R

Lidocaine

Example ofbenchtopNMR
NMR ofonsmallsmall organicorganic molecules
Showcasing
benchtopmolecules
Example: Lidocaine

Lidocaine (C14H22N2O) is a common local
anaestheticbenchtop
and antiarrhythmic
is used topicallytoShowcasing
NMR ofdrug.
smallIt organic
molecules
relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations. As anaesthetic it is injected for dental or other
Example: Lidocaine
minor surgery.
CH
CH
Lidocaine (C H N O) is a common local
3

3

N
H3C

NH

CH3
O

H3C

14

22

2

anaesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. It is used
CH3
CH3 Lidocaine (C14H22N2O) is a common local
topically
to relieve
itching,burning and pain fromanaesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. It is usedNskin inflammations. Astopicallyanaesthetic
it isinjected
forand pain fromto relieve
itching,burning
CH3 surgery.
NH or other minor
skin inflammations. As anaesthetic it is injected for
dentalOdental or other minor surgery.

1H NMR
1H in
The 1H NMR spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine
in CDCl
Figure1. The spectrum was recorded inspectrum3 is shown
NMR
spectruma single scan, taking 7 seconds to acquire. All peaks and 1H-1H couplings are well resolved, and can be
The 1H NMR spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3 is shown in Figure 1. The spectrum
assigned toThe
the1H
molecular
structure.
NMR spectrumof 200 mM
lidocaine in CDCl is shown in Figure 1. The spectrum
was recorded in a single scan,3 taking 7 seconds to acquire. All peaks and 1H-1H couplings
1H couplings
was recorded in a single scan, taking
seconds
acquire.
Alltopeaks
and 1Hare well7resolved,
andtocanbe assigned
the molecular
structure.
are well resolved, and can be assigned to the molecular structure.

Figure 1: Proton NMR spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 1: Proton NMR spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 1: Proton NMR spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

1H NMR RELAXATION

1H NMR relaxation

1H NMR relaxation
The relaxation time measurements are shown in Figures 2 - 4. Note that the relaxation

times are longest for the CH protons and shortest for the CH2 protons. The amplitude of thefirst data point scales with the number of protons for the corresponding peak.

The relaxation time measurements are shown in Figures 2 - 4. Note that the relaxation

4.4 s
2.5 s
2.2 s
1.4 s
1.9 s
1.4 s
1.8 s
1.5 s
The relaxation timeshownandin shortest forof thetimesmeasurements
are longest for theare
CH protons
the CH2 protons. The amplitude
Figures 2 - 4. Notethattherelaxation
times
are
first data point scales with the numberof protons for the corresponding peak.
1H NMR
relaxation
1.8 s
0.9 s
1.4 s
1.2 s
longest for the CH protons and shortest for the
4.4 s
2.5
s
2.2
s
1.4
s
1.9
s
1.4
s
1.8 s
1.5 s
CH2 protons. TheThe
amplitudeof thefirst data arepointrelaxation timemeasurements
shown in Figures 2 - 4. Note that the relaxation
FigureProtonand T2 The(right)amplitude
relaxation timeeach proton position of the molecule
scales with the number
protonsforprotons.
offorthetimes areof
longestfor theCHtheprotons and shortest
for2:theCHT21 (left)
first data point 1.8
scaleswith
thenumberofprotonsforthecorresponding
peak.
ProtonT(left)
andT(right)relaxation
time for each12
corresponding peak.
s
0.9 s
1.4 s
1.2 s

4.4 s

2.2 s

1.4 s

1.8 s

proton position of the molecule
2.5 s
1.9 s
1.4 s

1.5 s

Figure 2: Proton T1 (left) and T2 (right) relaxation time for each proton position of the molecule
1.8 s
0.9 s
1.4 s
1.2 s

Figure 2: Proton T1 (left) and T2 (right) relaxation time for each proton position of the molecule
Figure 3: Proton T1 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 3: Proton T1 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 2: Proton T1 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 4: Proton T2 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 3: Proton T1 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 4: Proton T2 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 4: Proton T2 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 3: Proton T2 relaxation time measurement of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3.

