MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI(1 January 2020 – 31 December 2020)
I. ROLE AND MANDATE
The Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI)
was established in Tokyo, Japan, in 1962 pursuant to an agreement between the United Nations and theGovernment of Japan. Its goal is to contribute to sound social development in the Asia and the Pacific region
by promoting regional cooperation in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice, through training andresearch.
UNAFEI has paid utmost attention to the priority themes identified by the Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice. Moreover, UNAFEI has been taking up urgent, contemporary problems in
the administration of criminal justice in the region, especially problems generated by rapid socio-economicchange (e.g., transnational organized crime, corruption, economic and computer crime and the reintegrationof prisoners into society) as the main themes and topics for its training courses, seminars and research
projects.

II. TRAINING
Training is the principal area and priority of the Institute's work programmes. In the international
training courses and seminars, participants from different areas of the criminal justice field discuss and studypressing problems of criminal justice administration from various perspectives. They deepen theirunderstanding, with the help of lectures and advice from the UNAFEI faculty, visiting experts and ad hoc
lecturers. This so-called“problem-solving through an integrated approach”is one of the chief characteristics
of UNAFEI programmes.
Each year, UNAFEI conducts two international training courses (six weeks’ duration) and one internationalseminar (five weeks’ duration). Approximately one hundred government officials from various overseas
countries receive fellowships from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA is an independentadministrative institution for ODA programmes) each year to participate in UNAFEI training programmes.
Training courses and seminars are attended by both overseas and Japanese participants.   Overseas
participants come not only from the Asia-Pacific region but also from the Middle and Near East, Latin
America and Africa. These participants are experienced practitioners and administrators holding relatively
senior positions in the criminal justice field.
The global Covid-19 pandemic had a significant impact on UNAFEI’s activities during the 2020 calendar
year. The 174th International Senior Seminar was held in January 2020, but all subsequent in-person training
courses were postponed, specifically the 175th and the 176th International Training Courses and the 23rd
UNAFEI UNCAC Training Programme. These programmes have been rescheduled to 2021, and they will
be held online due to the global health situation.
Despite the sudden and severe impact of the pandemic on UNAFEI’s in-person training programmes,
UNAFEI adapted quickly to the new environment and shifted its activities online. In September 2020,
UNAFEI held its first alumni webinar, which brought together over 100 members of the UNAFEI family
from all parts of the world. The alumni webinar series has quickly become an important part of UNAFEI’s
strategy to promote best practices in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice and to strengthen its
global network of alumni.
By the end of 2020, UNAFEI had conducted a total of 174 international training courses and seminars.
Over 6,100 criminal justice personnel representing 139 different countries and administrative regions haveparticipated in these seminars. UNAFEI also conducts a number of other specialized courses, both country
and subject focused, in which hundreds of other participants from many countries have been involved. In
their respective countries, UNAFEI alumni have been playing leading roles and hold important posts in the3

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020
fields of crime prevention and the treatment of offenders, and in related organizations.
A. The 174th International Senior Seminar
1. 	Introduction
The 174th International Senior Seminar was held from 13 January to 7 February 2020. The main theme
was“Prevention of Reoffending and Fostering Social Inclusion: Policy Making and Good Practices”. Twentyfour overseas participants and seven Japanese participants attended the Seminar.
2. 	Methodology
Firstly, the Seminar participants introduced the roles and functions of criminal justice agencies in theircountries in regard to the main theme. After receiving lectures from UNAFEI professors and visiting
experts, the participants were then divided into group workshops as follows:
Group 1:

Effectively Incorporating Rehabilitative Perspectives into Penalties and Case Dispositions

Group 2: 	 Promoting Intervention, Treatment and Support Tailored to Offenders’ Individual Needs
Group 3: 	 Fostering Public Understanding and Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for Acceptance of Offenders
Each Group elected a chairperson, co-chairperson(s), a rapporteur and co-rapporteur(s) in order to facilitate
the discussions. During group discussion, the group members studied the designated topics and exchanged
views based on information obtained through personal experiences, the Individual Presentations, lecturesand so forth. The Groups presented their reports during the Report-Back Session, where they were endorsed
as the Reports of the Seminar. The full texts of these Reports were published in UNAFEI Resource Material
Series No. 111.
3. 	Outcome Summary(i) Effectively Incorporating Rehabilitative Perspectives into Penalties and Case Dispositions
Group 1 considered the problems, challenges and solutions to the inclusion of rehabilitative perspectives
in criminal justice dispositions. Despite the adoption of the Tokyo Rules almost 30 years ago to promote theuse of non-custodial measures, incarceration and punitive approaches remain popular and overutilized. By
considering the barriers to the use of non-custodial measures, Group 1 sought to identify solutions that might
promote the inclusion of rehabilitative perspectives throughout all relevant stages of the criminal justiceprocess.
The group found that all of the participating countries had adopted common non-custodial measures suchas non-prosecution, suspended proceeding, suspended sentence and fines, but the adoption of other measures(community work, community fine, and restorative justice) varied widely. Even where available, the mindsetof criminal justice authorities was considered an impediment to the use of non-custodial measures. One of
the fundamental problems with the underuse of non-custodial measures is that it results in prison
overcrowding—an environment that undermines the effectiveness of offender treatment and rehabilitation.
Other barriers to the inclusion of rehabilitative perspectives in the criminal justice system include legal
impediments, the prevailing public attitude that supports punitive justice, the lack of analysis of individual
risk and needs (i.e., the lack of individually tailored treatment), and the lack of synergy between various
agencies.
After considering the problems and challenges, the group proposed a number of possible solutions: first,
adopting laws and policies to foster the inclusion of rehabilitative perspectives, such as depenalization ofminor drug-use crimes; second, alternatives to pre-trial detention through the use of bail, electronic monitoring,house arrest and similar practices; third, designing evidence-based programmes to provide treatment as analternative to incarceration; fourth, conducting risk-needs assessments and tailoring treatment to theindividualized needs of each offender; fifth, promoting awareness of the benefits of the use of non-custodial
measures among criminal justice practitioners, the general public and the media; and sixth, the creation ofsynergies among communities and key stakeholders to foster the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders
into society.
In conclusion, the group found non-custodial measures to be more effective in terms of treatment and cost4

MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI
to the correctional system. It was noted that most jurisdictions are better prepared to incorporate rehabilitative
perspectives into juvenile dispositions than adult dispositions. Accordingly, the group encouraged criminal
justice practitioners to include rehabilitative perspectives at all relevant stages of the criminal justice systemand to expand the use of non-custodial measures.
(ii) Promoting Intervention, Treatment and Support Tailored to Offenders’ Individual Needs
Group 2 reported that reoffending is a common issue faced by criminal justice systems throughout theworld and, thus, discussed the importance of breaking the cycle of crime by providing offenders withindividually tailored treatment based on effective risk assessment. The group considered the challenges andgood practices faced by the participating countries in providing tailored treatment by considering five key
issues: the justice system, human resources, assessment, specific treatment programmes, and community
awareness.
Regarding the justice system, prison-based treatment programmes are often hindered by overcrowding,while treatment in the community suffers from a lack of human resources or even the lack of functional
probation or community supervision systems. Citing a prison reform model in the Dominican Republic andthe use of probation officers and volunteer probation officers in Japan, the group suggested that countries
can enhance their own practices by reviewing those of other countries.
Regarding human resources and assessment, quality assessments require thorough examination of
offenders’ risks and needs, but such assessments require personnel with the qualifications and skills necessary
to conduct assessment and subsequent treatment. Countries must invest in human resources and assessment
by providing relevant training and developing effective assessment tools.
Regarding specific treatment programmes, offenders resort to crime due to a wide variety of reasons, suchas family conflicts, chronic drug use, history of abuse, and physical and mental impairment. Treatment
programmes must be designed to address these unique needs, and they must also be evaluated to confirm
effectiveness.
Finally, regarding community awareness, the community has an important role to play in the rehabilitationand social reintegration of offenders. In fact, the community will only harm itself by excluding offenders or
by failing to provide them with necessary support. Under those circumstances, offenders will return to crime.
Thus, public awareness programmes like the Yellow Ribbon Project in Singapore hold great promise inbuilding trust between the community, government and offenders.
The group concluded by offering the following recommendations: first, all countries should consider
establishing or improving probation systems to implement community-based treatment; second, correctional
treatment programmes should be tailored to offenders’ individual needs and should be provided in custodial
and non-custodial settings; third, improving the quality of risk-needs assessments in order to conform
treatment programmes to offenders’ needs; fourth, building the capacity of practitioners who conduct
assessment and treatment through education and training; fifth, enhancing public awareness of and support
for the importance of offender rehabilitation and reintegration.
(iii) Fostering Public Understanding and Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for Acceptance of Offenders
Group 3 considered the importance of public understanding and multi-stakeholder partnerships to thesocial reintegration of offenders. The group found that overcoming public stigma against offenders is aprevalent issue faced by many countries. This issue was approached by discussing the challenges, bestpractices and solutions to fostering public awareness, acceptance of offenders into the community andacceptance of ex-inmates into the community.
The group noted a number of good practices aimed at fostering awareness in the participating countries.
These practices included national strategies to support offender rehabilitation, holding exhibitions to promote
offender rehabilitation, the implementation of crime prevention plans by local agencies, and community
support programmes like volunteer probation officers in Japan and community probation volunteers in
Kenya and Indonesia. Despite the existence of such practices, many offenders face stigmatization, social
exclusion and other burdens as they attempt to reintegrate into society—these burdens often lead to
reoffending. Former inmates face the harshest stigma and discrimination compared to other offenders. They
5

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020are viewed as vicious criminals who are likely to reoffend. This makes it difficult for them to find housing,obtain employment, receive health care or otherwise lead normal lives. Even though members of the public
sympathize with former inmates’ need to be accepted into society, they nevertheless refuse to accept former
inmates as neighbours when they return to the community.
To overcome these challenges, the group stressed the importance of changing public perceptions ofoffenders. To raise public awareness, the group highlighted the role of awareness-raising campaigns such as
the Yellow Ribbon Project in Singapore and the “Hogo chan” mascot in Japan. To ensure that offenders areprovided with necessary support in the community, the group encouraged the expansion of community
support services like probation, employment support, and community work orders (community service),
which helps to demonstrate the value that offenders can bring to the community. Halfway houses andemployment support were raised as important measures to reintegrate and destigmatize former inmates
upon their return to the community. Finally, the group emphasized the importance of persuading community
members of the value of supporting offenders upon re-entry by demonstrating how such support can beeffective at reducing crime and reoffending.
In conclusion, Group 3 stated that multi-stakeholder partnerships and increased public awareness of thechallenges faced by offenders upon reintegration into society are important factors to reduce or eliminate
stigmatization of and discrimination against offenders.

