Geological Survey
Research 1960
Synopsis of Geologic Results
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 400-A

Geological Survey
Research 1960
THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL

PAPER

400

A synopsis ofgeologic results, accompaniedby short papers in the geological sciences.
Published separately as chapters A and B

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960

FOREWORD
The activities of the United States Geological Survey encompass projects that span thefull range of the geological sciences. The volume and complexity of such a research program
make it difficult to review, coordinate, and release the results of the work as quickly as is desirable; as a result considerable time normally elapses between the completion of many investigations and the publication of the final reports. And yet this same volume and complexity make it the more essential that some means be found to digest and make available toall the new ideas and new discoveries that have been achieved.
In an effort to help solve this problem the present volume has been prepared; it summarizes the results of the recent work of the Geologic Division of the Survey. The reportconsists of two main parts: Chapter A, "Synopsis of Geologic Results," is primarily a summaryof important new findings, either as yet unpublished or published during the fiscal year
1960 the 12 months ending June 30, 1960. It also includes a list of investigations in progress
during that period, along with the names and headquarters of those in charge of each, and alist of reports published or otherwise made available to the public during the same period.
Chapter B, "Short Papers in the Geological Sciences," consists of 232 papers, generally lessthan 1,000 words in length. These are of two kinds. Some papers are primarily announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, regarding which moredetailed and comprehensive reports may or may not be published later. Others summarize
the conclusions drawn from extensive investigations that have been in progress for some time;these conclusions in large part will be embodied in much longer reports that will be publishedlater.
This report is frankly an experiment. Although both chapters in this volume deal largely
with the work of the Geologic Division, it is hoped to expand the scope of the report in futureyears to include results obtained by other Divisions of the Geological Survey, and to issue it
annually. But whether this is done, and whether future issues will be in the same form as
this one, depends on how well this volume achieves the purposes described above. Comments
and suggestions from those who use the volume will be appreciated and will help determine
the content of the future ones.

X,
THOMAS B. NOLAN,
Director.

PEEFACE
The main activities of the Geologic Division of theGeological Survey may be grouped into three maincategories, defined by the immediate objectives that
motivate them: (a) economic geology; (c) regional
geology; and (b) research on geological processes andprinciples. The work in the field of economic geology
is aimed primarily at developing information that will
be useful in the search for usable deposits of minerals
and fuels, or help to solve problems connected withengineering works, such as the construction of highways and dams. It also provides the nation with anappraisal of its known and potential mineral resources.
The regional studies determine the structure, composition, history, and distribution of the rocks that underlie the United States and other areas. Because thiswork is essentially exploratory in nature, its underlying purpose is also mainly economic, for it provides
the basis for the broad appraisal of the potential mineral resources of undeveloped areas. The research on
geologic processes and principles consists of observational, experimental, or theoretical investigations in
the field and in the laboratory, aimed at improving ourunderstanding of geologic processes and principles andhence developing and extending the usefulness of thegeologic sciences. In addition, an important part of
the Division's work consists of services to other Federal agencies that either do not have geologic staffs
of their own or that require some of the special skillsof the Division's scientists.
Nearly all of the Division's activities yield new dataand principles valuable in the development or application of the geologic sciences, and it is the purpose ofchapter A to summarize the highlights of important
findings that have come to the fore during fiscal year
1960. Some of these have been published or placed on
open file during the year, some are published in chapter B of this volume, and some have not yet been pubpublished elsewhere at all. Only a part of the results
released during this period can be reported here, evenin summary fashion, and the reader who needs more
complete and detailed information will wish to consult the publications listed on pages A107-A127 andthe papers in chapter B.
A comprehensive list of investigations in progressis given on pages A76-A106, with the names andaddresses of those in charge of them, in the hope thatit may prove helpful to those interested in work inprogress in various areas or topics.
The results summarized here are presented in several categories based on the immediate objectives of
the work or its applicability to some special field.
Those results that have mainly to do with economic
problems are described on pages A1-A26; resultsthat bear mainly on the geology of specific regions are
given on pages A26-A54; and those that deal mainlywith principles, processes, and methods of general interest are discussed on pages A54-A73. Although
this classification of subject matter is a familiar one,it is nevertheless overlapping an investigation stimulated by economic objectives may also yield importantresults in the fields of regional and theoretical geology,
and so on. Limitations of both space and time prevent us from including an index to chapter A, but general cross-references are given at appropriate placesin the text. We hope that these, together with thetable of contents, will guide the reader to the topic in
which he is most interested. The short papers ofchapter B are arranged topically and in addition areaccompanied by a short index.
During fiscal year 1960, the Geologic Division's services were utilized by and financially supported tosome extent by the following organizations:

Federal Agencies:
Air Force Cambridge Research Center
Air Force Technical Application Center
Army Corps of Engineers
Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory
Army Waterways Experiment Station
Atomic Energy Commission Division of Biology
and Medicine
Atomic Energy Commission Division of Reactor
Development
Atomic Energy Commission Military Application Division
Atomic Energy Commission Raw Materials Division
Atomic Energy Commission Research Division
Atomic Energy Commission Special Projects Division

VI

PREFACE

Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Mines
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Public Eoads
Bureau of Eeclamation
Department of Agriculture
International Cooperation Administration
National Institutes of Health Cancer InstituteNational Park Service
National Science Foundation
Navy Bureau of Docks
Navy Office of Naval Research
Office of Minerals Exploration
Office of Minerals Mobilization
State Agencies:
Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission
California Department of Natural Eesources, Division of Mines
Colorado State Metal Mining Fund Board
Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey
Commission of Public Lands, Hawaii
State Geological Survey of Kansas, University of
KansasKentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky
Massachusetts Department of Public Works
Department of Conservation, Geological Survey
Division, State of Michigan
New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission
Nevada Bureau of Mines, University of Nevada
North Carolina Department of Conservation andDevelopment
Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Department of Internal Affairs, Commonwealth ofPennsylvania
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Washington Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin
Geological Survey of Wyoming

Commonwealth:
Puerto Rico Economic Development Administration
In addition to the agencies named above, the Geologic Division has cooperated from time to time withother organizations, and some of the results describedin the following pages stem from work supported inprevious years by agencies not listed above. All cooperating agencies are identified where appropriate in
the individual papers of chapter B, and they are mentioned in connection with some of the larger programsin chapter A. Space limitations make it impossible
to identify their contributions in connection with manyof the short statements in the following pages but it isa pleasure to acknowledge here the financial supportand splendid technical cooperation we have received
from all of them.
Nearly everyone in the Geologic Division contributed directly or indirectly to this report, which was
prepared between March and June 1960, but the chief
responsibilities for it were held as follows: V. E.
McKelvey planned and directed all phases of the preparation of the report, and assembled chapter A frominformation supplied by many project chiefs and program leaders. R. A. Weeks and R. L. Boardman compiled the list of investigations in progress, and David
Gallagher compiled the list of publications and theindex to chapter B. Doris I. Kniffin managed theclerical aspects of the project. J. P. Albers and A. B.
Griggs helped process the papers of chapter B, andF. C. Calkins critically reviewed nearly all of both
chapters and vastly improved their style and expression. I am deeply grateful to these people and to themembers of the Division as a whole for their enthusiastic support of this undertaking.

0

CHARLES A. ANDERSON,
Chief Geologist.

Synopsis of
Geologic Results
Prepared by members of the Geologic Division under the direction of V. E. McKELVEYGEOLOGICALSURVEYRESEARCH

1960

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 400-A

A summary of important results recently obtained,
accompanied by a list of reports released in fiscal
1960, and a list of investigations in progress

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORFRED A. SEATON, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1 (paper cover)CONTENTS

Mineral resource investigations____________________
Heavy metals_______________________________
District and regional studies________________
Michigan iron districts._______________
Sedimentary iron ore in the Christmas area,
Arizona..____________________________
Manganiferous zone of the Butte district,
Montana___________________________
Manganese deposits near Philipsburg,
Montana____ ______________________
Michigan copper district_________________
Pima copper district, Arizona__________
Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district. _East Tintic silver-lead district, Utah. ______
Coeur d'Alene lead-zinc-silver district,Idaho______________________________The Colorado mineral belt______________
Base and precious metal deposits in northcentral Nevada.______________________
Rhenium and molybdenum in the Runge
mine, South Dakota.________________
Other districts in Western United States.
Metalliferous deposits in Alaska.__________
Commodity studies______-___________________
Topical studies.___________________________
Light metals and industrial minerals._______________
District and regional studies._________________
Mount Wheeler beryllium deposit, Nevada.
Beryllium in the Lake George district,Colorado. __________________________
Beryllium in tin districts of the Seward
Peninsula, Alaska.-___________________
Beryllium and fluorspar in the Thomas
Range, Utah_________________________
Black Hills pegmatites, South Dakota_ _. _Talc and asbestos deposits._______________
Phosphate deposits in Montana andWyoming. ___________________________
Phosphate in northern Florida and South
Carolina- ____________________________High calcium limestone in southeastern
Alaska. __ __________________________
Clay deposits in Maryland.______________
Clay deposits in Kentucky. ______________
Green River saline deposits, Wyoming___
Carlsbad potash district, New Mexico-- _Borate deposits of southwestern UnitedStates.------_--___-_________________
Commodity and topical studies.______________
Beryllium. _____________________________
Selenium. _ _ --_-_-----__-_____________
Marine phosphorites_____________________

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Mineral resource investigations Continued
Radioactive minerals__-_-_--__-___----_--_-----District and regional studies_________________
Colorado Plateau.______________________
Gila County, Arizona_--__-_--__--------Crooks Gap area, Wyoming._____________
Baggs area, Wyoming-__________________Gas Hills district, Wyoming-_____________
Black Hills, South Dakota.______________
Palangana salt dome, Texas.__________--Uraniferous phosphorite in Eocene rocks,
Wyoming- ______________---_--------Uraniferous lignite in the Williston basin,
Montana and North Dakota___-_____-Chattanooga shale, Tennessee and Alabama.
Commodity and topical studies.__-___-____-_Distribution of epigenetic uranium deposits in the United States.____________Uranium in sandstone-type deposits____-__Uranium in petroleum._________--__--__Uranium in coal-____________-------_--_Uraniferous black shale and phosphorite.__Thorium in monazite._______-__--__-_-__
Fuels__ -----------------------------------Petroleum and natural gas__________--__---_McAlester basin, Oklahoma-_____________
Wilson County, Kansas.-..-------------Horseshoe atoll, Midland basin, Texas __Williston basin, Montana, North Dakota,
and South Dakota.-..-.-------------Utah and southwestern Wyoming-___-___Alaska._______________--_---_--------Origin of helium and nitrogen in natural gas_
Goal--________-___----_--__--------------Geology of specific coal fields.____________
National coal resources-_________________
Distribution of minor elements in coal_____
Oil shale_______________________________Development of exploration and mapping techniques.--Geochemical and botanical exploration ____________
New analytical techniques.__________________
Prospecting techniques._____________________
Application of isotope geology to exploration-______
Isotope geology of lead-____________--____--Oxygen isotopes in ore and gangue minerals.___Geophysical exploration_______________--__----_Aeromagnetic methods._____________________
Aerial radioactivity surveys__________________
Electrical methods.______________--_-___--_Gravity methods_----_-_-_----------------Geologic mapping.--.-_-_________._-__-__-_--Photogeology. _________-______--_---------_Scribing techniques-________________________
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Geology applied to problems in the fields of engineeringand public health._--___---__________________-_--_
Construction problems__-_-__-___-_-__-____-__-__
Damsite location and sewage system construction. ____________________________________
Highway and bridge construction _____________
Emergency aircraft landing sites._____________
Problems related to permafrost or frost heaving_
Problems related to erosion._________________Engineering problems related to rock failure______
Coal "bumps"____________________________
Deformation of rock by nuclear explosions _____
Earthquakes and earthquake-triggered landslides.-__________________________________
Other landslides and mudflows._______________
Selection of sites for nuclear tests and evaluation ofeffects of underground nuclear explosions. _______
Project Chariot.___--_----_-______________-_
Project Gnome_____________________________
Nevada Test Site__-_-___-_____________.____
Radioactive waste disposal investigations __________
Geochemical studies.________________________
Sedimentary basin studies___-_-__--_________
Geophysical studies _________________________
Measurement of background radiation.____________
Distribution of elements as related to health________
Regional geology__________________________________
Synthesis of geologic data on maps of large regions. _Tectonic map of the United States.___________
Paleotectonic maps of the Triassic and Permiansystems_ __-_--__-__-_-_---____-________
Epigenetic uranium deposits in the United States.
New England and eastern New York _____________
Regional geologic mapping-__________________
Stratigraphic and lithofacies studies in Vermontand Maine__-__-_-_-_-____-____-___-_-__Tectonic studies in Connecticut and Vermont_
Geophysical surveys _______________________
Ages of intrusions in the northern Appalachians.
The Appalachians _____________________________
Stratigraphic and geomorphic studies in theValley and Ridge province_______--_-______
Structural studies in eastern Pennsylvania and
New Jersey__-_-_______________-_-________
Geologic results of aeromagnetic surveys ______
Geologic mapping in North and South Carolina.
Atlantic Coastal Plain __________________________
Interpretation of aeromagnetic measurements on
the Atlantic Continental shelf and in Florida.
Aerial radiological surveys. __________________
Paleontologic and Stratigraphic studies_..._____
Eastern plateaus_____-__-_____-_-__________.____
Interpretation of geophysical surveys._________
Geologic mapping in western Kentucky________
Stratigraphy of Upper Devonian rocks in western
New York_-._____________-_.__._____-__
Quaternary geology in Pennsylvania and the
Ohio Valley_-____-_-____-________-__.____
Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley___________
Remanent magnetization in the Lake Superior
region.__________________________________
Interpretation of geophysical data in central
Wisconsin_ _____________________________

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Regional geology Continued
Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley Continued
Geologic studies in northern Michigan andWisconsin._______________________________
Age of some Pleistocene sediments____________
Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi embay me nt_____
Mesozoic stratigraphy of the eastern Gulf
Coastal Plain.-____-___----_--_--_-----__Lithofacies and origin of Tertiary sediments in
the Coastal Plain of southern Texas ________
Buried igneous masses in Missouri and Arkansas.
Ozark region and Eastern Plains _________________
Geology of northwestern Arkansas.__________
Aeromagnetic ^tudies in southeastern Missouri..
Permian stratigraphy in southeastern New
Mexico.-__-____--_______-_____-__-----.Northern Rockies and plains---------.-.--------Geology of parts of northeastern Washington
and northern Idaho-..----.-----.--------Stratigraphy of the Belt series in western
Montana and adjacent areas.______________
Geology of areas in the vicinity of the Idaho
batholith...._____...___-_.-____-_--_-._-Geology of parts of western Mont ana.. __-_.___
Coral zones in Mississippian rocks...-___-____Geology of parts of western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, and northeastern Utah_______
Geology of the Wind River basin, Wyoming -Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of theBlack Hills, South Dakota..-.._-___.-_____
Devonian rocks in eastern Montana andwestern North Dakota.. __________________
Lithofacies and thickness of the Pierre shale inSouth Dakota.....___________________
Geology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana._
Glaciation in the vicinity of Glacier National
Park, Montana----....---------.--.-----Southern Rockies and plains. ____________________
Precambrian rocks and structures in the Front
Range and Sawatch Range, Colorado..---Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and
New Mexico__________-___-_--_------__-Geology of North Park, Colorado.____________
Age of deformation in the Raton basin, Colorado.
Colorado Plateau.-__________-___--_-_--__-----History of salt anticlines in the Paradox basin __Structure in the vicinity of the Carrizo Mountains _________._____-___-___--__--_-_---Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Mesozoic rocks_____-__--_-_------------------Basin and Range province.___________------_---_
Thrust faults in Nevada.__________--__-----Cenozoic rocks and structures in the western
Mojave Desert, California_____-____-___--Geology of the Sierra Diablo, Texas.____..____New information on the age of strata____----_Crustal structure and block faulting.__________
Quaternary history__________________________
Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains..------Geology of parts of John Day area, Oregon.___Petrology and remanent magnetism of Snake
River lavas_____________--__-----_-------

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CONTENTS

XI

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Regional geology Continued
Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains Continued
Structure and history of the western Snake
River plain. _ ____________________________
Aeroradioactivity in the vicinity of the National
Reactor Test Station area, Idaho-_________
Cenozoic volcanic rocks and structure in northcentral Nevada.__________________________
Pacific Coast region.____________________________
Geology of the Sierra Nevada batholith_____._Structure and Jurassic fauna of the western
foothills metamorphic belt of the Sierra
Nevada._ ______________________________
Igneous rocks of the Cascade Range_.__-__.__
Stratigraphy and structure of the Klamath
Mountains and Coast Ranges, northern
California.. ______________________________
Geology of major sedimentary basins._________
Alaska ________________________________________
Geology of the southern part of the Brooks
Range._ ____---_---___---__-____---______
Cretaceous rocks of the Koyukuk basin______
Geology of the Tofty-Eureka district-_________
Stratigraphy of the Matanuska formation. _____
Geology of the eastern part of the Chugach
Mountains. ______________________________
Geology of Admiralty Island__-_-_-_-___-__._
Reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys of sedimentary basins-__________________________
Tectonic provinces of Alaska.-__-_-_____-____
Glacial history and distribution of surficial deposits in Alaska_ _________________________
Hawaii __________--------______________________
Alumina-rich soil and clay__________________
Ultramafic differentiates in the Kaupulehu flow.
Recent volcanic activity at Kilauea-Iki and
Kapoho------_____-_.___________________
Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone__________________
Western Pacific Islands._________________________
Geologic contrasts between the island arcs andislands of the western Pacific basin________
Regional stratigraphic and paleontologic studies.
Origin of tropical soils and bauxite on the higher
islands._----__-----__.__________________
Antarctica _____________________________________
Extraterrestrial studies__________________________
Geologic investigations in foreign nations ______________
Chromite deposits in the Philippines._____________
Coal in Pakistan________________________________
Iron deposits in Brazil___________________________
Mineral and fossil fuel potential of Southern Peru__
Metalliferous deposits in Chile__________________
Investigations of geologic processes and principles_______
Paleontology._----------____-_-________________
Geomorphology and plant ecology________________Development of karst features_-___._.______
Dynamic equilibrium in the development oflandscape._----_---_____________________Formation of beaches and bars_______________
Plant ecology---------___..________________
World vegetation classification______________

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Investigations of geologic processes and principles Con.
Geophysics__ _ ________________________________
Physical properties of rocks __________________
Mechanical properties._-___-_-_-_____-__
Electrical properties...____._-_-_-_-__-__
Magnetic properties...__________________
Mass properties-_______________________
Phosphorescence and thermoluminescence__
Thermal properties_______-_-_-------_-_Thermodynamic properties_____________
Permafrost studies.___________________ - ____
Areal differences in character of permafrostInterpretation of temperature data______
Rock deformation______-_---------___--_--_Contraction cracks....-----------------Tectonic fracturing and faulting__________
Rock fragmentation and mixing due tovolcanism and to strong shock_______.__
Paleomagnetism. _ ____-_______.______-_-_--Studies of the thickness and composition of thecrust-__-____-___-------_-------------_-Mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology __________
Mineralogy and crystal chemistry.____________
Description of new minerals._____________
Synthesis of minerals__--_--_--___------Crystal chemistry___-_____-__--------__Experimental geochemistry_._________________
Silicate systems________._____---_--__Reactions of minerals in hydrothermal
solutions.______-___-__-------_---_--Dry sulfide systems_____________________
Geochemical distribution of the elements. _____
Revision of Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry" ________________--_------_----_
Chemical composition of sedimentaryrocks________---_-_--_-_---------_--Distribution of minor elements ___________
Organic geochemistry.______________________
Structure and geochemical relations ofcarbonaceous substances.______________
Biogeochemical processes in isotope fractionation ____________________________Petrology._____________-________-----_-_--_
Origin of granitic rocks___._______-_-___Origin of ultramafic rocks and related gabbros_ _______-__________------_--__--Origin of welded tuffs.__________________
Fluidity of lava_______________________
Source of some volcanic magmas____----_Role of fluids in low temperature alterationof volcanic glass._____________________
Origin of propylitic alteration____________
Metamorphism of manganese minerals_____
Steatization as a product of regional metamorphism__ _ _________________________
Origin of jadeite and rodingite in serpentine _Migration of elements during metamorphism _________________-__-__-------_
Origin of evaporite deposits______________
Transformation of aragonite mud to aphanitic limestone.-.-_------__---------_Origin of chert- ________________________

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CONTENTS

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Investigations of geologic processes and principles Con.
Isotope and nuclear studies._____________________
Deuterium and tritium in natural fluids. ______
Differences in the isotopic composition of
meteoric, connate, and thermal waters __Deuterium content of ocean and terrestrial
waters_______________________________
Tritium and deuterium content of atmospheric hydrogen _-___-_______-_-_-____
Deuterium in liquid inclusions.___________
Measurement of alpha activity_______________
Geochronology. _______-__--_______--__-____
Refinement of the geologic time scale______
Age of some uranium ores______________
A geochronologic method based on magnetic properties of crystals damaged byradiation ____________________________
A geochemical method for dating obsidian
artifacts- ____________________________
Carbon-14 dates applied to the study ofPleistocene glaciation.._________________
Analytical and other laboratory techniques.____________
Analytical chemistry ____________________________
Zirconium in small amounts.__-___-_-_--_____
Niobium and tantalum______________________
Flame photometry.__---_-_-_-_--__-________
Analysis of liquid inclusions._________________
Fluorine in phosphate rock and chlorine in silicate
rock___________________________________
Small amounts of magnesium_______________Uranium__ _ _ _______-________-_-_---______
Analysis of chromite________________________
Ferrous iron______________________________
Zinc in silicate rocks______-______-___---____

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Analytical and other laboratory techniques Continued
Analytical chemistry Continued
Combined gravimetric and spectrographic analysis of silicates.__________________________
Accuracy and precision of silicate analyses.____
Spectroscopy._-_______-_-__---_-__________-_--_
Concentration of rhenium for analysis.________
Determination of lead in zircon.______________
Use of special standards in spectrochemical
analysis.________________________________
Use of gas jet in reducing cyanogen band interference. --__________------__________-_--_A constant feed direct-current arc ____________Development and use of the electron microprobe analyzer. __________________________
X-ray fluorescence analysis of sphalerite _______
Mineralogic and petrographic techniques.________New techniques and tools in microscopy. ______
Mineral separation methods._________________
Staining and autoradiographic methods,_______
Methods for studying liquid inclusions._______
Methods in experimental geochemistry ________
Geologic Division offices-____________________________
Main centers.__________________________________
Field offices in the United States and Puerto Rico__
Offices in foreign countries_______________________
Investigations in progress in the Geologic Division during
fiscal year I960----____-_-____----_____-_---__-_-_
Regional investigations._________________________
Topical investigations-_--_-_-_---_-_-----_---__Geologic Division publications in fiscal year I960------List of publications.____________________________
Subject classification of publications_____________ILLUSTRATIONSPage
FIGURE 1. Index map of the United States, exclusive of
Alaska and Hawaii____________________
2. Map of Alaska showing the location of areas
where available geologic maps meet reconnaissance standards.___________-----_--_
3. Index map of Western Pacific Islands.______
4. Index map of Antarctica.________________

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH I960
SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS
MINERAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS

Most of the investigations of mineral resources (including fuels) made by the Geological Survey can begrouped into (a) district and regional studies and(b) commodity and topical studies. The district andregional studies are focused on areas known orthought to contain mineral resources; their purpose isto establish guides useful in the search for concealed
deposits, define areas favorable for exploration, andappraise known and potential resources. Most studies of this kind involve geologic mapping and manyof them ultimately help to develop general principles
of wide application. The commodity and topical studies deal with the appraisal of national resources ofvarious minerals, synthesis of empirical data on ore
habits that help to define environments favorable forthe occurrence of useful minerals, and experimental
and theoretical studies of the origin and distributionof such minerals. The long-range aims of both groupsof studies are to obtain data on field relations and ontheoretical principles that will provide a foundationfrom which private industry can extend its search for
usable raw materials and that will provide the nation
as a whole with a continuing appraisal of its mineral
wealth.
Important new findings in the fields of heavy metals,
light metals and industrial minerals, radioactive minerals, and fuels are summarized in the following pages.
HEAVY METALSDISTRICT AND REGIONAL STUDIES

Michigan iron districts

Geologic mapping and magnetic surveying of theMichigan iron districts, in cooperation with the Michigan Geological Survey Division, have established inconsiderable detail the distribution of iron-formationsof several areas, notably the Iron River-Crystal Falls
district (James and others, 1960) and the adjoining
Lake Mary quadrangle (Bayley, 1959a); in the latterarea, the work contributed to the discovery of a Precambrian iron-formation, about 200 feet thick, in sees.
24 and 25, T. 43 N., R. 31 W., Iron County, and sec.

30, T. 43 N., R. 30 W, Dickinson County. The formation is concealed by Pleistocene deposits and has
now been explored by drilling.
Sedimentary iron ore in the Christmas area, Arizona

A deposit of sedimentary iron ore has been discovered in the Christmas quadrangle, Arizona by Willden (Art. II 1 ). It is in a bed 5 to 7 feet thick near
the top of the Martin formation, of Devonian age.
As it contains only about 37 percent iron, it probably
is not minable now, but the occurrence suggests that
other sedimentary iron deposits may be found in rocksof this age in Arizona.
Manganiferous zone of the Butte district, Montana

As a part of a regional study of the Boulder batholith, Montana, Smedes (Art. 12) has found that morethan 6,000 feet of volcanic rocks lie uncomformablyon the batholith and older rocks. Block faulting occurred repeatedly, at one time producing a graben
west of Butte. Gravity surveys by W. T. Kinoshita
indicate that the floor of this graben lies at a depthof about 1,000 feet beneath welded tuff, and Smedes
believes that quartz monzonite beneath the floor may
contain unexplored, truncated segments of metalliferous quartz veins of the manganiferous zone of the
Butte district.
Manganese deposits near Philipshurg, Montana

Deposits of oxidized rhodochrosite near Philipsburg
have been the only consistent source of battery-grade
manganese ore in the United States. Detailed study
by W. J. Prinz has shown that the primary rhodochrosite replacement deposits contain abundant zinc in
the southern part of the district, but none in the northern part. They consist of both bedding replacements
at bed-vein intersections, and of near-vertical pipesthat swell in favorable host beds. The depth of oxidation of the primary deposits is shallow where thehost rock consists of impure limestone, and deep where
the host rock is marble.
i Article 11 in Professional Paper 400-B. Similar references to papers in chapter B are given in the same style.

Al

A2

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Michigan copper district

The Michigan copper district has been studied bymany geologists for more than a century, and its major geologic features are well known, but recent intensified study of certain aspects of its geologic setting has yielded results useful in looking for new
deposits. K. E. Stoiber and E. S. Davidson (1959),
for example, have shown that the major copper deposits occur in a relatively restricted zone that isroughly defined by the regional distribution of theminerals contained in the amygdules of basalts. White(1960a) has discussed evidence that copper at the baseof the Nonesuch shale (White Pine mine) extends
over a wide area and that it was deposited mostly if
not entirely before the shale was deformed. The
search for new deposits, therefore, need not be confined to areas near major faults, as might have beeninferred from prior studies, and it has in fact been
profitably extended, during the last few years, into
areas that were formerly overlooked or considered unfavorable.
Pima copper district, Arizona

In the Twin Buttes quadrangle, Arizona, clues tothe location of concealed copper ore bodies have beenfound by Cooper (1960) in a study of the geologic
setting of the Pima mining district. Two orogenic
episodes followed the deposition of the Cretaceous
rocks that underlie part of the district, one earlier
than the ore and the other later. The earlier episoderesulted in complex folds and faults that trend northwest; the other resulted in the rotation of a large illdefined structural block around an axis trending northeast, and also involved thrust faulting on a large scale.
From the geologic relations indicated by the field
data, Cooper estimates that the thrust plate moved
about 6~y2 miles to the north-northwest. If this estimate is correct, the roots of several major ore bodies
are in part of the district that has not yet been explored.
Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district

Long range geologic studies of the upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc district, in part in cooperation
with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History
Survey and the Iowa Geological Survey, have recently culminated in a report by Heyl and others(1960) that describes structural and stratigraphic controls useful in prospecting. The principal structuralfeatures in this district are three first-order anticlinesthat trend westerly; their north limbs dip more steeply
than their south limbs and reverse faults occur locally along the north limbs. The associated folds
decrease in abundance and magnitude northward.

Minor reverse and bedding-plane faults associatedwith second- and third-order folds, whose trends forma rhombic pattern, control the location of most zincore bodies. The lead ore deposits, many of whichwere formerly important, are controlled either by agroup of joints resulting from tension, or a pair resulting from shear. Studies made by J. W. Ailingham, J. E. Carlson, Harry Klemic, T. E. Mullens,and J. W. Whitlow after completion of Professional
Paper 309 indicate that many of the second- and thirdorder folds and associated faults are probably the
result, rather than the cause, of the emplacement of
the ore bodies; i.e. they formed by compaction andsubsidence in areas where mineralizing fluids dissolved limestone. This interpretation does not invalidate the prospecting techniques outlined in the professional paper, but it sets rough limits to the areasin which ores of lead and zinc are likely to be found.
East Tintic silver-lead district, Utah

On the basis of published results of a long-range
study by Levering, Morris, and others in the East
Tintic district, Utah, the Bear Creek Mining Company has recently made important new discoveries ofore. Large, high-grade silver-lead replacement orebodies there are found in places where steep northnortheasterly fissures cut west-dipping thrust faults
that involve sedimentary, rocks of early Paleozoic age.
The sedimentary rocks are largely overlain by lavas,
which were altered by hydrothermal solutions but
which do not contain ore bodies. In an effort to aid
in the search for concealed ore bodies of the East
Tintic type, Levering and his co-workers (1960)
made detailed studies to establish the relations between the hydrothermally altered zones in the lavas
and known ore bodies in the underlying sedimentaryrocks. During the course of this study they also
found primary geochemical anomalies in the alteredrocks up-rake from ore-localizing structures. In order to test the validity of the techniques developed,
a hole was drilled in an area that showed the same
type of late stage alteration as that over the known
Tintic Standard ore body and that also contained an
encouraging geochemical anomaly. This hole penetrated low-grade ore; and, what was even more important, it cut rocks much younger than were expected at this depth. An analysis of the generalgeologic structure of the East Tintic Mountains, andof the detailed structure of the East Tintic district,led to the conclusion that a concealed west-dipping
thrust fault lay between the drill hole and old mineworkings about 1,400 feet to the west. The occurrence even of low-grade ore near a large unprospectedfault, in an area that showed favorable late-stageHEAVY METALS

altered zones and a geochemical anomaly at the surface, strongly indicated the presence nearby of a concealed ore center. The Bear Creek Mining Company
therefore sunk the Burgin exploration shaft and drove
west on the 1050 level. They found the thrust fault
near its expected position, and by further exploration
found three ore zones, one of which may be comparable in size and grade to the largest previously known
ore deposit in the district. This discovery has opened
entirely new ground to exploration, and has aroused
interest in the techniques developed, which should beapplicable elsewhere.
Coeur d'Alene lead-zinc-silver district, Idaho

In the Coeur d'Alene district S. W. Hobbs, A. B.
Griggs, R. E. Wallace, and A. B. Campbell haveamassed evidence that confirms major post-ore strike
slip on the Osburn fault, which extends across the
district (see Wallace and others, Art. 13), and thealinement of the major ore bodies along a series ofwell-defined zones or belts. With these interpretations
as guides, it should be possible to concentrate future
exploration on the most promising areas. From studies of the mineralogy of the Coeur d'Alene district
V. C. Fryklund (Art. 15) has concluded that threedifferent sources may have contributed to the main
period of mineralization. R. G. Coleman, R. G.
Arnold, and V. C. Fryklund, in a study of ores fromthe Highland Surprise mine in the Coeur d'Alene
district, have shown that the estimated temperatureof formation ranged from 370° to 492° C for pyrrhotite in 62 samples, and from 375° and 490° for sphalerite coexisting with pyrrhotite in 14 samples. Thereappears to be no systematic relation between depth
and temperature, although the samples represent a
vertical range of 1,600 feet.
The Colorado mineral belt

Nearly all of the major mining districts of Colorado are in the narrow so-called "Colorado mineralbelt," which extends southwestward from central Colorado to the San Juan Mountains. This belt is characterized by intrusive porphyries and associated ore
deposits of Laramide age. Tweto and Sims (Art. 4)
have found evidence that it extends along an ancientzone of weakness defined by northeast-trending shear
zones of Precambrian age. Intermittent movement
took place in this zone from early in the Precambrianto the Tertiary, and during Laramide time magmatic
activity occurred throughout its length. Tweto (Art.
5) has also found that most of the faults that appear
to displace ore bodies in the Leadville district wereactually in existence when porphyries of several varieties were emplaced. As the porphyries are pre-ore, theA3faults are also pre-ore, although post-ore movement
has occurred on many of them.
Base and precious metal deposits in north-central Nevada

An analysis of the regional structure and distribution of ores in north-central Nevada by Roberts(Art. 9) indicates that many of the mining districts
occur within northwest-trending zones of structural
weakness. Doming along these zones has formed belts
of windows in the upper plate of the Roberts Mountain thrust, which expose favorable carbonate hostrocks in the lower plate. Carbonate rocks in the lower
part of the sequence for example, the Eldorado and
Hamburg dolomites may contain lead-zinc-silver deposits in favorable structural settings, such as faultintersections. The more siliceous rocks in the upper
plate close to the thrust may contain minable bodies
of gold ore and barite, especially near intrusives.
Rhenium and molybdenum in the Runge mine, South Dakota

In the Runge mine, South Dakota, water-solublerhenium and molybdenum have been found during
routine spectrographic analysis in a sandstone-typeuranium-vanadium deposit (Myers and others, Art.
20). Six of the 27 samples analyzed contained 30 to
700 ppm rhenium and 24 contained 3 to 3,000 ppm
molybdenum. Much of the rhenium is water soluble,
and its concentration in residues obtained by leaching
samples with distilled water and then evaporating is
10 to 25 times greater than the concentration in thesamples themselves. The water-soluble rhenium andmolybdenum are most abundant in the oxidized andpartly oxidized ore that contains paramontroseite,
nearly amorphous uraninite, haggite, and minor carnotite. This ore is found only in the upper part ofthe deposit and along fractures that cut sandstone
containing uraninite, coffinite, and montroseite, and it
probably makes up less than 10 percent, by volume, ofthe deposit.
Other districts in Western United States

During regional studies of the Idaho batholith, B. F.
Leonard has found that wide parts of the Johnson
Creek-Quartz Creek silicified zone are favorable sites
for tungsten and gold mineralization.
In the northern Cascades of Washington, F. W.
Cater has observed that the important ore deposits
are restricted to northwest-trending shears in the
Cloudy Pass batholith, to breccias related to it, and to
replacement zones in the gneisses peripheral to it. The
area may contain undiscovered ore deposits in similar
relations to other batholiths. In the Loon Lake areaof northern Washington A. B. Campbell has foundthat many of the lead-zinc, copper, talc, and barite

A4

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

deposits are related spatially to a northeasterly trending zone of faults and dikes.
Mineralogic studies of samples from a prospect in
the Lone Mountain area, near Tonapah, Nevada, showthat it contains manganoan hedenbergite, andradite,zincian nontronite, sphalerite, galena, magnetite andcalcite (Gulbrandsen and Gielow, Art. 10) a mineral assemblage characteristic of a number of pyrometasomatic deposits being mined elsewhere. The
deposit from which these samples came apparently
does not contain amounts of ore large enough to beminable, but the mineral assemblage suggests thatminable deposits of this type may be found at Lone
Mountain.
In the Rosita district of the West Mountains, Colorado, Q. D. Singewald and M. R. Brock have foundthat the location of major deposits of base and precious metals in the Tertiary volcanic rocks is controlled
by northwest-trending faults in the underlying Precambrian crystalline rocks.
Metalliferous deposits in Alaska

Near Nome, Alaska, Hummel (Art. 17) has identified two structural systems in the bedrock. Lodeand placer deposits of the Nome goldfields are closely
associated with some of the folds and faults of theyounger system. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Bi, andMo in the sediments of Thompson Creek in the Kigluaik Mountains are evidence that metalliferous lodes
exist in a part of the area not formerly known to contain them (Hummel and Chapman, Art. 16).
Sainsbury and MacKevett (Art. 18) have studied
quicksilver deposits in the southwestern part of Alaska
and find that their localization is structurally controlled. The quicksilver is associated with antimony
in these deposits, and is probably of Tertiary age.
The mercury was deposited mainly as cinnabar inopen fractures in competent rocks, but each deposit
has important individual structural controls that affected ore deposition and may guide further exploration.
COMMODITY STUDIESIn the field of commodity studies, maps showing
the distribution of known deposits of useful minerals
in the United States have been prepared during thepast year to record and analyze the distribution ofmineral deposits. This is a first step toward the preparation of metallogenic maps that will relate the distribution of mineral deposits to tectonic and petrologic
provinces and to tectonic history.
Also in the field of commodity studies, Heyl andBozion (Art. 2) have investigated the distribution ofoxidized zinc deposits in the United States. They findthat most of them have directly replaced sulfide de-posits, and that they showed a markedly varied pattern, dependent on (a) pH, rainfall, and climatic factors; and (b) wall rocks and geologic variations between metallogenic provinces.
For many elements in the United States, the tonnage of minable reserves in short tons has been foundto be equal to crustal abundance of the element inpercent (A) times 109 to 1010 (McKelvey, 1960). This
relation is useful in forecasting reserves in large segments of the earth's crust. For estimating world reserves of many not yet actively sought elements, a figure of A x 1010 to 1011 will probably give the rightorder of magnitude.
TOPICAL STUDIES

A broad-scale attack on the origin and physicochemical characteristics of ore-depositing solutions in
the Creede district, Colorado, is getting well underway. The geologic setting of the OH vein, a basemetal deposit selected for this study, has been studied
in detail by Steven and Ratte (Art. 8), who haveshown that the vein was deposited in a shallow volcanic environment adjacent to a large volcanic caldera.
The ores are localized along faults in a complex grabenthat extends outward from the caldera; movement onthese faults occurred many times while the caldera was
subsiding, but mineralization did not take place until
the last main period of fault movement. Several new
tools and techniques have been developed by Edwin
Roedder for study of fluid inclusions in the OH vein(see p. A73), and they have already yielded some preliminary results. For example, the absence of opaque
specks within fluid inclusions seems to indicate thatthe ore was deposited from a solution that contained
only small amounts of the ore metals, perhaps as little as 10 ppm (Roedder, 1959). Preliminary dataobtained by E. Roedder, B. Ingram, and M. Toulmin
from strongly zoned sphalerite crystals at Creede suggest that they were deposited from a rather concentrated brine, high in Na and Cl and lower in K, Ca,
Mg, B, and SO*, diluted at times to various degrees
by ground water or water from other sources. The
D/H isotope ratios in the inclusions determined byWayne Hall and Irving Friedman are lower thanthose in sea water but higher than those in meteoric
waters in similar environments.
Mackin and Ingerson (Art. 1) have proposed a"deuteric release" hypothesis for the origin of magmatic ore-forming fluids. The classical view is thatmetals not accepted in rock-forming minerals become
concentrated in late-stage fluids, which may escapefrom tte magma and deposit ores. According to the"deuteric release" theory, iron and other metals areincorporated in early-formed biotite and hornblendeLIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

that crystallize at depth; if the magma was intruded
only to a shallow depth, deuteric alteration could release the metals to the escaping interstitial fluid.
Chemical criteria for recognition of possible oredepositing mineral waters of different types have beendeveloped by White (Art. 206) through the study ofexisting waters.
D. F. Hewett and Michael Fleischer (1960) havestudied the mineralogy of more than 250 specimens ofmanganese oxide minerals collected throughout theUnited States and interpreted their origin. Of the
27 manganese oxide minerals identified, one group of
10 is persistently supergene; another group of 9 is
persistently hypogene and a third group of 8 includes
those that are supergene in some places and hypogene
in others. Hewett has also found that minor amountsof several metals, alkalies, and alkaline earths are present in the oxides of one mode of origin and absent inothers. Tungsten nearly always occurs in hydrothermal vein oxides and in those deposited in the apronsof hot springs, but it is sporadic and very low orabsent in the supergene oxides. Most of the minor
elements in the supergene oxides are those known toexist in the unweathered minerals from which the oxides were derived.
Fleischer (1959, 1960a) has reviewed the geochemistry of rhenium, with special reference to its occurrence in molybdenite. Khenium is most abundant inporphyry copper ores, but the factors controlling its
concentration are not yet understood.
LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
DISTRICT AND REGIONAL STUDIES

Mount Wheeler beryllium deposit, Nevada

Stager (Art. 33) has studied a new association ofberyllium that has been found in the Mount Wheeler
mine, Nevada, where phenacite, bertrandite, and beryl,intimately associated with scheelite and fluorite, replace the lowest limestone bed along vertical quartz
veins in the Pioche shale of Cambrian age. The beryllium minerals probably were deposited by hydrothermal solutions originating in a nearby granitic intrusion, and it seems likely that similar deposits of theseeasily overlooked beryllium minerals may be found in
the surrounding area.
Beryllium in the Lake George district, Colorado

In the Lake George district, Colorado, Sharp andHawley (Art. 35) have recognized bertrandite-bearing
greisen as a new type of beryllium ore. Similar greisen may exist elsewhere unrecognized, as the beryllium
silicate, bertrandite, is difficult to distinguish fromfeldspar. The Lake George district is crossed by pre557328 O - 60 -2

A5

mineralization lineaments that at least locally containgreisen with small amounts of bertrandite (Hawley
and others, Art. 34).
Beryllium in tin districts of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska

A review of all available geologic information has
shown that the tin districts of the Seward Peninsula,
Alaska, contain promising amounts of beryllium.
Beryllium was identified originally in 1940 by George
Steiger in samples collected by J. B. Mertie, Jr., and
R. R. Coats, from bedrock sources at the Lost Rivertin mine, and at the Ear Mountain and Cape Mountaintin areas. Spectrographic analyses by Shrock in 1943
of samples of banded tactite collected by A. Knopf
from Tin Creek, about 2 miles from Lost River,showed beryllium in the range of 0.016-0.08 percent.
Drill cores obtained by the Bureau of Mines at the
Lost River mine in 1943^4 (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations 3902) also contained detectable beryllium as beryl and phenacite, and Coats and
P. L. Killeen identified beryl in surface veinlets inmetasomatized marble at the Lost River mine. Steiger
found that the idocrase in samples collected by Coatsfrom the same region is consistently high in beryllium,and deeper holes drilled by the U.S. Tin Corporationin 1955 showed that parts of the underlying granite
are abnormally rich in beryllium. Phenacite wasfound to be present in one core sample by C. L. Samsbury.
Tin placer concentrates from DMEA projects at
Cape Mountain and at Earl Mountain, which wereanalyzed spectroscopically by the U.S. Bureau of
Mines, and tin placer concentrates from Bureau of
Mines tin exploration near Earl Mountain and Cape
Mountain (U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 5493 and 7878) contain amounts of beryllium
that are generally higher than samples of stream
sediments from beryllium-rich provinces elsewhere in
the United States. Additional detailed work may
well outline deposits of economic importance at any
or all of the above localities, as well as in other tinrich areas for which information on beryllium is lacking at present.
Beryllium and fluorspar in the Thomas Range, Utah

In the spring of 1960, prospectors discovered an
extensive and new type of beryllium deposit in thevicinity of Spors Mountain in the Thomas Range district, Juab County, Utah. This area has just been
mapped by Staatz and Osterwald (1956) in connection with a study of its fluorspar and uranium deposits, so it is possible to make a preliminary interpretation of the geology of the beryllium deposits
that may be helpful in their further exploration. The

A6

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

account here is based on that mapping, supplemented
by a recent field examination by Staatz and W. R.
Griffitts.
The beryllium deposits are in rhyolitic tuff on thelower slopes of Spors Mountain, where, because of
its friable character, the tuff breaks down and is concealed by slope wash and younger deposits. The tuff
is a part of a sequence of faulted and tilted Miocene
volcanics, which is overlain by only slightly faulted
and imperceptibly tilted Pliocene volcanics and Quaternary lake beds.
The only beryllium-bearing mineral thus far identified is bertrandite, found by E. J. Young and E. C.
T. Chao by X-ray analysis. Other epigenetic minerals
include opal, montmorillonite, fluorite, and calcite.
Bertrandite and other replacement minerals are mostabundant in elliptical nodules that range from 0.5 toat least 8 inches in length. Five samples of the tuff
from two of the occurrences were determined by berylometer measurements to carry 0.25 to 1.5 percent BeO;
nodules from these same tuffs contain 1.8 to 10.7 percent BeO respectively. The beryllium-rich layers,which are not everywhere at the same horizon in thetuff, may be several yards thick, but contain erratically
distributed barren areas. The bertrandite, like thefluorspar, probably was deposited in Pliocene time
during the waning stages of the younger period of
volcanism.
Plate 1 of Bulletin 1069 by Staatz and Osterwald
shows the general distribution of the volcanics (vt on
the Plate 1 explanation) that contain the berylliumbearing tuff, and exploration by mining companies has
disclosed a number of localities, over an area of several square miles, where the bed is mineralized. Because of the extensive distribution of the favorable
tuff and its repetition by faulting, which has brought
it close to the surface at numerous places, opportunities for further discoveries are promising, and the reserves of beryllium in the area could be very large.
Black Hills pegmatites, South Dakota

In the southern Black Hills, pegmatites which aremined for feldspar, mica, lithium minerals, and beryl
are in medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks
intruded by the so-called granite of Harney Peak.
Detailed studies have helped to define areas favorable
for prospecting and have led to increased knowledgeof the structure, mineral zoning, and origin of thezoned pegmatites. The Hugo pegmatite, for example,
near Keystone, has been found by Norton (Art. 32)
to consist of seven zones and two replacement bodies.
Most of it crystallized from a magma that became
increasingly silicic as crystallization proceeded; thecore and the replacement bodies, however, which arerich in alumina and the alkalies, were probably deposited from a water-rich fluid that separated fromthe silicate rest liquid. In the Fourmile quadrangle
J. A. Redden has found that the zoned pegmatites
occur in metamorphic rocks several miles from any
large body of granite. The high temperatures thatprevailed in and near the major intrusive bodies favored the formation of numerous unzoned quartzfeldspar pegmatites, but not the larger and morevaluable zoned pegmatites.
Talc and asbestos deposits

From a study of the petrology and geochemistry ofcertain talc-bearing ultramafic rocks and adjacentcountry rocks in Vermont, A. H. Chidester has concluded that the talc was formed by regional metamorphism unrelated to serpentinization (see p. A67).
A. F. Shride has shown that the principal asbestosproducing areas of east-central Arizona are in a structural setting typical of the Colorado Plateau province,
rather than of the Basin and Range province as previously thought, and that the geologic structures andextensive bodies of intrusive diabase which favoredthe formation of asbestos are of Precambrian rather
than post-Paleozoic age.
Phosphate deposits in Montana and Wyoming

The phosphate resources of parts of Montana andWyoming have recently been estimated as a part of along range study of the distribution, resources, andorigin of the Permian Phosphoria formation. In
southwestern Montana and a small part of adjacent
Idaho, Swanson (Art. 31) estimated that the phosphatic shales contain 450 million tons of phosphaterock in units that are more than 3 feet thick and that
average more than 31 percent P2O5 ; and 6 billion tons
averaging more than 24 percent P2O5. Corresponding
contents of uranium in the two grade categories are
35,000 and 420,000 tons. The same rocks also contain
2.5 to 3 percent fluorine. These shales also containmore than 2.2 billion tons of rock in units that are
more than 3 feet thick and that average more than 18
percent P2O5.
R. P. Sheldon estimates that the phosphatic shales in
Wyoming and a small part of eastern Idaho contain
1.4 billion tons of phosphate rock in units more than
3 feet thick and averaging more than 31 percent P2O5 ;6.5 billion tons containing more than 24 percent P2O5 ;and 19 billion tons containing more than 18 percent
P2O5. He also estimates that the phosphatic shales
contain 5.5 billion tons of phosphate rock averaging
more than 0.010 percent uranium and 13.5 billion tons
averaging more than 0.005 percent uranium.

LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

A7

Phosphate in northern Florida and South Carolina

Green River saline deposits, Wyoming

In the northern part of the Florida Peninsula, reconnaissance by G. E. Espenshade and Charles Spencer
indicate that phosphatic dolomite and phosphorite arewidespread in the Miocene Hawthorne formation. The
apatite is locally altered to aluminum phosphate, as in
the Land Pebble field farther south. In the Charleston,South Carolina area, Malde (1955a) has shown that
phosphate nodules in the upper part of the Oligocene
Cooper marl were formed by replacement of calcium
carbonate and were later reworked to form the basal
part of the Pleistocene Ladson formation.

During the course of a long-range study of thestratigraphy, mineralogy and origin of the Green River
formation, which contains vast reserves of trona(3Na2O4CO2'5H2O), Milton and others (1959, 1960)
have recently summarized information on the mineral
assemblages present in these remarkable deposits. Carbonates, of which the trona is one, not only make up
the bulk of the chemically precipitated minerals, but
are present in great variety also in fact, the Green
River contains about one-fourth of all known speciesof carbonates. The beds also contain 12 species of silicate minerals, including authigenic amphibole magnesioriebeckite, the pyroxene acmite, and the boron plagioclase reedmergnerite.

High calcium limestone in southeastern Alaska

The Heceta-Tuxekan Islands area, southeastern
Alaska, contains a thick sequence of relatively pure
Silurian limestone, associated with marine high-rankgray wacke. Chemical analyses of 56 composite samplesof the limestone collected by G. D. Eberlein over a
stratigraphic interval of 8,800 feet indicate that mostof it contains more than 90 percent of CaCO3, and lessthan 1 percent of MgO, 0.8 percent of R2O3, 0.1 percentof combined alkalies, 0.2 percent of total S, 0.02 percent
P2O5 and 5 percent acid insolubles (mostly SiO2 ). In
samples from a zone approximately 1,000 feet thick near
the middle of the sequence, the rock is nearly purecalcite, suitable for metallurgical uses.
Clay deposits in Maryland

In a cooperative investigation with the Maryland
Department of Geology and the U.S. Bureau of Mines,
M. M. Knechtel, J. W. Hosterman, and H. P. Hamlin
have found that much nonmarine clay of Cretaceous age
in Maryland is suitable for fire clay. They have also
found that large deposits of marine "bloating" clay of
Tertiary age appear to constitute excellent raw material for the manufacture of light-weight concrete aggregate (Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959; seealso Art. 29). Thick deposits of this clay underlie
extensive areas that include many potential strip-mining
sites.
Clay deposits in Kentucky

A cooperative study, with the Kentucky Geological
Survey, has shown that the valuable deposits of flint
clay in northeastern Kentucky were formed by subaqueous leaching of normal plastic clays in swamp
deposits of Early Pennsylvanian age, immediately above
an erosion surface cut on sedimentary rocks of Mississippian age (Huddle and Patterson, 1959; Patterson and
Hosterman, 1960). The Lee formation, which contains
the clay beds, grades laterally from very clean quartz
sandstone into muddy sandstone, siltstone, shale, andclaystone.

Carlsbad potash district, New Mexico

Field studies of the Carlsbad potash deposits by C. L.
Jones, H. C. Rainey, and B. M. Madsen have developed
the concept that late-stage solutions effected widespreadmetasomatic replacement in localized parts of favorable
beds of previously precipitated salts (Jones, 1959).
These solutions introduced K, Mg, and SO4 and removed
Na, Ca, and Cl or precipitated them elsewhere. Thereis evidence that the late-stage replacement was structurally controlled.
Borate deposits of southwestern United States

Studies of the borate deposits of the Mojave Desert
and adjacent parts of California and western Nevada
continue to yield new information about their mineralogy, origin, geologic setting, and resources. R. C. Erd
has shown that the Kramer district contains a uniqueassemblage of nearly 50 minerals; the list now includes
18 species found there during his study. Among them
are four black ferromagnetic iron sulfides, some locallyabundant, which have x-ray powder patterns distinct
from those of previously known iron sulfides. Erd
has also shown that at Kramer layers of pyroclastic
material have been altered to analcime, clinoptilolite,
phillipsite, searlesite, and authigenic adularia and albite.
Samples from 10 playas in California and Nevada provided new occurrences of burkeite (Na6 (CO3 ) (SO4 ) 2)
and searlesite, and one contained an unidentified hydrous
sodium calcium sulfate. Three rare borate minerals,
hydroboracite, inderite, and kurnakovite, were foundin the Eagle Borax deposit in Death Valley.
During examination of the Kramer ore body, W. C.
Smith found evidence that underground solution has
removed much borax, particularly along faults. Peculiarfeatures of the ore body, now believed to be effects ofsolution, include its abrupt, blunt edges, certain valleylike depressions in the top of the ore, and a hanging
wall which in places consists of slumped insoluble

A8

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

residue containing secondary magnesium and calcium
borates
An improved understanding of the geologic historyof Searles Lake, and of the probable source of its boron,has resulted from G. I. Smith's study of regional aswell as local evidence. The study confirms Gale's general picture of Searles Lake basin as the third in achain of basins that received water from the Owens
Eiver during the wet periods of the Pleistocene and thatpartially or totally dried up during ensuing dry periods.
Drill cores from the basins (see U.S. Geological Survey
Bulletins 1045-A and 1045-E) show that Searles Lake
was an evaporating pan intermittently throughout
much of Quaternary time, yet only during the last
two major dry periods and only in Searles Lake basin
did desiccation produce salt layers that are commercially valuable by present standards. From the interstitial brines in these upper salts at Searles Lakecommercial plants recover sodium, potassium, lithium,carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and bromine, as well as
borate products. Smith concludes that although
Searles Lake had a long history as an evaporating
pan, boron and other valuable constituents were present
in the Owens River system only after their introduction about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago by an episodeof volcanic and hot spring activity in the Owens Eiver
drainage. Because Searles Lake ceased overflowing
about the same time, it concentrated most of the valuable elements subsequently brought to it by the Owens
River.
COMMODITY AND TOPICAL STUDIES

Beryllium

The supply of beryllium obtained from pegmatites
throughout the world is so small that hope for any
great increase in production rests mainly on the possibility of finding major beryllium deposits in nonpegmatitic rocks. Available data on the distributionof beryllium in rocks show that certain types of quartzgold and quartz-tungsten veins, certain manganeseveins, tactites, and some other varieties of rock warrant
further investigation (Warner and others, 1959, andNorton and others, 1958 2 ). The recent discoveries already mentioned (see p. A5) encourage the belief
that minable nonpegmatitic deposits can be found.
Griffitts and Oda (Art. 44) have found that the beryllium content of soils and alluvium can be used ingeochemical prospecting for beryllium deposits. Development of beryllium detectors, based on the gammaneutron reaction, has contributed to beryllium ex2 Norton, J. J., Griffltts, W. R., and Wilmarth, V. R., 1958, Geology
and resources of beryllium in the U.S.: U.N. Internal. Conf. on
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, 2d, Geneva, 1958, Proc., v. 2, p.
21-34.

ploration by providing a rapid means of analysis(Vaughn and others, 1960).
Selenium

A study of the geology and geochemistry of selenium
indicates that this element is markedly concentrated inepithermal antimony and silver deposits (Davidson,1960). In volcanic rocks, it is concentrated in ash
and in rocks composed of ash, rather than in flow rocks(Davidson and Powers, 1959). Selenium has also beenfound in low grade concentrations in some phosphorites and black shales of the Permian Phosphoria formation and higher grade concentrations are associatedwith sandstone-type uranium deposits and some large
sulfide deposits.
Marine phosphorites

Continued studies of the phosphorites in the Permian
Phosphoria formation show that they are part of anassemblage of lithofacies that formed synchronously
along the western edge of a shoaling land mass of low
relief. The lateral sequence of facies, in a shoalward
direction, is typically (a) carbonaceous mudstone,(b) phosphorite, (c) chert, (d) light colored carbonate
rock and sandstone, (e) saline rocks, (f) greenishgray mudstone, and (g) red beds (McKelvey andothers, 1959). This sequence is reproduced, in wholeor part, in both the same order and reverse order invertical sections, where the facies intertongue as theresult of the lateral shifting of environments withtransgressions and regressions of the sea. Petrographic
studies by R. A. Gulbrandsen, E. E. Cressman, E. P.
Sheldon, and T. M. Cheney indicate that much of thephosphorite was formed by direct precipitation fromsea water or interstitial water. The lateral sequenceof chemical sediments suggests that a salinity gradientexisted in the Phosphoria sea, and Gulbrandsen has
shown that the succession of chemical sediments might
have resulted from phase precipitation in a shoalward
moving current.
Information on the origin of the phosphorite assemblage of sediments, gained as the result of the observations of previous workers (notably Kazakov andBrongersma-Sanders) as well as by studies of the
distribution of ancient and modern sediments, provides
clues helpful in the search for oil as well as phosphorite (McKelvey, 1959). Phosphorites in the modern ocean form where cold waters rich in P, N, and Si
upwell. These waters become saturated with phosphates as the temperature rises with decreasing depth,
and they may also become successively saturated withcarbonates and saline minerals as they move shoreward. The exceptionally rich nutrient content of thesewaters support lush growths of organisms, which

RADIOACTIVE MINERALS

produce important accumulations of carbonaceous matter in the sediments. Sulfides and petroleum form
under the reducing conditions that prevail where large
amounts of carbonaceous matter are deposited; thepetroleum often accumulates in stratigraphic traps
that result from synchronous deposition of both reservoir beds and sealing beds in other parts of the sameenvironment.
These relations indicate the following guides to thesearch for phosphorite and oil: (a) both phosphorite
and oil are likely to occur in lateral or vertical association with bedded chert, black shale, and marine
evaporites; (b) accumulations of oil are likely to occur
in stratigraphic traps (such as carbonate rocks sealedby black shale, red beds, or evaporites) whose location
can be predicted from the lateral and vertical sequenceof lithofacies characteristic of this environment; and(c) as the main ocean currents and continental margins have not shifted much since the Cretaceous, upwelling occurred during the deposition of coastal
plain formations in many of the same general areasin which it is occurring now. Coastal-plain sediments
adjacent to areas of modern up welling, then, are favorable for the occurrence of both phosphorite and oil.
RADIOACTIVE MINERALS
DISTRICT AND REGIONAL. STUDIES

Colorado Plateau

A compilation of some twenty reports recently published on the geochemistry and mineralogy of theColorado Plateau ores (Garrels and Larsen, 1959)
documents two important conclusions: (a) the oresthat occur in rocks saturated with water consist of lowvalent minerals (chiefly vanadium clays, uraninite,
coffinite, and montroesite), but those in unsaturated
rocks consist partly or wholly of higher valent minerals, such as carnotite; and (b) the ore minerals in
the unsaturated rocks were emplaced in a reducing environment, in Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary time,
before regional deformation or during its early stages,
so that movement of the transporting fluids was chiefly
controlled by sedimentary structures in virtually undeformed rocks. These conclusions, resulting from yearsof work by many people both in government and in
private industry, provide a sound basis for prospecting
for uranium ores, not only on the Colorado Plateau,
but in many other areas.
In the Slick Kock district, Colorado, Archbold(1959) has found that carbonate-rich zones in sandstone of the Salt Wash member of the Morrison formation are associated with ore deposits, and therefore
can serve as guides to ore.

A9

On evidence derived mainly from the relations between ores and penecontemporaneous structures, R. H.
Moench and J. S. Schlee have concluded that theuranium deposits of the Laguna district in New Mexico were probably deposited under near-surface conditions prior to deep burial and regional tilting. The
paragenesis of uranium ores in the Todilto limestone
near Grants, N. Mex., indicates that the limestone islocally replaced by minerals of uranium, vanadium,and to a lesser extent by minerals of fluorine, iron,
lead, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium (Truesdell and Weeks, 1959). Colloform uraninite formed
after the early recrystallized calcite, pyrite, fluorite,
montroseite, haggite, and vanadium clay; it was accompanied or closely followed by coffinite, galena, andcalcite, and was followed by late calcite, pyrite, marcasite, haggite, and hematite.
Pitchblende has been identified as a secondary mineralin the Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico (Granger,
Art. 26) where it probably was deposited from groundwater that dissolved uranium from oxidizing coffinite.
Studies by I. A. Breger indicate that the carbonaceous
substances coating the sand grains in the Ambrosia
Lake ore are humic substances derived by alkaline extraction of low-rank coalified woody debris, and thatthey are not related to petroleum.
Gila County, Arizona

In Gila County, Arizona, uranium deposits occur ina potassic siltstone of the Precambrian Apache group.
The uranium was probably derived from nearby intrusive diabase of about the same age (Neuerburg andGranger, 1960). Differentiation of the diabase magma,
involving extensive reactions with aqueous fluids, resulted in ordinary diabase, diabase pegmatite, deuterically altered diabase enriched in potassium, syenite,aplite, and deuteric veinlets. The deuteric veinlets
were deposited in contraction fractures by rest fluids
as they drained from the magma. The distribution, of
uranium and copper in the differentiates indicates thatthese fluids removed most of the uranium, but littleof the copper, that was originally contained in themagma.
Crooks Gap area, Wyoming

In the Crooks Gap area, Fremont County, Wyoming, J. G. Stephens found that the uranium is mainly
in conglomeratic arkose beds of the Wasatch formation(Eocene?). Analyses of springs and seeps in thearea show that water from Miocene tuffaceous rocks
contains several times as much uranium as water from
Eocene rocks, which suggests that the Miocene rocks
may have been the source of the uranium.

A10

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Baggs area, Wyoming

In the Poison basin in the Baggs area of Wyoming,
G. E. Prichard has recognized secondary ore minerals
in an oxidized zone 20 to TO feet below the surface
in the Browns Park formation of Miocene (?) age;
underlying tabular bodies of unoxidized ore appear tobe parallel to the base of the zone of oxidation.
Gas Hills district, Wyoming

Most of the important deposits in the Gas Hills
district, Wyoming, studied by H. D. Zeller, P. E.
Soister, and D. L. Norton, are in coarse-grained arkosic
sandstones of the upper part of the Wind River formation. Unoxidized uranium ores are enriched in molybdenum, arsenic, and selenium. R. C. Coleman has
found that the mineral associations are largely controlled by the oxidation state of the ore zones. Uraninite, coffinite, iron sulfides, jorisite(?), calcium carbonates and sulfates are the minerals in the dark
unoxidized ores. Uranyl carbonates and hydroxides
form in the early stage of oxidation and are accompanied by the blue molybdenum bloom ilsemannite.
The change from U(IV) to U(VI) compounds takes
place much earlier than the oxidation of iron sulfides.
As the iron sulfides begin to oxidize, the uranyl carbonates dissolve in the acid solutions and the uranyl
ions then form complex ions with (PCX)-3 or (AsCX)-3
to produce more stable oxidation products. Some secondary enrichment takes place in sulfide rich zones,
where uranium is reprecipitated by reduction. Geochemical evidence suggests that the metals in these
deposits were leached from tuffs and arkose by alkaline
solutions that accumulated in the Wind River basin.
The fluids became progressively enriched in U, Mo,
Se, As, and P by evaporation, dissolution, or base exchange. When the basin was tilted, the ore fluids
moved into zones where H2S had accumulated, andthe ore metals were precipitated by reduction.
Black Hills, South Dakota

G. B. Gott and associates have found evidence inthe southern Black Hills to indicate that carbonaterich uranium-bearing water migrated vertically throughbreccia pipes and possibly fault zones, and laterally
through permeable channel sandstones. Geochemical
control of uranium deposition appears to have consisted principally of acidification and reduction of
uranium-bearing solutions. This has been accomplished in at least one place by the intermingling of
uranium-bearing bicarbonate solutions with sulfate
waters derived from highly carbonaceous pyritic siltstone. In the northern edge of the Black Hills, R. E.
Davis and G. A. Izett found that ore deposition was
chiefly controlled by composition of the host rock andits geochemical environment, along with sedimentary
structures; tectonic control in less important in thisarea than previously supposed.
Palangana salt dome, Texas

Weeks and Eargle (Art. 24) determined that theuranium deposit at Palangana salt dome is in Pliocene
and Miocene sands at a depth of about 325 feet. They
believe that the uranium was leached by alkaline
carbonate ground water from tuffaceous sediments up
dip, and was precipitated by reduction with H2S
emanating from the sulfurous caprock of the salt dome.
Uraniferous phosphorite in Eocene rocks, Wyoming

Although small quantities of phosphate, mostly inthe mineral bradleyite (Na3Mg(PO4 )CO3 ), have been
known to occur in the Eocene Green River formationand similar deposits, calcium phosphate deposits havebeen unknown in saline-bearing lacustrine rocks. Recently, however, Love and Milton (1959) found somethin apatite-bearing layers of dolomitic siltstone andoil shale intertonguing with trona-bearing beds in theGreen River formation near Green River, Wyo. Selected samples contain, on the average, 0.05 percent
uranium and 6.5 percent P2O5. Similar uraniferous
phosphatic strata were found in the Lysite Mountainarea in lacustrine tuffaceous siltstone in the Eocene
Tepee Trail formation. As the known phosphatic
beds are only a few inches thick, they are not minable,
but their discovery opens up the possibility that thicker
uraniferous phosphorites may be found in these orsimilar lacustrine deposits.
Uraniferous lignite in the Williston basin, Montana andNorth Dakota

In the Williston basin of Montana and North
Dakota, N. M. Denson, J. R. Gill, and W. A. Chisholm
have found that present-day ground waters from
Oligocene and Miocene tuffs contain more uranium
than those from other rocks, and they are also relatively high in V, SiO2, Mo, Sr, As, and Se, which are
all associated with the uranium deposits. From thisevidence, they conclude that in the Williston basin, as
in many other areas, the uranium in the lignite has
been derived from the leaching of Oligocene andMiocene tuffs.
Chattanooga shale, Tennessee and Alabama

L. C. Conant and V. E. Swanson have described thegeology, origin, trace elements, and organ'ic materialof the Chattanooga shale in central Tennessee andadjacent States. The Chattanooga is only about 35
feet thick in this area, but it has been divided into
several units each fairly uniform in lithology anduranium content, that can be traced over thousandsof square miles. The shale accumulated slowly in a

RADIOACTIVE MINERALS

shallow sea that gradually spread over an area of low
relief, and it thins to extinction by overlap on older
units in central Alabama and northeastern Mississippi,
and also on the margins of the Hohenwald platform,a Devonian island in south-central Tennessee.
COMMODITY AND TOPICAL STUDIESDistribution of epigenetic uranium deposits in the
United States

Three maps on a scale of 1:5,000,000 have been published recently that show the relation of epigenetic
uranium deposits to continental sedimentary rocks, tocrystalline rocks older than Late Cretaceous, and to
igneous rocks of Late Cretaceous and younger age(Finch and others, 1959). These maps provide a basis
for analyzing the relation of the distribution of various
types of deposits to the composition and age of thehost rocks in which they were deposited, and theyshould help define areas and rocks favorable for prospecting.
Uranium in sandstone-type deposits

The previously mentioned investigation of the geochemistry and mineralogy of Colorado Plateau ores
(Garrels and Larsen, 1959) has yielded many resultsof broad application. For example, Evans (1959)
has defined the structure and fields of stability of thevanadium minerals in terms of Eh and pH. The
trivalent oxide, montroseite, is converted by weathering to tetravalent and pentavalent minerals, but what
species are formed depends on the Eh and pH prevailing in the environment. The primary tetravalenturanium minerals, which are almost insoluble under
reducing conditions, also readily break down underoxidizing conditions (Garrels and Christ, 1959). Manyof the higher-valent minerals formed on weathering
are water-soluble and are deposited only throughevaporation, but hexavalent uranium may be fixedin the zone of weathering if arsenic, phosphorus, orvanadium are available, because these elements form
relatively insoluble compounds with uranium. Experimental determinations of the reducing effect ofwoody materials show that the amounts present inmany rocks are adequate to reduce and precipitate
uranium and vanadium brought to the environmentin oxidized form (Garrels and Pommer, 1959).
Using radioactive daughter products as tracers,
Kosholt (Art. 21) finds that it is possible to identify
the process by which uranium migrates in sandstones
and to estimate the time at which the migration took
place.
Studies of some ore deposits in sandstone show that
copper deposits are mainly in first-cycle arkosic sandstones, vanadium deposits are dominantly in secondcycle sandstones, and uranium deposits are either inAllfirst- or second-cycle sandstones (Fischer and Stewart,
Art. 22). This distribution may be related to thegeochemistry of these metals in the igneous environment. Much of the copper and uranium in igneousrocks and hydrothermal veins is in a readily oxidizable
form, and thus available to circulate in first-cycle
sediments. Vanadium in igneous rocks, on the other
hand, is in a less available and less concentrated form,
and forms clay minerals on weathering; diagenetic
reactions and a second cycle of weathering may berequired to mobilize it.
Uranium in petroleum

From an investigation of the association of uranium
with petroleum and petroliferous rocks, K. G. Bellhas concluded that petroleums do not contain significant quantities of uranium, and that petroleum does
not act as ore-transporting fluids for uranium. He
estimates that the average uranium content of crude
oils is approximately one part per billion. Breger
and Deul (1959) have also concluded that crude oil
plays no part in the emplacement of uranium ore;
they point out, however, that since migrating oil may
pick up small quantities of uranium, the uranium content of oil may have some value as a guide to prospecting. This is partly confirmed by H. J. Hyden,
who has found by experiments that crude oil canleach uranium from sandstone host rocks. Hydenalso finds that the vanadium and nickel contents are
related to the organic composition of the petroleum,but that the uranium content as well as the content
of other metals is not.
Uranium in coal

The Geological Survey has recently published agroup of ten reports (Bulletin 1055) that describe theoccurrence of uranium in coal in northwestern South
Dakota and adjacent areas in Montana and North
Dakota, the Ked Desert area of Wyoming, the Goose
Creek and Fall Creek areas of Idaho, and the La
Ventura Mesa area of New Mexico. The uranium
content of the coal in these areas generally ranges
from 0.003 to 0.1 percent, although in the Cave Hills
area of South Dakota large tonnages average 0.7 percent. Most of the uranium-bearing coals are of low
rank and contain more ash than nonuraniferous coals.
The regional occurrence of uranium in coals that
underlie Tertiary rocks containing volcanic materials,
coupled with the fact that the uranium in individual
coal beds generally increases toward fractures, permeable layers, or other structures that probably served
as conduits for ground water, indicate that the uranium in these coals was deposited by circulating groundwater that leached uranium from volcanic materials.

A12

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Several of the uranium-bearing lignites mentioned
above were found by applying this theory to known
information in the distribution of both coal and volcanic materials. In Bulletin 1055 Denson (1959) has
used it also to indicate additional areas favorable forthe occurrence of uraniferous lignite.
Uraniferous black shale and phosphorite

Investigations by V. E. Swanson of uranium in blackshales show that uranium and distillable oil are quantitatively related in some shales, but not in others.
The major factors controlling the oil yield and uranium content of these shales appear to be amount oforganic matter, proportion of humic to sapropelic
types of organic matter, the amount of phosphate, anddepositional environment.
R. P. Sheldon (1959a, b) has found that phosphatic
sediments of the Phosphoria formation deposited in anenvironment of low Eh are relatively rich in uranium,
whereas those deposited in an environment of high Ehare relatively poor in uranium. He concludes that the
low Eh of the depositional environment increases theconcentration of uranium in apatite in one or both of
two ways: (a) it converts uranium to the U+4 ion andthereby more U(IV) is substituted for calcium in theapatite lattice, or (b) the carbonaceous matter that
accumulates in environments of low Eh inhibits thegrowth of apatite crystallites, allowing more U(VI)to be absorbed on crystallite surfaces.
Thorium in monazite

From the available thorium analyses of monazite,
Overstreet (Art. 27) finds that monazite is rare in
the greenschist facies, rare to sparse in the epidoteamphibolite facies, sparse to common in the amphibolite facies, and common to abundant in the granulitefacies; this indicates that detrital monazite in pelitic
sediments decomposes during low-grade regional metamorphism, but is stable in high-grade metamorphism.
The ThO2 content in monazite from pelitic metasediments rises from about 0.5 percent in the greenschist
facies to 10 percent in the granulite facies. A similar
relation to temperature and pressure seems to exist in
igneous rocks and hydrothermal veins: monazite in
granites that crystallized at shallow depth is lessabundant and poorer in thorium than monazite inplutonic granites; and monazite in low-temperatureveins is thorium-poor, whereas that from high-temperature veins is thorium-rich.
FUELS
PETBOI^EUM AND NATURAL GAS

Although the Geological Survey does not participate
in petroleum exploration, it facilitates private enter-

prize by gathering and publishing data on the areal
geology and stratigraphy of sedimentary basins. Manyof the results of this work are described under regional headings on pages A26-A54 but some of thefindings that have to do directly with the search foroil and gas are reported here (see page A9 for a description of the relation of marine upwelling to theorigin and occurrence of petroleum).
McAlester basin, Oklahoma

Subsurface stratigraphic studies by S. E. Frezon
along the northern edge of the McAlester basin indicate that the upper part of the Simpson group thinsfrom south-central to northeastern Oklahoma. Northof the Arbuckle Mountains in south-central Oklahoma
the equivalent of the Fite limestone of northeastern
Oklahoma (Corbin Ranch) rests on the Bromide
formation. Northeastward from this area the Bromide
and the underlying McLish formation are truncatedand in northeastern Oklahoma the Fite rests on rocksof pre-McLish age.
Wilson County, Kansas

Preliminary results of part of a continuing cooperative fuels resources program with the State of
Kansas indicate that in Wilson County a close relationship exists between gas accumulation and the topsof structures. Oil, however, accumulated generally inlenticular sandstones of Pennsylvanian age; where thecontrol is stratigraphic, oil occurs on the flanks andin the lower parts of structures as well as on theircrests.
Horseshoe atoll, Midland basin, Texas

The occurrence of oil in the Horseshoe atoll, in thenorthern part of the Midland basin of West Texas, hasbeen described by Stafford (1959) and Burnside(1959). The Horseshoe atoll is an arcuate, reef-likeaccumulation of fossiliferous limestone, 70 to 90 miles
across, that lies more than 6,000 feet below the surface
in rocks of Pennsylvanian age. The limestone was
extensively reworked and brecciated during deposition.
It has an average porosity of about 6 percent, developed primarily by leaching after deposition. Oil
is contained in porous zones within the atoll, and in"knolls" on its top which are capped by impervious
shale. The Horseshoe atoll is believed to be one of thelarger oil reservoirs in the world.
Williston basin, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota

A map showing structure contours on the subsurface
Piper formation, of Middle Jurassic age, in the Williston basin of Montana, North Dakota, and South
Dakota, has been prepared by D. T. Sandberg (1959)
in conjunction with a study of well cuttings. This map

A13

FUELS

shows the relations between producing oil fields andmajor structural features, including the Nesson andCedar Creek anticlines, Bowdoin and Poplar domes,
and the central Montana and Bighorn Mountains uplifts. It also shows many anticlines and other structural features with which oil may be associated.
Utah and southwestern Wyoming

In the southern Kolob Terrace coal field, Utah,geologic mapping by W. B. Cashion indicates thatsandstones at the base of the Cretaceous are lenticularand lie in a stratigraphic setting that is favorable forthe entrapment of oil and gas. In the northwesternpart of the Uinta basin of Utah, he finds that in someareas fluvial beds wedge out up dip between impervious lacustrine beds, and hence provide an environment
favorable for the accumulation of oil and gas.
One of the areas in which the concepts concerning
the relation of the occurrence of oil to phosphorite
facies (see p. A9) may help in defining groundfavorable for oil exploration is the fringe area of the
Phosphoria formation. In the Bighorn basin of
Wyoming, oil derived from offshore deposits of blackshale and phosphorite is trapped in porous carbonate
rocks and sealed by impervious green and red shales
and evaporites. Cheney and Sheldon (1959) haverecognized these same facies relations in southwestern
Wyoming and northern Utah, and believe that areas
within that general region are also favorable for theoccurrence of oil.

A large area north of the Brooks Range, including
the Arctic foothills and the Arctic coastal plain, has
good possibilities for petroleum production. Most of
the exposed rocks in the area are of late Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age. In the Arctic foothills
these rocks are folded and faulted, and they dip gently
seaward, with minor undulations, under the coastal
plain. Part of the area is included in Naval Petroleum
Reserve No. 4, in which extensive geologic mappingand exploration were carried out in the period 1944
to 1953 in cooperation with the Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. The results of this work
are being published in Geological Survey Professional
Papers.
Origin of helium and nitrogen in natural gas

Analysis of published data shows that all gas fields
contain some helium, and that the helium content of
natural gas tends to increase systematically with thegeologic age of the reservoir rock. Calculations madeby Pierce (Art. 37) indicate that the observed rateof increase in helium content with age of the reservoir
rock in most gas fields is about what would be expected
if the helium were derived from decay of trace amounts
of uranium and thorium in the surrounding rocks.
Pierce also considers that nitrogen, which in many
fields parallels helium in its increase with the age ofthe reservoir rocks, could be derived from the slow
radioactive decay of carbonaceous matter in surrounding rocks.
COAL

AlaskaThe petroleum possibilities of Alaska have been
recently summarized by Miller, Payne, and Gryc
(1959). In southern Alaska, six possible petroleum
provinces have been delineated. The most promisingof these are the Cook Inlet Mesozoic province and the
Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province. In these two provinces, which form an arc extending along the southern
margin of Alaska from the base of the Alaska Peninsula to the southeastern Alaska panhandle, the geology
is comparable to that of the Coast Ranges of Washington, Oregon, and California. Most of the current
search for oil and gas in Alaska is concentrated inthis belt.
Central Alaska, a region of approximately 275,000
square miles between the Brooks Eange and the Alaska
Range, is geologically complex and similar to that of
the area between the Rocky Mountains and SierraCascade belts of the conterminous United States. Although no deposits of petroleum are known in theregion, three pre-Cenozoic provinces (the YukonKoyukuk, the Kobuk, and the Kandik) and several
large Cenozoic basin provinces deserve further study.

Coal studies in progress are of three main types:(a) geologic mapping and stratigraphic studies of
specific coal fields; (b) appraisal of coal resources
on a state and national basis; and (c) investigationof the petrography and composition of coal.
Geology of specific coal fields

A recently published report by Harbour and Dixon(1955) on the Trinidad-Aguilar area of the Trinidad
coal field, Huerfano and Las Animas Counties, Colo.,is the sixth in a series on the Trinidad field, which
is one of the most important sources of coking coalin the western United States. The Trinidad-Aguilar
area has yielded 80 million tons of coal, and stillcontains nearly 3 billion tons, most of which is suitable
for making coke.
More than 3 million tons of high volatile C bituminous coal are present in the Mesa Verde area, La Plata
and Montezuma Counties, Colo., according to a recent
estimate by Wanek (1959). In the Square Buttes
coal field of western North Dakota more than 3 billion
tons of lignite have been mapped by Johnson andKunkel (1959).

A14

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC EESULTS

Areal mapping of the southern Kolob Terrace coal
field, Utah, by W. B. Cashion, shows that the two
productive zones in that field contain 3.5 billion tonsof coal. Preliminary results of a cooperative investigation with the State of Washington indicate that thesouthwestern Washington area contains 3.5 billion tonsof subbituminous coal (Beikman and Gower, 1959).
In the Homer district of the Kenai coal field, Alaska,
Barnes and Cobb (1969) have mapped 30 coal beds
3 to 7 feet in thickness. This coal ranges in rank
from lignite to subbituminous B. Indicated reserves
total about 400 million tons.
National coal resources

A new estimate of United States coal reserves, incorporating data from many sources, is summarized
by Averitt (Art. 39). The tonnage remaining in the
ground in the United States on January 1, 1960, totals
about 1,660 billion tons, of which 830 billion tons are
assumed to be recoverable.
Distribution of minor elements in coal

Zubovic and others (Art. 42), after compiling numerous determinations of the quantities of minor
elements in coals, conclude that there are no marked
differences in the minor-element content of coals fromdifferent areas in the United States. Analyses ofsink-float fractions of several coals indicate that the
Elements whose ions are small and highly charged
Be, B, Ti, V, Ge, and to a lesser extent Ga are generally associated with the organic fraction of the coal,
whereas those whose ions are large Zn, La, and Sn
are associated with the inorganic fraction. In pairsof chemically similar elements, such as Co-Ni and
Y-La, those with the smaller ions (Ni and Y) generally show the greater association with the organic
fraction. These findings indicate that the elementsabundant in the organic fraction are present as organic complexes a conclusion strengthened by thefact that the smaller, more highly charged ions generally produce stable metallic-organic complexes(Zubovic and others, Art. 41).
OIIj SHAIiE

Field studies of the oil shale of the Green Eiver
formation in Naval Oil-Shale Reserve No. 2, northeastern Utah, show that the principal oil shale zones
in the northeastern part thin and intertongue withsandstone in the southwestern part of the Eeserve(Cashion, 1959). Estimates of the potential yield of
selected oil shale zones 15 feet or more thick in the
140 square mile area of the Eeserve, range from 800
million barrels for parts of the deposits yielding 30
gallons of oil per ton, to 3.8 billion barrels for partsof the deposits yielding 15 gallons per ton. A regional study of the geology and oil shale resources ofa 1,900 square mile area in the eastern part of the
Uinta Basin, Utah, indicates a similar general decrease in the thickness of the oil shale zones from thecenter of the basin toward its south and east flanks.
Similar facies changes have also been found by J. E.
Donnell in the Green Eiver formation in a 1,400
square mile area of the Piceance Creek Basin, western
Colorado. The oil shale deposits there are about
2,000 feet thick in the central part of the basin, andthey thin and intertongue with sandstone facies along
the northeast and southwest flanks of the basin. Continuing studies of subsurface data from the same area
by D. C. Duncan indicate that a large but incompletely
outlined area in north central part of the Basin contains a sequence of oil shale more than 100 feet thick,with an oil content of 25 gallons or more per ton.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLORATION AND MAPPINGTECHNIQUESIn connection with its work on mineral deposits,
the Geological Survey does considerable research on
the development of new methods and tools for geochemical, botanical, and geophysical exploration. Because geologic mapping constitutes a large part of its
activity, the Survey also experiments with new methods of mapping and preparing maps for publication.
Some of the new developments in these fields are described in the following sections. Eeference to others
will be found in the list of publications on p.
A107-A127.
GEOCHE1HCAL AND BOTANICAL EXPLORATION

Since 1946 the Geological Survey has been investigating geochemical methods on the premise that diagnostic chemical patterns exist in the rocks, soils, water,and vegetation in the vicinity of concealed mineraldeposits. A major goal of the Survey's work has been
to develop rapid methods of chemical analysis suitablefor detecting traces of various metals in the field.
Some of the methods now available for field determination of metals in soil and rock are listed on the following page. New analytical and prospecting techniques are discussed in subsequent paragraphs.
New analytical techniques

A resin-collection technique has been developed byCanney and Hawkins (Art. 43) for concentrating theionic constituents of natural waters at the sample site.
Its advantages include (a) a much lower limit of detection (fractions of 1 part per billion) than can beobtained with most direct analytical methods, and (b)EXPLORATION AND MAPPING TECHNIQUES

elimination of the shipment and storage of bulky
samples and of possible losses of trace metals fromsolution prior to analysis.
Sensitivity (in parts per million) of field methods for determinationof metals in soil and rock
Element

Antimony. __Arsenic. ____
Bismuth,Chromium. _Cobalt- ---Copper. -__GermaniumManganese..Mercury__-_Molybdenum.
Nickel _ _--Niobium____Selenium
Titanium _.
TungstenUranium_
Vanadium.
Zinc_-._--

Methodrhodamine-B___--- _____________
mercuric chloride_-_--____---_-diethyldithiocarbamate_ _________(oxidation to chromate).-_._____
2-nitroso- 1-naphthol _-__--______
2,2'-biquinoline_ _______________
phenylfluorone _________________
dithizone_ _____________________(oxidation to permanganate) _____
dithizone._____________________
potassium thiocyanate__________
a-furildioxime__ _ _______________
potassium thiocyanate __________(reduction to elemental selenium) _4,5-dihydroxyfluorescein (gallein)_tiron_ __-_-__-__---_-____-__-_potassium thiocyanate __________
potassium f errocyanide._________
phosphoric acid & sodium
tungstate.
dithizone_ ____-______-__---____

Sensitieity
(ppm)

1
10
5
100
10
10
4
20
50
1
1
10
100
50
10
150
20
4
50
20

Molybdenum is particularly useful as an indicatorin geochemical prospecting because it is associatedwith many base metal ores, is readily oxidized during
weathering, and in the oxidized form is soluble inwaters of widely differing pH. To make better use ofmolybdenum as an indicator of other metals, a method
has been devised that can determine as little as a few
tenths of a part per billion of molybdenum in water(Nakagawa and Ward, 1960). In this method, themolybdenum is first collected by a resin, leached, andthen determined as the amber-colored molybdenum
thiocyanate.
To facilitate botanical prospecting for volatile elements, such as antimony, mercury, and arsenic, F. N.
Ward lias devised methods for determining traces ofthese elements in vegetation. Using the reaction ofberyllium with morin, he has also developed a modified
fluorometric procedure for determining 1 to 10 ppm
of beryllium in rocks.
Plastic artificial standards have been developed toreplace cumbersome and often unstable liquid standards in field tests for a variety of elements (Hawkins
and others, 1959).

