SASE),
XFEL-OERL

XFEL-O

SASE-FELSR

averagebrilliancepeakbrilliance

repetition
rate (Hz)

coherent
fractionbunchwidth(ps)

# of
BLs

RemarkXFEL(SASE)~1022~24~1033

100~10K

100%

0.1

few

One-shot measu
rement

~1027

~1033

~1M

100%

1

few

Single mode
FEL

ERL

~1023

~1026

1.3G

~20%

0.1~1

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement

3rd-SR~1020~21

~1022

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement
26

XFEL-O（Option)~500M(brilliance : photons/mm2/mrad2/0.1%/s @ 10 keV)

0.1%

10~100Next Generation

3rd Generation

27
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

Applications
Applicationsof
ofXFELXFEL
ininScience
Science

X-Ray
Laser

XFEL
ERL
Ultra-small
Ultra-small- Coherent beam source- Higher flux beam source- Smaller size beam source- Pulse beam source ( fs)
Ultra-fast
Ultra-fast

4th Generation(XFEL, ERL)

3rd Generation

2nd Generation
1st Generation
X-ray Tube

28

Summary and Conclusions
 The development of third generation light source is still active andgrowing. There will be about 8 new ones operational before 2015.
 Intermediate energy light sources, such as Diamond, SOLEIL,
ASP, Indus-2, ALBA, SSRF, CANDLE, NSLS-II, TPS, MAX-IV havebeen the focus of the recent development, the cost-effective
feature makes them very suitable for meeting regional scientificneeds of doing cutting-edge studies in various fields.
 Future development is very promising, not only the high energy
physics machines will be converted to advanced light sources,
like PRTRA-III and PEP-X, but also the ultimate storage ring lightsource is also very competitive.
 Two 4th generation facilities (XFEL) are in operation and more
facilities are coming soon, and thus one may expect unforeseen
results. ERL and XFELO are other new approaches in competingwith the 4th generation machines Users are very much diversified and expanding rapidly to otherresearch areas
M. ReeCheiron School-2012

SR Source is so essential foryour researches
in the highest quality!

M. Ree’s Group (POSTECH)
1. Research Fields<Polymer Physics>- Nanostructures and Morphology- 3D Single Molecule Structure- Polymer Chain Conformation- Surface, Interfaces- Electric, dielectric, optical,
thermal, mechanical properties- Sensor properties<Polymer Synthesis>- Functional polymers- Structural polymers- Polypeptides, DNA, RNA

http://www.postech.ac.kr/chem/mree

Scattering / Reflectivity:
Synchrotron X-Ray, Neutron, Lasers
 Polymers for Microelectronics,
Displays, &Sensors
 Polymers for Implants &Biological Systems
 Proteins & Polynucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

2. Group Members
16 Ph.D. candidates
2 Postdoctors
2 Technicians
4 Scientists (PLS: Coworkers)
31

Polymer Synthesis & Physics Group