Great East Japan Earthquake(GLIDE: EQ-2011-000028-JPN)

Preliminary Observations

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)

International Recovery Platform (IRP)

May 2011

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1. The Great East Japan Earthquake1
Earthquake

Date and Time:

11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (5:46 UTC)

Type of earthquake: Plate-boundary earthquake on or near
the Japan Trench subduction zone
between the Pacific and North America
plates
Hypocenter:

130km off the Pacific coast of the
Tohoku region, 24 km deep

Magnitude:

Mw 9.0 (interim value, the fourthlargest in the world since 1900 andlargest in Japan since recording started
130 years ago)cf.

1960 Chile Earthquake Mw9.5
1964 Alaska Earthquake Mw9.2
2004 Sumatra Earthquake Mw9.2

Fig. 1 Major earthquakes before and after March 11

March 11 15:08
M7.4.

March 12 4:47
M6.4

March 7 23:32
M7.2

April 11 17:16
M7.1

March 11 14:46
Mw 9.0March 23 7:12
M6.0

March 9 11:45
M7.3.

March 12 3:59
M6.7
March 15 22:31 Source: USGS and ERI, University of Tokyo
M6.4

March 11 15:25
M7.5

March 11 15:15
Mw 7.7

Source: USGS and ERI, University of Tokyo
The “Great East Japan Earthquake” is the official name of the March 11 disaster following the decision made by the
Cabinet Office on April 1. Other names, such as the “Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake” or “Tohoku Earthquake”,
were used earlier.
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Tsunami
The Mw. 9.0 earthquake at 14:46 and the series of large-scale earthquakes that followed had
resulted in multiple tsunami waves of unprecedented scales at the coastal areas of Hokkaido,
Aomori, Iwate Miyagi, Fukui, Ibaraki, and Chiba Prefectures. It has been reported that there
were seven tsunami waves over a six hour period. Waves became more turbulent and more
powerful upon reaching the inland areas. According to the experts, the fault rupture was about
500 kilometers long in a north-south direction and the tsunami waves hit the coastal areas fromdifferent directions, one crossing over the other, explaining the destructive power of the tsunami.
Several scientific investigations are being conducted concerning the scale of tsunami. Initial
survey by Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found that tsunami waves had
reached the heights of 14 meters or 15 meters in many coastal areas, and as high as 38.9 meters in
Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture. This is higher than the previous record of 38.2 meters in Ofunato
City in the same prefecture during the 1896 Meiji Sanriku Earthquake Tsunami.2 It is generally
believed that timber houses will be destroyed by tsunami waves higher than 2 meters. By contrast,
concrete buildings can withstand 4 meters, or so, but will be destroyed if waves exceed 16 meters.
Additionally, survey conducted by Tohoku University found that tsunami waves had reachedas far as 5.5 kilometers inland of Sendai Plain. By using remote sensing technologies and GIS, theGeospatial Information Agency of Japan estimated the tsunami swamped areas to about 561
square kilometers covering the hardest hit prefectures of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukui.

Fig. 2 Overview of tsunami affected areas2

For historical earthquakes and tsunamis, see Fig. 10 on page 12 of this report.

32. Effects of March 11 Earthquake and Tsunami

Human casualties
As of April 27, the government has confirmed 14,508 deaths and 11,452 people missing
as a result of the disaster. These figures have already exceeded that of the 1995 Great
Hanshin Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, making it the worst disaster in Japan since World War II.

Fig. 3 Natural disasters in Japan since 1945

The number of people who are missing covers only those who have been reported to the policeby their families or acquaintances. The number of evacuees once topped 400,000 has been
declining as the situation stabilizes and services and utilities are gradually being restored.

