Tourism Development in Boracay Islandand its Impacts on the Local Communities
Torii Takashi※1
Sano Masaaki1
Kuga Mizuho1
Joy Lizada2
Jokim Kitolelei1
Abstract
The Philippines tourism industry is thriving over the years and creating many opportunities for the economy
and the local people such as in Boracay Island. The island transition from having traditional tourism Nipa
accommodation, traditional bamboo facilities has been modified to European style as the results ofmodernization. Tourism visiting the islands and related facilities increases over the years with new development.
On the other hand the local people lifestyle and physical environment changes overtime as the results of tourism.
Fishermen tend to search for better employment opportunities in tourism for survival rather than venture into
fulltime fishermen. There is a need to understand tourism development and its impact.
Key words: tourism development, local communities, changes in lifestyle, impacts of tourism
1. Introduction
Many parts of the Philippines have been developed through tourism. The promotion of the regional economy
through creating an alternative source of income has generated foreign exchange, hence benefiting the primaryindustry. The Philippines central government, local authorities and private capital in various sectors are involved
in tourism developments. In the Guimarus Island through the local government initiative, a development ofsocial infrastructure has been established. Tourism is seen as an alternative to improve the social livelihood of thecommunities and also act as a program to assist the people from the impact of oil spill. Local government support
systems enable local residents to participate in many forms of tourism activities, for instance the building offacilities to cater for tourists such as the traditional tourism facilities“Guisi”using private capital like in Punta
Punting. There is also the introduction of modern tourists facilities using overseas capital such as the Puetra Al
Paraizo located in various coastal areas build for tourisms and related activities is expected to contribute to thepromotion of the regional economy. However, tourism development in coastal areas is still debatable because
many have to weigh both positive and negative impacts to local communities. In the case of Japan on thedevelopment of tourism in the coastal waters, economic impact can be seen from a negative perspective, it can bepointed out that there are few issues in relation to land development.
2. Overview of Boracay Island
Boracay Island is located northwest of Panay Island. Aklan province is located near the town of Malay
municipality and has a population of about 16,000 people. Barangay is divided into three areas Yapak, Balabag※

Corresponding author, E-mail: torii@fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

1 Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagosihma City, Japan
2 Faculty of University of the Philippines, VisayasMolo, Iloilo city 500029

and Manoc-Manoc. Boracay Island is one of the famous local tourist destinations in the Philippines with whitesandy beaches stretching for four kilometers. The beach located in the western side of the island from Balabag to
Manoc-Manoc is the most popular tourist spot. The island has two seasons: the dry season from May to October
and the rainy season from November to April. The peak season for tourists to visit the island is from April toMay. In addition, access to Boracay Island from Kalibo Airport is also convenient. There are thirty flights fromManila to Kalibo per day and there is a flight to Cebu, Clark, Busuanga once or twice in a day. Travelling by
plane from Kalibo Airport to Caticlan port is about ninety minutes whilst on a high speed boat to Cagban port isfifteen minutes.
When tourists arrive at the Cagban port,a guide liaises with the coordinator then the guests are transferred totheir destinations such as hotels by either vans or tricycles. The guides receive individual commissions as theirincome. An individual business taking tourists by tricycle charges a hundred pesos. The transport business willtransfer the tourists to the resort through the "Boracay Local Transport Multi Purpose Cooperative" and they
have a fair distribution of income and control with their operations.
Suppliers and transportation companies operating in open competition with one another, presented with poor
quality service, together with occurrence of acts of soliciting, were some of the problems of the past. Fromaround the late 1980s, companies and high-speed boats operated by local transport businesses provide services tohotels, and a scheduled arrival routes and departures were finalized. There was a pool system adopted and theagreement of having unified prices and many situations has been improved from the past. In the defense force ofthe Philippines, the national police employed hundred and two people and twenty three coast guards, eighteen in
the army, forty one for the navy and twenty seven in the firefighting; all to provide security and safety to thecommunities and tourists.

