Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581)
October 2016, Volume 1, No. 8, pp.
Academic Star Publishing Company, 2016www.academicstar.us

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress andProspect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building Kazutomo Irie and Yuko Tanaka
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC)

Abstract: This paper discusses APEC’s Low-Carbon Model Town (LCMT) project from its inception, to the completed phases,
through to the planned phases. The LCMT project aims to combine various components such as energy-efficient buildings, transportand power systems to create communities that affordably reduce energy use and carbon emissions while creating pleasant living
conditions.This project is applicable as a case study on promoting sustainable cities in developing countries.
Key words: low-carbon building, sustainable cities, low-carbon town indicators

1. Introduction 
The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is aframework of economic cooperation among countries
and territories (they are called ‘economies1’ in APEC) in
the Asia and Pacific region. APEC was established in

1989 with 12 economies as the founding members:
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia,
Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Since then,China, Hong Kong, China and Chinese Taipei joinedin 1991. Mexico and Papua New Guinea followed in
1993. Chile acceded in 1994. And in 1998, Peru,
Russia and Viet Nam joined, taking the full
membership to 21 [1].
Energy has been one of the major fields ofcooperation in APEC. In the APEC region, energy
consumption is rapidly increasing in tandem withurbanisation progress, both of which are due to
Corresponding author: Kazutomo Irie, Ph.D., General
Manager, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, research area:
energypolicy,energylaw.
E-mail:kazutomo.irie@aperc.ieej.or.jp
APEC uses the term ‘economy’ to describe members insteadof nation or country, to include economies such as Hong Kong
and Chinese Taipei which are separate economic entities.
1

economic development in the APEC region. Since
fossil fuels remain the major energy resources in theregion, increasing energy consumption is posing ahigher risk of climate change. Accordingly, a low
carbon society is becoming more and more necessary
for the region. The region needs to improve energy
efficiency and promote renewable energy not only at
economy (national) level but also at town/city level inthe face of rapid urbanisation.
On 19 June 2010, at the 9th Meeting of APEC
Energy Ministers in Fukui, Japan, the Ministers
launched the APEC Low-Carbon Model Town
(LCMT) Project. In their ‘Fukui Declaration - Low
Carbon Paths to Energy Security: Cooperative Energy
Solutions for a Sustainable APEC’, the Ministers
included the following statement:‘Introduction of low-carbon technologies in city
planning to boost energy efficiency and reducefossil energy use is vital to manage rapidly
growing energy consumption in urban areas [2].’They therefore launched the LCMT Project ‘topresent successful models for coordinated usage ofadvanced low-carbon technologies.’

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -2

The LCMT project aims to combine various
components such as energy-efficient buildings,
transport and power systems to create communities
that affordably reduce energy use and carbon
emissions while creating pleasant living conditions.
The LCMT Project consists of three activities:

As an omnipresent component of low carbon town
(LCT) developments, ‘Low Carbon Buildings’ arefocused on in this paper, alongside the various
components of LCT.

Developing and refining the ‘Concept of
Low-Carbon Town in the APEC region’ (Concept)
by APEC experts (LCMT Study Group A);b) A feasibility study of low carbon development foreach case study town by consultants hired by the
APEC Secretariat; andc) A policy review of low carbon development policyof each case study town by APEC experts (LCMT
Study Group B).

2-1. Low Carbon Building in the First Edition of theConcepta)Since 2011, one town/city in the Region was chosen
as the case study town that year’s phase. The casestudy towns represent various types of town/city in the
Region:1) Yujiapu, Tianjin, China in Phase 1 (2011) focusedon the greenfield development of central business
districts (CBD) of a large city;2) Samui Island, Thailand in Phase 2 (2012) focusedon the development on an island resort;3) Da Nang, Viet Nam in Phase 3 (2013) focused on
the redevelopment of an existing city;4) San Borja, Lima, Peru in Phase 4 (2014) focused ona residential area in a city;5) Bitung, Indonesia in Phase 5 (2015) focused on anindustrial area in a city; and
6) Mandaue, the Philippines in Phase 6 (2016) isfocusing on formulating low-carbon development
plans in cooperation with neighbouring cities.
Phase 7 in 2017 will plan to address a low-carbon
development plan in inland region with high demandfor heating and cooling system.