III. SPECIAL TRAINING COURSES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND OTHER
ACTIVITIES
A. Workshop on Community Corrections in Cambodia
On 13 January, a workshop organized by the Regional Office for South-East Asia and the Pacific of theUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and UNAFEI was held in Cambodia, at which 71
officers from the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Justice of Cambodia discussed the potential
advantages of community corrections.
B. Training Course for Corrections Officers in Timor-Leste
From 10 to 13 February, a workshop was held by the UNODC Regional Office for South-East Asia andthe Pacific and UNAFEI in Dili, Timor-Leste, during which 33 corrections officers discussed the managementof offenders to prevent violent extremism.
C. The Comparative Study on Criminal Justice Systems of Japan and Nepal
From 19 to 27 February, 12 Nepalese criminal justice practitioners discussed challenges to theimplementation of the new Criminal Procedure Code in Nepal.
D. Training Course for Corrections Officers in the Philippines
Once a week from 12 October to 9 November, an online training was held by the UNODC Regional Officefor South-East and the Pacific in Bangkok, together with UNAFEI, at which 40 corrections officers from theManila City Jail, Philippines, discussed offender assessment and rehabilitation programmes.
E. The Fourteenth Regional Seminar on Good Governance for Southeast Asian Countries
Due to the global pandemic, the 14th Good Governance Seminar, originally scheduled to be held in
December 2020, was rescheduled to March 2021.

IV. ALUMNI WEBINARS
A. First Alumni Webinar
On 30 September 2020, UNAFEI, together with JICA, held its first alumni webinar, which was attended
by approximately 110 practitioners. Two UNAFEI professors and four alumni from the 173rd and 174thInternational Training Courses presented updates on recent criminal justice issues, mainly in the field of thetreatment of offenders, including responses to the coronavirus pandemic. The alumni–presenters – from
Kenya, Sri Lanka, Brazil and Japan – also reported on how they had made use of their experiences at
UNAFEI in their daily work. After the presentations, participants were able to ask questions to the speakers
and share their own experiences. The webinar also included brief updates from our former Visiting Experts
6

MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI
on the situation in Europe (Mr. Stephen Pitts, International Ambassador of the Confederation of European
Probation (CEP)) and the situation in Latin America (Dr. Miriam Estrada-Castillo from Ecuador, Vice Chairon Communications of the OHCHR’s Working Group on Arbitrary Detention). After the formal session, an
online reunion took place in which approximately 70 participants were able to provide personal andprofessional updates.
B. Second Alumni Webinar
On 19 November 2020, approximately 90 practitioners participated in UNAFEI’s second alumni webinar,
which focused on investigation, prosecution and adjudication issues. A UNAFEI professor presented on themeasures to respond to the pandemic in investigation and prosecution practice in Japan. Then, alumni fromthe 172nd International Training Course (Panama and Lao PDR) and the 22nd UNCAC Training Programme(Ukraine and Armenia), which were both held in 2019, presented on how they had made use of theirexperiences at UNAFEI in their daily work and shared updates on criminal justice issues faced in practice,including responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Like the first alumni webinar, a Q&A session and brief
reunion event were held following the presentations.

V. INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION SERVICES
The Institute continues to collect data and other resource materials on crime trends, crime prevention
strategies and the treatment of offenders from Asia, the Pacific, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and makes
use of this information in its training courses and seminars. The Information and Library Service of theInstitute has been providing, upon request, materials and information to United Nations agencies, governmentalorganizations, research institutes and researchers, both domestic and foreign.

VI. PUBLICATIONS
A. Annual Publications
Reports on training courses and seminars are published regularly by the Institute. Since 1971, the Institutehas issued the Resource Material Series, which contains contributions by the faculty members, visiting
experts and participants of UNAFEI courses and seminars. In 2020, the 110th and 111th editions of the
Resource Material Series were published. Additionally, issue 161 of the UNAFEI Newsletter (on the 174th
Senior Seminar) was published, which included a brief report on the seminar and other timely information.
These publications are also available on UNAFEI’s website at http://www.unafei.or.jp/english.
B. Publications of Research Studies by UNAFEI Professors
1. Background
The main work of the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and theTreatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) is to conduct international training courses and seminars for personnel incrime prevention and criminal justice administration from developing countries around the world, as well as
to conduct regional and bilateral research and provide technical assistance in the field of crime prevention
and criminal justice. Through its activities since 1962, UNAFEI has accumulated knowledge on criminal
justice in various countries.
Based on this knowledge, we have published the journal Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders,also known as UNAFEI’s Resource Material Series, and other publications to promote awareness of the UN
standards and norms in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice and to disseminate good practices
being implemented around the world.
Due to the global coronavirus pandemic, many of the training programmes planned for the 2020 fiscal
year were postponed. We decided to use this as an opportunity to share the knowledge and information
gained through our activities by publishing the results of our research in Japanese. These efforts resulted in
two publications in Japanese: “Criminal Justice and Criminal Treatment Systems in Countries Supported by
UNAFEI – Cambodia, Kenya, Myanmar, Nepal and Viet Nam” and “Anti-Corruption Strategies in Southeast
Asia”.

