Draft: March 16, 2007
LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATIONTHEORY OF p-ADIC REDUCTIVE GROUPS: A
SUMMARY OF SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Matthew Emerton
Northwestern University

The purpose of this short note is to summarize some recent progress in the theoryof locally analytic representations of reductive groups over p-adic fields. This theory
has begun to find applications to number theory, for example to the arithmetic
theory of automorphic forms, as well as to the “p-adic Langlands programme” (see[3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12]). I hope that this note can serve as an introduction to thetheory for those interested in pursuing such applications.
The theory of locally analytic representations relies for its foundations on notions and techniques of functional analysis. We recall some of these notions in
Section 1. In Section 2 we describe some important categories of locally analytic
representations (originally introduced in [20], [23] and [8]). In Section 3, we discuss
the construction of locally analytic representations by applying the functor “passto locally analytic vectors” to certain continuous Banach space representations. In
Section 4 we briefly describe the process of parabolic induction in the locally analytic situation, which allows one to pass from representations of a Levi subgroup of areductive group to representations of the reductive group itself, and in Section 5 we
describe the Jacquet module construction of [9], which provides functors mappingin the opposite direction. Parabolic induction and the Jacquet module functors are“almost” adjoint to one another. (See Theorem 5.19 for a precise statement.)
Acknowledgments. I would like to thank David Ben-Zvi for his helpful remarks
on an earlier draft of this note, as well as the anonymous referee, whose comments
led to the clarification of some points of the text.
1. Functional analysis
We begin by recalling some notions of non-archimedean functional analysis. A
more detailed exposition of the basic concepts is available in [17], which provides
an excellent introduction to the subject.
Let K be a complete discretely valued field of characteristic zero. A topological
K-vector space V is said to be locally convex if its topology can be defined by abasis of neighbourhoods of the origin that are OK -submodules of V ; or equivalently,
by a collection of non-archimedean semi-norms. (We will often refer to V simply
as a convex space, or a convex K-space if we which to emphasize the coefficientfield K.) The space V is called complete if it is complete as a topological group
under addition.
The author would like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (award
numbers DMS-0070711 and DMS-0401545)

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MATTHEW EMERTON

If V is any locally convex K-space, then we may complete V to obtain a complete
Hausdorff convex K-space V̂ , equipped with a continuous K-linear map V → V̂ ,which is universal for continuous K-linear maps from V to complete Hausdorff Kspaces. (See [17, Prop. 7.5] for a construction of V̂ . Note that in this reference V̂
is referred to as the Hausdorff completion of V .)If V is a convex K-space, then we let V 0 denote the space of K-valued continuous
K-linear functionals on V , and let Vb0 denote V 0 equipped with its strong topology(the “bounded-open” topology – see [17, Def., p. 58]; the subscript “b” stands for“bounded”). We refer to Vb0 as the strong dual of V . There is a natural K-linear“double duality” map V → (Vb0 )0 ; we say that V is reflexive if this map induces a
topological isomorphism V → (Vb0 )0b .
If V and W are two convex K-spaces, then we always equip V ⊗K W with the
projective tensor product topology. This topology is characterized by the requirement that the map V ×W → V ⊗K W defined by (v, w) 7→ v ⊗w should be universal
for continuous K-bilinear maps from V × W to convex K-spaces. (See [17, §17]for more details about the construction and properties of this topology.) We letˆ K W denote the completion of V ⊗K W .
V⊗
A complete convex space V is called a Fréchet space if it is metrizable, or equivalently, if its topology can be defined by a countable set of seminorms. If the
topology of the complete convex space V can be defined by a single norm, thenwe say that V is a Banach space. Note that we don’t regard a Fréchet space or a
Banach space as being equipped with any particular choice of metric, or norm.
If V and W are Banach spaces, then the space L(V, W ) of continuous linear
maps from V to W again becomes a Banach space, when equipped with its strong
topology. (Concretely, if we fix norms defining the topologies of V and W respectively, then we may define a norm on L(V, W ) as follows (we denote all norms by|| ||): for any T ∈ L(V, W ), set || T || = supv∈V s.t. ||v||=1 || T (v)||.) We say that anelement T ∈ L(V, W ) is compact if it may be written as a limit (with respect tothe strong topology) of a sequence of maps with finite dimensional range (see [17,Rem. 18.10]).
If V is a Fréchet space, then completing V with respect to each of the members of
an increasing sequence of semi-norms that define its topology, we obtain a projective
sequence of Banach spaces {Vn }n≥1 , and an isomorphism of topological K-vector
spaces∼V −→ limVn ,←−nwhere {Vn }n≥1 is a projective system of Banach spaces over K, and the right handside is equipped with the projective limit topology. Conversely, any such projective
limit is a Fréchet space over K.
Definition 1.1. A nuclear Fréchet space over K is a K-space which admits an
isomorphism of topological K-vector spaces∼

V −→ limVn ,←−nwhere {Vn }n≥1 is a projective system of Banach spaces over K with compact transition maps (and the right hand side is equipped with the projective limit topology).
In fact there is a more intrinsic definition of nuclearity for any convex space [17,Def., p. 120], which is equivalent to the above definition when applied to a Fréchetspace (as follows from the discussion of [17, §16] together with [20, Thm. 1.3]).

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Proposition 1.2. Let V be a nuclear Fréchet space.
(i) V is reflexive.
(ii) Any closed subspace or Hausdorff quotient of V is again a nuclear Fréchetspace.
Proof. See [17, Prop. 19.4]. 
We now introduce another very important class of locally convex spaces.
Definition 1.3. We say that a convex K-space V is of compact type if there is an
isomorphism of topological K-vector spaces∼

V −→ limVn ,−→nwhere {Vn }n≥1 is an inductive system of Banach spaces over K with compact andinjective transition maps (and the right hand side is equipped with the locallyconvex inductive limit topology).
Proposition 1.4. Let V be a space of compact type.
(i) V is complete and Hausdorff.
(ii) V is reflexive.
(iii) Any closed subspace or Hausdorff quotient of V is again of compact type.
Proof. See [20, Thm. 1.1, Prop. 1.2]. 
Proposition 1.5. Passing to strong duals yields an anti-equivalence of categories
between the category of spaces of compact type and the category of nuclear Fréchetspaces.
Proof. This is [20, Thm. 1.3]. A proof can also be extracted from the discussion of[17, §16]. 
We now define an important class of topological algebras over K (originallyintroduced in [23]).
Definition 1.6. Let A be a topological K-algebra. We say that A is nuclear∼
An , where {An }n≥1Fréchet-Stein algebra if we may find an isomorphism A −→ lim←−nis a sequence of Noetherian K-Banach algebras, for which the transition maps
An+1 → An are compact (as maps of K-Banach spaces) and flat (as maps of Kalgebras), and such that each of the maps A → An has dense image (or equivalently,
by [2, II §3.5 Thm. 1], such that each of the maps An+1 → An has dense image).
If A is a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra over K, then A is certainly a nuclear
Fréchet space. If A is a topological K-algebra, then any two representations of A
as a projective limit as in Definition 1.6 are equivalent in an obvious sense. (See [8,Prop. 1.2.7].)
Example 1.7. Let us explain the motivating example of a nuclear Fréchet-Stein
algebra. Suppose
S∞ that X is a rigid analytic space over K that may be written asa union X = n=1 Xn , where {Xn }n≥1 is an increasing sequence of open affinoid
subdomains of X, for which the inclusions Xn → Xn+1 are admissible and relatively
compact (in the sense of [1, 9.6.2]), and such that for each n the restriction map
C an (Xn+1 , K) → C an (Xn , K) has dense image. (Here C an (Xn , K) denotes the Tate
algebra of rigid analytic K-valued functions on Xn .) We will say that such a

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rigid analytic space X is strictly quasi-stein. (If one omits the requirement thatthe inclusions be relatively compact, one obtains the notion of a quasi-stein rigid
analytic space, as defined by Kiehl.) Since Xn → Xn+1 is an admissible open
immersion for each n ≥ 1, the restriction map C an (Xn+1 , K) → C an (Xn , K) is flat.
The relative compactness assumption implies that it is furthermore compact, andhence that the space∼
C an (X, K) −→ lim
C an (Xn , K)←−nof rigid analytic functions on X is naturally a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra.
∼

Definition 1.8. Let A be a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra over K, and write A −→lim
An as in Definition 1.6. We say that a Hausdorff topological A-module M is←−ncoadmissible if the following two conditions are satisfied:(i) The tensor product Mn := An ⊗A M is a finitely generated An -Banach
module, for each n. (We regard the tensor product An ⊗A M as being a quotientof An ⊗K M , and endow it with the quotient topology induced by the projective
tensor product topology on An ⊗K M .)Mn is an isomorphism of topological A-modules.
(ii) The natural map M → lim←−n

