introduces 30,000-year history of Kinokuni, Wakayama Prefecture. -■ Floor Plans ■It is reported that people started to inhabit the area of present-day
Wakayama Prefecture in the Upper Paleolithic period, approximately 30,000
years ago. In the later times, people adopted new tools and technology intheir life, such as earthenware, bows and arrows in the Jomon period, andrice cultivation in the Yayoi period.

- The permanent exhibition of Wakayama Prefectural Museum

The Dawn of Kinokuni

Outdoor
Exhibition
Ground《No. 2-5》

Kofun is a large burial mound which shows the political relations between
local powerful families and the Yamato regime at that time. The first kofun
in Wakayama was built in the late 4th century. In the early 7th century, thearea almost equivalent to present-day Wakayama Prefecture became theprovince called Kinokuni, and people were subject to the control of thenation based on the Ritsuryo codes.
《No. 6-10》

History of Wakayama Prefecture

Primitive and Ancient 1(From 30,000 years ago to 1,700 years ago)

Gallery[Paleolithic, Jomon and Yayoi periods]

Cultural
Properties
Information
Corner2F

The Ancient Nation andKinokuni

Study
Room

Ancient 2

Permanent Exhibition

Permanent Exhibition Room

Closed to the capital and blessed with the mild climate, Kinokuni was home
to many manors ruled by not only local powerful temples and shrines but
also aristocrats, temples and shrines in the capital. The military aristocrats,
who were engaged in practical management of these manors, gradually
gained strong power while conflicting with farmers.

Permanent Exhibition RoomRest Corner《No. 11-13》

1F
Kinokuni, or Wakayama Prefecture, is home to a number of sacred sites,such as Koyasan, Kumano Three Grand Shrines, Dojoji Temple, Kimiidera
Temple, and Kokawadera Temple. With routes connecting these sacredsites, Kinokuni has welcomed millions of visitors from all over the country.
The flow of these visitors has never stopped until today.
《No. 14-19》

In the period when traditional control and rules came to collapse, farmers
established autonomous villages called “so” to protect themselves. As thepower of farmers was relatively strong, Kinokuni did not have any warring
states daimyo, or a powerful feudal lord.
《No. 20-23》

Entrance— The People’s Lifestyle and Culture —to Nara(from 960 years ago to 680 years ago)

- The establishment ofsacred sites and the Kumano faith -The Age of Turbulence
Medieval 2(from 680 years ago to 430 years ago)
[Nanboku-cho, Muromachi and Warring States periods]

Study
Room

Kii Domain and Its Citizens

JR Wakayama
Line

Route24
JR Hanwa Line
City Hall
Keyakioodori St.
Kenchomae
Wakayama
Castleto Oji
Wakayama
StationWakayama

和歌山県立近代美術館
Prefectural Museum

Prefectural Museum ofModern Art

Early Modern■ Transportation ■(from 430 years ago to 150 years ago)

to Hanwa•JR “Wakayama” Station, orExpressway
Wakayama I.C. Nankai Railway “Wakayama-shi”

Sannenzakadori St.
Route42

Medieval 1

Prayer in Kinokuni

to Tennoji

Nankai Line
Wakayama-shi
StationPrefectural
Government

The Manors andthe Military Aristocracy

Coin Locker

Properties
Information
Cornerto Osaka
Route26[Kofun, Nara and Heian periods][Heian and Kamakura periods][Open] 9:30〜17:00 (Last Admission at 16:30)[Admission Fee] •Adults ¥280 (¥220)•University Students ¥170 (¥140)(Special Exhibition require a separate admission fee)•Free admission
for high school students andOutdoor
Exhibition
younger,seniors aged 65 and over, the handiGroundcapped who have certificates and foreign students of schools in the prefecture[Closed] •Every MondayGallery(Tuesday when Monday falls on holiday)•New Year Holidays (Dec 29th-Jan 3rd)•During the exhibition
exchange
Culturalto Wakayama
Port

In the beginning of the Meiji period, the most part of Kinokuni became
present-day Wakayama Prefecture. Through the rapid modernization, newindustries such as cotton flannel and leather industries were born, whilepeople were subject to new duties such as tax payment, military training andeducation.

