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౉ቇ⠪ㆬᛮ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴࿖㓙࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ႎ๔ᦠ

ᄢቇ౉ቇ⠪ㆬᛮ‫ޓ‬㨪ㅴቇ‫ޔ‬ᯏળߩᐔ╬‫⸽଻⾰ߡߒߘޔ‬㨪ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧔 ᐕ㧕 ᦬⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ౉⹜࠮ࡦ࠲࡯౉ቇ⠪ㆬᛮ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮
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λ‫ܖ‬ᎍᢠ৷ᄂᆮೞನᴾ Ẑλᚾᚸ̖ᢿᧉẑᴾ‫ܖٻ‬λᚾỉ‫ٶ‬ಮ҄ầᡶớễẦỂλᚾỉೞᏡɧμầਦઇẰủềẟộẴẇλᚾỆ࣏ᙲểẰủỦᢠ৷ೞᏡẆᚮૺೞᏡỊỄỉợạỆ΁ẟềẟỦỉẦẆộẺỄỉợạỂẝỦỔẨễỉẦẆ‫ܖٻ‬λᚾἋἑὅἒ
ὊἛί೅แὸỆếẟềỉወᚘ‫ܖ‬ႎὉྸᛯႎễᄂᆮửᘍẟộẴẇộẺӷ଺ỆẆ‫ܖٻ‬ἉἋἘἲμ˳ỉ‫٭‬҄ửờᙻ᣼ỆẟủễầỤẆ‫׎ٳ‬ỉʙ̊ሁửӋༀẲẆλᚾỉឋႎễᚸ̖ؕแỉᚨ‫ܭ‬ӏỎλ‫ܖ‬ᎍᢠ৷ỉСࡇỆếẟềờᛦ௹ểᄂᆮửᡶỜộẴẇᴾ ᴾ
ᴾᇹᾅἩἿἊỹἁἚᾉᴾ
ᜂ‫׎ٳ‬ỉλᚾСࡇỉᛦ௹ểᚸ̖ᴾ
᭗ሁ૙Ꮛỉਘ‫ٻ‬ỆợụẆλᚾẻẬỆểỤỪủễẟẆૼẲẟᡶ‫ࡸ૾ܖ‬ửᙻ᣼ỆλủẺẆૼẺễ੗ዓỉἉἋἘἲầ೉ኧẰủềẟộẴẇẸẮỂᜂ‫׎ٳ‬ỆấẬỦ᭗ሁ૙ᏋἉἋἘἲỉμ˳ểӲ૙ᏋἇἨἉἋἘἲỉɶ៲ίλ‫ܖ‬Ὁᡶ‫ܖ‬ሁὸỆếẟềẆᛦ௹ὉЎௌửᡶỜộẴẇᴾφ˳ႎỆỊẆ҅቟Ẇᵣᵳ ᜂ‫׎‬ẆỴἊỴẆỼἍỴἝỴỆấẬỦỴἛἱἕἉἹὅὉἯἼἉὊỆბႸẲẆ᭗‫ٻ‬૙Ꮛ੗ዓỆấẬỦλ‫ܖ‬ᎍᢠ৷СࡇỉͤμࣱẆஊјࣱửᛦ௹Ẇᚸ̖ẲẆൔ᠋‫׎‬ᨥỴἩἿὊἓỆợỦ૎ሊᄂᆮửᘍẟộẴẇᴾᴾᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ܲՃ૙੉ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ဋɶᴾ ፯ᢹᴾᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ཎ˓я૙ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ေ‫ޛ‬ᴾ ଢᓙᴾίᇹᾅἩἿἊỹἁἚᡲዂέᴾ ᴾ ᵲᵣᵪᾉᵎᵑᵋᵓᵒᵕᵖᵋᵏᵑᵓᵓᴾ ᵣᵋᶋᵿᶇᶊᾉtoyama@rd.dnc.ac.jpὸᴾ㨪 ⋡  ᰴ 㨪࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߩ⿰ᣦ                                㧝⻠Ṷ⠪ߏ⚫੺࡮ㅴⴕ⺑᣿                            㧡⻠Ṷ㧝 “SAT War and Public University Admission in the US”‫ޟ‬SAT ࠙ࠜ࡯࠭ߣࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩ౏┙ᄢቇ‫ޠ‬      ࠞ࡝ࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᄢቇࡃ࡯ࠢ࡟࡯ᩞ John Aubrey Douglass ᢎ᝼    㧣    ⾗ᢱ                                㧝㧣⻠Ṷ㧞 “College Admission in Taiwan 㧙Access, Equity, Quality”‫ޟ‬บḧߩᄢቇ౉ቇ⠪ㆬᛮ̆ㅴቇᯏળߣ⾰଻⸽‫ޠ‬   บḧ࿖┙ਛᱜᄢቇ Sheng Yao Cheng (㈕ൎ⠦)ಎᢎ᝼   㧞㧝   ⾗ᢱ㧟㧝ႎ๔㧟 “An Current Issue of College Admissions in Japan”
    ‫౉ޟ‬ቇ⠪ㆬᛮߩ⺖㗴 㧙ᄙ᭽ൻߩਛߢߩ⾰⊛଻⸽㧙‫ޠ‬ᄢቇ౉⹜࠮ࡦ࠲࡯⹜㛎࡮⎇ⓥ೽⛔᜝ቭ ⨹੗ సᒄᢎ᝼ 㧟㧣    ⾗ᢱ                                㧠㧣ᜰቯ⸛⺰    ࠗ࡯ࠬ࠻࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࠮ࡦ࠲࡯࡮ࠣࡠࡃ࡝࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ᚲ㐳
Deane Neubauer ᢎ᝼   㧡㧝







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‫Ⲩە‬஭ ඞᘯ⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ヨ㦂࣭◊✲๪⤫ᣓᐁධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓ㛗‫ە‬John Aubrey Douglass࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖ᰯ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ୖ⣭◊✲ဨ‫ە‬Sheng Yao Cheng㸦㒯຾㍤㸧
ྎ‴ᅜ❧୰ṇ኱Ꮫ ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊 ෸ᩍᤵ‫ە‬Deane Neubauer࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢭࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢢࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᡤ㛗ࣁ࣡࢖኱Ꮫే௵ᩍᤵ㸦ඖࣁ࣡࢖኱ᏛᏛ㛗௦⌮㸧‫⏣ە‬୰ ⩏㑻⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓᐈဨᩍᤵ
ᱜ⨾ᯘ኱Ꮫᩍᤵ
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኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓᅜ㝿ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ
“College Admissions” International Senior Seminar”
኱ᏛධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ 㹼㐍Ꮫࠊᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㉁ಖド㹼᪥᫬ 2009 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 13 ᪥㸦㔠㸧఍ሙ ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮2 㝵኱఍㆟ᐊ

12:30㹼    ཷ௜
13:00㹼13:15  㛤఍ 㸦ྖ఍㸧     ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓᐈဨᩍᤵ                           ⏣୰ ⩏㑻
13:15㹼14:15  “SAT War and Public University Admissions in the US”
ࠕSAT ࢛࣮࢘ࢬ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢබ❧኱Ꮫࠖ                ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖ᰯᩍᤵ        John Aubrey Douglass
14:15㹼15:15  “College Admission in Taiwan 㸫Access, Equity, Quality”
ࠕྎ‴ࡢ኱ᏛධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ̿㐍Ꮫᶵ఍࡜㉁ಖドࠖ         ྎ‴ᅜ❧୰ṇ኱Ꮫ෸ᩍᤵ
Sheng Yao Cheng (㒯຾⪀)
15:15㹼15:35  ఇ᠁
15:35㹼16:30  “An Current Issue of College Admissions in Japan”
        ࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢㄢ㢟 㸫ከᵝ໬ࡢ୰࡛ࡢ㉁ⓗಖド㸫ࠖ                ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂࣭◊✲๪⤫ᣓᐁ                   Ⲩ஭ ඞᘯ
16:30㹼17:00

ᣦᐃウㄽ࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸸ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᡤ㛗
Deane Neubauer

17:00㹼17:30  ウㄽ
㏲ḟ㏻ヂ㸦ෙᮌ཭⣖ᏊẶ㸧⇡∅⇰∞↝ឯଓ‒Ⲩ஭ ඞᘯ
኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓ㛗 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊᐃ้࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝࢩ
ࢽ࢔ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࢆጞࡵࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍࠋ ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺ࡢࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࢱ࢖࣒ࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡢ࣑ࢫࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊⱝᖸ࠾ࡃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪉ࡶ࠾
ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋኻ♩࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ࠾ᛁࡋ࠸୰ࠊ௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠾㞟ࡲࡾࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋ࡚࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⚾ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤඹྠᶵᵓ‽ഛᐊ㛗ࡢⲨ஭࡜⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ㊃᪨ࢆⱝᖸ㏙࡭ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡑࡢ㊃᪨࡟㛵㐃࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ◊✲⤌⧊ࠊ≉࡟௒⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡋࡓඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓ࡜࠸࠺ࡶ
ࡢࡀࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡈ⤂௓ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᩍဨ⣔ࡢ๪ᡤ㛗࠿ࡽࡢᅗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢୖ࡟⌮஦㛗ࡀ࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢヨ㦂࣭◊✲⤫ᣓᐁࠊᩍဨ⣔ࡢ๪ᡤ㛗ࡢࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ
⌧ᅾࡑࡢィ⏬ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ㸰ࡘࡢ◊✲⤌⧊ࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ᪤࡟◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢⓎ㊊௨᮶ࠊࡑࡢ⤌⧊ࡀࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᮶ᖺࡢ㸲᭶࡟Ⓨ㊊ணᐃ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢࡀࠊࡇࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣕࣝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓࡢ࡯࠺ࡣࠊࡼࡾእ࡟ྥࡅ࡚࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ෆ࡜እ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆᙉࡃព㆑ࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸
ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊእࡢ♫఍࡜ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ኱Ꮫ➼ࡢእ㒊ࡢ⤌⧊࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᝟ሗⓎಙຊࠊ◊✲Ⓨಙຊࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ㊃᪨࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡜ࡾ࠶
࠼ࡎࠊ᮶ᖺ㸲᭶࠿ࡽጞࡲࡾࡲࡍ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣇ࢙࣮ࢬ࡛ࡣࠊ㞀ᐖᨭ᥼ࡢ㒊㛛ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ヨ㦂ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ㒊㛛ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽධヨホ౯ࠊ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢホ౯ࡑࡢࡶࡢ
ࢆᢅ࠾࠺࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡑࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ㒊㛛ࡀィ⏬ࡢಋୖ࡟ࡢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࡯ࡰࡑࡢ㝕ᐜࡶᅛࡲࡾ
ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ᮶ᖺࡢ㸲᭶࡟ྥࡅ࡚‽ഛࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ௒ᅇࡢࡇࡢࢩࢽ࢔ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟㖭ᡴࡗࡓᅜ㝿఍㆟࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ◊✲ᶵᵓࡢⓎ㊊๓࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ➨㸯ᅇ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡣゝ࠸࡟ࡃࡃ࡚ࠊ➨㸮ᅇ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢮࣟ࠿ࡽࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓࡢᙺ๭ࢆ╔ᐇ࡟ᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㛤ദࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ≉࡟௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ௻⏬࡟ᙜࡓࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᶵᵓࡢᐈဨᩍᤵ࡟ᑵ௵࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠊ㞄࡟࠸ࡿ⏣୰ᩍᤵ࡜ࡢ┦ㄯࢆࡋ࡞ࡀ
ࡽ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ୍᪉ⓗ࡞ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ
ࡇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࢆ㛤ദࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊఱࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣඹ᭷࡛ࡁࡿၥ㢟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ

༠ຊࡋ࡚ゎỴࡢᅗࢀࡿၥ㢟ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ୺㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ௨ୖࠊ⡆༢࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽࡢ௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ㊃᪨ㄝ᫂ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆ࡚ࠊ
࣐࢖ࢡࢆྖ఍ࡢ⏣୰ඛ⏕ࡢ࡯࠺࡟࠾Ώࡋࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ㛤ദ࡟ᙜࡓࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㸱ேࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࢆእᅜ࠿ࡽ࠾ᣍࡁࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋࡕࡻ࠺࡝⚾ࡢ㏆ࡃ࠿ࡽࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔
኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞᰯࡢࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊྎ‴୰ṇ኱Ꮫࡢࢩ࢙࣭ࣥࢳ࢙ࣥඛ
⏕ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᡤ㛗࡛ࠊ࡞࠾࠿ࡘࣁ࣡࢖኱Ꮫࡢᩍᤵ࡛࠶ࡽࢀࡿࢹ࢕࣮࣭ࣥࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࠊࡇࡢ㸱ேࡢඛ⏕᪉࡟
ࡈ༠ຊࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐࢖ࢡࢆ࠾Ώࡋࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
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

䝉䞁䝍䞊䛾◊✲యไ䠄ィ⏬᱌䠅ヨ㦂䞉◊✲⤫ᣓᐁ䠄๪ᡤ㛗䠅ヨ㦂䞉◊✲๪⤫ᣓᐁ(ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓ㛗)ヨ㦂䞉◊✲๪⤫ᣓᐁ䠄◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊㛗䠅㐃ᦠᑓ௵ᩍဨ(A) ヨ㦂ᇶ┙タィ◊✲㒊㛛(B) ヨ㦂ホ౯ゎᯒ◊✲㒊㛛(C) ヨ㦂ၥ㢟◊✲㒊㛛(ᐈဨ)≉௵ᩍဨ(1) 㞀ᐖᨭ᥼㒊㛛(2) ヨ㦂㛤Ⓨ㒊㛛(3) ධヨホ౯㒊㛛1◊✲యไᴫᛕᅗ
ඹྠ◊✲ᶵᵓ
ヨ㦂㛤Ⓨ
㒊㛛(௬)

㞀ᐖᨭ᥼
㒊㛛(௬)

◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊

ヨ㦂ᇶ┙タィ◊✲㒊㛛ヨ㦂ホ౯ゎᯒ
◊✲㒊㛛
ධヨホ౯
㒊㛛(௬)

ヨ㦂ၥ㢟
◊✲㒊㛛(ᐈ)ᜒ๫ᎍↃኰʼ∝ᡶᘍᛟଢ‒⏣୰ ⩏㑻኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓᐈဨᩍᤵ࣭ᱜ⨾ᯘ኱Ꮫᩍᤵ ⏣୰࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡁࡻ࠺ࡣྖ఍ࢆ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊྖ఍ࡢ௵ࢆົࡵࡉࡏ
࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍࠋ࡝࠺ࡒࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ ᨵࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ᪥ࡢࢤࢫࢺࡢࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡢ᪉ࠎࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢧࣥࢺࡢඛ⏕ࢆࠊࡈ⤂௓ࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ௒ࠊⲨ஭ඛ⏕ࡼࡾࡈ⤂௓ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ୍␒⚾ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽྑᡭ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠊࢪ
࣭ࣙࣥࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ㹓㹁ࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞࠊ࢝
ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡢࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞᰯࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ᡤࡢୖ⣭◊✲ဨࢆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ ᪥ᮏࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞᰯࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ᡤ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ࡝࠺ㄝ
᫂ࢆࡋࡓࡽ୍␒࠸࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡲࡎࡣࠊ๰❧࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࣭࣮࢝ࡀ
࠿࠿ࢃࡗࡓ⏤⥴࠶ࡿ◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢඛ⏕᪉࡟ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢳ࣭ࣥࢺ
࣮ࣟࡀᅾ⡠ࢆࡋࡓ࡜࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ◊✲ᡤࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟
ࡈ⌮ゎࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕ࡣࠊࡇࡢࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ᡤ࡟᮶ࡽࢀࡿ๓ࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࢩ
ࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢ㤳ᖍᨻ⟇ศᯒᐁ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡢࢧࣥࢱࣂ࣮ࣂࣛᰯ࡛ࡢᩍ
Ṕࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ◊✲Ṕࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᙺ⫋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ඲⡿ࡑࡢ௚ࠊࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕ࡢࡈᴗ⦼ࡣࠊࡇࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡢࡣࠊ࢝
ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉࣛࣥࡢ◊✲࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡈⴭ᭩ࢆฟࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡁࡻ
࠺ࡢ࠾ヰࡶᑡࡋࡣࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡶࡗ࡜⌧௦ⓗ࡞࠾ヰࡔ࡜ࡣᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢇ
࡞࠾ヰࢆ⪺࠿ࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᴦࡋࡳ࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࠾ヰࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ௒᪥ࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕࡜௒ᅇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࢆ௻⏬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊࡇࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡲࡋࡓࠋ࡝࠺ࡶࡇࢀࡲ࡛᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊᅜ㝿఍㆟࡜࠸࠺࡜እᅜ࠿
ࡽ࠾࠸࡛࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚ࡈពぢࢆᣏ⫈ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ⤂௓ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺ࡑࢁࡑࢁࡁࡕࢇ࡜㆟ㄽࢆࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺࡜ࠋࡑ
ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠾஫࠸࡟ศ࠿ࡕྜ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࡝ࡇࡀ㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ
࡜࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕࡜ࠊࡇࡢ᪉ࢆᚋ࡯࡝ࡈ⤂௓ࡋࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡝࠺ࡶࡇࢀࡲ࡛㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡶࠊẸ᪘࡜࠿ᅜࡀ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝␗࡞ࡗࡓไᗘࡔ࡜࠿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ⬟ຊࡀ࡝ࢀࡄࡽ࠸㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ὀ┠ࢆࡋ࡚ࡁࡓほࡀ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ௒ࡢ
ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛⪃࠼ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊẸ᪘ࡀ࠸࠿࡟␗࡞ࡿ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ྠࡌ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࠊ୍ࡘࡢ
ᗙᶆ㍈ࡀࡔࢇࡔࢇື࠸࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡶࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸ࡗ

ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ௻⏬ࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊྎ‴ࡢ୰ṇ኱Ꮫࡢࢣࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࢙࣭ࣥࢳ࢙ࣥඛ⏕࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᙼࡣྎ‴ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿⱝᡭࡢ◊✲⪅࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㹓㹁㹊㸿࡛ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࢆྲྀࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ ௒ࠊྎ‴ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀ᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶࡣࡿ࠿࡟ඛࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺ
ࡔࡅ࡛⪃࠼ࡲࡋࡓࡽࠊ᭱㏆ࡣ㸣ࡢ኱Ꮫ㐍Ꮫ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆ
ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࠾ヰࢆఛ࠼ࡿ࠿࡜ࡣᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡓࡔࠊ㉁ホ౯ࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ཝ᱁࡞㉁ホ౯ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୕⪅ホ౯ᶵ㛵ࡣ㸯ࡘ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ࡑࡢ➨୕⪅ホ౯ᶵ㛵ࡀẖᖺホ౯ࢆࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛホ౯ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡢ⪺࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࡾࡲࡍ࡜㸣⛬ᗘࠊྛ኱Ꮫࡢ୰࡛ࡢᏛ⛉༢఩࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣࡶ࠺༑
ศ࡞ࢡ࢜ࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ㛢ࡵ࡞ࡉ࠸࡜࠸࠺່࿌ࡀฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡑ࠺࠸
ࡗࡓ≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ఛࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㏆࠸ᅜ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾࡝ࡶ࡜ඹ᭷࡛ࡁࡿ㒊ศࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࡝ࡇ
ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡈぢ㆑ࢆᑡࡋ࠾ヰࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠸࠸ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ
ࣙࣥࡢࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟Ꮡࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ㸱␒┠ࡢࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡣࠊ⚾ࡀࡶ࠺ࡈ⤂௓⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࡲ࡛ࡶࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡏࢇࠋ⚾ࡢᕥ࡟ᗙࡗ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿⲨ஭ඛ⏕࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡁࡗ࡜ࠊ௒᪥ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ
࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫ࡜ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠊ௒ࡲ࡛⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞
࠾ヰࡀ⪺ࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ᴦࡋࡳ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࢹ࢕࣮࣭ࣥࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࢆࡈ⤂௓ࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍࠋ ࡁࡻ࠺ࡣࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢧࣥࢺ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊᜍࡽࡃᙼ࡟ࡲࡉࡿࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢧࣥࢺࡣ
࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⚾ࡣ☜ಙࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࡣࠊ௒⌧ᅾࠊ࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᡤ㛗ࢆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽ
ࢀࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࣁ࣡࢖኱Ꮫࡢࢯ࣮ࢩࣕࣝࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࠊ♫఍⛉ᏛࡢᏛ㒊ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜ࡁࡢ๰タࡢᏛ㒊㛗࡛࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࣁ࣡࢖኱ᏛࡢᏛ㛗௦⌮➼ࠎࢆ࠾ົࡵ࡟࡞ࡽࢀ
࡚ࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊす㒊ᆅ༊ࡢ኱Ꮫᇶ‽༠఍ࡢホ౯࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿᑓ㛛⫋࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡈ⤒Ṕࡶ㛗ᖺࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡲࡉ࡟኱ᏛࡢධᏛࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽฟཱྀࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ኱Ꮫࡢ୰㌟ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑ࠺
࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡼࡃࡈᏑࡌࡢ᪉࡛࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ
඲యࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ◊✲ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ㐺ษ࡞ㄢ㢟࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢࢼࣅࢤ࣮ࢱ࣮ࢆ࠾ົࡵ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚☜ಙࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡁࡻ࠺ࡣࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ㊃᪨࡛ࡢ఍࡛ࡶࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾከࡃࡢㄢ㢟ࡀᢳฟࡉࢀࠊḟࡢࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟ྥࡅ࡚᭷ព⩏࡞ウㄽࡀࡉࢀࡲࡍࡇ࡜ࢆࠊྖ఍࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣఱ࡜࠿
ࡑࡢࡈ༠ຊࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ వࡾヰࢆࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࡏࡗ࠿ࡃࡢ᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ⚾ࡢࡈ⤂௓ࡣࡇࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢࡈሗ࿌ࢆ࠾㢪࠸ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡝࠺
ࡒࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ

ᜒ๫≔“⁅″⁆‒⁉⁓⁤⁥‒⁓⁠⁖‒⁂⁧⁔⁞⁛⁕‒⁇⁠⁛⁨⁗⁤⁥⁛⁦⁫‒″⁖ ⁛⁥⁥⁛⁡⁠‒⁛⁠‒⁦⁚⁗‒⁇⁅”‒
Ⅴ⁅″⁆ ⇌⇏∞⇠↗⇈∇∐⇑↝πᇌ‫ܖٻ‬Ⅵ‒-RKQ$XEUH\'RXJODVV࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞᰯ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ୖ⣭◊✲ဨ ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⏣୰ඛ⏕ࠊⲨ஭ඛ⏕ࠊ௒ᅇ࠾ᣍࡁࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࡜࡚ࡶ

࠿࠸࠾ヰࠊ࡜࡚ࡶ࠺ࢀࡋࡃᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ࠾ᣍࡁࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮஦㛗ࡢྜྷᮏඛ⏕࡟ࡶ࠾♩ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡾࡲࡏ
ࢇࠋ Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕࡜⏣୰ඛ⏕࡟࠾఍࠸ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ㸯ᖺ๓࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡕࡻ࠺࡝኱⤫㡿㑅ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸᫬㛫ࢆ㐣ࡈࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ㐍ࡴ᪉ྥࡣ࡝ࡇ࡛ࡶࠊ࢜ࣂ࣐኱
⤫㡿ࡀࡸࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࠾ヰࡋࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ
࢝ࡢ࠶ࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢩࣅ࢔࡞㑅ᢤࠊධヨ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣ㸣࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸣ࡀࠊࡲ࠶ࡲ࠶ཝࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ኱Ꮫࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝㑅ᢤࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ
ࡔࢀ࡛ࡶධࢀࡲࡍࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪࡀࡑ࠺࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜
࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟ධᏛࡍࡿேࡢ㸶๭ࡀබ❧ࡢᶵ㛵࡟ධᏛࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇ
ࢀ࠿ࡽ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⚾❧ࠊබ❧ࢆྵࡵ࡚㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢධᏛࡢẁྲྀࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡍࡀࠊ⚾ࡀヰࢆࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ୍␒᭱ึࡢ㸶㸣࠿ࡽ㸣࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿᶵ㛵ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࡢධᏛ㑅ᢤࡢ┠ⓗࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡲࡎ࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡍࡀࠊኚᩘࡣࡇࡇ࡟ᣲࡆࡓ㸲ࡘ௨እ࡟ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊ࡜ࡾ࠶࠼ࡎ㸲ࡘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ヰࡋࡲࡍࠋ
㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟ධᏛ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᐇ࡟ከࡃࡢே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ሗ㈹ࠊሗ࠸ࠊࡈ〔⨾ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ≉࡟ࢸࢫࢺࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢸࢫࢺࡢⅬᩘࡀ㧗࠸Ꮚ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ≉࡟ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ ࡲࡓࠊධヨࡍࡿഃ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢᏛᰯ࡟ධࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࢆㄪ⠇ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ാࡁࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㸱ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධヨࢆ⾜࠺┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘ࡟ࠊᕞ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜࡢேཱྀᵓᡂࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ാࡁࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ≉࡟㑅ᢤࡀཝࡋ࠸኱Ꮫ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫࡀධヨ࡛せồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡢ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗ
࣒ࣛ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ᕞࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࣑
ࢩ࢞ࣥᕞࡶࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊබ❧኱Ꮫࠊࡇࢀࡣࣛࣥࢻࢢࣛࣥࢺࠊᅵᆅࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠊᰯ
ᆅࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺኱Ꮫࡣࠊᖺ௦࡞࡝ࡣࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࢆㄆドホ౯ࡍࡿᙺ┠ࡶᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ୺࡟ධᏛ๓࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥ

