ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍➨  ᅇ኱఍㈨ᩱ᪥ ᫬㸸  ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸦ᅵ㸧㛤 ദ ᆅ㸸 ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ㸦ᐷᒇᕝ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ㸧ఫᡤ㸸ࠛ ኱㜰ᗓᐷᒇᕝᕷụ⏣୰⏫KWWSZZZVHWVXQDQDFMS
ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍
7KH6RFLHW\RI(QJOLVK*UDPPDU 8VDJH
6HSWHPEHU

ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍➨  ᅇ኱఍ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ                                       ኱఍ཧຍ㈝㸸Ꮫ఍఍ဨ 1,000 ෇㸭ᙜ᪥఍ဨ ୍⯡ 2,500 ෇ Ꮫ⏕ 2,000 ෇㸦ண✏㞟௦ࢆྵࡴ㸧᪥ ᫬㸸 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸦ᅵ㸧㸺᫨㣗ࡣࡈᣢཧࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋᏛෆࡢ㣗ᇽ࣭ࢥࣥࣅࢽࡶࡈ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛ࡍࠋ㸼㛤ദᆅ㸸ᦤ༡኱Ꮫᐷᒇᕝ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ ఫᡤ㸸ࠛ ኱㜰ᗓᐷᒇᕝᕷụ⏣୰⏫ KWWSZZZVHWVXQDQDFMS㡰㊰㸸ி㜰ࠕᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐ࠖࡼࡾࠊすཱྀ  ␒஌ࡾሙ࠿ࡽ ி㜰ࣂࢫ>@>@>@>@>@ ⣔⤫࡛⣙  ศ‫ە‬኱㜰㥐࠿ࡽࡣ-5 ኱㜰⎔≧⥺㸦እᅇࡾ㸧࡛ࠊிᶫ࡬⣙  ศࠊி㜰ᮏ⥺㸦‽ᛴࡲࡓࡣᛴ⾜㸧࡛ிᶫ㥐࠿ࡽᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐ࡲ࡛⣙  ศ‫ە‬ி㒔㥐࠿ࡽࡣ㏆㕲ி㒔⥺࡛୹Ἴᶫ㥐࡬⣙  ศࠊி㜰ᮏ⥺㸦≉ᛴ㸧࡛ᯛ᪉㥐࡬⣙ ศࠊ㸦‽ᛴࡲࡓࡣᬑ㏻㸧࡛ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐࡬⣙  ศ㛤ദᰯጤဨ㸸ᐙཱྀ⨾ᬛᏊࠊすᕝ┾⏤⨾ࠊ⏣୰⚽Ẏࠊఫྜྷㄔ ‫ࣉࢵࣙࢩࢡ࣮࣡ە‬㸦5 ྕ㤋 542㸧‫✲◊ە‬Ⓨ⾲㸦5 ྕ㤋 542ࠊ543㸧‫⥲ە‬఍㸦5 ྕ㤋 551㸧‫࣒࢘ࢪ࣏ࣥࢩە‬㸦5 ྕ㤋 551㸧‫⯡୍ە‬ఇ᠁ᐊ࣭᭩ ⡠ ᒎ ♧ 㸦5 ྕ㤋 541B㸧
‫ྖە‬఍⪅࣭㛵ಀ⪅㸦࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࣭◊✲Ⓨ⾲࣭ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘Ⓨ⾲⪅㸧᥍࠼ᐊ㸦5 ྕ㤋544A㸧‫ە‬኱఍ᮏ㒊࣭㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ᐊ㸦5 ྕ㤋 541A㸧

ཷ௜㸸  ᫬  ศࡼࡾ     ྕ㤋࢚࣮ࣞ࣋ࢱ࣮࣮࣍ࣝ࠾ࡼࡧ  ྕ㤋㸭 ྕ㤋࣮࣍ࣝ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧 ±ྖ఍  ྜྷ⏣ᖾ἞㸦㏆␥኱Ꮫ㸧

