UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORGEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Preliminary map of uranium provinces in theconterminous United States
by
V. P. Byers 1 and W. I. Finch 1

To accompany Open-File Report 79^576-V

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with
U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature.

Denver, Colorado
1984Preliminary map of the uranium provinces in the conterminous United States
by V. P. Byers and W. I. Finch

INTRODUCTION

The map is part of the atlas of metal and nonmetal
provinces in the conterminous United States (Tooker, 1979,
1980a,b) and shows areas called provinces, listed in table 1
that are based mainly on the geographical distribution of
known uranium deposits and selected occurrences.
Uranium is a heavy radioactive metal principally used
as a fuel in nuclear power generating facilities, which
produced 11 percent of electricity in the United States in1978 (Krymm and Charpentier, 1980). Smaller quantities ofuranium are used in the fabrication of nuclear weapons andin the ceramic and chemical industries; depleted uranium,
the tails product after 235-enriched uranium is produced, isused in ordnance and shielding applications (Kirk, 1980;
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1981, p. 172-173).
Production of uranium in the U.S. in 1975 (the baseyear for the atlas survey, Tooker, 1980a) totalled 11,200
metric tons UoOg, and in 1980 reached an all-time high ofabout 18,150 metric tons U-jOg (U.S. Dept. Energy, 1980a).
The average grade of 1980 production was about 0.11 per centU 3 0g compared to 0.16 in 1975.
Total resources of UoOg in the U.S. (including Alaska)
is given by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (1980b,
table 3) as 4,448,000 metric tons (4,903,000 short tons) ata forward cost of $100 or less per pound ("Forward-cost" is
not market price; it refers roughly to the cost of production, excluding expenses previously incurred.)Of thistotal, 849,000 metic tons are given as reserves at a forward
cost of $50 or less per pound U-jOg. Additional resources,
only partly discovered, bring the total $50/lb U30g
resources to about 3,162,000 metric tons. rOf this total, an
estimate of 109,000 metic tons U^Og is expected as a
byproduct from phosphate (southeast U.S.) and copper-leachoperations (Utah, Arizona, Montana) during the period 19802000.
According to DOE, "Currently projected long-term
requirements can be met through the year 2019 by productionof resources available at $50 per pound of U^Og, or less."(U.S. Dept. Energy, 1980b, p. 139).
Uraniumisageochemicallypersistentelement.
Uraninite, a common uranium mineral, has been precipitatedover a wide range of temperatures and pressures.
In theU.S., uranium has precipitated at or near atmospherictemperatures and pressures in clastic host rocks, such as
sandstones and conglomerates, that have high transmissivity
for ground-water. Other uranium has precipitated at hightemperatures and pressures in fracture systems (veindeposits) in less permeable rocks. The primary dull black,gray, and brown uranium ore minerals, pitchblende anduraninite, occur either in extensive bedded deposits insedimentary rocks or in high-grade veins and pegmatites.
Refractory primary uranium-bearing minerals are found infossil placers of neglible economic importance.
Secondaryuranium ore minerals, such as carnotite, tyuyamunite,
torbernite,raeta-torbernite,
autunite,meta-autunite,uranophane, and schroeckingerite, occur in weathered andoxidized zones of primary deposits.
Vanadates such as
carnotite are major secondary minerals in sandstone
deposits.
Autunite,
torbernite,and uranophane areespecially widespread uranyl species found in oxidized vein
deposits.
Uranium has been concentrated by various processes into
numerous kinds of deposits in many different sedimentary,igneous, and metamorphic environments.
The resulting
uranium deposits are widely variable in form, size, andgrade, but the larger and most productive ones fit into
fairly distinct classes that might be considered as worldclass deposits, because they occur on more than one

continent.
World-class deposits include quartz-pebble
conglomerate, unconformity-related vein, disseminated and/or
vein(ultrametamorphic andalkalic
pluton),contact,classical vein, sandstone, volcanogenic, and calcrete typesof deposits (Nash and others, 1981).
Of these, thesandstone-type dominates known U.S. deposits. Certain partsof the country contain volcanogenic and classical vein
deposits, and some areas are highly favorable for the
volcanogenic-type.
However, the U.S. has low favorability
for other world-class types.
In addition, considerable
uranium is recovered in the U.S. as a by-product fromslightly uraniferous phosphate andfrom copper-leach
liquors. A very large but not presently viable resource iscontained in uraniferous marine black shale.
The initial concentration of uranium into provinces
probably occurred during the formation of the earth's
crust.
Subsequent geochemical and orogenic processes
redistributed and concentrated the uranium into economic
deposits of various kinds.
To facilitated describing aprovince and its potential resources one attempts to define
a province on the basis of its dominant type of deposit .andits geologic environment. Even so, commonly the deposits ina uranium province are of several types and of more than one
age.
Furthermore certain areas designated as provinces
overlap others,
especially in the Cordilleran Belt.
Although trace amounts of uranium occur nearly everywhere
under varied geologic conditions, concentrations large
enough to warrant mining are restricted mostly to thewestern U.S.
Principal productive uranium deposits orgroups of deposits in the U.S. occur primarily in two typesof environments: (1) at the margins and locally along theaxial parts of the sedimentary basins, and particularly inthose basins containing sediments derived from either
granitic terranes or volcanic centers, which may be
intracratonic basins (e.g., province 1-Colorado Plateau),
intermontane basins (e.g., province 2-Tertiary basins,
Wyoming), or gulf-type basins (e.g., province 3-Texas Gulf
Coast); and (2) in areas of silicic intrusions in orogenic
belts (e.g., province 5-Colorado Front Range, Northern andSouthern Rockies). Principal productive deposits in nearby
parts of Canada occur at the margins of Precambrian shieldareas, such as the Blind River-Elliot Lake and Saskatchewan
areas in Canada, and similar deposits that may occur inMichigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, where silicic igneousrocks can be as much as five times as radioactive as silicic
rocks from the interior parts of the shield areas.
Many of the mineable concentrations of uranium deposits
in the U.S. occur at or near persistent but concealed faulttype lineaments that project into the cratonic block, suchas the Precambrian shear zone in Colorado, one of at least
four NE-trending, alined, linear zones that seem to parallel
Precambrian province boundaries; (Osterwald, 1956, Osterwald
and Dean, 1961; Tooker, 1979; also see "iron band", Byers,
1978, figures la, Ib). The concentrations occur, mainly in
sedimentary rocks of the continental crust that areunderlain by Precambrian rocks.
The nation's chief source and reserve of uranium ore isin epigenetic uranium deposits in continental sandstone thatformed in shallow, poorly drained basins either within
foreland areas or between fault-block uplifts (Klepper andWyant, 1956, 1957; Finch, 1965). The deposits in sandstone
constitute 95 percent of U.S. production and resources (U.S.
DOE, 1980a, 1980b). Most of the remaining 5 percent is invein-typeandrelatedtypes,
including contact anddisseminated uranium concentrations.
Production, reserve, and resource data as of January 1,
1976 shown in Table 2 are from the U.S. Energy Research andDevelopment Administration (1976, p. 19), U.S. Bureau of
Mines (1976, 1977). and Woodmansee (1975, p. 1178).
In