ࣜࢩ࣮ࡀ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ⏕ᚐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆᙧ࡙ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ാࡁࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ୺せ࡞኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊධヨࢆ⤒ࡓᚋࠊᏛ⏕࡟࡞ࡗࡓᚋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟Ꮫ✲ⓗ࡞ᡂຌࢆ࠾ࡉࡵࡿ࠿ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶᙧ࡙ࡃࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊᖺࡢ๰❧ᙜ᫬࠿ࡽࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࠊධヨ࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࡀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ᡂຌࢆணᮇ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀඖࠎ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ᡂຌ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᩍᐊ࡛࠺ࡲࡃࠊࡁࡕࢇ࡜Ꮫ࡭ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࡯࠿ࡢබ❧኱Ꮫࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ⚾❧ࡢ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ
ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀᏛእ࡛ࡢ⏕ᚐࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘつᐃ࣭ᙧᡂࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋᩍᐊእ࡛ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡶ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ⏕ᚐ఍ࠊ⮬἞఍࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊᆅඖ࡛࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊㅮ⩏࡟႐ࢇ࡛ཧຍࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊ୺せ࡞◊✲኱Ꮫ࡛Ꮫ⏕࡟ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿᶵ఍ࢆ⏕࠿ࡏࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
ࡶᙧᡂࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡞࡝ࢆጞࡵࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞኱Ꮫ࡛኱ኚ㔜せどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿኚᩘࡢ୍ࡘ࡟ࠊ
ࡇࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟᮶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᚓࡿࡶࡢࡀ᭱ࡶከ࠸Ꮫ⏕ࡣࡔࢀࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࡛ࡍࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝ
ࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢ୍౛࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ཰ධࡀపࡃ♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡣ୙฼࡞⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡗࡓᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀࠊᐇࡣ୍ᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ꮫ⏕࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᐇ࡟⇕ᚰ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠊά㌍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺౛ࡀぢࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ᡃࠎࡀࡳࡎ࠿ࡽ࡟ၥ࠺ၥ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏕ᚐࢆࡼࡾከࡃධ
Ꮫࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀࡟ධヨࢆࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡉ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ධヨ࡟ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞౯್࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊᙧᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ≀஦ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀࡓࢸ
ࢫࢺࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗ࡟࠿࡞࠺ධヨࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡟࡝
࠺ᙺ❧ࡘࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢ⟅࠼ࢆ⚾ࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅࡌࡷ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡋࠊㄡࡶ
ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡝ࡢ኱Ꮫࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣධヨࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ࡝ࢇ࡞ேࡓࡕࡶࠊ
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ⤒㦂ⓗ࡟ࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᗄࡘ࠿ࠊධヨࢆࡘࡃࡿୖ࡛⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ㸰ࡘࠊ㸱ࡘ⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠋ≉࡟㑅ᢤࡢ⃭ࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᭱㧗ࡢබ┈ࢆศ㓄ࡍࡿᙺ┠ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕞ࡛ࡢ♫఍⤒῭ⓗ࡞ྍືᛶ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊ⤒῭ࡢⓎ㐩࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿၥ㢟ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟኱࠸࡟஦ࢆᕥྑࡍࡿせ⣲ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝ࠼ࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞Ỵ᩿࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡔࢀࡀࠊ࡝ࡇ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡘࠊఱࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡔࢀࡀࡑࢀࢆ⮬ศ࡛ᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࢆỴ᩿ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࠋ ࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡈ⯆࿡࠾࠶ࡾࡢ᪉ࡣࠊ⚾ࠊ㸯෉ࠊᮏࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋⱥㄒ࡛ゝ࠺࡜
ࠕ3ROLWLFDOSURFHVVRIDGPLVVLRQSROLF\DWSXEOLFXQLYHUVLW\ࠖࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕබ❧኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ἞ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᮏࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡈ
ぴࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆタᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᖖ࡟⌮ᛶⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡢࡘࡃពᛮỴᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠊỴࡋ࡚࠸ࡘࡶ⌮ᛶ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡀࡘࡃࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ⚾ࡀ㹓㹁ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ࠾ヰࡋࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே
ࡀ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㧗➼ᶵ㛵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヰࢆࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶࠊᚰ࡟࡜ࡵ࡚࠾࠸࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㹓㹁ࡣ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡍࡀࠊẖᖺኚࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜㡹ᙇࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡈᏑࡌ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔࡛ࡣ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸱㒊㛛ࠊ㸱✀㢮ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡣᕞ඲యࡢ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ㸶㸣ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡲࡍࠋ㯤Ⰽ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ᕞ❧኱Ꮫ࡛ࠊࡇࡕࡽ࡟ࡣ㸣ࡢ༞ᴗ⏕ࡀ㐍Ꮫࡋࡲࡍࠋ㯤⥳ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸰ᖺไࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡛ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ㸣ࡀ㐍ࡳࡲࡍࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔࡯࡝ࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢ⏕ᚐࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡟㐍ࡴᕞࡣ࡯࠿࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡏ
ࢇࠋ࠸࠸ࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ࡣᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅ࡝ࡡࠋࡑࢀ࡜ูၥ㢟࡛ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪࡣ
㛛ᡞࢆࡔࢀ࡟࡛ࡶ㛤࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞≧ែ࡛ࡍࠋᕞ❧኱Ꮫࡣࡲ࠶ࡲ࠶㑅ᢤ࠶ࡾࠋ඲㧗ᰯࡢࢺࢵࣉ㸣࡟ࣛࣥࢡࡉࢀࡿ⏕ᚐ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡔࢀ࡛ࡶධࢀࡲࡍࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ㸦㹓㹁㸧࡬᮶ࡽࢀࡿ⏕ᚐࡣ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࢺࢵࣉ㸣௨ෆࡢ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕࡛ࡍࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ
࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡣ඲⡿ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶ➇தࡢཝࡋ࠸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ 㹓㹁࡟ࡣ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡀࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ㸯ࡘࡣ་Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊᏛ㒊⏕ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡣ㸷ࡘ࡛ࡍࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ඲ᕞ࡛≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞ
ࢵࢪ࠿ࡽࢺࣛࣥࢫࣇ࢓࣮ࠊ㌿Ꮫࠊ⦅ධᏛࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡔࢀ࡛ࡶධࢀࡿ
㸰ᖺไࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡛ࡼ࠸㹅㹎㸿ࢆ࠾ࡉࡵࢀࡤࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱ᏛࡢᏛ㒊ࠊ㸲ᖺࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ㸱ᖺ⏕࡜ࡋ࡚⦅ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡲࡎ⚾ࡣࠊࣇࣞࢵࢩ࣐ࣗࣥࠊ㸯ᖺ⏕ࡢᏛ⏕ࡓࡕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ヰࡋࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞ዎ⣙࡜ࡣ୍యఱ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ ࡶ࠺᪤࡟࠾ヰࡋࡋࡓ㡯┠ࡶ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ୍ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮
ࡣ㧗ᰯࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ࡜⏕ᚐࡓࡕࡢ⾜ືࢆつᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟㹓㹁ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ௬࡟ࡑࡢ⏕ᚐࡀ㹓㹁࡟㐍Ꮫࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⏕ᾭ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ᡂຌࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࡼ࠸ᡂ⦼ࢆ࡜ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࢆணᮇ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢡࣛ࢖ࢸࣜ࢔ࠊ⠊␪ࠊᇶ‽ࢆධヨ࡟タࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡍࠋᒃఫᆅᇦ➼ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࠋṔྐࢆ㏻ࡌࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡣᖺ௨ୖ
࡟ࡶࢃࡓࡗ࡚࢔ࢭࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࢺࢵࣉ㸣࡟ධࡿࡼ࠺࡞㧗ᰯ⏕࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
ࡉࡗࡁゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓ㸰ࡘࡢᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡏࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺࡜࠸࠺ᩘ್ࢆࡣࡌࡁฟࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᖺ௦௨๓ࡣ㸣ࡔࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᙜ᫬ࠊᖺ௦࡟ㄪᰝࡉࢀ┤ࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㸣࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࠊ᪉㔪࡜ࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㹓㹁ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ㐺᱁⪅࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㹓㹁ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿୍ࡘࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ࡟ࡣ㐺᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
ࡑࡢ㐺᱁ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ࡯࡝ࡲࡓ⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊඛ࡯࡝ࡶ⏦ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡣໟᣓⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢேཱྀᵓᡂ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿
ᆅ⌮ⓗᵓᡂࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ධヨ࡛࠶ࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢໟᣓࠊ࢖ࣥࢡ࣮ࣝࢩࣈ
ࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ᫬௦࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤᆅ⌮ⓗ᮲௳࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ♫఍ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽே✀ࡸẸ᪘ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆྵࡴࡼ
࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ᫬࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡍ࡭࡚ࢆྵࡴࡼ࠺࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㹓㹁㐺᱁⪅࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ㧗ᰯࡢᡂ⦼࡜ࠊᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿㅮᗙࠊᤵ
ᴗࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊࢸࢫࢺࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡀࡼ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼ㑅ᢤࡢẁ㝵࡟ධࡾࡲࡍࠋ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᇶ‽ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆࢥࣥࣉࣜ࣊
ࣥࢩࣈ࡜࠿ࠊ࡯࠿ࡢ኱Ꮫࡔ࡜࣮࣍ࣜࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊ
せࡍࡿ࡟⥲ྜࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ⾜࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢᏛ⏕ࢆ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡽ㑅ࡪ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ㹓㹁㐺᱁⪅ࡢࣉ࣮ࣝ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍࠊࡇࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ࡛㑅ࡪࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊࡇࡢ㐺᱁⪅ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࠊࡇࢀࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶྠ
ࡌࡇ࡜ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊබ❧኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࠊ࠸ࡸࠊู࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⚾❧ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡜ࡇࡢࡇ
࡜ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡝࠺ࡋࡓࡽࡇࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡿࡢ࡟㐺᱁࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ
ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ᮲௳ࡀ㏱࡛᫂ࡍࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊẚ㍑ⓗࢡࣜ࢔࡛㏱࡛᫂࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ㐺᱁࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ࡟ࡣ㸰ࡘࡢ㒊ศ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡲࡍࠋ୍ࡘࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔
኱Ꮫᶵᵓ࡬ࡢ㐺᱁ᛶࡢ㒊ศ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ㐺᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓᚋࠊࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ࡟㑅ᢤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺㒊ศ࡛ࡍࠋ వࡾࡇࡇ࡛ࡸࡸࡇࡋࡃࡋࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡀ㹓㹁ࡢ㐺᱁ᣦᩘ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
࠶ࡿࢫࣛ࢖ࢻᑻᗘࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㸿࠿ࡽ㹅ࡢࢥ࣮ࢫ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ୍㐃ࡢ⛉┠⩌ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤⱥㄒ̿ࡘࡲࡾᅜㄒ̿࡜࠿Ṕྐ࡜࠿ᩘᏛ࡞࡝࡛ࡋ࡚ࠊ㹅㹎㸿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣホᐃᖹᆒࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸲Ⅼ‶Ⅼ࡛ࠊ㸲ẁ㝵࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠊ㸿ࠊ㹀ࠊ㹁ࠊ㹂࡛ࠊ㹄ࡀࡘࡃ࡜
㸮Ⅼ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡣఱࡶࡶࡽ࠼࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㹅㹎㸿ࡀࡼࡅࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡯࡝ࢸࢫࢺ
࡛࡜ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢫࢥ࢔ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚῭ࡳࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢᣦᩘࡣ኱ኚ㹅㹎㸿࡟㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆࡉࢀࡓぢ᪉࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࡞ࡐ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊṔྐࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㹅㹎㸿ࡣᏛ⏕ࡢᡂຌࢆண

ࡍࡿ᭱ࡶಙ㢗࡟㊊ࡿᣦᩘࡔࠊᩘᏐࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍࠋእᅜ࠿ࡽ᮶ࡿᏛ⏕ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔௨እ࠿ࡽ᮶ࡿᏛ⏕ࡣࠊ㹅㹎㸿ࡶࢸࢫࢺࡢⅬࡶࠊࡎࡗ࡜㧗࠸ᩘ್ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊࢸࢫࢺࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡼ࠸ண

ࡢ㐨ල࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ

ㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ㄪᰝࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢇࡀࡽࡀࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊẖᖺኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡎࡣࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࠊ㹑㸿㹒ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ⛉┠ࢸࢫࢺࢆ⾜࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊࡶ࠺ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡿ࠿᫇ࠊᖺ௦ࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࠊ᪤࡟㹅㹎㸿ࡀᏛ⏕ࡢ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ᡂຌࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡢ࡟ࠊண

ࡍࡿ࡟୍␒ࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋู

࡟࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᅜࣞ࣋ࣝࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡶࠊ⛉┠ࢸࢫࢺࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㐺ᛶࢸࢫࢺࡼࡾࡶࠊ࡜࡚ࡶ࡜ࡣゝࢃ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡋࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡜࡟࠿ࡃࠊ
ࡇࡢ㐺ᛶࢸࢫࢺ࡜⛉┠ࢸࢫࢺࢆࠊ㸰ࡘΰࡐࡓࡽࡲࡔⰋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ➇தࡢࠊ㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵࡛ࡣࠊ࡝ࢀࡀ୍␒࠸࠸ண

ࡢࡁࡃ㐨ල࡞

ࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ࡝ࢀࡶࡑࢀ࡯࡝Ⰻࡃࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ஦ᐇ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ࡜࠸࠺
ࡢࡶࠊ㹓㹁ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡟㐪࠺ᡯ⬟ࢆഛ࠼ࡓࠊ⮬ศ࡛⮬ศࢆ㑅ᢤࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⏕ࡓࡕࡀ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊධࡿ࡜ࡁࡣࢸࢫࢺࡢⅬࡀపࡃ࡚ࡶࠊᐇࡣ኱ኚඃ⚽࡞⤖ᯝࢆ࠾ࡉࡵ࡚࠸ࡃᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡉ࡚ࠊ୍᪦㹓㹁㐺᱁࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡽࠊḟࡣ㑅ᢤࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡟ᣲࡆࡓࡢࡣ㹓㹁ࡢᇶ‽࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊఝࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡣ኱య࡝ࡇࡢබ❧኱Ꮫ࡛ࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸࡜ࡇ
ࢁ࡞ࡽࡤ⚾❧ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡶᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡲࡎ㸯㡯┠ࡵࡀࠊᚲせ⛉┠௨ୖ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㉸࠼࡚࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸Ꮫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠿ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࣂ࣮
ࢡ࣮࡛ࣞࡍ࡜ࠊ㢪᭩ࢆぢࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞ᤵᴗ࣭ㅮᗙࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㣕ࡧ⣭ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ୖ⣭ㅮᗙࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࢝ࣞࢵࢪࡢࠊ኱Ꮫࡢ༢఩ࡀࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᤵᴗࢆ㧗ᰯẁ㝵࡛࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡞࡝࡛ࡍࠋ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౯್ほ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣṔྐࡢ୰࡛ྡ๓ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᒃఫᆅᇦࡢ୰࡛ࡢ㐺᱁ࡉ࡛ࡍࠋ ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛ࢺࢵࣉ㸲㸣࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕ᚐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟᮶ࡽ
ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ேࡓࡕࡶ᭱పࡢࢸࢫࢺࡢⅬࡣ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࢃ࡞ࡃ
ࡕࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᒙ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࢸࢫࢺࡢⅬࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝኱ࡁ࡞ࡇ
࡜ࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢ௙⤌ࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㈋ᅔᆅ༊࡟࠶ࡿᏛᰯ࡜࠿㑹እࡢᏛᰯ࠿
ࡽࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ꮫ⏕ࡀ᮶ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡇ࠺࠸࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡓࡕࡣࠊ㹓㹁࡛ࡶ❧ὴ࡟ࡸࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊᏛ⏕ࢆࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢࡋ࡚ࠊ࡛ࡁࡤ࠼ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ⏕ᚐࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ⎔ቃ࡟ኚࢃࡗࡓⅬࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠊᬑ㏻࡛࡞࠸Ⅼࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ∦ぶࡢ࠾࠺ࡕ࡟⫱ࡗࡓ࡜࠿ࠊ≢⨥⋡ࡢ࡜࡚ࡶ㧗࠸ᆅᇦ࡟⫱ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᏊࡣࡼࡃࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᆅඖඹྠయ࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟࡝ࢀࡔࡅ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛
ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡀ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡓࡕࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔άືࢆ኱࠸࡟ໃ࠸࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ≉ู࡞ᡯ⬟ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋᩘᏛࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㡢ᴦࡢᡯ⬟ࡀࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸ࡔ࡜࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᩘᏛࠊࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ࡞࡝࡬ࡢ≉ู࡞࠿࠿ࢃࡾࠊྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊ༟㉺ࡋࡓ࡛ࡁࡤ࠼࡞࡝࡛ࡍࠋ ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㸰ࡘࡢせᅉࠊ཰ධ࡜Ẹ᪘ⓗ⫼ᬒ࡜࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢせᅉࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
Ꮫ⏕ࡀ㹓㹁࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ࠾┠࡟࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡀࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ⤒࡚ᚓࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ぢ࡟ࡃ࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡕࡽࡢ⦪㍈࡟࠶ࡿ㸮࠿ࡽࡲ࡛ࡢᩘᏐࡀ㈋ᅔ࡞ᐙᗞ࡟⫱ࡗࡓ⏕ᚐࡢ⋡ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡀࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮࡛ࣞࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞࢆࡈࡽࢇ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲ
ࡍ࡜ࠊ㸣࠿ࡽ㸣ࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ㈋ᅔᐙᗞฟ㌟࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ୸ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡀᏛ⏕ࡢேᩘࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ⣽࠿࡟ㄪ࡭ࡓேࡀ
࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࢡ࣮ࣞࡣ࢔࢖ࣅ࣮࣭࣮ࣜࢢࢆ඲㒊ྜࢃࡏࡓࡼࡾࡶ
ከࡃࡢ㈋ᅔᐙᗞฟ㌟ࡢᏛ⏕ࢆධᏛࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ⚾ࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡢᏛ㛗ࡣࠊࡇࡢᩘᏐࡀ኱ࡢ࠾Ẽ࡟ධࡾ࡛ࡋ࡚ࠊᐉఏ࡟ࡕࡻ࠺࡝࠸࠸࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡇࡢヰࢆᙼࡣࡓࡧࡓࡧࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ࢔࢖ࣅ࣮࣭࣮ࣜࢢ඲㒊ྜࢃࡏࡓࡼࡾ
ࡶ㈋ᅔᒙࡢᏛ⏕ࡀከ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࣟࢧࣥࢮࣝࢫ࡛ࡶࢹ࣮ࣅࢫ࡛ࡶྠࡌࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡉࡗࡁࡢᩘᏐࢆ඲㒊㏻ࡋ࡚࠾ヰࡋࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࠾┠࡟࠿ࡅࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ௒
ᗘࡣప཰ධᒙࠊ㧗཰ධᒙฟ㌟ࡢᏛ⏕ࡢ㹅㹎㸿ࢆẚ࡭ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊぶࡢ཰ධࡀᏛ⏕ࡢ࡛ࡁࡤ࠼࡟
ఱ࠿㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ㄪ࡭ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࣌ࣝዡᏛ㔠࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࠿ࡽฟࡉࢀࡿዡᏛ㔠ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡇࢀ
ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㈋ᅔᒙ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᖺ཰ࢆ୓ࢻࣝ௨ୖࠊ
௨ୗ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢᚋࡣᖺ཰࡛ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ➨୍ୡ௦࡜ࡇࡇ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡾ
ࡲࡍࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᐙࡢ୰࡛኱Ꮫ࡬ධᏛࡋࡓࡢࡣ⮬ศࡀ᭱ึࡔ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫ⏕ࢆ➨୍ୡ௦࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ➨஧ୡ௦௨ୖ࡜ࡇࡕࡽ࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊぶࡀ኱Ꮫ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢሙྜ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱஦࡞ኚᩘࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᩍ⫱㈨ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ྡ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ☜࠿࡟㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㹅㹎㸿඲యࢆ═ࡵ࡚ࡳࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣ㸯ᖺ⏕࠿ࡽ㸲ᖺ⏕ࡲ࡛ࠊ඲Ꮫᖺࢆㄪ࡭
ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࡲࡿ࡛ព࿡ࡀ࡞࠸࡯࡝ࠊ࡜࡚ࡶ࡜࡚
ࡶᑠࡉ࡞㐪࠸࡛ࡋ࠿࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ௚ࡢᏊ࡜ྠࡌࡃࡽ࠸ࠊࡇࡕࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࡶ࠺ࡲࡃࡕࡷ
ࢇ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟ྵࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ౯್ほ࡜኱࠸࡟㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ௒ࡸ㹓㹁࡟ࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢప཰ධᐙᗞ࠿ࡽࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢぶࡀ኱Ꮫࢆ༞
ᴗࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᐙᗞ࠿ࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㹓㹁࡟ࡣ⛣ẸࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡓࡕࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ே✀ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆഛ࠼ࡓᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡈࡽࢇࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠊࡇࡢ୰ᅜ⣔ࡢ᪉ࡓࡕࡀ➨㸰ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㉥࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ௒ࡣఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ㯤Ⰽࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊ⮬ศࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⏕ࡲࢀࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊぶࡢ࠺ࡕ࡝ࡗࡕ࠿࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⏕ࡲࢀ࡛࡞࠸ࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊࡶ࠺඲Ꮫ㒊⏕ࡢ㸣࠿ࡽ㸣ࡢ∦ぶࡀ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⏕ࡲࢀ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ ࡛ࡶࠊ㹓㹁࡟ࡣࡲࡔࡲࡔ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡔ༑ศ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢢࣝ
࣮ࣉࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࡇࢆ௒᪥ࡣ῝ࡃ࠾ヰࡋࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ ࡉࡗࡁࡶ⏦ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᩍ⛉ࢸࢫࢺࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㐺ᛶࢸࢫࢺࡼࡾࡶࠊ࡜ࡲࡓゝࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㐺ᛶࢸࢫࢺࡼࡾࡶࡼ࠸࡜ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࡗ࡚࠿ࡽࡢ࡛ࡁࡤ࠼ࢆ
ணࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾఱ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡢ㹅㹎㸿ࡀ୍␒࠸࠸ண

ࢶ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜ࠋࡑࢀ

ࢆ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟཯ᫎࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙ
࣭࣏ࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟ྵࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ᅋࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㝖እࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ᅋࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑ
ࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡀࠊᏛᰯ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᏛ⏕ࡢ⾜ືࠊ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ࡝ࢀࡃࡽ࠸ព㆑࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠋ
⚾ࡓࡕⓙࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ◊✲ㄪᰝ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ⪅ࡣࠊㄪᰝࢆࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࡽࡼࡾࡼ࠸࢔
ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚᩘࢆࡶࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡵࡿࡢ࠿ࠊㄪ
ᰝࢆࡋࠊ⪃࠼⥆ࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ᭱ᚋࡢ㸯ᯛࡣࠊⓙࡉࢇࡀࡈᏑࡌࡢࡇ࡜ࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ≧ἣࢆ⪃࠼ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊேཱྀࡀῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽධᏛࢆぢ㎸ࡵࡿ⏕ᚐࡢᩘࡶῶࡿࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ෌⦅ᡂࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊእᅜேࠊ᪥ᮏே࡛࡞࠸⏕ᚐࢆ୓ேࠊ␃Ꮫ
⏕ࢆධࢀࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡶ࠺୍ᗘᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡀࠊ࠸࠿࡟Ꮫᰯࡸ⏕ᚐࡓࡕ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ
࠿ࠊࡑࡢຊ࡟࠿ࢇࡀࡳ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚᩘࢆᣢ࡚ࡤࠊ⏕ᚐࡓࡕࠊ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡓࡕࡀࡶࡗ࡜ክ୰
࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࠊ୺యⓗ࡟㐍Ꮫࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸦ᢿᡭ㸧 ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡇࡇ࡛ヰࡋྜ࠸ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡡࠋ
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

⇙∇∙⇮↗‫ׅ‬ሉ‒ᙜ࡟㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠋ

ဋɶ૙੉≋Ӯ˟≌‒ ‒ඛ࡯࡝⚾ࡀࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡜ゝࡗࡓࡑࢀࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝㹅㹎㸿ࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡢࡼࡃ࡞

ࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊከศศṧࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡢࡔ

࠸Ꮚࡢሙྜࡣ࡜࠿ࠊࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ࢖ࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩ

࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࡝࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠊࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ➼ࠊࣙࣥࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ꮫᰯࡢሙྜࡣ࡜࠿ࠊ࠸

ࡐࡦࡇࡢᶵ఍࡟ࠋ࠸࠸㆟ㄽࡢࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡟࡞

ࢁ࠸ࢁ⪃࠼ࡿ㡯┠ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ௒

ࢀࡤ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡻ

ࡇࡇ࡛࠾ヰࡋࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ≉࡟㑅ᢤࡢẁ㝵࡟࠺࠿ࠋ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊఱ࠿≉ู࡞ᡯ⬟ࡀ࠶ࡿᏊ࡞ࡢ࠿

ឋբᎍ‒ ‒

࡝࠺࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉ู࡞እⓗ≧ἣࡢၥ㢟ࢆ 㹅㹎㸿ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯ࡟ࡼࡗඞ᭹ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㡹ᙇࡾ࡜࡚㝶ศ᱁ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࡢၥ

