Cruise ReportRRS Discovery Cruise DY080
6 June – 1 July 2017
Southampton to St Johns
Distribution and Ecology of Seabirds in the Sub-Polar Frontal Zone of theNorthwest Atlantic
Principal Scientist

E. D. Wakefield
2018

Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine
Graham Kerr Building
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
G12 8QQ
UK
Tel. +44 (0)141 330 5975
Email: Ewan.Wakefield@glasgow.ac.uk

DOCUMENT DATA SHEETAUTHOR
PUBLICATION DATEWAKEFIELD, E D et al.
2018
TITLE
RRS Discovery Cruise DY080, 6 June – 1 July 2017, Southampton to St Johns, Distribution and Ecology ofSeabirds in the Sub-Polar Frontal Zone of the Northwest Atlantic.
REFERENCE
Glasgow, UK: Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow,
111pp.
ABSTRACTThe core scientific objectives of DY080 were: (1) To estimate the distribution, abundance and behaviourof seabirds and cetaceans in an area centred on the sub-polar front, south of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture
Zone (CGFZ) and on transit to and from the ports of embarkation (Southampton, UK) to anddisembarkation (St Johns, Newfoundland). (2) To map major frontal features and nutrient regimes
within the study area and along the survey track. (3) To refine non-lethal methods of sampling seabirds
at sea. (4) To estimate the diet, stable isotope and contaminant loading, faecal nutrient and moult statusof seabirds within the study area, with particular focus on the cephalopod component of seabird diet.
(5) To determine the comparative habitat use of great and sooty shearwaters on and off-shelf and thetiming of their movements between these areas. (6) To estimate rates of primary production
phytoplankton community structure, the identity of the nutrients limiting productivity, and the effects
of seabird faeces on phytoplankton growth within the study area. (7) To describe the zooplankton
community above thermocline in the study area, and in particular the occurrence juvenile cephalopod
stages. (8) To estimate the vertical distribution and biomass of mesopelagic nekton within the study
area.
The study aimed to pay particular attention to four species of seabird: great shearwaters (Ardenna
gravis), sooty shearwaters (Ardenna grisea), Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) and northern
fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis).
Most of the objectives were achieved and in addition the cruise track was modified to sample two
mesoscale eddies identified during the cruise. Poor weather and low densities of birds hampered bird
capturing within the CGFZ, with the result that no Cory’s or sooty shearwaters were caught and the
majority of great shearwaters were caught on the Flemish Cap. In addition, nineteen Leach’s petrels
were caught and sampled.
ISSUING ORGANISATION
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
G12 8QQ
UK
Tel. +44 (0) 141 330 6704
Email: library@glasgow.ac.uk
A pdf of this report is available for download from http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153574/

1.
2.

3.

4.

Contents
Personnel .............................................................................................................................................. 6

2.1

Scientific and Technical Personnel ................................................................................................ 6

2.2

Ship’s Personnel ............................................................................................................................ 7

Scientific objectives............................................................................................................................... 8
3.1

Background ................................................................................................................................... 8

3.2

Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 9

Cruise overview ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1

General pattern of work ............................................................................................................. 10

4.2

Planned cruise track .................................................................................................................... 10

4.3

Amendments to the cruise track ................................................................................................ 11

4.4

Weather and downtime .............................................................................................................. 12

5.

Cruise Narrative .................................................................................................................................. 13

6.

Station/activities log ........................................................................................................................... 17

7.

NMF-SS Ship’s Systems ....................................................................................................................... 32
7.1

Aims and purpose of data collection .......................................................................................... 32

7.2

Requested services ..................................................................................................................... 32

7.3

Scientific Computer Systems....................................................................................................... 32

7.3.1
7.4

8.

Acquisition........................................................................................................................... 32

Instrumentation .......................................................................................................................... 33

7.4.1

Position and attitude........................................................................................................... 33

7.4.2

Meteorology and sea surface monitoring package ............................................................ 34

7.4.3

Events .................................................................................................................................. 34

7.4.4

Ocean Waves WaMoS II ...................................................................................................... 36

7.4.5

Kongsberg EA640 10kHz single beam ................................................................................. 36

7.4.6

Kongsberg EM122 deep water multi beam ........................................................................ 36

7.4.7

Kongsberg EM710 shallow water multi beam (70-100kHz)................................................ 37

7.4.8

Sound velocity profiler ........................................................................................................ 38

7.4.9

Simrad EK60 fish finder ....................................................................................................... 38

7.4.1075kHz and 150kHz hull-mounted ADCP .............................................................................. 39

NMF-SS CTD ........................................................................................................................................ 40
8.1

Aims and purpose of data collection .......................................................................................... 40

8.2

Introduction and Overview ......................................................................................................... 40

8.3

List of Sensors Used .................................................................................................................... 41

8.4

CTD Processing ............................................................................................................................ 41

8.5

Software Used ............................................................................................................................. 42

8.6

CTD Package Geometry............................................................................................................... 43

8.7

Configuration .............................................................................................................................. 43

9. Seawater nutrient and trace element and phytoplankton pigment concentrations; community
structure and physiological status .............................................................................................................. 48
9.1

Regular sampling from trace-metal-clean towed-fish ................................................................ 48

9.1.1

Trace elements .................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.2

Major nutrients ................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.3

Phytoplankton measurements............................................................................................ 51

9.2

Depth profiles from CTD casts .................................................................................................... 52

9.3

Incubation experiments .............................................................................................................. 52

9.4

Seabird guano/feather collection for analysis of trace metal/nutrient content ........................ 53

10.

Zooplankton sampling, 200-μm-mesh net hauls ............................................................................ 54

10.1

Aims and purpose of data collection .......................................................................................... 54

10.2

Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 54

10.3

Preliminary results ...................................................................................................................... 54

10.4

Planned analysis .......................................................................................................................... 54

11.

Seabird survey ................................................................................................................................. 56

11.1

Aims and purpose of data collection .......................................................................................... 56

11.2

Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 56

11.2.1

Underway visual line transect survey ................................................................................. 56

11.2.2

Stationary visual point transect survey............................................................................... 57

11.3

Preliminary results ...................................................................................................................... 57

11.3.1

Underway observations ...................................................................................................... 57

11.3.2

Stationary observations ...................................................................................................... 60

12.

Seabird capture and sampling ........................................................................................................ 61

12.1

Aims and purpose of data collection .......................................................................................... 61

12.2

Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 61

12.2.1

Cast net, from the back deck .............................................................................................. 61

12.2.2

Hoop net, from the Fast Rescue Boat ................................................................................. 61

12.2.3

Mist nets ............................................................................................................................. 61

12.2.4

Incidental capture ............................................................................................................... 62

12.2.5

Seabird processing .............................................................................................................. 62
4

12.3

Preliminary results ...................................................................................................................... 63

12.3.1

Capture success................................................................................................................... 63

12.3.2

Samples obtained and further analysis............................................................................... 65

13.

Seabird GPS tracking ....................................................................................................................... 66

13.1

Purpose of the data collection .................................................................................................... 66

13.2

Aims............................................................................................................................................. 66

13.3

Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 66

13.4

Preliminary results ...................................................................................................................... 67

13.5

Estimated total data returns ....................................................................................................... 68

14.

Cetacean survey .............................................................................................................................. 69

14.1

Aims............................................................................................................................................. 69

14.2

Visual Survey ............................................................................................................................... 69

14.2.1

Platform set-up ................................................................................................................... 69

14.3

Survey effort ............................................................................................................................... 70

14.4

Sightings ...................................................................................................................................... 74

14.4.1

Baleen whales ..................................................................................................................... 75

14.4.2

Deep divers ......................................................................................................................... 79

14.4.3Delphinids ........................................................................................................................... 80

14.5

Point transect survey .................................................................................................................. 84

14.6

Acoustic survey ........................................................................................................................... 86

14.7

Future Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 86

15.

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... 87

16.

References ...................................................................................................................................... 87

17.

Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 90

17.1 Appendix: Uncorrected sighting rates of birds, etc., recorded by seabird observers during
underway survey ..................................................................................................................................... 90
17.2 Appendix: Summary of watch hours for single platform effort conducted throughout thesurvey 104
17.3 Appendix: Combinations of Sea state, visibility and sightability combined to make overall
environmental conditions categories. .................................................................................................. 108
17.4

Appendix: Summary of watch hours for point transect effort conducted throughout the survey.
109

17.5

Appendix: Summary of hours of hydrophone recordings collected throughout the survey.... 110

52.

Personnel

2.1

Scientific and Technical Personnel

Surname
Wakefield
Al-Hashem
BelkinBortolotto de
Oliveira
Browning
Carvalho
Catry
Hogan
Lacey
Laptihovsky

Name
Ewan
Ali
Igor
Guilherme

Affiliation
University of Glasgow
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
University of Rhode Island
Sea Mammal Research Unit

Role
PSO
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist

ThomasPalomaPaulo
HollyClaireVladimir

Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist

MillerPinderRamirez
MartinezTarziaThompson
Cameron
Maltby

Julie
Simon
Nadya

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
University of Manitoba
ISPA – Instituto Universitário
Environment Canada
Sea Mammal Research Unit
Centre for Environment, Fisheries andAquaculture Science
University of Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Sea Mammal Research Unit

Marguerite
Laura
CandiceMark

BirdLife International
University of Glasgow
National Marine Facilities
National Marine Facilities

Scientist
Scientist
STO
SST

6

Scientist
Scientist
Scientist

2.2

Ship’s Personnel

SurnameName
Gatti
Antonio
VoadenEvelynLeggett
Colin
Williams
ThomasLewtasAndrew
Kemp
Christopher
Franklin
NicholasEvans
DanielBrazier
ThomasBullimore
GrahamFisherCharles
Frost
GeorgeMacdonald John
Cook
StuartGregory
Nathaniel
Crabb
Gary
WillcoxSimon
PeppinChristopher
Dwyer
Andrew
Clark
Thomas
Lynch
Peter
Link
WalterCarahillo
Clementina
Williams
DenzilRole
Master
C/O
2/O
3/O
C/E
2/E
3/E
3/E
ETO
PCO
ETO Cadet
Deck Cadet
CPOS
CPOD
POD
SG1A
SG1A
SG1A
SG1A
ERPO
H/Chef
Chef
Stwd
A/Stwd7

3.

Scientific objectives

Ewan Wakefield
University of Glasgow

3.1

Background

Seabirds are thought to be major consumers of mesotrophic organisms and may therefore play animportant role in oceanic ecosystems (Croxall and Prince 1987, Brooke 2004, Barrett et al. 2006).
Furthermore, recent studies on functionally homologous cetaceans suggest that by rapidly resupplying
nutrients, particularly iron, within the photic zone, they may also enhance marine primary production
and possibly carbon drawdown in the ocean (Laidre et al. 2004, Nicol et al. 2010, Wing et al. 2014).
Flying pelagic seabirds, such as petrels and shearwaters are very wide-ranging (Croxall et al. 2005,
Shaffer et al. 2006, Wakefield et al. 2011). During the breeding season they may forage 100s to 1000s of
km from their colonies, while in non-breeding stages some migrate across entire oceans following leastcost pathways, defined by wind patterns {Weimerskirch, 2000 #122}{Felicisimo, 2008 #600}. Thistendency to range widely, trough remote areas of the ocean means that the diets, behaviours, niche
partitioning and ecosystem functions of many pelagic seabirds remain poorly understood, especially inoceanic habitats.
The major fronts of the world’s oceans support relatively high levels of primary and secondary
production and therefore tend to be important foraging hotspots for wide-ranging higher predators,
such as pelagic seabirds {Block, 2011 #1270}{Polovina, 2001 #1146}. For example, tracking data suggestthat the sub-polar front (SPF) of the North Atlantic is an important foraging area for both migratory andlocally-breeding seabirds (Belkin and Levitus 1996, Boertmann 2011). In particular, the complex regionof the SPF south of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), where the North Atlantic Current crosses themid-Atlantic ridge, is targeted by seabirds from multiple populations (Egevang et al. 2010, Hedd et al.
2012, Wakefield and and 54 others 2012, Edwards et al. 2013). In addition, a small but growing body ofevidence suggests that other wide-ranging taxa, including cetaceans, tuna and marine turtles, also
aggregate south of the CGFZ (Skov et al. 2008, BirdLife International 2016). On the strength of theseobservations, Bird Life International have proposed that OSPAR designate this area as an Important Bird
Area (BirdLife International 2016).
The physical oceanography of the SPF/CGFZ has been relatively well studied but questions remain - forexample, regarding spatiotemporal variability in the SPF and the extent to which it is bathymetricallytied (Belkin and Levitus 1996, Miller et al. 2013). The biological oceanography of the region is less wellunderstood but the recent ECOMAR project conducted studies on the adjacent mid-Atlantic ridge,
focussing mainly on benthic communities (Priede et al. 2013). These communities, as well as those on
seamounts to the west of the area, have now been afforded Marine Protected Area status in recognitionof their importance and their sensitivity to deep water fishing.
Despite these advances, very few direct observations have been made of higher predators in the CGFZ
(Boertmann 2011, Bennison and Jessopp 2015). As a result there is a paucity of information on theirdistribution, abundance and diet – information that is necessary for their effective management andprotection, as well as to address fundamental ecological questions, such as how oceanic higher
predators partition niches, how they connect disparate ecosystems and how these processes areaffected by climate change. For example, many seabirds exploiting this area commute rapidly between

8there and continental shelves but little is known about the connectivity they may mediate between on
and off-shelf ecosystems.
Cruise DY080 was part of a UK Natural Environment Research Council-funded project Seabirds and wind
- the consequences of extreme prey taxis in a changing climate, which aims to quantify the past andfuture distributions and ecosystem roles of pelagic seabirds in the CGFZ and similar areas. These aims
are to be met partially using tracking devices deployed at seabird colonies and partly by surveying andsample seabirds and their environment directly at sea. The main seabird species of interest were great
shearwaters (Ardenna gravis), sooty shearwaters (Ardenna grisea), Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris
diomedea) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) but other species were to be sampled if possible.

3.2

Objectives

The main objectives of DY080 were:
1. To estimate the distribution, abundance and behaviour of seabirds and cetaceans in an area
centred on the sub-polar front, south of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ) and on transit toand from the ports of embarkation (Southampton, UK) to and disembarkation (St Johns,
Newfoundland).
2. To map major frontal features and nutrient regimes within the study area and along the survey
track.
3. To refine non-lethal methods of sampling seabirds at sea.
4. To estimate the diet, stable isotope and contaminant loading, faecal nutrient and moult statusof seabirds within the study area, with particular focus on the cephalopod component of seabird
diet.
5. To determine the comparative habitat use of great and sooty shearwaters on and off-shelf andthe timing of their movements between these areas.
6. To estimate rates of primary production, phytoplankton community structure, the identity of
the nutrients limiting productivity, and the effects of seabird faeces on phytoplankton growth in
the study area.
7. To describe the zooplankton community above thermocline in the study area, and in particular
the occurrence juvenile cephalopod stages.
8. To estimate the vertical distribution and biomass of mesopelagic nekton in the study area.

9

4.

Cruise overview

Ewan Wakefield
University of Glasgow

4.1

General pattern of work

Weather permitting, the planned pattern of work was to:
1. Transit from Southampton to the study area along line 1 at 10 knots, carrying out underway
survey and sampling.
2. Follow lines 2-7 (Figure 4.1), remaining underway at 10 knots throughout daylight hours (and atnight if this was necessary to remain on schedule), carrying out underway survey and sampling,and stopping only to:(i) Catch birds, provisionally for 4 - 5 hours before dusk (approximately 15:30 to 20:00 localtime) or as the opportunity arose.
(ii) Carry out CTD casts, usually at dusk (i.e. after bird catching) and dawn but also at the end ofeach line.
(iii) Make vertical zooplankton hauls, after dusk CTD casts.
The rationale for this pattern of work was: (1) To allow survey of seabirds and cetaceans and continuous
seawater sampling along as much of the planned track as possible; (2) to allow visual survey of seabirds
and cetaceans and bird catching to be carried out during daylight hours; and therefore (3) to carry out
CTDs and plankton hauls at night. The bird-catching element of the cruise was rather experimental so
flexibility was allowed in the program to develop and adapt the catching strategies as the cruise
progressed.

4.2

Planned cruise track

The off-shelf study area (Figure 4.1) was defined primarily to encompass an area of high seabird diversity
in the vicinity of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ) identified in an analysing of tracking datacollected from 24 species (Wakefield et al. 2012, BirdLife International 2016). This area encompasses the
sub-polar front, where it crosses the CGFZ, as well as the system of banded fronts to the south. Five
survey lines (lines 2 – 6) were planned to cover the high seabird diversity area and the surrounding
waters. These were aligned approximately meriodionally in order to run perpendicular to the dominant
SST gradient and so that major fronts would be crossed at right angles. Lines 1 was planned in order totransit directly from Southampton to the study area, while lines 6 and 7 were aligned such that theFlemish Cap and adjacent shelf break front were sectioned on the return leg to St Johns. In general, theship proceeded along the cruise track in from east to west. However, on several occasions it backtracked some tens of nautical miles in order to attempt to catch birds in previously encountered areas ofhigh abundance. Hence, continuously sampled data (e.g. SST) was collected twice on some segments ofthe track.

10

4e
4d 4c
5

7

2

4b
3

4a

6

1

Figure 4.1 Planned and realised cruise track.

4.3

Amendments to the cruise track

The positions of fronts and other dynamic mesoscale features were monitored before and during thecruise using daily and weekly satellite images
images, provided by NERC Earth Observation Data Acquisition andAnalysis Service.. During the cruise, data on seabird distribution colcollected
lected on lines 2 and 3 suggested thata nascent eddy apparent from in thhese images could be of particular interest (Figure 4.2).
4.2 Therefore, adogleg was introduced into line 4 so that thi
this eddy could be traversed. This also allowed an additional
opportunity to traverse the sub-polar
polar front.

4e
4d

4e
4d 4c

4c

4b
4a

4b
4a
Figure 4.2 Cruise track relative to remotely sensed chlorophyll, showing the eddy and associatedphytoplankton bloom bisected by line 4c
4c.
11

4.4

Weather and downtime

Weather during the cruise was unusually unsettled for the area and time of year. The wind was
generally from the SW to NW and > force 4, reaching force 9 on the 9th of June (Figure 4.3). Swell height
was generally above 2 m and reached at least 6 m on occasions. Although both swell height and windspeed declined slightly as the cruise progressed, fog was encountered more frequently in the west, withvisibility decreasing to <50 m at times. This hampered visual seabird and cetacean observations (seesections 11 and 13).
The cruise track was altered in two respects due to poor weather: On the 8th of June line 1 was alteredsouth of the planned track in order to avoid a deep depression to the north. On the evening of the 13thof June the weather deteriorated again and it was necessary to break off line 2 and steam slowly to thewest into the swell. Line 2 was rejoined at 09:20 on the 14th, 29 nm further north, leaving this section
unobserved. These delays resulted in 2 days weather downtime.

Figure 4.3 Wind speed and direction (top panel) and swell height (bottom panel) during DY080. Solidlines median values and dashed lines maxima.

12

5.

Cruise Narrative

Ewan Wakefield
University of Glasgow

All times in this report are in UTC
6 June: Wind W'ly 6 (range 6-7); Swell 3 m (range 3-4 m). Departed Southampton 10:10. Once clear of
The Needles, commenced transit to study area along line 1. Too rough to deploy hydrophone or towed
fish. Lifeboat drill for all crew and scientists.
7 June: Wind S'ly 6 (range 2-7); Swell 2.5 m (range 0.2-3 m). Proceeding along line 1, course 250°.
Weather still poor but swell decreased over night. Towed fish and hydrophone deployed at approx.
10:45 on starboard and port sides respectively. Underway seabird survey commenced.
8 June: Wind SW'ly 6 (range 5-6.5); Swell 3 m (range 2-3 m). Proceeding along line 1 but altered course
to 230°, south of intended track, to avoid deep depression and associated high winds and seas to thenorth. 17:00 towed fish and hydrophone swapped to port and starboard sides respectively.
9 June: Wind S'ly 7 (range 4-9); Swell 3 m (range 2-5 m). Proceeding along line 1. Weather improved inmorning then deteriorated again in afternoon with swell building to 5 m. Towed fish and hydrophonerecovered at 15:00. Survival suit drill for all scientists at 16:00.
10 June: Wind SW'ly 6 (range 5-6); Swell 4 m (range 2-6 m). Proceeding along line 1. By 08:15 cleared
the depression to north, therefore adjusted course to 260°, towards south end of line 2. Wind decreased
but swell still too large (up to 6 m) to redeploy hydrophone and towed fish.
11 June: Wind W'ly 4 (range 3-5); Swell 2.5 m (range 1-3 m). Proceeding along line 1. Wind and swelldecreased over night. Hydrophone and towed fish redeployed at ~ 09:30.
12 June: Wind SW'ly 5 (range 4-6); Swell 1 m (range 1-2 m). Proceeding along line 1. Swell decreased to1 – 2 m but wind increased from SW 4 to 6 during the day. Ships’ speed increased to 10 knots for firsttime since clearing the English Channel. Over the mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23:40.
13 June: Wind SW'ly 7 (range 6-8); Swell 3.5 m (range 2-5 m). First CTD (CTD1, Figure 5.1), on western
flank of mid-Atlantic Ridge at dawn, two days behind schedule, then began to proceed along line 2,
course 344°. By 12:30, weather deteriorating again, with wind and swell increasing to SW 8 and 5 m
respectively by dusk. At 21:30, it was necessary to break off line 2 to steam at 3 knots 300°, then 280°
into the weather.

13

Figure 5.1 Locations of CTD casts and zooplankton hauls.

14 June: Wind W'ly 6 (range 5-6); Swell 2.5 m (range 2.5-3.5 m). By dawn wind and swell decreased
sufficiently to allow CTD cast (CTD2) then steamed 43° to rejoin line 2 at 09:20, 29 nm north of the point
at which it was left the night before. Proceeded along line 2 until 16:00, then hove-to in the vicinity ofthe mid-Atlantic Front for bird catching from back deck. CTD (CTD3) followed by vertical zooplankton
plankton haul (PLK1) at dusk. Continued to steam along line 2 overnight.
15 June: Wind SW'ly 6 (range 5-7); Swell 2 m (range 2-3 m). Wind and swell similar to yesterday but fog
reduced visibility until 18:00. CTD at dawn (CTD4), then proceeded along line 2 until 18:00, when hoveto for bird catching from back deck. CTD and zooplankton haul at dusk (CTD6 and PLK2), and thencontinued along line 2 overnight.
16 June: Wind SW'ly 5 (range 5-6); Swell 2 m (range 2-2 m). Wind and swell decreased overnight andvisibility excellent. CTD (CTD6) at dawn, then proceeded along line 2 until 15:00, when CTD7 was madein order to have a CTD either side of the sub-Polar Front. Continued along line 2 until 18:00, and thenhove to for bird catching from back deck. CTD (CTD8) and zooplankton haul (PLK3) at dusk thencontinued along line 2 through night, crossing sub-polar front at ~22:00.
17 June: Wind NW'ly 4 (range 4-6); Swell 1.5 m (range 1.5-2 m). Considerably calmer but fog reduced
visibility at times. CTD8 at dawn at northern end of line 2, then commenced line 3, heading 187°.
Crossed north sub-polar front at ~18:30. Still behind schedule and bird density low in afternoon so nobird catching attempts. CTD and zooplankton haul after dusk (CTD9 and PLK4). Continued along line 3
through night.
18 June: Wind NW'ly 2 (range 1-3); Swell 1 m (range 0.5-1.5 m). Weather further improved - light winds,
low swell. CTD10 at dawn, then continued along line 3. Hove-to at 14:00 to attempt bird catching from
Fast Rescue Craft (FRC). Resumed line 3 at 17:30. At 22:30 dusk CTD (CTD11), followed by zooplankton
haul (PLK5). Also, bird catching with mist nets on foredeck. Continued along line 3 through night.