Table 1. Geologic regions, uranium provinces, and subprovinces.
Geologic region
I.

Colorado Plateau

Province I/'

Subprovince

1.

A.
B.

Colorado Plateau:

C.
D.

II.

Cordilleran Belt

2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10.
15.

Tertiary basins,
Wyoming and Colorado
Northeast Washington
Colorado Front Range,
Northern and SouthernRockies
Black Hills region,
South Dakota andWyomingBasin and Range
Phosphoria basin (in Idaho
and adjacent states)
Pacific Coast, California

III.

Coastal Plains

3.
9.

Texas Gulf Coast
Phosphate fields ofFlorida and South
Carolina

IV.

Central Plains

8.
11.

Dakota lignite fields
Permian and Triassic
basins (in New Mexico,
Texas and Oklahoma)
Devonian marine blackshale basins

13.

Grants mineral belt
Big Indian or Lisbon Valley
mineral belt
Uravan mineral belt
Monument Valley and White
Canyon mineral belts

V.

Appalachian Belt

12.

Appalachian Highlands
Paleozoic and Triassic basins

VI.

Precambrian Shield

14.

Precarabrian Shield area-

Numbered in approximate order of economic importance.

Table 2. Distribution of uranium production, reserves and potential resources as of January 1, 1976, by uranium
province in the U.S. (Modified after U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, 1976, table 3),
Index number togeologic region
and uranium
province (SeeTable 1)
RegionProvince

Area

Production
Metric tons
"3 °8

Percent of total
production plus
reserves ($30/lb

u3og )

Estimated value inbillion dollars(1975 dollar value
at $8 .45/lb)
Production
Potential
plus reserves
resources($30/lb)I

1

Colorado Plateau

179 ,440

57

8.9

19.7

II

2

Tertiary basins,
Wyoming, Colorado

53 ,700

32

4.9

7.2

Texas Gulf Coastregion

7 ,530

5.6

0.9

4.3

III

3

II

7

Basin and Range

1 ,270

0.3

0.05

7.5

II

4

Northeast Washington

3 ,000

2

0.28

1.6

II

6

Black Hills region

3 ,175

1

0.17

2.0

II

15

Pacific Coast

11

21

0.02

1.8

II

5

Colorado Front Range, Northernand Southern Rockies

5 ,800

1.7

0.26

1.4

Central Lowlands,
Colorado Kansas

J7

11

0.02

1.1

IV

11

III

8

Dakota Lignite

I/

21

3/

I/

II

5

Southern Rockies
New Mexico (vein)

I/

l!

If

-

-

0.02

0.3

1 ,355

0.3

0.02

1.1

IV
II

11
5,10

Eastern New Mexico, west
Texas, and Oklahoma
Northern Rockies and Columbis
Plateau (Idaho, Montana,
Wyoming)

1.5

V

12

Appalachian Highlands

I/

21

0.02

1.3

VI

14

Precambrian Shield area
(Wisconsin, New York,
Michigan)

0

2J

I/

I/

Totals (rounded)

256 ,085

100.0

15.56

49.3

' Reported as less than 1,000 short tons.
2/' Less than 0.1 percent.

Probably on the order of 1 metric ton.