࠿㐩ᡂࡀ≉グࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊ

㢟ࢆ࡝࠺ࢡࣜ࢔ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

ࡑ࠺࠸࠺せ⣲ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

࡜࡜ࠊ㸯ࡘࡔࡅ࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

ឋբᎍ‒⇦⇖∏⇟૙੉‒ ‒ 㹓㹁ࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡶẖᖺ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡿ࡜࠾ࡾ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ

ኚࢃࡗ࡚኱ኚࡔ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ

࢖ࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊⅬᩘ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

ࡑࢇ࡞࡟ẖᖺኚ࠼ࡿ࡜ཷ㦂⏕ࡀ኱ኚࡌࡷ࡞

࡜ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚ࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇၥ㢟ࡣ࠶ࡿ࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ

ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀࢆࢡࣜ࢔ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡢᣦ

⇦⇖∏⇟૙੉‒ᩘࢆኚ࠼⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸࠸Ⅼࢆ࡜ ẖᖺ࡜࠸࠺ࡘࡶࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊู࡟ẖᖺࡾࡸࡍ࠸Ꮫᰯࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸Ꮫᰯࡶ

ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ෌ホ౯ࢆཷࡅ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆࡋ

࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ᶵ㛵ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸

࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࡽࠊㄪᰝࡋ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࡽࢃ࠿ࡗ

ࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞㔜ᅽࡀቑࡍ࡜ࡁࡶ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ

ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᖖ࡟ࢺࢵࣉ㸲㸣ࡃࡽ࠸౛࠼ࡤࡇ࠺࠸࠺Ꮫ⏕ࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸

ࡢᏛ⏕࡟↷‽ࢆᙜ࡚ࢀࡤࠊࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ࢖ࣥࣇ

࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࣉࣞࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ

࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡁࡕࢇ

኱Ꮫࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ

࡜ࡋࡓ࡛ࡁࡤ࠼ࢆ♧ࡏࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜

୍㈏ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࠊ⥅⥆ᛶࡢࠊࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࡢ࠶ࡿ

࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ

ࡶࡢࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ឋբᎍ‒ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞㔜ᅽ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ౛ ࡑࢀࡣࠊࢺࢵࣉࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡓࡕࡢࢭࣞࢡࢩ

࠼ࡤᖺࠊ✚ᴟⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨ࢆᑟධࡏࡼ࡜࠸

ࣙࣥ࡟ࡣ࠸࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢᏊ

࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀỴࡲࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕

࡝ࡶࡓࡕࡢࢭࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣవࡾ㹅㹎㸿ࡣ࣮ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᏛ⏕ࢆධࢀ࡞ࡉ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

ࡼࡃ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡋ

࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊホ㆟ဨ఍ࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊࡑ

ࡻ࠺࠿ࠋࢀࢆࡐࡦࡐࡦ࡜ゝ࠺ேࡓࡕࡶ࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ

⇦⇖∏⇟૙੉‒ᥐ⨨ࢆࡍࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ゝ࠺ேࡓࡕ࡜ࠊࡑ࠺࡛ ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠊ௒࠾ヰࡋࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊᮏ

࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠺ேࡓࡕࡣ࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢホ㆟ဨࡢ୍ே࡟ࢥࣀ࣮ࣜ࡜࠸࠺ேࡀ࠸

Ꮫ࡛Ꮫᴗ࡛ᡂຌࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑ

ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢேࡀ✚ᴟⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨࡟཯ᑐ࡛ࠊ

ࡢຊࢆ࢔ࢭࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࡍࡿࠊᰝᐃࡍࡿᇶ‽ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟ධࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺

ࢡࣛ࢖ࢸࣜ࢔ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ࡢࡣṆࡵ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺኱

࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ㑅ᢤࡢཝࡋ࠸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟㆟ㄽ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ

ධࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㈗㔜࡞ᾘ㈝㈈ ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢኚ໬࡜࠸࠺

ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠊᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ

ࡢࡣࠊ₞ḟⓗࠊᑡࡋࡎࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡔࢇࡔࢇ

࠿ࡽࠊᏛ⏕ࡀࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢔࢘ࢺࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ

࡜࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋᏛ⏕ࡶࠊࡑࡢࡽࠊࡇࢀࡣ⣡⛯⪅ࡢ኱஦࡞࠾㔠ࡀྎ࡞ࡋ࡟

ᐙ᪘ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࢁ࠺࡜୍⏕ᠱ࿨ࠊᖖ࡟ດ

࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ

ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊᛴ࡟✺↛ࠊࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ

ឋբᎍ‒

ᛶ㉁ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆኚ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣝࣝ

 ୍ࡘ㉁ၥࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢ࢔

ኚ᭦ࢆࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊప཰ධᒙ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡲ

ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢỴᐃ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡾ୙฼࡞≧ἣ࡟࠸ࡿேࡓࡕ࡟ࡣ኱ΰ஘࡛ࡍࠋ
࡝ࡇࡀࠊࡔࢀࡀ᭱ࡶࡑࡢỴᐃᶒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ຍ࠼ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡉࡗࡁゝࡿࡢ࠿ࠋඛ࡯࡝ࠊホ㆟఍࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞࠾ヰࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑

࡛ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜⪺ࡁⴠ࡜ࡋࡲࡋ

ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡀ⤒῭ⓗ࡞᥼ຓᥐ⨨࡜ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀ⌮஦఍࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊᏛ

࡝࠺㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜࡛

ෆࡢ༠㆟㞟ᅋࡢホ㆟఍࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸

ࡍࡡࠋ≉࡟ప཰ධᒙࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ୰ࡃ

ࡣ㆟఍࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ

ࡽ࠸ࡢ཰ධࡢேࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ኱஦࡛ࡍࠋ

ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾឋբᎍ‒ ྠࡌ㉁ၥ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡔࡅࡑࢀ࡟ຍ ඛ⏕ࠊ㸶㸣࠿ࡽ㸣ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ

࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡎࡗ࡜࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢬ࣭࣏ࣜࢩ

ࡁࡻ࠺࠾ヰࡋࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓ࣮ࡢぢ┤ࡋࡔ࡜࠿᳨ド࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᐃᮇⓗ࡟࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ࡛⚾ࡣࢹ࢕ࢫ࢔ࣅࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࢬ

⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣ୍య࡝ࡇ

ࡢධヨࡢࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅ

ࡀᢸᙜࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺⤌⧊࡛ࠊ୍యࡔࢀ

ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢹ࢕ࢫ࢔ࣅࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࢬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩍ

ࡢ㈐௵࡛ࡶࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆຍ࠼࡚

࠼࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ

࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ

⇦⇖∏⇟૙੉‒ἒἂἻἋ૙੉ᴾ ࡝ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ṇ┤࡟⟅࠼ࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㉁ၥ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ

౛࠼ࡤࢹ࢕ࢫ࢔ࣅࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࠊ㞀ᐖࡢ࠶ࡿ᪉ ἲⓗᡭ⥆ࢆ⏦ࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊⱥㄒ࡛ゝ࠺࡜࣎࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ู࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆࡋࡓࡽ࠸࠸

࣮ࢻ࣭࢜ࣈ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⌮஦࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚ᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑ

఍ࡀᩍᤵ㝕ࠊࣇ࢓࢝ࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࢭࢿࢵࢺࠊᩍ

ࢀ࠿ࡽࠊప཰ධᒙ࡜࠿ࠊಶேⓗ࡞≧ἣࢆඞᤵ㝕ࡢ୰࠿ࡽᑓ㛛ጤဨ఍ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࢆ௵

᭹ࡋ࡚ᡯ⬟ࡢ࠶ࡿᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀධࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

࿨ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢ᣺ࡾ

࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡟ྵࡵ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡲ

㏉ࡾࠊぢ┤ࡋጤဨ఍ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࢆ௵࿨ࡋ

ࡍࠋࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ㹓㹁඲యࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡈ࡜࡛ ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ຊࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ኱

ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᕞ❧኱Ꮫ࡜࠿ࡣྵࡲࡎ

࡟ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ඲Ꮫⓗ࡞࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵ

ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ホ㆟఍ࡢࡼ࠺࡞఍ࢆᣢࡕ ࡼࢁࡋࡹ࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋࡲࡔ

ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ホ㆟

ࡈ㉁ၥࡣ࠶ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊᮏᙜࡣࡇ

఍ࡀ᫬࡟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ኚ᭦ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡇ

ࢀ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚༙᪥ࡄࡽ࠸ࠊࡁࡕࢇ࡜㆟ㄽࢆࡋ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࢆ࡝ࡇ࡟ᥦ᱌ࡍࡿ࠿

ࡓ࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡓᨵࡵ࡚࡜࠸

࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡇࡢ୍␒ࡶ࡜ࡢ⌮஦఍࡟ฟࡍࡢ

࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

࡛ࡍࠋ࣮࣎ࢻ࣭࢜ࣈ࣭࣮ࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ࡜࠿࣎ ࡕࡻ࠺࡝௒ࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢲࢢࣛࢫඛ⏕ࡢᒚ࣮ࢻ࣭࢜ࣈ࣭࢞ࣂࢼ࣮࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟

Ṕࡀⓙᵝࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ

ᡠࡋࡲࡍࠋ

ࡑࡇࡢ୰࡟ࠊ௒࠾ヰࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓ࢝ࣜࣇ ࡑࢇ࡞ἲⓗỴࡲࡾ࡟ࡢࡗ࡜ࡗࡓᡭ⥆ࡤ࠿࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣡࢖ࢻࠊ㹓㹁ࡢࢩࢫࢸࡾ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝ

࣒࣡࢖ࢻࡢ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡࢭࢿࢵࢺ࡜࠸࠺࠾

ࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ඲యࡢ⥲㛗࡜࠸࠺ࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠊ

ヰࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᙼࡣࡑࡇࡢ㤳ᖍ୍␒ୖࡢ᪉࡜ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡢࢺࢵ

ᨻ⟇ศᯒᐁࢆ㛗ᖺົࡵ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶

ࣉࡢ᪉࡜ࡢ㛫࡟࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀ࠶ࡾࡲ

ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ௒ࡢࡼ࠺࡞άື࡟㛗ᖺ࠿࠿ࢃࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⌮஦఍࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊᩍᤵ

ࡗࡓࡈ⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࢁ࠺࡜

఍࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀఱࢆゝ࠾࠺ࡀᵓࢃ࡞࠸ࡼࠊࡇ

࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ࡗࡕࡣࡇࢀࢆࡸࡾࡓ࠸ࢇࡔ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࡓࡗ࡫ࡾࡲࡓࠊ࡝ࡇ࠿

࡞ேࡶ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞㥑࡛࡛ࡁࡓࡽ࠸࠸࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡣᛮ࠸ࡲ

ࡅᘬࡁࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡲࡍࠋ

ࡍࠋ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ㸦ᢿᡭ㸧 ࢣࣥࢺࡀ࣓ࣔࢆᅇࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊ㹓㹁࡟࡝ࢀဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾࡔࡅࡓࡃࡉࢇᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡿࢇࡔ࠿ゝ࠸࡞ࡉ࠸ḟ࡟ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࠿ࡽኴᖹὒࢆΏࡾࡲࡋ࡚

ࡼ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㸷ࡘࡢ࢟

ྎ‴ࡢヰ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡑࡢ๓࡟ࠊࡕࡻࡗ

ࣕࣥࣃࢫ࡛ࠊᏛ㒊⏕ࡔࡅ࡛୓ே࠾ࡾ

࡜⚾ࠊඛ࡯࡝ࡈ⤂௓ࢆᛀࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋࡁࡻ࠺

ࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࠊࢣࣥࢺࡢ᫬㛫ࢆ࡜ࡗࡕࡷ࠸

ࡢ㏻ヂࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡢࡣࠊෙ

ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀ࡛࠸࠸ཱྀᐇ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿

ᮌ཭⣖Ꮚࡉࢇ࡜࠸࠺ඃ⚽࡞㏻ヂ⪅࡛ࡈࡊ࠸࡞ࠋࡲࡍࠋࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ



 













The Talk TourSAT (Standardized Tests) and US Public
University Admissions Policies
College Admissions International Senior Seminar
Choosing College Students – Access, Equity, and Quality
November 14 2009•

Admissions and the Purpose of Public
Universities•

Admissions Policy Case Study - theUniversity of California•

Continuing Controversies Regarding
Testing•

A Few Concluding Thoughts

NCUEE
John Aubrey Douglass
Senior Research Fellow - Public Policy and Higher Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC BerkeleyDiversity of US Higher Education
1.
The Purpose of Public Universities

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley•

About 8-10% of US HEI’s are highly selective inadmissions - including both private and public
universities and liberal arts colleges.

•

About 30% are moderately selective in admissions.

•

Most are low selective or open enrollment (community
colleges)•

80% of all US HE enrollment is in public institutions.

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Purpose of Admissions Policies?

Purpose of Admissions Policies?

SHAPING STUDENT BEHAVIOR - admissions requirements of universities set
to shape the academic and extracurricular activities and talents of students.

AWARD - To create an academic standard (for example, test scores) in which
students are awarded entrance to a selective or semi-selective university.



the numbers of students accepted and who enroll.



REFLECT THE NATIONAL OR STATE POPULATION - calibrate admissions

POST-ADMISSIONS UNIVERSITY ENGAGEMENT - admissions policies thatreasonably predict both Academic and Civic engagement - where students takefull advantage of all the opportunities offered by universities both in and outside
the classroom.



CORRALARY “MOST TO GAIN” - might admissions policies be structured topolicies to provide a student enrollment that “reflects” the demographic
characteristics of the universities designated pool.



POST-ADMISSIONS ACADEMIC SUCCESS - admissions policies set thatreasonably predict the academic success (specifically grades and graduation
rates) of students once they enter the university.

REGULATE THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS - Admission policies set to control

SHAPING HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM - setting subject and course
requirements to positively shape school curriculum.

provide access to successful students who we know are the most academic andcivically engaged: for example, a pool of low income/disadvantaged students who
we know do well academically and are most engaged in the opportunities given tothem at a university.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley





John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Purpose of Admissions Policies?

Politics and Policy
Ultimately, we need to recognize that admissions policy is:

An on-going debate:

How do Standardized Tests help to achieve
the purposes of Admissions policies?

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC BerkeleyThe distribution of a highly and increasingly sought public good particularly at selective universities.



Shaped by issues including socioeconomic mobility AND economic
development of nation-states.

A political decision - who gets what, where, when, and who gets todecide?



A policy process that is not always rationale.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley



California HE Matriculation
California High School Graduates Eligible for
Public Higher Education

2.
The Case of the University of California

Top
12.5%

Universityof California(8% Cal HE
Enrollment)

B.A.
B.S.
M.A.
Prof Degrees
Ph.D.

AA 2.4> GPA

Extension Courses/
Credentials

100
%

Top
33.3%

California
Community
Colleges

California State
University(73% Cal HE
Enrollment)

AA 2.0> GPA(19% Cal HE
Enrollment)

Vocational
Further
Education
2 Year A.A.

B.A.
B.S.
Teaching
Credential
M.A.

100
%

Extension Courses/
Credentials

California’s General Population
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC
BerkeleyUC’s Social ContractAdmissions Policies intended to shape high school curriculum andstudent behavior.

Reasonably predict academic success at the university.



Set admissions standards to select from the top 12.5 percent of highschool graduates.

Offer admissions to all “UC eligible students” to one or morecampuses of the UC system (9 undergraduate campuses).



Seek admissions policies that are inclusive - definition changes overtime (e.g., geographic > economic class > race and ethnicity . . .)Selection at the UC Campus level - including Comprehensive Review

Ancillary Requirement: admissions requirements must be relatively
clear and transparent – creating a set of standards and goals forprospective students.

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

UC’s Social Contract
Hence, two major components of admissions
policy:





•

ELIGIBILTY to the UC System•

SELECTION at the campus level

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Validity Studies at UC

UC’s Eligibility Index
About the Grade Point Average

UC Eligibility Index: 2009

All campuses use the same method of calculating apreliminary grade point average for purposes of determining
an applicant's UC eligibility. The GPA is calculated based on
all "a-g" subjects completed in grades 10 and 11 — includingsummer sessions — by assigning point values to the gradesa student earns, totaling the points, and dividing the total by
the number of "a-g" course units.

California Residents
Minimum UC Test
“A-G” GPAScore Total
3.00 – 3.04 223
3.05 – 3.09 210
3.10 – 3.14 198
3.15 – 3.19 187
3.20 – 3.24 175
3.25 – 3.29 165
3.30 – 3.34 157
3.35 – 3.39 152
3.40 – 3.44 147
3.45 & above 143

GPA the best predictor of academic achievement at UC - and otherselective US universities and colleges.
Subject tests better than “aptitude” tests (e.g. SAT)

Test Score Total

Better is GPA and Subject Tests - but there is great variance andultimately in is suprising how little standardized test predict
anything.

For students who took the SAT Reasoning Test: Convert theirhighest scores in critical reading, math and writing from asingle sitting and their two highest SAT Subject Test scoresfrom two different subject areas to equivalent UC Scores (seethe SAT Test Score Translation table, below left). Then add
the five UC Scores to produce the UC Score Total (criticalreading + math+ writing + subject test 1 + subject test 2). For
calculating UC scores and translation of ACT scores, see
Appendix 1.

Non-California Residents
3.40 – 3.44147
3.45 & above 143

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

At UC: self-selected group of students.

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley



SELECTION - Multiple Paths Today“Comprehensive Review” for Freshman Applicants at UC


Number of academic courses beyond a-g requirementNumber of Advanced Placement and Honors courses – provides college creditEligibility in the Local Context (ELC) ranking student within top 4 percent of theirhigh school – provides special admissions path with no standardized test
requirement

Quality of a students high school senior-year academic program

Academic performance in light of students life experiences and special
circumstances

Engagement in community service activities and special projects



Outstanding performance and Special Talents in one or more academic areas –such as music, acting, writing, math, or sports.

The Socioeconomic Impact?

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley



Low Income Students at UC and Other
Major Selective US Universities: 2006

Academic Performance of Low and High Income
UC Students (first and Second Generation
College Students): 2006

50

First
Generation

Second+Generation

Lower Division Frosh Entrant
Pell
Not Pell, but need-based
No aid, <$125k
No aid, $125k+
Gap between Poor and Rich

2.75
2.85
2.98
3.08
-0.33

2.94
3.03
3.18
3.23
-0.29

Upper Division Frosh Entrant
Pell
Not Pell, but need-based
No aid, <$125k
No aid, $125k+
Gap between Poor and Rich

2.95
3.01
3.12
3.15
-0.20

3.08
3.16
3.28
3.31
-0.23

Community College Transfer
Pell
Not Pell, but need-based
No aid, <$125k
No aid, $125k+
Gap between Poor and Rich

2.96
2.98
3.10
3.05
-0.09

3.06
3.05
3.16
3.09
-0.03

UC Riverside
UC Los Angeles

40

UC Berkeley

UC San Diego

30
UC Davis
University of Texas
UC Santa Cruz

UC Irvine

University Southern California

UC Santa Barbara

20

University of Illinois
University of North Carolina

Columbia
Cornell

Ivy League Total

Pitzer College

Dartmouth

University of Wisconsin
CalTechMIT

Stanford University

Harvey Mudd College

10
Claremont McKenna College

Brown

Pomona College

University of Chicago

HarvardPenn Princeton
University of Virginia

Washington University
Yale

University of Michigan

0
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

# of Institutions

Source: Student Experience in the Research University (SERU) Consortium Data Base





UC Racial/Ethnic Enrollment by
Immigrant Background: 2006
All Other*3.
Continuing Battles Over the Use ofStandardized Tests

International Student (0.0)

Other Asian-Pacific Islanders

Domestic student not born inChinese/Chinese American

Student born in US, at least oparent not born in US (2.0 andStudent born in US, parents b
US, at least one grandparent n
in US (3.0)
Born in US, parents born in U
grandparents born in US (4.0)

KoreanEast Indian/Pakistani

Chicano/Latino

Black/African American

Euro-American
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Source: Student Experience in the Research University (SERU) Consortium Data BaseJohn Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC BerkeleyThinking of Japan

Tests versus Grades - US Example
Japan Context and Issues


Subject versus Aptitude Tests - what the research saysGrades in HS versus Tests



What groups are included or excluded?

Shaping student behavior



Need for HEI’s to do their Home Work - or educational
R&D
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Declining population and number of prospective students

Restructuring of Higher Education Sector

300K International Student PlanThe Power of Admissions Policies at Selective
Universities - Rethinking how to admit and shape behavior of student
in high school AND at the university.

John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

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Stanford University Press
douglass@berkeley.edu
http://cshe.berkeley.edu/