The preceding definition is a variation of [23, Def., p. 152], to which it is equivalent, as the results of [23, §3] show.
Theorem 1.9. Let A be a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra over K.
(i) Any coadmissible topological A-module is a nuclear Fréchet space.
(ii) Any A-linear map between coadmissible topological A-modules is automatically continuous, with closed image.
(iii) The category of coadmissible topological A-modules (with morphisms being
A-linear maps, which by (ii) are automatically continuous) is closed under taking
finite direct sums, passing to closed submodules, and passing to Hausdorff quotients.
Proof. This summarizes the results of [23, §3]. 
Remark 1.10. The category of all locally convex Hausdorff topological A-modules
is an additive category that admits kernels, cokernels, images and coimages. Moreprecisely, if f : M → N is a continuous A-linear morphism between such modules,
then its categorical kernel is the usual kernel of f , its categorical image is the closureof its set-theoretic image (regarded as a submodule of N ), its categorical coimage is
its set-theoretical image (regarded as a quotient module of M ), and its categoricalcokernel is the quotient of N by its categorical image.
Part (ii) of Theorem 1.9 implies that if M and N in the preceding paragraph arecoadmissible, then the image and coimage of f coincide. Part (iii) of the Theorem
then implies that the kernel, cokernel, and image of f are again coadmissible. Thus
the category of coadmissible topological A-modules is an abelian subcategory of theadditive category of locally convex Hausdorff topological A-modules.
Remark 1.11. If B is a Noetherian K-Banach algebra (for example, one of thealgebras An appearing in Definitions 1.6 and 1.8), then the results of [1, 3.7.3]
show that the natural functor from the category of finitely generated B-Banach
modules (with morphisms being continuous B-linear maps) to the abelian categoryof finitely generated B-modules, given by forgetting topologies, is an equivalence of
categories. Theorem 1.9 is an analogue of this result for the nuclear Fréchet-Stein

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

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algebra A. It shows that forgetting topologies yields a fully faithful embedding of
the category of coadmissible topological A-modules as an abelian subcategory of
the abelian category of all A-modules. In light of this, one can suppress all mentionof topologies in defining this category (as is done in the definitions of [23, p. 152]).
Definition 1.12. If A is a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra over K, we say that a
topological A-module M is strongly coadmissible if it is a Hausdorff quotient ofAn , for some natural number n.
Since A is obviously a coadmissible module over itself, Theorem 1.9 implies thatany strongly coadmissible topological A-module is a coadmissible topological Amodule.
Example 1.13. Suppose that X is a strictly quasi-Stein rigid analytic space overK, as in Example 1.7. If M is any rigid analytic coherent sheaf on X, then thespace M of global sections of M is naturally a coadmissible C an (X, K)-module,
and passing to global sections in fact yields an equivalence of categories between
the category of coherent sheaves on X and the category of coadmissible C an (X, K)modules. The C an (X, K)-module M of global sections of the coherent sheaf M isstrongly coadmissible if and only if M is generated by a finite number of global
sections.
Fix a complete subfield L of K. We close this section by recalling the definition of
the space of locally analytic functions on a locally L-analytic manifold with values
in a convex space. (More detailed discussions may be found in [14, §2.1.10], [20,p. 447], and [8, §2.1].)
Definition 1.14. If X is an affinoid rigid analytic space over L, and if W is a
ˆ K W . (Here, as above,
K-Banach space, then we write C an (X, W ) := C an (X, K) ⊗we let C an (X, K) denote the Tate algebra of K-valued rigid analytic functions on
X, equipped with its natural K-Banach algebra structure.)
If the set X := X(L) of L-valued points of X is Zariski dense in X, then C an (X, W )may be identified with the space of W -valued functions on X that can be describedby convergent power series with coefficients in W .
Now let X be a locally L-analytic manifold. A chart of X is a compact open
subset X0 of X together with a locally analytic isomorphism between X0 and theset of L-valued points of a closed ball. We let X0 denote this ball (thought of as a∼rigid L-analytic space), so that X0 −→ X0 (L). By an analytic partition of X wemean a partition {Xi }i∈I of X into a disjoint union of charts Xi . We assume that
X is paracompact; then any covering of X by charts may be refined to an analytic
partition of X. (Here we are using a result of Schneider [18, Satz 8.6], which showsthat any paracompact locally L-analytic manifold is in fact strictly paracompact,
in the sense of the discussion of [20, p. 446].)
If V is a Hausdorff convex space, then we say that a function f : X → V is
locally analytic if for each point x ∈ X, there is a chart X0 containing x, a Banach
space W equipped with a continuous K-linear map φ : W → V , and a rigid analytic
function f0 ∈ C an (X0 , W ) such that f = φ ◦ f0 . (Replacing W by its quotient by the
kernel of φ, we see that it is no loss of generality to require that φ be injective.) We
let C la (X, V ) denote the K-vector space of locally analytic V -valued functions on
X, and let Ccla (X, V ) denote the subspace consisting of compactly supported locallyanalytic functions.

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It follows from the definition that there are K-isomorphisms of vector spaces
Y∼
C la (X, V ) −→lim
C an (Xi , Wi )−→{Xi ,Wi ,φi }i∈I

and∼Ccla (X, V ) −→lim−→
{Xi ,Wi ,φi }i∈I

i∈I

M

C an (Xi , Wi ),i∈I

where in both cases the inductive limit is taken over the directed set of collections of
triples {Xi , Wi , φi }i∈I , where {Xi }i∈I is an analytic partition of X, each Wi is a KBanach space, and φi : Wi → V is a continuous injection. We regard C la (X, V ) andCcla (X, V ) as Hausdorff convex spaces by equipping them with the locally convex
inductive limit topologies arising from the targets of these isomorphisms. Notethat the inclusion Ccla (X, V ) → C la (X, V ) is continuous, but unless X is compact(in which case it is an equality) it is typically not a topological embedding.
Given any collection {Xi , Wi , φi }i∈I as above, there is a natural map
MMˆ K WiC an (Xi , Wi ) =C an (Xi , K) ⊗i∈Ii∈I
ˆ φi M⊕ id ⊗−→!
anˆ K V −→C (Xi , K) ⊗

i∈I

M

an

ˆ K V.
C (Xi , K) ⊗i∈I

(Note that if we were working with inductive, rather than projective, tensor producttopologies, then the last map would be an isomorphism.) Passing to the inductive
limit over all such collections yields a continuous map(1.15)

ˆ K V.
Ccla (X, V ) → Ccla (X, K) ⊗Proposition 1.16. If X is σ-compact (i.e. the union of a countable number ofcompact open subsets) and V is of compact type then the map (1.15) is a topologicalisomorphism and Ccla (X, V ) is again of compact type.
Proof. If X is compact (so that Ccla (X, V ) = C la (X, V )) then this is [8, Prop. 2.1.28].
The proof in the general case is similar. 
2. Categories of locally analytic representations
Fix a finite extension L of Qp , for some prime p, as well a field K that extends
L and is complete with respect to a discrete valuation extending that on L. Let
G be a locally L-analytic group (an analytic group over L, in the sense of [25,p. LG 4.1]). The identity element of G then has a neighbourhood basis consistingof compact open subgroups of G [25, Cor. 2, p. LG 4.23].
If H is any compact open subgroup of G, then Proposition 1.16 shows that the
space C la (H, K) of locally L-analytic K-valued functions on H is a compact typeconvex K-space, and hence its strong dual is a nuclear Fréchet space, which we will
denote by Dla (H, K). Any element h ∈ H gives rise to a “Dirac delta function”
supported at h, which is an element δh ∈ Dla (H, K). In this way we obtain an
embedding K[H] → Dla (H, K) (where K[H] denotes the group ring of H over K).
The image of K[H] is dense in Dla (H, K), and the K-algebra structure on K[H]extends (in a necessarily unique fashion) to a topological K-algebra structure on
Dla (H, K) [20, Prop. 2.3, Lem. 3.1].