' Not separately reported by U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (1976).

order to be comparable to other maps of the atlas series andU.S. Bureau Mines Bull. 666, the estimated values for
production, reserves, and resources in table 2 are in a
1975-dollar value of $8.45 per pound of UoOg (approximately$18,600 per metric ton).
The principal uranium mines andmining companies active in 1975 are listed in Table 3.
In compiling the uranium province map, some new
districts discovered since 1975 have been added, such as
Date Creek basin, Arizona (Otton,
1981a,b), and the
McDermitt district, Nevada-Oregon (Sharp, 1956; Rytuba and
Glanzman, 1979).
The locations of uranium deposits on the map werecompiled from published reports (Butler and Byers, 1969;
Butler and others, 1962; Byers, 1978; Eargle and others,
1971; Finch, 1967; Finch and others, 1959, 1978; Hilpert,
1969; Schnabel, 1955; Coney and Reynolds, 1980); unpublishedrecords of uranium resource specialists; and data from theMineralResource
Data
System(MRDS),
formerlytheComputerized Resource Information Bank (CRIB) of the U.S.
Geological Survey.
The assistance of R. R. Wahl and C. A.
Phillips in providing computerized data is gratefully
acknowledged.
Distinguishing Map Features
The map shows the distribution of various types ofuranium deposits in the conterminous United States, theoutlines of the provinces that contain the most productive
deposits, and some of the possibly favorable areas for otherworld-class deposits as yet poorly developed or notdiscovered.
The shape of the symbol indicates the type ofdeposit; three groupings of types of deposits are shown on
the map.
They are:circles for sandstone and related
deposits in sedimentary rocks; triangles for classical vein,
breccia zone, pipe, contact, and related types; and squares
for others, which includes volcanogenic and deposits too
poorly described to classify.
The character of the symbol
indicates the relative size of a deposit or group of closely
spaced deposits; those that have more than 10,000 metrictons of contained U-jOg are shown by a large solid symbol,
1,000 to 10,000 by a small solid symbol, those 1 to 1,000 bya small half-darkened symbol, and those less than 1 metricton or any size at a cutoff-grade between 0.01 and 0.049
percent V^O^ by an open symbol.
A large star overprint
indicates that the deposit was being actively in mined in1975 (table 3).
The boundaries of uranium provinces and sub provinces
are drawn only where they are reasonably distinct; many are
indicated only by a number in the center of the general areaof the known occurrences and their favorable rocks andgeologic setting. Those boundaries delineated on the map bylines are at best inferred and follow physiographic
provinces, basinal outlines, and distribution of potential
host rocks.
Boundaries of some major geologic regions andthe zones of accreted oceanic and island-arc crust bordering
the old continental crust are shown in order to conform toother maps of the atlas series even though they may not inevery case relate to the distribution of uranium deposits.
URANIUM PROVINCES

For purposes of this report following the guidelines inTooker (1979, 1980a,b), 14 uranium provinces are shown in
the 6 major geologic regions of the conterminous UnitedStates, table 1. The most important province, the Colorado
Plateau, is divided into 4 subprovinces.
The uranium
provinces are indicated on the map and keyed to tables 1 and
2. Almost 95 percent of the total production plus reservesof uranium in 1975, the base year for the Atlas survey(Tooker, 1980a), occurs in the first three uranium provinces
described below.
The Colorado Plateau, map province no. 1 (Fischer,1968, 1970, 1974; Fischer and Hilpert, 1952; Webber, 1947),
is the major source of uranium in the U.S. and within the
Plateau the San Juan Basin is the dominant district.
Inessence the Colorado Plateau has been an uranium province
since Late Precambrian time because Precambrian igneousrocks beneath and around the Colorado Plateau probably
contained anomalously high amounts of uranium as suggestedby the anomalously radioactive zircons from these rocks with
contents of 2 to 20 times the normal content (Silver,
1976).
The Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic age is theprincipal uranium-bearing formation and consists of acoalesced sequence of large, low-gradient, alluvial fansderived from source areas to the south and southwest (Craig
and others, 1955). The stratiform or peneconcordant uranium
deposits were formed by ground waters that moved along thesandstone host beds. The ore minerals were precipitated inpockets having strong reducing capacity (Hostetler andGarrels, 1962). Estimated production plus reserves for the
Colorado Plateau were almost 475,200 metric tons UoOg($30/lb or less) as of January 1, 1976 (U.S. ERDA, 1976,
p. 19) or 57 percent of the U.S. total.
The Colorado
Plateau contains four principal generally linear uraniumproductive subprovinces whose trends are shown on the map:(A) the Grants mineral belt in the San Juan Basin, New
Mexico; (B) the Big Indian or Lisbon Valley mineral belt,
Utah; (C) the Uravan mineral belt, Colorado; and (D) the
Monument Valley and White Canyon mineral belts, Utah andArizona.
Other productive districts include the Henry
Mountains and San Rafael? in central Utah, Shiprock innortheast
Arizona,and
Cameronin Coconino
County,Arizona.
All of these contain only sandstone-type deposits
but a single important vein-type, the Orphan Lode, occurs 'in
the Grand Canyon of Arizona.
The Grants mineral belt, map province no. 1A (Kelley,
1963; Kelley and others, 1968; Granger, 1963, 1968; Granger
and others, 1961; Granger and Warren, 1969; Hilpert, 1969;
Hilpert and Moench, 1960; Moench and Schlee, 1967; Brookins,
1976; Chenoweth, 1977; Chapman, Wood and Griswold, Inc.,
1977;
Kelly,
1977;
Rautman,1980;
Leventhal,
1980b;
Scarborough, 1981; Adams and Saucier, 1981), contains thelargest known concentration of uranium ore in the UnitedStates and accounted for more than 42 percent of the total
U.S. production plus reserves as of January 1, 1976 (Byers,1978).
The mines active in 1975 are listed in table 3.
Adams and Saucier (1981) pointed out that projection of
known ore trends provide the greatest potential for major
new discoveries in the Grants mineral belt, and that future
exploration will be deeper and more expensive. The deposits
are peneconcordant, range in size from small to very large,
and lie from at the surface outcrop to about 1-2 kilometers
below the surface.
They are mostly in relatively thicksandstone masses in the Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic
age along and near the south margin of the boundary of theJurassic basin of deposition.
They occur in stream-laidsandstone lenses interbedded with lacustrine and overbank
muds tone.
The Big Indian or Lisbon Valley mineral belt, map
subprovlnce no. IB (Butler and Fischer, 1978; Fischer, 1974;
Wood, 1'968), contains uranium deposits in the Moss Back
Member of the Chinle Formation of Late Triassic age.
Production and reserves as of January 1, 1976 in the belt
comprised about 9.5 percent of the U.S. total.
The mines
active in 1975 are listed in table 3.
Fischer (1974)
pointed out that ground water seeping downward along thecrest of the ancestral Lisbon Valley anticline could haveleached uranium from the volcanic mudstones in the upper
part of the Chinle Formation and carried it downdip into theMoss Back Member of the Chinle to a favorable reducing
environment, probably somewhere below the paleo-water table.
The Uravan mineral belt, map subprovince no. 1C(Fischer and Hilpert, 1952; Shawe, 1962; Shawe and others,
1968; Motica, 1968; Fischer, 1974; Butler and Fischer, 1978;
Granger and Warren, 1981), contains more than 1,000 mines
ranging in size from a few metric tons of UoOg in isolated
locations to clusters totalling as much as 0.75 million tonsof uranium and vanadium ore. Production plus reserves as ofJanuary 1, 1976 for the Uravan mineral belt comprised about
7 percent of the U.S. total. The uranium-vanadium deposits
are in the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation. The