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ᜒ๫≕“‵⁡⁞⁞⁗⁙⁗‒″⁖ ⁛⁥⁥⁛⁡⁠‒⁛⁠‒⁆⁓⁛⁩⁓⁠‒‟″⁕⁕⁗⁥⁥„‒‷⁣⁧⁛⁦⁫„‒⁃⁧⁓⁞⁛⁦⁫”‒
ⅤӨฺ↝‫ܖٻ‬λ‫ܖ‬ᎍᢠ৷⃬ᡶ‫ܖ‬ೞ˟↗ឋ̬ᚰⅥ‒
6KHQJ<DR&KHQJ
ྎ‴ᅜ❧୰ṇ኱Ꮫ ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊 ෸ᩍᤵ ࡇࢇ࡟ࡕࡣࠋ ᐇࡣࠊ⚾ࡢ♽∗ẕࡣ኱ኚ᪥ᮏㄒࡀୖᡭ࡛ࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ♽∗ẕࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛Ꮫ఩ࢆྲྀࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏࡢࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚൅࡟࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡲ
ࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟᮶ࡿࡓࡧ࡟ࠊࡩࡿࡉ࡜࡬ᖐࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡶࡋࡲࡍࠋ ࡈࡽࢇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡁࡻ࠺ࡣྎ‴ࡢ኱Ꮫධヨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡍࠋ ⚾ࡣࢣࣥࢺ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡀ௒᪥ࡢᴫ␎࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡎᑟධࡢ࠾ヰࢆࡋ࡚࠿ࡽࠊྎ‴ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ⫼ᬒࠊṔྐⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ࠾ヰࡋࡋ࡚ࠊ㸱ࡘ┠࡟⌧ᅾࡢ኱Ꮫධヨࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ㸲ࡘ┠ࡀ㹃㹎㸿㹋࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆࡈ⤂௓ࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡢ኱Ꮫධヨࡢࡇ࡜ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡲࡍ࡜ࡁࡣࠊ࠸ࡘࡶࡇࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆ౑࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
ࡇࢀࡀࡲࡉ࡟௒ࡢྎ‴ࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕ࡢឤࡌ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ୍యࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ࡝࠺࡞ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞
⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᅔࡗࡓࠊΰ஘ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㢦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡲࡉ࡟኱
Ꮫධヨࡢΰ஘ࡪࡾࡀࡇࢇ࡞ឤࡌ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ ୍␒ୖ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ൲ᩍⓗࠊᏍᏊࡢᙳ㡪ࡀᙉ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊᩍ⫱ࢆఱ࡟ࡶቑࡋ࡚኱஦࡞ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿഴྥࡀேࠎࡢ୰࡟ᙉࡃ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㸰ࡘ┠࡟ࠊᏛṔ㔜どࡢ♫఍࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ༞ᴗド᭩ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᏛኈྕࢆ
ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྎ‴ࡢ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿព࿡ࢆᣢࡕࡲࡍࠋ
 ྎ‴ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣᩘ࣭㔞࡛ࡣ኱✺◚ཱྀࢆ㛤ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㉁ⓗ࡞✺◚ཱྀࡶ㛤ࡁࡓ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢᩘࡣቑ࠼ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ௒ࠊ
ྎ‴࡛ࡣ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣேẼ⏘ᴗࠊ┒ࢇ࡞⏘ᴗࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ࡍࠋᖺ㸷᭶ࡢẁ㝵࡛㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ㸣ࡀ࡝ࡇ࠿㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟ධᏛ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡢධヨ࡟⤡ࡴၥ㢟࡟ࡣ⫼ᬒࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㸱ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡲࡍ࡜ࠊᨻ἞ࡢḟඖࠊ⤒῭ࡢḟඖࠊ♫఍ࡢḟඖ࡜ࠊ㸱ഃ㠃࡟ศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋ ᖺ࡟ᡄཝ௧ࡀゎ㝖ࡉࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ኸ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞యไ࠿ࡽᆅ᪉ศᶒ໬ࠊ㠀୰ኸ໬࡜࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㉁ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ⾲㠃໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ෌ࡧ୰ኸ໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑ
ࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᨻ⟇Ỵᐃࠊᨻ⟇❧᱌࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ⾗ࡢཧຍࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ
㸲᭶᪥࡟ࡣᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࡿࢹࣔࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆ㸲᭶᪥ࢹࣔ࡜࿧ࡧࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ⤒῭ࡢḟඖ࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁⅬࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭໬࡜ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡛ࡍࠋࡲࡎ㸯ࡘࠊ
ྎ‴ࡣ㹕㹒㹍࡟ຍ┕ࡋࠊᅜ㝿➇தࡢᅽຊࢆཷࡅࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸰ࡘ┠ࠊୡ⏺ࡣ▱㆑࣮࣋ࢫࡢ⤒῭ࠊ▱㆑⤒῭ࡢࡓࡵࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ༟㉺ᛶࡢ㏣ồࡀᚲ㡲࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸱ࡘ┠ࠊࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡣ᝟ሗ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ༟㉺ᛶ࡜බṇࡉࡢ㛫࡛ⴱ⸨ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯ࡘࡣࠊᆅ⌫つᶍࡢ➇த࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
༟㉺ᛶࡢ㏣ồ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸰ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ᚋࡢᩍ⫱࡜㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟ᑐࡍࡿᖹ➼࡞࢔ࢡࢭࢫᶒ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢᩘ༑ᖺࡢᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡑࡇ࡟㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢࡓࡵࡢࣄ
ࣥࢺࡀ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ᖺ࡟ྎ‴ึࡢᩍ⫱ሗ࿌᭩ࡀฟࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࡿࡓࡵࡢࣉࣞࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࢆୗ
ࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡜グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᖺ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡣᨻᗓ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ᩍ⫱ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢேࡓࡕࡢ㛫࠿ࡽࠊᕷẸᩍ⫱ኚᐜࡢࡓࡵࡢ㟷෗┿࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞㊃᪨ࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡀฟࡉࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ
㧗ᰯࡸ኱Ꮫࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㏣ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㡯┠ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋᖺ
࡟ࡣࠊᩍ⫱┬ࡢ኱⮧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࣘ࢔ࣥẶࡢጤဨ఍࠿ࡽᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ሗ࿌᭩ࡀฟࡉࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ
୰࡛᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㸰ࡘࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢ㉥ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࠕ኱Ꮫ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆࢫ
࣒࣮ࢬ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡜ࠕᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠖࡢ㸰Ⅼࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡉࡗࡁゝ࠸ᛀࢀࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᖺࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡀ௒ࡶᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᣺ࡿࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊᖺ࡟ࡣࠕᏛࡧ⥆ࡅࡿ♫఍ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌᭩ࡀฟࡉࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ୰࡟ࡶࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞✀㢮ࢆタࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ◊✲୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊᩍ⫱୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮㛵ಀࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࡋࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᒙࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ ᖺ࡟ࡣᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉⾜ືィ⏬ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ௒ࠊࡇࡢ㉥࠸࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ༟㉺ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࠊࡇࢀ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ ┠ୗࡢ኱Ꮫධヨࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊධᏛࡢ௙᪉ࡀ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘ
ࡣ✚ᴟⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨ࡢࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡀ㉁࡜බṇࡉ࣭ᖹ➼ᛶࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࡿ࡟ࡶ㐨ࡣ」ᩘ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ㸶๭࠿ࡽ㸷๭ࡣ୍⯡ධヨࢆཷࡅࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡇᖺ࡛ḟࡢ㸰ࡘࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡀᚿ㢪࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࡇࢀࡣ
⮬ᕫ᥎⸀ࠋ⮬ศ⮬㌟࡛⾜ࡁࡓ࠸ᏛᰯࢆỴࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢᏛࡧࡢ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࢆࡘࡃࡗ
࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡛Ꮫࡪ┠ⓗ࡞࡝ࢆ᭩࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ศ࡛‽ഛࢆࡍࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠸࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
౛࠼ࡤᏛᰯ࡟ࡍࡈࡃࡍࡄࢀࡓඛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡽࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕ᚐࡀ‽ഛࡍࡿࡢࢆ࠾ᡭఏ࠸ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡎࡿ࠸ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋᮏᙜ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢඛ⏕ࡀࠊ⮬ศࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ࠸࠸኱
Ꮫ࡬ධࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠺ࡕ࡛ࡇࡢ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡙ࣜ࢜ࡃࡾ࡜࠿ࢆᡭఏ࠺࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࡲ࠶࠸࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊၥ㢟ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㸱ࡘ┠ࡀࠊ᥎⸀࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶᏛᰯ᥎⸀࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊඛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀᏛ⏕ࡢᙉࡳࢆぢࡘࡅ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࡇࢀ࡛㈹ࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ࡜࠿ࠊ➇த࡛຾ࡗࡓ࡜࠿ࠊఱ࠿Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ࡜࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ
࡜ࢆ᥎⸀᭩࡟ࡋ࡚ฟࡍࠋࡇࢀࡶ࠸࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊఱ࠿ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡑࡇࡢ㈹࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ࠶ࡿᏛᖺ࡜࠿ࢡࣛࢫ࡛ఱ࡜࠿㈹࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࡓࡃࡉࢇฟࡋ࡚ࠊࡔࢀ࡛ࡶ࡜ࢀࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞ࡢ࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢ㈹ࡀఱࡔ࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࠋᏛᰯ࡛⮬ศ࡛㈹ࢆࡘࡃࡗࡕࡷ࠺
ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡉࡗࡁࢪࣙࣥࡀࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ࢖ࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢࡇ࡜ࢆヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྠࡌࡇ
࡜࡛ࡍࠋඛ⏕ࡓࡕࡣࠊ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃ⏕ᚐ࡟࠸࠸ᢅ࠸ࢆࡋ࡚࠶ࡆࡓ࠸࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊఱࡔ࠿
㹅㹎㸿ࡣ㸳Ⅼ‶Ⅼ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋᮏᙜ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ✚ᴟⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡗࡁࢪࣙࣥࡢヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡢ࡜ఝࡓࡼ࠺࡞ヰ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྎ‴࡛ࡶẸ᪘ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ௒ࠊྎ‴࡛ࡣඛఫẸ࡜࿧࡭ࡿேࡓ
ࡕࡣ㸰㸣ࡃࡽ࠸ࡋ࠿࠸࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡶࡋඛఫẸࡢ᪉ࡔࡗࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࢫࢥ࢔ࠊ㸱๭㸳ศቑࡋ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㸣ࠊ࠺ࢇࠊࡑ࠺ࠊ㸱๭㸳ศቑࡋ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇᚲせ᮲௳ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ⮬ศࡢẸ᪘ゝㄒࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ⮬ศࡢẸ᪘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺ᚲせ᮲௳ࡀࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ேࠎࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊࡓࡔඛ♽ࡀࡑ࠺ࡔ࠿ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊ⾑ࡀࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ඛఫẸࡔ࡜ゝ࠺ேࡶ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᩥ໬ⓗ࡟ࡣఱࡶ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡣᅔࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ
ࡔࡅࢫࢥ࢔ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊᏛࢇࡔ⤖ᯝࠊ⮬ศࡢẸ᪘࡟ఱ࠿ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿே࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ ḟࡢࠊᆅᇦᛶࡀ⪃៖ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ஧ࠊ୕㸣ࡢே࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㐲ࡃ㞳ࢀࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽ
ࡸࡗ࡚ࡃࡿᏛ⏕ࡢሙྜࡣࠊⅬᩘࡀࣉࣛࢫࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡼࡾࢺࢵࣉ
ࡢྡኌࡢ࠶ࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᅜࡀ኱Ꮫ㸯ᖺ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪ࡭ࡓࡶࡢࠊᖺ࡜ᖺࡢࡶࡢࢆ࠾┠࡟࠿ࡅࡲࡍࠋ ᐇࡣࡲࡔྎ‴ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣࠊࡕࡷࢇ࡜ᒙࡀศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ✀㢮ࡀศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࢃࡅࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜౽ᐅୖࠊ㸲ࡘ࡟ศࡅ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ୍ὶබ❧ࠊᬑ㏻ࡢබ❧ࠊ୍ὶ⚾❧ࠊᬑ㏻ࡢ⚾❧ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢホ౯࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ᡂᯝࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛ࠊྎ‴࡛ࡣබ❧኱Ꮫࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊ≉࡟ࢺࢵࣉࡢබ❧࡞ࢇ࠿ࡣ⚾❧኱Ꮫࡼࡾࡶࡎࡗ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ㸲ࡘࡢ✀㢮࠿ࡽ㸳ᰯࡎࡘྲྀࡾฟࡋ࡚ࠊ඲㒊࡛ᰯ࡟ࡋ࡚ㄪ࡭ࡲࡋࡓࠋ 㸯ᖺ⏕ࡢᩘࡣே࡛ࡍࠋ኱ᏛධᏛ࡜ಶேⓗ≧ἣࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊぶᚚࡉࢇࡢᩍ⫱ᏛṔ࡜࠿ࠊᛶูࠊୡᖏᖺ཰ࠊẸ᪘ⓗ⫼ᬒࠊᆅᇦ࡞࡝࡞࡝ࡢ㡯┠࡛ㄪ࡭ࡲࡋࡓࠋ Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡀྎ‴ࡢ୍ὶ኱Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡃ☜⋡ࡣࠊ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡢᏛṔࡀ኱Ꮫ㝔༞ࡢሙྜࠊᏛ㒊༞ࡼࡾࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▷኱༞ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡢᏛṔࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡢᏛṔࡼࡾࡶᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡚ࠊ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡀ▷኱௨ୖࢆ༞ᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ௨ୗࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞
㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡉࡗࡁࢪࣙࣥࡀ➨୍ୡ௦ࠊ➨஧ୡ௦࡜ゝࡗࡓࠊ࠶ࢀ࡜ఝ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ ⏨ࡢᏊࡢ࡯࠺ࡀዪࡢᏊࡼࡾࡶ୍ὶ኱Ꮫ࡬⾜ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊཤᖺࡲ࡛ࡣ௙ษࡾ᪉ࢆኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠊୡᖏᖺ཰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠋ࡛ࡶࠊྎ‴ࡢᖺ཰ศᕸࡣࢢࣛࣇ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜㹋Ꮠࢆᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊศࡅ᪉ࢆኚ࠼࡞ࡁࡷ࡜ᛮ࠸ࠊ௒ᖺ࠿ࡽࡇ
࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟୓ྎ‴ࢻࣝ௨ୖࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ୓ྎ‴ࢻࣝ௨ୗࠊࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศࡅࡲࡋࡓࠋ Ẹ᪘ⓗࣂࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୰ᅜᮏᅵฟ㌟⪅ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᐈᐙࡸྎ‴ᅵ╔ඛఫẸࡢேࡼࡾࡶࢺࢵࣉ኱Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡁࡸࡍ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ ᆅᇦᛶ࡛ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ໭㒊࣭୰㒊ࡢேࡓࡕࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ༡㒊࣭ᮾ㒊ࡢேࡓࡕࡼࡾࡶ኱Ꮫ࡬⾜ࡁࡸࡍ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾ኱ᏛධᏛ࡜㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡶཧ
⪃࡟ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽ㸲ࡘࡢせ⣲࡛ㄪᰝࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜⚾ࡣ⪃࠼ࡲࡋࡓࠋ㸯ࡘࡣᖹ➼ᛶ࣭ᆒ➼ᛶ࡜༟㉺ᛶࠊ㸰ࡘ┠ࡀ㑅ᢥ࡜ຠ⋡ࠊ㸱ࡘ┠ࡀ᪂ྑ⩼࣭᪂ᕥ⩼ࠊ㸲ࡘ┠ࡀࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣ㹃㹎㸿㹋࡜࠸࠺ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡔࢀ࡛ࡶᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡲࡎ኱Ꮫ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊᖹ➼ᛶ࣭ᶵ఍ᆒ➼ᛶࡢ࡯࠺ࢆ⪃࠼ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྠ᫬࡟኱Ꮫࡣ༟㉺ᛶࡶồࡵ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ㑅ᢥࡢ㇏࠿ࡉ࡜ຠ⋡ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣⱞࡋࡳࡀࡘࡁࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢ㍈ࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦ࡢ୰࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺
ᩥ⬦࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ᪂ᕥ⩼࡜࠿᪂ྑ⩼࡜࠸࠺ဴᏛⓗ࡜࠸࠺࠿ᛮ᝿ⓗ⫼ᬒࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ බᖹᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢせ⣲ࠊ㸱ࡘࡢ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋᏛᰯ࡬᮶ࡿ
๓ࡢẁ㝵ࠊධᏛ๓ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢ㒊ศ࡜ࠊᏛᰯ࡟࠸ࡿ㛫ࡢᶵ఍ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᏛᰯࢆฟࡓᚋࡢᡂ
ᯝࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜࠸࠺せ⣲࡛ࡍࠋ࢔ࣇ࢓࣮࣐ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊ✚ᴟⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ
Ꮫᰯ࡬ධࡿ๓ࡢ஦᯶࡛ࡍࠋ ຠ⋡ᛶ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ௨ୗࡢ஦᯶ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤒Ⴀࡋศ㓄ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ㓄ศࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ⪃࠼࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤ㝈⏺ࡢ࠶ࡿࠊே㛫ⓗࠊ≀㉁ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࠊ
᫬㛫ࠊᆅᇦࠊሙᡤ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ✵㛫ࠊᩍ⫱⎔ቃࡢᆅᇦⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ✵㛫ⓗ᮲௳ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜
ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࡢ
࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ㑅ᢥࠊពᛮỴᐃࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢḧᮃࠊᮃࡳ࡜ពᛮ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅࡲ
ࡏࢇࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᏛ⏕ࠊ୧ぶࠊᏛᰯࡢ⮬἞࡛ࡍࡡࠋᏛ⏕ࡸぶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡓࡔᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿഃࡢᩍ⫱ࡢᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᙼࡽ࡞ࡾࡢാࡁ࠿ࡅࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡣᾘ㈝⪅࡛ࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡕࡽ࠿ࡽ࢚ࣥࣃ࣮࣓࣡ࣥࢺࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡛ࡍࠋ ༟㉺ᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡢࡍࡄࢀ
ࡓᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆಖドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ኱Ꮫࢆྎ‴࡟ᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࠋ
ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᏛ⏕ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞▱ᛶࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆつᐃࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤឤ᝟࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊᑐே㛵ಀ࡛ࡢẼ࡙ࡁࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡞Ẽ࡙ࡁ࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊࢳ࣮࣒ࡢ௰㛫࡜ࡢ༠ຊ࡞࡝࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖
ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡯࠺࡛ᩥ໬࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ୡ⏺ඹ㏻ゝㄒ࡜࠿ୡ⏺ᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬ぬ࡜࠿ࠊ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ
࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊᆅᇦᛶࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤఏ⤫ⓗ࡞౯್ほ࡜࠿ᩥ໬ࠊ▱㆑ࠊẕㄒࠊࡑࢀ࠿
ࡽᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࠋ౛࠼ࡤᅜᐙࡢᙺ๭ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ኱ษࡉ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡝࠺ࡶྎ‴ࡢᨻᗓࢆవࡾ࡟ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡯࠺࡟Ẽᣢࡕࡀഴࡁ㐣ࡂ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ
࠺࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡉࡗࡁ㸱ࡘࡢᚿ㢪ไᗘࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡼࡡࠊ⮬ᕫ᥎⸀ࡢ୰࡛㸵ࡘࡢゝㄒࡀヰࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡀ᮶ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᏊࡣࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶㄒ࡜ࠊ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇⱥㄒ࡜᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࠊ࠶࡜ࡣఱࡔࡗࡓ࠿ᛀࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡣぶᚚࡉࢇࡀࠊẖኟẖኟࡑࡢᅜ࡬⾜ࡗࡓࡾࠊᐙᗞᩍᖌࢆࡘࡅࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࠊẖᖺ㸱୓ࢻࣝࡶ࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊࡑ
࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡋࡷ࡭ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢇ࡞࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁヰࡏࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽࠊྎ‴ࡢ
ࢺࢵࣉࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟ᙉᘬ࡟ධᏛࢆࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤᐈᐙࡢゝⴥࡀヰࡏࡿ
࡜࠿ࠊྎ‴ࡢඛఫẸࡢゝⴥࡀヰࡏࡓࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢇ࡞ࡈ〔⨾ࡣࡶࡽ࠼ࡲࡏࢇࠋ ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡶ໭ᾏ㐨࡟࢔࢖ࢾࡢ᪉ࡀ࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ࠿ࡽࠊゝㄒࡢࡇ࡜ࠊ࡝࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠋ ࡑࡢḟࡣ᪂ᕥ⩼࡜᪂ྑ⩼ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡀࠊ᪂ྑ⩼ࡢேࡓࡕࡣࢿ࢜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝࡢ❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡾࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡜࠿ᾘ㈝࡜࠿ࠊ♫఍ⓗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥㄽ࡞࡝ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥㄽ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡣඃ຾ຎᩋࠊᙉ࠸⪅ࡀṧࡿࠊᙉࡅࢀࡤ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡅࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡼࡾࡼ࠸ᬽࡽࡋࡀḧࡋࡅࢀࡤᙉࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ࠸࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ♫఍ⓗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥㄽ⪅ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊࡲࡓ᪂ಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞౯್ほࠊఏ⤫ᩥ໬࡜࠿ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ᪂ᕥ⩼ࡢேࡓࡕࡣࠊࡇࡢᢈุ⌮ㄽࠊ౛࠼ࡤ♫఍ṇ⩏ࢆồࡵࡓࡾࠊ⤒῭ⓗࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ⓗ᱁ᕪࠊ㝵ᒙ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࠊᖹ➼ᛶ࡟ὀពࢆᡶࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᢈุⓗᩍ⫱ㄽ⪅ࠊఱࢆᢈุࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠼ࡤࠊබṇ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢேࡓࡕࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ᢈุⓗ࡞ࡢࡔࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ୍ࡘྎ‴࡛ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ࣉ
ࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆࡸࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᬑ㏻ࡢᩍᤵ᪉ἲ࡛ࡣ࠺ࡲࡃᏛ࡭࡞࠸ࠊࡘ
ࡲࡾࠊ୍⯡ࡢᏛᰯ࡛࠺ࡲࡃᏛ࡭࡞࠸Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡓࡕࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ≉ู࡞ᩍᮦࢆ⏝ពࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶
ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢺ࣮࣒࡛ࣜࡣ࡞࠸ேࡓࡕࡢࡑࢀࡣࡇࡇ࡬ධࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࡼࡾ㧗ᗘ࡞ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࢔ࢡࢭࢫᶒࢆᗈࡃࡋ࡚ࢡࣛ࢖ࢸࣜ࢔ࢆୗࡆ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୍᪦༞ᴗࡋࡓᚋࠊᡠࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚Ꮫࡧ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᑵ⫋ࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࡼࡾ㧗࠸Ꮫ఩ࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋࡎࡗ࡜Ꮫࡧ⥆ࡅࡿᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡘࡶ࠸࠸࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋఇࡳࡀᚲせ࡞Ꮫ⏕ࡶ࠸ࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ㸯ᖺ࡜࠿㸰ᖺ࡜࠿ఇᏛࡋ࡚ᡠࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊࡑࡋࡓࡽࡲࡓᡠࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚Ꮫࡧ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ༟㉺ᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡶࡲࡓ㉥࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸱ࡘ࡛ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ෆ࡛ࡢ༟㉺ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ஦᯶ࢆࣔࢽࢱ࣮
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᅜ❧ᩍ⫱◊✲ᶵ㛵࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㑅ᢥ⫥࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࡢ⮬⏤໬ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᩍ⫱ไᗘࡢつไ⦆࿴ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ
࢕࣮ࠊᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢேࡓࡕࡢ⏕ᾭᩍ⫱ࠊ⏕ᾭᏛ⩦ࡢᶵ఍ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ຠ⋡ᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᏛᰯ⮬యࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡞ࡾࡢᨵ㠉᱌ࢆᣢ࡚ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᏛ
ᰯ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡛ࡍࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡸ㈈ᨻࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㐠Ⴀ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ
㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢホ౯᪉ἲࡶᚲせࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᪂ྑ⩼࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢἲไᗘࡢつไ⦆࿴ࠊ㸰ࡘ┠ࡣᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ」ᩘࡢ࢔
ࢡࢭࢫ᪉ἲࢆࡘࡃࡾฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸱ࡘ┠ࡀࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢ➇தࡢࡓࡵ࡟௻
ᴗ࡟㐺ษ࡞ᶵ఍ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ᪂ᕥ⩼࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᇶᮏἲࡢไᐃࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢேࡢ⏕ᾭᏛ⩦ࡢᶵ఍ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ♫఍ṇ⩏࡜㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢᏛ⏕ࡢࡓࡵࡢᩍ⫱ࡢᶵ఍࡛ࡍࠋ ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡸ௻ᴗࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ஺᥮
ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ␃Ꮫ⏕࡟␃Ꮫไᗘࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽୡ⏺ඹ㏻ゝㄒࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢゝㄒࡸᩥ໬ࢆ⌧ᅾࡢᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ
ᨵ㠉ࡢ୰࡟ྵࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸኱Ꮫ㝔ࠊᅵ╔ࡢ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊඛఫẸ᪘ࡢゝㄒ࣭ᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸኱Ꮫ㝔ࢆタ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ᭱ึࡢ⤖ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡿࡢࡣᨻᗓࡢゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྎ
‴ᨻᗓࡣࠊࡶ࠺㸣ࡢ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⏕ࡀ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡣࡶ࠺༟㉺ᛶࡢ࡯࠺࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡔ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ⚾ࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡈࡽࢇ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡲࡔࡲࡔぶࡢᏛṔࡔ࡜࠿ᛶู࡜࠿ᆅᇦᛶ࡛ࠊබᖹᛶ࡟ࡲࡔࡲࡔၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡲࡔබᖹᛶ
ࡢၥ㢟࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋྎ‴ᨻᗓࡣຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࢆᡶ࠸㐣ࡂ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁ㑅ᢥࡢ࡯࠺࡟ὀពࢆྥࡅࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᪂ྑ⩼ࡢேࡓࡕࡣᕷሙ⤒῭໬࡞࡝ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ☜࠿࡟බඹᨻ⟇ࡢሙ㠃࡛ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㝶ศ኱ࡁ࡞ኌ࡛≀ࢆゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁ᪂ᕥ⩼ࡢ♫఍ṇ⩏ࡢ࡯࠺࡟ὀពࢆྥࡅࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ẚ࡭࡚వࡾ࡟㔜ࡃᢅࢃࢀ㐣ࡂ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋゝㄒࡢၥ㢟ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡣࠊࡇࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡯࠺ࢆ
ࡶࡗ࡜ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀࡀၥ㢟ࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⚾ࡣᖖ࡟ࠊ㹃㹎㸿㹋ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ḟඖࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼࡚ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㠃ࢆྵࡵ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡿᨻᗓⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢᮍ᮶ࡢࡇ
࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣ࠸࠸⤖ㄽ࡜ࡣᛮ࠼ࡲࡏࢇࠋ ࠾⪺ࡁࡃࡔࡉࡗ࡚࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋⓙᵝࡢឤ᝿ࢆࡐࡦఛ࠸ࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
㸦ᢿ
ᡭ㸧
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

⇙∇∙⇮↗‫ׅ‬ሉ‒ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ

ἓỹὅϱ૙੉ᴾ ࢳ࢙ࣥඛ⏕ࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡶࡋྎ‴ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶ୍Ṍ㐍ࢇ࡛ ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ➼ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ࠸࠿

࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡶ࠺᪤࡟㸣ࡀ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ

඲ධ᫬௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋ ࡕࡻࡗ࡜⚾࠿ࡽࠋࡇࡢྎ‴ࡢኚ໬࡜࠸࠸ ☜࠿࡟᪥ᮏࡶཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ

ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ᫖௒ࡢືࡁ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡟ࡣࠊ࡝ࡇ࠿

౛࠼ࡤᑡᩘẸ᪘࡞࡝࡬ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐲ࡃ㞳ࣔࢹࣝࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

ࢀࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡢࡓࡵࡢ✚ᴟἓỹὅϱ૙੉ᴾⓗ᫝ṇᥐ⨨࡞࡝ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚ ᪥ᮏࢆ⤖ᵓ࠾ᡭᮏ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᐇࡣࠊ

࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ಟኈㄽᩥ࡛㤶

࡜᪥ᮏࡢධヨࡢࡇ࡜ࡶ◊✲ࡿ㒊ศࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋྎ‴࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ

ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋྎ‴ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡲࡍ࡜ࠊධヨไᗘ࣮࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ㄪᰝࡢࡓࡵࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮

ࡢṔྐࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢⓎᒎࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡲ

࠶ࡿព࿡ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᚋࢆࡘ࠸࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇ

ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࡢಟㄽࡣࠊࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡟

ࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ◊✲㈨㔠ࢆฟࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊዡᏛ㔠ࢆဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾฟࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏࡸࡽ㡑ᅜࠊ ᐇࡣࠊྎ‴ࡢ௒ᅇࡢ࠾ヰࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࠾㢪࠸ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ୰ᅜᮏᅵࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࠊࣇࣛ

ࡋࡓࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊ᭱㏆ࠊྎ‴ࡢඛ

ࣥࢫ࡞࡝࡬⾜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ⣲ࢆᣢࡗ⏕᪉࡟ࡼࡃఛ࠺࡜ࠊྎ‴ࡢ᫖௒ࡢ኱Ꮫࡢኚ

࡚ࡁࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ

໬ࡣࠊ࡝࠺ࡶ᪥ᮏࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ ࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏࡔࡅࠊ㸣᪥ᮏࡢࡲࡡࢆࡋ

ヰࢆࡼࡃఛ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡢព࿡ࡀ

࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟Ꮫࢇ

ࡼࡃ⌮ゎࢆ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࡞

ࡔ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜

ࡐ᪥ᮏࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ

ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟൲ᩍⓗ࡞ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ௒ᚋࡶࡑ࠺࠸࠺ഴྥࡣ

⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᖹ➼⥆ࡃࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣḢ⡿࡟ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ⠊ࢆᛶࠊබᖹᛶ࡜࠿ࠊࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ࢖ࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙ

ồࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ

ࣥ࡜࠿ࠊఱ࠿ࡑࡢ࠶ࡓࡾࡢഴྥࡀࠊ௒ᚋ࡟

࠸ࡣࠊヨ㦂ไᗘࡢၥ㢟ࡶࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ

ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᑗ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡁࡗ࡜ఝࡓ

