平成 23 年 3 月

平成 23 年度静脈産業の海外展開促進のための実現可能性調査等支援事業(インド国グジャラート州における携帯電話を中心とする小型家電等リサイクル事業)

報告書本編
日本環境設計株式会社

これまでの成果
1.

回収ルート：スクラップ事業者ルートが量、質、価格とも現実的であることが判明。

2.

規制：リサイクル事業実施に追い風となる、電子廃棄物規制が 2012 年 5 月施行予定。

3.

事業採算性：本リサイクル事業計画時の収支計画を詳細に検討し、達成できる見通し。

4.

環境負荷：排ガスには基準値（労働安全衛生法）を越える値は検出されず。

仕様書に定める業務内容に対する結果(１) インド国グジャラート州における携帯電話や廃電子基板の回収ルート確立のための調査の結果
インド国グジャラート州における携帯電話を中心とする小型家電等リサイクル事業（以下、本リサイクル事業という）は、インド国内で廃携帯電話や廃電子基板を回収し、インド国
内（カウンターパートである GEPIL 社敷地内）に設置する予定の装置で減容油化し、日本国内に輸入後、日本の銅精錬事業者に貴金属の抽出を委託するというビジネスモデル
である。
インドでは、廃携帯電話や廃電子基板の市場があり、市場価格が存在している。そこで、本実現可能性調査等支援事業ではリサイクル事業が成立するように、廃携帯電話や廃電子基板の長期、安定、大量、合理的価格にて買収できるルートの確立に関する下記の５つのルートに関し調査を行っており、現在までに判明した調査結果を報告する。
(ア) GEPIL 社顧客からの回収ルート①

回収テスト： GEPIL 社既存顧客ごと事業内容をリスト化し、携帯電話や電子基板を取り扱っているかどうかを検討した。その結果、携帯電話や電子基板を1

事業として取り扱っている顧客は存在しなかった。そのため、GEPIL 社既存顧客からの回収は、回収量、回収潜在量ともに期待できないことがわかった。その理由は次の通りである。顧客から廃携帯電話や廃電子基板を回収する場
合、それらを業務として取り扱っているかどうかでその可能性は大きく変化する。すなわち、業務で電子基板を取り扱う事業者である場合は、多くの場合生産ロスや不良在庫が発生し、それらを我々が回収する可能性がある。しかしながら、それらを業務として取り扱わない場合、残された可能性は従業員等が使用し不要となった携帯電話や電子機器を回収することである。ただし、インドにおいては不要となった廃携帯電話や廃電子機器は中古やスクラップ品として売却することが一般的であり、事業者が回収する事による実効性は低いと考えられる。GEPIL 社既存顧客に従業員から不要となった携帯電話や電子機器を買い取ることを打診したところ、全ての事業者に断られるか反応がなかった。一方で、携帯電話や電子機器を業務で取り扱う事業者を開拓し、GEPIL 社
新規顧客とし回収テストを実施することを検討している。特にインドで携帯電話
もしくは電子機器を製造している日系事業者を選定し、GEPIL 社回収し我々がリサイクルすることを日印双方から日系事業者に対して提案する方針である。
②

回収にかかる課題の整理： 日系事業者が回収に応じる場合の条件、特に廃携帯電話や廃電子基板の回収に関するインド国内の規制について検討中である。

③

買取り価格の試算： 日系事業者への営業が開始された後に実施する。

(イ) 携帯電話等 E-Waste を製造・販売する事業者からの回収ルート①

回収テスト： 携帯電話を製造・販売する事業者に対して回収ルート構築について提案した。回収ルート構築とは回収センターを設営したり小売店舗等に回収ボックスを設置したりして、消費者から廃携帯電話を直接回収する体制を構築することをいう。さらには、そこで回収された携帯電話を我々がリサイクルすることも併せて提案している。その結果、携帯電話製造販売事業者大手 2 社
から GEPIL 社と我々が回収ルートを構築しリサイクルすることに対して前向きな回答を得た。今後は回収テストの実施等具体策について検討することとなる。
携帯電話製造販売事業者大手 2 社から前向きな回答を得られたことの背景には、インドにおいて 2012 年 5 月より電子廃棄物規制が施行されることがあると考えられる。電子廃棄物規制は参考資料 1 を参照。この規制は電子廃棄物の再生・再利用促進を目指すものであり、電子機器を製造販売する事業者（輸入業者や組み立て事業者を含む）、消費者、回収事業者、リサイクル事業者
それぞれに対して義務が課せられている。このうち、電子機器を製造販売する事業者は、製造過程で生じた電子廃棄物のリサイクルを義務づけられるばか2

りではなく、不要となった自社電子機器を消費者から回収し、リサイクルすることを義務づけられることとなっている。本電子廃棄物規制について、GEPIL 社と我々は本実現可能性調査等支援事業実施前よりインド廃棄物行政機関である Pollution Control Board と電子廃棄物リサイクルの在り方について意見交換を続けてきた。この取組みもその施行について寄与したものと考えている。
このように、我々のリサイクルが電子廃棄物規制の施行という形でインド社会に受容されようとしていると言える。
②

回収にかかる課題の整理： 携帯電話製造販売事業者大手 2 社の廃携帯電話の回収を実施するには、携帯電話回線事業者の代理店にその回収を依頼することが効果的で有ると考えられ、今後は携帯電話回線事業者との調整が必要となる。インドでは、日本と違い携帯電話製造販売事業者と携帯電話回線事業者は別会社であるのが一般的である。消費者はいったん携帯電話を購入すると携帯電話製造販売事業者との関係は製品保証契約関係のみとなり、一方で、日々の通話料金の支払い等は携帯電話回線事業者と実施することなる。さらに、インドでは携帯電話の回線契約は店頭でのプリペイド式が一般的であり、消費者は頻繁に携帯電話回線事業者の代理店店頭に赴いている。つまり、携帯電話における回収を実施する環境動線は携帯電話製造販売
事業者ではなく、携帯電話回線事業者と構築するべきである。しかしながら、本電子廃棄物規制は携帯電話回線事業者に何ら義務を課してはおらず、回収について携帯電話回線事業者の協力を得るためには、代理店に対する
我々もしくは携帯電話製造販売事業者からの回収インセンティブの支払い等を検討する必要がある。また、NTT ドコモはインド TATA グループと共に携帯電話回線事業を実施しておりかつ、シェアを急速に伸ばしている。NTT ドコモとの関係を構築してインド携帯電話回線事業者の説得に寄与させることも効果的であると考えられる。

3

インドにおける携帯電話事業の構図

小売店

携帯電話
製造販売事業者

売買
（矢印１）
消費者

別会社
代理店

携帯電話
回線事業者

回線契約
（矢印 2）

携帯電話製造販売事業者は小売店等を通じて携帯電話を消費者に販売する。（矢印 1） 携帯電話を購入した事業者は、自由に携帯電話回線
事業者を選んで回線契約を締結する。（矢印 2） 携帯電話製造販売事
業者と携帯電話回線事業者は別会社であることが一般的である。
小売店数と代理店数を比較すると、圧倒的に代理店数のほうが多い。よって、代理店と回収ルート構築について検討するべきである。

③

買取り価格の試算： 携帯電話製造販売事業者と携帯電話回線事業者さらに
GEPIL 社と我々が調整して決定するべきものであり、4 社の枠組みが決定した
後に試算する予定である。

(ウ) 学校からの回収ルート①

回収テスト： GEPIL 社がグジャラート州内 40 校へ回収ボックスを設置し、回収テストを実施した。写真 1 参照。その結果 0.07 トンを回収することが出来た。また、リサイクルとは何なのか？地球環境を守るための方法とは？といった環境教育を実施した。またそれを継続している。写真 2 参照。

4

写真 1 学校に設置した回収ボックス

写真 2 回収ボックスを設置している学校の生徒達②

回収にかかる課題の整理： インドでリサイクルを普及させることが課題である。
この課題解決には、様々な手段が考えられるが、環境教育により普及させる
ことは最も地道であり長い時間と努力が必要であるが、最も効果的で社会的である言える。このような取組みを継続することにより、我々のリサイクルがインド社会に受容されることに繋がると考えられる。

③

買取り価格の試算： 本ルートでの買取りは不要、つまり買取り価格は 0 ルピーである。

(エ) 中古携帯事業者からの回収ルート①

市場規模 回収潜在量 回収品目調査： グジャラート州の州都アーメダバー
ドおよび第 2 の都市スーラトにある中古携帯電話事業者から下記の条件で携
帯電話の回収テストを実施した。
•

壊れてしまって使用できない携帯電話を対象とする•メーカーは問わない

5•

少量でかまわない

この条件では、5 事業者より約 90kg 回収することができた。1 事業者あたりの平均ロットは 20kg/月であり、後述する買取りの平均単価は 1740 ルピー/kg であった。中古携帯電話事業者中古携帯電話事業者は主に、中古携帯電話の調達と販売、および携帯電話の修理を実施している。調達した中古携帯電話はそのまま販売するものと修理して販売するものがある。いずれにせよ中古
携帯電話事業者は自社で修理することで利益を得ているようである。この修理を実施するために、携帯電話の部品取りがよく行われている。部品取りとは壊れてしまった携帯電話からまだ使える部品を取り出して、修理部品として使用することである。このため、中古携帯電話事業者は壊れてしまって使用できない携帯電話は廃棄するのではなく退蔵する傾向にあることがわかった。

携帯電話事業者が調達した中古携帯電話の流れ
仮説
中古携帯電話調達元

中古携帯電話事業者は、調達した（消費者・スクラップ者等）

中古携帯電話を選別し、使用できる 物 は中 古携 帯 電話 とし て販 売
し、使用できない物は我々へ販売する余地があると考えていた。

中古携帯電話事業者（消費者・スクラップ者等）

中古携帯電話需要者

廃携帯電話需要者（消費者）（GEPIL 日本環境設計）

6

携帯電話事業者が調達した中古携帯電話の流れ
検証結果

中古携帯電話事業者は調達した携帯電話が使えなかったとして中古携帯電話調達元（消費者・スクラップ者等）

も、修理部品取りの可能性がある
ことから、退蔵する傾向にあり、我々が適正価格で調達することは難しかった。

中古携帯電話事業者（消費者・スクラップ者等）

修理・退蔵
中古携帯電話需要者

廃携帯電話需要者（消費者）（GEPIL 日本環境設計）

中古古携帯電話事業者はスクラップ事業者と違い、携帯電話のリユースを目的に携帯電話を回収しておりまた、携帯電話として使用できるものを回収するため、中古携帯電話の調達単価もスクラップ品に比べて非常に高い。おそらく5000 ルピー/kg 程度と想定される。たとえ退蔵品だとしてもより高く調達している中古携帯電話を我々が考える調達価格（2000 ルピー/kg 程度）で調達することは難しかった。

写真 3 中古携帯電話事業者 （修理をしている。彼から 20kg 調達した。）②

回収にかかる課題の整理： 中古携帯電話事業者に対して、退蔵している携

7

帯電話を我々の適正価格で買い取らせてもらえるように粘り強く説得することが課題である。
③

買取り価格の試算： 1740 ルピー/kg(オ) スクラップ事業者からの回収ルート①

市場規模、回収潜在量、回収品目調査： 各都市にスクラップ業者があつまる地域があり、そこに直接出向くことにより廃携帯電話や廃電子基板を調達することが出来た。

写真 4 スクラップ事業者店頭
スクラップ事業者は、詳細は不明であるが様々なところから廃家電や廃 PC を調達してきて、店頭で部品ごとに分別解体する。20kg 程度がはいる土嚢袋をロットとして分別解体した廃電子基板を詰込むことが主なスクラップ事業者の業務である。通常は、ブローカー（中国資本が多いという噂である）がスクラッ
プ事業者の店頭を定期的に周回し、土嚢袋ごとに値段をつけて店頭で買い付け、さらにこのようなブローカーが調達した廃電子基板はデリー郊外に集積されるようである。インド国内で廃棄される廃電子基板の市場規模は年間 40 万トンと言われているが、その半分程度はこのようなルートで回収されデリーに運ばれるようである。我々の回収潜在量は 20 万トンだと想定される。その後のルートは判明していないが、多くは水銀アマルガム法による不適切で環境負荷の高いリサイクルが実施されている可能性が指摘されている。どの程度の廃電子基板が不適切で環境負荷の高いリサイクルが実施されていて、どの程度の健康被害や環境汚染が起こっているかの統計情報は未整備であるか、もしくは公開されておらず、かつ、本実現可能性調査等支援事業の仕様書ではそれらを調査することとはなっていないため、写真 5 で示すような不適切で環境負荷の高いリサイクルによる環境汚染度合いは不明である。そのため、我々のリサイクルが実現することによる、環境負荷の低減がどの程度のもの
8であるかも不明である。しかしながら、定性的には環境負荷が低減されると言って良いと考えられる。

写真 5 水銀アマルガム法による貴金属抽出のイメージ （インドで我々が撮影したものではありません） （出典：平成 14 年度 国際的水銀汚染問題への対応に関する研究 有機水銀の健康影響に関する研究のレビュー 佐藤洋
東北大学医学系研究科教授）
一方、我々は、スクラップ業者の店頭を周回し、独自に作成した回収品目ポジ
ティブリスト（Good 基板）、回収品目ネガティブリスト（NG 基板）をもとに調達を実施した。本ルートにおいては表 1 通りの調達が実現した。

Good基板の例

NG基板の例

写真 6 Good 基板 NG 基板例

9

回収品目

重量（トン）

PCB-A （PC 系の廃電子基板）

8.56

PCB-C （家電系の廃電子基板）

1.04

Mobile PCB （携帯電話系の廃電子基板）

0.300

CPURAM （メモリや CPU 類）

6.71
合計

16.6

表 1 スクラップ事業者からの回収ルートテスト結果

写真 7 回収後の積替えの様子

写真 8 回収物の例 （PCB-A）②

回収にかかる課題の整理： 前述のとおり、我々はスクラップ事業者にとって、新規参入のブローカーとして対応されるため、調達価格で不利である。つまり、商売における信頼関係、例えば、月ごとの買い付け量の調整やバーター取引の経験など、が構築されていないため調達価格は割高となることが課題である。これを解決する 2 つの方法が考えられる。
方法 1 信頼関係を構築する
スクラップ事業者との信頼関係を構築することが先決であり、そのためには毎10週定期的に調達する必要がある。
方法 2 GEPIL 社が法律認められた認可登録事業者となる
前述の通り、インドでは 2012 年 5 月より電子廃棄物規制が施行されることとなっている。この規制では、リサイクル業者は州の Pollution Control Board からの認可と登録を受けることとなっており、GEPIL 社は、前述の Pollution Control
Board とのコミュニケーションと適切なリサイクルが日印両事業者の協調で可能なことから、その認可と登録を受ける予定である。本規制の施行により電子
基板スクラップの流通が規制を受けることとなり、認可と登録を受けた事業者
のみがその流通に関与できることとなる。一方で、適切な方法で電子基板をリサイクルするのはインド国内では難しく、本規制の認可と登録を受けることは一般のインド国内事業者は難しいことが予想される。これにより、GEPIL 社と
我々は、スクラップ事業者から価格交渉力をもって調達することが出来ると考
えられる。

③

買取り価格の試算： 回収品目ごとの買取り価格は下記の通りである。
品目

加重平均単価（Rs./t）

PCB-A （PC 系の廃電子基板）

351

PCB-C （家電系の廃電子基板）

216

Mobile PCB （携帯電話系の廃電子基板）

2160

CPURAM （メモリや CPU 類）

1652

表 2 回収品目ごとの買取り価格(２) プロセス輸出にかかる事業実現可能性調査の結果報告(ア) プロセス輸出の事業性評価
プロセス輸出の事業性評価を下記の手順で実施した。
①

携帯電話や廃電子基板等の回収対象とする範囲は、独自に作成した回収品
目ポジティブリスト（Good 基板）、回収品目ネガティブリスト（NG 基板）とした。

11

②

循環資源や再生品の単価や市場規模、廃棄物の分別・回収制度等の政策・制度面や社会的状況等を下記の通り整理した。
•

市場規模について

インド国内の廃電子基板の流通量は年間 40 万トンである。そのうち、我々が対象とする電子基板の割合は不明であるが、一方、我々は、インドに設置する予定の電子基板類の中間処理装置（油化装置）の処理能力から年間 625 トンの回収を目標としていることから、十分な市場があると考えられる。
また、流通している 40 万トンの電子基板は貴金属が多く含まれる品位が高い
ものと、そうでない低品位なものが混在していると考えられる。我々は事業効率から考えて高品位品のみの調達を模索することとしている。
•

政策制度および社会的状況について

前述の通り、2012 年 5 月よりインド国内において、電子廃棄物規制「The E－
waste（management and handling）Rules,201」が施行される予定である。これは、インド国内では、回収・リサイクルシステムが未整備なため電子基板の 5％程度しか適切な方法で再生・再利用されていないことや、大量の電子基板が貴金属の採取を目的として不法にインド国内に持ち込まれており、これらが環境負荷の高い方法で処理されていることが問題になっていることが、社会問題化していることへの対応と考えられる。つまり、電子基板の適切なリサイクルは
社会的な要求として顕在化していると言える。次に、インドにおける電子基板処理に関する公的文書一覧を挙げる。
規制名称

概要

HW Rules Final Noti

インド国内バーゼル法

Guide lines for E-Waste

E-waste の取扱に関するガイドライン 法的根
拠無はない。

The E-waste Rules

2012 年 5 月に施行される新しいルール。

表 3 インドにおける電子基板処理に関する公的文書
このように、インド国内においても電子基板類の取扱い規制について整備するべきだという社会的要求の高まりを見て取ることができ、GEPIL 社と我々のリサイクル事業に対する期待も高いと考えられる。
③

買取り価格・回収にかかるコスト普及啓発方法を検討し、回収を実施した。その結果は前述の通りである。

12

④

サンプルの資源評価の結果を下記に示す。
品目
PCB-A
PCB-C
Mobile PCB
中古携帯電話CPU RAM

AU（ppm）
341
261
260
317
1430

表 4 資源評価結果

13

Ag（ppm）
2760
2100
1730
1930
1720

Cu(%)
20.9
16.7
12.9
14
26.8

⑤

上記の結果をもとに事業実施のための実現可能性を評価すると下記の通りとなった。
事業実施のための実現可能性は採算性（経済性）、環境負荷、社会受容性の3 点から検討した。なお、仕様書では⑤で実現可能性を評価し、⑦で環境負荷、経済性の評価を実施することとなっていたが、ここでまとめて評価することとする。
採算性（経済性）
採算性とは、一般的には IRR や NPV を算定することにより実施される。しかしながら、本事業においては、売上に対する投資資金使途である設備投資の償
却額小さくそのため投資期間を設定することがそぐわないこと、さらに、本リサ
イクル事業を実施する主体がインド資本か日本資本もしくは第三国なのかで割引率大きく変化し、それがまだ確定していないことを踏まえると、現在の採算性は、損益計算で単年度評価することが適当であると考える。
年間処理量（回収量）

625

トン

貴金属含有減容油化残渣生成量

406

トン

再生油販売量113

KL60,000,000円

プラント（油化減容装置）初期投資額
表 5 損益計算の前提条件

14

この条件をもとに、現在の損益計算を実施すると下記の通りとなる。
大項目

小項目

額（円）

売上

貴金属含有油化減容残渣
再生油

原価

費用

4,513,000
小計654,513,000

廃携帯電話廃電子基板調達

350,625,000

小計

350,625,000

運営費

4,330,000

プラント償却費

6,000,000
小計

利益

650,000,000

売上－原価－費用

10,330,000
293,567,000

表 6 損益計算
この通り、現在の利益（費用のうち本社経費は計上していません）は 2 億 9356
万円であり、これに対する設備償却費は 600 万円である。本支援事業が開始される前の予想される利益が 3 億 1900 万円であり、本支援事業を進めること
により 2 億 9356 万円に下がっている。これは、調達価格が想定よりも高かった
ことに起因している。このように本リサイクル事業は、調達価格の変動リスクを内在しているが、近年の貴金属価格の高騰により十分な採算性を確保することが出来るといえる。
環境負荷
本リサイクル事業では、廃携帯電話や廃電子基板を新たにインド国内に設置する装置で減容油化することとしている。これは、リサイクルプロセスをインド
国内でスタートすることによる参入障壁を設けることと、インド国内における本装置稼働による雇用を増やすこと、さらには、生産される再生油をインド国内
で市場価格よりも安く提供することによる利益還元の意味がある。しかしながら、本装置の設置稼働により、あらたに環境負荷が発生してしまう事がないよ
うにしなければならない。よって、サンプル品を対象に同様の装置を日本で稼働させることにより、新たな環境負荷が発生しないかどうか検証した。その結果を下記に示す。

