2023 27th International Conference Information Visualisation (IV)oBbmHBxiBQM Q7 arBTBM; JQiBQM Q7 *QKT2iBiBp2
E`mi mbBM; j. "QM2 .BbTHv_Bb EBi;rhFvmFB BiQ?

P+?MQKBxm lMBp2`bBiv
hQFvQ- CTM
FrMBb?BXKKB!BbXQ+?X+XDT

P+?MQKBxm lMBp2`bBiv
hQFvQ- CTM
BiQi!BbXQ+?X+XDT

#bi`+iě1+? THv2` Q7 +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi ?b  mMB[m2
TQbim`2 M/  bivH2 Q7 brBTBM; i?2 +`/b- r?B+? `2 BKTQ`iMi
7+iQ`b BM rBMMBM;  ;K2 i?i `2[mB`2b i?2 brB7i +[mBbBiBQM
Q7 HH 8y +`/bX Ai Bb 2bb2MiBH iQ MHvx2 i?2 +?`+i2`BbiB+b
Q7  THv2`Ƕb TQbim`2 BM Q`/2` iQ +?B2p2 i?2 brB7i +[mBbBiBQMX
q?BH2 T`2pBQmb bim/B2b QM i?2 MHvbBb Q7 TQbim`2 Q7 +QKT2iBiBp2
E`mi `2[mB`2/ bT2+BH /2pB+2b iQ #2 ii+?2/ iQ i?2 #Q/v
7Q` K2bm`BM; #`BM +iBpBiv Q` MHvxBM; r`Bbi ++2H2`iBQM iQ/2i2`KBM2 i?2 bT22/ Q7  THv2`X am+? TT`Q+?2b r2`2 T`Q#@
H2KiB+ bBM+2 i?2v Kv BMi2`72`2 rBi? i?2 Mim`H KQp2K2Mi Q7
i?2 THv2`bX
hQ //`2bb i?Bb Bbbm2- r2 `2 /2p2HQTBM;  pBbmHBxiBQM
bvbi2K i?i /BbTHvb i?2 i?`22@/BK2MbBQMH bF2H2iH KQp2K2Mib
Q7 KmHiBTH2 THv2`b BM `2bTQMb2 iQ  `2/ i?2 TQ2i`v Q7 E`miX
q2 miBHBx2 bF2H2iH BM7Q`KiBQM 2ti`+i2/ 7`QK pB/2Qb mbBM;
J2/BTBT2- /2p2HQT2/ #v :QQ;H2- iQ +QKT`2 M/ MHvx2 i?2
KQp2K2Mib Q7 /Bz2`2Mi THv2`bX h?Bb TT2` T`2b2Mib i?2 `2bmHib
Q7 Qm` MHvbBb- r?B+? +QKT`2/ i?2 brBTBM; KQp2K2Mib Q7
KmHiBTH2 THv2`b mbBM; Qm` T`QTQb2/ bvbi2KX
AM/2t h2`KběoBbmHBxiBQM- *QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi- JQiBQM+Tim`2X

AX AMi`Q/m+iBQM*QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi R Bb  QM2@QM@QM2 ;K2 THv2/ rBi?
8y `M/QKHv b2H2+i2/ +`/b Qmi Q7  b2i Q7 Ryy P;m`>vFmMBM Abb?m E`mi +`/bX h?2 rBMM2` Bb i?2 THv2`
r?Q ?b MQ +`/b BM i?2B` QrM i2``BiQ`vX
Ai Bb 2bb2MiBH iQ MHvx2 QrM THvBM; bivH2 iQ rBM BM+QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi- b THv2`b Kmbi TB+F mT i?2 }7iv +`/b
QM i?2 THvBM; }2H/ 7bi2` i?M i?2B` QTTQM2MibX SHv2`b
+M BKT`Qp2 i?2B` bT22/ M/ ++m`+v #v MHvxBM; i?2B`
T2`7Q`KM+2- bm+? b i?2B` bi`2M;i?b M/ r2FM2bb2b BM+`/ TQbBiBQM- TQbim`2- M/ brBTBM; i2+?MB[m2X
JMv THv2`b MHvx2 i?2B` THvBM; bivH2 #v 2t+?M;BM;bm#D2+iBp2 /pB+2 rBi? QTTQM2Mib Q` BMbi`m+iQ`bc ?Qr2p2`i?Bb K2i?Q/ ?b irQ T`Q#H2KbX 6B`bi- ?mKM Q#b2`piBQM
/Q2b MQi Hrvb T`QpB/2 ++m`i2 FMQrH2/;2- b BM/BpB/mH
b2Mb2b `2 T`QM2 iQ p`BQmb #Bb2bX a2+QM/- Bi Bb mbmHHv/B{+mHi iQ +QKT`2 QM2b2H7 rBi? Qi?2`b- b i?2 QMHv rv
iQ /Q bQ Bb iQ +QKT`2 QM2Ƕb QrM brBTBM; KQiBQM rBi?
irQ@/BK2MbBQMH pB/2Q BM7Q`KiBQMX
hQ //`2bb i?2b2 Bbbm2b- r2 `2 /2p2HQTBM;  bvbi2K i?i
2M#H2b THv2`b iQ +QKT`2 i?2B` QrM +iBQMb rBi? i?Qb2 Q7
Qi?2`b #v K2bm`BM; M/ pBbmHBxBM; i?2B` brBTBM; KQiBQMb
R _mH2b
2X?iKHBM

1M;HBb?,

6B;X RX a+`22Mb?Qi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ bvbi2KX UlTT2`V h?2 bvbi2K 7Q`
K2bm`2K2Mi Q7 brBTBM; KQiBQMX UGQr2`V h?2 bvbi2K 7Q` pBbmHBx@iBQM Q7 brBTBM; /iX

BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi ;K2b b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 RX Pm`
T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ BMpQHp2b iFBM; KmHiBTH2 pB/2Qb Q7 brBT@
BM; KQiBQMb Q7 THv2`b i /Bz2`2Mi TQbBiBQMb M/ 2ti`+iBM;
KQiBQM BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK 2+? #Q/v T`iX h?Bb KQiBQM
BM7Q`KiBQM Bb /BbTHv2/ mbBM; M BMi2`+iBp2 pBbmHBxiBQM
bvbi2K i?i 72im`2b  j. #QM2 /BbTHv Q7 i?2 KQiBQM Q7
i?2 THv2`b M/  +?`i Q7 i?2 TQbBiBQMH BM7Q`KiBQM Q7
2+? #Q/v T`iX "v +QKT`BM; M/ MHvxBM; i?2 `2bmHib Q7
i?2b2 pBbmHBxiBQMb- /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M KmHiBTH2 THv2`b
+M #2 2pHmi2/X
h?Bb TT2` T`2b2Mib i?2 `2bmHib Q7  +QKT`BbQM Q7 brBT@
BM; KQiBQMb #2ir22M KmHiBTH2 THv2`b M/ 2tKBM2b i?2/Bz2`2M+2b i?i +M #2 Q#b2`p2/X aT2+B}+HHv- r2 /Bb+mbb
 +QKT`BbQM #2ir22M irQ 2tT2`i THv2`b Q7 /Bz2`2Mi #Q/v

