backIndonesia
Country Paper
2002
1. DISASTERS
Indonesia is situated in geographically between Asia and Australia continents, the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is located in the tectonic zone.
Geologically, it is composed of parts of three crucial plates (Eurasian plate, Indian-Australian plate and Pacific Ocean floor). It is also situated in thethree regional mountain systems (Alpine Sunda, Circum Pacific and Circum Australian).
The seismic sources will raise earthquake, which can be generated by different sources, namely subduction zone and active fault. The subduction
lays in the southwestern of Sumatra, south of Java, some part of Maluku and Papua. The well-known active fault that generating damaging
earthquake is The Great Sumatra fault, Palu-Koro fault and Sorong fault.
The volcanic areas occupied by more than 500 young volcanoes, which are described as 128 active volcanoes. It is representing 15 % of the active
volcanoes in the world.
Mass movement such as landslides and rock falls can occur on such condition as steep slope, type of rock, fractured and highly intense weathered ofrock and bad land management.
The western part of Indonesia is rather wet with medium to high of rain intensity. It is potentially stricken by flood, which is caused by overflows fromshallow rivers whenever monsoon comes.
The landslide can occur in the monsoon and this condition can affect the formation of mud and stones flood.
Drought usually occurs in the eastern Indonesia during the long-term of dry season i.e. West and East Nusatenggara.
During dry season, in some areas in Kalimantan and Sumatra, often stricken by land and forest fire.
The changing of meteorological condition might be affect wind blow or typhoon in several areas.
The nation of Indonesia is composed of multi ethnics, tribes and religions. This condition is vulnerable to occur the social conflicts.

a. Past Major Disaster in Indonesia
Floods and landslides were predominantly Indonesia's natural disasters in 2002. The global climate changes and regional climate condition were most likely
influenced on those natural disasters. The regional integrated climate monitoring by means of climate data and information exchange will be very useful.
Disasters occur in 2002 in Indonesia are floods (16 provinces), landslide (7 provinces), earthquake (3 provinces), volcano eruptions (3 provinces), storm (2province), forest fire and haze (5 provinces), and other disasters like tsunami, transportation accident, chemical industry blow up, gas blow up, social unrestand bomb blasting.
The major and worst disaster in year 2002 was Bali's bomb blasting that occur at 12 October 2002 in Legian Tourism Area. It is caused 185 peoples diedand 325 were injured.
The second is landslide combine with flash-flood in Pacet (hot water recreation) in Mojokerto, East-Java. It caused 26 people died and 1 people wasinjured.
Table 1. Disaster in Indonesia in 2002

No

Type of Disaster1 Bomb Blasting/Other Explosion
2 Diarrhea
3 Earthquakes
4 Earthquakes/Tsunami
5 Floods
6 Floods & Landslides
7 Haze8 Industrial Accident
9 Landslides
10 Returnee
11 Social Conflict
12 Storm
13 Volcanic Eruption

TOTAL

Sources: Department of Health, The Republic of Indonesia

Number ofOccurrence

Died
14
3
3267
12102911062141

Causalities
Injured/affected Displa
perso

197
292278232041
162410

443
2,728
23
25,1769362241-103

20

108,448 135,b. Emergency Relief from Abroad Against Disaster
Under coordination and supervision from the Government, humanitarian assistance from other countries, organizations under the UN, International NGO'sand privates from abroad are always give participation almost in all natural or man made disaster as well as IDP's problems especially in the large scaledisasters.

2. DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES
a. Law and Regulation

There are no specific laws or regulations for disaster management in Indonesia. Each type of disaster covered by arrangement of disastercountermeasures is in the sector laws, such as:- Act No. 11 /1974 concerning Water Resources Management- Act No. 6/1974 concerning Basic Arrangement on Social Welfare- Act No. 4/1984 concerning Epidemics- Act No. 5/1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Its Ecosystems- Act No. 23/1992 concerning Health- Act No. 24/1992 concerning Spatial Planning- Act No. 23/1997 concerning Environmental Management- Act No. 41/1999 concerning Forestry
Presidential Decree arranges Establishment of National Coordinating Board for Disaster Management. The last arrangement is PD No. 3 / 2001 and No.
111 / 2001.

