International Gas Turbine Congress 2007 Tokyo
Executive Summary
The 9th International Gas Turbine Congress,
sponsored by the Gas Turbine Society of Japan (GTSJ),
was held over six days from December 2 (Sun) to 7 (Fri),
2007, at the Keio Plaza Hotel, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo.
This congress, with newly obtained cooperation fromthe European Turbine Network (ETN), wasimplemented with the considerable cooperation ofsocieties from China, South Korea, Britain, France,
Germany, and Italy, including the ASME International
Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI), the Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineers, and the Japan Society for
Aeronautical and Space Sciences, following on fromthe last congress.
In managing the congress, an organizationcommittee was established as a provisionalorganization in the society, as well as the last congress,
under which an executive committee was set up as aworking organization. It was determined that theexecutive committee was constituted by the generalaffairs, program, exhibit, events, and financial
committees as in the past. In the operation andconsidering the current economic circumstances, cost
reduction efforts were implemented by minimizing
outsourcing to vendors and other means.
The number of participants registered was 497
persons in total (413 persons from Japan and 84
persons from seventeen other nations), which was
almost the 500 persons initially expected as
participants.
As an event that pumps up the congress, a welcome
reception, banquet, and technical tours were planned,
all of which were popular and produced very successful
results.
The exhibition was held in the exhibition hall
(Hana Room) and foyer on the 4th floor of the Keio
Plaza Hotel main building. The exhibition hallpresented displays from 39 organizations focusing on agas turbine, turbo-charger, associated equipments, andnumerical analysis tools. The total attendance during
the four-day exhibition exceeded 3,900 persons withgreat and successful results from the plans for
implementing special events by volunteer exhibitors
every day. Furthermore, in the foyer on the 4th floor,
research activities by university laboratories (12laboratories from 9 universities + GTSJ) was1

introduced in a panel session.
The number of total papers adopted by thisinternational congress was 156, 102 of which werefrom Japan and 54 from other countries. Although thenumber of papers adopted from other countries
decreased slightly when compared to the last congress
due to cancellations and other reasons, it indicatedthat the papers were numerous, supported by a total ofover 1,300 participants in the sessions.
The sessions were divided into the followings:(number)- Keynote Speech5- Invited Lecture
1- Forum
1- Panel Discussion
1- Technical Sessions
148
The following five keynote speeches were delivered:(1) The Role of Gas Turbines in the Global Energy
and Environment Resolution (Mr. Ichiro
Fukue)(2) High Fidelity Integrated Numerical Simulationof Gas Turbine Engines (Prof. P. Moin)(3) Opportunities for Advancing High Temperature
Structural Materials (Dr. R.E. Schafrik)(4) Challenges and Technological Chances for the
Aero Engine Industry: The European Path
Forward (Prof. Dr.-Ing. K. Broichhausen)(5) Proactive Approach for Engine Reliability
Improvement (Mr. Shigehiro Sugiura)
The forum, entitled “Current Status and Future
Strategy of Electricity and Energy Supply in AsianCountries,” following on from the last congress,
introduced the electric power situation in India, China,
South Korea, Thailand, and Japan. In addition, an
Invited Lecture entitled “Educating the Next
Generation of Engineers—A Call to Action” waspresented as a special program this time.
The
Panel
Discussion,
entitled“GlobalEnvironment Problems, Energy Consumption andContribution of Gas Turbine Power Systems,” wasconducted by two chairpersons and five panelists,
where persons from ETN, the U.S. DOE (Departmentof Energy), Japanese government, and industry,
provided topics on gas turbine contributions to recent
energy and environmental problems.

© Gas Turbine Society of Japanthirty-five percent.

The technical sessions provided a wide field oftechnical presentations on the development of actualmachines; cooling technology; CFD technology; axial
fans, compressors, and turbines; centrifugal
compressors and turbines; blade oscillating problems;
fuel diversification; combustor developments andsimulations; unstable combustion; noise; heat transfer
and transition problems; coating technology; operation
and repair technologies; control and measurement
technologies; new material developments; material
evaluations; micro gas turbines; atomic power andpower generation plants; new cycle technology; andother themes, with active questions asked.
In the events conducted during the congress, about
100 persons participated in the welcome reception, and140 persons attended the banquet in the Concord
ballroom of the Keio Plaza Hotel.
The technical tour offered Tour 1 and Tour 2, which
visited different places. Nine persons participated in
Tour 1, visiting the Showa drainage pump station and
the National Institute for Materials Science, and 43
persons went on Tour 2, visiting Futtsu and Kawasaki
thermal power stations operated by Tokyo ElectricPower Company.
As stated above, owing to the domestic andoverseas collaborating and cooperative societies,
related corporations, and associated persons, thenumber of participants registered was 497 and 156
papers were adopted, which was almost the target.
Since the 3rd congress in 1983, the international
congress has been held on the same scale once every
four years, without interruption, and has lived up to its
name as an international congress. This can beinterpreted as a sign that this international congress is
globally recognized as the sole international congresson gas turbines in Japan.

1.2 Keynote speech
In order to obtain a wide range of knowledge on thelatest trends in gas turbine-related academic researchand technology, we planned and requested five keynote
speeches. We invited three speakers from overseas,
which was the same number as that of the IGTC ’03.
1.3 Forum
Following IGTC ’03, we set up a session titled “Forum,”which did not necessarily require the submittal oforiginal papers, and provided a forum for the exchange
information on relevant themes. We planned one
forum, where two chairpersons were assigned toencourage active discussions.
1.4 Panel Discussion
We set up a panel discussion on the theme of “Global
Environment Problems, Energy Consumption, andContribution of Gas Turbine Power Systems.” Werequested five panelists representing regions that haveaccepted the challenge of addressing global
environment problems, and they presented the trends
in the industrial worlds and political approaches inJapan, Europe, and the U.S., respectively. Twochairpersons were assigned to encourage active
discussions.
1.5 Organized Session and Invited Lecture
We did not arrange an organized session at IGTC ’07
because, at present, unique technology issues orpromising technology trends in the future were notseen in the adopted papers. We planned to deliver alecture on educating engineers in the plenary session
by courtesy of Dr. D. C. Wisler, the former chairman of
IGTI, who works for GE.

Session Program
1. Overview
1.1 Status of Paper Adoption
The number of adopted papers was 156 as a result ofrefereeing. The number of the papers for technicalsessions was 148. The number of adopted papers
decreased by only four compared to the last congress.
The number from overseas was fifty-four, which
represented a decrease of nineteen, and the number
from Japan was 102, an increase of fifteen, from thelast time. The rate of papers from overseas, which aredesirable as an international congress against thewhole number of the papers, remained at only

1.6 Session Program Summary
We arranged the whole session program incorporating
the above plans. We allocated 30 minutes for eachpresentation since IGTC ’03 and offered a plan freefrom the constraints of time, for instance, taking alonger break for lunch, which arrangement is based on
opinions obtained from IAC (International Advisory
Committee of GTSJ) members after IGTC ’99. We
implemented the sessions in six rooms running inparallel in the same manner as IGTC ’03, since thenumber of papers this time was almost same as that ofthe previous congress.

2© Gas Turbine Society of Japanfuel cells, and a Brayton cycle application to the
nuclear power field in relation to high-temperature gas
reactors.

2. Session Summary
2.1 Keynote Speech

Keynote Speech 2
Subject: High Fidelity Integrated Numerical
Simulation of Gas Turbine Engines
Speaker: Prof. Parviz Moin (Stanford University)
Chairperson: Prof. Susumu Teramoto (Tokyo
University)

Keynote Speech 1
Subject: The Role of Gas Turbine in the Global Energy
and Environment Resolution
Speaker: Mr. Ichiro Fukue (MHI Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd.)
Chairperson:Prof.
Osamu
Kawaguchi(Keio
University)

Although Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has
been applied and has already become a maturetechnology, it requires know-how—tuning parameters
through repeated comparisons with test results ordevising data evaluation techniques—to use CFD as
far as gas turbines because of quantitatively
insufficient reliability. An effort to fundamentally
improve CFD reliability independent of know-how has
been conducted; however, a common recognition has
not been established yet on how far the reliability ofgas turbine CFD will be improved hereafter. Professor
Moin has advocated a large-scale simulation foraircraft gas turbine as part of the U.S. ASCI project fornearly 10 years, and he is well known for thenumerical simulation of fundamental turbulent flows.
His speech talked about how far, if a group excelling in
numerical simulations challenges for a gas turbine
CFD with a large-scale computer, it will be possible tosimulate the gas turbine.
In his speech, the results of simultaneously
simulating all the flow channels of the fan, LPC, HPC,
combustor, HPT, and LPT in the PW6000 by using an
unsteady simulation were presented. The simulation
scale results in two weeks of continuous calculations
using 1,000 CPUs in a cascade are modeled in thecompressible structured-grid RANS codes (SUmb),and the combustor is modeled in the incompressible
unstructured-grid LES codes (CDP) by which thewhole number of grids leads to 16 to 75 million points.
In order to conduct a large-scale analysis, themaintenance of peripheral codes is also important;
therefore, a library was newly developed to connect
SUmb and CDP data in computers running in parallel,
and a load balance for the parallel computation wasdevised to allow scalable acceleration even for parallel
computers with 1,000 or more CPUs. The simulation
technology development on the combustor portion isparticularly enhanced, and the micro-atomization andcombustion model of liquid fuels are uniquely