14

19 June: Wind NE'ly 3 (range 2-4); Swell 0.5 m (range 0.5-1 m). Relatively light winds and low swell.
Dawn, CTD12 then proceeded along line 3. Bird density insufficient to attempt catching. At dusk, CTD13
and zooplankton haul PLK6 at southern end of line 3, then commenced line 4a at 23:00, heading 340°.
20 June: Wind SW'ly 5 (range 3-7); Swell 2 m (range 1-3 m). Proceeding along line 4a. Wind increased
overnight, remaining SW 6-7 most of the day but decreased to 3 in late afternoon. Fog reduced visibility
in afternoon, precluding use of FRC for bird catching.CTD14 and PLK7 and mist-netting for birds fromback deck at dusk. Back on schedule so proceeded at 3 knots along line 4a through night to maximise
daytime coverage of remaining lines.
21 June: Wind SW'ly 4 (range 3-7); Swell 1.5 m (range 1-1.5 m). Wind increased throughout the day,from SW 3 to 7. Fog restricted visibility to <300 m at times throughout the day. CTD15 at dawn, thencontinued on line 4a. Stopped at 19:00 for bird catching from back deck. CTD16 and zooplankton haul
PLK8 at dusk.
22 June: Wind W'ly 5 (range 5-7); Swell 2.5 m (range 1-3 m). No CTDs or zooplankton hauls today. At
00:10, altered course eastwards to 85° to sample an eddy and associated transient phytoplankton
bloom apparent from recently received satellite images (Figure 4.2) (new lines designated 4b, 4c, etc.).
Wind W or SW 5-6 all day with fog patches reducing visibility until approx. 17:00. At 11:40 alerted course
to 325° to bisect the eddy (line 4c). Centre of bloom reached at approx. 16:00.
23 June: Wind E'ly 5 (range 2-6); Swell 1.5 m (range 0.5-2 m). Wind backed SE and E in day, dropping to
2, then increasing again to 6. Fog and rain reduced visibility at times. Crossed sub-polar front at ~00:30,
and carried out CTD17 at end of line 4c at 07:30. Headed 250° along line 4d, crossing sub-polar front
again at ~15:40 and reaching end of line 4d at 18:25. Bird catching from back deck from 18:30, followed
by CTD18 and PLK9 at dusk.
24 June: Wind SE'ly 5 (range 2-6); Swell 1 m (range 0.5-1.5 m). Wind veered from NE 2-3 to SE 5-6 during
the day but swell low. Headed 340°, along line 4e at 00:30. Crossed sub-polar front at ~02:30, reachingnorthern end of line 4e at 08:00, where CTD19 carried out. At 09:15, headed 184°, along line 5, crossing
sub-polar front again at ~13:30. Stopped at 18:00 for bird catching from back deck. At dusk, CTD20,
followed by zooplankton haul PLK10.
25 June: Wind S'ly 5 (range 4-6); Swell 1.5 m (range 1-1.5 m). Resumed line 5 at 00:35. Stopped for TD21
at dawn, then resumed line 5. Fog restricted visibility in morning. At 13:35, back-tracked 25 nm north upline to return to an area of higher bird density. Bird catching from back deck from 16:00, followed by
CTD22 and zooplankton haul PLK11 from dusk.
26 June: Wind NW'ly 4 (range 2-6); Swell 1 m (range 1-1.5 m). Relatively low swell. Wind decreased
throughout day but intermittent fog reduced visibility at times. At 00:10, began steaming back down line
5, approaching a large cold-core eddy apparent from satellite imagery, which will be traversed over the
next 48 hours (Figure 5.2). CTD23, followed by zooplankton haul PLK13, carried out from 11:00, 100 nm
north of the centre of the eddy. Continued along line 5 until 19:00, then stopped for bird catching. FRC
lowered but swell and issues with painters made boarding safely impossible. Hence, bird catching from15

ould be crossed inback deck again.. Resumed line 5 at 21:30, heaving to for night at 23:00 so that eddy co
daylight.
27 June: Wind SW'ly 2.5 (range 1-4);
4); Swell 0.5 m (range 0.5
0.5-1
1 m). Light winds and low swell. Fog reduced
visibility as low as 50 m at times in morning. Resumed line 5 at 07:00, stopping for CTD24 and PLK14 incentre of eddy from 09:30. Resumed line 5 at 11:00, stopping for bird cat
catching
ching from back deck at 20:30,
followed by CTD25 and PLK15, 100 nm south of centre of eddy.
28 June: Wind S'ly 2 (range 1-4);
4); Swell 0.5 m (range 0.5
0.5-0.5
0.5 m). Wind light and variable with little swellfor much of day but increased to S 5 by nightfall, with iintermittent
ntermittent fog in afternoon. Resumed line 5 at
00:45, crossing the Milne Seamounts at ~04:00. CTD26 at 09:00 at S end of line 5. Began line 6, heading
345° at 09:45. Hove to twice foror bird catching from back deck - at 14:50 above seamount KW-13114
KW
and
at 20:50 in deep water. CTD27 and PLK16 carried out at dusk.
29 June: Wind SW'ly 5 (range 4-6);
6); Swell 1.5 m (range 11-1.5
1.5 m). Wind increased relative to past few
days. Intermittent fog all day, reducing visibility below 300 m at times. Resumed line 6 at 00:10. Final
CTD (CTD28) 09:00 at N end of line 6, then began line 7, heading 270° up the continental rise. Stopped
for bird catching from back deck at 20:10 on the E flank for the Flemish Cap. Final zooplankton haul
(PLK17) at dusk.
5); Swell 1 m (range 11-1
1 m). Intermittent fog throughout the day but
30 June: Wind SW'ly 4 (range 4-5);
visibility generally >300 m. Between 02:10 and 09:00 followed line 7 to western flank of the Flemish Cap,
where stopped for bird catching from the back deck until 19:00. Then proceeded along line 7, on
passage direct to St Johns.
1 July: Wind S'ly 5 (range 3-6);6); Swell 1 m (range 11-1.5
1.5 m). On passage to St Johns along line 7.
Intermittent fog all day. Bird and cetacean survey continued during passage but all other science
activities completed.
leted. Arrived St Johns 22:00.

Figure 5.2. Cold core eddy on line 5. Left, mean sea level anomaly, right SST. Blue line, track of DY080.

16

6.

Station/activities log

Ewan Wakefield
University of Glasgow
Table 6.1 Sampling stations.
Event

Date

From

To

Lon (°)

Lat (°)

Type

1

Station1

13-Jun

05:38

06:38

-29.04343.808CTD, NUT

CTD1

Max.
Depth
(m)
500

2

06:00

06:23

-30.37645.860

CTD

CTD2

500

Dawn; No bottles

3

16:00

21:50

-30.358

47.150BC

BC1-Cast net, back deck

4

22:21

22:47

-30.22147.152

CTD

CTD3

500

Dusk

5

23:14

23:33

-30.22047.152

PLK

PLK1

235

6

Dawn

05:46

06:15

-30.665

47.893

CTD

CTD4

500

Dawn; No bottles

7

18:00

20:40

-31.37749.590BC

BC2-Cast net, back deck

8

21:26

21:52

-31.338

49.611

CTD

CTD5

500

Dusk

9

22:10

22:26

-31.338

49.611

PLK

PLK2

250

10

15-JunComments

05:30

05:59

-31.795

50.578

CTD

CTD6

500

Dawn; No bottles

11

15:34

15:58

-32.42552.003

CTD

CTD7

500

Dusk

12

18:00

20:50

-32.52252.200BC

BC3-Cast net, back deck

13

21:15

21:28

-32.49452.221

PLK

PLK3

250

14

16-Jun

04:12

04:54

-32.94553.137CTD, NUT

CTD8

500

Dawn

15

23:01

23:26

-33.420

50.232

CTD

CTD9

500

Dusk

16

23:25

23:43

-33.418

50.229

PLK

PLK4

217

05:31

05:57

-33.57149.354

CTD

CTD10

500

18

14:00

15:50

-33.786

47.941BC

BC4-Cast net, back deck and FRC

19

22:30

01:40

-33.91947.034

BC

BC5-

Mist net, foredeck

20

22:33

23:01

-33.91947.034

CTD

CTD11

500

Dusk

21

23:15

23:28

-33.91947.032

PLK

PLK5

250

17

22

17-Jun18-Jun

05:29

05:54

-34.01346.362

CTD

CTD12

500

Dawn; No bottles

23

21:41

22:20

-34.41943.604CTD, NUT

CTD13

500

Dusk

24

22:30

22:46

-34.41643.605

PLK

PLK6

241

22:20

01:50

-36.40947.372BC

BC6-

Mist net, stbd side

26

22:27

22:53

-36.40947.373

CTD

CTD14

500

Dusk

27

23:04

23:19

-36.40947.374

PLK

PLK7

249

05:32

05:56

-36.492

47.551

CTD

CTD15

500

Dawn; No bottles

29

19:00

22:30

-37.645

49.595BC

BC7-Cast net, back deck

30

22:48

23:18

-37.61049.602

CTD

CTD16

500

Dusk

31

23:23

23:44

-37.61049.602

PLK

PLK8

227

07:36

08:15

-36.43652.615

CTD

CTD17

500

25

28

32

19-JunDawn; No bottles

20-Jun21-Jun23-Jun

17

Dawn

33

18:30

22:43

-39.030

52.063BC

BC8-Cast net, back deck

34

23:04

23:27

-39.05352.067

CTD

CTD18

500

Dusk

35

23:40

00:09

-39.05452.067

PLK

PLK9

250

00:10

00:40

-39.05452.067

PLK

PLK10

250

37

08:12

08:50

-39.733

53.141CTD, NUT

CTD19

500

Dawn

38

17:58

23:00

-39.904

51.738BC

BC9-Cast net, back deck

39

23:21

23:44

-39.956

51.785

CTD

CTD20

500

Dusk

00:00

00:20

-39.956

51.785

PLK

PLK11

249

41

05:26

05:49

-39.980

51.037

CTD

CTD21

500

Dawn; No bottles

42

16:00

21:40

-40.084

50.246

BC

BC10

-

Cast net, back deck

43

22:45

23:07

-39.87150.271

CTD

CTD22

500

Dusk

44

23:20

23:38

-39.859

50.276

PLK

PLK12

192

36

40

45

24-Jun25-Jun

11:08

11:42

-40.260

48.600CTD, NUT

CTD23

500

46

11:50

10:39

-40.265

48.603

PLK

PLK13

246

47

18:59

21:10

-40.370

47.544

BC

BC11

-

Cast net, back deck

09:36

10:15

-40.428

46.946CTD, NUT

CTD24

500

Centre of front

49

10:20

09:08

-40.430

46.945

PLK

PLK14

250

50

20:30

22:30

-40.59945.290

BC

BC12

-

Cast net, back deck

51

23:27

00:01

-41.388

45.919CTD, NUT

CTD25

500

1mi S of front

00:15

00:35

-40.618

45.233

PLK

PLK15

249

53

09:02

09:25

-40.71244.178

CTD

CTD26

500

Dawn

54

14:50

15:50

-41.100

45.026

BC

BC13

-

Cast net, back deck

55

20:50

22:20

-41.44745.867

BC

BC14

-

Cast net, back deck

56

22:57

23:23

-39.867

50.273

CTD

CTD27

500

Dusk; No bottles

48

52

26-Jun27-Jun28-Jun57

1mi N of front

23:20

22:38

-41.391

45.918

PLK

PLK16

241

09:03

09:26

-41.99947.096

CTD

CTD28

500

Dawn

59

20:10

21:30

-44.52847.202

BC

BC15

-

Cast net, back deck

60

23:45

22:59

-44.55347.184

PLK

PLK17

249

10:50

19:00

-45.69347.251

BC

BC16

-

58

61

29-Jun30-Jun1.

Cast net, back deck

NUT = Water samples collected using the CTD for nutrient analysis; PLK = vertical zooplankton hauls;
BC = bird catching.

18

Table 6.2 Underway activities.
Activity

Start

End

Date

Time

Lon (°)

Lat (°)

Date

Time

Lon (°)

Lat (°)