Table 3. Principal uranium mines and mining companies active in 1975 (Mining Magazine, 1976, Table B; files)
Uranium province andmap number(See Table 1)
Colorado Plateau,
Grants mineral belt, 1A

Mine or area

Company

Location

Ambrosia Lake deposits(includes Sec. 23 mine,
T. 14 N., R. 10W.;
Sec. 25 mine, T. 14 N., R. 10 W.;
Sec. 17 mine, T. 14 N., R. 9 W.)

United Nuclear Corp., Inc.

Church Rock I

Kerr-McGee Corp.

Johnny M

Ranchers Exploration
and Development Corp.

"

Jackpile and Paguate

Anaconda Co.

Laguna district,
Valencia County, New Mexico"

Sec. 1, T. 13 N., R. 9 W.

Kerr-McGee Corp.

Ambrosia district,
McKinley County, New Mexico

Ambrosia district,
McKinley County, New Mexico

Sec. 19, T. 14 N., R. 9 W.
Sec. 30, T. 14 N. , R. 9 W.
Sec. 24, T. 14 N. , R. 9 W.
Colorado Plateau, Big
Indian (or Lisbon Valley)
mineral belt, IB

HumecaRio Algom Mines, Ltd.

Lisbon Valley district,
San Juan Co., Utah

Colorado Front Range, 5Schwartzwalder

Cotter Corp.

Front Range, Jefferson
Co., Colorado

Tertiary basins,
Wyoming, 2Bill Smith

Kerr-McGee Corp.

Powder River Basin,
Converse Co., Wyoming

F Group

Utah International, Inc.

Shirley Basin, Carbon Co.,
Wyoming"

HighlandExxon Nuclear Co.

Powder River Basin,
Converse Co., Wyoming"

Lucky Me

Utah International, Inc.

Powder River Basin,
Converse Co., Wyoming

Pay Aljob

Union Carbide Corp.

East Gas Hills district,Natrona Co., Wyoming

FelderMobile Oil Co.