Although it was 9 o’clock Monday morning, a large
audience gathered in the main auditorium. In recent
years, social concerns about environmental problems,in particular, CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, havebeen growing, and some worry about the future of gas
turbines that use fossil fuels as energy sources. Under
such circumstances, Mr. Fukue’s presentation musthave raised some argument as the first keynote speech,
the first thing in the morning and on the first day ofthe congress, although it did not lead to active
questions.
Mr. Fukue first compared an early heavy-duty typegas turbine developed in the 1960s with the latest
1500°C class gas turbine, and made reference to theincreasing temperatures of gas turbines andtechnological progress over the past forty years. Then,
turning the story around, he referred to the new orders
and future prospects of renewable energy, such as
recent windmill power and solar batteries. He
highlighted the fact that the potential of renewableenergy on the earth is significantly high, noting thatnew construction capacity of windmills will exceed thatof gas turbines within five years at the earliest. On theother hand, he indicated that the unit price perkilowatt of gas turbine power generating facilities is
one-tenth of that of windmill facilities and that theamount of CO2 emissions from gas turbines isapproximately one-half that of coal-burning power
generating facilities, in addition to the short
construction period for gas turbines. Accordingly, gas
turbines will continue to perform the central role inthermal power generation as handy power supplies
with relatively low environmental loads.
From such positioning, he concluded that gas
turbines are also required to pursue further higher
efficiency hereafter and that we should work on thedevelopment of advanced technologies, such as a
1700°C class gas turbine, IGCC, combined cycle with3

© Gas Turbine Society of Japansuper alloys have been developed, among which theγ‘-phase precipitation hardened Ni-based alloys are
dominant for high-temperature components andhighly manufacturable γ“-phase hardened alloys formoderate high-temperature ones. In the above
development, technological innovations in dissolving,
casting, bonding, and forging were accomplished inaddition to machining technology.
While, super alloys had raised the issue ofdegradation as the operating temperature moved
higher. For this reason, the development ofoxidation-resistant coatings had been energeticallyconducted. Furthermore, thermal barrier coatings
were developed to meet the demand for higher
temperatures, which succeeded in lowering the surface
temperature and controlling the heat gradient in
combination with internal cooling.
Such challenges for improving heat-resistanttemperatures have been continuously conducted for awide range products, from composite material casings,
R104 disks, new alloy blades, GE-1014 shafts, and TiAllow pressure turbine blades, which will be put topractical use before long to alloys such as Nb-Si alloys
that focus on future use.
The development cycle for a new jet engine has
been further shortened in recent years. For this reason,
shortening the development periods and reducing costs
are strongly in demand, in addition to performance
improvements, and material fields are no exception tothese demands.
Dr. Schafrik provided a solution for the above
issues: taking design needs into consideration in theearly stages of material development andconcentrating resources, eliminating gaps between
R&D and practical applications by considering
manufacturing technology and degradation while inuse, and developing alloy development tools usingmaterial models. In addition, he gave us his point ofview, saying that collaboration between OEMs
(original equipment manufacturer) and participationin exploiting a new domain by universities andnational laboratories are increasingly becoming
significant.

developed. Furthermore, the fundamental research ofverifying the model used for calculation is conducted inparallel with these large-scale analyses; for instance, a
direct simulation of the micro-atomization process was
performed using adaptive grids in the verification of
the micro-atomization model.
On the whole, it was not clearly indicated whatkind of improvements had been obtained through thislarge-scale simulation. However, it projected an imageof examining the required technologies byimplementing the whole analysis of the gas turbine
and of carefully working on the technical issues one byone, as is done in university laboratories. In addition toadmiration for the impressive results obtained by thenumerical simulation, efforts to realize them wereincomparable to those in our research scales, which
resulted in making us think about it as researchers
engaged in the numerical simulation of gas turbines.
Although the lecture was comparatively
fundamental, many in the audience gathered for active
questions even after the speech.

Keynote Speech 3
Subject: Opportunities for Advancing High
Temperature Structural Materials
Speakers: Dr. Robert E. Schafrik (GE Aviation)
Chairperson: Dr. Yomei Yoshioka (Toshiba
Corporation)
A structural material has played an important role indetermining the turbine inlet temperature of aircraft
engines. Looking back on the history of aircraft engine
development, Dr. Schafrik introduced future
approaches to material technology, in addition to therole they played and the advancements.
Aircraft engines have changed a great deal since
the Wright brothers’ engine with a pressure ratio of 4.7
and 25 HP to the GE90-115B with a pressure ratio of
42 and a thrust of 115,000 lbs. As for materials,
strength and weight savings are required underhigh-temperature environments, where majorinnovative changes have been made.
Only stainless steel was available as heat-resistantmaterials at the start of engine development, and thisreason made commercialization very difficult. However,the search for excellent high-temperature strength
materials started in the 1950s, thereby leading to thedevelopment of Ni-based and Co-based super alloys.
Over the sixty years since then, a large number ofKeynote Speech 4
Subject: Challenges and Technological Chances for the
Aero Engine Industry: The European Path
ForwardSpeaker: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Broichhausen (Bauhaus
Luftfahrt)

4© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

Dr.-Ing. G. Wilfert (MTU Aero Engines)
Chairperson: Prof. Eisuke Outa (Waseda
University)

For conventional models, the following are to be
implemented: optimally integrating a fan and acompressor ensures the integrity and safety ofmechanical structures and optimum weight; optimallycombining a trans-sonic stage and casing treatments
suppress surges and improve overall stage
characteristics, such as stable highly-efficient level andresonance damping; optimizing a whole engine
structure and unsteady simulation of surges
accomplishes operability improvement, efficiency
improvement, and high-level defect-free; and taking
measures against both far and near acoustic fieldsounds, in order to reduce overall noise by 20 dB, byintroducing low-noise swept fans, intake scarves,
active-type fan stator blades and liners, andchevron-type nozzles.
For advanced engines, a road map of reduction in
CO2 emissions was introduced and the following are to
be implemented: the ACARE target of a twenty
percent reduction compared to the present value isachieved by an advanced concept engine andInter-cooled Recuperative Aero (IRA) engine; and athirty percent reduction through the practicalapplication of the Open Rotor (OR). As for NOx, apotential to achieve the ACARE target of an eighty
percent reduction compared to CAEP level 2 isindicated through reduction evaluations of IRA, ATF,
GTF, OR, and Inter-Cooled (IC) engines in the range ofpressure ratios from 10 to 70. The ACARE target on
the noise reduction is to attain -10 dB reduction by
2020, and in OR engines the challenging target is to
reduce the noise below that of the turbofan and to
determine an effective airframe installation method(Dream Open Rotor), and in the SILENCER VITAL
engine further reduction is expected. Althoughsustainable flights require a fifty percent reduction infuel consumption, twenty percent of which bydeveloping GTF and further thermal management
engines, twenty percent compared to the A380 bydeveloping new concept aircraft, and ten percent by
operation management are assigned.
(4) Development Milestones in Europe
SILENCER (’01-’07), EEFAE-ANTLE (’05-’05), and
EEFER-CLEAN (’00-’05) in the fifth plan have alreadychecked the feasibility of the engines, and VITAL(’05-’08) and NEWAC (’06-’10) in the sixth plan willverify component performances. DREAM (’08-’10) and
CLEAN SKY in the seventh plan will demonstrate thefuture model engine, thereby leading to a proposal for
realizing green engines.