TicketWindow■ Information ■to Namba

Ruled by the Asano family and the Kii Tokugawa family, people in Kinokuni
produced local specialties making use of rich natural blessings from themountains and sea in this period. These products have still been produced
today, after being passed down for generations. Moreover, the provincebrought forth excellent achievements in the academic, technical and artistic
fields which were highly regarded at the national level.
《No. 25-29》

MuseumShop
Entrance Hall

PlannedExhibition
Room

The Course of
Kinokuni History(From 1,700 years ago to 960 years ago)

[Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods]

Station : by Bus to “Kencho-mae”
Wakayama
bus stop, walk 2 minutes
Electric
Railway Line •Hanwa Expressway
JR Kinokuni◆JR和歌山駅・南海和歌山市駅からバス「県庁前」下車、
徒歩２分
Line
to Shingu
to Shingu◆和歌山ICから車で約20分◆和歌山港から車で約７分“Wakayama” Interchange:
20 minutes by car•Wakayama Port: 7minutes by car

Wakayama Prefectural Museum

The Birth of
Wakayama Prefecture
Late Modern(from 150 years ago to the present time)《No. 30-40》[Meiji period to the present time]
このパンフレットは、『平成26年度文化庁地域と共働した美術館・歴史博物館創造活動支援事業』
で作成しました。

4 Rituals and the Bronze Bell5 Transition of Earthenwareof the Ritsuryo8 Control
Code-Based Nation

Nation and Com9 AncientmonersThe bronze bell is a bronze ware uniqueto the Yayoi period, which is believed to
be used for agricultural rituals. It was
originally a musical instrument, andpeople supposedly listened to the soundmade by the clapper inside the bell.
Later, it gradually developed into a larger
size with remarkable decoration, and its
function was assumed to be changed tothe symbol to be seen and worshipped.
As many bronze bells were found on theoutskirts of villages and in mountains,
it is believed that they became obsolete
as the times changed, and were thrownaway in the ground.

People began to make earthenware in
the Jomon period. Jomon pots, whose
surface was decorated with rope patterns, were used as cooking pots orcontainers to store things. In the Yayoi
period, people started to use a specific
type of earthenware according to its purpose. In the middle of the Kofun period,
the methods of making Hajiki, earthenware fired in the open air, and Sueki,
earthenware fired in a climbing kiln on ahillside, were introduced from the Korean
Peninsula.

At the end of the 7th century, the nation
based on the Ritsuryo codes, where thepower was concentrated in the emperor
and the aristocracy, was born under the
influence of China. Kinokuni consisted ofseven districts called Ito, Naga, Nagusa,
Ama, Ate, Hidaka and Muro under the
Ritsuryo code system. Additionally, theNankai-do Road, which connected thecapital to local areas such as the Awaji
Island and the Shikoku Island, was built
through Kinokuni. In Kinokuni, the provincial government Kokufu and Kokubunji(the provincial temple), which was the
hub of Buddhism, were established along
the Nankai-do Road.

Once in the Kofun period, the unity as
the nation emerged mainly in the provinces around the capital. At that time,
people were first ruled indirectly by local
powerful families, and then eventuallyruled by the nation directly, through theofficials dispatched from the government
such as kokushi. This system started
around the latter half of the 7th century
under the Ritsuryo code system, but it
could not completely dissolve the people’s traditional subordinate relationshipwith the local powerful families.

the Lifestyle in the2 Understanding
Jomon Period through Shell Mounds

in the Yayoi
3 Settlements
Periodin the Kofun
6 Wakayama
Periodin the Kofun
7 Settlements
PeriodA shell mound is, so to say, a garbage
dump in the Jomon period, where people
threw away seashells and animal bones
left over from what they ate, and fragments of abandoned earthenware andstone tools. These remains accumulated
in shell mounds give us many clues topeople’s lifestyle in those days. Shellmounds found in Wakayama Prefecture
include the Kozanji shell mound from thelatter half of the early Jomon period andthe Narukami shell mound from the lateJomon period. From these shell mounds,
we can find out the lifestyle and environment in the period.