A15

place in streams from enrichments that are related toore-forming processes. Field studies in Maine by
F. C. Canney suggest that many of the false anomalies,at least in glaciated areas, are caused by the scavenging
action of the black manganese oxides that coat thepebbles and boulders in many stream courses. Surprisingly large quantities of some trace metals havebeen found concentrated in these coatings. This
scavenging action is being investigated to see if it canbe utilized in geochemical surveys.
Chemical analysis of igneous rocks has shown thatmuch of the ore metals in stocks associated with ore
deposits was introduced into the rocks and affixed tothe surface of dark minerals without inducing any
recognizable alteration; a large part can be removed
by dilute acids. The content of metals is directly
related to the abundance of the metals in the ore deposits themselves (Griffitts and Nakagawa, Art. 45).
A high content of copper and zinc in igneous rocks
may mark hypogene dispersion halos that extend several miles from centers of mineralization, and thesehalos may be used in the search for such centers.
Roach (Art. 50) finds that the thermoluminescence ofthe host rocks decreases and the porosity increases
with distance away from the base-metal replacement
deposits in the Eagle Mine, Gilman, Colo. If further
work shows that these relations occur in other districts, they will clearly be helpful in the search foe
ore deposits.
A prospecting tool that offers considerable promiseof being effective in the Basin and Range province iscomparison of the metal content of caliche on pediments with that of the alluvium (Erickson and Marranzino, Art. 47).
APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE GEOLOGY TO
EXPLORATION

Investigations of the isotopic compositions of lead,
oxygen, and sulfur in minerals are leading to conclusions and concepts that bear directly on problems oforigin, age, size, and position of ore deposits. Other
isotope investigations, bearing less directly on these
problems, deal with hydrogen (see p. A68) and the"emanation" isotopes (radon, thoron, actinon) (for example, Tanner, Art. 51), and with age determination(p. A69) by the K/Ar, Rb/Sr, and Pb/U methods.

Prospecting techniques

Isotope geology of leadIn reconnaissance of large areas by geochemical
methods based on chemical analysis of the fine-grained
fraction of stream sediments, it is usually difficult todistinguish enrichments of metal that are now taking

An analysis of all available lead-isotope data has
been completed by R. S. Cannon, A. P. Pierce, J. C.
Antweiler, and K. L. Buck (Cannon and others, 1959).
In terms of Pb206, Pb207 , and Pb208, about 75 percent

A16

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

of all measured compositions fall within the boundsof an evolution curve predicted from an assumed
primordial composition of lead, together with the estimated contributions of radiogenic Pb206, Pb207, andPb208 from breakdown of uranium and thorium. Except for the highly anomalous "J-type," the composition of lead from major base-metal districts is strikingly concordant with the predicted values so muchso that if the ore in a mineral prospect contains leadof divergent composition, there is little probability
that the prospect is in a major deposit. There is a
close correspondence between leads from ore deposits
and those from rocks, which may mean that many, if
not most, ore deposits are formed by concentration ofelements from sources within the crust, rather thanfrom a deeper-seated source. The data also show,
when analyzed for "model" ages, distinct groupingsthat suggest major metallogenic epochs at 3,000 m.y.
(million years), 1,500-2,000 m.y., and 0-500 m.y. The"J-type" leads, most of which are from deposits inthe central United States, have highly anomalous compositions, very different from those of leads fromotherwise similar deposits of the Mississippi Valley
type on other continents, as if the "J-type" leads
owed their composition to some provincial phenomenon, as yet unidentified. Uraniferous districts, suchas Blind River, Ontario, and the Colorado Plateau,
are characterized by leads enriched in Pb206 and Pb207,
a fact that could serve to guide prospecting for uranium in undeveloped areas.3
Oxygen isotopes in ore and gangue minerals

ured. Examples of temperatures estimated from thesemeasurements are as follows:
Iron River, Michigan ________________ 80°C
Balmat, N.Y. (post-ore supergene
mineralization) __________________ 110°C
Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho ___________ 200°C
Iron Mountain, Missouri ______________ 3400<C
Iron Springs, Utah _________________ 700°C

Data from the Lake Superior region, though incomplete, suggest that the iron oxides of the main ore
bodies were formed from solutions isotopically similar
to present-day fresh water.
T. S. Levering, J. H. McCarthy, Jr., and H. W.
Lakin are working on a method for indirect determination of oxygen isotopes in carbonate rocks. The
oxygen is released from the carbonate by reaction
with phosphoric acid, and, as carbon dioxide, isreacted with hydrogen gas to produce water. The
density of the water, which is a function of the O18/
O16 ratio, is then measured by the rate at which it falls
through a liquid of nearly the same density. With theapparatus now developed, standardized waters differing in density by one part in four million can be
distinguished. It is hoped that the "falling drop"
technique will ultimately afford a rapid and inexpensive means of obtaining oxygen isotope data on carbonate rocks, so as to facilitate the search for hydrothermal zoning patterns such as those that surroundthe ore deposits in the Leadville limestone.4
GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

A geologic thermometer that may be of great range
and precision, has been tentatively established by R. N.
Clayton (of the University of Chicago and the U.S.
Geological Survey) and H. L. James. It uses the
Qi8/Qi« ratios of iron oxides, calcite, and quartz, andis based on the following considerations: (a) the experimentally determined isotopic equilibrium in thesystem CaCO3-H2O; (b) the relative isotopic fractionation between calcite and quartz, as determined bymeasurements of equilibrium pairs from natural environments; and (c) the assumption, based on measurements of materials from many geological environments, that magnetite and hematite undergo little if
any isotopic fractionation relative to the solutions
from which they are deposited. The isotopic compositions of magnetite-specularite-calcite-quartz assemblages from a number of districts have been meas-

A significant development in the use of geophysics
by the Geological Survey during recent years has been
the trend towards studying large areas rather than
individual features or anomalies. The immediate objective of these regional studies is generally to aid in
mapping geology in areas of poor exposures, where
mapping by the older methods is difficult, or to determine the depth or configuration of basement rocks or
deeply buried magnetic masses. Although the direct
search for ore bodies has received less emphasis, it islikely that a study of the geophysical and geologicalframework to which anomalies must be referred will
ultimately result in easier and more certain geophysical exploration for ore bodies.
Information on the development and application of
aeromagnetic, radiometric, electrical, and gravity
methods follows. New data on the physical propertiesof rocks, some of which may be useful in exploration,
are described on page A56.

3 Cannon, R. S., Stieff, L. R., and Stern, T. W., 1958, Radiogenic
lead in nonradioactive minerals A clue in the search for uranium
and thorium: U.N. Internat. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic
Energy, 2d, Geneva, 1958, Proc., v. 2, p. 215-223.

4Bngel, A. E. J., Clayton, R. N., and Epstein, S., 1958, Variationsin isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in Leadville limestone(Mississippian of Colorado) and in its hydrothermal and metamorphic
phases: Jour. Geology, v. 66, p. 3T4-393.

EXPLORATION AND MAPPING TECHNIQUES

Aeromagnetic methods

The greatest advances in exploration geophysics inrecent years have been made in the application of
aeromagnetic methods to geologic mapping problems.
Practical methods have been developed for calculating
second derivatives, and for the upward or downward
continuation of magnetic field measurements, and programs have been prepared by Koland Henderson(1960) for making these calculations on high-speed
computers; tedious computations, therefore, are nolonger a deterrent to the quantitative interpretationof magnetic maps. Magnetic field patterns about
prismatic models of geologic structures with a wide
variety of dimensions have been determined experimentally and analytically, and catalogs of the results
have been compiled. Three-dimensional polar chartsfor calculating the magnetic effects of a rock mass ofarbitrary shape have been developed (Henderson, Art.
52). These interpretation aids have combined to makepossible a highly quantitative evaluation of manymagnetic field maps.
Magnetic methods can be used for tracing relief andstructure in rocks that differ widely in magnetic susceptibility (see Arts. 54, 79, 85, 88, 95, 102,114, and 158
for discussions of recent fieldwork). Where the magnetic contrasts arise from differences in the magnetic
properties of basement rocks, the thickness of sedimentary cover over the basement can be calculated with anerror of only 10 to 15 percent. Recent drilling andseismic surveys at three places in Indiana have confirmed the predictions of depth to Precambrian basement rocks made by Zietz and others and recorded on acontour map of the Precambrian surface in Professional
Paper 316-B, published in 1958. As this map was prepared almost wholly on the basis of aeromagnetic data,
the new information strengthens confidence in depth
determinations made by these methods. Magnetic
methods can also be used to trace structure in layeredrocks in which magnetic contrasts exist, and were, infact, used to a large extent in making the recently published geologic map of the Iron River-Crystal Falls
district of Michigan (James and others, 1960). The
application of magnetic methods for this purpose has
been extended by the development of a graphical method that makes it possible to determine the dip of aburied geologic structure when the depth to the top of
the structure is known (Andreasen and Zietz, Art. 107).
Aerial radioactivity surveys

Recent studies indicate that aerial radioactivity surveys will be a valuable aid in mapping areas of poor
exposures and low relief in which the rocks differ
moderately in their content of radioactive minerals

A17(Moxham, 1960; Guillou and Schmidt, Art. 55). It
has been found that felsic rocks and shales are generally more radioactive than mafic and carbonate
rocks. Some of the results of recent field measurements are described on pages A29, A31-A33, and A42.
Electrical methods

Electromagnetic methods and galvanic-electric techniques have been used on a limited scale in Minnesota,
Wisconsin, and Maine to determine the structure ofmetamorphic rocks under alluvial or glacial cover(Frischknecht and Ekren, Art. 56; Anderson, Art.
57). Continuous conductive zones, whose conductivity
is probably caused by the presence of a few percent ofgraphite or carbon, are common in metamorphosed
shales and slates, and serve as horizon markers inmapping. In Maine, galvanic-electric methods formeasuring resistivity and induced polarization havealso shown promise for mapping resistant horizon
markers.
C. J. Zablocki has applied an induction logging
technique to the measurement of magnetic susceptibility in diamond-drill holes. Susceptibility logs havebeen run during the past two years in about forty drill
holes penetrating magnetite ores in the Lake Superior
region, southeastern Missouri, and California. The
susceptibilities measured in the holes agreed closelywith those calculated from magnetite content. Susceptibility logs generally give a better picture ofmagnetic distribution than core assays, which must
be averaged over several feet of sample.
G. V. Keller has shown that induced electricalpolarization is of considerable value in the search for
low-grade metallic ores that are not sufficiently concentrated to cause any magnetic, gravity, or electricalconductivity anomaly (see also p. A56). In favorable
circumstances, such as those existing in the copper deposits in the Nonesuch shale at White Pine, Michigan,
and in the disseminated copper deposits of southern
Arizona, induced electrical polarization measurements
may be used not only to locate ore bodies but also toestimate their grade. Keller has also developed a system for measuring induced electric polarization continuously by lowering a probe in a drill hole. Thismethod uses an electrode array similar to that normally used in resistivity logging. Current is applied
to the electrodes in short pulses, and the transient
voltages between pulses are averaged and recorded.
The method has been used for logging drill holes inseveral districts, including the native copper districtof northern Michigan, the southern Arizona porphyry
copper district, and the eastern Tennessee zinc district.
It is useful in determining whether or not ores in a

A18

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OP GEOLOGIC RESULTS

particular district may be located by surface inducedpolarization surveys.
Gravity methods

High-speed electronic computers are also being usedin calculating the otherwise time-consuming terrain
corrections required in gravity surveys (Kane, Art.
59). Gravity measurements are effectively used todetermine the depths and configurations of intermontane basins filled with low-density sediments (for example Mabey, 1960), and Davis, Jackson, and Richter(Art. 60) have also used them to delineate areas favorable for the occurrence of chromite in Camagiiey
Province, Cuba. The accuracy required to measure
the small gravity differences that are significant inchromite exploration is attained by using gravimetersthat have low scale constants and by frequently checking instrumental drift.
GEOLOGIC MAPPINGThe most important advances in geologic mapping
techniques have come in the fields of photogrammetry,photogeology, and map drafting. Most Geological
Survey research in photogrammetry is done by the
Topographic Division and is not discussed here, except to say that the Topographic Division's orthophotoscope has now been brought to a high level of development. Orthophotographs (photographs having auniform scale as contrasted to the conventional aerial
photographs) produced with this instrument are proving to be a fine base for geologic mapping in areas
where topographic maps are not available, and they
will undoubtedly be used extensively in the future.
Photogeology

Inspection of stereoscopically paired aerial photographs, supplemented by techniques that permit quantitative measurement of relief and of the dip of inclined strata, has been used widely in recent years forreconnaissance geologic mapping. Photogeologic mapping, carefully controlled by field work, is also coming
into wider use as a time-saving supplement to field
methods in the preparation of standard, all purpose
geologic maps. The detail and accuracy with whichgeometric measurements can be made from aerial
photos also make photogeologic methods especially
useful in research on certain quantitative geomorphic
problems, such as the density, length, and orientationof drainage features in different types of terrane (Rayand Fischer, 1960).
Spectrophotometric research on photos shows thatthe tonal difference between various rock types can beemphasized by using selected parts of the spectrum intaking aerial photographs (Fischer, Art. 61). This

result can be obtained also by rephotographing color
photographs through selected filters that emphasize
specific lithologic features. Quantitative measurements of photographic tone, determined either fromoptical density of the negative or light reflectance froma paper print, also may be useful in identifying andevaluating lithologic and geomorphic features.
Although color aerial photographs cannot yet beused in simple plotting systems, Minard (1960) has
found them a valuable tool in mapping poorly exposed
formations in the coastal plain in New Jersey.
Scribing techniques

The drafting of geologic maps, especially for rapid
field compilation and preliminary publication, hasbeen greatly facilitated by the development of scribing
techniques work in which the map-making agenciesof the Federal government, including the Topographic
Division of the Survey, played a leading role. In
these techniques, lines are engraved on coated transparent but actinically opaque (that is opaque to lightwaves that affect photographic film) dimensionallystable materials. Scribing offers several advantages
over pen and ink drafting for the geologist: it is fasterand neater; the lines made by the scribing tool are ofuniform width; the line placements are more accurate
because the lines need not be redrafted by an illustrator for preliminary publication; corrections can beeasily made by applying acetate ink or some othermaterial that can be rescribed; and a preliminary map
on which geologic boundaries and symbols have been
scribed by the geologist in the field can be publishedwith minimum delay. Materials and instruments usedin scribing can now be obtained from many commercial distributors of drafting supplies.
GEOLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELDS OFENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

A few decades ago, the science of geology was usedmainly in the search for deposits of usable minerals,
but today it is also used to help solve a wide variety
of problems related to engineering works, public
safety, and public health. Any good geologic map at
a scale of a mile to the inch or larger contains information that can be used in selecting, planning, anddesigning sites for engineering structures or in evaluating the hazards that natural features offer various
kinds of human activities. The geologic mapping
undertaken by the Survey thus yields much information of present or future value to engineering. The
Survey also conducts many investigations to help solve
specific problems met in connection with construction,
damage caused by earthquakes, landslides or related

GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

phenomena, underground testing of nuclear explosives,
radioactive waste disposal, and other problems in thefield of public health. Eesults of these studies aredescribed in the following sections.
CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS

Most of the Survey's work on construction problems
is intended to provide information that will aid in
the design or construction of a specific highway, airport, dam, or other features. Some of these activities
are described here as examples of the use made ofgeology in construction projects.
Damsite location and sewage system construction

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Reuben Kachadoorian investigated a proposed damsite
at Devil Canyon, approximately 125 miles north ofAnchorage, Alaska, where the Susitna River flows
through a gorge about 600 feet deep and 1,200 feetwide. The foundation of the proposed damsite consists of phyllite cut by numerous steeply dipping
shear zones that cross the river approximately normal
to its course. The proposed spillway site, locatedabout 1,000 feet south of the river, is a V-shaped
valley, originally about 85 feet deep, but now filled
by outwash overlain by a thin veneer of morainal
debris deposited by an advancing glacier. As a result of the study, the proposed damsite was moved
100 feet upstream from its original location to avoid
a large shear zone and the spillway site was also
relocated to reduce excavation costs.
In the Puget Sound area, Washington, which includes Seattle and several nearby communities, geologic information developed by H. H. Waldron, D. R.
Mullineaux, D. R. Crandell, and L. M. Gard should
significantly reduce the cost of constructing a major
sewage disposal system. For example, these geologists found that a certain landslide area contains akame of sand and gravel, and advised that the kame
be trenched instead of tunneled as originally planned.
Metro engineers estimate that trenching would cost
between $100,000 and $200,000 less than tunnelling.
The geologists also warned that the valley floor deposits of the Cedar River probably contain "shoestring" channel gravels, which might cause heavyflows of water where the trenches intersected them.
Since it would be virtually impossible to outline all
the gravel-filled channels in advance, the engineers
have tentatively decided to spend less than they had
intended on exploratory drilling, and to write specifications that allow for additional payment for any
channel gravels intersected by the trenches.

A19

Highway and bridge construction

As a part of a cooperative project with the Massachusetts Department of Public Works, the Survey
provides geologic information about the sites of proposed road cuts. Two examples are typical. The firstwas connected with plans for a cut 100 feet deep alongroute 495 in Haverhill. From surface mapping andseismic exploration, C. R. Tuttle and R. N. Oldale
found that this cut would be entirely in a drumlin.
Seismic velocities and previous experience indicatedthat the material to be removed was a tough, compact
till, difficult to excavate, and also that it contained
a large proportion of silt, so that after excavation
it would be subject to massive solifluction. Several
borings were therefore recommended to enable the engineers to design the slope for maximum stability andminimum maintenance. In the second example a60-foot cut was proposed for a segment of Route 138
in Fall River. A housing development rested at the
top of the planned slope. Preliminary seismic traverses showed that the proposed slope would intersect
two layers of material that differed in composition
and were likely to have different engineering characteristics. Drive sample and core borings were madein order to identify the materials in these layers, andthus to obtain information that would be useful indesigning a retaining wall. These studies, made incollaboration with the highway engineers, showed thatthe upper layer contained weathered carbonaceous tographitic phyllite that would readily slide, so theengineers recommended a gravity wall with a shear
key and a benched slope above the wall.
Detailed geologic studies by Reuben Kachadoorianand Clyde Wahrhaftig, made at the request of the
Bureau of Public Roads, have shown that it is feasible to construct a highway through Nenana Gorge inCentral Alaska where numerous landslide areas exist,
and have led to several recommendations that would
protect both the proposed highway and the present
grade of the Alaska Railroad. As an example, one
recommendation relates to the construction of a bridge
across the Nenana River at Moody, Alaska. The westbank of the gorge is underlain by highly fractured
and sheared Birch Creek schist, locally overlain bylake clay beds that are highly susceptible to landsliding. Geologic mapping revealed the presence ofa large block of relatively unfractured schist suitable
for the support of a bridge foundation and so situatedas to be in minimum danger from landslides in theadjacent clay beds.
Emergency aircraft landing sites

For 5 years W. E. Davies, G. E. Stoertz, and J. H.
Hartshorn have been helping the Air Force Cambridge

A20

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Research Center locate natural emergency landingsites for heavy cargo aircraft in the north polar regions. More than 50 sites suitable for the safe landing of the largest aircraft have been identified and2 of the sites have been tested by aircraft landings.
Sites selected for testing are on soils ranging fromhard packed clay to gravel. The unique combinationof the arid climate and permafrost gives rise to an
active thaw zone at the surface which, unlike mostactive zones, has low moisture content and great bearing strength. Where such soils are on flat outwash
plains, flood plains, former lake or lagoon bottoms,
and on river terraces they form natural runways that
require very little preparation for use by heavy aircraft.
Problems related to permafrost or frost heaving

Mapping of the general distribution of permafrost
in Alaska, coupled with other geologic studies, hasdelineated numerous areas in which highway, bridge,
or damsite construction and related activity either
will not affect the permafrost or where, when thawed,
permafrost will not cause destruction or damage tothe structure.
A direct contribution to engineering has been madeby a study of the frost heaving of piles (Pewe andPaige, 1959). Many of the wooden pile bridges on
the Alaska Railroad are displaced every year by frost
heaving, as are many other structures set on piles.
Geologic studies of the several factors that influence
frost action led to the discovery of better methods
for placing piles. It was shown, for example, thatpiles firmly anchored in permafrost are rarely displaced by frost heave. Moreover, the practice ofsteam-thawing the holes made for piles delays refreezing and permits seasonal frost action. In someplaces it was found necessary to insulate the pilefootings to inhibit formation of ice. Some of theprinciples used in these studies will be applicable toconstruction work in other parts of the United States
where frost penetration is deep.
At the request of the Alaska Railroad the Survey
examined the foundations of Riley Creek Bridge, near
McKinley Park Station, Alaska, to learn the causeof horizontal and vertical movements of the bridgepiers. R. Kachadoorian and A. H. Lachenbruch foundthat the movement was due to the formation of ice
lenses beneath the piers as a result of the dissipationof heat more rapidly from the exposed parts of thepiers than through the ground surrounding them.
They recommended insulating the exposed lateral surfaces of the piers a relatively inexpensive solution
to the problem.

Analysis of thermal measurements made under buildings and roadways shows that the minimum thicknessof gravel fill necessary to maintain a perenniallyfrozen sub-grade is strongly influenced by the thermal
properties of the sub-grade. Except under favorable
conditions, the amount of material required to preserve permafrost by a single layer of fill is too great
for practical use. A theory developed for periodic
heat flow in a three-layer medium showed that a thinlayer of material with relatively low contact coefficient,such as logs or pumice, placed between the fill andsubgrade, would greatly reduce the amount of fill required (Lachenbruch, 1959c).
In a cooperative study with the Bureau of Public
Roads near Glennallen, Alaska, Green, Lachenbruch,and Brewer (Art. 63) have found that settlement andheaving of roads built on permafrost is caused by thechange in the natural heat exchange brought about by
the road surface itself. The road surface increases
the seasonal range of temperature and hence increases
the seasonal depth of thaw. Subsidence results wherewater from the thawed ground can drain off, andheaving occurs where water, trapped in basins beneaththe roadway, refreezes.
Problems related to erosion

C. A. Kaye is studying the geologic factors that
influence the pattern, rate, and mechanics of sea-cliff
erosion in New England for the purpose of predicting
erosion and recommending control measures. He findsthat at Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., thecliffs of Pleistocene, Tertiary, and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are receding 1 to 5 feet a year, largely
by landsliding; but cliffs of compact till at Long
Island in Boston Harbor recede only a few inches a
year; and in hard gabbro along a tidal channel atNahant, Mass., the rate of abrasion appears to be
only a few thousandths of an inch per year.
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS BELATED TO BOCKFAILUREThe failure of rocks when they are stressed, either
naturally or artificially, beyond their elastic limit
results in a wide variety of phenomena that affect engineering works and other human activities. Thesephenomena include such things as coal bumps (thebursting of coal seams, part of whose lateral support
has been removed in mining), landslides, and earthquakes that result from failure of large segments ofthe earth's crust. Studies of these phenomena thatare directly concerned with engineering problems
are described here. Results of investigations of rockdeformation that have more general application are
described on pages A57-A58.

GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Coal "bumps"

The response of coal and adjacent strata to stresses
induced by mining is being studied by Osterwald andBrodsky (Art. 64), in cooperation with the U.S.
Bureau of Mines, in the Book Cliffs coal fields ofeast-central Utah. Surface and underground mappingat the Sunnyside No. 1 mine has shown that the orientation, relative to the direction of an adit, of thedominant sets of fractures that existed prior to mining determines whether "bumps" are frequent but nonviolent or infrequent and violent. This concept isnow being applied in actual mining operations.
Deformation of rocks by nuclear explosions

Surface and underground cracks, faults, and crushedzones produced in bedded volcanic tuff of the Oak
Spring formation by conventional as well as nuclear
explosives at the Nevada Test Site are being studiedin cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission
to determine their relation to lithology and original
structures. The effects of conventional and of nuclear
explosives cannot be directly compared at small distances from the charge centers because the volume
and mass of ordinary explosives and of their gaseous
products are much greater than those of nuclear explosives that liberate an equivalent amount of energy.
Farther out, the effects are more easily compared,
and in some respects they are similar in kind: forboth types the extent of fracturing is assymetric; thestrongest displacements commonly follow pre-existing
bedding planes, joint systems, and faults; and thearrangement of soft and hard tuff beds affects thetransmission of seismic energy (McKeown and Dickey,
Art. 190). The maximum radial distance from tne
explosion chambers of fractures in tuffs of the Oak
Spring formation scales empirically as the 0.4 powerof the energy yield in tons of the explosion for both
nuclear and high-explosive tests (Wilmarth and McKeown, Art. 191).
Earthquakes and earthquake-triggered landslides

Mass movement, earthquakes, and subsidence areoften unrelated to one another, but in some circumstances they are casually related. Such a relation is
strikingly demonstrated by the earthquake that occurred on August 17, 1959, Hebgen Lake, Mont. (Witkind, 1959), which triggered the Madison Canyon
landslide a rockfall avalanche involving some 35
million cubic yards of schist, gneiss, and dolomite(Hadley, 1959a). During this earthquake, an area
27 miles long and 14 miles wide subsided detectably. The maximum subsidence was 19 feet anda tract of about 50 square miles dropped more than
10 feet (W. B. Myers, written communication, 1960).
557328 0-60-3

A21

There was almost no elevation above previous levels.
The changes of altitude of bench marks as determinedby releveling, the tilting of lake shores, and theformation of new fault scarps appear to define a broadbasin that plunges gently eastward across the Madison
Valley and Madison Kange to Hebgen Lake. The
subsidence and tilting terminate abruptly northeast
of Hebgen Lake, against fault scarps up to 20 feethigh, most of which follow faults upon which displacement had occurred earlier in Quaternary time.
The two major scarps are on faults controlled by theattitude of bedding in Paleozoic rocks, so the surface
fault pattern does not directly indicate the pattern ofdeep deformation.
The rockfall avalanche that occurred at Frank,
Alberta, in 1903 was a similar response to earthquake
movements, and recent mapping shows that otherrockfall avalanches took place in prehistoric times inthe seismically active Northern Rockies. For example,
M. R. Mudge has found a rockfall avalanche along.the front of the Sawtooth Range in northwestern
Montana that involved about 800 million cubic yardsof rock. Betty Skipp has found a smaller one in the
Maudlow quadrangle, Montana, and W. G. Pierce has
identified the natural dam of Deep Lake, Montana,
as a rock avalanche that filled the canyon there to aheight of about 800 feet.
Giant waves that have repeatedly devastated theshores of Lituya Bay, Alaska, have been found by
D. J. Miller (1960a, 1960b) to have been caused byearthquake-triggered rockfall avalanches. Such anavalanche plunged into deep water at the head of thisT-shaped tidal inlet on July 9, 1958, generating agravity wave that swept 7 miles to the mouth of thebay, at a speed of about 100 miles per hour. Trees on
the shore of the bay were removed up to a sharp
trimline over a total area of 4 square miles and to a
maximum height of 1,720 feet, about 4 times greaterthan the height of any wave swash previously reported. Other trimlines record the heights of earlier
waves of this kind: one in 1936 reached 490 feet, one
about 1874 at least 80 feet, and one in 1853 or 1854,
395 feet. The frequent occurrence of slides causing
giant waves in Lituya Bay is attributed to the combined effect of recently glaciated steep slopes, highly
fractured rocks and deep water in the active fault
zone at the head of the bay, heavy rainfall, and frequent freezing and thawing. In view of the destructive capacity of these waves and of similar landslidegenerated waves in other parts of the world that havebeen tabulated (Miller, 1960a), it is necessary to consider this potential hazard in any future use of Lituya

A22

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Bay or other lakes and bays that adjoin steep, unstable slopes in seismically active areas.
Other landslides and mudflows

In the San Francisco South quadrangle, Bonilla(Art. 66) has mapped and analyzed the origin oflandslides as a sample of those that occur in the California Coast Ranges. He finds that 13 of the 16
types recognized in the classification of the Highway
Research Board are present in this area; debris slides
and earthflows are most numerous, but complex landslides have affected a greater area. More than onethird of the slides have occurred on slopes of 20° to25°, and about one-sixth on slopes of about 40°.
A preliminary map prepared by McGill (1959) shows
all the known active and inactive landslides in the
Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles, where slides
have caused considerable damage to houses and interruption of traffic along the Pacific Coast Highway.
In the Puget Sound Basin in Washington, D. R.
Crandell and others have recognized many previously
unidentified volcanic mudflows of Miocene, Pleistocene,
and Recent age; one of these, the 60-mile long Osceolamudflow, was previously regarded as a mass of glacial
till. In southwestern Colorado, Crandell and D. J.
Varnes have found that the Slumgullion earth flow,which is about 5 miles long, is 700 years old, and thatits upper half is still active and moving at a maximum
rate of 17 to 19 feet per year.
SELECTION OF SITES EOR, NUCLEAR, TESTS ANDEVALUATION OE EEEECTS OE UNDERGROUNDNUCLEAR, EXPLOSIONS

Sites for underground nuclear explosions have been
selected by the Atomic Energy Commission partly on
the basis of studies by the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the Geological Survey (Eckel
and others, 1959; Pewe and others, 1959; Kachadoorian, 1960). These studies have involved geologic
mapping and the collecting of relevant facts about
the rocks surrounding the point of explosion (Keller,
Art. 183). They have also dealt with such problems
as containment of the explosions, distribution of theseismic energy liberated by them (Byerly and others,
1960; Diment, Stewart, and Roller, Art. 70), and theextent to which they contaminated water resources(Clebsch and others, 1959). The Survey has also
made numerous special studies of the geologic andhydrologic effects of contained underground detonations of both nuclear and conventional explosives.
Some of the results of these studies are summarized
here.

Project Chariot

Project Chariot, which is a part of the Atomic
Energy Commission's Plowshare Program, is a proposed experiment to determine whether harbors canbe excavated by means of nuclear explosives. The
Chariot site, on the northwest coast of Alaska near
the mouth of Ogotoruk Creek (Kachadoorian andothers, 1959 and 1960), was selected by the Commission after it had considered other possible sites (Pewe,
Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959). Geologic mappingand other studies undertaken to plan the experimentand evaluate its affects show that the rocks of the
Ogotoruk Creek area are folded and slightly metamorphosed sandstone, limestone, chert, argillite, mudstone, siltstone, and graywacke of Early Mississippian(Campbell, Art. 156) to Cretaceous age. The material
to be excavated is largely mudstone, siltstone, andsandstone of the Tiglukpuk formation of Late Jurassic age.
Permafrost in the vicinity of the site extends 800 to
1,200 feet below the surface, and all material to be
excavated is in the permafrost zone. The moisture
content of the rock is estimated to be about 10 percent.
Seismic refraction measurements indicate velocities
from 11,500 to 14,500 fps, averaging about 13,500 fps.
There may be a layer between the depths of 1,000 to
1,750 feet in which the velocity is higher.
The beach at the Chariot site is in a steady-state
condition. During ice-free periods the beach sediments
are normally transported southeastward along theshore at the rate of about five cubic yards an hour.
During heavy storms, however, the rate may exceed
1,000 cubic yards an hour, so that jetties may be required to protect the harbor channel from the material
moved during storms.
Unconsolidated material at the site contains shallow
aquifers, which during the summer depend uponrecharge from surface water. Deep aquifers that receive water from distant sources are present at the site.
The volume of suspended sediment that will be
carried into the harbor by Ogotoruk Creek is verysmall compared with the size of the proposed excavation. During the winter season (mid-October to midMay) Ogotoruk Creek is frozen and its flow is negligible.
Project Gnome

Project Gnome, also part of the Plowshare Program,is a proposed experiment to determine whether thermal energy and valuable isotopes can be recoveredfrom a nuclear explosion completely contained withina homogeneous salt medium. The explosion will be
set off near Carlsbad, Eddy County, N. Mex., 1,200
feet below the surface, in thick salt beds of the Salado

GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

formation. Surface and subsurface geologic mappingand other studies made to plan and evaluate this experiment show that in the vicinity of the Gnome site,
gravel, sand, and silt of Quaternary age overlie evaporites, sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and redbeds ofTriassic and late Permian age (Vine, 1960b). The
Permian evaporite sequence consists, in ascending order, of the Castile, Salado, and Rustler formations(Moore, 1959a; C. L. Jones, 1960; Baltz, 1960). No
water is known to be moving through the salt of the
Salado formation, but there are extensive aquifers,
some of which contain brine, in the Salado and Rustler
residuum, in the Rustler formation, in the Triassic
rocks, and in the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits(Hale and Clebsch, 1959).
Early in 1959 three scaling shots, using 190, 760,
and 6,250 pounds of high explosive, were detonatedat the Gnome site 1,200 feet below the surface toprovide data for calculating motion at various distances from a 9 kiloton (KT) explosion (Roller andothers, 1959). The seismic waves generated from thesetests and from six routine mine blasts in the Duval
Sulphur and Potash Company mine were recorded at
the surface at distances of 0.45, 1.8, 3.9, and 9.7 miles
from ground zero. Byerly and others (1960) havecalculated from these data that the particle displacement, velocity, and acceleration produced in the potashmines near Carlsbad by a 9 KT explosion of TNT at
the Gnome site a distance of 46,000 feet from thenearest potash mine would not exceed:
Displacement _________ 0.1 -0.2 cm
Velocity ____________ 1.5 -3.0 cm per sec at 2 cps
2.5 -5.0 cm per sec at 4 cps
Acceleration_______ 0.02-0.04 g at 2 cps
0.06-0.12 g at 4 cps

These motions are less than those recorded at a
distance of 90 feet from a routine 75-pound dynamite
blast in a potash mine.
Nevada Test Site

The Nevada Test Site is the continental testing facility of the Atomic Energy Commission where performance of nuclear explosives has been studied during
past test operations and where experimental nuclear
reactors are being studied. The Geological Survey
advises the Commission on three essential points
selection of sites for contained underground tests,
seismic effects both on and off the test site (Diment,
Stewart, and Roller, Art. 70), and ground-water contamination problems (Clebsch and others, 1959). In
carrying out these responsibilities, extensive surface
and underground geologic mapping (Wilmarth and
McKeown, Art. 191), geophysical surveys (Diment,
Healey, and Roller, Art. 69), and hydrologic studies

A23

have been conducted both before and after explosions,and have been correlated with numerous measurementsof chemical, petrographic, mineralogic, and physicalproperties (Wilmarth, Botinelly, and Wilcox, Art. 67).
All contained underground tests of conventional andnuclear explosives have been in the bedded volcanic
tuff of the Oak Spring formation, which is several
thousand feet thick, relatively uniform, and easily
tunneled (Keller, Art. 183). The Rainier undergroundnuclear explosion was equivalent to 1.7 KT of conventional explosives, and was at a depth of 900 feetbelow the surface. The explosion formed a breccia
zone 140 feet in diameter in the horizontal plane.
The breccia contains radioactive glass, angular to
subrounded phenocrysts, and xenoliths 0.3 to 3 feetacross in a fine-grained matrix of comminuted tuff.
The matrix is characterized by an abundance ofhairline fractures, which generally do not cross thephenocrysts or xenoliths, thus indicating that mostof the deformation was taken up by the soft matrix.
The glass and the radioactivity are mostly confinedto the breccia zone, and gamma radiation surveys ofthe drill holes and mapping in the exploratory tunnel
driven after the explosions have shown that they arevery irregularly distributed (Bunker, Diment, andWilmarth, Art. 68). Most of the radioactivity isseveral tens of feet below and to the northwest of thepoint of detonation.
Fracturing both in the Rainier tunnel and on thesurface, and spalling in the tunnel were observed atconsiderable distances outside the breccia zo^e. The
tunnel collapsed to a distance of 200 feet from the
explosion chamber. Severe spalling occurred in thetunnel at distances of 200 to 400 feet, and several new
fractures were produced at distances as great as 1,100
feet. Four inches of movement were observed on apre-existing fault 1,400 feet from the explosion. The
only surface effects were small fractures, largely alongpre-explosion joints, and rock falls along the steep
topographic scarp beneath which the explosion wasdetonated (Wilmarth and McKeown, Art. 191).
As a result of the Rainier explosion, the rocks adjacent to the chamber were brecciated. Their porosity
increased about 30 percent, and their permeability
increased an undetermined amount, while the percentage of water saturation decreased about 30 percent,the acoustic velocity about 70 percent, and the compressive strength more than 50 percent. The decreasein water saturation is approximately equal to the increase in porosity, which suggests that little water was
driven out by the explosion. The rocks surrounding
the breccia zone, out to about 110 feet from the explosion, are highly fractured and have low compressive

A24

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

strength, low dilatational velocities, and high permeability.
The hydrologic effects of the Eainier, Logan, andBlanca underground nuclear explosions are due tochanges in rock characteristics that directly or indirectly control (a) volume of water in storage, (b)rate and direction of ground-water movement, and (c)chemical and radiochemical equilibrium between therock and its contained water. The radius of effect issmall compared to the probable extent of the perchedwater zones below each explosion. Water samples
from the zone affected by the Logan explosion, together with leaching experiments on slightly radioactive rock from near the Eainier explosion, indicatethat some radioisotopes are taken into solution bypercolating ground water. Movement of contamination from the nuclear explosions would probably beretarded by a slow rate of groundwater movement, lowsolubility of the explosion-produced glass containing
most of the radioisotopes, and ion exchange of radioisotopes between ground water and rocks.
The position and movement of ground water may
be partly controlled by the configuration of the buried
Paleozoic bedrock surface under Yucca Valley, where
the water table is about 1,500 feet below the surface(Diment, Healey, and Eoller, 1959). Gravity andseismic data indicate that the alluvium and tuff overlying the bedrock are thickest in a narrow northtrending trough in the eastern part of Yucca Valley,
and that they are there more than 3,500 feet thick. A
series of gravity highs, bordering the trough on thewest, together with refraction seismic measurements,
indicate a buried bedrock ridge whose top is locallywithin 100 feet of the surface, and two drill holes haveconfirmed this.
Gravity, seismic, and magnetic surveys have helped
define the configuration of the buried Paleozoic bedrock surface under Yucca Valley. This surface may
partly control the position and movement of groundwater (Diment, Healey, and Eoller, 1959).
RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL INVESTIGATIONSStudies by the Geologic Division bearing on the disposal of radioactive wastes deal with the physicalchemistry of ion exchange, specific sorption of strontium or cesium by certain minerals, and ion exchange
and other properties of soils and rocks near reactor
sites. In addition, wells or drill holes at radioactive
waste disposal sites are being studied by gamma-ray
logging techniques. Geologic information is being
compiled on sedimentary basins that might be suitablefor underground storage of radioactive liquids. Other

investigations of waste disposal are being undertakenby the Water Eesources Division of the Geological Survey, but these are not reported here.
Geochemical studies

The ion-exchange (or scavenging) properties of
crandallite (CaAl3 (PO4 )2(OH) 5H2O) with respect tostrontium were investigated by Irving May during
the past year. Strontium solutions "spiked" withradioactive Sr89 were passed through columns ofcrandallite and crandallite-sand mixtures, to determine
the effects of Sr concentration, pH, temperature of theinfluent solution, and the texture (mixture with sand)of the column packing. Crandallite was found to sorb
strontium fairly readily from solutions more basic
than pH 5.
Studies of the ion-exchange characteristics of American and South African vermiculites made by C. R.
Naeser and Marian Schnepfe (Art. 71) show that vermiculite sorbs cesium and holds it firmly at pH values
above 3. This reaction is reversed when pH values
are less than 1. Aluminum causes virtually no interference in sodium-saturated vermiculite at pH 12.6.
Hydrogen forms of montmorillonite were titrated
with NaOH as a part of a general study by Dorothy
Carroll and A. M. Pommer (Arts. 198 and 199) of themechanisms of ion exchange. The potentiometrictitrations gave strong evidence that the ions are placedin the octahedral and tetrahedral positions of thelayered structures. Similar studies were extended to"illite," kaolinite, halloysite, and NH4-saturated vermiculite.
Information on ion exchange and related characteristics of the soils and near-surface bed rocks of the
Oak Eidge, Tennessee area, compiled by Dorothy
Carroll, indicate that the ion-exchange capacities ofsoils derived from the limestones, shales, and sandstones of Cambrian and Ordovician age range from
3 to 15 meq per 100 g, and those of the rocks fromwhich the soils were derived from 5 to 28 meq per
100 g. Most of the ion-exchange capacity of thesesoils is due to vermiculite, "illite," and kaolinite.
Clarence S. Eoss has identified the cause of localization of a radioactive material in Bandelier rhyolite
tuff of Smith (1937) that had been treated with liquid
waste. He found by a combined petrographic, autoradiographic technique that the small areas of higher
radioactivity were not in the original constituents ofthe tuff but in materials that had been picked up by
the tuffs. Fragments of these alien materials had been
oxidized and limonite had formed within or aroundthem.

GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Sedimentary basin studies

Storage or disposal of radioactive wastes at depth
in salt deposits and permeable beds in deep sedimentary basins is considered potentially feasible.
In the San Juan Basin, according to C. A. Repenning (1959), there are four types of reservoir rocks
that might be used for storage of wastes: gypsum,limestone, shale, and sandstone. Gypsum appears to
be most useful for disposal of sintered waste. Limestone could be suitable for storage of liquid waste, but
may prove to be leaky. Shale, in which reservoirs
could be constructed by hydraulic fracturing or deepseated explosions, would be relatively leak-proof.
Sandstone would have the advantage in respect toheat control.
As a result of an analysis of the geology of the Central Valley of California, Repenning concludes thatthe eastern side, as far south as Fresno, appears to be
the most promising area for the selection of a wastedisposal site. South of the Stockton arch, sandstone
beds tongue out westward into impermeable shaleunits; in some places along the eastern side of thevalley they are warped upward and are truncated andsealed by younger shale. North of the arch the westward-thinning sandstone tongues are less abundantand have not been warped and truncated. A study ofhydrologic conditions might reveal places where eastward migration would be slow enough to stay withinsafe limits.
Geophysical studies

Carl Bunker, using newly modified and calibrated
instruments, has made gamma-ray logs of drill holes
at the Nevada Test Site before and after injection ofradioisotopes. His results show little horizontal orlateral leakage of the injected radioisotopes into thesurrounding rock from a specially designed and installed tile field. The radioactivity was too weak toenable him to make gamma-ray spectral measurementsof the waste.
Two models of pressure apparatus have been built
by E. C. Robertson and R. Raspet to test cylindricalrock samples under biaxial loading by applying pressure hydrostatically to the sides but not the ends of thesample. Biaxial tests show the actual, higher strengthand elasticity of rock in place and give more uniform
numerical results than the more commonly used uniaxial tests. They thus help to measure the physicalproperties of host rocks for radioactive wastedisposal
in natural environments properties that determine,for example, the host rock's ability to confine wastes
under the elevated pressures and temperatures thatmay develop after injection of radioactive materials.

A25

MEASUREMENT OF BACKGROUND RADIATION

Owing to the increased use of nuclear power andprocessing facilities, and to the proposed use of nuclear energy for harbor construction and other experimental purposes, it has become necessary as aprecautionary measure to determine the natural background radioactivity in the many areas. In July,
1958 the Geological Survey, on behalf of the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, began a nationwide program of aerial radiological monitoring surveys(ARMS). The purpose of the program is to obtaindata for appraising changes in environmental levelsof radiation brought about by nuclear testing programs, by operation of reactors and other nuclear facilities, and by radiation accidents. Most of the
ARMS work has consisted of surveying the area
extending about 50 miles outward from the center ofseveral reactor and major production facilities. Between July 1958 and January 1960 about 96,000 traverse miles were flown, surveying about 110,000 square
miles in 11 areas in the United States. Some of theresults of ARMS surveys that are of interest in areal
geology are described on pages A29, A31-A33, and A42.
DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS AS BELATED TOHEALTH

Although medical researchers have long been studying the physiological effects of a few elements in thegeologic environment iodine, selenium, and fluorine,for example the work done hitherto in this generalfield has not been extensive, and few geologic studies
have been undertaken for the specific purpose ofanalyzing such problems. One such study, however,was begun in 1956 in Washington County, Maryland,on behalf of the National Cancer Institute, which, incooperation with the Washington County Health Department, is making an intensive study to relate environmental conditions to incidence of cancer. The
geologic part of this study consisted of aerial andground radioactivity surveys to measure gamma-radiation intensities emitted by various rocks, and of botanical and geochemical studies to learn whether thesoils and plants contain excesses or deficiencies of
elements that might be related to the incidence ofcancer. These surveys show relatively small but distinct local differences in radiation intensity that canbe correlated with the geology, and an unusual distribution of elements that appears to be related to soil
type. Some soils, for example, apparently contain
unusually large amounts of titanium, chromium, andlead, and unusually small amounts of iron, zinc, andbarium. Nitrates, also, are highly concentrated in

A26

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

some of the ground water and vegetation. The significance of these findings with respect to cancer
incidence is being assessed by the National Cancer
Institute.
During the past year, Fleischer and Eobinson summarized for the U.S. Public Health Service the available data on the geochemistry of fluorine. Of special
interest is a map they have prepared showing the
maximum reported fluorine content of ground waterin each county of the United States. These range
from less than 0.1 to 38 ppm. Waters containing
more than 1.5 ppm F are generally considered tocause mottling of teeth; such waters occur in morethan half the counties of the United States. Eecent
work by H. A. Powers suggests that in many westernand central States there is a connection between highfluorine waters and the distribution of volcanic ash,which averages about 1100 ppm F.
Attention should be called to the fact that extensive
data on the chemical composition of rocks, minerals,
and waters are already available and could serve as
the basis for other studies of the physiologic effects
or hazards of the distribution of elements.
Aluminum, sodium, and manganese are among theelements most susceptible to neutron-induced radioactivity resulting from use of nuclear weapons ordevices. At the request of the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Burns (Art. 73), has examined means ofpredicting geographic variations in the content ofthese elements in rocks when direct sampling is impracticable. As a first step, he has defined the range
in the content of aluminum, sodium, and manganese
in several groups of common rocks. The results indicate that the aluminum and sodium content of rocksof igneous origin can be predicted from simple lithologic descriptions with at least 80 percent probabilityof correctness within a factor of 2. Predictions of
the manganese content of these rocks, and of thesodium and aluminum of rocks of sedimentary origin,would be of intermediate reliability. Predictions ofmanganese in rocks of sedimentary origin would have
only a low degree of reliability at least 70 percent
probability of correctness within a factor of 5.
An interesting by-product of one of the Survey's
investigations came as the result of Frank Senftle's
development of a sensitive device to measure magnetic
susceptibility in rocks (see p. A56). Using this instrument, he has made magnetic measurements on
cancerous tissue specimens for the National Cancer
Institute. Two rats of the same species were selected
for the experiments. A cancer was induced in oneof the animals and was allowed to grow for aboutfour weeks. Before the cancer was allowed to affectthe normal activity of this animal, the livers of bothanimals were removed, together with some of thecancerous tissue. These materials were then immediately quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen to prevent decayof the cells. Magnetic measurements were then madeat liquid-nitrogen temperatures to preserve the samples throughout the measuring period and also toenhance, if possible, their magnetic susceptibility. The
liver from the cancerous rat showed a definite ferromagnetic effect, while that from the normal rat showed
none. The cancerous tissue itself, however, is nonferromagnetic and is more diamagnetic than thehealthy tissue, which seems to indicate a depletionof iron.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The field studies described in the preceding pages
are undertaken to solve known problems of economic
importance, but most of the Geologic Division's fieldwork has the broader purpose of defining the composition, structure, history, and origin of the rocks
that compose the earth's crust in the United States.
It is these studies that often provide the first clue tothe location of new mineral districts, that make itpossible to search intelligently for concealed deposits
and appraise the potential mineral resources of various parts of the country, and that provide backgroundinformation useful in choosing construction and testsites and in planning new highways and other engineering works.
The chief method used by the Survey to achievethese objectives is geologic mapping, mostly on scalesof 1:24,000, 1:62,500, and 1:250,000. Eegional geophysical, geochemical, stratigraphic, and paleontologic
studies, however, also play an important part. Someof the important results obtained during fiscal 1960
in this program are described in the following pages
for the country as a whole and for its major regions(see fig. 1).
SYNTHESIS OF GEOLOGIC DATA ON MAPS OF LARGEREGIONS

Utilizing information generously furnished by
State surveys, private companies, and universities aswell as its own data, the Geological Survey compiles
and publishes several kinds of maps on a national or
larger scale. It also collaborates with scientific societies in preparing, and sometimes publishing, maps ofthis type. Several such maps, described below, reachedadvanced stages of compilation or were completed
during the year. Others in progress include:
1. Geologic map of North America, scale 1:5,000,000. This map is being compiled by a committee of

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESA27

FIGURE 1. Index map of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, showing the boundaries of regions referred to on
pages A28-A44.

the Geological Society of America, E, N. Goddard, completed. It was prepared as a joint undertaking by
University of Michigan, Chairman.
the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and2. Basement rock map of North America from 20° the Geological Survey under the direction of G. V.
to 60° N. latitude, scale 1:5,000,000. This map is be- Cohee and replaces the tectonic map published by theing compiled by a committee of the American Asso- Association in 1944. Two examples will suggest theciation of Petroleum Geologists, P. T. Flawn, Uni- scope of advances since the previous version. Strucversity of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Chair- ture in thousands of square miles in the Pacific Coastman.
states, the Great Basin, the Lake Superior region, and3. Coal fields of the United States, by James Trum- northern New England that, for lack of information,bull. Scale 1:5,000,000.
had to be omitted or sketched diagrammatically in
4. Mineral distribution maps, scale 1:2,500,000. 1944, is now reasonably well portrayed. Buried strucCompiled, under the direction of P. W. Guild and tures in such areas as the Colorado Plateau, the MidT. P. Thayer, for 34 metals and industrial minerals. Continent region, and the Appalachian basin, which
5. Paleotectonic maps of the Pennsylvanian system, in 1944 had to be contoured piecemeal and on as manyby E. D. McKee and others.
as four datum surfaces, are each now contoured on a
6. Absolute gravity map of the United States, scale
single datum.
1:2,500,000. This map is being compiled by the American Geophysical Union Committee for Geophysical Paleotectonic maps of the Triassic and Permian systems
and Geological Study of the Continents, G. P. WoolThe long-term program for preparing paleotectonic
lard, University of Wisconsin, Chairman.
maps of each of the systems has been underway since
Tectonic map of the United States
1953. The first folio, on the Jurassic system, was pubA new tectonic map of the United States, exclusive lished in 1956. The second, on the Triassic, was isof Alaska and Hawaii, on a scale 1:2,500,000 is nearly sued in 1960 (McKee and others); a few of the con-

A28

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

elusions from this study may be mentioned to indicate
its scope.
In Early Triassic time a miogeosyncline extended
from southern California through the eastern GreatBasin into western Wyoming. East of the miogeosyncline, normal marine shelf deposits are well represented; evidence for a eugeosyncline west of the miogeosyncline is lacking. During Middle and Late
Triassic time, on the other hand, a eugeosyncline became established in the Cordilleran region; the area
bordering the major marine depositional trough on
the east was uplifted, and numerous elliptical basins
were filled with continental sediments of Late Triassic
age. In eastern United States several large structural troughs developed.
Maps and text for the Permian system were completed by E. D. McKee and others in 1960 and are
now in review. Major tectonic elements evident fromthis study include a prominent eugeosyncline in thewestern Cordillera during much of Permian time. An
adjacent miogeosyncline on the east was separated
from the eugeosyncline by a narrow belt of intermittently positive areas in central Nevada and northern
Idaho; ocean currents flowing southward along themiogeosynclinal belt furnished upwelling cold waters
along its eastern margin from which were deposited
phosphorite, chert, and carbonate in western Wyoming and adjacent states. Much of the Western Interior during Permian time, from the Dakotas to Texas,
was a relatively stable shelf on which warm marine
to supersaline waters deposited red beds, extensive
carbonate beds, and, in isolated basins, thick evaporite
sequences. The southernmost part of the shelf, however, passed abruptly into deep marine basins andembayments in Texas and New Mexico; thick biostromal and reef limestones were deposited along themargins of these basins. The shelf was bordered on
the east and north by broad, low to moderately highpositive areas. The moderately high ancestral Rocky
Mountains and Uncompaghre Uplift were active inColorado and shed coarse detritus. Along the southern margin of the country, tectonic activity of theOuachita erogenic belt, greatest during Pennsylvanian time, continued into early Permian time and contributed to the thick detrital sequence present in the
Val Verde trough. In the eastern United States only
lowest Permian rocks are now preserved in the Dunkard basin, where drainage was to the northeast,
rather than to the west as it had been in Pennsylvanian time.
Epigenetic uranium deposits in the United States

Three maps, on a scale of 1:5,000,000 have been
published recently showing the distribution of epigene-tic uranium deposits in relation to a) continental sedimentary rocks, b) pre-Late Cretaceous crystalline
rocks, and c) Late Cretaceous and younger igneousrocks (Finch and others, 1959; see also p. All).
NEW ENGLAND AND EASTERN NEW YORK

Major geologic mapping programs are underway incooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,and the States of Rhode Island, and Connecticut, andfield studies related to investigations of mineral deposits
are in progress in Maine, Vermont, and eastern New
York. Some of the findings of these studies that contribute to knowledge of the regional geology are described below (see p. A6 for information on talc, andasbestos deposits and p. A67 for information on regional metamorphism).
Regional geologic mapping

A geologic map of north-central Vermont compiled
by W. M. Cady covers an area of about 1,800 square
miles that straddles the axis of the north-trending
Green Mountain anticlinorium, and includes the zoneof lateral transition from rocks of carbonate-quartzite assemblage, in the Cambrian of the Champlain
Valley, to metamorphic rocks originally of graywackeshale assemblage, in the Cambrian in and east of theGreen Mountains.
A. J. Boucot and others (1960) have compiled amap of an area of 12,000 square miles in northernMaine. This map includes the Moose River synclinorium and shows the distribution of rocks of Cambrian through Devonian age; it includes a compilation of aeromagnetic surveys.
P. M. Hanshaw and P. R. Barnett (Art. 76) havefound that volcanic units in the Triassic of Connecticut contain more boron than do the intrusive rocks
and that their chromium and nickel contents are useful in identifying individual basalts in mapping.
Stratigraphic and lithofacies studies in Vermont and Maine

Cady (1960), collaborating with P. H. Osberg of
the University of Maine, has made a Stratigraphic
correlation between the unmetamorphosed rocks of themiogeosynclinal zone west of the Green Mountains
and the metamorphosed rocks in the eugeosynclinal
zone farther east on the basis of a few distinctive
lithologic units in the graywacke-shale assemblage(Cady, 1960, p. 548).
The Stratigraphic succession in northern Maine has
been established chiefly through the studies of A. J.
Boucot in and near the Moose River synclinorium,
which contains about 10,000 feet of upper Lower
Devonian strata, chiefly dark sandstone and slate withsubordinate amounts of rhyolite. These are underlain

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

on the flanks of the synclinorium by ancient erosional
remnants of Cambrian through lower Lower Devonian
formations. The Cambrian and Ordovician rocks arechiefly slate and graywacke but are interbedded withvolcanic rocks of various kinds and unknown' thickness. Some of the granitic rocks in this area are also
Ordovician (Neuman, Art. 74). The Silurian andlowest Devonian rocks, which are as much as 4,000
feet thick, consist of calcareous sandstone and siltstone, arkose and arkosic conglomerate, and limestone
and limestone conglomerate. Kocks west and southwest of Jackman, along the international boundary,that had previously been assigned to the Cambrianor Ordovician or both, have been found by A. L.
Albee to rest on an unconformity that is older than
Late Silurian age. These rocks are intruded by intrusive rhyolitic rocks of Early Devonian age and by
granitic rocks that are younger than Early Devonian.
Tectonic studies in Connecticut and Vermont

C. E. Fritts has found a fault contact along thewestern boundary of the Triassic rocks of the Connecticut Valley, where an east-dipping "pre-Triassic
peneplain" was mapped by W. M. Davis. The relief
on the "pre-Triassic" surface is as much as 1,000 feetin a horizontal distance of 1 mile, which supports thegrowing belief that Davis' interpretation was incorrect.
Restored sections constructed transverse to the beltof early and middle Paleozoic rocks of the Appalachian geosyncline in northern Vermont show eastward offlap of both the graywacke-shale assemblage
and volcanic rocks. The western margin of the longitudinal zone of greatest mobility (eugeosynclinalzone) must therefore have moved eastward across thegeosyncline (Cady, 1960, p. 557, pi. 2). This inference is confirmed by the ultramafic rocks, which areof Ordovician age in the western part of the geosynclinal belt, but which include some younger thanOrdovician in the eastern part.

A29

discovered by aeromagnetic surveys), New Hampshire,
and northern Maine.
In Maine, the aeromagnetic data are a valuable aid
in geologic mapping, for the major geologic units
there have different magnetic properties. For example the magnetic susceptibility of argillite, slate,and sandstone is usually negligible; that of granite,rhyolite, and pyrrhotitic slate is usually less than
1X10-3 cgs; and that of diorite, diabase, greenstone,
gabbro, and serpentine is generally greater than
1X10-3 cgs (Allingham, Art. 54). Electromagnetic
methods are also being used in Maine for mapping
structure in areas that contain conductive shales (generally graphitic or pyritic) (Frischknecht and Ekren,
Art. 56).
Ages of intrusions in the northern Appalachians

Potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium age studies by H. Faul in cooperation with a number of othergeologists indicate that there were at least six distinct
cycles of intrusion (or metamorphism) in the northern Appalachians, tentatively dated as follows:
Millions ofyears ago
460 Represented in Maine by a single body of gabbro south of
Katahdin.
400 Recorded in the granites of the Chiputneticook Lakes, theCalais area, Mt. Desert Island and Vinalhaven.
360 Encountered in a widespread network of samples from
New England, Nova Scotia and the mid-Atlantic states.
310 Represented by still fragmentary data from the New
Hampshire magma series and the pegmatites of southern
Vermont and New Hampshire.
260 Connecticut pegmatites.
190 White Mountain magma series.

If the episodic character of these events in the northern Appalachians can be clearly established and correlated, the information should increase understandingof the tectonic history of the eastern margins of theNorth American continent.
THE APPALACHIANS

Geophysical surveys

Aerial radiological surveys in southern New England and adjacent parts of New York show a goodcorrelation between radioactivity and bedrock geology. According to Peter Popenoe, the highest radioactivity was recorded over the Hudson Highlands in
New York, the Hartland formation south of Waterbury, Connecticut, granitic gneisses in Connecticut andRhode Island, and the cores of gneiss-capped domesin Connecticut.
Much aeromagnetic mapping has been done in the
Adirondack Mountains of New York (where, according to J. R. Balsley, seven iron ore deposits have been

Geologic work in the Appalachian region is in progress in several areas in the Valley and Ridge, Blue
Ridge, and Piedmont provinces. Salient results ofcurrent studies are as follows:
Stratigraphic and geomorphic studies in the Valley andRidge province

The surface of unconformity that separates Lower
and Middle Ordovician rocks in southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee has been found by Harris (Art. 83) to have as much as 170 feet of relief.
Studies in progress by Helmuth Wedow, Jr., in the
Tennessee zinc districts suggest that solution chan-A30

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

nels below this unconformity are controlled by preMiddle Ordovician structures and that the unconformity is one of minor discordance.
Englund and Smith have found that Lower Pennsylvanian strata in the basal beds of the Lee formation and Upper Mississippian beds of the Pennington
formation intertongue in eastern Kentucky and southwestern Virginia. This suggests that the faunas of
Late Mississippian age (Chester) and the floras of
Early Pennsylvanian age (Pottsville) overlap and arepartial time equivalents. Similar intertonguing ofUpper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian strata
has been found in the Anthracite region of eastern
Pennsylvania.
Hack and Young (1959) have demonstrated thatthe intrenched meanders of the North Fork of theShenandoah River are caused by strong planar andprismatic structures in the Martinsburg shale thatfavor northwest-southeast differential erosion. Thesemeanders indicate long-continued deep erosion in theValley and Ridge province instead of the multiple
erosion cycles widely assumed heretofore (see also p.
A55).

deep considerably less than previously thought(Zietz and Gray, Art. 78).
Aeromagnetic anomalies in southwestern Virginia
and eastern Tennessee indicate that depth to basement
increases southeastward and averages about 17,000
feet (King and Zietz, Art. 88).
Geologic mapping in North and South Carolina

Overstreet and Bell (Art. 87) have found a belt of
low-rank metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks extending across South Carolina into Georgia that isprobably equivalent to the Kings Mountain belt farther northeast. They also found several small granite
plutons of uncertain age in the eastern Piedmont,
where earlier maps showed batholiths elongated northeastward. Similar granite bodies have been found in
the Concord quadrangle of North Carolina by geologic mapping (Bell, Art. 84), supported by aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric surveying (Johnson andBates, Art. 85). Within this quadrangle is a large
circular intrusion which was formerly thought to be aring-dike but has now been found to consist at thesurface of two disconnected masses of syenite thatpartly enclose a mass of gabbroic rocks. Overstreet
Structural studies in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
and Bell (Art. 87) have discovered other similar cirStructural studies in the valley of the Delaware cular and ring-shaped intrusions of syenite(?) andRiver of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania by gabbro in western South Carolina. Two distinct peDrake and others (Art. 80) show that at many locali- riods of mineralization have been recognized in theties Paleozoic rocks are separated from Precambrian Concord area (Bell, Art. 84): the earlier one, assorocks by decollements.
ciated with the granite plutons, deposited chiefly gold,
Arndt and Wood (Art. 81) have recognized five tungsten and base metals, and the later one, related tostructural stages in the Appalachian orogeny in the the syenite-gabbro complex, chiefly zinc.
Anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania. They inIn the so-called "slate belt" of the North Carolina
fer from the southeastward increase in structural com- Piedmont, A. A. Stromquist, who is mapping theplexity of the Valley and Ridge province that the Denton quadrangle, and J. F. Conley of the North
orogeny progressed northwestwardly across the region. Carolina Division of Mineral Resources, who is mapIf this is true, the Appalachian orogeny probably was ping the adjacent Albermarle quadrangle, have forprogressive elsewhere, for structural complexity in- the first time established a stratigraphic sequence forcreases southeastward throughout the Valley and the "volcanic slates" (Stromquist and Conley, 1959).
Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces.
A major unconformity separates an upper volcanic
unit from an underlying more folded volcanic andGeologic results of aeromagnetic surveys
sedimentary unit of higher metamorphic grade.
Aeromagnetic surveys made in cooperation with the
In the Grandfather Mountain area of North CaroPennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey have lina, detailed quadrangle mapping by Bryant andtraced local magnetic facies in the metamorphic and Reed (1959) shows this area to be a window in an
igneous rocks of the Piedmont between outcrops, un- overriding plate of crystalline rocks. The window
der heavy soil, under less magnetic metamorphic rocks, exposes not only the basement rocks, but also theand under Cambrian, Ordovician, and Triassic sedi- Chilhowee group of Early Cambrian and Cambrian (?)
mentary rocks. In the vicinity of Allentown, Penn- age, and the Ocoee group, of Precambrian age. Lesylvania, the magnetic data indicate that the Precam- sure's (1959) studies west of this area indicate thatbrian rocks exposed at some localities do not extend to the mica pegmatites of the Spruce Pine district weregreat depth (Bromery, 1959). Near Buckingham, emplaced before the thrusting. East of the window
about 25 miles southeast of Allentown, the magnetic Reed and Bryant (Art. 86) have found a belt of retrodata show that the Triassic basin is only 7,000 feet gressively metamorphosed rocks along a topographic

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

lineament in line with the Brevard belt of low-grade
metasediments to the southwest. The lineament appears to mark a major fault of undetermined nature,
which separates the rocks of the Inner Piedmont fromthose of the Blue Ridge.
ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN

Because the bedrock of the Atlantic Coastal Plainis poorly exposed, geophysical methods are especially
useful there, and most of the new information on thegeology of the Coastal Plain stems from their use.
Results that add to our understanding of the geologyof the coastal plain are described below. Information
on clay and phosphate deposits is given on page AT.
Interpretation of aeromagnetic measurements on the Atlantic
Continental shelf and in Florida

A31

neath the Gulf Coastal Plain to within 60 miles ofthe subsurface extension of the Appalachian system
in Mississippi, where the two systems also appear to
be discordant. Depth estimates from Florida aeromagnetic data suggest that faulting may be a factor
in the profound downwarp and accumulation of sediments in the southern province. The zone of intrusive rocks inferred from the magnetic map checks
well with the location of the area of crystalline rocks
previously delineated by P. L. Applin on the basis ofwell samples.
Aerial radiological surveys

Aerial radioactivity measurements, made on behalf of
the Atomic Energy Commission within a radius of
50 miles of several nuclear facilities to provide a datum
to which changes in background radioactivity can becompared, show a good correlation with the local geology. For example, preliminary study of the radioactivity over Long Island, which ranges from 500 to
700 counts per second, indicates a difference of about
100 counts per second in the radioactivity of different
glacial units. In the Fort Belvoir area, in Maryland
and Virginia, highs and lows on radiation profiles
over Cretaceous strata correspond to the location ofoutcrop bands of marine and nonmarine sediments,
respectively; both are less radioactive than the Piedmont rocks. In the Georgia-South Carolina area, also
(Schmidt, 1959; Guillou and Schmidt, Art. 55), thecoastal plain sediments are less radioactive than therocks of the Piedmont, and the Cretaceous and Eocene rocks, which are apparently derived in part fromnearby granite and gneiss, are more radioactive than
the younger coastal plain strata. Flood-plains ofstreams heading in the Piedmont and older coastal
plain formations are more radioactive than those of
streams that drain areas underlain by post-Eocene
sediments.

Aeromagnetic profiles over the continental shelf andcontinental slope between Bermuda and the east coastof North America, flown in cooperation with the Office of Naval Research, and a set of six 400-mile profiles southeast of Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, show
a prominent and more or less continuous magnetic
anomaly of 300 to 500 gammas parallel to the outeredge of the continental shelf (King and others, 1960).
Large gravity anomalies of comparable width havebeen observed in the same area by the Lament Geological Observatory, but these can be accounted for bycrustal thinning and may be only indirectly related
to the magnetic anomaly. A basement ridge also
parallels the outer edge of the continental shelf, according to Lamont seismic data, but calculations showthat the basement rocks must have a higher-thanaverage susceptibility to produce a magnetic anomaly of the observed size from topography alone.
Therefore the anomaly may be at least partly the expression of a mass or series of masses of more magnetic rock, perhaps intrusives, along the outer edge ofthe continental shelf. Estimates of depth to basement
made from aeromagnetic data at selected points on the Paleontologic and stratigraphic studies
profiles agree well with depths previously found fromIn Florida and Georgia Schopf (1959b) has exseismic measurements.
tracted a rich assemblage of small microfossils fromA regional magnetic map of Florida recently com- well samples of dark fissile shales of Ordovician andpiled by King (1959a) indicates that, beneath the Silurian age. They include chitinozoans, hystrichossedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain, Florida is phaerids, and numerous sporelike forms, some of which
divided into two tectonic provinces, separated by a may represent chitinous envelopes of testacean protozone of intrusive rocks. The northern province, in zoans. Pyrite and abundant carbonaceous material
the northeastern part of the State, has well-defined indicate an environment of restricted circulation, andnortheasterly magnetic trends parallel to those of the the microf aunal assemblage probably represents a sarAppalachian system, whereas the southern province is gassoid biocoenosis.
characterized by northwesterly trends. The southern
An exhaustive report on Cenozoic echinoids of theprovince appears to be a continuation of the Ouachita eastern United States by Cooke (1959) describes 144
system, which has been traced by other means be- species within 60 genera. Nearly all the species are

A32

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

restricted to single time units, and hence form good
horizon markers.
Fossils indicate that the late Oligocene sea was coolin South Carolina (Malde, 1959a), whereas it was ofa tropical nature in central Georgia (E. R. Applin,Art. 90).
In New York, the landward but non-outcroppingedge of a previously unknown glauconitic formation
has been recognized by Ruth Todd and N. M. Perimutter from shallow wells along the barrier beach on
the south side of Long Island. Foraminifera in thisunit seem to be related to Cretaceous assemblages
known in the New Jersey Coastal Plain and in thewalls of a submarine canyon at the outer edge ofGeorges Bank, east of Cape Cod. In New Jersey
progressive changes in strike of successively younger
formations, together with other evidence, indicate thatdifferential uplift and subsidence of the Coastal Plain
took place during much of its history (Minard andOwens, Art. 82).
Altschuler and Young (Art. 89) have concluded
that the sand mantle in the higher area of eastern
Hillsborough and western Polk Counties, Florida, isprincipally a residual sand plain formed by lateritic
weathering of the Pliocene Bone Valley formation,rather than a succession of Pleistocene marine terraces.
EASTERN PLATEAUS
Interpretation of geophysical surveys

The Eastern Plateaus are underlain by nearly flatlying Paleozoic rocks, which are gently folded in the
Cincinnati and Nashville domes, the Allegheny synclinorium, and the Eastern Interior Basin.
Geophysical studies in this region have thrown muchlight on regional geologic structure and on the composition of basement rocks. Interpretation of aeromagnetic profiles (King and Zietz, Art. 88) shows thatthe wedge of sediments east of the Cincinnati arch is
8,000 to 10,000 feet thick in eastern Kentucky andTennessee and thickens northeastward to more than
17,000 feet in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New
York. In the region as a whole the magnetic anomalies generally trend northeastward, approximately
parallel to Appalachian structures. The anomaly pattern indicates sharp contrasts in the crystalline basement rocks, and in some areas it appears possible todefine characteristics of the Precambrian basement.
Near the axis of the Cincinnati arch, for example,
where the Paleozoic rocks are thin, the magnetic data
indicate the presence of about 15,000 feet of sedimentary rocks, probably in large part Precambrian.
Aerial radiological monitoring in the vicinity of
nuclear facilities, undertaken on behalf of the Atomic

Energy Commission, shows a well-defined radioactivity anomaly parallel to the Pine Mountain fault in
the Cumberland Plateau; the general radioactivity
ranges from 300 to 800 cps. Elsewhere on the plateau
radioactivity units are less distinct. Used in conjunction with aeromagnetic measurements, these data may
aid in the interpretation of bedrock geology.
Geologic mapping in western Kentucky

Mapping in the fluorspar district of western Kentucky by R. D. Trace has delineated several previously unmapped faults of the northeast-trending fault
system, which controls the fluorspar deposition.
Movement along these faults appears to have been
vertical, for they do not offset older dikes. By detailed
study of drill logs, it has been found that the total
thickness of the Osage series and the Warsaw, Salem,
and Saint Louis formations is 1,500 feet, and that theformations in the Chester series are more uniform inthickness and lithology than previously thought.
Much of the reported variation was due to mistakes incorrelation across unrecognized small faults.
Stratigraphy of Upper Devonian rocks in western New York

Detailed mapping and correlation of key beds inthe cyclically deposited Upper Devonian rocks inwestern New York show that the redefined Genesee
formation is an eastward-coarsening wedge of marine
rocks which thicken from 9y2 feet of dark shale andthin-bedded $&/Z^?Zm#-bearing limestone at Lake Erie
to more than 900 feet of intercalated sandstone, siltstone, and black and gray shale near Ithaca (de Wittand Colton, 1959b). The Genesee thickens mostabruptly in the 30 miles between Penn Yan and
Ithaca, where the Sherburne flagstone member and the
Ithaca member tongue in from the east. Previous
workers failed to recognize the extent of the tongues
west of Ithaca and miscorrelated the Ithaca member
with younger rocks in the Sonyea formation. Conodont studies by Hass (1959) suggest that the Geneseo
shale member, the basal black shale facies of theGenesee formation, is predominantly Middle Devonianin age, and that the boundary between the Middle andUpper Devonian rocks in the Finger Lakes district isnear the base of the Orbiculiodea lodiensis zone about
10 feet below the top of the Geneseo. Correlation ofmany of the members of the Genesee formation was
corroborated by Hass' condont studies.
Quaternary geology in Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley

Reconnaissance mapping of the Quaternary geology and soils of the Elmira, New York-Williamsport,
Pennsylvania area by C. S. Denny in company withW. H. Lyford, soil scientist with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, has shown that the soils on Wis-

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

consin drift do not show the effects of deep weathering and that differences in them are related primarily to lithologic differences in the drift. Drift of
pre-Wisconsin age, however, is strongly weathered todepths of more than 30 feet, and supports Red Yellow Podzolic soils, which are not found on adjacent
weakly weathered Wisconsin drift or on Recent colluvium. The weathered drift contains considerably
more kaolinite than the unweathered drift, from which
it also differs in containing a little gibbsite. Colluvial deposits within the area underlain by Wisconsin drift are thicker and more extensive south of theValley Heads moraine than north of it, suggestingthat many of these deposits were formed not later
than the building of this moraine. Evidently theerosive processes that form volluvium have not beenas active in post-Valley Heads time as they were in
early Wisconsin time.
Four Quaternary loess deposits have been mapped
along the Ohio River between its mouth and Louisville, Kentucky (Ray, Art. 92). The oldest, of Kansan age, is overlain by the Loveland loess, of Illinoianage; the two younger are of Wisconsin age. Each wasderived from glacial drift deposited about Louisville,and each in turn was the source of alluviation downstream. Remnants of terraces formed during the lasttwo periods of aggradation can still be observed along
the valley. Petrographic studies of loess formationin the Ohio Valley by P. D. Blackmon confirm earlier findings that stratigraphic correlations can bemade by size analysis and clay mineral composition.
SHIELD ABEA AND UPPEB MISSISSIPPI VALLEY

Results of recent geophysical, geologic, and geochronologic studies in the Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley are described in the following paragraphs. Additional information on zinc-lead and irondeposits is given on pages Al and A2.
Remanent magnetization in the Lake Superior region

Geophysical studies by Gordon Bath in northern
Minnesota, done in cooperation with the Minnesota
Geological Survey, and in adjacent parts of Wisconsin have explained many unusual and unexpected magnetic anomalies. Contrary to previous theory, theamplitude of the anomalies is not entirely controlled
by the induced magnetization of the magnetite in therocks. For example, a strong remanent magnetization is required to explain the magnetic anomaly over
the Keweenawan lava flows (Art. 93). In addition,
there are strong lows over magnetite-rich formationsof the East Mesabi district and pronounced highs overmagnetite-poor formations of the Vermilion district,

A33

which indicate that the rocks show the effects of demagnetization and remanent magnetization, as well asof the induced magnetization of the magnetite. The
basic igneous rocks of the Duluth gabbro yield magnetic lows explainable only by a remanent magnetization at right angles to the induced magnetization.
Interpretation of geophysical data in central Wisconsin

Aerial magnetic and radioactivity data, interpreted
by J. W. Allingham and R. G. Bates, helped in mapping the geology of an area of about 250 square miles
near Wausau, Wisconsin. The extensive cover of residual soil and glacial drift is there underlain' by volcanic and sedimentary Precambrian rocks, which havebeen metamorphosed to the greenschist and amphibolite facies and intruded by various kinds of igneousrocks. Areas of granite, diorite, hornblende gabbro,and diabase have been delineated by their distinctive
magnetic patterns, and an area of syenite has beenoutlined from radioactivity profiles. Pendants ofquartzite and chlorite schist that are remnants of alarge fold have been defined by an arcuate pattern ofmagnetic anomalies related to skarn and diorite.
Geologic studies in northern Michigan and Wisconsin

In the copper-bearing Keweenaw Peninsula ofMichigan, the rate of thickening of the lava series
toward the center of the Superior structural basin as
determined by W. S. White indicates that the lavasneed not have extended much beyond their present
areal limits. It is therefore unnecessary to supposethat a great thickness of lavas beyond these limits waseroded away (White, 1960b). Filling of the basinwith vast horizontal lava sheets nearly kept pace withsubsidence, but there were pauses in the influx oflavas, during which continued subsidence locally reversed slopes, so that streams carried sand and gravel
into the basin to form clastic deposits interbeddedwith lavas. Zoning of amygdule minerals in the lavasof the Keweenaw Peninsula crosses stratigraphic units
and was probably controlled by temperature. The
similarity in mineralogy of the flow tops throughout
the Lake Superior region indicates that the mineralzones are of regional extent (Stoiber and Davidson,1959).
In the Iron River-Crystal Falls district, Michigan,studied in cooperation with the Michigan Geological
Survey Division, a new group of formations of middle Precambrian age was established, a succession approximately 6,500 feet thick was defined, and several
reliable stratigraphic markers were recognized. The
major structure is a triangular basin. The apicalareas of this basin are faulted and intricately folded,
and a typical system of westward-plunging folds mod-

A34

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

ifies the southerly trend of the east limb of the basin(James and others, 1960).
The Lake Mary quadrangle in Michigan, also investigated in cooperation with the Michigan Geological Survey Division, is underlain by lower and middle Precambrian metavolcanic rocks, dolomite, slate,and iron formation, cut by dikes and sills of metagabbro (Bayley, 1959a). One of the sills, which isabout a mile thick and is now nearly vertical, hasbeen shown by Bayley to have been originally a differentiated sheet, with an ultramafic zone near thebase and a granophyric zone near the top; the original
pyrogenic minerals, however, have been almost entirely altered to metamorphic minerals of the greenschist facies (Bayley, 1959c). The regional metamorphic grade rises to a maximum in the southern partof the area around a small syntectonic complex of
igneous rocks ranging from metagabbro to granite.
The major structure is the Holmes Lake anticline, but
the rocks are cut by faults that dislocate the isofacies.
Detailed mapping of rocks of middle Precambrian
age by C. E. Dutton in Florence County, Wisconsin
done in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geologicaland Natural History Survey has shown that strata
of late Animikie age near Florence are folded andfaulted at the southeast apex of a triangular basinthat extends northwestward into Michigan. The sequence of late Animikie along the northeastern flankof the basin is incomplete because the two lowest formations pinch out as a result of nondeposition or
truncation. The sequence of late Animikie age along
the southwest flank occurs in Wisconsin only in asmall syncline in a graben. The area between thegraben and the apex of the basin and a similar area
southwest of the graben are underlain by uplifted,
much less complexly folded strata of older Animikie
age extending from the southeast.
Age of some Pleistocene sediments

Several samples of Pleistocene sediments from theupper Mississippi Valley have recently been dated by
Meyer Eubin. Snail shells collected by John Frye of
the Illinois Geological Survey from loess in Illinois
proved to be older than the Farmdale substage, previously found to be about 25,000 years old, and younger
than the Sangamon interglacial stage. These andother dates determined by the Survey's C14 laboratory
have been used by Frye and Willman of the Illinois
Survey to revise the chronology of the Wisconsin
stage of glaciation.
A sample of wood collected near Gilbert, Minnesota, was found to be 11,330 years old. It is therefore of the same age as the Two Creeks Forest wood,
which was covered by the Valders advance in Wis-consin, and it shows that this advance must have extended into the Lake Superior basin. Six samples ofwood from the till of lowan age in Iowa gives agesof more than 30,000 years. These ages differ widelyfrom the 21,000-22,000 year ages of samples of loess inIllinois previously assigned to the lowan substage andindicate that the loess is probably an advance eolian
deposit of the Tazewell substage rather than of thelowan.
GTTLF COASTAL PLAIN AND MISSISSIPPI E3SIBAYMENT
Mesozoic stratigraphy of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain

Data from well samples are being used by Paul andEsther Applin to compile maps on a scale of 1:1,000,000 and cross sections showing the subsurface geology
of Mesozoic rocks in parts of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. During the course of thiswork, the subsurface contact between the Comanche
and Gulf series has been delineated in western Florida; limestone of Trinity (Comanche) age has been
identified in Lamar County, Alabama, and rocks of
Late Jurassic age in Madison and Kankin Counties,
Mississippi, and Washington County, Alabama. Fossils found in Harrison County, Mississippi, make itpossible to distinguish beds of Fredericksburg age in
the Comanche series; and fossils in the Comanche
series in Walthall and Hancock Counties, Mississippi,
show that the beds containing them are roughly equivalent to rocks of Trinity age in Florida.
Lithofacies and origin of Tertiary sediments in the coastal
plain of southern Texas

The origin and geologic environment of uranium
deposits in Tertiary sediments of the central andsouthern Texas coastal plain have been investigated by
Eargle (1959a, b) (see also p. AlO). He has foundthat the Jackson group (Eocene) near its outcrop consists of deltaic and lagoonal deposits, but that thesegrade down-dip into offshore bar and marine deposits.
Deposition was influenced by structural activity, forthe sediments grow coarser near faults, thin over positive structural features, and thicken over negative
ones.
Buried igneous masses in Missouri and Arkansas

Aeromagnetic mapping shows anomalies in Stoddard
County, Missouri, and near Walnut Eidge and Newport, Arkansas, that are ascribed to buried igneous
masses, some of which are ridges 3,000 to 6,000 feetbelow the surface.
OZARK REGION AND EASTERN PLAINSIn addition to the information reported in previous sections on fuels, potash, and nuclear test sites

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES(see p. A7, and A12), recent work in northwestern
Arkansas and southeastern New Mexico has contributed to knowledge of regional geologic relations, as
follows.
Geology of northwestern Arkansas

Rocks of Ordovician to Early Pennsylvanian age
that crop out in the Ozark region of Arkansas havebeen found to dip and generally thicken southward
under a thick cover of Atoka and younger Pennsylvanian rocks in the Arkansas Valley (Frezon and
Glick, 1959). The base of the Boone formation (Mississippian) has a regional dip of only about 10 feetper mile in the northern part of Arkansas, but its dip
is as much as 500 feet per mile along the northernedge of the Arkansas Valley, where the deepening of
the basin was partly a result of faulting. Nearly all
the formations of Ordovician to Pennsylvanian age
exhibit thickness and facies changes that indicate thatwhile these formations were being deposited the northern and western part of the Ozark region in Arkansas was covered by shallower water, and subsided
less, than the southern and eastern part.
In the southeastern part of the Ozone quadrangle inJohnson County, Arkansas, just southwest of the westernmost edge of a large structurally high area in the
Ozarks, the Mulberry fault, which separates the Ozark
uplift on the north from the downdropped Arkansas
Valley on the south, has been found by E. E. Glick,
B. R. Haley, and E. A. Merewether to split eastward
into a complicated fault system. The rocks dip westward from the structurally high area, and descend
1,000 feet in 5 miles into a basin, illustrating thatconsiderable local structural relief is superimposed on
the regional southward dip in the southern Ozark
area. The Atoka formation thickens from about 3,500
feet on the north side of the Arkansas Valley to perhaps as much as 20,000 feet on the south side. The
northward convergence of individually mapped bedsin the northern part of the area suggests that diastems may account in part for the wedge shape of theunit.
Aeromagnetic studies in southeastern Missouri

Allingham (Art. 95) has found that aeromagnetic
measurements are a valuable aid in interpreting thegeology of Precambrian basement rocks where they
are buried by later sediments along the southeastern
flank of the Ozark uplift. Not only is it possible torecognize buried topographic features in the basement,
including some that are due to faulting, but it is also
possible to differentiate granitic rocks, volcanic rocks,
and magnetite-rich iron deposits.