Fig. 4 Casualties by Prefecture as of April 27
Prefecture

KilledMissing

Evacuees

Iwate

4,234

3,479

41,521

Miyagi

8,745

6,694

40,701

Fukushima

1,455

1,275

26,429Others63

421,494

Total

14,50811,452130,145

Fig. 5 Numbers of people killed and missing

Note: The number of evacuees is counted at evacuation centers.
Source: National Police Agency

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The National Policy Agency reported that out of 13,135 confirmed deaths in the prefectures of
Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima, 12,143 persons or 92.5 percent resulted from drowning. The figure
highlights the difference between the 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, where most of the6,434 victims were crushed to death by collapsed buildings. The report also showed that out the
11,108 deaths whose ages are confirmed, 7,241 persons or 65.2 percent were aged 60 or above.
This indicates many elderly failed to escape the disaster on time and were trapped by the tsunami.
Fig. 6 Victims by age group

Fig. 7 Cause of death

crush
4%

burn
1%

unknow
n
2%

<20
7%
20-60
28%

60<
65%

drown
93%

Economic damage
The estimated cost of damage, officially released by the Cabinet Office on March 23, isbetween 16 trillion and 25 trillion yen. This covers damaged houses, factories, and infrastructure(e.g. roads and bridges) in seven hardest-hit prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Hokkaido,
Aomori, Ibaraki, and Chiba. On April 27, the Development Bank of Japan Tohoku Branch Officereleased its detailed estimate of the cost of damage in four prefectures – Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima, and Ibaraki. The estimated total economic damage in four prefectures is 16,373
billion JPY. This value is about 7.9 percent of their total combined assets. In terms of amount,economic lost of Miyagi Prefecture is about 6,492 billion JPY, the biggest amount among four
prefectures. In terms of proportion, economic lost of Iwate Prefecture, where many small cities andtowns were heavily destructed, is nearly 47 percent of its total assets in coastal areas.
Moreover, most of the affected prefectures depend largely on the agricultural, fishery, marine
farming and marine product industries. These key industries were badly damaged. The total
damage to farmlands, agricultural facilities, and agricultural products is estimated at 520 billion
JPY. The rebuilding of farmlands can be problematic as the soil became saline. Damage to marine
industries, including boats and facilities, is estimated at 350 billion JPY. The Nikkei Newspaper
has reported that besides the aforementioned direct cost, economic loss caused by a halt of
shipments of intermediate products from the quake-hit areas to the rest of the nation is estimatedat 250 billion JPY over the first half of fiscal 2011.

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Fig. 8 Damages of assets
Prefecture

Iwate

Miyagi

Fukushima

Ibaraki

Total

DamageDamages/total(Billion JPY)

assets (%)

Inland areas

754

2.9

Coastal areas

3,522

47.3

Total

4,276

12.6

Inland areas

1,595

5.1

Coastal areas

4,897

21.1

Total

6,492

11.9

Inland areas

1,270

3.7

Coastal areas

1,859

11.7

Total

3,129

6.2

Inland areas

993

2.1

Coastal areas

1,483

6.8

Total

2,476

3.6

Inland areas

4,612

3.3

Coastal areas

11,761

17.2

Total

16,373

7.9

Note: It covers only the damages to houses, factories and social infrastructures in four
prefectures, thus does not cover the whole damages caused by the March 11 earthquake
and tsunami.
Source: Development Bank of Japan, Tohoku Branch Office

Recognizing that rebuilding of these industrial bases is of supreme importance for local
economy and job security, the Japan Business Federation (Nippon Keidanren) made an “Urgent
Policy Proposal for the Recovery and Restoration from the Earthquake Disaster” on March 31.
Among others, the proposal requested for the development of strong system for an early recovery,building a new region and town, reconstruction of industry, and maintaining and securing
employment in the afflicted areas (see the next page for more information).

