IISEE Newsletter Special Edition
November 2023

Foreword
Our institution, International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE), mainly conducts threefollowing one-year training courses named (S) Seismology Course, (E) Earthquake Engineering Course and(T) Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Course.
This booklet is a collection of abstracts of individual study reports from the trainees of the 2022-2023 course.
Regarding the trainees from S course and T course, only trainees who have volunteered wrote their abstracts.
Therefore, please kindly note that not all the abstracts are posted in this booklet.
Their further detailed synopsis can be found on the following website.
https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/jp/information/syndb/
Also, the final presentation from nine trainees will be released on IISEE E-learning website. (Coming soon)
https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/jp/information/el/
We hope this booklet will help you.
Hiroto Nakagawa
Tatsuhiko Hara
Yushiro Fujii(E Course leader)(S Course leader)(T Course leader)International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering,
Building Research Institute1 Tachihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, JAPAN.
E-mail: iisee@kenken.go.jp

Table of Contents
Seismology Course
2.
3.
4.

Estimation of crustal structure in northern Egypt using broadband seismic Ambient noise(5-50 s)Ground motion simulation of a significant earthquake in Egypt
Machine-learning-based phase picker: Analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of theOctober 2019 Cotabato and December 2019 Davao Del Sur earthquakes

Engineering Course
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Seismic fragility analysis of fixed and isolated base reinforced concrete building structuresin Indonesia
Soil type dependency on the seismic performance of RC precast government residentialbuilding
Seismic performance evaluation of a hybrid RC frame – precast wall building in Malaysia
Seismic performance of precast reinforced concrete Beam-to-column connection
Comparative study on the seismic performances of typical RC residential buildings
designed with old and new indian codes in Bhutan

Tsunami Course
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Rapid determination of tsunamigenic source parameters and real time inundation
modelling for Tews
Rapid determination of earthquake source parameters for tsunami early warning system
for Egypt
Enhancing tsunami early warning system in Fiji using tsunami database
Tsunami propagation and inundation simulations in Fiji based on scenario earthquakes
Real-time tsunami inundation forecasting for Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

1Citation: Adam, H. A., T. Hayashida (2023), Estimation of crustal structure in northern Egypt using broadband seismic Ambient noise (550 s), Abstract of OOSEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis.

ESTIMATION OF CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN NORTHERN EGYPTUSING BROADBAND SEISMIC AMBIENT NOISE(5-50 s)Hany ADAM
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), EGYPT
E-mail : hany.adam@nriag.sci.eg

Takumi HAYASHIDA (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute,
JAPAN

Used seismic ambient noise to calculate shear wave velocity models at
Northern Egypt
This study presents a comprehensive group velocity map for the crustal structure estimation in Northern Egypt
using ambient noise tomography (ANT) focusing on periods from 5 to 50 s. The study area covers Northern Egypt
and surrounding regions bounded by the Red Sea to the east and the Mediterranean Sea. We collected seismic
ambient noise data from 24 broadband seismic stations in the North part of Egypt (Fig. 1) from July 2021 to June
2022, with an interstation spacing ranging from 50 to 1000 km. Green’s Functions were derived from the crosscorrelation of the recorded data, resulting in 276 station pairs for analysis. Accordingly, 100 to 250 reliablemeasurements were selected based on the signal-to-noise ratio and the standard deviation of seasonal dispersion
curves. Utilizing the dense coverage of the ray paths enabled the generation of group velocity maps with 5 to 30 s
periods (example in Fig. 2), offering spatial resolutions between 50 and 400 km. The derived map revealed two
distinct structural zones in the upper crust: a high-velocity zone in the eastern part and a low-seismic velocity
zone in the western part (Fig. 2). To further validate the results, we obtained one-dimensional shear wave velocity
profiles were inverted from the observed group velocities (example in Fig. 3). We found that the estimated Moho
depths range from 35 km in the north and eastern parts to 40 km in the southwestern region, which arecomparable with those obtained from receiver function results. Our results show that ANT is a powerful andadvantageous tool, particularly in nonactive seismic areas, effectively overcoming the challenges encountered inconventional approaches based on seismic recordings.

Graphical abstract
Fig. 3. Example ofderivedgroup
velocity
dispersion curvesatpoint
C(Latitude: 28º,Longitude: 29º) in
the Northwestern
Desert (top panel).
The
red
line
indicatesthetheoretical groupvelocities derived
from the bestfitting
1D
structure modelFig. 2. Example of Rayleigh wave group velocity map at periods 10 s. (Left) (red trace in thepath densities for each grid node from 207 station pairs. (Middle) group bottom panel).
velocity distribution. (Right) spatial resolution map from 50 to 500 km.
Fig. 1. Tomographic map of
the study area. Red triangles
refer to 24 broadband seismic
stations used in this study.