?iiT,ffF`miX;K2X+QQ+MXDTfbBKTH2`mH2@

2375-0138/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/IV60283.2023.00065

346

bBx2b M/ ;2M/2`b- b r2HH b  +QKT`BbQM #2ir22M #2;BMM2` M/ M 2tT2`i THv2`X

kV SQb2 1biBKiBQM 7`QK oB/2Q AK;2b lbBM; J+?BM2
G2`MBM;, SQbim`2 2biBKiBQM Bb MQi?2` i2+?MQHQ;v i?i?b #22M /2p2HQT2/ `2+2MiHv- r?B+? 2biBKi2b i?2 TQbBiBQMb
Q7 ?mKM DQBMib 7`QK Q`/BM`v irQ@/BK2MbBQMH pB/2Q
BK;2b #v K+?BM2 H2`MBM;- rBi?Qmi i?2 mb2 Q7 bT2+BHBx2/
2[mBTK2Mi bm+? b K`F2`b- b2MbQ`b- Q` BM7``2/ +K2`bXh?Bb i2+?MQHQ;v ?b i?2 /pMi;2 Q7 #2BM; #H2 iQ
2biBKi2 i?2 TQbim`2 Q7 KmHiBTH2 T2`bQMb M/ +M #2
TTHB2/ iQ pB/2Qb `2+Q`/2/ rBi?Qmi i?2 Tm`TQb2 Q7 KQiBQM+Tim`2X h?MFb iQ i?2 #Qp2 +QMp2MB2M+2- r2 +M mb2 BM p`B2iv Q7 }2H/b- BM+Hm/BM; i2K bTQ`ib bm+? b bQ++2`X"`B/;2KM 2i HX (8) TTHB2/  7bi K2i?Q/ iQ irQ pB/2Qb
Q7  bQ++2` Ki+? iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 ++m`+v Q7 r?QH2@#Q/v TQb2 2biBKiBQM M/ i`+FBM; Q7 KmHiBTH2 THv2`bX:?b2Kx/2? 2i HX (e) T`QTQb2/  K2i?Q/ 7Q` /2i2+iBQM
Q7 bF2H2iQMb Q7 Qp2`HTTBM; #bF2i#HH THv2`bX
Hi?Qm;? r2 /Q MQi bim/v QM K+?BM2 H2`MBM; Q7
pB/2Qb Bib2H7- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ 2tTHQ`2 K2i?Q/b 7Q` KQiBQM
2ti`+iBQM 7`QK pB/2Q BK;2b iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 ++m`+v Q7
TQbim`2 2biBKiBQM 7Q` +QKT2iBiBp2 E`miX

AAX _2Hi2/ qQ`F
X aim/B2b QM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi
aim/B2b QM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi `2 biBHH 72r BM MmK#2`#2+mb2 i?2v ?p2 #22M +QM/m+i2/ QMHv BM CTMX h?Bb
b2+iBQM BMi`Q/m+2b irQ bim/B2b QM /i +QHH2+iBQM M/
MHvbBb Q7 +QKT2iBiBp2 E`miXhF2/ 2i HX (R) mb2/ M QTiB+H #`BM BK;BM; bvbi2K
iQ K2bm`2 #`BM +?M;2b BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi THv2`bX
h?2 `2bmHib b?Qr2/ i?i i?2 +QM+2Mi`iBQM Q7 Qtv;2Mi2/?2KQ;HQ#BM BM+`2b2/ 7`QK i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 i?2 `2/BM;
Q7 i?2 #QiiQK T?`b2 iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 `2/BM; Q7 i?2
iQT T?`b2- b r2HH b r?2M i?2 +`/b QM i?2 }2H/ r2`2
`2/X h?Bb HHQrb mb iQ Q#b2`p2 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM T`Q+2bbBM;+v+H2 Q7 i?2 #`BM i?i `2T2ib i?2 `2+2TiBQM- `2+Q;MBiBQMT`Q+2bbBM;- M/ ;BH2 KQp2K2Mi Q7 bQT?BbiB+i2/ m/BiQ`v
BM7Q`KiBQM r?2M THv2`b brBT2 i?2 +`/bXuK/ 2i HX (k) K2bm`2/ i?2 iBKBM; Q7 +`/ +[mBbB@
iBQM BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi #v ii+?BM; ++2H2`iBQM M/M;mH` p2HQ+Biv b2MbQ`b iQ i?2 r`BbiX ++2H2`iBQM M/M;mH` p2HQ+Biv Q7 i?2 brBTBM; +QHH2+i2/ BM /pM+2- M/i?2 iBKBM; Q7 brBTBM; i?2 +`/b i i?i iBK2 `2 mb2/
b +Q``2+i /iX h?2M- .hq U.vMKB+ hBK2 q`TBM;V/BbiM+2 #2ir22M i?2 i2bi M/ +Q``2+i /i Bb +H+mHi2/X
h?2 iBK2 r?2M .hq /BbiM+2 Bb i?2 b?Q`i2bi Bb +H+mHi2/
b i?2 +[mBbBiBQM iBK2 Q7 i?2 +`/ BM i?2 i2bi /iX h?2/Bz2`2M+2 BM +[mBbBiBQM iBKBM; #2ir22M THv2`b Bb b2p2`H
i2Mb Q7 KBHHBb2+QM/bX "mi 2p2M- i?Bb K2i?Q/ +QmH/ 2biBKi2
NNXyW Q7 +b2b rBi? M 2``Q` Q7 ky KBHHBb2+QM/b Q` H2bbX
h?2b2 K2i?Q/b `2 bBKBH` iQ Qm` K2i?Q/ BM i?i i?2v
K2bm`2 ?mKM #Q/v KQp2K2Mib M/ MHvx2 +QKT2iBiBp2
E`mi b  bTQ`iX .Bz2`2MiHv 7`QK i?2b2 K2i?Q/b- Qm`
K2i?Q/ BKb iQ pBbmHBx2 i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 i?2 r?QH2#Q/v /m`BM;  ;K2 bQ i?i mb2`b +M mM/2`biM/ i?2
T`Q#H2Kb Q7 i?2 THv2`bǶ QrM KQiBQMb- MQi QMHv BKBM; iQ
K2bm`2 i?2 iBKBM; Q7 brBTBM;  +`/X