BL (Bauhaus Luftfahrt) is a think tank to which MTU
and EADS capitalize under the auspices of Bayern
State, and they handle the future concept and strategyof the aircraft industry, such as technologicaldevelopments and product commercialization,
cybernetic systems, and economic effects. The speaker
was inaugurated as the chairman of this organizationfrom the executive vice president of the MTU
Company in 2006. The lecture was delivered on thepresent situation and future targets of the aircraft
industry in Europe, according to the following aspects.
(1) Present Situation of the Aircraft Industry
Against the backdrop of such versatile topics assupersonic aircraft as a symbol of eventual commercial
planes, zero emission targets, and the steep rise in oil
prices, the present situation was summarized asfollows: installation plan for the geared turbofan(GTF); economic success of the B787 and A380; thirty
percent reduction in fuel consumption compared to1991; about a one-tenth reduction in the airport noisein the 85 dB region owing to the introduction of theA319; and a fifty percent reduction in fuel consumption
and over 20 dB noise reduction, resulting from ahigh-bypass ratio up to the GP7000 and Trent 900 for
the past fifty years. Furthermore, it was also
addressed that at present, engine management andfuel costs dominate most of the operation costs.
(2) Trends and Challenges
Although fuel costs total fifty percent of all aircraft
costs due to oil price increases, if moderate, it isexpected that in aircraft production 15,800 ship sets
will be in service for the next twenty years until 2022,
and in new engine production, more than 38,000 sets
will be in service, over which the economic effects wereaddressed. It was explained that the Europe ACARE
targets are to attain a fifty percent reduction in CO2, a
fifty percent reduction in noise, an eighty percent
reduction in NOx, and a twenty percent reduction infuel consumption during the above period.
(3) Opportunities for Technology Development
Enhancement
The targets will be accomplished by developing
component and system technologies on conventional
turbofan engines until circa 2020, and thereafter by
new cycles and new system engines for whichdevelopment has already started.

5© Gas Turbine Society of Japanalternative fuels, to which the open rotors of direct
linkage type and geared linkage types are intended to
be tested.
CLEAN SKY aims at building a green engine roadmap and proposing a step toward an engine
demonstration. RR and Snecma lead the project, andan airframe to be tested will be selected from various
choices such as wide/narrow bodies, regional, andhelicopter, as well as from the standpoints of overall
integrity in the exhaust gas, noise, weight and electric
system. A novel module technology and innovativearchitecture will be incorporated.
In terms of capacity and sustainability, the future
option was defined as “People Mover,” and his
presentation was closed showing the BL’s conceptual
picture.

In the SILENCER project, fifty-one organizations,such as airlines, universities, and research centers,cooperated and reduced the sound level by 6 dB by
improving sound sources of engines and airframes,
through the development of Squid nozzles andlow-noise fans, the active control of fan stator blades,
and reduction in sound from landing gears.
EEFAC-ANTLE is a project led by RR (Rolls-Royce)with eight organizations involved, demonstrated
improvements in conventional cycle engines, andtargeted a twelve percent reduction in CO2 and a sixty
percent reduction in NOx. RR’s high-loadhigh-pressurecompressor,
ITP’shigh-load
low-pressure turbine, AVIO’s variable intermediatepressure turbine, and rear flame design by VAC are
exemplified. In the EEFAC-CLEAN project propelled
by MTU and other six organizations, a technicalverification was implemented on the advanced cycle ofa GTF and recuperated engine, aiming at medium tolong-term use. The GTF targets a fifteen percent
reduction in CO2 and a sixty percent in NOx, and the
IRA does twenty percent in CO2 and eighty percent inNOx. A compact heat exchanger and high-speed
low-pressure turbine developed by MTU, active-type
surge
control
compressor
bySnecma,high-temperature turbine rear frame by VAC, anddouble circular tube combustor by Snecma and AVIO
were introduced.
In the VITAL project, sixty organizations including
universities, led by Snecma, participate and target aseven percent reduction in CO2 and a 6 dB reduction innoise, where a double counter-rotating fan and GTF
will be developed. In NEWAC led by MTU, forty
organizations cooperate and aim at a six percent
reduction in CO2 and a sixteen percent reduction in
NOx. The following are envisioned: a prospect of large
improvements in thermal efficiency with the IRC
engine up to the pressure ratio of 30; by CRTF withflow control core or GTF with active-type control core
up to the pressure ratio of about 50; and byintermediate cooling core engine over 50. The active
control core engine features air injection active-typesurge control in the front of HPC, active-type clearance
control in the subsequent stage of HPC, a low NOx
PERM combustor, and the active control of combustor
cooling air.
In the seventh DREAM project, led by RR, a radical
engine system design will be verified. The targets are atwenty-five percent reduction in fuel combustion, a 3
dB reduction in noise, and the validity verification of

Keynote Speech 5
Subject: Proactive Approach for Engine Reliability
Improvement
Speaker: Mr. Shigehiro Sugiura(Aviation Engineering & Business
Consultant)
Chairperson:Dr. Yoshitaka Fukuyama (JAXA)
Mr. Shigehiro Sugiura worked for All Nippon Airways
Co., Ltd., until December 2006, during of which he had
been successively in the aircraft engine engineering
division and involved with European and American
engine makers (OEM) in relation to the JT8D,
RB211-22B, CF6, PW4000, and other engines, basedon which experiences this presentation was requested.
This speech was the first time for him in this society
from user’s point of view and its content was valuable.
The following provides the outline.
In present aircraft engines, on-condition
maintenance philosophy is employed, and monitoringtasks are implemented periodically in order to prevent
failures. However, it is impossible to detect all the
failure factors in advance; therefore, the reliability of
the whole fleet is maintained by investigating thecauses after failures, and then developing monitoring
techniques. On the other hand, when there are nomonitoring techniques, safety operations aresupported by forcibly dismantling engines where faults
are anticipated, followed by an overhaul and partexchanges. Thus, Mr. Sugiura pointed out that thepresent reliability management program is a follow-up
approach (Reactive) such that after a fault, the cause isinvestigated, and then technical remedial actions are6© Gas Turbine Society of Japanimplemented. For this reason, a fleet leader of airlines
with many hours or cycles of operation is destined toexperience the first fault due to aging, and suffers ahuge negative impact on productivity and economics
until engine makers take effective measures in eachcase.
Even twin-engine aircraft, in terms of economic
needs, fly over the ocean for a longer range(Introduction of ETOPS: Extended Twin Engine
Operations); therefore, it has become an increasingly
critical issue to sustain and improve engine reliability.
Mr. Sugiura said that a more proactive approach(Proactive) is required in order to further sustain andimprove reliability in comparison with present
conditions because the conventional follow-up(Reactive) reliability management program has alimit.
In the speech, taking an example of failure factors
on the HP turbine blade of the RB211-22B engine, andof failure factors on the HP turbine blade of theCF6-80C2, which happened twenty years later after
the above failure, Mr. Sugiura introduced an actual
example of proactive reliability management programs
that he proposed to GE, explaining the similarities
between them. This proactive reliability management
program was introduced as the “Sugi Method” in the
PW4000 WTT (Working Together Team), and thatview is also adopted as the leading indicator at GE.
Hereafter, a business approach, which focuses on
the standpoints of users more than those of thepreceding makers, is mandatory so that Japanesemakers will become OEMs ranking with European
and the U.S. makers, in which sense this was avaluable lecture.

Chairperson: Mr. Takao Sugimoto (Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd.)Mr. Koji Yasuda (Hitachi, Ltd.)
Although it is expected that the economic growth of
Asia will be the most remarkable in the world
hereafter, a recent rise in the price of energy (issues ofresource securing) and the response to the problems ofenvironmental preservation may become a drag on theeconomic growth of Asian nations. In the beginning of
the forum, the chairperson brought up the energy
consumption prospects and issues in Asia, which is
expected to significantly grow in future, and after that,speakers delivered speeches from their respective
specific fields.
Prof. Shrikrishna of India, the first presenter at the
podium, made a presentation entitled “FutureElectricity Needs and Supply in India － a GT
Perspective.” He pointed out that socio-economic
development is necessary on primary issues, such as
local poverty problems, rapid economic growth, andindustrial advances, which India faces. In order tofacilitate the diffusion of small gas turbine
combined-cycles with small environmental loads
against coal-fired boilers dominating the society atpresent, GT community needs to think of how the gaps
can be bridged with affecting factors except technology,
having comprehensive views on not only technologies
but politics, society, values, international frameworks,
and influences on the global environment.
Prof. Huang of China, the second presenter at the
podium, stated issues facing Chinese society whereenergy supply depends on coal. The following werereported: in particular economic growth is remarkable
and the amounts of energy consumption are increasing
rapidly; electric power demand is predicted to reach
950,000 MWe in 2020; although the ratio of present
thermal power generation is eighty percent or higher,
even if it can be lowered, it is anticipated to remain
seventy percent at most according to the plan; andeven under present conditions, weak acid rain with pH
5.6 or less is measured in an extensive area of theeastern part of China. Based on the above, it wasstated that clean coal technology by IGCC, theconstruction of nuclear power plants, and hydrogenfuel use will be dominant. With respect to IGCC, thehistory of development in China was presented, and it
was introduced that the national development PJ of
co-generation, which has both functions of
manufacturing methanol and generating electric