In the Yayoi period, settlements were
established near rice fields. People madecommunities along each irrigation channel to administer water, which was necessary for rice cultivation, and did farmwork together. As the late Yayoi period
witnessed many wars, people formed villages for defense against enemy attacks,
such as upland settlements on hills andmoat settlements surrounded by moats.

In the latter half of the 3rd century, large
burial mounds called kofun began to bebuilt in various areas under the influenceof the Yamato regime. In Wakayama
Prefecture, keyhole-shaped kofun
mounds started to be constructed in thelatter half of the 4th century, From theend of the 5th century to the 6th century, the characteristic horizontal stonechambers were built in the downstream
areas of the Kinokawa River and the Aridagawa River. During the same period,
clustered kofun, where many burial
mounds were concentrated in one area,
were also constructed.

Once in the Kofun period, the settlements focusing on defense against
enemies disappeared. Instead, settlements consisting of 5 or 6 houses ona flatland became popular. With theadvance of technology in agriculture andpublic works, the number of settlements
increased, but the number of houses ineach settlement decreased. The powerful families built their residences withearthfast posts far from the farmers’ settlements, and accumulated their wealthin storehouses.

10 Kinokuni-no-Miyatsuko

13 Manors in Kinokuni

Temples in
14 Ancient
Kinokuni

15 Sacred Sites in Kinokuni

The gods Hinokuma and Kunikakasu,
which appear in “Kojiki” and “Nihonshoki”(old historical records of Japan), areconsidered as the gods of agriculture in
the Kinokawa River basin. The Ki family,
who presided over the rituals of the
Hinokuma and Kunikakasu shrines, built
the Miyai irrigation channel and developed wide farmland. As the most powerful family in the area, the Ki family wasappointed to Kinokuni-no-Miyatsuko (theruler of the area) by the Yamato regime.
As the Ki family often visited the Korean
Peninsula with its outstanding sailingtechniques, the remains influenced by
the culture of the Korean Peninsula havebeen found around Wakayama City.

Under the Ritsuryo code system, land
was owned by the nation. However,in the mid-Heian period, the imperialfamily, aristocrats, temples and shrines
began to own the land privately. In
the first stage, fields and farmers wereruled in manors independently. During
the latter half of the 11th century, areabased manors, in which people, settlements, fields, mountains and forests
were ruled as a whole, were created. In
Kinokuni, many manors were establishedin the northern area, especially along the
Kinokawa River.

Kofun (large burial mounds) continued
to be built for about 400 years, but they
were replaced by ujidera (clan temples)for powerful families in the latter half ofthe 7th century. So far, 15 temples ofthe Hakuho period have been known inWakayama Prefecture. From the ruinsof those temples, roof tiles similar tothe ones on the temples in the capitalwere unearthed. In the Nara period,
kokubunji (provincial temple) andkokubun-niji (provincial nunnery) werebuilt in each province, and the nation
enhanced the control over Buddhism inprovinces.

Deeply surrounded by nature and relatively close to the capital, Kinokuni gavebirth to many religious sites, such as
Koyasan in the north, Kumano in thesouth, and sacred sites of Kan-non
Bodhisattva on the path that connected
those two areas. Since the Heian period,
many people have visited Kinokuni one
after another in a pilgrimage to seek
for relief from the gods and Buddha.
In order to disseminate the faith, thepicture scrolls that explained the establishment and history of the temples andshrines, Mandala diagrams that embodied the figures of the gods and Buddha,
and other artworks have been produced.

Age of the Military
11 TheAristocracy

12 Struggling Commoners

16 Kukai and Koyasan

17 The Pilgrimage to Kumano

Many military aristocracies emerged in
Kinokuni in the latter half of the Heianperiod. They built residences in thecenter of manors and areas with goodtransportation, and ruled farmers using
many servants. The representative military aristocracies in Kinokuni were theYuasa Clan which ruled the northern area
mainly down the Aridagawa River; theSuda Clan in an area near current Suda,
Hashimoto City; the Sato Clan in an areaaround current Uchita, Kinokawa City;and the Kumano Navy led by the Kumano
administrator who ruled the Kumano
Three Grand Shrines.