Seabird survey

06-Jun15:50-2.22650.38806-Jun

20:08-2.78450.229Seabird survey

07-Jun

07:09-4.82149.70407-Jun

19:40-7.21949.135

Towfish nutrient sample

12:26-5.82149.503----

Cetacean survey

12:40-5.84349.49407-Jun

16:30-6.56449.309Towfish nutrient sample

17:40-6.78949.245----

Towfish nutrient sample

22:42-7.93049.005

-

-

-

-

04:37

-8.98848.74008-Jun06:30-9.32448.646

Seabird survey

05:05-9.06748.71708-Jun

11:00-10.23448.456

Towfish nutrient sample

05:18-9.10248.707----

Cetacean survey

07:51-9.59848.58408-Jun10:29-10.130

48.478

Cetacean survey

11:21-10.30148.43808-Jun12:35-10.51248.367

Seabird survey

11:21-10.30148.43808-Jun12:17-10.47148.382

Cetacean survey

12:59-10.55448.35308-Jun14:14-10.789

48.276

Seabird survey

13:06-10.57648.34508-Jun

14:00-10.75248.288

Cetacean survey

14:58-10.867

48.25308-Jun

16:28-11.10948.163

Seabird survey

14:58-10.867

48.25308-Jun

15:40-10.986

48.210Towfish nutrient sample

15:18-10.925

48.233----

Seabird survey

15:42-10.991

48.20808-Jun

16:00-11.038

48.191

Seabird survey

16:02-11.04448.18908-Jun16:30-11.11448.161

Seabird survey

16:33-11.12248.15808-Jun17:00-11.19348.129Seabird survey

17:03-11.201

48.12608-Jun

17:56-11.33448.075

Cetacean survey

17:32-11.273

48.09808-Jun19:30-11.55447.989Seabird survey

18:01-11.347

48.07008-Jun

18:59-11.489

48.018Seabird survey

19:00-11.491

48.01708-Jun

20:34-11.696

47.916

Towfish nutrient sample

20:16-11.66147.941----

Towfish incubation sample

20:16-11.66147.941

-

-

-

-

04:44

-12.940

47.141

09-Jun06:30-13.255

46.980Seabird survey

05:00-12.987

47.11609-Jun06:03-13.175

47.019Towfish nutrient sample

05:40-13.106

47.054----

Seabird survey

06:05-13.18147.01609-Jun06:48-13.30946.953

Seabird survey

06:52-13.32046.947

09-Jun08:02-13.52046.839Cetacean survey

07:29-13.42746.89009-Jun08:58-13.670

46.755

Seabird survey

08:05-13.52846.83509-Jun08:55-13.66246.759Seabird survey

08:59-13.672

46.75409-Jun

10:00-13.825

46.669Seabird survey

10:02-13.830

46.66609-Jun

11:04-13.982

46.586

Seabird survey

11:07-13.989

46.58309-Jun12:04-14.10546.511

Towfish nutrient sample

11:13-14.00346.576----

Cetacean survey

Cetacean survey

08-Jun09-Jun19

Seabird survey

12:06-14.10846.50809-Jun12:59-14.196

46.440Seabird survey

13:02-14.20146.43609-Jun14:01-14.272

46.377

Seabird survey

14:08-14.28146.36909-Jun

14:51-14.34146.321

Seabird survey

16:02-14.430

46.24609-Jun17:02-14.505

46.176

Seabird survey

17:07-14.51246.17009-Jun18:07-14.598

46.092

Towfish nutrient sample

17:11-14.51746.165----

Seabird survey

18:11-14.604

46.087

09-Jun

19:00-14.673

46.025

Seabird survey

19:04-14.679

46.02009-Jun20:32-14.81245.903

Towfish nutrient sample

23:07-15.075

45.656----

Cetacean survey

10-Jun05:12-15.72245.041

10-Jun06:30-15.84244.910Towfish nutrient sample

10-Jun05:20-15.73445.027----

Seabird survey

10-Jun05:36-15.759

45.00010-Jun06:06-15.80544.951

Seabird survey

06:09-15.80944.946

10-Jun06:42-15.86144.890Seabird survey

06:45-15.866

44.88410-Jun

09:04-16.13244.758Seabird survey

09:09-16.14244.757

10-Jun

10:04-16.25944.739Seabird survey

10:06-16.263

44.73810-Jun

11:00-16.38644.720Seabird survey

11:03-16.39344.71910-Jun12:01-16.53444.700Towfish nutrient sample

11:08-16.40544.717----

Seabird survey

12:05-16.54444.69810-Jun

12:59-16.68644.683

Cetacean survey

12:39-16.632

44.68910-Jun

16:32-17.270

44.627

Seabird survey

13:05-16.70144.681

10-Jun

14:03-16.85644.665

Seabird survey

14:09-16.872

44.66310-Jun

14:25-16.91444.658Seabird survey

14:30-16.92844.657

10-Jun

14:59-17.00944.648Seabird survey

15:04-17.02244.647

10-Jun

16:02-17.183

44.631

Seabird survey

16:05-17.191

44.631

10-Jun

16:58-17.34444.623

Seabird survey

17:04-17.361

44.622

10-Jun18:05-17.532

44.610Towfish nutrient sample

17:15-17.391

44.620----

Cetacean survey

17:31-17.43744.617

10-Jun20:30-17.915

44.575

Seabird survey

18:06-17.535

44.61010-Jun

19:09-17.70544.594

Seabird survey

19:10-17.70844.59410-Jun20:12-17.867

44.580Seabird survey

20:15-17.876

44.57910-Jun

20:45-17.955

44.571

Towfish nutrient sample

23:05-18.333

44.544

-

-

-

-

05:23

-19.54544.46911-Jun07:33-19.99944.428Seabird survey

06:00-19.67344.457

11-Jun07:00-19.88544.437

Towfish nutrient sample

06:23-19.755

44.449----Seabird survey

07:05-19.90344.435

11-Jun07:42-20.03144.425

Seabird survey

07:45-20.041

44.425

11-Jun08:55-20.273

44.411

Cetacean survey

08:27-20.18544.417

11-Jun08:54-20.272

44.411

Seabird survey

09:06-20.286

44.41011-Jun

09:59-20.457

44.399Cetacean survey

09:16-20.31144.407

11-Jun11:30-20.768

44.380Seabird survey

10:02-20.468

44.39911-Jun

11:02-20.673

44.387

Cetacean survey

11-Jun20

Seabird survey

11:05-20.68344.387

11-Jun

12:00-20.869

44.371

Seabird survey

12:03-20.87944.37011-Jun

12:58-21.06844.354

Towfish nutrient sample

12:07-20.892

44.369----Cetacean survey

12:31-20.974

44.362

11-Jun17:30-22.04644.297

Seabird survey

13:00-21.075

44.35311-Jun

14:00-21.288

44.338Seabird survey

14:05-21.306

44.337

11-Jun

14:59-21.49644.330Seabird survey

15:00-21.500

44.33011-Jun

15:58-21.71144.317

Seabird survey

16:00-21.71844.317

11-Jun

17:00-21.93744.304

Seabird survey

17:02-21.94444.304

11-Jun18:01-22.160

44.291

Seabird survey

18:03-22.16744.29111-Jun

19:06-22.39844.275

Towfish nutrient sample

18:15-22.21144.289----Cetacean survey

18:30-22.26644.285

11-Jun20:30-22.706

44.255

Towfish incubation sample

18:56-22.36144.278----Seabird survey

19:09-22.40944.275

11-Jun

19:59-22.592

44.265

Seabird survey

20:02-22.60344.264

11-Jun

21:00-22.81244.245

Seabird survey

21:01-22.81644.245

11-Jun

21:27-22.90944.23400:13-23.487

44.187----

Seabird survey

05:44-24.71944.10512-Jun06:45-24.958

44.091

Cetacean survey

05:54-24.760

44.10312-Jun07:30-25.12944.074

Towfish nutrient sample

06:14-24.83944.099----Seabird survey

06:46-24.96244.09012-Jun07:43-25.17944.070Seabird survey

07:47-25.195

44.06912-Jun08:59-25.474

44.055

Cetacean survey

08:32-25.37044.05912-Jun09:41-25.62844.050Seabird survey

09:01-25.482

44.05512-Jun09:53-25.67144.048Seabird survey

09:55-25.67844.047

12-Jun

11:32-26.01144.023

Seabird survey

11:45-26.05444.01912-Jun12:03-26.11344.014

Towfish nutrient sample

12-JunSeabird survey

12:05-26.12044.01312-Jun

13:06-26.32044.000Towfish nutrient sample

12:15-26.15344.011----

Cetacean survey

12:37-26.226

44.006

12-Jun

17:32-27.187

43.932

Seabird survey

13:08-26.32744.00012-Jun

14:00-26.495

43.990Seabird survey

14:03-26.50543.99012-Jun

14:59-26.67843.977

Seabird survey

15:10-26.71343.97312-Jun

16:00-26.877

43.957

Seabird survey

16:03-26.887

43.956

12-Jun

16:58-27.068

43.941

Seabird survey

17:00-27.075

43.94012-Jun

17:58-27.28143.927

Seabird survey

18:04-27.30343.926

12-Jun

18:59-27.498

43.920Towfish nutrient sample

18:28-27.388

43.924----

Cetacean survey

18:32-27.40343.92412-Jun20:30-27.82043.894

Seabird survey

19:00-27.50243.92012-Jun

19:59-27.71143.904

Seabird survey

20:01-27.71843.90312-Jun

20:53-27.90243.886

Seabird survey

20:56-27.91343.88512-Jun21:15-27.983

43.880Seabird survey

21:16-27.986

43.88012-Jun21:24-28.01543.87821

Towfish nutrient sample

22:12-28.186

43.864

-

-

-

-

04:50

-29.00343.810----Towfish nutrient sample

05:45-29.04343.808----Seabird survey

06:37-29.04343.81213-Jun06:57-29.055

43.843

Seabird survey

07:04-29.057

43.84913-Jun07:45-29.096

43.922

Seabird survey

07:48-29.098

43.92813-Jun08:53-29.14944.068Seabird survey

08:54-29.15044.07113-Jun

09:58-29.19844.215

Seabird survey

10:03-29.20244.22713-Jun

11:01-29.25344.357

Seabird survey

11:03-29.255

44.36213-Jun

12:00-29.30844.489Towfish nutrient sample

12:00-29.30844.489----Seabird survey

12:02-29.31044.49413-Jun

13:00-29.360

44.626

Seabird survey

13:03-29.363

44.63313-Jun

14:00-29.41144.761

Seabird survey

14:05-29.41544.77213-Jun

15:00-29.46144.891

Seabird survey

15:03-29.464

44.89813-Jun

16:01-29.51145.025

Seabird survey

16:05-29.51445.03413-Jun

17:03-29.56445.160Seabird survey

17:05-29.566

45.16513-Jun

18:00-29.61445.283

Seabird survey

18:04-29.61745.29213-Jun

18:55-29.659

45.399Towfish nutrient sample

18:37-29.64545.361----

Seabird survey

19:00-29.66245.40913-Jun

20:00-29.70345.535

Seabird survey

20:04-29.70545.54313-Jun20:22-29.72045.580Seabird survey

20:24-29.72245.58413-Jun

20:46-29.74145.628Seabird survey

20:50-29.74445.63613-Jun

21:06-29.758

45.668Towfish nutrient sample

23:53-29.967

45.791

-

-

-

-

06:31

-30.37145.861

14-Jun06:37-30.364

45.861

Seabird survey

06:43-30.360

45.86614-Jun07:46-30.201

45.981

Towfish nutrient sample

06:58-30.332

45.885----

Towfish nutrient sample

Seabird survey

13-Jun14-JunCetacean survey

07:45-30.20445.97914-Jun08:35-30.07646.081

Seabird survey

07:48-30.196

45.98514-Jun08:46-30.05346.106

Seabird survey

08:48-30.049

46.11014-Jun

09:57-30.008

46.270

Cetacean survey

09:04-30.01046.14514-Jun10:27-30.033

46.344

Seabird survey

09:58-30.00946.27314-Jun

10:58-30.063

46.420Seabird survey

11:00-30.065

46.42514-Jun12:25-30.157

46.636

Cetacean survey

11:31-30.09946.502

14-Jun12:31-30.164

46.651

Seabird survey

12:27-30.159

46.641

14-Jun12:59-30.19346.722

Towfish nutrient sample

13:00-30.19446.725----

Seabird survey

13:01-30.195

46.72814-Jun13:30-30.22046.803

Cetacean survey

13:06-30.200

46.74014-Jun15:49-30.34547.153

Seabird survey

13:36-30.22546.81914-Jun

14:02-30.24546.888Seabird survey

14:03-30.24646.891

14-Jun

15:00-30.29447.035

Seabird survey

15:02-30.29647.04014-Jun15:49-30.34547.15300:17-30.26347.157----

Towfish incubation sample

15-Jun22

Seabird survey

06:44-30.666

47.90015-Jun07:42-30.72848.034

Towfish nutrient sample

07:00-30.682

47.934----

Seabird survey

07:43-30.72948.03715-Jun08:47-30.79748.193

Seabird survey

08:50-30.800

48.20015-Jun

10:00-30.868

48.375

Seabird survey

10:02-30.870

48.38015-Jun

11:00-30.92848.525

Seabird survey

11:05-30.93348.53815-Jun12:01-30.991

48.677

Seabird survey

12:02-30.992

48.68015-Jun13:01-31.053

48.832

Seabird survey

13:02-31.05448.83415-Jun

14:00-31.11648.987

Towfish nutrient sample

13:13-31.06448.863----

Seabird survey

14:02-31.118

48.99215-Jun

15:00-31.18049.147

Seabird survey

15:03-31.18349.15515-Jun

16:00-31.25349.305

Seabird survey

16:01-31.25449.30815-Jun

17:00-31.32249.469Seabird survey

17:03-31.32549.47715-Jun17:45-31.37749.590Towfish nutrient sample

23:02-31.358

49.592

-

-

-

-

06:38

-31.81550.623----

Seabird survey

06:55-31.83950.67016-Jun08:43-31.975

50.968

Cetacean survey

07:00-31.84650.68416-Jun

15:07-32.42852.002

Seabird survey

08:47-31.979

50.97916-Jun

10:02-32.070

51.188Seabird survey

10:05-32.073

51.197

16-Jun11:05-32.14251.361

Seabird survey

11:06-32.143

51.36416-Jun12:06-32.21551.531

Towfish nutrient sample

11:58-32.20551.509----Seabird survey

12:08-32.21851.53616-Jun

13:00-32.28151.679Seabird survey

13:09-32.291

51.70316-Jun

14:00-32.349

51.840Seabird survey

14:05-32.355

51.85316-Jun

15:04-32.424

51.999Cetacean survey

16:25-32.43452.012

16-Jun

17:38-32.519

52.199Seabird survey

16:29-32.43752.021

16-Jun

16:59-32.470

52.099Towfish nutrient sample

16-JunSeabird survey

17:01-32.472

52.10416-Jun

17:37-32.518

52.199Towfish nutrient sample

17:08-32.48152.123

-

-

-

-

04:12

-32.94553.137----

Towfish nutrient sample

04:12-32.94553.137----

Seabird survey

06:00-32.963

53.022

17-Jun07:43-33.006

52.769Cetacean survey

07:18-32.995

52.83017-Jun

18:48-33.30750.921

Towfish nutrient sample

07:43-33.006

52.769----Seabird survey

07:44-33.006

52.76617-Jun08:43-33.032

52.619Seabird survey

08:45-33.033

52.61417-Jun

11:00-33.09352.254

Seabird survey

11:02-33.09452.24917-Jun

12:00-33.125

52.090Seabird survey

12:02-33.12652.08417-Jun13:03-33.15151.913

Towfish nutrient sample

13:00-33.149

51.921----

Seabird survey

13:08-33.153

51.89817-Jun14:03-33.186

51.741

Seabird survey

14:09-33.190

51.72317-Jun

15:00-33.21651.579Seabird survey

15:05-33.21751.56517-Jun

16:00-33.234

51.406

Towfish nutrient sample

17-Jun23

Seabird survey

16:01-33.234

51.40317-Jun

16:59-33.260

51.238Seabird survey

17:01-33.261

51.23317-Jun

17:59-33.282

51.063

Seabird survey

18:01-33.283

51.05817-Jun

18:56-33.31150.897

Seabird survey

19:01-33.31450.882

17-Jun20:01-33.352

50.706

Cetacean survey

19:40-33.340

50.76817-Jun21:30-33.395

50.446

Seabird survey

20:04-33.35450.697

17-Jun

21:00-33.382

50.533

Towfish incubation sample

20:35-33.369

50.606----

Seabird survey

21:03-33.384

50.52517-Jun

22:00-33.406

50.35506:35-33.57749.28818-Jun07:35-33.61049.102

Cetacean survey

07:04-33.59349.19818-Jun13:53-33.782

47.952

Towfish nutrient sample

07:05-33.59449.195----

Seabird survey

07:38-33.61149.09318-Jun08:45-33.640

48.881

Seabird survey

08:50-33.64248.86518-Jun

09:51-33.671

48.676

Seabird survey

09:53-33.672

48.66918-Jun

11:08-33.700

48.444

Seabird survey

11:09-33.70148.44118-Jun

12:00-33.72848.289Seabird survey

12:01-33.72948.28618-Jun

12:58-33.758

48.114

Towfish nutrient sample

12:15-33.73648.244----

Seabird survey

13:00-33.75948.10818-Jun13:49-33.780

47.960Seabird survey

17:32-33.80147.90718-Jun18:12-33.81247.785

Cetacean survey

17:38-33.80247.88918-Jun18:30-33.82047.730Seabird survey

18:16-33.81347.77318-Jun

18:58-33.833

47.644

Seabird survey

19:02-33.835

47.632

18-Jun

19:59-33.86347.455

Cetacean survey

19:23-33.84547.56718-Jun

21:31-33.905

47.171

Seabird survey

20:00-33.86347.452

18-Jun

21:00-33.892

47.266

Seabird survey

21:02-33.892

47.26018-Jun

22:06-33.91647.065

Seabird survey

22:07-33.91647.062

18-Jun22:15-33.91847.041

Seabird survey

Seabird survey

18-Jun06:15-34.01146.351

19-Jun07:13-34.04246.170Towfish nutrient sample

19-Jun06:49-34.027

46.246----

Cetacean survey

07:01-34.034

46.20819-Jun

21:07-34.40843.655

Seabird survey

07:14-34.04246.167

19-Jun08:28-34.08345.932

Seabird survey

08:29-34.083

45.92919-Jun08:43-34.089

45.884

Seabird survey

08:47-34.091

45.871

19-Jun10:03-34.12945.630Seabird survey

10:10-34.133

45.60819-Jun

11:00-34.157

45.452

Seabird survey

11:02-34.158

45.44619-Jun12:05-34.18545.251

Towfish nutrient sample

11:55-34.180

45.282----

Seabird survey

12:07-34.18645.24519-Jun

12:57-34.21145.094

Seabird survey

13:00-34.21245.08519-Jun

14:00-34.23944.906

Seabird survey

14:01-34.24044.90319-Jun

15:00-34.266

44.729Seabird survey

15:04-34.268

44.717

19-Jun

15:58-34.285

44.556

Seabird survey

16:02-34.287

44.54519-Jun

16:56-34.31044.385

Towfish nutrient sample

16:33-34.300

44.453

-

-

-

-

24

Seabird survey

18:00-34.332

44.19619-Jun

19:00-34.35344.022

Seabird survey

19:05-34.355

44.00819-Jun

19:59-34.376

43.851

Seabird survey

20:00-34.376

43.84819-Jun

21:05-34.40743.661

Seabird survey

21:07-34.40843.65519-Jun

21:09-34.41043.649Seabird survey

21:10-34.41043.647

19-Jun

21:24-34.41843.609Towfish nutrient sample

21:13-34.41243.638----Towfish nutrient sample

21:43-34.41943.604

-

-

-

-

01:10

-34.583

43.921----

Towfish nutrient sample

06:15-35.03744.781----

Seabird survey

06:41-35.076

44.85620-Jun07:50-35.175

45.057

Cetacean survey

07:02-35.10744.91620-Jun13:35-35.672

46.018Seabird survey

07:55-35.18145.07120-Jun08:45-35.252

45.214

Seabird survey

08:47-35.255

45.22020-Jun09:51-35.34845.401

Seabird survey

09:54-35.352

45.41020-Jun

11:04-35.453

45.604

Towfish nutrient sample

10:50-35.432

45.565----

Seabird survey

11:05-35.45445.60720-Jun12:05-35.54445.775

Seabird survey

12:07-35.54745.78020-Jun13:01-35.62645.926

Seabird survey

13:03-35.62945.93220-Jun

14:00-35.707

46.085

Seabird survey

14:02-35.71046.09020-Jun

14:46-35.769

46.205

Seabird survey

14:49-35.773

46.21220-Jun

14:59-35.78646.239Towfish nutrient sample

15:00-35.788

46.241----

Seabird survey

15:02-35.791

46.24620-Jun

15:59-35.874

46.392

Seabird survey

16:00-35.875

46.39520-Jun

16:58-35.954

46.545

Seabird survey

17:00-35.957

46.55020-Jun18:00-36.040

46.706

Towfish nutrient sample

18:00-36.040

46.706----

Seabird survey

18:01-36.04146.70920-Jun19:01-36.12446.866

Seabird survey

19:03-36.12746.87120-Jun19:32-36.170

46.948Seabird survey

19:50-36.197

46.99520-Jun20:16-36.238

47.063

Seabird survey

20:17-36.240

47.06620-Jun20:59-36.305

47.178

Cetacean survey

20:33-36.26647.10820-Jun22:13-36.40747.369Seabird survey

21:00-36.30747.18120-Jun22:09-36.40347.365

Towfish nutrient sample

22:05-36.398

47.355

-

-

-

-

06:20

-36.49747.57421-Jun07:29-36.61247.766

Towfish nutrient sample

06:43-36.533

47.638----

Cetacean survey

07:24-36.60447.75221-Jun07:35-36.62247.783

Seabird survey

07:30-36.61447.76921-Jun08:42-36.72647.973

Seabird survey

08:45-36.73147.98221-Jun

10:00-36.860

48.192

Seabird survey

10:02-36.86448.19721-Jun10:59-36.94648.356

Cetacean survey

10:24-36.89748.25921-Jun

11:47-37.01748.490Seabird survey

11:00-36.94748.35821-Jun12:00-37.03648.526

Towfish incubation sample

11:05-36.95448.373----

Towfish nutrient sample

Seabird survey

20-Jun21-Jun25

Seabird survey

12:01-37.038

48.52921-Jun12:58-37.12048.685

Seabird survey

13:01-37.125

48.69321-Jun

14:06-37.22448.867

Cetacean survey

13:15-37.14548.73321-Jun13:29-37.166

48.770Seabird survey

14:08-37.22748.87221-Jun

14:59-37.301

49.005

Seabird survey

15:02-37.30549.01321-Jun

16:00-37.38549.164

Towfish nutrient sample

15:30-37.34449.086----

Cetacean survey

15:31-37.34549.08821-Jun15:47-37.36649.130Seabird survey

16:01-37.38649.16621-Jun

17:07-37.48749.333

Cetacean survey

16:29-37.428

49.23721-Jun

16:45-37.452

49.277

Cetacean survey

16:55-37.46849.30221-Jun

17:01-37.47749.318Seabird survey

17:08-37.488

49.33521-Jun

18:06-37.57649.481

Cetacean survey

17:19-37.506

49.36321-Jun17:36-37.532

49.405

Seabird survey

18:07-37.57749.48321-Jun

18:50-37.638

49.594

Towfish nutrient sample

18:54-37.643

49.597

-

-

-

-

00:13

-37.59949.592----

Cetacean survey

06:07-35.98549.67422-Jun

11:30-34.49849.752

Seabird survey

06:43-35.82349.68222-Jun07:54-35.49849.702

Towfish nutrient sample

07:03-35.733

49.687----

Seabird survey

07:58-35.47949.70422-Jun08:45-35.25149.719Seabird survey

08:48-35.23649.72022-Jun

09:49-34.93949.742

Seabird survey

09:59-34.91149.74522-Jun

11:02-34.60349.747

Seabird survey

11:03-34.59849.74722-Jun

11:59-34.530

49.794

Cetacean survey

11:42-34.486

49.76522-Jun

14:50-34.93950.173

Towfish nutrient sample

11:45-34.49349.769----Seabird survey

12:00-34.533

49.79622-Jun

13:00-34.67649.922

Towfish nutrient sample

12:15-34.573

49.823----

Towfish nutrient sample

12:45-34.64149.888----Seabird survey

13:02-34.68149.92622-Jun

14:01-34.82050.060Towfish nutrient sample

13:15-34.71149.955----

Towfish nutrient sample

13:45-34.782

50.023----

Seabird survey

14:03-34.82550.06422-Jun

14:55-34.952

50.185

Towfish nutrient sample

14:15-34.85450.092----

Towfish nutrient sample

14:45-34.92750.161----

Seabird survey

15:00-34.96450.19622-Jun

16:05-35.12550.350Towfish nutrient sample

15:15-35.00250.231----

Towfish nutrient sample

15:45-35.07750.301----

Cetacean survey

16:01-35.11750.33922-Jun18:30-35.377

50.709Seabird survey

16:06-35.12750.35222-Jun

17:00-35.230

50.492

Towfish nutrient sample

16:15-35.145

50.375----

Towfish nutrient sample

16:45-35.20250.452----

Seabird survey

17:01-35.232

50.49422-Jun

18:00-35.332

50.638Towfish nutrient sample

22-Jun26

Towfish nutrient sample

17:15-35.258

50.530----Towfish nutrient sample

17:45-35.30950.602----

Seabird survey

18:02-35.335

50.64322-Jun

19:00-35.42150.776

Towfish nutrient sample

18:15-35.355

50.673----

Towfish nutrient sample

18:45-35.39950.742----

Seabird survey

19:01-35.42350.77822-Jun

19:58-35.51050.905

Cetacean survey

19:02-35.42450.78022-Jun

20:59-35.588

51.046

Seabird survey

20:00-35.51350.91022-Jun

21:00-35.589

51.048Seabird survey

21:02-35.591

51.05322-Jun22:00-35.65451.197

Seabird survey

22:02-35.656

51.20222-Jun22:54-35.71151.332

06:03-36.346

52.43023-Jun

07:06-36.440

52.599Seabird survey

06:10-36.355

52.44923-Jun

07:08-36.44452.604

Towfish nutrient sample

07:27-36.43652.615----

Seabird survey

08:27-36.433

52.61723-Jun08:45-36.48152.612

Seabird survey

08:46-36.486

52.61123-Jun10:01-36.79752.556

Cetacean survey

10:01-36.79752.55623-Jun

11:38-37.21152.469Seabird survey

10:05-36.81352.55323-Jun

10:57-37.03452.506

Seabird survey

11:00-37.047

52.50423-Jun

12:00-37.30852.449Cetacean survey

11:43-37.23452.46523-Jun

18:22-39.02552.061

Seabird survey

12:02-37.31752.44723-Jun12:59-37.573

52.394

Towfish nutrient sample

13:00-37.578

52.393----

Seabird survey

13:01-37.582

52.39223-Jun

13:59-37.841

52.330Seabird survey

14:01-37.85052.32823-Jun

14:59-38.11652.265

Seabird survey

15:00-38.12052.26423-Jun

15:59-38.39352.205

Seabird survey

16:00-38.39852.20423-Jun

17:00-38.66452.146

Seabird survey

17:01-38.668

52.14423-Jun

18:00-38.92852.083

Towfish nutrient sample

18:00-38.92852.083----

Seabird survey

18:21-39.02152.06223-Jun

18:22-39.02552.061

06:55-39.649

52.99524-Jun07:59-39.727

53.133

Seabird survey

08:01-39.72953.13724-Jun08:02-39.730

53.138Towfish nutrient sample

08:07-39.733

53.141----

Seabird survey

09:00-39.73753.14124-Jun09:59-39.75453.028

Cetacean survey

09:17-39.751

53.14324-Jun

12:55-39.81152.537

Towfish nutrient sample

09:24-39.749

53.124----

Seabird survey

10:00-39.75453.02524-Jun

11:00-39.774

52.859Seabird survey

11:02-39.775

52.85324-Jun12:05-39.79452.676

Seabird survey

12:07-39.79452.67124-Jun

12:56-39.81152.534

Towfish nutrient sample

13:00-39.81352.524----

Seabird survey

13:01-39.81352.52124-Jun

13:59-39.82952.366

Cetacean survey

13:09-39.81852.50024-Jun

13:23-39.82052.462

Cetacean survey

13:29-39.82152.44624-Jun15:32-39.866

52.122

Cetacean survey

Seabird survey

23-Jun24-Jun27

Seabird survey

14:02-39.83052.35924-Jun

14:59-39.850

52.209Seabird survey

15:01-39.85152.20424-Jun

16:00-39.87852.047

Cetacean survey

16:02-39.87852.04224-Jun

17:45-39.90251.767

Seabird survey

16:04-39.87952.03724-Jun

16:55-39.895

51.899Seabird survey

16:58-39.896

51.89124-Jun

17:56-39.90551.740Towfish nutrient sample

17:45-39.90251.767----

Seabird survey

06:20-39.99350.99425-Jun07:31-40.01150.800Towfish nutrient sample

06:33-39.997

50.959----Cetacean survey

07:06-40.00550.86825-Jun

15:55-40.08150.253

Seabird survey

07:33-40.01150.79525-Jun08:41-40.02950.611

Seabird survey

08:46-40.03150.59725-Jun

09:55-40.05350.410Seabird survey

09:57-40.053

50.40525-Jun11:01-40.07150.230Seabird survey

11:03-40.07150.22525-Jun

11:58-40.09350.084

Towfish nutrient sample

11:30-40.080

50.156----

Seabird survey

11:59-40.09350.08225-Jun

12:58-40.10749.932

Seabird survey

13:01-40.10849.92425-Jun13:32-40.11749.844

Seabird survey

13:42-40.14449.85125-Jun14:20-40.11849.969Seabird survey

14:22-40.11749.97525-Jun

15:00-40.090

50.095

Seabird survey

15:05-40.087

50.11125-Jun

15:50-40.07350.247

Cetacean survey

21:19-39.925

50.27825-Jun

21:34-39.91650.28000:30-39.875

50.225----

Seabird survey

07:08-40.18149.19926-Jun08:24-40.206

48.987

Cetacean survey

08:04-40.20249.04426-Jun10:46-40.25448.606

Seabird survey

08:25-40.206

48.98426-Jun09:46-40.24148.768Seabird survey

09:48-40.24248.762

26-Jun10:46-40.25448.606

Towfish nutrient sample

11:03-40.260

48.600----Seabird survey

12:25-40.27848.61026-Jun13:13-40.266

48.510

Cetacean survey

12:35-40.297

48.60526-Jun

18:53-40.368

47.547

Towfish nutrient sample

12:37-40.295

48.600----Seabird survey

13:14-40.266

48.50726-Jun

13:58-40.274

48.384