15

対象品目
携帯電話

日本での油化率22％

環境負荷ガス分析
可燃性ガス Br CN

表 7 減容油化後の環境負荷ガス分析結果
ガス分析結果から、放出されるガスは可燃性ガスおよび Br、CN など環境負荷にかかる物質は確認されなかった。また、基準値（労働安全衛生法）を越える
値は検出されていない。
また、本リサイクル事業が実施されることにより、水銀法による貴金属の抽出が行われることが減少し環境負荷が低減される。その効果については、前述の通り、どの程度の健康被害や環境汚染が起こっているかの統計情報が未整備なため定量評価難しい。しかしながら、GEPIL 社と我々の本リサイクル事
業が推進され取扱量が増加することにより、確実に環境負荷は低減すると言える。
社会的受容性
インドでは、電子基板の不適切なリサイクルによる健康被害と環境負荷が深刻化している。この状況を打開するために、インド国中央政府、州政府は様々な取組みを実施している。その取組みのなかでその最も大きな成果は、2012
年 5 月より施行される電子廃棄物規制である。そして、この規制において、
我々のカウンターパートの GEPIL 社が認可登録される予定であることが、何よりも本リサイクル事業がインド社会に受容されるといる証左である。また、法律により認可登録されるだけでなく、スクラップ事業者との信頼関係構築の動き
により我々は廃携帯電話や廃電子基板のスクラップを実際に調達できている
ことも、インド社会に受容されている証と言える。
(イ) 減容油化装置の設置・運営のための条件検討
本リサイクル事業において、廃携帯電話と廃電子基板を減容油化するための装置の設
置に向桁調査を下記の通り実施した。

16

①

回収した廃携帯電話と廃電子基板からサンプルを抽出し、下記の通り保管している。

写真 9 保管の様子②

インドから日本へのサンプル輸出については現在、手続き中である。
サンプル輸出については、輸出許可と輸出業免許の取得が必要だからである。
インドでは、前述の通り新しい電子廃棄物規制が施行される予定である。この規制の施行に伴い、様々な行政権限が中央政府から州政府に委譲されており、電子廃棄物の輸出許可と輸出業免許の付与もそのうちのひとつである。このため、輸出許可と輸出業免許付与が遅れており、未だ輸出できていない。
当該許可と免許は 2012 年 7 月に下りる予定である。我々当該許可と免許が下り次第、早急に輸入し、我々の実証プラントでの油化実験を実施する予定である。

③

上記の理由により、油化率、オフガス量、重油の成分分析、重油販売評価は実証プラントでの油化実験後実施する予定である。

④

インドへの油化減容装置の設置計画
実証プラントでの油化減容が未実施であるので、詳細な計画は立案できていないが、設置予定地のみ下記の通り決定している。

17

写真 10 設置予定場所 （道路左側の空き地）(ウ) 廃携帯電話や廃電子基板に含まれる貴金属含有量の試験の実施
実証プラントでの油化減容が未実施であるので、実施次第貴金属含有量の分析と精錬事業者の販売可能性を評価する予定である。
なお、今後は下記のようなスケジュールで本支援事業を実施する予定である。
2012 年 04 月以降

収集ルートの確立

2012 年 06 月 収集量・買取り単価・安定性・長期性・発展性の精査
2012 年 07 月 買付業者と契約 単価の確定
2012 年 07 月 静脈物流の構築
2012 年 08 月 サンプルの試験輸入およびテスト
油化減容による油化率、環境負荷の調査
金、銀、白金、レアメタル含有量の調査
2012 年 08 月 事業計画立案
2012 年 08 月 事業計画立案
2012 年 10 月 合弁会社設立
2012 年 12 月 油化装置の調達 設置 試運転
2013 年 本リサイクル事業開始予定(３) 検討会の結果報告(ア) 検討会１

18

1.

日時 ：2011 年 6 月 20 日（月）11:00 – 13:00

2.

場所 ：GEPIL Surat 本社

3.

出席者：GEPIL-Priyesh Bhatti (CEO)、Dhruv Luthra (Joint General Manager)、
M. Sekhar(President)、Manish Bhimani (Manager) 、JEPLAN-高尾、JDI-大朏

4.

検討内容
1) PCB トライアル輸出と貴金属回収パイロット事業の合意
先に JEPLAN が行った貴金属包含量調査に基づき、インドにおいて発生している電子プリント基板(PCB)のうち、高水準の包含量が確認された PCB についてのみ 12MT、インドリサイクル市場から購入し、日本へ輸出したのち、貴金属回収を行うことで合意。
2) 事業を実施する上でのコスト負担について合意
発生コスト全般（購買費、輸送費、油化処理費等）について GEPIL 社。
JEPLAN 社折半にてコスト負担していくことで合意
3) 回収ルートからの回収対象製品
現在 GEPIL 社の手中にある PCB6MT に加え、追加で市場から購入するPCB(category C)の手当てについては、GEPIL 社より JEPLAN 社の回収ノウハ
ウ・経験をもとに実施したい意向を伺う。ついては JEPLAN 社中村氏をインドへ派遣し、GEPIL 社と共同して PCB 購入にあたらせることで合意。
4) 輸出手続き
e-waste の輸出手続きに必要な Ministry of Environment and Forestry からのClearance 取得の問題が議論されたが、この取得にあたって GEPIL 社が関係
省庁との調整することと、他輸出手続きに必要な手続きを GEPIL 社が三菱商事関連会社と共に行うことを確認。
5) スケジュール
7 月上旬予定される中村氏の訪印後、追加 PCB の手当て、7 月中旬には12MT の輸出手当てを完了するべく両者調整していくことを確認。

1.

日時 ：2011 年 6 月 20 日（月）11:00 – 13:00

2.

場所 ：Surat

3.

出席者： Manish Bhimani (Manager) 、JEPLAN-高尾、JDI-大朏

4.

検討内容
スラット市内にあり、中古携帯電話取扱業者が集まるショッピングモールを訪19

問し、携帯電話プリント基盤のリサイクル事情について調査を行った。携帯電話プ
リント基盤は一部業者により買い取られているものを除き、大部分が各店舗で保管されており、取引価格も様々。いまだリサイクル市場の確立が進んでいない様子が伺い知れた。
1.

日時 ：2011 年 6 月 21 日（月）14:00 – 15:00

2.

場所 ：Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), Gandhinagar

3.

出席者： GPCB－V. R. Patel (Senior Environmental Engineer)Manish Bhimani(Manager) 、JEPLAN-高尾、JDI-大朏

4.

検討内容
1) JEPLAN 社が行う日本での携帯電話リサイクル事業の紹介
プレゼンテーション資料を用いて日本での取り組みを紹介、インドの現状との違いについて議論すると共に、事業推進に必要な協力を要請。また必要な政策・法整備についても提案を行った。インドにおいては拡大生産者責任を盛り込んだ e-waste リサイクル法案・ガイドラインが中央政府内で審議されており、本事業の追い風となることが期待される。
2) GEPIL 社が進めるコミュニティー啓蒙活動・GreenGene プログラムについての紹介
e-waste や他廃棄物の適正処理にあたり、住民・産業・自治体などの各コ
ミュニティー全体に対するリサイクル社会の意義について啓蒙活動を行っていくことの重要性を議論。Green Gene プログラムへの関心と、GPCB として積極的に活動を支援していくことを確認。

結果については、切り分けることが難しいため前述の報告にまとめている。
(イ) 検討会２
1. 日時 ：2012 年 2 月 10 日（金）9:00 – 12:00
2. 場所 ：GEPIL Surat 本社
3. 出席者：GEPIL-Priyesh Bhatti、Dhruv Luthra、M. Sekhar、Manish Bhimani
JEPLAN-高尾、JDI-大朏
4. 検討内容
1) 回収ルート開拓の進捗について
2) 輸出許可取得進捗について
3) 輸出手続きについて
4) 日本への研修について
5) 回収品の検査20

結果については、切り分けることが難しいため前述の報告にまとめている。
なお、定期的に GEPIL 社は本支援事業の内容について州政府と連絡、相談を実施
している。

以上

21

平成 23 年 3 月

平成 23 年度静脈産業の海外展開促進のための実現可能性調査等支援事業(インド国グジャラート州における携帯電話を中心とする小型家電等リサイクル事業)報告書資料編
日本環境設計株式会社(１) The E-waste(management and handling) Rules, 2011(２) 27.06.08 guidelines for E-Waste(３) 写真集22GUIDELINES FORENVIRONMENTALLYSOUND
MANAGEMENT OF
E-WASTE(As approved vide MoEF letter No.
23-23/2007-HSMD dt. March 12, 2008)

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTSCENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Delhi
MARCH, 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0

Preamble01

1.1

E-Waste01

1.2

Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste

01

Chapter 2

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES

2.1

Objective

02

2.2

Scope

02

2.3

Applicability

02

2.4

Need for theManagement

Chapter 3

GuidelinesforEnvironmentally

Sound

03

REGULATORY REGIME FOR E-WASTE

3.1

The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
2003

04

3.2

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000

07

3.3

Basel Convention

08

Chapter 4

CLASSIFICATION OF E-WASTE

4.0

Composition of E-Waste

09

4.1

Components of E-Waste

09

4.2

Possible hazardous substances present in e-waste

12

4.3

E-waste scenario

16

4.4

Basis for Defining e-waste

17

4.5

Proposed definition of E-Waste

18

4.6

Reduction of the Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in theElectronic & electrical Equipments

19

4.7

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

19

Chapter 5

GUIDELINESFORENVIRONMENTALLYMANAGEMENT FOR E-WASTE

SOUND

5.1

E-waste Composition and Recycle Potential

21

5.2

Assessment of Hazardousness of e-waste

21

5.3

Recycling, Reuse and Recovery Options

25

5.4

Treatment & Disposal Options

25

5.5

E-waste Recycling/Treatment technologies in India

27

Chapter 6
6.1

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYFOR E-WASTE
Environmentally sound E-waste treatment technologies
st

nd

rd

6.2

Environmental Impacts of the 1 , 2
treatment system

6.3

Technology Currently Used in India

43

6.4

Best Available Technology

44

6.5

Available Operating Facilities

45

Chapter 7

and 3

level e-waste

28
42

GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF INTEGRATED
E-WASTE RECYCLING & TREATMENT FACILITY

7.1

Facility Operation Requirements

47

7.2

Procedures for Setting-up & Management of integrated e-waste
facility51

7.3

Procedures for compliance with the existing regulations andGuidelines

52

Annexure – I

International Scenario

55

Annexure – II

Hazardous Substances that can occur in e-waste

64

Annexure – III

Average weight and composition of selected appliances (typical)

71

Annexure – IV

Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC (typical)

72

Annexure – V

Recoverable quantity of elements in a TV (typical)

73

Annexure – VI

Materials recovered from refrigerators (typical)

74

Annexure – VII

Comparison of thresholds

75

Annexure – VIII

E-waste trade value chain

80

Annexure – IX

Environmentally Sound Treatment (EST) schemes for E-waste

81

Annexure – X

Environmental impacts of the WEEE recycling system

82

Annexure – XI

Process flow diagram of an integrated facility

83

Appendix - 1

REFERENCES

86

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste
streams in the world. The increasing “market penetration” in developing
countries, “replacement market” in developed countries and “high obsolescencerate” make e-waste as one of the fastest growing waste streams. Environmental
issues and trade associated with e-waste at local, transboundary andinternational level has driven many countries to introduce interventions.
In accordance with the National Environmental Policy (NEP) and to address
sustainable development concerns, there is a need to facilitate the recovery
and/or reuse of useful materials from waste generated from a process and/orfrom the use of any material thereby, reducing the wastes destined for final
disposal and to ensure the environmentally sound management of all materials.
The NEP also encourages giving legal recognition and strengthening the informal
sectors system for collection and recycling of various materials. In particularconsidering the high recyclable potential of e-waste such wastes should be
subject to recycling in an environmentally sound manner.
E-waste comprises of wastes generated from used electronic devices and house
hold appliances which are not fit for their original intended use and are destinedfor recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastes encompasses wide range ofelectrical and electronic devises such as computers, hand held cellular phones,
personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners etc. E-wastes contain over 1000 different substances many of which
are toxic and potentially hazardous to environment and human health, if these
are not handled in an environmentally sound manner.
The growth of e-waste has significant economic and social impacts. The increaseof electrical and electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence
rate leads to higher generation of e-waste. The increasing obsolescence rate ofelectronic products also adds to the huge import of used electronics products.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate in India for the year 2005
has been estimated to be 1,46,180 tonnes which is expected to exceed 8,00,000
tonnes by 2012.
The objective of these Guidelines is to provide guidance for identification of various
sources of waste electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) and prescribed
procedures for handling e-waste in an environmentally sound manner.
These Guidelines shall apply to all those who handle e-waste which includes thegenerators, collectors, transporters, dismantlers, recyclers and stakeholders of
e-wastes irrespective of their scale of operation.
In India, there are no specific environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste.
None of the existing environmental laws have any direct reference to electronicwaste or refer to its handling as hazardous in nature. However several provisionsof these laws may apply to various aspects of electronic wastes. Since e-wasteor its constituents fall under the category of ‘hazardous” and “non hazardous
waste”, they shall be covered under the purview of “The Hazardous Waste
Management Rules, 2003”.
Composition of e-waste is very diverse and differs in products across different
categories. Broadly, it consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass,wood & plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete and ceramics, rubber and otheritems. Iron and steel constitutes about 50% of the e-waste followed by plastics(21%), non ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents. Non-ferrous metals
consist of metals like copper, aluminium and precious metals ex. silver, gold,
platinum, palladium etc. The presence of elements like lead, mercury, arsenic,
cadmium, selenium, and hexavalent chromium and flame retardants beyond
threshold quantities in e-waste classifies them as hazardous waste.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in
India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tonnes. This is
expected to exceed 8,00,000 tonnes by 2012. There is a lack of authentic andcomprehensive data on e-waste availability for domestic generation of e-waste
and the various State Pollution Control Boards have initiated the exercise tocollect data on e-waste generation.
Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated inIndia. Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India.
Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the listof e-waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste,
Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad,
Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
Under Rule 3, “Definitions”, E-waste can be defined as “Waste Electrical andElectronic Equipment including all components, sub assemblies and theirfractions except batteries falling under Schedule 1, Schedule 2 and Schedule 3”of these rules.
There is an increasing trend in the reduction in the use of hazardous substancessuch as lead, cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and othertoxic and hazardous substances for which safe substitutes have been found.
Many countries have adopted the RoHS regulations in the manufacture ofelectrical and electronic equipments.
The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environment protection
strategy that makes the producer responsible for the entire life cycle of the
product, especially for take back, recycle and final disposal of the product. Thus
the producers’ responsibility is extended to the post-consumer stage of the
product life cycle. This needs to be included in the legislative framework making

EPR a mandatory activity associated with the production of electronic andelectrical equipments over a period of time.
Environmentally sound E-waste treatment technology was identified at threelevels. The first level included decontamination, dismantling and segregation.
The second level included shredding and four special treatment processes likeelectromagnetic separation, eddy current separation, CRT breaking andtreatment and density separation using water. The 3rd level treatment included
recovery of metals and disposal of hazardous E-waste fractions including plastics
with flame retardants, CFCs, capacitors, Mercury, lead and other items.
All the three levels of e-waste treatment are based on material flow. The material
flows from 1st level to 3rd level treatment. Each level treatment consists of unit
operations, where e-waste is treated and out put of 1st level treatment serves as
input to 2nd level treatment. After the third level treatment, the residues aredisposed of either in TSDF or incinerated. The efficiency of operations at first andsecond level determines the quantity of residues going to TSDF or incineration.
The details of the type of treatment technology to be put in place are given in
Chapter – VI.
The establishment of E-waste Recycling & Treatment Facility shall be in line withthe existing Guidelines/best practices/requirements in India for establishing andoperating “Recycling and Treatment and Disposal Facilities” for hazardous
wastes. Such facilities shall be set up in the organized sector. However, theactivities presently operating in the informal sector need to be upgraded toprovide a support system for the integrated facility. This would enable to bring thenon-formal sector in the main stream of the activity and facilitate to ensure
environmental compliances.
The procedures for setting up & management of e-waste facility shall include
licenses from all appropriate governing authorities such as environmental
clearance, recycler registration from Central Pollution Control Board under HWRules, obtaining of consents under water act, Air act and authorization from thestate pollution control board.
These Guidelines are reference document for the management, handling anddisposal of e-wastes. These are intended to provide guidance and broad outline,
however, the specific methods of treatment and disposal for specific wastes
needs to be worked out according to the hazard/risk potential of the waste underquestion. These Guidelines provide the minimum practice required to be followed in
the management of e-wastes and the State Department of Environment or State
Pollution Control Board may prescribe more stringent norms as deemed necessary.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0

Preamble
The electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste
streams in the world. The increasing “market penetration” in developing
countries, “replacement market” in developed countries and “high obsolescencerate” make e-waste as one of the fastest growing waste streams. Environmental
issues and trade associated with e-waste at local, transboundary andinternational level has driven many countries to introduce interventions.
In accordance with the National Environmental Policy (NEP) and to address
sustainable development concerns, there is a need to facilitate the recovery
and/or reuse of useful materials from waste generated from a process and/orfrom the use of any material thereby, reducing the wastes destined for final
disposal and to ensure the environmentally sound management of all materials.
The NEP also encourages giving legal recognition and strengthening the informal
sectors system for collection and recycling of various materials. In particularconsidering the high recyclable potential of e-waste such wastes should be
subject to recycling in an environmentally sound manner.

1.1

E-wasteE-waste comprises of wastes generated from used electronic devices and house
hold appliances which are not fit for their original intended use and are destinedfor recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastes encompasses wide range ofelectrical and electronic devises such as computers, hand held cellular phones,
personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners etc. E-wastes contain over 1000 different substances many of which
are toxic and potentially hazardous to environment and human health, if these
are not handled in an environmentally sound manner.

1.2

Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste
The growth of e-waste has significant economic and social impacts. The increaseof electrical and electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence
rate leads to higher generation of e-waste. The increasing obsolescence rate ofelectronic products also adds to the huge import of used electronics products.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate in India for the year 2005
has been estimated to be 146180.00 tonnes which is expected to exceed
8,00,000 tonnes by 2012. There is no large scale organized e-waste recycling
facility in India and there are two small e-waste dismantling facilities arefunctioning in Chennai and Bangalore, while most of the e-waste recycling units
are operating in un-organized sector.

1Chapter 2
OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES
2.1

Objective
The objective of these Guidelines is to provide guidance for identification of various
sources of waste electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) and prescribed
procedures for handling e-waste in an environmentally sound manner.

2.2

Scope
These Guidelines are reference document for the management, handling anddisposal of e-wastes. These are intended to provide guidance and broad outline,
however, the specific methods of treatment and disposal for specific wastes
needs to be worked out according to the hazard/risk potential of the waste underquestion. These Guidelines provide the minimum practice required to be followed in
the management of e-wastes and the State Department of Environment or State
Pollution Control Board may prescribe more stringent norms as deemed necessary.