1. ࠕEH«WR9 ᵓᩥࡢᩥἲ໬ʊ⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ʊࠖṊෆ♸ᶞ㸦㛵すᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧
2. ࠕࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ³KDGEHWWHU ᵓᩥ´ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ㄒἲࠖ 㛗㇂ᕝ㡰Ꮚ㸦኱㜰ᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧
3. ࠕKDSS\ ࡜ JODG ࡀᚑ࠼ࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ WKDW ࡢ᭷↓࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹࠖᅵᒇ▱ὒ㸦㜵⾨኱Ꮫᰯ㸧
― 1 ―ཷ௜㸸  ᫬  ศࡼࡾ  ◊✲Ⓨ⾲ ±  ➨  ᐊ㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧ྖ఍  㔝ᮧᛅኸ㸦໭ᾏ㐨ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ㸧
1. 13:00 – 13:35ࠕRQWRSRI ࡜ DWWKHWRSRI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖす๓ ᫂㸦᫂἞Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧
2. 13:35 – 14:10 ࠕ<HV1R ␲ၥᩥ࡟⌧ࢀࡿㄆ㆑ⓗ⏝ἲࡢ PD\ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ᫂᪥ㄔ୍㸦㟷ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧
3. 14:10 – 14:45 ࠕẚ㍑ࡢᙉㄪㄒྃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥἲ▱㆑ࡢ᳨ドࠖ                      ஭ୖ ⪽㸦⎔ኴᖹὒ኱Ꮫ㸧                  ➨  ᐊ㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧                                     ྖ఍  ᯇᒣဴஓ㸦࿴ḷᒣ኱Ꮫ㸧
1. 13:00 – 13:35 ࠕドᣐᛶࢆ⾲ࡍ KDYHLWWKDW ᵓᩥࠖ   ஬༑ᔒၨኴࠊᮏከṇᩄ㸦⟃Ἴ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧
2. 13:35 – 14:10 ࠕ³,VRHQY\KHUDQGKHUWDOHQW´         HQY\GDWLYHYHUE ࠿ࡽ HPRWLRQYHUE ࡬ࠖᯇඖ㇏Ꮚ㸦⚄ᡞᕷእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧
3. 14:10 – 14:45  ࠕⱥㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭷᪉ྥືモࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆၥ࠺ࠖ                        ฟỈᏕ඾㸦⚄ᡞᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ㸧              㝔㸧                         ⥲఍㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧±㛤఍ࡢ㎡    ఍㛗㛤ദᰯ௦⾲ᣵᣜ Ꮫ఍㈹㑅⪃ሗ࿌ ఍㛗஦ົᒁሗ࿌஦ົᒁ㛗ෆ⏣⪷஧㸦ዉⰋ኱Ꮫ㸧                ௒஭ගつ 㸦ᦤ༡኱ᏛᏛ㛗㸧              ෆ⏣⪷஧㸦ዉⰋ኱Ꮫ㸧                ஬༑ᔒᾏ⌮㸦㱟㇂኱Ꮫ㸧ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧±  ࢸ࣮࣐ ࠕᩥἲ໬࡜ᵓᩥࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠖ  ྖ఍  ᯇᮧ⍞Ꮚ㸦஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ㸧1.ࠕᩥἲ໬◊✲ࡢᒎ㛤̿ㄯヰᶆ㆑ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚̿ࠖ   ᕝ➃᭸ᗈ㸦ឡ▱኱Ꮫ㸧
2.ࠕᩥἲ໬࡜ᵓᩥⓗኚ໬ࠖ⡿಴ࡼ࠺Ꮚ㸦ዉⰋᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ㸧