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ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020
2. 	Criminal Justice and Criminal Treatment Systems in Countries Supported by UNAFEI – Cambodia,
Kenya, Myanmar, Nepal and Viet Nam
This publication is a collection of research papers on criminal justice systems by professors at UNAFEI.
The five countries surveyed are those in which UNAFEI has provided bilateral technical assistance in thefield of crime prevention and criminal justice. Upon request from recipient countries around the world andthe United Nations, UNAFEI provides bilateral technical assistance. Such assistance mainly includes training
courses and seminars both at UNAFEI and overseas locations.
UNAFEI, in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), began to support the
improvement of juvenile justice practices in Kenya in the 1990s. Since 2013, UNAFEI has conducted a seriesof programmes called the“Joint Comparative Study on the Criminal Justice Systems of Japan and Nepal”.
Upon taking over the Viet Nam training programme from the International Cooperation Department of the
Research and Training Institute of the Ministry of Justice in 2014, UNAFEI has supported Viet Nam's efforts
to reform and improve its criminal justice system through conducting a series of programmes called the“Joint Comparative Study on the Criminal Justice Systems of Japan and Viet Nam”
. UNAFEI also provided
technical assistance in the field of prison reform in Myanmar since 2015, which was focused on the capacitybuilding of prison officers in Myanmar.
An overview of the bilateral assistance to, and the organizations of, each targeted country are describedin detail below. As overseas travel is severely restricted, we could not conduct on-site inspections to
supplement our research. However, the criminal justice system of each country is introduced by making fulluse of the data accumulated by UNAFEI.
(a) Cambodia
From 2013 to 2015, the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) andthe three countries of Japan, China and the Republic of Korea (ASEAN+3) met to discuss cooperation in thearea of treatment of offenders. UNAFEI participated in the ASEAN+3 meeting and, based on the results ofthe meeting and the seminars that evolved from the meeting, began support for efforts to enhance communitybased corrections in four countries: the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, theLao People's Democratic Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Japan continues to provide
support for the establishment and implementation of community-based treatment systems throughinternational cooperation efforts led by the Ministry of Justice. The publication provides an overview of thetreatment of offenders in Cambodia, as well as the current situation and issues for the establishment andimplementation of community-based corrections.
(b) Kenya
In order to improve the serious situation concerning juveniles in Kenya, UNAFEI, in cooperation with
JICA, began to support the improvement of juvenile justice practices in the 1990s. As a summary of UNAFEI’stechnical assistance, the“Project for Capacity Building of Child Care and Protection Officers in the Juvenile
Justice System”was implemented from 2009 to 2013. As a result, a training curriculum for officials of juvenile
justice organizations was developed, and a training facilitator manual (module) was also developed. The
Kenyan Constitution was amended in 2010, which strengthened the powers of public prosecutors in juvenile
justice procedures. As a result, it became necessary to revise the module. UNAFEI professors were involved
in revising the module, which enriched UNAFEI’s knowledge on the juvenile justice system of Kenya. Thispublication summarizes the knowledge gained as a record for the future.
(c) Myanmar
The publication summarizes the treatment of offenders in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, which
had been guided by UNAFEI since 2013, through training, consultation, and joint research with theCorrectional Service of the Interior Ministry of the Republic of Myanmar, concerning appropriate prison
administration. In addition, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the efforts of the Myanmar Prison
Service and to consider measures to enhance treatment of offenders, it is important to understand theoffender treatment system and related laws and regulations in Myanmar. Therefore, this section also provides
information on the provisions of laws and administrative guidelines. Various suggestions have been made byinternational organizations and human rights organizations regarding prison management in Myanmar,
where the prison system of the former British colonial period and the military regime remain.