2.2 Forum
Subject: Current Status and Future Strategy ofElectricity and Energy Supply in AsianCountries
Speaker: Prof. Sane Shrikrishna Kashinath(IIT Bombay)
Prof. Weiguang Huang (Chinese Academyof Sciences,)
Dr. Dal-Hong Ahn (Korea Electric Power
Research Institute)
Mr. Prutichai Chonglertvanichkul(Electricity Generating Authority ofThailand)
Mr. Zengo Aizawa (Tokyo ElectricPower Company)

7© Gas Turbine Society of Japancountries through the Asia Pacific Partnership
Program and contribute to alleviating environmental
problems in the world.
Discussion was opened to the audience on thewhole floor after the five presentations from thepanelists. Among questions, though it asked as a directcomment from a user, was which gas turbine is more
excellent of two companies mentioned in thepresentation. However, the discussion did not become
heated because of the constraints of time. Finally, thechairperson summed up the discussion in the session
saying, “Gas turbine engineers still have a lot of things
to do for global environmental protection.”

power, is in progress.
The third presenter, Dr. Ahn of Korea, explained
the following: experiences on measures against the
problems of gas turbine hot parts and the status ofdevelopment of IGCC from the standpoints of electric
power research institute; in particular, measures by
employing monitoring systems against combustion
oscillation in low NOx combustors. Furthermore, withrespect to IGCC development, it is planned that after
the IGCC plant in the 300 MW class is built by 2012,
about four IGCCs in the 600 MW class will be built in2013 or later, in the medium to long term prospect, andthe South Korean version of the U.S. FutureGen is
aimed at 2020 or later.
The fourth presenter, Mr. Prutichai of Thailand,addressed the electricity planning of Thailand as
follows: sixty-six percent of fuel for present power
generation comes from natural gas, and forty-eightpercent of the overall installed power plants is gas
turbine combined cycles; although natural gas issignificantly emphasized in Thailand, an annual
increase of five percent or higher in electricity demandis expected in 2007 or later. Therefore, althoughnatural gas plants will be increased hereafter, it is also
intended that coal conventional plants and nuclear
power plants will be incorporated in the plan; andfurthermore, a purchase of electric power from private
electric power companies, and a purchase of hydraulicgenerating power from neighboring countries are alsobrought into view.
The last presenter, Mr. Aizawa of Tokyo ElectricPower Company, as a representative of Japan,
described the milestone of reducing petroleum fuelthermal power generation and increasing natural gas
thermal power and nuclear power generation as
measures against the oil crisis of the 1970s, and thehistory of continuously leading technical developments,
particularly in natural gas thermal power generation,
aiming at maximum efficiency in the world. A MACC2
power plant with the combustion temperature of
1500°C class, Kawasaki thermal power plant No. 1
system, and Futtsu thermal power plant No. 4 systemwere introduced as the latest examples. Furthermore,a coal-gasification combined cycle, which is a national
project, was also mentioned, and it was proposed thatfour
points—further
higherefficiency,
thediversification of fuels, higher reliability, and lower
costs—will be required for gas turbines hereafter.
Moreover, he closed his presentation by saying that hewould like to spread the latest technologies to Asian

2.3 Panel Discussion
Subject: Global Environment Problems, Energy
Consumption and Contribution of Gas
Turbine Power Systems
Speaker: Dr. Tony Kaiser (Alstom)
Mr. Christer Bjorkqvist (ETN-European
Turbine Network)
Mr. Richard A. Dennis (U. S. Department ofEnergy)Dr. Shozo Kaneko (Clean Coal Power R&D
Co. Ltd.)
Mr. Kazunori Nagai (NEDO)
Chairperson:Dr. Mikio Sato (CRIEPI)Prof. Kenichiro Takeishi (Osaka
University)
In the last session of the last day of the congress, apanel discussion was conducted on the theme of thissubject. Having the above five panelists, we requested
each of them to provide some topics, and finally thechairperson summed up the discussion as a whole. It
was beneficial in thinking about the role of gas
turbines contributing to global environmental
problems and energy security, in addition to having
vigorous questions on each topic from the audience on
the floor. The presentations from each panelist aresummarized below.
Dr. Kaiser of EU introduced an EU project entitled,“The European Efforts to make CO2 Capture andStorage (CCS) commercially viable by 2020,” aiming atzero CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power generation
by 2020. It was reported for instance that Carbon
Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is essential inorder to attain zero CO2 emissions from fossil fuelpower generation, and the CCS demonstration projectis planned on a large scale throughout EU whole area.

8© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

it is also necessary to use coal with its abundantdeposits hereafter, when using coal with high CO2emissions, it will be inevitable to apply technologies
like IGCC and CCS; and (3) Gas turbine technology isa cornerstone of highly efficient power generating
systems in the future.

Mr. Dennis of the U.S. DOE presented the lecture
entitled, “US DOE’s Advanced Turbine Program—Coal
Based Power Systems with Carbon Capture,”
presented the following: a study of costs and thermal
efficiency in the FutureGen project including thedevelopment of CO2 recovery Integrated coalGasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and other studies,
as well as a report on the energy situation and powersituation of the United States, such as the amounts ofpower generation by fuel and the amounts of CO2
emissions in the United States; and moreover, withrespect to gas turbine technology developments, theoutline and budget of technology development on thenext-generation gas turbine in the U.S., such as“Next-Generation Gas Turbine Program” andhydrogen combustion turbine development bySiemens.”
Furthermore, Mr. Bjorkqvist of ETN madepresentation entitled, ”European Energy & Research
Policy—Opportunities and challenges related to Gas
Turbines,” and reported on the energy policy of the EU,
the introduction target of renewable energy, energy
technology required to reduce CO2 until 2020, 2030,
and 2050, and the role of gas turbine technology.
From Japan,Dr. Kaneko of CCPower R&D and Mr.
Nagai of NEDO provided topics.Dr. Kaneko presented
the “Contribution of Gas Turbine for Efficient andClean Use of Coal” and reported the outline of an
IGCC demonstrator progressing in Japan and othertopics. He also reported that IGCC is important inview of increasing available coal kinds and also in
preparation for CCS in the future, and it is expectedthat a commercial machine using a 1500°C class gas
turbine and dry gas purification will have thetransmission end efficiency of 46% (HHV standard).
Mr. Nagai of NEDO made presentation entitled“Outlook for Energy supply and Demand in Japan and
Gas Turbine Technology Development Prospects,” andreported the role of gas turbines in the technologicalstrategy of Japan, as well as the introduction of energy
situations and future prospects in the world and Japan,
and of Japan’s “New National Energy Strategy,” which
was announced in May 2006.
In conclusion, the following were summarized: (1) It
is essential to reduce CO2 emissions that originate fromenergy in view of measures against global
environmental problems, as well as it is increasingly
becoming a critical issue to ensure energy security
because of the rapid increase of energy demands in
Asian countries such as China and India; (2) Although

2.4 Invited Lecture
Subject: Educating the Next Generation of Engineers- A Call to Action
Speaker: Dr. David C. Wisler (GE Aviation)
Chairperson:Prof. Toshinori Watanabe(University of Tokyo)
Although serving as the vice-chairman of ASME atpresent, Dr. Wisler had served as the chairman of IGTI
before IGTC ’03, and thereafter successively served as
the vice-chairman of ASME in charge of IGTI. In
organizing the previous IGTC, he made significant
contributions to the resumption of cooperative
relationship between GTSJ and ASME/IGTI.
Furthermore, at this IGTC, assuming the role of thecontact point of the ASME/IGTI side, he proactively
called on members to participate in IGTC ’07 at thechairman meeting of Turbo Expo 2006 and otheropportunities.
At this IGTC, we set up a framework for invitedlecture separately from the conventional keynote
speeches, and invited Dr. Wisler to present the lectureon the above subject. He has a coordinating role in the
University Strategic Alliance Program at GE, which
conducts basic research in collaboration with
universities throughout the world. Through those
activities, he considers issues and desirable attitudes
in that researchers, engineers, and students fromdifferent countries, who differ in their values andeducational backgrounds, conduct research anddevelopment together, and on which he has addressedat the lectures of ASME or other opportunities.
Furthermore, differences in values between theindustrial world and the academic society, and meansby which the above gaps can be bridged, have been
often mentioned hitherto. The lecture this time wasalso similar, pointing out that in relation to thetraining of engineers with the next-generation global
viewpoints, it is necessary to extract important points
including industry-university cooperation and to put
them into action in education.
As important points, by which gaps between theindustrial world and academic society in their values
and action principles can be bridged, the following