AAAX S`Q+2bbBM; 6HQr
h?Bb b2+iBQM T`2b2Mib i?2 T`QTQb2/ pBbmHBxiBQM bvbi2K+QMbBbiBM; Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; irQ T`Q+2bb2bX• J2bm`2K2Mi Q7 brBTBM; KQiBQM• oBbmHBxiBQM Q7 brBTBM; /iAM i?2 }`bi bi2T Ubi2T RV- r2 `2+Q`/ i?2 pB/2Q Q7 i?2
brBTBM; +`/ KQiBQM- M/ 2ti`+i i?2 bF2H2iH BM7Q`KiBQM
iQ Q#iBM TQbBiBQMH /i 7Q` 2+? #Q/v T`iX h?Bb /iBb `272``2/ iQ b ǳbrBTBM; /iǴX h?2 b2+QM/ bi2T Ubi2T kV
BMpQHp2b pBbmHBxiBQM Q7 i?2 ǳbrBTBM; /iǴ iQ Q#b2`p2 i?2
brBTBM; KQiBQMb Q7 i?2 THv2`bX aT2+B}+HHv- a2+iBQMb jXR
M/ jXk QmiHBM2 i?2 K2i?Q/ mb2/ iQ +[mB`2 i?2 ǳbrBTBM;/iǴ- r?BH2 a2+iBQM jXj T`QpB/2b KQ`2 /2iBH2/ BM7Q`K@iBQM #Qmi i?2 bvbi2K mb2/ iQ 2ti`+i i?2 ǳbrBTBM; /iǴX
6BMHHv- a2+iBQM jX9 2tTHBMb i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM bvbi2KXX J2bm`2K2Mi Q7 brBTBM; KQiBQM
h?Bb b2+iBQM 2tTHBMb i?2 K2i?Q/ 7Q` K2bm`BM; i?2
KQiBQM Q7 i?2 brBTBM; +`/b BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`miX AM i?Bb
bim/v- r2 mb2 TQb2 2biBKiBQM #v K+?BM2 H2`MBM; 7`QK
pB/2Q 7QQi;2 #2+mb2 Bi ?b i?2 /pMi;2 Q7 +QHH2+iBM;
BM7Q`KiBQM QM  H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 THv2`b- bBM+2 i?2
bF2H2iQM +M #2 2ti`+i2/ B7 QMHv pB/2Q 7QQi;2 +M #2
+Tim`2/ rBi?Qmi mbBM; /2/B+i2/ 2[mBTK2MiX Hi?Qm;?
KQiBQM +Tim`2 mbBM; xm`2 EBM2+i rb HbQ ii2KTi2/i?2 ++m`+v Q7 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi `2bmHib BM i?2 brBTBM;KQiBQM /B/ MQi /Bz2` bB;MB}+MiHv 7`QK i?i Q7 TQb2 2biB@
KiBQM 7`QK pB/2Q 7QQi;2X h?2`27Q`2- r2 +QM+Hm/2/ i?i
TQbim`2 2biBKiBQM 7`QK pB/2Q 7QQi;2 rb  `2bQM#H2
bQHmiBQMX
i }`bi- r2 BMi2M/2/ iQ 2ti`+i i?2 bF2H2iQM Q7 i?2
2MiB`2 #Q/vX >Qr2p2`- #Qi? TQbim`2 2biBKiBQM 7`QK pB/2Q
7QQi;2 M/ K2bm`2K2Mi mbBM; xm`2 EBM2+i ?/ HQr/2i2+iBQM ++m`+v 7Q` i?2 HQr2` #Q/vX h?Bb Bb /m2 iQ i?2
Mim`2 Q7 i?2 +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi TQbim`2- bm+? b bBiiBM;"X aim/v QM aF2H2iH 1ti`+iBQMo`BQmb i2+?MQHQ;B2b ?p2 #22M /2p2HQT2/ iQ 2ti`+ibF2H2iQMb 7`QK i?2 ?mKM #Q/v 7Q` p`BQmb Tm`TQb2bX
RV JQiBQM *Tim`2 mbBM;  *K2`, JQiBQM +Tim`2
i2+?MQHQ;v i?i miBHBx2b BM7``2/ +K2`b M/ K+?BM2
H2`MBM; iQ 2ti`+i ?mKM KQiBQM ?b #22M TQTmH`X
JB+`QbQ7iǶb xm`2 EBM2+i Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7 bm+? bvbi2Kbr?B+? mb2b  K`F2`H2bb KQiBQM +Tim`2 bvbi2K iQ +Tim`2?mKM KQiBQMbX xm`2 EBM2+i ?b /pMi;2b bm+? b?B;? TQbBiBQMH ++m`+v- HQr +Qbi- 2b2 Q7 BMbiHHiBQMM/ i`+FBM; rBi?Qmi mbBM; K`F2`b Q` b2MbQ`bX
ErMBb?B 2i HX (j) mb2/ xm`2 EBM2+i iQ +[mB`2 KQiBQM/i 7`QK `2T2iBiBp2 T`+iB+2 Q7 /M+2`b M/ pBbmHBx2b i?2`2bmHib #v TTHvBM; +Hmbi2`BM; iQ 2+? #Q/v T`iX J2HBQb
2i HX (9) HbQ mb2/ xm`2 EBM2+i iQ +Tim`2 KQiBQM /i Q7/M+2 KQp2K2Mib- M/ ?p2 +`2i2/  bvbi2K i?i HHQrb
mb2`b iQ 2MDQv  ;K2 r?BH2 T`+iB+BM; /M+2bX

347

HQ+iBQM BM7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 brBT2/ +`/b Q#iBM2/ ?2`2 Bb`2+Q`/2/ iQ;2i?2` rBi? i?2 brBTBM; /i- BM Q`/2` iQ TTHv
+Hmbi2`BM; BM i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM T`Q+2bb /2b+`B#2/ #2HQrXh?2 bvbi2K bi`ib `2/BM; i?2 ǳqFǴ TQ2Kb M/
T`2T`BM; iQ `2+Q`/ i?2K bBKmHiM2QmbHv- r?2M i?2 ǳSHv@#+FǴ #miiQM Bb T`2bb2/X PMHv QM2 ivT2 Q7 TQ2K Bb `2/M/ i?2 +`/b `2 `2T2i2/Hv `2/ b KMv iBK2b b b2i#v i?2 +QmMi2` QM i?2 +QMi`QH TM2HX h?2 TQ2Kb `2 `2/
`M/QKHv BM +imH +QKT2iBiBQMb- #mi BM i?Bb K2i?Q/- r2
bmTTQb2 i?2 bK2 TQ2Kb `2 `2/ `2T2i2/Hv #2+mb2 i?2
7Q+mb Bb QMHv QM i?2 #Q/v Q7 qF TQ2Kb i?i +M #2
/2i2`KBM2/ #v HBbi2MBM; iQ i?2 }`bi +?`+i2` UFMQrM bi?2 ǳQM2@+?`+i2` `mH2ǴV- M/ i?2 T`iB+BTMi Bb BMbi`m+i2/
iQ brBT2 i?2 +`/ i i?2 KQK2Mi i?2v `2 `2/X _2+Q`/BM;
Q7 #Q/v TQbBiBQM BM7Q`KiBQM bi`ib QM2 b2+QM/ #27Q`2 i?2}`bi +?`+i2` Bb `2/ M/ biQTb i?`22 b2+QM/b Hi2` iQ
KBMBKBx2 `2+Q`/BM; iBK2 M/ /i bBx2X
h?2 ǳap2Ǵ #miiQM Bb +iBpi2/ QM+2 i?2 MmK#2` Q7 brBT@
BM; /i bT2+B}2/ #v i?2 +QmMi2` ?b #22M K2bm`2/X h?2
brBTBM; /i- BM+Hm/BM; THv2` BM7Q`KiBQM- Bb 2tTQ`i2/ BM
CaPL 7Q`Ki M/ bp2/ b  HQ+H }H2X

