Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines
David Attwood
University of California, Berkeley

Cheiron SchoolSeptember 2012
SPring-8
CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

1Beamlines are used to transport photons to the sample,
and take a desired spectral slice

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

A typical beamline: monochromator plus focusing optics todeliver radiation to the sample

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

3

Beamline 7.0 at Berkeley’s
Advanced Light Source

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Undulator radiated power in the central cone

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

5Power in the central radiation cone
for three x-ray undulators

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

High spectral resolution (meV beamline)

Courtesy of Zahid Hussein (ALS)
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7

MAESTRO: A new varied-line-space grating monochromator beamline for angle-resolved-photo-electron-spectroscopy with highspectral and spatial resolution at the Advanced Light Source
Jason Wells, Derek Yegian, Ken Chow, Eli Rotenberg, Aaron Bostwick, Geoff Gaines and Tony Warwick

The latest soft x-ray undulator spectroscopy beam line planned for the ALS serves MAESTRO a new highresolution Angle Resolved Photo Emission facility with zone-plate focused nano-ARPES. The beam line
design offers spectral resolution 1:30000 from 60eV to 400eV with an extended energy range from 20eV to1000eV. Challenges include optical figure quality, thermal engineering, source size and stability and vibrationsin the monochromator. The optical design is radical in that a VLS grating will provide all of the focusing in thedispersion direction, and the mirrors are plane, except for a sphere to collect and focus horizontally.
Courtesy of Eli Rotenberg and Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School, Japan, 26 September 2012

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Varied line space gratings
Varied-Line-Space Plane Gratings provide focusing and aberration correction along with the dispersionthat they generate in the monochromator. They can be used to erect the monochromator focal plane,making the position of the focus at the exit slit (almost) stationary as the grating rotates to select thephoton energy. Beyond that, they are now being used to replace the focusing from shaped optics, making
beam lines cheaper and easier to align.
The PEEM3 beam line at 11.0.2 uses a
Triple-Ruled Varied-Line-Space grating:Linear and non-linear
line density variation1) to erect the focal plane on a
stationary set of exit slits2) to keep the zero-order light infocus, for easy tuning, and formonitoring of the photon energy.

AFMmeasuredgroove shapes

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

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9

MAESTRO: A new varied-line-space grating
monochromator beam line at the ALS

9.25m
MaestroEPU

M201

Shield wall

7.25m (to grating)
Switch-2.00m yard

M202
Monochromator

G201a
G201b
G202a
G202b

2.50m
0.50m
0.80m
M214
Exit M212 M213
KB focusing microARPES
slit
mirrors

M211
M221
Exit
slit~2.75m

Zone plate

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School, Japan, 26 September 2012

nanoARPES

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

MAESTRO at the ALS: gratings and efficiencies

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

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11

Water-cooled optics are essential: correcting slopeerrors due to a thermal bump

Heighterror
Body plate showing pockets
for cooling channels

Tangential
slope error

Sagittalslope error

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School, Japan, 26 September 2012

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Ray tracing beamlines is an important tool
Significant degradation of the spectral resolution occurs due to localized heating of M202. It isalmost entirely corrected by adjusting the monochromator focusing parameter from 3.93 to4.02. The engineering design will allow this mirror to be built with 1mm thick hot-wall and theactual thermal deformation is expected to be less.

        

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

CheironSchool_Oct2012_Lec2.ppt

13References
Reininger, R., Kriesel, K., Hulbert, S.L., Sanchez-Hanke, C. and Arena, D.A., Rev.
Sci. Instrum.,79, 033108 2008
Peterson, H., Jung, C., Hellwig, C. Peatman, W.B. and Gudat, W., Rev. Sci. Instrum.
66 (1995) 1
Follath, R., and Senf, F., Nucl.Intrum. Methods Phys. Res. A390 (1997) 388
Amemiya, K., Kitajima, Y.,Ohta, T., and Ito, K., J. Synchrotron Radiation 3 (1996) 282
The original SHADOW package is available atwww.nanotech.wisc.edu/CNTLABS/shadow.html and with an IDL user interface atwww.esrf.fr/computing/scientific/xop
Undulator Radiation, Ellaume, P., in Undulators, Wigglers and their Applications,Onuki, H. and Ellaume, P. eds., Taylor and Francis.
Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation, Kim, K., J., in Xray Data Booklet LBNL
internal report (1986) PUB 490 xdb.lbl.gov/xdb.pdf
D Fluckiger - Grating Solver Development Company Dec 2006 www.gsolver.com
Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School, Japan, 26 September 2012

