Next-generation facilities for research with exotic nuclei
Christoph Scheidenberger
andScientific key questions
Planned facilities, status, challenges
Lessons learned
Look ahead

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Exotic nuclei, nuclear astrophysics, superheavy elements

Mission

Approach– Explore unknown territory– lntense exotic nuclear beams– Cutting-edge instruments

Proton Number – Unified picture of the nucleus– Limits of nuclear existence– Origin of chemical elements

Neutron Number 

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Isotope and element discoveries

Projectile
fission
Nuclearreactors

Fusionreactions

Accelerators,
reactions
Massspec

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Isotope and element discoveries

Projectile
fission
Nuclearreactors

Fusionreactions

Accelerators,
reactions
Mass
spec

Courtesy: M. Thoennessen
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Facilities worldwide
EURISOL
TRIUMF

GSI
Dubna
GANIL
INFN-LNLALTOISOLDE
ELI-NPMSU
Berkeley

ANL

Texas A&M

JYFL

Notre DameOak Ridge

IMP-Lanzhou

INFN-LNS
SARAF

FSU

CARIF
HIAF CIAE

HIRA

RIKEN
RISP

RCNP

VECC

Pionering work:
CRC Louvain-la-Neuve: post-acceleration
LBL: fragmentation reactions
GSI: in-flight separation of fission fragments

RIBRASANU
iThemba

It is the goal common to all existing and future facilities to increase the number of known isotopes
 extend the scientific reach elaborate refined instrumentation
 develop new ideas and applications
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Stable beam facilities for SHE research
Flerov-Laboratory:
DGFRS, DRIBS
Future: SHE factory
LLNL

Oak Ridge

GSI:
UNILAC, SHIP, TASCA
Future: cw-linac, Super-SHIP

LBNL:88‘‘, BGS

Common needs of SHE research
 ECR ion sources, intense beams
 target techniques, including actinide targets
 powerful separators
 sensitive high-granularity detectors
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

RIKEN:RILAC, GARIS-I,-II

high luminosity
high selectivity,
speed, sensitivity
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

SHE future perspectives and strategy
124

Search for newelements

122120proton number

118

50Ti,54Cr,58Fe

σ < pb
Z=118

Fusion of 208 Pb and 209 Bi-target nuclei
with projectiles A>50 σ > pb

116

LvFl

114

sCn112
Rg
Ds
Mt

110

RIB’s
Low intensity !
σ=?

5.0
msHs

108
Bh
106

Fusion reactions ofActinide-target nuclei
with 48Ca projectiles

7.4

Nuclear structure104
Direct mass meas.
150

σ ≈ pb154 156 158 160

152
Chemistry
Spectroscopy
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Multi-nucleon
transfer reactions

164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182
162

neutron number1 86
184

Adapted from: Yu. Oganessian
Mazurian Lakes Conference 2013
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Challenge: new reactions for SHE research1) Kinematical studies for multi-nucleon transfer reactions:example for fusion-evaporation

example for a transfer channel:

25Mg + 197Au

25Mg + 206Pb→ 222Pa* (E*=64 MeV)

0,160,14α4n(d/d) / nb/sr

60,100,08

α4n

0,06

5
4
30,04

20,02

1
0

0,00

0,5Ra-214

70,12d/d / nb/sr

83p5nRa-214→ 13C + 218Ra

0,60,70,80,91,0

1,1

1,21,31,41,50,2

compound nucleus
velocity

0,40,60,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8v/vCNv/vCN∆v/v = 10% (FWHM)

Courtesy of S. Heinz2) Reaction studies with radioactive beams
E.g.: study of di-nuclear systems ARb + 209Bi (Z1 + Z2 = 120) at HIE-ISOLDE(approved proposal, Dubna-GSI collaboration)
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Beamtime budgets at SHE laboratories (*)

Beam on target(days/ year)
Duty factor

FLNR Dubna

RIKEN

GSI~ 120

~ 300

~ 100

100% (DC)100% (DC)