A35

Permian stratigraphy in southeastern New Mexico

In the southwestern part of Eddy County, New
Mexico, Hayes (1959) has investigated the stratigraphic relations of Permian shelf rocks to those of
the Delaware basin. He has found exposures in Last
Chance Canyon that clearly display intertonguing between the upper part of the San Andres limestone(Permian) and the sandstone tongue of the Cherry
Canyon formation (middle Guadalupe series). These
two units unconformably overlie rocks of latest Leonard or earliest Guadalupe age, or both, that are correlated with the lower part of the San Andres ofareas on the north and west. In the Big Dog Canyon
scarp a few miles west, rocks of Cherry Canyon age
are apparently separated from rocks of latest Leonard
or earliest Guadalupe age by more than 580 feet ofcarbonate rocks that are considered equivalent in age
to the Brushy Canyon formation (early Guadalupe)of the Delaware basin. The sequence within the San
Andres limestone in Big Dog Canyon may therefore
represent nearly continuous deposition from latest
Leonard or earliest Guadalupe time into Cherry Canyon time.
The San Andres limestone is overlain by the Grayburg formation. The Grayburg and the overlying
Queen formation pass laterally into the Goat Seep
limestone and are thus of middle Guadalupe age.
NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS

Preliminary findings of some of the numerous field
investigations in progress in the northern Rocky
Mountains and plains are described in the following
paragraphs. Results of recent work on- mineral deposits in this region are described on pages A1-A14,
and landslides related to block faulting are describedon page A21.
Geology of parts of northeastern Washington and northern
Idaho

The Hunters quadrangle, northeastern Washington,
straddles the border between miogeosynclinal sediments and eugeosynclinal sediments and volcanics.
A. B. Campbell believes that the contact between these
two rock assemblages is a high-angle normal fault inan overthrust sheet. The thrusting moved eugeosynclinal rocks eastward over miogeosynclinal rocks. The
Northport district, according to R. G. Yates, lies on
the boundary between miogeosynclinal rocks of early
Paleozoic age and eugeosynclinal rocks of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. Cambrian and Ordovician
time is represented by two contrasting assemblages of
miogeosynclinal rocks, whose adjacency is interpreted
to have resulted from large scale horizontal shortening. In the Republic area, M. H. Staatz (Art. 141),

A36

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

K. L. Parker, J. A. Calkins, and S. J. Muessig havemapped a large graben that cuts metamorphosed sediments and batholithic intrusives of probable Jurassic
age. The graben formed in early or middle Tertiary
time as the result of collapse and subsidence associated with volcanic activity. In the Mount Spokane
quadrangle, rqpks formerly thought to be Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous intrusions have been foundby A. E. Weissenborn to be gneisses and schists thatare probably metamorphosed correlatives of sedimentsof the Belt series that lie east of the Purcell trench.
In the Pend Oreille area of Idaho, aeromagnetic
data can be used to locate surface and near-surface
plutons, such as those at Packsaddle Mountain andGranite Point, according to a preliminary interpretation by E. K. King. The Hope fault divides the area
into a northern highly magnetic section and a southern one of low magnetic gradients in which the anomalies due to the plutons stand out sharply.
Stratigraphy of the Belt series in western Montana andadjacent areas

In western Montana, northern Idaho, and northeastern Washington exposures of slightly metamorphosed Precambrian sedimentary rocks, referred to
the Belt series, are widespread. The series is as muchas 45,000 feet thick. According to C. P. Koss, who
has completed a regional study of these rocks, thegroups that make up the series can be recognizedthroughout the region. The groups, named in stratigraphic descending order, are the Missoula, Piegan,
Ravalli, and pre-Ravalli groups. They are being subdivided locally into formations and members, but theselesser subdivisions cannot now be correlated from area
to area.
Geology of areas in the vicinity of the Idaho batholith

At the northwest margin of the Idaho batholith,
Anna Hietanen-Makela has delineated three structural trends, along each of which folding or refolding
has occurred; each phase of the deformation was followed by faulting and intrusion. During the geologic
mapping of the Yellow Pine quadrangle, Idaho partof a program to obtain a geologic cross section of the
Idaho batholith B. F. Leonard has found large recumbent folds in highly metamorphosed "Belt" rocks
previously thought to be nearly flat lying. The folds
generally trend northwest, but locally they are interrupted by others that trend east-northeast. In the
Riggins area, Idaho, Hamilton (Art. 103) finds thatthe metamorphic grade of volcanic and sedimentaryrocks increases eastward toward a broad complex of
intrusive and metamorphic gneisses that are marginal
to the Idaho batholith. Two post-metamorphic, west-

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

directed thrust faults have an aggregate displacementof about 10 miles. In the Leesburg quadrangle, W. H.
Nelson has found that rocks of the Belt series weremetamorphosed to the biotite grade and locally to
the garnet grade of dynamothermal metamorphism
during the emplacement of the Idaho batholith. E. T.
Ruppel finds that the Lemhi Range, in the southernpart of the Leadore quadrangle, is underlain principally by Precambrian and early Paleozoic sedimentaryrocks, which have been folded into folds that trend
about N. 25° W. These rocks are cut by early highangle faults that trend northwest, by later ones thattrend northeast, and by nearly flat overthrust faultsof uncertain relations.
Geology of parts of western Montana

In the Sun River Canyon area, M. R. Mudge has
found fossils that show that the Devils Glen dolomite
is of Late Cambrian age. The Morrison formation(Jurassic) in this area changes in facies along the
Sun River from gray and olive drab mudstones andinterbedded sandstone and fresh water limestone eastof the Gibson dam to red-brown fine- to coarse-grained
cross bedded sandstone and interbedded mudstone westof the dam. The two facies are in thrust contact near
the dam.
In the Willis quadrangle of southwestern Montana,W. B. Myers has shown that Middle and Upper Cambrian strata overlap a truncated erosion surface on
faulted strata of the Belt series relations that indicate deformation in Precambrian or Early Cambriantime. A similar deformation is inferred for the Highland Mountains by M. R. Klepper and H. W. Smedes,
where thick coarse breccias of very limited extent, possibly reflecting block faulting, occupy the stratigraphic
position of the Cambrian Flathead or Wolsey formations in that area. Geologic mapping by Myers also
indicates that thrust faults in the Willis quadrangle
are essentially bedding-plane glide surfaces. They
originated during the early stage of folding and wereactive until folding ceased; consequently they arestrongly folded.
In the Livingston-Trail Creek area, A. E. Roberts
has found evidence for at least two pulses of thrusting
toward the south and southwest. During the earlyone, an anticline composed of Paleozoic rocks wasthrust onto a syncline of Cretaceous rocks. During
the later episode, Precambrian rocks were thrust over
Cretaceous rocks. In the Maudlow area, Betty Skipphas mapped an imbricate Laramide thrust zone, withthrows up to about 1,700 feet, in overturned Paleozoic and Mesozoic beds along the front of the Horseshoe Hills.

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

A37

According to Zietz (Art. 102), aeromagnetic profiles across a pluton near Three Forks indicate thatthe pluton is bottomed at a depth of several thousand
feet; this strengthens evidence from the mapping ofG. D. Robinson which suggests that the pluton was
cut off by the nearby Lombard thrust.

Charleston thrust, elsewhere known to be of Cretaceous age. The granite mylonite, a product of thisthrusting, is cut by normal faults of middle Tertiaryage, as well as by the Wasatch fault of probable Pliocene and Pleistocene age.

Coral zones in Mississippian rocks

In the Wind River basin area, W. R. Keefer and
J. D. Love have found evidence that during early Tertiary time central Wyoming was invaded by a sea, or
occupied by a large lake, in which 2,000 feet of darkgray and black shale was deposited. They have shown
also that structures along the margins of the basin
began to develop locally in Late Cretaceous time andcontinued to form through the Paleocene (Keefer,Art. 105). One of the largest and most varied Paleocene mammal faunas known in central Wyoming was
found by Keefer in the Shotgun Butte area. Although this collection has not been fully studied, it is
known to contain several hundred mammal teeth andabundant shark teeth.

W. J. Sando (Art. 100) has recognized five coralzones in the Madison and correlative rocks of Mississippian age in the northern Cordilleran region thatare useful in regional correlation. The zones indicatethat the Brazer, Mission Canyon, and Charles formations are partly equivalent in age.
Geology of parts of western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho,
and northeastern Utah

In the Clark Fork area, Wyoming, W. G. Pierce(Art. 106) has found that the breakaway point of theHeart Mountain detachment fault is near the northeast corner of Yellowstone Park. From this point,horizontal displacement of individual blocks increases
southeastward to about 30 miles at the most southeasterly limit, 65 miles way.
The Meridian Ridge or Wyoming anticline, where
studied by S. S. Oriel, is a complex structure, rather
than a simple anticline as heretofore believed. He
found that the Thaynes limestone of Triassic age was
earlier mistaken for the Twin Creek limestone ofJurassic age along the east side of the structure aspreviously mapped, accounting for much of the erroneous closure. Furthermore, the west side of thestructure is cut by steeply dipping faults whereas theeast side is complicated by numerous local structures
which may be subsidiary to a major fault that lies
further east and is covered by Tertiary rocks.
In the Green River basin and in Jackson Hole,
Wyoming, J. D. Love found proof of pre-Tertiary
tilting and erosion. In both areas successively older
Cretaceous strata are exposed from east to west, andare overlapped by 5,000 to 15,000 feet of Paleocene
strata. Love has also mapped many late Pliocene andQuaternary normal faults, several having displacements of from 10,000 to more than 20,000 feet, and in
the Jackson Hole area he has collected Pliocene invertebrates that demonstrate folding of Pliocene orlater age. In the vicinity of Bear Lake Valley, Idaho,
F. C. Armstrong and E. R. Cressman find that postLaramide deformation consists of normal faulting andtilting, with only minor folding.
In the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, consistent leadalpha ages had indicated that the Little Cottonwood
stock was Eocene. Recent mapping by M. D. Crittenden, Jr., however, has shown that it is cut by the
5573Z8 O - 60 - 4

Geology of the Wind River basin, Wyoming

Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of the Black Hills,
South Dakota

In the southern part of the Black Hills, G. B. Gottand others have found that mild structural deformation occurred prior to Fall River time (Early Cretaceous) ; this probably localized the fluvial sandstonesin the Lakota formation, and may have been the beginning of the Black Hills uplift. Deposits of fluvial
sandstone in both the Lakota and Fall River formations are elongate in a northwestward direction andcross beds dip northwest, suggesting a southeasternsource area for most of the sediments of the Inyan
Kara group. In the Newcastle area, on the west sideof the Black Hills, W. J. Mapel inferred from theorientation of cross beds that the streams that deposited the Cretaceous Lakota formation flowed northward. Throughout the southern Black Hills, solution of nearly 250 feet of calcium sulfate from thePennsylvanian Minnelusa formation and the subsequent calcium carbonate recementation of collapse
breccias began in early Tertiary time and is continuing.
Gravity measurements made by R. M. Hazlewood
show gravity highs and lows that trend parallel tothe eastern flank of the Black Hills uplift. His dataalso indicate that a steep gravity gradient extends all
the way along the west flank of the Black Hills.
Devonian rocks in eastern Montana and western North Dakota

Widespread subdivisions of the Jefferson and Threeforks formations, both of Devonian age, have beenrecognized by C. A. Sandberg in eastern Montana andwestern North Dakota. He has also found that the

A38

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Beartooth Butte formation, of Early Devonian age, ismore extensive than supposed and may be equivalent
to the lower part of the Maywood formation.
Lithofacies and thickness of the Pierre shale in South Dakota

In a comprehensive study of the Cretaceous Pierre
shale (see also p. A64 and Art. 205), H. A. Tourtelot,
L. G. Schultz, and J. R. Gill have found that along
the Missouri River in central South Dakota it consists of clayey rocks with a carbonate-rich unit in theupper part and several thin beds of marlstone in thelower part. In the Black Hills region, it contains little carbonate and more silt and sand. The thicknessof the Pierre increases from about 500 feet in southeastern South Dakota to more than 3,000 feet on thesouthwestern flank of the Black Hills.
Geology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana

In the Bearpaw Mountains, W. T. Pecora and B. C.
Hearne, Jr. have found that the complexly faulted
border zone surrounding the mountains narrows eastward and is characterized by steep normal faults. This
zone contains down-faulted blocks of volcanic rocks
and Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous formations, whichhave depressed the surrounding formations. Data on
remanent magnetirm obtained by K. G. Books indicate that before deformation the volcanic rocks generally dipped northwest in the northern volcanic fieldand southeast in the southern volcanic field.
Glaciation in the vicinity of Glacier National Park, Montana
East of Glacier Park, G. M. Richmond, R. W.
Lemke, and E. Dobrovolny determined the stratigraphic relation between continental glacial deposits
and the Alpine-piedmont deposits of Bull Lake andPinedale age. In the Glacier Park area itself, Richmond (Art. 98) found evidence of three Wisconsin
glaciations, two ice advances in Bull Lake time, three
in Pinedale time, two in early Recent time, and twoin late Recent time.
SOUTHERN BOOKIES AND PLAINS

Geologic field investigations in the Southern Rockies
and plains in 1960 yielded important results in the
study of Precambrian basement rocks, volcanics ofCenozoic age, and sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic andyounger age as described below (see p. A3-A5 and A13
for information on mineral deposits in this region).
Precambrian rocks and structures in the Front Range andSawatch Range, Colorado

Geologic mapping has recently been started in the
Front Range of Colorado to obtain a geologic crosssection of the range at about mid-length, and a longitudinal section of the east-central foothills. This work

has already shown, among other things, that the oldest
Precambrian rocks, a thick series of metasediments
which T. S. Lovering and E. N. Goddard had previously grouped mainly in the Idaho Springs andSwandyke formations, can be subdivided into several
mappable units of wide areal extent (see Koschmann
and Bergendahl, Art. 113). J. D. Wells and D. M.
Sheridan have found that the quartzite at Coal Creek,
previously regarded by Lovering and Goddard as
younger than the biotite gneisses of the Idaho Springs
formation, grades into that gneiss. Sims and others(1959) showed that the rocks in the central Front
Range were deformed during at least two periods in
Precambrian time. Many faults, including the breccia reefs that were previously thought to be of Laramide age, originated in Precambrian time according toevidence presented by P. K. Sims and G. R. Scott.
Ogden Tweto and R. C. Pearson, on the basis ofcomprehensive work in the northern Sawatch Range,
have delineated an elongate swarm of metamorphosed
lamprophyre dikes within a great Precambrian shear
zone. These dikes record almost the latest Precambrian event in the region, for they are younger thanthe plutonic granites and the regional metamorphism,
yet they themselves are metamorphosed, approximately
to the amphibolite facies (Pearson, 1959).
An important outgrowth of studies of the Precambrian in the Front Range and Sawatch Range is therecognition that the Colorado Mineral Belt, definedby Laramide intrusive rocks and ore deposits, is coextensive with and localized by a zone of intense Precambrian shearing (Tweto and Sims, Art. 4).
Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and New Mexico

In studying the classic volcanic terrane of the San
Juan Mountains, Colo., Luedke and Burbank (Art. 7)
mapped several ring-fracture zones, associated withring dikes related to a late intrusion within the wellknown Silverton caldera in the western San Juans.
Steven and Ratte (Art. 8) discovered a major caldera
near Creede, in the central San Juans, and related its
subsidence to voluminuous ash flow eruptions. The
veins in the Creede district were deposited on thenorth margin of the caldera along faults extending
outward from it; many of these faults were active
throughout the subsidence of the caldera, but no significant mineralization took place until after the last
major period of fault movement (see p. A4). Mapping in the Spanish Peaks area of south-central Colorado by Ross B. Johnson has shown that the radialdikes around West Spanish Peak and Dike Mountainoccupy a joint complex that resulted mainly from intermittent orogenic stresses caused by the formationof the LaVeta syncline, which occurred before the

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

magma was emplaced. Earlier workers generally attributed the radial fissuring to doming of the sedimentary rocks by the emplacement of the stocks. Studies
by C. S. Ross, R. L. Smith, and R. A. Bailey in theValles Mountains area, New Mexico, have led to therecognition of zones and zonal variations in ash flow
tuffs that should be widely applicable.
Geology of North Park, Colorado

In North Park, a structural and topographic basin
between the Park Range and Front Range, it has beenfound that the widespread Coalmont formation is of
Paleocene and Eocene age (Hail and Leopold, Art.
117) and that the North Park formation is probablyof late Miocene age (Hail and Lewis, Art. 116). Geologic mapping in the basin by D. M. Kinney and W. J.
Hail, Jr. indicates that folding and high-angle thrusting related to the Laramide orogeny began before
deposition of the Coalmont formation and continued
throughout its deposition. A conspicuous unconformity in the Coalmont between the Paleocene and the
Eocene shows that marked uplift took place locallyalong the basin margins.
Age of deformation in the Raton basin, Colorado

Johnson (1960) and others have concluded, from theresults of geologic mapping, that the Laramide Revolution began in the Raton basin of south-central Colorado with epeirogenic movements in late Montana(Late Cretaceous) time. These epeirogenic movements
were followed by at least seven orogenic episodes ofdecreasing magnitude, which extended into Miocene
time, and by normal faulting in late Tertiary.
COLORADO PLATEAU

Most of the geologic studies on the Colorado Plateau
have been undertaken to aid the search for uranium
and fuels (see p. A9, All, and A13), but they are also
making important contributions to an understandingof the regional geology and history of the area. Someof the new findings are summarized below.
History of salt anticlines in the Paradox basin

Studies of the salt anticlines in Paradox Valley,
Gypsum Valley, Fisher Valley and other areas by D.
P. Elston, E. R. Landis and E. M. Shoemaker showthat the salt cores were formed in Late Pennsylvanianand Permian time and continued to grow from Triassic to Early Cretaceous time (Art. 118). Subsequent
solution of salt and redistribution of salt by plastic
flow has resulted in the collapse of Mesozoic rocks
deposited over the salt cores; this movement has continued through late Pleistocene time.
In the eastern part of the Paradox basin, the distribution of subsurface formations suggests that theA39northwesterly trend of the salt anticlines was inherited from structures formed before the deposition ofsalt of the Paradox member of the Hermosa formation in Middle Pennsylvanian time. This conclusion
is reinforced by the geophysical findings of H. R.
Joesting and P. E. Byerly (Byerly and Joesting,1959; Joesting and Case, Art. 114). Magnetic and/or
gravity anomalies are associated with all larger uplifts,
basins, salt anticlines, and laccoliths of the central
Colorado Plateau. Regional anomalies, associated withthe large salt anticlines and with at least some of thelaccoliths, relate to structures in the Precambrian basement rocks, and perhaps to structures in pre-Mississippian formations. In many areas, however, the configuration of the surface of the basement is not reflected in post-Mississippian rocks.
Structure in the vicinity of the Carrizo Mountains

A discordance in structure in the Carrizo Mountains
has been brought out through the subsurface studies
of J. D. Strobell. Well data indicate that an old landmass in the Carrizo Mountains area was lapped byCambrian sandstone and overstepped by limestones of
the Devonian Elbert and Ouray formations. On the
Precambrian highland just west of the Carrizos theMississippian Leadville and Redwall limestones also
lap out on markedly thinned Devonian beds. The
basal Pennsylvanian Molas formation extends acrossthe eroded complex. Accumulations of oil and notably high concentrations of helium in nitrogenous
natural gas occur below the relatively impermeable
Molas formation in solution cavities near the top of
the Leadville and Redwall limestones and in porous
crystalline zones in the lower part of this limestone.
Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Mesozoic rocks

The results of a Stratigraphic study of the San
Rafael group by J. C. Wright show that the connection between the shallow Utah basin of deposition andthe open ocean to the west was restricted in Jurassic
time. This basin was probably saline, as indicated by
the meagre fauna and prevailing red color of the San
Rafael group in the basin as well as by the salineprecipitates that it contains. In eastern Utah substantial but locally erratic erosion of the underlying Navajo sandstone took place not only on salt structures but
also in other areas.
R. A. Scott reports that collections from the Chinle
formation of five localities widely separated on the
Colorado Plateau have yielded rich assemblages ofpollen and spores. Pollen of Ephedra were identified,and also pollen and spores comparable to those in theEuropean Keuper.
In the Uinta Basin of the northeastern part of theColorado Plateau, Zapp and Cobban (Art. 112) have

A40

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

been able to map and date the landward extent ofmarine wedges and the seaward extent of non-marine
wedges for five major transgress!ve cycles in rocks ofpost-Eagle (Cretaceous) age.
BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE

Noteworthy advances in our understanding of thegeology of the Basin and Range province have been
made recently in regard to: (a) thrust faults in Nevada; (b) geology of the Mojave Desert; (c) geologyof the Sierra Diablo area, Texas; (d) dating ofstrata; (e) crustal structure and block faulting; and(f) Quaternary history (see pages A2-A8 for new
information on mineral deposits in this region).
Thrust faults in Nevada

In the Osgood Mountains, P. E. Hotz and Ronald
Willden have found rocks transitional between theeugeosynclinal clastic and volcanic facies typical ofwestern Nevada and the miogeosynclinal carbonate
facies typical of eastern Nevada. Since the Osgood
Mountains are 90 miles west of the eastern trace of
the Roberts Mountains thrust, and since the overriding plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust contains
rocks of the eugeosynclinal facies along its eastern
margin, those rocks must have originated west of the
Osgood Mountains, and have been moved more than
90 miles eastward to reach their present position. In
the northern part of the Shoshone Range, Gilluly(Art. 119) and others have found that the Roberts
Mountains thrust is folded into a tight overturn andis cut by younger thrusts.
In the Snake Range, Nevada, mapping of complex
structures by D. H. Whitebread has shown that thethrust faults consistently show younger rocks thrustover older rocks. Within the upper plates of thethrust faults are numerous northward-trending faults
with predominantly strike-slip movement. In the
Schell Creek Range, Drewes found that the Paleozoic rocks east of Connors Pass are thrust on several
bedding-plane faults that removed tens to thousandsof feet of an otherwise normal sequence (Art. 122).
Cenozoic rocks and structures in the western Mojave Desert,
California

Geologic mapping by T. W. Dibblee, Jr., G. I.
Smith, and others, and concurrent geophysical surveys by D. R. Mabey, undertaken as a part of borate
investigations (see p. AT), have shown that in thewestern Mojave Desert the surface alluvium of somebasins conceals expensive and thick accumulations ofCenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Whereas
actual exposures of the Tertiary and Pleistocene rocks
make up only about 10 percent of the area, about 30

percent more of the area is probably underlain by
Tertiary and Pleistocene fill. The greatest thicknessof fill, about 10,000 feet, is in basins that are near the
Garlock and San Andreas faults. Structure within
the concealed fill is largely unknown; little of it has
been explored by test drilling. The mapping of exposed Cenozoic rocks has shown, however, that they
are much faulted and that they are sharply folded inmany places, particularly near the steep northwesttrending faults that characterize the Mojave Desert.
Geology of the Sierra Diablo, Texas

Structures of Basin and Range type extend southeastward into the northwestern trans-Pecos area ofTexas, where a long intermontane depression, the Salt
Basin, is bordered on its eastern and western sides byfault-block ranges. The Guadalupe Mountains, oneof the ranges on the east, was previously described byP. B. King, and he is now preparing a report on the
Sierra Diablo, a range on the west. The Sierro Diablo
fault block had a considerable prior history as a positive area, dating back to a period of folding andfaulting near the close of Pennsylvanian time. Deformed Pennsylvanian and older rocks are overlain
by a mass of Permian carbonate rocks of Wolfcamp
and Leonard age several thousand feet thick which
compose the main part of the range. They wereformed on a submarine platform at the southwesternedge of the Delaware basin, and the Leonard series
at the margin of the platform is a complex of bank,reef, and fore-reef deposits. Knowledge of the Wolfcamp and Leonard series of the Sierra Diablo supplements knowledge of the Guadalupe series in the
nearby Guadalupe Mountains, making the composite
sequence of the two areas one of the standards of reference for the marine Permian in North America.
New information on the age of strata

Geologic mapping by H. R. Cornwall and F. J.
Kleinhampl in the southern Grapevine Mountains of
Nevada indicates that olenellid-bearing shales of late
Early Cambrian age, previously discovered by J. F.
McAllister, belong to the Johnnie formation. This is
the lowest known occurrence of fossils in the stratigraphic column in the Great Basin.
Research on Great Basin graptolites by R. J. Ross,
Jr., and W. B. Berry indicates that the entire span of
the Ordovician is present in the Great Basin in both
eugeosynclinal and miogeosynclinal facies. Thesestudies make possible fairly precise correlations between the two facies, and also with graptolite-bearing rocks of New York, Texas, Australia, and GreatBritain. J. G. Moore (Art. 131) has found from a
review of all fossil evidence that the metavolcanic

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

rocks in roof pendants of intrusive bodies related to
the Sierra Nevada batholith in western Nevada are of
Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age.

A41

with maxima (earliest to youngest) at about 5100,
5135, 4770, 4470 and 4410 feet above sea level.
COLUMBIA PLATEAU AND SNAKE RIVER PLAINS

Crustal structure and block faulting

Gravity studies (see Mabey, Art. 130) in the Basinand Range province have revealed an inverse correlation between the Bouguer anomaly values and regional topography, suggesting that regional isostaticcompensation exists throughout the region. The gravity data indicate that several basins are underlain byover two miles of Cenozoic rock, and the pre-Tertiaryrock surface under some of these basins is as much as
two miles below sea level.
From an analysis of the block faulting that characterizes the Basin and Range province, Moore has
found that blocks tend to be tilted toward regional
topographic highs, and that many of the major rangefront faults are arcuate in plan, concave toward thedown-thrown block (Art. 188; see also p. A58).
Tiltmeter observations by Greene and Hunt in the
Death Valley area indicate that tilting is going on
there at the present time (Art. 124). The amountand direction of tilting differs from one station toanother, and the rate of tilting at a given station
varies from time to time.
Geophysical studies along the eastern front of the
Sierra Nevada suggest that Mono Basin and Long
Valley are volcano-tectonic depressions (Pakiser andothers, 1960). Pakiser (1960a; see also Art. 189) has
suggested that volcanic rocks in this region were
erupted from regions of relative tension or stress relief in offsets of major left-lateral en echelon shear
zones.
Quaternary history

From a study of ancient soils and other surficial
deposits, R. B. Morrison believes it possible to correlate the later Quaternary stratigraphic units of the
Carson Desert with those of the Bonneville Basin,
Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. His tentative
correlations confirm earlier suggestions that Lakes
Lahontan and Bonneville fluctuated synchronously,
and that both lakes were high when the glaciers wereextensive in the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. The intricate stratigraphic record related to
the fluctuations of Lake Lahontan not only provides
evidence on which to base a detailed history of the
Carson Desert, but also gives indirect evidence of glacial oscillations not yet recognized in the mountains.
In the Little Cottonwood area, Utah, G. M. Richmond and R. B. Morrison determined by detailed
stratigraphic mapping of the Quaternary deposits
that there were five lake cycles of Lake Bonneville,

Current detailed mapping in the Columbia Plateau
and Snake River Plains is centered in three areas:
the John Day country in north-central Oregon, northcentral Nevada, and the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho.
Geology of parts of John Day area, Oregon

In the John Day area, T. P. Thayer finds two generations of layering in a gabbro-peridotite complex
that contains chromite deposits, and believes that thislayering resulted from magmatic deformation of semisolid rocks during their emplacement, which took
place in Early and Middle Triassic time. Fifty thousand feet of graywacke and volcanic rocks depositedin this area in late Triassic time show major intraformational unconformities, abrupt facies changes, andlocal thickening, all of which indicate contemporaneous deformation (Thayer and Brown, Art. 139). Metamorphism of these rocks to zeolitic facies, and locallyto actinolite-albite facies, has been related to intrusion of granodiorite and related rocks (accompanied
by gold mineralization) in Late Cretaceous time.
Fischer and Wilcox (Art. 140) report that the bedsof the John Day formation near Monument, Oreg.
were largely wind-laid on a subaerial surface of moderate relief. Flows of Columbia River basalt subsequently filled depressions on the surface of the JohnDay formation, and eventually blanketed the whole
region. The youngest of these flows differ from theolder ones in texture and in mineral and chemicalcomposition. In Lake County, Oregon, G. W. Walker(Art. 138) has mapped volcanic rock formations thatare similar to those of Central Oregon in general
stratigraphy, and contain a related vertebrate faunaof Miocene age.
Petrology and remanent magnetism of Snake River lavas

Powers (Art. 137) has found that basaltic rocks of
the Snake River valley in southern Idaho differ fromother basalts in the northwestern United States intheir low content of silica compared to total iron andmagnesia, and that some basalt-like rocks are alkalic(Art. 136).
Measurement of remanent magnetism by A. V. Cox
on a suite of 800 samples from the basaltic lavas showsthat, regardless of differences in mineralogy, the magnetic polarity of basalt of late Pleistocene and Recent
age is north-seeking, whereas the polarity of basaltof middle and early Pleistocene age is south-seeking.
Moreover, within each of these groups, smaller differ-

A42

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

ences in directions of magnetization can be used tocorrelate isolated outcrops of individual flows.
Structure and history of the western Snake River plain

Malde (1959b) has shown that the northwest-trending reach of the Snake River Plain in southwestern
Idaho developed by major subsidence along faults thatcross the trend of Basin and Range faulting. Duringsubsidence of this graben, clastic sediments and subordinate amounts of interbedded basaltic lava andsiliceous volcanic ash, which total at least a mile inthickness, were deposited intermittently from early
Pliocene to Recent time. Pliocene and lower Pleistocene deposits fill broad basins, whereas the middle
Pleistocene and younger deposits are confined to narrow ancient canyons nearly congruent with the present canyon of the Snake River. Malde (Art. 135)
relates the youngest deposits to the overflow of Lake
Bonneville into the Snake River.
The graben of the western Snake River Plain in
Idaho is a region of high gravity in which three large
positive anomalies are arranged en echelon parallel tothe regional northwesterly structural trend (Pakiser,
1960b). Simple Bouguer values of about -70 mgals(milligals) at the gravity highs, by comparison withvalues of about -125 mgals at the basin borders, areinterpreted by Baldwin and Hill (1960) to indicate
a buried section of basaltic lava somewhere between
the limits 8y2 to 24 km in thickness.
A clastic deposit several thousand feet thick in thewestern Snake River Plain, dated as late Pliocene andearly Pleistocene, contains a very large fresh-watermolluscan fauna in which D. W. Taylor recognizes
109 species, many of which are new. In degree ofendemism, in the variety of species and genera, and in
the great variety of individual forms, this fauna issimilar to that now living in Lake Ohrid, Yugoslavia,
and in Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, Africa. It isalso similar in these respects to the fossil faunas fromthe former Pontian, Dacian, and Levantine basins ofsoutheastern Europe.
Aeroradioactivity in the vicinity of the National Reactor Test
Station area, Idaho

According to R. G. Bates, aerial radiological surveys (ARMS program) in the vicinity of the National Reactor Test Station area show that the highest natural aeroradioactivity levels, 1,000 to 1,900 cps(counts per second), are found in or near areas ofrhyolite and related rocks along the northwest andsoutheast boundaries of the Snake River Plain andin three areas within the plain. A basaltic lava flow
southwest of Idaho Falls has a uniformly low radioactivity of 300 to 400 cps. The aeroradioactivity of

aa lava is generally about 50 to 150 cps higher thanthat of pahoehoe lava, perhaps because the aa has agreater surface area per unit volume, and therefore
has a larger effective gamma emitting surface thanthe pahoehoe. The highest aeroradioactivity levels,
up to 1,100 cps, over basaltic lava flows were thoserecorded over serrate flows in the northeast corner of
the Craters of the Moon National Monument.
Cenozoic volcanic rocks and structure in north-central Nevada

In north-central Nevada, R. R. Coats has distinguished several formations of siliceous volcanic rocks
alternating with formations of basaltic lavas. Someof the rocks are mineralized with gold, and all arebroken by block faults structurally allied with theBasin and Range province. Fossil mammals, mollusks, leaves, and diatoms date the gold mineralization as late Miocene and the subsequent block faulting
as latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene.
PACIFIC COAST REGION

Geologic investigations in the Pacific Coast region
are grouped for discussion into the following categories: (a) the Sierra Nevada batholith, (b) western
foothills metamorphic belt, (c) the Cascade Range,(d) Klamath Mountains and the Coast Ranges ofnorthern California, and (e) major sedimentarybasins.
Geology of the Sierra Nevada batholith

The principal objectives of the work in the Sierra
Nevada, part of which is being done in cooperation
with the State of California, are to determine the spatial and temporal relations and the structure, composition, and mode of emplacement of the plutons that
constitute the Sierra Nevada batholith; the stratigraphy and structure of the associated Paleozoic andMesozoic strata; and the factors that controlled the
localization of deposits of tungsten, copper, and goldthat characterize the range. The first phase of thisinvestigation is to prepare a reliable geologic map of
a strip about 85 miles wide across the central part of
the range. This map is being synthesized from allavailable mapping but it is based mainly on largescale geologic mapping of critical areas and reconnaissance mapping of intervening areas by P. C. Bateman, L. D. Clark, C. D. Rinehart, D. C. Ross, andothers. This mapping, supplemented by stratigraphic
and paleontologic studies (Rinehart and others, 1959),
shows that the top directions of strata of Paleozoic
and Mesozoic age, which form the wall rock and roof
pendants, are toward the central part of the range,
indicating that the batholith was emplaced along the

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

axial part of a synclinorium. New data confirm andextend certain earlier concepts, namely that the Sierra Nevada batholith is composed of many discrete
plutons of granitic rock, which were in general emplaced successively from west to east and show aneastward increase in silica and potassium content.
Mapping and petrographic studies by J. G. Moore
and P. C. Bateman indicate that most of the individual
plutons are concentrically zoned and that quartz andK-feldspar increase toward the core. In the Mount
Pinchot quadrangle a swarm of lamprophyric dikes
mapped by Moore cuts some of the plutons and inplaces is cut by others, a fact that helps determine
the relative ages of the plutons.
Structure and Jurassic fauna of the western foothills
metamorphic belt of the Sierra Nevada

In the western foothills metamorphic belt, L. D.
Clark (1960; see also Art. 148) has identified a major system of steeply dipping faults and recognized
two distinct stages of deformation. The foothills fault
system, which trends northwestward and has been
traced for about 200 miles, is a zone of shearing
thousands of feet wide; displacement may be measurable in miles.
R. W. Imlay has found that Late Jurassic faunasin this area have a strong boreal aspect, and that theyalso have affinities with Mexican and Cuban faunas.
The Late Jurassic seas in California must therefore
have been connected freely northward with Alaska
and southward with the Tethyan region.
Igneous rocks of the Cascade Range

As a part of the cooperative program to prepare a
State Geologic Map of Oregon, Peck's mapping in
the Cascade Range has established the stratigraphic
sequence of 15,000 feet of Cenozoic volcanic rocks,
ranging in composition from rhyodacite to olivine basalt, and the relations of the lower part of this sequence to the marine Tertiary strata that interfinger
with it from the west (Peck, 1960). He has also
shown that these volcanic rocks were extruded fromvents alined in northward-trending belts, which ingeneral shifted progressively eastward with time
(Peck, Art. 144).
In the Holden quadrangle, in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington, Cater has found thatthe post-Eocene Cloudy Pass batholith reached an
exceptionally high level in the earth's crust. In sodoing it developed chilled porphyritic borders andgave rise to hypabyssal porphyry plugs, intrusive breccias, and a volcanic neck (Art. 213).

A43

Stratigraphy and structure of the Klamath Mountains andCoast Ranges, northern California

In the southern part of the Klamath Mountains,
geologic mapping of the Weaverville quadrangle, doneby Irwin (Art. 147) in cooperation with the Stateof California, indicates that a belt of metamorphic
rocks in that area has a synclinorial structure, andthat the Abrams mica schist is probably younger thanthe Salmon hornblende schist, rather than older as
thought by earlier workers.
In the Coast Ranges of northern California geologic
mapping has been hampered by lack of fossils and of
distinct lithologic units in the thick and structurally
complex sequence of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous graywacke that constitutes much of the terane. The use of stain techniques (Bailey and Stevens, 1960) to determine the distribution of the feldspar content of these rocks may prove to be the clue
needed to unravel this geology. Results to date indicate that the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous
rocks on the west side of the Sacramento Valley increase in K-feldspar content with decreasing age,whereas the rocks of the Franciscan formation generally contain no K-feldspar (Bailey and Irwin,1959).
Geology of major sedimentary basins

In the Los Angeles basin surface and subsurface
mapping by J. E. Schoellhamer, A. O. Woodford,
J. G. Vedder, R. F. .Yerkes, D. L. Durham, T. H.
McCulloh, and P. J. Smith, when integrated with theresults of density determinations on more than 2,000
samples, made it possible to construct a compartmentalized lithodensity model of the basin. A gravity
map, prepared by subtracting the gravitational effects shown by this model from the Bouguer anomaly
values, indicates a steep northeastward-sloping residual regional gravity gradient, which is ascribed tolandward thickening of the crust (McCulloh, Art.
150).
The position of the boundary between Lower andUpper Cretaceous rocks on the west side of the Sacramento Valley was clarified recently by Brown andRich (Art. 149) when they recognized an extensivezone of Upper Cretaceous slump deposits that containblocks with Lower Cretaceous fossils.
In the central part of the Oregon Coast Range basin, P. D. Snavely, Jr. has tentatively concluded fromhis study of the sedimentary structures and the distribution of lithofacies in the middle Eocene Tyee
formation that these rhythmically bedded sandstones
were deposited by turbidity currents flowing along
the axis of a eugeosyncline about parallel to the pres-A44

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

ent range. In the Juan de Fuca basin and on thenorthern slopes of the Olympic Mountains, geologic
mapping and stratigraphic studies by Brown and others (1960) together with studies of Foraminifera by
W. W. Rau, established the stratigraphic sequence ofmore than 30,000 feet of marine sedimentary and volcanic rocks of early Eocene to middle Miocene age.
H. D. Gower has mapped a heretofore unrecognizedmajor structural feature, the north west ward-trending
Calawah River fault zone, in the Pysht quadrangle,
Washington. He believes that this fault has a leftlateral displacement measured in tens of miles.
Gravity studies by D. J. Stuart in western Washington show a close correlation between gravity highs
and thick sequences of Eocene volcanic rocks. In
west-central Oregon, R. W. Bromery and P. D.
Snavely have inferred from correlation of surface geology with offsets of aeromagnetic patterns, that afault with a left-lateral separation of about 3 miles
extends from the town of Siletz eastward across thepoorly exposed rocks in the central part of the Oregon Coast Ranges.
ALASKA

Our understanding of the geology of Alaska is stillat an early stage. Large parts of the State have notbeen mapped at all and our geologic maps of otherlarge parts are not up to the standards now set evenfor reconnaissance mapping (fig. 2). Some of the
mapping now being done is in areas of special economic
interest on scales of 1:63,360 or larger, but most of the
mapping in progress elsewhere is being done on a scaleof 1:250,000, in order to cover the region as quickly
as possible. Apart from studies related to mineraland engineering problems (see pages A4 A14 and pages
A19-A22, respectively), the principal areas of geologic
field work during the past year were in the Brooks
Range, the Koyukuk Cretaceous basin, the ToftyEureka district, the Matanuska Valley, the CopperRiver basin, the eastern Chugach Range, and southeastern Alaska.
Geology of the southern part of the Brooks Range

As a part of reconnaissance mapping of the south
half of the Brooks Range, Brosge and Reiser completed
a geologic map of the Wiseman quadrangle andmapped much of the Chandalar quadrangle. The rocks
in this area consist largely of metamorphosed Paleozoic sedimentary rocks intruded by granite and basic
rocks. Metal prospects occur near granite masses andon strike with them, and copper is associated with afew of the basic intrusives (Art. 161).