8

MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI(d) Nepal
In Nepal, the Murki Ain (national code) was established in 1854. This Code was influenced by the Civil
Code of the French (the Napoleonic Code). Murki Ain was amended in 1963 and functioned as the law
governing civil and criminal cases in Nepal until August 2018. However, the legal code, with the history over
150 years, lacked differentiation between the civil law and criminal law, and the failure of the code todifferentiate between substantive law and procedural law was regarded as a problem. Therefore, Murki Ain
was repealed and new legislation – the Civil Code, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Penal Code, the Code of
Criminal Procedure and the Sentencing Law – was drafted. This section outlines the criminal procedures in
Nepal, focusing on the new Code of Criminal Procedure and introduces the contents of the Penal Code andthe Sentencing Law. Nepali criminal justice practitioners have participated in UNAFEI’s international
training programmes, and since 2013 UNAFEI has been conducting comparative joint research on the
judicial systems of Japan and Nepal with Nepalese judges and prosecutors. The publication introduces
UNAFEI’s findings on criminal justice practices in Nepal.
(e) Viet Nam
Japan has been supporting Viet Nam in the development of various aspects of its legal system. These
efforts were pioneered by the International Cooperation Department (ICD) of the Research and Training
Institute of the Ministry of Justice, which started providing legal technical assistance to Viet Nam in 1994,
within the framework of Official Development Assistance (ODA) by the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA). Upon taking over the Viet Nam training programme from the ICD in 2014, UNAFEI has
supported Viet Nam's efforts to reform and improve its criminal justice system through conducting a seriesof programmes called the“Joint Comparative Study on the Criminal Justice Systems of Japan and VietNam”.
In Viet Nam, in addition to basic laws such as the Civil Code and the Penal Code, the Code of Civil
Procedure and the Code of Criminal Procedure, were revised in 2015. The current Code of Criminal Procedure
in Viet Nam is an amendment of the former Code of Criminal Procedure of 2003. It was enacted in 2015, but
as the implementation of the amended Penal Code was postponed, the amended Code came into force on 1
January 2018 as well. This section provides an overview of criminal procedures in Viet Nam with a focus on
the provisions of the 2015 Viet Nam Code of Criminal Procedure.
3. 	Southeast Asian Anti-Corruption Legislation
Corruption is a complex social, political and economic phenomenon that affects all countries. Corruption
undermines democratic institutions, slows economic development and contributes to governmental instability.
Therefore, countermeasures against corruption continued to be one of the most important issues fordeveloping countries, including Southeast Asian countries.
In 2007, UNAFEI launched the Regional Seminar on Good Governance for Southeast Asian Countries,
known as the Good Governance Seminar, in order to enhance the capacities of anti-corruption agencies andto establish and strengthen the network of competent authorities within Southeast Asia. The seminar is heldin support of activities to establish the rule of law and good governance in Southeast Asian Countries, tocontribute to capacity-building for criminal justice practitioners, and to promote mutual understanding andcooperation among Southeast Asian countries. One of the main aims of the seminar is to strengtheninternational cooperation and enhance the capacity and human resources of institutions involved ininvestigating and prosecuting corruption crimes, such as bribery, embezzlement and abuse of authority,committed by government officials.
In principle, the seminar is held every two years, and has been held in Japan and countries other thanJapan, such as Thailand (2007-2008), the Philippines (2009-2010), Malaysia (2013-2014), Indonesia (2015-2016),
and Viet Nam (2017-2018). When these seminars are held outside of Japan, they are held jointly with designatedcriminal justice or international cooperation agencies in those countries, and they have been useful indeepening cooperative relationships with these organizations. The thirteenth Good Governance Seminar was
hosted solely by UNAFEI from 17 to 19 December 2019. Twenty-three criminal justice practitioners whodeal with corruption issues from ten ASEAN countries participated in the seminar. The seminar marked thefirst occasion on which Timor-Leste participated in the Good Governance Seminar, which increased thenumber of participating countries to eleven.

9ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020
UNAFEI was able to accumulate knowledge on the legislation against corruption in Southeast Asian
countries through the Good Governance Seminar. The seminar provides us with information on the current
situation of corruption in the region and on developments in anti-corruption measures. The accumulated
knowledge and information resulted in this publication, a collection of UNAFEI professors’ research papers
on anti-corruption legislation in the eleven Southeast Asian countries listed below:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Brunei Darussalam
Kingdom of Cambodia
Republic of Indonesia
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Republic of the Philippines
Republic of Singapore
Kingdom of Thailand
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

In addition, since 2000, UNAFEI has conducted an international training programme called the“International Training Course on the Criminal Justice Response to Corruption (UNCAC Training
Programme)”which focuses on the effective implementation of the United Nations Convention against
Corruption (UNCAC) of which almost all countries of the world are Member States. Some of the participantsof the Good Governance Seminar have also participated in this training programme in which they and theirfellow participants shared information on the current state of measures against corruption crimes in theirrespective countries.
As overseas travel is severely restricted, we could not conduct on-site inspections to supplement our
research. However, the publication in Japanese introduces Southeast Asia's anti-corruption legislation bymaking full use of the data we have accumulated. Each section, aligned with the provisions of UNCAC,
discusses the legal system to combat corruption crimes in Southeast Asian countries, specifically an overview
of corruption crimes and corruption-related crimes, an overview of the investigating and prosecutingorganizations and their roles, and international cooperation.