9© Gas Turbine Society of Japanoscillation in combustors, though it was presented byothers.
Although it is hard to say that the session had somany participants, we have not had many
opportunities for hosting sessions in this field in Japan;
therefore, questions were followed up with vigorous
answers.

were noted: it is unable to grasp the engineering world
where various solutions exist on the basis of such avalue axis in the academic world that leads them topursuing a sole solution; it is significant to educate
students so that they can find a higher value inworking together as a team; global competitivenessmust be acquired; and an activity called “business,”which is bound by its schedule and budget frame, must
be understood. Moreover, it was proposed that it isgood for university teachers to have work experience incompanies, for instance, to take a sabbatical to workfor companies. Finally, as a call to action described in
the subject, it was pointed out during the closing
lecture that it is necessary to challenge thetechnological problems with diversified factors, to build
up research and development team with highfunctionalities,
toenhanceinternational
competitiveness, to understand business as mentioned
above, and for industry and universities to cooperate.
Although Dr. Wisler’s lecture is lauded for his
unique lilting speech, in this lecture he walked aroundthe crowded site equipped with a pin microphone, anddelivered an extremely humorous speech. A story ofcomparing engineers’ disposition in various countries
was also told, which was interesting. It was explainedthat Japanese engineers have a high sense of
belonging to their organizations, and a strong will
toward achieving missions. What do you think of it?
The session was filled to capacity, resulting in an
impassioned lecture. In particular, some engineersfrom manufacturers stated that it was interesting
because the story was not usually told.

(2) Structure/Vibration
Although four papers were scheduled to be presented
in the structure and vibration relations, the last paper
presentation was cancelled, resulting in a total of threepaper presentations.
The first paper, addressed from Japan, is apresentation relating to causes and measures against
gas turbine failures that were experienced on-site by amanufacturer. The primary factors in the failures that
occurred over a long period of operation were as
follows: deposition of foreign matter, wear, andcorrosion, which were detected in the form of abnormal
vibration in many cases. This paper featured theintroduction of failure cases that occurred over a long
period of operation and the measures to address thefailures, which presentation is considered a rareexample. (TS-071)
The second paper, from Korea, theoretically studied
the stability limit of cascade flutter, and therelationship between forced exciting force acting on
cascades and the mistuning of cascades. This paperfeatured, in calculating aerodynamic forces, theformulization of using standing-wave solutions inaddition to traveling-wave solutions used as before,
and comparison of both results. (TS-072)
The third paper, from Japan, was an introductionof an example relating to a vibration design on a 40
kW class high-speed generator directly linked to aturbocharger, and an analyzed rotor was supported bya three grooved-cylindrical bearing in the turbocharger.
In designing high-speed generators, this paper can beused as a reference. (TS-073)
Furthermore, the cancelled paper was a theoretical
study submitted from Poland about the temperature
characteristics and stability of journal bearings, and aparameter study about cylindrical bearings focused on
the temperature of supplied oil. (TS-074)
Although the number of participants who took partin the session was not so many, there were manyquestions.

2.5 Technical Sessions(1) Diagnostics/ Control/Instrumentation
Fourpaperswere
presented
atthediagnostics/control/instrumentation session.
TS-157 was a paper about an on-line measurement
system for measuring the blade tip clearance andvibration, which proved that system integrity had
already attained a high level. In TS-158, the control
system for the low-calorific gas-fueled micro gas
turbine was designed by H∞ control, and the control
characteristics were compared and verified with those
by PID (proportional integral differential) control andother controls. TS-159 detailed the current status ofsoftware development for engine control systems inaccordance with the guidelines of FAA approved
RTCA/DO-178B. TS-160 deals with dynamic
characteristics identification by measuring pressure(3) Aerodynamics

10© Gas Turbine Society of Japanlow-pressure turbine simulation by LES (TS-064).
Furthermore, others were presented as follows: aperformance prediction method on variable nozzle
turbines (TS-065), performance evaluations on ahigh-load turbine for hypersonic turbojets (TS-066),
and the axial gap dependence evaluation of a turbine
nozzle and rotor blade (TS-067).
On the other hand, in relation to radial turbines,
the following were addressed: a performance
prediction on a mixed flow turbine without nozzles(TS-027), a CFD analysis on the scroll/nozzle portionsof a variable turbine for automotive turbocharger(TS-028), and an optimization study in consideration of
the internal heat transfer of micro gas turbines(TS-029).
In relation to CFD application and tools: meshmorphing technology for improving the productivity of
CFD analysis (TS-037), an analysis on hydrogen fueljet combustion from turbine blade holes (TS-038), a gas
turbine behavior analysis in near stall condition(TS-039), and CFD applications for cavity flows
between turbine rotor and stator blades (TS-040).
In relation to engine noise: low noise technology inan Eco-engine project (TS-024), a CFD analysis of fantone noise by rotor/stator blades interference (TS-025),
and a jet noise analysis by LES (TS-026). In relation to
aero-mechanics (aeroelasticity): the resonance analysis
and measurement of turbine blades (TS-021), a basic
analysis on a single blade mode flutter (TS-022), and aforced response analysis on compressor blades(TS-023). As a new domain this time, the following
were introduced: the icing of gas turbines (TS-068),
condensation on turbine cascades (TS-069), and theinnovative defrost method of pre-cooled turbojet
engines (TS-070).

Again this time, the aerodynamics field was thebiggest, and forty-eight papers were divided into
fifteen sessions.
In the field of axial fans and compressors, thefollowing were presented in relation to aerodynamic
design: the multi-stage effects of bow or sweep of
blades(TS-049), the effects of forward-sweep (TS-050),
the introduction of design technology on a compressor
for the next-generation gas turbines (TS-051), an
advanced compressor/transonic fan design by a new
design concept (TS-052, TS-053), and the developmentof a counter-rotating fan (TS-054). In relation to stall
control: an experimental research on rotating stall(TS-055) and research on the stall inception of avariable pitch fan (TS-057) were presented.
In relation to loss analysis and loss reduction, thefollowing were reported: a numerical analysis researchon the loss of an axial compressor (TS-041), a loss
reduction by end wall contouring (TS-042), the effects
by clocking (TS-043), interference between tip
clearance and shock waves (TS-44), as a problem ofnear-stall flow, the effects of tip clearance (TS-045) andunsteady phenomenon (TS-046), furthermore anumerical simulation on a compressor with thepressure ratio of 2.5 (TS-047), and an aerodynamic
research on a lift fan for VTOL aircraft (TS-048).
In relation to centrifugal compressors, the following
were addressed: a flow pattern at the inlet part oftransonic rotor blades (TS-034), a numerical analysis
research on low solidity diffusers (TS-035), a surge
control by jet flow from inducer tips (TS-030),
performance improvements by the cutback of volute(TS-031), rotating stall suppression by jet flow parallel
to diffuser walls (TS-032), and performance
improvements and noise reduction by diffuser vanes
with tapered shape (TS-033).
In the field of axial flow turbines, the following
were described: as the latest aerodynamic design
technology, a basic design evaluation technique on ahigh-load low-pressure turbine for aircraft engines(TS-058), research on performance improvements bycounter-rotating a high-pressure- and low-pressureturbine (TS-059), and turbine design technology for the
next-generation gas turbines (TS-060). Moreover asapplication examples of numerical simulation, thefollowing were reported: leakage flows over rotor blade
tips (TS-061), effects of upstream wake on unsteadyflows on the blade surface of a low-pressure turbine(TS-062), a relationship between the vortex from a
blade trailing edge and base pressure (TS-063), and a(4) Heat Transfer
In the heat transfer field, a total of sixteen papers were
presented in five sessions. They consisted of six in total
for Film Cooling I and II, four for Blade Cooling, three
for External Heat Transfer & Transition, and three for
Impingement Cooling.
Film Cooling Session: TS-106 reported that theeffects of new-shaped (arrowhead-shaped hole) film
cooling holes were evaluated through tests andanalysis, resulting in the high performance of the newshapes. In TS-107 and TS-108, in relation to
fan-shaped film cooling, a test and measurement onliquid crystals and the analysis evaluation of k-ε model
were introduced, followed by discussion about the11© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

and DES (Detached Eddy Simulation). TS-120
described the effects of the pressure gradient, thedegree of turbulence, and the wake flow direction in
relation to bypass transition caused by the upstream
wake on flat plate boundary layers. TS-121 reported
an attempt to analyze external surface heat transfer
coefficient by LES. Although the boundary layertransition was well predicted by LES and resulted ingood coherence with the heat transfer coefficient, LES
requires a very large-scale analysis.
Impingement Cooling Session: TS-116 studied thedependence of two-dimensional jet impingement
cooling on turbulence promoters (libs and dimples) by
the naphthalene sublimating method. TS-117
evaluated the effects of jet impingement cooling toconcave surface equivalent to the leading edge of
blades and of the libs by liquid crystal thermometry.
TS-118 reported the test results of jet impingement
cooling to inclined target plates.
Although just the number of lectures decreased
greatly compared to that of the last congress (26papers), no less than 50 participants gathered at thesession for a vigorous discussion.