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Urgent Policy Proposal for the Recovery and Restoration from the Earthquake Disaster- Towards an Earliest Possible Restoration of the Afflicted Areas and the Creation of a New Japan March 31, 2011
Nippon Keidanren
Japan is indeed facing a national crisis. All citizens must unite and work in a collective effort for the quickest
possible recovery from the earthquake damage and the creation of a new Japan. Of utmost importance is thatthe nation of Japan strives with a sense of urgency to aid those affected, recovery of the afflicted areas, anearly conclusion of the nuclear crisis and the rebuilding of Japan's economy. In order to achieve theseobjectives, a strong political leadership is indispensable. Keidanren posted the proposition "Urgent Appeal for
an Early Recovery and Restoration from an Unprecedented Earthquake Disaster" on March 16, which focusedon the earliest possible recovery of the livelihood of those affected and the industry and economy of theafflicted areas. Moving forward, efforts towards the reconstruction of the afflicted areas will be important. In
carrying out these efforts, the Japanese government must establish a command center with strong authority,and haste towards formulating a "basic law" and "master plan," reflecting sufficiently the voices of those in the
afflicted areas, for the early reconstruction of and creation of a new Japan. Likewise, the business community
is in the position of fully committing to revitalizing the Japanese economy, starting with an earlyreconstruction of supply chains and the maintenance of industrial infrastructure.
1. Developing a Strong System for an Early Recovery(1) Establishing within the government a command center with strong authority(2) An early formulation of "basic law" (basic law concerning recovery from the Great East Japan
Earthquake)(3) Unified implementation of national measures and a strengthened cooperation between the government
and local public entities
2. Building a New Region and Town
(1) Formulating and implementing various "master plans" (master plans for expansive reconstruction,
expansive infrastructure development, etc.)(2) Facilitating urban reconstruction(3) Reassuring urban safety and security
3. Reconstruction of Industry(1) Drafting and implementing plans for expansive reconstruction of industries (including agriculture,
forestry, fishery and livestock)(2) Prompt response to prevent damage of from rumors of radiation (including appropriate and swift
information disclosure and communicating with foreign governments and international organizations)(3) Maintenance and recovery of business activities(4) Taxation measures for assistance of those affected peoples and companies(5) Financial response(6) Response with the Corporation Law, etc. (including companies with account settlements from March 2011
onward)4. Maintaining and securing employment in the afflicted areas(1) Early implementation of new reconstruction operations to create local jobs
(2) Assistance towards company efforts to maintain jobs
(3) Bringing stability to the lives of those who lost their jobs and supporting their early reemployment(4) Providing work opportunities(5) Response such as smooth labor insurance benefits
5. Securing sources of funding for restoration and realizing fiscal soundness(1) Early formulation of budgetary measures, etc., needed for reconstruction (including supplementarybudget)(2) Adherence to a mid- to long-term fiscal soundness policies and reaching a national consensus on the costburdens of reconstruction(3) Deliberate over ideal reconstruction funding7

3. Disaster Affected Area
The disaster-affected areas can be roughly categorized into three types based on theirfunctioning capacity.
Type 1: Functions are not severely affected. These are cities or towns that suffered extensive
damage but mostly in their coastal areas. Thus, the entire city or town can function
relatively well. Sendai City and Natori City in Miyagi Prefecture fall under this type;Type 2: Functions are partly paralyzed. These are cities or town centers that were heavily
damaged and their functions were partly paralyzed. Ishinomaki City and
Higashi-Matsushima City of Miyagi Prefecture and Ofunato City, Kamaishi City, andMiyako City of Iwate Prefecture fall under this type.
Type 3: Functions are totally paralyzed. These are cities or towns that were almost entirely
devastated. Thus, their functions were totally paralyzed. Cities or towns of this typeinclude those located in rather narrow land areas along sawtooth (ria) coastline.3
Minimi-Sanriku Town and Onagawa Town in Miyagi prefecture as well as
Rikuzen-Takata City and Ootuchi Town in Iwate Prefecture fall under this type.

Wakabayashi Ward, Sendai City
Wakabayashi ward is located in the eastern part of Sendai city facing the Pacific sea. Much of
the area is flat plain used as rice paddies or fields with some scattered settlements. The local
hazard maps were prepared for a tsunami of 3m high, but, in reality, a much higher tsunami,
more than 10 meters, hit this area. It was along this area that tsunami waves reached as far as 5.5
kilometers inland. One of the intriguing findings from the field survey was that the embankment
at West Sendai Road, about 5-6 meters high, parallel to and a few kilometers away from thecoastal line, had been effective to stop tsunami waves from flowing further inland. Massive pile ofdebris was accumulated near the West Sendai Road.

Wakabayashi Ward, Sendai city (March 22)

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A coast with several parallel rias extending far inland and alternating with ridgelike promontories.

8Ishinomaki City and Higashi Matsushima City
Ishinomaki city is the second largest city in Miyagi prefecture with population about 170,000.
Most of the city's downtown areas were inundated about 2 to 3 meters, damaging mostly theground floors of buildings. Boats, vehicles, mud, and other types of waste were accumulated.