Cretaceous rocks of the Koyukuk basin

Reconnaissance mapping and stratigraphic studies
by W. W. Patton in the Koyukuk Cretaceous basinof western Alaska, which may contain much petroleum(Miller and others, 1959), shows that late Early
Cretaceous rocks in the Kateel River quadrangle arebounded on the north by the folded Early Cretaceousand older volcanic rocks of the Hogatza Arch. Boththe volcanics and sediments are capped by Quaternaryflows as much as 700 feet thick, but the northern andeastern limits of the Cretaceous sediments beneaththese flows and the alluvium are clearly shown by
several aeromagnetic profiles that cross the basin(Zietz and others, 1959).
Geology of the Tofty-Eureka district

In the Tofty-Eureka district in central Alaska, D. M.
Hopkins and Bond Taber found that the northern limitof outcrop of a sequence of rocks many thousands offeet thick, consisting of basal orthoquartzite that grades
upward to graywacke, coincides approximately with
the northern limit of the Early Cretaceous geosyncline
in which the sequence was deposited. They distinguished intrusive rocks of two ages, one probably of
Early Cretaceous and the other of Late Cretaceousage,
and found that tin is associated _with the earliero *intrusives and gold with the later. They also foundthat the gentle valley slopes underlying the placers in
the area, at first thought to be pediments carved byminor tributaries, were formed instead by trunk
streams flowing east or west, which during most ofPleistocene time were cutting into their south banks
and simultaneously deepening their valleys.
Stratigraphy of the Matanuska formation

The rocks that make up the Matanuska formationin the Matanuska Valley, Nelchina area, and CopperRiver lowlands were found by Grantz and Jones (Art.
159) to range in age from Albian to Late Maestrichtian and to be separated at three stratigraphic levels
by unconformities. Although the gross stratigraphic
succession is similar in all these areas, the details of
the succession change significantly between the Nelchina area and the Matanuska Valley. The formation
is more highly deformed in the Matanuska Valley
than in the other areas.
Geology of the eastern part of the Chugach Mountains

The lithologic character and general structural pattern of complexly folded sedimentary, volcanic, andmetamorphic rocks have been determined by Earl
Brabb and D. J. Miller in a strip crossing the previously unknown eastern part of the Chugach Mountains.
They discovered that the argillite-graywacke sequence
exposed on Barkley Ridge in the southern part of theScale of 1:63,360

Scale of 1:63,360

FIGURE 2. Map of Alaska showing the location of areas where available geologic maps meet reconnaissance standards.

etchlkan

Mapping of islands shown in the insert: bedrockand surficial deposits have been mapped ata scale of h63,360 for all those in the fourwestern quadrangles; the three easternmost
islands have not been adequately mapped;
the remaining islands have been mapped ata scale of 1:63,360 or smaller

Scale of 1:100,000 or
smaller (chiefly 1:250,000)

Scale of 1:100,000 or
smaller (chiefly 1:250,000)',\

MAPS OFSURFICIAL DEPOSITSMAPS OF BEDROCKEXPLANATIONA46

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

area is of Late Cretaceous or Paleocene age. Some
copper and gold mineralization is associated with
dioritic intrusives. They found evidence of two major
glaciations, both presumably Wisconsin in age, andthey also found evidence of late Wisconsin and Recent
uplift.
Geology of Admiralty Island

The work of E. H. Lathram and others has shownthat the metamorphic rocks forming the backbone
and western side of Admiralty Island (including theRetreat group, previously thought to be of Triassic
to Cretaceous age) are Silurian and Devonian. Thereis evidence for three periods of folding, all of which
may be later than Early Cretaceous. Most of thefolds are overturned to the southwest, but a few are
overturned to the northeast. The rocks are intruded
by many small stocks and by a batholith having an
area of at least 150 square miles. Migmatites related
to two of the stocks show signs of mineralization(Berg, Art. 19).
Reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys of sedimentary basins

Analysis of aeromagnetic profiles across the Yukon
Flats indicates that magnetic "basement" underlies
most of the area at no great depth (Zietz and others,
Art. 36). Only in relatively small parts of the area
have low magnetic gradients been found that might
indicate possible thick sequences of sedimentary rock.
Aeromagnetic traverses across the Bethel lowland showthat it is not a simple structural basin but is underlain
by four northeast-trending belts, two where magnetic
rocks are relatively near the surface, and two where
magnetic rocks lie at considerable depth. East-west
aeromagnetic lines flown across the Cook Inlet-Susitna
lowland between Chelatna Lake and Seldovia, show aline of abrupt change in magnetic pattern that crosses
the Susitna and Beluga lowlands and coincides in partwith the Castle Mountain fault (Grantz and others,
unpublished data). Great thicknesses of sedimentaryrocks probably do not occur north or northwest of
this line. South of this line, however, thick sections
may underlie part of the Beluga lowlands and are
known to be present southeast of the line in the Cook
Inlet area. A total intensity aeromagnetic contour
map and a gravity survey indicate that in places within
the southern half of the Copper River basin sedimentary rocks are thick enough to have oil possibilities(Andreasen and others, unpublished data).
Tectonic provinces of Alaska

A tectonic map on a scale of 1:2,500,000, compiled
by George Gryc and others, shows that Alaska is
made up of a series of arcuate geosynclinal and geanticlinal belts that, except for the Brooks Range geanti-

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

cline, are approximately parallel to the coast of thesouthern part of Alaska. These major tectonic belts
are similar to those known further south on the North
American continent. The Arctic Coastal Plain andthe floor of the Arctic Ocean off Alaska, like the central interior of the United States and Canada, wasprobably a platform or shield until the beginning of
Cretaceous time. The Brooks Range compares tectonically to the Rocky Mountains, the Central Plateau
region of interior Alaska to the Basin and Range
province, the Alaska Range and associated Talkeetna
Mountains to the Sierra-Cascade province, the Cook
Inlet-Mat anuska Valley lowland to the Great Valleyof California, and the Chugach and St. Elias Ranges
and the Kenai Mountains to the California and Oregon
Coast Ranges.
Glacial history and distribution of surficial deposits in Alaska

Coulter, Hopkins, Karlstrom, Pewe, Wahrhaftig,
and Williams have compiled a map on a scale of
1:2,500,000, which shows the limits of past ice advancesof post-Altithermal or Recent, post-Illinoian, preAltithermal, Illinoian, and pre-Illinoian ages throughout Alaska. One of the interesting things brought out
by this compilation is that during each advance glaciers
have been most extensive on the south side of mountain ranges and most restricted on the north sides arain shadow effect demonstrating that precipitation
sources lay to the south and southwest in the Pacific
Ocean and perhaps the Bering Sea during at least thelast half of Pleistocene time. Another map of Alaska
on a scale of 1:1,584,000 compiled by Karlstrom andothers (Art. 154) shows the distribution of surficial
deposits (including glacial deposits, loess, alluvium,
coastal sediments, and volcanic deposits) and also thelocation of ice fields and glaciers, and major faults
that have displaced surficial deposits. It should be of
considerable use in state-wide planning of engineering
projects.
In the Johnson River area on the northeast side of the
Alaska Range, G. W. Holmes (1959d) has recognized
three major glacial advances in his summary of the
Quaternary history of the area. In the Cook Inlet area
Karlstrom (1959 and Art. 153) has established a Quaternary chronology of 5 major glaciations and hascorrelated this glacial sequence with that of the midcontinent area of the United States. In the upper
Kuskokwim region, Fernald (1959) has differentiatedand mapped the extent of two ice advances. Other
recent observations on the extent, age, and origin
of surficial deposits are reported in papers by Coulter(Art. 160), Lewis (1959a,b), Nichols (Art. 162), Williams (1959 and Art. 152), and Williams, Pewe, andPaige (1959).

GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESHAWAIIThe Geologic Division's current work in Hawaii ismainly concerned with investigations of alumina-richsoils, and with observations on the Hawaiian volcanoes.
Alumina-rich soil and clay

Alumina-rich soils developed on basaltic rocks in
the Hawaiian Islands are being investigated by S. H.
Patterson to determine both their economic significanceand the geologic factors influencing their distributions.
This work, which is being done mainly in Kauai, is anextension of earlier reconnaissance investigations by
J. B. Cathcart of the Geological Survey and Professors
G. D. Sherman and A. T. Abbott of the Universityof Hawaii. Kauai, as one of the geologically older
island volcanos of the Hawaiian group, is more deeply
weathered than the younger islands. Work to dateby Patterson indicates the Kauai deposits are submarginal as bauxite ore.
On the island of Hawaii G. D. Fraser (Art. 163)
has mapped an extensive and deeply weathered pyroclastic deposit known as the Pahala ash. This bed,
locally several feet thick, is now known to be a unique
horizon marker in the Mauna Loa-Kilauea lava sequence and is believed by Fraser to have emanatedfrom Kilauea as phreatomagmatic explosions. Composed largely of pumiceous material, its weathering
to high-alumina clay has preceded more rapidly, geologically, than weathering of basalt.
Ultramafic differentiates in the Kaupulehu flow

A remarkable "boulder bed" composed essentiallyof ultramafic inclusions has been exposed by a newroad cut in the 1801 Kaupulehu flow on Hualalai
Volcano. Locally this "conglomerate" contains lessthan one percent lava matrix and is up to 9 feet thick.
The mineral and chemical composition of the olivinerich and pyroxene-rich nodules are being studied ingreat detail by D. H. Blchter and K. J. Murata for
their significance in magmatic differentiation of primary basaltic magma.
Recent volcanic activity at Kilauea-Iki and Kapoho

Recent volcanic activity on the island of Hawaii,
beginning with a summit eruption at Kilauea-Iki in
November 1959 and ending with a flank eruption at
Kapoho in February 1960, was observed and analyzed
by geologists D. H. Richter and C. K. Wentworth,geochemists K. J. Murata and W. U. Ault, and geophysicists J. P. Eaton and H. L. Krivoy of the Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
The recent series of eruptions at Kilauea were
presaged by a swelling of the volcano from October
1958 to February 1959, measured by the Survey's
newly developed portable tiltmeter. The swelling

A47

subsided until August when, accompanied by a seriesof earthquakes, it commenced again. During the next
few months the rate of swelling increased and theseries of earthquakes, originally centered 35 miles below
the surface, became shallower and more numerous. A
great flurry of tiny, near-surface earthquakes centeredon the edge of the crater heralded the violent summit
eruptions at Kilauea-Iki from November 14 to December 20, 1959. Although the swelling subsided slightly
during the eruptions, it continued at an increasingrate until January 13, 1960 when an eruption occurredon the flank of the volcano at Kapoho 24 miles away,
an event also foreshadowed by a flurry of local earthquakes. The volcano then settled dramatically as
the magma reservoir was drained, and activity culminated in a series of small collapses of the crater
floor.
Sixteen phases of the eruption in the summit crater
were recorded in the period November 14 to December 18,1959, each manifested by geyser-like action with
fountains up to 1,900 feet high. The lava temperaturereached a maximum of 1190° C. The depth of thelava lake exceeded 400 feet and the thickness of theash fall at the crater rim exceeded 100 feet. The cruston the lava lake has been penetrated by drilling, anddevices installed in the hole for geothermal studies
have recorded a thermal gradient of 100° C per footin 7 feet of crust. The lava from the summit eruption
contains 46.3 to 49.5 percent SiO2.
Among the gases identified in the eruption, SO2
reached concentrations of one percent within the hightemperature interior of the newly-formed pumice cone,
and in Hilo, 22 miles distant, the SO 2 content of the
air reached 2 ppm. The ratio of CO 2/SO2 ranged
from 0.6 to 2,000 at different gas-venting localities.
CuCl2 emission was detected in volcano flames during
eruption.
The flank eruption at Kapoho was predicted byseismic station monitoring, and public warnings were
issued after the Kapoho graben sank three feet. Eruption began on January 13, 1960 and ingress of groundwater caused violent steam emission coincident withlava eruption. Flows rapidly changed from pahoehoe
to aa. The lava that issued from Kapoho wasmore viscous, reached a lower maximum temperature,and contained more silica (50.2 percent SiO 2 ), plagioclase, and pyroxene and less olivine than the lava
that came from the summit eruption. The Kapoho
eruption is interpreted as a more advanced differentiate of the Hawaiian primary magma.
PUERTO RICO ANT> THE CA1TAL ZONEThe U.S. Geological Survey has been studying thegeology of Puerto Rico in cooperation with the Eco-

A48

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

nomic Development Administration of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The project was started in
1952, and its purpose then was only to investigate themineral resources, but in 1955 its aims were enlarged
to include mapping the entire island on a scale of
1:20,000.
The mountainous central part of the island is madeup of rocks of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary age
in a complexly faulted northwest-trending anticlinorium. Most of the stratigraphic units are lenticularand consist of volcanic rocks or of sedimentary rocks
containing volcanic fragments (Berryhill, Briggs, andGlover, 1960). These units are cut by several large
bodies of intrusive rock. The coastal border of theisland is underlain by gently dipping younger rocksof Tertiary age.
In the east-central part of the central mountainous
area, graben and horst structures occur in a zone ofcomplex faults (Briggs and Pease, Art. 167), andin south-central Puerto Rico small thrust faults havebeen recognized by Glover and Mattson (Art. 166).
In the north half of the mountainous area hydrothermally altered rocks containing quartz, pyrophyllite, alunite, and kaolin group clays occur at several
places along a northwest trending belt (Hildebrand,
1959; Pease, Art. 165).
In the Canal Zone and adjacent parts of Panama,geologic studies have been carried on intermittently
by W. P. Woodring since 1947. The principal objectives have been to determine the geologic historyof the land bridge, but geologic mapping by the Geological Section of the Special Engineering Divisionof the Canal Zone has been compiled and is included
in Chapter A of Professional Paper 306 on the geology
and Tertiary molluks, published in 1957. The description of the Tertiary mollusks is continued in
Chapter B (Woodring, 1959a).
WESTEBN PACIFIC ISLANDS

The scattered islands and the island groups of theWestern Pacific (fig. 3) represent the exposed regional geology of an area greater than that of thecontinental United States. Up to 1946, little detailed
geologic information about this area was available;
today, as the result of geologic studies supported ordone in cooperation with several agencies of the Department of Defense, with the U.S. Atomic Commission, and with the National Research Council, it isabundant. Some of the islands, indeed, are among
the most intensely studied places on earth.

Geologic contrasts between the island arcs and islands of thewestern Pacific basin

The contrasting geologic nature of islands situatedon the two major island arc systems bounding thewestern side of the northern Pacific Basin are illustrated by differences in the stratigraphic successionsof the rocks of Okinawa and Ishigaki hi the Ryukyu
Islands and of Guam in the southern Mariana Islands
and Yap in the western Caroline Islands. On Okinawa, an island of the western arc, raised late Tertiary
and Quaternary reef limestones and associated sediments overlie a thick sequence of tilted Miocene marlsand complexly folded and faulted low-grade metamorphic geosynclinal deposits mostly of late Paleozoicage (Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959); those of Ishigaki rest on faulted Eocene limestones, conglomerates
and volcanic rocks, and on probable late Paleozoic
intermediate-grade metamorphic geosynclinal sediments that have been intruded by granites of late
Mesozoic or early Tertiary age (Foster, Art. 170).
On Guam, an island of the eastern arc, uplifted
reef limestones and argillaceous equivalents overlie
a thick sequence of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks
and associated sediments, most of which were deposted at or below sea level but are now raised toelevations of as much as 1,300 feet and more above
sea level (Tracey and others, 1959). At Yap, late
Tertiary and Pleistocene reef limestones are lacking;the basement rocks include Miocene volcanic rocks, a
breccia of undetermined Miocene or Oligocene age,and older undated metavolcanic deposits that havebeen intruded by ultramatic rocks (Cole, Todd, andJohnson, 1960).
Whereas basement rocks in both arcs are now exposed above sea level, basement rocks in the Northern
Marshall Islands, a group in the western Pacificbasin east of the arcs, now lie at appreciable depths
below sea level. At Eniwetok, Quaternary reef limestones rest on thick Miocene and Eocene reef limestones that in turn overlie a flow of olivine alkali
basalt at depths of more than 4,000 feet below sea
level (S. O. Schlanger and G. A. MacDonald, unpublished data).
Regional stratigraphic and paleontologic studies

Largs paleontologic collections, especially of microfossils and Mollusca, have made it possible to correlate
the Tertiary limestones throughout the Western Pacific. W. Storrs Cole reports a comparable sequenceof larger Formaminifera, ranging in age from Eocene
to Recent, at widely separated localities in the Fiji
Islands, the deep drill holes at Bikini and Eniwetok,and the raised limestones of Saipan, Guam, and the
Palau Islands. The sequence can also be correlated

INDONESIAo

KAPINGAMARANGI"ISLANDS;
FUNAFUTI' e

ELLICE ^0 .

GILBERT..- ISLANDS

Supplementary geologic studies and geologic
reconnaisance, for Office of the Engineer,
U. S. Army; U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Air
Force; and National Research Council

Detailed geologic, soils, and vegetation studies
Pacific geologic mapping program

EXPLANATION(island names underlined as shown)
Geological, geophysical, and deep-well explorations; Northern Marshall Islands

FIGURE 3. Index map of Western Pacific Islands showing areas investigated by the Geological Survey.

ISLANDS'"^" V,,* ,PONAM

EASTERN. cMIYAKO , x/ VOLCANO/IS'IWO JIMA

CO

A50

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

with the one previously well-established in Indonesia.
Studies of smaller Foraminifera by Ruth Todd, of
Mollusca by H. S. Ladd and F. S. MacNeil, of corals
by J. W. Wells, of discoasters by M. J. Bramlette, offossil algae by J. H. Johnson, of fossil Mammalia by
F. C. Whitmore, and of fossil pollen and spores by
E. S. Leopold, indicate that similar successions andcorrelations over large areas of the Pacific may bepossible for other fossil groups.
F. S. MacNeil has found that the fossil gastropodsof Okinawa correlate with other described faunas of
the Far East of late Oligocene to Pleistocene age.
The faunal succession indicates cooling of marine
waters in that area from late Miocene to early or
middle Pliocene, followed by warming in late Pliocene. The Pleistocene deposits in Okinawa consist of
reef limestones, presumably deposited during warmwater interglacial stages when sea level was high;unconformities in these deposits presumably represent
glacial intervals during which the water was cool andsea level was low.
Fossils of the extinct deer Metacervidus astylodon(Matsumoto) have been identified by F. C. Whitmore(Art. 171) in collections from Ishigaki-Shima, Ryukyu
Islands, in rocks of Pleistocene or late Pliocene age;these and other data suggest that mammals migrated
from South China, via Taiwan, during a period of
emergence in late Pliocene or Pleistocene time.
Younger bones of a pig, probably Sus leucomystax
riukiuanus Kuroda, have been dated by Ci4 methods
to be at least 8,500 ±500 years old.
Origin of tropical soils and bauxite on the higher islands

The tropical and subtropical islands, as they are
now and were during their recent geologic history,
present a wide range of conditions for the development of tropical soils and bauxites and for the dispersal of vegetation. S. S. Goldich, who investigatedbauxite deposits of the Palau Islands, and C. H.
Stensland, who has studied and mapped soils on manyof the islands, have independently arrived at theconclusion that surficial deposits of the higher, larger
islands are principally the products of weathering
during late Tertiary and possibly early Pleistocene
time, and that they reflect a complex geologic history.
Migrations of land and marine faunas and floras,
and of man, between islands of the Western Pacifichave long been subjects of study and controversy.
H. S. Ladd (1960 and Art. 172) has concluded, on thebasis of fossil Mollusca from the islands and in thelight of recent discoveries from drilling, dredging,and submarine mapping, that many islands andreefs existed within the Central and Western Pacificthroughout the Tertiary and that the island areas may

have been centers of dispersal for many elements of
the Indo-Pacific fauna.
ANTABCTICA

The Geological Survey has participated in scientificwork undertaken by the United States in Antarctica
during most austral summers since 1954-55, and presently is working there with support from the National
Science Foundation. Even though the work undertaken thus far has not been extensive, it has helped
to indicate the geologic character of this little known
continent.
Geologic mapping by Hamilton and Hayes (1959a)in Taylor Valley, South Victoria Land (fig. 4) has
outlined a composite batholith, consisting of various
kinds of granitic rock, intruded into the westernside of a belt of metasedimentary rocks, 15-miles wide,
roughly parallel to the coast. Unconformably overlying the crystalline rocks is the nearly flat-lying
Beacon sandstone, within which are sills of differentiated diabase up to 1,300 feet in thickness. Thesesills and the Beacon sandstone are displaced by several large normal faults (Hamilton and Hayes, Art.
173).
Structurally, the mountain belt that borders theRoss Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, and includes the Horlick
Mountains (fig. 4) has been regarded hitherto as apart of the "Great Antarctic Horst," which is marked
by a nearly continuous mountain chain that crosses
Antarctica near the South Pole. Doubt has been caston this view, however, by Hamilton's reinterpretationof rocks and structures, and by the fossils and radiometric age determinations that are now available.
These support the hypothesis that the mountain chain
is a belt of rocks that was metamorphosed and intruded by batholiths in Cambrian time (Hamilton,
Art. 174).
Samples of coal and fossil plant materials from the
Beacon sandstone in a portion of the Central Range,
Horlick Mountains (fig. 4) have been studied by James
M. Schopf. He finds that some of the coal is semianthracite, and that it contains both megafossils andmicrofossils characteristic of the Gondwana coal measures.
A geologic reconnaissance of the western and central
parts of the Thurston "Peninsula" was made by Harold
A. Hubbard while working with the scientific groupof the 1960 Amundsen-Bellinghausen Seas Expedition. Bedrock samples were taken at four localities;
the rock at all of them is a fine- to medium-grained
hornblende-diorite.
In Marie Byrd Land, Eugene L. Boudette completed
a geologic reconnaissance along the route of the austral

ISO1

ANTARCTICA
120°

A51
110°

100°

140C

150<

Route of 1959-60 geophysicalglaciological traverse

160C

170C

180C

Modified from traverseroute map National
Science Foundation

190C

200C

FIGURE 4. Index map of part of Antarctica showing areas of geologic reconnaissance and geologic mapping by the Geological Survey
in 1958, 1959, and 1960. Locations are indicated for bedrock stations in Marie Byrd Land (circles 1 through 5), mountain groups
observed at variable distances along the route of the 1959-1960 Byrdland Traverse (circles 6 through 10), and bedrock stations
on the Thurston "Peninsula" (circles 11 through 14).

A52

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

summer 1959-60 geophysical-glaciological traverse (fig.
4). Preliminary results from his investigation showthat two mountain groups, provisionally called the"Crary" and "Toney" Mountains, are composed ofbasalts and related rocks, and that they containstratiform volcanic cones rising 5,000-7,000 feet above
the ice-plateau surface that show little erosional destruction. The south end of the Ames Range and arange previously surveyed in 1959 contain felsic tointermediate volcanics. In the Edsel Ford Ranges
granite intrudes metagraywacke. Mountains in the
Executive Committee Range, the Ames Range, Mount
Petras, Mount Berlin in the Hal Flood Range, anda mountain group provisionally named "Mount
Takahe" were observed from a distance to be of similar
physiographic form. The Kohler Range and "Mount
X-Ray" (also provisionally named) do not havediagnostic physiographic forms and they may consistof non-volcanic rocks. From Boudette's interpretation of bedrock exposures and from seismic profiles
made by F. K. Chang (traverse seismologist), it seems
likely that much of Marie Byrd Land is a volcanic
archipelago.
EXTRATERRESTRIAL STUDIES

A terrain study of the moon has been made bystereoscopic methods by R. J. Hackman (see Art. 62)
and A. C. Mason, under the auspices of the Officeof the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. Among thefeatures mapped are mountains, maria, craters, rays,
and rills. Pre-maria craters are distinguished frompost-maria craters, and flat-bottomed craters are distinguished from those having simple or compound
central cones. The data are presented on a photomosaic monotone, but will later be plotted on a map
at a scale of 1:5,000,000 now being prepared by Army
Map Service. A bibliography of about 1,000 references concerning the surface of the moon has also
been completed.
E. M. Shoemaker has made a detailed study ofCopernicus, and compared this and other lunar craters
with comparable earth features. Shoemaker interprets
the rays that extend as much as 400 miles from thecrater Copernicus as splashes of crushed rock derived
from the impact of largo fragments ejected when
Copernicus was formed; many of the rays start fromvisible impact gouges as much as 5 miles long.
As the result of the work of R. E. Dietz, of theNaval Electronics Laboratory, and others, shattercones are now recognized as a criterion of terrestrial
impact structures, the study of which aids in theinterpretation of similar features on the moon. The
discovery of coesite, a high-pressure form of silica,

at Meteor Crater, Ariz., has furnished another criterion for the recognition of terrestrial impact structures (see p. A58).
Tektites (small pieces of glass found in widely
separated localities and thought by some to be of
extra-terrestrial and possibly lunar origin) have beenfound by Frank Senftle to have little or no magnetic
susceptibility. This indicates that the iron in themmust be in solution, and hence that they must havebeen heated well above 1400° C., which in itself
implies an extra-terrestrial origin.
R. E. Wallace (1959) has described a simple andrapid graphical method, using a stereographic net,of solving certain problems related to the orbits ofartificial satellites.
GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN FOREIGN NATIONS

Under the auspices of the International Cooperation
Administration, the Geological Survey cooperates witha number of foreign governments in activities broadly
designed to aid the growth of their economies throughdevelopment of their mineral resources. These activities are of several kinds: (a) geologic training of
foreign nationals, accomplished by assigning them toSurvey field parties and laboratories, or by lending
experienced Survey geologists to foreign universities
or geological surveys; (b) advisory service; and(c) geologic mapping, geophysical surveys, and similar
studies of areas favorable for the occurrence of mineral resources. Although the training and advisory
activities are perhaps of the most far reaching significance, they do not yield new geologic information
directly and are not described further here (see p. A93,
however, for a list of the activities involved). Someof the new information from the field studies is summarized briefly in the following paragraphs, withemphasis on that which is of broad scientific or
economic interest.
Chromite deposits in the Philippines

An investigation of the chromite deposits of thePhilippines, in cooperation with the Philippine Bureauof Mines, was begun in 1955 and is continuing under
the direction of D. L. Rossman. Four 15-minutequadrangles in Tambales province have been mapped,
three others have been partly mapped, and several
chromite bodies have been mapped in detail. These
field investigations have shown that the Tambale?
complex is a layered intrusion at least 100 miles longand 30 miles wide, with a stratigraphic thickness ofat least 10,000 feet. The lower part of the complex
consists of a peridotite zone at least 5,000 feet thick,a central transition zone about 500 feet thick, and an
upper gabbro zone about 5,000 feet thick. The small-

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN FOREIGN NATIONS

scale layering within the major units crosses lithologic
boundaries, unlike similar structures in the Bushveld
and Stillwater complexes, and cannot, therefore, be
used as a guide to predict structure or location ofchromite ore bodies. Mapping, however, has shownthat all of the chromite ore bodies occur either in thetransition zone or in the peridotite within a few hundred feet of the transition zone. Furthermore, it has
been found that metallurgical-grade and refractorygrade chromite deposits are enclosed by different
rocks. Drilling based on these observations has thus
far proven the existence of about 500,000 tons of highgrade chromite ore.
Coal in Pakistan

Although the Geological Survey's program in Pakistan consists mainly of advisory assistance and training, it also includes demonstration projects conductedby the Survey staff, involving mapping and appraisalof selected economically-important resources such ascoal, iron, and chromite. As Pakistan currently imports about 20 million dollars worth of coal each year,
three of the Geological Survey demonstration projects
in West Pakistan have been established in coal-bearing areas to aid the expansion of coal mining and help
reduce coal import expenditures.
Pakistan coals are in outer mountain belts in the
Himalayan Mountains system. They are of Eocene
age and many of them are of good quality, subbituminous rank. The reserves in the areas studied aretentatively estimated to be more than 200 million tons.
Studies of chemical constituents, physical properties,
and lateral changes in thickness have made it possible for the first time in Pakistan to classify reserves
by quality, rank, and utilization possibilities, andalso to compare the coal-forming environments inPakistan with those in other countries having similarcoals.
Iron deposits in Brazil

Among the several field activities of the Geological
Survey in Brazil, the investigation of iron and manganese in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero of central Minas
Gerais, done in cooperation with the Departamento
Nacional da Producao Mineral, has been the mostextensive. In progress since 1950, the work has involved geologic mapping, at a scale of 1:25,000, of
thirty-five T^-minute quadrangles. These maps are
now largely completed, and a map, on a scale of
1:200,000, of the entire Quadrilatero Ferrifero has
been recently compiled by the Departamento Nacionalde Producao Mineral and U.S. Geological Survey(1959).
557328 O - 60 -5

A53

The hematite in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero is inbanded iron formation associated with metasedimentary rocks, intruded by granitic rocks. The ore deposits have been found to be localized in the troughsof synclines, and less frequently on the crests of anticlines; a few, however, show no apparent structuralcontrol. The area contains several billion tons of highgrade (<65 percent Fe) hematite ore and many billion
tons of intermediate grade (35 to 40 percent Fe)
itabirite, much of which can be concentrated by simple
gravity methods.
Mineral and fossil fuel potential of Southern Peru

During 1958 and 1959 the Survey cooperated with
the Peruvian Institute Nacional de Investigaciones y
Fomento Mineras in a project to evaluate the mineralpotential of seven departments in southern Peru. The
reports by Kiilsgard and Olive have been publishedin Spanish (Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo delSur del Peru, 1959) and include a geologic map, on ascale of 1:1,000,000, of southern Peru, a map on thesame scale showing the location of all known mineraldeposits, and geologic descriptions of more than 100
individual deposits or districts.
One of the principal conclusions of this study isthat southern Peru has large, undeveloped mineral
resources, particularly porphyry copper deposits, butthat it will be expensive to bring these deposits into
production. To stimulate exploitation of these resources, the report recommends the Peruvian Government make detailed geologic studies of the following
favorable areas: (a) porphyry-copper belt extending
along the western front of the Cordillera Occidental,
from Arequipa to the Chilean border; (b) a belt ofcontact metasomatic-copper deposits extending northwest across the Andean Altiplano, in the departmentsof Cuzco and Apurimac; (c) ore-bearing volcanic
rocks in the Cordillera Occidental; and (d) the extensive but heretofore inaccessible gold-bearing area
along the eastern flank of the Cordillera Oriental.
Metalliferous deposits in Chile

The U.S. Geological Survey continued to work incooperation with the Institute de Investigaciones Geologicas of Chile during 1958 and 1959. Reconnaissance field investigations in the Province of Tarajaca,
made for the purpose of organizing a long-range
project of detailed mineral investigations, resulted in
the discovery of several large alteration zones thatshow many of the characteristics of porphyry copper
deposits. Two of these zones are currently being
mapped in detail.
Metalliferous deposits in Chile tend to be restricted
to well defined metallogenic provinces, each charac-

A54

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

terized by a dominant mineral or mineral assemblage
or by particular geological features. The most important ore deposits are those of copper, iron, silver,
gold, and manganese. The primary minerals represented are few in number and most are simple sulfides
and oxides; more complex sulfo-salts are scarce. Secondary minerals in great variety are important constituents of the ores. Many of the ore deposits are
situated along well defined structural lines, several
hundred kilometers long, that parallel the structuralgrain of the Andes.
The deposits, with few exceptions, are found in
sedimentary or volcanic rocks that range in age from
Jurassic to Late Cretaceous or in intrusive rocks of
Late Jurassic or Late Cretaceous age. Most deposits
are genetically related to intrusive bodies which havean average composition within the range of dioritegranodiorite.
The metalliferous deposits can be classed as hydrothermal, sedimentary, and contact-metamorphic. Copper deposits are typically hydrothermal. Some of themanganese deposits are sedimentary. And most of
the iron ore deposits are contact-metamorphic. Th2hydrothermal deposits, the most abundant and mostimportant economically, were formed at moderate
to low temperature and pressure.
INVESTIGATIONS OF GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND
PRINCIPLES

Although the investigations described in the preceding sections of this report are dominantly research
activities, they are either stimulated by economic objectives or by the need to learn more about the geologyof specific areas. A third general type of research,classed here as topical, is undertaken because of theneed to know about geologic processes or principles.
Although these investigations do not necessarily focus
on immediate economic or areal geologic problems,
they do provide the stimulation and basis for advancesin all phases of geology.
The research currently in progress on geologic processes and principles is grouped in the main categories
of paleontology; geomorphology and plant ecology;
geophysics; mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology;
and isotope and nuclear studies.
PALEONTOLOGY

Paleontological studies that have to do mainly withstratigraphic correlation and other regional problems
are described in the other sections of this report dealing with the geology of various areas. Findings thathave to do with evolutionary development, ecology,
and other subjects of general interest are reported here.

As a part of a study of the Late Cretaceous gastropods of Tennessee and Mississippi, N. F. Sohl has
noted a large number of evolutionary trends orchanges. For example, in the Urceolabrum lineage^
the species increase in size (especially height), ornament complexity, and width of ornament spacing withtime. In the bicostate group of Turritella, the lineage
shows a decrease in the number of primary spiral cords
with time.
From studies of Baculites, W. A. Cobban has stratigraphically zoned the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior, and correlated the zones with the European Cretaceous standards. His studies also reveal
interesting changes in species with time for example,
Sciponoceras gracile migrated from the Gulf Coastregion to Montana; during the course of its migration
the adults became notably reduced in size, presumably
because of cooler waters.
Fifteen floral zones are recognized in the upper
Paleozoic systems in the United States by Read andMamay (Art. 176). In order of decreasing age, theMississippian zones are: Adiantites, Triphyllopteris,and Cardiopteris. The Pennsylvanian zones are:Neuropteris pocahontas, Ma/riopteris pottsvillea, Mariopteris pygmaea, Megalopteris, Neuropteris tenuifolia,
Neuropteris rarinervis, Neuropteris flexuosa, Lescuropteris, and Danaeites. The Permian zones are Callipteris; the older Gigantopteris, Glenopteris, and Supaia
floras; and the younger Gigantopteris flora.
A. R. Palmer (1960c), reports the preservation of
copepods in rocks of Miocene age. This is the firstdescription of fossils of this arthropod subclass. Despite their rare preservation, copepods have probably
been in existence since early geologic times, but have
evolved very slowly.
Preliminary studies by Henbest (Art. 177) of fossil
spoor in the Morrow and Atoka series of Pennsylvanian age indicate that they are useful as indicatorsof environment and conditions of deposition, as wellas in the local tracing of sedimentary facies. Henbest(Art. 178) has also developed petrologic criteria to
distinguish agglutinated tubiform foraminifers fromsecreted forms where the shell material has been recrystallized.
Ecologic and morphologic analyses of 17 living
species of the foraminiferan Bolivina off El Salvador
by Patsy J. Smith indicate that some species show novariation in size or morphology throughout depthchanges from 50 to 3,200 meters; others reveal greatchange. In species which change morphologically withdepth, greatest abundance and largest size is reached
at 800 to 900 meters, the depth zone of minimum oxygen and maximum nitrogen.

A55

GEOPHYSICSGEOMORPHOLOGY AND PLANT ECOLOGY

Many Survey projects are concerned with land forms
and geomorphic processes, particularly if their emphasis is upon mapping surficial deposits, and many field
geologists utilize and make observations on the distribution of natural vegetation in the course of their
mapping. A few projects, however, are concernedwith general principles in these fields and their results
are summarized here.
Development of karst features

Two investigations have served to bring out some of
the factors that control the development of karst
phenomena. In Puerto Rico, Monroe (Art. 164) findsthat karst type is a function of the homogeneity of theunderlying limestone. Sinkholes occur where the terrane consists of alternating hard and soft beds of limestone, and tower-karst where the terrane is composedof homogeneous limestone. In the Shenandoah Valleyof Virginia, Hack (Art. 179) has shown that solution
cavities in carbonate rocks are more abundant in areasthat receive waters of low pH draining clastic sediments than in areas where all the streams drain carbonate rocks.
Dynamic equilibrium in the development of landscapeIn the Potomac River Basin, field studies, made by
Hack and his associates, of soils, vegetation, and erosional features indicate that the "maturely dissected"
landscape of this region was produced by the weathering and erosional processes that are going on at thepresent time, acting in dynamic equilibrium upon rocksof diverse character. Hack believes that this and othersuch landscapes may be end products of long-continued
erosion under conditions similar to those of the present
time, and that these processes can never lead to theformation of a peneplain. If this is true, the classicalexplanations of such landscapes in terms of landscapecycles should be discarded (Hack, 1960).
Formation of beaches and bars

McKee (1960b) and Sterrett have found from wavetank experiments that the form and internal structureof beaches and bars are controlled by three factors:
depth of water, intensity of wave action, and supplyof sand. Offshore bars develop at the point of wave
break. Where this occurs in very shallow water an
emergent bar commonly forms; where it is in somewhat deeper water a submarine bar is built; where still
deeper no bar develops. Increase in intensity of waves
tends to build a bar toward and even onto the beach.
Weaker waves build upward to form barriers withlagoons to shoreward. Abundant sand furnished on
the seaward side of a developing bar, simulating con-ditions developed by some longshore currents, causes
gently sloping, seaward-dipping beds to form. In
contrast, shoreward-dipping strata of steeper angle arecharacteristic of bars developed where the sand supply
is limited.
Plant ecology

A vegetation map of about 50 square miles of mountainous terrain in the Potomac River Basin, preparedby Hack in collaboration with John C. Goodlett ofHarvard University, indicates that the distribution oftree species is closely related to topographic forms,
soil, and geology as they exist today; they have concluded from this that the forest pattern is determined
mainly by the water-in-soil requirements of individual
trees rather than by the evolution of climax communities.
In Death Valley, Calif., Hunt (Art. 208) analyzed
the geomorphic distribution of plants, and finds that
xerophytes grow in the main and tributary washes of
the grand fans, and phreatophytes grow at the footof the fans where the ground water is shallow. Benchlands between the marshes commonly have an impermeable surface of desert pavement and are bare. The
salt pan in the interior of the valley is devoid of flowering plants and ground around the foot of the fansthat contains more than 5 percent of salts is also bare.
World vegetation classification

In the course of studies of vegetation patterns it
became evident to Fosberg (1959b) that current vegetation classifications which involve the environment aswell as the plants are not satisfactory for certain purposes. In attempting to ascertain which criteria pertaining to the plants themselves are suitable bases fora world-wide vegetation classification, he found thatfeatures of "structure" (the arrangement in space ofthe components of vegetation), and of "function"(features that suggest special adaptation to environmental situations, either present or past), provide abasis for classification that can be carried down to thelevel of formation and, if needed, subformation. Further subdivision, appropriate on a regional basis, may
be made by taking into account floristic composition(i.e. the species present in the vegetation).
GEOPHYSICS

The physics of the earth is an extremely broad field
which, logically defined, includes some branches of thegeological sciences long known by other names structural geology, for example. Defined in this way, manyof the field investigations already described have to dowith geophysics (and under even a narrow definition
many of them are of interest to geophysicists). InA56

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OP GEOLOGIC RESULTS

this section, however, are described studies in more
restricted fields, specifically: new measurements of thephysical properties of rocks, work on permafrost, experiments and observations on rock deformation, andpaleomagnetism. Work on the development of geophysical exploration methods is described on p. A16,
geophysical work directly related to engineering problems on pages A19-A25, and results of aeromagnetic
and gravity measurements in various areas are described on pages A29-A46.
PHYSICAL. PROPERTIES OF ROCKS

The use of geophysical methods in exploration andmapping, and in the solution of many geologic andengineering problems depends on knowledge of thephysical properties of rocks. Reported here are someof the new findings on the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, mass, optical, thermal, and thermodynamic properties of rocks.
Mechanical properties

In studying the change of strength of ice during thethaw period in Lake Peters, Brooks Range, Alaska,
D. F. Barnes found that both strength and thickness
decreased more rapidly in ice whose grains have predominantly horizontal crystallographic c-axes than in
ice with vertical c-axes.
L. Peselnick has studied absorption of mechanicalvibrations as a function of frequency in certain nearly
isotropic rocks by determining (a) the pulse absorption at about 107 cycles per second, (b) the resonancedecay at natural frequencies of about 104 cycles per
second, and (c) the torsion pendulum absorption atabout 10 cycles per second. Results of measurementson the Solenhofen limestone, a very fine grained,nearly isotropic rock, show that there is a slight but
real change of absorption with frequency. (Peselnick
and Outerbridge, Art. 182).
Using elasticity theory and underground measurements of the velocity of compressional and shear waves
in a potash mine near Carlsbad, N". Mex., R. E. Warrick calculated the elastic moduli of the rocks in place;
good values for Poisson's ratio are 0.28 for a salt pillar
and 0.30 for a potash pillar.
Electrical properties

From a preliminary study of the effect of temperature on resistivity in rocks, G. V. Keller concludes
that below about 400° C conduction in the mineral
grains is controlled in good part by impurities butthat between 400° C and 1,000° C it is ionic. It is difficult, however, to determine the mechanism of conduction in rocks because the rock samples undergo irreversible chemical and physical changes during thetests. Reductions in resistivity were accompanied in

all cases by increases in the dielectric constant in thefrequency range 300 cycles per second to 200 kilocycles per second. Unless the rock is heated above
150°C, its inherent resistivity is generally disguised by
its water content.
Keller has also studied induced polarization in single
crystals of some sulfide and oxide minerals by measuring over-voltage, surface impedance, and normal electrode potential (see also p. A17). Minerals with thehighest surface impedance probably contribute themost to induced polarization. Measurements of theelectrical transient voltage of various rocks gave thefollowing results: disseminated sulfides have the greatest ability to polarize, followed in order by hematiteiron ores, glacial till, fine-grained igneous rocks, sandstone and shale, felsic igneous rocks, limestone anddolomite, and ultramafic igneous rocks.
Magnetic properties

An absolute method of measuring magnetic susceptibility by means of a quartz helix balance has beendeveloped by Thorpe and Senftle (1959); the sensitivity of the method for milligram samples is 10~10 cgs
units. Measurements on natural brookite, anatase, andrutile, and on synthetic anatase and rutile over thetemperature range of 4°K to 373°K show that themagnetic susceptibility is markedly affected by iron,magnesium, and other impurities (Senftle and Thorpe,
1959a, b).
J. R. Balsley and A. F. Buddington (1960) havefound a distinct correlation of anisotropy of magnetic
susceptibility with the fabric of granites and orthogneisses of the Adirondack Mountains. The direction of remanent magnetization is related to themineralogical composition of the rocks.
Mass properties

Mean values of bulk density, porosity, permeability,
thermal conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility havebeen determined by C. H. Roach, F. M. Byers, and
G. A. Izett for granite, dolomite, and marble found on
the Nevada Test Site. These rocks are all dense, as
shown by their low permeabilities (less than 10~13
millidarcies). In the granite, they found a linear relation (with some scatter) between log magnetite involume percent (M) and log susceptibility in cgs units(S). This may be expressed as S = 4.3 M1- 4.
Phosphorescence and thermoluminescence

Preliminary results of an investigation by R. M.
Moxham indicate that scheelite, kyanite, and fluorite
have an infra-red phosphorescence that persists longenough to be observed on an oscilloscope, although
total persistence is less than 10 milliseconds; the decay
very nearly follows an exponential law. Investiga-

A57

GEOPHYSICS

tions of the relation of thermoluminescence to wallrock
alteration are discussed on p. A15.
Thermal properties

From measurements on duplicate samples of 93
specimens, representing 1,000 feet of limestone and
1,000 feet of dolomite from a deep well in West Virginia, Eobertson (1959) found that the mean conductivity of the limestone is 6.77 x 10"3 cal per cm/deg
C and that of the dolomite is 11.39 x 10"3 cal per
cm/deg C, with standard deviations of 77 percent and10 percent respectively of the means. These results,
together with density measurements and chemical andmineralogical analyses, show that both the limestone
and dolomite are remarkably uniform, from which it
may be inferred that the sedimentation process andthe succeeding metamorphic history were also very
uniform.
Thermodynamic properties

E. A. Eobie has made a critical compilation ofentropies and heat contents, and calculated values of
the heats and free energies of formation at 100-degreeintervals to 1,000°C or higher for 58 minerals; he has
also evaluated the fugacities and free energies at highpressures and temperatures for CO2 and H2O. These
data are the first readily available for the rapid thermodynamic calculation of the temperature-pressurestability fields of certain minerals and for determining
whether a particular chemical reaction will proceed
or not.
PERMAFROST STUDIES

Permafrost studies, begun in 1945 following permafrost damage to the airfield at Northway, Alaska, havebeen extended over much of Alaska and to other partsof the Arctic. The primary objectives of these studies
are to elucidate the general laws governing thermal
phenomena in permafrost, to determine the areal extent of permanently frozen ground and its relation tovarious soil types, and to learn how permafrost behaves under varying engineering conditions (see p.
A9 for a description of results that bear directly on
engineering problems, and p. A58 for information oncontraction cracks in permafrost). The work is beingclone in cooperation with the Office of Naval Eesearch,
Bureau of Yards and Docks, Bureau of Public Eoads,
Chemical Corps, Corps of Engineers, Alaska Eailroad,
Bureau of Eeclamation, and other Federal and Stateagencies.
Areal differences in character of permafrost

In Alaska mapping of the general distribution andcharacter of permafrost has delineated the boundaries
between zones of continuous, discontinuous, andsporadic permafrost. Detailed mapping in the Fairbanks area (Williams, 1959; Williams, Pewe, andPaige, 1959) has shown the influence of surface drainage and sediment texture, as well as climate, on thedepth to the permafrost table and on the distributionof ground ice masses.
In North Greenland the active zone has considerably
greater bearing strength than the active zones in otherpermafrost regions (see p. A20). Preliminary studies
indicate that the high bearing strength of the active
zone in North Greenland is due to its uniformly low
moisture content throughout the year (Davies, 1960a).
Interpretation of temperature data

The analysis of temperature data that Lachenbrach,
Brewer, and others have been collecting for nearly ten
years in a variety of environments in northern Alaska
is now yielding significant information on the climatic
history of that area. Because of the thermal disturbance caused by drilling which usually raises
temperature but sometimes lowers it a correction
must be applied to temperatures measured in drill
holes; Although the change of temperature thus
caused may take as long as 50 years to diminish to.01 °C., one can now correct for it with such accuracy that residual secular changes in natural earthtemperatures as small as .01 °C. per year can be detected from measurements made a few years after
drilling. Analysis of temperatures measured a few
hundred feet beneath the surface near Point Barrow
indicates that the temperature at the ground surface
rose about 3°C. during the past 50 to 75 years (Lachenbruch and Brewer, 1959). As oceans and lakes havea pronounced thermal effect on permafrost, shorelinechanges during the last several thousand years can bedetected by analysis of temperatures measured at various depths near the present coast line. This method
is being used at several arctic stations to learn thehistory of post-Pleistocene shoreline changes. Preliminary results obtained by Lachenbruch and Greene (mKachadoorian and others, 1960) from temperatures indeep wells at Ogotoruk Creek (in the Chariot test sitearea see p. A22) suggest that the permafrost is about
1,000 feet thick, that the climate has grown warmerin the past century, and that the sea has been transgressing on the land.
ROCK DEFORMATION

Observations on rock deformation accumulate continually as the result of geologic mapping, but investigations of the principles and mechanics of deformation that are also in progress are reported here (seep. A20 for a description of results of work related toengineering problems).