25% (pulsed beam)≈ 1.0 pμA (48Ca)
Beam intensity on target≈ 0.5 pμA (58Fe)≈ 0.7 pμA (48Ca,58Fe, 70Zn)≈ 1.2 pμA (48Ca)≈ 0.8 pμA (50Ti)

projectiles / year
(as of today)≈ 0.5x1020(48Ca, 58Fe)≈ 1.1x1020(48Ca, 64Ni, 70Zn)≈ 0.6x1020 (48Ca)≈ 0.4x1020 (50Ti)

Future:projectiles / year

SHE factory:≈ 1x1021 (48Ca)

upgrade!

sc cw-linac:≈ 3x1021 (48Ca)(*) all numbers represent typical average values !

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

SHE future projects
 dedicated linear accelerators needed!
Dubna

SHE factory:• Primary beams: x10...30(e.g. Ca-48, Ti-50, Ni-64)• Isotope production: x10(e.g. Cm-248, Bk-249, Cf-251)• Improved setups: x2...5

GSI / HIM

sc velocity filter
cw-linac project:* sc ECR: x5* duty cycle: x4* Super-SHIP: x2
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Production of n-rich isotopes: different approachesn + 238U (E*=1MeV)

n + 238U (E*=60MeV)

238U (1GeV/u) + p

238U (1GeV/u) + Be

Courtesy: J. Benlliure
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

The EXAMPLE: RIKEN-RIBF
Configuration of accelerator chain
RILAC2fRC

RRC

IRC

SCECR
He

Be

SRC

see Okuno, Fukunishi, Kamigaito,
Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 03C002 (2012)

1011 pps
Facility
design goal

Design goal for light beams reached!
Max. beam power:
6 kW (18O – 345 MeV/u)
7 kW (48Ca)  ~20 kW by 2015

Design goal for uranium beams:100 pnA  reached in 2015 (?)

Year
RIBF startHe-gasstripper

Transmission
and stability gain
SC-ECR

New injector
RILAC-2
fRC modification(K570  K700)

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

BigRIPS ZeroDegree spectrometer
Forward spectrometer fixed at 0 deg.

SAMURAI spectrometer
Kinematical complete measurement

 SHARAQ spectrometer (by CNS)
High-resolution measurement

 SLOWRI & PALIS: gas catchers
See contribution by M. Wada

Combine in-flight and ISOL schemes Rare RI ring: isochronous ringTargetSLOWRIPALISFor TOF mass measurement

 SCRIT (Self-Confining RI target)
Electron-RI scattering -ray array detectors (DALI2, ...)
Gamma-ray spectroscopy

Courtesy of T. Kubo
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014 = 80 mr
 = 100 mr
p/p = 6 %B= 9 Tm
L = 78.2 m

High-resolution
beam line

Rare RIRing
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Exisiting RIB facilities in Asia and Australia
Courtesy: Yanlin YE

HIRFLCSR

IMPLanzhou

VECC
RIB

VECC-RIB

CIAE

VAST

RIBF

RIBF

BRIFII

In-flight separation
ISOL
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Lanzhou: HIAF(High-Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) Accelerator Components:
 High intensity ion source
 High intensity pulse SC‐Linac Multi‐function synchrotron
Ionsource

1.2 GeV/u (238U34+)(1-2.5)×1011

Key Characteristics:

25 MeV/u(U34+)

 High energy & High intensity & Pulse
 Electron& stochastic cooling Ion merging & EIC
 Beam compression
 Super long period slow extraction
 Multi‐operation modes

SHER

1.2 GeV/u (238U34+)(1-2.5)×1011 ×4 Stacking
Electron-Ion collisions

MCR-45-1

MCR-45-2

Super Heavy Element &Mass measurement

ABR-45
BoosterCollector

 Unique shape storage ring system
 Large acceptance radioactive beam line Electron booster and storage ringRadioactive BeamLine