2. Low Carbon Building in ‘The Concept of
Low-Carbon Town in the APEC Region’

In October 2011, the Asia Pacific Energy ResearchCentre published the First Edition of ‘The Concept of
Low-Carbon Town in the APEC region’, ‘Low
Carbon Buildings’ was identified as one of demandside measures for low carbon town development alongwith ‘Low Carbon Urban Structure’, ‘Energy
Management Systems’ and ‘Low Carbon Traffic’.
The ‘Concept’ provides ‘Low Carbon Building’ asfollows:
In office and commercial buildings, a lot ofelectricity and heat energy are used for air
conditioning, lighting, office automation (OA)
equipment, and hot water supply. The same
applies to residential buildings, although on adifferent scale. When evaluating the low carbon
buildings measures, it is advisable to follow thefollowing three steps as it will lead to more
efficient and cost effective CO2 reductions.
1st Step: Reduce heat load into thebuilding through rooftop greenery andimprovement of the heat insulation of thewindows, etc.
2nd Step: Deploy passive energy design
such as natural lighting and naturalventilation.
3rd Step: Improve energy efficiency in air
conditioning, lighting equipment, etc.
There are plenty of reduction measures withineach step. It is necessary to examine the most

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APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -appropriate
combinationofmeasuresconsidering the use, targeted CO2 reduction
amount, construction cost etc. of the intended
buildings [3].
Thenthe‘Concept’
considerations in each step:

explains

At the end of ‘Low Carbon Buildings’ section, the‘Concept’ shows a schematic design flow of low
carbon building in Figure 5 [3].

necessaryi) Reduction heat load in the building
Evidence shows that heat energy demand forcooling/heating and electricity use for lighting
depends greatly on the structure of the building,
its outer environment and the use of thebuilding.
In order to reduce CO2 emissions associatedwith the building, the first step is to consider
measures that will create a comfortable workand living environment in the building without
using too much energy, in other words, themeasures which will reduce the energy load of
the building.
ii) Adoption of passive energy design
It can be effective to adopt passive forms ofenvironment-friendly technology, which makes
use of sunlight, solar heat, wind, rainwater andgeological conditions to adjust the indoor
environment. For example, it may suit toconstruct buildings that maintain comfortableroom temperature by adopting sun shading
blinds and cooling with outside air, and ensures
the brightness and clean air by utilising daylightand natural ventilation respectively.
iii) Improvement of equipment efficiency
Energy use in the building can be reduced byadopting high efficiency equipment forfunctions such as air conditioning, lighting,office automation, hot water supply [3].

Appendix 2 ‘Low Carbon Measures Along with
Cases Examples’ is an attachment of the ‘Concept’.
As for Low Carbon Building, six types of caseexamples are enumerated: ‘Sunlight shading andthermal insulation’, ‘Façade engineering’, ‘Naturalventilation’, ‘Daylight use plus lighting system’,‘Hybrid of natural ventilation plus air conditioning’and ‘High-efficient heat source plus heat storage’.
Though the First Edition ‘Concept’ was intended to
be a comprehensive guideline for LCT development, it
was influenced by the on-going LCT project in Yujiapu,
Tianjin, China. And so it focused on green fielddevelopment in a large city such as Yujiapu.
2-2. Low Carbon Building in the Second Edition of theConcept
During following Phases, the ‘Concept’ has beenrefined taking into account of a different type of LCTdevelopment in each Phase. As for low carbon
building, one paragraph was added in the Second
Edition published in October 2012 to explain the firststep, ‘1) Reducing heat load in buildings’:
Compared to large-scale businesses andcommercial buildings, large hotels, or high-rise
residential complexes, it will be difficult forsmall- and medium-sized resort hotels

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -(comprised of cottage-type buildings) and lowand medium-rise housing to introduce
centralized energy supply systems (e.g., DHC,
central heat sources, central hot-water systems,etc.) Here, the further introduction of highly
efficient equipment and facilities—such as
high-efficiency air conditioners, heat-pumpwater heaters, and latent heat recovery-typewater heaters—plays a very important role in
reducing a building’s CO2 emissions.
In addition, for small buildings, reinforcing
insulation by using rooftop greenery, solarreflectance paint on roofs, etc., as well as use ofnatural energies (such as natural ventilation andnatural lighting) will amplify the effectivenessof CO2 reduction methods and should be
actively introduced [4].
This revision reflects experiences in Samui Island,
Thailand in Phase 2, where there are many small- andmedium-sized resort hotels and low- and medium-risehousing.
Also in the Second Edition, ‘Sunlight shading andthermal insulation’ in Appendix 2 ‘Low Carbon
Measures Along with Cases Examples’ was changed
to ‘Sunlight reflection, shading and thermal
insulation’ in order to include high solar reflectancepaint for roof surfaces. This change is based uponadvice from a Japanese expert in paint industry.
2-3. Low Carbon Building in APEC Low-Carbon
Town Indicator System
The guideline of low carbon buildings and its caseexamples in the Concept remained intact in the Third
Edition in Phase 3 [5]. However, the refinement processof the Concept itself has largely changed since Phase 3
with the inclusion of APEC Low-Carbon Town Indicator(LCT-I) System. According to the Final Report of
Feasibility Study for the LCT-I System by APEC LCMT
Phase 3 Task Force Japan which is established to assist4