BM ǳb2BxǴ- r?B+? Q#b+m`2b i?2 HQr2` #Q/v 7`QK i?2 +K2`
M/ +H2`Hv `2/m+2b ++m`+vX aBM+2 Q#b2`pBM; i?2 brBTBM;KQiBQM KBMHv 7Q+mb2b QM i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 i?2 mTT2`#Q/v- `Kb- M/ ?M/b `i?2` i?M i?2 HQr2` #Q/v- r2/2+B/2/ iQ T`Q+22/ rBi? i?2 bim/v KBMHv MHvxBM; i?2mTT2` #Q/vX
b  `2bmHi- r2 mb2/ J2/BTBT2 /2p2HQT2/ #v :QQ;H2
7Q` TQb2 2biBKiBQMX Ai Bb HB;?ir2B;?i +QKT`2/ iQ Qi?2`
TQb2 2biBKiBQM KQ/2HbX q2 i`B2/ Qi?2` TQb2 2biBKiBQM
KQ/2Hb- #mi bQK2 Q7 i?2K r2`2 MQi +QKTiB#H2 rBi? i?2
T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 T2`bQMH +QKTmi2`b Q` T`Q/m+2/ BM++m`i2`2bmHibX q2 BK iQ +QHH2+i BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK KQ`2 THv2`b
BM i?2 7mim`2- bQ r2 /2+B/2/ iQ mb2 J2/BTBT2- r?B+?
+M #2 `mM QM  r2# #`Qrb2` `2;`/H2bb Q7 i?2 `mMiBK2
2MpB`QMK2MiX
J2/BTBT2 +M 2biBKi2 t- v- M/ x i?`22@/BK2MbBQMH+QQ`/BMi2b 7`QK  bBM;H2 +K2` BMTmiX h?Bb 2M#H2b
i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM Q7 #QM2b BM i?`22 /BK2MbBQMb- KFBM;
Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ Q#b2`p2 QM2Ƕb QrM TQbim`2 M/ KQp2K2Mib
7`QK p`BQmb M;H2b M/ /BbiM+2bX"X oBbmHBxiBQM avbi2K
h?2 pBbmHBxiBQM bvbi2K +QKT`Bb2b 7Qm` KDQ` +QKTQ@
M2Mib- b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 jX• h?2 "QM2 .BbTHv *QMi`QH SM2H UmTT2` H27iV• h?2 6BH2 GQ/BM; M/ *Hmbi2`BM; SM2H UmTT2` `B;?iV• h?2 "QM2 .BbTHv U#QiiQK H27iV• h?2 hBK2@a2`B2b .BbTHv U#QiiQK `B;?iV

6B;X kX a+`22Mb?Qi Q7 i?2 bvbi2K 7Q` K2bm`2K2Mi Q7 brBTBM; KQiBQMX
Ai +QMbBbib Q7 }p2 +QKTQM2MibX

q2 /2p2HQT2/  Cpa+`BTi@#b2/ q2# bvbi2K iQ Q#iBM
i?2 brBTBM; /i b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 kX h?2 bvbi2K Bb+QKTQb2/ Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; }p2 +QKTQM2MibX
RV .BbTHv Q7 pB/2Q M/ #QM2bkV AMTmi 7Q`K Q7 THv2` BM7Q`KiBQM
jV a2H2+iBQM TM2H 7Q` i?2 TQbBiBQM
9V *QMi`QH TM2H 7Q` pQB+2 `2/BM;
8V J2bb;2 #Qt /BbTHvBM; +m``2Mi biimb
h?Bb bvbi2K /BbTHvb i?2 #QM2b BM `2H@iBK2 QM i?2 b+`22M
HQM;bB/2 i?2 pB/2Q +Tim`2/ #v i?2 r2#+KX h?2 bvbi2K
HbQ T`QpB/2b  7Q`K 7Q` 2Mi2`BM; THv2` BM7Q`KiBQM iQ/BbiBM;mBb? 2+? THv2` QM i?2 `B;?i@?M/ bB/2 Q7 i?2 pB/2Q/BbTHvX PM+2 HH }2H/b `2 }HH2/ Qmi- i?2 THv2` BM7Q`KiBQM
Bb bp2/ #v +HB+FBM; i?2 ǳa2iiBM;Ǵ #miiQMX
q2 bmTTQb2  +QKT2iBiBQM }2H/ Q7 3d +K × 99X8 +K Bb
b2i QM i?2 ǳhiKBǴ- r?B+? Bb i?2 bK2 bBx2 b i?2 bT+2
mb2/ 7Q` i?2 +QKT2iBiBQM- M/ +`/b `2 TH+2/ i `#Bi``v
HQ+iBQMb- r?BH2 K2bm`BM; i?2 THv2`Ƕb KQiBQMX h?2 mb2` Bb
7`22 iQ b2H2+i r?2`2 iQ TH+2 i?2 +`/b QM i?2 bvbi2KX h?2

6B;X jX a+`22Mb?Qi Q7 i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM bvbi2KX Ai +QMbBbib Q7 7Qm`
+QKTQM2MibX

h?2 bvbi2K Bb +QKTQb2/ Q7 irQ T`Q+2bb2b, i?2 pBbmHBx@iBQM T`Q+2bb M/ i?2 +Hmbi2`BM; T`Q+2bbX AM i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM
T`Q+2bb- i?2 bvbi2K }`bi HQ/b i?2 CaPL }H2b 7Q` i?2 irQ
THv2`b #v +HB+FBM; QM i?2 #miiQMb HQ+i2/ QM i?2 `B;?i
bB/2 Q7 i?2 mTT2` +QMi`QH TM2HX 7i2` HQ/BM; Bb +QKTH2i2i?2 bvbi2K /BbTHvb i?2 #QM2b M/ HBM2 +?`ibX
lb2`b +M MBKi2 i?2 KQiBQM Q7 i?2 THv2`Ƕb brBTBM;#v bHB/BM; i?2 #` QM i?2 mTT2` bB/2 Q7 i?2 "QM2 .BbTHv*QMi`QH SM2HX h?2 bF2H2iH BM7Q`KiBQM 7Q` i?2 bK2 bTQi
Bb bmT2`BKTQb2/- HHQrBM; mb2`b iQ +QKT`2 M/ Q#b2`p2