National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG)
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), is anorganization established in 1903 in Helwan city, Egypt. It was establishedat the beginning for astronomical observation, then expanded to include
earthquake observation. Now NRIAG includes four main department:
Seismology, Astronomy, Geodynamics, and Electric and Magnetic.

2

Citation: Shalaby, I., T. Hayashida (2023), Ground motion simulation of a significant earthquake in Egypt, Abstract of IISEEGRIPS Master’s Thesis.

Ground Motion Simulation Of A Significant Earthquake In Egypt
Ibrahim SHALABY
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Cairo, EGYPT
E-mail : geoyousef2010@gmail.com

Takumi HAYASHIDA (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute,JAPAN

Abstract
Physics-based information was obtained for the simulation of strong ground motions for potential earthquakes in
Egypt.).
Destructive and significant earthquakes, such as the 1992 Dahshur Earthquake in Egypt (Mb5.8), may recur withvarying magnitudes and intensities. Earthquake simulation necessitates three essential pieces of information: thecharacteristics of the seismic source, the path through which seismic waves propagate, and the amplification
factors specific to the site. The objective of this study is to disentangle the effects of the source, site, andpropagation path for earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian Strong-Motion Network (ESMN), aiming to simulate
ground motions that might be associated with a significant earthquake recurrence in Egypt. We employed thespectral inversion method (generalized spectral inversion technique: GIT), utilizing ground motion data collectedfrom 20 stations across 52 earthquakes ranging from magnitude 3.0 to 7.8. Station HLWN was designated as areference station representing a rock site, while station ANSH served as a divisor site due to its record of the
maximum number of seismic events in the GIT based on Moya and Irikura (2003). Subsequently, we utilized theinformation derived from GIT, in conjunction with phase data from a minor earthquake in Cairo, to simulate groundmotions anticipated during a potential earthquake scenario in Cairo, assuming a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.0.
The simulated waveforms indicate peak ground accelerations of 58 cm/s2 at station HLWN, located approximately
35 kilometers from the epicenter. This finding implies the potential for significant ground motions extending into
densely populated areas. Ultimately, this study underscores the effectiveness of GIT in providing physics-based
estimations of ground motion in Egypt.

Graphical abstract
(N-S)

(E-W)

50.4 gal

58 gal
HLWN

70 gal

65 gal

KOTM

1.7 gal

2.2 galDABA

Estimated site amplification factors at each frequency ateach station. Almost all the station site amplifications
decreased when the frequency increased. This was
mainly observed in frequencies higher than 1.0 Hz.

Simulated waveform and PGA values
for an Mw7.0 earthquake at the E–W
and N–S components at stations
HLWN, KOTM and DABA.

National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG)-Helwan-Cairo-Egypt
The National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics(NRIAG)- first modern observatory operated at Bulaq in western
Cairo from 1840 to 1860 (Boulac Observatory). In 1865 anastronomical and geophysical observatory was establishedat Abbasya , east of Cairo. In 1903 the observatory was moved to
Helwan. The most important roles of NRIAG to study Earth's
crust movements and subsurface study. Also, to study the spaceand solar studies.

3

Citation: Sawi, P., S. Kita (2023), Machine-learning-based phase picker: Analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of the October 2019
Cotabato and December 2019 Davao Del Sur earthquakes, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis.

Machine-learning-based phase picker: Analyzing the temporal and spatialchanges of the October 2019 Cotabato and December 2019 Davao Del Sur
Earthquakes
1.6cm

Your
Phot
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Paulo Pangan SAWI
Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(DOST-PHIVOLCS) , PHILIPPINES
E-mail : paulo.sawi@phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

Saeko KITA (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute,
JAPANHypocenter determination using a machine-learning-based phase picker,
unlocks a fault system pattern in the Philippines.
A deep-neural-network-based phase picker, PhaseNet, was used to pick the arrival times of the P and S waves
during the earthquake sequence in Cotabato and Davao del Sur, Philippines, which occurred from October toDecember 2019, involving five M~6 inland earthquakes with magnitudes MW 6.4, 6.6, 5.9, 6.5 and 6.7. In thisstudy, we utilized 80 days of seismic data from stations located within 200 km of the event area and input theminto PhaseNet for analysis. The phase picks, the output of PhaseNet, were first associated and initially locatedusing Rapid Earthquake Association and Location (REAL). Subsequently, the earthquakes were relocated using
VELEST. The hypocenters were further refined using the relative location method called HypoDD. Using thesemethods, we successfully created an earthquake catalog comprising 5,017 earthquakes, which is more than thoseon the list by the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(DOST-PHIVOLCS) on their website. This catalog reveals the spatial and temporal changes in seismicity following
each significant event. It also uncovers detailed patterns in aftershock clustering, which are likely linked tocomplex fault system structures that may have contributed to the seismic activity.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1. Distribution of hypocenters. Routine catalog by
DOST-PHIVOLCS (website) versus the final catalog ofthis study after applying HypoDD.