2.3

Applicability
These Guidelines shall apply to all those who handle e-waste which includes thegenerators, collectors, transporters, dismantlers, recyclers and stakeholders of
e-wastes irrespective of their scale of operation. The definitions in Hazardous
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2003 include:(i)“occupier” in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who
has, control over the affairs of the factory or the premises an includes inrelation of any substance, the person in possession of the substance;(ii)“operator of facility” means a person who owns or operates a facility forcollection, reception, treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous wastes;(iii)“recycler” means an occupier who procures and processes hazardous
materials for recovery;(iv)“recycling” means reclamation and reprocessing of hazardous materials
from a production process in an environmentally sound manner for theoriginal purpose or for other purposes.

(v)“reuse” means hazardous materials that are used for the purpose for its
original use or another use.

(vi)

“registered recycler or re-refiner or reuser” means a recycler or re-refineror reuser registered for reprocessing hazardous material with the Central
Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests or the Central
Pollution Control Board, as the case may be, for recycling or reprocessing
hazardous materials;

2

(vii)

2.4“recovery” means to any operation in the recycling activity wherein
specific materials are recovered;

Need for the Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management
Based on the outcome of the studies carried out and the consensus arrived at
the National Workshop on electronic waste management held in March 2004 andJune 2005 organised by CPCB and Ministry of Environment & Forests anassessment was made of the existing practice in the e-waste management.
(a)Increasing amount of E- Waste:
Product obsolescence is becoming more rapid since the speed ofinnovation and the dynamism of product manufacturing / marketing has
resulted in a short life span (less than two years) for many computer
products. Short product life span coupled with exponential increase at an
average 15% per year will result in doubling of the volume of e-waste overthe next five to six years.

(b)

Toxic components:
E-waste are known to contain certain toxic constituents in theircomponents such as lead, cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated bi-phenyls(PCBs), etched chemicals, brominated flame retardants etc., which arerequired to be handled safely. The recycling practices were found to morein informal sectors leading to uncontrolled release of toxic materials into
the environment as a result of improper handling of such materials.

c)Lack of environmentally sound recycling infrastructure:
It has been established that e-waste, in the absence of proper disposal,
find their way to scrap dealers, which are further pushed into dismantler’s,
supply chain. Existing environmentally sound recycling infrastructure inplace is not equipped to handle the increasing amounts of e-waste. The
major dismantling operations are occurring in unorganized/informal sector
in hazardous manner. The potential of increased e-waste generation andlack of adequate recycling facilities have attracted the attention of anumber of recyclers globally, expressing interest to start recycling facility
in India.

3

CHAPTER 3
REGULATORY REGIME FOR E-WASTE
In India, there are no specific environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste.
None of the existing environmental laws have any direct reference to electronic
waste or refer to its handling as hazardous in nature. However several provisionsof these laws may apply to various aspects of electronic wastes. Since e-wasteor its constituents fall under the category of ‘hazardous” and “non hazardous
waste”, they shall be covered under the purview of “The Hazardous Waste
Management Rules, 2003”. Respective definitions, their meaning andinterpretation under the rule is given below.
3.1

The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003
The Hazardous Waste (Management and handling) Rule, 2003, defines“hazardous waste” as any waste which by reason of any of its physical,
chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics
causes danger or likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone
or when on contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include:

Waste substances that are generated in the 36 processes indicated in column
2 of Schedule I and consist of wholly or partly of the waste substancesreferred to in column 3 of same schedule.



Waste substances that consist wholly or partly of substances indicated in fiverisks class (A,B,C,D,E) mentioned in Schedule 2, unless the concentration ofsubstances is less than the limit indicated in the same Schedule.



Waste substances that are indicated in Lists A and B of Schedule 3 (Part A)
applicable only in cases of import and export of hazardous wastes inaccordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 if they possess any of the hazardous
characteristics listed in Part B of schedule 3.

“Disposal” means deposit, treatment, recycling and recovery of any hazardous
wastes.
Important features of Schedule 1, 2 and 3, which may cover E-waste are given
below.
Schedule 1
Although, there is no direct reference of electronic waste in any column ofSchedule 1 (which defines hazardous waste generated through different
industrial processes), the “disposal process” of e-waste could be characterized
as hazardous processes. The indicative list of these processes is given below.

4Secondary production and/ or use of ZincSecondary production of copperSecondary production of leadProduction and/ or use of cadmium and arsenic and their compounds



Production of primary and secondary aluminumProduction of iron and steel including other ferrous alloys (electric furnaces,
steel rolling and finishing mills, coke oven and by product plan)Production or industrial use of materials made with organo silicon compounds

Electronic industry



Waste treatment processes, e.g. incineration, distillation, separation andconcentration techniques

As per these regulations, once a waste product is classified as hazardous
according to industrial process listed in Schedule 1, it is exempted from theconcentration limit requirement set by Schedule 2 of Act, and is consideredhazardous irrespective of its concentrations.
Schedule 2
The Schedule 2 of the Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules 2003,
lists waste substances which should be considered hazardous unless theirconcentration is less than the limit indicated in the said Schedule. The various
classes of substances listed in this Schedule relevant to E-waste are covered inClass A, B, C, D and E are given below. E-waste or its fractions coming broadly
under Class A and B are given below.
Class A: Concentration Limit: >= 50 mg/kg
The indicative waste list, which could be part of E-waste or its fractions under thisclass are given below.
Antimony and antimony compounds

Beryllium and beryllium compounds

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

Chromium (VI) compounds

Mercury and mercury compounds

Halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls,
polychloroteriphenyls and their derivatives



Halogenated aromatic compounds

5Class B: Concentration Limit: >= 5,000 mg/kg
The indicative waste list, which could be part of E-waste or its fractions under thisclass are given below.














Cobalt compounds
Copper compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Nickel compounds
Inorganic tin compounds
Vanadium compounds
Tungsten compounds
Silver compounds
Halogenated aliphatic compounds
Phenol and phenolic compounds
Chlorine
BromineHalogen-containing compounds, which produce acidic vapors on contact withhumid air or water

Schedule 3
List of Hazardous Waste to be applicable only for imports and exports are
mentioned in schedule 3. It define hazardous waste as “Wastes listed in lists ‘A ’and ‘B ’ of part A of schedule 3 applicable only in case(s)of export/import ofhazardous wastes in accordance with rule 12, 13, and 14 only if they possess
any of the hazardous characteristics in part B of said schedule”. This clausedefines hazardous waste for the purpose of import and export. It has divided
hazardous waste into two parts, A and B. Part A of the schedule deals with twolists of waste to be applicable only for imports and exports purpose. Export andimport of items listed in List A and B of part A are permitted only as raw materials
for recycling or reuse.
Electronic Waste and Related Items listed in part A, Lists of wastes
applicable for Import and Export
Following are the electronic items being mentioned in list A:
A1180“Electrical and electronic assemblies or scraps containing
components such as accumulators and other batteries included onlist B, mercury-switches, glass from cathode ray tubes and otheractivated glass and PCB-capacitors, or contaminated with schedule
2 constituents (e.g. cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinatedbiphenyl)to an extent that they exhibit hazard characteristics
indicated in part B of this schedule (see B1110)”.

6

A1090Ashes from the incineration of insulated copper wire.

A1150

Precious metal ash from incineration of PCBs not included on list
‘B’

A2010
A3180

Glass waste from cathode ray tubes and other activated glass.
Wastes, substances and articles containing, consisting of orcontaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and including
any other poly brominated analogues of these compounds, at aconcentration level of 50 mg/kg or more.

Following are electronic items placed on list B B1110:

3.2

1.

Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys

2.

Waste Electrical and electronic assemblies scrap (including printed circuitboard, electronic components and wires) destined for direct reuse and not
for recycling or final disposal.

3.

Waste electrical and electronic assemblies scrap (including printed circuitboards) not containing components such as accumulators and otherbatteries included on list A, mercury switches, glass from cathode ray
tubes and other activated glass and PCB- capacitors, or not contaminatedwith constituents such as cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinatedbiphenyl) or from which these have been removed, to an extent that they
do not possess any of the constituents mentioned in Schedule 2 to theextent of concentration limits specified therein.

4.

Electrical and electronic assemblies (including printed circuit boards,
electronic components and wires) destined for direct reuse and not forrecycling or final disposal.

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
"Municipal Solid Waste" includes commercial and residential wastes generated
in municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.
"Disposal" means final disposal of municipal solid wastes in terms of thespecified measures to prevent contamination of ground-water, surface water andambient air quality.
"Processing" means the process by which solid wastes are transformed into
new or recycled products;

7

"Recycling" means the process of transforming segregated solid wastes into
raw materials for producing new products, which may or may not be similar to theoriginal products"Storage" means the temporary containment of municipal solid wastes in amanner so as to prevent littering, attraction to vectors, stray animals andexcessive foul odour.
3.3

Basel Convention
Basel Convention covers all discarded/disposed materials that possesshazardous characteristics as well as all wastes considered hazardous on anational basis. Annex VIII, refers to E-waste, which is considered hazardous
under Art. 1, par. 1(a) of the Convention: A1180 Waste electrical and electronic
assemblies or scrap containing components such as accumulators and otherbatteries included on list A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-rat tubes andother activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or contaminated with Annex I
constituents (e.g., cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent
that they possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex III. Annex IX,
contains the mirror entry, B1110 Electrical and Electronic assemblies given
below.
•

Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys•

Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap (including printed circuitboards) not containing components such as accumulators and other batteries
included on List A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-ray tubes and otheractivated glass and PCB-capacitors, or not contaminated with Annex 1.

8

CHAPTER 4
CLASSIFICATION OF E-WASTE

4.0

Composition of E-Waste
Composition of e-waste is very diverse and differs in products across different
categories. It contains more than 1000 different substances, which fall under“hazardous” and “non-hazardous” categories. Broadly, it consists of ferrous andnon-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, wood & plywood, printed circuit boards,
concrete and ceramics, rubber and other items. Iron and steel constitutes about
50% of the e-waste followed by plastics (21%), non ferrous metals (13%) andother constituents. Non-ferrous metals consist of metals like copper, aluminium
and precious metals ex. silver, gold, platinum, palladium etc. The presence ofelements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and hexavalentchromium and flame retardants beyond threshold quantities in e-waste classifies
them as hazardous waste.

4.1

Components of E-Waste
E-waste has been categorized into three main categories, Viz. Large Household
Appliances, IT and Telecom and Consumer Equipment. Refrigerator andWashing Machine represent large household appliances, Personal Computer,
Monitor and Laptop represent IT and Telecom, while Television represents
Consumer Equipment. Each of these E-waste items has been classified withrespect to twenty six common components, which could be found in them. These
components form the “Building Blocks” of each item and therefore they arereadily “identifiable” and “removable”. These components are metal, motor/
compressor, cooling, plastic, insulation, glass, LCD, rubber, wiring/ electrical,
concrete, transformer, magnetron, textile, circuit board, fluorescent lamp,
incandescent lamp, heating element, thermostat, BFR-containing plastic,
batteries, CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, external electric cables, refractory ceramic fibers,
radio active substances and electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm). The kindsof components, which are found in Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Personal
Computers (PC) and TVs, are described in table 4.1. The observations from theanalysis of table 4.1 are given below.
1.

Radioactive substances, refractory ceramic fibers, electrolyte capacitors(over L/D 25 mm), textile and magnetron are not present in any item.

2.

Plastic, circuit board and external electric cables are present in majority ofitems. BFR containing plastic is present in refrigerator, laptop and television.

3.

Refrigeratorsare
CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC,
compressor.

uniqueitems
becauseofpresenceofcooling, insulation, incandescent lamp and9

4.

Heating element is found in washing machine, while thermostat is found inboth refrigerator and washing machine.

5.

Fluorescent lamp is found only in laptop

6.

Metal and motor are found in majority of items except refrigerator

7.

Transformer is not found in washing machine and refrigerator

8.

CRT is found in personal computer and TV, while LCD is found in PC andTV

9.

Batteries are found in PC and laptop

10. Concrete is found in washing machine
11. Rubber is found in refrigerator and washing machine
12. Wiring/ Electrical is found in all the items
Large household appliance (refrigerator) may consist of electric motor, a circuitboard, a transformer, capacitor, thermal insulation, switches, wiring, plastic
casing that contain flame retardants etc. A typical washing machine may consistof the metal casing, concrete ballast, inner and outer drums, a motor, a pump,washing cycle controller unit, switches and other components. The latest trends
in these appliances is the phase out of the use of ODS and improvement ofenergy efficiency. Old washing machines are likely to contain large capacitors,
while in relatively new machines, variable speed motors are controlled from thecircuit board. IT and Telecom equipments sector is observing a trend of “micro
miniaturization”, while CRTs are being replaced by LCD screens. Table 5.1
indicates that the range of different items found in E-waste is diverse classifying it
a waste of complex nature. However, it shows that E-waste from these items canbe dismantled into relatively small number of common components for further
treatments. The composition and hazard content of each of these components isbeing described in following section to establish the overall hazardousness ofeach item of E-waste.

10GlassRubberWiring / Electrical

Thermostat

BFR – containing plastic

CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC

External electric cables

■

■

■

-

-

■

■

-

-

-

-

-

-

■

-

■

■

-

■

■

-

-

-

Washing Machine

■

■

-

■

-

■

-

-

■

■

■

-

-

-

■

-

-

■

■

-

-

-

■

-

-

○

Personal Computer (Base &Keyboard)

■

■

-

■

-

-

-

-

-

■

-

■

-

-

■

-

-

-

-

-

■

-

■

-

-

-

Personal Computer (Monitor)

-

-

-

■

-

-

■

■

-

-

-

-

-

-

■

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

■

-

-

-

Laptop

-

■

-

■

-

-

-

■

■

-

■

-

-

■

■

-

-

-

■

■

-

■

-

-

-

■

-

-

■

-

-

■

-

■

-

■

-

-

■

-

-

-

-

■

-

-

■

-

-

-

Electrolyte Capacitors(over L/D 25mm)

Refractory ceramic
fibersHeating element

Fluorescent lamp
(ineballast)

Circuit Board

TextileMagnetron

Concrete

CRT

Radioactive substances

Insulation■

Batteries

Plastic■

Incandescent lamp

Cooling■

Transformer

Motor \ Compressor

Refrigerator

LCD

Metal

Table 4.1: Components in WEEE (by Category)

Large Household Appliances

IT & Telecom

Consumer Equipment
Television-■ Present as a component○ Possible presence as a component

11

4.2

Possible hazardous substances present in e-waste
The possible substance of concern, which may be found in selected E-waste
item is given in table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Possible Hazardous Substances in Components
Component

Possible Hazardous Content

Metal
Motor \ Compressor
Cooling
Plastic

ODS
Phthalate plasticize, BFR

Insulation
Glass
CRT
LCD
RubberWiring / Electrical
Concrete
Transformer
Circuit Board
Fluorescent Lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Heating Element
Thermostat
BFR – containing plastic
Batteries
CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC
External electric cables
Electrolyte Capacitors (over L/D
25mm)

Insulation ODS in foam, asbestos, refractory
ceramic fiber
Lead, Antimony, Mercury, Phosphors
Mercury
Phthalate plasticizer, BFR
Phthalate plasticizer, Lead, BFR

Lead, Beryllium, Antimony, BFR
Mercury, Phosphorus, Flame Retardants

Mercury
BFRs
Lead, Lithium, Cadmium, Mercury
Ozone depleting substances
BFRs, plasticizers
Glycol, other unknown substances

The substances within the above mentioned components, which cause mostconcern are the heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium(VI), halogenated substances (e.g. CFCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plastics
and circuit boards that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFR cangive rise to dioxins and furans during incineration. Other materials andsubstances that can be present are arsenic, asbestos, nickel and copper. These
substances may act as a catalyst to increase the formation of dioxins duringincineration. The description about some of these substances where uncertainty
exists regarding their “level of concern” based on literature review are given
below.
12

(1)Plastics containing Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
Two families of BFRs have been used in EEE. The first is polybrominateddipheny1 ethers (PBDPEs), which includes DBPE (decabromodipheny1oxide), and PBPE (pentabromodiphenyl oxide). In the electronics industry,
BDPE is the dominant PBDPE BFR and is used primarily in computer
housings. The second family of BFRs is the phenolics, which includes
TBBPA (tetrabromo-bisphenol A). TBBPA (also referred to as TBBA) is
used primarily in printed circuit boards.

(2)

Insulation
Materials of concern in these components are ODS in insulation foams,
asbestos and refractory ceramic fibre.

(3)Asbestos
Asbestos has been used in older appliances such as coffee pots, toasters
and irons. Asbestos was also a component of some heaters and otheritem that benefit from the heat resistant properties o f the material. Modern
appliances do not contain asbestos. However, if a heating appliance isvery old (ex. pre 1985), the chances of finding asbestos are high.

(4)

Refractory Ceramic Fibers (RCFs)
Respirable RCFs are classified as category 2 carcinogens, which takes
into account observation from recent studies involving laboratory animals
that suggest these fibers may have potential to cause lung cancer ormesothelioma in humans. This classification, which became effective inJanuary 1999, does not represent a ban on use. However it does meanthat any work with RCF is subject to stringent controls13.

(5)Liquid Crystal Display (LCDs)
LCD consists of liquid crystals, which are embedded between thin layersof glass and electrical elements. A cellular phone display can contain
about 0.5 mg of liquid crystals, a notebook display about half a gram. The
LCD, first used predominately in notebook and laptop computers, is now
moving into the desktop computer market. Most LCDs have a lamp. For
small LCDs, the main consideration for the dismantler will be whether or
not there is a lamp present. Liquid crystals come under suspicion of beinga health hazard. About 50,000 liquid crystal substances are known, but
only about 500 are key components for LCD technology. Examples are
MBBA (4-methoxybenzylidene-4-butylaniline) and 5CB (4-penty1-4cyanobipheny1). Currently there appear to be no toxicological tests resultson liquid crystal materials.
13

(6)

Components containing Plasticisers/Stabilisers
The concerns here include the use of phthalate plasticizers and leadstabillisers in plastics and rubbers. For example, dibutyl phthalate anddiethylhexy1 phthalate are considered “Toxic for Reproduction” atconcentrations >=0.5%.

(7)Circuit Boards
While most boards are typically 70% non metallic, they also contain about
16% copper, 4% solder and 2% nickel along with iron, silver, gold,
palladium and tantalum. Approximately 90% of the intrinsic value of most
scarp boards is in the gold and palladium content. Consequently,
traditional reprocessing of circuit boards has concentrated on the recovery
of metals values. Some of the components found in circuit boards aredescribed below.

(8)

Flame Retardants
The circuit board laminate consists of a glass fibre reinforced epoxy and islikely to contain flame retardant substances at a level of about 15%. The
main flame retardant material used in circuit boards is
tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TBBPA is claimed to have a lower dioxin
generation potential than PBDE (pentabromodiphenylether).

(9)

Lead
The typical Pb/Sn solder content in scrap of printed circuit boards ranges
between 4-6%, consequently lead represents 2-3% of the weight of theoriginal board. The concerns about lead in circuit appear to relate to thepossibility of lead leaching from circuit boards disposed of in landfills.

(10)

Mercury
It is estimated that 22% of the yearly world consumption of mercury isused in electrical and electronic equipment (ex. in fluorescent lamps). Its
use in EEE has declined significantly in recent years. It has been used inthermostats, (position) sensors, relays and switches (ex. on printed circuitboards and in measuring equipment), batteries and discharge lamps.
Furthermore, it is used in medical equipment, data transmission,
telecommunications, and mobile phones. The estimated concentrationlevel of mercury in computers is 0.002%.