effects of a corner roundness, which is inevitably
incorporated in the manufacturing process. TS-109
presented a PIV test and measurement and theanalysis evaluation of k-ε model on film cooling jetswith circular and diffusion shapes. Detail phenomena,such as the reduction in the mixture of mainstream
and film cooling jet stream by the diffusion shapes,
were clearly measured by the PIV with oil tracer. Also
in TS-110, a comparison/evaluation between analysis
and tests on film cooling jets with circular anddiffusion shapes was reported. It was concluded thatwith respect to time mean velocity and its variation
distribution, a good coherence between analysis andmeasurements was obtained by using LES in analysis.
TS-111 conducted a comparative evaluation of acircular jet flow between RANS/LES analysis and test
results, resulting in LES superior to RANS. This wasconsidered because diffusion in the transverse
direction is more accurately simulated by resolving thedetailed vortex structure.
Blade Cooling Session: TS-112 reported a test
research that applied combined cooling structure to theleading edge of blades. It can be expected to reduceabout twenty-five percent of cooling air at maximum
by combining impingement and pin fins in showerhead
cooling structure. In TS-113, in relation to tabular
combined cooling structure, PIV test measurements
and analysis on the internal flow were comparatively
evaluated. The circulating flow caused by the presenceof impinging jet was confirmed in both the test and theanalysis. In TS-114, the dependence of cooling
performance in the combined cooling structure on thepin allocation was analyzed in depth, using a transientliquid-crystal measurement technique. It proved thatthe major difference in cooling performance, as had
been reported before, was driven by the difference inpin allocation. TS-115 reported the results of test
research on film cooling, envisioning gas turbines forthe next-generation power generation system. It
describes the effects by the secondary flow and otherfactors through the tests and measurements on thefilm-cooling efficiency of end walls of stator and rotor
blades (in rotating state) in addition to flat plates fora wind-tunnel, using PSP (pressure sensitive paint) for
the film-cooling measurements.
External Surface Heat Transfer and Transition
Session: TS-119 reported a detailed structure insidehorseshoe vortex that occurs in flows proximate to theleading edge of blades and its effects on heat transfer
by using PIV, the naphthalene sublimating method,(5) Performance
In the performance field, a total of twelve papers were
presented in three sessions. In the modeling anddynamic simulation session (Session C-3 Modeling &Dynamic Simulation), five papers were stated asfollows: an analysis on turbo shaft engine performancefor helicopters using a platform for commercial modelbase designs (TS-101), an evaluation of the core engine
performance of pre-cooled turbo jet engines up to Mach
5 by CFD (TS-102), a study on the differences between
the results that were modeled on the test results of ahigh-pressure turbine at low temperature and the test
results at high temperature (TS-103), the simulation
results of flight conditions in relation to the researchand development status of a Virtual Jet Engine(TS-104), and the evaluation results of theperformance and fuel consumption of a new blade
cooling system under flight conditions using the
Virtual Jet Engine (TS-105).
In the power plant related session (Session F-6
Power Plant), four papers were presented: asimulation to evaluate economic efficiency bycomparing combined cycle performances between air
cooling and steam cooling for blades (TS-094),
simulation results of performance on the combined
cycle of a re-heat cycle gas turbine by making a

12© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

Producer) and started operation in June 2006, TS-005
is on the features of its primary components, theoverview of the operational control system, and theresults of the test operation; TS-006 on the
introduction of the latest 1450°C class gas turbine in
relation to building up more lines to the existing
commercial combined cycle system; and TS-007 about
a combined cycle system called MACC (MoreAdvanced Combined Cycle) using a 1500°C class gas
turbine in which the latest technologies, a steamcooling combustor, a steam cooling turbine, and rotor
blade tip clearance control technology were introduced.
In relation to new model developments based on
the existing models, four papers were presented in one
session (A-6) as follows: TS-001, TS-002 are about
performance improvements by the changes of rotor
blade materials, the improvements of rotor blade seal
structure, the reduction in the aerodynamic losses ofrotor blades, and the improvements in aerodynamic
performance of compressors and turbines; TS-004
relating to a larger-capacity of standby power
generator for emergency by retrofitting the existinggas turbine into twin packages; and TS-003 on various
tests including engineering correspondence andendurance tests in applying an aero-derivative gas
turbine to a marine power engine.
In relation to micro gas turbines and turbochargers,
five papers were presented in two sessions (B-7, B-8).
The demonstrated operation of a cogeneration system
which combines a MGT (Micro Gas Turbine) with aheat storage system using PCM (Phase Change
Materials) was reported (TS-017). As for papers onhigher-efficient MGTs, two were stated (TS-016,
TS-019). A turbine was optimally designed andmanufactured with the goal of applying the HAT cycle
concept to MGT, and as the first step, the performance
test results under dry conditions were introduced(TS-016). TS-019 was a sequel to the MGT with atunneled-type compressor/turbine presented at
IGTC ’03. Although it finally aimed at a ceramics
product, in this paper performance test results at room
temperature were reported on equipment allocating a
metal tunneled-type compressor and a turbine on thesame axis. Furthermore, test facilities, envisioning
its use in developing various new systems based on
MGT (for example, a combination with fuel cells) was
reported (TS-015). In particular, test results on how
the volume in and between each element effects theperformance and operation were explained.
With respect to a turbocharger, downsizing design

simulation model based on released specifications andoperational data (TS-095), results of comparing andevaluating various working fluids on Rankine cycles
envisioning biomass use (TS-096), and in HAT (Humid
Air Turbine) cycle, the simulation of a cycle where
exhaust gas is discharged by the exhaust compressor
after the exhaust gas is once expanded to a negative
pressure (TS-097).
In the novel cycles session (Session F-8 Novel
Cycles), three papers were presented: results ofcomparing a combined cycle system, which applied thechemical looping combustion (CLC) method using ironoxide, to IGCC (TS-098); a system for aircraft engines
where a three spool structure was adopted andelectricity was generated by using the medium
pressure spool (TS-099), and a system which employs a
two-stage compressor and turbine with respect to 20 W
class cocoon-type ultra micro gas turbines (TS-100).
(6) Product Development/Operational Experiences
In the product development/operational experiences, a
total of twenty papers were presented in six sessions.
In the verification tests relating to new technologies,
seven papers were addressed in two sessions (A-1, B-3).
With respect to what is called the AHAT (Advanced
Humid Air Turbine) system, which replaces theintermediate cooling system of the HAT (Humid Air
Turbine) cycle by the WAC (Water Atomization
Cooling) system that atomizes water into the air
intake, the test results of a pilot plant (TS-012,
TS-013), and the development tests of a transmission
for generators directly driven by an aircraft engine(TS-014) were presented.
Furthermore, as developments aiming at
higher-efficiency and energy saving, the following werestated: TS-008 introduced various new technologies
under development in the national project for 1700°C
class gas turbines, TS-009 is on operational
experiences of a 8 MW class hybrid gas turbine thatuses both metal and ceramics aiming at applications tohighly efficient cogeneration systems, and TS-010 on
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) recovery gas
turbine cogeneration that recovers VOC recognized as
the causative substance of photochemical oxidants,
and burns it in a 2 MW class gas turbine combustor to
make effective use of the VOC chemical energy.
In relation to combined cycle power plant, threepapers were presented in one session (B-4) as follows:with respect to a combined cycle system (2 GT + 1 ST
configuration) built for IPP (Independent Power13© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

the degree of microstructure changes by quantitatively
measuring three dimensional diffraction patters with
the imaging plate X-ray diffraction (IP-XRD) method(TS-090), on a proposition where different asymmetry
in the tensile and compressive creep strength of three
single-crystal alloys with different amounts of Re wascaused by the forming-easiness of a deformation twin
(TS-091), on a virtual jet engine integrating a material
simulation using the Phase-field method (TS-092), andon the evaluation results of applying the regenerative
heat treatment technology to the two-stage rotor
blades of 1300°C class gas turbines (TS-093).
Moreover, presentations in the repair session wereas follows: on repair limits analyzed by FEM for a
repair of the trailing edge portions of GE MS6001B
first-stage rotor blade using laser powder welding(TS-152), on a repair condition set-up using
solidification analysis to partial melting portions, andon verification by coupon tests with the goal ofdeveloping a laser repair technology on single crystal
blades (TS-153).
In the environmental degradation session, TS-079
presented on a thermodynamic prediction method forhigh-temperature corrosion based on burner rig test
results using fuels with the amount of Na+K in thefuel changed, followed by vigorous questions.
Furthermore, the following were stated: TS-080 is on
the corrosion of metal coating, TS-81 on a technique for
estimating metal temperatures by changes in the
thickness of diffusion layer formed between a coating
layer and a base material, TS-082 on the oxidation
suppression method of bond layer surfaces, which isone of delamination factors of thermal barrier coating(TBC), TS-083 on the prediction method fordelamination resistance and remaining life, andTS-084 on the suppression phenomenon of thermal
fatigue caused by penetrating cracks of TBC.
In the thermal barrier coating/ceramics session,
TS-085 is on a low thermal conductivity TBC for
1700°C class gas turbines, and TS-086 and TS-087
on the application and verification of MGC (Melt
Growth Composite) to combustor tiles or turbine
nozzles .
Moreover, in the operation session, the following
were explained: TS-154 is on the operational
optimization of gas turbines based on the creep life
evaluation program of rotor blades, TS-155 on healthmonitoring and life management, and TS-156 on thereliability evaluation method of life cycles.