Fig. 2. The spatial and temporal changes following
the occurrence of a significant large earthquake.
The beach ball represents the location of a large
earthquake, while the blue circles indicate thehypocenters of aftershocks.

Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Institute of Volcanology andSeismology (DOST-PHIVOLCS)
The DOST-PHIVOLCS is a mandated agency responsible for mitigating
disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami,
and other related geotectonic phenomena in the Philippines. Its mission
is to provide timely, high-quality, and socially inclusive information andservices for warning, disaster preparedness, and mitigation.

4

Citation: Sulthan, F., M. Seki, H. Nakagawa, Y. Otsuka (2023), Seismic fragility analysis of fixed and isolated base reinforced concretebuilding structures in Indonesia, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis.

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Fixed and Isolated Base Reinforced Concrete
Building Structures in Indonesia
Faiz SULTHAN
Implementation Unit for Building Materials and Structures, Directorate General of Human Settlements,
Ministry of Public Works and Housing, INDONESIA
E-mail : faiz.sulthan@pu.go.id

Matsutaro SEKI, Hiroto NAKAGAWA, and Yuri OTSUKA (Supervisors)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, JAPANThe comparison of fragility analysis on seismic isolation systems andconventional reinforced concrete building structures in Indonesia
Indonesia has had seismic codes for earthquake-resistant structure designs since 1970 and has been updated
five times to the latest in 2019. In updating the Indonesian seismic codes, seismic hazard maps for design also
update, and there are changes to the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). The Indonesian seismic design uses theconcept of building performance levels consisting of Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS), and Collapse
Prevention (CP). In relation to these performance levels, some cases have shown that buildings suffer from hugedamage compared to their performance targets after an earthquake. Considering this issue, the current study
aims to analyze the performance of the seismic isolation system design (isolated) on existing target buildings(fixed) and analyze seismic fragility with the PGA intensity according to Indonesia’s seismic hazard maps of 0.1–
1.5 g. The target building used in this study is a prototype design eight-story medium-rise residential building thatuses the reinforced concrete moment frame structure. The analysis uses Nonlinear Time History Analysis(NLTHA) for the design and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) for seismic fragility. Both analyses use 11
selected ground motions based on soil classification, magnitude, fault distance, and earthquake source
mechanism. The NLTHA results reveal that using a seismic isolation system can increase the target building's
performance level from LS to IO. A comparison of the IDA results depicts a trend of significant performance
improvement. That is, with the same performance level target and risk category, the isolated base structure canbe used at 1.46–3.20 times higher PGA than the fixed base structure. The fragility analysis results show that the
fixed base structure has a 30% safety margin and a 62.5% isolated base structure from the PGA design. The
obtained results are useful for assessing existing buildings or considering a new building's performance.

FigureFig. 2. Performance levels criteria (ASCE 41-17)

Fig. 3. PGA values range of performance levels
at target reliability

Fig. 1. IDA and fragility curve resultIndonesia Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Implementation Unit for Building Materials and Structures, Directorate
General of Human Settlements, formerly widely known as Materials andStructures Laboratory in Research Institute for Human Settlements (RIHS
or PUSKIM in Indonesian). This institution is under the Indonesia Ministry of
Public Works and Housing and is tasked to conduct materials and building
structures testing, earthquake engineering studies, post-earthquake
structure buildings assessment, and provide technical advice on theexisting building or the impact buildings after the earthquakes.

5Citation: Iqbal N.S., S. Nakai (2023), Soil type dependency on the seismic performance of the RC precast government
residential building, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis,

Soil type dependency on the seismic performance of
the RC precast government residential building
Nur Shajihan Binti MOHAMED IQBAL
Public Works Department of Malaysia (PWD), Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
E-mail : shajihan@jkr.gov.my; shajihan91@gmail.com

Shoichi NAKAI (Supervisor)
Professor Emeritus, Chiba University, and Visiting Research Fellow, International Institute of
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, JAPAN