348

i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 i?2 2MiB`2 #Q/vX h?2 bvbi2K +M /BbTHv#QM2b 7`QK M `#Bi``v M;H2 Q` TQbBiBQM #v /`;;BM; Q`b+`QHHBM; rBi? irQ }M;2`b QM i?2 +Mpb Q7 i?2 #QM2 /BbTHvXh?2 hBK2@a2`B2b .BbTHv b+`22M b?Qrb i2KTQ`H +?M;2b
BM i?2 +QQ`/BMi2 pHm2b Q7 2+? #Q/v T`iX h?2 ?Q`BxQMiHtBb b?Qrb i?2 iBK2 U7`K2 A.V- M/ i?2 p2`iB+H tBb b?Qrb
i?2 +QQ`/BMi2 pHm2b Q7 i?2 #Q/v T`i b2H2+i2/ #v i?2`/BQ #miiQMb QM i?2 ;`T?X aBM+2 J2/BTBT2 +[mB`2b+QQ`/BMi2b BM i?`22 /B`2+iBQMb Ut- v- xV M/ QmiTmib
MQ`KHBx2/ pHm2b #2ir22M y M/ R- i?2 p2`iB+H tBb Q7
i?2 HBM2 +?`i `M;2b 7`QK y i i?2 KBMBKmK iQ R i i?2
KtBKmKX GBF2 i?2 "QM2 .BbTHv- mb2`b +M b+H2 M/ b?B7ii?2 HBM2 +?`i #v /`;;BM; Bi QM i?2 +Mpb Q` b+`QHHBM; Bi
rBi? irQ }M;2`bX
AM i?2 *Hmbi2`BM; SM2H- mb2`b +M b2H2+i i?2 KQiBQM/i i?2v rMi iQ /BbTHv 7`QK KQM; HH i?2 K2bm`2/
brBTBM; /i- M/ i?2v +M 7`22Hv +?M;2 i?2 /BbTHv M/+QKT`2 i?2 HBM2 +?`ibX
h?2 bvbi2K /`rb i?2 /i Q7 i?2 }`bi THv2` BM Q`M;2M/ i?2 /i Q7 i?2 b2+QM/ THv2` BM #Hm2 BM #Qi? i?2"QM2 .BbTHv M/ i?2 hBK2@a2`B2b .BbTHv- iQ /Bz2`2MiBi2#2ir22M i?2 irQ THv2`bX h?2 bvbi2K `2T`2b2Mib i?2 iBK2
b2`B2b Q7 i?2 KQiBQM Q7 2+? THv2` #v  ;`/iBQM Q7
2+? +QHQ`X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib M2` i?2#2;BMMBM; Q7 HH K2bm`2K2Mib `2 /`rM BM /`F2` +QHQ`br?BH2 i?Qb2 M2` i?2 2M/ `2 /`rM BM HB;?i2` +QHQ`bX

6B;X 9X *QKT`BbQM Q7 ?2/ ?2B;?iX

brBTBM; +iBQMb Q7 THv2`b +`Qbb KmHiBTH2 `QmM/b- r?B+?
Bb /B{+mHi iQ +?B2p2 rBi? Q`/BM`v pB/2QXkV MHvbBb Q7 i?2 iBK2 b2`B2b, h?Bb b2+iBQM T`2b2Mib
 KQ`2 /2iBH2/ /Bb+mbbBQM #v +QKT`BM; i?2 HBM2 +?`ibr?BH2 Q#b2`pBM; i?2 #QM2 /BbTHvX q2 b2H2+i2/ QM2 Q`
irQ KQp2K2Mib 7`QK i2M KQp2K2Mib Q7 2+? THv2` M/+QKT`2/ i?2K #v +?M;BM; i?2 /BbTHvX aBM+2 TQbBiBQMb
r2`2 MQi 2ti`+i2/ 7Q` `2b r?2`2 i?2 ++m`+v Q7 i?2
J2/BTBT2 2biBKiBQM rb H2bb i?M N8W- i?2 HBM2 +?`ib
Kv #2 BM+QKTH2i2 /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi `2bmHibX
h?2`27Q`2- BM i?Bb b2+iBQM- r2 b2H2+i2/ KQp2K2Mib rBi? MQ/2}+Bib BM i?2 HBM2 +?`i b i?2 }`bi T`BQ`BivX
q2 b?Qr2/ i?i i?2 KQbi bB;MB}+Mi /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M
i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 i?2 irQ THv2`b rb ?2/ ?2B;?i BM i?2
T`2pBQmb b2+iBQMX h?Bb Bb 2pB/2Mi 7`QK i?2 HBM2 +?`i Q7 i?2
v@+QQ`/BMi2 Q7 i?2 MQb2 b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 8X Hi?Qm;?
r2 ?/ 2tT2+i2/ ?2/ ?2B;?i iQ p`v BM T`QTQ`iBQM iQ?2B;?i- i?Bb 2tT2+iiBQM rb Qp2`im`M2/ bBM+2 r2 7QmM/
i?2 p`BiBQM ++Q`/BM; iQ THvBM; bivH2X
L2ti- r2 +QKT`2/ i?2 `B;?i r`Bbi- r?B+? KQp2b i?2
KQbi /m`BM; i?2 brBTBM; +iBQMX AM i?Bb 2tT2`BK2Mi- r2
7Q+mb2/ QM i?2 ǳ#2;BMMBM;Ǵ M/ i?2 ǳ2M/Ǵ Q7 i?2 brBT2- #mii?2 iBKBM; Q7 i?2 ǳ#2;BMMBM;Ǵ Q7 i?2 brBT2 p`B2/ KQM;
i?2 THv2`b- M/ MQ bB;MB}+Mi /Bz2`2M+2 rb Q#b2`p2/#2ir22M i?2 irQ THv2`bX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2`2 rb bB;MB}+Mi /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 i?2
irQ THv2`b i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 brBT2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; Bb 
/Bb+mbbBQM Q7 i?2 TQbim`2 i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 brBT2X
b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 e- SHv2` R `Bb2b ?2` `B;?i ?M/
r?BH2 SHv2` k TH+2b ?Bb `B;?i ?M/ +HQb2 iQ i?2 ~QQ` r?2M
?2 }MBb?2b brBTBM;X q2 7QmM/ i?i THv2` R brmM; ?2``K mT HBF2  T2M/mHmK mbBM; ?2` b?QmH/2` b  7mH+`mKr?BH2 THv2` k brmM; ?Bb `K BM  +QKT+i KQiBQM- b B7
?2 KQp2/ T`HH2H iQ i?2 `B;?i- 7`QK i?2 #QM2 MBKiBQM
/BbTHvX
6B;X d b?Qrb i?2 HBM2 +?`i Q7 i?2 v@+QQ`/BMi2 Q7 i?2`B;?i r`BbiX h?Bb HBM2 +?`i BHHmbi`i2b i?i #Qi? THv2`b
KQp2/ mTr`/ BM i?2 bK2 KMM2` mT iQ 7`K2 j9- #mi