Downtown area of Ishinomaki city (March 22)

Kadowaki District of Ishinomaki city (March 22)

The coastal residential area ofHigashi-Matsushima city (March 22)9Onagawa Town
Onagawa town is located in eastern Miyagi prefecture. The downtown area was totally
destroyed by the tsunami. Along the coast, wooden houses were washed away, leaving only theirfoundations. Even reinforced concrete buildings collapsed. A hill just behind the fishing port was
designated as an evacuation area. In the hospital, located on top of this hill which is nearly 16-17
meters high, traces of water were found. This indicates that tsunami waves were very high in thisarea perhaps because of topographical characteristics.
The port area of downtown of Onagawa Town
(March 22)

The evacuation pass to the Onagawa Municipal
Hospital (March 22) in the port area

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Minami-Sanriku Town
Minami-Sanriku town is located in northeastern Miyagi prefecture. The tsunami washedaway most of the buildings, and the town was completely devastated. At Shizugawa Hospital
located near the coast (some 200 meters inland), there were indications that the tsunami hadreached the roof of a four storey building. In an apartment building near the seashore, which had
been designated as a tsunami evacuation building, there were traces of water indicating that thetsunami had reached the 4th floor as well.
The disaster management center of Minami-Sanriku, a three-story building, was designed tofunction as a tsunami evacuation building. When the tsunami struck, about 30 municipal officials
evacuated to the rooftop, but only 10 survived. A young official who kept delivering evacuation
notices to the villagers until the very last moment was among the casualties.
It was generally believed that a three-storey reinforced concrete building could be designatedas evacuation building. However, during this disaster, such kind structure was insufficient forprotection.

The
disastermanagement
Minami-Sanriku town(2011.3.23)

Panoramic view of Minami-Sanriku town(2011.3.23)

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centerof

4. Disaster Preparedness Measures
It is known that about 80 percent of all the world’s earthquakes occur along the rim of the
Pacific Ocean called “the Ring of Fire”. Most earthquakes occur at fault zones, where tectonic
plates—giant rock slabs that make up the Earth's upper layer—collide or slide against each other.
The impacts are usually gradual. However, immense stress can build up between plates. When
this stress is released quickly, it sends massive vibrations, called seismic waves, often hundreds ofmiles through the rock and up to the surface4.

Fig. 9 Seismicity of the world

Note: Yellow squares are the fault planes indicating the size of the magnitude.
Source: ERI, the University of Tokyo

Sitting on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan’s archipelago covers only 0.25% of the land area on
the planet, the number of earthquakes and distribution of active volcanoes are at a quite highlevel. According to USGS’s and JMA’s information, some 20 per cent of 912 earthquakes with themagnitude of 6.0 or larger between 1995 and 2005 in the world occurred in or nearby Japan.

Sanriku Coast
A coastal region on the Pacific Ocean, extending from southern Aomori prefecture throughIwate prefecture and northern Miyagi prefecture, is known as “Sanriku Coast”. This region isfamous for a sawtooth (ria) coastline of 600 km in total. Offshore at the Sanriku coast is where acold current and a warm current meet, creating a rich fishing spot that is considered to be one of
the Four Great Fishing Grounds in the world.
The Sanriku Coast is known to be vulnerable to tsunamis. It has been devastated by previous
tsunamis, particularly the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake and tsunami, the 1933 Showa-Sanriku
earthquake and tsunami, and the 1960 Chile earthquake and tsunami. Some experts are
currently examining the similarities between the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 869
Jogan Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami.

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Based on an article on National Geographic (http://environment.nationalgeographic.com)

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Fig. 10 Major historical earthquake and tsunami on Sanriku Coast
Earthquake/
TsunamiYear/Date

Magnitude

epicenter

People died or
missing

Maximumheight oftsunamiJogan Sanriku

July
869

Mw 8.6?