Live Oak Co . , Texas

Butler-Wedding ton

Conoco & Pioneer Nuclear

Karnes, Co., Texas

Texas Gulf Coast, 3

Salt Wash was deposited as a broad alluvial fan by a
distributary stream system (Craig and others, 1955; Thammand others, 1980) and consists of Interbedded fluvial
sandstone and flood-plain type mudstone units.
The Monument Valley and White Canyon mineral belts, map
no. ID (Thaden and others, 1964; Young, 1964; Finch, 1959;
Malan, 1968: Witkind and Thaden, 1963), have significant ore
deposits in the carbonaceous sandstone and conglomerate of
the basal Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation of Late
Triassic age.
In Monument Valley, the Shinarump sediments
fill deep channels formed by streams that flowed from thesouth and southeast. The economic deposits are all of thevanadium-uranium type (V 2 C>5 > l^Og).
In the White Canyonmineral belt, the Shinarump sediments fill shallow channels
formed by streams that flowed from the northeast, and thesignificant deposits are all of the copper-uranium type
(Cu > UjOg). Production plus reserves as of January 1, 1976
in the two belts totalled about 1 percent of the U.S. total.
The Orphan Lode mine (in map province no. 1), Grand
Canyon National Park, Arizona, is an important vein-type
deposit that occurs in a collapse breccia pipe within highly
fractured and brecciated zones of Paleozoic sedimentaryrocks (Finch, 1967, figs. 11, 12; Bowles, 1977; Rich andothers, 1977).
In Tertiary basins, Wyoming and northern Colorado, map
province no. 2, the major uranium deposits are in structuralintermontane and/or erosional basins.
The principal
districts are the Shirley Basin in south central Wyoming,
the Powder River Basin in northwest Wyoming, the Gas Hills
area on the south flank of Wind River Basin in central
Wyoming, and the Crooks Gap area on the north flank of theGreat Divide Basin (Anderson, 1969; Armstrong, 1970; Bailey,
1969; Davis, 1969; Melin, 1969; Sharp and others, 1964;
Harshman, 1972; Harshman and Adams, 1980; Seeland, 1978).
The principal host rocks are medium- to coarse-grainedsandstone and coarse-grained conglomeratic arkose.
These
rocks were derived in large part from granitic cores of
uplifts and the older sedimentary rocks that flank the cores(Harshman, 1968a, 1968b, 1972).
Stuckless (1979) suggeststhat the region of Central Wyoming has been an uranium
province since early Precambrian time. The deposits containfrom a few hundred to a few hundred thousand metric tons ofore, ranging in grade from 0.1 percent to 1.0 percent
UjOg.
More than 95 percent of the known reserves are informations of Early Eocene age.
Production plus known
reserves as of January 1, 1976 in deposits in Tertiary
sediments in the Wyoming basins, including the Maybell
deposits in the Sand Wash Basin in northwestern Colorado,
accounted for about 32 percent of the U.S. total, of which
the Shirley Basin constitutes more than half.
The mines
active in 1975 are listed in table 3.
In the Texas Gulf-Coast, map province no. 3, deposits
in Karnes, Live Oak, Atascosa, Starr, Duval, McMullen, andGonzales Counties in south Texas have most of the production
and reserves of uranium (Eargle and others, 1971; 1975;
Dickinson, 1976a, b, c; Galloway and others, 1979a,b;
Galloway and Kaiser, 1979; Adams and Smith, 1981).
Theuranium deposits occur in several Eocene to Pliocene
formations. Uranium occurs chiefly in the shoreline, beach,and fluvial facies of the mainly upper Eocene Jackson Groupand subordinately in highly tuffaceous fluvial beds of theCatahoula Formation of Late Oligocene age.
In all cases
uranium occurs within regressive units that unconformably
overlie transgressive sequences (Adams and Smith, 1981).
Both oxidized and unoxidized deposits are present, but theoxidized deposits are now mostly mined out.
The oxidizedore occurred near the surface. The unoxidized ore occurs to
depths of 600 m and more.
The unoxidized ore deposits,
located downdip and southeast of the area of oxidized
deposits, occur at and directly above the water table andare larger deposits of generally lower grade ore that ismore nearly in equilibrium than is the oxidized ore (Bunker
and MacKallor, 1973).
Much of the unoxidized ore in the
Karnes County area is in C-shaped ore rolls similar to thosein Wyoming (Harshman and Adams, 1980; Fischer, 1974). The

uranium in the deposits is thought to have been leached fromthe volcanic ash in the host beds and in beds associatedwith them by ground water that moved downdip along permeable
facies to a reducing environment where the ore minerals
precipitated. H 2 S that rose along faults from gas fields isthought to be the active reducing agent (Eargle and others,
1971; Eargle and Weeks, 1968; Klohn and Plckens, 1970, 1974;
Goldhaber and others, 1978, 1979a, b; Goldhaber andReynolds, 1977, 1979). The uranium mined ranges from 0.05
percent to 0.5 percent in the Oakville Sandstone. Recovery
by in-situ leaching to depths of 170 m had extracted 113
metric tons of U^Oo Erom sandstone by January 1, 1975
(Crawford, 1975; White, 1975). Of the U.S. total production
and reserves, as of January 1, 1976, the Texas coastal
region accounted for 5.6 percent (table 2). Mines active in1975 are listed in table 3.
In the northwest part of the Cordilleran Belt, innortheast Washington, important uranium deposits occur in
Stevens and Spokane Counties, map province no. 4, which
accounted for 2 percent of the U.S. total production plus
reserves as of January 1, 1976 (table 2). The largest andmost productive deposit is at the Midnite-(Boyd) mine,
Stevens County. Production during 14 years of operation was
about 3,600 metric tons UoOg from oxidized and reduced ores
averaging 0.23 percent UjOg (Nash and Lehrman, 1975). High
content of iron and sulfur, contained chiefly in FeS2»
appear to be an important feature of favorable host rocks(Nash and Lehrman, 1975).
At the Midnite mine uranium
occurs in discordant tabular bodies 50 m or less thick, asmuch as 210 m wide, and as much as 380 m long, inmetamorphosed steeply dipping Precambrian pelitic andcalcareous rocks.
These metasediraents form a roof pendantin a Cretaceous to Eocene porphyritic quartz monzonite
pluton named the Loon Lake Batholith. The ore bodies, which
are best developed in the sheared carbonaceous and pyritic
phyllite and arglllite, occur as stockworks and irregularmasses parallel with contacts with granite.
The thickest
ore zones invariably coincide with depressions in themetasediments-granite contact, and the margins of the ore
zones generally terminate against steep granite contacts.
At the Peters lease (in map province no. 4), also known
as the Northwest Uranium mine or Sherwood mine, Stevens
County, Wash., uranium is disseminated in a low-grade
orebody in gently dipping Oligocene conglomerate beds
(Weisenborn and Moen, 1974).
The conglomerate is poorly
sorted and very poorly cemented, and, except for the large
boulders that must be broken to be moved, the rock can bemined in open pit without blasting.
The ore consists ofuraninite intimately associated with carbonaceous material
near the base of the conglomerate that makes up the basal
unit of the Epcene Sanpoil Volcanics (formerly known as
Gerome Andesite) in the mine area.
The Sherwood open-pit
mine was estimated to contain 5,440 metric tons U^Og in 1966
(Engineering and Mining Journal, 1975, v. 176, no. 9,
p. 206).
In the Mount Spokane area (in map province no. 4),
Spokane County, Wash., the uranium deposits are entirely
within the Cretaceous to Eocene Loon Lake Batholith, which
consists of two-mica quartz monzonite intruded into gneissic
rocks (Weis and others, 1958; Weissenborn and Moen, 1974;
Weissenborn and Weis, 1976).
Alaskite with a network ofnarrow pegmatite dikes, which are differentiates of thequartz monzonite, extends in an irregular north-south
trending belt along the west flank of Mount Spokane.
Thepegmatites make up 25 percent of more of the rock. Uranium
in the form of autunite or meta-autunite, which is accompanied only by clay as a gangue mineral, fills crevices,
joints, shear zones, and other open spaces in the alasklte
and pegmatite (Leo, 1960; Ross, 1963).
At leaat 30
occurrences of uranium are known, all of which are either
within or adjacent to the alaskite-pegmatite rock.
Total
recorded production from the Mount Spokane area amounts to
40 metric tons of UoOo (A. E. Weissenborn, oral communication
others,1958;
Weissenborn and Moen,
1974;
Weissenborn and Weis, 1976)_. Nine properties contributed tothis production, but the great bulk of it came from theDaybreak mine on the Dahl lease.