the refinement process, the purpose of the LCT-I System
is defined as follows:… ways to review and develop low carbon
cities still vary significantly from economy toeconomy, making it difficult for the project toachieve overall progress in the region. In orderto facilitate and support the overall progress ofthe project in the region, indicators (standards),
which practically manage CO2 emissions at themunicipal level, need to be developed,
disseminated, and widely used.
Our country [quoter note: Japan], which isadvanced and has long experience in the field ofenergy saving, could contribute to the further
development of the APEC LCMT project bytaking the initiative in developing a CO2(energy-originated CO2) management method
for cities.
In light of the above, we propose that a new
management indicator system should be
developed for the APEC LCMT project, whichaims to promote the development of low carbon
towns across the region, by leveraging the
LCMT concept and the results of the pastfeasibility studies [6].
As a part of the LCT-I System, indicators for low
carbon building were considered. The Final Report of
Feasibility Study during Phase 3, three items were
proposed for introducing indicators of low carbon
building: ‘Energy-saving construction’, ‘Building
insulation’ and‘Energy efficiency of building
equipment’. As for Energy-saving construction, ‘Ratioof buildings certified as green buildings to totalbuildings in the district (%)’ could be an indicator. For
Building insulation, ‘Thermal performance standard’
could be measured. And Energy efficiency of building

5

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -equipment could be evaluated by ‘Reduction rate ofenergy use’.
Appendix 4 ‘Low Carbon Town Indicators(Preliminary Study Results)’ of the Fourth Edition of
the Concept published in November 2014 proposed tomaintain the same structure of indicators for low
carbon building [7]. The Phase 5 Task Force Japanand Study Group A carried out further surveys,
discussions with experts of indexation/standardizationand sensitivity analyses of indicators in test cases. The
draft of the LCT-I System Guideline was published as
Appendix 5 of the Fifth Edition of the Concept. The
LCT-I System was designed as simple as possible andadopted five point scale considering theuser-friendliness. The assessment areas of the LCT-I
System is comprehensive (see figure below) andinclude both quantitative and qualitative indicators

3. Low Carbon Building in Case Study Town
in Each Phase
3-1. Yujiapu, Tianjin, China in Phase 1 (2011)
Yujiapu Central Business District (CBD)/Financial
District Development Project in Tianjin, China wasselected as a case for the APEC LCMT Project Phase
1.
The Phase 1 Study Group B which in charge ofpolicy reviews for LCT development described the
Project as follows:
Yujiapu Financial District (YFD) will become
the heart of the Tianjin Binhai New Area
(TBNA) Financial regulation pilot zone byattracting world class financial institutions andcreating an innovative environment to facilitate
the implementation of China new financial
regulations.
The Financial District is also expected to set up
a new standard for the sustainable development
and construction of cities in Asia by adhering to
the development concept of green building andlow-carbon city.

[13].
Among 23 Tier 3 indicators, two of them arecategorized under Buildings (Tier 2), namely, ‘Energy
Saving Construction’ and ‘Green Construction’. The
indicators target to promote the installation ofenergy-saving equipment (hardware) such as heatinsulation and natural energy utilization as well as thedevelopment of certification system and guidelines(software) of low carbon buildings through theassessment. The First Edition of LCT-I System will be
published as one of the deliverables in Phase 6.