Source: Philippines International Bureau
Fig. 1. Map of Philippines and Boracay Island30

3. Development of Boracay Island Tourism Sector
The Boracay Island Tourism sector was established in the late 1970s. In 1977, the Philippine Tourism
Authority evaluated viable areas for tourism development. In1982, active plan by the Tourism Bureau started andthey had an office in Boracay Island. At that time, there were few "Nipa" the traditional tourist accommodations,with the main form of accommodation of hotels made from bamboos housing catering around twenty to thirty
people. Some of these ‘hotels’ had shared bathrooms and toilets and with a few styles at the beach camp. At
present, tourists can now access the island through the daily services provided by the transport business, whereasin the past they had to hire pump boats. In addition, essential amenties such as water and electricity have now
replaced gas lamps. The Boracay Island Tourism sector is now enjoying hosting tourists from various different
countries such as the United States, France, Germany and Israel.
In 1970 to build buildings within hundred meters from the coastline was forbidden in the islands. In Boracay
Island, the people who were interested in tourism were allowed to build within fifty meters from the coastline
and the use of local materials with given height was regulated and enacted. In addition there was a land use plan
enacted by the “Boracay Tourism Land Use Plan”. In 1984, several local officials formed and organized the“Boracay Cottage Owners Association”. In 1987 the United Boracay Island Business Association wasreorganized and formed, and as the result of this special association, the existing buildings were able to be build
thirty meters from the beach. However there were numerous cases of violation of this coastline rule, hence aformation of a special personnel to remove buildings within twenty-five meters from the beach. In 1988, theguidelines by the Tourism Board for building codes violations were established.
In the late 1980s the Philippine government aiming for economic development formulated the “TourismMaster Plan”. At the beginning of the workshop for the Master plan, the building of series of tourism related
facilities was initially planned. In 1990, new additions and guidelines were added to the master plans and there
were investment on tourism development and private property. Around the same year this, Master Plan wasterminated and in 1991 in line with tourism development a new master plan was developed and this aimed attourism development for the local governments. Traditional hotels “Nipa” was still the main form ofaccommodation rather than the concrete facilities. In the 1990s, many of these traditional hotels were upgradedto concrete structures. In 1991, the master plan and environment assessment was applied and the tourism
electrification projected commenced. Guidelines developed for beach erosion and regulations were introduced in1996. In the same year, a guideline was approved regarding the worsening sand erosion out at sea and aregulation was introduced to minimize such impacts. In 1997, the Ordinance for building tourism infrastructures
was enacted and established and the rule for building twenty-five meters from the beach was regulated by theNational Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).
In 1998, the OECF “The Boracay Environmental Infrastructure Project Execution” provided assistance anddevelopment for wastewater and sewage disposal and also runoff control. During the year 2000, Aklan masterplan was adopted for Tourism development and in 2007, a few issues regarding newly built buildings arouse butthese issues were solved in the following year. In 2009, constructions of roads around Boracay Island began,
together with the expansion of the adjacent international airport at Kalibo.
There are more than three hundred tourist accommodations (Table 1). These hotels compromise of tourism
related facilities such as restaurants and souvenir shops (Table 2). Boracay Island was once a European capitaland visible constructions of tourism related facilities are evident. Tourism main capital for tourism development
is supplied by South Korea and there are also many companies from foreign countries entering joint ventures in
the Philippines.
31

As there is a high availability of services and accommodations, many tourists from the United States, Germanyand France, in addition to the rapid increase of tourists from South Korea and China, are encouraged to visit seeFig. 2. This has brought in revenue of about 120 billion pesos (Fig. 3), equivalent to about 240 billion yen (1 peso= ¥ 2).
The central government of the Philippines is managing tourism developments. The government in 1982
opened a local office in Boracay Island and the office has two government’s officials. They have three main roles
and objectives: first is grading hotel maintenance, staff welfare and quality of services; second is the promotionof tourism activities in Boracay; third is conducting seminars and trainings. Discussions for support services,
responses to different problems, and training of staff and lifeguards seminar are conducted once every year.

Table 1. Levels of tourism facilities, number of hotels, number of rooms and price
Levels of Tourisms authorized

Number of Hotels

by the Bureau

Number ofPrice ( Peso)

Rooms

AAA

231656

12,000〜120,000

AA

12415

4,000〜6,000

A340

2,000〜5,000

Under A594

2,000〜3,500

Not Permitted

2925155

1,500〜6,500

Total

334

7360

-Source: Philippines International Bureau

Table 2. Different types of services for Tourists
Service Type

Total

Restaurant and Bar

107

Coffee shops and Internet Café

34

Massage Parlor

83

Motor Boat Rental Shop47

Diving Shop

40

Souvenir Shop

104

Pump Boat Rental Shop

88

Source: Philippines International Bureau32

Fig. 2. Number of tourists from different countries

People700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000

OthersTaiwanHong KongJapan
United Kingdom
China
Amerika
Korea
Philippines
Philippines living abroad

200,000
100,000
0
1996

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Source: Philippines International Bureau

Fig.3. The financial gain from the Tourism Industry
Peso(100million)
140
120
1008060402002005

