BRAZIL AND THE BRAZILIAN CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
Leandro Zaccaro Garcia

I. BRAZIL AND THE BRAZILIAN CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
A. Brazil
Brazil, officially named the “Federative Republic of Brazil”, is the largest country in SouthAmerica, and the fifth largest in the world in land area. It has 47% of the territory of the SouthAmerican continent, and a population of over 192 million inhabitants. Its official language is Portuguese and is currently the only Portuguese-speaking country in South America. With an extensivecoastline (7,491 kilometers), Brazil still has borders with 10 countries:Venezuela, Guyana, Surinameand French Guiana to the north, Colombia to the northwest, Bolivia and Peru to the west, Argentina
and Paraguay to the southwest and with Uruguay to the south.
Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese on 22 April 1500,and became a colony of exploitation ofthe Portuguese Crown. Its independence was declared on 7 September 1822 by Dom Pedro I, thePortuguese emperor, and became a republic on 15 November 1889 through a military coup organizedby Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca ― the first president of Brazil. The country has experienced two
dictatorships:one civil, governed by Getulio Vargas in the period from 1930 to 1945, and a military
dictatorship, between 1964 to 1984.
The Brazilian economy is the largest in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere and is thesixth largest in the world in nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product), with the value of US $2.492
trillion.Its GDP per person (PPP)is US $11,181,and the official currency is the “real”.The country isdeveloped in the agricultural,mining,manufacturing areas and services,besides having vast manpower
and a large job market. The main export products are:aircraft (Embraer and Helibras), motorcycles
and cars (Fiat, Volkswagen, General M otors, Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Peugeot, Citroen, M itsubishi,
Harley-Davidson, Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki), shoes, alcohol, sugar, orange juice, soybeans, coffee,steel and iron ore.It should be noted that Brazil has the second largest business aviation market in theworld, behind only the United States, the second largest global market for mobile telephony and thesecond largest commercial television network in the world,Rede Globo.The country is still part of agroup of four emerging economies called “BRICs”(Brazil,Russia,India and China)and,in 2050 Brazil
will reach a GDP of US $11.3 trillion, placing it as the fourth largest economy in the world.
As mentioned earlier,the current population of Brazil is approximately 192 million inhabitants,ofwhich 83.75% of the population is in urban areas. The population is concentrated in the southeasternareas (79.8 million)and Northeastern (53.5 million).The countryʼ
s most populous cities are Sao Paulo,with 11,376,685 people,Rio de Janeiro with 6,390,290 and Salvador with 2,710,608 inhabitants.Brası
lia,
the federal capital, ranks fourth with a current population of 2,648,532 inhabitants. In racial terms,
47.7% of the population identifies themselves as white, 7.6% as black, 43.1% as mixed race, 0.4% asindigenous and 1.1% of Asians. Brazil has the largest Japanese community outside the territory ofJapan, with more than 1.6 million Japanese citizens and Brazilian citizens of Japanese descent.
The current Federal Constitution, written in 1988, defines the country as a presidential federal
republic formed by the Union (Federal Government),the Federal District and 26 states,with 5,564 cities.
The capital of Brazil is Brasilia,located in the Federal District,and the current President is Ms.Dilma
Rousseff, successor of Mr. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.

National Penitentiary Department, M inistry of Justice, Brazil.

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VISITING EXPERTSʼPAPERS
B. Brazilian Correctional System
The Ministry of Justice is part of the structure of the Federal Government and,in accordance withDecree No. 6.061/2007, is the highest body responsible for matters relating to the defence of the legal
system, political rights and constitutional guarantees, judicial policy; rights of Indians; narcotics;
Public Safety (Federal Police, Federal Highway Police, Railway Federal Police);planning, coordination and administration of the national penitentiary policy, citizenship, immigration and foreign
matters;Consumer and Indian Affairs Ombudsman Offices,full and free legal assistance to the needy,
prevention and repression of money laundering;and assistance to the Presidency. The M inistry wasestablished on 3 July 1822, and the current M inister of Justice is Dr. Jose Eduardo Cardozo.
The National Penitentiary Department (DEPEN)integrates the structure of the Ministry of Justiceand is responsible for monitoring the application of the rules of criminal enforcement nationwide,
supervision and inspection of state prisons, as well as oversight and coordination of federal penitentiaries; the M inistry supports Brazilian states in the deployment of the units and the training ofpersonnel in the prison system, manages the Brazilian prison policy, takes care of resources fromFUNPEN -National Penitentiary Fund and hosts the National Council on Criminal and Penitentiary
Policy (NSCLC -CNPCP). Currently the post of Director General of DEPEN is occupied by District
Attorney Dr. Augusto Eduardo de Souza Rossini.
Brazil currently has 1,420 prison units distributed throughout the country,and the vast majority are
managed by the states. Only 4 units of maximum security (Supermax) are managed by the Federal
Government through the Federal Prison System, designed to house highly dangerous criminals who
have proven involvement with organized crime. Among the units are:
Prisons:for criminals sentenced to imprisonment in a closed regime
Agricultural and Industrial Colonies:for criminals sentenced in a semi-open regime
Public Chains:for inmates arrested in preventive custody
Custody Hospitals for Psychiatric Treatment:for criminals with mental illness or with incomplete or delayed mental development
Sheltered houses:for inmates sentenced to deprivation of liberty in the open regime,or limited
to weekend
According to INFOPEN ― Penitentiary Information System,Brazil currently has 549,577 inmates,of which 513,538 are men and 36,039 are women.Of these,3,992 are foreigners of various nationalities
from all parts of the world. The division of inmates by type of crime is:
Crimes against persons:60,579
Crimes against property:249,655
Sex crimes:21,096
Crimes against public peace:8,344
Narcotics:116,768
Firearms:29,056
Other:64,079
Having completed this general overview,the material in the individual presentation addresses andfurther analyses aspects of the treatment of female offenders.

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