North and east of the Colorado Plateau within the
Cordllleran Belt lies the large, narrow, poorly definedprovince of the Colorado Front Range and Northern andSouthern Rockies, map province no. 5.
This province Is
defined for the most part by vein-type deposits In
Precarabrlan rocks and partly overlaps area of sedimentarydeposits in the Phosphorla basin (province no. 9) In thenorth and an extension of the Tertiary basin province of
Wyoming (province no. 2) Into Colorado and northern New
Mexico In the south. Production plus reserces as of January
1, 1976 for province 5 totalled about 1.7 percent of the
U.S. total (table 2).
In the Front Range of Colorado a number of vein-type
deposits occur in Precarabrian host rocks at the eastern edgeof the Colorado mineral belt (Rich and others, 1977; Walker
and others, 1963). In this area there are three classes ofuranium veins:those with minor sulfldes, which areeconomically the most Important; those with moderate toabundant sulfldes; and thoses with moderate to abundant
fluorlte.
At the Schwartzwalder mine (Young and Lahr,
1975), active in 1975 (table 3) and the largest In the area,
the veins contain pitchblende and cofflnite with minor
amounts of iron, lead, zinc and copper sulfldes.
Thedeposit is in Precarabrlan raetamorphic rocks In a complexly
branched southeastward extension of the Rogers breccia reef
fault near the edge of the Front Range (Sheridan and others,
1967; Sims and Sheridan 1964).
The main faults and fault
breccias and subsidiary, less steeply dipping faults aremineralized where they cut brittle, competent llrae-sllicate
rock and garnetiferous quartz-biotlte gneiss.
Vein-type deposits are found at the Marshall Pass
locality (In map province no. 5), in the southern part of
the Sawatch Range In the Southern Rockies of Colorado, along
the foot-wall of a reverse fault in brecciated, steeply
dipping strata of Paleozoic age.
A major deposit in thearea is at the Pitch mine which contains a reserve of
3,245,000 Kg U 3 0g (7,140,000 Ibs) in ore with an average
grade of 0.17 percent U 3 0g (Nash, 1981), and there Is apotential for considerable more In the same major structure
as well as even more In other structures (J. T. Nash, oral
communications, 1983).
The Cochetopa district (in map province no. 5) includes
the Los Ochos mine and others, Saguache County, Colorado.
The Los Ochos deposit consists of secondary uranium
minerals,
pitchblende, and raarcaslte In fractured andsillcifled sandstone and mudstone of the Jurassic Morrlson
Formation or the Middle Jurassic Junction Creek Sandstone
and adjacent underlying schist and gneiss of Precarabrian age
where the rocks have been broken by an east-trending fault(Derzay, 1956; Olson, 1976a, 1976b; Wrlght and Everhart,
1960). Although the crystalline rocks are mineralized, mostof the workable part of the deposit, which Is now largelyrained out, was In sedimentary rocks (Butler, 1964).
Mesozolc sedimentary rocks on the flanks of the Black
Hills region, S. Dakota and Wyoming, map province no. 6,
contain productive peneconcordant uranium deposits andreserves that together with the North and South Dakota
uranlferous lignite deposits (discussed below) represent
less than 3 percent of the U.S. total production andreserves as of January 1, 1976. The deposits are In gently
dipping rocks of the Lakota and Fall River Formations of theLower Cretaceous Inyan Kara Group on the southwest flank andaround the northern nose of the Black Hills Uplift, a broad
doraal uplift of Laramide age (Gott and others, 1974).
The
Dakota and Fall River Formations are composed predominatelyof mudstone and lenticular sandstone, In part conglomeratic.
Coalified plantfossils are common In thesandstone.
The environment of sedimentation was mainly
fluvialandlacustrine,
andpartly marginal marine.
Overlying sediments of Tertiary age, since largely removedby erosion, contained abundant volcanic ash. The ore bodies
in the Inyan Kara are chiefly Irregularly tabular or podshaped masses, and some are crescent-shaped rolls (Hart,
1968; Renfro, 1969; Harshman and Adams, 1980).