2D COSY

2D COSY

The 2D COSY spectrum is shown in Figure 4. It clearly shows two spin systems (6,7,8) to(10,11) and (14,15) to (16,17). For example, the methyl groups at positions 16 an 17 only
couple to the ethylene groups at positions 14 and 15, whilst the methyl groups at positions
10 and 11 couple to aromatic protons at positions 6 and 8. There is no coupling of positions(6,7,8) to either (14,15) or (16,17).

2D COSY

The 2D COSY spectrum is shown in Figure 4. It
Thespin
2D COSY
spectrumis shown
in Figure 4. It clearly shows two spin systems (6,7,8) toclearly shows two
systems(6,7,8)to (10,11)(10,11)
and(14,15)
to(16,17).
For
example, the methyl groups at positions 16 an 17 onlyand (14,15) to (16,17). For example, the methyl
couple to the ethylene groups at positions 14 and 15, whilst the methyl groups at positionsgroups at positions 16 an 17 only couple to the
10 and 11 couple to aromatic protons at positions 6 and 8. There is no coupling of positions
ethylene groups (6,7,8)
at positions
and or15,
whilst theto either14(14,15)(16,17).
methyl groups at positions 10 and 11 couple toaromatic protons at positions 6 and 8. There is no
coupling of positions (6,7,8) to either (14,15)or (16,17).

Figure 4: COSY spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3. The cross-peaks andcorresponding exchanging protons are marked by colour-coded ellipses and arrows.

Figure 4: COSY spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3. The cross-peaks andFigure 4:corresponding
COSY spectrumof 200protons
mM lidocaine
in CDCl
andarrows.
corresponding
3. The cross-peaks
exchanging
are marked
by colour-coded
ellipses andexchanging protons are marked by colour-coded ellipses and arrows.

2D HOMONUCLEAR J-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY

7.21 Hz7.21 Hzby the green lines in Figure 5, and enables the
In the 2D homonuclear j-resolved spectrum the2Dhomonuclear
j-resolved
spectroscopy
measurement of proton-proton coupling frequencies.
chemical shift is along the direct (f2) direction
comparingthecoupling
frequencies
betweenand the effectsInofthe
proton-proton
couplingalong
2D homonuclear
j-resolved
spectrum theBychemical
shift isalong
the direct(f2)
directionandtheeffectsofproton-proton
couplingalong
theindirect(f1)
dimension.
This
different
peaks,
itispossibletoextract
information
the indirect (f1) dimension. This allows the full
the fullassignmentof chemical shifts ofabout
overlapping
can allow
which multiplets,
peaks areandcoupledto each other.
assignment of allows
chemical
shiftsof overlapping
otherwise
unresolved
couplings
tobemeasured.
The
projection
along
the
f1
dimension
For
example,boththetripletat1.23ppm
and themultiplets, and can allow otherwise unresolved
yieldsa“decoupled”
1D
protonspectrum.
Figure
5
shows
the
2D
homonuclear
j-resolved
quartet at 2.80 ppm have a splitting of 7.21 Hz,
couplings to be measured. The projection along
spectrumoflidocaine,
along
with
the
1D
protonspectrum asthat
bluetheseline. The
verticalsuggestinggroupsare coupled to eachthe f1 dimension yields a “decoupled” 1D proton
projection shows how the multiplets collapse into a single peak, which greatly simplifies
other. The size of the coupling frequency provides
spectrum. Figure 5 shows the 2D homonuclear
the 1D spectrum.
information about the coupling strength.
j-resolved spectrum
lidocaine,
withinthe
Verticaloftraces
throughalong
the peaks
the 2D spectrum yield the peak multiplicities, as shown
example,ofthe
small splittingof 1.26 Hz of the
1D proton spectrum
as blueline.
The verticalby the green
lines
in Figure5, and enables the For
measurement
proton-proton
coupling
peak
at
2.35
ppm
is
probablydue
to the long range
projection shows
how theBy
multipletscollapse
frequencies.
comparingthe coupling frequencies between different peaks, it is possible
coupling
to aromatic
positions
6 and 8.
into a single peak,whichgreatly simplifies
thepeaks
1D are coupled
to extract
information
about which
to eachother. Forprotons
example,atboth
the
These
couplings
confirmthefindings
of
the
COSY
spectrum. Verticalthroughpeaks atin 2.80
the ppm have a splitting of 7.21 Hz, suggesting that
triplettraces
at 1.23ppm
and thethe quartet
experimentin Figure4. provides
thesethegroupsaremultiplicities,
coupled to eachasother.
The sizeof the coupling
frequency
2D spectrum yield
peak
shown
information about the coupling strength. For example, the small splitting of 1.26 Hz of thepeak at 2.35 ppm is probably due to the long range coupling to aromatic protons at
positions 6 and 8.
These couplings confirm the findings of the COSY experiment in Figure 4.