3.ࠕᵓᩥ໬ࡢᑕ⛬࡜ᩥἲ໬ࠖ๓⏣ ‶㸦ឡ▱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ㸧                              㛢఍ࡢ㎡  ᐙཱྀ⨾ᬛᏊ㸦ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ㸧᠓ぶ఍ ± ఍ሙ 㸸ࢫ࢝࢖ࣛ࢘ࣥࢪ㸦 ྕ㤋  㝵㸧                   㸦᠓ぶ఍㈝㸸୍⯡  ෇ Ꮫ⏕  ෇㸧
― 2 ―࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ㸦 ྕ㤋㸧 ±ྖ఍ ྜྷ⏣ᖾ἞㸦㏆␥኱Ꮫ㸧
EH«WR9ᵓᩥࡢᩥἲ໬ ̿⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟̿Ṋෆ♸ᶞ㸦㛵すᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧ᮏⓎ⾲ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛‽ຓືモ࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓከࡃࡢ be … to V ᵓᩥࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊᮏ᮶⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ᩥἲ໬ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡎࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣᩥἲ໬ࡀ㉳ࡁࡿ㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿᙧᘧ
ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠕ㢖ᗘࡢຠᯝࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㡢㡩ᙧᘧࠊ⤫ㄒᙧᘧࠊព࿡ࡀ┦஫࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡉ
ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᮏⓎ⾲ࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ‽ຓືモࡣ㢖ᗘࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀከࡃࠊ
ࡲࡓ⤫ㄒᙧᘧ࡟ࡶኚ໬ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᚑ᮶࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛⪃ᐹࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊព࿡࠿ࡽฟⓎࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊ⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧ࡣ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⱥㄒヰ⪅ࡢᚰࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩥἲ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㸯㸧㹙BINDING㹛ĺ㹙OBLIGATION㹛ĺ㹙PROBABILITY㹛ࡘࡲࡾࠊ⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧ࡣ≀⌮ⓗ࡟ࠕ⦡ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡀࠊேࢆࠕ᮰⦡ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩏ົࡢព࿡ࢆࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࡁࡗ࡜㹼ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᵝ࡞ኚ໬ࡀከࡃࡢ⩏ົࢆ⾲ࡍ⾲⌧࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ   ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ͆KDGEHWWHU ᵓᩥ͇ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ㄒἲ㛗㇂ᕝ㡰Ꮚ㸦኱㜰ᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ㸧
 “had better ᵓᩥ”ࡢ⏝ἲ࡟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᮍゎỴࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯࡟ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙ㠃࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࠋ➨㸰࡟ࠊே௨እࡀ୺ㄒ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ⬦࣭ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿ࠋ➨㸱࡟ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ㎡᭩グ㏙ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿኚ໬ᙧࡢᐇయࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ
➨㸯ࡢㄽⅬ࡛ࡣࠊᐇ౛ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡢᵓᩥࡀ࠶ࡿ⾜ືࢆ່ࡵࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ぶࡋ࠸⪅ྠኈࡢ㛫࡛Ẽ㍍࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸰ࡢㄽ
Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊே௨እࡢྡモ㸦ྃ㸧ࡀ୺ㄒ࡟❧ࡘሙྜࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ୺ㄒࡀ it ࡛࠶ࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊே௨እࡢ୺ㄒࡀ“had better ᵓᩥ”࡛࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱ࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ“had
― 3 ―better ᵓᩥ”ࡀ௚ࡢᵓᩥ࡜ࣈࣞࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ㸦blending㸧ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍ஦౛ࡢ᳨ドࢆ⾜࠺ࠋIt is better㸩ཎᙧືモ࡜࠸ࡗࡓኚ໬ᙧࡀ࠿࡞ࡾᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿
ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊIt is better talk about ~ ࡣࠊIt is better to talk about ~ ࡜ It hadbetter talk about ~ ࡢ blending ࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௚࡟ It is better go ~ / It is betterbe ~ ࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᐇ౛࡜ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋ
KDSS\ ࡜ JODG ࡀᚑ࠼ࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ WKDW ࡢ᭷↓࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹᅵᒇ▱ὒ㸦㜵⾨኱Ꮫᰯ㸧 ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊ(1a)࡜(1b)࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿᙧᐜモ happy ࡜ glad ࡀᚑ࠼ࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑that㸦௨ୗࠊthat㸧ࡢ᭷↓ࡢᐇែ࡜ࡑࡢせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
㸦㸯㸧a. I’m happy (that) you could come.
(OALD8 (s.v. happy))
b. I’m glad (that) you’re feeling better.
(OALD8 (s.v. glad)) ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㢖ᗘࡢ㧗ࡉࠊヰࡋゝⴥ࡜࠸ࡗࡓせᅉ࡛ that ࡀ࡞࠸ᙧᘧ㸦ᮏ
Ⓨ⾲࡛ࡣ ZERO ᆺ㸧ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋBolinger (1972: 56-58)࡛ࡣࠊ͆ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓ≧ែ͇ࢆ⾲ࡍࡢ࡟ that ࡀᚲせ㸦THAT ᆺ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⏝౛࡟ࡣ௚ࡢせᅉࡶ⤡ࢇࡔࡶࡢࡀぢࡽࢀㄝ᫂ࡋᑾࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸༳㇟ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ௒୍ᗘࠊྛᙧᐜモࡢព࿡ࢆ⤫ㄒⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ෌⪃ࡋࠊBNC ࡢヰࡋゝⴥࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ that ࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊྠࡌヰࡋゝⴥ࡛㢖ᗘᕪࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࠕ୍᫬ⓗឤ᝟ࠖࢆ⾲ࡍ glad ࡣ ZERO ᆺഴྥ࡟ࠊࠕ୍᫬ⓗ࣭ᣢ⥆ⓗឤ᝟ࠖࢆ⾲ࡍ happy ࡀ THAT ᆺഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ཯ⱄⓗࠖ࡟ឤ᝟࡟⮳ࡗࡓ࠿ࠊࠕ༶᩿ⓗࠖ࡟ឤ᝟࡟⮳ࡗࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺⤒㊰ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ THAT ᆺ࡜ ZERO ᆺࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇ౛࡞࡝࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏⓎ⾲࠿ࡽࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ཯ド࡜ඹ࡟ that ࡢ᭷↓ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ゎ᫂ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ษࡾཱྀࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ


― 4 ―◊✲Ⓨ⾲ ±   ➨  ᐊ  㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧             ྖ఍ 㔝ᮧᛅኸ㸦໭ᾏ㐨ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ㸧
RQWRSRI ࡜ DWWKHWRSRI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚す๓ ᫂㸦᫂἞Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧 ሙᡤࢆ⾲ࡍ๓⨨モ on ࡜ at ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୧⪅࡜ top/bottom/front/back/side ࡢࢥࣥࣅࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟⤠ࡗ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺ࠿ࡽᚓࡓ⏝౛ࢆᇶ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ୰ᚰ࡟⨨ࡃၥ㢟ࡣ㸸㸦1㸧There is a fly RQWRS/DWWKHWRSof the cabinet.࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕa fly ࡀ the cabinet ࡢෆഃࡢୖ㠃㸦㸻ኳ஭㸧࡟࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛ࠊat the topof ࡣ౑࠼ࡿࡀࠊon top of ࡣ౑࠼࡞࠸㸦bottom/front/back ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌ㸧㸹㸦2㸧There is a fly RQDW the sideof the cabinet.࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕa fly ࡀ the cabinetࡢෆഃࡢഃ㠃࡟࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛ࠊon the side of ࡣ౑࠼ࡿࡀࠊat the side ofࡣ౑࠼࡞࠸㸹㸦3㸧There is a treasure box DW/*RQ the bottom of the hole.//There is atreasure box DW/*RQ the bottom of the lake.//There is a huge iceberg DW/*RQ thebottom of the planet.࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊon ࡣዲࡲࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ୺࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟࡟⟅࠼ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㹙on~㹛ᑐ㹙at~㹛ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ㹙~WRS/ERWWRP/IURQW/EDFN of~㹛ᑐ㹙~sideof~㹛ࡢᑐ❧ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ㘽࡜࡞ࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣࠊࠕat㸻ࠕࠥࡢ௜㏆࡟ࠖࠖࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࠕtop/bottom/front/back ࡟ࡣ͆⾲͇࡜͆⿬͇ࡀ⏕ࡌᚓࡿࡀࠊside ࡟ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ<HV1R ␲ၥᩥ࡟⌧ࢀࡿㄆ㆑ⓗ⏝ἲࡢ PD\ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂᪥ㄔ୍ 㟷ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅ ㄆ㆑ⓗ⏝ἲࡢ may㸦MAY㸧ࡣࠊ⫯ᐃᴟᛶ㡯┠㸦PPI㸧㸦᩿ᐃ㡯┠࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣྡ⛠ࢆ PPI ࡟⤫୍ࡍࡿ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊヰࡋᡭࡀ yes ࡢ⟅࠼ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿ᭷ᶆࡢ Yes-No ␲ၥᩥ㸦YNQ㸧࡟ࡢࡳ⌧ࢀࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸦୍⯡࡟㸪௜ຍ␲ၥᩥ㸦TQ㸧࡜ᖹླྀ␲ၥᩥ㸦DQ㸧ࡣࠊYNQ ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪Yes-Noၥ࠸㏉ࡋ␲ၥᩥ㸦YNEQ㸧ࡶྵࡵ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ
MAY ࢆ PPI ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿ Palmer㸦1987㸧ࠊDeclerck㸦1991㸧ࠊIsrael㸦2011㸧ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࠊ㸦1㸧MAY ࡀ↓ᶆࡢ YNQ ࡟⌧ࢀ࡞࠸⌮⏤ࠊ㸦2㸧MAY ࡀ⫯ᐃࡢᴟᛶࢆᣢࡘ⌮⏤ࠊ㸦3㸧MAY ࡣ᭷ᶆࡢ YNQ ࡟⌧ࢀࡿࠊࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ


― 5 ―ẚ㍑ࡢᙉㄪㄒྃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥἲ▱㆑ࡢ᳨ド஭ୖ ⪽㸦⎔ኴᖹὒ኱Ꮫ㸧ẚ㍑ࡢᙉㄪࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ⏝౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ‘My boyfriend is PXFKIDU older thanme.’ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸦Swan, 2005, p. 117㸧ࠊẚ㍑⣭ࡸ᭱ୖ⣭ࡢᙉㄪㄒྃࡀ」ᩘᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡳ࡛ࠊព࿡ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆྵࡵࠊ౑࠸ศࡅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋྍ⬟ែ࡜ᐇ⌧ែࡢ㐪࠸㸦Hymes, 1972㸧ࢆ ࡿ࡭ࡃࠊࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ⏝ἲࡢ඾ᆺᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝟ሗࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ
㸦1㸧 ẚ㍑ࡢᙉㄪㄒྃ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ much, evenࠊ᭱ୖ⣭ࡢᙉㄪㄒྃ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ the very, by far ࡢ౑⏝㢖ᗘ࡟㝿❧ࡕࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ㸦2㸧a lot (lots),much, the very ࡢ౑⏝ᇦࡀヰࡋゝⴥ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊfar ࢆྵࡴㄒྃ㸦by far,far and away㸧ࡢ౑⏝ᇦࡣ academic, magazine ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᭩ࡁゝⴥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㸦3㸧
much, the very ࡢᚋ⥆㒊ࡀᒅᢡẚ㍑࡛༨ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊeven, by far ࡢᚋ⥆㒊ࡢ኱༙ࡣ㎽ゝᙧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ౑⏝㢖ᗘࠊ౑⏝ᇦࠊࢥࣟࢣ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౑࠸ศࡅࡢഴྥࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢᩍᮦసᡂ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᢅࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢ⌧ሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᏛ⩦⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᣦᑟࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ


― 6 ― ➨  ᐊ  㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧                             ྖ఍ ᯇᒣဴஓ㸦࿴ḷᒣ኱Ꮫ㸧ドᣐᛶࢆ⾲ࡍ KDYHLWWKDW ᵓᩥ஬༑ᔒၨኴ㸦⟃Ἴ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧ᮏከṇᩄ㸦⟃Ἴ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧Chafe㸦1986㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊゝㄒࡈ࡜࡟ドᣐᛶ㸦evidentiality㸧ࡢ⾲ࡋ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋⱥㄒ࡛ࡣἲຓືモࡸ๪モࠊ࢖ࢹ࢕࣒࢜⾲⌧࡛ドᣐᛶࡀ⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊドᣐᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ᅛᐃ໬ࡋࡓ࢖ࢹ࢕࣒࢜⾲⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡍ࡭࡚
ࡀ༑ศ࡟グ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢドᣐᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙㠃ࡢ඘ᐇࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࠊ(1)ࡢୗ⥺㒊ࢆྵࡴ⾲⌧㸦௨ୗࠊhave it thatᵓᩥ㸧ࡀドᣐᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ᅛᐃ໬ࡋࡓ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋ
㸦㸯㸧Rumor has it that she is getting married.
㸦ࠗࢪ࣮ࢽ࢔ࢫⱥ࿴㎡඾➨ 4 ∧࠘㸧ලయⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢᵓᩥࡣࠊ୺ㄒ NP ࡀ that ⠇ෆࡢ᝟ሗࡢ᝟ሗ※࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
㸦 1㸧ࡢሙྜࠊshe is getting married ࡜࠸࠺᝟ሗࡀ୺ㄒࡢ rumor
ࢆ᝟ሗ※࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 have it that ᵓᩥࡢព࿡࣭ㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ Brugman㸦1988, 1996㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊグ㏙㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚୙༑ศ࡞ⅬࢆྵࡴࠋドᣐᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ have it thatᵓᩥࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊBrugman ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓ౛ࡶྵࡵࠊࡇࡢᵓᩥࡢㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ஦ᐇࢆໟᣓⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ“,VRHQY\KHUDQGKHUWDOHQW”
HQY\㸸GDWLYHYHUE ࠿ࡽ HPRWLRQYHUE ࡬ᯇඖ㇏Ꮚ㸦⚄ᡞᕷእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅㸧 ືモ envy ࡣࠊࡑࡢព࿡ࡀ஧㔜┠ⓗㄒᵓᩥ࡟㐺ྜࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ౑⏝㢖ᗘࡶపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᑠㄝࡸࣈࣟࢢ࡞࡝࡛㸦1㸧㸦2㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ㹙him and his㹛࡜࠸࠺ᙧᘧࢆࡶࡕࠊᙉ࠸ឤ᝟ࢆ⾲ࡍ⏝ἲࡀከࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ 㸦㸯㸧I HQY\KLPDQGKLVflat stomach!!!! [V + him and his]㸦㸰㸧I so envy her and her talent!
[so + V + her and her] ㏻ᖖࡢ஧㔜┠ⓗㄒືモࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⛬ᗘᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡌࡲ࡞࠸ࡀࠊHQY\ࡣேࡢᚰ⌮ࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡺ࠼ࠊឤ᝟ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ VR ࡞࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ๪モ࡜ඹ㉳ࡍࡿࠋenvy ௨እ࡟ࡶ admire, deplore ➼ࡢ Gradable Verbs 㸦Quirk et al.㸧ࡣ⛬ᗘ
― 7 ―๪モࢆక࠺㹙so +V㹛ࡢᙧᘧ࡟⏕㉳ࡋࠊࡑࡢከࡃࡀ㹙V + him and his㹛ࡢᙧᘧ࡟ࡶ⌧ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᙧᘧࡢ≉➹ࡍ࡭ࡁ⾲⌧ຠᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ“envy him and histalent” ࢆ౛࡟࡜ࡿ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿே࡜ࡑࡢேࡢᩘ࠶ࡿ≉ᛶࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ talent ࢆྠ➼ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᙉ࠸୍యឤ࡜ឤ᝟ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
envy ࡣ gradability ࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶࢆᣢࡘ emotion verb ࡜ࡋ࡚ so ࡞࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ๪モ࡜ඹ㉳ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ౛ࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊenvy ࡀ࡞ࡐࠊ஧㔜┠ⓗㄒᵓᩥࡢព࿡ⓗไ⣙࠿ࡽ㞳ࢀ࡚㹙V + him and his㹛ᵓᩥ࡟⛣⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡟୺ほⓗホ౯ࢆ⾲ࡍᵓ㐀࡬࡜ኚ໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ࠸ࠋⱥㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭷᪉ྥືモࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆၥ࠺ฟỈᏕ඾㸦⚄ᡞᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ㸧Talmy㸦1991, 2000㸧࡛ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ╔Ⅼ࡬ࡢ⛣ືࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊwalk, runࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛣ືᵝែືモ࡜ࠊarrive, leave ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᭷᪉ྥ⛣ືືモࡢࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ
ᇶᮏⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ࠿࡛ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡀ஧ศࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊⱥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟⛣ືᵝែືモ㸩╔Ⅼ࡛ྃ⾲⌧ࡍࡿゝㄒࢆ⾨ᫍᯟ௜ࡅゝㄒࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࢆྲྀࢀࡎࠊ᭷᪉ྥ⛣ືືモࢆ㏻౛⏝࠸ࡿゝㄒࢆືモᯟ௜ࡅゝㄒ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᮏ᮶ࡢᛶྥ࡟ྜࢃ࡞࠸᭷᪉ྥ⛣ືືモࡀ࡞ࡐⱥㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡀṧࡿࠋᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ⛣ືᵝែືモ㸩╔Ⅼྃࡢ⾲⌧ἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ᭷᪉ྥ⛣ືືモࡣព࿡࡜⤫ㄒࡢྠᆺᛶࢆࡶࡘࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᐇࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⛣ືᵝែືモ㸩╔Ⅼྃࡼࡾࡶ㸯ࡘࡢ⠇ෆ࡛⾲ࡏࡿ᝟ሗ㔞ࡢᑡ࡞࠸᭷᪉ྥືモࢆ࡞ࡐⱥㄒ࡛⏝࠸ࡿࡢ࠿᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࢆㄽࡌࡓ Rappaport Hovav 㸦2014㸧ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࠊᵝែࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡎⱥㄒ࡛᭷᪉ྥ⛣ືືモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸦i-1㸧ᵝែࡀ᪤ᐃ್࡛
࠶ࡿࠊ㸦i-2㸧ᵝែࡀ┤๓࡛ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ㸦ii㸧ヰ⪅ࡀᵝែࢆ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺㸱ࡘࡢሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ౛ドࡋࠊⱥㄒ࡛࠶࠼࡚⛣ືᵝែືモࢆ⏝࠸ࡎࠊ᭷᪉ྥືモ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⛣ືࢆㄒᙡ໬ࡍࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