A58

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Contraction cracks

In analyzing the mechanics of contraction cracks,
such as columnar basalt joints, mud-cracks, ice-wedge
polygons, shrinkage cracks in concrete and ceramic
glaze, A. H. Lachenbruch (Arts. 186 and 187) findsthat their size can be explained in terms of stressperturbation due to a single crack, and that they may
be classified on the basis of whether or not most of
the cracks intersect at right angles. Orthogonal polygons evidently evolve by progressive subdivision, andnonorthogonal ones by successive branching of rapidly
propagated cracks. Hunt and Washburn (Art. 185)
have found that contraction cracks, where they formon salt pans in Death Valley, yield patterned groundsimilar to that in frozen ground. While mapping theLate Triassic Watchung basalt fissure eruptives of
New Jersey, G. T. Faust found that he could determine stratigraphic position within a flow from thecharacter of the contraction joints. The joints arehexagonal in the upper part of a thick flow; those in
the middle part are tetragonal; and those in the lower
part are curved surfaces. In thin flows, the tetragonaljoints are missing.
Tectonic fracturing and faulting

D. J. Varnes and S. P. Kanizay have found thatcertain geologic fracture patterns may be expressed interms of trajectories of maximum shear stress predicted by the equations of plasticity. Using only thesimplest formal theory of plasticity, that of von Mises,
Varnes found that the theoretical and actual fault andvein patterns in the Silverton, Colo., mining district
agree closely. In one instance, he found that the predicted position of a dike that curves through 154 degrees of strike in 7 miles was nowhere more than 400
yards away from its actual position, although he used
only the two end points for control. This method ofanalysis appears to be worth testing in other areas.
Experiments at room temperature on the creep of
Solenhofen limestone (Kobertson, 1960) showed thatthe rate of creep decreased 100-fold when the hydrostatic pressure was increased from 1,000 to 2,000 bars.
The experiments showed also that fracturing is one ofthe principal mechanisms of creep in limestone, although some fractures heal on unloading.
From an analysis of the main normal faults bounding tilted fault-block ranges, Moore (Art, 188) concludes that their surfaces are concave toward thedown-thrown side, both in plan and section, and are
therefore analogous to the spoon-shaped faults thatbound many landslides.

Rock fragmentation and mixing due to volcanism and tostrong shock

E. M. Shoemaker's mapping of serpentine-bearing
diatremes of Arizona and Utah and their craters showsthat these pipelike vents start with a fracture propagated by high-pressure fluid, are enlarged by highvelocity flow of gases, solids and entrained wall-rockfragments, may be modified by spalling of the walls,
and are ultimately filled with debris derived fromabove as well as below. Continued work on the originof craters has led Shoemaker to detailed mapping ofMeteor Crater in Arizona and to the application ofmodern theories of shock waves and hydrodynamic
flow in analysis of the mechanics of impact (Shoemaker, 1959a, b, and Art. 192). He found that theobserved structures and distribution of debris at
Meteor Crater are consistent with those that would be
produced by the impact of an iron meteorite about 80
feet in diameter travelling with a velocity of 15 kilometers per second at a high angle of incidence to theearth's surface and liberating energy equivalent tobetween 1.4 and 1.7 megatons of TNT. He finds (Art.
192) that mixing or scrambling of fragmented materials is a consequence of strong shock induced byartificial explosives and natural impact, and that the
mixing motion occurs out to a sharply defined limit
from the origin of the shock. The equation
R(in feet) = 5.7TF1/3(in tong of TNT equivalent)describes the relation between the limit of the domain of
mixing and the energy released. Fragments of strongly
shocked rock are dispersed in a breccia composed
chiefly of rocks that have been subjected only to low
shock pressures. At Meteor Crater the strongly
shocked material may be recognized by its sintered orcompressed and crushed condition. E. T. C. Chao,
B. M. Madsen, and E. M. Shoemaker have foundcoesite, the high pressure polymorph of silica, to begenerally present in fragments of strongly shocked
Coconino sandstone, the principal rock-type present in
the breccia. The occurrence of coesite at Meteor
Crater, together with its absence from quartz crystals
partially sintered by high pressure shock waves ofvery short duration, probably indicates that sluggish
polymorphic transitions may occur a considerable distance behind the shock front in waves of longer duration.
PALEOMAGNETISM

From a review and evaluation of all publishedpaleomagnetic data, supplemented by their own
studies, Doell and Cox (Art. 193) conclude that
paleomagnetic results from late Tertiary rocks strongly

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

support the dynamo theory for the earth's magnetic
field, and exclude extensive polar wandering duringlate Tertiary time. Although rocks of late Pleistocene
age all show normal magnetization, numerous reversals
in the Tertiary and early Pleistocene rocks suggestthat the earth's field may have undergone at least adozen complete reversals during the interval between
middle Tertiary and middle Pleistocene time. Olderrocks show less consistent results, but results obtained
from the Permian, Carboniferous and Precambrianrocks show a high degree of consistency, and they indicate that the positions of the earth's magnetic polediffered significantly during those times from its present position. Their fundamental conclusion is thatthe available paleomagnetic data support the hypothesis that the magnetic pole has wandered during geologic time but that there is not yet conclusive evidence
concerning continental drift.
Doell and Altenhofen (Art. 194) have designed andconstructed a new Lambert equal-area projection, withan accuracy of one-tenth degree, useful in solving
problems in spherical trigonometry encountered inpaleomagnetic research and in other disciplines as
well.
Results of other studies on paleomagnetism andremanent magnetism are described in connection withwork on Snake River lava (p. A41) and various rocks
in the Lake Superior region (p. \^33 and Art. 93).
STUDIES OF THE THICKNESS AND COMPOSITION OF
THE CRUST

The thickness of the earth's crust is being studied bygravity methods. Among the recent results of thesestudies is the discovery of a Bouguer anomaly low of
more than 240 mgals (milligals) over the Sierra Nevada. This is interpreted as indicating the presenceof a mountain root, although the anomaly may bepartly due to the Sierra Nevada batholith, which is oflower density than the average crustal rock (Oliver,Art. 146). A regional gravity map of the Great Basinshows that the Bouguer anomalies are low where theregional topography is high, and vice versa, whichindicates that the regional topographic features in the
Great Basin are isotatically compensated (Mabey, Art.
130). Seismic refraction measurements along a line
extending from the Nevada test site to Kingman, Arizona, suggest a crustal thickness of 31 km, if we assume a one layer crust, or 34 km for a two layer crust.
These values are smaller, however, than those calculated from both gravity and surface wave studies inthis area.
Over the Sacramento Valley, a high altitude aeromagnetic survey recorded a huge linear magnetic

A59

anomaly (1,000 gammas), and a large linear gravity
anomaly has been found in the same area. These
anomalies are both interpreted as effects of a large
block of magnetic rocks 5 to 10 miles below the surface, probably intruded along a major fracture in theearth's crust. Similar broad aeromagnetic highs havebeen observed over the moderately deformed rocks of
the Matanuska geosyncline in Alaska. In both areas
relatively flat magnetic profiles are observed over adjacent belts of severely deformed sedimentary rocks ofsimilar age. It is possible that the deeply buried magnetic rocks beneath the gently deformed areas are structurally more competent than the nonmagnetic rocks
that apparently underlie the highly deformed belts. If
so, this would account for the differences in the degreeof deformation, for a competent igneous mass of thesize believed to underlie the Matanuska geosyncline
and Great Valley would have given them great structural stability (Grantz and Zietz, Art. 158).
Similar work indicates that the Appalachian Plateau
of southeast Kentucky and central Tennessee is underlain by a block of dense, magnetic rock 100 miles wide,
and 8,000 to 10,000 feet beneath the surface, and thatthe overlying Paleozoic rocks thicken to the east andnorth (King and Zietz, 1960).
MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

Studies in the general field of mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology are concerned with the description of new minerals; definition of the chemicaland physical properties of minerals; experiments andobservations on the mode of origin of minerals, rocks
and ores; compilation of data on the distribution andabundance of the chemical elements in rocks and ores;
experiments and observations on organic processes andmaterials that are of geologic importance; and observations and analysis of data on the distribution of
the isotopes and nuclear properties of the elements andtheir meaning in terms of the age and origin of thecontaining minerals and rocks. Work in these fields
is a fundamental part of many other Survey investigations and some of the new results of work in progress
have already been discussed in connection with otherproblems (see especially the sections on mineral resources, geochemical prospecting, waste disposal, andnatural distribution of elements as related to health).
Other findings of wider application are described here.
MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL, CHEMISTRY

Mineralogic studies of valuable metalliferous andnonmetalliferous mineral deposits, and of minerals
suitable for use in capture of radioactive wastes, havebeen described in previous sections of this review (seeAGO

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

p. A1-A12 and A24). Results of some of the studiesof new minerals, synthesis of minerals, and of crystal
chemistry are discussed here.

however, to speed the reaction by increasing the temperature.

Description of new minerals and other mineralogic studies

Synthesis of minerals provides a means of solving
many mineralogic, crystallographic, and geochemical
problems. Robert Meyrowitz has synthesized excellent
crystals of the uranyl carbonates liebigite, bayleyite(see Art. 201), andersonite, and swartzite for single
crystal study and determined the conditions underwhich these compounds are formed. Synthetic andanalytical studies of abernathyite, conducted by Frank
Grimaldi and Robert Meyrowitz, determined its composition and helped in the study of its structure, described below. Synthesis of several of the California
borate minerals by R. C. Erd afforded knowledge on
chemical relations and provided material for X-ray,
DTA, and other analytical studies.
Hans P. Eugster and his coworkers are studying thesubstitution of boron for tetrahedrally coordinatedaluminum in silicates, and have synthesized boron
analogs of analcite, sanadine, leucite, nepheline, kalsilite, and micas (Art. 202). This work has not only
thrown light on the crystal chemical relations between
these compounds, but may lead to some important new
developments in ceramics.

The new basic mercuric sulfate schuetteite (HgSO4*
HgO) has been described by E. H. Bailey and others(1959), who found it in several quicksilver deposits in
Nevada and at single localities in California, Oregon,
and Idaho. It occurs on surfaces of cinnabar exposed
to sunlight, where it probably formed through directoxidation of cinnabar by oxygen-bearing surface
water; it is also found on dumps of burnt ore, where
it must have been formed from action of strongly acidsulfate waters on metallic mercury.
Charles Milton's completed study of kimseyite, a
new zirconium garnet from carbonatite at Magnet
Cove, Arkansas, has shown that its basic formula is
Ca3Zr2Al2SiOi2, a remarkable extension of known
garnet structures.
In the course of a study of an unusual sample fromthe Wet Mountains thorium area, Colorado, submitted
by M. R. Brock, F. G. Fisher found a new hydrated
calcium-thorium phosphate mineral that is approximately the thorian analog of the newly describeduranous phosphate, ningyoite. Like ningyoite it has
a structure approaching that of rhabdophane at room
temperature but changes to a monazite-type structure
when heated above 900°C.
Several new minerals have been described from theborate districts in Colifornia. One of these is gowerite, a new calcium borate, CaO«3B2O;;*5H2O, which Erd
and others (1959) have shown to be formed by weathering of colemanite and priceite veins in basaltic rocksof the Furnace Creek formation. Additional newminerals that have been described by Survey workers
are another hydrous calcium borate from the Death
Valley region and a hydrous strontium borate
SrOB2O3«4H2O from the Kramer borate district. The
rare borate minerals hydroboracite, inderite, andkurnakovite were found in the abandoned Eagle Borax
Works deposit in Death Valley.
The new potassium uranyl silicate weeksite (K2(UO2 ) 2 (Si2O5 ) 3«4H2O), described by Outerbridge andothers (1960), was found at 10 localities in Utah,
California, New Mexico, Wyoming, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It occurs in rhyolite andpegmatite and replaces pebbles in tuffaceous conglomerate.
Harry C. Starkey has shown that the true ion-exchange capacity of some zeolites is not determinable
by the standard methods. Samples leached for over
100 days showed no indication of having reached an
end point in the exchange reaction. It is possible,

Synthesis of minerals

Crystal chemistry

The principal investigations in progress in the fieldof crystal chemistry are aimed at the definition of thecrystal structures and crystal chemistry of the borate,
silicate, and phosphate minerals, and at the kinetic
and thermodynamic relations between solid phases andthe solutions from which these minerals are formed.
Analysis of the structure of a synthetic calcium
borate by J. R. Clark and C. L. Christ have proved
it to be a fifth member of the colemanite series,
2CaO«3B2O3«nH2O, with n=l. The crystals contain
colemanite-like chains of B3 O8 rings of two tetrahedra
and one triangle joined laterally to form sheets. H. T.
Evans and B. J. Skinner, from a structure study of/?-spodumene, have defined the role of lithium in thisunusual compound, and have shown that its base exchange properties and variable composition are due tothe presence of channels and cavities. Similar information about the zeolite-like mineral bikitaite(LiAlSi2O4«H2O) has resulted from the determinationof its structure by D. E. Appleman. The crystal
structure of varyneite, MnBePO4 (OH), has been determined by M. E. Mrose and D. E. Appleman, andthey have found that it contains tetrahedra of BeO3(OH) and chains of PO4. These chains unexpectedly
proved to be completely different from those in theisomorphous euclase, AlBeSiO4 (OH), whose structure

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

has also been accurately defined. The detailed arrangement of the layer structures of the autunite
minerals has been revealed by Malcolm Ross and H. T.
Evans in their determination of the structure of abernathyite, KUO2AsO4»3H2O. They found the interlayer cations to be distributed at random over fourfold
sites with the water molecules.
A new classification of the hydrated borate minerals,
prepared by C. L. Christ (1960), makes it possible
to assign reasonable structural formulas to most of
the borates whose structures are still unsolved. The
scheme, is founded on a set of crystal-chemical principles evolved from studies of crystal structures thatgovern the linkage of BO4 tetrahedra and BO3 triangles.
.EXPERIMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY

Research in the field of experimental geochemistry
has been directed principally toward determining theconditions and mechanisms under which geologicallysignificant chemical processes take place. Extensive
studies are underway on: wet and dry silicate systems,
solubility and reactions of minerals in hydrothermal
solutions, and dry sulfide systems.
Silicate systems

From a study of the system NaAlSi3O8-LiAlSO4H2O at 2000 bars David B. Stewart has shown thatmuch natural eucryptite was probably formed by the
replacement of spodumene by sodium rich solutions, andthat the structural state of the albite associated witheucryptite is higher than expected. The NaAlSi3O8LiAlSiO4 join is of the "eutectic" type, with the fourphase point (albite-eucryptite-liquid-vapor) located atabout 81 percent NaAlSi3O8, 19 percent LiAlSiO4 and733±3°C.
Herbert R. Shaw has determined the four-phase
point K-feldspar-quartz-liquid-vapor at 2000 bars H2O
pressure in the system KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O at K-feldspar 56 percent, SiO2 44 percent, and 767°±5°C. The
silicate liquid a few degrees above the four phase
point contains about 5 weight percent H2O.
David B. Stewart and Eugene H. Roseboom haveshown from theoretical considerations of the final
crystallization of ternary feldspar melts that slightchanges in initial composition, temperature, degree offractional crystallization, and water pressure can result in radically different textural relations in the
fully crystallized product. Experimental investigations of these phenomena will prove difficult, however,
because they involve a temperature range of only a
few tens of degrees.
In an effort to interpret the genesis of welded tuffs,
Robert L. Smith and Irving Friedman have measured

A61

the compaction rates of natural rhyolitic glasses asfunctions of water content (pressure of H2O) andtemperature and from these data they have calculated
their viscosities. They have also found that the viscosity of the glass increases with time, possibly due
to polymerization.
Reactions of minerals in hydrothermal solutions

George W. Morey and Robert O. Fournier haveshown that the solubility of quartz in water at 15,000
psi decreases regularly from 330 ppm at 200°C. toabout 70 ppm at 100°C. At still lower temperatureextensive metastability exists, and at room temperature equilibrium is not obtained even after a year.
The solubility of quartz below 220° C on the threephase curve (quartz-liquid-vapor) is greater than that
determined by Kennedy; at 136°C it is 100 ppm.
Morey and Fournier have also investigated the reactions of some common silicates with water at 295 °C
and 2500 psi, and have found that microcline breaks
down slowly to muscovite, albite alters more rapidly
to paragonite, boemite, and an amorphous material;
and that nepheline quickly breaks down to muscovite,
boemite, and analcite. The total Na2O+K2O+Al2O3+SiO2 in solution averages 167 ppm at pH 7.9 frommicrocline, 243 ppm at pH 7.9 from albite, and 440
ppm at pH 9.7 from nepheline.
The solubility of zincite at 25°C, and of brochantite,atacamite, and tenorite from 25 to 75 °C, have beenmeasured by Barton and Bethke (1960), who showthat the solutions that deposit tenorite have a concentration of less than about 10~4- 5 molar in Cu+2.
Dry sulfide systems

Since the pioneer work of Kullerud appeared in
1953, several workers have helped refine the sphalerite
geothermometer. The effect of FeS on the unit cellof sphalerite has been recalculated by Skinner, Barton,and Kullerud (1959), and Skinner and Barton haverecently shown that errors of previous investigators
were caused by the presence of ZnO in solid solution
in the sphalerite. Skinner has also worked out linearunit-cell versus mole-fraction curves for CdS and
MnS in sphalerite and wurtzite. Skinner (1959) has
completed four isotherms in the system MnS-FeSZnS and one in the system CdS-FeS-MnS, and shownthat both Mn and Cd have small but measurable effects
on the solubility of FeS in sphalerite, and that wurtzite
is a stable phase down to low temperatures if large
amounts of MnS are in solid solution. Preliminary
studies of sphalerite in the Cu-Fe-Zn-S system byPriestley Toulmin indicate that the composition of
sphalerite in equilibrium with pyrite and various
copper-bearing sulfides lies principally along the ZnS-A62

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

FeS join, rather than along the ZnS-CuFeS 2 join,
and also that the small amount of CuS (<5 molepercent at 600°-700°C) that can enter the sphalerite
has little effect on the solubility of FeS. Barton has
shown that the mole percent FeS in sphalerite inequilibrium with pyrite decreases about one order ofmagnitude when the activity of S2 is increased by twoorders of magnitude. The activity of S 2 is thus amuch more important variable than temperature in
determining the composition of sphalerite in pyritebearing assemblages. Kullerud's original solvus in
the FeS-ZnS system has been verified independently
by Skinner and by Kullerud (of the GeophysicalLaboratory); and Barton and Kullerud have shownthat this solvus applies to sphalerite-pyrrhotite assemblages below about 600°C.
Toulmin has shown that a complete solid solution
series exists above 350°C between proustite and pyrargyrite, but his attempts to locate the solvus havebeen thwarted by failure to attain equilibrium atlower temperatures, even in runs of several months
duration.
In investigating portions of the systems PbS-ZnSZnSe-PbSe, CuFeS1 . 9-CuFeSe1 .«-PbSe-PbS, PbSZnS-CdS, and PbS-ZnS-MnS, Bethke and Barton(1959) have determined the distribution functions for
Se, Cd and Mn between coexisting sphalerite and galena,and of Se 'between chalcopyrite and galena as functionsof both temperature and pressure. Combination of the
distribution of two minor elements between a pair ofminerals therefore offers a very promising combined
geothermometer-barometer. Concordant pressure-temperature values from the distribution of three or moreelements provides a novel and widely applicable criterion of equilibrium between mineral pairs.
Barton and Toulmin (1959) have devised an electrum-tarnish method for the measurement of the activity (or chemical potential) of sulfur in laboratory
sulfide systems, based on the thermodynamically wellknown systems Ag-S and Ag-Au. This work provides a powerful tool for determining the thermodynamic properties of many sulfides and it can also
be used in developing several geothermometers.
GEOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEMENTS

The distribution of elements and their role in geologic processes are being studied as a part of investigations in the fields of mineral resources, isotope geology,
geochemical prospecting, public health (including radioactive waste disposal), experimental geochemistry,geochronology, and petrology; new findings in thesefields are reported elsewhere. General investigationsof the abundance and distribution of the elements are

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

reported in the following sections on the revision ofthe "Data of Geochemistry," distribution of minor
elements, and chemical composition of sedimentaryrocks.
Revision of Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry"

Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry" is a critical compilation of data on the composition of the Earth, its
rocks, minerals, waters and atmosphere, plus a summary of the data required to interpret the chemical
processes that occur on and within the Earth. Good
progress on the revision of this monograph was madeduring the year by the 44 authors, about half of whom
are at universities and research institutions.
As part of this undertaking, Fleischer and Chao
have made a critical study of published estimates ofabundance of elements in the Earth's crust and haveshown that most of them are actually based on theabundances in continental rocks. Because the ocean
basins are composed essentially of basic rocks, theestimates usually cited for the Earth's crust are about
an order of magnitude too low for elements such as
nickel and chromium that are enriched in basalts,
and about an order of magnitude too high for elements
such as rubidium and barium, that are enriched in
granitic rocks.
Chemical composition of sedimentary rocks

As a part of a project to compile the 20,000 to
25,000 analyses estimated to have been published on
sedimentary rocks of the United States, T. P. Hill,
M. S. Warner, and M. J. Horton have nearly completed a volume containing about 3.000 analyses ofsedimentary rocks in Colorado, Kansas, Montana,
Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
The analyses in this compilation are classified by aternary system, modified by W. W. Rubey from one
proposed by Brian Mason in 1952, based upon therelative abundance of excess silica, a conventionalized
clay molecule, and total carbonates. Analyses that
contain less than 50 percent of these major components
are grouped in special categories according to thepredominant constituents, such as gypsum, phosphorite,
and the like. Pertinent data, such as mineralogy andeconomic use to which the rock has been put, are given
where available, and tables of means and standard
deviations; triangular diagrams by lithologic character, classification group, and age; and cumulative
frequency curves of each constituent are also included.
The assembled analyses may not adequately represent the various rock types and formations because
the samples that have been analyzed were generallycollected because of possible economic use of the rock.

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

The standard deviations of many constituents in agiven rock type are large, indicating that averagesof groups of analyses must be compared cautiously.
Nevertheless, averages of some of the common rocktypes, in which large numbers of samples are avail-A63

able, probably approach meaningful values. The
adjusted mean composition of shale, clay, and limestone are shown in the following tables, which illustrate also the kinds of summations being presented
and the way in which they are computed.

Chemical composition of shale in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming

Constituents

Number ofdeterminations

Mean of actual
determinations

Standard deviation of actual
determinations 'Mean withblanks counted
as zeroStandard deviation withblanks counted
as zero 1

N

Xa

Sa

X»

Sb

SiO2 _ _ ____ ____ _ ___- __ _______ ____A12O3
Fe2O3_--- _ - __ ________________ __ ____
FeO
_ _ _
MeO
CaO_____--___________-.__-______________
Na2O-_______-__-______________---_______
K2O___________-_____-______-_-__-.______
H2O_ ____________________________________
TiO2.__ _________-_--____--_-_--._________
P.0,_.___ ________________________________
CO2 _ _-_.___-____-__________--.--__.____S03.__ ___________________________________
Organic matter_____ _____
Total.-.

__ __

226
219
203
23
205
224
111
124
23
100
87
13
85
16

_______

56. 95
15.68
4. 15
.32
2.06
4.56
.38
1.37
.54
.44
.20
.48
.29
.59

115. 25

1 Calculated as: Standard deviation = s = f 1i

L-V(-Vi; j

2 Calculated as: Adjusted mean

Xa

~

Xe

11. 14
4.48
1.87
2.00
2. 58
7.81
. 53
1.25
3.24
.64
.81
6. 91
1.02
6. 66

56.95
16. 18
4. 62
3. 13
2.27
4.60
.78
2. 49
5. 31
.99
.51
8.38
. 76
8.28

(

Adjusted mean *

X.

56.95
15.90
4.36
1.56
2. 15
4.58
.56
1.86
2.64
.68
.34
3.96
.49
3.97

5.23
2.26
1. 14
2. 55
7. 79
. 54
1. 55
1.90
.65
.56
2.52
.72
2. 73

100. 00

88.01

T. [_V_!_r»=_- )\2Xa -2Xb/

(Xa

Xb)-

For example, theadjusted mean for K2O is-«- ' »> - 186
Chemical composition of clay and limestone in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming
A. Clay (712 samples, but except for SiOa, not all constituents were determined in all samples)
Xa

SiO2 _ ____________ ______________
Al.Os- _________________________
Fe2O,_-____________. ___________
FeO_ __________________________
MgO_ _________________________
CaO____.______________________
Na2O_._________________ ___K2O___________________ _ _X,So

65. 10
15.51
3. 60
1. 47
1. 40
3. 32
1 ^fl
1. 86

10.58
5.67
1.81
1.88
1.34
6. 44
1.04
1.01

65. 10
15.33
3. 53
.55
1. 18
2. 85

1 n°i
1.23

H_O__________
TiO_______
P_0_______-_
CO_-______-SO3

___
'
__

__
~-

_
_

- - -

X,

So

7. 13
.87
1.78
7.48
1.05
2. 94

4. 18
.48
2. 95
9. 90
1. 95
3. 18

Total--. _ ----- ___ _ _ 115. 01

X.

3.05
.67
.83
3. 10
.47
1. 08
100.00B. Limestone (751 samples, but except for CaO, not all constituents were determined in sll samples)

SiO2 _-._____________
Al203 -_________________________
Fe_O,_______--__________ _______
FeO_ __________________________
MgO.______
CaO__-______._______
Na2O----__--_____ _K2O___._______

Xa

»<

X,

6. 74

7. 14
1. 62
1.09
.50

6. 74
1. 48
1.20
.62
2. 22
48. 19
. 17
.36

1 4Q
1.21

. 63
2. 22
48. 19
is

°. QQ

37

.44

7. 21
00

Xa

H_O__
--TiO2
P_0______________
CO_____-__-_-_--__-__
SO, _-_-_-_
Total-

~

1.63
.21
. 15
36.06
.22
1.23

_ --------- 100. 53

SB

X,

2.69
. 18
.83
7. 94
. 34
1. 53

1.61
.20
. 14
35. 64.21
1.22
100.00A64

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Two of the interesting relations that have emerged
from this first compilation are: (a) cumulative frequency curves prepared for of each constituent suggestthat major constituents tend to have a normal statistical distribution and minor constituents a log-normal
distribution; and (b) with increasing geologic age
the percentage of K2O appears to increase in clays
and shale but to decrease in carbonate rocks, suggesting that the potassium in interstitial waters may
tend to become fixed in clay minerals with lapse oftime.
Distribution of minor elements

During the past year the weighty mass of data on
the uranium content of various magma series throughout the world obtained by Esper S. Larsen, Jr. andDavid Gottfried was augmented by analyses on many
oceanic and continental basaltic suites. The results
show that the oceanic basalts have consistently lessuranium than their continental equivalents. The usual
trend, in which uranium rises with SiO 2, is reversedin one such oceanic suite, the alkalic Honolulu volcanic series; this is the first such reversal encounteredin the Survey's studies.
Results of several hundred precise thorium analyses
by newly developed colorimetric methods do not bearout the generalization, recently published by Whitfield,
Rogers, and Adams,5 that the Th/U ratio rises with
SiO2 in granitic rocks as a result of loss of part of
the uranium to late stage volatiles and solutions; instead the Th/U ratios in specific comagmatic seriesof known chemical composition, in contrast to the
Th/U ratios on collected igneous rocks of diverse
origins, average about 4.0 in all the differentiates.
The one notable exception is the porphyry series in
the Colorado Front Range studied by George Phair.
In the Central City District a late-stage loss of uranium is indicated by the formation of pitchblendedeposits. The late-stage differentiates (quartz bostonites) are remarkable for their high Th/U ratios(maximum 7.5), content of uranium (up to 130 ppm)
and thorium (up to 300 ppm), and for their low
content of CaO, (which is almost absent in somesamples). They are about as close in composition to
the experimental system Ab-Or-quartz studied by Tuttle and Bowen 6 as any rocks yet found in nature.
But the high U and Th content of the residual magmas
from which they crystallized is not an exotic latestage development; it was an end result of a frac5 Whitfield, J. M. Rogers, J. J. W., and Adams, J. A. S., 1959, The
relationship between the petrology and the thorium and uranium contents of some granitic rocks : Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., vol. 17,
nos. 3/4 p. 248-271.
6 Tuttle, O. F., and Bowen, N. L., 1958, The origin of granite in thelight of experimental studies : Geol. Soc. America Mem. 74.

donation process that can be traced backward in timethrough a series of earlier differentiates. These data
for Th and U in large measure independently confirm
the subdivision of the major Laramide petrographic
provinces into subprovinces, and these in turn into
separate centers of intrusion as delineated by plotting
the major oxides on variation diagrams using theresults of 70 standard rock analyses by rapid methods.
Phair and Gottfried have extended the Colorado
Front Range studies to include the Boulder Creek
intrusion, a small but complex Precambrian batholith,in order to assess the mobility of minor elements underconditions of (a) magmatic differentiation plus assimilation, (b) crushing and recrystallization, (c) hydro thermal alteration, and (d) reheating by later
intrusions. Their data indicate that the general resultof all post-solidification processes was to reduce theuranium content. Under conditions of crushing plus
recrystallization, both uranium and lead are commonly
removed from zircon, but the lead is removed more
rapidly than the uranium, resulting in discrepant "low"ages. The low-age zircons from this batholith arecommonly characterized by fresh, recrystallized rims.
A detailed survey of data on the abundance of zirconium in volcanic rocks made by Chao and Fleischer
shows that within a given region, the zirconium content generally increases regularly with increasing content, of silica and alkalies. There are marked regionalvariations, however, that are not yet explained. For
example, basalts of Palau and Guam contain an average of 20 ppm Zr,-those of the Aleutians and Japan
about 50 ppm, and those of the Sierra Nevada ofCalifornia close to 200 ppm Zr.
During the course of developing a method foranalyzing zinc in silicate rocks, Rader and others(Art. 216), found that the zinc content of 159 samplesof basalt from widely scattered areas ranges from0.0048 to 0.018 percent and averages 0.0094 percent.
Compared with other constituents, the zinc content
of these basalts generally increases as the total ironincreases and the silica decreases.
From analyses of minor metals in the rocks of the
Pierre shale, Tourtelot and others (Art. 205) havefound that bentonite seems to have the highest meancontents of zirconium and lead; shale and claystone
with more than 1.0 percent organic carbon have thehighest mean contents of vanadium, copper, arsenic,
selenium, molybdenum, and uranium, and they tend
to have the highest mean contents of boron, chromium
and probably zinc. Marlstones have the highest meancontents of strontium and manganese. Zubovic andothers (Art. 41; also p. A14) report that the elements
most closely associated with carbonaceous matter inMINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

coal are beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, andgermanium.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY

Research in organic geochemistry, described here,
relates to the structure and geochemical relations of
naturally occurring organic substances, and to biogeochemical processes in isotope fractionation. Information on the minor metal content of certain fuels
is discussed on pages A3 and A14, and the applicationof concentrator plants to studies of the incidence of disease and to geochemical prospecting are discussed on
p. A25 and in Article 46, respectively.
Structure and geochemical relations of carbonaceous substances

A. M. Pommer and I. A. Breger have concluded
from potentiometric titrations and infrared analysesof humic acid that in alkaline solution humic acidincreases with time in its apparent equivalent weight
while undergoing loss of carbonyl groups and conversion of aliphatic structures into polynuclear ringsystems. Independent studies by I. A. Breger arid
by James Schopf indicate that much of the solidcarbonaceous matter in Paleozoic and younger shales
is similar to coal or lignite, but that one can distinguish between fractions of marine and nonmarine
origin. Breger has also found that neutron irradiation induces the formation of free radicals and highreactivity in high-rank coals, and that it can convert
humic acid in peat to a product resembling high-ranklignite. His studies of the structure of organic matterassociated with Colorado Plateau uranium ores haveled him to conclude that the ores are associated withhumic substances related to coal rather than to oil.
Infrared spectrophotometric analyses by F. D. Sislerof a piece of the Murray meteorite from the Smithsonian Institution collections indicate that it contains
nitrile and other structurally "organic" components,
as well as amorphous carbon.
Biogeochemical processes in isotope fractionation

The mechanisms by which hydrogen isotopes are
fractionated by microorganisms and the divergent
metabolic pathways of and biologic tolerances toprotium, deuterium, and tritium are also being investigated by Sisler in an effort to evaluate ecologic
and diagenetic effects and the possible significanceof the process in producing heavy water. Laboratory
cultures of a bacterium from the Bahama Banks generate protium-enriched gas during carbohydrate fermentation in normal media, and in those enriched indeuterium or tritium, but the fate of the heavy isotopes after fermentation is not yet clear. Experiments
in progress with tritium-enriched glucose, in collabora-

A65

tion with Drs. Micah Krichevsky and Benjamin
Prescott of the National Institutes of Health, suggest,
however, that the heavy isotopes are bound withinpolysaccharide molecules and then excreted.
D. E. White (Art. 206), from his study of natural
waters, infers a biogenic origin for the relatively
high nitrogen and iodine content of connate and metamorphic waters and also for the high CO2 content andrelatively low C13/C12 ratios of ground waters.
Equipment for mass spectrometric determination of
C13/C12 and O18/O 16 ratios has been installed under
the direction of Irving Friedman and is now being
used. Radiocarbon studies by Meyer Rubin show no
detectable uptake of old carbonate by grasses growing
on caliche and no evident fractionation of carbon
isotopes in wood buried in an alkali soil.
PETROLOGY

Information on rock-forming processes and on thesource of the materials of which rocks of various
types are composed is gathered during most field andmany laboratory investigations, and has already been
discussed in several parts of this report (see especially the sections on mineral resources, regional geology and experimental petrology). Some studies,
however, are concerned primarily with these subjects
and are yielding results of wide application. These
are reported in the following paragraphs.
Origin of granitic rocks

P. C. Bateman, L. D. Clark, N. K. Huber, J. G.
Moore, and C. D. Rinehart have concluded that the
granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada are in discrete
plutons, emplaced successively over a period of atleast 12 million years. Many of the plutons are compositionally zoned, both laterally and concentrically,
probably as a result of crystallization-differentiation.
The plutons were emplaced by pushing the wall rocks
aside and upward; piecemeal stoping was quantitatively unimportant. Granitization and assimilation
effects are conspicuous, on a small scale, where granitic
magma came in contact with mafic rocks, and thereactions that took place accord with Bowen's reaction
series.
Toulmin (1959) has also called upon magmatic
processes to explain the origin of a syenite body near
Salem, Mass. He suggests that the syenite is an
accumulated "shower" of feldspar crystals resulting
from periodic release of volatiles from a granitic
magma through volcanism. Crowder (1959), on theother hand, has concluded that a quartz-diorite complex in the Northern Cascade Mountains was formedby granitization of gneisses and schists. Locally therocks were rendered plastic and mobile during granit-

A66

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

ization, and, in places, were fused to produce anatectic
magmas that differentiated to form potassium-richpegmatites and local granodiorite masses.
Origin of ultramafic rocks and related gabbros

E. D. Jackson has applied many of the techniquesof sedimentary petrology to the layered rocks of the
Ultramafic zone of the Stillwater complex, and has
found that primary precipitate crystals are not only
present in these rocks but that they obeyed the lawsthat control gravity stratification. From studies ofthe shape, distribution, and grain-size and size-distribution, orientation, and packing density of thesettled crystals, and of the distribution and order ofcrystallization of the interprecipitate material, he has
concluded that the rocks formed during crystallizationof a single saturated basalt magma by accumulationof early crystal products on the floor of the magma
chamber and that these crystals were enlarged or cemented after deposition by the magma from which
they crystallized. Jackson believes that crystallization
took place near the floor of the magma chamber, thatthe layered rocks directly reflect changing compositionof the magma with time, and that the textures, mineral
associations, and cyclical rock distributions in theultramafic part of the complex can best be explainedby a mechanism involving continuous but variabledepth convection that caused periodic refreshment ofmagma crystallizing in the lower part of the intrusion.
T. P. Thayer has compared the petrologic featuresof stratiform peridotite-gabbro complexes, like theStillwater complex, with those of Alpine-type intrusions. He concludes that the stratiform complexes
originated by crystallization of molten magma in placewith little or no disturbance, whereas Alpine-type complexes were intruded as already differentiated crystal
mushes and that mixing of gabbro and peridotite
commonly occurred during emplacement.
Origin of welded tuffs

C. S. Ross and R. L. Smith have demonstrated theabundance of welded tuffs (ash flows) in the geologic
record and the significance of fluids trapped within
ash particles in maintaining an extensive subaerial
flow of the dense pyroclastic clouds.
R. J. Roberts and D. W. Peterson have shown that
two major types of welded tuffs welded ash tuffs
and welded crystal tuffs can be distinguished on thebasis of composition and texture. Eruptions yielding
welded ash tuffs are generally characterized by higher
silica content and higher volatile content than thoseyielding welded crystal tuffs. They conclude that thesource magmas of the welded ash tuffs are more highly
differentiated than those of the welded crystal tuffs.