Figure 5: Homonuclear j-resolved spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3. The multiplet

Figure5: Homonuclear
j-resolvedmM lidocaine
CDCl34.
. The multiplet
splittingfrequencies fordifferent spectrum
couplings ofare200colour-coded
as ininFigure
splitting frequencies for different couplings are colour-coded as in Figure 4.

2D homonuclear j-resolved spectroscopy
2D HOMONUCLEAR J-RESOLVED
SPECTROSCOPY

2D homonuclear
j-resolved spectroscopy
One unusual and often neglected feature of this experiment is that second order coupling

effects show up in the indirect (f1) direction as extra peaks equidistant from the coupling
partners well removed from the zero frequency in the indirect dimension. These peaks are
One unusual and often neglected featureof this experiment is that second order coupling
often neglected as artefacts, but provide direct evidence of second order coupling partners.
effects
show
up
in
the
indirect(f1)
direction
extra
peaks
equidistanttheby
coupling
Note
this
spectrumis basedon the samedata
One unusual and often neglected feature of this
These extraaspeaks
andthatcoupling
partners
arefrommarkedcolour-coded
ellipses
and arrows in
well removed
from the zerofrequencyintheindirectdimension.
peaks
areFigure 5, only the scaling has
Figure6. Noteasthat
thisspectrumis basedon Thesethe samedata
asFigure5, only
the scalinghaschanged.
experiment ispartners
that second
order coupling
effects
often
neglected
as artefacts,
providedirect evidence of second order coupling partners.
changed.
show up in theindirect(f1) direction
asbut
extra

These fromextra thepeaks
and coupling
partners
peaks equidistantcoupling
partnerswellare marked by colour-coded ellipses and arrows in
Figure 6. Note that this spectrum is based on the same data as Figure 5, only the scaling has
removed from the zero frequency in the indirectchanged.
dimension. These peaks are often neglected as
artefacts, but provide direct evidence of second
order coupling partners. These extra peaks andcoupling partners are marked by colour-coded
ellipses and arrows in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Homonuclear j-resolved spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3 showing theextra peaks due to strong couplings.

Figure 6: Homonuclear j-resolved spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3 showing theextra peaks
due to strong
couplings.
Figure6: Homonuclear
j-resolved
spectrum of 200 mM lidocaine in CDCl3 showing theextra peaks due to strong couplings.

1D 13C spectra

1D 13C SPECTRAC NMR spectra of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3 are shown in Figure 7. The 1DCarbon
1D 13TheC 13spectra
13experiment is sensitive to all C nuclei in the sample. It clearly resolves 9 resonances.