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― 8 ―ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘㸦 ྕ㤋 㸧 ±  ࢸ࣮࣐ ࠕᩥἲ໬࡜ᵓᩥࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠖྖ఍ ᯇᮧ⍞Ꮚ㸦஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ㸧ᩥἲ໬◊✲ࡢᒎ㛤̿ㄯヰᶆ㆑ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚̿ᕝ➃᭸ᗈ㸦ឡ▱኱Ꮫ㸧 㸦1㸧I think you’re pretty safe, FRQVLGHULQJ. ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊືモ consider ࡢ ingᙧࡀࠕ๭࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛๪モⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ୺⠇࡛㏙࡭
ࡽࢀࡿ࿨㢟ෆᐜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᩿ᐃⓗ࡞ࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫࢆ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ヰ⪅ࡢែᗘࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄒ⏝ㄽⓗᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡘᩥ๪モࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕㄯヰᶆ㆑
㸦Discourse Marker㸧ࡀ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣᩥἲ໬◊✲ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡢࡦ
࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ౛ࡣ༢୍ࡢㄒࡢኚ໬࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㸦2㸧People let you down and, OHW¶VIDFHLW, you let others down.ࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞౛࡛ࡣ⠇ࡀᅛᐃ໬ࡋࠊㄯヰᶆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ஦౛ࢆᩥἲ໬ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺࡟ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢၥ㢟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᩥἲ໬࡟࠾࠸࡚㢧ⴭ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠕ⬺⠊␪໬ࠖࡸࠕ୺ほ໬ࠖ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡞౛࡜ྠᵝ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᙧᘧୖࡢ⦰⣙࡞࡝ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸㸦cf. LQFDVH -> MXVWLQFDVH㸧ࠋ ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣᩥἲ໬ࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄯヰᶆ㆑◊✲ࢆᴫほࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊྃࡸ
⠇࡜࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲ࢆᢅ࠺㝿࡟ࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞ᩥἲ໬ࡢཎ๎ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿゎỴ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊConstruction Grammar ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ௦᱌ࡶ⤂௓ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᩥἲ໬࡜ᵓᩥⓗኚ໬⡿಴ࡼ࠺Ꮚ ዉⰋᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ ᩥἲ໬࡜ࡣࠕㄒᙡ㡯┠࠾ࡼࡧᵓᩥࡀᩥἲⓗᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍᪦ᩥἲ໬ࡉࢀࡓᚋࡶࡉࡽ࡟ูࡢᩥἲᶵ⬟ࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜
㸦Hopper and Traugott 2003㸧ࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡿᵓᩥࡀᩥἲ໬ࡢ⯙ྎ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊᩥἲ໬࡜ࡑࡢ⯙ྎ࡜࡞ࡿᵓᩥࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆぢࡏࡿࡢࡔࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋࡲࡓࠊᩥἲ໬࡜୪ࡧࠊ᭱㏆ࡣᵓᩥᩥἲࡢ▱ぢࢆά࠿ࡋࡓࠕᵓᩥⓗኚ໬ࠖࡢ◊✲ࡶᑡࡋࡎࡘቑ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦Hikpert 2013㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎࡣ
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― 9 ―ⱥㄒཷືែᵓᩥࡢᩥἲ໬ࢆᴫほࡋࠊࡇࡢᩥἲ໬ࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡟ཷ┈⪅ཷື㸦஧㔜┠ⓗㄒᵓᩥࡢཷ┈⪅㡯ࡀ୺ㄒ࡜࡞ࡿཷືែᩥࠊ౛: I was given the wrongmedication.㸧ࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚ᮏⓎ⾲ࡢᚋ༙࡛ࡣࠊᚋᮇ㏆௦ⱥㄒᮇࡢཷ┈⪅ཷືᵓᩥࢆᵓᩥⓗኚ໬ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽほᐹࡋࠊཷ┈⪅ཷືᩥࡀᚋᮇ㏆௦ⱥㄒᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓᩥࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᙧᡂࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋཷ┈⪅ཷືࡢᗈࡀࡾࢆศᯒࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢືモࡢㄒᙡⓗព࿡ࡸ⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ⓗ≉ᚩࢆࡶ⪃៖࡟࠸ࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ᥇ྲྀ࡟ࡣ The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts㸦ver. 3.0㸧㸦De Smet2013㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋᮏⓎ⾲࡛ᢅ࠺ືモࡢᩘࡣ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊỴࡋ࡚⥙⨶ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡢ୚᱁஺᭰ᵓᩥ◊✲࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿᩘ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᮏⓎ⾲ࡢ┠ᶆࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᵓᩥ໬ࡢᑕ⛬࡜ᩥἲ໬๓⏣ ‶ ឡ▱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ  ᵓᩥᩥἲࡢ⯆㝯௨᮶ࠊඹ᫬ⓗ࡞ᵓᩥ◊✲ࡣࡵࡊࡲࡋ࠸㐍Ṍࢆ࡜ࡆࠊ኱ࡁ࡞₻ὶ࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᵓᩥࡢ㏻᫬ⓗᵝ┦ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏆ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊJ. Bybee ࡸ E. C. Traugott ࡞࡝ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࡀࠊᩥἲ໬࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ᵓᩥࡢⓎ㐩㐣⛬㸦ᵓᩥ໬㸧࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢᵓᩥ໬◊✲ࡢ୺࡞ㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㸦ϸ㸧ᵓᩥ໬࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࠺ࡿ⌧㇟ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆぢᴟࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㸦Ϲ㸧ᩥἲ໬࡟࠾ࡅࡿᵓᩥ໬ࡢᙺ๭࠾ࡼࡧᩥἲ໬࡜ᵓᩥ໬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡼࡾ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ㸦ϸ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⬺ᚑᒓ໬㸦insubordination㸧ʊʊᚑᒓ⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢ⊂❧⠇࡬
ࡢⓎ㐩ʊʊࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࠊࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࢆᵓᩥ໬ࡢ≉Ṧ౛࡜ࡳ࡞ࡏࡤࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐣ཤ࡟࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᥦ᱌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊཎ⌮ࡔࡗࡓㄝ᫂ࡣⓙ↓࡟㏆࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⌧㇟࡟ཎ⌮ࡔࡗࡓㄝ᫂ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊྐⓗᵓᩥ◊✲ࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡢ࡯࡝ࢆ
♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࡞࠾ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊ⬺ᚑᒓ໬ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺࡟ to think ឤჃᩥ㸦e.g. And to think I made her so happy!㸧ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㸦Ϲ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊto think ឤჃᩥࢆ౛࡟࡜ࡾࠊᩥἲ໬ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕ࡎࡿᩥἲᙧែ⣲㸦grammatical morpheme㸧ࢆᵓᩥ໬ࡢ๪⏘≀࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