High Purity &Quality RIBs Station

E‐BoosterCSR-45Matter States(Dense plasma research,High-Energy-Density Matter)
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Material irradiation
Application in bioscience
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Concept for Beijing-ISOL facility: CARIF
60MW, neutron flux
8×1014 n/cm2·s

Experiment of unstable beam
~100-150 MeV/uapplication
Targetchamber

CARR
reactor

CARR

20-22 MeV/u，10 mA
Ion
SourceD LINAC

Secondarybeam line

n converter

Massseparator

LINAC
Targetchamber DTLDTLDTLDTL

Bunching
RFQs RFQ

Stable ECR
ion source
High-resolution
Mass-selector
Chargebreeder

Experimentsof SHE etc
10-70 MeV/u
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Experimentsof decay Charge～100 keV selector
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

RAON facility in Korea
See contribution by Y. Kim
 High intensity RIB’s by ISOL and in-flight sep.
ISOL: fission of 238U by 600 MeV, 1 pmA protons
In-flight separation of 200 MeV/u, 8 pμA 238U
 Post acceleration of RIB’s
 Neutron-rich RIB’s with high intensities,e.g. 132Sn up to ~250 MeV/u and ~108 pps
 Secondary fragmentation (ISOL+IF+Post-acc.)

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

FRIB - Facility for Rare Isotope Beams
Facility performance expectations• Rare isotope production with primary beams up to 400 kW, 200 MeV/u uranium• Fast, stopped and reaccelerated beam capability• Experimental areas and scientific instrumentation for fast, stopped, andreaccelerated beams• Energy upgrade to 400 MeV/ufor uranium• Fragment separator» Acceptance:± 40 mrad (angular)± 5% (momentum)» Magnetic rigidity:
8 Tm after target

experimental areas
for fast, stopped, andreaccelerated beams

New opportunities:• multi-user operation• isotope harvesting
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

TRIUMF: ARIEL
ARIEL is TRIUMF’s flagship: isotopes forscience & medicine: 500 kW e-linac forphoto-fission and extra proton beam line
Three simultaneous RI-beamsISACExisting
ARIEL I(complete Sept. 2014)

ARIEL II• 2 proton driven• 1 electron (photo-fission) driven• 4,000 h/a 12,000 h/a RIB’s• Phased implementation, (first e-beamSept 2014)(2015-19)

Cyclotron

up to 1014 fissions/se-linac
Timeline:• 2014 first beam, target R&D• 2018 photo fission• 2020 proton beam (3 beams)
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Photo-fission using 50MeV 10mA eonto Hg convertor + UCx target.

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

The European roadmap towards EURISOLToday
SPIRAL –2014 - 2025

few MeV/u, 10...20 kW

LNS ‐ EXCYT
LNL ‐ SPES
1013...14 fiss/s,~10 MeV/u, 100...200 kW

ISOL@MYRRHA

2025 - ........

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

> 1015 fiss/s, 100 MeV/u,
3x 100 kW direct target
1x 5 MW target
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

HIE-ISOLDE
Energy Upgrade:
The HIE‐ISOLDE project
construction of the SC
LINAC to upgrade theenergy of the post‐
accelerated radioactive
ion beams to 4.3 MeV/u
in 2015 and 10 MeV/u by2017

Intensity Upgrade:
The design study for theintensity upgrade, also partof HIE‐ISOLDE, started in2011, and addresses thetechnical feasibility and costestimate for operating thefacility at 10 kW once LINAC4
and PS Booster are online.
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

New concept: storage ring for post-accelerated beams
Nuclear physics:
study of isomeric states
heavy-element synthesis
charge radii measurements
Atomic physics
dielectric recombination
highly-charged ions & collisions
Neutrino physics
e.g. production of 8Li/8B ions withstored 7Li ions