for improving transient response, charging pressure,and exhaust emission was described (TS-018). It wasreported that optimizing the aerodynamic design of thecompressor and turbine led to preventing performancedegradation in the downsizing.
In relation to gas turbine engines for aircraft, a
study to establish a strength evaluation method at thebolted joints of rotating bodies was presented (TS-020).
In fan blades with a very small hub diameter, it is ofimportance to establish the strength evaluation
method at the bolted joints because the unbalance atthe time of blade out becomes enormous. It wasreported that a good coherence was found between the
results by three-dimensional elasto-plastic FEM
analysis and the tensile test results.
(7) Materials
In the materials field, presentations relating totwenty-three technical papers were presented in eight
sessions: one session on the material development ofsuper alloys, one session for respective subjects onstrengthening
anddegradation
mechanisms,
inspection and life evaluation technologies, and repair
technology, two sessions on the environmental
degradation of materials and coatings, one session on
the development and practical application of thermal
barrier coating and ceramics, and one session on
operation.
In the materials development, the following
presentations were made: first on the fourth
generation
single-crystal
alloysthatwerealloy-designed based on electronic theory (TS-075), ona single-crystal alloy excellent in thermal fatigue
strength for 1700°C class gas turbines (TS-077), andfor micro gas turbines, on the development ofmaterials improved for directional solidification andgeneral casting use based on a single-crystal alloy
YH61 (TS-076).
In the session of the strengthening and material
degradation mechanism and inspection and life
evaluation technologies of super alloys, the following
presentations were made: on behaviors about creep
degradation of three alloys with different γ’-phasevolume fractions (TS-088), on a technique for
evaluating the degree of material damage by
quantitatively measuring the changes in crystal
direction distribution resulting from creep damage
accumulation of the materials using the electronbackscatter diffraction pattern (EBSP) method(TS-089), on a nondestructive evaluation technique for14© Gas Turbine Society of Japanwoody biomass fuels that are promising as compatible
with CO2 problems; and TS-150 on fuel oil containing
many coal residue and the emission of carbonaceous
particulate matter.
Moreover, with respect to micro gas turbines, which
are expected as a simple mobile power source,
TS-144/TS-145 dealing with combustors of 200 W tothe several-hundred watt class , and TS-147 dealing
with combustors for 10 W to 60 W class ultra micro gas
turbines were presented. TS-146 on combustors using
biomass fuels is also in progress at the lab level.
Research that uses CFD for combustor
development is also active as follows: TS-124
conducted combustion analysis for commercial low
NOx combustors and verification with NOx emission
results, and TS-123 performed a large-scale analysis
by applying Large Eddy Simulation, which may
determine the course of combustion CFD in the future.
TS-125 predicting liner wall temperatures, which isimportant in the life design of combustion systems, byusing CFD was also reported.
A high-quality report was also presented infundamental studies relating to combustion. TS-136
studied the relationship between vibration suppression
and NOx emissions by conducting opticalmeasurements with respect to the active control
technology of combustion oscillation resulting frompremix combustion. TS-138 evaluated a relationshipbetween the strong swirl motion of swirl flow andmixture, using optical measurements by PLIF and
CFD analysis of mixing by LES, and TS-137 conducted
LDV measurements of the flows in a damp diffuser
used for aircraft combustors. From China, TS-139 on
optical measurement results of flow fields at
non-burn/burn of methane fuel diffusion flames wasreported.
In relation to the atomization and spray of fuels,
the following were presented: TS-127 on atomization
characteristics of fuel nozzles which are used for a mini
jet engine, TS-128 on fundamental experiments andnumerical analysis relating to liquid jet breakup
process and impinging atomization of fuel, and TS-129
on experimental studies about the diameter
distribution of atomizing droplets and soot generation
for spray flame. In conclusion, although technicalsessions relating to combustion and combustor wereconsidered satisfactory in both quality and quantity,
more active questions/answers would be preferable inthe sessions.

(8) Combustion
The total number of presentations relating to
combustion and combustors totaled twenty-nine: three
in session E1 (Fuel flexibility), three in F1 (Combustor
development I), three in F2 (Combustor development
II), five in E3 (Combustor modeling and numericalsimulations), four in F3 (Micro gas turbine
combustion), four in E4 (Flowfields and instability of
combustor), three in F4 (Atomization and emission),and four in F5 (Combustor developments for small
aircraft engines). Compared to 2003, it increased byfour in session and by twelve in presentations, and for
instance, in particular, significantly increased inpresentations from overseas, from two the last time tonine, which reflects the increasing global concerns withenvironmental problems relevant to combustion andfuel flexibility.
Therefore, it is often the case that reports relating
to combustor developments deal with the reduction inNOx emissions, as described below: TS-135 describes a
research that uses EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) inorder to reduce NOx emissions in the 1700°C classhigh-temperature combustors in the future; TS-134 on
a cluster-type burner that is a low NOx steam-injection
burner, but the emissions of carbon monoxide CO still
remains low even if it injects a lot; TS-130 is on adevelopment of a user-driven, dual-fuel-type low NOx
combustor in which either gas fuel or liquid fuel isavailable; from Russia, TS-131 is on fuel nozzles
relating to low NOx burners for aircraft; and likewise,
TS-132 is on a research that suppresses CO emissions
and combustion oscillation by adequately keeping theholding residence time in commercial low NOx
combustors aiming at the NOx emissions of 5 ppm orless.
At present in Japan, engine development for small
aircraft is in progress as a NEDO project. As researchon combustors for the above project, the following were
presented: TS-140/TS-141about a RQL (Rich-Burn
Quick-Quench Lean Burn) type that is dominant incurrent low NOx combustors for aircraft, TS-142 on a
Lean Burn type that is expected to be dominanthereafter because of its high NOx reduction capability,
and TS-143 that features low cost due to its simple
structure.
In the fuel flexibility session, the following werestated: TS-148 on a combustor balancing low NOx andstable combustion by adding hydrogen to natural gas
aiming at gas turbine combustors for power
generation; research TS-149 on a combustor using

15© Gas Turbine Society of Japanto a deep understanding of its mechanism. After lunch,arriving at the National Institute for Materials Science,
we had a coffee break and received a brief overview of
the institute in the seminar room. Then, we visited theexperimental facilities. The following cutting-edge
development technologies were introduced: a vacuum
heat treatment furnace for the precision casting of
nickel-based single-crystal, research and development
test equipment for the new coating system (TBC), andevaluation test equipment for creep strength/thermal
fatigue characteristics. Although, in questions/answers,
we had an eager question from an overseas participant,they corresponded respectfully.
Tour 2 visited Futtsu and Kawasaki Thermal
Power Station operated by Tokyo Electric Power
Company. The tour attended by forty-three persons in
total, forty persons including fourteen from overseas,
two event committee members, and one general affairs
member. After departure, taking the Aqua-line acrossTokyo bay by bus to Chiba on the opposite shore from
Kawasaki, we arrived at Futtsu Thermal Power
Station. An English version video about the power
station was displayed in the conference room, followedby active questions/answers with correspondence
personnel. Then, we toured the power station for twohours in the morning. After lunch, we arrived at
Kawasaki Thermal Power Station on schedule. A
Japanese version video about the power station wasdisplayed in the conference room, followed byquestions/answers, and we looked at a plant commandroom. Although we were not able to see the power
generating facilities themselves, we toured fromoutside the bus. We are extremely grateful to the staff
at both places for their understanding and cooperation
with these tours.