኱Ꮫࡢᅛ᭷ࡢࢸࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ

࡜ࡇࢁࡣ⥆ࡃࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

⤫୍ࢸࢫࢺࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧࡢὶࢀࢆࡃࡴࡢ࠿ࠋ

ឋբᎍᴾࡑࡢ࢔ࢢࣞࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ࡝࠺ ᪥ᮏࡣ㛗ࡃࠊᡓᚋࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆ㠀ᖖ࡟ࣔࡶ᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶάືࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ

ࢹࣝ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

࠿࡞ࡾඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡼࡃ࠶ࡿ

ࡸࡣࡾࡇࡇᖺ࠿ᖺ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࠿࡞ࠊࡴࡋ

ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ

ࢁἲே໬࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ୰࡛࢖ࢠࣜࢫࢆࣔࢹ

ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡋ

ࣝ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㏫

ࡻ࠺ࠋ࡟᪥ᮏࡣ௒ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ᪥

ᮏࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ΰ஘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡌࡷ

ࡶࠊᨻᗓࡀ኱Ꮫࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ㉁ⓗಖド࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡦࡻࡗ࡜ࡋࡓࡽ

ࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ㸯␒ࡢ኱୧᪉ࡢᝏ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࢆࡲࡡ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ

Ꮫ࠿ࡽ␒ࡲ࡛ࠊࡎࡽࡗ࡜ࣛࣥࢡ࡛୪࡭ࡓ

࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺཯┬ࡶ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡡࠊゝ࠸㐣ࡂࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ␒┠ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡬⾜ࡃ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺

࡛ࡍࡅ࡝ࠋ࡛ࡶࠊࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ኱⾗໬࡜࠸ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᏛ⏕࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣྡኌ࡜࠿

࠺࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡢ୰࡛ࠊᮏ᮶㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣ࡝࠺ྡ㄃࡟࡞ࡾᚓࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ௒ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ၥࢃࢀ

 ࡇࡢ㉁ⓗಖドࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ◊✲኱Ꮫࠊ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ಶேⓗ࡟ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸

㸰ࡘ┠ࡣࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ኱Ꮫ࡜◊✲ᣦᑟ኱Ꮫࠊ㸱ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊඛ⏕ࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

ࡘ┠ࡀᣦᑟ኱Ꮫࠊᩍ⫱኱Ꮫࠊ㸲ࡘ┠ࡀᩍ⫱ἓỹὅϱ૙੉ᴾ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮ࠊᆅᇦዊ௙኱Ꮫࠊࡑࢀ࠿ ࡇࡇ࡟᮶ࡿ๓ࠊྎ‴ࡢ኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡽᆅᇦዊ௙኱Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊ㸳ࡘ࡟ศࡅ࡬⾜ࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡢᜠᖌࡢྡ่ࢆࡶࡽࡗ࡚

ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ௒ࠊ࠶ࡿ⚾❧኱Ꮫࠊ኱௻ᴗࡀ

ࡁ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆⲨ஭ඛ⏕࡟ᕪࡋୖࡆࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ

ࡘࡃࡗࡓᏛᰯࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇࡀࠊᆅᇦ

࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜ྎ‴ࡣ≀ࡢ⪃࠼ዊ௙኱Ꮫ࡟⮬ศࡓࡕࢆ✀㢮ศࡅࡍࡿ࡞ࡼ࡜

᪉࡜࠿♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡜࠿ᏛṔࡢ࡜ࡽ࠼᪉ࡀ

࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊᨻ἞ⓗᅽຊࢆ࠿ࡅ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ

࡜࡚ࡶఝ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᐦ᥋࡞ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࢆࡇ

ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡣࡼࢁࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜

ࢀࢆᶵ࡟ጞࡵࡓࡽ࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣࠊ஫࠸࡟Ꮫࡪ

࡛ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍ ᐇࡣࠊཤᖺࡣࡢ኱Ꮫࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ

ࡡࠋࡲࡿࡗࡁࡾᩥ໬ࡢ㐪࠺ูࡢᅜ࠿ࡽᏛࡪ

࠶ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇࡣ␒࡜

ࡼࡾࡣࠊఝ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ࠾஫࠸࡟ࡸ

␒ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࣅ࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࡼࡾࡣ▷኱࡜ࡾ࡜ࡾࢆ࡛ࡁࡓࡽ࠸࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ࡋ࡚㸯␒ࠊ㸰␒࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ࠸࠸࡜⪃࠼ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ࡚ࠊ୍᪦ࡣ⥲ྜ኱Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚࢔ࢵࣉࢢ࣮ࣞࢻ ࡑࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

ࢆ⏦ࡋฟࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾୗ

ឋբᎍᴾ ᴾࡆ࡚࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡟ᡠࡗࡓࠊ▷኱࡟ᡠࡗࡓ࡜࠸
࠺ヰࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ࠾࠿ࡋ࡞ヰࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ

ࡈㅮ₇ࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ 㸣࡜࠸࠺㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢෆᐇࡀ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࢇࡍࡡࠋ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ጾಙࡢ㧗࠸㧗➼ᩍဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊጾಙࡢప࠸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ ࡕࡻ࠺࡝௒ධࡗ࡚ࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠊ᭱㏆ࡢࡣỈᖹࡢᖹ➼࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᆶ┤ࡢᖹ➼࡛ࡋ

ྎ‴ࡢᝏྡ㧗ࡁ࢝ࣞࢵࢪࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠺

ࡓࡗࡅࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ゝ࠸᪉ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ

ࡢࡀࡼࡃ⪺࠿ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ

ࡀࠊఱࡔࡗࡅࠊỈᖹࡢᏛṔ࡜ᆶ┤ࡢᏛṔ࡜ࡑࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࡁࡗ࡜ࡲࡔࡲࡔ㆟ㄽࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ

࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ពぢࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡜ࡇࢁࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡣࡲࡔࣛ

࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡝࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ

ࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛ࠊ

ἓỹὅϱ૙੉ᴾࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࡀ࡛ࡁ ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ

 ྎ‴ࡣࡶ࠺ࠊ୍ࡘࡢᝏ౛࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝

ࡕࡻ࠺࡝᫬㛫࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࢳ࢙

ࣥඛ⏕ࡢ࠾ヰࢆࡇࢀ࡛⤊ࢃࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁ

㸦ఇ᠁㸧ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓᚋ࡯࡝ࡢࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ

࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊఱ࠿ࡈពぢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡽࠊ࠾⪺ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾࡁ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢁࡑࢁࡼࢁࡋࡹ࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ ࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࣈ࣮ࣞࢡ࡟ධࡾࡲࡍࡅ

࠿ࠋࢀ࡝ࡶࠊணᐃ࡜ࡋ࡚ศࡄࡽ࠸ࠊศ࡜ࡾ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࠾㞟ࡲࡾࡢࡼ࠺࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ

ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ఱศࡔࠊศࡄࡽ࠸࠿

ࡢ࡛ࠊḟࡢࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆጞࡵࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ

ࡽ࡛ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊḟ࡟ศ࡟ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࢆࡉࡏ࡚

ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡝࠺ࡒࡼࢁࡋࡃ ḟࡣࠊⲨ஭ඛ⏕ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽࡢࡈሗ࿌ࢆࡕ

࠾㢪࠸ࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ

ࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ࡝࠺ࡒ ࢳ࢙ࣥඛ⏕ࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

ࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ

㸦ᢿᡭ㸧

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

Outlines• Introduction• History Background of HE
in Taiwan• College Admission Issues• EPAM• Discussion• Conclusion

College Admissionin Taiwan(Kent) Sheng Yao Cheng
Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies
National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
kentcheng@ccu.edu.twIntroduction

Backgrounds• Confucius educational thoughts• Credential Society• Taiwan’s higher education
system has made abreakthrough achievement• Higher education becomes a hot
industry.
• In September 2009, there are
164 universities, million
students, and percent
enrollment rate in Taiwan.

• Political dimensions• Economic dimensions• Social dimensions



Political dimensions

Economic dimensions• 1987 Martial Law released:
Centralized control todecentralized.
• Democratic participation forpolicy making: 410
demonstration for educational
reform (April 10, 1994).

Marketization and Globalization :1. WTO,
2. Knowledge Based Economy,
and3. ICT (Information andCommunication Technology)





Social dimensions

Educational Reform 1995-2004

Dialectic between excellence andequity:1. Equal access to postsecondary and higher
education.
2. Excellence pursuit and global
competition.

• 1995 Educational Report (MOE),• 1996 Civil Educational
Transformation Blueprint,• 1996 Education Reform Report of
Executive Yuan Committee,• 1998 Toward a Learning Society(MOE), and• 2000 Educational Reform Action
Program (Executive Yuan).



1995 Educational Report••

1996 Civil Educational Transformation Blueprint• Practicable small classand school size
• Add high schools andUniversities• Advance education
modernization• Establish education
fundamental law

Reduce the pressure ofaccess to college.
Educational liberalization.

1998 Toward a Learning Society

1996 Education Reform Report of
Executive Yuan Committee
•
•
•
•
•

• Buildup the backflow education• Open up flexible and multiple
access• Drive the schooling reform• Develop multiple higher education
institute• Advance cram school change• Enlarge minority lifelong learning
opportunity

Deregulation of education
Promote all the students
Smooth the access to College
Ascend the quality ofeducation
Establish the lifelong learning
societyEducational Policy Analysis Model

2000 Educational Reform Action Program
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Consolidation of elementary
education,
Making pre-school education
widely accessible,
Consolidating existing
systems for teacher training
and continuing education,
Creating dynamic and quality
technological and vocational
education,
Achieving excellence within
higher education,
Encouraging lifelong
education and information
education,
Promoting family education.

•
•
•
•



EquityEducational Policy Analysis Model
Globalization• Equality vs. Equity with quantityand quality• Quality of being fair andreasonable in a way that gives
equal treatment to everyone• Three Segments of Equity:– Before School (Access)– During School (Opportunity)– After School (Outcomes)• Separate but equal• Affirmative Action

Excellence

Neo
Left

ChoiceEducational
ReformEquity/Excellence
Choice/Efficiency
Neo-Right/Neo-Left
Globalization/Localization

Efficiency

Neo
Right

EquityLocalizationEfficiency

Choice• How to manage/allocate
limited human, material, andfinancial resources; time; andlocation or the space of
educational environment• How to accomplish equity,
choice, and excellenceaccording to the educational
policy analysis model• Making a decision according to
one’s desire and will (autonomy)• Students and parents are not
only objects of education, theyshould have their own agency• Students are consumers• Empowerment





Excellence

Globalization & Localization• High quality of schooling, oraccess to elite institutions oflearning• National curriculum and nationaltests• Multi-intelligence: Emotional
management, interpersonalawareness, and cooperation withteammates.

• Globalization:unity/universalism, economic(capitalism), media (Hollywood,and internet), culture, global
language, and global citizenship.
• Localization:
diversity/individuality,
traditional values, culture,knowledge, native language,
citizenship (the role of state).



Educational Policy Analysis Model (EPAM)

New Right & New Left
• New Right:– Neo-Liberals: market,
consumer, social Darwinism– Neo-Conservatives:
traditional values, culture,nationalism• New Left
– Critical theory (social justice,cultural industry)– Cultural studies (inequalityof class, race, gender )– Critical pedagogy (PauloFreire, hope and love )Globalization
Excellence

Localization
Neo
Left

ChoiceEducational
ReformEquity

On Equity

On Excellence• 1995 Educational Report: toreduce the pressure toaccess to college.
• 1996 Civil Educational
Transformation Blueprint: tomore high schools anduniversities.
• 1996 Education Reform
Report and 1998 Toward a
Learning Society: topromote all the students,
and buildup the backflow
education.

• 1996 Education Reform
Report of Executive Yuan
Committee: to ascend thequality of education.
• 1998 Toward a Learning
Society: to develop thediversity of higher
education institutes.
• 2000 Educational Reform
Action Program: to achieve
excellence within higher
education and to setup along run National Instituteof Educational Research tomonitor the developmentof education.





Efficiency

Neo
Right

On Choice

On Efficiency• 1995 Educational Report:
educational liberalization.
• 1996 Education Reform
Report of Executive Yuan
Committee deregulation of
educational system,
especially in laws andlocal autonomy.
• 1998 Toward a Learning
Society: enlarge minority
lifelong learning
opportunity.

• 1996 Civil Educational
Transformation Blueprint:
to reduce the size ofclasses and schools.
• 1998 Toward a Learning
Society: to setup a schoolbased reform was the vital
factor.
• School based management:
curriculum, finance, andadministration.
• Higher Education Institute
Evaluation.

On Neo-RightOn Neo-Left• 1996 Education Reform Reportof Executive Yuan Committee:
the deregulation of educational
system.
• 1998 Toward a Learning
Society: to create flexible andmultiple access.
• Globalization competition andcooperation between businessand schooling.

• 1996 Civil Educational
Transformation Blueprint: toestablish education
foundational law.
• 1998 Toward a Learning
Society to enlarge minority
lifelong learning opportunity.
• Equality of educational
opportunities for minority
students.



On Globalization

On Localization• International exchange
program and project
cooperation.

• 2000 Educational Reform Action
Program: to cover the local
languages and culture also inthe current curriculum reform• New graduate schools regarding
indigenous languages andculture.

College Admission in Taiwan• Pay more attention on
Excellence than Equity.
• Efficiency is emphasized
more than Choice,• Neo-Right predominated in
the public sphere of
educational reform,• Globalization played amore important role than
Localization.

Thanks for your listening
and I am looking forward to
having your feedback.

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ᜒ๫≖“″⁠‒‵⁧⁤⁤⁗⁠⁦‒※⁥⁥⁧⁗‒⁡⁘‒‵⁡⁞⁞⁗⁙⁗‒″⁖ ⁛⁥⁥⁛⁡⁠⁥‒⁛⁠‒‼⁓⁢⁓⁠”‒λ‫ܖ‬ᎍᢠ৷↝ᛢ᫆‒ ≐‫ٶ‬ಮ҄↝ɶ↖↝ឋႎ̬ᚰ≐‒Ⲩ஭ ඞᘯ
኱Ꮫධヨࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ヨ㦂࣭◊✲๪⤫ᣓᐁ㸭ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓ㛗 ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ◊✲ᶵᵓࡢⲨ஭࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㐍ࡵ᪉࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⏣୰ඛ⏕࡜⚾࡛ᑡࡋ┦ㄯࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺ࡢሗ࿌ࡣ㏲ḟ㏻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ࢘࢕ࢫࣃࣜࣥࢢ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊෙᮌࡉࢇ
ࡢ࡯࠺࡟㸱ேࡢእᅜࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉࡟ࡣ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆ㏻ヂࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚ࠊ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲ
ὶࡋ࡚᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡋࡷ࡭ࡗ࡚ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋෆᐜࡀὶࢀ࡞࠸
ࡼ࠺࡟Ẽࢆࡘࡅࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ ௒ᅇࠊ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺ࡢሗ࿌ࡣࠊඛ࡯࡝⏣୰ඛ⏕ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽࠊ௒ࡲ࡛࡟ฟ࡞࠸᪂ࡋ࠸ヰࢆ࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣞࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢇ࡞࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ヰࡣฟ࡚ࡣࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ᪤
࡟ࢪࣙࣥ࠿ࡽࡶࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࢣࣥࢺ࠿ࡽࡶࠊࢲ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢩࢸ࢕࣮࡞ヰࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢡ࢜ࣜࢸ࢕࣮࣭
࢔ࢩࣗ࢔ࣛࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࢡ࢜ࣜࢸ࢕࣮࣭ࢠࣕࣛࣥࢸ࢕࣮ࡢヰࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡎࠊࡑࡢሗ࿌࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࠊඛ࡟⤖ㄽࢆゝࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠾࠺࡜࠸࠺ࠋ⤖ㄽ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸࠸ࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡶࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ≧ἣ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࢲ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢩࢸ࢕
࣮ࡢ୰࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥࣇ࣮ࣗࢪࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊከᵝ໬ࡢ୰࡛ࡢΰ஘࡟㝗ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤධ
Ꮫ⪅㑅ᢤࡀࡁࡕࢇ࡜ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊᐇࡣ⚾ࡢࠊࡇࡢ㛫ࠊከᑡධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡟㛵ࡋ᳨࡚ウࢆຍ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡢ⤖ㄽ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡇ࡟࠾ࡽࢀࡿ᪥ᮏࡢ᪉ࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣవࡾ࡟ࡶᙜ↛࡟⪺ࡇ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊᴟࡵ࡚࣍ࣔࢪ࣮ࢽ࢔ࢫ࡞ᚿ㢪⪅ࡀ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ᴟࡵ࡚ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞Ꮫຊ㑅ᢤࠊ࢔࢝ࢹ
࣑ࢵࢡ࣭࢔ࢳ࣮ࣈ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᡓᚋࡎࡗ࡜⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋゝ࠸᪉ࢆ࠿࠼ࢀࡤࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡑࡢ௨๓ࠊᡓ๓ࡶࡲࡓࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
ࡑࢀࡀࡇࡢ20ᖺ㛫࡟㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡗࡓࠋᡃࠎࡀ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢከᵝ໬ࡋࡓධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢ≧ἣࢆ๓࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ኱ᏛධᏛ⪅ࡢከᵝᛶࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࠊࡑࡢධᏛ⪅⮬㌟ࡢ㉁ⓗಖドࡢၥ㢟࡜ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡜࠸࠺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㉁ⓗಖドࠊࡑࡢ୧᪉࡟ᐇࡣྥ࠿
࠸ྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ⚾ࡀሗ࿌࡜ࡋ࡚⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡇ࡛⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡶᵓࢃ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࢆࡶ࠺ᑡࡋࠊఱ࠿ཧ⪃࡞㈨ᩱࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ࠸࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࠶࡜30ศ࡯࡝ヰࢆ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㸲ࡘࡢഃ㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾ヰࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔
ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ኱Ꮫධヨ㑅ᢤࡢ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡇ
ࡢ20ᖺ࡯࡝ࡢ㛫࡟ධᏛ⪅ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃࡑࡢᛶ᱁ࢆኚ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ከᵝ໬ࡢၥ㢟ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡁࡻ࠺ࡶᩥ⛉┬ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽከࡃࡢ᪉࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᨻᗓ࠶ࡿ
࠸ࡣᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡢᨻ⟇ࡢᑐᛂ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺᭷ຠᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡶ㸱␒┠ࡢၥ㢟࡜኱ኚ⤡ࡳࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ΰ஘ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢከᵝᛶࡢ୰࡟࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௨ୖ࡟ࠊᐇࡣ᪥ᮏࡢᏛᰯไᗘ࡜
࠸࠺ࡶࡢ⮬యࡀࠊࡶࡋ࠿ࡍࡿ࡜㈹࿡ᮇ㝈ษࢀ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ไᗘⓗ࡞㝈⏺㏆ࡃ࡟ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆ࡚ࠊヰࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊࡇࢀࡶࡲࡓⓙࡉࢇ࿘▱ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ኚࢃ
ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࠊ60ᖺ௦࠿ࡽࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࢆ኱ࡁࡃ㸱ࡘ࡟༊ศࡋ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡑ࠺࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ60ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ80ᖺ௦࡜࠸࠺᫬௦ࡣཷ㦂➇தࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ຍ⇕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᫬௦ࠋ
ࡑࢀ௨๓ࡶࡲࡓࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢࡓࡵࡢゎỴ⟇࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸
ࢁ࡞ヨࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱ࡢ཰ᐜຊࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊࡇ
ࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ຠᯝࢆୖࡆࡓࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ80ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ90ᖺ௦࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡁ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡓ཰ᐜຊࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚኱Ꮫࡶ኱⾗໬ࡍࡿࡋࠊᐇࡣධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡜࠸࠺ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ኱⾗໬ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺
᫬௦ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ኱ኚ㇟ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ80ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛຊヨ㦂࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜ
Ẹⓗ࡞཯Ⓨ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣඹ㏻୍ḟヨ㦂࡜࠸࠺ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࡁࡗ
ࡕࡾࡋࡓࠊಙ㢗ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ඹ㏻ヨ㦂ไᗘࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀ࡛⏕ࡌࡓᗎิ໬
࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㍯ษࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࠊᏛຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫ⏕ࡓࡕࡀ㍯ษࡾ࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ
࠸ࡣ㑅ᢥࡀࡍ࡭࡚Ꮫຊࡢホ౯࡛ࡶࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ኱ኚ኱ࡁ࡞཯Ⓨࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢩࣥࣉࣝࠊ༢⣧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢩ
ࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢲ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢫ໬࡬࡜࠸࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᪉ἲࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡓᚋ࡛ゐࢀࡿᶵ఍ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢ80ᖺ௦ࡢᚋᮇ࠿ࡽ≉࡟90ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢᛶ᱁࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ
࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ぢࢀࡤ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆ㐙ࡆࡓ࡜࠸࠺᫬௦࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
 2000ᖺ௨㝆ࡣࠊࡑࡢኚ໬ࢆ㐙ࡆࡓධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᡃࠎࡣཷࡅ࡜ࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸
᫬௦࡟ධࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ௒ᗘࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ⏕ࡢᏛຊపୗࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣධᏛ⪅ࡢ㉁ⓗಖドࡢၥ㢟࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊලయⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㧗ᰯ࡜኱Ꮫ࡜ࡢ᥋⥆ࢆ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡞࢔࣮ࢸ࢕࢟
࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞┠ᶆࡀࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡊࡗࡥ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢ㛫ࡢኚ໬࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⏦ࡋୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㸰␒┠࡟ࠊ኱ᏛධᏛ⪅ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣධᏛ⪅ࡀከᵝ໬ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺ኚ໬ࢆᣦࡋ࡚ᡃࠎࡣၥ㢟ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㸱ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡈ⤂௓ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸯ࡘࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚ࣉࣞࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢ
㧗࠸ཷ㦂➇தࠊࢥࣥ࣌ࢸ࢕ࢩࣙࣥࡀᛴ㏿࡟ῶᅽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ➇தࡢࣜࣛࢡࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸
࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ࡜ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸰␒┠࡟ࠊᐇࡣ኱Ꮫࡀ኱⾗໬ࡍࡿ๓࡟㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ࡀከᵝ໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱⮬యࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢ୰࡛
ኚ໬ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸱␒┠࡟ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢ᪉ἲࡀኚࢃࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣඛ࡯࡝࠿ࡽ⏦ࡋୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᏛຊࢸࢫࢺ㸯ᮏ࡛ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡀ∦௜࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ཷ㦂➇தࡢ⦆࿴࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺ኚ໬࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࠊ㸱ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡇ
ࡇ࡟ᣲࡆ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ ඛ࡯࡝ࢪࣙࣥࡢሗ࿌ࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣேཱྀࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ῶࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ヰࢆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸
ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ92ᖺ࡟205୓ே࠸ࡓ18ṓேཱྀࡀࠊ2009ᖺࡢ௒ᖺࡣ121୓ே࡟ῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㛫ࠊᐇࡣ40㸣௨ୖ࡟ཬࡪῶᑡࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱ࡢ཰ᐜຊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ቑຍࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ90ᖺࡢࢹ
࣮ࢱ࡛ぢࡿ࡜ࠊᚿ㢪ࡋࡓேࡢ63㸣ࡀ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡟ධࢀࡓࠋ኱యᡓᚋࠊ60㸣࠿ࡽ70㸣ࡢ㛫࡛ᇶᮏⓗ࡟᥎⛣ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀ2009ᖺ࡟ࡣ92㸣ࡢ཰ᐜຊ࡟ኚ໬ࢆࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ⫢ᚰࡢ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ୍␒ከࡃࡢᣦᶆ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡲࡍ18ṓࡢᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢேࡀ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡟ධᏛࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡑࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇ
ࢀࡶࠊࡇࡢ20ᖺࠊ90ᖺࢆᇶ‽࡟࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ36㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀ56㸣࡟ࡩ࠼ࡓ࡜࠸࠺
≧ἣ࡛ࡍࠋඛ࡯࡝ࢣࣥࢺࡢヰࡢ୰࡛100㸣࡜࠸࠺ヰࡀฟ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡕࡗ࡜ࡶ㦫࠿࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᩘᏐ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᩍ⫱ࡢ⌧≧࡟࡜ࡾࡲࡋ࡚
ࡣ኱ኚ่⃭ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ぢ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍ࡜ࠊᡓᚋ㐣⛬ࡀࠊࡇࡢࣈ࣮ࣝ࡟⫼ᬒࡀ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡣࠊࡇࡢ75ᖺ࠿ࡽ85ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊᨻ⟇ⓗ࡟ᢚไࡉࢀࡓᮇ㛫ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚋࡲࡓྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀఙࡧ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀලయⓗ࡞ࢢࣛࣇ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓኚ໬࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢࣈ࣮ࣝࡢ࡯࠺ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣࠊ㧗ᰯ࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ
࠺࡟ఙࡧ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ኱య75ᖺ࠿ࡽࣇࣛࢵࢺࡢ≧ែ࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ヰ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣ኱ኚぢ࡟ࡃ࠸ᅗ࡛⏦ࡋࢃࡅ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊ18ṓᖺ㱋ேཱྀ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿࢹࣔࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞ኚ໬ࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡈぴ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢᲬࢢࣛࣇࡢ㒊ศࡀ18ṓேཱྀࡢኚ໬࡞ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ᛴ㏿࡟18ṓேཱྀࡀῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡕࡽࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ཰ᐜຊ࡛ࡍࡡࠋᚿ㢪⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢே
ࡀ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡅࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ࡯ࡰ┤⥺ⓗ࡟ఙࡧ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀ᪤࡟㸷๭ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ௒ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࣈ࣮ࣝࡢ࡯࠺࡛ᅖࡗ࡚࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡢࡀࠊඛ࡯࡝⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡋࡓ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ఙࡧ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡇ୍࡛᪦㕌໬ࡋ࡚ぢ࠼ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲ
ࡓࡇࢀࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ16ᖺ࡛ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ࡜ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ21ᖺ⌧ᅾࡔ࡜ࠊࡇࢀ
ࡀ56㸣ࡄࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ఙࡧ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㸰␒┠࡟ࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀቑ࠼ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ヰࡣ௒⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓෆᐜ࡞ࢃࡅ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱⮬యࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ୍ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ࠾♧ࡋࡋࡓ࠸࡜
࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ94ᖺࡢࢼࢩࣙࢼ࣭࣒ࣝ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡢኚ໬࡛ࠊᒚಟ⛉┠ࡢ✀㢮ࡀ኱ኚቑ࠼ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ㸰༢఩⛉┠࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢ㸰༢఩⛉┠࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀධࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚኱ኚ