Towfish nutrient sample

13:30-40.268

48.464----

Seabird survey

14:00-40.275

48.37926-Jun

15:07-40.29348.189Towfish nutrient sample

14:30-40.28648.295----

Seabird survey

15:08-40.29348.18626-Jun

15:59-40.31148.042

Seabird survey

16:00-40.31148.03926-Jun

16:59-40.33147.872

Towfish nutrient sample

16:30-40.32247.954----

Seabird survey

17:00-40.332

47.86926-Jun

17:59-40.349

47.698Towfish nutrient sample

17:29-40.340

47.786----

Seabird survey

18:02-40.35147.68826-Jun18:52-40.368

47.549Towfish nutrient sample

18:30-40.361

47.608----Seabird survey

21:33-40.35347.60726-Jun22:52-40.388

47.378Towfish incubation sample

25-Jun26-Jun28

Cetacean survey

21:35-40.35447.602

26-Jun22:30-40.380

47.443

Towfish nutrient sample

22:30-40.380

47.443

-

-

-

-

07:08

-40.39647.32727-Jun09:15-40.426

46.960Seabird survey

07:12-40.39647.31527-Jun08:21-40.41147.115

Towfish nutrient sample

08:15-40.40947.133----

Seabird survey

08:22-40.41147.11227-Jun09:16-40.42646.958Towfish nutrient sample

09:10-40.42446.973----

Towfish nutrient sample

09:50-40.42946.946----

Seabird survey

11:01-40.440

46.93327-Jun12:02-40.44846.756

Cetacean survey

11:03-40.44146.92827-Jun20:14-40.595

45.330Towfish nutrient sample

12:00-40.44846.762----

Seabird survey

12:05-40.449

46.74727-Jun

13:00-40.464

46.591

Towfish nutrient sample

13:00-40.464

46.591----

Seabird survey

13:03-40.465

46.58327-Jun

13:57-40.480

46.430Seabird survey

14:00-40.48146.42227-Jun

15:00-40.49046.253

Towfish nutrient sample

14:00-40.48146.422----

Towfish nutrient sample

15:00-40.49046.253----

Seabird survey

15:01-40.49046.25027-Jun

16:02-40.51746.084

Towfish nutrient sample

16:00-40.51646.089----Seabird survey

16:03-40.51746.08127-Jun

16:20-40.52246.032

Seabird survey

16:21-40.52246.02927-Jun

16:44-40.52945.963

Seabird survey

16:46-40.53045.95727-Jun

17:59-40.558

45.744

Towfish nutrient sample

17:00-40.53545.917----

Towfish nutrient sample

18:00-40.558

45.741----

Seabird survey

18:01-40.55945.73827-Jun19:10-40.572

45.526

Towfish nutrient sample

19:00-40.570

45.556----

Seabird survey

19:11-40.573

45.52327-Jun

20:00-40.589

45.374

Seabird survey

20:01-40.589

45.37027-Jun20:28-40.59945.291

Towfish nutrient sample

20:15-40.595

45.327----

Towfish nutrient sample

23:20-40.61445.240

-

-

-

-

06:57

-40.682

44.43428-Jun08:47-40.71144.185

Seabird survey

07:09-40.68544.40828-Jun08:03-40.70144.284

Seabird survey

08:07-40.70244.27528-Jun08:45-40.71044.188Towfish nutrient sample

09:50-40.719

44.193----

Seabird survey

10:08-40.738

44.24128-Jun11:16-40.81744.427

Cetacean survey

10:09-40.73944.24428-Jun

14:38-41.087

45.011

Seabird survey

11:18-40.81944.43228-Jun12:13-40.890

44.587

Seabird survey

12:14-40.892

44.59028-Jun13:17-40.976

44.774

Seabird survey

13:18-40.978

44.77728-Jun

13:58-41.032

44.894

Seabird survey

14:01-41.03644.90228-Jun

14:41-41.09045.018Towfish nutrient sample

14:40-41.09045.016----

Cetacean survey

Cetacean survey

27-Jun28-Jun29

Cetacean survey

15:47-41.11245.02428-Jun

15:58-41.11445.025

Seabird survey

16:18-41.12445.03528-Jun17:08-41.18545.189Cetacean survey

16:22-41.12945.04528-Jun

20:48-41.44645.864

Seabird survey

17:09-41.186

45.19228-Jun18:00-41.24545.354

Seabird survey

18:02-41.24845.36128-Jun19:02-41.31045.550Towfish nutrient sample

18:10-41.257

45.386----

Seabird survey

19:03-41.31145.55328-Jun

20:00-41.384

45.723

Seabird survey

20:01-41.38545.72628-Jun

20:48-41.44645.864

Towfish nutrient sample

20:40-41.43845.841

-

-

-

-

07:02

-41.89046.86829-Jun08:45-41.99447.086

Seabird survey

07:04-41.892

46.87229-Jun08:00-41.949

46.993

Seabird survey

08:02-41.95146.99729-Jun08:43-41.992

47.084

Seabird survey

09:52-42.055

47.10029-Jun10:53-42.31647.110

Cetacean survey

10:04-42.106

47.10229-Jun13:30-42.96447.140Towfish nutrient sample

10:10-42.13247.103----

Seabird survey

10:55-42.32547.11029-Jun

11:59-42.595

47.126

Seabird survey

12:00-42.59947.12629-Jun

13:00-42.84247.141

Seabird survey

13:01-42.84647.14129-Jun13:59-43.08147.142

Seabird survey

14:01-43.08947.14229-Jun

15:00-43.32647.153

Towfish nutrient sample

14:15-43.14447.145----

Cetacean survey

14:34-43.22047.14829-Jun19:43-44.49347.207

Seabird survey

15:01-43.330

47.15329-Jun

15:58-43.55947.164

Seabird survey

16:01-43.57147.16529-Jun17:02-43.82147.175

Seabird survey

17:04-43.82947.17529-Jun17:59-44.057

47.185

Seabird survey

18:01-44.065

47.18629-Jun18:59-44.30947.197

Towfish nutrient sample

18:30-44.187

47.192----

Cetacean survey

29-JunSeabird survey

19:01-44.31747.19829-Jun

19:51-44.518

47.207

12:47-45.71147.24430-Jun13:36-45.72847.241

Seabird survey

19:12-45.76647.22830-Jun20:28-46.07947.253

Cetacean survey

19:16-45.782

47.22930-Jun

20:03-45.97647.245

Seabird survey

20:30-46.08747.25430-Jun22:40-46.632

47.281

Cetacean survey

21:06-46.238

47.26430-Jun23:00-46.71647.28507:32-48.93647.40001-Jul08:43-49.235

47.414

Cetacean survey

08:03-49.066

47.40601-Jul

09:59-49.550

47.429Seabird survey

08:48-49.256

47.41501-Jul

10:15-49.61747.432

Seabird survey

10:18-49.63047.43201-Jul

11:24-49.933

47.442

Cetacean survey

11:03-49.832

47.43801-Jul

14:00-50.70747.477

Seabird survey

11:27-49.94747.44201-Jul

12:45-50.332

47.462

Seabird survey

13:39-50.60147.47201-Jul

14:03-50.72347.478Seabird survey

14:32-50.869

47.48701-Jul

14:59-51.00347.493

Cetacean survey

15:01-51.01347.49401-Jul

18:00-51.855

47.525

Seabird survey

Seabird survey

30-Jun01-Jul30

Seabird survey

15:47-51.23947.50501-Jul

16:26-51.42247.512

Seabird survey

16:27-51.42647.51201-Jul

16:52-51.54247.515

Seabird survey

17:10-51.62647.51801-Jul

18:27-51.97747.534

Seabird survey

18:45-52.00947.54001-Jul

19:35-52.20247.546

Seabird survey

19:37-52.21047.54601-Jul20:16-52.370

47.54831

7.

NMF-SS Ship’s Systems

Mark Maltby
National Marine Facilities

7.1

Aims and purpose of data collection

Data were collected with the following broad aims:
1. To map major frontal features and nutrient regimes within the off-shelf study area and along
the survey track.
2. To collect indices of environmental features likely to limit the distribution or detectability
seabirds and other study organisms.
3. To estimate rates of primary production within the study area.
4. To estimate the vertical distribution and biomass of mesopelagic nekton within the study areas.
5. To collect other oceanographic data opportunistically.

7.2

Requested services

To meet the above aims, the science party requested the following services:
Scientific computing system: Position to be logged at 1 Hz throughout the cruise and the scientificcomputing system required throughout.
Meteorology monitoring package, WAMOS wave radar, pumped sea surface monitoring system:
Metrological and wave data to be recorded using the ship’s metrology package and WAMOS wave radar
respectively. Surface salinity, temperature, transmissivity and fluorescence to be measured continuously
by the ship’s pumped sampling system. Data recording was to commence as soon as the ship hadentered the English Channel (i.e. west of 001° 40’ W), and continue until just prior to entering St Johns(i.e. until 052° 30’ W). These data are to be analysed primarily by Igor Belkin (University of Rhode Island)
and Ewan Wakefield (University of Glasgow). To avoid contamination, the sea surface monitoring system
was to be shut down while fish oil etc. were being discharged during bird catching operations.
Hull-mounted ADCP system: In order to obtain current profiles, both the 75 kHz and 150 kHz ADCP units
were to be operate continuously while the ship was underway in open water (i.e. between 006° and
052° W). These data are to be analysed primarily by Igor Belkin (University of Rhode Island).
Simrad EK60: Acoustic data were to be collected sing the EK60 in order to estimate the vertical
distribution and biomass of mesopelagic nekton within the study area. The EK60 was to remain
operational while the ship was open water (i.e. between 006° and 052° W). These data are to beanalysed by Roland Proud and Andrew Brierley (University of St Andrews).
Additional instruments were run to collect data opportunistically.

7.3

Scientific Computer Systems

7.3.1 Acquisition
Network drives were setup on the on-board file server; firstly a read-only drive of the ships instruments
data and a second scratch drive for the scientific party. Both were combined at the end of the cruise and32copied to disks for the PSO and BODC. The Ship-fitted instruments that were logged are listed in the
below file (includes BODC/Level-C notes):
Dy080_BODC_ship_fitted_information_sheet.docx
Cruise Disk Location: ’/Cruise_Documentation/’Core data was logged by the Techsas 5.11 data acquisition system. The system creates NetCDF and ASCII
output data files. The format of the data files is given per instrument in the “Data Description” directory:
Cruise Disk Location: ’ /Cruise_Documentation/Data_Description_Documents’
Data was additionally logged into the legacy RVS Level-C format. There are ASCII dumps of all the level-C
streams included on the data disk in directories:
Cruise Disk Locations:‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Level-C/raw_data/ascii/’‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Level-C/pro_data/ascii/’

7.4

Instrumentation

7.4.1 Position and attitude
GPS and attitude measurement systems were run throughout the cruise.
The Applanix POSMV system is the GPS system outputting the position of the ship’s common reference
point that is displayed around the ship on the data display system. The position fixes, attitude and gyrodata are logged to the Techsas system. True Heave is logged by the Kongsberg EM122 & EM710 systems.
Differential corrections are acquired by the system via the CNav 3050.
The Seapath 330 system is the GPS system outputting the position of the ship’s common reference
point. The systems position fix, attitude and Real time heave data are used by the EA640, EM122,
EM710 & EK60. Position fixes and attitude data are logged to the Techsas system.
The CNav 3050 is a GPS system with differential correction service. It provides the Applanix POSMV
syatem with corrected DGPS feed for auxiliary input to provide greater than 1m accuracy. The position
fixes data is logged to the Techsas system.
The Fugro Seastar is a GPS system with differential correction service. It provides the Seapath 330
system with RTCM DGPS corrections with greater than 1m accuracy. The position fixes data is logged to
the Techsas system.
The Phins is an inertial Navigation system which provides true-heading, attitude, speed and position.
The position data is supplied from the Seapath 330 system. The data feeds from the Phins are used by
the ADCP’s and attitude data is logged to the Techsas system.

33

There was a loss of Seapath 330 GPS data due to the Techsas module crashing the period of loss was
21/06/17 08:15:02 – 21/06/2017 09:50:47.

7.4.2 Meteorology and sea surface monitoring package
The NMF Surfmet system was run throughout the cruise, excepting times for cleaning, entering andleaving port and whilst alongside. Please see the separate information sheet for details of the sensors
used and weather calibrations values have been applied:
Dy080_surfmet_sensor_calibrations.docx
Cruise Disk Location: ’/Cruise_Documentation/’
Instrument calibration sheets are included in the directory:
Cruise Disk Location:‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Surfmet/SurfMet_calibration_sheets’

7.4.3 Events
The data from the starboard TIR is suspect from 11/06/17 08:14:00 – 14/06/17 16:45:33 due to a loose
cable making reading intermittent, investigation and repair was delayed until conditioned permitted
access to the met mast.
Cleaning events are documented in the following table:
Date
07/06/17

Time
08:55:00

Event
Non-Toxic Started – Trans open 4.7608V closed 0.0639V

15/06/17

17:58:00

Non-Toxic shutdown for cleaning

15/06/17

18:19:00

Non-Toxic Restarted – Trans open 4.7606V closed 0.0642V

21/06/17

19:35:00

Non-Toxic shutdown for cleaning

21/06/17

20:00:00

Non-Toxic Restarted – Trans open 4.754V closed 0.0641V

26/06/17

15:15:00

Non-Toxic shutdown for cleaning

26/06/17

15:25:00

Non-Toxic Restarted – Trans open 4.7537V closed 0.0641V

01/07/17

13:04:00

Non-Toxic shutdown - Trans open 4.753V closed 0.0641V

Water sample were taken twice a day for TSG salinity ties, bottle details and sample time are
documented in the following table:
Date

Time

Crate/Bottle Number34

07/06/17
08/06/17
08/06/17
09/06/17
09/06/17
10/06/17
10/06/17
11/06/17
11/06/17
12/06/17
12/06/17
13/06/17
13/06/17
14/06/17
14/06/17
15/06/17
15/06/17
16/06/17
16/06/17
17/06/17
17/06/17
18/06/17
18/06/17
19/06/17
19/06/17
20/06/17
20/06/17
21/06/17
21/06/17
22/06/17
22/06/17
23/06/17
23/06/17
24/06/17
24/06/17
25/06/17
25/06/17
26/06/17
26/06/17
27/06/17
27/06/17
28/06/17
28/06/17
29/06/17
29/06/17
30/06/17

19:00:00
07:15:30
19:25:00
07:14:00
19:01:00
06:59:30
19:01:00
08:09:45
19:59:45
08:04:00
19:59:3019
08:14:50
20:00:15
09:08:00
21:24:00
09:06:00
19:59:00
08:48:30
20:00:00
09:06:15
19:57:20
09:08:30
20:01:00
08:51:00
20:06:00
08:56:30
20:00:30
09:10:00
20:02:00
09:10:30
20:04:30
09:38:30
20:00:20
09:06:45
19:58:30
09:06:00
20:01:35
10:21:40
20:54:20
10:11:50
20:58:45
10:04:30
20:57:00
10:08:30
21:01:30
10:31:00

TSG01/097
TSG01/098
TSG01/099
TSG01/100
TSG01/101
TSG01/102
TSG01/103
TSG01/104
TSG01/105
TSG01/106
TSG01/107
TSG01/108
TSG01/109
TSG01/110
TSG01/111
TSG01/112
TSG01/113
TSG01/114
TSG01/115
TSG01/116
TSG01/117
TSG01/118
TSG01/119
TSG01/120
TSG02/049
TSG02/050
TSG02/051
TSG02/052
TSG02/053
TSG02/054
TSG02/055
TSG02/056
TSG02/057
TSG02/058
TSG02/059
TSG02/060
TSG02/061
TSG02/062
TSG02/063
TSG02/064
TSG02/065
TSG02/066
TSG02/067
TSG02/068
TSG02/069
TSG02/070

35

7.4.4 Ocean Waves WaMoS II
The Wamos wave radar was run throughout the cruise. The system is currently calibrated against
forecast data so may not be absolutely accurate.
Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/WaMos’

7.4.5 Kongsberg EA640 10kHz single beam
The EA640 single-beam echo-sounder was run throughout the cruise. The 10kHz transducer was used to
avoid interference with the other acoustic systems.
It was used with a constant sound velocity of 1500m/s throughout the water column to allow it to becorrected for sound velocity in post processing. Kongsberg RAW files and History BMP files are logged
and depths were logged to the Techsas system:
Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/EA640/’

7.4.6 Kongsberg EM122 deep water multi beam
The EM122 multibeam echo-sounder was run throughout the cruise triggered via K-sync to avoid
interference with the other acoustic systems.
The position and attitude data is supplied from the Seapath 300 due to its superior real-time heave. True
Heave from the Applanix POSMV was also logged and could be used in reprocessing.
Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/EM122/’
The following figures shows the system installation configuration. The values are from the ships Parker
survey report.

36

7.4.7 Kongsberg EM710 shallow water multi beam (70-100kHz)
The EM710 multibeam echo-sounder was run on departure and arrival when depths allowed triggered
via K-sync to avoid interference with the other acoustic systems.
Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/EM710/’
The position and attitude data is supplied from the Seapath 300 due to its superior real-time heave. True
Heave from the Applanix POSMV was also logged and could be used in reprocessing.
The following figures shows the system installation configuration. The values are from the ships Parker
survey report.

37

7.4.8 Sound velocity profiler
Sound velocity profiles were taken with the MIDAS Valeport SVP SN:22356. The profiles were taken
during CDT casts and were only to a depth of 500m, the rest of the extended profile is computed. The
profiles were applied to both the EM122 & EM710 systems.
Date/Time
13/06/17 08:48

ProfileDy080_station1_sorted_extended_thinned.asvp

17/06/17 10:04

Dy080_station8_sorted_extended_thinned.asvp

26/06/17 11:52

Dy080_station23_sorted_extended_thinned.asvp

Location
43 48.50 N
029 002.57 W
53 08.21 N
032 56.67 W
48 36.02 N
040 15.60 W

Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/Sound_Velocity_Profiles/’7.4.9 Simrad EK60 fish finder
The Simrad EK60 Fish Finder was configured as per the request of the science party as below.

38

The record range was set to 1500m, a max file size of 25Mb, constant sound velocity of 1500m/s and a
max bottom detection of 1500m. It had been requested for a ping interval of 2 seconds to be used but
for interference free data K-sync was used to synchronize the system with the other acoustic systems.
This meant that 2 second interval wasn’t achieved but the best quality data was achieved.
At the time of cruise DY080, the EK60 had not been calibrated for some years and calibration was notpracticable during DY080. However, the instrument was calibrated by Sophie Fielding (British Antarctic
Survey) on the 27 and 28 November, 2017 in Stromness Harbour, South Georgia during cruise DY086.
Calibrations files (18, 38, 120, 200 and 333 kHz) can be obtained from the BODC or Sophie Fielding toallow retrospective calibration of data collected using the EK60 during DY080.
There were gaps in the data due to the ER60 Software crashing the following table documents theperiods of no data.
Data Collection Stopped
10/06/17 23:23:52
16/06/17 01:49:00
21/06/17 03:15:00
26/06/17 03:44:00

Data Collection Restarted
11/06/17 08:07:00
16/06/17 08:42:00
21/06/17 09:06:00
26/06/17 10:19:00

Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/EK60/’

7.4.10 75kHz and 150kHz hull-mounted ADCPThe ADCP’s were setup with a standard setup as below, the control files are saved along with the data.

Number of Bins
Bin Size
Blanking
Transducer Alignment

75kHz
100
8m
8m
-45.5342 degrees

150kHz968m
4m-45.1128 degrees

The systems were trigger by K-sync to synchronise with the other acoustic systems and prevent
interference. On departure and arrival to port bottom tracking was run to allow for transduceralignment check to be performed in post processing.
Cruise Disk Location: ‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/OS75kHz/’‘/Ship_Fitted_Scientific_Systems/Acoustics/OS75kHz/’

39

8.

NMF-SS CTD

Candice Cameron
National Marine Facilities

8.1

Aims and purpose of data collection

The main purpose of collecting CTD data was to characterise water masses in order to map major frontal
features and nutrient regimes within the off-shelf study area and along the survey track.

8.2

Introduction and Overview

The science party requested that temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, florescence, transmissivity,
PAR and light scatter profiles be obtained to a depth of 500 m using the ship’s CTD. On lines 2-7, casts
were to be made twice per day (i.e. spaced approximately every 75 nm assuming a cruising speed of 10kts). In addition, casts using the rosette to obtain water samples for nutrient analysis, as well as the CTD,
were to be carried out at the northern and southern extremities of lines 2-6. Required bottle stops, andthe number of bottles to fire at each depth were: 500m x2, 400m x2, 300m x2, 200m x2, 150m x2, 100m
x2, 80m x3, 60m x 3, 40m x3, 20m x3.
All CTD casts were undertaken with the stainless steel CTD frame and used 10l Niskin water samplers
throughout. The CTD package was left the same as the previous expedition – DY078 – bar the removalof the LADCPs as this had not been requested in the SME. This was confirmed with the PSO during an
initial science meeting on board (05/06/17) and in order to reduce risk of loss of units as well as wear
and tear on the cables the units have been removed from the CTD frame with only the workhorseremaining to add weight to the frame. The Sensor Information Sheet has been updated to reflect this.
A Sea-Bird 35 Temperature sensor was installed on the 9Plus underwater unit with the sensor tip
mounted as close as possible to the Sea-Bird 3P temperature sensor also installed on the 9Plus. A cableconnected the Sea-Bird 35 to both the 9Plus and also to the Sea-Bird 32 Carousel. With thisarrangement it is possible for the Sea-Bird 35 to trigger sampling once a bottle fire command has been
detected, and to also download the data at the end of the cast using the Sea-Bird 11 Plus CTD Deck Unit
and Sea-Bird Seaterm software.
Housed on the vane were the Sea-Bird 43 Oxygen and the secondary Sea-Bird 3P temperature and 4C
conductivity sensors.
For each deployment the crew directed all deck operations and drove the winch, lines were attached to
the frame to steady the package whilst it was either lifted off the deck overboard, or lifted on deck
inboard. The technician assisted in this process. Once in the water, the crew lowered the package to an
initial depth of 10m, allowing the Sea-Bird 5T pumps to prime and start operating, once this had
occurred for most casts, and where weather allowed, the package was raised to near the surface thenlowered to a depth given by the technician in the lab for this expedition this was a constant of 500m.
Upon completion of the cast the package was landed on deck, moved into the hanger and stowed in the
CTD deck plate for the scientists to commence sampling. Due to the configuration of the lifting hoist
and slow operating speed, this typically added a 5 minute delay to the scientists before they were able
to start their sampling.

40

Between stations sensors were flushed with MilliQ and the whole CTD rinsed with fresh water toprevent salt crystals forming in the sensors, associated tubing and carousal.

8.3

List of Sensors Used

Listed below (Table 8.1) are details of all of the sensors and instruments as used on the CTD system forthe duration of the expedition. Fortunately, all sensors worked as expected and there were no failures.
Table 8.1 Sensors used during CTD casts.
Instrument / Sensor

Model

Serial No

Chan
nel

Casts
Used

Primary CTD deck unit

SBE 11plus

11p-0676

N/A

All casts

CTD Underwater Unit

SBE 9plus

09p-0943

N/A

All casts

Stainless steel 24-way frame

NOCS

SBE CTD1

N/A

All casts

Primary Temperature Sensor

SBE 3P

3p-2674

F0

All casts

Primary Conductivity Sensor

SBE 4C

4c-2571

F1

All casts

Digiquartz Pressure sensor

Paroscientific110557F2

All casts

Secondary Temperature Sensor

SBE 3P

3p-4383

F3

All casts

Secondary Conductivity Sensor

SBE 4C

4c-2580

F4All casts

Primary Pump

SBE 5T

05-3085

N/A

All casts

Secondary Pump

SBE 5T

05-7371

N/A

All casts

24-way Carousel

SBE 3232-0423

N/A

All casts

Dissolved Oxygen Sensor

SBE 4343-1624

V0

All casts

Dissolved Oxygen Sensor

SBE 4343-2575

V1

All casts

Altimeter

Benthos 916T

59494

V2

All casts

Light Scattering Sensor

WETLabs BBRTD

BBRTD-169

V3

All casts

PAR Up-looking DWIRR

Biospherical QCP Cosine PAR

70510

V4

All casts

PAR Down-looking UWIRR

Biospherical QCP Cosine PAR

70520

V5

All casts

Fluorometer

CTG Aquatracka MKIII

88-2615-126

V6

All casts

Transmissometer

WET Labs C-Star

1602TRV7

All casts

10L Water Samplers
Deep Ocean Standards
Thermometer

OTE

1-24

N/A

All casts

SBE 350048

N/A

All Casts

8.4

CTD Processing

Immediately after each cast the raw data was backed up to the network drive, to reduce the risk of data
loss and to make the data available to the scientific party.
Basic Sea-Bird processing of the raw data then took place using Sea-Bird Data Processing software. The
full “Recommended steps for basic processing of SBE-911 CTD data (Version 1.0, October 2010)” wasfollowed for all casts and is outlined below.