Unknown

Unknown

unknown

Meiji Sanriku

June 151986

Mw 8.2

Off Iwate

21,959 (Onlypeople died)

38.2(Ofunato city)

Showa Sanriku

March 31933

Mw 8.1

Off Iwate

3.064

29.3
(Ofunato city)

Chile

May 221960

Mw 9.5

Off Chili inSouth America

142

5.6
(Miyako city)

Evaluation of seismic activities
Large inter-plate earthquakes had been predicted for this region, including “Miyagi-ken-Oki”
earthquake which was predicted to occur at magnitudes ranging from M7.5 to M8.0 within 30
years with a 99% probability. However, it is clear by now that the Great East Japan Earthquake
was much larger than those predicted. Its multiple hypocenters were linked, resulting in 400

km long and 200 km wide range. It is the 4th largest earthquake in the world since 1900.
Some experts said that this scale of earthquake and entailing tsunami occurs with a one
thousand year return period.
Fig. 11 Long-term evaluation of subduction earthquakes

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5. Pre-Disaster Measures

Structural measures
Various measures, both structural and non-structural, had been taken in those areas toprotect people and communities from tsunami before the March 11 earthquake and tsunami. The
most notable were the construction of 10m high and 2.5 km long dykes in Taro area of Miyako Cityin Iwate Prefecture which is often called as “the Great Wall” and the world’s biggest breakwater (8meter high above sea which is 63 meter deep) in Kamaishi City. The Kamaishi City’s breakwater

wall at the mouth of Kamaishi Bay collapsed and the tsunami reached 6.9m - 9m high atseveral points. However, based on the simulation by Port and Airport Research Institute, thetsunami would have reached up to 13.7m high and would have caused damage to much wider
areas without the wall. The breakwater wall was estimated to have impeded tsunami energy
by 40%.
Fig. 12 Simulation of the effectiveness of breakwater

Source: Port and Airport Research Institute

It is generally believed that a three storey steel reinforced building is desirable for tsunami
evacuation. This is still true in many cases, but as observed in the field survey where tsunami
waves reached the fourth floor or higher, a three storey building may not be always enough. It wasalso observed that some areas steel reinforced buildings collapsed, hence, further examination isnecessary on this point.

Signs of evacuation

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Non-structural measures
Structural measures must be complemented with non-structural measures. Too much relianceon structural measures might have resulted in the delay for people to take appropriate actions.

Tsunami Warning: Japan Meteorological Agency started issuing tsunami warning threeminutes after the first main shock. Through media and other channels, tsunami warning
messages including information on expected tsunami height and arrival time weredisseminated. The local governments were also sending tsunami warning messages by sirens
and by community wireless system. It helped people to escape from tsunami by evacuating tohigher grounds or elevated buildings.
Fig. 13 JMA tsunami warning

Indegenous wisdom Tsunami Tendenko: The word Tsunami Tendenko means “at time oftsunami: go uphill independently, care only for your own safety, and don’t think of anyone else,
even your family." This is a local wisdom known
in the Tohoku Sanriku region.
Awareness,

EducationandTraining:

Kamaishi city is one of the hardest hit areas.
Pre-disaster education and various activities toraise people’s awareness had been conducted inthis city, which helped many people takeappropriate actions and saved their lives.
On the other hand, it has been reported in many cases that many people did not expect
tsunami waves would be so high and reach far inland. As a result, many areas which had beenpreviously thought safe from tsunami, either multi-story buildings or higher grounds, were hit by

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the tsunami. Therefore, it is necessary to further examine what pre-disaster measures worked,
what measures did not work and why.
6. Recovery Efforts
This earthquake disaster is unprecedented in its scale and scope, so the recovery is expected totake a long time. The following recovery efforts have already been launched in thesedisaster-affected areas.

Infrastructure
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) reported that as of end of March,almost 90% of major land, sea, and air transportation networks disrupted by the March 11
earthquake and resulting tsunami were restored.
-

Highways and major national roads running north and south through the Tohoku region
have all been reopened, except those within the evacuation zone around the crippled
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.;-

Of the 15 ports in the disaster hit areas, only the Aomori terminal was open to public use
immediately after the quake, but all have been reopened to-date;-All 12 airports in the region are back in operation, including for public use. The Hanamaki,
Yamagata, Fukushima and other airports are open around the clock to handle
Self-Defense Forces and U.S. military transport planes;-

Tohoku Shinkansen (bullet train) services between Tokyo and Shin-Aomori was reopened
late April.