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Theorem 2.1. The topological K-algebra Dla (H, K) is a nuclear Fréchet-Stein
algebra.
Proof. This is the main result of [23]. A different proof is given in [8, §5.3]. 
We will now consider various convex K-spaces V equipped with actions of G by
K-linear automorphisms. There are (at least) three kinds of continuity conditions
on such an action that one can consider. Firstly, one may consider a situation inwhich G acts by continuous automorphisms of V . (Such an action is referred toas a topological action in [8]; note that this condition does not make any reference
to the topology of G.) Secondly, one may consider the case when the action map
G × V → V is separately continuous. Thirdly, one may consider the case when theaction map G × V → V is continuous. If V is barrelled (see [17, Def., p. 39]; forexample a Banach space, a Fréchet space, or a space of compact type) then any
separately continuous action is automatically continuous, by the Banach-Steinhaus
theorem.
Proposition 2.2. If V is a compact type convex space, equipped with an action of
G by continuous K-linear automorphisms, then the following are equivalent:(i) For some compact open subgroup H of G, the K[H]-module structure on V
extends to a (necessarily unique) Dla (H, K)-module structure on V , for which themap Dla (H, K) × V → V describing this module structure is separately continuous.
(i’) For every compact open subgroup H of G, the K[H]-module structure on V
extends to a (necessarily unique) Dla (H, K)-module structure on V , for which themap Dla (H, K) × V → V describing this module structure is separately continuous.
(ii) For some compact open subgroup H of G, the K[H]-module structure on Vb0
arising from the contragredient H-action on Vb0 extends to a (necessarily unique)topological Dla (H, K)-module structure on Vb0 .
(ii’) For every compact open subgroup H of G, the K[H]-module structure on Vb0
arising from the contragredient H-action on Vb0 extends to a (necessarily unique)topological Dla (H, K)-module structure on Vb0 .
(iii) There is a compact open subgroup H of G such that for any v ∈ V , the orbit
map ov : H → V, defined via h 7→ hv, lies in C la (H, V ).
(iii’) For any v ∈ V , the orbit map ov : G → V, defined via g 7→ gv, lies in
C la (G, V ).
Proof. The uniqueness statement in each of the first four conditions is a consequenceof the fact that K[H] is dense in Dla (H, K), for any compact locally analytic Lanalytic group. The equivalence of (i), (ii) and (iii) follows from [20, Cor. 3.3] andthe accompanying discussion at the top of p. 453 of this reference. The equivalenceof (iii) and (iii’) is straightforward. (See for example [8, Prop. 3.6.11].) Since (iii’)is independent of H, we see that (i’) and (ii’) are each equivalent to the other four
conditions. Definition 2.3. If V is a compact type convex space equipped with an action of
G by continuous K-linear automorphisms, then we say that V is a locally analytic
representation of G if the equivalent conditions of Proposition 2.2 hold.
We let Repla.c (G) denote the category of compact type convex spaces equippedwith a locally analytic representation of G (the morphisms being continuous Gequivariant K-linear maps).

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Example 2.4. If G is compact, so that C la (G, K) is a compact type convex space(by Proposition 1.16), then the left regular action of G on C la (G, K) equips thisspace with a locally analytic G-representation. This is perhaps most easily seen by
applying the criterion of Proposition 2.2 (ii). Indeed, the strong dual of C la (G, K)
is equal to Dla (G, K), and under the contragredient action to the left regular representation, an element g ∈ G acts as left multiplication by δg on Dla (G, K). Thus therequired topological Dla (G, K)-module structure on the strong dual of C la (G, K) is
obtained by regarding the topological algebra Dla (G, K) as a left module over itself
in the tautological manner.
Similarly, the right regular action of G on C la (G, K) makes C la (G, K) a locallyanalytic G-representation. (Indeed, the topological automorphism f (g) 7→ f (g −1 )of C la (G, K) intertwines the left and right regular representations.)
Remark 2.5. If V is an object of Repla.c (G), then since the orbit maps ov lie in
C la (G, V ) for all v ∈ V they are in particular continuous on G. Thus the G-action
on V is separately continuous, and hence (as was remarked above) continuous, by
the Banach-Steinhaus theorem. Furthermore, we may differentiate the G-action
on V and so make G a module over the Lie algebra g of G (or equivalently, overits universal enveloping algebra U(g)). The action g × V → V is again seen to be
separately continuous (since the derivatives along the elements of g of a function
in C la (G, V ) again lie in C la (G, V )), and hence (applying the Banach-Steinhaus
theorem once more) is continuous.
The U(g)-module structure on V admits an alternative description. Indeed,
for any compact open subgroup H of G, there is a natural embedding U(g) →Dla (H, K), given by mapping X ∈ U(g) to the functional f 7→ (Xf )(e). (Here X
acts on f as a differential operator,1 and e denotes the identity of G.) Since V isan object of Repla.c (V ), it is a Dla (H, K)-module (by part (i) of Theorem 2.1), andso in particular is a U(g)-module. This U(g)-module structure on V coincides withthe one described in the preceding paragraph.
Now suppose that Z is a topologically finitely generated abelian locally Lanalytic group. If E is any finite extension of L, then we may consider the set
Ẑ(E) of E × -valued locally L-analytic characters on Z.
Proposition 2.6. There is a strictly quasi-stein rigid analytic space Ẑ over L that
represents the functor E 7→ Ẑ(E).
Proof. This is [8, Prop. 6.4.5]. 
Example 2.7. Suppose that L = Qp , and that Z is the group Zp . Then Ẑ isisomorphic to the open unit disk centered at 1. (A character of Ẑ may be identified
with its value on the topological generator 1 of Zp .)Example 2.8. Suppose that L = Qp , and that Z is the multiplicative group Q×p.
There is an isomorphism
∼

∼

×
Z
Z
Q×
p −→ Zp × p −→ µ × Γ × p ,1 More precisely, the g action on C la (H, K) that we have in mind is the one obtained via
differentiating the right regular action of H on C la (H, K). (By applying Example 2.4 to H, wefind that this H-action is locally analytic, and so may indeed be differentiated to yield a g-action.)d
It is given explicitly by the formula (Xf )(h) =f (h exp(tX)), for any X ∈ g.
dt |t=0LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

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where µ denotes the subgroup of roots of unity in Q×
p , Γ denotes the subgroup ofZ×consistingofelements
congruentto1
modulop(respectively
p2 if p = 2), andpZ×p denotes the cyclic group generated by p ∈ Qp . The group Γ is isomorphic to
Zp , and so there is an isomorphism∼Ẑ −→ Hom(µ, Q×p ) × open unit disk around 1 × Gm .
Here Hom(µ, Q×p ) is the character group of the finite group µ, the open unit disk
around 1 is the character group of Γ (see the preceding example), and Gm is thecharacter group of pZ . (A character of the cyclic group pZ may be identified with
its value on p).
The discussion of Example 1.7 shows that the K-algebra C an (Ẑ, K) of rigid
analytic functions on Ẑ is a nuclear Fréchet-Stein algebra. Evaluation of charactersat elements of Z induces an embedding of K-algebras K[Z] → C an (Ẑ, K), with
dense image (by [8, Prop. 6.4.6] and [20, Lem. 3.1]), and we have the following
analogue of Proposition 2.2.
Proposition 2.9. If V is a compact type convex space, equipped with an action of
Z by continuous K-linear automorphisms, then the following are equivalent:(i) The K[Z]-module structure on V extends to a (necessarily unique) C an (Ẑ, K)module structure on V , for which the map C an (Ẑ, K) × V → V describing thismodule structure is separately continuous.
(ii) The K[Z]-module structure on Vb0 arising from the contragredient Z-action
on Vb0 extends to a (necessarily unique) topological C an (Ẑ, K)-module structure on
Vb0 .
Proof. This follows from [8, Prop. 6.4.7]. 
If the Z-action on V satisfies the equivalent conditions of the preceding proposition, then it is separately continuous (as follows from condition (i)), and so is infact continuous.
If Z is a compact abelian locally L-analytic group (which is then necessarily
topologically finitely generated [8, Prop. 6.4.1]), then we have the two nuclear
Fréchet algebras Dla (Z, K) and C an (Ẑ, K), each containing the group ring K[Z]as a dense subalgebra.
Proposition 2.10. If Z is a compact abelian locally L-analytic group, then there∼
is an isomorphism of topological K-algebras Dla (Z, K) −→ C an (Ẑ, K), uniquelydetermined by the condition that it reduces to the identity on K[Z] (regarded as a
subalgebra of the source and target in the natural manner).
Proof. This is [8, Prop. 6.4.6]. It is proved using the p-adic Fourier theory of[22]. We now wish to tie together the two strands of the preceding discussion. We
begin with the following strengthening of Theorem 2.1.
Theorem 2.11. If H is a compact locally L-analytic group and Z is a topologicalfinitely generated abelian locally L-analytic group, then the completed tensor productˆ K Dla (H, K) (which by [17, p. 107] is a K-Fréchet algebra) is a nuclear
C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗Fréchet-Stein algebra.

