地方都市における事業所縮小による雇用変動の分析―鳥取市での県外大手 3 企業の同時的事業所縮小から－
鳥取環境大学 地域イノベーション研究センター
千葉雄二
キーワード：地域雇用、事業所再編、内発型産業、グローバル化
概要
鳥取市内の製造業では 2012 年から 2013 年にかけて県外大手企業の 3 事業所が閉鎖、縮小に直面した。影響を受けた従業者数は市内製造業従業者の 40％以上に達した。グローバル化による製造業拠点の海外移転や集約は、珍しいものではなく研究の主眼は対策としての内発型産業への転換などに置かれている。
しかしながら、グローバル化の下で事業所閉鎖等が生じた地方都市での雇用や地域経済、都市との格差などの実態についての研究は必ずしも十分ではないといえる。そこで本研究では、離職者へのアンケート調査から第一に閉鎖・再編を実施した事業所の雇用条件、従業者の選択、離職、再就職の一連のプロセスを通じた地域経済、生活両面への影響を明らかにする。第二に長期雇用のもとで取得した知識技術の転用・活用状況を明らかにする。これによって地方都市での人的資源を活用した内発型産業形成における課題を明らかにする。
分析結果は以下のとおりである。
第一、地域外資本企業といえども、地域では産業集積形成を主導し、企業内部では雇用者の知識技術の形成および適所配置によって域内製造業の中でも高付加価値生産性と高給与および終身雇用を実現し、安定した生活基盤を提供してきた。事業所閉鎖縮小に際し県外勤務等を提示された約 1000 人は地域での生活を選択し退職し新たな職を求めた。しかし、地域内での就職困難、処遇の悪化、ほぼ全員の給与低下など厳しい事態に直面した。
第二、地域の電子・電機産業の集積は中核企業の閉鎖縮小再編にもかかわらず依然存続しているが、知識技術の維持活用は、調査時点で退職者の約 30％が就職できず、さらに就業先の職業、産業の分散によって知識技術の活用や仕事内容の低下による困難が生じた。また、処遇や雇用期間の不安定化などの雇用条件の悪化によって就業継続意向が低下し、知識技術の維持および新たな形成の困難が増している。
第三、地域外資本企業の閉鎖縮小を前提に地域の特性を生かした内発的発展が求められてきたが、一方で企業の閉鎖縮小に直面した雇用者は、依然として大規模な企業誘致政策への要望が強い。これは企業の組織力による知識技術の適所配置能力と地域能力の差を指摘したものといえる。
内発的発展は、その要素となる人の知識技術を維持活用し、新たな製品技術開発に再配置できる企業的な地域システム形成が条件となる。

Analysis of Employment Changes caused by Business Reorganizations in Provincial Cities:
Concurrent Reorganization of Three Major Companies in Tottori City with Headquarters outside the Prefecture

Tottori University of Environmental Studies

Yuji Chiba

Abstract
During 2012 and 2013, the three manufacturing plants in Tottori City affiliated with major companies based outside theprefecture closed down or scaled back. Over 40% of manufacturing employees in the city were affected. It is not uncommon forcompanies to shift production abroad in response to globalization. Therefore, the primary focus of most research is on how regional
companies seek to develop endogenous industries as a countermeasure.
However, there is still a dearth of substantive research into employment and regional economies of provincial cities that haveexperienced business closures owing to globalization. There is also a lack of research on the gaps between these cities andmetropolitan cities. In this study, questionnaire surveys were distributed to dislocated employees. The first purpose of the survey isto illuminate the impact of economic discontinuity on provincial economies and lifestyles, focusing on employment conditions,employee options, and reemployment. The second purpose is to clarify the state of knowledge and skill redeployment/utilization
gained through long-term employment. By doing so, we attempt to analyze human resource utilization in the conversion toendogenous industrial structures in provincial cities.
The results of analysis are as follows.
First, although these companies were funded by investors outside the region, they guided the formation ofindustry clusters in the area. The companies trained their workers in knowledge technology and assigned tothem appropriate duties, manufactured high value-added products, and provided good salaries and “life-time”
employment. The companies provided stable livelihoods for its workers. Approximately 1,000 individuals whowere offered jobs outside the prefecture following workforce reductions and division closures chose to continue
living within that region, quitting their jobs, and seeking new employment opportunities. However, theseindividuals were faced with difficult situations, such as finding employment within the region, increased
overtime demands, and wage reductions practically across the board.
Second, regional electronics and electronic equipment industry clusters continue to exist even though the corecompanies scaled back or closed operations. However, the workers found it difficult to use knowledge technologythat they had acquired after finding new jobs because the nature of their work changed or because they went towork in a different industry. As a result, approximately 30% of those who lost their jobs had difficulty finding a
new job at the time of this survey. Worsening employment conditions, unstable remuneration, and limited job
security resulted in a decreased desire to work; hence, creating and maintaining a knowledge-based technology
has become increasingly difficult.
There has been a call for endogenous development to leverage regional characteristics as large manufacturing
companies owned by investors outside the region scaled back or closed their operations. However, workers facing
closures and downsizing still want the local government to attract major companies to the region as theseworkers understand that major companies have greater organizational capabilities in leveraging talent anddeploying knowledge technology resources than regional entities. Endogenous development requires themaintenance of knowledge technology gained by workers and creation of a regionally based system whereincompanies assign these workers to the development of new products.

JEL classifications: R11, J40, J65
Keywords: Regional Employment, Business Reorganization, Endogenous Industries