125 and 130
to methyne
The 13C NMR spectra of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl
The 133C DEPT experimentusesppm
polarisationtransfergroups.
between From
protontheand carbon nuclei a
13
can
be
used
for
spectralediting.
Onlycarbons
directlyattached
toprotonspeakintensities
numberof contributing carbonare visible inare shown in
Figure7. The1DCarbonexperiment
The
C NMR
spectraof 1 M lidocaine
in CDCl3 areshown
in Figure the7. The1DCarbon
13
these
Since
the bepeaks
at 170and
135example,
ppm do notshowarein the DEPT spectra
C nuclei
inexperiments.
the sample.
It
clearly
resolves
9 resonances.
is sensitive
to allatoms
canobtained.
For
there
is sensitive experiment
to all 13C nuclei
in thesample.
It clearly
13C DEPT experiment uses polarisation
they
must
belongtoquaternarycarbons.
The
DEPT-90experiment
gives
only signal of C
Thetransfer
betweenprotonandcarbonnucleiand13three CH2 groups in the molecule, two of which areresolves 9 resonances. The C DEPT experimentgroups,whilstthe DEPT-45
and
DEPT-135
give signalsof CH, CH2 and CH3 groups, bu
can
be
used
for
spectralediting.
Onlycarbons
directlyattached
toprotonsarevisibleinequivalent (positions 14 and 15). Since
uses polarisation transfer between proton andthe170CHandappearpeaks
in thespectra
DEPT-135. It can then be concluded that
2 groups
these
experiments.
Since
the
peaks
at
135
ppm
do as
notnegative
the DEPT
the10
peak
atshow
57.7inbelong
ppm
is
only
about halfcarbon nuclei and can be used for spectraltheediting.
peaks
between
and
20
ppm
to
methylthetheones between 45 and 60
they must belong to quaternary carbons. The DEPT-90 experiment gives only signal of groups,
CH
of
the
one
at
49.2
ppm,
it
must
come
Only carbons directly attached to protons ppm
are to ethylene,amplitude
andbetween
125
and
130
ppm
to
methynegroups.
From the peakgroups, whilst the DEPT-45 and DEPT-135 give signals of CH, CH2 and CH3 groups, but
fromasinglecarbonandtherefore
frompositionvisible in theseexperiments.
Since
the
peaks
at
intensities
thenumberofcontributing
carbonatoms
canbeobtained.
For example, there
the CH2 groups appear as negative peaks in the DEPT-135. It can then be concluded thatthreeCH
groupsinthemolecule,
two
of
which
are
equivalent(positions
14 and 15). Sin
12.
A
similaranalysiscanbeperformed
170 and 135
ppm
do
not
show
in
the
DEPT
spectra2
the peaks between 10 and 20 ppm belong to methylgroups, the ones between 45 and 60
the
peak
at
57.7
ppm
is
only
about
half
the
amplitude
of
the
one
at
49.2
ppm,
it must com
the Cgroups.
and CHpeaks.
The only remaining
they must belong
to quaternarycarbons.
The130 ppm to on
ppm to ethylene,
and between
125 andmethyneFrom
the peakfromasinglecarbonandtherefore
fromposition
12.
A
similaranalysiscanbeperformed
in theFor
assignmentwould
DEPT-90 experiment
gives
onlyofsignalof CHcarbon atomsambiguity
intensities thenumbercontributing
can be obtained.
example, there
are be the CH3
on
the
C
and
CH
peaks.
The
only
remainingambiguity
intheassignment
would
be the C
threetheCHDEPT-45
the molecule,twoof which aregroups
equivalent(positions
14 and 15). Since(10,11)and (16,17).
groups, whilst
DEPT-135give
2 groups inandgroups (10,11) and (16,17).
the peak57.7CHppm
is only about half the amplitude of the one at 49.2 ppm, it must comesignals of CH,
CH2atand3 groups, but the CH2fromasinglecarbonandfrom position 12. A similar analysis can be performedgroups appear as negative peakstherefore
in the DEPT-135.
on the C and CH peaks. The only remaining ambiguity in the assignment would be the CH3
It can then be concluded that the peaks between
groups (10,11) and (16,17).
10 and 20 ppm belong to methyl groups, the ones
between 45 and 60 ppm to ethylene, and between

Figure 7: Carbon spectra of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 7: Carbon spectra of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.
Figure 7: Carbon spectra of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