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Proof. This follows from [8, Prop. 5.3.22], together with the remark following [8,Def. 5.3.21]. 
Suppose now that G is a locally L-analytic group, whose centre Z (an abelian
locally L-analytic group) is topologically finitely generated.
Definition 2.12. We let Repzla.c (G) denote the full subcategory of Repla.c (G) consisting of locally analytic representations V of G, the induced Z-action on which
satisfies the equivalent conditions of Proposition 2.9.
It follows from Propositions 2.2 and 2.9 that if V is a compact type convex spaceequipped with an action of G by continuous K-linear automorphisms, then thefollowing are equivalent:(i) V is an object of Repzla.c (G).
(ii) For some (equivalently, every) compact open subgroup H of G, the G-action
ˆ K Dla (H, K)-module structure
on V induces a (uniquely determined) C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗on V for which the corresponding map
ˆ K Dla (H, K) × V → V
C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗is separately continuous.
(iii) For some (equivalently, every) compact open subgroup H of G, the contragredient G-action on Vb0 induces a (uniquely determined) structure of topologicalˆ K Dla (H, K)-module on Vb0 .
C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗We can now define some important subcategories of the category Repzla.c (G).
Definition 2.13. Let V be an object of Repzla.c (G).
(i) We say that V is an essentially admissible locally analytic representation ofˆ K Dla (H, K)-module for some (equivalently,
G if Vb0 is a coadmissible C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗every) compact open subgroup H of G.
(ii) We say that V is an admissible locally analytic representation of G if Vb0
is a coadmissible Dla (H, K)-module for some (equivalently, every) compact open
subgroup H of G.
(iii) We say that V is a strongly admissible locally analytic representation of G
if Vb0 is a strongly coadmissible Dla (H, K)-module for some (equivalently, every)
compact open subgroup H of G.
The equivalence of “some” and “every” in each of these definitions follows fromthe fact that if H 0 ⊂ H is an inclusion of compact open subgroups of G then the algebra Dla (H, K) is free of finite rank as a Dla (H 0 , K)-module (since H 0 has finite indexin H). Clearly, any strongly admissible locally analytic G-representation is admissible, and any admissible locally analytic G-representation is essentially admissible.
The notion of strongly admissible (respectively admissible, respectively essentiallyadmissible) locally analytic G-representation was first introduced in [20] (respectively [23], respectively [8]). (Let us remark that any object V of Repla.c (G) for
which Vb0 satisfies condition (ii) of Definition 2.13 automatically lies in Repzla.c (G),by [8, Prop. 6.4.10], and so the definitions of admissible and strongly admissible
locally analytic representations of G given above do coincide with those of [23] and[20].)We let Repes (G) denote the full subcategory of Repzla.c (G) consisting of essentially admissible locally analytic representations, let Repad (G) denote the full subcategory of Repes (G) consisting of admissible locally analytic representations, andLOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

11

let Repsa (G) denote the full subcategory of Repad (G) consisting of strongly admissible locally analytic representations. These various categories lie in the following
sequence of full embeddings:
Repsa (G) ⊂ Repad (G) ⊂ Repes (G) ⊂ Repzla.c (G) ⊂ Repla.c (G).
Both of the categories Repla.c (G) and Repzla.c (G) are closed under passing to countable direct sums (and more generally to Hausdorff countable locally convex inductive limits), closed subrepresentations, Hausdorff quotients, and completed tensor
products [9, Lems. 3.1.2, 3.1.4].
Theorem 2.14. Each of Repes (G) and Repad (G) is an abelian category, closed
under the passage to closed G-subrepresentations, and to Hausdorff quotient Grepresentations.
Proof. This follows from Theorem 1.9. 
The subcategory Repsa (G) of Repad (G) is closed under passing to finite directsums and closed subrepresentations, but in general it is not closed under passing
to Hausdorff quotients.
Remark 2.15. Let Z0 denote the maximal compact subgroup of Z, and let H be
a compact open subgroup of G. Replacing HTby Z0 H if necessary, we may assume∼
that H contains Z0 (so that then Z0 = H Z). The K-algebra C an (Ẑ0 , K) −→Dla (Z0 , K) is a subalgebra of each of C an (Ẑ, K) and Dla (H, K). If V is an object of Repzla.c (G), then the two actions of C an (Ẑ0 , K) on each of V and Vb0 (obtained by regarding it as a subalgebra of C an (Ẑ, K) or Dla (H, K) respectively)
coincide (since both are obtained from the one action of Z0 on V ). Thus theˆ K Dla (H, K)-action on each of V and Vb0 factors through the quotient
C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗
ˆ C an (Ẑ ,K) Dla (H, K). We take particular note of two consealgebra C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗0
quences of this remark.
Example 2.16. If Z is compact (and so equals Z0 ), and if V lies in Repzla.c (G),ˆ K Dla (H, K)-action on eachthen the preceding remark shows that the C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗0
laof V and Vb factors through D (H, K). Thus any essentially admissible locallyanalytic G-representation is in fact admissible. Also, in this situation, the categories
Repla.c (G) and Repzla.c (G) are equal. Thus if the centre Z of G is compact, it canbe neglected entirely throughout the preceding discussion.
Example 2.17. If G is abelian, then G = Z. The preceding remark shows that
ˆ K Dla (H, K)-action on each of V and
if V lies in Repzla.c (G), then the C an (Ẑ, K) ⊗0an
Vb factors through C (Ẑ, K). Example 1.13 then shows that passing to strong
duals induces an antiequivalence of categories between the category Repes (Z) andthe category of coherent rigid analytic sheaves on Ẑ. Under this antiequivalence,the subcategory Repad (Z) of Repes (Z) corresponds to the subcategory consisting of
those coherent sheaves on Ẑ whose pushforward to Ẑ0 under the surjection Ẑ → Ẑ0(induced by the inclusion Z0 ⊂ Z) is again coherent. (The point is that on the levelof global sections, this pushforward corresponds to regarding a C an (Ẑ, K)-module
as a C an (Ẑ0 , K)-module, via the embedding C an (Ẑ0 , K) → C an (Ẑ, K).)

12

MATTHEW EMERTON

Example 2.18. If G is compact, then C la (G, K) is an object of Repsa (G), andfurthermore, any object of Repsa (G) is a closed subrepresentation of C la (G, K)n ,for some n ≥ 0. (This follows directly from Definitions 2.13 (iii) and 1.12, and thefact that passing to strong duals takes closed subrepresentations of C la (G, K)n to
Hausdorff quotient modules of Dla (G, K)n .)The following result connects the locally analytic representation theory discussed
in this note with the more traditional theory of smooth representations of locallyL-analytic groups.
Theorem 2.19. If V is an admissible smooth representation of G on a K-vector
space (in the usual sense), and if we equip V with its finest locally convex topology,
then V becomes an element of Repad (G). Conversely, any object V of Repad (G) on
which the G-action is smooth is an admissible smooth representation of G, equippedwith its finest locally convex topology.
Proof. See [8, Prop. 6.3.2] or [23, Thm. 6.5].

In the applications to the theory of automorphic forms, one typically assumes
that G is the group of L-valued points of a connected reductive linear algebraic
group G defined over L. (Any such group certainly has topologically finitely generated centre.) In this case, we can make the following definition.
Definition 2.20. If W is a finite dimensional algebraic representation of G definedover K, then we say that a representation of G on a K-vector space V is locally
W -algebraic if, for each vector v ∈ V , there exists an open subgroup H of G, anatural number n, and an H-equivariant homomorphism W n → V whose image
contains the vector v.
When W is the trivial representation of V , we recover the notion of a smooth
representation of G. The following result generalizes Theorem 2.19.
Theorem 2.21. Suppose that G = G(L), for some connected reductive linear algebraic group over L. If V is an object of Repad (G) that is also locally W -algebraic,
for some finite dimensional algebraic representation W of G over K, then V is isomorphic to a representation of the form U ⊗B W, where B denotes the semi-simple
K-algebra EndG (W ), and U is an admissible smooth representation of G definedover B, equipped with its finest locally convex topology. Conversely, any such tensor
product is a locally W -algebraic representation in Repad (G).
Proof. This is [8, Prop. 6.3.10]. Remark 2.22. Taking the tensor product of finite dimensional representations
and smooth representations is something that is quite unthinkable in the classicaltheory of smooth representations of G (in which the field of coefficients typicallyis taken to be C, or an `-adic field, with ` 6= p). In the arithmetic theory of automorphic forms, the role of smooth representations of p-adic reductive groups is tocarry information about representations of the absolute Galois group of L on `-adic
vector spaces. (This is a very vague description of the local Langlands conjecture.)
The consideration of locally algebraic representations of the type considered in
Theorem 2.21 opens up the possibility of finding representations of p-adic reductive
groups that can carry information about the representations of the absolute Galois
group of L on p-adic vector spaces; in this optic, the role of the finite dimensional