AoX 1tKTH2b
h?Bb b2+iBQM T`2b2Mib i?2 irQ 2tKTH2b Q7 `2bmHib mbBM;
i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/X
X *QKT`BbQM Q7 1tT2`i SHv2`b
q2 }`bi +QKT`2/ i?2 biM+2 M/ brBTBM; Q7 irQ
2tT2`i THv2`b iQ }M/ Mv /Bz2`2M+2bX "Qi? THv2`b r2`2
`B;?i@?M/2/- ?/ THv2/ +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi 7Q` Qp2`
}p2 v2`b- M/ r2`2 ǳ@H2p2H 9@/MǴ THv2`bX SHv2` R`2T`2b2Mi2/ BM Q`M;2- Bb  Rey@+K@iHH rQKM- r?BH2
SHv2` k- `2T`2b2Mi2/ BM #Hm2- Bb  R3y@+K@iHH KMX q2
2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` /Bz2`2M+2b BM THvBM; bivH2 +QmH/ #2
Q#b2`p2/ #2ir22M irQ THv2`b Q7 bBKBH` #BHBiv #b2/ QM
i?2B` T?vbB[m2 M/ ;2M/2`X .m`BM; i?2 2tT2`BK2Mi- i?2
THv2`b r2`2 }HK2/ r?BH2 brBTBM;  +`/ BM i?2 HQr2``B;?i +Q`M2` Q7 i?2B` QrM i2``BiQ`v bB/2X h?2 `2bmHib Q7
i?2 2tT2`BK2Mi `2 T`2b2Mi2/ #2HQrX
RV MHvbBb Q7 i?2 "QM2 oBbmHBxiBQM, 6B;m`2 9 b?Qrb
M 2tKTH2 Q7 i?2 #QM2 pBbmHBxiBQM Q7 i?2 irQ THv2`bX
h?2 KQbi bB;MB}+Mi /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 irQ THv2`brb i?2 ?2B;?i Q7 i?2B` ?2/bX b b?QrM #v i?2 +B`+H2b BM
6B;X 9- i?2 ?2/ Q7 SHv2` R rb iHH2` i?M i?2 ?2/ Q7
SHv2` k- /2bTBi2 SHv2` k #2BM; iHH2` Qp2`HHX"QM2 pBbmHBxiBQM Bb  mb27mH iQQH 7Q` /BbTHvBM; i?2
brBTBM; KQiBQM /i BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi M/ 7Q` +QK@
T`BM; KmHiBTH2 THv2`bX JQ`2Qp2`- i?`22@/BK2MbBQMH #QM2
pBbmHBxiBQM HHQrb 7Q` i?2 Q#b2`piBQM Q7 M;H2b i?i `2
MQi MQ`KHHv pBbB#H2- 2M#HBM; KQ`2 /2iBH2/ /i MHvbBbX
h?Bb K2i?Q/ Bb T`iB+mH`Hv 2z2+iBp2 7Q` +QKT`BM; i?2349

6B;X 8X *QKT`BbQM Q7 v@+QQ`/BMi2b Q7 MQb2X

6B;X dX *QKT`BbQM Q7 v@+QQ`/BMi2b Q7 i?2 `B;?i r`BbiX

6B;X eX *QKT`BbQM Q7 `B;?i ?M/ ?2B;?iX

6B;X 3X MBKiBQMg URVX UlTT2`@H27iV "27Q`2 KQp2K2MiX UlTT2`@`B;?iV ai`i Q7 KQp2K2Mi Q7 M 2tT2`iX UGQr2`@H27iV ai`i Q7 brBTBM;
Q7 M 2tT2`iX UGQr2`@`B;?iV 1M/ Q7 brBTBM; Q7 M 2tT2`iX

i?2B` QrM i2``BiQ`v- M/ ;2M2`i2/  b2[m2M+2 b?QrBM; i?2
THv2`b rBi? i?2B` #QM2b /BbTHv2/- b b?QrM BM 6B;m`2
3X q2 +QmH/ Q#b2`p2 BM /2iBH i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2B`
KQp2K2Mib #v bmT2`BKTQbBM; i?2 #QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ THv2`b
M/ +QKT`BM; i?2K 7`K2 #v 7`K2X
6B;m`2 3UmTT2`@H27iV b?Qrb i?2 irQ THv2`b #27Q`2 i?2v
bi`i KQpBM;X q2 +M b22 i?i SHv2` k- i?2 2tT2`i THv2`?b  ?B;?2` ?2/ i?M SHv2` RX >Qr2p2`- b r2 br BM
i?2 +QKT`BbQM Q7 2tT2`i THv2`b BM i?2 T`2pBQmb b2+iBQMi?2`2 `2 BM/BpB/mH /Bz2`2M+2b BM ?2/ ?2B;?i #2ir22M i?2
irQ THv2`b- bm;;2biBM; i?i ?2/ ?2B;?i Bb MQi `2Hi2/ iQ
2tT2`B2M+2X
SHv2` R ?/ T`2pBQmbHv bim/B2/ i?2 TQbim`2 Q7 SHv2`
k- M/ i?2`27Q`2- i?2`2 r2`2 72r /Bz2`2M+2b BM  TQbim`2
Qi?2` i?M ?2/ ?2B;?iX
L2ti- r2 +QKT`2/ 6B;m`2b 3UmTT2`@`B;?iV- 3UHQr2`@
H27iV- M/ 3UHQr2`@`B;?iVX .m`BM; i?Bb T2`BQ/- SHv2` ki?2 2tT2`i THv2`- K/2  brBTBM;- r?BH2 SHv2` R +QmH/
MQi #2;BM KQpBM; mMiBH SHv2` k ?/ }MBb?2/ brBTBM;X q2`2+Q`/2/ KmHiBTH2 brBTBM;- M/ 7QmM/ i?i SHv2` k bi`i2/
KQpBM; [mB+F2` BM 2+? `2+Q`/BM;X
h?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M SHv2` R M/ SHv2` k rbbB;MB}+Mi BM i?2 bT22/ Q7 i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 KQp2K2MiX
kV *QKT`BbQM r?2M brBTBM; i?2 HQr2` `B;?i ?M/ bB/2
Q7 QTTQM2MiǶb i2``BiQ`v, q2 `2+Q`/2/ i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7