VII. OTHER ACTIVITIES
A. Public Lecture Programme
On 31 January 2020, the Public Lecture Programme was conducted in the Grand Conference Hall of the
Ministry of Justice. In attendance were many distinguished guests, UNAFEI alumni and the participants of
the 174th International Senior Seminar. This Programme was jointly sponsored by the Asia Crime Prevention
Foundation (ACPF), the Japan Criminal Policy Society (JCPS) and UNAFEI.
Public Lecture Programmes increase the public’s awareness of criminal justice issues, through comparativeinternational study by inviting distinguished speakers from abroad. In 2020, Ms. Jana Spero, AssistantMinister, Directorate for Prison System and Probation, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia, andMatthew Wee Yik Keong, Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitation Enterprises,
were invited as speakers. They presented on“Prison and Probation Service in the Republic of Croatia”and, respectively.
“Empowering Lives, Transforming Communities”
B. Creation of Video Materials for On-demand Training
1. Background
The Covid-19 pandemic has greatly restricted UNAFEI’s activities and has made it impossible to carryout international training courses and seminars in person. UNAFEI has been seeking to conduct its
programmes online, but there have been challenges, for example, due to time differences among participating
countries and the inability to visit relevant institutions during online training.
On the other hand, UNAFEI has accumulated valuable experience through conducting webinars for
UNAFEI alumni and other online activities, which has demonstrated the benefits of online seminars. Indeed,10

MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI
time differences are a challenge, but utilizing on-demand video materials enables participants to learn athome when they are available without incurring travel costs. From the viewpoint of providing updated
information continuously and easily, online training courses have advantages.
In order to conduct effective online training, appropriate teaching materials, in terms of both quality andquantity, are essential. Because in-person training and online training have different characteristics, materials
cannot simply be reused for in-person training. For example, on-demand materials cannot offer the same
degree of interactivity as in-person training. Simply adding the lecturer’s voice to the slides is not enough tokeep participants focused during on-demand lectures.
In addition, it was assumed that even if in-person international training programmes could be resumed,
there would still be considerable restrictions on visits to relevant institutions, which is one of the features of
the training, from the perspective of infection prevention measures, for the time being. Since visiting relevant
institutions and learning actual procedures are one of the most important factors for the effectiveness of
training, it was also considered important to create training materials that could substitute for actual visits
as much as possible.
2. Planning of Video Materials
Based on this situation, from a relatively early stage of the Covid-19 pandemic, UNAFEI recognized that
it would need to conduct online training courses and seminars with on-demand video materials. From June
to August 2020, with the cooperation of JICA, which has conducted many international training programmes
and has experience in creating training materials, we began to research and discuss the creation of video
materials.
As a result, the following ideas were shared on the creation of video materials:a) 	Materials should cover all criminal justice procedures in Japan from investigation, prosecution,
adjudication to offender treatment;b) 	Materials should contain mock procedural demonstrations, and filming should be conducted on location
as much as possible;c) 	The mock procedural demonstrations should be based on a single case from investigation to treatment
in order for the audience to be able to understand how the case is handled, step by step.
3. Preparation for Filming
In this project, the goal was to create effective materials by incorporating a fair number of mock procedural
demonstrations. On the other hand, in order to create such materials, it is necessary to create detailed
scenarios for the demonstration, secure locations and performers, and actually perform the demonstration,in addition to the slide materials or manuscripts for ordinary lectures. With this understanding, the following
preparations were carried out to film mock demonstrations and lectures from December 2020 to January
2021.
The most time-consuming part of the project was writing the scenario. From September to November
2020, we prepared the basic case settings and the detailed scripts for each scene. From the perspective ofproviding as much explanation as possible about the current criminal justice procedures in Japan, we set the
subject as a case for a saiban-in trial, in which citizens are randomly selected to hear cases together withprofessional judges. We also decided that the mock procedures include not only the mock trial but also theinvestigation process, the saiban-in appointment procedure, interviews at penal institutions and rehabilitation
facilities, and interviews with probation officers, which are not open to the public. As the UNAFEI faculty iscomposed of active judges, prosecutors, correctional officers, and probation officers, draft scripts wereprepared based on practical expertise in each field.
We also coordinated with the institutions to see if they would permit filming at their facilities. Fortunately,
many of the relevant institutions understood the significance and usefulness of the project, and we were able
to conduct interviews on the prison grounds, and filmed in the mock cells at the Training Institute for
Correctional Personnel and at a halfway house. As a result, the material covered more scenes than could becovered in a single training course or seminar and included a wealth of mock procedures including non-public
procedures.
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ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020
4. Filming and Editing
The mock procedural demonstrations were filmed by a professional film crew, and professional editing
made it possible to create video materials that ensure the accuracy of the content and enhance theeffectiveness of the training. The scene that took the most time to film was the mock trial. It took more than
6 hours to film a 20 minute mock trial movie.
5. Summary of the On-Demand Materials(a) Kono’s case
Mr. Kono cut and injured the victim with a knife in a bar. As a result of the investigation, the prosecutor
indicted Mr. Kono with attempted homicide1 because he had the intention to kill when he cut the victim. In
response, the defendant disputed the intent to kill and argued that his actions only constituted injury.2 As aresult of the trial, the court found the defendant guilty of attempted homicide and sentenced him to four
years’ imprisonment. Mr. Kono was incarcerated and received treatment that included a violence prevention
programme. Then, he was finally granted parole and released. Since he did not have a home to live in after
release, he was admitted to a halfway house to facilitate his reintegration into society.
(b) Oda’s caseIn addition to Kono’s case, we also created another version of the case (Oda’s case), which is a violencecase that took place under similar circumstances but the defendant did not use a weapon. This was done to
explain community-based correctional treatment by placing the offender on probation.
(c) Use of the on-demand materials
The materials were either filmed in English or subtitled in English, and we believe that this is the firsttime video training materials have been created that simulate the Japanese criminal justice procedure in
English. These materials can be expected to have a great training effect in terms of providing intuitive
understanding of the Japanese system and practice.
(d) An outline of the materials (Refer to annex for more details)<Chapter 1> Overview of the Criminal Justice System in Japan<Chapter 2> Overview of Investigation and Prosecution in Japan<Chapter 3> Trial<Chapter 4> Treatment of Offenders–Prison<Chapter 5> Treatment of Offenders–Community Corrections
Annex: Description of the Video Material<Chapter 1> Overview of the Criminal Justice System in Japan (lecture)
A lecture which delivers a comprehensive view of the criminal justice system in Japan.
<Chapter 2> Overview of Investigation and Prosecution in Japan (lecture and mock procedural demonstration)
A lecture that covers the reporting of the crime to the public prosecutor’s decision to prosecute.
This material includes the following mock procedural demonstration:
Kono’s case: Mr. Kono was arrested on suspicion of attempted homicide, and underwent a caution
procedure at the public prosecutors’ office. At the beginning of the procedure, the rights of thesuspect, such as the right to remain silent and the right to counsel, were explained to him, and hestated that he did not intend to kill the victim. The prosecutor requested the judge to permit preindictment detention, and Mr. Kono was questioned before a judge. The judge also explained therights of the suspect, and Mr. Kono again stated that he did not intend to kill.