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

13

factor is to remember the “p-adic Hodge numbers” of such a representation. (Seethe introductory discussion of [3] for a lengthier account of this possibility.)
3. Locally analytic vectors incontinuous admissible representations
Let L, K and G be as in the preceding section. In this section we discuss animportant method for constructing strongly admissible locally analytic representations of G, which involves applying the functor “pass to locally analytic vectors” tocertain Banach space representations of G. We will begin by defining that functor,
but first we must recall the notion of an analytic open subgroup of G.
Suppose that H is a compact open subgroup of G that admits the structureof a “chart” of G; that is, a locally analytic isomorphism with the space of Lvalued points of a closed ball. We let H denote the corresponding rigid analytic
space (isomorphic to a closed ball) that has H as its space of L-valued points. Iffurthermore the group structure on H extends to a rigid analytic group structureon H, then, suppressing the choice of chart structure on H, we will refer to H asan analytic open subgroup of G. Since G is locally L-analytic, it has a basis ofneighbourhoods consisting of analytic open subgroups. (See the introduction of [8,§3.5] for a more detailed discussion of the notion of analytic open subgroup.)
Suppose now that U is a Banach space over K, equipped with a continuous
G-action. If H is an analytic open subgroup of H, then we let UH−an denote thesubspace of U consisting of vectors u for which the orbit map ou : H → U definedby ou (h) = hu is (the restriction to H of) a rigid analytic U -valued function on
H. Via the association of ou to a vector u ∈ UH−an , we may regard UH−an as asubspace of C an (H, U ), the Banach space of rigid analytic U -valued functions on H.
Lemma 3.1. For any analytic open subgroup H of G, the space UH−an is a closed
subspace of C an (H, U ).
Proof. A rigid analytic function φ in C an (H, U ) belongs to UH−an if and only if its
restriction to H is in fact of the form ou , for some u ∈ U (which will then certainly
lie in UH−an ). This is the case if and only if φ satisfies the equation φ(h) = hφ(e)for all h ∈ H. (Here e denotes the identity element in H). These equations cut out
a closed subspace of C an (H, U ), as claimed. We will always regard UH−an as being endowed with the Banach space topology
it inherits by being considered as a closed subspace of C an (H, U ), as in the preceding lemma. The inclusion UH−an → U is thus continuous, but typically is not a
topological embedding.
Definition 3.2. We say that a vector u in U is locally analytic if the orbit map
ou lies in C la (G, U ). (In fact, it suffices to require that ou be locally analytic in aneighbourhood of the identity, since the G-action on U is by continuous automorphisms). We let Ula denote the subspace of U consisting
S of locally analytic vectors;
the preceding parenthetical remark shows that Ula = H UH−an , where H runs over
all analytic open subgroups of G. We topologize Ula by endowing it with the locally∼convex inductive limit topology arising from the isomorphism Ula −→ lim
UH−an
−→
H

(the inductive limit being taken over the directed set of analytic open subgroupsof G).

14

MATTHEW EMERTON

This definition exhibits Ula as the locally convex inductive limit of a sequenceof Banach spaces (and thus Ula is a so-called LB-space). The inclusion Ula → U iscontinuous, but typically is not a topological embedding.
The map u 7→ ou defines a continuous injection(3.3)

Ula → C la (G, U ).

Note that in [19] and [23], the topology on Ula is defined to be that induced byregarding it as a subspace of C la (G, U ). In general, this is coarser than the inductive
limit topology of Definition 3.2.
We next introduce some terminology related to lattices in convex spaces.
Definition 3.4. A separated, open lattice L in a convex K-space U is an open
OK -submodule of U that is p-adically separated. We let L(U ) denote the set of all
separated open lattices in U .
Definition 3.5. If U is a convex space, then we say that two lattices L1 , L2 ∈ L(U )are commensurable if aL1 ⊂ L2 ⊂ a−1 L1 for some a ∈ K × .
Clearly commensurability defines an equivalence relation on L(U ).
Definition 3.6. If L ∈ L(U ) then we let {L} denote the commensurability classof L (i.e. the equivalence class of L under the relation of commensurability). We
let L(U ) denote the set of commensurability classes of elements of L(U ).
Example 3.7. If U is a Banach space over K, then L(U ) is non-empty, and infact the elements of L(U ) form a neighbourhood basis of U . Furthermore, any twoelements of L(U ) are commensurable, and so L(U ) consists of a single element.
In general, if L ∈ L(U ), then L gives rise to a continuous norm sL on U , itsgauge, uniquely determined by the requirement that L is the unit ball of sL . We
let UL denote U equipped with the topology induced by sL , and let ÛL the Banach
space obtained by completing UL with respect to the norm sL . The identity mapon the underlying vector space of U induces a continuous bijection U → UL , andhence a continuous injection U → ÛL . Given a pair of elements L1 , L2 ∈ L(U ), thetopologies on UL1 and UL2 coincide if and only if L1 and L2 are commensurable.
Suppose now that U is equipped with a continuous G-action. There is then an
induced action of G on L(U ), defined by (g, L) 7→ gL for g ∈ G and L ∈ L(U ).
This action evidently respects the relation of commensurability, and so descends toan action on L(U ). We write L(U )G (respectively L(U )G ) to denote the subset ofL(U ) (respectively of L(U )) consisting of elements that are fixed under the actionof G. Passing to commensurability classes induces a map L(U )G → L(U )G .
Lemma 3.8. If L is an element of L(U ), then the G-action on U induces a continuous G-action on UL (and hence on ÛL ) if and only if the commensurability class{L} is G-invariant.
Proof. It is immediate from the definitions that G acts on UL via continuous automorphisms if and only if {L} is G-invariant. Since the G-action on U is continuousby assumption, and since the natural bijection U → UL is continuous, the G-action
on UL automatically satisfies conditions (i) and (iii) of [8, Lem. 3.1.1]. It thus
follows from that lemma that if G acts on UL via continuous automorphisms, thenthe G-action on UL is in fact continuous. LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

15

Lemma 3.9. Let H be an open subgroup of G.
(i) If H is compact, then the map L(U )H → L(U )H is surjective.
(ii) If L ∈ L(U ) is such that {L} ∈ L(U )H , then there is an open subgroup H 00of H such that L ∈ L(U )H .
Proof. Suppose that L ∈ L(U ) is H-invariant. The H-action on U then induces acontinuous H-action on UL , by Lemma 3.8. Part (i) of the present lemma is now
seen to follow from [8, Lem. 6.5.3], while part (ii) follows immediately from the factthat the H-action on UL is continuous. 
In contrast to part (i) of the preceding lemma, if G is not compact then the map
L(U )G → L(U )G is typically not surjective. For example, if U is a Banach space,then L(U )G = L(U ) (since the set on the right is a singleton). On the other hand,
asking that L(U )G be non-empty is a rather stringent condition.
Definition 3.10. A continuous representation of G on a Banach space is said tobe unitary if L(U )G 6= ∅, that is, if U contains an open, separated lattice that isinvariant under the entire group G (or equivalently, if its topology can be definedby a G-invariant norm).
Suppose now that L ∈ L(U )H for some open subgroup H of G. If π denotes a
uniformizer of OK , then L/πL is a vector space over the residue field OK /πOK ,equipped with a smooth representation of H.
Definition 3.11. If U is a convex space, equipped with a continuous G-action ofG, then we say that L ∈ L(U ) is admissible if it is H-invariant, for some compact
open subgroup H of G, and if the resulting smooth H-representation on L/πL isadmissible.
Note that if L ∈ L(U ) is admissible, and if H ⊂ G is a compact open subgroupthat satisfies the conditions of the preceding definition with respect to L, then any
open subgroup H 0 ⊂ H also satisfies these conditions.
Lemma 3.12. If L ∈ L(U ) is admissible, then every lattice in {L} is admissible.
Proof. Let H be a compact open subgroup of G that satisfies the conditions of Definition 3.11 with respect to L. If L0 is an element of {L}, then by Lemma 3.9 (ii)(and replacing H by an open subgroup if necessary) we may assume that L0 is again
H-invariant. Since L0 and L are commensurable, we may also assume (replacing
L0 by a scalar multiple if necessary) that π n L ⊂ L0 ⊂ L for some n > 0. Thus
L0 /πL0 is an H-invariant subquotient of L/π n+1 L. The latter H-representation isa successive extension of copies of L/πL, and so by assumption is an admissible
smooth representation of H over OK /π n+1 OK . Any subquotient of an admissible
smooth H-representation over OK /π n+1 OK is again admissible. (This uses thefact that the category of such representations is anti-equivalent – via passing toOK /π n+1 OK -duals – to the category of finitely generated modules over the completed group ring (OK /π n+1 OK )[[H]], together with a theorem of Lazard to theeffect that this completed group ring is Noetherian [16, V.2.2.4].2 ) In particular we
conclude that L0 /πL0 is admissible. 
2 Strictly speaking, this reference only applies to the case when K = Q , so that Op
K = Zp .
However, the result is easily extended to the case of general K; see for example the proof of [8,Thm. 6.2.8].