Already good progress has been made to restore damaged infrastructure especially majortransport facilities as described above, but it

Fig. 14 Number of evacuees since March 11

is true that it will take many years to recover
the whole.

Evacuation Centers
As of April 27, 130,145 displaced people
are staying at evacuation centers, such ascommunity centers, schools, and sports
stadiums. This figure does not cover those
who are staying at their homes, in cars, or atother locations under harsh living conditions.
Since the provision of temporary shelters
expected to take many months to complete andthe sanitation conditions at the evacuation
centers continue to deteriorate, some local
authorities, such as Minami-Sanriku town,
have started to temporarily relocate someevacuees to other places with better living
conditions,

such

as

hotelsandpublic１６

apartments in less affected areas.
The Special Headquarters for Measures to Assist the Lives of Disaster Victims conducted asurvey to grasp the situation of 1,047 evacuation centers in three hardest-hit prefectures, namely
Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima. The survey results became available to the public on April 15.
(Main findings from the survey)
The period of the survey was from April 6th to 10th and its response rate was 30.9 per cent. The
following highlights the major findings. Of the 323 evacuation centers that responded to thesurvey,-72.8 per cent have gained access to water, electricity and gas (only 7 evacuation centers
have not yet gained access to water, electricity and gas);-

Foods have been distributed to most of evacuation centers to a reasonably great extent,
but hot foods have not yet been served at 7 evacuation centers;-

151 evacuation centers reported that evacuees do not have underclothes to change orcannot wash them;-

91 evacuation centers reported that there is no partition between family spaces;-

Medical and hygiene situation (frequent visit by medical doctors, enough medicines,
bathing, toilet and waste disposal) is reasonably fine, but there are still some evacuation
centers without medical care, no bath facility or waste dumping site;-

In a nutshell, 36 evacuation centers are still under extremely harsh or harsh conditions.

Temporary Housing
The construction started in Rikuzen-Takata city in Iwate prefecture on March 19, and thetransition of residents into those housings started on April 9. Currently, of 72,290 housing units
requested, approximately 30,400 units are estimated to be completed by the end of May according
to Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The 18,000 units requested by
Iwate Prefecture are likely to be completed by end of July, and the 24,000 units requested by
Fukushima Prefecture are likely to be completed by end of September.

Other alternatives to accommodate displaced people were also considered. For instance, thegovernment has already secured 52,913 housings units that are originally intended asgovernment officials’ apartments or public housing. As of April 27, 7,805 of these housing units

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have already been provided to the displaced families..
Fig. 15 Transition of types of shelters

Recent developments
On April 11, a moth after the earthquake and tsunami, a Reconstruction Design Council withthe participation of experts from various fields was created “to deliver a blueprint for thereconstruction plan around the time of June”. The Council has already convened several meetings
to share experiences and ideas. The Council will submit its first set of recommendations in June.
The Prime Minister, on April 15, posted his message on several newspapers overseas(Washington Post and Herald Tribune) stating: “The government will dedicate itself todemonstrating to the world its ability to establish the most sophisticated reconstruction plans for
East Japan, based on three principles: first, create a regional society that is highly resistant tonatural disasters; second, establish a social system that allows people to live in harmony with theglobal environment; and third, build a compassionate society that cares about people, in particular,
the vulnerable.”
The Parliament passed the first supplementary budget totaling some 4 trillion JPY on May 2.
It is the first of a planned series of spending packages to deal with the aftermath of the disaster.
The budget will be used for measures such as removing debris, constructing temporary housing
and repairing infrastructure as well as providing financial support to businesses affected by thedisaster.
The Central Disaster Management Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister and withmembers comprising all cabinet ministers, heads of public bodies such as Bank of Japan (BOJ)and Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and experts, has started the examination of
measures necessary for future mega disasters. The results of the examination will be used to
improve government’s disaster management plans and policies.

For information, comments or inquiries please contact:
Mr. Atsushi Koresawa, Asian Disaster reduction Center (ADRC)+81-78-262-5540, ak-koresawa@adrc.asia
Dr. Yasuo Kawawaki, International Recovery Platform (IRP)+81-78-262-6041, kawawaki@recoveryplatform.org

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