• Typical storage energy for ~1...5 MeV/u• Multiturn injection  mA of stored beam possible• Electron cooler  transverse cooling time of ~1s• RF acceleration and deceleration• A storage ring at an ISOL facility: a• Typical storage times:
unique instrument
9Be1+ @ 7 MeV: 16 s
12C6+ @ 73 MeV: 7470 s
35Cl17+ @ 202 MeV: 318 s
197Au51+ @ 710 MeV: 23 s

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

• Novel opportunities in atomic, nuclear,astro- and neutrino physics• Will enhance the science reach andthe community of this facility
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Legnaro: SPES
Cyclotron:
protons,70MeV, 1mARadioisotopes
for medicalapplications

ISOL facility:
UCx target,up to 1E13 fissions/s

Proton and neutron
irradiation areas forapplied physics andmaterial researchRadioactive ion beams reaccelerated to ~10MeV/uby the super-conducting linac
ALPIProjectphases
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014a) cyclotron + buildingb) re-accelerationc) medical isotopesd) neutron source

2013‐2018> 2018Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

GANIL: SPIRAL-2 project
Phase 1 (2015-2016)•Stable beam intensity increase by afactor 10 to 100 (10pμA (6.1013pps) A<50)•Intense neutron source: NFS•S3 commissioning

DESIR Phase 1+ (2017-2018)
Low energy facility

Phase 1++ (2019)(A/Q=6-7 Injector)
10pμA (6.1013pps) A>50

Phase 2 (>2020)- Exotic nuclei x10...1000 more intense- Extend the range of exotic nuclei to A>80
- Post-acceleration of high intensity RIB’s

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

SPIRAL-1 upgrade (2016)
New light RIB’s from fragmentation
Hadron therapy research (12C beam)
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

EURISOL facility
Multi‐user capabilities

235U

Up to 150 AMeV for 132Sn3LINAC: H, D, He and A/q=2 ions up to 1 A GeVARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

JYFL – IGISOL facility
ECR ion source
Cyclotrons: K=30, K=130

BB

2QBIon guide technique:p + 238U fission
Laser ionization

7ndi polin
2 0° t una
yokea t eti iv ase K130 t una
a t etnav ni v a ser euu kaam
nav nr euuk aamHeavy and light ion fusion
Transfer reactions
0ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

510 m

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

NUSTAR@FAIR
Important beam parameters:- all elements from H through U- intensity up to ~ 1012 ions/sec.
- beam energies up to 1.5 GeV/u- slow (DC-type) and fast extraction

Super-FRS characteristics:
x = y = 40  mm mrad

NUSTAR Collaboration:~ 800 scientists
146 institutes
38 countries

x = +/- 40 mrad
y = +/- 20 mrad
p/p = +/- 2.5%
Bmax = 20 Tm
Rion = 1,500~150M€ investment

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

NUSTAR@FAIRReactionsStoredbeam
experiments

Super-FRS

Isotope identification and high-resolution
spectrometer experiments

DESPEC-, -, -, p-, n-decay spectroscopy

HISPECin-beam gamma-spectroscopy at low andintermediate energy

ILIMA

masses and lifetimes of nuclei in ground andisomeric states

LASPEC

Laser spectroscopy

MATS

in-trap mass measurements and decay studies

R3B

kinematically complete reactions at high beamenergyELISEelastic, inelastic, and quasi-free e—A scattering

EXL

light-ion scattering reactions in inversekinematics

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Spectroscopy

ISOL-type
experiments

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Dubna: ACCULINNA-2
U400M
E=30 ÷ 50 MeV/A
E=4.5 ÷ 9 MeV/A Properties and structure of light exotic nuclei
 Astrophysics
 Reactions with exotic nuclei
 Light neutron-rich nuclei
 Deep inelastic scattering Producing of RIBs
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Ion

Ion energy[MeV/A]