16

MATTHEW EMERTON

We say that a commensurability class {L} ∈ L(U ) is admissible if one (or equivalently every, by Lemma 3.12) member of the class is admissible in the sense of
Definition 3.11.
Proposition 3.13. If U is an object of Repes (G), then L(U ) contains an admissible lattice if and only if U is strongly admissible. Furthermore, if U is strongly
admissible, then for any compact open subgroup H of G, we may find an admissible
H-invariant lattice in L(U ).
Proof. See [8, Prop. 6.5.9]. Definition 3.14. Let U be a Banach space over K, equipped with a continuous
action of G. We say that U is an admissible continuous representation of G, oran admissible Banach space representation of G, if one (or equivalently every, byLemma 3.12) lattice in L(U ) is admissible, in the sense of the Definition 3.11.
Theorem 3.15. The category of admissible continuous representations of G (withmorphisms being continuous G-equivariant K-linear maps) is an abelian category,closed under passing to closed G-subrepresentations and Hausdorff quotient Grepresentations.
Proof. This is the main result of [21]. (See [8, Cor. 6.2.16] for the case when K is
not local.) The key point is that if H is any compact open subgroup of G, then thecompleted group ring OK [[H]] is Noetherian [16, V.2.2.4].3 We let Repb.ad (G) denote the abelian category of admissible continuous representations of G. One important aspect of the preceding result is that maps in
Repb.ad (G) are necessarily strict, with closed image.
Example 3.16. If G is compact, then the space C(G, K) of continuous K-valued
functions on G, made into a Banach space via the sup norm, and equipped with theleft regular G-action, is an admissible continuous G-representation. Furthermore
any object of Repb.ad (G) is a closed subrepresentation of C(G, K)n for some n ≥ 0.
(See [8, Prop.-Def. 6.2.3].)
If G is (the group of Qp -points of) a p-adic reductive group over Qp , then theadmissible G-representations that are also unitary are perhaps the most important
objects in the category Repb.ad (G). In [3, §1.3], Breuil explains the role that heexpects these representations to play in a hoped-for “p-adic local Langlands” correspondence, in the case of the group GL2 (Qp ). For a discussion of how some of
Breuil’s ideas might generalize to the case of a general reductive group, see [24, §5].
The following result provides a basic technique for producing strongly admissible
locally analytic representations of G.
Proposition 3.17. If U is an object of Repb.ad (G), then Ula is a strongly admissible locally analytic representation of G.
Proof. This follows from the discussions of Examples 2.18 and 3.16, and the following two (easily verified) facts: (i) for any compact open subgroup H of G, there∼
is a natural isomorphism C la (H, K) −→ C(H, K)la [8, Prop. 3.5.11]; (ii) if U and3 See the preceding note.

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

17

V are Banach spaces equipped with continuous G-representations, if U → V is aG-equivariant closed embedding, and if Vla is of compact type, then the diagram
Ula

/ Vla


U


/V

is Cartesian in the category of convex spaces; in particular, the map Ula → Vla isagain a closed embedding [8, Prop. 3.5.10]. See [8, Prop. 6.2.4] for the details of
the argument. A version of the preceding theorem, working with the topology obtained on Ula
by regarding it as a closed subspace of C la (G, U ), is given in [23, Thm. 7.1 (ii)].
We remark that if U is an object of Repb.ad (G), then the map (3.3) is in fact a
topological embedding (see [5, Rem. A.1.1]). Thus, for such U , the topology on
Ula induced by regarding it as a subspace of C la (G, U ) coincides with the inductive
limit topology given by Definition 3.2.
Lemma 3.18. If U is a convex space equipped with a continuous action of G, and if
H is an open subgroup of G, then there exists a continuous H-equivariant injection
U → W for some admissible continuous H-representation W if and only if L(U )contains an H-invariant admissible commensurability class.
Proof. Given such a map U → W, the preimage of any lattice in W determines
a commensurability class in L(U ) with the required properties. Conversely, givensuch a commensurability class {L}, it follows from Lemma 3.8 that the H-action
on U extends to a continuous H-action on ÛL , and so we may take W = ÛL . 
Definition 3.19. An object V of Repad (G) is called very strongly admissible if V
admits a G-equivariant continuous K-linear injection into an object of Repb.ad (G),or equivalently (by Lemma 3.18), if L(V ) contains a G-invariant admissible commensurability class.
We let Repvsa (G) denote the full subcategory of Repad (G) consisting of verystrongly admissible locally analytic G-representations. It is evidently closed underpassing to subobjects and finite direct sums. Proposition 3.13 shows that it is afull subcategory of Repsa (G).
It also follows from Proposition 3.13 that if G is compact, then every strongly
admissible locally analytic G-representation is in fact very strongly admissible. The
author knows no example of a strongly admissible, but not very strongly admissible,
locally analytic G-representation (for any G).
The following theorem of Schneider and Teitelbaum is fundamental to the theoryof admissible continuous representations.
Theorem 3.20. If L = Qp and if K is a finite extension of L then the map
U 7→ Ula yields an exact and faithful functor from the category Repb.ad (G) to thecategory Repvsa (G).
Proof. See [23, Thm. 7.1]. (That the image of this functor lies in Repvsa (G) follows
from Proposition 3.17 and the definition of Repvsa (G).) 18

MATTHEW EMERTON

Given the exactness statement in the preceding result, the faithfulness statement
is equivalent to the fact that Ula is dense as a subspace of U .
In the context of Theorem 3.20, the functor U 7→ Ula is not full, in general, as we
now explain. IfTU is an object of Repb.ad (G), if L is an element of L(U ), and if wewrite Lla = L Ula , then {Lla } is a G-invariant and admissible commensurability
class in Ula , which is evidently well-defined independent of the choice of L (since
all lattices in L(U ) are commensurable).
Conversely, if V is an object of Repvsa (G), equipped with a G-invariant andadmissible commensurability class {M} ∈ L(V ), then the completion V̂M is anobject of Repb.ad (G). In the case when (V, {M}) = (Ula , {Lla }) (in the notation of
the previous paragraph), it follows from Theorem 3.20 (and the remark following∼that theorem) that V̂M −→ U.
Thus, if we let C denote the category whose objects consist of pairs (V, {M}),where V is an object of Repvsa (G) and {M} ∈ L(V ) is a G-invariant admissiblecommensurability class (and whose morphisms are defined in the obvious way),then the preceding discussion shows that U 7→ (Ula , {Lla }) is a fully faithful functor
Repb.ad (G) → C, to which the functor (V, {M}) 7→ V̂M is left adjoint, and left quasiinverse. On the other hand, the obvious forgetful functor C → Repvsa (G) (forgetthe commensurability class of lattices), while faithful, is not full. This amounts
to the fact that a given very strongly admissible locally analytic representationof G can admit more than one G-invariant commensurability class of admissible
lattices. Explicit examples are provided by the results of [3] (which show that thesame irreducible admissible locally algebraic representation of GL2 (Qp ) can admit
non-isomorphic admissible continuous completions, which are even unitary, in thesense of Definition 3.10).
4. Parabolic induction
This section provides a brief account of parabolic induction in the locally analytic
context. We let L and K be as in the preceding sections, and we suppose that G is(the group of L-valued points of) a connected reductive linear algebraic group over
L. We let P be a parabolic subgroup of G, and let M be the Levi quotient of P .
If V is an object of Repla.c (M ) (regarded as a P -representation through the
projection of P onto M ), then we make the following definition:la
IndG
P V = {f ∈ C (G, V ) | f (pg) = pf (g) for all p ∈ P, g ∈ G},

equipped with its right regular G-action. (We topologize IndG
P V by regarding it asa closed subspace of C la (G, V ).)Proposition 4.1. If V lies in Repla.c (M ) (respectively Repzla.c (M ), Repad (M ),z
Repsa (M ), Repvsa (M )), then IndG
P V lies in Repla.c (G) (respectively Repla.c (G),Repad (G), Repsa (G), Repvsa (G)).
Proof. Although the proof of each of these statements is straightforward, altogether
they are a little lengthy, and we omit them. 
Locally analytic parabolic induction satisfies Frobenius reciprocity.
Proposition 4.2. If U and V are objects of Repla.c (G) and Repla.c (M ) respectively, then the P -equivariant map IndG
P V → V induced by evaluation at the identity