14

(11)

Beryllium
Copper beryllium alloys are used in electronic connectors where acapability for repeated connection and disconnection is desired, and thus
where solder is not used to make a permanent joint. Such connectors areoften gold plated, so that copper oxide is not created on their surfaces,and does not form a non-electrically conductive barrier between the twoconnectors. A second use of beryllium in the electronics industry is as
beryllium oxide, or beryllia. Beryllia transmits heat very efficiently, and isused in heat sinks. These sinks project heat-generating devices by rapidly
distributing their heat to a much larger volume and surface area, where it
can be further safely discharged into a moving air stream. Beryllia heatsinks have been used in specific designed parts, which are attached to aheat source, and have also been built into specific microelectronic devices
as integral parts of the substrates of those devices. Beryllium oxide (BeO)or beryllia is found in some power transistors, transistor and valve bases,
and some resistors.

(12)

Capacitors
Capacitors containing hazardous substances have been classified into two
types i.e. electrolytic capacitors and capacitors containing PolychlorinatedBiphenyls.

(13)Electrolyte Capacitors
Aluminum capacitors are small and cheap for their capacity and can befound in sizes from <1 uF to over 1 farad. They are commonly available up
to 450 volts working voltage, with some up to at least 600 volts, muchhigher than other types of electrolytic capacitors. Aluminum electrolytic
capacitors use a layer of aluminum oxide grown on aluminum foil. The
aluminum foil forms one electrode the rest is a non-aqueous electrolyte inthin paper separator, and another foil layer for the cathode. The original
electrolyte formulae usually comprised a glycol or amine, in which a
conductive salt (e.g. sodium borate) is dissolved, plus a trace (1-2%) ofwater. Many variations on this have been used over the years, althoughglycol is still often used. Typical contents of a 100µF 10V aluminum
capacitor are given in table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Contents of a 100µF 10V aluminum capacitor
Part
Contents (g)Contents (%)
Aluminum foil
0.17
16%
Paper and electrolyte
0.18
17%
Capsule (aluminum)
0.35
33%
Copper wire
0.12
11%
Rubber lid
0.23
22%

15

The capacitor is rendered hazardous if an accompanying thresholdconcentration is more than 25%. Thus, with electrolyte accounting for<17% of a typical capacitor, the glycol content would not render thecapacitor hazardous.
(14)

Capacitors containing Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
PCBs were extensively used in electrical equipment such as capacitors
and transformers. Their use in open applications was widely banned in1972 in Europe and they have not been used in the manufacture of new
equipment since 1986. Capacitors containing PCBs fall into two
categories, according to size. Small capacitors were used in fluorescent/other discharge lamps and also with fractional horsepower motors used indomestic and light-industrial electrical equipment. Large capacitors wereused for power factor correction and similar duties.

4.3

E-waste scenario
Globally, WEEE/ E-waste are most commonly used terms for electronic waste. At
UNEP web site, it is cited that “e-waste is a generic term encompassing various
forms of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that are old, end-of-lifeelectronic appliances and have ceased to be of any value to their owners”. Thereis no standard definition of WEEE/E-waste. A number of countries have come out
with their own definitions, interpretation and usage of the term “E-waste/WEEE”.
The most widely accepted definition of WEEE/ E-waste is as per EU directive,
which is followed in member countries of European Union and other countries ofEurope. At first WEEE/E-waste definition as per EU directive has been describedfollowed by description of definitions in Canada, Japan, USA, Basel Convention
and OECD.
Indian Scenario
The electronics industry has emerged as the fastest growing segment of Indianindustry both in terms of production and exports. The share of software services
in electronics and IT sector has gone up from 38.7 per cent in 1998-99 to 61.8
percent in 2003-04. A review of the industry statistics show that in 1990-91,
hardware accounted for nearly 50% of total IT revenues while software's share
was 22%. The scenario changed by 1994-95, with hardware share falling to 38%
and software's share rising to 41%. This shift in the IT industry began withliberalization, and the opening up of Indian markets together with which there
was a change in India’s import policies vis-à-vis hardware leading to substitutionof domestically produced hardware by imports. Since the early 1990s, thesoftware industry has been growing at a compound annual growth rate of over
46% (supply chain management, 1999). Output of computers in value terms, forexample, increased by 36.0, 19.7 and 57.6 per cent in 2000-01, 2002-03, and16

2003-04, respectively. Within this segment, the IT industry is prime mover with anannual growth rate of 42.4% between 1995 and 2000. By the end of financial
year 2005-06, India had an installed base of 4.64 million desktops, about 431
thousand notebooks and 89 thousand servers. According to the estimates madeby the Manufacturers Association of Information Technology (MAIT) the Indian
PC industry is growing at a 25% compounded annual growth rate.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in
India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tonnes. This is
expected to exceed 8,00,000 tonnes by 2012. There is a lack of authentic andcomprehensive data on e-waste availability for domestic generation of ewaste and the various State Pollution Control Boards have initiated theexercise to collect data on e-waste generation.
Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated inIndia. Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India.
Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the listof e-waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste,
Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad,
Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. There are two small e-waste dismantling
facilities are functioning in Chennai and Bangalore. There is no large scaleorganized e-waste recycling facility in India and the entire recycling exists in unorganized sector.
4.4

Basis for Defining e-waste
E-waste definition is driven by three major drivers as given below:
1. Definition of “electrical and electronic equipment”
2. Description of its ‘loss of utility”
3. “Way of disposal”
The most widely accepted definition of e-waste is as per the EU directive. The
major features of this definition include definition of “electrical and electronicequipment”, its classification into ten categories and its extent as per voltage
rating of 1000 volts for alternating current and 1500 volts for direct current.
Electrical and electronic equipment have been further classified into
“components”, “sub-assemblies” and “consumables”. In some definitions, thewords “product” and ‘assemblies” or the phrase “’product and components” arementioned in place of “equipment”. The words ‘discarded”, “end of life” and“dispose/ disposal” are invariably used in definitions to describe ‘loss of utility” ofelectrical and electronic equipment. Similarly, words/ phrases “used goods”,“scrap” and “waste” are invariably used to describe “way of disposal”. Thesewords are being used to harmonize e-waste with least disturbance to existing
policies regulations, where sometimes it is treated separately or under hazardousor solid waste management.

17

“Loss of Utility” indicates variation in consumer behavior, while “Way of Disposal”
broadly reflects different national policies and regulations for considering waste
as “pollutant” or a ‘resource”. In other countries, the evolution of e-waste
definition started with disposal of computers and televisions where CRT disposal
is a major environmental concern. Therefore, computers and televisions were
included into coverage of electronic equipment with amendments expected toinclude other items in future.
4.5

Proposed definition of E-Waste
E-waste comprises of wastes generated from used electronic devices and house
hold appliances which are not fit for their original intended use and are destinedfor recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastes encompasses wide range ofelectrical electronic devises such as computers, hand held cellular phones,
personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners etc. E-wastes contain over 1000 different substances many of which
are toxic and potentially hazardous for environment and human health, if these
are not handled in an environmentally sound manner. The e-waste definitions
and terminologies used globally are given in Annexure – I.

4.5.1 Proposed Definition
The analysis of hazardous waste rules 2003 and municipal waste rules 2000 withrespect to the three drivers describing the E-waste definition is given in table 4.4.
Table 4.4:

E-waste reference in Indian regulations with respect toidentified drivers

E-waste/Drivers

Drivers
Definition
ElectricalElectronic
Equipmentof Definition
Definitionand of loss of disposal
utility

of

way

of

“Hazardous”
E-wastePartly covered in
Schedule 1 under‘Electronic
Industry”
andSchedule 3

X

Definition of word “Disposal”
which
includesdeposit,treatment,
recyclingandrecovery under Hazardous
Waste(Management&
Handling) rules 2003.

“NonHazardous Ewaste

X

X

Definition of word “Storage,“Processing”, “Recycling” and“Disposal” under Municipal
Solid Waste (Managementand Handling) Rules 2000

18

Schedules 1, 2 and 3 of the Hazardous Wastes Rules, 2003 show that ambit ofthese sub clauses is so comprehensive that it will cover each steps of e-waste‘disposal” starting from dismantling, recycling and extraction of metals and importand export. e-waste coverage in Schedule 3 of Hazardous Wastes Rules, 2003 issame as that of Basel Convention. Therefore, the proposed definition of e-waste,
which may be incorporated in the regulation, is given below:
The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003
Under Rule 3, “Definitions”, E-waste can be defined as “Waste Electrical andElectronic Equipment including all components, sub assemblies and theirfractions except batteries falling under these rules.
4.6

Reduction of the Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in the Electronic &electrical Equipments
There is an increasing trend in the reduction in the use of hazardous substancessuch as lead, cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and othertoxic and hazardous substances for which safe substitutes have been found.
Many countries have adopted the RoHS regulations in the manufacture ofelectrical and electronic equipments. The Threshold Limits for each of thehazardous substances is given in Annexure - II.

4.7

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environment protection
strategy that makes the producer responsible for the entire life cycle of the
product, especially for take back, recycle and final disposal of the product. Thus
the producers’ responsibility is extended to the post-consumer stage of the
product life cycle. This needs to be included in the legislative framework making
EPR a mandatory activity associated with the production of electronic andelectrical equipments over a period of time.

4.7.1 Guidelines for the electrical and electronic equipments manufacturers
The producers of all electronic and electrical equipments should be allowed tolevy an appropriate fee on the product at the point of sale, to facilitate theoperation of the buy back system and enable to provide standardized rates to thecustomers. The rate list should be made available to the customer.
The producers shall take the responsibility of collection of the end of use
equipment through facilitating the establishment of a common collection point
and suitable storage infrastructure. Public Private Partnership (PPP) models may
also be considered for the same.

19

The producers of all electronic and electrical equipments may provide thefollowing information along with the products:(1)

Enlisting of hazardous constituents present in the equipment.

(2)

A detailed booklet on the handling of the equipment in case of accidental
breakage or damage.

(3)

A booklet containing instructions on do’s and don’ts.

(4)

Details on the disposal of the end of use of the product.

(5)

List of collection centres or organizations for the deposition of theequipment after use giving contact details such as address, telephone
no.s, 24 hr helpline and e-mail.

(6)

Facilitate pick-up services.

20

Chapter 5
GUIDELINES FORENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT FOR E-WASTE
The Environmentally Sound Technologies for e-waste treatment involves complex
treatment rationale is driven by “Material Flow”. This is compared with best available
technology and e-waste treatment technology currently used in India.
5.1

E-waste Composition and Recycle Potential
The consumption of e-waste and its recyclable potential is specific for eachappliance. In order to handle this complexity, the parts/materials found in e-waste
may be divided broadly into six categories as follows:

Iron and steel, used for casings and frames

Non-ferrous metals, especially copper used in cables, and aluminumGlass used for screens, windows

Plastic used as casing, in cables and for circuit boardsElectronic components



Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc.).

Annexure-III provides an overview of the composition of the three appliances
selected for the study. The recovery potential (typical values) of items of
economic value from PC, TV and Refrigerators has been described in
Annexure–IV, Annexure-V, and Annexure-VI respectively.
5.2

Assessment of Hazardousness of e-waste
Guidelines for assessment of hazardousness of E-waste have been described interms of basis, rational and approach and methodology.

5.2.1 Basis
Assessment of hazardousness of E-waste or its component has been carried out
based on Indian environmental regulations on hazardous waste, “The hazardous
waste (Management and handling) Rules 2003”.
5.2.2 Rationale
A number of global publications have mentioned that the scope of EU’s WEEE
Directives and RoHS is narrow with respect to description of hazardous ness of
WEEE. Therefore, the Indian regulation has been taken as basis of determining
hazardous ness of E-waste, where Schedule 1 lists hazardous waste similar to21‘absolute” entry (irrespective of concentration) in “European Waste Catalogue”
and Schedule 2 lists hazardous waste similar to “ mirror” entry Greater than orequal to the threshold limit value in “European Waste Catalogue”.
5.2.3 Approach and Methodology
The approach and methodology to determine the hazardousness has been
described in following steps as shown in figure 5.1. This approach follows thebasis used by “Department for Environment, Food and Natural Affairs”,
Government of United Kingdom to classify E-waste. However, it has beencustomized as per Indian situation.
Step 1:

Identify the E-waste category item
The identification includes the E-waste items and its tentative yearof manufacture. The year of manufacture gives a number of
information ex. Technology and likely component present in the Ewaste.

Step 2:

Identify the E-waste composition or determine it
The identification of E-waste composition or its components can be
determined by its year of manufacture. Ideally, industry association
should maintain record of “Electrical and Electronic Equipment”
composition, which should be regularly updated to facilitate its
treatment, once it becomes E-waste. In case of doubt, carry out
testing of E-waste to find out the concentration.

Step 3:

Identify possible hazardous content in E-waste
If the E-waste has hazardous content, then refer schedule 1 andschedule 2 of “The hazardous waste (Management and handling)
Rules 2003”. A comparison of thresholds of hazardous substances
followed in Europe with respect to that mentioned in Indian
regulations, which may occur in E-waste, is given at Annexure VII.

Step 4:

Identify, whether the E-waste component is hazardous or theentire E-waste item is hazardous.
The determination of hazardousness of E-waste from washingmachine, refrigerator, computer monitor and personal computer isgiven in appendix 1. The contents of these E-waste items havebeen taken from the data of globally accepted data of industry
associations.

22

It can be concluded that E-waste generated from televisions, monitors andpersonal computers is hazardous in nature as per schedule 1 and schedule 2 of“The hazardous waste (Management and handling) Rules 2003”. A comparisonof the thresholds mentioned in Indian regulations with that of thresholds followedin Europe for E-waste shows that they are stricter. It can also be inferred that Ewaste/ components, which are hazardous in nature need to be covered under thepurview of “The hazardous waste (Management and handling) Rules 2003”, The
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, The Ozone Depleting
Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

23

Figure 5.1: Approach and Methodology for assessment of hazardousness of E-waste

First Pass:
Components in

Possible Haz
Content

Assessment
Needed?

Haz Subst

Component 2

Haz Subst

Component 3

Haz Subst

Component n

Haz Subst

Hazardous substancesThresholds Look-up Table

WEEE Category Item

Component 1

Does [Haz] inComponent exceed
threshold?

Does [Haz] inE-waste exceed
threshold?
YN

E-wasteishazardou

E-wasteis nonhazardo

Y
Component ishazardou

N
Compone
nt is
non-

24

5.3

Recycling, Reuse and Recovery Options
The composition of e-waste consists of diverse items like ferrous and non ferrous
metals, glass, plastic, electronic components and other items and it is also
revealed that e-waste consists of hazardous elements. Therefore, the major
approach to treat e-waste is to reduce the concentration of these hazardous
chemicals and elements through recycle and recovery. In the process ofrecycling or recovery, certain e-waste fractions act as secondary raw material forrecovery of valuable items. The recycle and recovery includes the following unit
operations.
(i)Dismantling:
Removal of parts containing dangerous substances (CFCs, Hg switches,
PCB); removal of easily accessible parts containing valuable substances(cable containing copper, steel, iron, precious metal containing parts, e.g.
contacts).

(ii)

Segregation of ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal and plastic
This separation is normally done in a shredder process.

(iii)

Refurbishment and reuse:
Refurbishment and reuse of e-waste has potential for those used electricaland electronic equipments which can be easily refurbished to put to its
original use.

(iv)

Recycling/recovery of valuable materials
Ferrous metals in electrical are furnaces, non-ferrous metals in smelting
plants, precious metals in separating works.

(v)

Treatment/disposal of dangerous materials and waste
Shredder light fraction is disposed of in landfill sites or sometimes
incinerated (expensive), CFCs are treated thermally, PCB is incinerated or
disposed of in underground storages, Hg is often recycled or disposed ofin underground landfill sites.

The value of recovery from the elements would be much higher if
appropriate technologies are used.
5.4

Treatment & Disposal Options
The presence of hazardous elements in e-waste offers the potential of increasing
the intensity of their discharge in environment due to landfilling and incineration.
The potential treatment disposal options based on the composition are given
below:
 Landfilling Incineration

25

Landfilling
The literature review reveals that degradation processes in landfills are very
complicated and run over a wide time span. At present it is not possible toquantify environmental impacts from E-waste in landfills for the following
reasons:Landfills contain mixtures of various waste streams;
Emission of pollutants from landfills can be delayed for many years;
According to climatic conditions and technologies applied in landfills (e.g.
leachate collection and treatment, impermeable bottom layers, gascollection), data on the concentration of substances in leachate and landfill
gas from municipal waste landfill sites differs with a factor 2-3.

One of the studies on landfills reports that the environmental risks from landfillingof e-waste cannot be neglected because the conditions in a landfill site aredifferent from a native soil, particularly concerning the leaching behavior of
metals. In addition it is known that cadmium and mercury are emitted in diffuse
form or via the landfill gas combustion plant. Although the risks cannot be
quantified and traced back to e-waste, landfilling does not appear to be anenvironmentally sound treatment method for substances, which are volatile andnot biologically degradable (Cd, Hg, CFC), persistent (PCB) or with unknown
behaviour in a landfill site (brominated flame retardants). As a consequence ofthe complex material mixture in e-waste, it is not possible to exclude
environmental (long-term) risks even in secured landfilling.
Incineration
Advantage of incineration of e-waste is the reduction of waste volume and theutilization of the energy content of combustible materials. Some plants remove
iron from the slag for recycling. By incineration some environmentally hazardousorganic substances are converted into less hazardous compounds.
Disadvantage of incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping fluegas cleaning and the large amount of residues from gas cleaning andcombustion.
There is no available research study or comparable data, which indicates theimpact of e-waste emissions into the overall performance of municipal waste
incineration plants. Waste incineration plants contribute significantly to the annual
emissions of cadmium and mercury. In addition, heavy metals not emitted into
the atmosphere are transferred to slag and exhaust gas residues and can reenter the environment on disposal. Therefore, e-waste incineration will increase
these emissions, if no reduction measures like removal of heavy metals from aretaken.

26

5.5

E-waste Recycling/Treatment technologies in India
In this context, it is pertinent to assess the e-waste recycling scenario in India,
where recycling of e-waste to recover items of economic value is carried out.
The assessment of e-waste recycling sector in India indicates that e-waste tradestarts from formal dismantling sector and moves to informal recycling sector. ewaste movement from formal to informal sector is driven by trade and can betracked by trade value chain. This e-waste trade value chain can be mapped
based on material flow from formal sector to informal sector. An example of thischain mapped during “Delhi Study” given in Annexure – VIII.
This chain was identified considering bottom-up approach with three levels of ewaste generation hierarchy. The three levels of e-waste generation hierarchy
give rise to three types of stakeholders involved in e-waste trade as described
below.
1.
1st Level – Preliminary e-waste Generators.
2.
2nd Level – Secondary e-waste Generators.
3.
3rd Level – Tertiary e-waste Generators.
The input to “Preliminary e-waste Generator” comes from formal organizedmarket like manufacturers, importers, offices and organized markets, where ewaste from domestic consumers comes either in exchange schemes or as a
discarded item. Therefore, the major stakeholders are scrap dealers/ dismantlers
who purchase e-waste from the first level in bulk quantities. These stakeholders
have limited capacity of dismantling and are involved in trading of e-waste with”
Secondary e-waste Generators”. The market between first and second level issemi formal i.e. part formal, while the market between second and third level iscompletely informal. Stakeholders falling under” Secondary e-waste Generators”
have limited financial capacity and are involved in item/ component wisedismantling process and segregation ex. Dismantling of CRT, PCB, plastic andglass from e-waste. ‘Tertiary Level Stakeholders” are the major stakeholders
between second and third level and are metal extractors, plastic extractors andelectronic item extractors. They use extraction process, which are hazardous innature. The characteristics of emissions from e-waste treatment in semi formal
and informal sector in India are as follows:
1. Generation of mixed e-waste fractions along with hazardous waste after
dismantling
2. Generation of effluents during metal extraction ex. Acid bath process forcopper extraction from printed circuit board
3. Air emissions due to burning of printed circuit board
4. Inefficient secondary raw material generation
The entire e-waste treatment is being carried out in an unregulated environment,
where there is no control on emissions. There are two e-waste dismantling
facilities in formal sector in India. These facilities are M/s. Trishiraya Recycling
facilities, Chennai and M/s E-Parisara, Bangalore.
27

CHAPTER 6ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYFOR E-WASTE

6.1

Environmentally sound E-waste treatment technologies
Environmentally sound E-waste treatment technologies are used at three levels
as described below:
1.
2.
3.