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― 10 ―ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍ᙺဨ   ྡ㄃㢳ၥ   ඵᮌඞṇ఍㛗   ෆ⏣⪷஧஦ົᒁ㛗   ஬༑ᔒᾏ⌮఍ィ  ఫྜྷ ㄔ఍ィ┘ᰝጤဨ ኱➉ⰾኵ㐠Ⴀጤဨ   ∵Ụ୍⿱ ෆ⏣⪷஧ ኱ᶫ ᾈ ኱ᐊ๛ᚿ⚄ᓮ㧗᫂ྜྷⰋᩥᏕ ⃝⏣἞⨾  㛵 ⱱᶞ⁪ἑ┤ᏹ す⏣ග୍ ᯘ㱟ḟ㑻ᯇᮧ⍞ᏊᏳ஭ Ἠ ྜྷ⏣ᖾ἞⦅㞟ጤဨ  ୰⃝࿴ኵ㸦⦅㞟ጤဨ㛗㸧∵Ụ୍⿱ ኱➉ⰾኵ ኱ᐊ๛ᚿ ⚄ᓮ㧗᫂ྜྷⰋᩥᏕ 㛵 ⱱᶞ ୰ᒣ ோす⏣ග୍ᯘ㱟ḟ㑻 ᯇᮧ⍞Ꮚ Ᏻ஭ Ἠ ྜྷ⏣ᖾ἞Ⓨ⾜᪥  

2014 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 5 ᪥⦅㞟࣭Ⓨ⾜௦⾲⪅஦ົᒁⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍
ෆ⏣ ⪷஧
ࠛ520-2194⁠㈡┴኱ὠᕷ℩⏣኱Ụ⏫ᶓ㇂ 1-5㱟㇂኱Ꮫ♫఍Ꮫ㒊 ஬༑ᔒᾏ⌮◊✲ᐊෆ
TEL: 077-543-7436/FAX: 077-543-7615
E-mail: segu.office@gmail.com URLhttp://segu.sakura.ne.jp
02260-0-70393 ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍© ⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍᣺ཱྀ᭰ᗙ㒊ᒇ㓄⨨ᅗ ྕ㤋Ќ 㝵ẁ࡛ 551

543

541B

541A

◊✲Ⓨ⾲ 2୍⯡ఇ᠁ᐊවᮏ㒊ཬࡧ㐠Ⴀ᭩⡠ᒎ♧ጤဨ఍ᐊ㝵ẁ ྕ㤋                                

544B

544A

542

࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ ࢺ ᥍ྖ఍⪅࣭Ⓨ⾲

◊✲Ⓨ⾲ 1 /࣮࣡ࢡࢩᐊ⪅᥍ᐊ

ࣙࢵࣉ

1149
ࢺ࢖ࣞ

(ཷ௜࡞࡝)