b. Organization

Government of the Republic of Indonesia has established a national coordinating board for disaster management since 1966, the so-called TKP2BA (1966),BAKORNAS PBA (1967), BAKORNAS PB (1980-2000), BAKORNAS PBP (2001-present).
BAKORNAS PBP is abbreviation of BADAN KOORDINASI NASIONAL PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DAN PENANGANAN PENGUNGSI (NationalCoordinating Board for Disaster and Internal Displaced Persons Management), a non-structural organization (board) for disaster management operating
under and responsible to the President.
The duties of BAKORNAS PBP are:- To formulate and decide a national disaster management policies and strategies.
- To coordinate the implementation of disaster management activities before, during and post disaster.
- Rendering guidance and directive on related policies in the efforts to manage disaster (prevention, mitigation, response, rehabilitation andreconstruction).
The BAKORNAS PBP (based on Presidential Decree No. 111/2001) is composed of:- Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia (chairman)- Coordinating Minister for Peoples Welfare (vice chairman)- Minister of Interior (member)- Minister of Social Affairs (member)- Minister of Health (member)- Minister of Settlement and Infrastructures (member)- Minister of Communications (member)- Minister of Finance (member)- Commander in chief of the Armed Forces (member)- Head of National Police (member)- Secretary of Vice President (secretary)
To support the duties of BAKORNAS PBP, it was established a Secretariat led by Secretary of BAKORNAS PBP.
Secretary of BAKORNAS PBP assisted by Vice Secretary and 4 (four) Deputies (Disaster Management, IDP's Management, Cooperation and People
Participation, Administration).
The establishment of BAKORNAS followed by the establishment of similar organizations to cope with disaster and IDP's in provincial as well as districtlevel.
In provincial level, it is established SATKORLAK PBP (Coordination of Implementing Unit) consist of related services, chaired by the Governor.
To cope with disaster in the location, in the district / municipal level is established SATLAK PBP (Implementing Unit), which is chaired by Bupati (Head ofDistrict) / Mayor. The SATLAK compose of SATGAS (task forces) of the institutions and services concerned such as health, SAR, army, police, social,public works, Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) and NGO's. District units as front line organization can mobilize all related agencies at their respective districts,
sub-districts and villages as well as involve local communities organizations.
The Structure of Disaster Management in Indonesia is as follow:＜BAKORNAS PBP＞

National level↓＜SATKORLAK PBP＞

Provincial level↓＜SATLAK PBP＞

District / Municipal levelc. Total Risk Disaster Management
Strategy and policy coordination in the aspects of prevention and mitigations activities handle by BAKORNAS PBP. The implementation of the activity,
each ministry dealing with its task respectively.
During disaster in the aspects of rescue, emergency relief to be handle directly by SATLAK PBP in the district level, SATKORLAK PBP in the provincial
level and BAKORNAS PBP in the national level respectively.

After disaster in the aspect of rehabilitation to be handle directly by SATLAK PBP or SATKORLAK PBP with line ministry agencies under coordination
State Government. With coordination system as mention above all manuals, hazards map, risk assessment are handle directly by each ministry inconnection with their task.

3. DISASTER REDUCTION COOPERATION AMONG ASIAN COUNTRIESThe Government of the Republic Indonesia and Government of Malaysia signed MoU concerning Disaster Cooperation and Assistant in Kuala LumpurDecember 11, 1997. Both parties agree to promote and maintain cooperation and may request for assistance upon any occurrences of any disaster in linewith the spirit of mutual cooperation. A joint Committee on Disaster Cooperation and Assistance conducted a meeting in Jakarta in July, 1998 to discuss
activities such as training, exchange of experts as well as technical and scientific information related any disaster.
On September 23, 1999, BAKORNAS PB and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) signed MoU concerning Program for Understanding Extreme
Climate Events. The management experiences of 1997-1998 El Nino and 1998-1999 La Nina revealed that direct application of global forecasting
information at the local level passed operational constrained due to uncertainties involved in relating them in a micro geographical setting.

4. DISASTER EDUCATION
Improving knowledge about disaster in all aspects is required not only for government official but also for the community. The better understanding ondisaster management will significantly reduce the impact of disasters.
Promotion of community awareness particularly those who live in disaster's prone areas have to be prioritized. Empowering communities is conducted byoptimizing their own resources and by providing initial limited incentives to enable them to help themselves. Mapping of disaster prone areas in line withdisaster information system are also important.
All member of BAKORNAS PBP can organize themselves training activities for staff, people participation and public awareness campaign.
BAKORNAS PBP have made a module to conduct a Basic Training in Disaster Management for SATKORLAK and SATLAK staff. It is also some training
like Emergency Management and Contingency Planning (in cooperation with UNHCR).
Each department will continue with a special topic related to their tasks or duties, e.q. Department of Health will conduct a Disaster Management Training
for Health Sector, etc.
Beside the Basic Training for Disaster Management, there will be an advance training such as Urban Disaster Management, Community Based DisasterManagement etc.