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

19∼

of G yields a natural isomorphism LG (U, IndG
P V ) −→ LP (U, V ). (Here LG (– , – )and LP (– , – ) denote respectively the space of continuous G-equivariant K-linear
maps and the space of continuous P -equivariant K-linear maps between the indicated source and target.)
Proof. This is a particular case of [14, Thm. 4.2.6], and also follows from [8,Prop. 5.1.1 (iii)]. 
Just as in other representation theoretic contexts, parabolic induction provides
a way to obtain interesting new representations from old. The following result isdue to H. Frommer [15]. (The case when G = GL2 (Qp ) was first treated in [20].)
Theorem 4.3. Suppose that L = Qp and that G is split, and let G0 be a hyperspecial maximal compact subgroup of G. If U is a finite dimensional irreducible
object of Repla.c (M ) for which U(g) ⊗U(p) U 0 is irreducible as U(g)-module, thenIndG
P U is topologically irreducible as a G0 -representation, and so in particular asa G-representation. (Here U 0 denotes the contragredient to U , and U(p) is theuniversal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra p of P .)One surprising aspect of this result is that it shows (in contrast to the cases ofsmooth representations of compact p-adic groups, and continuous representationsof compact real Lie groups) that the compact group G0 can admit topologicallyirreducible infinite dimensional locally analytic representations.
5. Jacquet modules
Let L, K and G be as in the previous section, let P be a parabolic subgroupofT
G, and choose an opposite parabolic P to P . The intersection M := P P is thena Levi subgroup of each of P and P . Let N denote the unipotent radical of P .
If U is an object of Repla.c (M ), then let Ccsm (N, U ) denote the closed subspace ofCcla (N, U ) consisting of compactly supported, locally constant (= smooth) U -valued
functions on N . The projection map G → P \G restricts to an open immersionof locally analytic spaces N → P \G, and this immersion allows us to identify
U consisting of functions whose support is
Ccla (N, U ) with the subspace of IndG
P
contained in P N . In this way Ccla (N, U ) becomes a closed (U(g), P )-submoduleof IndG
U , and Ccsm (N, U ) is identified with the closed P -submodule of Ccla (N, U )P
consisting of elements annihilated by n (the Lie algebra of N ).
Proposition 5.1. If U is an object of Repla.c (M ) then Ccsm (N, U ) is an object ofRepla.c (P ).
Proof. This follows from the identification of Ccsm (N, U ) with a closed P -invariant
G
subspace of IndP
U, which Proposition 4.1 shows to be an object of Repla.c (G). 
The formation of Ccsm (N, U ) is clearly functorial in U , and so we obtain a functorsm
Cc (N, – ) from Repla.c (M ) to Repla.c (P ).
Proposition 5.2. The restriction of Ccsm (N, – ) to Repzla.c (M ) (which is thus afunctor from Repzla.c (M ) to Repla.c (P )) admits a right adjoint.
Proof. See [9, Thm. 3.5.6]. 
As usual, let δ denote the smooth character of M that describes how right multiplication by elements of M affects left-invariant Haar measure on P . Concretely,
if m ∈ M , then δ(m) is equal to [N0 : mN0 m−1 ]−1 , for any compact open subgroup
N0 of N . If U is an object of Repzla.c (M ), then let U (δ) denote the twist of U by δ.

20

MATTHEW EMERTON

Definition 5.3. We let JP denote the functor from Repla.c (P ) to Repzla.c (M ) obtained by twisting by δ the right adjoint to the functor Ccsm (N, –). If V is an objectof Repla.c (P ), we refer to JP (V ) as the Jacquet module of V .
Thus for any objects U of Repzla.c (M ) and V of Repla.c (P ) there is a natural
isomorphism
(5.4)

∼

sm
LP (Cc (N, U ), V ) −→ LM (U (δ), JP (V )).

Remark 5.5. If U is an object of Repzla.c (M ), then the natural map U (δ) →JP (Ccsm (N, U )) in Repzla.c (M ), corresponding via the adjointness isomorphism (5.4)
to the identity automorphism of Ccsm (N, U ), is an isomorphism [9, Lem. 3.5.2]. Thus
the isomorphism (5.4) is induced by passing to Jacquet modules (i.e. applying thefunctor JP ).
Remark 5.6. Regarding a G-representation as a P -representation yields a forgetful functor from Repla.c (G) to Repla.c (P ). Composing this functor with the functor
JP yields a functor from Repla.c (G) to Repzla.c (M ), which we again denote by JP .
Theorem 5.7. The functor JP restricts to a functor Repes (G) → Repes (M ).
Proof. See [9, Thm. 0.5]. This theorem provides the primary motivation for introducing the notion of
essentially admissible locally analytic representations. Indeed, even if V is an objectof Repad (G), it need not be the case that JP (V ) lies in Repad (M ); however, seeCorollary 5.24 below.
Example 5.8. If G is quasi-split (that is, has a Borel subgroup defined over L),
and if we take P to be a Borel subgroup of G, then M is a torus, and so Repes (M )is antiequivalent to the category of coherent sheaves on the rigid analytic space ofcharacters M̂ . Thus if V is an object of Repes (G), then we may regard JP (V ) as
giving rise to a coherent sheaf on M̂ . This fact underlies the approach followed in[10] to the construction of the eigencurve of [7], and of more general eigenvarieties.
Example 5.9. If V is an admissible smooth representation of G, then there is anatural isomorphism between JP (V ) and VN , the space of N -coinvariants of V [9,Prop. 4.3.4]. This space of coinvariants is what is traditionally referred to as theJacquet module of V in the theory of smooth representations.
More generally, if V = U ⊗B W is an admissible locally W -algebraic represen∼tation of G, as in Theorem 2.21, then there is a natural isomorphism JP (V ) −→N
N
UN ⊗B W (where W denotes the space of N -invariants in W ) [9, Prop. 4.3.6].
Since U is an admissible smooth G-representation, the space UN is an admissible
smooth M -representation [6, Thm. 3.3.1]. Thus JP takes admissible locally W algebraic G-representations to admissible locally W N -algebraic M -representations.
The remainder of this section is devoted to explaining the relation between thefunctor JP on Repla.c (G) and the process of locally analytic parabolic induction.
We begin with the following remark.
Remark 5.10. If V is an object of Repla.c (G), then the universal property oftensor products yields a natural isomorphism(5.11)∼smsm
LP (Cc (N, U ), V ) −→ L(g,P ) (U(g) ⊗U(p) Cc (N, U ), V ).

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

21

Thus for such V , the adjointness isomorphism (5.4) induces an isomorphism(5.12)∼sm
L(g,P ) (U(g) ⊗U(p) Cc (N, U ), V ) −→ LM (U (δ), JP (V ).)Definition 5.13. As above, we regard Ccsm (N, U ) as a closed subspace of IndG
(U ).
P
g
G
We let IP (U ) (respectively Ip (U )) denote the closed G-subrepresentation (respec-tively the U(g)-submodule) of IndG
U that it generates.
P

Note that Ipg (U ) admits the following alternative description: taking V to be
IndG(U ), the isomorphism (5.11), applied to the inclusion Ccsm (N, U ) ⊂ IndG
U,
P
P
induces a (g, P )-equivariant map(U ),U(g) ⊗U(p) Ccsm (N, U ) → IndG
P
whose image coincides with Ipg (U ). In particular, there is a (g, P )-equivariant surjection
U(g) ⊗U(p) Ccsm (N, U ) → Ipg (U ).

(5.14)

Remark 5.15. The isomorphism of Remark 5.5 yields a closed embedding U (δ) →JP (IPG (U )), and hence for each object V of Repla.c (G), passage to Jacquet modules
induces a morphismG

LG (IP (U ), V ) → LM (U (δ), JP (V )),(5.16)

which is injective, by the construction of IPG (U ). Restricting elements in the sourceof this map to Ipg (U ) yields the left hand vertical arrow in the following commutative
diagram(5.16)LG (IPG (U ), V )/ LM (U (δ), JP (V ))O∼ (5.12)

/ L(g,P ) (U(g) ⊗U(p) Ccsm (N, U ), V )g

L(g,P ) (Ip (U ), V )whose bottom horizontal arrow is induced by composition with (5.14).
Definition 5.17. Let U and V be objects of Repzla.c (M ) and Repla.c (G) respectively, and suppose given an element ψ ∈ LM (U (δ), JP (V )), corresponding via
the adjointness map (5.12) to an element φ ∈ L(g,P ) (U(g) ⊗U(p) Ccsm (N, U ), V ).
We say that ψ is balanced if φ factors through the surjection (5.14), and we let
LM (U (δ), JP (V ))bal denote the subspace of LM (U (δ), JP (V )) consisting of balanced maps. (Note that the property of a morphism being balanced depends notjust on JP (V ) as an M -representation, but on its particular realization as theJacquet module of the G-representation V .)Equivalently, LM (U (δ), JP (V ))bal is the image of the injectiong

L(g,P ) (Ip (U ), V ) → LM (U (δ), JP (V ))given by composing the right hand vertical arrow and bottom horizontal arrow inthe commutative diagram of Remark 5.15. A consideration of this diagram thus
shows that the image of (5.16) lies in LM (U (δ), JP (V ))bal .