1st level treatment
2nd level treatment
3rd level treatment

Analysis
All the three levels of e-waste treatment are based on material flow. The material
flows from 1st level to 3rd level treatment. Each level treatment consists of unit
operations, where e-waste is treated and out put of 1st level treatment serves as
input to 2nd level treatment. After the third level treatment, the residues aredisposed of either in TSDF or incinerated. The efficiency of operations at firstand second level determines the quantity of residues going to TSDF or
incineration. The simplified version of all the three treatments is shown in figure
6.1, while a comprehensive version detailing each stage is given at Annexure –IX. EST at each level of treatment is described in terms of input, unit operations,
output and emissions.
Input e-waste
1st level
Treatment

Disposal

2nd level
Treatment

Disposal

3rd level
Treatment

Output i.e. recoveredmaterials

28

Figure 6.1:

Simplified version of EST for e-waste

6.1.1 EST for 1st Level Treatment
Input: e-waste items like TV, refrigerator and Personal Computers (PC)
Unit Operations: There are three units operations at first level of e-waste
treatment
1.
2.
3.

Decontamination : Removal of all liquids and Gases
Dismantling -manual/mechanized breaking
Segregation

All the three unit operations are dry processes, which do not require usage ofwater.
1.

Decontamination
The first treatment step is to decontaminate e-waste and render it nonhazardous. This involves removal of all types of liquids and gases (if any)
under negative pressure, their recovery and storage.

2.

Dismantling
The decontaminated e-waste or the e-waste requiring no decontamination
are dismantled to remove the components from the used equipments. The
dismantling process could be manual or mechanized requiring adequate
safety measures to be followed in the operations.

3.

Segregation
After dismantling the components are segregated into hazardous and nonhazardous components of e-waste fractions to be sent for 3rd level
treatment.

Output:1.
2.

Segregated hazardous wastes like CFC, Hg Switches, batteries andcapacitors
Decontaminated e-waste consisting of segregated non-hazardous Ewaste like plastic, CRT, circuit board and cables

Emissions: The emissions coming out of 1st level treatment is given in table 6.1.

29

Table 6.1: Emissions from 1st level E-waste treatment
Unit Operations/ Emissions

Dismantling

SegregationAir√ (fugitive)

X

Water

X

X

Noise

√

√

Land/ Soil Contamination due tospillage√√

Generation of hazardous waste√√

6.1.2 EST for 2nd Level Treatment
Input: Decontaminated E-waste consisting segregated non hazardous e-waste
like plastic, CRT, circuit board and cables.
Unit Operations: There are three unit operations at second level of E-waste
treatment
1.

Hammering2.

Shredding

3.

Special treatment Processes comprising of(i)

CRT treatment consisting of separation of funnels and screen glass.

(ii)

Electromagnetic separation(iii) Eddy current separation(iv) Density separation using water
The two major unit operations are hammering and shredding. The major
objective of these two unit operations is size reduction. The third unit operationconsists of special treatment processes. Electromagnetic and eddy current
separation utilizes properties of different elements like electrical conductivity,
magnetic properties and density to separate ferrous, non ferrous metal andprecious metal fractions. Plastic fractions consisting of sorted plastic after 1st
level treatment, plastic mixture and plastic with flame retardants after second
level treatment, glass and lead are separated during this treatment. The
efficiency of this treatment determines the recovery rate of metal and segregatedE-waste fractions for third level treatment. The simplified version of this treatment
technology showing combination of all three unit operations is given in Figure
6.2.

30

Figure 6.2: Process flow of Non CRT based e-waste treatment
E-WastePre- comminuting for a rough liberation

Magnetic & eddy current separation offerrous and nonferrous metals
CyclonePlastic

Separation of Fe & nonFe (Cu, Al, Au, Ag andother precious metal)

Liberation of Non Ferrous Metals

Classifying for unproved separation

Subsequent comminution(Pulverization) of unliberated materials

Separation of Cu, Al, Au,
Ag and other precious
metalElectrostatic separation of metal fraction

Fractions (Cu, Al, Au,,
Ag and other precious
metal)

Dust Extraction Optional gravity or eddy
current separation of coarse metal fraction

The salient features of this treatment technology and process are given below.
1.

The proposed technology for sorting, treatment, including recycling anddisposal of E-waste is fully based on dry process using mechanicaloperations.

2.

The pre-comminuting stage includes separation of Plastic, CRT andremaining non CRT based E-waste. Equipments like hammer mill andshear shredder will be used at comminuting stage to cut and pulverize Ewaste and prepare it as a feedstock to magnetic and eddy current
separation.

3.

A heavy-duty hammer mill grinds the material to achieve separation ofinert materials and metals.

4.

After separation of metals from inert material, metal fraction consisting of
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous metals are subjected to magnetic current
separation. After separation of Ferrous containing fraction, Non-ferrous
fraction is classified into different non-metal fractions, electrostatic
separation and pulverization.

5.

The ground material is then screened and de dusted subsequently
followed by separation of valuable metal fraction using electrostatic,
gravimetric separation and eddy current separation technologies to31

recover fractions of Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), residual fractions
containing Gold (Au), Silver (Au) and other precious metals. This results
in recovery of clean metallic concentrates, which are sold for further
refining to smelters. Sometimes water may be used for separation at laststage.
6.

Electric conductivity-based separation separates materials of different
electric conductivity (or resistivity) mainly different fractions of non-ferrous
metals from E-waste. Eddy current separation technique has been usedbased on electrical conductivity for non ferrous metal separation from Ewaste. Its operability is based on the use of rare earth permanent
magnets. When a conductive particle is exposed to an alternating
magnetic field, eddy currents will be induced in that object, generating amagnetic field to oppose the magnetic field. The interactions between themagnetic field and the induced eddy currents lead to the appearance ofelectro dynamic actions upon conductive non-ferrous particles and are
responsible for the separation process.

7.

The efficacy of the recycling system is dependent on the expected yields/
output of the recycling system. The expected yields/ output from therecycling system are dependent on the optimization of separation
parameters. These parameters are given below:
Particle sizeParticle shapeFeeding rate/ RPM
Optimum operations
Figure 6.3 shows the non- ferrous metal distribution (which forms the
backbone of financial viability of recycling system) as a function of size
range for PC scrap. It can be seen that aluminum is mainly distributed in
the coarse fractions (+6.7 mm), but other metals are mainly distributed in
the fine fractions (−5 mm).

Figure 6.3: Non- Ferrous Metal Distribution Vs Size range for PC
scrap
32

Size properties are essential for choosing an effective separation
technique. Therefore, eddy current separator is best for granular nonferrous materials having size greater than 5mm. The eddy current
separation will ensure better separation of Al fraction in comparison to
fraction containing Cu, Ag and Au.
8.

Particle shape is dependent on comminuting and separation. Since
hammer mills and screens will be used in the proposed technology, thevariations are expected to be the same as that of Best Available
Technology (BAT).

9.

The feeding rate can be optimized based on the speed and width of theconveyor.

6.1.2.1

CRT treatment technology

The salient features of CRT treatment technology are given below.
1.

CRT is manually removed from plastic/ wooden casing.

2.

Picture tube is split and the funnel section is then lifted off the screen
section and the internal metal mask can be lifted to facilitate internal
phosphor coating.

3.

Internal phosphor coating is removed by using an abrasive wire brush anda strong vacuum system to clean the inside and recover the coating. The
extracted air is cleaned through an air filter system to collect the phosphor
dust.

Different types of splitting technology used are given below.


NiChrome hot wire cutting
A NiChrome wire or ribbon is wrapped round a CRT and electrically heated
for at least 30 seconds to causes a thermal differential across the
thickness of the glass. The area is then cooled (e.g. with a water-soaked
sponge) to create thermal stress which results in a crack. When this islightly tapped, the screen separates from the funnel section.



Thermal shock
The CRT tube is subjected to localized heat followed by cold air. This
creates stress at the frit line where the leaded funnel glass is joined to theunleaded panel glass and the tube comes apart.

33



Laser cutting
A laser beam is focused inside and this heats up the glass. It is immediately
followed by a cold water spray that cools the surface of the glass and causes
it to crack along the cut line.

Diamond wire method
In this method, a wire with a very small diameter, which is embedded withindustrial diamond is used to cut the glass as the CRT is passed throughthe cutting plane.

Diamond saw separation
Diamond saw separation uses either wet or dry process. Wet saw
separation involves rotating the CRT in an enclosure while one or more
saw blades cut through the CRT around its entire circumference. Coolant
is sprayed on to the surface of the saw blades as they cut. This is tocontrol temperature and prevent warping.

Water-jet separation
This technology uses a high-pressure spray of water containing abrasive,
directed at the surface to be cut. The water is focused through a single or
double nozzle-spraying configuration set at a specific distance.

6.1.3 3rd Level E-waste Treatment
The 3rd level E-waste treatment is carried out mainly to recover ferrous, nonferrous metals, plastics and other items of economic value. The major recovery
operations are focused on ferrous and non ferrous metal recovery, which is either
geographically carried out at different places or at one place in an integrated
facility. The following sections describe the unit operations, processes, available
technology and environmental implications.

6.1.3.1 Input/ Output and Unit Operations
The input, output and unit operations at 3rd level treatment are described in table
6.2.

34

Table 6.2: Input/ Output and unit operations for 3rd level treatment of e-waste
Input/WEEE Unit Operation/ Disposal/
Residues
Recycling TechniqueSorted Plastic
Recycling
Plastic Mixture
EnergyRecovery/Incineration
Plastic Mixture with FR Incineration
CRT
Breaking/ Recycling
Lead Smelting
Secondary Lead Smelter
Ferrous metal scrap
Secondarysteel/
iron
recycling
Non Ferrous metal Secondary copper andScrap
aluminum smelting
Precious Metals
Au/ Ag separation (refining)
Batteries (Lead Acid/ Lead recovery and smelting
NiMH and Li ION)
Remelting and separation
CFC
Recovery/Reuse
andIncineration
Oil
Recovery/Reuse
andIncineration
Capacitors
Incineration
Mercury
Separation and Distillation

Output
Plastic Product
Energy Recovery
Energy Recovery
Glass Cullet
Lead
Iron
Copper/ Aluminum
Gold/ Silver/ Platinum
and Palladium
Lead
CFC/
EnergyrecoveryOil recovery/ energy
Energy recovery
Mercury

The description of some of the 3rd level WEEE/ E-waste processes are described below.
6.1.3.2 Plastic Recycling
There are three different types of plastic recycling options i.e. chemical
recycling, mechanical recycling and thermal recycling. All the three processes
are shown in figure 6.3. In chemical recycling process, waste plastics are usedas raw materials for petrochemical processes or as reductant in a metalsmelter. In mechanical recycling process, shredding and identification process
is used to make new plastic product. In thermal recycling process, plastics areused as alternative fuel.
The two major types of plastic resins, which are used in electronics, are“thermosets” and “thermoplastics”. Thermosets are shredded and recycled
because they cannot be re-melted and formed into new products, whilethermoplastics can be re-melted and formed into new products.

35

6.1.3.3 Mechanical Recycling Process
Mechanical recycling process is shown in figure 6.4.
The first step is sorting process, where contaminated plastics such as
laminated and/ or painted plastics are removed. The methods, which may be
used for sorting, are grinding, cryogenic method, abrasion/ abrasive technique,solvent stripping method and high temperature aqueous based paint removal
method. Any of the method is used for removal of paints and coating fromwaste plastics.
Figure 6.4:

Recycling options for managing plastics from end-of-lifeelectronics

Mixed plastics

Chemical recycling

Mechanical recycling

Thermal recycling

Refinery or metalsmelter

Shredding,identificationand separation

Power generator or
cement kiln

New raw materials

Pelletized and new
products

Alternative fuelShear-shredder and hammer mills are generally used for size reduction andliberation of metals (coarse fraction) followed by granulation and milling for
further size reduction. Granulators use a fixed screen or grate to control
particle size, while hammer mills allow particles between hammers and thewalls to exit the mills.
Magnetic separators are used for ferrous metals separation, while eddy current
separators are used for non ferrous metals separation. Air separation system
is used to separate light fractions such as paper, labels and films. Resin
identification can be carried out by using a number of techniques liketurboelectric separator, high speed accelerator and X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy.
In hydro cyclones separation technique, plastic fractions are separated using
density separation technique, which is made more effective by enhancing
material wettability. In turboelectric separation technique, plastic resins are36

separated on the basis of surface charge transfer phenomena. Different plastic
resins are mixed and contact one another in a rotating drum to allow charging.
Negatively charged particles are pulled towards the positive electrode andpositively charged particles are pulled towards negative electrode. This
technique has been found to be most effective for materials with a particle size
between 2-4 mm. In high accelerator separation technique, a high speed
accelerator is used to de-laminate shredded plastic waste, which is further
separated by air classification, sieve and electrostatics. X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy is effective in identifying heavy metals as well as flameretardants.
After identification and sorting of different resins, they are extruded andpalletized.
Figure 6.5: Representative process flow diagram for the mechanicalrecycling of post consumer plastics
Sorting
Shredder(Size reduction)

Metals, fluff, fines

Magnetic separation

Ferrous metals

Eddy current separation

Air separation

Nonferrous metals

Labels, films

Resin identification

Extrusion

Pelletizing

6.1.3.4 Chemical Recycling Process
Chemical recycling process is shown in figure 6.6. This process wasdeveloped by the Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe (APME). The
different steps in this process are given below.

37

Figure 6.6: De-polymerization of plastics and conversion processes
Mixedplastics

Depolymerization< 400 0c
MetalsHCL
Condensation

H2

Hydrogenation 1(liquid phase)< 100 bar<450 0C

Hydrogenation
bitumenHydrogenation 2(Gas phase)
Synerudeoil

Gas

Petrochemical
processes

1.

Mixed plastic waste is first de-polymerized at about 350-400°C anddehalogenated (Br and Cl). This step also includes removal of metals.

2.

In hydrogenation unit 1, the remaining polymer chains from depolymerized
unit are cracked at temperatures between 350-400° C and hydrogenatedat pressure greater than 100 bar. After hydrogenation, the liquid productis subjected to distillation and left over inert material is collected in thebottom of distillation column as residue, hydrogenation bitumen.

3.

In hydrogenation unit 2, high quality products like off gas and sync rude
are obtained by hydro-treatment, which are sent to petrochemical
process.

6.1.3.5 Thermal Recycling Process
In thermal recycling process, plastics are used as fuel for energy recovery.
Since plastics have high calorific value, which is equivalent to or greaterthan coal, they can be combusted to produce heat energy in cement kilns.
APME has found thermal recycling of plastic as the most environmentallysound option for managing WEEE/ E-waste plastic fraction.

38

(i)

Metals Recycling
Metals recycling have been described below in terms of lead
recycling, copper recycling and precious metals recycling. Aftersorting of metal fractions at 2nd level e-waste treatment, they aresent to metal recovery facilities. These metal recovery facilities use
the following processes to recover metals.

(ii)

Lead Recovery
Reverberatory furnace and blast furnace are used to recover leadfrom e-waste fraction. The process is shown in figure 6.7 andinvolves the following steps.

Figure 6.7: Processes flow for secondary lead recovery
Pretreatment

Reductant

Soft Pb(99.98% Pb)

Reductant

Reverberatory
furnace

SlagBlast furnace

Hard Pb

75-85%
Pb
Relining

1.

A reverberatory furnace is charged with lead containing materials
and reductants. In this furnace, the reduction of lead compounds iscarried out to produce lead bullion and slag. Lead bullion is 99.9%
while slag contains 60-70% wt. % lead and a soft (pure) leadproduct. The following reactions occur in the reverberatory furnace.

39

PbO + C

Pb +CO

2 Sb + 3PbO

3 Pb +Sb2O3

2 As + 3PbO

3 Pb +As2O3

Sn + 2PbO

2Pb + SnO2

2.

Slag in reverberatory furnace is continuously tapped onto a slag
caster. It consists of a thin, fluid layer on top of the heavier leadlayer in the furnace.

3.

Lead bullion is tapped from the furnace when the metal level builds
up to a height that only small amounts of lead appear in the slag.

4.

Lead is recovered from the slag by charging it in blast furnace
along with other lead containing materials and fluxing agents likeiron and limestone.

5.

Hard lead is recovered from the blast furnace, which contains 75-85
wt. % Pb and 15-25 wt. % Sb. Slag contains 1-3% lead. Slagcontains CaO, SiO2 and FeO.

6.

Flue gas emissions from reverberatory furnace are collected by baghouse and feedback into the furnace to recover lead. Slag fromblast furnace is disposed of in hazardous waste landfill sites.

(iii)

Copper Recycling
The copper recycling process is shown in figure 6.8. It involves thefollowing steps.
1.

2.

E-waste fraction containing Cu is fed into a blast furnace,
which are reduced by scrap iron and plastics to produce“black copper”. Black copper contains 70-85 wt. % copper.
The following reactions occur in blast furnace. Sn, Pb and Zn
are also reduced as gas fumes.
Fe + Cu2O

FeO + 2Cu

2Zn + C

2 Zn (g) +CO2

The black copper is fed into converter and oxidized using air
or enriched oxygen to produce blister copper having 95 wt.

40

% purity. Sn, Pb and Zn are removed, while Fe is removed
as slag.
3.

Blister copper and scrap Cu are melted and reduced by cokeor wood or waste plastic in anode furnace. Other less noble
metal are oxidized and removed from blister copper. Sulfur isalso removed from the anode furnace. The following
reduction reaction occurs in the anode furnace.
2CuO + C

2 Cu + CO2

4.

Recovered anode copper is further purified in electrolytic
process where it is dissolved in H2SO4 electrolyte with otherelements such as Ni, Zn and Fe. The pure copper 99.99 wt.
%) is deposited on the cathodes.

5.

The by-products of copper recovery process and slag arereused for roof shingles, sand blasting and ballasts forrailroads. The anode slime from electrolytic process is used
for precious metal recovery. The entire secondary recovery
of Cu uses only one-sixth of the energy that would be
required to produce Cu from ore.

Figure 6.8: Process flow for secondary copper recovery
Pretreatment

Low grade scrap (10-40 wt% Cu)

Blast furnace

ReductantBlack Cu: 70 – 85 wt% Cu
Converter
Blister Cu: 95 wt% Cu
ReductantAnode Furnace

Anode Cu: - 98.5 wt% Cu
Electrolytic Refinery

Precious Metals

Cathode Cu: 99.99 wt% Cu

41

(iv)

Precious Metals Recovery
The precious metals recovery process is shown in figure 6.9. The
anode slime from copper electrolytic process is used for precious
metal recovery. The process involves the following steps.
1.
2.

Anode slime is leached by pressure.
The leached residue is then dried and, after the addition offluxes, smelted in a precious metals furnace. Selenium isrecovered during smelting.

3.

The remaining material from smelter is caste into anode andundergoes electrolysis to form high-purity silver cathode andanode gold slime.

4.

The anode gold slime is further leached and high purity gold,
palladium and platinum sludge are recovered.