⛉┠ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ㑅ᢥᛶࡶᗈࡀࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᐇࡣࡇࢀࡣࠊⱥᩥ࡛᭩࠸ࡓ࡯࠺ࡶࠊࡇࡇࡣኚ࠼࡚ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇ
ࢀࡔࡅࡢ㧗ᰯ࡛Ꮫࡪࠊᬑ㏻⛉࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡࢥ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡍࡡࠋᬑ㏻⛉┠ࡀࡇࢀࡔࡅ୪ࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢᇶᮏ⛉┠ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ̿᭱ึ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᣦᶆࡢ࡜ࡾ᪉ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆ࡚࠾࠿࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࠋ㉎ධࡉࢀࡓᩍ⛉᭩ᩘࢆ⏕ᚐᩘ࡛๭ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺㠀ᖖ࡟༢⣧࡞᥎ィ್ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ̿100㸣ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ
⏕ᚐ௨እ࡟㉎ධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ศ㔞ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊ⌧௦ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ᩘᏛࡔ࡜࠿ⱥㄒࡔ࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᏛ⏕ࡀᒚಟࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ኱Ꮫࡢ⌮⣔࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≀⌮ࡢ౛࠼ࡤϩ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ඲⏕ᚐᩘࡢ12㸣ࡋ࠿≀⌮ϩࡢᩍ⛉᭩ࡣ㈙ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᩘᏛ
Ϫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡛ఱ࡚ゝ࠺࠿ᛀࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᚤศ✚ศࡀධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⛉┠࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ19㸣ࡢேࡀࡑࡢᩍ⛉᭩ࢆ㈙ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶࠊᩍ⛉᭩ࢆ㈙ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ19㸣࡛ࡍࠋ☜⋡⤫ィࡀධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᩘᏛ㹁ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣ18㸣ࡀᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ⏕≀ϩ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚ࡣ14㸣ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡀࠊ㑅ᢥࡀࡩ࠼࡚㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ࡀከᵝ໬ࢆࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ୍యఱࡀከ
ᵝ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ⏕ᚐಶே࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᒚಟࡍࡿࡤࡽࡘࡁࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ཯ᫎ࡜ࡋ࡚ぢࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸱␒┠࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢከᵝ໬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ20ᖺ㛫ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡗࡓࠋ ඛ࡯࡝ࠊࢣࣥࢺࡢヰࡢ୰࡟࣐ࣝࢳࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫࡢヰࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ࠶ࢀࢆᐇࡣ༢ㄒ࡜
ࡋ࡚࡝࠺ࡸࡗ࡚ⱥㄒ࡟┤ࡑ࠺࠿࡜ᛮࡗ࡚㏞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᥎⸀ධヨ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ
൅ࡣࣀ࣑ࢿ࣮ࢸࢵࢻ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࠿ఱ࠿࡟ヂࡋࡓ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࢣࣥࢺࡢ࡛ࡍ࡜ࠊࡇ
ࡇࡀࣜࢥ࣓ࣥࢹ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ̿ࣜࢥ࣓ࣥࢹ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡋࡓࡗࡅ̿࡜࠸࠺
ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛࠸࠺࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫධヨ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ධヨ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ゝ࠸᪉ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ
ࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊᏛ⛉ヨ㦂௨እࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺๭ྜࡀ኱ኚ
࡟ቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋᐇࡣᏛ⛉ヨ㦂ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡶࠊ⛉┠ᩘ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣⴭࡋࡃ
ῶࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ᜍࡽࡃࡇࢀࡣᚋ࡛ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࠊࢪࣙࣥࡢ࠾ヰ࡞ࢇ࠿࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࠊ࡞ࡐࡇ࠺࠸
࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤධヨ⛉┠ࡢ๐ῶࡔ࡜࠿᥎⸀ධヨ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡇࢇ࡞࡟ᛴ⃭࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡢ࠿࡜
࠸࠺␲ၥࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊࢪࣙࣥࡀฟࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣࠊ㸶๭ࡀࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࣘࢽࣂ࣮ࢩࢸ࢕࣮࡛ࡍࡡࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ㸶๭ࡀ⚾❧኱Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾❧኱ᏛࡣᏛ⏕ࡀࡑࡢᇶ‽࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊᏛ⏕ࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⤒Ⴀࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≉Ⰽࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀᐇࡣ80ᖺ௦⤊ࢃࡾ࠿ࡽࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢኚ໬࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ㠀ᖖ࡟ຍ㏿ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊ௒⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ୍ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡣ2008ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࠊ᪤
࡟2009ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣ㸲ᖺไ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿධᏛ⪅ࡢᩘࡀ⦪㍈࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣜࢥ࣓ࣥࢹ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࠊ௒ࠊ23୓ேࡄࡽ࠸ࡢேࡀධᏛࡋ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢ98ᖺ࠿ࡽ2008ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊࡑ
ࡢ11ᖺ㛫ࠊ࡯ࡰ60୓ே࡜࠸࠺Ỉ‽࡛኱ᏛධᏛ⪅࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ᥎⛣ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿
ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࢀࡔࡅࢹࣔࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡿ
ேࡢᩘࡣࡑࢇ࡞࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢࣈ࣮ࣝ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿⣸Ⰽࡢ㒊ศࡀ࢚ࣥࢺࣛࣥࢫ࣭࢖ࢢࢨ࣑ࢿ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࠊධヨࢆ⤒࡚ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿேࡓࡕ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡢࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࣏࣮
ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣜ࢜࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣀ࣑ࢿ࣮ࢺࡉࢀ࡚ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺㒊ศࡀ45㸣࡯࡝࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛ࡍࠋ45࡟ᑐࡋ࡚55ࡄࡽ࠸ࡢẚ⋡࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ
ᐇࡣ௨๓ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡀධヨࠊ࢚ࣥࢺࣛࣥࢫ࣭࢖ࢢࢨ࣑ࢿ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥධࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㒊ศ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢせࡍࡿ࡟ከᵝ࡞ධヨࡀࡑࡇࡢ୰࡟ධࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࡗ࡚࠸࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㸱␒┠ࡢࢺࣆࢵࢡ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ௒㉳ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡞ኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᗓࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡣࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ດຊࢆࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡔࡅࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᣲ
ࡆ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ᳨ウ୰ࡢࡶࡢࡶࡶࡕࢁࢇ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ᜍࡽࡃ኱ኚ࡟㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡣࠊᏛ⏕ࡢᏛຊపୗ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࠊึ୰➼ẁ㝵ࡢᩍ⫱࡟࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ࠊ㏫࡛ࡍ࠿ࠊึ୰➼ẁ㝵࡛ࡢኚ໬࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࡑࡇ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡢᇶ♏ᩍ⫱ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆㄪ࡭ࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊ඲ᅜᏛຊㄪᰝࡀ㸱ᖺ๓࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࡶ࠺ᜳⓙ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊᑠᏛᰯ㸴ᖺ⏕࡜୰Ꮫ㸱ᖺ⏕ࠊᩘ࡟ࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ኱య120୓ே┦ᙜ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ240୓ேࡢヨ㦂ࡀࠊࡇࡢ㸱ᖺ㛫ࠊẖᖺ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ඲ᅜᏛຊㄪᰝࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᆅ᪉⮬἞యࡶࡲࡓᏛຊㄪᰝࢆ⇕ᚰ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍ
ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2003ᖺࡣ୍ࡘࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡔࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ44ࡢ㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡜12ࡢᨻ௧ᣦᐃ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ᐇែࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢᚋࠊᐇࡣ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣࠊ඲ᅜᏛ
ຊㄪᰝࡀ⥆ࡃ࡞ࡽࡤ⮬ศࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ᧔཰ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡸࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺⮬἞యࡶฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾
ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ2003ᖺࡣࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢᩘࡢ⮬἞యࡀᏛຊㄪᰝࢆࡸࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡸࡿ࡜࠸࠺⮬἞యࡀࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ 㸱␒┠࡟ࠊᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝࠸࠺࡜࢚ࢹࣗࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡀࠊᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆᑡࡋ⦆ࡵ㐣ࡂࡓ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ
ࡑࡢ▱㆑㔞ࢆࡶࡗ࡜ࠊᏛ⩦ෆᐜࠊࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆࡶࡗ࡜ࡩࡸࡍ࡜࠸࠺᪉ྥ࡛ᨵゞࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࿌♧ࡀ᫖ᖺ12᭶࡛ࡋࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ᫖ᖺࠊᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ࡢ࿌♧ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢᐇ᪋ࡣ㸱ᖺᚋ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ㸱ᖺᚋ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱࡜኱Ꮫᩍ⫱࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࡝࠺ࡶࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊணᮇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ㉁ⓗ࡞ከᵝᛶࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸

࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡜኱Ꮫࢆࡘ࡞ࡄࡓࡵࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢸࢫࢺࡀ୰ኸᩍ⫱ᑂ㆟఍ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ᥦゝࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊධࡾཱྀࡢከᵝ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᐇࡣ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢲ࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡇ࠺ࡴࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜ࠋ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ⓗ࡞ಖドࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㹎㹇㹑㸿ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱∧࡬ࡢཧຍ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ
࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ኱Ꮫࡢ࢖ࢢࢪࢵࢺ࣭࢖ࢢࢨ࣒࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ᳨
ウࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ୖࡢ㸱ࡘࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡇࢀࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢୗࡢմ࡜յ࡟ࡘࡁࡲࡋ࡚
ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ᳨ウࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀⓗࢆᑕ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡟ࠊಶே
ⓗ࡞ぢゎ࡛⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍ࡜ࠊከᑡ㐪࿴ឤࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࡢࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆቑࡸࡍࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢸࢫࢺࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ௒⏕ࡌ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ
ከᵝᛶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊඛ࡯࡝ࢪࣙࣥࡸࢣࣥࢺࡀゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓከᵝᛶ࡜኱ศព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀࠊព࿡ࡍ
ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㐪࠺ࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋᏛຊ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶࠊ࠸ࢃࡤᏛຊࡢୖ఩࠿ࡽୗ
఩ࡲ࡛ࡢࣞࣥࢪࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ᗈࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ᖖࡢሙྜ࡟ከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㒊ศࡀከศ࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᆅᇦ࡞ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭࢚ࣕࣝࢥࣀ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ᣦᶆ࡛
ぢࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢศᕸࢆ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺
࡞Ⓨ᝿࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄒࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡾࡲ
ࡍࠋ ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ⚾ࡢヰࡶᴟࡵ࡚Ꮫຊ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚ࡢヰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᐇࡣ᪥ᮏࡢᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢ㐍Ꮫẁ㝵࡛ࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ༴ᶵⓗ࡞≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ‶㊊࡟ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡢ✚ࡳୖࡆࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡑ
ࡶࡑࡶᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡢ✚ࡳୖࡆ⮬యࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛᰯไᗘ⮬య࡟ࠊᐇࡣၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⚾ࡢ㐪࿴ឤ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊࢪࣙࣥࡢ࠸ࡿ๓࡛ゝ࠺ࡢࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜᜝ࡎ࠿ࡋ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᩍ
⫱ࢸࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿᏛຊྥୖ⟇࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᮏᙜ࡟᭷ຠ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⤒㦂࡟༶ࡋ࡚ぢࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟࡝࠺࡞ࢇࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᚋ࡛ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ࠾♧ࡋࡋࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝㹑㸿㹒ࡢᚓⅬࡀᛴ㏿࡟㝆ୗࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟
ࡶ᝟ሗࡀఏࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚓⅬࡀୗࡀࡗࡓࠊᏛຊపୗࡀゝࢃࢀࡓᚋࠊ࡝
࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰࡣࠊᐇࡣవࡾ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋᐇࡣࠊ⚾ࡀぢࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㹑㸿㹒ࡢᡂ⦼ࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢດຊ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡣぢ࠼ࡲࡏࢇࠋ90ᖺ௦ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢึ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᨵ㠉࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣ᪥ᮏ
࡛ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྛᕞ࡛ᩍ⫱ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ࢫࢡ࣮࣭ࣝࢹ࢕ࢫࢺࣜࢡࢺࡈ࡜࡟ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ດຊࡶࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࡋࠊ
ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࢫࢸ࣮ࢺࡈ࡜࡟⤫୍ⓗ࡞㐍⣭ࢸࢫࢺࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ດຊࡶࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࠊ
ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࡑࢀ࡯࡝᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⤒㦂࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊᐇࡣࡉ࡯࡝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌࡀ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ⾜࠾࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢸࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢸࢫࢺࡢᑟ
ධ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡲࡓࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ඛ࡯࡝ゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠊᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊᏛᰯไᗘࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ᦂࡽࡂࡀࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࡢ⾲ࢆࡈぴୗࡉ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ⣙50ᖺࡢ㛫࡟᪥ᮏࡢᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡀࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺ࠿ࡽ㠀ᖖ࡟㛗᪉ᙧ࡟㏆࠸ᙧ࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ1960ᖺ࡜2009ᖺ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯ࡟ࡣ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡢேࡀࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡢ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡀ㐍Ꮫࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡟㸴๭ᙅࡢேࡀ⾜ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯࠊࢫ࣌ࢩࣕࣝࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࢫࢡ࣮ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡣ20㸣ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿேࡓࡕࡀࡲ
ࡓ⾜ࡃ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡇࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㒊ศࡣᣑ኱ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲ
ࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡼࡾ㛗᪉ᙧ࡟㏆࠸ᙧ࡛ࡢᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡓࡔࠊၥ㢟࡞ࡢࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᐇࡣࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺࡢ᫬௦ࡢ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㛗᪉ᙧࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢࡔ
ࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋᏛᰯไᗘࠊᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ㛗᪉ᙧ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊ࡝࠺ࡋࡓࡽ
࠸࠸ࡢ࠿ࠋᐇࡣࠊᅗ᯶࡛࠿ࡁࡲࡍ࡜ࠊᑠᏛᰯࡢୖ࡟୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡀ✚ࡳୖࡀࡾࠊࡑࡢ
ୖ࡟㧗ᰯࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡀ✚ࡳୖࡀࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱ࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡀ✚ࡳୖࡀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺
࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⤮ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ᑐᛂࡶࡇࢀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᑠᏛᰯࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ༑ศ࡟⩦ᚓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸኱Ꮫ⏕ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡈᏑࡌ
ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢᅗࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ࠕ⤮࡟࠿࠸ࡓࡶࡕࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⤮࡟࠿࠸ࡓࡶࡕ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᐇែ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࡇࢀ࡜ࡣ඲↛㐪࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣᩥ⛉┬ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࡸࡗࡓㄪᰝࡀࡶ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᑠᏛᰯ࡛ᤵ
ᴗࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸵๭ࡔࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ࡛ᤵᴗࡢࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࡢࡀ㸳๭ࡔࠊ㧗ᰯ࡟࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ
ࡑࡢ㸱๭ࡢேࡀ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ࡢᤵᴗࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㧗ᰯࡢᩍ⫱ࡢࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸱๭ࡢୖ࡟ࠊᐇࡣ㸶๭㏆࠸㧗➼ᩍ⫱㐍Ꮫ⪅ࡀࡢࡗ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ヰ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࣥࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆࠊᏛᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ
࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛┠ᶆࢆ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊࡈᏑࡌࡢࠊ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㹑㸿㹒ࡢᚓⅬࡀ1963ᖺ࠿ࡽ80ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚
ᛴ㏿࡟ⴠࡕ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࣂ࣮ࣂࣝࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᐇ⥺ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࠊⅬ⥺ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ࣐ࢫ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡࢫࡢ࡯࠺ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣ83ᖺ࡛ษࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢᚋࡢࢢࣛࣇࡀࠊ㹃㹒㹑ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ぢࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣ72ᖺ࠿ࡽ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ98ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡈ
ࡽࢇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊከᑡࡢ࡛ࡇࡰࡇࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࣂ࣮ࣂࣝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊⴠࡕࡓᏛຊࡣ
ᡠࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞ࡲࡏࢇࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡀඛ࡯࡝ࡢ90ᖺ௦ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ึ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ኱ᏛධᏛࢸࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ㹑㸿㹒ࡢᡂ⦼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࠊ
ᩘᏛ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୍ᗘᗏࢆࡘ࠸࡚࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢᅇ᚟ഴྥࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ70ᖺ௦ࡢ๓༙ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ᡠࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡶ࡜ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ᡠࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛
ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢࢸࢫࢺࡔ࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢຠᯝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࠿࡞
ࡾ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ୍ࡘࡣ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ Ꮫᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᐇࡣࠊ࡝࠺ࡶไᗘⓗ࡟㈹࿡ᮇ㝈࡟ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᙜࡓࡿࡶࡢࢆࡕࡻࡗ࡜ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ ୍ࡘࡣࠊඛ࡯࡝࠿ࡽゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡢṇつㄢ⛬࡟ࡑࡢࡲࡲࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡅࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞‽ഛࡀ࡞࠸Ꮫ⏕ࠊ㐍Ꮫ‽ഛࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡀ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗᮍ‶ࡢᏛ⏕࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿேࡓࡕ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫࢆࡸࡵ࡚࠸ࡃேࡓࡕࡀࡩ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ኱
ኚࠊᐁᗇࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗࡓᚋࠊ࠿
࡞ࡾᐜ᫆࡟ࡸࡵ࡚࠸ࡃேࡓࡕࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊඛ࡯࡝㧗ᰯ࡟ࡣ97㸣ࠊ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡀ㧗ᰯ➼ࡢᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱࡟㐍Ꮫࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜
࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㧗ᰯࢆ㸱ᖺ࡛༞ᴗࡍࡿேࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ88㸣ࡋ࠿࠸࡞࠸ࠋ97㸣ࡢேࡀධࡗ࡚88㸣ࡢேࡀ༞ᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ࠊ㏵୰࡛ࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢔࢘
ࢺࡍࡿேࡓࡕࡀࠊ௒ࠊ121୓ேࡢேࡓࡕࡢ18ṓேཱྀ࡛ぢࡲࡍ࡜ࠊ኱య10୓ேࡄࡽ࠸ࡀ㧗ᰯ࡛ࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢ㛫࡟㠀ᖖ࡟ቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡀࠊ኱Ꮫ࡟ධᏛࡍࡿேࡓࡕࡢ୰࡛ࠊእᅜࡢᏛᰯ
ࢆ༞ᴗࡋ࡚኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿேࡓࡕࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜⮬యࢆ࡝࠺ホ౯ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣ኱ኚ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධᏛ⪅ࡢᆒ㉁ᛶ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ␗㉁࡞࣮ࣝࢺࢆ
㏻ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿேࡓࡕࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡢ᪉ᘧࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ከᵝ໬ࡋࠊ
ࡲࡓ」㞧໬ࢆࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡀ⮬ಙࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࡶ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᦂࡽࡂ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊᦂࡉࡪࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ࠾ヰࡋࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⌧ᅾࠊ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱ࢆᚿ㢪ࡍࡿேࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ74୓ே࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱࡬ධᏛࡍࡿேࡓࡕࡣ69୓ே࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢ㛫࡛ⴠࡕࡿேࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᐇࡣ㸳୓ேࡋ࠿࠸
࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀࡀ90㸣ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ཰ᐜຊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢᚿ
㢪⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢධᏛ⪅ᩘ࡛ࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࠊࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝࢸࢫࢺࢆཷࡅࡿேࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺
ࡢࡣ51୓ே࡞ࢃࡅ࡛ࠊධᏛ⪅ࡢ࡯࠺ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ぢࡲࡍ࡜ࠊධᏛヨ㦂ࢆཷࡅ࡚ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿே
ࡓࡕࡣ35୓ே࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡢධᏛヨ㦂ࢆㄢࡉ࡞࠸ධヨ࡛ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿேࡓࡕࡣࠊࡲࡓ34୓
ேࡔࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ࣭▷኱ྜࢃࡏ࡚࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢᩘ࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊᐇࡣࡇࡕࡽࡢ࡯࠺ࡢ࣮ࣝࢺ࡛ධᏛࡋ࡚ࡃࡿேࡶ࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ
࡟ධࡿேࡓࡕࡶ࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ேࡓࡕࡀࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧≧ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣᚑ᮶ࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊධᏛヨ㦂ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚
኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ౑ࡗ࡚኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ேࡓࡕࡀ51୓ேࡢ୰࡟┦ᙜᩘྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ Ꮫᰯࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠊᐇࡣࡑࢀࡔࡅࡢ㔞ࡢ⏕ᚐᩘࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᵓ㐀࡟ࡣࠊ↓⌮ࡀࡶ࠺ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰࡀ୍᪉࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᐇࡣࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࡶࡲࡓࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᣮᡓࢆ
ཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣࡀྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⚾ࡢヰࡣࡇࡇࡲ࡛࡛⤊ࢃࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ࡶከᵝ໬ࢆࡋࡓࠋධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࡶከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࡢཷ㦂⪅ࡶࡲࡓከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣᙜ
↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡶከᵝ໬ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺࠸࠺㸱ࡘࡢࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ኱ࡁ࡞ከᵝ໬࡜࠸࠺ኚ໬ࡢ୰࡛ࠊධᏛ⪅ࡢ㉁ⓗಖドࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࢆၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡸྎ‴ࡢヰࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢࡸࡗࡥࡾከᵝ໬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟࣏ࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝ࡞せ⣲ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᖾ࠿୙ᖾ࠿ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠿࡞
ࡾ⬟ຊⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊᏛຊⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࠿࡞ࡾ≉໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛
ࡍࠋᜍࡽࡃࡑ࠺࠸࠺ከᵝᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ࡝࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡃ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ௒᪥ࡢ๓ࡢ㸰ࡘࡢሗ࿌ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡢ๓࡟✺ࡁࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ௨ୖ࡛ࡍࠋ
㸦ᢿᡭ㸧ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ
Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕ࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࠊࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ᫬㛫ࡶࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵ
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࡈ㉁ၥ࠸ࡓࡔࡃ᫬㛫ࡶ࡜ࢀࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
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` 䠍䠕䠒䠌䡚䠔䠌ᖺ௦ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ䛾ኚ㑄`` 䠎኱ᏛධᏛ⪅䛾ከᵝ໬` 䠏ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇䛾ᑐᛂ䛸䛭䛾᭷ຠᛶ` 䠐ᩍ⫱ᇶ┙䛾ᦂ䜙䛞ཷ㦂➇த䛾㐣⇕ ኱Ꮫ▷኱䛾཰ᐜຊ䛾ᣑ኱㐍Ꮫᶵ఍䛾ቑ኱

` 䠍䠕䠔䠌䡚䠕䠌ᖺ௦`኱ᏛධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ䛾኱⾗໬ Ꮫຊ೫㔜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᅜẸⓗ཯ⓎධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ᪉ἲ䛾ከᵝ໬` 2000ᖺ௨㝆`኱Ꮫ⏕䛾Ꮫຊపୗၥ㢟 ᑡᏊ໬䛾ୗ䛷䛾ཷ㦂➇த䛾⦆࿴㧗ᰯ䛸኱Ꮫ䛸䛾᥋⥆䛾ᨵၿ` 䠄䠍䠅ཷ㦂➇த䛾⦆࿴` 䠍䠔ṓேཱྀ䛾ᛴῶ

``205୓ே䠄䠍䠕䠕䠎䠅䠍䠎䠍୓ே䠄䠎䠌䠌䠕䠅` 䠄䠎䠅㧗ᰯᩍ⫱䛾ከᵝ໬` ኱Ꮫ䞉▷኱཰ᐜ⋡䛾ቑຍ` 䠄䠏䠅ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ䛾ከᵝ໬```

䠒䠏%䠄䠍䠕䠕䠌䠅䠕䠎䠂䠄䠎䠌䠌䠕䠅཰ᐜ⋡䠖ᙜヱᖺᗘ䛾኱Ꮫ䞉▷኱ධᏛ⪅ᩘ䠋ᙜヱᖺᗘ䛾኱Ꮫ▷኱ᚿ㢪⪅ᩘ` ኱Ꮫ䞉▷኱䜈䛾㐍Ꮫ⋡

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` 䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛾ከᵝ໬䠄䠍䠕䠕䠐䡚䠅` ᒚಟ⛉┠䛾✀㢮䛜ቑ䛘䚸㑅ᢥ⛉┠䛾ᖜ䛜ᗈ䛜䛳䛯䚹` ⤖ᯝ䛸䛧䛶䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䛻┤⤖䛧䛯ᒚಟ⛉┠䛾㑅ᢥ䛜ᙉ໬䛥䜜䛯䚹

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` ධᏛヨ㦂䛾⛉┠๐ῶ` ᥎⸀ධヨ䞉䠝䠫ධヨ䛾ቑຍ` ⚾❧኱Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛⤒Ⴀ୺⩏䛾ྎ㢌䠄Ꮫ⏕ເ㞟䠅

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䠄᥎⸀䞉䠝䠫ධヨධᏛ⪅➼䠅䠏䠐୓ே㧗ᰯ➼༞ᴗ⪅ 䠍䠌䠒୓ே኱Ꮫ䞉▷኱ධᏛ⪅䠒䠕୓ே