41

All casts were processed as per BODC/NMF "recommended steps for basic processing of SBE-911 CTD
data" except where stated. (Data Conversion, Bottle Summary, Sea Plot, Wild Edit (pressure), Filter,
AlignCTD, CellTM, Loop Edit, Derive, Bin Average, Strip)
Cast
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

8.5

Station Number
Dawn
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn
Dusk
100mi N of front
Centre of front
100mi S of front
Dawn
Dusk
Dawn

Max depth
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m

Processing
No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)No bottle summary (none fired)

Software Used

Sea-Bird SeaTerm 1.59
Sea-Bird Seasave 7.26.2.13
RD Instruments BBTalk 3.06
RD Instruments WinADCP 1.13

42

TOTAL WIRE:

26000

m

HAUL / VEER:

26.00

km

8.6

CTD Package Geometry

Water bottle

CTD RIGA

Secondarythermometer

ID

Vertical distance from pressure sensor
(m)

A

1.5

B

0.3 s/s system (with 10L samplers)

C**

0.07

D
0.00
**NOTE: C & D may be minimal.

D

B
C
Primary thermometer

8.7

Pressure
sensorConfiguration

Listed below are the contents of the configuration file as used for all casts completed on the expedition,
as saved in the Sea-Bird configuration file DY078_SS.xmlcon.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><SBE_InstrumentConfiguration SB_ConfigCTD_FileVersion="7.26.2.0" ><Instrument Type="8" ><Name>SBE 911plus/917plus CTD</Name><FrequencyChannelsSuppressed>0</FrequencyChannelsSuppressed><VoltageWordsSuppressed>0</VoltageWordsSuppressed><ComputerInterface>0</ComputerInterface><!-- 0 == SBE11plus Firmware Version >= 5.0 --><!-- 1 == SBE11plus Firmware Version < 5.0 --><!-- 2 == SBE 17plus SEARAM --><!-- 3 == None --><DeckUnitVersion>0</DeckUnitVersion><ScansToAverage>1</ScansToAverage><SurfaceParVoltageAdded>0</SurfaceParVoltageAdded><ScanTimeAdded>1</ScanTimeAdded><NmeaPositionDataAdded>1</NmeaPositionDataAdded><NmeaDepthDataAdded>0</NmeaDepthDataAdded><NmeaTimeAdded>1</NmeaTimeAdded><NmeaDeviceConnectedToPC>1</NmeaDeviceConnectedToPC><SensorArray Size="13" ><Sensor index="0" SensorID="55" ><TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" ><SerialNumber>03P-2674</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>12-Apr-2016</CalibrationDate><UseG_J>1</UseG_J><A>0.00000000e+000</A>

43

<B>0.00000000e+000</B><C>0.00000000e+000</C><D>0.00000000e+000</D><F0_Old>0.000</F0_Old><G>4.35704908e-003</G><H>6.42890429e-004</H><I>2.39495498e-005</I><J>2.41492992e-006</J><F0>1000.000</F0><Slope>1.00000000</Slope><Offset>0.0000</Offset></TemperatureSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="1" SensorID="3" ><ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" ><SerialNumber>04C-2571</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>17-Sept-2015</CalibrationDate><UseG_J>1</UseG_J><!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. --><SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR><CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst><ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType><Coefficients equation="0" ><A>0.00000000e+000</A><B>0.00000000e+000</B><C>0.00000000e+000</C><D>0.00000000e+000</D><M>0.0</M><CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor></Coefficients><Coefficients equation="1" ><G>-9.93506765e+000</G><H>1.54127601e+000</H><I>1.31909516e-004</I><J>9.53663714e-005</J><CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor><CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor><!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. --><WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC></Coefficients><Slope>1.00000000</Slope><Offset>0.00000</Offset></ConductivitySensor></Sensor><Sensor index="2" SensorID="45" ><PressureSensor SensorID="45" ><SerialNumber>110557</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>3-Nov-2016</CalibrationDate><C1>-6.010548e+004</C1><C2>-1.565601e+000</C2><C3>1.823090e-002</C3><D1>2.668300e-002</D1><D2>0.000000e+000</D2><T1>3.020528e+001</T1><T2>-6.718318e-004</T2><T3>4.457980e-006</T3><T4>1.203850e-009</T4><Slope>0.99999952</Slope><Offset>-0.09301</Offset><T5>0.000000e+000</T5><AD590M>1.280700e-002</AD590M><AD590B>-9.299640e+000</AD590B></PressureSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="3" SensorID="55" ><TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" >44<SerialNumber>03P-4383</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>17-Feb-2016</CalibrationDate><UseG_J>1</UseG_J><A>0.00000000e+000</A><B>0.00000000e+000</B><C>0.00000000e+000</C><D>0.00000000e+000</D><F0_Old>0.000</F0_Old><G>4.39869867e-003</G><H>6.55422307e-004</H><I>2.42112171e-005</I><J>2.00242732e-006</J><F0>1000.000</F0><Slope>1.00000000</Slope><Offset>0.0000</Offset></TemperatureSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="4" SensorID="3" ><ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" ><SerialNumber>04C-2580</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>18-Feb-2016</CalibrationDate><UseG_J>1</UseG_J><!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. --><SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR><CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst><ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType><Coefficients equation="0" ><A>0.00000000e+000</A><B>0.00000000e+000</B><C>0.00000000e+000</C><D>0.00000000e+000</D><M>0.0</M><CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor></Coefficients><Coefficients equation="1" ><G>-1.04721262e+001</G><H>1.53914981e+000</H><I>5.50311670e-004</I><J>4.36265174e-005</J><CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor><CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor><!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. --><WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC></Coefficients><Slope>1.00000000</Slope><Offset>0.00000</Offset></ConductivitySensor></Sensor><Sensor index="5" SensorID="38" ><OxygenSensor SensorID="38" ><SerialNumber>43-2818</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>28 July 2016</CalibrationDate><Use2007Equation>1</Use2007Equation><CalibrationCoefficients equation="0" ><!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. --><Boc>0.0000</Boc><Soc>0.0000e+000</Soc><offset>0.0000</offset><Pcor>0.00e+000</Pcor><Tcor>0.0000</Tcor><Tau>0.0</Tau></CalibrationCoefficients><CalibrationCoefficients equation="1" ><!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. --><Soc>4.6240e-001</Soc><offset>-0.5009</offset>

45

<A>-4.5114e-003</A><B> 2.4363e-004</B><C>-3.6665e-006</C><D0> 2.5826e+000</D0><D1> 1.92634e-004</D1><D2>-4.64803e-002</D2><E> 3.6000e-002</E><Tau20> 1.5400</Tau20><H1>-3.3000e-002</H1><H2> 5.0000e+003</H2><H3> 1.4500e+003</H3></CalibrationCoefficients></OxygenSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="6" SensorID="38" ><OxygenSensor SensorID="38" ><SerialNumber>43-2575</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>30 August 2016</CalibrationDate><Use2007Equation>1</Use2007Equation><CalibrationCoefficients equation="0" ><!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. --><Boc>0.0000</Boc><Soc>0.0000e+000</Soc><offset>0.0000</offset><Pcor>0.00e+000</Pcor><Tcor>0.0000</Tcor><Tau>0.0</Tau></CalibrationCoefficients><CalibrationCoefficients equation="1" ><!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. --><Soc>4.4360e-001</Soc><offset>-0.4749</offset><A>-4.4596e-003</A><B> 2.7428e-004</B><C>-3.8655e-006</C><D0> 2.5826e+000</D0><D1> 1.92634e-004</D1><D2>-4.64803e-002</D2><E> 3.6000e-002</E><Tau20> 1.5700</Tau20><H1>-3.3000e-002</H1><H2> 5.0000e+003</H2><H3> 1.4500e+003</H3></CalibrationCoefficients></OxygenSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="7" SensorID="0" ><AltimeterSensor SensorID="0" ><SerialNumber>59494</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate><ScaleFactor>15.000</ScaleFactor><Offset>0.000</Offset></AltimeterSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="8" SensorID="70" ><TurbidityMeter SensorID="70" ><SerialNumber>169</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>08-Sept-2016</CalibrationDate><ScaleFactor>5.228e-003</ScaleFactor><!-- Dark output --><DarkVoltage>8.900e-002</DarkVoltage></TurbidityMeter></Sensor><Sensor index="9" SensorID="42" ><PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor SensorID="42" ><SerialNumber>70510</SerialNumber>46

<CalibrationDate>24-Jan-2017</CalibrationDate><M>1.00000000</M><B>0.00000000</B><CalibrationConstant>20449897800.00000000</CalibrationConstant><Multiplier>1.00000000</Multiplier><Offset>-0.04979765</Offset></PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="10" SensorID="42" ><PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor SensorID="42" ><SerialNumber>70520</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>24-Jan-2017</CalibrationDate><M>1.00000000</M><B>0.00000000</B><CalibrationConstant>16835016800.00000000</CalibrationConstant><Multiplier>1.00000000</Multiplier><Offset>-0.06092372</Offset></PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor></Sensor><Sensor index="11" SensorID="71" ><WET_LabsCStar SensorID="71" ><SerialNumber>CST-1602DR</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>24-May-2016</CalibrationDate><M>2.1304</M><B>-0.1065</B><PathLength>0.250</PathLength></WET_LabsCStar></Sensor><Sensor index="12" SensorID="5" ><FluoroChelseaAqua3Sensor SensorID="5" ><SerialNumber>88-2615-126</SerialNumber><CalibrationDate>22-July-2016</CalibrationDate><VB>0.210900</VB><V1>2.156000</V1><Vacetone>0.303700</Vacetone><ScaleFactor>1.000000</ScaleFactor><Slope>1.000000</Slope><Offset>0.000000</Offset></FluoroChelseaAqua3Sensor></Sensor></SensorArray></Instrument></SBE_InstrumentConfiguration>47

9.
Seawater nutrient and trace element and phytoplankton pigment
concentrations; community structure and physiological status
Tom Browning and Ali Al-Hashem
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel (Germany)

9.1

Regular sampling from trace-metal-clean towed-fish

At regular intervals (Table 9.1), surface (~2-3 m depth) seawater was sampled from a custom-built
towed-fish via acid washed 1cm diameter tubing with suction provided by a Teflon bellows pump
powered by filtered compressed air from the ship supply. Water was pumped directly into the RRS
Discovery purpose-built clean air laboratory. Positive air pressure was maintained via a continuous
inward airflow, with dust particles in this airflow removed by a HEPA filter.
106 discrete sampling sites were sampled for dissolved macronutrient (nitrate/phosphate/silicate)concentrations, trace element concentrations, phytoplankton pigment composition, phytoplankton cellcounts, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and active fluorescence physiological measurements (Figure 9.1).
Further details for each of these are outlined below. Sample collection for this suite of measurements
ranged between ~1-6 hours of steaming time with a preference for sampling just before (~10-15
minutes) a CTD station.
Table 9.1 Dates, times and locations of sampling from trace-metal-clean towed-fish.
Date
07/06/2017
07/06/2017
07/06/2017
08/06/2017
08/06/2017
08/06/2017
09/06/2017
09/06/2017
09/06/2017
09/06/2017
10/06/2017
10/06/2017
10/06/2017
10/06/2017
11/06/2017
11/06/2017
11/06/2017
12/06/2017
12/06/2017
12/06/2017
12/06/2017

Time
12:26:00
17:40:00
22:42:00
05:18:00
15:18:00
20:16:00
05:40:00
11:13:00
17:11:00
23:07:00
05:20:00
11:08:00
17:15:00
23:05:00
06:23:00
12:07:00
18:15:00
00:13:00
06:14:00
12:15:00
18:28:00

Lon(°)-5.821-6.789-7.930-9.102-10.925-11.661-13.106-14.003-14.517-15.075-15.734-16.405-17.391-18.333-19.755-20.892-22.211-23.487-24.839-26.153-27.388

Lat(°)
49.50349.24549.00548.70748.23347.94147.05446.57646.16545.65645.02744.71744.62044.54444.44944.36944.28944.18744.09944.01143.92448

12/06/2017
13/06/2017
13/06/2017
13/06/2017
13/06/2017
13/06/2017
14/06/2017
14/06/2017
15/06/2017
15/06/2017
15/06/2017
16/06/2017
16/06/2017
16/06/2017
17/06/2017
17/06/2017
17/06/2017
17/06/2017
18/06/2017
18/06/2017
19/06/2017
19/06/2017
19/06/2017
19/06/2017
19/06/2017
20/06/2017
20/06/2017
20/06/2017
20/06/2017
20/06/2017
20/06/2017
21/06/2017
21/06/2017
21/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017

22:12:00
04:50:00
05:45:00
12:00:00
18:37:00
23:53:00
06:58:00
13:00:00
07:00:00
13:13:00
23:02:00
06:38:00
11:58:00
17:08:00
04:12:00
04:12:00
07:43:00
13:00:00
07:05:00
12:15:00
06:49:00
11:55:00
16:33:00
21:13:00
21:43:00
01:10:00
06:15:00
10:50:00
15:00:00
18:00:00
22:05:00
06:43:00
15:30:00
18:54:00
00:13:00
07:03:00
11:45:00
12:15:00
12:45:00
13:15:00
13:45:00
14:15:00
14:45:00-28.186-29.003-29.043-29.308-29.645-29.967-30.332-30.194-30.682-31.064-31.358-31.815-32.205-32.481-32.945-32.945-33.006-33.149-33.594-33.736-34.027-34.180-34.300-34.412-34.419-34.583-35.037-35.432-35.788-36.040-36.398-36.533-37.344-37.643-37.599-35.733-34.493-34.573-34.641-34.711-34.782-34.854-34.92743.86443.81043.80844.48945.36145.79145.88546.72547.93448.86349.59250.62351.50952.12353.13753.13752.76951.92149.19548.24446.24645.28244.45343.63843.60443.92144.78145.56546.24146.70647.35547.63849.08649.59749.59249.68749.76949.82349.88849.95550.02350.09250.16149

22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
22/06/2017
23/06/2017
23/06/2017
23/06/2017
24/06/2017
24/06/2017
24/06/2017
24/06/2017
25/06/2017
25/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
26/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
27/06/2017
28/06/2017
28/06/2017
28/06/2017
28/06/2017
29/06/2017

15:15:00
15:45:00
16:15:00
16:45:00
17:15:00
17:45:00
18:15:00
18:45:00
07:27:00
13:00:00
18:00:00
09:24:00
08:07:00
13:00:00
17:45:00
06:33:00
11:30:00
11:03:00
12:37:00
13:30:00
14:30:00
16:30:00
17:29:00
18:30:00
22:30:00
08:15:00
09:10:00
09:50:00
12:00:00
13:00:00
14:00:00
15:00:00
16:00:00
17:00:00
18:00:00
19:00:00
20:15:00
23:20:00
09:50:00
14:40:00
18:10:00
20:40:00
10:10:00-35.002-35.077-35.145-35.202-35.258-35.309-35.355-35.399-36.436-37.578-38.928-39.749-39.733-39.813-39.902-39.997-40.080-40.260-40.295-40.268-40.286-40.322-40.340-40.361-40.380-40.409-40.424-40.429-40.448-40.464-40.481-40.490-40.516-40.535-40.558-40.570-40.595-40.614-40.719-41.090-41.257-41.438-42.132

50.23150.30150.37550.45250.53050.60250.67350.74252.61552.39352.08353.12453.14152.52451.76750.95950.15648.60048.60048.46448.29547.95447.78647.60847.44347.13346.97346.94646.76246.59146.42246.25346.08945.91745.74145.55645.32745.24044.19345.01645.38645.84147.10350

29/06/2017
29/06/2017

14:15:00
18:30:00-43.144-44.187

47.14547.192

Figure 9.1. Samples from the towed fish and incubation experiments

9.1.1 Trace elements
Samples were collected in acid washed 125mL LDPE sample bottles for dissolved (0.2 µm filter capsule)and total (no filtration) trace metal concentrations (metals: Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu, Co, Cd, Al). Samples
were acidified with 140 µL concentrated (10M) Fisher Optima grade hydrochloric acid, in batches andunder a laminar flow hood, within a few days of collection. These samples will be measured on return to
GEOMAR via pre-concentration on a SeaFAST system (Thermo scientific) and subsequent analysis on an
Element 2 ICP-MS following the method of Milne et al. (2010).

9.1.2 Major nutrients
Samples were collected for dissolved nitrate, phosphate, and silicate concentration analysis (50mL)
Samples were frozen immediately in a -20 °C freezer. These samples will be analysed on return to
GEOMAR using a Seal Quattro autoanalyser.

9.1.3 Phytoplankton measurements
At each sampling sites the following phytoplankton measurements were made:---

Chlorophyll-a concentrations: 100 mL samples were filtered onto Machery Nagel GFF filter
papers and extracted for 12-24 hours in 10 mL 90% HPLC-grade acetone in a -20 °C freezer in thedark before measurement on a Turner Designs trilogy fluorometer following the method of
Welschmeyer (1994).
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): 1-4L seawater was filtered onto Machery
Nagel GFF filter papers and placed directly into a -80 °C freezer. These will be analysed on return
to GEOMAR following the method of e.g. Gibb et al. (2000).
Analytical flow cytometry: 1.87mL of seawater was mixed with 0.125mL 16% paraformaldehyde
yielding a final paraformaldehyde concentration of 1%. Mixing was carried out using vortex,
after which samples were left for 10 minutes at room temperature in the dark before transfer toa -80 °C freezer. Samples will be analysed on a FACSort flow cytometer (Beckton-Dickinson, UK)following the method of e.g. Davey et al. (2008), with the intention of analysing fornanophytoplankton, picophytoplankton, Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus and total bacterial cellcounts.
51

-Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf): A FASTOcean fluorometer (Sensor ID: 14-9740-003)
with integrated FASTact laboratory system (both Chelsea Technologies LTD., UK) was used tomeasure in vitro variable fluorescence of phytoplankton samples after a 30 minute darkacclimation period (with temperature maintained by submersion in continuously flowing waterfrom the ships underway system). Fluorescence light curves were also ran following a protocolof progressively increasing light intensities between 20 and 2000 µmol photons m-2 s-1 (asdescribed in Browning et al., (2014) Blank filtrates (0.2 µm filtrates) were measured for virtually
all samples. All FRRf data will be blank-corrected and fluorescence parameters recalculated
upon return to GEOMAR.

-

9.2

Depth profiles from CTD casts

Seawater was collected from 7 CTD casts for biogeochemical characterisation of the upper 500m watercolumn (CTD numbers 001, 008, 013, 019, 023, 024, and 025; Table 9.2). Sampling depths were always
20m, 40m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 400m, and 500m. Samples were collected for dissolved
inorganic macronutrients (nitrate/phosphate/silicate), dissolved organic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate)
for all depths, and biological measurements (chlorophyll-a, FRRf, phytoplankton diagnostic pigments,
flow cytometry cell counts, POC, biogenic silica) from the upper 6 depths (i.e., until 150m).

Table 9.2 Dates and times of CTD casts during which seawater samples for nutrient analysis wereobtained.
CTD #
1
8
13
19
23
24
25

9.3

Date
13/06/17
17/06/17
19/06/17
24/06/17
26/06/17
27/06/17
27/06/17

Time
05:45:00
04:12:00
21:43:00
08:07:00
11:03:00
09:50:00
23:20:00

Incubation experiments

Six 48-hour duration on-deck incubation experiments were carried out in 1-2L trace-metal-clean
Nalgene polycarbonate bottles (Figure 9.1). Seawater was collected in a 60L acid washed carboy,
generally at dusk/night time, using the trace-metal-clean towed-fish described previously (Table 9.3).
Filling times for the 60L carboy were approximately ~1 hour. Seawater was siphoned from the 60L
carboy into the polycarbonate incubation bottles. Bottled seawater was spiked with the following
combinations of nutrients/trace metals: N, Fe, N+Fe, N+Fe+Co, N+Fe+vitamin B12, N+Fe+Zn, N+Fe+Mn,
N+Fe+P, N+Fe+Si. Initial conditions were sampled directly from the 60L carboy. Triplicate control bottles(2 L) with no nutrients added were also collected and incubated alongside all nutrient treated bottles.
Treated bottles were spiked to the following nutrient/trace metal concentrations: N: 1 µM nitrate and 1µM ammonium; P: 0.2 µM phosphate; Fe: 2 nM; Zn: 2 nM; Co: 2 nM; vitamin B12: 100 pM; Mn: 2 nM;
52

Silicate: 2 µM. In addition, for one experiment, guano collected from a caught seabird was added totriplicate bottles. Part of this guano sample was retained for further analysis (see below).
Bottles were placed in on-deck incubators connected to the ships underway flow-through system tocontinuously maintain temperatures at that of sea surface waters. Incubators were screened with Blue
Lagoon screening (Lee Filters), which maintained irradiance at ~30% of that of the surface. After 48
hours incubation, experiments were taken down and measurements made for: Chlorophyll-aconcentrations (1 replicate per treatment bottle), FRRf, analytical flow cytometry, a time course analysisof alkaline phosphatase activity using MUF-P (Sigma) as the organic phosphate substrate (selection oftreatments only), particulate organic carbon (pooled treatments), biogenic silica (pooled treatments),
dissolved trace metal and nutrient concentrations (selection of treatments only).
Table 9.3 Dates, times and locations at which seawater was collected for incubation experiments.
Date

Time

Lon(°)

Lat(°)

08/06/2017
11/06/2017
15/06/2017
17/06/2017
21/06/2017
26/06/2017

20:16
18:56
00:17
20:35
11:05
00:30

-11.661-22.361-30.263-33.369-36.954-39.875

47.94144.27847.15750.60648.37350.225

9.4 Seabird guano/feather collection for analysis of trace metal/nutrient
content
Samples of guano and malting feathers were collected from caught seabirds for future analysis of traceelement and nutrient content/release. Guano samples were collected from plastic seabird holding pensin 1.5 mL acid-washed plastic vials using acid-washed plastic spatulas and frozen immediately at -20 °C.
Moulting body feathers were collected in sample bags and stored at room temperature. Samples will beanalysed for nutrients and trace elements released in a Milli-Q leach (guano and feathers), and for bulk
nutrient content following total acid digestion (method to be determined). Nutrient concentrations will
be analysed using a Seal Quatrro autoanalyser, and trace element concentrations via ICP-MS, withquantification via standard additions made using a multi-element spike solution.

53

10.