Malaysia’s capability against earthquakes: navigating the soil variations
The latest occurrence of earthquake in Ranau on June, 5 2015 that had caused casualties and damages toproperties, triggered Malaysia to take immediate actions to deal with all the issues. Following that, the national
seismic code and National Annex were introduced in 2015 and 2017 respectively. However, buildings constructed
before both documents were established do not consider seismic requirements. This study is conducted toevaluate the seismic performance of the target building and improves it with suitable seismic retrofit methods. A
5-story RC precast government residential building is selected to be evaluated based on the seismic hazard level
at Bentong, Pahang with 𝑎𝑔 = 0.106 g and Lahad Datu, Sabah with 𝑎𝑔 = 0.192 g considering soil profile models
available in Malaysia. Capacity spectrum method is carried out to estimate the performance points based on
specific seismic hazard levels with different soil profile models. The seismic performance of the building is thenevaluated based on the performance level of plastic hinges formation observed at the performance points. Finding
indicates that the target building can survive based on the seismic hazard level at Bentong, Pahang with soil
profile model 1 without requiring any seismic retrofitting. Nonetheless, it cannot survive concerning the soil type Eof soil profile model 2. For the seismic hazard level at Lahad Datu, Sabah, the target building cannot survive
concerning the soil types C, D and E of soil profile model 1 and 2. Seismic retrofit plan is applied to the target
building, and the seismic performance of the retrofitted building is re-evaluated. The finding shows that theretrofitted building can survive based on both seismic hazard levels with soil profile models 1 and 2.

Figures(a) Existing building in X-direction(c) Retrofitted building in X-direction(b) Existing building in Y-direction(d) Retrofitted building in Y-direction

Figures (a) and (b) show
the maximum inelastic
displacementoftheexisting building in X andY directions respectively,
meanwhile figures (c) and(d) show the maximum
inelastic displacement of
the retrofitted building in
X and Y directions
respectively, based on
the seismic hazard level
at Bentong, Pahang and
Lahad Datu, Sabah withdifferent
soil
profilemodels.

Public Works Department (PWD) of Malaysia

ExamplePWD of Malaysia has been established since 1872 and is the largest
government technical department in Malaysia which serves under the
Ministry of Works (MOW). It plays a role in implementing infrastructuredevelopment and maintenance projects to various ministries,
departments, statutory bodies and state governments such as roads,
buildings, airports, ports and jetties.

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Citation: Nasuha, M. Z., T. Azuhata (2023), Seismic performance evaluation of a hybrid RC frame – precast wall building in Malaysia,
Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of A Hybrid RC Frame – Precast
Wall Building In Malaysia
1.6cm

Your
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Nurul Nasuha binti MD ZIN
Civil and Structural Engineering Branch, Public Works Department, MALAYSIA
E-mail : nasuhamdzin@gmail.com

Dr. Tatsuya AZUHATA (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, JAPANBy identifying vulnerabilities and proposing strategies for improvement,
the research contributes to the safety of both existing and future buildingsin Malaysia
This study evaluates the seismic performance of a hybrid reinforced concrete (RC) frame–precast wall building in
Malaysia to assess the building’s response to seismic forces, identify potential vulnerabilities, and propose
strategies to enhance its seismic resilience. To do this, various methodologies, including modal analysis, first andsecond screening methods based on the Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association (JBDPA) guidelines, andresponse history analysis (RSA) are employed. The building’s behavior under different seismic scenarios isinvestigated through comprehensive evaluations. The findings illuminate essential perspectives on the structural
seismic resilience of the building. The original architectural and engineering design of the structure does indeed
display a series of notable inadequacies and limitations, most conspicuously in its capacity to effectively endure
and withstand the considerably elevated levels of peak ground acceleration that may be imposed upon it during
seismic events of greater magnitude and intensity. However, the building’s seismic performance can significantly
be enhanced with the careful consideration and implementation of specific design improvements. This work
highlights the importance of incorporating the best practices in structural design to better withstand the potential
seismic events in Malaysia. The findings from this research enrich the body of knowledge in seismic engineering,offering practical implications that can be applied to enhance construction techniques and safety regulations forhybrid RC frame–precast wall buildings situated in areas prone to seismic events. These insights serve as avaluable resource for improving structural integrity and disaster preparedness in regions susceptible toearthquakes.

Figure(a)(b)(c)
Fig. (a). Illustrates the target building's hybrid structure, featuring precast walls on its upper levels and areinforced concrete frame on its ground floor.
Fig. (b). This graph illustrates the relationship highlighting the substantial enhancement in the seismic index (Is)for x-direction for original and new column size
Fig. (c). illustrates the maximum displacement values in both the x direction for the original and proposed
designs under various PGA sets.

Civil and Structural Engineering Branch, Public Works Department, Malaysia
Civil and Structural Engineering Branch, Public Works of Department, Malaysia
engaging in cutting-edge research and offering design proficiency in civil andstructural engineering to various JKR branches, including JKR Headquarters,
State/Federal Territories, and specialized units. This support aids in thedevelopment of government infrastructure projects aligned with the National
Development Policy.

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Citation: Hamidon, N.Z., T. Kabeyasawa (2023), Seismic performance of precast reinforced concrete Beam-to-column connection, Abstract of
IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis.