HETCORHETCOR
from Figures 1 and 7 as vertical and horizontal
Similar to the 2D COSY experiment, which detects
traces. The peaks in the 2D spectrum show which
proton-proton
coupling
partners,
a seriesofSimilarto the2D COSY
experiment,
which detects
proton-proton coupling partners, a
proton is bonded to which carbon.
heteronuclear
2D NMR
experiments2D
have
been
seriesof heteronuclear
NMR
experiments
have been devised to detect couplingThis experiment solves the assignment ambiguity
devised to detect
coupling
partnersof different
partnersof different
nuclei.
The Heteronuclear
Correlation (HETCOR) experiment is usedthe 1D carbon spectra. The carbon
nuclei. The Heteronuclear
Correlation(HETCOR)to correlate proton
resonances
to the carbonsfrom
directly
bonded to those protons. The
peak
at 18.8 ppm is connected to the proton
experiment isusedtocorrelate
protonresonances
HETCOR experiment detects the carbon signal along the direct dimension and the proton
singlet at 2.35 ppm. The singlet structure of theto the carbons
directly
to those
protons.
signalalongbonded
the indirect
dimension.
proton peak tells us that this methyl group has no
The HETCOR
experimentthe
The
HETCORdetects
spectrumofcarbon1 M lidocaine in CDCl
3 is shown in Figure 8, with the 1D
proton partners. Therefore, thesignal along proton
the direct
and from
the protonand dimension
carbon spectra
Figures 1 andcoupling
7 as verticaland horizontal traces. The peaks
carbonpeak
at 18.8 ppm must be from thesignal along inthetheindirectdimension.
The
HETCOR
2D spectrum show which proton is bonded to which carbon.
carbons at positions 10 and 11.
spectrum of This1 M experimentlidocaine insolves
CDCl3theis shown
in ambiguity
assignment
from the 1D carbon spectra. The carbon
Figure 8, withthe
1D
protonandcarbonspectrapeak at 18.8 ppm is connected to the proton singlet at 2.35 ppm. The singlet structure of the

proton peak tells us that this methyl group has no coupling proton partners. Therefore, thecarbon peak at 18.8 ppm must be from the carbons at positions 10 and 11.

Figure 8: HETCOR spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 8: HETCOR spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

HMQC

HMQC

The HMQC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3 is
Another heteronuclear 2D correlation experiment
Anotherheteronuclear
2D
correlation
experiment
Heteronuclear
Quantumshownisinthe
Figure9, with theMultiple
1D protonand carbon
is the Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence
Coherence(HMQC)
experiment.
Similarto
HETCOR,
it
is
used
to
correlate
protonspectra from Figures 1 and 7 as horizontal and(HMQC) experiment. Similar to HETCOR, it is used
resonances
to the carbons
directly bonded toverticalthose protons.
However,
traces. The
peaksininthe
theHMQC
2D spectrum show
to correlate proton
resonances
to the carbons
experimentthecarbonsignalappearsalong
theindirectdimension,
andtheprotonsignalA similar
which proton is bonded to whichcarbon.
directly bonded to those protons. However, inalong the direct
dimension.
analysis as with the HETCOR spectrum can be
the HMQC experiment
the carbon
signal appears
in Figure 9, peakwith the1D proton
The
HMQC
spectrumof 1proton
M lidocaine
3 is shown
performed
for conclusive
assignment.
along the indirect dimension, and thesignal in CDClanddimension.
carbon spectra from Figures 1 and 7 as horizontal and vertical traces. The peaks in thealong the direct

2D spectrum show which proton is bonded to which carbon. A similar analysis as with theHETCOR spectrum can be performed for conclusive peak assignment.

Figure 9: HMQC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

Figure 9: HMQC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3.