Zooplankton sampling, 200-μm-mesh net hauls

Vladimir Laptihovsky
CEFAS

10.1 Aims and purpose of data collection
The main aim of this activity was to determine the species composition and minimum individual species
densities (biomass) of the zooplankton community in the layer above thermocline in the off-shelf study
area, and in particular to detect the occurrence juvenile cephalopod stages.

10.2 Methods
A total of 17 planktonic stations were carried out. A planktonic net WP2 (mesh size 200µ), fitted with aflowmeter to record the volume of water filtered, was deployed every night or whenever possible
straight after a CTD station. During each cast, 250 m (or 150 m at station 17) of cable was released andthe angle between the cable and sea surface was measured to estimate maximum depth of the net haul.
This depth was compared with the actual position of thermocline layer obtained during the CTD
deployment. At all stations this maximum depth was > 200 m and was situated well below thethermocline layer if the latter was present. On recovery, the net was washed down and the end bag
thoroughly rinsed with sea water before preserving the samples in 4% formaldehyde for species
identification onshore.

10.3 Preliminary results
A total of 17 hauls were made (Table 10.1). Catches consisted mostly of planktonic crustaceans(copepods, hyperiids), chaetognaths and some pelagic gastropods. They included some species(Themisto, Clio, euphausiids) also found in seabird diet samples obtained during the cruise. Gelatinous
mesozooplankton occurred irregularly and in small numbers.

10.4 Planned analysis
Sample analysis and full planktonic species identification will be carried out in 2018 financial year by
Vladimir Laptihovsky using the Plankton Image Analyser (PIA). The PIA is a real-time high speed colour
line scan-based imaging instrument. The system is made of a 25 mm brass tube flow cell that has twoquartz optical windows halfway along its length. The flow cell at the windows is square with the samecross sectional area as the 25mm tube. A Basler 2048-70kc camera, sampling at 70K lines per second,
images the water running through the flow cell. The flow rate is monitored by a Bell electro-magnetic
flow meter and set to 34L/min. colour images are captured using an EPIX E4 frame store. The RGB
composite images are constructed by joining consecutive lines together, thresholding and extracting a
region of interest ROI, or vignette that is saved to hard drive as a TIF file. Each TIF image is time-stamped
and named in the Zooscan convention of date+imageID.tif. Raw images are stored to maximise dynamic
range of the captured particles. These are converted to JPG format through a process of scaling andconversion from 12bit to 8bit resolution, for viewing and for subsequent processing.

54

Table 10.1 Dates, times and locations of zooplankton hauls.
Station

Date

Time

Lon(°)FromTo

Lat(°)

Flow meter
From

To

Diff

Max.
depth (m)PLK1

14/06/2017

23:14

23:33

-30.22147.152411451420615

9164

234.9

PLK2

15/06/2017

22:10

22:26

-31.337

49.611

-

-

-

250.0

PLK3

16/06/2017

21:15

21:28

-32.49452.221795167805414

10247

250.0

PLK4

17/06/2017

23:25

23:43

-33.420

50.232805409814373

8964

216.5

PLK5

18/06/2017

23:15

23:28

-33.91947.034814377823694

9317

250.0

PLK6

19/06/2017

22:30

22:46

-34.41843.604

823697833678

9981

241.5

PLK7

20/06/2017

23:04

23:19

-36.40946.373833677843762

10085

249.0

PLK8

21/06/2017

23:23

23:44

-37.61049.602843768852293

8525

226.6

PLK9

23/06/2017

23:40

00:09

-39.05352.067852302862673

10371

250.0

PLK10

24/06/2017

00:10

00:40

-39.05352.067862673872249

9576

250.0

PLK11

25/06/2017

00:00

00:20

-39.956

51.785872249881302

9053

249.0

PLK12

25/06/2017

23:20

23:38

-39.869

50.273881306891863

10557

191.5

PLK13

26/06/2017

11:50

10:39

-40.260

48.600891864902105

10241

246.2

PLK14

27/06/2017

10:20

09:08

-40.428

46.946902116910778

8662

250.0

PLK15

28/06/2017

00:15

00:35

-40.61445.240910792919366

8574

249.0

PLK16

28/06/2017

23:20

22:38

-41.72845.917919368928866

9498

241.5

PLK17

29/06/2017

23:45

22:59

-44.54647.196928875934035

5160

149.4

55

11.

Seabird survey

Holly Hogan & Ewan Wakefield
Environment Canada & University of Glasgow

11.1 Aims and purpose of data collection
Comparatively few surveys have been carried out of seabirds in the deep north west Atlantic(Boertmann 2011, Bennison and Jessopp 2015) but tracking data suggest that this area is an important
hotspot for many species (see section 3.1). However, little is known about the abundance of these
species not how they partition habitats. The aims of the visual survey component of DY080 were
therefore to estimate the distribution, abundance and behaviour of seabirds in the off-shelf study area,
as well as on transit to and from the ports of embarkation and disembarkation, and to determine thecomparative habitat use of large shearwaters, fulmars and other species. In addition, marine mammals,
fish, turtles, etc. surface, which are visible at the, and floating rubbish, were recorded.

11.2 Methods
The majority of data were recorded using standard line transect and distance sampling methods while
the ship was underway but data were also collected using point sampling methods while the ship was
stationary.

11.2.1 Underway visual line transect survey
Seabirds and other animals visible at or near the surface (i.e. cetaceans, tunas, sharks, flying fish, turtles,
gelatinous animals, etc.), as well as refuse and other matter that could indicate the location of fine-scale
fronts (Sargassum, etc.) were surveyed using standard line and distance sampling methods (Tasker et al.
1984, Webb and Durinck 1992, Camphuysen et al. 2004), as described in detail min the Eastern Canada
Seabirds At Sea (ECSAS) protocol (Gjerdrum et al. 2012). In brief, birds were recorded in distance bands
A-D running perpendicular to one side of the track line at 0-50, 50-100, 100-200 and 200-300 m. Thosein flight were also flagged as being ‘in transect’ if they were within a 300 m square box during‘snapshots’, which occurred every 300 m. Behaviour was recorded following Camphuysen and Garthe(2004). In addition, the range and bearing to marine mammals was noted at their first sighting.
Observations were made from the bridge, with an eye height of approximately 17.5 m above sea level.
Observers were located at either the extreme port or starboard side of the bridge, the side beingchanged regularly to take advantage of best observing conditions as dictated by glare, spray, etc. Birds,
etc. were detected by naked eye and identified using 10 x 40 or 8 x 40 binoculars. A second person
recorded observations. In addition, distant birds and other hard to identify biota were photographed
whenever possible by a second observer using a digital camera with a 400 mm image-stabilised lens inorder to aid identification. Observations were undertaken whenever the ship was under way andconditions were suitable (i.e. daylight and sea state low enough to allow safe working and reliable
detection and identification of birds). Three observers, Holy Hogan, Simon Pinder and Ewan Wakefield,
had extensive experience of identifying and recording seabirds at sea. The remainder were trained inthese methods during the cruise and acted as primary observers once they were deemed to havereached a level of competence equivalent to that required of European Seabird at Sea observers.

56

Initially, data were entered directly into a laptop computer supplied by the Canadian Wildlife Service
using a voice to text facility. However, the laptop used to operate this system fell onto a hard surface
and was made inoperable ~11:00 on the 7th of June. Data were therefore recorded on paper forms fromthis time, until 10:55 on the 8th of June, when a replacement data entry system was devised on a second
laptop, and this was used for all subsequent data entry. Following the cruise, all data were exported to
the ECSAS database.

11.2.2 Stationary visual point transect survey
In order to detect the presence elusive species as well as to monitor attraction of commoner species tochum, point transect surveys were carried out from the rear of the monkey island (eye height ~20 m) bya single observer during bird catching sessions. Methods were adapted from those described by
Gjerdrum et al. (2012). Recording began 30 minutes before the first release of chum form the back deck,
while the vessel was stationary. Every 10 minutes the total number of birds in three distance bands
running radially from the observer at 0 – 100, 100 – 300 and >300 m over a 180° arc centred aft wererecorded. The number foraging was then recorded, followed by the number in flight. The presence ofrare birds outwith these conditions was also recorded as they were sighted.

11.3 Preliminary results
11.3.1 Underway observations
Observation conditions were not ideal in the first week, characterized by strong winds and two to threemeter swells. The ship’s speed was reduced during this time and arrival at the study area took longer
than expected, arriving at ~5:00 on June 13th. From this date forward, the seas were moderate andviewing conditions were relatively good; there was only one day of fog between June 13th and the 20th.
However from the afternoon of the 20th until the end of the trip fog was persistent and impededvisibility moderately to severely on most days. Figure 11.1 shows the distributions of survey effort,
which was spread reasonably well throughout the survey area. Uncorrected sighting rates for eachspecies are shown in Appendix 17.1.

Figure 11.1 Visual seabird survey effort (black) overlaid on the track (grey).
Subjectively, it appeared that there were trends in species distributions both east-west and north south.
Procellariiformes were the dominant group seen throughout the trip (Table 11.1), with the possible
exception of the shelf west of the Flemish Cap, where alcids appeared in large numbers. European
57

Storm-Petrel was not seen past the European continental shelf. There appeared to be a change incomposition of the three numerically dominant species with water mass: Cory’s Shearwaters dominatedin warm water, replaced by Great Shearwater in cooler waters, and Northern Fulmars in the coldest andmost northerly waters (Figure 11.2). Statistical analysis by Ewan Wakefield will shed light on theseapparent trends.
Table 11.1 Raw, uncorrected counts of seabirds, other organisms and trash recorded by seabird
observers during underway survey.
Group

Name

Birds

FulmarDark petrel sp.
Cory's Shearwater
Great Shearwater
Sooty Shearwater
Small shearwater sp.
Manx Shearwater
Bulwer's Petrel
Storm ptrel sp.
Wilson's Petrel
European Storm Petrel
Band-rumped Storm Petrel
Leach's Petrel
Northern Gannet
Skua sp.
Small skua sp.
Pomarine Skua
Arctic Skua
Long-tailed Skua
Large skua sp.
South Polar Skua
Auk sp.
PuffinGuillemot/Razorbill/Brunnichs
Razorbill
Guillemot
Brunnich's Guillemot
Common/Arctic ternCommon Tern
Arctic Tern
Kittiwake
Large Gull sp.
Lesser Black-backed Gull

Fulmarus glacialis
Calonectris borealis
Ardenna gravis
Ardenna grisea
Puffinus sp.
Puffinus puffinus
Bulweira bulwerii
Hydrobatidae/Oceanitidae sp.
Oceanites oceanicus
Hydrobates pelagicus
Oceanodroma castro
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Morus bassanus
Stercorarius sp.
Stercorarius sp.
Stercorarius pomarinus
Stercorarius parasiticus
Stercorarius longicaudus
Catharacta sp.
Catharacta maccormicki
Alcidae sp.
Fratercula arctica
Uria/Alca sp.
Alca torda
Uria aalge
Uria lomvia
Sterna hirundo
Sterna paradisaea
Rissa tridactyla
Larus fuscus
58

Total
Overall In MPA
2045
666
2
1
1076
251
4353
2665
181
123
2
0
69
9
1
1
24
17
11
3
15
0
2
0
295
190
103
1
4
3
8
7
4
1
5
3
4
3
12
11
7
6
5
0
104
0
17
0
3
0
480
1
2
0
11
2
1
1
24
10
7
0
1
0
3
0

Cetaceans

Pinnipeds
Turtles
Fish

Other

Herring Gull
American Herring Gull
Great Black-backed Gull
Cetacean sp.
Large cetacean sp.
Baleen whale sp.
Minke whale
Sei whale
Fin whale
Sperm whale
Common dolphin
Long-finned pilot whale
Dolphin sp.
Risso's dolphin
Striped dolphin
Seal sp.
Harp seal
Loggerhead turtle
Fish sp.
SunfishFlying fish sp.
Gelatinous sp.
Portuguese man o' war
Float barnacle
Sargassum weed
Trash

Larus argentatus
Larus smithsonianus
Larus marinus

Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Balaenoptera borealis
Balaenoptera physalus
Physeter macrocephalus
Delphinus delphis
Globicephala melas
Grampus griseus
Stenella coeruleoalba
Pagophilus groenlandicus
Caretta caretta
Mola mola
Exocoetida sp.
Physalia physalis
Dosima fascicularis
Sargassum sp.

59

2
4
2
59
24
26
3
1
10
3
290
34
3
10
55
1
1
2
3
13
10
2
56
9
9
101

0
0
1
55
7
2
0
0
4
2
125
21
3
10
55
0
0
1
2
8
10
0
8
0
4
40

Figure 11.2 Relative, uncorrected, abundance of the three commonest species observed, relative toproposed and existing MPAs.

11.3.2 Stationary observations
Stationary observations were made during 14 catching sessions. These data have not been analysed orsummarised yet but will be worked up by Ewan Wakefield.

60

12.

Seabird capture and sampling

Ewan Wakefield
University of Glasgow

12.1 Aims and purpose of data collection
In the past, it has been very difficult to determine the diet of pelagic seabirds in remote, oceanic waters.
Indeed, there is a general paucity of information on the diet of pelagic seabirds in oceanic waters. Whatdata there come almost exclusively from birds by-caught in fisheries or from lethal sampling by shooting(Brown et al. 1981, Jackson 1988, Shiomi and Ogi 1992, Petry et al. 2008). The latter practice isincreasingly regarded as unethical. The aims of seabird capture and sampling during DY080 were firstly
therefore, to refine non-lethal methods of sampling seabirds at sea. Secondly, they were to estimate thediet, stable isotope and contaminant loading, faecal nutrient and moult status of seabirds within the
study areas, with particular focus on the cephalopod component of seabird diet.

12.2 Methods
The intention was to capture seabirds on lines 2-7, in both the offshore and inshore study areas. In orderto capture seabirds we generally hove to in the afternoon (or night for mist-netting), as weather and sea
conditions allowed, in some cases back-tracking to aggregations of seabirds noted earlier in the day.
Attempts were then made to capture birds using one of the following techniques.

12.2.1 Cast net, from the back deck
Birds were attracted to the ship using chum, a mixture of fresh water (40%), fish oil (20%) and groundfish meal (40%) frozen in 10 litre blocks at -80°C. Blocks of chum will be trailed ~5 m from the stern on alight line. This resulted in a thin slick forming downwind. As birds were attracted to the slick, small
pieces of horse mackerel were thrown in the water to attract them close under the stern. They werethen captured with a hand-thrown cast net (diameter 5 m, mesh size 30 mm), as described by Bugoni etal. (2008) from a height of 4 m above sea level.

12.2.2 Hoop net, from the Fast Rescue Boat
The freeboard of the back deck of the Discovery is relatively high, making it difficult to deploy a cast net
effectively. Hence, it was indented that birds would also be caught from the ship’s Fast Rescue Boat
(FRB). In the event, sea conditions during the cruise sufficiently quiescent to launch the FRB on only two
occasions. On one of these difficulties with the mooring lines, followed by thickening fog meant the FRB
could not be boarded by scientists. Therefore the FRB was used only once for bird catching. On thisoccasion, a chum block of the type described above was deployed, tethered to a free floating buoy,
rather than to the ship. The FRB was launched and the chum block and associated slick tracked. Birds
attracted to the chum block were then lured closer to the FRB using pieces of horse mackerel. Attempts
were then made to capture them using a hoop net (handle length 3 – 5 m, net diameter 0.5 m, meshsize 20 mm) (Adams et al. 2012, Hatch et al. 2016).

12.2.3 Mist nets
On two occasions, the sea state and wind speed was sufficiently low to allow the experimental use of
mist nets, to target storm petrels. At dusk, while the ship was hove to, a mist net, 2.6 m high and 12 m
long, was set on bamboo poles. On the 18th of June it was set up on the port side of the foredeck. On the20th of June it was set up on the starboard side of the back deck. As far as practicable, the ship’s external61lighting was turned off. Calls of various storm petrels species (Hydrobates pelagicus, Oceanodroma
leucorhoa, the O. castro complex, O. monorhis, Oceanites oceanicus, Pelagodroma marina) were thenplayed for ~3 hours using a 200 watt loud speaker set up behind the mist net. On both occasions, a
hand-held spotlight was used in an attempt to guide birds into the net. On the 18th, one bird was
attracted sufficiently close to this light to capture it by hand.

12.2.4 Incidental capture
It is common for some species of seabird, especially storm petrels, to alight on ships at night, either on
purpose or more commonly accidentally. On several occasions, usually on misty nights during CTD
operations, Leach’s petrels O. leucorhoa found on the ship’s decks were caught by hand. It is suspectedthat they were either attracted to or disorientated by the flood lights above the DTD hanger.

12.2.5 Seabird processing
Once captured using one of the methods described above, birds were transferred in cotton bags toplastic cages (large spp.; L 475, W 236, H 240 mm) in the main hanger or cardboard boxes (L/W/H 300mm), lined with paper towels, in the wet lab (Leach’s petrels), where they were housed temporarily.
Cages and boxes were secured to prevent unnecessary motion. In order to reduce distress to the birds
and to allow their plumage to dry, these areas were kept quiet, dry and warm.
Birds were processed either to obtain morphometrics, feathers, blood, stomach contents and faeces.
Some great shearwaters were temporarily equipped with a GPS tag (see section 13). To reduce stress,
stomach samples were not obtained from these birds. Faeces were collected from the cage floors or
paper towel linings of boxes using clean plastic scoops. Cages were cleaned thoroughly and paper towels
renewed in boxes between birds to reduce the chances of cross contamination of faecal samples. Faecal
samples for molecular analysis were stored in absolute ethanol at -80° C in screw-top plastic tubes.
Those intended for nutrient analysis and incubation experiments were treated as described in section 9.
Diet samples were obtained by gastric lavage (Wilson 1984, Neves et al. 2006). Birds were be restrainedby hand and a plastic catheter was fed slowly down the oesophagus until it reached the base of thestomach (Wilson 1984). A manual enema pump was then be used to pump seawater, at room
temperature, into the stomach until it flowed back around the sides of the catheter. The bird was thenbe inverted over a bucket with the beak held open until regurgitation occurred. When regurgitation
appeared complete the neck was massaged gently to remove any items remaining in the oesophagus.
Stomach contents were sorted to remove cephalopod remains and to identify any hard parts. Samples
were then stored frozen in plastic bags or tubes at -80° C in 70% ethanol.
For larger species, a small amount of blood (<1 ml, i.e. in accordance with ASPA guidelines, < 5 % of total
blood volume) was collected either by (1) puncturing the a digital vein using a 25 g needle and drawing
the blood up using a capillary tube or (2) for smaller species by, drawing the blood from the ulnar vein in
the same manner (Clark et al. 2009). Two drops of each blood sample was stored in absolute ethanol formolecular sex determination and the remainder was air-dried and stored for stable isotope analysis.
Small (<0.5 mm) sections of primary or tail feathers were removed by cutting. If the bird was in primaryor tail moult, the section was removed from the base of the youngest actively growing feathers.
Otherwise they were taken from the base of primaries 1 and 5. In addition, three breast feathers were
removed. All feather samples were stored dry, in paper envelopes.
Moult scores were recorded following Bugoni et al. (2015) and Redfern and Clark (2001). Standard
morphometrics, including mass, were measured following Redfern and Clark (2001). In addition, the62right wings of great shearwaters and fulmars was photographed against a graduated board to determine
wing area and the total wing length and the body girth were measured using a tailor’s tape (Pennycuick1989).
Before release, birds’ plumage was checked to ensure it was fully dry. Leach’s petrels were generally
released the morning after capture, while other species were released the same day. In both cases, birds
were released into the air from the starboard side deck after an average of 1.7 h (range 0.5-2.9 h) for
great shearwaters and fulmars and 8.2 h (range 1.8-11.4 h) for Leach’s petrels.