2006

2007

Year
3320082009

Source: Philippines International Bureau
4. Impacts of Tourism Development
1) Changes in lifestyle
The progress of tourism development in Boracay has changed the island people’s lifestyle significantly. Locals
were originally involved in subsistence agriculture and fishing activities. Boracay waters are shallow and lackfish abundance; fishing and collection of shellfish were mainly done for self-consumptions while the surplus wasprimarily sold in Katekuran market. The northern part of Boracay Island“Puka” is rich with shellfish and is also
very popular for necklace making. The Philippines and Chinese buyers purchased these products and they arealso sent to Cebu and Manila for processing. In addition, locals are employed in tourism related facilities andservices and also put to practice traditional knowledge of fishing, operating boats and being tour guides throughdiving, snorkeling, or working as cleaners or sales people. However, those who lived in the coastal regions had tomove inland to allow for tourism activities on these coastal regions.
2) Structural changes in fish supply
The coastlines are lined up with many restaurants, food and beverage facilities and are visited by close to650,000 tourists per year. Some of these are seafood restaurants. The demand for restaurants has changed manyof the occupations in the island and presents an optional source of living from fishing which can be a difficult
occupation. Originally Boracay waters are not rich with fish resources and are only sufficient for subsistence
consumption. It is seen that the number of local focusing on fishing only is decreasing as they are opting for
better employment opportunities in the tourism industry. Demand of fish and other marine delicacies fromsubsistence to commercial purposes now see an increase of harvest from the sea to cater demands fromtourism-related facilities around Boracay Island and also from Panay Island that include Iloilo and Roxas.
Boracay Island has a fish market and many fish suppliers are from Panay. Tourism related facilities purchaseseafood from the markets and offer it to tourists. Emergence of large consumer market of seafood is likely
economic effective originating from the nearby villagers and this is one of the challenges of future research.
3) Improvement of living standards
The Philippines local economic conditions are classified into five levels. Boracay Island was once in the fourthgrade. However, the results of progress in tourism development have now put the island in the top category.
Water and electricity are all supplied from Panay Island, and even though the north of Boracay is not yet
equipped with water facilities, but construction of such services are in process.
4) Conservation of coral reefs
Coral reefs are damaged by dynamite fishing and this method of fishing have always been considered a poor
fishing method in the area. Dynamite fishing was one of the methods used mostly in subsistence purposes offishing. However, the reduction of fishery exploitation came into effect when fishermen resorted to more carefulmethods when they got employed in tourism related facilities, allowing coral reefs to recover to a healthier state.
5) Changing rules and current status of coastlines
Buildings are restricted to be owned and built within twenty five meters from the coastline. The area across theroad in front of hotels is a common area for the local residents who wants to sell their products to tourists. At
night this area is open and authorized for businesses by the Tourism Bureau in which tables can be set up andremoved after the business is conducted. Signs are installed informing the general public that the areas is34

exclusively for hotel users.
6) Environmental degradation
With tourism development, changes are evident in Boracay Island in terms of sand erosion, coastal pollution,and environmental changes such as the sporadic felling of timber. A wastewater treatment facility was built witha joint venture with Japan, and this facility is to keep pace with waste disposed from various tourism operations.
However, wastewater is not properly treated and evidence of sulfide spills over to the shorelines. This has
resulted in the sand having a strange smell and implications for the future remain negative.
7) The possibility of uneven distribution of wealth
Boracay Island is located at the level of income in the top five grades. But many wages of the workers in
Boracay Island show that they are at the lowest level and this is a reflection of uneven distribution of wealth in
this industry.
Acknowledgement
This study was funded by the “Formulation of research centre on control against negative impacts to coastal
fisheries resources in Southeast Asia Project” sponsored by Japan Society for the promotion of Science (JSPS) incollaboration with Kagoshima University and University of the Philippines Visayas.
Reference
1) Joy Lizada(1997) ”Socio-economic Study of the Coastal Communities of Guimaras Province”
University of the Philippines in the Visayas, p.1-181
2) Masahiro Yamao, Rodelio F. Sibade(1998)” Fisheries Today in the Philippines” Faculty offisheries, Kagoshima University, p.3-205
3) Takashi Torii(2004) ” The condition and tasks of forming relationship between fisheries andtourism investment in the coastal zone” Japanese Journal of Fisheries Eco3nomics, p.41-58
4) Masahiro Yamao (2005) ”Progress Reports of the Survey in Banate Bay Area” Hiroshima
University, p.1-223

35