Figure 6.9: Precious metals recovery process
Copper anode
slime
Leach

SmelterSilver electrolytic
refining
Silver

Anode
slime

Gold,
Platinum,
Palladium6.2

Environmental Impacts of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd level e-waste treatment system
In order to assess environmental impacts of e-waste treatment, an example ofenvironmental impacts of entire Swiss take back and recycling system has been
described by comparing it with a baseline system. Swiss take back recycling
system included take back, collection, sorting, transportation, dismantling andsecondary material processing steps. The baseline system included e-waste
disposal by incineration in municipal waste incineration plant (MSWI) and primary
production of raw material. The impacts have been assessed with respect to42

environmental attributes like acidification, climate change, eutrophication,
photochemical oxidation, ozone and resources depletion. A comparison between
the two scenarios has been given at Annexure - X. The environmental impact of
the e-waste recycling system is shown with dark bars on the positive side, while
the avoided primary production is shown as bright bars on the negative side of
the x-axis. In the first row, the value on the negative side represents theincineration of the complete e-waste in an MSWI plant. In the very last row, thebars are on the reverse side since these bars represent the substitute energy
generated by the incineration of organic materials in either of the two systems. It
can be inferred that the sum of the burden produced (dark bars) is much lower
than the burden avoided (bright bars). The various impact categories are
dominated by the primary production of steel and precious metals.
6.3

Technology Currently Used in India
For non CRT E-waste, the two E-waste treatment facilities in India use thefollowing technologies.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Dismantling
Pulverization/ Hammering
ShreddingDensity separation using water

The CRT treatment technology as used by CRT manufacturer in India fordiscarded CRT’s, is shown in Figure 6.10.

Figure 6.10: CRT Treatment Options used in India

However, both the E-waste treatment facilities at Chennai and Bangalore use
thermal shock splitting technology along with abrasive wire brush and vacuum
system for CRT treatment. There is no interaction with water or acid for CRT
treatment in both the facilities.
Output: The output from the 2nd level treatment technology is given below:

43

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ferrous metal scrap (secondary raw material)
Non ferrous metal scrap mainly copper and aluminum
Precious metal scrap mainly silver, gold, palladium
Plastic consisting of sorted plastic, plastic with flame retardants andplastic mixture
Glass fraction (secondary raw material)
Lead (Secondary raw material)

Emissions: The emissions coming out of 2nd level treatment is given in table 6.3.
Table 6.3: Emissions from 2nd level E-waste treatment
Unit
Operations/
Emissions

DismantlingShreddingAir√ (fugitive)√(fugitive)

X
√
√

X
√
√

Special Treatment Process
CR Electro
Eddy
DensityTmagneti Current
c
X
√
√
X
(fugitive) (fugitive
)
√
X
X
√
√
√
X
√
√
√
√

√

√

√

Water
Noise
Land/ Soil
Contamination
due to spillage
Generation of
hazardous
waste

X

X

X

The salient features of internationally acceptable for Guidelines for Collection,
Refurbishment, Transboundary Movement, Recovery and Recycling of End of Life
MobilePhonesareavailable
at
web
site
i.e.
http://www.basel.int/industry/mppiwp/guid-info/index.html
6.4

Best Available Technology
Best available technologies (BAT) have been described by highlighting theexisting e-waste treatment process in Switzerland (Europe) and Japan. The
salient features of these technologies are given below.
1.

The process combines manual and machine procedures.

2.

The e-waste is at first cut, crushed and finally sorted into discreet productstreams. These streams consist of scrap iron, non-ferrous metal fractions,
PC and TV casing components (consisting of wood and plastics),
granulates of mixed plastics, cathode ray tubes, printed circuit boards,

44

copper cables, components containing organic pollutants such asbatteries and condensers, and fine particulates (dust).
3.

The machine processes include breaking of / crushing the equipment in ahammer mill. Further, the crushed material is separated according todensity, granulate size and magnetic properties, and multiple
pulverizations by milling using magnetic and eddy current separation
systems.

The analysis of the best available technology shows that the process uses a
combination of magnetic and electric conductivity based separation. The
research publications sites that magnetic separators, in particular, low-intensity
drum separators are widely used for the recovery of ferromagnetic metals fromnon-ferrous metals and other non-magnetic wastes. Over the past decade, there
have been many advances in the design and operation of high-intensity magnetic
separators, mainly as a result of the introduction of rare earth alloy permanent
magnets capable of providing very high field strengths and gradients. Literature
cites that magnetic separation leads to recovery of about 90% to 95% of ferrous
metal from E-waste. Currently, eddy current separators are almost exclusively
used for waste reclamation where they are particularly suited to handling therelatively coarse sized feeds of size > 5 mm. However, recent developments
show that eddy current separation process has been designed to separate small
particles. It has been reported that eddy current separation leads to more than 90% recovery of non-ferrous metals from the E-waste.
6.5

Available Operating Facilities
Available facilities in the world, which are being used for recovery of ferrous andnon-ferrous metals have been described in terms of geographically distributed
facilities and integrated facilities.
An example of geographically distributed 3rd level E-waste treatment facility has
been described by an environmentally complying operation of such facility inNorth America. The salient features of this operation are given below.
1.
Approximately 50% of the output from recycling plants is shipped copper
smelter and the balance (mainly steel and aluminum) is shipped to its
approved facilities for smelting and refining.
2.

The recycler has two plants; one focused on sampling and preparation ofcopper and precious metals from E-waste fractions, which is sent for final
recovery at the smelter/refinery.

3.

At the sampling facility circuit boards and other E-waste residues after
second level of treatment are prepared for smelting, sampled and assayedfor precious metal content.

45

4.

The assayed material is then sent to copper smelter. Precious metals arerecovered at the copper smelter through three stages of refinement; thereactor, the converters, and the anode furnaces, which produce 99.1% purecopper.

5.

Precious metals are recovered at other facility, where precious metals andcopper alloyed in the anode product are leached, smelted and refined
through electrolysis to separate copper from precious metals.

Example of an integrated 3rd level E-waste treatment facility has been describedby an environmentally complying operation of such facility in Europe. The specificprocess followed by the recycler is given at Annexure – XI.

46

Chapter 7
GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF INTEGRATED E-WASTE RECYCLING &TREATMENT FACILITY
Guidelines for establishment of E-waste Recycling & Treatment Facility shall be in linewith the existing Guidelines/best practices/requirements in India for establishing andoperating “Recycling and Treatment and Disposal Facilities” for hazardous wastes.
Such facilities shall be set up in the organized sector. However, the activities presently
operating in the informal sector need to be upgraded to provide a support system for the
integrated facility. This would enable to bring the non-formal sector in the main streamof the activity and facilitate to ensure environmental compliances. The proposedmechanism for the e-waste facility is only an illustrative model and details have to beworked out to develop such facilities.
7.1

Facility Operation Requirements






Collection
Storage
Dismantling & Segregation
Recycling
Treatment & Disposal

7.1.1 Collection Systems for e-waste
A producer is responsible for his products he may be involved in theestablishment of the take back system for end of use electronic and electricalequipments. The producer responsibility could be either Individual or collective.
Individual model requires each producer to be responsible for managing the ewaste generated by their products. The producer shall announce a take backsystem. The individual producers can have direct contact with dismantlers or
recyclers which allows them to get back the re-usable components from theirobsolete equipments. The producers can also get the data from the collector/
dismantler/recycler about the specific composition and characteristics of the
products. In the case of collective producer responsibility the producer would
enter into a contractual agreements with a collection agency which would be
responsible for collection of the waste from the generator. The producers throughthe collection agency have to pay a fixed price for their products to the generator,
as in the collective responsibility model. The take back system may provide freecollection or provide discount on purchase of new items. This facilitates inestablishing a feasible and effective collection system to enable thechannelization of the e-waste to appropriate recycling facilities and increasing reuse of certain components. The economic rationale behind is to facilitate thetransfer of the benefits to the consumers enabling them to get better price on thesale of used equipments.

47

7.1.2 Storage areas(1)

The storage areas for string the e-waste in a facility can be located within
the facility - on-site storage or located at a place outside the facility - offsite storage including the ware houses. Such storage areas should becovered areas for storage of e-waste till such time that the waste isrecycled or treated. The storages could also be the warehouses hired forthis purpose.

(2)

Appropriate containers should be used for storing different e-waste items
separately and there should be no mixing of different kinds of e-waste(3)

The purpose of the weatherproof covering for storage at treatment sites is
to minimize the contamination of clean surface and rain waters, to facilitate
the reuse of those whole appliances and components intended for recycling
and to assist in the containment of hazardous materials and fluids. The
areas that are likely to require weatherproof covering will therefore include
the storage areas and the treatment areas for the treating hazardous or
fluid containing e-waste or whole appliances or components intended forrecycling. The type of weatherproof covering required will depend of thetypes and quantities of waste and the storage and treatment activities
undertaken. Weatherproof covering may in some circumstances simply
involve a lid or cover over a container but in others it may involve theconstruction of a roofed building.

(4)

Impermeable surfaces should be provide for appropriate areas.
“Impermeable surface” means a surface or pavement constructed andmaintained to a standard sufficient to prevent the transmission of liquids
beyond the pavement surface. The impermeable surface should be
associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where
weatherproof covering is used. This means a drainage system withimpermeable components which does not leak and which will ensure thatno liquid will run off the pavement other than via the system and all liquids
entering the system are collected in a sealed sump.

(5) Appropriate spillage collection facilities should be provided. The spillage
collection facilities include the impermeable pavement and sealed drainage
system as the primary means of containment. However, spill kits to deal
with spillages of oils, fuel and acids should be provided and used as
appropriate.
(6)

Appropriate sites must provide appropriate storage for disassembled spareparts. Some spare parts (e.g. motors and compressors) will contain oil
and/or other fluids. Such parts must be appropriately segregated and stored
in containers that are secured such that oil and other fluids cannot escapefrom them. These containers must be stored on an area with an48

impermeable surface and a sealed drainage system.
(7)

Other components and residues arising from the treatment of e-waste willneed to be contained following their removal for disposal or recovery.
Where they contain hazardous substances they should be stored onimpermeable surfaces and in appropriate containers or bays withweatherproof covering. Containers should be clearly labeled to identify theircontents and must be secure so that liquids, including rainwater, cannot
enter them. Components should be segregated having regard to theireventual destinations and the compatibility of the component types. All
batteries should be handled and stored having regard to the potential firerisk associated with them.

7.1.3 Dismantling & Segregation of dismantled parts(1)

Dismantling and segregation of e-waste are the first steps towards recyclingof the e-waste. These are cost effective and labour intensive activities thatare mostly carried out in the informal sector which needs to be brought into
the mainstream recycling activity. Such activities may be retained with theexisting dismantling units to become a feeder system for the Integrated
Facility or provisions could be made in the integrated facility for setting up ashed for dismantling and segregation.

(2) Dismantling of e-waste may be carried out manually or mechanicallydepending upon the scale of operations and the e-waste being handled.
Manual Dismantling should only involve the of used electronic and electricalequipments where there is no likelihood for being in contact with hazardous
substances. An integrated facility should provide a mechanical dismantling
facility to dismantle e-waste containing hazardous substances.
7.1.4 Recycling(1)

Recycling of e-waste comprises of various stages with options oftechnologies available for recycling the various components of e-waste
which may be referred to in Chapters 5 & 6.

(2)

The integrated e-waste recycling facility should opt for the Best Available
Technologies (BAT) and provide the state of the art facility complying withall the environmental norms in the terms of emissions, effluents, noise
waste treatment and disposal etc.

7.1.5 Treatment & Disposal(1)

Provisions should be made of equipment for the treatment of water,
including rainwater, in compliance with health and environmental
regulations. However, it should be remembered that as a matter of best49

practice, operators of treatment facilities should take appropriate steps tominimize the contamination of clean waters. All liquid runoff from animpermeable pavement used for the treatment of hazardous e-waste andhazardous components will be regarded as being contaminated, unless it
can be shown otherwise (irrespective of whether there happens to be any
activity on the pavement at the time.)(2)

On most sites, two systems for the management of water will be necessary,for clean water and for contaminated water. Clean water can be dealt withby surface water drains that should carry only uncontaminated water fromroofs to a watercourse or soak away. The treatment of contaminated water
to the necessary standard will require a sealed drainage system, as defined
above. It may be necessary to obtain consent if water is to be discharged.

(3)

Impermeable surfaces should be provide for appropriate areas.
“Impermeable surface” means a surface or pavement constructed andmaintained to a standard sufficient to prevent the transmission of liquids
beyond the pavement surface. The impermeable surface should be
associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where
weatherproof covering is used. This means a drainage system withimpermeable components which does not leak and which will ensure thatno liquid will run off the pavement other than via the system and all liquids
entering the system are collected in a sealed sump.

(4)

The activity of treating e-waste itself carries a risk of pollution that must be
managed. All treatment activities must take place within an area provided
with an impermeable surface. The type of impermeable surface required islikely to depend on a number of factors, including:type and quantity of e-waste being processed
whether it contains hazardous substances and fluidstype and volume of other materials dealt withtype and level of activity undertaken on the surfacelength of time the surface is meant to be in servicelevel of maintenance
Whether a surface is in fact impermeable will depend on how it isconstructed and the use it is put to. A surface will not be impermeable andtherefore will be unacceptable if, it has slabs or paving not properly joinedor sealed,It is composed solely of hard standing made up of crushed or
broken bricks or other types of aggregate and spillages or surface water will
not be contained within the system.

(5)

Spillage collection facilities include the impermeable pavement and sealed
drainage system as the primary means of containment. However, spill kits
to deal with spillages of oils, fuel and acids should be provided and used as
appropriate.

50

7.2

(6)

Records to be maintained on the treated waste to ensure that e-waste
entering a treatment facility and components and materials leaving eachsite (together with their destinations).

(7)

Operators of treatment facilities need to be aware that there will be a datareporting requirement placed on them. The emphasis will be on obligatedproducers to report compliance, and in this context they should engage
ATFs that provide treatment compliance services to ensure they can showadequate verification of treatment for the e-waste for which they have
responsibility.

Procedures for Setting-up & Management of integrated e-waste facility.
For any processing and recycling facilities that receive designated materials, it
must be ensured that:
1. Facilities are fully licensed by all appropriate governing authorities. The
degree of licensing necessary will vary depending upon the particularjurisdiction, as well as the size and nature of the facility.
2. Necessary Environmental Clearances (EC) should be obtained based on thescale of operations as prescribed in the Environmental Clearance notification
dated 14 September 2006.
3. Facilities should have an Environmental Management System (EMS) in place.
4. Facility should be registered as a Recycler under the Hazardous Wastes(Management and Handling) Rules 2003 with the Central Pollution Control
Board.
5. Facility should have obtained consents under the Water Pollution (Control &Prevention) Act, 1974 and Air Pollution (Control & Prevention) Act, 1981.
6. A facility has a written plan describing the facility’s risk management
objectives for environmental performance and compliance and its plans for
attaining these objectives based on a “plan-do-check-act” continual
improvement model.
7. Regular re-evaluation of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) objectives
and monitoring of progress toward achievement of these objectives isconducted and documented at all facilities.
8. Facilities take sufficient measures to safeguard occupational andenvironmental health and safety. Such measures may be indicated by local,
state, national and international regulations, agreements, principles and51

standards, as well as by industry standards and Guidelines. Except as noted
below, such measures for all facilities include:

EH&S training of personnel.

An up-to-date, written hazardous materials identification and management
plan that specifically addresses at least the following: lead, mercury,
beryllium, cadmium, batteries, toner, phosphor compounds, PCBs, andbrominated flame retardants and other halogenated materials, withparticular focus on possible generation of by-product dioxins and furans.



Where materials are shredded or heated, appropriate measures to protect
workers, the general public and the environment from hazardous dusts
and emissions. Such measures include adaptations in equipment design
or operational practices, air flow controls, personal protective devices forworkers, pollution control equipment or a combination of these measures.

An up-to-date, written plan for reporting and responding to exceptional
pollutant releases, including emergencies such as accidents, spills, fires,and explosions.

Liability insurance
emergencies.

Completion of an EH&S audit, preferably by a recognized independent
auditor, on an annual basis. However, for small businesses, greater
flexibility may be needed, and an audit every three years may beappropriate.

forpollutantreleases,

accidents

and

other

9. Facilities have a regularly-implemented and documented monitoring andrecordkeeping program that tracks key process parameters, compliance with
relevant safety procedures, effluents and emissions, and incoming, stored
and outgoing materials and wastes.
10. Facilities have an adequate plan for closure. The need for closure plans andfinancial guarantees is determined by applicable laws and regulations, taking
into consideration the level of risk. Closure plans should be updated
periodically, and financial guarantees should ensure that the necessary
measures are undertaken upon definite cessation of activities to prevent any
environmental damage and return the site of operation to a satisfactory state,
as required by the applicable laws and regulations.
7.3

Procedures for compliance with the existing regulations and Guidelines

1.

Existing Indian Guidelines/ best practices/ requirements for establishment andoperation of storage, treatment, and disposal facilities for hazardous wastes may
be adequate for establishing and operating Integrated E-waste Management52

Facility (IEWMF). This will minimize interventions in existing regulatory
institutional mechanism related to pollution prevention, abatement and control.
2.

Permission needs to be given to Secured Landfilling and incineration solely for ewaste Residues Treatment

3.

Plastic containing flame retardants can be burnt in common hazardous waste
incineration facilities. But monitoring and control of plastic burning at thesefacilities is a big environmental health and safety issue. Therefore, plastic, whichcannot be recycled and is hazardous in nature is recommended to be landfilled
in nearby TSDF/SLF.

4.

CFCs shall be handled as per the Montreal Protocol.
(The provisions for disposal of CFCs laid out in the Montreal Protocol areavailable at the UNEP website i.e. http://www.unep.org/ozone/montreal.
The Handbook for Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone
layer Seventh Edition (2006) is available on web site i.e.
http://www.unep.ch/ozone/index.shtml )5.

Used Oil needs to be disposed out as per Hazardous Waste Management Rules,
2003.
(The provisions of rules for disposal of used oil is available at CPCB’s web
site i.e. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Hazardous%20Waste/default_Hazardous_
Waste.html)

6.

Capacitors containing PCB’s can be incinerated in common hazardous waste
incineration facilities.

7.

Existing Lead recycling facilities from batteries fall under the existing
environmental regulations for air, water, noise, land and soil pollution andgeneration of hazardous waste. In case lead recovery is very low, they can be
temporarily stored at e-waste dismantling facility and later disposed in TSDF.
(The provisions of rules for disposal of lead acid battery plates is available
at CPCB’s web site i.e. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Hazardous%20Waste/default_Hazardous_Waste.html)

8.

Mercury recovery facilities using distillation process in India fall under the
existing environmental regulations for air, water, noise, land and soil pollution
and generation of hazardous waste. In case mercury recovery from e-waste isvery low, they can be temporarily stored at e-waste dismantling facility and later
disposed in TSDF.

9.

There is a need for collection and transportation system for e-waste. This will
also ensure availability of e-waste to IEWMF. An organization consisting ofindustries or industry association at national and local level can be maderesponsible for collection and transportation of e-waste. Such type oforganizations is functional in e-waste management system outside India. They
act as important link between e-waste generator and dismantler. But in the53

absence of such organization, the e-waste treatment facility operator will
integrate backward with generators, which will have higher cost implications.
General Suggestions
1.

The land for e-waste treatment facility shall be provided on the similar lines as for
the TSDF facility by the State Government.

2.

Land cost constitutes about 25% to 30% of total capital cost, which is verysignificant. This cost can be reduced if respective state government provides
long term lease as its contribution to an operator. Further, if the available land is
not suitable as per commercial or from environmental point of view, the state
government should provide some financial incentive like difference in commercial
rate and government rate. This will catalyze and speed up establishment of
IEWMF.

3.

CRT breaking and glass recycling is being practiced in organized sector in India.
These facilities fall under the purview of existing environmental regulations for
air, water, noise, land and soil pollution and generation of hazardous waste.
Lead either joins the recycling stream or can be disposed off in TSDF facility.

4.

Existing ferrous and non ferrous metal recycling facilities fall under the purview ofexisting environmental regulations for air, water, noise, land and soil pollution
and generation of hazardous waste.

5.

The equipment used in dismantling facility is recommended to be covered underpollution control equipment so that the treatment facility can charge 100%
depreciation in the first year. This will improve financial viability of the e-waste
facility.

6.

The complete recycling of e-waste including the Metal Recovery should bepromoted for setting-up of IEWMF.