i?2 `B;?i ?M/ Q7 SHv2` R +QMiBMm2/ iQ KQp2 mTr`/- r?BH2
i?2 `B;?i ?M/ Q7 SHv2` k KQp2/ b B7 Bi r2`2 `2im`MBM;
iQ i?2 ~QQ`X
jV amKK`v Q7 MHvbBb, 6`QK i?2 #Qp2 `2bmHib- r2
7QmM/ i?i SHv2` R brmM; ?2` `Kb mT 7i2` brBTBM;- r?BH2
SHv2` k HM/2/ QM i?2 ~QQ` rBi?  +QKT+i KQiBQMX
b /2b+`B#2/ #Qp2- r2 7QmM/ i?i i?2`2 r2`2 /Bz2`2M+2b
BM KQp2K2Mib KQM; THv2`b Q7 i?2 bK2 @H2p2H 9@/M/2T2M/BM; QM i?2B` T?vbB[m2 M/ ;2M/2`- #v mbBM; i?2
T`QTQb2/ bvbi2K BM +QK#BMiBQM rBi? i?2 #QM2 /BbTHv
M/ HBM2 +?`ibX
"X *QKT`BbQM Q7 "2;BMM2` M/ 1tT2`i SHv2`b
q2 +QM/m+i2/  +QKT`BbQM #2ir22M #2;BMM2` M/
2tT2`i THv2`b iQ BMp2biB;i2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2B` biM+2
M/ brBTBM; KQp2K2MiX SHv2` R U/`rM BM Q`M;2V rb `B;?i@?M/2/ rQKM- R88 +K BM ?2B;?i- ?/ HBiiH2 Q`
MQ 2tT2`B2M+2 BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi- M/ rb +QMbB/2`2/ #2;BMM2`X SHv2` k U/`rM BM #Hm2V rb HbQ  `B;?i@?M/2/ rQKM- Rey +K BM ?2B;?i- M/ ?/ Qp2` }p2 v2`b
Q7 2tT2`B2M+2 BM +QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi b M @H2p2H 9@/MTHv2`X
RV *QKT`BbQM r?BH2 brBTBM; i?2 HQr2` `B;?i ?M/ bB/2
Q7 QrM i2``BiQ`v, b BM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tT2`BK2Mi- r2`2+Q`/2/ i?2 THv2`b brBTBM; i?2 HQr2` `B;?i +Q`M2` Q7

350

i?2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 #2;BMM2`b M/ 2tT2`ib- BM //BiBQM
iQ +QKT`BbQMb #2ir22M 2tT2`ib rBi? /Bz2`2Mi H2p2Hb Q7
2tT2`B2M+2X
Pm` /2p2HQT2/ bvbi2K }`bi K2bm`2b i?2 brBT2 KQiBQMb
Q7 i?2 THv2` #v TTHvBM; TQbim`2 2biBKiBQM- M/ i?2M
pBbmHBx2b i?2 `2bmHib mbBM;  bvbi2K 2[mBTT2/ rBi? 
#QM2 /BbTHv M/ HBM2 +?`ibX h?Bb pBbmHBxiBQM bvbi2K
HHQrb 7Q` /2iBH2/ +QKT`BbQMb Q7 i?2 brBTBM; KQiBQMb
Q7 KmHiBTH2 THv2`b- M/ 7Q` i?2 /Bb+Qp2`v Q7 /Bz2`2M+2b#2ir22M /Bz2`2Mi T`ib Q7 i?2 #Q/vX AMi2`+iBp2 pBbmH@
BxiBQM rBi? irQ 7mM+iBQMb-  i?`22@/BK2MbBQMH MBKiBQM
/BbTHv M/  HBM2 +?`i Q7 TQbBiBQMH BM7Q`KiBQM Q7 2+?
T`i- Bb  bmBi#H2 K2i?Q/ 7Q` pBbmHBxBM; i?2 KQp2K2Mib
Q7 +QKT2iBiBp2 E`miX h?Bb pBbmHBxiBQM K2i?Q/ +M #2
mb2/ iQ #mBH/  bvbi2K i?i ?2HTb #2;BMM2`b BKT`Qp2 i?2B`
bFBHHb #v +QKT`BM; i?2K rBi? /pM+2/ THv2`bX
b  7mim`2 T`QbT2+i- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ /2p2HQT  bvbi2K
i?i +M K2bm`2 i?2 brBTBM; KQp2K2Mib Q7 KQ`2 THv2`b
M/ +QKT`2 i?2B` brBTBM; KQp2K2Mib rBi? i?Qb2 Q7
Qi?2`bX A7 r2 +M 2ti`+i i?2 +?`+i2`BbiB+b Q7 brBTBM;KQiBQMb Q7 2+? THv2` M/ +H+mHi2 i?2 THv2`b r?Q ?p2
 ?B;? bBKBH`Biv iQ i?2Kb2Hp2b- r2 2tT2+i i?i i?Bb bvbi2K
rBHH #2 mb27mH 7Q` BKT`QpBM; i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 THv2`bX
AM //BiBQM- Bi Bb 2bv iQ +QHH2+i /i 7`QK Qi?2` THv2`b BM/Bz2`2Mi 2MpB`QMK2Mib bBM+2 i?2 bvbi2K /2p2HQT2/ BM i?Bb
bim/v `mMb QM  mbmH r2# #`Qrb2`X q2 `2 biBHH b2`+?BM;
7Q` KQ`2 K2i?Q/b iQ +QKT`2 M/ 2pHmi2 i?2 brBTBM;
+iBQMb Q7 KmHiBTH2 THv2`b b 7mim`2 rQ`FX
q?BH2 r2 ?p2 +QKT`2/ i?2 HQr2` `B;?i@?M/ bB/2 brBT2
+iBQM Q7 THv2`b- r2 rBHH HbQ b2`+? 7Q` Qi?2` /Bz2`2M+2b
KQM; THv2`b #v K2bm`BM; Qi?2` Tii2`MbX //BiBQMHHvr2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ TTHv  KQ`2 ++m`i2 K2i?Q/ iQ K2bm`2i?2 iBKBM; Q7 brBTBM; i?2 +`/X