Seismic Performance of Precast Reinforced Concrete
Beam-to-Column Connection
1.6cm

Your
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Nurul Zawani binti Hamidon
Structural Engineer, Public Work Department (PWD) of Malaysia
E-mail : nurulzawanihamidon@gmail.com

Toshikazu KABEYASAWA (Supervisor)
Associate Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University

Model and study the seismic performance of precast frame connectionsin Malaysia by introducing the beam-line method (BLM)
This research aims to analyze the behavior of precast structures in Malaysia when subjected to seismic activity,
specifically focusing on the connection between beams and columns. To achieve this, a new method called theBeam-Line Method (BLM) has been developed and utilized to model and analyze the seismic performance of
these connections in precast frames to compare with the Japanese method (AIJ). The study employs non-linear
static pushover analysis and non-linear dynamic time history analysis (THA) to comprehensively evaluate thestructural response under seismic loads. Additionally, the seismic performance of the building is assessed by
combining the seismic capacity curve obtained through pushover analysis with the elastic response spectrum
curve of the earthquake. Furthermore, the study investigates the significance of connections in the overall
structural performance by calculating moment rotations in the beam-to-column connection. These are then utilized
in the seismic analysis of the entire frame. The outcomes of this research provide valuable insights into theseismic behavior of precast reinforced concrete beam-to-column connections, thus informing future design andconstruction practices to enhance the seismic resilience of such structures.

Spectral Acceleration, Sa(cm/s2)

Figure-0.0003

4000
3F-RF
2F-3F 2000
GF-2F
0-0.0001
-2000
-4000

Dy=8.6cm
Dy=6.7cm
0

5
10Spectral Displacement, Sd (cm)15

Fig. 2. Comparison of the capacity spectra of the
AIJ and BLM models (earthquake).
Maximum Story Drift Time History Analysis

0.0001

Interstory
Drift Ratio(rad)Story-shear
force, Q (kN)

Fig. 1. Details of theconnection were located at
3/G at 2F story or X8/Y7
referring to the CANNY
model. All measurements
are in millimeters.

Capacity Spectrum
Push Over Analysis AIJ
Push Over Analysis BLM
Elcentro
Capacity
Ranau
Curve
Perfomance
Point

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

0.0003

Interstory Drift Ratio (rad)Fig. 3. Load–deformation curve for the BLM model
under the Ranau ground motion. From THA.

0.002

0.00120.000240.001
0.0002

AIJ model
BLM model

0.000

El Centro

Ranau

Fig. 4. Comparison of the maximum story drifts for
the AIJ and BLM models with the THA

Public Works Department (PWD) of Malaysia
Malaysia's Public Works Department (PWD) oversees the nation's
infrastructure development. Integral to its responsibilities, PWD ensures
the adoption of seismic design principles, especially in earthquake-prone
regions. Besides that, the department also promotes the use of precast
structures for their efficiency, uniformity, and swift construction, ensuringresilience and sustainability in Malaysian infrastructure. These measures
aim to create a sustainable and secure built environment across Malaysia

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Citation: Dendup, T., T. Saito (2023), Comparative study on the seismic performances of typical RC residential buildings designed with oldand new Indian codes in Bhutan, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master's Thesis,

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCES OF TYPICALRC RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS DESIGNED WITH OLD AND NEW INDIAN
CODES IN BHUTAN
Tshering DENDUP
Department of Infrastructure Development, Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Bhutan.
E-mail : tsheringdendup2@gmail.com

Taiki SAITO(Supervisor)
Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.

Findings
In Bhutan, the Indian seismic codes are referred for the design of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. These
seismic codes were revised in 2016 as a result of earthquakes that took place after their publication. The frequent
and recent earthquakes in and around the Himalayan region have caused substantial damage to RC buildings
necessitating for study of seismic performance. This paper presents a comparative study on the seismic
performances of typical five-story RC residential buildings designed with old and new Indian codes. Accordingly,
two three-dimensional models of a building designed with the old and new Indian codes are developed using
STERA_3D software. The seismic performances are evaluated using the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) andnon-linear Response History Analysis (RHA) for three input ground motions (Simulated-1 (Random Phase),
Simulated-2 (Kobe_TOT90 Phase) and KATNP_360). In addition, the structural damage estimates given bydamage indices are compared under scaled ground motions. The basic damage index model developed by Parket al., (1984) representing the structural damage on the RC element and further modification of model to the storylevel damage index and its calibration into the categories of physical structural damage is adopted. Dstory < 0.4 isconsidered to be Reparable, whereas Dstory > 0.4 represents Damage Beyond Repair, and Dstory > 1.0 represents
Total Collapse.
Results show that the building designed with the new Indian codes provide reduced structural responses whencompared to that designed with old Indian codes. The CSM also proved to give good results when compared to
the RHA results. Furthermore, the assessment of the damage indices for the building designed using the newcodes shows that the building has more even damage dispersion over the floors and prevents collapse-levelstructural damage under the considered maximum scaled ground motion. Whereas for the building designed with
old Indian codes the damage indices indicated collapse of structure under same intensity of ground motion. Thus,
three shear walls are proposed, two in weaker direction and one in stronger direction for the building designedwith old Indian codes as a retrofitting measure. The results show that under the considered input ground motions
the Retrofitted Model will demonstrate improved performance by limiting responses by large. In addition, themaximum story-level damage indices for all the models plotted indicated that the Retrofitted model will exhibit only
repairable damage over all floors even under maximum considered intensity.