12.3 Preliminary results
12.3.1 Capture successIn total, 45 birds were captured and sampled (Table 12.1), all of which were released unharmed andapparently in good condition after processing. At total of 19 birds captured were Leach’s petrels, caught
incidentally (13) or using playback and/or mist nets (6) in the off-shelf study area. The tape lure was very
effective at attracting Leach’s petrels to the vicinity of the vessel, many of which could be heard callingin response. It was felt that the effectiveness of the mist net was impaired when mounted on theforedeck due to its considerable height above the surface of the sea. Our experience suggests that the
combination of a tape lure and powerful spotlight could be an effective means of capturing storm
petrels from ships but considerable care would be needed to do this in a manner that reduced thechances of bird colliding accidently with the ship’s superstructure.
A total of 26 birds were caught from the back deck, using a hand-thrown cast net. This method was not
as effective as when employed from smaller fishing vessels off Brazil (Bugoni et al. 2008), probably forthe following reasons: (1) The back deck on the Discovery is approximately 4 m above water level,
allowing birds considerable time to see the net being deployed and therefore to escape (it was 2 m in
the Bugoni et al. study). (2) The bulwarks and guard rail around the Discovery’s back deck is around 1.3
m, making it difficult to launch the net effectively. This difficulty was further exacerbated when the net
was deployed on the port and starboard quarters, where the net caught frequently on bollards, cleats,
etc. (3) In all but very quiescent conditions, backwash from waves hitting the stern prevented birds fromapproaching the ship closely. (4) Birds were encountered in relatively low densities. Despite these
difficulties, 26 birds were caught using the cast net. The majority (14) were great shearwaters. Indeed,
contrary to prior expectations, these were markedly easier to catch than fulmars (12 of which werecaught, in four parts of the off-shelf study area). The latter were attracted by chum in large numbers(flocks of >50 birds) but were wary of approaching the vessel very closely, especially if there was any
swell. One great shearwater was caught in the off-shelf study area. The remainder (13) were all caught
at the end of the cruise on the Flemish Cap, in the on-shelf study area, where the density of birds was
greater. Here it was remarkably easy to catch great shearwaters using the cast net, with two birds
sometimes being retrieved in a single cast. Many more great shearwaters could have been caught in thisarea if time had remained to process them. Other species were attracted to the chum slick, especiallysouth polar and long-tailed skuas but these remained well beyond the range of the cast net.
For the majority of the cruise the sea state was too high to launch the FRC. Moreover, on a number ofdays when the swell was low enough to launch the boat its use was precluded by fog reducing visibility
to unsafe levels. Hence, the FRC was only deployed once for bird catching, on the 18th of June. On that63

occasion, densities of birds were extremely low so it is difficult to comment on the effectiveness of thetechnique. A single great shearwater and a flock of four were encountered, both of which could beapproached more easily than those encountered by EW in inshore waters of the Gulf of Maine in 2016,using similar techniques (described by Hatch et al. (2016)). These birds readily took bait and one wasalmost caught to a hoop net. Our experience suggests that hoop-netting from an FRC could be aneffective method of capturing petrels in oceanic areas that are more usually quiescent (e.g. at lower
latitudes), with higher densities of petrels.
Table 12.1. Summary of bird captures and samplingSpeciesGPS
Tag

Feather

SampleBlood Stomach

Feces

CN

1.8

0

1

1

1

1

52.063

CN

1.9

0

1

1

1

1

-39.03752.062

CN

1.3

0

1

1

1

1

-39.060

52.047

CN

1.4

0

1

1

1

1

22:41

-39.06352.044

CN

1.2

0

1

1

1

1

23

22:41

-39.06352.044

CN

1.5

0

1

1

1

1

24

21:30

-39.94451.776

CN

1.3

0

1

1

1

1

25

16:55

-40.068

50.242

CN

1.3

0

1

1

1

0

25

16:55

-40.068

50.242

CN

2.4

0

1

1

1

1

25

19:15

-39.99350.262

CN

1.0

0

1

1

1

1

25

19:55

-39.97350.267

CN

1.7

0

1

1

1

0

25

22:00

-39.900

50.282

CN

0.5

0

1

1

1

1

14

19:35

-30.258

47.153

CN

1.5

0

1

1

0

1

30

13:05

-45.71847.244

CN

1.0

1

1

1

0

0

30

13:55

-45.73147.240

CN

1.3

1

1

1

0

1

30

15:00

-45.73747.239

CN

1.6

1

1

1

0

0

30

15:02

-45.73747.239

CN

1.2

1

1

1

0

0

30

15:20

-45.738

47.239

CN

1.8

0

1

1

0

1

30

15:30

-45.738

47.239

CN

2.2

1

1

1

0

1

30

15:45

-45.73947.240

CN

2.5

1

1

1

0

1

30

16:45

-45.73947.234

CN

2.1

1

1

1

0

1

30

16:53

-45.740

47.233

CN

2.5

1

1

1

0

0

30

16:53

-45.740

47.233

CN

2.9

1

1

1

0

1

30

17:47

-45.74347.229

CN

2.2

0

1

1

0

1

30

18:30

-45.74547.227

CN

1.8

1

1

1

0

1

30

18:32

-45.74547.227

CN

2.0

0

1

1

0

1

Leach’s

14

21:00-30.22347.154

IN

9.0

0

1

1

1

0

Petrel17

23:40-33.41750.227

IN

6.6

0

0

0

0

0

18

04:40

-33.54849.443

IN

1.7

0

0

0

0

0

19

00:10

-33.91947.031

MN/PB

5.8

0

1

1

1

0

18

23:00

-33.91947.033

IN

7.0

0

1

1

1

1

19

00:00

-33.91947.031

SL/PB

6.0

0

0

1

1

0

20

22:25

-36.40947.372

HD/PB

11.1

0

1

1

1

1

Great
shearwater

Time

Lon

Lat

22

21:09

-35.59951.07023

19:19-39.035

23

19:26

23

22:00

23

1

Holdingtime (h)FulmarDay(June)

Method

64

20

22:30

-36.40947.373

HD/PB

11.0

0

1

1

1

0

20

22:35

-36.40947.372

HD/PB

11.4

0

1

1

1

0

20

23:05

-36.40947.374

HD/PB

11.2

0

1

1

1

0

21

04:50

-36.483

47.525

IN

5.3

0

1

1

1

0

21

05:18

-36.492

47.549

IN

5.2

0

1

1

1

0

21

04:59

-36.48647.533

IN

5.8

0

1

1

1

0

21

05:24

-36.492

47.551

IN

5.6

0

1

1

1

0

27

23:30

-40.61445.240

IN

11.0

0

1

1

1

1

27

23:30

-40.61445.240

IN

11.1

0

1

1

1

1

27

23:30

-40.61445.240

IN

11.3

0

1

1

1

1

28

00:50

-40.626

45.212

IN

10.1

0

1

1

1

0

28

00:50

-40.626

45.212

IN

10.2

0

1

1

1

0

Total

10

42

43

29

25

1

CN = cast net, from the back deck; IN = incidental capture at night, generally in the vicinity of the CTD hangar; MN = mist net,
foredeck; SL = hand-held spotlight; HD = capture by hand; PB = playback of storm petrel calls.

12.3.2 Samples obtained and further analysis
Morphometrics, blood, feather and faeces samples were obtained from the majority of birds captured(Table 12.1). Samples will be used for stable isotope analysis (University of Glasgow and University of
Manitoba), genetic sex determination (University of Glasgow), genetic diet studies (University ofGlasgow) and nutrient analysis (GEOMAR). Stomach contents were obtained by gastric lavage from the
majority of birds, the exception being that in order to reduce stress; samples were not obtained fromthe ten great shearwaters fitted with satellite tags. Stomach contents of Leach’s petrels were generally
too digested to be readily identifiable but many contained considerable numbers of particles of plastic.
These samples will be analysed further using genetic techniques at the University of Glasgow. Stomach
contents of fulmars were dominated by Hyperiid amphipods, squid (especially Gonatus spp.) and fish.
Samples will be analysed further at the University of Glasgow and CEFAS.

65

13.

Seabird GPS tracking

Paloma Calabria Carvalho
University of Manitoba

13.1 Purpose of the data collection
Understanding the distribution and abundance of seabirds in the high seas can elucidate patterns andprocesses of marine ecosystems in regions of the ocean that are difficult to study. Surveys from vessels
offer one method to record bird numbers in the ocean; however, these efforts are often limited inspatial and temporal coverage since vessels often briefly transit through areas of high marine
productivity. Alternatively, deployments of tags on marine birds offer the opportunity to track
individuals for weeks or months, following their movements independent of vessel schedules or routes.
Monitoring the movements and behaviour of seabirds at sea can also be useful for delineating
important regions where Marine Protected Areas may be established to enhance the conservation ofmarine biodiversity.

13.2 Aims
Shearwaters were tracked to quantify their movements, behaviour, and habitat use on the Grand Banks(GB) and along the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ). Specific aims were to 1) compare movement
rates and habitat use between birds foraging on the continental shelf (GB) vs. those using deep water
habitats, 2) assess the relative importance of static (e.g. bathymetric) vs. dynamic (e.g. currents and sea
surface temperatures) habitat features, and 3) investigate the connectivity and timing of birds moving
between the CGFZ and the coastal areas of Newfoundland.

13.3 Methods
Ten great shearwaters were captured as described in section 12. Satellite-linked GPS devices (PinPoint
Argos-120, Lotek; 30×16×14 mm [LxWxH] plus 17cm antenna; 11 g) were deployed attached to the birdfeathers either on the tail (n=4) or on the dorsal contour feathers (n=6) using Tesa tape and cable ties (4inches). Prior to deployment, the tags were attached with epoxy to a plastic base (40x16x1.5 mm) which
extended the length of the device to allow for additional attachment points with tape and cable ties
(total weight with attachment material ~13 g). Manufacturer software (Lotek; Pin Point Host v. 2.11.2.9)
was used to charge and program the tags immediately prior to deployment. This model is capable tocollect up to 100 GPS fixes. The schedule for the device was set to collect 2 GPS fixes/day (10:00 and
22:00 GMT) and transmit these data through the Argos satellite system after every 3 GPS fixes. Thisconfiguration was estimated to provide approximately 60 days of data per tag.
All tags were deployed on June 30th, 2017 in the Flemish Cap (Table 13.1). This resulted in a total of 459
GPS locations and 363 bird-tracking days (average 45.9 locations and 36.3 days per bird). Tag
attachment position (dorsal vs. tail) showed equal average tracking duration for both methods (~36days) but tail mounted tags recorded fewer GPS fixes than did dorsal mounted tags, mean of 27.5 vs.
58.2 locations per bird.

66

Table 13.1 Summary of data collected from 10 GPS tags deployed on great shearwaters at 47.236° N,
45.738° W.
Tag ID
170134
170135
170136
170137170138170139170140170141
170142
170143
Average

Bird
Tag/body Attachment No.
mass (g) mass (%) position
fixes
675
1.63
Tail
23
815
1.35
Tail
20
770
1.43
Dorsal
62
860
1.28
Tail
42
730
1.51
Dorsal27
815
1.35
Dorsal57
760
1.45
Dorsal53
810
1.35
Dorsal89760
1.45
Dorsal
61
770
1.43
Tail
25
777
1.42
All
45.9
Dorsal
58.2
Tail
27.5
Total
459

Days
Start/End dates
tracked34
Jun 30 – Aug 3
24
Jun 30 – Jul 24
38
Jun 30 – Aug 7
38
Jun 30 – Aug 7
16
Jun 30 – Jul 16
32
Jun 30 – Aug 1
38
Jun 30 – Aug 7
45
Jun 30 – Aug 14
47
Jun 30 – Aug 16
51
Jun 30 – Aug 20
36.3
36.0
36.8
363

13.4 Preliminary results
Data were downloaded via the Argos website (https://argos-system.clsamerica.com) as a text file (.txt)
and was converted using the software Lotek Argos-GPS Data Processor V3.15 to an “.csv” file whichcontains the tag ID, date, time (GMT) and coordinates. Data will be further analyzed using GIS software.
The GPS devices transmitted for about a month on average (36 days), which was less than expected (60days) based on the tag configurations. The shorter duration might be due to attachment method, as GPS
devices could have fallen before the end of the life cycle of the device. In addition, attachment positionon the bird may have influenced the duration and number of GPS fixes collected by the devices.
Preliminary results suggest distinct foraging strategies between different habitat types (Figure 13.1).
While birds remained on the Grand Banks, daily travel distances were shorter and habitat use appears to
be concentrated along the continental slope where the shelf transitions to deeper water. Once birds
left the continental shelf, individuals dispersed widely showing greater daily travel distances presumably
searching for prey that is more patchy and ephemeral in deep water areas. Contrary to predictions, no
individuals travelled to coastal regions of Newfoundland during the capelin spawning period.

67

Figure 13.1 GPS locations from 10 Great Shearwaters tracked from the Flemish Cap (47° N, 45° W)
between 30 June and 20 August, 2017.

13.5 Estimated total data returns
Total data returns include 459 GPS locations (typica(typically
lly accurate to within 15 m) from 10 birds. Data
processing is complete and raw tracking data will be archived with the BirdLife International Seabird
Tracking Database (http://www.seabirdtracking.org/).

68

14.

Cetacean survey

Claire Lacey
Sea Mammal Research Unit

14.1 Aims
To estimate the distribution and abundance of cetaceans in the off-shelf study area, centred on the subpolar front, south of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), and on transit to and from the ports ofembarkation and disembarkation.

14.2 Visual Survey
A visual survey of cetaceans was made using distance sampling methods while the vessel was underway
during daylight hours, as weather and sea conditions permitted.

14.2.1 Platform set-up
The RRS Discovery is a very stable vessel, and provides an excellent platform from which to conductvisual surveys for cetaceans.
The observer platform was established on the monkey island, directly above the bridge (Figure 14.1).
The observers utilised a box which was already in-situ and provided good shelter against the wind. Theeye height from the monkey island was approximately 20m, affording a good view, and a distance tohorizon of approximately 16km. Due to the shape of the vessel and the location of the observer
platform in the very centre of the ship, there was a “blind bubble” estimated to be 5-10m surrounding
the ship in which cetaceans would not be visible to observers located on the platform.
Angle boards were mounted on the front of the observer box, and sightings buttons located in thecentre of the desk. Distances to animals were estimated using range-finder sticks, which were createdfor each observer prior to the start of the survey.
The data recorder was located behind the observer box, at the top of the stairwell leading to the bridge
deck directly below. This location was indoors, providing good shelter from the wind and rain, whilst
also being close enough that the data recorder could take photographs of animals to help confirm
species identification when necessary. Communication between the data recorder and the observers
was carried out via two-way radio.

69

Figure 14.1 Observation platform setup on the monkey island of the RRS Discovery

14.3 Survey effort
There were four cetacean observers on this cruise – Claire Lacey (SMRU), Nadya Ramirez-Martinez(SMRU), Guilherme Bortolotto De Oliviera (SMRU) and Marguerite Tarzia (Birdlife International). Survey
effort was carried out by two cetacean observers at a time, with a third acting as data recorder and thefourth observer off watch. Observers rotated every hour.
Survey activity commenced on 07/06/2017 and continued until 01/07/2017. A total of 3704.39 km and269h 44m (Table 1) of survey effort was achieved across all transects (Figure 14.2, Table 14.2). Asummary of watch hours is included in Appendix 17.2.
Table 14.1 Summary of duration of survey hours conducted per day.
Date
HH:MM:SS of survey completed
07/06/2017
03:49:50
08/06/2017
14:53:36
09/06/2017
04:14:53
10/06/2017
15:17:55
11/06/2017
15:06:52
12/06/2017
14:36:04
14/06/2017
08:04:04
16/06/2017
10:37:35
17/06/2017
15:06:52
18/06/2017
14:27:09
19/06/2017
14:06:4370

20/06/2017
21/06/2017
22/06/2017
23/06/2017
24/06/2017
25/06/2017
26/06/2017
27/06/2017
28/06/2017
29/06/2017
30/06/2017
01/06/2017
Total

15:10:57
10:11:40
14:51:33
12:19:35
08:27:36
14:28:28
14:25:48
13:06:16
13:50:35
12:40:25
03:43:08
09:56:56
269:44:40

Figure 14.2 Total effort achieved on all survey transects.

71Table 14.1 Summary of effort achieved across transects.
Transect name

Designed transect
length (km)2213.911074.15
1071.65
1238.61
1177.21441.57796.79

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Opportunistic (survey effort conducted when
not following predetermined track lines).
Total
8013.88

Effortachieved
743.19257.79739.76212.19678.34213.67400.44459.00

Proportion planned
track line covered
0.34
0.24
0.69
0.17
0.58
0.48
0.50
N/A

3704.39

0.40

Weather conditions on this survey were relatively poor for collecting marine mammal data. Prior to thestart of the survey, conditions in which data would be collected were defined as:-

Vessel underway (speed >6knts)
Daylight
Sea state <5
Visibility >500m

To begin with, this was adhered to howev
however,
er, it soon became apparent that this would likely result inhighly reduced data collection. As a result, it was decided that data collection would continue into sea
states 5 and 6. The long periods of thick fog also necessitated the collection of data in periods of low
visibility; the minimum 500m visibility was discounted and instead data collection continued reduced
visibility and the amount of clear water was estimated and recorded. The amount of survey effort
conducted in different sea states is shown in Figure 14.3 & Table 14.3.

Figure 14.3 Survey effort categorised by Beaufort sea state category
72

Table 14.2 Summary of percentage survey effort by Beaufort Sea state category. Percentages have beenrounded.
Sea state
Effort (%)
≤1
5.4
2
20.3
2.5
13.2
3
14.9
4
26.1
5
13.8
6
6.3
In order to take account of visibility as well as sea state, survey conditions were categorised as either
Good, Moderate, Poor and Very Poor based on a combination of sea state, visibility and sightability
sig–asubjective assessment made by the observers in real time of the chances of sighting dolphins based on
the current weather conditions (Appendix 17.3).
). The amount of survey effort conducted in different
overall conditions is shown in Figure 14.4 & Table 14.4.

Figure 14.4 Survey effort categorised by overall conditions, taking account of sea state, visibility andsightability.

73

Table 14.3 Summary of percentage survey effort by overall conditions category
Conditions
Good
Moderate
Poor
Very Poor

Effort (%)
53.6
12.1
22.7
11.7

14.4 Sightings
A total of 250 marine mammal sightings were made whilst on line-transect survey effort, representing
12 species (Table 14.5). The most frequently sighted species was the fin whale, with 39 individual
sightings of 70 individuals. Common dolphins and humpback whales were also frequently seen (34 and37 sightings respectively). There were large numbers of unidentified sightings of both dolphins and large
whales. Identification was very difficult in moderate and poor sighting conditions and when groups wereseen far away. Photographs were taken and used to confirm species identification wherever possible.

74

Table 14.4 Marine mammal species seen during line-transect survey across all transects
Species
Baleen whales
Blue whale
Fin whale
Sei whale
Humpback whale
Minke whale
Blue, fin or sei whale
Humpback whale or sperm
whale
Unidentified "large" whale
Unidentified "medium" whale
Deep divers
Sperm whale
Pilot whale
Delphinids
Bottlenose dolphin
Common dolphin
Risso's dolphin
Striped dolphin
White-sided dolphin
Patterned dolphin
Unidentified dolphin
Grand Total

Number of sightings

Total number of animals

5
39
7
37
8
46

7
70
10
40
8
51

3
21
2

3
22
2

7
7

8
159

1
34
1
3
3
6
20
250

1
391
10
157
28
26
109
1102

14.4.1 Baleen whales
Blue whales
Five sightings of blue whales were made during the survey, totalling seven individual animals. Three ofthe sightings were made towards the northern apex of transects 2 and 3 (Figure 14.5).

75

Figure 14.5 Blue whale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Fin whales
Fin whales were the most commonly sighted species, with a total of 39 individual sightings, comprisingan estimated 70 individuals. Sightings were made on all transects (Figure 14.6).

Figure 14.6 Fin whale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Sei whales
Sei whales were
ere seen on seven occasions, totalling 10 individuals (Figure 14.7).
7). This species can be hardto differentiate from fin whales under sub
sub-optimal
optimal survey conditions or if the animal is seen far away.

76

Figure 14.7 Sei whale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Humpback whales
Humpback whales were also commonly sighted, with a total of 37 individual sightings, comprising an
estimated 40 individuals. Sightings were made primarily at the northern end of trantransect
sect three and thewestern end of transect 1 (Figure 14.
14.8).

Figure 14.8 Humpback whale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Minke whales
Minke whales were seen eight times, all sightings of single inindividuals (Figure 14.9).
9). With the exceptionof one sightings, all of the minke whales recorded were seen on transect 7, in the shallower waters on
the approach to St Johns.
77

Figure 14.9 Minke whale sightings made during survey effo
effortrt across all weather conditions

Unidentified whales
There were 72 sightings of 78 individual whales for which it was not possible to ascertain species (Figure
14.10).
10). These sightings were recorded into one of four categories depending on the information
availableailable in the field. The categories used are shown in Table 6.
Table 14.5. Categories used to classify unidentified whale sightings
Category
Blue / fin / sei whale

Humpback or sperm whale
Unidentified large whale
Unidentified medium whale

Definition
Large columnar blow. Observer is confident this is a large rorqual whale, but
hasn’t seen enough to identify which species it is. Confident this isn’t a humpback
whale or a sperm whale. Body may be seen, but without a good look at the dorsal
fin.
Smaller, bushier blow or angled blow. Observer is confident this isn’t a large
rorqual whale, but hasn’t seen enough to identify which species it is.
Blow seen, but not possible to tell whether this was a large blow (indicative oflarge rorqual) or not.
Glimpse of body seen, little blow information, and no large blow seen. Animal
doesn’t appear to be large enough to class as a “large” whale. Likely a minke
whale, beaked whale or northern bottlenose whale.

78

Figure 14.10 Locations of unidentified “Large” whale (pink triangle), unidentified “Medium” whale (bluetriangles), blue, fin or sei whale sightings (red triangles), and humpback or sperm whale sightings (green
triangle) sightings across all survey transects an
and in all weather conditions.

14.4.2 Deep divers
Sperm whales
Sperm whales were seen on seven occasions (Figure 14.11),
11), primarily as single individuals, but on one
occasion as a group of two totalling 8 individuals.

Figure 14.11 Sperm whale
hale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

79

Pilot whales
There are two species of pilot whale found regularly within the North Atlantic – the long-finned
long
pilot
whale (Globicephala melas),), and the short
short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus).
). These two species are
separated by morphological differences which are very difficult to distinguish at sea. In general, thestudy area is inhabited by long-finned
finned pilot whales, with short
short-finned
finned pilot whales being found primarily
to the south of the study area. However, as there is some geographical overlap between the two
species, the sightings made on this survey will be classified simply as pilot whales ((Globicephala
Globicephala sp.).
sp.
Sightings of pilot whales during the line
line-transect survey were made primarily on transect five, although
they were also seen once on transect two (Figure 14.12).
12). A total of seven sightings were made of a totalof 159 individuals.

Figure 14.12 Pilot whale sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

14.4.3 Delphinids
Bottlenose dolphin
Bottlenose dolphins were only seen once during the survey. The sighting was made on transect 1 at theedge of the UK continental shelf (Figure
Figure 14.13).

80Figure 14.13 Bottlenose dolphin sighting made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Common dolphins
Common dolphins were the most frequently sighted delphinid species, with 34 sightings of 391
individuals. They were seen on all transects except transect 6, and always towards the southern end of
the transect lines (Figure 14.14).

Figure 14.14 Common dolphin sightings made during survey effort across all weather conditions81

Risso’s dolphins
A single Risso’s dolphin sighting was made on transect 5 (Figure 14.15).
15). The best estimate of group sizefor this sighting was 10 individuals.

Figure 14.15 Risso’s dolphin sighting made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Striped dolphins
Striped dolphins were seen on threeee occasions, totalling 157 individuals. Sightings were made towards
the south-west
west part of the survey design, on transects 4 and 6 (Figure 14.16).

Figure 14.16 Striped dolphin sightings made during survey effort across all weathe
weatherr conditions

82

Atlantic white-sided dolphins
Atlantic white-sided
sided dolphins were seen on two occasions, both on transect 5 (Figure 14.17).
14.
28
individuals were recorded across the two sightings.

Figure 14.17 White-sided dolphin sight
sightings
ings made during survey effort across all weather conditions

Unidentified dolphins
There were 26 sightings of 135 individual whales for which it was not possible to ascertain species(Figure 14.18).
18). These sightings were recorded into one of two categories ddependingepending on the information
available in the field. The categories used are shown in Table 14.7.
Table 14.6. Categories used to classify unidentified dolphin sightings
Category
Patterned dolphin

Unidentified dolphin

Definition
Dolphin species with colcolouration – such as striped, common, white-beakedwhiteorwhite-sided
sided dolphins. Observer is confident this isn’t a “grey” dolphin – e.g.
bottlenose, Risso’s, Spinner.
No species information available at all – could be either a “grey” species
speci or a“patterned” species.

83Figure 14.18 Patterned dolphin (red dots) and unidentified dolphin (blue dots) sightings made during
survey effort across all weather conditions
conditions.

14.5 Point transect survey
At times when the vessel wass stationary so that bird catching operations could be carried out, themarine mammal observers undertook point transect observations instead. The locations of thesesurveys are shown in Figure 19. Surveys were undertaken by one observer, who scanned the 180
1 degreearc ahead of the vessel. Sightings were reported to a data recorder in the same way as for visual surveys.
Point transects were undertaken on 8 different days. A total of 19h 16m point transect data collection
were conducted. Daily totals are sho
shown in Table 14.8.
8. Start and end times of watches on each day are
shown in Appendix 17.4.

Table 14.7 Summary
ary of point transect effort
Date
15/06/2017
16/06/2017
24/06/2017
25/06/2017
26/07/2017
27/06/2017
28/06/2017
30/06/2017
Total

Effort(HH:MM:SS)
02:03:30
02:02:07
01:58:16
01:45:27
00:57:53
01:39:55
01:47:38
07:01:36
19:16:22

84

Figure 19 Locations of point transect samples conducted by the marine mammal team during periods
when the vessel was stationary.
A total of four marine mammal sightings were made whilst on point transect effort; one sighting of an
unknown whale, two sightings of pilot whales, both at the same location, totalling 28 animals and onesighting of 30 unidentified dolphins. TThehe locations of these sightings are shown in Figure 14.20.