20ਦ‫᚛ܭ‬ᛯ‒
Deane Neubauer࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢭࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢢࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᡤ㛗 ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾࡇࡇ࡛ࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࡢ࡯࠺࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣᣦᐃウㄽ⪅࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢹ࢕ࢫ
࢝ࢵࢧࣥࢺ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ௒ᅇࡢ࠾୕ேࡢ᪉ࠎࡢせⅬࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊㄢ
㢟ࠊㄽⅬࢆぢࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ධࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᐇࡣࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡇࢀࡣⱝᖸ࠾᩿ࡾ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊㄢ㢟ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛᪥ᮏྡࡣࠕ኱ᏛධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࠖ࡜ࠊࡇ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇࡣⱥᩥࡢ࡯࠺࡛⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࢺࣆࢵࢡ࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࡨࡗࡓࡾࡑ࠺᪥ᮏㄒ࡛࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ᚤጁ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࠕChoosing
College Studentsࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ୍ࡘࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡇࡢ୰࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡜࢚ࢡ
࢖ࢸ࢕࣮ࠊࢡ࢜ࣜࢸ࢕࣮࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࠋ ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࡢㄽⅬ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ࡝࠺ࡒ࠾㢪࠸ࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸
ࡲࡍࠋ἞ὊἢỸỴὊ૙੉ᴾ ࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢ఍㆟ࡢ‽ഛࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲࡓ࠾ᣍࡁࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ᪉ࠎ࡟࠾♩ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡲࡓྠ൉ࡓࡕ࡜ࡶࡵࡄࡾ఍࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡋࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࠊࡁࡻ࠺ヰ㢟࡟ฟࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᗄࡘ࠿኱஦࡞Ⅼࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⚾࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓᙺ┠ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢⓎ⾲ࡢ୰࡟῝ࡃධࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࢸ
࣮࣐࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊࡑࡢᗏὶࢆὶࢀࡿၥ㢟ࢆࡘ࠿ࡴࡼ࠺࡟ࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࠊఱ
࡛ࡍࡗ࡚ࠊ㸲᫬㛫༙ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠊ30ศࡌࡷ࡞ࡃ࡚45ศࠊ᫬㛫ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ
࡛ࠊ࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
 Ⓨ⾲࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮࠿ࡽࠊᗄࡘ࠿せⅬࢆᢳฟࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢲࢢࣛࢫࡉࢇࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ
࣮࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ」ᩘࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞┠ᶆ࡟౑࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡑࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡘ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊ࠿࡞࠺ࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜ࠋࡇࢀࢆぢ㏨ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࠊຍ࠼࡚ᙉㄪࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢỴࡵᡭ࡜࡞ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡑࡢኚ໬ࢆಁࡍ࡟ࡣ㸰ࡘࡢຊᏛⓗせᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࠋ ࢪࣙࣥࡣࡇࢀࡶᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢኚ໬ࡣࡔࢇࡔ
ࢇ࡜ࠊࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡜ࠊ₞ḟⓗ࡟㐍ࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢ⤒῭ⓗࠊ♫఍ⓗᵓᡂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࢪࣙࣥࡣࡇࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡶᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ゝ࠸᪉ࢆࡍࡿࡢࡣึࡵ࡚࡛ࠊ
ⓙࡉࢇࡶึࡵ࡚⪺࠸ࡓࢇࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࡀ✺↛ኚࢃࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡞ኚ໬࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ኚࢃࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡀΰ஘࡟㝗ࡿࠋゝࡗ࡚ࡳࢀࡤࣀ࢖ࢬࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ ࡇࡇ࡟࠾࠸࡛࡟࡞ࡿⓙᵝࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀࠊ࠶ࡢࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆഛ࠼ࡓ♫఍ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ㸰ேࡣࠊ࠶ࡢΰἁ࡜ࡋࡓ♫఍ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟
ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡢ⏕ᾭࡢ࠶ࡿ⌧ᐇࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁẼࡀࡘࡃࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᐇ㝿࡟ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜వࡾ࡟ࡶ」㞧࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࠸ࡊ኱Ꮫ࡟ᚿ㢪ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠼ࡽࡃ኱ኚࡔࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࠊ⚾ࡣ࠶ࡿᥦ᱌ࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ」ᩘࡢᒙ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᒙ࡛࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ
⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡀࠊ኱Ꮫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᨻᗓࡢᐁ൉⤌⧊ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࡇࡢ୍ࡘࡢᒙ࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡶ࠺ࡍࡄᐇ㝿࡝࠺ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ᐇ౛ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ヰࡋࡋࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᐇ࡟ࡣࡗ
ࡁࡾࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ࡜ࡽ࠼࡝ࡇࢁࡢ࡞࠸ࠊࢃ࠿ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡘ࠸᭱㏆ࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍ࡣࠊྜ⾗ᅜࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠶ࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲࢆࠊ࢜ࣂ࣐ᨻᗓ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠿
ࡽࠊࡘ࠸ࡇࡢ㛫ࠊ㏻㐣ࡉࡏࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡍࠋ ࢜ࣂ࣐ࡉࢇࡣ௒࡝ࡢ㎶࡟࠸ࡿࢇࡔ࠿▱ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡅ࡝ࡡࠋࡑࢇ࡞ࡩ࠺࡟Ẽ㍍࡟ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡢࡶࠊ࢜ࣂ࣐ࡉࢇࡣࣁ࣡࢖࡛࠺ࡕࡢ㏆ᡤࡢ࣍ࣥ࣎࢖࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽࠊࡶ࠺ᮏᙜ࡟ࡍࡄ㏆ᡤ
ฟ㌟ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍࠋ ❧ἲᗓࡀ࢜ࣂ࣐ࡉࢇࡢᣦᑟࡢࡶ࡜ࠊఱࢆ኱஦࡟ࡋࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊᐙ᪘ࠊᐙᗞ࡛⤒῭≧ἣࢆࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ኱Ꮫ࠿ࡽࡶᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭≧ἣࢆ⏦ࡋ❧࡚ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ༢⣧໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ
ୡ⏺୰ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅜ࡛ࠊ⤒῭≧ἣࡀ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡼ
࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡘ࠸ࡇࡢ㛫ࡢࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࡢ᪥᭙∧࡟ࡣࠊ58ࡶࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ኱Ꮫࡢ㸯ᖺࡢ㈝⏝ࡀ㸳୓ࢻࣝ௨ୖ࠿࠿ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣఱ࠿࠺ࢃࡉࡶධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣑ࢩࢩࢵࣆ࣮ᕝࡢᮾഃࡢ኱Ꮫࡤ
࠿ࡾ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㸷ࡘࡢ኱ᏛࡀᏛ㈝ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊࡸࡗࡥࡾ㸳୓ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡀ࠿࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ༢⣧࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ♫఍⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ
࣮࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿゝⴥࠊᩥゝࡣࡸࡸࡇࡋ㐣ࡂࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࢪࣙࣥࡀࡉࡗࡁゝࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆୗ
ᨭ࠼ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࡢࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ」㞧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚࡛ࡁࡿ
ࡔࡅ༢⣧࡟ࠊࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡟ಖࡗ࡚࠾ࡅࡤ࠾ࡃ࡯࡝ࠊ࠶ࢀࡔࡅࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟ྜ᱁࡛ࡁࡿேࡢᩘࢆ᭱
኱࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡅࡿࠋ᭱኱࡟⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢᛂເ⪅ࡢேᩘࡀῶࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᚰ㓄ࡔࡗࡓࡽࡢヰ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ ࢪࣙࣥࡣࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ
࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡢሙྜࢆヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣉࣟ
ࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౛࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ูࡢᙉㄪࡢ௙᪉ࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜

ᛮ࠺ࠋ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩ࣭࣏ࣙࣥࣜࢩ࣮ࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿࢇࡌࡷ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᖖ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ᖖ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊබ⾗ၿࠊබ┈࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆᖖ࡟ࠊ
᭱኱ࡢබ┈ၿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᖖ࡟㢌࡟⨨࠸࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆኚ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡇࢇ࡞࡟ࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡀฟࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊࡇࡕࡽ࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡅࡤࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡜
࡝ࡵ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀࡿᅜࡀከ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋḟ࠿ࡽḟ࡬࡜ࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ
࡞ᅜ࡛ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࢪࣙࣥࡣ࡜࡚ࡶ኱஦࡞ⅬࢆᣲࡆࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋධヨࡀࡑࡢᚋࡢᏛᴗ࡛ࡢᡂຌࢆண
ࡍࡿ࠿࡜ࠋ㹓㹁࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡌࡷ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ㹅㹎㸿ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀண

࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑ

࠺࡛࡞࠸࡞ࡽࠊࡌࡷ࠶ఱ࡛࡜⪺ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡯࠿ࡢ᪉ࡢ࠾ヰࢆ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆࡲ
࡜ࡵ࡚ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜㐪࠺ゝ࠸᪉ࢆࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢣࣥࢺࡀヰࡋࡓ౛࡛ࠊඛ⏕ࡀ⮬ศࡢᏛᰯࡢ༞ᴗ⏕ࢆ኱Ꮫ࡬ධࢀࡓ࠸ࡶࢇࡔ࠿ࡽ࡜ᡂ⦼ࢆ
࢖ࣥࣇࣞࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ࠶ࡢヰࠋࡇࡇ࡛኱஦࡞ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࡟ᒓࡍࡿᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑻᗘ࡜ከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ 㹅㹎㸿ࡀ࡞ࡐ㹓㹁࡛ࡣẚ㍑ⓗࡼ࠸ணࡢᣦᶆ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡑࡢẕ㞟ᅋࡀ኱ࡁ࠸

࠿ࡽ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ᪉ἲㄽࡢヰ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢẕ㞟ᅋࡀ኱ࡁࡅࢀࡤ኱ࡁ࠸
࡯࡝ᑡ࡞࠸ດຊࢆࡶࡗ࡚ṇࡋ࠸⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡣୡ⏺୰ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ୍ὶࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᑠࡉ࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡜ࠊ
ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽつᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢱ࢖
ࣉ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑࠺ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑࠺࡜ࠊࡲࡿ࡛
㐪࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࢪࣙࣥࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊࡇࡕࡽࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ኱஦࡞ၥ㢟࡞ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊධ
ヨࡀධᏛᚋࡢᏛᴗ࡛ࡢᡂຌࢆண

࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࡞ࡐ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠺

ࡀㄪᰝྍ⬟࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋࡁࡗ࡜⟅࠼ࡣᩥ໬ࡸᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐪࠺ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࢪࣙࣥࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢ♫఍ⓗዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠸࡚⚾ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢබᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀ♫఍ⓗዎ⣙ࢆᣢࡘ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ
࡝࠺ࡔࢁ࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆᛮ࠸ᾋ࠿࡭࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓၥ࠸ࡣ㸰ࡘ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㸯ࡘࡣࠊ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣᅜࡸࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ♫఍࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡝ࢇ࡞ព࿡ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜẸࡀ⤒㦂ࡋࡓᨻ἞ⓗ࣭ဴᏛⓗ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊဴᏛ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟⿬ᡴࡕࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ⚾ࡢྠ൉࡛࠶ࡿࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣍࢟ࣥࢫࡢ⪃࠼ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ヰࡋࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
ᙼࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࣭୰ᅜࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ≉࡟㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡛♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡽࠊࡇࢀࡣ㏆௦໬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡔ௒᪥⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡲࡓูࡢぢ᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋᨻ἞ⓗ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊఱ࠿ᝏ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ ࡇࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊ୰ᅜ࣭᪥ᮏ࣭㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ೺ࡸ࠿࡞ᨻ἞ᛶࠊᨻ἞ⓗᩥ⬦ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᩍ⫱࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࢆ೺ࡸ࠿࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺࡟ࡣࠊᩍ⫱࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀࠊࡇࡢ㡯┠ࡀᖖ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᑐヰࡢ୰࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᖖ࡟᪤࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿኚ໬ࢆㄆࡵ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࢣࣥࢺࡀ
᪤࡟ྎ‴ࡢ౛ࢆヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆࡉࡽ࡟ࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ࡜࠿࣐࣮ࣞ
ࢩ࢔࡜࠿ࠊΰ஘࡜࠿ఏ⤫࡜ࡢఱࡸࡽ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࠊఱ࠿ኚ໬ࡸ⌧㇟ࡀ⾲㠃໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ
࡛ࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ዎ⣙࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸᫬ᮇࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡍࠋ ࢣࣥࢺࡣࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ㉁࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊヰࡢึࡵ࡛ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫධヨࡢ㉁࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠺ࡕ࡟ࠊ኱Ꮫධヨࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ኱Ꮫ࡛
ࡢᩍ⫱ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㉁࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ヰࡀᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ⓙࡉࢇ࡜ࡦ࡜ࡘ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ⓗ࡞≀ࡢゝ࠸᪉࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࢹ࢕ࢥࣥࢫࢺ
ࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊ⬺ᵓ⠏࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀᵓᡂࡢኚ໬࡛ࡍࠋ ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊᚋ࡛࠾┠࡟࠿ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ኴᖹὒ
ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸱✀㢮ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿせ⣲ࡀ㸱ࡘ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ
࡚ࠊฟ⏕⋡ࡢపୗࠊ㧗㱋໬♫఍ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ18ṓࠊ24ṓேཱྀࡢῶᑡࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡛ࡶ༡す㒊࡜࠸࠺࡜♫఍ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕࡀ኱ศኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡔฟ⏕⋡ࡶ࠺ࢇ࡜㧗࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ௒ᚋ25ᖺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣฟ⏕⋡ࡣୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜
ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡜ప࠸࡜ࡇࢁࢆẚ࡭ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔࡜㡑ᅜ࡞࡝ࡔ࡜ࠊࡑࡢᕪࡣ㸰㸣࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᕧ኱࡞ᩘᏐ࡛ࡍࠋ㸱ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡸ࢖ࣥࢻࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᛴ㏿࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡍࡄ࡟㧗㱋໬ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ♫఍ࠋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ே
ཱྀᵓᡂࡢⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸱ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ♫఍ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࢣࣥࢺࡣࡶ࠺᪤࡟༑ศゝࡗࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠶࠼࡚ᙉㄪࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ཰ᐜ⬟ຊࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ♫఍࡛඲ࡃ㐪࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋఱ࠿Ꮫᰯࡢඛ⏕ࡳࡓ࠸࡟ࡋࡷ
࡭ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ཰ᐜຊ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ♫఍ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࢃࡁࡲ࠼ࡎ࡟ヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊࡶ࠺ࡲࡿ࡛඲↛㐪࠺ヰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡍࡼࠋఱࡢヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
࠿ࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡼࠋேཱྀᵓᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡗ࡜ゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜
ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢣࣥࢺࡀࡑࡢ኱ぢฟࡋࢆฟࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ኱ኚࡼ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ
ࡍࠋ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊⓙࡉࢇ࡟ࡐࡦࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡣࠊᅜෆࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡜࠸࠺せ⣲ࠋᚋ࡛ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡶヲࡋࡃゝ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯ࡘࡔࡅせⅬࢆゝ࠺࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᚲ㡲࡛ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜࡀୡ⏺࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠾ᡭ
ᮏ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣᅜෆᾘ㈝࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶᚲ㡲࡛ࡍࠋ ඛ㐍ㅖᅜࢆࡈࡽࢇ࡞ࡉ࠸ࠋᅜෆᾘ㈝࡟ఱࡀ኱஦࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡽࠊ㹑㹃㹑࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ
ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭࢚ࣕࣝࢥࣀ࣑ࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ♫఍⤒῭ⓗᆅ఩࡞ࢇ࡚ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࡣ࠶࠼࡚㹑㹃㹑ࡢ㹃ࢆᩍ⫱࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍ᩍ⫱ⓗせ⣲࡜ゝ࠸ࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡲࡾࡇࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣヰ㢟࡟ࡢࡰࡽ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺ᡂ⇍ࡋࡓࠊ᪤࡟Ⓨᒎࡋࡓୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆヰ㢟࡟ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍ኱஦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྍືᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡟࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗༞࠿኱༞࠿ࡀࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ⏕ᾭ㈤㔠ࠊ⏕ᾭ཰ධ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡲࡍࠋ኱Ꮫ༞ࡢሙྜࡔ࡜
150୓ࢻࣝࡶవศ࡟཰ධࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ኱Ꮫ㝔࡬⾜ࡅࡤࠊࡇࡢᕪࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽᗈࡀ
ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡞࡝ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᡂ⇍ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭ࡣࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝ࢆ㢗ࡳ࡟ࡋ࡚⤒῭⏕ά࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ೺ࡸ࠿࡞⏕ࡁ᪉ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡀゝ࠾࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ඲↛㐪࠺࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊከศ㐪ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡔ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᩍ⫱࡜⤒῭ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢ60ᖺ㛫ࠊࡇ࠺ࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᩍ⫱࡜⤒῭ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࡶ࠺㏻⏝ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤒῭࡜࠸࠼ࡤ⏕⏘㒊㛛ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⏕⏘࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡼࡾᾘ㈝࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࢪࣙࣥ࡜ࡢヰࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࢣࣥࢺࡀゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢺࢵࣉࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡢ኱Ꮫࡢࡇ࡜ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊྎ‴࡛ࡣୡ⏺ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࡜࡚ࡶ኱஦
࡞ၥ㢟ࡔࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⟅࠼࠿ࡽඛ࡟ゝࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡲࡎࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡟ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ࠸
ࢇࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣᐇ࡟༴࡞࠸ሙᡤ࡟❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ኚ࡞ヰࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤ⚾ࢆ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭ࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ⚾ࡀఱ⪅࡛࠶ࢀࠊ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭ࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࡛࢞ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ࢔࣮
ࣀࣝࢻ࣭ࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠊ࡞ࡽࢇ࡜ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ࡞ࡾ࠿ࡅࡓࡇ࡜
ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ ࢧ࢖࣭࣐࣮ࣔࣥࢳࣕࣥࢭࣥ࡜࠸࠺࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀࠊࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚኱ኚ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋၥ㢟ࡣࠊࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡟ࡣ㸰ࡘࡢせ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸯ࡘࡣ᫬௦ⓗ࡞せ⣲࡜ࠋࡑࡢᑻᗘࡣఱ࠿ᆒ➼࡞ࡶࡢࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡘࡶࡾ࡟࡞ࡿ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ඲↛ࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸯␒࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㸯␒࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜௨
ୖࡢఱ࠿ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋࡇࡢࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࡉࢇࡣࠊ኱ᏛࡢṔྐࢆࡍ࡭࡚᣺ࡾ
㏉ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣ300ᖺศ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡢ኱Ꮫࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚௒ࡢྡኌࢆᚓࡓࡢ
࠿ࠊࡑࡢṔྐ࡜࠿ࠊ኱Ꮫࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㈨㔠࡛ࡍ࡜࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆࡓࡔࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢࡔࡅ
࡛࠶ࡽࢃࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ౛࠼ࡤᮾ኱ࡀ20␒ࡔ࡜ࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋࡕࡻࡗ࡜஧ࠊ୕㐌㛫๓࡟ࡕࡽࡗ࡜ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࣌ࣥࢩࣝ࣋ࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࡀ19␒ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㸰ࡘࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡋࡲࡍࠋ࣌ࣥࢩࣝ࣋ࢽ࢔኱Ꮫ࡜ᮾ኱ࡣ࡜࡚ࡶఝ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࢇ࡞࡟ᕪࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶ
࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊᮾ኱ࡀ࣌ࣥࢩࣝ࣋ࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࢆᢤ࠿ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠼ࡤࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜㡹ᙇࢀࡤ࠸࠸ࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣ㸰ࡘ࡜ࡶࠊࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࡉࢇ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡤ࠿࡞⪃࠼ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ேࢆẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡇࢇ࡞ࡩ࠺࡟ᆅ⌫つᶍ࡛ẚ࡭ྜ࠺᫬௦࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡎࠊ
⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢᏛᰯࢆฟࡿ༞ᴗ⏕ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ே࡛࠶ࡗ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡃࡕࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ୍యఱࢆẚ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ࢣࣥࢺࡢⓎ⾲࠿ࡽࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟㸯ࡘࡔࡅࠊ㉁ⓗಖドࡢࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࠋ
 ㉁ࡢၥ㢟࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣࡶ࠺ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࠊ㉁ࡢၥ㢟࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ࡟ࡣ㸱ࡘࡢẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡶࡑ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ➨㸯ẁ㝵ࡣ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢ཰ᐜ⬟ຊࢆィࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵ࠋ➨㸰ẁ㝵ࡣࠊ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ⬟ຊࠊຊࢆࠊࡑࡢ༞ᴗ⏕ࡀฟࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵ࠋ㸱ࡘ┠ࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ࡝ࡇࡶࡇࡢẁ㝵࡟❧ࡕධࡗࡓᅜࡣࡲࡔ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊ㉁ⓗಖド࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿேࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵ࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ
㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㉁ࡢព࿡ࡣ⤯࠼㛫࡞ࡃኚࢃࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡉࡗࡁࡣ཰ᐜ⬟ຊ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࢇࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗࡓࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㉁࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡶࠊྠࡌゝㄒ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ౛࠼ࡤྠࡌⱥㄒ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ㸳ᖺࠊ10ᖺࠊ15ᖺ๓࡜ࡣ඲↛ព࿡ࡀ㐪ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ≉࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࠿࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢸࢡࢽ
ࢵࢡࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊ⤯࠼㛫࡞ࡃኚࢃࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠊࡇࡢ㠀ᖖ࡟⧄⣽࡞㉁࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࡘࡘࠊ㉁ⓗಖドࢆࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕ࡢⓎ⾲࠿ࡽࡣ㸱ࡘࡢⅬࢆᢤࡁฟࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡲࡎࠊ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜୍࡛␒୰ᚰⓗ࡞ၥ࠸ࡣࠊከᵝᛶࢆồࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠ᫬࡟㉁ࢆ
ಖドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ஦
᯶ࡣ㏫࡟㛵㐃ࡋྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪉ἲㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㛤࠿ࢀࡓၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡇࡢࢲ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢩࢸ࢕࣮ࠊከᵝ໬࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕ࡣࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࡉࡗࡁ⚾ࡀ཰ᐜ⬟ຊ࡜࠿㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ࠾ࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡼࡡࠋ⚾ࡓࡕ㸱ேࡀከᵝᛶ࡜ゝ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊᐇࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡎࡘ㐪࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠾ࡗࡋ
ࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊከᵝ໬ࠊከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆࠊ㐪࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽࡇࡢゝⴥࢆ౑࠸⥆ࡅࡿ࡜ࠊ୍య࡝࠺࠸࠺ࢥࢫࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡃࡕࡷ࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࡡࠋ ࡇࡢၥ࠸࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⚾ࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࠖࡍࠋ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ๓
ࡶࡗ࡚ఱ࠿⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇࡉ࡞࠸࡜ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࠋࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢከᵝᛶ࡜࠿㉁࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ⌧ᐇࡢୡ⏺୍࡛యఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡟≉໬ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆࠊࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࢆేᏑ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆࡲࡎ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸰ࡘ┠ࡢⅬࡣࠊࢣࣥࢺࡶⲨ஭ඛ⏕ࡶ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢇࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮
ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࡝࠺ࡶࡇࡢከᵝ໬࡜㛵ಀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣከᵝ໬ࡢ୰㌟ࠊᵓᡂせ⣲࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࠋࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊ࡝࠺ࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡾྜ࠸ࠊ
ࡑࢀࢆᥥ෗ࡋࠊㄝ᫂ࡋࠊ⌮ゎࡋྜࡗࡓࡽ࠸࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࡇࢇࡀࡽࡀࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡣࡗࡁࡾࡉࡏ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢୡࡢ୰࡟✵Ẽࡳࡓ࠸࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋከᵝᛶ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫ࡀࡳࡎ࠿ࡽࡢ⾜ືࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᖖ࡟ࡘࡃࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ≧ἣࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊࡑ
ࡢࢲ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢩࢸ࢕࣮ࠊከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡓࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆࢸࢫࢺࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⚾ࡓࡕ࡟ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡀ➨㸰ࡢၥ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ

 ከᵝᛶࡀࢸࢫࢺ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡇࢀࡲࡓኚ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ
ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟࠸ࡿⓙࡉࢇࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ⓙࡉࢇࠊࢸࢫࢺ㛵ಀࡢ࠾௙஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸
ࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋ౛࠼ࡤࢡࣛࢫᢸ௵ࡢඛ⏕ࡔࡗ࡚ࢸࢫࢺࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢸࢫࢺ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ
ࡲࡍࡋࠊඛ⏕ࡀ࠾ㄆࡵ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⤒῭ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛࠾௙஦ࢆ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࢆ౑ࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠾⤥ᩱࢆⓙࡉࢇ࡟ᡶࡗࡓࡾࠊࡶࡽ
ࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࡢᘓ≀ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡾ࡜࠿ࠊ௙⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ
ࡑࡢከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᐇࡣࢸࢫࢺ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㡯┠ࡢ୍ࡘ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋከᵝᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࢸࢫ
ࢺ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࢥࢫࢺࡀᡶ࠼࡞࠸ࠊ㧗ࡃࡘࡁ㐣ࡂࡿ࠿ࡽ࡞ࢇ
࡛ࡍࠋ ࢣࣥࢺࡀ㠃᥋ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㠃᥋࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡶࠊ㔞ⓗ࡞ࢸࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ㉁ⓗ࡞ࢸࢫࢺ࡬ࡢືࡁࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡓࡽࡤ࠾㔠ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾ㐣ࡂࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ⥾ࡵࡃࡃࡾ࡟୍ゝゝ࠸ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊከᵝᛶࢆࢸࢫࢺࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ௒౑࠼ࡿ㟁Ꮚᶵჾࢆࠊ࠶ࡾ
࡜࠶ࡽࡺࡿࡶࡢࢆ⏕࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ ࡲࡔゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡇ୍࡛ᛂ⥾ࡵࡃࡃࡾ࡟ࡋࡲࡍࠋ 㸱ேࡢⓎ⾲⪅ࡢⓙࡉࢇ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᶵ఍ࢆ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸦ᢿᡭ㸧ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ ࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ 㸱ேࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࡈⓎ⾲ࢆࠊඹ㏻Ⅼࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡃࡿㄢ㢟ࡔ࡜࠿ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࡈ㆟ㄽࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ⱝᖸࡢṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬㛫࡛ࠊᮏᙜࡣࡇ࠺࠸࠺ୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓㄢ㢟ࢆఱ᪥࠿࠿ࡅ࡚ࡌࡗࡃࡾ࡜
ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡁࢀࡤ୍␒࠸࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ௒ᅇࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡶ᫬㛫ࡶࡈࡊ࠸ࡲ
ࡏࢇࡀࠊ࡝࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠊࡇࡇࡢ࠶ࡓࡾ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑡࡋ᫬㛫ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࠾୕᪉ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢾ࣮ࣂ࢘࢔࣮ඛ⏕ࡀ㸱ேࡢࡈⓎ⾲ࢆཷࡅ࡚᪂ࡓ࡟ᥦ♧ࢆࡉࢀࡓࠊ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓㄢ㢟ࠊព㆑ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࠶ࢁ࠺࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ
ࡍࡀࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ࡛ࡶ㉁ၥ࡛ࡶࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿㄢ㢟࡛ࡶᵓࢃ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ
ࡀࠊ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋⓙࡉࢇࡢ୰࠿ࡽࡈពぢࢆࠊࡈⓎኌࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸
ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࡝࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ వࡾ῝้࡟࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ࠸࠸ࢇࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡼࠋ㸯ࡘ࡛ࡶࠊ㸰ࡘ࡛ࡶࠋᒰʟ૙੉ᴾ ࢧ࣮ࣥ࢟ࣗࠊࢹ࢕࣮ࣥࠋ኱ኚ⯆࿡῝࠸ᣦ᦬ࢆࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ഃ㠃࠿ࡽ࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࢹ࢕࣮ࣥࡢᣦ᦬ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࡣࡗࡁࡾㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᜍࡽࡃ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ✵Ẽࡢࡼ࠺࡟࠶ࡿࢇࡔࢁ
࠺࡜ࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࠊᚑ᮶ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭

࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ୡ⏺࡟⛣⾜ࡋࡓࠋ ከᵝᛶࢆࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡕࡻ࠺࡝⮬ศࡓࡕࡀ❧ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢪࣙࣥ࡞ࢇ࠿ࡢ࠾ヰ࡜࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࢣࣥࢺࡢሙྜࡶࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᪤࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࡑࢀࡣ♫఍ࡢᵓᡂࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᖖ࡟ከᵝᛶ࡟‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ཯ᫎ࡜ࡋ࡚࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢔ࢻ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ
࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡅ࡝ࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊᡃࠎࡣ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿᪥ᮏࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣᑡࡋゝ࠸㐣ࡂ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛㠀ᖖ࡟ࢩࣥࣉࣜࣇ࢓࢖ࢻࡉࢀࡓ≧ἣ࠿ࡽᑐᴟࡢ࡯࠺࡟⛣⾜ࡋጞࡵࡓࠋࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣỴࡋ࡚⪃࠼ᢤ࠸ࡓࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟࣏ࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝ࡞⾜ື࡜ࡋ࡚ఱ࠿ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᏛຊ㑅ᢤࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ఱ࠿ᑐᴟࢆồࡵ࡚ືࡁጞࡵ
ࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᵓ㐀⮬యࡀࠊᐇࡣᡃࠎ⮬㌟ࡀㄆ㆑࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࢹ࢕࣮ࣥࡢࢧࢪ࢙ࢫࢳࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉࡃ⚾ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ཷ
ࡅ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
἞ὊἢỸỴὊ૙੉ᴾ ࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡢぢ᪉࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡇ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ኱ኚ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࠊࡋ࠿ࡶ㔜せ࡞♫఍ⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡀᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ♫఍ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ♫఍ศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ௒ࠊ࠶ࡢ࣮࣎ࢻ࡟⤮ࢆ࠿ࡁࡓ࠸࡞࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᩍᐊࡢඛ⏕ࡗࡱࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ㄏᝨ
࡟୍⏕ᠱ࿨᢬ᢠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ
㸦ࣇࣟ࢔࠿ࡽ㸧᭩ࡅࡤ㸽㸦ࡢኌ㸧἞ὊἢỸỴὊ૙੉ᴾ ᫇ࡣࠊධᏛ⪅ᩘ࡜୍⯡ධヨࢆཷࡅࡿேࡢேᩘࡣ⥲ࡌ࡚ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ᩘ࡛ࡋࡓࡀࠊᖺࢆ㏣࠺
஦࡟ࠊධᏛ⪅ᩘ࡜୍⯡ධヨࢆཷࡅࡿேࡢ㛫࡟㛤ࡁࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࢸࢫࢺࢆཷࡅࡿ
ேࡓࡕ࡟ᕪ␗ࡀ࡛࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢᕪࡢ㒊ศࡢேࡣࠊ୍⯡ධヨ࡛኱Ꮫ࡟ධࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ࡤࡎ࡟ࠊ㸿㹍ධヨࢆཷࡅࡓேࡓࡕ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㛵ᚰ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㸿㹍ධヨ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࠿ࡽぢ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࡇࢀࡀᡃࠎࡢ⌮᝿࡜ࡍࡿࠊᮃࡴ࡭ࡁ≧ἣࡢᕪ␗ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡛ࡍࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽఱ࠿㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࠼ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ㒊ศ࡟ఱ࠿᪂ࡋ࠸✀㢮ࡢከᵝᛶࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ᪉ἲㄽⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡇ
ࡢከᵝᛶࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ኚᩘࠊᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࡏࡿኚᩘࡣ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡇࡇࡀ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕ྥࡅࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊⓙࡉࢇ᫇ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋࡶࡋࡶ
ࡑ࠺࡞ࡽࠊ㉁ၥࡣࠊࡇࡢኚ໬ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿせ⣲ࡣఱ࠿࡜ࠊᏛ⏕ࡔࡗࡓࡽ⪺ࡁࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋゝࡗ࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊண

࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ከᵝᛶ࡜࡛ࡶゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊⲨ஭ඛ⏕ࡢ࠾ヰ࡛ࠊ㧗ᰯࢆ༞ᴗࡋ࡞࠸ேࡀࡩ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ
ࡇࢀࡣࣃ࢖ࣉࡢ✰࠿ࡽ₃ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢔࢘ࢺ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࣃ࢖ࣉࡢ✰࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺
࡟ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸰ࡘࡢࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗࡓᚋ࡟ヰࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ ࣃ࢖ࣉࡢỈ₃ࢀၥ㢟ࡣࠊඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡝ࡇ࡛ࡶࠊୡ⏺୰࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡧࡗࡃࡾࡍࡿ࡯

࡝ࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡀ㏵୰࡛ࡸࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊู࡟ࡑࢀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࠊ㡑ᅜࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ
࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡞࡝࡟㝈ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⌧㇟࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛⪃࠼
ࡿ࡭ࡁⅬࡣࠊ࡛ࡣఱ࡛࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡔࡅゝࡗ࡚࠿ࡽࠊࡉࡗࡁࡢ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕ྥࡅࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢㄽⅬ࡟ᡠࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
࡝࠺ࡶࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣᏛ⏕ࡓࡕ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡽࡋ࠸࡜᥎ㄽࡍࡿഴྥࡀ⚾ࡓࡕ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࠿ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡣఱ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ࡞ࡐᩍ⫱ࡢᛶ㉁ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ࡯࠺ࢆၥࢃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡢㄪᰝࡢࡓࡵࡢ௬ㄝ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡔࢀࡶࡇࡢ௬ㄝࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇ
ࢀࡣ⚾ࡢ௬ㄝ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᏛ⏕ࡢᏛࡧ᪉ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀ᪤࡟ኚࢃࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢኚࢃࡾࡼ࠺ࠊ
ࡑࡢኚ໬ࡀ♧ࡍ᭤⥺ࢆ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ኚ໬ࢆಁࡍせᅉࡀఱ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡶ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡇࢇ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡕࡽࢆ═ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከศࠊࡇࡇࡀ㛫㐪ࡗࡓほⅬ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜ࠋࡇࢀࡀᏛ⏕ࠊᏛࡧᡭࡀࡇࡇ࡟࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽࠊࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡢ௬ㄝࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡇࡕࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ⚾ࡀࡇࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ୍ဨࡔࡗࡓࡽࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆ࡚ᩥ⛉┬࠿ࡽ࠾㔠ࢆࡶࡽࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࡢ✰࠿ࡽⴠࡕࡓேࠎ࡟⪺࠸࡚ᅇࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ
࣮ࢺ࡞ࢇ࠿ࢆ㓄ࡿࢇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜࠿㉁ⓗㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ
ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡽ࡞ࡾࡢୡ⏺ほࢆㄒࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡀᙼࡽ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝࠺
࠸࠺౯್ࢆᣢࡕᚓࡿࡢ࠿ࠊᣢࡕᚓࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ⪺࠸࡚ࡳࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࠺ࡲࡃゝ࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡢࢺࣚࢱࠊ࢔
࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡸࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ᪉ἲㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ
࡝ࡢேࡓࡕࡣࠊࡑࡢᮏ㉁ࢆࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊ༢࡞ࡿ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ᪉ἲࡢ୍ࡘࡔࢁ࠺ࠊ
࠶ࢀࡣࠊ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢺࣚࢱࡀ㌟ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡏࡓࡢࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢேࡓࡕࢆ࠸࠿࡟⏕⏘ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ክ୰࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡏࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ࠶
ࡢࢺࣚࢱⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜㐪࠺࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࠊ⚾ࡣࡇࡢᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ࡜ࡗ
࡚ࡳࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ
ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ ᫬㛫࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃᮏᙜࡣࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢὶࢀ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࠸࠸
࡞࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢධࡾཱྀࡲ࡛᮶ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊࡍࡗ࠿ࡾ᫬㛫࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ
ࡘࡓ࡞࠸ྖ఍࡛ࠊ༑ศ࡟ࡈ㆟ㄽࡢ᫬㛫ࡀ࡜ࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊࡲࡇ࡜࡟⏦ࡋࢃࡅ࡞ࡃᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡶࡋࡃࡣࡈពぢࠊࡈ㉁ၥ࡜࠸࠺᪉ࠊ࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍ
࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡼࢁࡋࡹ࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡽࠊ࡛ࡣࠊࡁࡻ࠺ࡢ㸲ྡࡢฟᖍ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟୍ゝࡎࡘ᭱ᚋ࡟ࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࢆࡋ
࡚ࠊࡇࡢ఍ࢆ㛢ࡵࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ἒἂἻἋ૙੉

㝶ศᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࡋࠊᏛࡤࡏ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ឤ᝿࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊఱࡔ࠿㉁ၥࡀ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸ฟ࡚ࡁ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢵ
ࢺࢠࣕࢵࣉࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡀ୍ࡘฟ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡼࡡࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ⏕⏘ᛶࡢࡇ࡜࡜࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ヨ㦂ࡢࡇ࡜࡜࠿ࠋ࡛ࡶࠊࡲࡉ࠿㹃㹒㹑ࡳࡓ࠸࡟ᩘᏐࢆぢ࡚ࠊᩘᏐࢆ࠸ࡌࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࠊࡑࡢᜠᜨࡀࠊࣉࣟࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࡀ࡝࠺ࡢࡇ࠺ࡢ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࢠࣕࢵࣉ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᚲせ࡞ࡇ࡜ࠊᚲ↛࠿࡞࡜ࡶᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ 㧗ᰯࡢࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿேࡀከ࠸࡜ࠋࡇࢀࡲࡓูၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡛ฟ࡚
ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊேࠎࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡢ⫼ᬒࠊ⌮⏤ࢆ▱ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊேࠎࢆࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ྵࡵ
ࡿࠊࡇࢀࡣ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ୍ࡘ⯆࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㸿㹍ධヨ࡛ධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿேࡓࡕࡀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊධᏛᚋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡛
ࡁࡤ࠼࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊศᯒࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᅜ❧኱Ꮫࡣࠊࡇࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ධヨࡢᾘ㈝⪅ᵝ࡛࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡲ࠶࠸࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㸿㹍ධヨࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛࠺ࡲࡃ
࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺኱Ꮫࡔࡗ࡚ࠊ࡯࠿࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
 ⚾⮬㌟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࡢࢠࣕࢵࣉ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝ᚰ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊⓙࡉࢇ࡟ࡣỴࡋ࡚㹃㹒㹑ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ࡞ࡉࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟࡜ᛮࡗ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋἓỹὅϱ૙੉ᴾ ᴾ
㸯ࡘࡔࡅᛮࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡉࡗࡁࠊྎ‴ࡢඛ⏕࡛ࡎࡿࢆࡋࡓඛ⏕ࡢヰࢆࡋࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠸࠸ඛ⏕࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ㹓㹁ࡳࡓ࠸࡟◊✲୰ᚰࠊ◊✲㔜どࡢ኱Ꮫࡔ࡜ࠊ
࡞࠿࡞࠿኱ኚࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ㸯ᖺ⏕ࠊ㸰ᖺ⏕࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࠸࠸ඛ⏕࡟ᜨࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࡜࡚ࡶ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡞ࢇ࠿ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ⇕ᚰ࡞࠸࠸ඛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸯ᖺ⏕ࠊ㸰ᖺ⏕ࢆ㐣ࡈࡋ࡚࠿ࡽࠊ㸱ᖺ⏕ࠊ㸲ᖺ⏕࡛㹓㹁࡟⛣ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡶ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ ࡔ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢᏊ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ᩍ࠼᪉ࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠊࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸Ꮫᰯࡀ㑅࡭ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊࡳࢇ࡞ࡀࡳࢇ࡞ᮾ኱࡬⾜࠿࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠿࠸࠺
ࢃࡅࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
἞ὊἢỸỴὊ૙੉ᴾ ᴾ
࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋඛ࡯࡝ࠊࢮ࣑ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡸࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡍࡳࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ ୡ⏺ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡍࡈ࠸ୡ⏺ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᑐヰࡢࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ྠኈࡢᑐヰࡢࠊ⇕ᚰ࡞఍ヰࡢ᫬௦࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛ၥࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᙺ๭ࡣఱ
ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢୡ⏺ࡣࠊࡶ࠺┠࡟ࡶ࡜ࡲࡽࡠ㏿ࡉ࡛ኚ໬ࢆࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ♫఍࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ኱࠸࡞ࡿ▩┪ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᩍ⫱࡜࠸࠺⏘ᴗࡣࠊே㛫ࡀࡘࡃࡗࡓ⏘ᴗࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶಖᏲⓗ࡞㒊㛛࡛ࡍࠋࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢಖᏲⓗ࡞㒊㛛ࡀࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣛ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠿ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡜࠸ࡗࡓຊࡢ኱࠸࡞ࡿᣮᡓࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡍࠋࡇࢇ࡞ࡢࡣ᝿ീࡶࡘ࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡋࡓࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࡿࡢࡣࡑࢇ࡞ሙᡤ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡔ࠿

ࡽࠊࡰ࣮ࡗ࡜ᚅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ࠾஫࠸▱ࡾྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊࡸ
ࡾ࡜ࡾࡶ࡛ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽᑐヰࢆጞࡵࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ ๓ࠊ࠶ࡿᩍᤵࡀ⚾࡟ゝࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࢮ࣑࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣṇࡋ࠸⟅࠼ࢆ᥈ࡍሙ
ᡤ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊṇࡋ࠸ၥ࠸ࢆⓎࡍࡿሙ࡞ࢇࡔ࡜ࠋ ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ㸦ᢿᡭ㸧ဋɶ૙੉ίӮ˟ὸᴾ ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡛ࡣࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟Ⲩ஭ඛ⏕࡟ࠊࡈ⮬ศࡢࡲ࡜ࡵࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊὝᐹຊ࠶ࡿゝⴥ࡛⥾ࡵࡃࡃࡗ࡚࠸
ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᒰʟ૙੉ᴾ ᴾ༑ศ࡟኱Ꮫ㝔ࡢࢮ࣑ࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᏛ⏕ࡢᚰቃ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ᫬㛫ࡶᢲࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊỴࡋ࡚Ὕᐹຊࡢ࠶ࡿⓎゝࡣฟ࡚ࡲ࠸ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇ
ࡣࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࢹ࢕࣮ࣥࡀゝࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊṇࡋ࠸ၥ࠸ࢆⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺༑ศ
࡞ᶵ఍࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ኱ኚ႐ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࡲࡍࠋ ᐇࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡈሗ࿌࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊⓙࡉࢇ࡟ࡈ஢ゎࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡁࡻ࠺
ࡢ㸱ேࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࠊᶵᵓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢼࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝ࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢨ࣮࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊ
ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡢᶵᵓࡢάື࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽᨭ᥼ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡇ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ
ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢ᪨ࠊⓙࡉࢇ࡟ࡈ஢ゎ࡜ࡈᨭ᥼ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍࡼ࠺࡟࠾㢪࠸⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡁ
ࡻ࠺ࡢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࢆ㛢ࡌࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ᮏᙜ࡟ࡈ༠ຊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋሗ࿌⪅ࡢඛ⏕᪉࡟࡝࠺ࡒࡶ࠺୍ᅇᢿᡭࢆ࠾㢪࠸࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ㸦ᢿᡭ㸧 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ኱ኚࢱࣇ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㸳᫬㛫㏆ࡃ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ㏻ヂࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࡲࡋࡓෙᮌ཭⣖Ꮚࡉࢇࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ኱ኚ࡟ࢩ࣮ࣕࣉ࡞ྖ఍ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓ⏣୰ࡉࢇ࡟ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ࡲࡓ
ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㸦ᢿᡭ㸧
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



⾗ᢱ㧦 ⊓ს⠪⇛ᱧ(Kent) Sheng Yao Cheng
Associate Professor
Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies/Center for Teacher
Education
National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
168 University Rd., Min-HsiungE-mail: kentcheng@ccu.edu.tw

Chia-Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C. 621

Phone : (886)-5-2720411#36400

Educational Background2001-2004

Ph. D., Social Science and Comparative Education, Graduate School of Education andInformational Studies at UCLA.
Dissertation Topic: The Politics of Identity and Schooling: A Comparative Case Study ofAmerican Indians and Taiwan Aborigines.
Advisers: John Hawkins and Carlos Torres

1999-2001

Doctoral student in the Department of Education at NTNU, Taiwan.

1997-1999

M.A. in Education
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
Thesis Topic: A Study on Educational Selection Mechanisms in Hong Kong
Adviser: Shan Wen-Jin

1990-1994

B.A. in Education
National Chengchi University, Taiwan(GPA 4.0)

Research Experiences
2008-present

Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies, College of Education at
National Chung Cheng University

2008-2010

Program Director, SIG: Higher Education, Comparative and International Education
Conference (CIES)

2005-present

Co-Director, Global Education Training and Leadership Institute (GETLI)

2004-2008

Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies, College of Education at
National Chung Cheng University

2002- 2007

Research Coordinator, Center of International and Development Education (CIDE) at
University of California, Los Angeles

2003- 2004

Research Assistant, Paulo Freire Institute (PFI) at University of California, Los Angeles.

2000-2001

Research assistant, Taiwan Aboriginal educational policy analysis with Dr. Jason Chang at
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei

1997-1999

Research assistant: Hong Kong Examinational Reform Analysis with Dr. Peter Shan at
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei

Teaching Experiences
2008-present

Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies, College of Education at
National Chung Cheng University
炷UCLA) ED X331:Current Issues in Comparative, International & Development Education

2007

Co-instructed with John Hawkins, Val Rust, and James Jacob
炷UCLA) ED X331:Current Issues in Comparative, International & Development Education

2005

Co-instructed with John Hawkins, Val Rust, and James Jacob
2004-2008

Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Curriculum Studies, College of Education at
National Chung Cheng University

2000-2001

Adjunct lecturer at National Open University, Taipei
ɀMethodology of Educational ResearchɀAdult Psychology and Counseling

1999-2001

Teaching Assistant at National Taiwan Normal University
ɀAssisted students with daily experiences and answered their questions
ɀCharged of International Conference and Academic ExchangeɀSupported financial and computing skills.

1996-1998

Teacher at Shih-Chien Public Primary School, Taipei
ɀFull teaching responsibility for thirty students of the third gradeɀFull administrating responsibility for the one thousand and five hundred students’ moral
behaviors and discipline counseling.

Publications
Cheng, S. Y. (2009-In press). Quality Assurance in Higher Education: The Taiwan Experiences since 1990s,
Higher Educational Education Forum. (Forthcoming)
Jacob, W. J., Car, M. J. ,& Cheng, S. Y. (2009-In press.). Impact of Cultural Awareness on International Student
Teaching Program in Pacific, Pacific Rim Studies, 2(1). (Forthcoming)
Cheng, S. Y. and Jacob, W. J. (2008). American Indian and Taiwan Aboriginal Education: Indigenous Identity
and Career Aspirations. Asian Pacific Education Review, 9(3), 233-247. (SSCI)
Cheng, S. Y. and Hawkins, J. (2008). The Study on UCLA Self-Evaluation. Evaluation Bimothly, 15, 56-59Ƕ
Chen, C.D. and Cheng, S. Y.Ȑ2008ȑ. Cultural Capital and Academic Achievement. Journal of National Hsinchu
University of Education, 25(1), 79-98.
Cheng, S. Y., Hung, C. C., and Ho, Y. W. (2008). Graduation and Employment. Taiwan Higher education
Research Journal, 22,1-15.
Cheng, S. Y. and Tsai, C. T. (2008). The Research on Teacher Education Alliance. Contemporary Educational
Research, 16(1), 41-76. (TSSCI)
Cheng, S.Y. (2008).ǶThe Critique of Michael Vavrus and His Transformative Multicultural Educational Teacher
Education. Chung Cheng Educational Studies, 6(2), 95-104.
Cheng, S. Y. and Jacob, W. J. (2007). A Comparative Case Study on Indigenous Educational Policies Between
Taiwan and the United States. Comparative Education, 63(2), 40-78Ƕ㻷㼍㼠㼟㼡㼔㼕㼞㼛㻌㻭㼞㼍㼕㻌 㻌
Vice Director-General for College Testing, Professor (2009 to present )The National Center for University Entrance Examinations
Emeritus Professor, Tohoku University
His research topics are mainly about higher education policy
and Educational Testing and he also teaches Educational
Policy and Planning at Tohoku University Graduate School of Education as an adjunct professor.

Education
Ph.D.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Social Engineering, 1978

M.A. and B.A.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, cognate field Chemical EngineeringProfessionalPosition
2009 - present

Vice Director-General for College Testing, Professor

2006 - 08

Vice-President for Academic Affairs, Tohoku University.

2005 - 07

Dean of the Department of Education, Tohoku University.

2000 - 09

Professor with tenure, Tohoku University Graduate School of Education,

1996 - 00

Professor with tenure, Research Division,
National Center for University Entrance Examinations

1991 - 95

Professor with tenure, Research Institute of Higher Education,
Hiroshima University

1985 - 91

Section Chief with tenure, Research Division,
National Institute of Educational Research.


ProfessionalSocietyJapanese Association of Higher Education Research
Executive Board (elected), 1997 - present
The Japan Society of Educational Sociology
Executive Board (elected), 2002 - 2009
The Japan Educational Administration Society
Executive Board (elected), 2001 - 2004

AdvisoryGroupandNationalCouncil
Expert Member of Central Education Council (1998 - 1999)
Member of National Curriculum Council (1999 - 2000)

Expert Member, Committee of University Admissions Testing, in Japan Association National
Universities (1993 - 04, 2008 - 09)

Editorial
Chief, Editorial Board, Japanese Association of Higher Educational Research (2005 - 07)
Member, Editorial Board, Japanese Association of Higher Educational Research (1997 - 01)
Member, Editorial Board, the Japan Society of Educational Sociology (1993 - 1997, 2009 - to present )TeachingActivities
Education Policy and planning
Higher Education policy
Articulation between high School and University


Publications
ARAI, Katsuhiro and KURAMOTO, Naoki (ed.), 2008, Agenda of National Assessment of Basic
Scholastic Ability, Kaneko Shobo,
ARAI, Katsuhiro and HASHIMOTO, Akihiko (ed.), 2005, High School to College Articulation; toward
the universal stage of higher education, Tamagawa University Press
FUZII, Mitsuaki, YANAI, Haruo and ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 2002, Comparative Study on University
Entrance Examinations, Taga Shuppan
YANO, Masakazu and ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 1990, Educational Planning at life-long learning Society,
Kyoiku Kaihatu Kenkyujo
And others.

Reports
ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 2006, Supply Mechanism of Japanese Private Universities, Japan
Society of Promotion Science.
ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 2005, Study of National Assessment of Educational Progress in U.S.,
Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 2000, What have College Students Studied at High school? , The
National Center for University Entrance Examination.
ARAI, Katsuhiro (ed.), 1996, Re-medial Education in Colleges, RIHE(No.42), Hiroshima
National University and others.

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