Graphical abstract

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1) Target Building; (2) CSM Performance Point; (3) CSM Results and Comparison with RHA Results; (4) Damage
Indices Results.

Department of Infrastructure Development, MoIT, Bhutan
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport was established on December 30,
2022 by merging the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement and Ministry ofInformation and Communications.
The Ministry’s vision is to be a dynamic organization for building quality andsustainable infrastructure, efficient transportation services, and built environment
for socio-economic well-being and happiness9

Citation: Chodavarapu, P., Y. Ohta, B. Shibazaki, Rapid determination of tsunamigenic source parameters and real time inundation
modelling for Tews, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis.

Rapid determination of tsunamigenic source parameters andreal time inundation modelling for TEWS
2.8 cmPatanjali Kumar CHODAVARAPU

1.6cm
Your
Photo

Indian Tsunami Early Warning Center (ITEWC), INCOIS, MoES, Govt. of India, INDIA
E-mail : patanjali@incois.gov.in

Dr. Yusaku OHTA (Supervisor)
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, JAPANDr. Bunichiro SHIBAZAKI (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute,JAPAN

Estimation of uncertainty in coseismic fault model and Realtime tsunami
inundation modelling for Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago
INCOIS-MoES established the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) - Strong Motion Accelerometer (SMA)
network of 35 stations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to monitor the coseismic displacements caused bytsunamigenic earthquake occurrences. This study adopts a robust methodology for estimating the uncertainties incoseismic fault models with the GNSS data using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and conducts areal-time tsunami inundation modeling using TUNAMI simulation code and ADCIRC for the assumed earthquake
scenarios in the vicinity of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. The results of the probability density functions
for a range of source parameters estimated by the MCMC method for a rectangular fault model, including stressdrop and the Variance Reduction (VR) Index for the various assumed earthquake scenarios and tsunami
inundation results for the Port Blair and Car Nicobar regions. Our findings emphasize the critical roles that thestation density and the spatial configuration play in accurately determining certain fault parameters. While the fault
length, strike angle, and slip amounts are reliably recovered through the existing GNSS station network, the dip
angle, depth, and fault width estimation warrants further improvement. Our study demonstrates the efficientcomputation of the tsunami inundation, achieving results within a mere 5 min computational time for a 12 hsimulation of tsunami propagation and inundation modeling. Finally, this study recommends that implementing the
MCMC single rectangular fault model inversion with the real-time tsunami inundation modeling at the ITEWC will
significantly enhance the capability of the operational tsunami services.
.
Figure(a)(b)

Fig 2. Maximum wave amplitudes andinundation computed for the study area.
Fig 1. Results from MCMC method for the scenario of Mw 8.2 magnitude earthquake near the Andaman andNicobar Islands: (a). estimated coseismic fault models with varying color gradient from light blue to yellow (0.1 to1.0) indicate the range of solutions, with yellow representing the most probable fault model and (b). posterior
PDFs of source parameters along with Mw, VR and Stress drop. Inserted values in the upper right-hand cornerdenote the mean, median and mode in the top, middle and bottom positions respectively.

Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services , MoES, Govt of India

ExampleIndian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is an
ESSO organization under Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) with themission stating, “Provide Ocean Information and Advisory Services toSociety, Industry, Government Agencies and Scientific Community
through Sustained Ocean Observations and Constant improvements
through Systematic and Focused Research”. The ITEWC at INCOIS
operates 24/7, providing timely tsunami information by effectively
preventing false alarms.

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Citation: Hani, S. E., T. Hara, Y. Fujii (2023), Rapid determination of earthquake source parameters for tsunami
early warning system for Egypt, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis.