1147

1146

࣮࣍ࣝ

࢚࣮ࣞ࣋ࢱ࣮

࢚࣮ࣞ࣋ࢱ࣮࡛ 11 ྕ㤋 1 㝵࠿ࡽୖࡀࡿ
࢚࣮ࣞ࣋ࢱ࣮࡛ 11 ྕ㤋 13 㝵 ᠓ぶ఍఍ሙ࡬

551

㝵ẁ⥲఍
ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘

*5 ྕ㤋࡜ 11 ྕ㤋ࡣᗯୗ࡛ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ**⥲఍/ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘఍ሙ࡬ࡣ㝵ẁ࡛㸯㝵ୖࡀࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ䕺➨ᅇ኱఍㛤ദ᱌ෆⱥㄒㄒἲᩥἲᏛ఍➨ᅇ኱఍ࢆୗグࡢせ㡿࡛㛤ദࡋࡲࡍࠋ᪥᫬㸸㸦ᖹᡂ 㸧ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸦ᅵ㸧఍ሙ㸸ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ 㸦ᐷᒇᕝ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ㸧ࠛ ኱㜰ᗓᐷᒇᕝᕷụ⏣୰⏫  KWWSZZZVHWVXQDQDFMS㡰㊰㸸ி㜰ࠕᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐ࠖࡼࡾࠊすཱྀ  ␒஌ࡾሙ࠿ࡽ ி㜰ࣂࢫ>@>@>@>@>@⣔⤫࡛⣙  ศ‫ە‬኱㜰㥐࠿ࡽࡣ-5 ኱㜰⎔≧⥺㸦እᅇࡾ㸧࡛ࠊிᶫ࡬⣙  ศࠊி㜰ᮏ⥺㸦‽ᛴࡲࡓࡣᛴ⾜㸧࡛ிᶫ㥐࠿ࡽᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐ࡲ࡛   ⣙  ศ‫ە‬ி㒔㥐࠿ࡽࡣ㏆㕲ி㒔⥺࡛୹Ἴᶫ㥐࡬⣙  ศࠊி㜰ᮏ⥺㸦≉ᛴ㸧࡛ᯛ᪉㥐࡬⣙  ศࠊ㸦‽ᛴࡲࡓࡣᬑ㏻㸧࡛ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐࡬⣙  ศ‫࣮ࢩࢡࢱ ڦ‬㐃⤡ඛ  ᪥ᮏࢱࢡࢩ࣮ ‫ࢫࣂ ڦ‬᫬้⾲ ⾜ࡁ ᭱ᐤ㥐Ѝᦤ༡኱Ꮫ㸦ᐷᒇᕝ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ㸧ி㜰ࣂࢫ᫬้⾲㸦ᅵ᭙᪥㸧ձ 㸺ி㜰㸼ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐Ѝᦤ༡኱Ꮫ ி㜰ᐷᒇᕝ㥐 すཱྀ  㸦ᡤせ᫬㛫 ⣙  ศ㸧⾜ࡁඛ>@ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ>┤㏻@ኴ㛫බᅬ>@
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ኴ ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ ኴ  ኴ  ኴ  ኴ ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ⤒⏤Ⅼ㔝ᚠ⎔኱᪥㥐ᕥ  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᪥  ᕥ  ᕥ  ோ ோ ி㜰Ᏺཱྀᕷ㥐ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ⤒⏤㹈㹐Ⲉᮌᮾཱྀ㫽 ࡢࡾࡤ㸸す㸱␒ࡢࡾࡤ
ኴ༳㸻>@ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ㹼ኴ㛫බᅬ⾜  16 ༳㸻>┤㏻@ࣀࣥࢫࢺࢵࣉ࣭ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ⾜Ᏺ༳㸻>@Ⅼ㔝㹼ி㜰Ᏺཱྀᕷ㥐⾜  ᪥༳㸻>@Ⅼ㔝࣭ோ࿴ᑎ࣭㔠⏣㹼኱᪥㥐⾜ᕥ༳㸻>@Ⅼ㔝࣭ோ࿴ᑎ㹼ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐⾜  ோ༳㸻>@Ⅼ㔝㹼ோ࿴ᑎṆ  㫽༳㸻>@ୖ㫽㣫໭Ṇղ  㸺㜰ᛴ㸼Ⲉᮌ㥐Ѝᦤ༡኱Ꮫ 㸦ᡤせ᫬㛫 ⣙  ศ㸧⾜ࡁඛ>@ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐ճ 㸺-5㸼Ⲉᮌ㥐Ѝᦤ༡኱Ꮫ 㸦ᡤせ᫬㛫⣙  ศ㸧⾜ࡁඛ>@ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐  ᖐࡾ ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ㸦ᐷᒇᕝ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ㸧Ѝ᭱ᐤ㥐 ி㜰ࣂࢫ᫬้⾲㸦ᅵ᭙᪥㸧ձ ᦤ༡኱ᏛЍ㸺ி㜰㸼ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐 㸦஌ࡾሙ㸸ṇ㛛ฟ࡚㐨㊰ࢆΏࡿ㸧⾜ࡁඛ>@>@>@ᐷᒇᕝᕷ㥐>@>@>┤㏻@ղ ᦤ༡኱ᏛЍ㸺㜰ᛴ㸼Ⲉᮌᕷ㥐࣭㸺-5㸼Ⲉᮌ㥐㸦஌ࡾሙ㸸ṇ㛛ฟ࡚㐨㊰ࢆΏࡽࡎྑᡭ㸧⾜ࡁඛ>@㹈㹐Ⲉᮌᮾཱྀ㫽 ‫࠾ ڦ‬㌴࡛ࡶ᮶ሙྍ⬟࡛ࡍࡀࠊ㥔㌴ሙ࡟㝈ࡾࡀࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ ᭶  ᪥㸦᭶㸧ࡲ࡛࡟ VXPL\RVL#LOFVHWVXQDQDFMSఫྜྷ  ࡟࠾ᑜࡡࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ

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