6B;X NX MBKiBQMg UkVX UlTT2`@H27iV "27Q`2 KQp2K2MiX UlTT2`@`B;?iV ai`i Q7 KQp2K2Mi Q7 M 2tT2`iX UGQr2`@H27iV ai`i Q7 brBTBM;
Q7 M 2tT2`iX UGQr2`@`B;?iV 1M/ Q7 brBTBM; Q7 M 2tT2`iX

i?2 THv2`b brBTBM; i?2 HQr2` `B;?i@?M/ +Q`M2` Q7 i?2i2``BiQ`v Q7 i?2 QTTQM2MiX 6B;m`2 N b?Qrb i?2 b2[m2M+2 Q7i?2 irQ THv2`b brBTBM; i?2 +`/X
6B;m`2 NUmTT2`@H27iV b?Qrb i?2 b+2M2 #27Q`2 i?2 irQ
THv2`b bi`i KQpBM;X i i?Bb TQBMi- bBKBH` iQ i?2 `2bmHib
BM i?2 T`2pBQmb b2+iBQM- i?2`2 rb HBiiH2 /Bz2`2M+2 2t+2Ti
7Q`  bHB;?i /Bz2`2M+2 BM i?2 ?2B;?i Q7 i?2 ?2/b Q7 THv2`bX
L2ti- r2 +QKT`2 6B;m`2b NUmTT2`@`B;?iV- NUHQr2`@H27iVM/ NUHQr2`@`B;?iVX q2 7QmM/ i?i SHv2` R ?b Dmbibi`i2/ KQpBM;- r?BH2 SHv2` k- r?Q Bb M 2tT2`i THv2`Bb T`2bmK2/ iQ #2 BM i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 brBTBM; i?2 +`/ i
i?2 iBK2 Q7 6B;m`2 NUHQr2`@H27iVX 6m`i?2`KQ`2- BM 6B;m`2b
NUHQr2`@H27iV M/ NUHQr2`@`B;?iV- r2 7QmM/ i?i SHv2` R Bb
QMHv brBM;BM; ?2` ?M/- r?2`2b SHv2` k Bb KQpBM; ?2`#Q/v iQr`/b i?2 `B;?i@?M/ bB/2 M/ b?B7iBM; ?2` ;`pBiv
BM i?i /B`2+iBQMX "b2/ QM i?Bb- r2 7QmM/  /Bz2`2M+2 MQi
QMHv BM i?2 bT22/ Q7 i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 KQp2K2Mi- #mi HbQBM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q` #b2M+2 Q7  ;`pBiv b?B7iX
jV amKK`v Q7 MHvbBb, h?2 `2bmHib Q7 Qm` bim/v
b?Qr2/ MQ bB;MB}+Mi /Bz2`2M+2 BM i?2 TQbim`2 Q7 THv2`
KQp2K2Mi #2ir22M #2;BMM2` USHv2` RV M/ 2tT2`i USHv2`
kV THv2`bX >Qr2p2`- SHv2` k /2KQMbi`i2/  7bi2` bi`i
Q7 KQp2K2Mi +QKT`2/ iQ SHv2` RX 6m`i?2`KQ`2- r?BH2
SHv2` R mb2/ QMHv i?2B` `Kb iQ brBT2 i?2 HQr2` H27i@?M/+Q`M2` Q7 i?2 QTTQM2Mi- SHv2` k mb2/ i?2B` 2MiB`2 #Q/v
iQ b?B7i ?2` ;`pBivX SHv2` k +QmH/ ++2H2`i2 i?2 KQiBQM#v i?2 ;`pBiv b?B7iX h?Bb i2+?MB[m2 Kv #2 T`iB+mH`Hv
mb27mH r?2M brBTBM; i /BbiMi TH+2b- bm+? b i?2 HQr2``B;?i@?M/ bB/2 +Q`M2` Q7 i?2 i2``BiQ`v Q7 i?2 QTTQM2MiX
q2 +QmH/ pBbmHBx2 M/ MHvx2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M#2;BMM2` M/ 2tT2`i THv2`b #v mbBM; i?2 MBKiBQM Q7 i?2
T`QTQb2/ bvbi2K rBi?  j. #QM2 /BbTHvX_272`2M+2b(R) aX hF2/- uX >b2;r- uX >B`B- hX EQbm;B- hX hbmFmB- aX
uKKQiQ- _2b2`+? QM #`BM BM7Q`KiBQM T`Q+2bbBM; /m`BM;+QKT2iBiBQM #v THv2`b Q7 >vFmMBM Abb?m F`mi- EBMFB lMB@
p2`bBiv 6+mHiv Q7 "BQi2+?MQHQ;v- jj@9j UkyyN- BM CTM2b2VX(k) >X uK/- EX Jm`Q- hX h2`/- JX hbmFKQiQ-  J2i?Q/
7Q` .2i2`KBMBM; i?2 JQK2Mi Q7 hQm+?BM;  *`/ lbBM; q`Bbi@
rQ`M a2MbQ` BM *QKT2iBiBp2 E`mi- CQm`MH Q7 AM7Q`KiBQM
S`Q+2bbBM; UkyR3- BM CTM2b2VX(j) JX ErMBb?B- aX hbm+?B/- hX AiQ?- oBbmHBxiBQM Q7 i?2`2T2iBiBp2 T`+iB+2 Q7 /M+2 KQiBQM, *b2 bim/v rBi? KmHiBTH2;2M`2b Q7 /M+2- kdi? AMi2`MiBQMH *QM72`2M+2 QM AM7Q`KiBQM
oBbmHBbiBQM UAokykjV UBM `2pB2rVX(9) SX J2HBQb- *`2iBp2 .M+2 G2`MBM; SHi7Q`K lbBM; JB+`QbQ7i
xm`2 EBM2+i- lMBpX *vT`mb- .2TiX *QKTmi2` a+B2M+2 UkykRVX(8) GX "`B/;2KM- JX oQHBMQ- CX@uX :mBHH2Kmi- X >BHiQM- JmHiB@
S2`bQM j. SQb2 1biBKiBQM M/ h`+FBM; BM aTQ`ib- S`Q+22/BM;b
Q7 i?2 A111f*o6 *QM72`2M+2 QM *QKTmi2` oBbBQM M/ Sii2`M_2+Q;MBiBQM U*oS_V qQ`Fb?QTb UkyRNVX(e) aX X :?b2Kx/2?- :X oM wM/v+F2- JX Abibb2- LX av2x- X
JQb?i;?TQm`- *X .2 oH22b+?Qmr2`- .X *?`BbiQT?2-  lMB}2/
6`K2rQ`F 7Q` "HH .2i2+iBQM- SHv2` AMbiM+2 a2;K2MiiBQM
M/ SQb2 1biBKiBQM BM h2K aTQ`ib a+2M2b- h?2 jkM/ "`BiBb?
J+?BM2 oBbBQM *QM72`2M+2- *`2iBp2 *QKKQMb ii`B#miBQM
LQM *QKK2`+BH a?`2 HBF2 9Xy AMi2`MiBQMH UkykRVX

oX *QM+HmbBQM
h?Bb TT2` T`2b2Mi2/ i?2 `2bmHib Q7  +QKT`BbQM Q7
KQp2K2Mib #2ir22M b2p2`H THv2`b mbBM; i?2 pBbmHBxiBQM
bvbi2K r2 /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` i?2 brBT2 KQp2K2Mib Q7 +QKT2iB@
iBp2 E`miX aT2+B}+HHv- r2 +QmH/ }M/ /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M

351