YFD covers an area of 3.86 million sq m,surrounded by rivers at its east, west and south.
The total building size is 9.50 million sqm [8].
The review team emphasised the importance of‘green building’ as stated in the executive summary.
At least twelve buildings in Phase I of the
Yujiapu CBD area are planned to get thecertification of green building, a highly
commendable feat. It is recommended, however,that given that green buildings are highly
encouraged in this area and in the developmentof the low carbon town, such green building
requirements should be clearly stipulated in

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -each building contract to guarantee that theirdesign and construction meets the minimum
requirements of the new buildings [8].
The team also appreciated a plan to utilise advanced
technology in commercial buildings, but with thereservation for residential sector.
The use of motion sensors and other advanced
technology for controlling electricity demand incommercial buildings is an interesting andcutting edge concept. Such technology inconjunction with energy efficiency awarenesscampaigns for the general public should see a
reduction in energy use.
However, it is recommended that a well thought
out plan is put forth with regards to the supply
and demand balance of electricity across theboard even in the residential sector, specifying
the type of technology that may be introduced
there (i.e. smart grids) focused on green fielddevelopment of central business districts (CBD)of a large city [8].
3.2 Samui Island, Thailand in Phase 2 (2012)
Samui Island (in Thai, Koh Samui) was chosen as
the case town for APEC LCMT Phase 2 and describedby the Phase 2 Study Group B as follows:
Koh Samui is a small island situated in the Gulfof Thailand and located in Suratthani Province,
approximately 750 km to the south of Bangkok.
Whilst the island’s population is small at
approximately 54 000 registered people andunregistered population of about 6 times of theregistered population, tourists number up to 1.1
million annually. Given the islands mainindustry is tourism and the large number ofvisitors travelling to Koh Samui annually, theisland is making great strides in achieving
low-carbon status [9].

6

As mentioned above in 2-2, the Samui Island casedrew attention to small- and medium-sized resort
hotels and housing. As per resort hotels, the review
team recommended a green building benchmark. The
Policy Review team also raised the issue ofretrofitting of old buildings which was unnoticed inPhase 1 for Yujiapu as it was a green field project.
Given the number of hotels and resorts on theisland there is plenty of potential to develop or
adopt a green building benchmark that
identifies facilities that have achieved efficientuse of energy and water, this will be beneficial
to hotels and resorts as well as they look atmarketing their respective properties as
eco-friendly. The option of retrofitting some ofthe old buildings on the island to make them
low-carbon should also be considered [9].
3.3 Da Nang, Viet Nam in Phase 3 (2013)
Da Nang was chosen as the case town for APECLCMT Phase 3 and described by the Phase 3 Study
Group B as follows:
Da Nang is the biggest city in central Viet Nam.
It is located between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
City at 759km and 960km respectively. As of
2011, the population of Da Nang 951,684
people, which is growing as industrialisation
draws more people to the area. Da Nang isshifting its economic structure away fromagriculture and toward industry and services. Its
main industries are frozen fish, textiles andgarments, cement, automobile tyres, and leather
goods. However, more technical industries are
rapidly growing in the area, which include
electrical equipment, information technology
component parts, machinery, ship building,manufacturing and assembling automobiles andbicycles, and beer and dairy beverages. Tourism

7

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -is also a growing economic sector in Da Nangand is one of Viet Nam’s national tourist sites[10].
The Phase 3 Study Group B gave a portrait of Da
Nang and produced 75 recommendations for
implementation, compared to 32 and 82
recommendations in Phase 1 and Phase 2 respectively.
The recommendations in Phase 3 were grouped byhigh, medium and low order urgency level for the firsttime.
Among 9 recommendations related to low carbon
buildings, 3 recommendations listed below areclassified high urgency level which can be
implemented in short term but at low cost.
Recommendation 33: Develop an evaluation
criteria for low carbon building design.
Recommendation 34: Promote energy
efficiency standards for all non-residentialbuildings.
Recommendation 37: Publish a policy paper topromote low carbon building deployment andfinancing [10].
It is noteworthy that the review team has paid
attention to a financing issue in Recommendation 37.
This seems because the Da Nang project, as aredevelopment of an existing city, inevitably involves
small and medium local enterprises who usually havedifficulties in financing investment to buildings.
3.4 San Borja, Lima, Peru in Phase 4 (2014)
San Borja was chosen as the case town for APECLCMT Phase 4 and described by the Phase 4 Study
Group B as follows:
San Borja is one of the 49 districts of Lima Cityin Peru. San Borja is bordered by the districts of
San Luis and La Victoria to the north, Santiago
de Surco to the east and south, Surquillo to thesouthwest and San Isidro to the west. San Borja,
established as unique district in 1983, covers
9.96 km2 and is 170 meters above sea level. In
2011, San Borja´s population was 111 808
people comprising approximately 36,000
households. In 2012 the population was 112562 people. The majority of the population is
between 20 and 50 years (52%) and iscomprised of 55% female and 45% male. Peru
is one of the fastest growing economies inSouth America with the urbanisation rates
increasingly rapidly. San Borja reflects thistrend, making low carbon development anessential goal for the local government [11].
The review team made 50 recommendations for
implementation with grouping of high, medium andlow order urgency level, similarly to the Phase 3
review team. Among 7 recommendations related to
low carbon building, 4 recommendations listed below
are to be classified high urgency level.
Recommendation 16: Establish a San Borja
Green Building Task Force under the‘LCT-Community Planning Council’.
Recommendation 17: Establish a Mandatory
San Borja Green Building Code.
Recommendation 20: Develop a San
Borja-centric sourcebook for green buildings
suited to Lima’s climate conditions.
Recommendation
21:
EstablishaComprehensive Capability Program [11].
The background of Recommendation 16 on a neworganisation seems to be a large number of property
owners to be consulted with by San Borja
municipality government since this district is mainly aresidential area.
3.5 Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia in Phase 5(2015)APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -Bitung was chosen as the case town for APECLCMT Phase 5 and described by the Phase 5 Study
Group B as follows:

Bitung City is located strategically on the
Minahasa Peninsula in the north-east of the
Sulawesi Island in Indonesia and covers a total
land area of around 313.5 km2 (31 350 ha). In
2014, Bitung’s population was 202 204 people,
showing an average annual growth rate
(AAGR) of 2.2% from the 2006 populationlevel of 169 562 people. The port City ofBitung is expected to be an international hub
port as it sits at a strategic geographical location
in international trade routes. The plan is
supported by the central government with thedesignation of Bitung Special Economic Zone
(SEZ). Bitung SEZ will entail significant
amount of energy. Currently, Bitung City isdependent on diesel generators and hydropower plants for most of its energy demand[12].

Among 8 recommendations related to low carbon
buildings, 2 recommendations listed below areclassified high urgency level.
Recommendation 25: Increase the capacity of
local government on low-carbon buildings bylearning experiences from other low-carbon
towns.
Recommendation 26: Set a clear and more
ambitious target for photovoltaic (PV)installation and prioritisation among relevantbuilding sectors.
The recommendations are made to accelerate
Bitung SEZ's plan to install photovoltaic (PV) panel inall types of buildings and to introduce otherenergy-saving equipment including LED lighting,8

Building Energy Management System (BEMS), lowemission glasses, natural lighting system, etc.

4. Future of APEC LCMT Project
APEC LCMT Project has entered its sixth year in
2016. In its Phase 6, the Concept is expected tocomplete refinement and the Sixth Edition of theConcept will be the Final Edition. The First Edition of
the LCT-I System will also be released as a separate
document of the Concept. Feasibility study for thecase study town, Mandaue City is underway in Phase
6. Mandaue City is located in the middle-eastern
coastal region of Cebu Province in the Philippines.
There is a plan called ‘Mandaue 20/20’ consists ofIntegrated Development of Green Growth Areas
including green building program, Green Loop to
restore river and Metro Public Transport System. Theinterconnectivity of Mandaue City, Cebu City andLapulapu City will be focused to identify the possible
low-carbon measures that are taken in cooperation
with neibouring cities. Low carbon buildings will beanalysed accordingly.
In parallel with the implementation of Phase 6, thepreparatory stage of Phase 7 has already started. Phase
7 plans to address a low-carbon development plan ininland region with high demand for heating andcooling system. In order to increase the number of
LCT in the APEC region, LCMT Symposium will beheld for the capacity building of the central and local
government officials of developing APEC economies.
The Concept and the LCT-I System will fully beutilized as an education tool in the Symposium. Thus,
APEC LCMT project is entering a dissemination stage
from a survey and research stage.

5. Conclusion
APEC LCMT Project is in the middle of Phase 6
and preparing for Phase 7. From Phase 7, the Projectwill move on to disseminate LCT throughout the
APEC Region by promoting the application of the
LCT-I System to towns/cities which plan to become
low-carbon. It is strongly hoped that the Project will

9

APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect - Focusing on Low-Carbon Building -continue to serve APEC member economies and act asa catalyst for rapid urbanisation that is also low carbon
compatible.
*This paper is an updated version of the original paper
which was prepared for the conference proceedings ofthe 10th Energy Forum 2015 on Advanced Building
Skins in Bern, Switzerland.

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