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Typical parameters for synchrotron radiationCheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

15

Time structure of synchrotron radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Beamlines for spatially coherent
undulator radiation

 = 11.2 nm

 = 13.4 nm

1 mD pinhole
25 mm wide CCD
at 410 mm

Courtesy of Patrick Naulleau, LBNL.
17

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

Coherence at short wavelengths

18

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

19

Spatial and spectral filtering to produce coherent
radiation

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Spatial and temporal coherence

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Spatially filtered undulator radiation

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Spatial and spectral filtering of undulator radiation

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Spatially and spectrally filtered undulator radiation

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Coherent soft x-ray science beamline

Energy range 200-1000eV
Coherent flux at 600 eV:
2  1011 ph/sec/0.1%BW
Rosfjord (UCB PhD thesis, 2004)

 = 2.07 nm (600 eV)

K. Rosfjord, Y. Liu, D. Attwood, “TunableCoherent Soft X-Rays”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant.
Electr.10, 1405 (Nov/Dec 2004)•Wavefront interferomery tomeasure aberrations inzone plate lenses•Measure material properties(f1 & f2)
•Develop new coherent soft
x-ray optical techniques(Fourier Optics)•Coherent scattering frommagnetic nanostructures
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25

Undulator beamline for high spatial
coherence measurements

26

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Spatial coherence measurements of undulator
radiation using the classic 2-pinhole technique

Courtesy of Chang Chang, UC Berkeley and LBNL.
 = 13.4 nm, 450 nm diameter pinholes, 1024 x 1024 EUV/CCD at 26 cm ALS, 1.9 GeV, u = 8 cm, N = 55
27

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

Spatial coherence measurements of undulator
radiation using the classic 2-pinhole technique

Courtesy of Chang Chang, UC Berkeley and LBNL.
 = 13.4 nm, 450 nm diameter pinholes, 1024 x 1024 EUV/CCD at 26 cm ALS, 1.9 GeV, u = 8 cm, N = 55
28

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Professor David Attwood, UC BerkeleyEUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Coherent power for an EPU at the ALS

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Coherent power at the Australian Synchrotron

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Coherent power at SPring-8

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Coherent soft x-ray beamline: use of a higher
harmonic (n = 3) to access shorter wavelengths

32

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Coherent Soft X-Ray Magnetic
Scattering Endstation
FlangosaurussX rayScattering
inTransmission

Samplelocation
Courtesy of K.Chesnel, S. Kevan, U. Oregon
33

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

Example of experiment in transmission:
coherent scattering from nanoparticles
CCD
Camera2048 x 2048

X-ray beam
tuned to Co L3
resonant edge
Pinhole(coherence)

Diffuse scatteringx 10

Co Nanoparticles assembly
precipitated on TEM grid

45200
4.54004600
3.58003Scattering ring
related tointerparticle distance~12 nm1000
2.51200
21400
1.5160011800
0.5
2000

Courtesy of K.Chesnel, S. Kevan, U. Oregon

200400600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

34

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

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Coherent power at BESSY II

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures byx-ray spectro-holography

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Undulators, FELs and coherence

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

39

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School, Japan, 26 September 2012

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Young’s double slit experiment with random emitters:
Young did not have a laserCheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Young’s double slit experiment with phase coherent
emitters (some lasers, or properly seeded FELs)

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Undulators and FELs

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Undulators and FELs

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EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Undulators and FELs

“SASE” FEL – no seed (several separate “waves”of electrons possible with uncorrelated phase.)Less peak power, broader spectrum.
CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

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Seeded FEL

Second generation x-ray FELs.

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

FEL Microbunching

Courtesy of Sven Reiche, UCLA, now SLS

47

CheironSchool_Sept2012_Lec2.ppt

Gain and saturation in an FEL

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Free electron lasers

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References

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Professor David Attwood, UC Berkeley
EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines

Lectures online at www.youtube.com

Amazon.com

UC Berkeley
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/sxreuv
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/srms
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/sxr2009

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