The farmers in the manors had to pay
land rent to the lords and provide service
for them. Moreover, Geshi and Jito, themilitary aristocrats appointed as the
managers of the manors, demanded various requirements from the farmers. The
farmers often used the strategy called“chosan”, in which they rejected thedemand and left the manor as a group,and did not return until their requests
were granted. Also, they sometimes
made a written complaint on the vicious
act of Geshi and Jito, and submitted it
directly to the lords of the manors.

In 804, Kobo Daishi, or Kukai, travelled
to China with Saicho and others as aJapanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty
China, and learned Shingon Esoteric
Buddhism in its capital Changan for two
years. After he returned to Japan, heestablished Koyasan Kongobuji in 816 tofound Shingon Buddhism, supported byEmperor Saga and other sponsors. He
has been worshipped by many people
as the founder of the sect. In 2004,
Koyasan was inscribed on the World Heritage List as “Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range”
together with Kumano and other sites.

Imperial family members and aristocrats started to visit Kumano repeatedlyaround the end of the 11th century.
Over 90 visits were made by four generations of retired emperors (Shirakawa,Toba, Goshirakawa and Gotoba). Afterthe Kamakura period, many militaryaristocrats and common people set out
and made the travel to Kumano as well,and this stream of people was called “Arino Kumano Moude (the parade of ants toKumano)”. Kumano opened the door to
everyone including people that were notaccepted by other temples and shrines,
such as women and the physically challenged. This makes up the importantcharacteristics of the Kumano faith.

19 Sutra Mounds in Kumano

Spread of the Kumano
18 TheFaithWith the spread of the “Latter Day of theLaw” theory that predicted the decline of
Buddhism in the latter half of the Heianperiod, the aristocrats and monks placedsutras such as Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra) insutra containers, and buried them with
Buddhist altar fittings in sutra mounds.
Special places such as sacred sites werechosen as land for the sutra mounds,
and many of these sutra mounds werebuilt in Kumano. Actually, building sutra
mounds was one of the purposes of visiting Kumano.

In the late Heian period, Kumano wasthought to be the abode of Amitabha or
Kan-non Bodhisattva, with the spread of
the faith in the Pure Land. By visiting
Kumano and worshiping the gods andBuddha, people not only wished to go
to paradise after their death, but also
prayed for good fortune in their present life. People who supported the dissemination of the faith were the guides
called Danna, who took the followers toKumano, and Kumano Bikuni nuns who
traveled around the country to advocate
the doctrine using pictures.

Permanent Exhibition

Lifestyle and Culture—”

The permanent exhibition of Wakayama
Prefectural Museum introduces 30,000year history of Kinokuni, Wakayama Prefecture, mainly through the viewpoint of
the people’s lifestyle. It showcases theflow of history from primitive and ancient
times to late modern times divided into
six zones in the chronological order.
”Sacred Site of Kinokuni”, which shows
Koyasan and Kumano featuring the culture of Kinokuni, is displayed in a section
further inside.

—How to see the Permanent Exhibition—
These numbers

2 — 35 in the positions shown on

the figure correspond to the numbers of description
on the brochure.
Please proceed in numerical order to learn about thehistory of Wakayama Prefecture.
When you find a number indicated in the exhibition,please refer to the corresponding description on thisbrochure.

5
Planned Exhibition RoomCourse of Kinokuni
1 “TheHistory —The People’s

9

Primitive and Ancient 1

2

3

35

6

32 31 30

25

34

33

13

Ancient 2

4Late Modern

10

7

14

15
Prayer in Kinokuni

Medieval 1

8

11

12

24

21

20

Early Modern

29 28 27 26−The establishment ofsacred sites andthe Kumano faith−

16
17

Kumano Mandara Gallery

Medieval 2

23

22

19

18

35 People and the Wars

32 Land Tax Reform

Educational
31 Modern
System and Its Influence

System of the
30 Conscription
Wakayama Domain

Domain and the Kii
25 KiiTokugawa Family

24 Climate and Production

the City in the
21 Negoro,
Warring States Period

Development of “So”
20 The(Autonomous Villages)

Triggered by the Manchurian Incident
in 1931, Japan plunged into the PacificWar, which created serious damage both
inside and outside the country. The government strengthened its control overvarious aspects of the economy, andrequired the citizens to endure hardships
in their daily life. After 1937, when theSecond Sino-Japanese War started infull scale, the government commanded
wartime mobilization, the encouragementof savings and the prohibition of luxuries
as well as conscription for the purpose ofconcentrating the whole national poweron the war.