Exhibition
The exhibition of the International Gas Turbine
Congress Tokyo 2007 was held in the Hana Room andfoyer on the fourth floor of the Keio Plaza Hotel mainbuilding over the four days of December 3 (Mon) to 6(Thu). A total of thirty-nine organizations participated,compared to the previous thirty-six at the last congress(Table 1). Furthermore, twelve university laboratories
and this society GTSJ displayed research findings in
the foyer in front of the hall, similar to the last time
(Table 2). Besides, as the first plan, we implemented
special presentation events by eight exhibitors on thesame site in order to pump up the exhibition. The total
attendance figure was 3,915 persons, which was anincrease of 180 persons compared to previous the 3,735
ones (Total time of the conference: 32 hours), and it
was very well attended. This successful result camefrom the factors, such as administrative arrangement:
the site was a prominent location with the sufficient
geographical advantage of Tokyo/Shinjuku; prioractivities, such as sending invitations to the exhibition,
were conducted in order to attract more guests;
opening ceremonies during the congress were held;and special events by exhibitors making the best useof somewhat wider space compared to the last time
were implemented, and powerful exhibitions such as
an actual jet engine.
[Table 1 Exhibitors List - Corporations ][Table 2 Exhibitors List - University Laboratories]

Technical TourThe technical tour was divided into two courses andcarried out on the last day of the congress, December 7.
Tour 1 visited Metropolitan Area Outer Underground
Discharge Channel (Kasukabe-city) and the National
Institute for Materials Science (Tsukuba-city). The
tour attended by nine persons in total, seven persons
including three from overseas and two event
committee members. After arriving at Metropolitan
Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel, we
received a brief overview of the facilities while
watching videos and models in the office, they visitedthe drainage tunnel and drain pump/gas turbine
package for its drive. We were all surprised at the sizeof the drainage tubes, which are also used for TV
programs and commercials. Furthermore, we wereallowed to observe the inside of the pump and gas
turbine package for driving the pump, thereby leading

Conclusion and Acknowledgements(Eisuke Outa, Executive Committee Chair)
In 2005 when we started to prepare the international
congress, it was a time that domestic business was on
the upward trend and China showed a proactive
stance toward industrial development. With increasing
concerns about the global environment and energy
consumption, news events, such as the A380, B787,
and the development of a fuel-efficient next-generation
aircraft engine, were capturing public attention. In
Europe, GT users’ network, ETN, was created, andunder the slogan of zero emissions, developments were16

© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

in addition to significant support from the organizationcommittee members, executive committee members,
and society directors. I would like to thank them mostsincerely. However, as the executive committee chief, I
also hang my head in shame because we had quite afew overseas participants compared to last time andthe number of presentations from overseas remained
only about one-third of the total. A device would be
required so that public relations, such as a call for
papers to overseas cooperative societies or corporations,announcements, circulars, and the society website, canbecome more effective.
Although various issues to be reflected will beassumed by the executive members of the next
international congress, it seems that this international
congress was successful. We had many attendants
until the final day of the congress and many
impressive presentations. Although young researchers
or engineers dominate the sessions, these people will
also play active parts in international conferences inforeign countries or the next congress and disseminate
advanced technologies, which can be said to be one of
the missions of this international congress. I think it
was a substantial international congress in addition toits high-quality technical exhibition.
In appreciation for the executive committee
members who worked over a long period of time, forthe organization committee members who hadprovided supports, and for society directors, I would
like to thank them in the final report of theinternational congress. Also, I am deeply grateful to
the Society secretariat for appropriate correspondencein spite of the heavy burden besides the regularSociety business. Furthermore, I appreciate the Keio
Plaza Hotel for offering its cooperation as a place forthe congress, and companies for efficiently handlingthe tasks of registration, exhibition, and hall operation.
Finally, I would like to memorize the contribution oflate Prof. Shimpei Mizuki, a Vice-chair of the
Executive Committee. Despite his great effort for
IGTC 2007, he passed away in August 2007 before
accomplishment of the congress. On behalf of the
Executive Committee, I pay my last respects to him.

systematically undertaken regarding effective coalutilization, the integration of GT research, andengineering education. In addition, we heard that in
U.S. research on hydrogen combustion was shifting
toward commercialization.
It was especially pertinent to hold the 9thInternational Gas Turbine Congress in times such asthese. Therefore, we expected more participants fromboth Japan and other countries and felt the need for acongress with an atmosphere where participants fromvarious fields could be more satisfied. It is a primary
goal that academic sessions achieve a successful
outcome, for which the session environments of the
keynote, forum, panel, technical exhibition,
reception/banquet, and hall are essential, and in orderto create these environments, we made a detailed plan,
negotiated, and implemented it in each executive
committee over two years. We were concerned that
one of them was a generation change.
However, the preparation went smoothly, and theatmosphere in each session hall was harmonious,
owing to much participation by honorary members in
addition to overseas participants. It was felt that thegas turbine industry including aircraft engines was
becoming consolidated by its flagship companies,
which resulted in making requests to these companies
to bear heavy burdens regarding participation in thesessions and exhibitions. In addition, the following
were also considered lost, that is, ripple effects that will
spread from the gas turbine industry, and major
opportunities by which the potential inherent in thesystem for environmental improvements will berecognized. It can be said that the expectation of moreparticipants from overseas was betrayed. Most people
from overseas are IAC members, who can also be said
to be frequent visitors who have friendly relations with
the International Gas Turbine Congress, and are
repeaters from the previous congress in 2003, withespecially younger generation participants unnoticed.
In the next international congress in another four
years with further progress in the generation change,
it is desirable to take measures to encourage
participation from other countries. Regarding income
and expenditures, which are difficult to predict until
the last minute, the final accounts were unexpected,
owing to grants from various sectors and precious aids
from the corporate members of the society.
Finally, we had about 500 participants. Thisdepends heavily on the corporate members of thesociety that encouraged in-house employees to register,17© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

Table 1 Exhibitors - Corporations
SUMITOMO PRECISION

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Endevco Corporation

Tycothermal Controls

WOOD GROUPSHINKAWA Electric.Co., Ltd.

Nippon Donaldson, Ltd.

SEAL TECH,INC.

DIA PRECISION CASTING CO., LTD.

NTN Corporation

Suzuki Seiki Kogyosho Co., Ltd.

FLUENT ASIA PACIFIC CO.,LTD.

MEE INDUSTRIES INC.

WOODWARD GOVERNOR JAPAN,
LTD.

FUJI TECHNO INDUSTRIES

Maruwa Electronic Inc

CORPORATIONPARKER HANNIFIN CORP.

Concepts NREC

Advanced Design Technology Ltd.(ADT) SHINWA CORPORATIONPRODUCTS CO., LTD

National Institute for Materials
Science
NACHI-FUJIKOSHI CORP.
AIKOKU ALPHA Corp.
KYOKUTO BOEKI KAISHALTD.

ZUNONO.INC./KULITE
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD.

SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS.

Kinzoku Giken Co., Ltd.

INC.
KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES,Honeywell JapanLTD.

JAPANESE AERO ENGINESISHIKAWAJIMA PRECISIONCORPORATIONCASTINGS CO.,LTD.

TOSHIBA CORPORATIONI H I Corporation

Hitachi Plant Technologies. Ltd.

Hitachi, Ltd.

JAPAN vilene COMPANY, LTD.

SANKYO INTERNATIONALVINAS Co., Ltd.

Hitachi Nico Transmission Co., Ltd.

Table 2 Exhibitors – University Laboratories
University of Tokyo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory(Watanabe-Himeno Laboratory)
Tokyo Metropolitan University,
Environment-Oriented Materials Assurance Engineering
Laboratory (Yoshiba's Laboratory)
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Yoshida,T. Laboratory
Tokyo Metropolitan University, YUASA Laboratory
Osaka University, Thermal Science and Engineering
Laboratory & Combustion Laboratory
The University of Tokyo, Kaneko･Yamasaki Laboratory
Gas Turbine Society of Japan
Kyushu University, Fluid Energy Systems Lab.
(Hayami Lab.)
Iwate University, Aerospace Research Division,
Funazaki's Laboratory
Tokyo University of Science, Honami Laboratory
Kyoto University, Thermal Engineering Laboratory
Tokyo University of Science, Yamamoto CFD Laboratory
Waseda University, Fluid Engineering & Turbomachinery
Laboratory

18© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

Entrance
Reception

Keynote Speech 1:

Keynote Speech 2:

Mr. Ichiro Fukue

Prof. Parviz Moin

Keynote Speech 3:
Dr. Robert E. Schafrik

Keynote Speech 4:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Broichhausen

Keynote Speech 5:
Mr. Shigehiro Sugiura

19© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

ForumPanel Discussion

Invited Lecture:
Dr. David C. Wisler

Exhibition20© Gas Turbine Society of Japan

Welcome Reception

Banquet21© Gas Turbine Society of Japan