Rapid Determination of Earthquake Source Parameters for
Tsunami Early Warning System for Egypt
1.6c
m
Your

Photo

Hani Saber ELBEHIRINational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Egyptian National Data Center(ENDC), EGYPT
E-mail: hanysaber369@gmail.com

Tatsuhiko HARA, Yushiro FUJII (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, JAPANMwp is the suitable magnitude for issuing tsunami early warning for Egypt
This study used SeisComP3 (SC3) to determine different magnitudes for 32 significant earthquakes in the
Mediterranean Sea. Different magnitudes (i.e., mb, Mwp, and mB) under different computational times arecompared with the Mww determined by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for evaluation. The Tsunami
Travel Time (TTT) Software Package by ITIC was used to calculate the tsunami wave arrival times on Egypt’s
coasts. The results obtained for mb confirmed the magnitude saturation, especially for large earthquakes. We
determined the relationship between Mww and Mwp and Mww and mB. We obtained Mw estimates from Mwp
using the formula implemented in SC3 and those using the relation of this study. Then, we evaluated the tsunami
messages following the Standard Operational Procedures at different times and compared those for Mww from
USGS (Fig.1). The messages did not change much for the estimates from SC3 and those from the formula of thisstudy. At 11 minutes after the origin times, for 28 events, the messages are accurate, and for 4 events, they are
under-estimates for both cases. For mB results at 11 minutes after the origin times, for 22 events, the messages
are accurate, and for 10 events, they are false when the estimates from SC3 were used. The number of false
messages decreased to 6 when we applied the formula obtained by this study. These results suggest that Mwp ismore stable and accurate than mB. It takes over 65 minutes for tsunamis from the Hellenic and Cyprian arcs toreach the Egyptian coasts (Fig.2). Therefore, tsunami warnings around 11 minutes after the origin times are
expected to be effective for tsunami countermeasures in Egypt.

Graphical abstract
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Mw(Mwp) Alerts (This study)
over-estimate
Under-estimate
Accurate Alerts

80

70

80

6 minutes
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

11 minutes
Final Estimate
Mw(mB) Alerts (This study)
over-estimate
Under-estimate
Accurate Alerts

70
60

6 minutes

11 minutes

50

Final Estimate

Fig.1.The alerts produced for Mw(Mwp) and Mw(mB).

Fig.2. Tsunami travel time for the 32 earthquakes.

National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG)
The National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG) is a vital
scientific institution in Egypt, contributing significantly to astronomy, spacescience, and geophysics research. Its work enhances our understanding of theuniverse and planet and supports national development and disaster
preparedness efforts.

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Citation: Lesikikabara, K., Y. Fujii, B. Shibazaki(2023), Enhancing tsunami early warning system in Fiji using tsunami database, Abstract of
IISEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis.

Enhancing tsunami early warning system in Fiji using
tsunami database
1.6cm

Koroi LESIKIKABARA
Mineral Resources Department, Fiji
E-mail: koroi.seniroqa@gmail.com

Yushiro FUJII (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Japan

Bunichiro SHIBAZAKI (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Japan

A tsunami database was constructed for a coastal block around Suva andfive methods were adopted for retrieving tsunami height from thedatabase to make tsunami warning messages.
This study aims to enhance Fiji's tsunami early warning system by employing a tsunami database, which
includes 64 (four magnitudes and depths at four source points) precomputed simulation results stored in a
MySQL database. The current warning system predominantly relies on manual input of forecasting messages,
making it time-consuming and error-prone. Five methods for retrieving tsunami height from the database wereassessed, revealing significant variations in the estimated tsunami heights. The most simple approach was
defined as Method 2, which selects the maximum tsunami height among the four source points selecting thelarger magnitude and shallower depth based on the searched magnitude and depth. This method was used forits simplicity and ease of implementation, primarily due to its avoidance of complex interpolation techniques.
Compared to the existing system, which takes 10 to 15 minutes to generate and dispatch tsunami warnings, theenhanced system can produce forecasting messages in seconds using Method 2 after earthquake parameters
are obtained.

FiguresFigure 1. (top left) Distribution of Coastal Points (CPs) and Forecast
Points (FPs). The blue lines divide the coastal block G around Suva into
smaller regions for FP (red circles) and CP (yellow circles) pairs. (bottom
left) Fault models for each Source Point (SP). The red, orange, purple
and blue rectangles denote M8.5, M8.0, M7.5 and M7.0 fault models,
respectively. (right) Locations of SPs, tige gauges (red triangles) andbroadband seismic stations (cyan circles).

Figure 2. Sample of "Major Tsunami
Warning” message. The
preprepared message is also stored
in the tsunami database.

Mineral Resources Department (MRD)The Mineral Resources Department (MRD) of Fiji oversees the country's
mineral, groundwater resources, and monitors earthquakes and tsunamis.
They grant exploration and mining licenses, conduct geological surveys,
manage groundwater, ensure environmental compliance, and contribute to
Fiji's economic development through resource management.

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Citation:
Malodali, J. S., B. Shibazaki, Y. Fujii (2023), Tsunami propagation and inundation simulations in Fiji based on scenario
earthquakes, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis.