The Basin and Range, map province no. 7, is ageographic province dominated by fault-block mountains
separated by broad alluvium-filled basins.
It was ageosyncllne during most of Paleozoic and Mesozolc eras andgreat thicknesses of sedimentary rocks accumulated. During
the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time, folding andthrusting of the Laramide orogeny deformed the sediments ina southward-trending zone that extends from Canada to
Mexico. High-angle normal faulting during the raid- to lateTertiary extension determined the present topography of longgraben valleys partially filled with alluvial debris fromthe Intervening mountains. The uranium deposits occuring In
this uranium province include sedimentary, vein, and othertypes.
Total production plus reserves for the Basin andRange province was estimated as 0.3 percent of total U.S.
(U.S. ERDA, 1975, 1976) (see table 2).
In the Marysvale district of central Utah, at theeastern edge of the Basin and Range province where it
adjoins the Colorado Plateau, (Kerr and others, 1957; Kerr,
1968; Cunninghara and Steven, 1978; Cunninghara and others,1980) uranium occurs in veins where Tertiary volcanlcs havebeen Intruded by subvolcanlc acidic plutons.
Contact-type deposits near Austin, Lander County,
Nevada in the Reese River district occur in Intensely
fractured zones peripheral to the contact of a Jurassic
quartz raonzonite Intrusive and Precarabrlan or Cambrianquartzlte or argilllte (Sharp and Hetland, 1954; Thurlow,
1956; Chenoweth and 'Malan, 1969).
In the northern part of Basin and Range province,uranium occurs in veins in rhyollte breccia In the Kings
River and McDerraitt area, Huraboldt County, Nevada andadjoining Oregon; In Lassen and Kern Counties, California;
and In Esmeralda, Lincoln, and Washoe Counties, Nevada(Sharp, 1956; Staatz and Carr, 1964; Yates, 1952; Duncan,
1953).
At McDermltt the uranium deposits occur along thering fracture of a nonresurgent caldera (Rytuba and
Glanzraan, 1979).
The Moonlight mine Is an uranium vein
deposit along the ring fracture (or basin-range faults) on
the west side of the caldera complex.
The Aurora deposit,on the other hand, occurs with abundant pyrlte and leucoxene
in altered raaflc flows beneath moat-filled sediments southof the northern rim of the McDerraitt complex (Roper andWallace, 1980).
The deposit was formed during Intense
alteration by hydrothermal fluids moving upward along preexisting fractures (J. K. Otton, 1983, oral communication)and thus is not a vein deposit but a replacement-type
orebody.
The Aurora deposit has reserves of 7,700 metrictons UO contained In rock that averages 0.05 percent U 30g.
Uranium occurs In Tertiary lake sediments and waterlaid tuffs at widely separated areas In Nevada andCalifornia of the Basin and Range province (Davis andHetland, 1956).
Intensive search for large low-grade
deposits in these Tertiary lake beds and associated rocks,
such as in the Date Creek basin, Arizona (Otton, 1981a, b),
is needed, but many deposits may prove uneconomic to mine.
Otton (1981c, oral communication, 1983) has identified
resources of 580,000 metric tons U 3 0g in rock with anaverage grade of 0.023 percent for the Date Creek basin
deposits and about 1.2 million metric tons of potential
resources In the unexplored parts of Date Creek basin andtwo additional western Arizona Tertiary basins.
At
Lakevlew, Oregon, deposits occur in the contact zone between
a rhyollte Intrusive of late Tertiary age and pyroclastlc
and lacustrine sediments of Miocene age (Cohenour, 1960;
Walker and others, 1963).
Uranlferous lignites and sandstones, which occur in theFort Union Formation of Paleocene age In the Cave Hills-Slim
Buttes and other parts of the western Wllliston Basin In
North and South Dakota, in Dakota lignite fields, map
province no. 8 (Denson and Gill, 1956; Vine, 1962; Gott andPlpirlngos, 1964), are characterized by a relatively low
concentration of uranium and by a relatively large areal
extent.
At the Flat Top Butte and other claims in Harding
County, South Dakota, uranium associated with lignite occurs