7.

Concept of Extended Producer Responsibility can be thought off in the IndianContext.

54

Annexure - I
International Scenario
Basel Convention
Basel Convention covers all discarded/disposed materials that possess hazardous
characteristics as well as all wastes considered hazardous on a national basis. Annex
VIII, refers to e-waste, which is considered hazardous under Art. 1, par. 1(a) of theConvention: A1180 Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap containing
components such as accumulators and other batteries included on list A, mercuryswitches, glass from cathode-rat tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors,
or contaminated with Annex I constituents (e.g., cadmium, mercury, lead,polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent that they possess any of the characteristics
contained in Annex III. Annex IX, contains the mirror entry, B1110 Electrical andElectronic assemblies given below.
•

Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys•

Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap (including printed circuit boards)
not containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on
List A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-ray tubes and other activated glass
and PCB-capacitors, or not contaminated with Annex 1.

OECD
OECD (2001)
WEEE / E-waste have been defined as “any appliance using an electric power supply
that has reached its end-of-life.”
Other Countries
European Union (EU)Definition as per EU directive has been described below. Countries, which havetransposed this definition into their national legislations are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
WEEE Directive (EU, 2002a)“Electrical or electronic equipment which is waste including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the product at the time of discarding.”
Directive 75/442/EEC, Article 1(a) defines “waste” as “any substance or object which55the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of pursuant to the provisions of nationallaw in force.”(a) ‘electrical and electronic equipment’ or ‘EEE’ means equipment which is dependent
on electrical currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and equipment
for the generation, transfer and measurement of such current and fields falling under the
categories set out in Annex IA to Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE) and designed for use
with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000 volts for alternating current and 1500 volts for
direct current.
Further EU Directives 2002/95/EC of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use ofcertain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipments has also comeinto force w.e.f January 2007. These directives provide for the reduction and eliminationof hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic equipments.
Categories of WEEE covered under these directives are as follows :WEEE Directive (EU, 2002a)
Annex IA
Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered by this Directive
1. Large household appliances
2. Small household appliances
3. It and telecommunications equipment
4. Consumer equipment
5. Lighting equipment
6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary
industrial tools)
7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment
8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)
9. Monitoring and control instruments
10. Automatic dispensers
Annex IB
List of products, which fall under the categories of Annex IA are given below.
1. Large household appliances
Large cooling appliances
Refrigerators
Freezers
Other large appliances used for refrigeration, conservation and storage of foodWashing machines56

Clothes dryers
Dish washing machines
Cooking
Electric hot plates
Microwaves
Other large appliances used for cooking and other processing of foodElectric heating appliances
Electric radiators
Other fanning, exhaust ventilation and conditioning equipment
2. Small household appliances
Vacuum cleaners
Carpet sweepers
Other appliances for cleaning
Appliances used for sewing, knitting, weaving and other processing for textiles
Iron and other appliances for ironing, mangling and other care of clothing
Toasters
FryersGrinders, coffee machines and equipment for opening or sealing containers or
packages
Electric knives
Appliances for hair-cutting, hair drying, tooth brushing, shaving, massage and otherbody care appliances
Clocks, watches and equipment for the purpose of measuring indicating or
registering time Scales.
3. IT and Telecommunications equipment
Centralised data processing
Mainframes
Minicomputers
Printer units
Personal computing:
Personal computers (CPU, mouse, screen and keyboard included)
Laptop computer (CPU, mouse, screen and keyboard included)
Notebook computers
Notepad computers
Printers
Copying equipment
Electrical and electronic typewriters
Pocket and desk calculators
And other products and equipment for the collection, storage, processing,presentation or communication of information by electronic means
User terminals and systems
Facsimile

57

Telex
Telephones
Pay telephones
Cordless telephones
Cellular telephones
Answering systems
And other products or equipment of transmitting sound, images or other information
by telecommunications
4. Consumer equipment
Radio sets
Television sets
Video cameras
Video recorders
Hi-fi recorders
Audio amplifiersMusical instruments
And other products or equipment for the purpose of recording or reproducing soundor image, including signals or other technologies for the distribution of sound andimage than by telecommunications
5. Lighting equipment
Luminaries for fluorescent lamps with the exception of luminaries in households
Straight fluorescent lamps
Compact fluorescent lamps
High intensity discharge lamps, including pressure sodium lamps and metal lamps
Low pressure sodium lamps
Other lighting or equipment for the purpose of spreading or controlling light with the
exception of filament bulbs
6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception large-scale stationary industrial
tools)
Drills
Saws
Sewing machines
Equipment for turning, milling, sanding, grinding, sawing, cutting, shearing, drilling,making, holes, punching, folding, bending or similar processing of wood, metal andother materials
Tools for riveting, nailing or screwing or removing rivets, nails, screws or similar uses
Tools for welding, soldering or similar use
Equipment for spraying, spreading, dispersing or other treatment of liquid or
gaseous substances by other means Tools for mowing or other gardening activities

58

7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment
Electric trains or car racing sets
Hand-held video game consoles
Video games
Computers for biking, diving, running, rowing, etc.
Sports equipment with electric or electronic components
Coin slot machines
8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)
Radiotherapy equipment
Cardiology
Dialysis
Pulmonary ventilators
Nuclear medicine
Laboratory equipment for in-vitro diagnosis
Analysers
Freezers
Fertilization tests
Other appliances for detecting, preventing, monitoring, treating, alleviating illness,injury or disability
9. Monitoring and control instruments
Smoke detector
Heating regulators
Thermostats
Measuring, weighing or adjusting appliances for household or as laboratory
equipment
Other monitoring and control instruments used in industrial installations (e.g. incontrol panels)
10. Automatic dispensers
Automatic dispensers for hot drinks
Automatic dispensers for hot or cold bottles or cans
Automatic dispensers for solid products
Automatic dispensers for money
All appliances which deliver automatically all kind of products
CanadaCanada’s WEEE/ E-waste regulations are in the process of being developed atprovincial level. Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia
have WEEE/ E-waste regulations in lace.

59

The details of the regulations of each province are as follows:
E-waste definition in Canada
Canada’s WEEE/ E-waste regulations are in the process of being developed atprovincial level. Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia
have WEEE/ E-waste regulations in lace. The WEEE/ E-waste definitions or statements
as per these regulations are given below.
AlbertaElectronics Designation Regulation A.R.94/2004 published on May 12, 2004 enforced
from October 1, 2004 as Appendix to Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
defines “Electronics” as all electrical and electronic equipment or devices, whether
intended for consumers, industrial or commercial use, and includes, without limitation,










Television
Computers, laptops and notebooks, including CPUs, keyboards, mouse, cables andother components in the computer
Computer monitors
Computer printers, including printers that have scanning or fax capabilities, or both
Scanners
Audio and video playback and recording systems
Telephones and fax machines
Cell phones or other wireless devices andElectronic game equipment, but does not include electronics contained within andaffixed to a motor vehicle

Electronics has been defined as designated material for the purpose of Part 9, Division
1 of the Act and the “Designated Material Recycling and Management Regulation”. The
term used instead of WEEE/E-waste is “Disposal of Electronics” under this regulation.
British Columbia
Schedule 3,”Electronic Product Category” was included in “British Columbia Recycling
Regulation” dated October 7, 2004 as amended on February 16, 2006. The electronic
product category consists of “Computers” that are designed for desktop use by anindividual, for desktop use as a server or to be portable, except hand held devices,“Desktop Printers” and “Televisions”. The electronic product category does not include
computers and televisions that are part of or attached to vehicles, marine vessels orcommercial or industrial equipment.
Computers include a computer monitor and computer peripheral. Computer peripheralmeans a keyboard, mouse or cable that attaches or is attached to a computer. Desktop
printer means a printer that will print on paper not exceeding 8.5 inches in width but

60does not include a label printer.
“British Columbia Stewardship Plan for End-of-Life Electronics”, a plan formulated in
response to the above regulation defines WEEE/ E-waste as “End of Life” electronics
where electronics means the electronic product category mentioned above.
Nova Scotia“Solid Waste-Resource Management Regulations” made under Section 102 of theEnvironment Act as amended on February 22,2007 mentions “Electronic Products
Stewardship Program” in Part II. “Electronic Product” means an electrical device orelectronic equipment that is a designated material. “Designated Material” has been
defined as materials listed in Column 1 of Schedule “B” and includes following electronic
items.


Televisions

Desktop, laptop and notebook computers, including CPU’s, keyboards, mice, cables
and other components in the computerComputer monitorsComputer printers, including printers that have scanning or fax capabilities or bothComputer scanners



Audio and video playback and recording systems



Telephones and fax machinesCell phones and other wireless devices“Electronic Product Stewardship Program” means a program that establishes a process
for collection, transportation, reuse and recycling of electronic products and, if no further
options exist, the disposal of any residual electronic product components andincorporates the principles of a pollution prevention hierarchy by replacing disposal withreuse and recycling of electronic products.
Ontario
The Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) regulation under the Waste
Diversion Act, 2002 (WDA) was filed on December 14, 2004. The regulation designates
seven categories of electronic and electrical equipment as waste, and targets more than
200 items that could be designated, including computers, telephones, broadcast
equipment, televisions and CD players, children's toys, power tools, lawn mowers andnavigational and medical instruments. Products targeted under Ontario WEEE
legislation are given in below.

61

Table : Products Designated under Ontario Legislation
Priority Categories
List of WEEE ProductsHousehold Appliances






IT Equipment

Telecommunications
equipment

Audio-Visual
Equipment

Air conditioners
Clothes dryers
Clothes washers
Dishwashing machines

CD-ROM and disk drives
Computers(desktop,
handheld,
laptop,notebook, notepad)
Monitors (CRT, LCD,
plasma)

Fax/telephone answeringmachineModemsSound equipment
Cameras









Freezers
Refrigerators
Stove
PDAs
Keyboard, mouse,terminals
Printers,
copiers,typewriters
Pagers
Telephones(cell,
cordless, wire)

Televisions
Videoplayer,projector,
recorderSaskatchewan“The Waste Electronic Equipment Regulations” filed on October 13, 2005 under The
Environmental Management and Protection Act, 2002, defines WEEE/ E-waste as“waste electronic equipment”, which means electronic equipment that the consumer nolonger wants.
“Electronic Equipment” means any electronic equipment listed in Column 1 of Table 1 ofthese regulations. This table includes following electronic equipment







Personal desktop computer, including the central processing unit and all other partscontained in the computer
Personal notebook computer, including the central processing unit and all otherparts contained in the computer
Computer monitor, including cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display and plasma,
Computer mouse, including cables
Computer printer including dot matrix; ink jet; laser; thermal and computer printerwith scanning or facsimile capabilities or both
Television (cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, plasma and rear projection)

Japan
There is no specific definition of WEEE/ E-waste as defined in the regulatory system.

62

E-waste is covered under laws to promote recycling within Japan. The two major laws
covering broad range of E-waste items are “The Law for Recycling of Specified Kinds ofHome Appliances (Home Appliances Recycling Law)” enacted in 1998 and “The Law for
Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources” enacted in 2000.
In “The Law for Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (Home Appliances
Recycling Law)”, E-waste is referred as ”Used Consumer Electric Goods Discarded by
Consumers”. This law covers TVs, Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Air
Conditioners.

In “The Law for Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources”, E-waste is covered
under “Used goods and by-products” which have been generated and their large part isdiscarded. This law covers personal computers (home and office) and other electronic
items. According to this law “Used goods” means any articles that are collected, used orunused, or is disposed of (except radioactive materials or those contaminated thereby).
“By-product” means any articles obtained secondarily in the process of manufacturing,processing, repair or sale of the product; in the process of supply of energy; or in theprocess of construction pertaining to architecture and civil engineering (hereinafterreferred to as “construction work”) except radioactive materials or those contaminatedthereby.
USA
According to USEPA, Electronic products that are “near” or at the “end of their usefullife” are referred to as “e-waste” or “e-scrap.” Recyclers prefer the term “e-scrap” since“waste” refers only to what is left after the product has been reused, recovered or
recycled. However, “E-waste” is the most commonly used term.
In developed countries, currently, it equals 1% of total solid waste generation and is
expected to grow to 2% by 2010. In USA, it accounts 1% to 3% of the total municipal
waste generation. In EU, historically, e-waste is growing three times faster than averageannual municipal solid waste generation. A recent source estimates that total amount ofe-waste generation in EU ranges from 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15
kg per capita and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year. In developing
countries, it ranges 0.01% to 1% of the total municipal solid waste generation. In China
and India, though annual generation per capita is less than 1 kg, it is growing at an
exponential pace.

63Annexure - II
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES THAT CAN OCCUR IN E-WASTE
S.No.
1.

Hazardous
Substance
Short Chain
ChloroParaffins,
Alkanes, C10-13

2.

Antimony
trioxide3

Beryllium metal

4Beryllium oxide(Beryllia)

Use

Risk

Amounts less than 1% by weight of SCCP arepresent in mid chain chlorinated paraffin’s(MCCP). Used as secondary plasticizer andflame retardant for PVC and chlorinated rubber
in cable insulation
The major use is as a flame retardant synergist
in plastics etc. It increases the flame retardant
effectiveness of halogenated flame retardant
compounds thereby minimizing their level.

Very toxic to aquatic organisms. It
may cause long term effects in theaquatic environment.

Chassis, rotating mirrors in laser printers;
windows for X-ray generators and detectors forresearch and medical purposes. Benefits of use
include: Low density; high stiffness; highspecific heat and lightweight rigidity for precision
instrumentation.

Used in heat sink electrical insulators forelectrical and electronic systems and devices. It
has the benefits of very high thermal
conductivity; very high electrical resistivity; lowdielectric constant; low loss factor; highbreakdown voltage; and chemically inert.
Beryllium ceramic components should be
separated from equipment at end-of-life andreturned to the supplier for recycling. Beryllia
components should not be passed throughcrushing and shredding operations without
proper controls, due to the risk of dust
generation. Beryllia ceramic component scrap isclassified as non-hazardous in the OECD, Baseland EU Waste control Systems.

Limited evidence of a carcinogenic
effectVery toxic on inhalation. It may cause
cancer by inhalation. Beryllium
component scrap is classified as nonhazardous in the OECD, Basel andEU regime. However, it isrecommended that beryllium metalcomponents should be segregatedfrom equipment at end-of-life andreturned to the supplier for recycling.
Very toxic by inhalation. It may cause
cancer by inhalation

Regulatory requirementswith threshold quantities
Halogenated Aliphatic
Compounds Covered underschedule 2, B11>=0.5%
Antimony and antimony
compounds Covered under
Schedule 2 as
A1>=0.005%
Beryllium and cadmium
compounds Covered under
Schedule 2 as A3>=0.005%

Beryllium and cadmium
compounds
Covered under Schedule 2
as A3>=0.005%

64

S.No.
4

Hazardous
Substance

Use

Risk

Regulatory requirementswith threshold quantities

Beryllium oxide(Beryllia)

Used in heat sink electrical insulators forelectrical and electronic systems and devices..

Very toxic by inhalation. It may
cause cancer by inhalation

Beryllium and cadmium
compounds

Beryllium ceramic components should be
separated from equipment at end-of-life andreturned to the supplier for recycling. Beryllia
components should not be passed throughcrushing and shredding operations without
proper controls, due to the risk of dust
generation.

Covered under Schedule 2 asA3>=0.005%

Beryllia ceramic component scrap is classified
as non-hazardous in the OECD, Basel and EU
Waste control Systems.
5

6

Cadmium

Cadmiumoxide

Cadmium metal or powder may be used aspart of the negative electrode material innickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, as anelectrodeposited,vacuumdepositedormechanically deposited coating on iron, steel,aluminium-base materials, titanium-base alloys
or other non-ferrous alloys, and as an alloying
element in low-melting brazing, soldering andother specialty alloys.

Very toxic by inhalation. It may
cause cancer.

Cadmium oxide is utilized most often as part of
the negative cadmium electrode in nickelcadmium and some silver-cadmium military
batteries. Cadmium oxide is also part of silvercadmium oxide (ag-CdO) electrical contact
alloys.

May cause cancer by inhalation.

Harmful to aquatic organisms

Toxic by inhalation. Toxic if
swallowed. Danger of serious
damage to health by prolonged
exposure

Cadmium and Beryllium
compounds Covered under
Schedule 2 as A4>=0.005%

Cadmium and Beryllium
compounds Covered under
Schedule 2 as A4>=0.005%

Harmful if swallowed

65

S.No.
7

8

9

Hazardous
Substance
Cadmiumsulphide

Chromium VI

Copperberyllium
alloysRegulatory requirementswith threshold quantities

Use

Risk

Cadmium sulphide serves as the basis
compound for a series of pigments andsemiconducting compounds with a wide range
of uses. Apart from it use in red, orange andyellow pigments for plastics, glasses, ceramics,
enamels and artists colours, cadmium sulphideis also used for phosphors in x-ray fluorescentscreens, cathode ray tubes and electronic
devices; smoke alarm photoreceptors;
photographic exposure meters; and photovoltaic
energy conversion systems.

Limited evidence of a carcinogenic
effectToxic by inhalation. Toxic if
swallowed. Danger of serous
damage to health by prolonged
exposureHarmful if swallowed. It may cause
long term effects in the aquatic
environment.

Cadmium and Beryllium
compounds Covered under
Schedule 2 as A4

Used as colorant in pigments (e.g. leadchromate) and as corrosion inhibitor (sodium
dichromate) in circulating water systems e.g.
absorption heat pumps and (industrial) heatexchangers in freezers and refrigerators.
Chromium (VI) has historically has been usedby the electronics industry as an anti-corrosion
treatment, as well as an electrical shielding
29
material for certain sheet metals .

Toxic if swallowed/very very toxic
by inhalation. It may cause
heritable genetic damage. It may
cause cancer by inhalation.
Very toxic to aquatic organisms andmay cause long term effects in theaquatic environment.

Chromium (VI) compounds
Covered under Schedule 2
as A5

Used in electrical connector terminations; switch
components; relay springs; electromagnetic
radiation seals.

Components in end-of-life electricalequipment can be recycled as partof the general copper recycle
stream. There is generally no needfor component extraction prior toequipment recycling.

Beryllium and Beryllium
compounds covered under
Schedule 2 as A3>=0.005%>=0.005%>=0.005%

Toxic by inhalation

66

S.No.

Name

Usage

Substance Risk

Regulatory requirements withthreshold quantities

10

Decabromodiphenylether(DBDE)

Used as a flame retardant inelectrical and electronic plastics.

Potential for forming
brominated dibenzodioxins or
furans (PBDD/F) in
uncontrolled thermal
processes, and possibility
that higher PBDEs could
debrominate to form the tetra
and penta BDEs found inmarine environment foodchain

Halogenated Compounds ofAromatic Rings covered under
Schedule 2 as A16

Processing of metallic leadmay give rise to leadcompounds, which are all,classified as dangerous
substances. The land filling of
WEEE has given rise
concerns over possible
leaching of lead into theenvironment.

Lead and Lead compounds
covered under Schedule 2 as

May cause harm to theunborn child

Lead and Lead compounds
covered under Schedule 2 asHarmful by inhalation/harmful
if swallowed

B4

11

12

Lead

Lead oxide

Used in batteries, solders, alloying
element for machining metals,
printed circuit boards, components,
incandescent light bulbs, andweightingOccurs in leaded glass in cathoderay tubes, light bulbs andphotocopier pastes. Lead oxide isalso used in batteries.

>=0.005%B4>=0.5%>=0.5%

67

S.No.

Name

Usage

Substance Risk

Regulatory requirements withthreshold quantities

13

Liquid Crystals: Commerciallyavailable liquid crystals (LC)are mixtures of 10 to 20
substances, which belong to
the group of substituted
phenycyclohexanes,
alkylbenzenes andcyclohexylbenzens. The
chemical substances containoxygen, fluorine, hydrogenand carbon. About 250
chemical substances are used
for formulating more thanthousand marketed liquid
crystals.