1

Under the Japanese Penal Code, the crime of attempted homicide should be constituted when an actor commits an act
against a victim with the intent to kill and the act has a real risk of causing the victim's death, but the victim does not die.
2
Under Japanese law, in a case where the defendant is charged with attempted homicide, if the court cannot find defendant's
intent to kill, the defendant should not be convicted as attempted homicide. However, in such cases, if the defendant injured
the victim, the court should convict the defendant of the crime of injury. This argument can be a defence because theapplicable punishment for the injury is less severe than the attempted homicide.

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MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI<Chapter 3> Trial (lecture and mock procedural demonstration)
A lecture covering the indictment, preparation for trial, trial, deliberation on the judgment and on
the appointment procedure for saiban-in. This material includes the following mock procedural
demonstrations:
Mr. Kono was indicted for attempted homicide. The case was tried by a saiban-in trial, which istried by a hybrid panel of 3 professional judges and 6 citizens selected randomly, after preparation
for the trial in the pre-trial conference procedure. Prior to the trial, a procedure for appointing
saiban-in to hear the case was held, in which saiban-in were selected by lottery from among
citizens. The appointed saiban-in took an oath of office and began their duties, and the trial began
in the courtroom. At the trial, Mr. Kono claimed that he did not have the intention to kill the victim,
and the evidence was examined, including documentary evidence, exhibits, and the testimony of thevictim. After the conclusion of the trial, the professional judges and saiban-in deliberated on whether
or not the defendant had the intent to kill and what the sentence should be. Finally, the judgment
was pronounced in the courtroom.
<Chapter 4> Treatment of Offenders–Prison (lecture, mock procedural demonstration and inmate interviews)
A lecture on correctional institutions and treatment. This material includes interviews by corrections
officers and the following mock procedural demonstrations:
Kono was sentenced and incarcerated. At the prison, a classification interview is conducted toclassify the inmates according to their characteristics and treat them accordingly. Since Mr. Kono
had been convicted of a violent crime, he was required to attend a violence prevention programmein the prison, and after the programme, he was interviewed by the officer in charge of education.
Since he had completed the violence prevention programme and his behaviour in prison was good,he was granted parole with about six months remaining on his sentence. Prior to his parole, he wasbriefed by a welfare officer on the halfway house where he would reside and the welfare services
that would be available to him after his release.
<Chapter 5> Treatment of Offenders–Community Corrections (lecture and mock procedural demonstration)
A lecture on parole and probation and on supervision. This material includes the following mockprocedural demonstrations:
Kono’s Case: Mr. Kono was released from prison on parole, but he had no place to live, and he wasadmitted to a halfway house. When Mr. Kono visited the halfway house just after release, thedirector of the facility interviewed him and gave him a tour of the facility. Mr. Kono told the
director that he wanted to find a job, save money, become independent, and return to society.
Oda’s case: After suspended sentence with probation was pronounced, Mr. Oda visited the probation
office for an assessment interview. The probation officer explained to Mr. Oda about the volunteer
probation officer in charge and told him that he had to attend the violence prevention programme
at the probation office. Mr. Oda visited the volunteer probation officer's house and talked with him
about his life and work, and Mr. Oda expressed his determination to rehabilitate himself. The
volunteer probation officer said that he graduated from the same elementary school as Mr. Oda andoffered some advice. In addition to visiting the volunteer probation officer regularly, Mr. Oda spent
his probation period taking a violence prevention programme at the probation office.
C. Assisting UNAFEI Alumni Activities
Various UNAFEI alumni associations in several countries have commenced, or are about to commence,research activities in their respective criminal justice fields. It is, therefore, one of the important tasks of
UNAFEI to support these contributions to improve the crime situation internationally.
D. Overseas Missions
Director Seto and Professor WATANABE Hiroyuki visited Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from 13 January toserve as lecturers at workshops hosted by the UNODC.
Professor Futagoishi, Professor WATANABE Machiko and Chief International Administration Officer
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ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2020
Fujita visited Vientiane, Lao PDR, from 19 to 20 February to discuss plans for the 14th Regional Seminar on
Good Governance for Southeast Asian Countries with related organizations.
Professor Yamamoto visited Dili, Timor-Leste, from 10 to 13 February as a lecturer at on-site seminars
hosted by the UNODC.
Director Seto visited Vienna, Austria, from 12 to 14 February to attend the 4th informal consultation of
the 14th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
Professor WATANABE Hiroyuki and Chief International Administration Officer Koseki visited Phnom
Penh, Cambodia, from 26 to 27 February to discuss plans for a project hosted by the UNODC with relatedorganizations.
Professor Morikawa visited Nairobi, Kenya, from 26 to 28 February to discuss plans for the assistance ofthe juvenile criminal justice system in Kenya with related organizations.
Professor Yamamoto visited Manila, Philippines, from 9 to 13 March to conduct research for a project
hosted by the UNODC.
E. Assisting ACPF Activities
UNAFEI cooperates and collaborates with the ACPF to improve crime prevention and criminal justiceadministration in the region.  Since UNAFEI and the ACPF have many similar goals, and a large part of the
ACPF’s membership consists of UNAFEI alumni, the relationship between the two is very strong.