'in Fort Union host rocks that range in thickness from 15
centimeters to more than 0.6 meters and are characterized byhigh volcanic ash content and quite high permeabilities(Denson and Gill, 1965).
Phosphorite layers in the Bone Valley Formation of
Pliocene age in the land-pebble phosphate field in Florida,part of the Phosphate fields, Florida and South Carolina,
map province no. 9, range in thickness from 1.8 to 2.1
meters over about 800 square kilometers and average 0.0120.024 percent U-jOg and 20-30 percent P 2 0 5 (Altschuler andothers, 1956, 1964; Cathcart, 1963).
Uranium in marine
phosphorite deposits was probably deposited from sea water
during sedimentation, or in some places, possibly later fromdownward percolating ground water.
The Bone Valley
Formation has bedded pebbly and clayey phosphatic sands inwhich alteration to aluminum phosphate has occurred. Mostof the formation was deposited in a flat platform area thatwas gradually inundated by marine water. The region had anirregular shore line, scattered islands, a gently sloping
bottom, and distinct connections with the ocean that
influenced the nature of sedimentation and alteration. .The
Engineering and Mining Journal, 1976 (v. 177, no. 5, p. 7989) reported that both U-jOg and fluorine were being
recovered from some wet-process phosphoric acid plants andsold as by-products of phosphate production.
Uranium occurs in marine phosphorite beds on the lower
Coastal Plain of South Carolina (in map province no. 9),
mainly in the mineral carbonate-fluorapatite.
The uranium
content of phosphorite ranges from 0.025 to 0.063 percent
equivalent U-jOg (Southern Interstate Nuclear Board, 1969).
Marinephosphatic
rocks
with
anomalousuranium
concentration occur in the Phosphoria Formation and its
stratigraphic correlatives of Permian age in an area of
about 350 square kilometers in Idaho, Montana, Utah, andWyoming (McKelvey and Carswell, 1956).
The limit of thepart of the Phosphoria Formation with the highest uranium
concentration (0.012 percent UoOg) is outlined as Phosphoria
basin, map province no. 10 in eastern Idaho and adjacentparts of Montana, Wyoming, and Utah (McKelvey, 1967;
McKelvey and Carswell, 1956). These phosphate beds are morethan 1 meter thick and average more than 31 percent ?2°5
(McKelvey and Carswell, 1956, 1967).
The Phosphoria
consists of a sequence of phosphatic carbonaceous shale andmudstone,
phosphorite,
chert,
carbonaterock,andsandstone.
Deposition of these rocks occurred in marine
geosynclines and on platforms. Thin platform facies lie tothe east, and a thick geosynclinal facies occurs on thewest.
The richest phosphate beds occur in two phosphatic
shale members of the formation in the tightly folded andfaulted geosynclinal facies.
The Phosphoria deposits are
not presently economic to mine for uranium except as a byproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid production.
Subeconomic resources of U.S. phosphate deposits that
contain at least 0.012 percent U^Og are estimated to be
1,000,000 metric tons U 30g, of which 800,000 are in the
Phosphoria and its equivalents in the western U.S., and200,000 are in pebble phosphate field of Florida (in map
province no. 9) (Sheldon, 1964; Davidson and Atkin, 1953).
The Permian and TrLassic Basins of eastern New Mexico,West Texas, and the Oklahoma Panhandle and the Quachita
Mountain area along the Oklahoma-Texas border in the Central
Plains, map province no. 11, contain uranium deposits incontinental sandstones of Triassic and Permian ages, Permianand Triassic basins (Russell, 1958; Finch, 1972, 1975). A
few of the deposits, mainly in Triassic rocks, have been
mined and yielded a total of about 800 tons of ore averaging
about 0.20 percent U.jOg. This province is only moderatelyfavorable for small deposits similar to those mined.
In the Appalachian Highlands, map province no. 12,
continental sandstone sediments accumulated during Paleozoic
and Triassic times in the shallow, poorly drained forelandand deep post-orogenic basins of New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and North

Carolina.
The Devonian Catskill and Mississippian Mauch
Chunk Formations and the arkosic sediments of the NewarkGroup in the Triassic basins contain small sandstone-type
deposits and are favorable for additional deposits (Kleraic,
1962; Turner-Peterson, 1980).
The eastern Central Plains uraniferous Devonian marine
black shale basins, map province no. 13, in which the
Chattanooga Shaleand correlative formations were formed aspart of a blanket of black shales in early Late Devonian (orpossibly late Middle Devonian) to Early Mississippian times
cover much of the interior of North America (Conant andSwanson, 1961).
The Chattanooga Shale was deposited in anarea of epicontinental seas.
It is composed of marine,
black, siliceous, low-grade oil shale and gray claystone andhas abundant plant remains, such as stems, spores, andmacerated debris.
The Chattanooga Shale as a formation
averages 0.007 percent U-jOg, and is estimated to contain
7,000,000 metric tons U 30g (Swanson, 1961; U.S. Dept.
Energy, 1980b).
Uraniferous shales correlative with the
Chattanooga (Vine and Tourtelot, 1970) have been found in
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, andKentucky (Broadhead and others, 1980; Leventhal, 1978, 1979,
1980a,b; Leventhal and Goldhaber, 1978; Leventhal andothers, 1978; Wallace and others, 1977).
Leventhal(I980a,b) observed that core samples from Devonian shales
from the Illinois and Michigan Basins appear to show thesame ranges of chemical compositions and geochemical
controls as those from the Appalachian Basin. Uraniferous
black shales were not considered to be viable sources foruranium in 1980.
The Precambrian Shield area, map province no. 14,
contains no known economic uranium deposits, but just acrossthe border in Canada both classical vein and quartz-pebble
conglomerate types are known.
Areas of the Precambrian
Shield in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New York may
have deposits similar to the large Precambrian quartz-pebble
conglomerate uranium deposits of Elliot Lake-Blind River
district, Ontario, Canada.
In addition, vein-type uranium
deposits related to the Lower to Middle Proterozoic
unconformity may occur in the areas of Idaho, Montana,
Wyoming, Utah, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, andMichigan (Kalliokoski and others, 1978; F. A. Hills, oral
communication, 1981).
Finally, the area is possibly
favorable for intermediate-grade deposits of disseminatedtype in crystalline rocks (F. A. Hills, oral communication,
1981; Houston and Karlstrom, 1979; Kalliokoski and others,
1978; Button and Addams, 1981).
Extensive marine phosphorites of Miocene age, which arecommonly radioactive, are present in a number of places in
California in the southern Pacific Coast Ranges, Pacific
Coast, map province no. 15, and along the west side of the
San Joaquin Valley (Walker and Butler, 1966). Compared to
the large economic deposits in other parts of the UnitedStates, most of the uranium deposits of the Pacific Coast
area are small, and none are thought to contain large
reserves of minable uranium, or are likely to contribute
appreciably to total resources in the United States.
Certain provinces (map province nos. 11, 12, 13, 14,
and 15) have less potential for uranium production thanothers. Many of the deposits in these provinces are either
small or are large, very low-grade occurrences. Size alone,
however, will not determine which deposits might become
producers.
Some, which may permit uranium to be recoveredby bulk mining methods or as a byproduct could probably bemined before some larger and higher grade deposits. Some,because of their isolated location, may n*»ver be mined.

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13