Liquid crystal mixture are used aselectroactive layer in liquid crystal
display (LCD). Today LCDs are awidely used components in electricand electronic (E&E) products asi.e. mobile phones, notebooks,
automotive displays, electronic
games, PC monitors, etc.

Press articles claiming that
LCDs contain carcinogenic
azo-dyes. More current
articles talk about hazardous
ingredients. Toxicologicalstudies on a large number ofsingle liquid crystals havebeen performed according toOECD Guidelines and EU
regulation. SO far no
indications of carcinogenic
potential and acute oral
toxicity have been found.

Not covered under schedule 1
and 2

14

Mercury

It is estimated that 22 % of theyearly world consumption of
mercury is used in electrical andelectronic equipment. It is basicallyused in thermostats, (position)
sensors, relays and switches (e.g.
on printed circuit boards and inmeasuring equipment) anddischarge lamps. It is used in datatransmission, telecommunications,mobile phones batteries, and30
certain lightsources .

Very
toxic
to
aquaticorganisms and may cause
long term effects in theaquatic environment. Effects
inhumansaremainlyaffecting the central nervous
system effects (CNS) as wellas the kidney.
Toxic by inhalation

Mercury and mercury
compounds covered under
Schedule 2 as A6

Limited evidence of
carcinogenic effect

Not covered under schedule 1
and 2

15

Mineral Wool: [Man-madevitreous (silicate) fibers withrandomorientation
withalkaline oxide and alkali earthoxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)
content greater than 18 % byweight]>=0.005%

Irrigating to the skin68

S.No.

Name

Usage

Substance Risk

Regulatory requirements withthreshold quantities

16

Octabromodiphenylether(OBDE)

Flame retardant in plastics used forelectrical and electronic equipment

Possible risk of harm to theunborn child

Halogenated Compounds ofAromatic Rings covered under
Schedule 2 as A16

17

Polychlorobiphenyls : The
level of 50 mg/kg (0.005%)
should be the defining
threshold concentration for
wastes containing PCBs and
PCTs: above thatconcentration such waste
should be considered ashazardous.

PCBs were extensively used inelectrical equipment such as
capacitors and transformers. Small
capacitors include motor startcapacitors and ballast capacitors.
Motor start capacitors are usedwith single phase motors to provide
starting torque; these capacitors
can be found also in household
electricalappliances
includingrefrigerators, cookers, washingmachines,
air-conditioners,
dishwashers. Ballast capacitors arefound within fluorescent, mercury,and sodium lighting fixtures, andneon lights; they weight up to 1.6
kg, of which 0.05 kg are PCBs
33
(USEPA, 1987) .

Very toxic to aquaticorganisms and may cause
long term effects in theaquatic environment

18

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)>=0.005%
Halogenated Compounds ofAromatic Rings covered under
Schedule 2 as
A16>=0.005%

As with any material containing
chlorine, potential for forming
dioxins and furans in case of
uncontrolled burning. Liberationof HCL gas during combustion.
Recent health/ environmental
concerns have been raised
about some additives used in
PVC processing i.e.

Heavy metals used asstabilizers
Phthalate plasticizers, althoughthese have been used for morethan 40 years without any
measurable impact on healthand environment.

Halogenated Aliphatic
Compounds covered under
Schedule 2 as B11>=0.5%

69

Substance Risk

Regulatory requirements withthreshold quantities

Refractory Ceramic Fibers:[Man-made vitreous (silicate)fibers with random orientation
with alkaline oxide and alkali
earth oxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)
content less or equal to 18 %by weight]

May cause cancer byinhalation.

Not covered under schedule 1
and 2

Tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBPA): TBBPA is thelargest volume brominatedflame retardant in production
today. It is used as a reactive(primary use) or additive
flame retardant in polymers,such as ABS, epoxy and polycarbonate resins, high impact
polystyrene (HIPS), phenolic
resins, adhesives and others.
Its main use in E&E
equipment is as a reactive
flame retardant in printed
writing boards.

Perception of potential toform brominateddioxins/furans in thermal
processes.

Perception of potential for
endrocrine modulating
effects (hormone
disrupter).



The whole substancesgroup of BFRs is listed ingeneral on the Danish listof “unwanted
substances”

S.No.

Name

19

20

Usage

Irritating to the skin

Halogenated Compounds ofaromatic rings covered under
Schedule 2 as A16>=.005%70

Annexure - III
Average weight and composition of selected appliances (typical)
Appliances

Refrigeratorsand freezers
Personalcomputer
TV sets

Average Fe %weight weight(kg)

Glass %
weight

Plastic%
weight1.4

13Electronic
component
s % weight

Others%weight

48

64.4

Non
Femetal%weight
6

29.6

53.3

8.4

15

23.3

17.3

0.7

36.2

5.3

5.4

62

22.9

0.9

3.5

15.1

71

Annexure - IV
Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC (typical)
Elements

Content (%of totalweight)
Plastics
23
Lead
6
Aluminum
14
Germanium
0.0016
Gallium
0.0013
Iron
20
Tin
1
Copper7
Barium
0.0315
Nickel0.8503
Zinc
2
Tanialum0.0157
Indium0.0016
Vanadium
0.0002
Terbium0Beryllium
0.0157Gold0.0016
Europium
0.0002
Tritium
0.0157
Ruthenium
0.0016
Cobalt0.0157
Palladium
0.0003Manganese
0.0315
Silver
0.0189Antinomy
0.0094
Bismuth0.0063Chromium0.0063
Cadmium
0.0094
Selenium0.0016
Niobium
0.0002Yttrium
0.0002
Rhodium
0
Mercury
0.0022
Arsenic0.0013
Silica24.8803

Content(kg)

Recyclingefficiency (%)

6.25
1.71
3.85
0.00
0.00
5.57
0.27
1.88
0.01
0.23
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.77

20%
5%
80%
0%
0%
80%
70%
90%
0%
0%
60%
0%
60%
0%
0%
0%
99%
0%
0%
80%
85%
95%
0%
98%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70%
0%
0%
50%
0%
0%
0%

Recoverable weight ofelement (kg)1.25069408
0.08566368
3.08389248
004.45453312
0.19188512
1.69614576
000.35979072
00.00026112
0000.000430848
000.00034816
0.00362984
0.00007752
00.005037984
00000.00030464
0
0
0
0
0
0

72

Annexure - V
Recoverable quantity of elements in a TV (typical)
Elements%

PPM

Recoverable Weight ofelement (kg)

Aluminum

1.2

0.4344

Copper3.4

1.2308Lead

0.2

0.0724Zinc

0.3

0.1086

Nickel

0.038

0.013756

Iron

12

4.344

Plastic

26

9.412

Glass

53

19.186

Silver20

0.000724Gold

100.000362

73

Annexure-VI
Materials recovered from refrigerators (typical)
Material Type
CFCs
Oil
Ferrous Metals
Non-Ferrous Metals
Plastics
Compressors
Cables/Plugs
Spent PurFoam
Glass
Mixed Waste
Total

%
0.20
0.32
46.61
4.97
13.84
23.80
0.55
7.60
0.81
1.30
100.0074Annexure - VII
Comparison of thresholds

S.No

Name

Substance Risk

1.

Short Chain
ChloroParaffins,
Alkanes, C10-

Very toxic to aquaticorganisms. It may cause longterm effects in the aquatic
environment.

Threshold as per Indian
Regulation

Threshold as
followed inEurope>=0.5%

>=25%

13

2.

3

4

5

Antimony
trioxide

Limited evidence of a
carcinogenic effectBeryllium
metal

Beryllium component scrap isclassified as non-hazardous in
the OECD, Basel and EU
Waste Control Systems.
However, it is recommended
that beryllium metalcomponents should besegregated from equipment at
end-of-life and returned to the
supplier for recycling. Very
toxic by inhalation. It may
cause cancer by inhalation.
Very toxic by inhalation. It may
cause cancer by inhalation

Berylliumoxide(Beryllia)

Cadmium>=0.005%>=0.005%>=0.005%

Very toxic by inhalation. It may
cause cancer.
>=0.005%
Harmful to aquatic organisms

6

Cadmiumoxide

May cause cancer byinhalation.
Toxic by inhalation. Toxic if
swallowed. Danger of serious
damage to health by prolonged
exposure>=0.005%

Coveredunderschedule 2 as
B11
HalogenatedAliphatic
Compounds
Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A1 Antimony
and antimony
compounds
Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A3 Berylliumand cadmium
compounds

Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A3 Berylliumand cadmium
compounds
Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A4 cadmium
and Beryllium
compounds
Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A4 cadmium
and Beryllium
compounds>=1%>=0.1%>=0.1%>=0.1% to 25%
Depending on
risk phrase or
perception>=0.1% to 25%
Depending on
risk phrase or
perception

Harmful if swallowed75

7

Cadmiumsulphide

Limited evidence of a
carcinogenic effect>=0.005%

Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A4 cadmium
and Beryllium
compounds>=1% to 25%
Depending on
risk phrase or
perception>=0.005%

Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A5 Chromium(VI)
compounds>=0.1% to
0.25%
Depending on
risk phrase or
perception>=0.005%

Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A3 Beryllium
and Beryllium
compounds>=0.1% to 3%
Depending on
risk phrase or
perception>=0.005%

Coveredunder
Schedule 2 as
A16
HalogenatedCompoundsof AromaticRings

Threshold is
not mentioned
as riskassessment
studies are
ongoing>=0.5%

Schedule 2 as
B4 Lead andLeadcompounds

Threshold limit
not mentioned>=0.5%

Cover under
Schedule 2 as
B4 Lead andLeadcompounds>=0.5% to>=25%

Toxic by inhalation. Toxic if
swallowed. Danger of serous
damage to health by prolonged
exposure

89Chromium VI

Copperberyllium
alloysHarmful if swallowed. It may
cause long term effects in theaquatic environment.
Toxic if swallowed/very very
toxic by inhalation. It may
cause heritable genetic
damage. It may cause cancer
by inhalation.
Very toxic to aquaticorganisms and may cause
long term effects in the aquatic
environment.
Components in end-of-lifeelectrical equipment can berecycled as part of the general
copper recycle stream. Thereis generally no need forcomponent extraction prior toequipment recycling.
Toxic by inhalation10

Decabromodi
phenylether(DBDE)

11

Lead

12

Lead oxide

Potential for forming
brominated dibenzodioxins or
furans (PBDD/F) in
uncontrolled thermal
processes, and possibility thathigher PBDEs could
debrominate to form the tetra
and penta BDEs found inmarine environment food chain
Processing of metallic leadmay give rise to leadcompounds, which are all,classified as dangerous
substances. The land filling of
WEEE has given rise concerns
over possible leaching of lead
into the environment.
May cause harm to the unborn
child
Harmful by inhalation/harmful if
swallowed

76

13

14

15

16

Liquid Crystals:
Commerciallyavailable liquid
crystals (LC) are
mixtures of 10 to 20
substances, which
belong to the groupof substituted
phenycyclohexanes, alkylbenzenes andcyclohexylbenzens.
The chemical
substances containoxygen, fluorine,hydrogen andcarbon. About 250
chemical
substances areused for formulating
more than thousand
marketed liquid
crystals.
Mercury

Mineral Wool:[Man-made vitreous(silicate) fibers withrandom orientation
with alkaline oxide
and alkali earthoxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+
MgO+BaO) content
greater than 18 %by weight]
Octabromodiphenyl
ether (OBDE)

Press articles claimingthat LCDs containcarcinogenic azo-dyes.
More current articles talkabout hazardous
ingredients.
Toxicological studies ona large number of single
liquid crystals have been
performed according toOECD Guidelines and
EU regulation. SO far no
indications ofcarcinogenic potential
and acute oral toxicity
have been found.

Very toxic to aquaticorganisms and may
cause long term effects
in the aquatic
environment. Effects inhumans are mainly
affecting the central
nervous system effects(CNS) as well as thekidney.

>=0.005%

Toxic by inhalation
Limited evidence of
carcinogenic effect
Irrigating to the skinPossible risk of harm to
the unborn child>=0.005%

Not covered
underschedule 1
and 2

Threshold limit
not mentioned

Cover under
Schedule 2 as
A6 Mercury
and mercury
compounds>=3% to>=0.25%Not covered
underschedule 1
and 2>=1% to>=20%

Cover under
Schedule 2 as
A16
HalogenatedCompoundsof Aromatic
Rings

>=5%

77

17

18

19

Polychlorobiphenyls: The level of 50
mg/kg (0.005%)
should be thedefining thresholdconcentration for
wastes containing
PCBs and PCTs:
above thatconcentration such
waste should beconsidered ashazardous.
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)

Refractory Ceramic
Fibers: [Man-madevitreous (silicate)fibers with randomorientation withalkaline oxide andalkali earth oxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+
MgO+BaO) content
less or equal to 18% by weight]

Very toxic to aquaticorganisms and may
cause long term effects
in the aquatic
environment>=0.005%

Cover under
Schedule 2 as
A16
HalogenatedCompoundsof AromaticRings

As with any material
containing
chlorine,potential for forming
dioxins and furans incase of uncontrolledburning. Liberation ofHCL
gas
duringcombustion.
Recenthealth/environmental
concerns have beenraisedabout
someadditives used in PVC
processing i.e.
 Heavy metals usedas stabilizers
 Phthalate
plasticizers,
although these havebeen used for more
than
40
years
withoutanymeasurable impact
onhealthandenvironment.
May cause cancer byinhalation.

>=0.5%

Cover under
Schedule 2 as
B11
HalogenatedAliphatic
Compounds

Irritating to the skin

Not covered
underschedule 1
and 2>=0.25%>=0.1% to
>=20%

78

20

Tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBPA): TBBPA is thelargest volume
brominated flame
retardant in production
today. It is used as areactive (primary use) or
additive flame retardantin polymers, such as
ABS, epoxy and polycarbonate resins, highimpact polystyrene(HIPS), phenollic resins,
adhesives and others. Its
main use in E&E
equipment is as areactive flame retardantin printed writing boards.







Perception ofpotential to form
brominateddioxins/furans inthermal processes.
Perception ofpotential for
endrocrine
modulating effects(hormone
disrupter).
The wholesubstances groupof BFRs is listed ingeneral on theDanish list of“unwanted
substances”>=.005%

Cover under
Schedule 2
as
A16
HalogenatedCompoundsof aromaticrings,

Notmentioned79Annexure - VIII

E-waste trade value chain

Source: Presentation of Delhi study, CPCB/ MoEF, March 200480

Annexure - IX
Environmentally Sound Treatment (EST) schemes for E-waste

Disposal (landfill, incineration)
Capacitors

disposal/recycling

batteries

Hgswitches

Refrigerators/fre
ezer

Other
white
goods

TV,
monitors

Other
WEEE

Computer, PC

1st level
treatment- components for reuse/recycling Dismantling- components with dangerous substancesotherplastics

CircuitboardsCRTcables

CFCs, oil

disposal

CFC

waste

*

FR
CFC

ShredderShredder/DismantlingSpecial treatment processes

ferrous
metal
scrap

nonferrous
metal

precious
metal
scrap

sortedplastic

plastic
mixtureplastic
with FR*

steel/ironrecycling

smelting
plantsseparation

recyclingenergyrecoveryincineration/landfill

2nd level
treatment

glass
fractionsglass
industry

Pbsmelting

3rd level
treatment= flame retardant= chlorofluorocarbon

81Annexure - X
Environmental impacts of the WEEE recycling system, i.e. collection, sorting and further
treatment (dark bars), compared with the avoided environmental impacts of the WEEE
incineration and the primary production of the raw materials (bright bars)

Source: R.Hishier et al. Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? The environmental
impacts of the Swiss take-back and recycling systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE),
Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 92005) 525-539

82

Annexure - XI
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF AN INTEGRATED FACILITY

Source: Recycling of electronic scrap at Umicore’s integrated metals smelter and refinery, Proceedings of
EMC 2005

The salient features of this operation are given below.
1. The integrated operations are based on two major processes, which are precious
metal operations (PMO) involving recovery of gold, silver, platinum, palladium,rhodium, iridium and ruthenium and base metal operations (BMO) involving recoveryof Pb, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn, Bi, Se, In, Te, As.
2. The processes are based on complex lead/ copper/ nickel metallurgy, using thesebase metals as collectors for precious metals and special metals, such as Sb, Bi,
Sn, Se, Te, In.
3. At first at the sampling facility, circuit boards and other E-waste residues after
second level of treatment are prepared for smelting by sampling and assaying for
precious metal content.

83

4. The PMO include smelter, copper leaching & electro winning plant and precious
metals refinery. The smelter furnace uses submerged lance combustion technology
as shown in figure given below. The technology involves injection of oxygenenriched air and fuel in a molten bath and addition of coke as a reducing agent forthe metals. Plastics or other organic substances that are contained in the input feedpartially substitute the coke and fuel as energy source. The smelter separates
precious metals in copper bullion from all other metals concentrated in a lead slag.

Figure : Smelting and Electro winning during PMO in an integrated plant

Source: Recycling of electronic scrap at Umicore’s integrated metals smelter and refinery, Proceedings of
EMC 2005

5. After leaching out copper in leaching and copper electro winning plant, the precious
metals are collected in a residue that is further refined at a precious metal in-houserefinery.
6. The BMO include lead recovery from lead slag obtained from PMO. The main steps
in BMO are the lead blast furnace, lead refinery and special metal plants.
7. The lead blast furnace reduces the oxidized lead slag from the smelter together withother high lead containing raw materials and transforms them into impure leadbullion, nickel speiss, copper matte and deleted slag.

84

8. The impure lead bullion, collecting most of the non-precious metals is treated in leadrefinery. The lead refinery leads to production of lead and sodium antimonite andspecial metals residues. These residues are further refined into special metals
refinery to produce indium, selenium and tellurium.
9.

Bismuth and tin intermediates and nickel speiss are sent to other locations for theirrecovery. Copper matte is fed into blast furnace used in PMO.

10. The by-products from the integrated facility include sulfuric acid, gas, waste waterand slag from lead blast furnace. Sulfuric acid is further used, while, waste water,
gas are cleaned before discharge while slag is physically calibrated for usage inconcrete industry or as dyke fortification substance.
11. Air is cleaned using bag house filter, electroflters and scrubbers before discharging
into stack. SO2 and NOx are continuously monitored at stack, while diffuse
emissions are from stockyards and roads are controlled by intensive sprinkling.
Other measures to control air pollution include dust free emptying of shipped drums/
big bags, dust free sampling procedures, storage of critical materials in containers
inside a warehouse, emptying of the containers under aspiration and transport incovered belt system.
12. Water pollution is controlled by using waste water treatment plant where acids areneutralized while metals, sulphates and fluorine are removed by physico-chemical
processes. Some of the major parameters in addition to basic water quality
parameters, which are monitored, are lead, zinc, copper, nitrates and nitrites andsulphates.

85

Appendix - 1

REFERENCES :1.

Compendium on National WEEE Legislation, United Nations University, United
Nations Environment Program, 2006.

2.

Implementation of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive in the
EU, European Commission, Directorate General, Joint Research Centre, IPTS,
2006.

3.

Information Technology (IT) and Telecommunication (Telecom) Waste in Canada– 2003, Final Draft, Updated, Environment Canada, 2003.

4.

IRGSSA (2004) Management, handling and practices of E-waste recycling in
Delhi. IRGSSA, India.

5.

WEEE Directive (EU, 2002a).

LIST OF WEBSITES :1.

www.usepa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/recycle/ecycling/index.htm

2.

www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/index.htm

3.

www.ec.gc.ca

4.

www.environment.gov.au

5.

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm

6.

www.ewasteguide.info

7.

www.basel.int

8.

www.unep.org

9.

http://www.unep.ch/ozone/index.shtml

10.

www.cpcb.nic.in/Hazardous%20Waste/default_Hazardous_Waste.html

11.

http://www.basel.int/industry/mppiwp/guid-info/index.html

86

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