VIII. HUMAN RESOURCES
A. Staff
In 1970, the Government of Japan assumed full financial and administrative responsibility for running theInstitute. The director, deputy director and approximately nine professors are selected from among publicprosecutors, the judiciary, corrections, probation and the police.   UNAFEI also has approximately 15
administrative staff members, who are appointed from among officials of the Government of Japan, and alinguistic adviser. Moreover, the Ministry of Justice invites visiting experts from abroad to each training
course and seminar. The Institute has also received valuable assistance from various experts, volunteers andrelated agencies in conducting its training programmes.
B. Faculty and Staff Changes
Mr. WATANABE Hiroyuki, formerly a professor of UNAFEI, was transferred to the Tokyo Probation
Office in April 2020.
Ms. KITAGAWA Mika, formerly a professor of UNAFEI, was transferred to the Tokyo Probation Officein April 2020.
Ms. YAMAMOTO Mana, formerly a professor of UNAFEI, was transferred to the Training Institute for
Correctional Personnel in May 2020.
Ms. TAKAI Ayaka, formerly an officer of the Saitama Probation Office, was appointed as a professor of
UNAFEI in April 2020.
Mr. OHTSUKA Takeaki, formerly an officer of Hitachinaka Resident Minister’s Office, the Mito Probation
Office, was appointed as a professor of UNAFEI in April 2020.
Ms. SASAKI Ayako formerly an officer of the International Transfer of Sentenced Persons, Prison Service
Division, Correction Bureau, Ministry of Justice, was appointed as a professor of UNAFEI in May 2020.
Mr. TSUKAMOTO Masaomi, formerly the chief of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Sectionof UNAFEI, was transferred to the Training Department, the Research and Training Institute in May 2020.

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MAIN ACTIVITIES OF UNAFEI
Mr. YAMANE Kenji, formerly the chief of the Training Department, the Research and Training Institute,
was appointed as a chief of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of UNAFEI in May 2020.
Mr. SAITO Masato, formerly an officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of
UNAFEI, was transferred to the Chiba District Public Prosecutors Office in April 2020.
Ms. MATSUDA Mariko, formerly an officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of
UNAFEI, was transferred to the Director of the Welfare Division, the Ministerial Secretariat, Ministry ofJustice in April 2020.
Ms. IINUMA Hazuki, formerly an officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of
UNAFEI, was transferred to the Tachikawa Branch of the Tokyo Probation Office in April 2020.
Mr. TATSUKAWA Masashi, formerly an officer of the Okayama District Public Prosecutors Office, wasappointed as a senior officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of UNAFEI in April
2020.
Mr. FUJISAKI Takuma, formerly an officer of General Affairs Division, the Rehabilitation Bureau, Ministryof Justice was appointed as a senior officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of
UNAFEI in April 2020.
Ms. MUKAI Saori, formerly an officer of Training Department, the Research and Training Institute, wasappointed as an officer of the Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section of UNAFEI in April 2020.

IX. FINANCESThe Ministry of Justice primarily provides the Institute’s budget. UNAFEI’s total budget for its
programmes is approximately ¥70 million per year. Additionally, JICA and the ACPF provide assistance for
the Institute's international training courses and seminars.

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