The new Meiji government promulgatedthe Law of Land Tax Reform in 1873
in order to establish the modern tax
system. In the new land tax system,
the land price was estimated based on
production capacity and the profits fromthe land, and the amount of tax was
calculated by multiplying the land priceby a fixed rate. Then, the government
ordered the owner with the land certificate to pay the tax in money, insteadof conventional payment in kind. However, as the burdens of the farmers got
heavier, movements against the land tax
reform occurred across the prefecture.

In 1872, the Meiji government promulgated the new educational system towork on the establishment of modern
schools to replace Terakoya (private
elementary school) and Hanko (domain
school). Based on the ideology of public
education which aimed to provide school
education for the whole nation, thispolicy gradually increased the school
enrollment rate. In the Taisho period,
the New Education Movement aiming at
liberal education for children emerged in
Wakayama Prefecture. However, under
the climate of the time which was heading into the war, the government only
allowed militaristic education.

In the early Meiji period, the last domain
lord Mochitsugu Tokugawa ordered Izuru
Tsuda to reform the domain administration system. In particular, the reformof the military system was one of themost important points, and an original
conscription system called “kotaihei”
system was implemented prior to otherdomains. Also, Carl Koppen was invited
as a military counselor to adopt the Prussian method for military training. The
modernization of the military generated
related industries such as manufacturing of weapons and military uniforms,
and cotton flannel and leather products
formed the base of local industries inWakayama.

The Asano family held the position of thedomain lord of Kinokuni for two generations until they moved to Hiroshima in
1619 in the early Edo period. After the
Asano family, Yorinobu Tokugawa, the10th son of Ieyasu Tokugawa, came torule the province. As the Kii Tokugawa
family was one of “The Three Houses”,
which were three honored successor
branches of the Tokugawa family, chiefretainers of Ieyasu were dispatched to
the Kii Domain as “tsuke-garo”. The
Mizuno family was assigned to Shingu,
and the Ando family was assigned to
Tanabe.

Dense forests, high mountains and theKuroshio Current around the Kii Peninsula— surrounded by such magnificent
nature, people in Kinokuni gained its
blessings by coping with the harshnessof nature. Technologies produced in theprocess of these efforts spread all overthe country from Kinokuni, and somehave been handed down as traditional
craftsmanship for generations. These
technologies have led to the development of local industry in Kinokuni, andproduced what still remain as traditional
products today.

Negoro (now in Iwade City) was locatednear the Nankai-do Road with the Negoro
Road on the western side, which lead to
Izumi Province. Built at such a strategic traffic point, Negoro-ji Temple wasdeveloped not only as a mere temple but
also as a city during the Warring States
period. Many halls and buildings werebuilt in the temple grounds, and storefronts of merchant houses lined in frontof the temple in the Sakamoto area. The
temple accumulated enormous amountof wealth through various economic
activities.

In the latter half of the Kamakura period,
farmers established autonomous villages called ”so”. They created rules ina meeting called “yoriai”, and managed
irrigation channels and ponds in cooperation with each other. On the occasionof unfavorable events such as the raiseof land rent, they took up arms against
the military aristocrats. Also, theysometimes fought against the neighboring villages regarding the distribution ofirrigated water. In Kinokuni, many “so”,
such as Tomobuchi Manor and Higashi
Village of Kokawa Manor, were established along the Kinokawa River.

Movements in
34 Public
Wakayama Prefecture

Formation of Modern
33 TheIndustry

Kotai of the Kii
29 Sankin
Domain28 Arts of the Kii Domain

Development in the
27 TheAcademic Fields

26 Saizo Ohata and Odayu

23 The End of Medieval Times

22 The Age of Turbulence

The new Meiji government forced therapid advance of modernization, whichcaused various contradictions and dissatisfactions, and prompted resistanceand opposition among the citizens. The
movement against the land tax reform,
the Freedom and People’s Rights Movement to require opening of the Diet, theSuiheisha Movement for the liberation of
discriminated villages rose up in many
regions. However, in the High Treason
Incident in 1919, the early socialism
movement in southern Wakayama wasoppressed. Furthermore, once in theShowa period, many public movements
were prohibited by the government.