22

MATTHEW EMERTON

Definition 5.18. Let U be an object of Repzla.c (M ), and let H denote the spaceof linear M -equivariant endomorphisms of U . We say that U is allowable if for any
pair of finite dimensional algebraic M-representations W1 and W2 , each element of
LH[M ] (U ⊗K W1 , U ⊗K W2 ) is strict (i.e. has closed image). (Here each U ⊗K Wi
is regarded as an H[M ]-module via the H action on the left hand factor along withthe diagonal M -action.)
It is easily checked that if U is an object of Repes (M ) and W is a finite dimensional algebraic M -representation, then M ⊗K W is again an object of Repes (M ).
Thus objects of Repes (M ) are allowable in the sense of Definition 5.18.
Theorem 5.19. If U is an allowable object of Repzla.c (M ) (in the sense of Definition 5.18) and if V is an object of Repvsa (G) (see Definition 3.19) then themorphismbal
G
LG (IP (U ), V ) → LM (U (δ), JP (V ))induced by (5.16) is an isomorphism.
The proof of Theorem 5.19 will appear in [13].
Remark 5.20. An equivalent phrasing of Theorem 5.19 is that (under the hypotheses of the theorem) the left hand vertical arrow in the commutative diagramof Remark 5.15 is an isomorphism.
Remark 5.21. If U and V are admissible smooth representations of M and G
respectively, then IPG (U ) coincides with the smooth parabolic induction of U , while
any M -equivariant morphism U (δ) → JP (V ) is balanced. The isomorphism ofTheorem 5.19 in this case follows from Casselman’s Duality Theorem [6, §4].
Example 5.22. We consider the case when G = GL2 (Qp ) in some detail. We takeP (respectively P ) to be the Borel subgroup of upper triangular matrices (respectively lower triangular matrices) of G, so that M is the maximal torus consistingof diagonal matrices in G.
Let χ be a locally analytic K-valued character of Q×
p , and let U denote the one
dimensional
representation
of
M
over
K
on
which
M
acts through the charactera 0
7→ χ(a). Let k ∈ K denote the derivative of the character χ.
0 dSuppose first that k is a non-negative integer. Let Wk denote the irreducible
representation Symk K 2 of GL2 (Qp ) over K, andlet χk 
denote the highest weighta 0of Wk with respect to P (so χk is the character7→ ak of M ). If U (χ−1
k )
0 d
−1
denotes the twist of U by the inverse of χk , then U (χk ) is a smooth representationof M .
The G-representation IPG (U ) is a proper subrepresentation of IndG
U ; it coincidesPwith the subspace of functions that are locally polynomial of degree ≤ k whenrestricted to N = Qp under the open immersion N → P \G = P1 (Q), and may also
be characterized more intrinsically as the subspace of locally algebraic vectors in
G
IndP
U. It decomposes as a tensor product in the following manner:
IPG (U ) ∼U (χ−1= (IndGk ))sm ⊗K Wk ,P
where the subscript “sm” indicates that we are forming the smooth parabolic induction of the smooth representation U (χ−1k ).

LOCALLY ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION THEORY OF p-ADIC GROUPS

23

If V is any object of Repvsa (G), then we let VWk −lalg denote the closed subspace of Wk -locally algebraic vectors in V . (See Proposition-Definition 4.2.2 andProposition 4.2.10 of [8].) The closed embedding VWk −lalg → V induces a corresponding morphism on Jacquet modules (which is again a closed embedding; see[9, Lem. 3.4.7 (iii)]), which in turn induces an injection LM (U (δ), JP (VWk −lalg )) →LM (U (δ), JP (V )). It is not hard to check that LM (U (δ), JP (V ))bal is precisely theimage of this injection.
Now the space VWk −lalg admits a factorization VWk −lalg ∼= X ⊗K Wk , where
X is an admissible smooth locally analytic GL2 (Qp )-representation [8, Prop.4.2.4],
and so by Example 5.9 there is an isomorphism JP (VWk −lalg ) ∼= JP (X)(χk ). Thus
Theorem 5.19 reduces to the claim that the natural map−1

G

LG ((IndP U (χk ))sm ⊗K Wk , X ⊗K Wk ) → LM (U (δ), JP (X)(χk ))induced by passing to Jacquet modules is an isomorphism. This map sits in thecommutative diagramG−1

LG ((IndP U (χk ))sm ⊗K Wk , X ⊗K Wk )
∼


G
−1
U
(χ
((Ind
LG
k ))sm , X)
P

/ LM (U (δ), JP (X)(χk ))∼
/ LM (U (χ−1 )(δ), JP (X)),
kwhere the bottom arrow is again induced by applying JP . Thus we are reduced toconsidering the case of Theorem 5.19 when U and V are both smooth. As noted in
the preceding remark, this case of Theorem 5.19 follows from Casselman’s Duality
Theorem.
If k is not a non-negative integer, on the other hand, then IPG (U ) coincides withG
U, and every element of LM (U (δ), JP (V )) is balanced. In this case the proof
IndP
of Theorem 5.19 is given in [5, Prop. 2.1.4]. (More precisely, the cited result showsthat the left hand vertical arrow of the commutative diagram of Remark 5.15 is an
isomorphism.)
Corollary 5.23. Suppose that G is quasi-split, and that P is a Borel subgroup of
G. If V is an absolutely topologically irreducible 4 very strongly admissible locallyanalytic representation of G for which JP (V ) 6= 0, then V is a quotient of IPG (χ)
for some locally L-analytic K-valued character χ of the maximal torus M of G.
Proof. We sketch the proof; full details will appear in [13]. Since JP (V ) is a non-zero
object of Repes (M ), we may find a character ψ ∈ M̂ (E) for some finite extension Eof K for which the ψ-eigenspace of JP (V ⊗K E) is non-zero. Taking U to be ψδ −1
in Definition 5.17, we let W denote the image of the map U(g) ⊗U(p) Ccsm (N, U ) →V ⊗K E corresponding via (5.12) to the inclusion of U (δ) into JP (V ⊗K E). If dψdenotes the derivative of ψ (regarded as a weight of the Lie algebra m of M ) thenCcsm (N, U ) is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of dψ as a U(p)-module, and so
W is a direct sum of copies of a quotient of the Verma module U(g) ⊗U(p) dψ.
Let W [n] denote the set of elements of W killed by n; this space decomposes asa direct sum of weights of m. Furthermore, for every weight α of m that appears,
4 That is, E ⊗ V is topologically irreducible as a G-representation, for every finite extension
K
E of K.

24

MATTHEW EMERTON

there is a corresponding character ψ̃ appearing in JP (V ⊗K E) for which dψ̃ = α.
(Compare the proof of [9, Prop. 4.4.4].) The theory of Verma modules shows that
we may find a weight α of m appearing in W [n] such that α − β does not appear
in W [n] for any element β in the positive cone of the root lattice of m. Let ψ̃ be acharacter of M appearing in JP (V ⊗K E) for which α = dψ̃, and set Ũ = ψ̃δ −1 . Our
choice of α ensures that the resulting inclusion Ũ (δ) → JP (V ⊗K E) is balanced,
and so Theorem 5.19 yields a non-zero map IPG (Ũ ) → V ⊗K E. Since V ⊗K E isirreducible by assumption, this map must be surjective. Since V is defined over K,
a simple argument shows that ψ̃δ −1 must also be defined over K. 
Corollary 5.24. Let G and P be as in Corollary 5.23. If V is an admissible
locally analytic representation of G of finite length, whose composition factors arevery strongly admissible, then JP (V ) is a finite dimensional M -representation.
Proof. The functor JP is left exact (see [9, Thm. 4.2.32]), and so it suffices to prove
the result for topologically irreducible objects of Repvsa (G). One easily reduces tothe case when V is furthermore an absolutely topologically irreducible object of
Repvsa (G). If JP (V ) is non-zero then Corollary 5.23 yields a surjection IPG (χ) → V
for some χ ∈ M̂ (K). Although JP is not right exact in general, one can show thatthe induced map JP (IPG (χ)) → JP (V ) is surjective. Thus it suffices to prove thatthe source of this map is finite dimensional. This is shown by a direct calculation.
The details will appear in [13]. 
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Northwestern University
Department of Mathematics
2033 Sheridan Rd.
Evanston, IL 60208-2730, USA
E-mail address: emerton@math.northwestern.edu