Outputintensity

7Li

35

6×101318O

33

1×101340Ar

40

1×1012

48Ca

56×101254Cr

53×101258Fe

53×1012124Sn

52×1011136Xe

54×1011238U

72×1010

 Installation ongoing Commissioning 2016
 First expt’s. 2017
Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

ELI-NP: laser-driven nuclear physics experiments
See contribution by S. Gales

Laser intensities > 1E23 W/cm2
Heavy-ion laser acceleration
Laser plasmaScreening in stellar reactions

ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

ADS test facility at SCK-CEN (Mol, Belgium): ISOL@MYRRHA
See contribution
by H. Oigawa
few %2012-2014: Design2023: Commissioning (?)
2025: Experiments (?)
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Financial and geographic „scale“30 M€

100 M€

300 M€

Institutional / nationalARIEL
HIE-ISOLDE
SPES

1,000 M€

regionalFRIB
HIAFRIBFSPIRAL-2

3,000 M€
international

CARIF, EURISOL, RAONFAIRCollaboration and mutual support mandatory (due to man-power /money-power limitation)
 gain in effectiveness, but stretch in time, loss of efficiency
Different approaches and exchange required a good balance of competition and collaboration is fruitful andstimulating for the whole field small / local AND large / regional facilities needed!
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Future directions (?)
Implementation of new concepts• Multi-beam acceleration• Efficient use: large acceptance separators, high-resolution detectors,
high-efficiency detectors• Multi-user separators / spectrometers, multi-user concepts• Beam recycling: re-circulate beams, use all charge states• Isotope harvesting: chemical separation of isotopes from beam dumps
 see recent EMIS contribution by W. Mittig, NIM B Volume 317, 186 (2013)
Production of n-rich beams in „2-step“ reactions?

?

?

Courtesy of J.Benlliure
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Observations
Science and developments:•The scientific case of our field is mature•The present decade is dominated by construction of next-generation facilities•Progress and developments are exciting
Beams:•The future will focus on neutron-rich nuclei (this holds also for SHE)
Projects:•Projects integrate the worldwide science community•Projects rely on technological challenges•Projects take more time, become more expensive, materialize in stages
Essential ingredients for success:•Ideas, enthusiasm, resources: “brains, hands, money, time”•Concerted activities (community = users + laboratories)•Concentrated + coordinated efforts (users, laboratories, funding agencies)•Sustained effort and funding
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Summary
New stable-beam and large-scale RIB facilities appear on the world scene
and will open up a bright future for the world-wide nuclear physics community
RIBF, the first „next-generation“ radioactive beam facility, is in operation andserves as good example
The “new generation” facilities build on in-flight separators and ISOL systems
including re-acceleration, and hybrid systems
The common goal is the extension of the nuclear chart and to perform
experiments, increase understanding of strong force and nuclei, anddevelop new applications

Great scientificopportunities
ahead of us!
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen

Many thanks to...
Winfried Barth, Christoph Düllmann, Sophie Heinz (GSI),Jose Benlliure (Santiago de Compostella),
Georg Bollen and Bradley Sherrill (MSU),
Maria Borge (ISOLDE),Angela Bracco (Milan),Jens Dilling (TRIUMF),
Piet Van Duppen (Leuven),
Andrey Fomichev and Yuri Oganessian (Dubna-FLNR),
Sydney Gales and Victor Zamfir (Bucharest),
Ari Jokinen (Jyväskylä),
Yongwon Kim (Korea),
Toshiyuki Kubo, Kosuke Morita, Tohru Motobayashi, Hiroaki Sakurai (RIKEN),
Giovanni Larana and Giacomo de Angelis (Legnaro),
Marek Lewitowicz and Herve Savajols (GANIL)
Lucia-Ana Popescu (Mol),
Hushan Xu and Yuhu Zhang (Lanzhou),
Yanlin Ye (Peking)...for providing material to this contribution and for discussions !
ARIS 2014, Tokyo (Japan), June 2014

Christoph Scheidenberger – GSI and JLU-Gießen