Under the policy to increase production
and promote industries as a part of thereforms of the domain administration
system in the early Meiji period, newtechnologies such as sericulture, raw
silk and tea processing were introduced,
and industries such as cotton flannel andleather manufacturing rose up at thesame time. Also, banks were establishedto provide financial assistance for former
samurai families and other people who
attempted to launch new businesses.
On the other hand, taking advantage ofmany sacred sites in the prefecture andthe development of marine and railroadtransportation, tourist spots were developed in Wakayama Prefecture during the
Taisho to the early Showa period.

In order to control the lords of domains
across the nation, the Edo Shogunate
ordered them to practice “sankin kotai”,
which means spending alternate years
in Edo and their own domain. In principle, the lord of the Kii Domain moved
between Wakayama and Edo in March.
The route for sankin kotai initially followed the Ise-kaido Road across theKii Peninsula to the Tokai-do Road, but
it was later changed to follow the Kyokaido Road that connected Osaka andKyoto to the Tokai-do Road or Nakasendo Road. It took approximately three
weeks to walk from Wakayama to Edo.

The Kii Domain, as one of “The ThreeHouses,” worked on nurturing of culture and arts that would be suitable forsuch an authority. In particular, theOmote Senke School of tea ceremony
supported by the tenth domain lord
Harutomi Tokugawa spread from the lordto the commoners. Also, ceramics of
Kinokuni in the late Edo period, such as
Kairakuen-ware, Zuishi-ware and NankiOtokoyama-ware, were produced under
the strong influence of Harutomi. The
literati-style painters in Kinokuni, such as
Nankai Gion, Gyokushu Kuwayama andKaiseki Noro, gained national fame.

The Kii Tokugawa family invited excellent individuals to the domain in order toacquire academic education suitable for“The Three Houses”. The first domain
lord, Yorinobu, learned from a Confucian scholar Lee Jin Young. The tenthlord Harutomi invited Norinaga Motoori
who was a Japanese classical scholarfrom Matsusaka to get lectured by him,
and his adopted son Ohira moved into
Wakayama. Additionally, the domain
produced a great doctor such as Seishu
Hanaoka, who was the first in the world
to use the general anesthesia to perform
an operation for breast cancer.

Odayu, an irrigation channel watering
the northern bank of the Kinokawa River,
was completed during the middle of theEdo period, under the command of Saizo
Ohata, who was a village headman of
Kamuro Village in Ito District. Saizo
shortened the construction time by dividing the channel into several sections andworking on them at the same time. He
also conducted precise measurements byusing a special water level called mizumoriki. The civil engineering methodof Saizo, along with Yasobee Izawa whoconstructed Kameike Pond in present-day
Kainan City, was unique to Kinokuni.

In the process to unify the whole nation,
Nobunaga Oda tried to subjugate thelocal powers in Kinokuni, which had supported Honganji Temple, but his attempt
was not successful enough. His successor Hideyoshi Toyotomi led 100,000 soldiers to Kinokuni and conquered the local
powers such as the Saika group, Negoroji Temple and the Yukawa family at once,
immediately before attacking the Shikoku
Island. Later, he built Wakayama Castle
and gave Hidenaga, his younger brother,
control over the province. Prior to any
other provinces in Japan, he carried out“Sword Hunt” (the disarmament of thepeople except for the military aristocrats)
in Kinokuni.

In the Nanboku-cho period, powers suchas military aristocracies and temples in
Kinokuni got involved in the turbulencecaused by the battle between the Southern and the Northern Courts. The Yuasa
Clan, was ruined with the Southern
Court. After that, powerful families suchas the Yukawa family and the Tamaki
family emerged in the central and southern areas of Kinokuni. On the other
hand, powers such as the Saika group,
Negoro-ji Temple and Koyasan prevailed
in the northern area. During the Warring
States period, such powers in Kinokuni
kept holding their spheres of influence
within their own areas. Warring states
daimyo, that ruled the entire province,
did not appear in Kinokuni.