Figure 14.20 Locations
ocations of pilot whale (purple dot), unidentified large whale (red dot) and unidentified
dolphin (turquoise dot) sightings seen during point transect surv
surveyseys by the marine mammal team.
In addition to the point transect sampling, it had been hoped that some video tracking of whales would
also be possible. This methodology involves using a calibrated video camera mounted on top of somebinoculars to accurately
ly track the position of an animal as it moves around the vessel. For this to work
successfully, the following things are required:85

-

Dry weather
Clear horizon
Low enough sea state than animal cues can be seen on the video
Animals in the area

Unfortunately, this set of conditions did not arise on any one occasion and no tracks were possible.

14.6 Acoustic survey
At all times when the vessel was underway and that it was safe to do so, a three element hydrophonearray was towed 200m behind the vessel. This array is used for the passive detection of marine mammal
vocalisations. The array had three hydrophone elements, with a flat response of 1kHz and above, which
is suitable for the detection of odontocete species. Samples were made at a rate of 500 kHz andrecorded to hard drive. In excess of 4TB recordings totalling over 361 hours were gathered during thecourse of the survey. Analysis has yet to take place. A full breakdown of acoustic effort is shown inAppendix 17.5

14.7 Future Analysis
As a minimum, the following analysis is planned for the data collected on the DY080 cruise.
-

-

-

-

Line transect survey data will be analysed by Nadya Ramirez Martinez as part of her PhD thesis.
This will include producing abundance estimates for the species for which sufficient sightings
were made, as well as habitat modelling across the region.
Acoustic files will be analysed to look for the presence of beaked whales, sperm whales andharbour porpoises within the data. Should there be sufficient data, acoustically-derived
abundance estimates will be calculated for these species.
Marine mammal data collected by the bird survey team and marine mammal data collected by
the marine mammal survey team will be compared, and detection rates analysed to see if there
are ways in which these methodologies could be improved with respect to one another.
Opportunities for collaborative work with other partners who collected data on the cruise will
also be sought and pursued where possible.

86

15.

Acknowledgements

This cruise was funded primarily by the Natural Environment Research Council via Independent Research
Fellowship NE/M017990/1, awarded to Ewan Wakefield. In addition, Tom Browning acknowledges
funding from a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral European Fellowship (OceanLiNES; project ID
658035) and supporting financial aid from the European Commission (OCEAN-CERTAIN; project ID
603773). The cetacean survey was undertaken in collaboration with Gisli Vikingsson (Marine andFreshwater Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland) and was part-funded by the Marine and Freshwater
Research Institute. Paulo Catry acknowledges financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e a
Tecnologia (FCT Portugal), provided through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to
MARE. Paloma Carvalho acknowledges funding provided to her doctoral supervisor, Gail Davoren, by
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery (6290-2014) and the Universityof Manitoba Faculty of Science Fieldwork Support Program.
We would also like to thank the NERC Earth Observation Data Acquisition and Analysis Service(NEODAAS) for supplying data used to plan the cruise; Dagmar Kieke, for generously sharing CTD datacollected during cruise MSM-64, which crossed our study area immediately before DY080; and Rob
Ronconi, Carina Gjerdrum and Gail Davoren for help in planning and implementing the cruise and for
subsequent data analysis.
Finally, we are very grateful to Captain Antonio Gatti, Matt Tiahlo, Dan Comben and the officers andcrew of the Discovery for making the cruise a success.

16.

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89

17.

Appendices17.1 Appendix: Uncorrected sighting rates of birds, etc., recorded by seabird
observers during underway survey

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

17.2 Appendix: Summary of watch hours for single platform effort conducted
throughout the survey
Ship timeUTC

Activity

Duration

07/06/2017 13:40:49

07/06/2017 12:40:49

Start SP effort

07/06/2017 17:30:39

07/06/2017 16:30:39

End SP effort

08/06/2017 05:37:15

08/06/2017 04:37:15

Start SP effort

08/06/2017 07:30:32

08/06/2017 06:30:32

08/06/2017 08:51:12

08/06/2017 07:51:12

08/06/2017 11:29:20

Notes

03:49:50

End of day

End SP effort

01:53:17

Meal breakStart SP effort

01:20:40

08/06/2017 10:29:20

End SP effort

02:38:08

08/06/2017 12:21:35

08/06/2017 11:21:35

Start SP effort

00:52:15

08/06/2017 13:35:08

08/06/2017 12:35:08

End SP effort

01:13:33

08/06/2017 13:59:59

08/06/2017 12:59:59

Start SP effort

00:24:51

08/06/2017 15:14:01

08/06/2017 14:14:01

End SP effort

01:14:02

08/06/2017 15:58:53

08/06/2017 14:58:53

Start SP effort

00:44:52

08/06/2017 17:28:20

08/06/2017 16:28:20

End SP effort

01:29:27

08/06/2017 18:32:43

08/06/2017 17:32:43

Start SP effort

01:04:23

08/06/2017 20:30:51

08/06/2017 19:30:51

End SP effort

01:58:08

End of day

09/06/2017 05:44:02

09/06/2017 04:44:02

Start SP effort

09/06/2017 07:30:08

09/06/2017 06:30:08

End SP effort

01:46:06

Meal break

09/06/2017 08:29:38

09/06/2017 07:29:38

Start SP effort

00:59:30

09/06/2017 09:58:55

09/06/2017 08:58:55

End SP effort

01:29:17

10/06/2017 06:12:09

10/06/2017 05:12:09

Start SP effort

20:13:14

10/06/2017 07:30:56

10/06/2017 06:30:56

End SP effort

01:18:47

10/06/2017 13:39:36

10/06/2017 12:39:36

Start SP effort

06:08:40

10/06/2017 17:32:09

10/06/2017 16:32:09

End SP effort

03:52:33

10/06/2017 18:31:05

10/06/2017 17:31:05

Start SP effort

00:58:56

10/06/2017 21:30:04

10/06/2017 20:30:04

End SP effort

02:58:59

End of day

11/06/2017 05:23:32

11/06/2017 05:23:32

Start SP effort

11/06/2017 07:33:53

11/06/2017 07:33:53

End SP effort

02:10:21

Meal break

11/06/2017 08:27:00

11/06/2017 08:27:00

Start SP effort

00:53:07

11/06/2017 08:54:45

11/06/2017 08:54:45

End SP effort

00:27:45

11/06/2017 09:16:23

11/06/2017 09:16:23

Start SP effort

00:21:38

11/06/2017 11:30:04

11/06/2017 11:30:04

End SP effort

02:13:41

11/06/2017 12:31:38

11/06/2017 12:31:38

Start SP effort

01:01:34

11/06/2017 17:30:32

11/06/2017 17:30:32

End SP effort

04:58:54

11/06/2017 18:30:33

11/06/2017 18:30:33

Start SP effort

01:00:01

11/06/2017 20:30:24

11/06/2017 20:30:24

End SP effort

01:59:51

End of day

12/06/2017 05:54:14

12/06/2017 05:54:14

Start SP effort

12/06/2017 07:30:28

12/06/2017 07:30:28

End SP effort

01:36:14

Meal break

12/06/2017 08:32:08

12/06/2017 08:32:08

Start SP effort

01:01:40

12/06/2017 09:41:24

12/06/2017 09:41:24

End SP effort

01:09:16

12/06/2017 12:37:50

12/06/2017 12:37:50

Start SP effort

02:56:26

104

Meal break

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

Meal break

Weather induced stop

Weather induced stop

Meal break

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

Meal break

Meal break

Weather induced stop

12/06/2017 17:32:09

12/06/2017 17:32:09

End SP effort

04:54:19

12/06/2017 18:32:40

12/06/2017 18:32:40

Start SP effort

01:00:31

12/06/2017 20:30:18

12/06/2017 20:30:18

End SP effort

01:57:38

14/06/2017 06:45:12

14/06/2017 07:45:12

Start SP effort

11:14:54

14/06/2017 07:35:34

14/06/2017 08:35:34

End SP effort

00:50:22

14/06/2017 08:04:16

14/06/2017 09:04:16

Start SP effort

00:28:42

14/06/2017 09:27:50

14/06/2017 10:27:50

End SP effort

01:23:34

14/06/2017 10:31:44

14/06/2017 11:31:44

Start SP effort

01:03:54

14/06/2017 11:31:17

14/06/2017 12:31:17

End SP effort

00:59:33

14/06/2017 12:06:40

14/06/2017 13:06:40

Start SP effort

00:35:23

14/06/2017 14:49:16

14/06/2017 15:49:16

End SP effort

02:42:36

16/06/2017 06:00:53

16/06/2017 07:00:53

Start SP effort

16/06/2017 14:07:50

16/06/2017 15:07:50

End SP effort

08:06:57

16/06/2017 15:25:22

16/06/2017 16:25:22

Start SP effort

01:17:32

16/06/2017 16:38:28

16/06/2017 17:38:28

End SP effort

01:13:06

Stop for bird catching

17/06/2017 06:18:27

17/06/2017 07:18:27

Start SP effort

17/06/2017 17:48:59

17/06/2017 18:48:59

End SP effort

11:30:32

Meal break

17/06/2017 18:40:32

17/06/2017 19:40:32

Start SP effort

00:51:33

17/06/2017 20:30:40

17/06/2017 21:30:40

End SP effort

01:50:08

End of day

18/06/2017 06:04:30

18/06/2017 07:04:30

Start SP effort

18/06/2017 12:53:58

18/06/2017 13:53:58

End SP effort

06:49:28

Stop for bird catching

18/06/2017 16:38:42

18/06/2017 17:38:42

Start SP effort

03:44:44

18/06/2017 17:30:09

18/06/2017 18:30:09

End SP effort

00:51:27

18/06/2017 18:23:13

18/06/2017 19:23:13

Start SP effort

00:53:04

18/06/2017 20:31:39

18/06/2017 21:31:39

End SP effort

02:08:26

End of day

19/06/2017 06:01:16

19/06/2017 07:01:16

Start SP effort

19/06/2017 20:07:59

19/06/2017 21:07:59

End SP effort

14:06:43

End of day

20/06/2017 06:02:06

20/06/2017 07:02:06

Start SP effort

20/06/2017 12:35:47

20/06/2017 13:35:47

End SP effort

06:33:41

Weather induced stop

20/06/2017 19:33:28

20/06/2017 20:33:28

Start SP effort

06:57:41

20/06/2017 21:13:03

20/06/2017 22:13:03

End SP effort

01:39:35

End of day

21/06/2017 06:24:40

21/06/2017 07:24:40

Start SP effort

21/06/2017 06:35:14

21/06/2017 07:35:14

End SP effort

00:10:34

Weather induced stop

21/06/2017 09:24:52

21/06/2017 10:24:52

Start SP effort

02:49:38

21/06/2017 10:47:03

21/06/2017 11:47:03

End SP effort

01:22:11

Meal break

21/06/2017 12:15:03

21/06/2017 13:15:03

Start SP effort

01:28:00

Delayed start due to weather

21/06/2017 12:29:36

21/06/2017 13:29:36

End SP effort

00:14:33

Weather induced stop

21/06/2017 14:31:24

21/06/2017 15:31:24

Start SP effort

02:01:48

21/06/2017 14:47:23

21/06/2017 15:47:23

End SP effort

00:15:59

21/06/2017 15:29:47

21/06/2017 16:29:47

Start SP effort

00:42:24

21/06/2017 15:45:03

21/06/2017 16:45:03

End SP effort

00:15:16

21/06/2017 15:55:17

21/06/2017 16:55:17

Start SP effort

00:10:14

21/06/2017 16:01:59

21/06/2017 17:01:59

End SP effort

00:06:42

105

Meal breakEnd of day

Meal break

Weather induced stop

Meal breakEnd of day
Delayed start due to weather
Weather induced stop

Meal break

Weather induced stop

Weather induced stop

Weather induced stop

21/06/2017 16:19:58

21/06/2017 17:19:58

Start SP effort

00:17:59

21/06/2017 16:36:20

21/06/2017 17:36:20

End SP effort

00:16:22

End of day

22/06/2017 05:07:29

22/06/2017 06:07:29

Start SP effort

22/06/2017 10:30:15

22/06/2017 11:30:15

End SP effort

05:22:46

Meal break

22/06/2017 10:42:21

22/06/2017 11:42:21

Start SP effort

00:12:06

22/06/2017 13:50:10

22/06/2017 14:50:10

End SP effort

03:07:49

22/06/2017 15:01:08

22/06/2017 16:01:08

Start SP effort

01:10:58

22/06/2017 17:30:12

22/06/2017 18:30:12

End SP effort

02:29:04

22/06/2017 18:02:46

22/06/2017 19:02:46

Start SP effort

00:32:34

22/06/2017 19:59:02

22/06/2017 20:59:02

End SP effort

01:56:16

End of day

23/06/2017 05:03:21

23/06/2017 06:03:21

Start SP effort

23/06/2017 06:06:41

23/06/2017 07:06:41

End SP effort

01:03:20

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

23/06/2017 09:01:10

23/06/2017 10:01:10

Start SP effort

02:54:29

23/06/2017 10:38:46

23/06/2017 11:38:46

End SP effort

01:37:36

23/06/2017 10:43:46

23/06/2017 11:43:46

Start SP effort

00:05:00

23/06/2017 17:22:56

23/06/2017 18:22:56

End SP effort

06:39:10

24/06/2017 08:17:32

24/06/2017 09:17:32

Start SP effort

24/06/2017 11:55:46

24/06/2017 12:55:46

End SP effort

03:38:14

24/06/2017 12:09:15

24/06/2017 13:09:15

Start SP effort

00:13:29

24/06/2017 12:23:03

24/06/2017 13:23:03

End SP effort

00:13:48

24/06/2017 12:29:18

24/06/2017 13:29:18

Start SP effort

00:06:15

24/06/2017 14:32:04

24/06/2017 15:32:04

End SP effort

02:02:46

24/06/2017 15:02:32

24/06/2017 16:02:32

Start SP effort

00:30:28

24/06/2017 16:45:08

24/06/2017 17:45:08

End SP effort

01:42:36

Bird catching after dinner

25/06/2017 06:06:14

25/06/2017 07:06:14

Start SP effort

25/06/2017 14:55:12

25/06/2017 15:55:12

End SP effort

08:48:58

Bird catching

25/06/2017 20:19:02

25/06/2017 21:19:02

Start SP effort

05:23:50

25/06/2017 20:34:42

25/06/2017 21:34:42

End SP effort

00:15:40

End of day

26/06/2017 06:04:24

26/06/2017 08:04:24

Start SP effort

26/06/2017 08:46:33

26/06/2017 10:46:33

End SP effort

02:42:09

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

26/06/2017 10:35:43

26/06/2017 12:35:43

Start SP effort

01:49:10

26/06/2017 16:53:02

26/06/2017 18:53:02

End SP effort

06:17:19

26/06/2017 19:35:22

26/06/2017 21:35:22

Start SP effort

02:42:20

26/06/2017 20:30:12

26/06/2017 22:30:12

End SP effort

00:54:50

End of day

27/06/2017 05:08:38

27/06/2017 07:08:38

Start SP effort

27/06/2017 07:15:54

27/06/2017 09:15:54

End SP effort

02:07:16

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

27/06/2017 09:03:14

27/06/2017 11:03:14

Start SP effort

01:47:20

27/06/2017 18:14:54

27/06/2017 20:14:54

End SP effort

09:11:40

Bird catching

28/06/2017 04:57:47

28/06/2017 06:57:47

Start SP effort

28/06/2017 06:47:37

28/06/2017 08:47:37

End SP effort

01:49:50

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

28/06/2017 08:09:34

28/06/2017 10:09:34

Start SP effort

01:21:57

28/06/2017 12:38:37

28/06/2017 14:38:37

End SP effort

04:29:03

28/06/2017 13:47:49

28/06/2017 15:47:49

Start SP effort

01:09:12

106

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

Meal break

Weather induced stop

Bird catching after dinner
Delayed start due to CTD deployment
Weather induced stop

Weather induced stop

Weather induced stop

Bird catching

Bird catching28/06/2017 13:58:52

28/06/2017 15:58:52

End SP effort

00:11:03

28/06/2017 14:22:40

28/06/2017 16:22:40

Start SP effort

00:23:48

28/06/2017 18:48:22

28/06/2017 20:48:22

End SP effort

04:25:42

Bird catching

29/06/2017 05:02:57

29/06/2017 07:02:57

Start SP effort

29/06/2017 06:45:12

29/06/2017 08:45:12

End SP effort

01:42:15

Ship stationary for equipment deployment

29/06/2017 08:04:16

29/06/2017 10:04:16

Start SP effort

01:19:04

29/06/2017 11:30:36

29/06/2017 13:30:36

End SP effort

03:26:20

29/06/2017 12:34:39

29/06/2017 14:34:39

Start SP effort

01:04:03

29/06/2017 17:43:22

29/06/2017 19:43:22

End SP effort

05:08:43

30/06/2017 16:46:59

30/06/2017 19:16:59

Start SP effort

30/06/2017 17:33:42

30/06/2017 20:03:42

End SP effort

00:46:43

30/06/2017 18:36:33

30/06/2017 21:06:33

Start SP effort

01:02:51

30/06/2017 20:30:07

30/06/2017 23:00:07

End SP effort

01:53:34

End of day

01/07/2017 05:33:04

01/07/2017 08:03:04

Start SP effort

01/07/2017 07:29:50

01/07/2017 09:59:50

End SP effort

01:56:46

Meal break

01/07/2017 08:33:32

01/07/2017 11:03:32

Start SP effort

01:03:42

01/07/2017 11:30:26

01/07/2017 14:00:26

End SP effort

02:56:54

01/07/2017 12:31:23

01/07/2017 15:01:23

Start SP effort

01:00:57

01/07/2017 15:30:00

01/07/2017 18:00:00

End SP effort

02:58:37

107

Bird catching

Meal breakEnd of day

Meal breakEnd of effort for survey

17.3 Appendix: Combinations of Sea state, visibility and sightability
combined to make overall environmental conditions categories.
Sea
state
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6

+

+

+

Visibility
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
poor
poor
poor
Good
Moderate
poor
Good
Moderate
poor
poor
Good
Moderate
poor
Good
Moderate
poor

+

+

+

Sightability
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Excellent
Good
Moderatepoor
poor
Moderatepoor
poor
Moderate
poor
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
poor
poor
poor

108

category

=

Good

=

moderate=poor

17.4 Appendix: Summary of watch hours for point transect effort conducted
throughout the survey.
Date (Times in UTC)

Duration

15/06/2017 19:42

Start

15/06/2017 21:46

End

16/06/2017 19:25

Start

16/06/2017 21:28

End

24/06/2017 19:52

Start

24/06/2017 21:50

End

25/06/2017 19:20

Start

25/06/2017 21:06

End

26/06/2017 20:33

Start

26/06/2017 21:31

End

27/06/2017 20:52

Start

27/06/2017 22:32

End

28/06/2017 15:07

Start

28/06/2017 15:58

End

28/06/2017 20:55

Start

28/06/2017 21:27

End

28/06/2017 21:36

Start

28/06/2017 22:00

End

30/06/2017 11:34

Start

30/06/2017 11:41

End

30/06/2017 12:05

Start

30/06/2017 18:59

End

Total effort

02:03:30
02:02:07
01:58:16
01:45:27
00:57:53
01:39:55
00:51:36
00:32:01
00:24:01
00:07:02
06:54:34
19:16:22109

17.5 Appendix: Summary of hours of hydrophone recordings collected
throughout the survey.
Time (UTC)Action07/06/2017 12:16:33

Start

08/06/2017 12:10:24

End

08/06/2017 15:12:25

Start

09/06/2017 13:14:54

End

11/06/2017 09:14:50

Start

13/06/2017 04:44:45

End

13/06/2017 06:59:21

Start

14/06/2017 05:22:22

End

14/06/2017 06:50:04

Start

14/06/2017 16:03:43

End

15/06/2017 00:03:56

Start

15/06/2017 05:18:38

End

15/06/2017 06:45:29

Start

15/06/2017 17:41:00

End

15/06/2017 22:57:51

Start

16/06/2017 05:03:34

End

16/06/2017 06:24:32

Start

16/06/2017 14:44:44

End

16/06/2017 16:25:19

Start

16/06/2017 17:37:16

End

17/06/2017 05:13:49

Start

17/06/2017 22:00:00

End

18/06/2017 00:16:20

Start

18/06/2017 01:52:11

End

18/06/2017 05:15:50

Start

18/06/2017 13:44:44

End

18/06/2017 17:30:04

Start

18/06/2017 22:07:27

End

19/06/2017 06:15:07

Start

19/06/2017 21:07:27

End

19/06/2017 23:07:27

Start

20/06/2017 22:14:54

End

21/06/2017 06:25:28

Start

21/06/2017 19:03:43

End

21/06/2017 23:58:30

Start

23/06/2017 07:07:27

End

24/06/2017 09:06:49

Start

24/06/2017 12:44:44

End

Duration (hh:mm:ss)

23:53:51
22:02:29
19:29:55
22:23:01
09:13:39
05:14:42
10:55:31
06:05:43
08:20:12
01:11:57
16:46:11
01:35:51
08:28:54
04:37:23
14:52:20
23:07:27
12:38:15
07:08:57
03:37:55

110

25/06/2017 00:36:02

Start

25/06/2017 05:21:38

End

25/06/2017 06:05:38

Start

25/06/2017 15:44:44

End

26/06/2017 00:04:50

Start

26/06/2017 10:44:44

End

26/06/2017 12:26:05

Start

26/06/2017 18:37:16

End

27/06/2017 06:50:55

Start

27/06/2017 09:14:54

End

27/06/2017 10:58:15

Start

27/06/2017 12:44:44

End

27/06/2017 14:09:31

Start

27/06/2017 20:33:33

End

28/06/2017 00:46:53

Start

28/06/2017 08:41:00

End

28/06/2017 09:49:39

Start

28/06/2017 10:22:22

End

28/06/2017 12:15:38

Start

28/06/2017 14:41:00

End

28/06/2017 16:18:01

Start

28/06/2017 17:37:16

End

28/06/2017 19:02:02

Start

28/06/2017 20:33:33

End

29/06/2017 00:12:22

Start

29/06/2017 08:52:11

End

29/06/2017 09:41:20

Start

29/06/2017 16:48:28

End

30/06/2017 19:13:20

Start

01/07/2017 05:33:33

End

01/07/2017 07:53:19

Start

01/07/2017 18:11:11

End

Total recordings

04:45:36
09:39:06
10:39:54
06:11:11
02:23:59
01:46:29
06:24:02
07:54:07
00:32:43
02:25:22
01:19:15
01:31:31
08:39:49
07:07:08
10:20:13
10:17:52
361:42:50

111