HMBC

HMBC

HMBC

The HMQC experiment shown on the previous page was designed to correlate protons andcarbons which are connected through a one bond coupling. To obtain long-range protoncarbon
throughor threecouplings,
the Heteronuclear
found
from
the
COSY
spectrum,
The HMQC experimentshown
on theshown
previous
The HMQC
experimenton thecorrelations
previousones
page
wastwodesigned
tobondcorrelate
protons
andbut the Multiple Bond
Correlation (HMBC) experiment can be used. Like in the HMQC experiment the carbon
carbons
are connected
through a one bondcoupling.
To obtainshows
long-range
proton- to quaternary
HMQC
additionallycouplings
page was designed
to whichcorrelate
protons andsignal appears along the indirect dimension, and the proton signal along the direct
carboncorrelations
throughatwo
orbondthree bondcarbons,couplings,which
the Heteronuclear
MultipleBond
are not visible
in theCOSY orcarbons which areconnected
throughone
dimension.
Correlation(HMBC)
experiment
can
be
used.
Like
in
the
HMQC
experimentthecarbon
HMQC.
For
example,
there
are
clear
multibond
10, with the 1D proton
The HMBC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3 is shown in Figure
coupling. To obtain long-range protoncarbon
signalappearsalong
theindirectdimension,
andtheprotonsignalalong
thedirectandcarbonspectrafrom
Figures1
and7
ashorizontal
andverticalThetopeaks in the
couplings from the protons at positionstraces.
(10,11)
correlations through two or three bond couplings,
dimension.
2D spectrum show which protons are connected to which carbons via a long-range
the carbons at positions (8,6) and (9,5), as marked
the Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation
coupling. inThecouplings
between
The HMBC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine
CDCl
is shown
in molecular
Figure 10,positions
with thelook
1D similar
protonto the ones found fromin3Figure10.
Someother couplings
are marked(HMBC) experimentcan beused.
Likein thethe1COSY
but theadditionallyshows
couplings
and carbon
spectrafrom
Figuresand 7 spectrum,
as horizontal
andHMQC
verticaltraces. The
peaks
in the to quaternary carbons,
as
well.
It
is
interesting
to
note
that
there
is a multiband
HMQC experiment
the carbon
which
not visibletoinwhich
the COSY
or HMQC.
For example, there are clear
2D spectrum
showsignal
which appears
protons
areareconnected
carbons
via a long-range
couplings
theprotonslook
at positions
to thefoundcarbons
atto
positions(8,6) and (9,5), as
correlation
betweencarbons(14,15)
protonsalong the indirect
dimension,and thebetween
protonsignalfrompositions
coupling.
The couplings
molecular
similar (10,11)
to theones
frommarkedinFigure
10.
Some
other
couplings
aremarked
as
well.
It
is
interesting
to note that
(14,15).
This
is
due
to
three-bondcouplingfrom
14along the directthe
dimension.
COSY spectrum, but the HMQC additionally shows couplings to quaternary carbons,
there is a correlation between carbons (14,15) to protons (14,15). This is due to three-bondwhich arein theinCOSY
or
For15
example,there
are cleartoand viceversa(lightmultiband
green).
The HMBC spectrumof not1 Mvisible
lidocaine
CDCl
3 HMQC.
couplingfrom 14 to 15 and vice versa (light green).

couplings
from
the1D
protons
at positions(10,11) to the carbons at positions (8,6) and (9,5), as
is shown in Figure
10, withtheprotonandmarkedinFigure
10.
Some
other
couplings
carbon spectra from Figures 1 and 7 as horizontal are marked as well. It is interesting to note that
thereTheis a correlation
betweencarbons (14,15) to protons (14,15). This is due to three-bondand vertical traces.
peaks in the
2D spectrum
coupling from 14 to 15 and vice versa (light green).
show which protons are connected to whichcarbons via a long-range coupling. The couplings
between molecular positions look similar to the

Figure 10: HMBC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3, with some of the long-range
couplings marked.

Figure 10: HMBC spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3, with some of the long-range

Figure10: HMBC
spectrum of 1 M lidocaine in CDCl3, with some of the long-range
couplings
marked.
couplings marked.

R

Specifications• Frequency: 42.5 MHz Proton, 10.8 MHz Carbon• Resolution: 50% linewidth < 0.7 Hz (16 ppb)
• Lineshape: 0.55% linewidth < 20 Hz• Dimensions: 58 x 43 x 40 cm• Weight: 55 kg• Magnet: Permanent and cryogen free
• Stray field: < 2 G all around system

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