Tsunami Propagation and Inundation Simulations inFiji Based on Scenario Earthquakes
1.6cm

Your
Photo

Malodali Joji Sakaraia
Fiji Seismology Unit, Mineral Resources Department, Fiji
E-mail : jmalodali@gmail.com

Bunichiro SHIBAZAKI (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Japan

Yushiro FUJII (Supervisor)
International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Japan

Tsunami propagation simulations using global bathymetry data andinundation simulations for two target areas in Fiji were performed.
In this study, tsunami simulations were conducted by assuming an M8.5 earthquake generated along the Tonga
Trench, including horizontal deformation effect, and using a depth of five kilometers aligned to the buried faults.
We performed numerical tsunami simulations using the Tohoku University's Numerical Analysis Model for
Investigation (TUNAMI) code for the linear or non-linear wave equations in a spherical coordinate system. We
tested two bathymetry data of GEBCO_2023 and ETOPO_2022 for single grid computations. We used the
GEBCO for bathymetry data and the SRTM data for the topography for the tsunami inundation simulations. We
adopted the nesting grid system with four layers including the finer grid merging the GEBCO and SRTM data on
the tsunami inundation area. We selected two study areas to focus on the inundation: Suva and Ono-i-Lau.
We placed four output points along the Suva coastlines in FDB foreshore, Walu bay, Lami, and Draunibota. The
computational result in the Suva study area shows that the maximum inundation height recorded was at Walu Bay,with a height of 3.06 meters, and the earliest wave recorded was at FDB foreshore, with a time of 103.8 minutes.
For the second study area in Ono-i-Lau, the four output points are Nukuni, South Nukuni, North Matokana, andDoi. The results show that the maximum inundation height recorded was at South Nukuni, with a height of 1.61
meters, and the earliest wave recorded was also at South Nukuni, with a time of 62.5 minutes.

FigureFigure 1. Close-up map of thelocations of the nine selected
output points in the study region.

Figure 2. Nesting grids with four
layers (R1 – R4) for the Suva
study area.

Figure 3. Inundated area (R4 in
Figure 2) with the maximum
inundation height.

Mineral Resources Department
The Mineral Resources Department provides geoscientific information
about Fiji. It develops policies on mining and provides information andassistance to investors on mining sectors, facilitates exploration, andprovides information on the non-living resources of the country. The
Seismology unit’s primary role is to provide information on geohazards
assessment and timely dissemination of information during any local or
felt regional seismic event.

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Citation: Harvan, M., Y. Tanioka (2023), Real-time tsunami inundation forecasting for Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Abstract of IISEE-GRIPS
Master’s Thesis.

Real-time Tsunami Inundation Forecasting for
Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
Muhammad HARVAN
Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia
E-mail : muhammad.harvan@bmkg.go.id

Yuichiro TANIOKA (Supervisor)
Institute of Seismology and Volcanology (ISV), Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, JapanThe Near-field Tsunami Inundation Forecasting (NearTIF) method is reliable andpractical for real-time tsunami early warning system in Mentawai Islands.
We conducted an implementation study of Near-field Tsunami Inundation Forecasting (NearTIF) method toenhance the operational capability of the tsunami early warning system in Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. This study
focused on testing the method’s reliability by conducting a retrospective test in forecasting the tsunami inundation
during the 2010 Mentawai tsunami event.
The NearTIF method utilizes: (1) a pre-computed database containing pairs of inundation modeland offshore tsunami waveforms, (2) input fault models, and (3) a NearTIF search engine. The pre-computed
database was constructed using 462 unique fault scenarios. The linear and non-linear tsunami simulations weredone to simulate tsunami propagation and inundation model, respectively. This study also utilized W-phase
inversion to generate input fault models for the NearTIF method. The NearTIF search engine was applied tochoose the best inundation model from the pre-computed database for a specific site.
The NearTIF method’s reliability was analysed by comparing the simulated tsunami height fromthe forecasting result and the direct numerical forward modelling results (NFM) using the input fault parameter,with field observation data collected from another study. Computation speeds to obtain inundation models werealso compared. Analysis results in this study demonstrated that the NearTIF method is reliable and practical to be
implemented in real-time tsunami early warning systems.

Graphical abstract

Fig 1. Fault model scenarios.
The colored dots are the top
center positions of interplate(red), tsunami earthquake(yellow) and outer rise (green)
fault models.

Fig 2. Comparisons between the observed tsunami heights (red bars) by
Satake et al. (2012) and the simulated ones (orange bars) from the NFM
result (left) generated 54 minutes after the earthquake and the forecasted
model using the NearTIF method (right) obtained within 11 minutes after
the earthquake. Both have similar inundation extent and tsunami height
distribution.

Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia
BMKG is a non-department governmental agency of Republic Indonesia
which has been tasked to carry out observation, analysis, anddissemination duty regarding Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics
phenomena occurring around the country. The agency has beenmonitoring and providing information regarding weather, climate, air
quality, earthquake, and tsunami since its establishment in 1947.

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