Fluidity of lava

The problem of the fluidity of Precambrian basaltfe
lavas in the Lake Superior region has been consideredby White (1960b), who has concluded that the typicalthinning in the direction of flow, the absence of lava
tunnels and of true aa, and the characteristic differentiation in the Keweenawan flood basalts can be ascribedto the great volume of the flows alone, rather than togreater fluidity of the basalts as has been suggested
previously. Powers (Art. 136), on the other hand, hascalled attention to the exceptionally high fluidity ofsome alkalic lava in the Snake River plain.
Source of volcanic magmas

Several deductions have been made recently as tothe source of specific volcanic magmas. In Bulletin
1028-H Snyder reported that chemical variations andextrusive sequences of the lavas of Little Sitkin Islandin the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are inconsistent with
the Bowen reaction series, and that they were producedby magmatic melting in a zone where continental andoceanic rocks had previously been mixed by tectonic
processes. From the compositional trends and age
relations of lavas on Semisopochnoi Island in the same
area, Coats (1959) has suggested that, although thechemical trends can best be explained by differentiation, the differences between early and late extrusive
rocks mean that magma was mixed with its earlier
differentiates.
Peck (1960) believes that the Cenozoic volcanic
rocks of the Cascade Range in Oregon were derived
from five or six successive magmas, mostly of andesitic
composition, that formed by partial or complete fusionof parts of the underlying crust during periods ofcrustal stress. Differentiation of these magmas, probably in large part by crystal fractionation, yielded
volcanic rocks ranging from olivine basalt to rhyodacite. R. L. Smith, who studied the volcanic rocks of
the Lava Mountains, Calif., found that earlier volcanic
products in the area resulted from explosive activity,
whereas the later ones were effusives. The frequencyof eruption increased with time, but no systematiccompositional change occurred. According to Smith,
the volcanic magma probably formed by the complete
melting of crustal quartz monzonitic rocks, and did
not differentiate after eruptions began.
See page A47 for a description of recent observations at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
Role of fluids in low-temperature alteration of volcanic glass

A. B. Gibbons, and others (Art. 214), from a studyof volcanic rocks in southern Nevada, have suggested
that mildly alkaline ground water moving through

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

permeable tuff layers altered volcanic glass to zeolites
at near-surface temperatures.
R. L. Smith and coworkers have recently shown thatperlite, long considered a product of hydrothermal
alteration of rhyolitic glass, is instead a surficial
alteration produced by meteoric water; this conclusion
is based partly on the similarity in isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the perlite to that ofground waters of the area in which it occurs.
Origin of propylitic alteration

In the San Juan Mountains, Colo., W. S. Burbank(Art. 6) has found that the propylitic or quartzcarbonate-chlorite type of alteration has affected many
cubic miles of volcanic rocks throughout and beyond
the Silverton caldera. Field relations and other data
have led him to conclude that this type of alteration
takes place after volcanic eruption has ceased as theresult of evolution of gas, rich in CO2, during crystallization and differentiation of deep-seated gabbroic
and granodiorite magma. The process consists of (a)condensation of gases in locally adsorbed water films;(b) partial solution of silicate minerals by the condensates; (c) mixing of saturated condensates withother patches of liquid forced along by gas pressures;and (d) reaction in these mixtures causing precipitation of new minerals. Propylitized rocks are probably an arrested stage of this process; if it is longcontinued it probably forms carbonatized and chloritized rocks.
Metamorphism of maganese minerals

D. F. Hewett has found that the manganese orthosilicate, tephroite is widespread in manganese deposits
in the Jurassic metavolcanic rocks of the western
Sierra Nevada of California. Although tephroite iscommonly regarded as of hydrothermal origin, Hewettbelieves that in the Sierra it is a product of the thermal metamorphism of original manganiferous carbonate in an environment of connate water.
Pavlides (Art. 211) has found that tightly folded
beds in Aroostook County, Maine, containing braunite(3Mn2O3*MnSiO3 ) and hematite, have been metamorphosed to magnetite-bearing rocks that contain nobraunite. The recrystallization of the iron oxide andthe migration of the manganese is most pronounced inareas of tight folds, which appear to have been local
thermal nodes.
Steatitization as a product of regional metamorphism

In a recently completed study of the Vermont talc
area, A. H. Chidester has found that the steatite wasformed by regional metamorphism in two stages, both
unrelated to earlier alteration of the ultramafic rocks

A67

to serpentine. In the first stage, serpentine was altered
to talc-carbonate rock by addition of CO2 and loss of
H2O. In the second, metamorphic differentiation in
the contact zone between serpentinite and country rockformed steatite and "black wall" chlorite.
Origin of jadeite and rodingite in serpentine

Coleman (1959b) finds that jadeite in the California
serpentine masses is stable in the glaucophane-schist
facies and believes it formed by the desilication ofquartz-keratophyres in a serpentine environment atpressures less than 5,000 bars and temperatures lessthan 300°C. In the San Francisco Bay area J. G.
Schlocker has noted that alteration of sandstone tojadeite in the Franciscan formation is local, which indicates that the process was not controlled by conditions of regional extent, as formerly supposed. He
also Jbelieves that the rodingites in the serpentines of
the Franciscan formation are tectonic inclusions ofcalcium-enriched volcanic and other rocks (see Art.
145).
Migration of elements during metamorphism

The progressive metamorphism of basalt, graywacke,
and siliceous magnesium limestone in the Adirondack
Mountains of New York has been studied by Engeland Engel (Art. 212). They have found the metamorphism at 500° to 600°C was accompanied by emission of water and CO2-rich fluids containing alkali
silicates, Pb, Ba, and Mn.
A different group of elements mainly Ca, Mg, Al,
and Fe migrated during the metamorphism of rocks
in the Orofino area on the northwestern side of the
Idaho batholith, according to Anna Hietanen-Makela.
The temperatures attained during metamorphism there
appear to have been 400° to 500°C. Mrs. Makela isusing the aluminum silicates andalusite, kyanite, andsillimanite as a key to the temperature and pressurethat prevailed during metamorphism.
Origin of evaporite deposits

E-an Zen (Art. 209) has applied the Gibbs Phase
Rule to the precipitation of salts from a moving bodyof water and proposes that many mono-mineralicevaporite deposits form as a result of fractional crystallization from an ocean current (see also p. A8).
Petrographic studies by C. L. Jones of a core fromsalt in the Permian Hutchinson salt member of the
Wellington formation in Reno County, Kansas, andof salts from several western fields show that magnesite and dolomite pervasively replace calcite, and thatcalcite is the main primary carbonate deposited in
evaporite environments.

A68

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Transformation of aragonite mud to aphanitic limestone

Using electron microscopy techniques, J. C. Hathaway has shown that aragonite muds can be changed
in a relatively short time to aphanitic limestone at
low temperatures and pressures. In this transformation, the mud changes progressively from a mass ofneedle-shaped particles, to a mass of rounded andcoalescing particles, to a final rock stage of mosaic
texture and fracture surfaces typical of aphanitic
limestone.
Origin of chert

The relation between type and chemical compositionof chert has been studied by E. E. Cressman fromdata compiled from the literature. He plotted the
SiO2 content of each analysis against the ratio SiO2/
A12O3 , and compared the distribution of the plotted
analyses with the lines representing the theoreticalchange in composition that would result from theaddition of SiO2 to the average pelagic clay, the average sandstone, and the average limestone. Analysesof radiolarian chert and shale fall in a well-defined
trend that coincides with the line plotted from thecomposition of the average shale. Analyses of spicularcherts fall along the line plotted from the averagesandstone. Analyses of chert nodules from limestone and dolomite are widely scattered, and all
analyses fall to the left of the curve plotted fromthe composition of the average limestone; however, acurve representing the change in composition thatwould result from volume-for-volume replacement ofcalcite of the average limestone by quartz falls in the
midst of the points, supporting the hypothesis thatmost nodular chert is of replacement origin.
From an analysis of the spatial relations of fossils and chert in the Redwall limestone (Early Mississippian) in Arizona, E. D. McKee (Art. 210) has
suggested that layers containing abundant fossils werelayers of maximum permeability and therefore especially susceptible to chertification. Dolomite in thesame formation probably formed by the replacementof calcium carbonate on or beneath the sea floor before lithification, but a comparison of the preservationof fossils in dolomite and chert suggests that the chertformed before the dolomite.
ISOTOPE AND NUCLEAR STUDIESIsotope and nuclear studies are being made in connection with many diverse problems, ranging frommethods of ore finding to the study of paleotemperature. Only those studies having to do with the distribution of deuterium and tritium in natural fluids,
measurement of alpha activity, and geochronology aredescribed here. Results of other isotope and nuclear
studies are discussed in the sections on beryllium (p.
A8), uranium (p. All), exploration methods (p.
A15), and organic geochemistry (p. A65).
DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM IN NATURAL FLUIDS

Differences in the isotopic composition of meteoric, connate, andthermal waters

Harmon Craig of the University of California, La
Jolla, and Donald E. White have found that near
Steamboat Springs, Nev., hot springs and surface waters differ significantly in D/H, O18/O16 and C13/C12
ratios, depending on, details of origin and evaporational history (White and Craig, 1959). Preliminary
data indicate that connate, magmatic, and metamorphic waters differ chemically (White, Art. 206) as
well as isotopically (if both oxygen and hydrogen are
considered together) from ordinary surface waters andthat isotopic differences in surface waters are related
to distance from the oceans, latitude, and evaporational history.7
Deuterium content of ocean and terrestrial waters

Preliminary results of a study of the deuterium
variations in ocean waters being carried out by Irving Friedman, in cooperation with A. O. Redfield ofWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, indicate thatin general the waters originating in the Antarctic contain as much as 1 percent less deuterium than otherocean waters, and can therefore be traced long distances northward.
Deuterium analyses of the surface waters of theUnited States show that the areas where deuterium ishighest are mostly in the Gulf Coast region and incoastal Southern California (Friedman, unpublisheddata). Lower values are found further north on the
Atlantic Coast and the Pacific Coast. The deuterium
content decreases inland with increasing altitude andis especially low in the lee of high mountains.
In a study of the deuterium content of Arctic sea
ice, Friedman, B. Schoen, and J. Harris found evidence for the existence of a layer of water derived
from melted snow on the surface of parts of the Arctic
ocean in summer.
Tritium and deuterium content of atmospheric hydrogen

The tritium and deuterium content of atmospherichydrogen gas has been determined by Frederick Begemann of the Max-Planck Institut fur Chemie, Mainz,
Germany and Irving Friedman. Although the tritium
is enriched by a factor of 104 to 105 over that in rain,
7 Craig, Harmon, Boato, G., and White, D. E., 1956, Isotopic geochemistry of thermal waters: Proc. Second Conf. on Nuclear Processes
in Geologic Settings, Pub. 400, Nat. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Research Council, p. 29-38.

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY

the deuterium content is similar to that in rain. In
samples collected in Buffalo, New York from January 1954 to October 1956, the tritium and deuterium
contents show a linear relation to each other. A similar relation was found for samples collected in Germany by B. Gonsior, of the University of Heidelberg,
who also made the tritium determinations on them.
Deuterium in liquid inclusions

Wayne Hall and Irving Friedman have found thatthe deuterium content of water extracted from liquid
inclusions in minerals from the Cave-in-Rock fluorite
district of southern Illinois show differences that are
related to the paragenesis. Fluid inclusions from theearly minerals have a deuterium content and salinity
similar to that of local connate water. Fluid inclusions from later minerals are progressively depleted
in deuterium.
MEASUREMENT OF ALPHA ACTIVITY

A method has been developed by A. Hoyte and F.
Senftle for determining the absolute alpha activity ofthick powdered mineral samples without using a standard sample. To measure alpha spectra with better
resolution, Martinez and Senftle (1960) have studied
the effect of crystal thickness and geometry on alphaparticle resolution, using cesium iodide as a scintillator. As a result of these investigations, they have beenable to obtain a resolution of 1.8 percent for Po210
alpha particles, which is considerably better than has
ever been reported for crystal scintillators.
The effects of alpha-particle radiation damage on
the magnetic properties of crystals has been criticallyexamined by Senftle and Pankey, and they have devised a theoretical model which explains the heating
curves for some uranium-bearing minerals such as zircon, coffinite, and uraninite. A new method of age
determination based on this work has been outlined
Locality and sample

a/mg-hr

San Vincente, Baja California, SV-1

152

Talkeetna Mountains Alaska, GG-1

68

Talkeetna Mountains Alaska, GG-2

103

Martinsburg shale, near Strasburg, Va. VA-2_

144

Martinsburg

137

shale,

near

Strasburg,

Va.

A69

(see p. A70), and efforts are currently being made to
develop its details.
GEOCHRONOLOGY

Many age determinations based on C14, potassiumargon, strontium-rubidium, and uranium-lead methods
have been made by the Geological Survey to help insolving geologic problems. Most of the recent age
determinations that bear mainly on problems of local
or regional geology are discussed in other parts of thisreport, but some results of wider interest are reported
here, along with work on new methods.
Refinement of the geologic time scale

The age of mica from several stratigraphically welldefined rocks that could serve as tie points in the geologic time scale was measured by Henry Faul andHerman Thomas by potassium-argon and strontiumrubidium methods. The results are listed here in order of increasing age:
HT-JJI or late-, j. EoceneT~</T» i BoyTH
cii i
Middle(RockyStock,

Millions
years of

Bearpaw Mtns. Montana) ________________ 50
Early Permian or later (Oslo region) _________ 260
Post-Westphalian (younger than Late Carboniferous)(Dartmoor granite, Cornwall) _____________ 290
Dinantian, pre-Visean (early Carboniferous)(Vosges granites, France) _______________ 320
Late Devonian (Chattanooga shale, Tennessee)_ 340-385
Post-Middle Devonian (Hog Island, Jackman, Maine) 360
Between Late Silurian, Late Devonian(Calais granite of Foyles and Richardson,
1929, Maine) ________________________ 405
Middle Ordovician (Alabama bentonites) ____ 420-450

No useful tie points are yet known below the Middle
Ordovician, so the length of Cambrian time can only
be surmised; the above results indicate, however, thatthe total length of time since the Precambrian isgreater than previously thought.
Some zircon concentrates from stratigraphicallyclosely bracketed rocks were studied by Thomas Sternand Harry Rose, who obtained the following results:
Age (millions of years)

Fb(ppm)

6. 1(6. 0, 6. 2)
3.4(3.4,3.4)
5.7(6. 1, 5. 3)
24.5(24. 5,24. 5)
23. 5

Geologic age given in the literature

125 ±15

Early Late Cretaceous (post-Albian pre-Maestrichtian) .
Post late Early Jurassic, pre-middle Late Jurassic.

135±15

Post late Early Jurassic, pre-middle Late Jurassic.

410±45

Middle and Late Ordovician.

410±45

Middle and Late Ordovician.

100 ±10

FMB-1.

The above ages were calculated from the formulasand constants given by Gottfried and others (1959,
p. 16-19). The errors given above are due only touncertainties in analytical techniques. These analy557328 O - 60 - 6

ses indicate that the lead-alpha age method yields
results which are consistent with the lengthened timescale suggested by other workers.

A70

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Age of some uranium ores

According to Stieff and Stern the Pb/U ratios ofuraninite samples from the Urgeiriga and Lenteiros
mines in Portugal indicate that the age of the ore inboth mines is about 83 ±8 m.y.
Algebraic and graphical methods have been developed for evaluating discordant lead-uranium ages
(Stern and others, Art. 23). Applying these methods, Stern and others have concluded that the uraium deposits in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, were
emplaced during Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceoustime.
A geochronologic method based on magnetic properties ofcrystals damaged by radiation

Sentfle and Pankey have found that the iron impurity in crystals damaged by natural radiation is in a
reduced nonmagnetic state in the damaged regions.
On heating for a limited time in an oxygen deficient
atmosphere the crystals at first become magnetic due
to diffusion of oxygen into the damaged regions andthe subsequent oxidation of the iron to magnetite(Fe3O4 ). On further heating the crystals again become non-magnetic due to the oxidation of the Fe3O4
to non-magnetic a hematite (Fe2O3 ). The maximum
magnetization measured during the heating cycle is
proportional to the number of Fe3O4 molecules formed,
and this in turn is related to the total radiation damage. As the damage is a function of the age of thecrystal, the technique promises to be useful in age
determinations.
Preliminary measurements haveyielded ages that in most cases are close to the age
as measured by isotopic methods.
A geochemical method for dating obsidian artifacts

Friedman and Smith (1960) have developed a new
dating technique that depends upon the rate of diffusion of water from the atmosphere into freshly
worked obsidian artifacts. The useful range of themethod is from about 100 years well into the Pleistocene. The age of the obsidian is related to the thickness of the hydrated layer, as measured with thepetrographic microscope, and seems to follow the diffusion law x = &v% where x = thickness of the hydrated layer, t = time, and k is a constant which depends on the temperature of hydration and thecomposition of the glass, but seems to be relatively
independent of the humidity of the environment.
Carbon-14 dates applied to the study of Pleistocene glaciation

Carbon-14 measurements on samples from many
parts of the world show that glaciations were synchronous in both the northern and southern hemispheres. According to Meyer Rubin, this indicatesthat glacial pulsations were not caused by local

changes in the pattern of precipitation, as has been
proposed recently by Ewing and others, but resulted
instead from world-wide cooling.
The carbon-14 data have confirmed the concept thatchanges of sea level during the Pleistocene corresponded to glacial pulsations. They have also demonstrated the rapidity with which climatic changes
took place, and have shown that the time since thelast continental glaciation was only about half as longas previously supposed.
ANALYTICAL AND OTHER LABORATORY TECHNIQUESMuch of the research already discussed in this report is an outgrowth of or depends in one way or another on chemical, spectrographic, and other analyses
performed by the Survey's analytical laboratories, sothat a large part of the results of their work has already been described. In addition to making suchanalyses, however, the laboratories also investigate
new methods of analysis and other laboratory techniques so as to improve their accuracy, precision, andefficiency. Methods applicable to geochemical prospecting and nuclear studies are described on pages
A14 and A16. Some of the other important resultsof this research are summarized in the sections that
follow on analytical chemistry, spectroscopy, and mineralogic techniques.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Zirconium in small amounts

The properties of the dye 5-sulfonic acid-2-hydroxbenzene-azo resorcinol and its use as a reagent for thedetermination of microgram amounts of zirconium
have been studied by Mary H. Fletcher. The fouracidic groups of this dye dissociate in solution to giveequilibrium mixtures of four anionic species each having a characteristic absorption spectrum. Spectral
data were used to deduce the dissociation constants ofthese species, and the same approach was used to determine the equilibrium constants of the two zirconium complexes that this dye forms. It was foundthat zirconium in pure solution can be determined overa wide range of conditions, which gives great flexibility in overcoming interference. The methods used inthis study should be useful in determining the components of other multi-component colored systems.
Niobium and tantalum

Grimaldi and Schnepfe (1959) have found that selenous acid can be used to separate Ta and Nb from
relatively large amounts of the elements usually associated with them in their ores, and to determine total
Ta and Nb or either element. The procedure has
been used for analyses of 50 to 75 mg samples of

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

columbite and tantalite ores in which the Ta and Nb
are present in amounts ranging from 0.2 to 30 mg.
Grimaldi (1960) has also designed a method for determining the niobium content of rocks in the parts
per million range. Interfering elements, such as Re,
W, Mo, and V, are separated from Nb by simple sodium hydroxide fusion and leach. The determinationis completed spectrophotometrically by a modified thiocyanate procedure.
Flame photometry

Two approaches were studied to overcome matrix
effects in flame photometry. In one (Grimaldi, Art.
225) matrix effects are largely overcome by dilutionof the sample; those that remain are corrected for byan addition technique. In the other approach, an
extraneous element is added to release the normal emission of a given element. Releasing agents and techniques were examined by J. I. Dinnin, who foundthat Sr, La, Nd, Sm, and Y completely release Cafrom quenching by Al, SO4~2, and PO4~2, while Mg,
Be, Ba, and Sc do so to a large extent. The use of
praseodymium as a releasing agent permits the determination of calcium in chromite, hitherto impossible
to do by flame photometry.
Analysis of liquid inclusions

Methods have been devised by B. L. Ingram fordetermining microgram amounts of Cl~, SOr2, and
Mg in liquid inclusions. Chloride is determined indirectly through its release of thiocyanate ion from
mercuric thiocyanate, the released thiocyanate being
converted to a colored ferric thiocyanate complex.
Magnesium is directly determined spectrophotometrically with Magnon. Sulfate is reduced to sulfide
with a mixture of hydriodic, hypophosphorous, andformic acids, and determined spectrophotometricallyas methylene blue.
Fluorine in phosphate rock and chlorine in silicate rockA rapid method for the determination of fluorinein phosphate rock has been described by Shapiro(1960). The sample is dissolved in dilute nitric acid,the solution is passed through a cation-exchange resin
column, and the fluorine in the effluent is determinedby its bleaching action on the red aluminum-alizarin
complex. A method for determining chlorine in silicate rock by titration with mercuric nitrate, using sodium nitroprusside as the indicator, has been devised
by Peck and Tomasi (1959).
Small amounts of magnesium

Investigations of new methods for determining
small amounts of magnesium have proved fruitful.
Bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine makes it possible to

A71

determine magnesium photometrically or fluorimetrically (Cuttitta and White, 1959; White and Cuttitta, 1959) ; and by using thiazole yellow, it is possible to determine it photometrically in rocks, without
prior separations (Shapiro, 1959).
Uranium

Stevens and others (1959) have developed an automatic machine for preparing reproducible phosphorsin the fluorimetric determination of uranium.
Analysis of chromite

Improved procedures were developed or adapted for
determining Al, Ca, Si, total Fe, Cr, and ferrous ironin chromite. To determine total iron, for example,
the chromite is dissolved in a mixture of phosphoricand sulfuric acids; the iron is then reduced with asilver reductor, and finally determined by titration
with dichromate (Dinnin, Art. 215).
Ferrous iron

Two new methods for determining ferrous iron inrocks and minerals have been developed. In one, thesample is decomposed with a mixture of hydrofluoric
and sulfuric acids in the presence of dichromate inexcess over the ferrous iron; the excess dichromate isthen titrated with standard ferrous sulfate (Reichen,
L. E., and Fahey, J. J., written communication). In
the other, the sample is decomposed with the same
acids, but in the presence of an excess of o-phenanthroline to complex the released ferrous iron; the determination is then completed colorimetrically bymeasuring the absorbance of the orthophenanthrolineferrous complex (Shapiro, Art. 226). Both methods
avoid errors in conventional procedures resulting fromair oxidation of ferrous iron during decomposition of
the sample.
Zinc in silicate rocks

A spectrophotometric method for determining small
amounts of zinc in silicate rocks has been devised byRader and others .(Art. 216); zinc is isolated byanion exchange and carbamate extraction, and thenmeasured colorimetrically with zincon.
Combined gravimetric and spectrographic analysis of silicates

A method that combines gravimetric and spectrographic procedures for the analysis of silicate rocks
and minerals has been studied by Stevens and others(Art. 228). Its essential features are that major constituents are chemically separated and weighed; allprecipitates and residues are then analyzed spectrographically to make corrections for gains, losses, andimpurities, and to determine minor constituents. Although the method has promising advantages overconventional procedures, it is so time consuming that

A72

jnt &

v*BiuijuunjAj-f
LV\
GEOLOGICAL ounviiii
SURVEY n£jO£jAnuxi
RESEARCH 1960
SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

it is suitable only for special analyses that require
unusual accuracy and precision.
Accuracy and precision of silicate analyses

A second report on the accuracy and precision ofsilicate analyses has been prepared by Stevens, Niles,
Chodos, Filby, Leininger, Flanagan, Ahrens, andFleischer (1960) as Bulletin 1113. It summarizes theresults of over 30 new analyses of samples G-l (granite) and W-l (diabase) from laboratories throughout
the world, discusses the limitations of standard rockanalysis, and points out areas where improved methods are needed. The study indicates that, of the procedures in use, those for determining silica and alumina are least accurate; the results for SiO2 are generally too low, and those for A12O3 are generally too
high.
SPECTROSCOPY

Concentration of rhenium for analysis

As a part of a study of the distribution of rhenium,
Myers and others (Art. 20) extended the limit of detection of water-soluble rhenium from about 50 ppm
to about 0.1 ppm by employing a concentration technique. In this method, rhenium is leached from a 50
gram sample with distilled water; the dried extract isthen added to a definite proportion of powdered quartz
and analyzed spectrochemically by means of the d-c
carbon arc.
Determination of lead in zircon

A synthetic zircon-baddeleyite-glass mixture containing lead has been prepared by H. Rose and T.
Stern for determining lead (1 to 500 ppm) in zircon
for lead-alpha age measurements by a d-c arc technique. Fifteen milligram samples are mixed with 35
mg of sodium carbonate and arced at 15 amps for 90
seconds. Analysis of 20 zircons indicates an overall
5 percent average deviation from isotope-dilution andchemical values. The new standard and procedure
replaces the opal-glass standard previously used, which
was shown to be inadequate by comparison of analyses
made by independent methods.
Use of special standards in spectrochemical analysis

Because of the large variety of materials submitted
for analysis, special standards are frequently requiredfor quantitative measurement of various elements. For
example, during the analysis of some water residues,
Mrs. N. Sheffey found that the analytical lines for
Fe, Al, Zn, V, and Cr were depressed by high sulfate
ion concentrations. This difficulty was overcome bydiluting the samples with the same matrix as used forthe standards.

Use of gas jet in reducing cyanogen band interference

A relatively simple gas jet surrounding the carbon
arc used for spectrochemical analysis has been foundeffective in reducing the cyanogen bands (Annell andHelz, Art. 227). Argon flowing at a rate of 16 cu ft
hr and mixing with oxygen at 4 cu ft hr, was foundmost suitable for suppressing the bands, stabilizing
the arc, reducing sample consumption, and intensifying lines. Controlling the arc atmosphere in this manner makes it possible to analyze several elements thathave diagnostic lines in the cyanogen region, such as
Ce, La, Sm, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tm, Tl, W, Eu, and Ti.
A constant feed direct-current arc

A method has also been developed by Annell andHelz for continuously vaporizing successive incrementsof powdered rock and mineral samples into a 10-ampere d-c arc. In this procedure graphite electrodes,
0.092 inch in outer diameter and containing a bore 1.5
inches deep and 0.046 inches in diameter, are used as
sample anodes. Elements such as Ti, Al, Si, Cu, Ga,
As, and Pb are concomitantly vaporized and excitedby gradually moving the electrode into the arc througha channel in a brass, water-cooled collar. A controlled
atmosphere, consisting of a mixture of argon, flowing
at the rate of 14 cu ft hr, and oxygen, flowing 7 cu ft
hr, suppresses cyanogen band interference in the spectra and stabilizes the arc. Graphite and lithium tetraborate are mixed with the powdered rock samples toobtain an optimum rate of burning in the arc, selective volatilization, enhancement of desirable lines, andminimum matrix interference.
Development and use of the electron microprobe analyzer

The electron microprobe analyzer, designed by Isidore Adler, is now completed and in operation. This
device uses a focused beam of electrons to excite
X-rays from samples of the order of several cubic
microns in volume. The resulting X-rays may thenbe analyzed either to identify the elements in the
microscopic phase or to give the actual concentration.
The sample to be analyzed is located by means of areflecting-type microscope that is coaxial with theobjective magnetic lens and is in the vacuum system.
This microscope has a reflecting objective, perforated
to permit the electron beam to reach the sample. The
X-rays are analyzed by means of two X-ray spectrographs mounted in vacuum chambers.
The electron microprobe is now being used for studying the distribution of minor elements in galena andsphalerite. A tentative procedure has been established
for mounting small grains in clear cold-setting plastic. By using small brass rings %-inch in diameter,as many as 12 different specimens can be mounted in

MINERALOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

a one inch disk and analyzed without opening thevacuum sample chamber. The cold-setting plastic,
moreover, quickly forms a small dark spot where bombarded by the electron beam, which makes it possible
to position the desired area readily.
Techniques have been worked out for analyzing nonconducting mineral grains by vacuum-coating themwith optically transparent films of aluminum in orderto make the surface electrically and thermally conducting. This is necessary in order to minimize surface charging and heating.
X-ray fluorescence analysis of sphalerite

An X-ray fluorescence method has been developedby Adler for determining minor constituents in sphalerites when gross samples are available. Results for
cadmium, iron, and manganese agree with the chemical figures to within about 5 percent of the amountpresent.
MINERALOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUESNew techniques and tools in microscopy

Wilcox (1959 b, c) has designed two devices for
optical determination on single mineral grains. One isa rugged spindle stage, attached to a petrographic
microscope, on which crystals can be mounted andtheir principal indices of refraction and optical sign
determined by rotating the spindle. He has also designed a simplified universal stage accessory for determining the three principal indices of refraction in
biaxial crystals. B. F. Leonard, III has perfected amethod for quantitatively measuring the reflectivity of
opaque minerals with a Hallimond visual microphotometer. New immersion liquids with indices of refraction between 1.7 and 2.1 have been developed by
R. Meyrowitz and H. Westley.
Mineral separation methods

The principle of asymmetric vibration has been
adapted to separate micas and to serve as an improved
feeding device for the Frantz separator (Faul andDavis, 1959). Frost (1959) has developed a constantflow elutriating tube for separating high density sulfides from light silicate gangue. Meyrowitz and others (1959) have found that dimethyl sulfoxide is amore stable diluent for bromoform than acetone andF. Cuttitta, R. Meyrowitz, B. Levin, and N. Hickling

A73

report that dimethyl-formamide shows promise as adiluent for bromoform or methylene iodide.
Staining and autoradiographic methods

Staining techniques for the modal analysis of feldspars in thin sections, grain mounts, and polished sections have been improved by E. H. Bailey and R. E.
Stevens; they stain potassium feldspar yellow withcobaltinitrite and plagioclase red with barium rhodizonate. R. F. Gantier and J. A. Thomas have examined many dyes and reagents for staining feldspars
and have found that malachite green, methyl red, andmethyl violet are the most satisfactory. In a different
approach to the same problem, Wayne Mount joy andL. B. Riley have used the radioactivity of potassium
to determine the distribution of potassium feldspar bymeans of photographic prints.
Methods for studying liquid inclusions

Apparatus and techniques have been developed by
E. W. Roedder and Irving Friedman for vacuum
crushing, extraction, and limited analysis of the soluble salts in solution from single selected fluid inclusions less than a millimeter in diameter. With slightly
larger inclusions, H2O, CO2, H/D isotope ratio, andconcentration of dissolved salts can also be determined.
A new and improved heating and cooling microscopestage has been developed for studies of liquid-gas inclusions, which permits determination of the temperature of filling on heating, and depression of the freezing point on cooling. The freezing point may be used
to estimate the concentration of soluble salts in a single fluid inclusion whose volume may be as small as abillionth of a milliliter.
Methods in experimental geochemistry

E. Roseboom has achieved promising results toward
solving the difficult experimental problem of measuring total pressure of very reactive sulfur- and arsenicbearing systems; he uses low-melting alkali halides as
manometer liquids.
Brian J. Skinner has put into operation an inexpensive mullite stage for the X-ray diffractometer thatallows measurements to be made at temperatures up
to 1400° C under vacuum or controlled atmospheres.
Gulbrandsen (Art. 230) has found that the solubility depressant effect of ethyl alcohol on saline solutions is an effective means of controlling and studying
the precipitation of evaporites.

GEOLOGIC DIVISION OFFICES
MAIN CENTERS

U.S. Geological Survey, Main Office, General Services Building, F St., between 18th and 19th Streets, N.W., Washington 25, D.C.,
Republic 7-1820.
U.S. Geological Survey, Rocky Mountain Center, Federal Center, Denver 2, Colorado, Belmont 3-3611.
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coast Center, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California, Davenport 5-6761.

FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO
[Temporary offices not included]

Hawaii, Hawaii National Park
Hawaii, Honolulu
Kansas, Lawrence

deologist in charge and telephone number
Troy L. Pew6 (3263)
N. P. Peterson (964)John T. McGill (Granite 3-0971, ext.
547)
K. J. MurataCharles G. Johnson (81011 ext. 66-3161)
Wm. D. Johnson, Jr. (Viking 3-2700)

Maryland, Beltsville

Alien V. Heyl (Tower 9-6430, ext. 468)

Massachusetts, Boston
Michigan, Iron Mountain
Mississippi, Jackson
New Mexico
Ohio, Columbus

L. W. Currier (Kenmore 6-1444)
K. L. Wier (1736)
Paul L. Applin (Fleetwood 5-3223)
Charles B. Read (Chapel 7-0311, ext.
483)
J. M. Schopf (Axminster 4-1810)

Ohio, New Philadelphia

James F. Pepper (4-2353)

Pennsylvania, Mt. Carmel
Puerto Rico, Roosevelt
Tennessee, KnoxvilleUtah, Salt Lake City
Vermont, Montpelier
Washington, Spokane
Wisconsin, Madison
Wyoming, Laramie
A74

Thomas M. Kehn (1535)
Watson H. Monroe (San Juan 6-5340)
R. A. Laurence (2-7787)
Lowell S. Hilpert (Empire 4-2552)
W. M. Cady (Capitol 3-5311)
A. E. Weissenborn (Temple 8-2084)
C. E. Dutton (Alpine 5-3371, ext. 2128)
W. R. Keefer (Franklin 5-4495)

Location

Alaska, College
Arizona, Globe
California, Los Angeles

Address

P.O. Box 4004, Brooks Memorial Building.
P.O. Box 1211.
Geology Building, University of California.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
District Building 96, Fort Armstrong.
c/o State Geological Survey, Lindley Hall, University of Kansas.
U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture
Research Center Building.
270 Dartmouth Street, Room 1.
P.O. Box 45.
1202^ North State Street.
P.O. Box 4083, Station A, Geology Building, University of New Mexico.
Orton Hall, Ohio State University, 155 South Oval
Drive.
P.O. Box 272, Muskingum Watershed, Conservation Building, 1319 Third Street, NW.
56 West 2d Street.
P.O. Box 803.
11 Post Office Building.
506 Federal Building.
43 Liberty Street.
South 157 Howard Street.
222 Science Hall, University of Wisconsin.
Geology Hall, University of Wyoming.

GEOLOGIC DIVISION OFFICESOFFICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES[Temporary field offices not included]
Location

Geologist in charge

Brazil, Belo Horizonte

J. V. N. Dorr, II

Brazil, Porto Alegre

A. J. Bodenlos

Brazil, Rio de Janeiro

C. T. Pierson

Brazil, Rio de Janeiro

A. J. Bodenlos

Brazil, Sao PauloA. J. Bodenlos

Chile, Santiago

W. D. Carter

India, Calcutta

Lawrence Blade

Indonesia, BandungDavid A. Andrews

Libya, Tripoli

Gus Goudarzi

Mexico, Mexico, D. F.

Ralph Miller

Pakistan, Quetta

John A. Reinemund

Philippines, Manila

Joseph F. Harrington

Taiwan, Taipei (Formosa)Samuel Rosenblum

Thailand, Bangkok

Louis S. Gardner

Turkey, Istanbul

Quentin D. Singewald

Mailing address
Caixa Postal 17, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,
Brazil.
c/o American Embassy, APO 676, New York,New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy,
APO 676, New York, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy,
APO 676, New York, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Consulate
General S.P., APO 676, New York, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy,
Santiago, Chile.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Consulate
General, 5/1 Harrington Street, Calcutta 16,
India.
U.S. Geological Survey, USOM to Indonesia, c/oAmerican Embassy, Djakarta, Indonesia.
U.S. Geological Survey, USOM, APO 231, c/o
Postmaster, New York, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, USOM American Embassy,
Mexico, D. F., Mexico.
U.S. Geological Survey, USOM American Embassy,
APO 271, New York, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy,
APO 928, San Francisco, California.
U.S. Geological Survey, ICA/MSM/China, APO 63,
San Francisco, California.
U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy,
APO 146, Box B, San Francisco, California.
U.S. Geological Survey/ICA, c/o American
Embassy, APO 380, New York, New York.

A75

INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE GEOLOGIC DIVISION DURING FISCAL YEAR 1960

Investigations in progress in the Geologic Division
during fiscal year 1960 are listed below, together with
the names and headquarters of the individuals incharge of each. Not all of the investigations listed
were active during fiscal year 1960; for example,
many are completed except for publication of final
reports, and some have been temporarily recessed.
Headquarters for major offices are indicated by the
initials (W) for Washington, D.C., (D) for Denver,
Colo., and (M) for Menlo Park, Calif. Headquarters
in all other cities are indicated by name; see list of
offices on preceding pages for addresses.
Projects that include a significant element of geologic mapping are indicated by asterisks. One asterisk (*) indicates projects that involve geologic mapping at a scale of a mile to the inch or larger; twoasterisks (**) indicate projects that involve geologic
mapping at a scale smaller than a mile to the inch.
Because many of those interested in work inprogress are concerned with a specific political area,
the investigations are classified by State or similarunit, and titles are repeated as necessary to show workin progress in a given area (investigations, however,that deal with more than four States are listed only
under the heading "Studies of large regions of theUnited States"). Investigations concerned with mineral resources, engineering problems, methods, or geologic processes are listed under geographic headings ifthey involve a specific area, but they are also listed
under topical headings. They are not repeated within
the topical groups, however, even though they may
deal with more than one subject. The assignment ofinvestigations by subject has been determined by thedominant activity or objective of each. Titles of theseinvestigations are listed only under the topic that
represents the dominant activity or objective of each;individual titles are not repeated under other topicalheadings, even though the investigation may deal withmore than one subject. The reader interested in workin progress in, for example, mineralogy, will wish to
examine titles of investigations underway in related
fields, such as experimental geochemistry, waste disposal, and mineral resource investigations.

BEGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS

Large regions of the United States:
Geologic map of the United States
P. B. King (M)Paleotectonic maps of the PennsyTvanian and Permian
E. D. McKee (D)Synthesis of geologic data on Atlantic Coastal Plain andContinental Shelf
J. E. Johnston (W)Coal fields of the United States
J. Trumbull (W)Granites and related rocks of the Southeastern States,with emphasis on monazite and xenotime
J. B. Mertie, Jr. (W)Igneous rocks of Southeastern United States
C. Milton (W)Geology of the Piedmont region of the Southeastern States,with emphasis on the origin and distribution ofmonazite
W. C. Overstreet (W)Investigation of sea-level changes in New England
M. Rubin (W)Lower Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Eastern UnitedStatesR. B. Neuman (W)Large regions of the United States Continued
Ordovician stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basinand Rocky Mountains
R. J. Ross, Jr. (D)Silurian and Devonian stratigraphic paleontology of theGreat Basin and Pacific Coast
C. W. Merriam (W)Midcontinent Devonian investigations
E. R. Landis (D)Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Western UnitedStates and Alaska
J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W)Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Pacific coast
D. L. Jones (M)Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Atlantic and Gulf
coastsN. F. Sohl (W)Cordilleran Triassic stratigraphy
N. J. Silberling (M)Jurassic stratigraphic paleontology of North America
R. W. Imlay (W)Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western interior
United States
W. A. Cobban (D)
A77

A78

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Large regions of the United States Continued
Middle and Late Tertiary history of parts of the Northern
Rocky Mountains and Great Plains
N. M. Denson (D)Gravity map of the United States
H. R. Joesting (W)Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles
E. R. King (W)Aeromagnetic profiles over the Atlantic Continental Shelf
and Slope
E. R. King (W)Geophysical studies of Appalachian structure
E. R. King (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern UnitedStatesP. Popenoe (W)Alabama:
Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians
R. P. Sheldon (D)Coal resources
W. C. Culbertson (D)* Warrior quadrangle, (coal)
W. C. Culbertson (D)Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent States
L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya)
Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf coast
P. L. Applin (Jackson, Miss.)
Alaska:General geology:
Index of literature on Alaskan geology
E. H. Cobb (M)Tectonic map
G. Gryc (W)Physiographic divisions
C. Wahrhaftig (M)Glacial map
T. N. V. Karlstrom (W)Surficial deposits
T. N. V. Karlstrom (W)Compilation of geologic maps, 1:250,000 quadrangles
W. H. Condon (M)Cenozoic geology of western Alaska
D. M. Hopkins (M)*Petrology and volcanism, Katmai National Monument
G. H. Curtis (M)Windy-Curry area
R. Kachadoorian (M)*Mount Michelson area
E. G. Sable (Ann Arbor, Mich.)**Eastern Chugach Mountains traverse
D. J. Miller (M)** Lower Yukon-Norton Sound region
J. M. Hoare (M)*Eastern Aleutian Islands
G. D. Fraser (D)*Western Aleutian Islands
G. D. Fraser (D)Mineral resources:
Metallogenic provinces
C. L. Sainsbury (M)Geochemical prospecting techniques
R. M. Chapman (D)Alaska Continued
Mineral resources Continued**Klukwan iron district
E. C. Robertson (W)**Southern Brooks Range (copper, precious metals)
W. P. Brosge (M)** Regional geology and mineral resources, southeastern
AlaskaE. H. Lathram (M)Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska
E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M)*Nome C-l and D-l quadrangles (gold)
C. L. Hummel (M)*Tofty placer district (gold, tin)
D. M. Hopkins (M)Seward Peninsula tin investigations
P. L. Killeen (W)**Lower Kuskokwim-Bristol Bay region (mercury, antimony,zinc)
J. M. Hoare (M)*Heceta-Tuxekan area (high-calcium limestone)
G. D. Eberlein (M)Uranium-thorium reconnaissanceE. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M)Map of coal fields
F. F. Barnes (M)*Matanuska coal field
F. F. Barnes (M)Tertiary history of the Yukon-Tanana Upland (coal)
D. M. Hopkins (M)*Nenana coal investigations
C. Wahrhaftig (M)Matanuska stratigraphic studies (coal)A. Grantz (M)**Stratigraphic and structural studies of the Lower YukonKoyukuk area (petroleum)
W. W. Patton, Jr. (M)**Nelchina area (petroleum)
A. Grantz (M)*Iniskin-Tuxedni region (petroleum)
R. L. Detterman (M)**Buckland and Huslia Rivers area, west-central Alaska
W. W. Patton, Jr. (M)**Gulf of Alaska province (petroleum)
D. J. Miller (M)**Northern Alaska petroleum investigations
G. Gryc (W)Engineering geology and permafrost:*Nuclear test site evaluation, Chariot
G. D. Eberlein (M)*Nuclear test site evaluation, Katalla
G. D. Eberlein (M)Arctic ice and permafrost studies
A. H. Lachenbruch (M)Origin and stratigraphy of ground ice in central Alaska
T. L. Pew6 (College, Alaska)
Ground ice and permafrost, Point Barrow
R. F. Black (Madison, Wis.)*Lituya Bay giant-wave investigation
D. J. Miller (M)* Anchorage and vicinity (construction-site planning)
R. D. Miller (D)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Alaska Continued
Engineering geology and permafrost Continued*Mt. Hayes D-3 and D-4 quadrangles (construction-siteplanning)
T. L. Pew6 (College, Alaska)* Engineering geology of Talkeetna-McGrath highway
T. L. P£w<5 (College, Alaska)*Surficial and engineering geology studies and construction
materials sources
T. L. Pewe (College, Alaska)
Galena area (construction-site planning)
T. L. Pewe (College, Alaska)*Surficial geology of the southwestern Copper River basin(construction-site planning)
J. R. Williams (W)*Surflcial geology of the southeastern Copper River basin,(construction-site planning)
D. R. Nichols (W)*Surficial geology of the northeastern Copper River basin(construction-site planning)
O. J. Ferrians, Jr. (Glennallen, Alaska)*Surficial geology and permafrost of the Johnson River
district
G. W. Holmes (W)**Surficial geology of the Upper Kuskokwim region (construction-site planning)
A. T. Fernald (W)**Surficial geology of the Kobuk River valley (constructionsite planning)
A. T. Fernald (W)**Surficial geology of the Kenai lowland (construction-siteplanning)
T. N. V. Karlstrom (W)*Surficial geology of the Big Delta area (construction-siteplanning)
G. W. Holmes (W)*Surficial geology of the Barter Island-Mt. Chamberlin area(construction-site planning)
G. W. Holmes (W)**Surflcial geology of the Yukon Flats district (construction-site planning)
J. R. Williams (W)*Surficial geology of the Valdez-Tiekel belt (construction-siteplanning)
H. W. Coulter (W)*Surficial geology of the Upper Tanana River valley (construction-site planning)
A. T. Fernald (W)*Surfieial geology of the Susitna-Maclaren River area (construction-site planning)
D. R. Nichols (W)*Surficial geology of the Slana-Tok area (construction-siteplanning)
H. R. Schmoll (W)*Surflcial geology of the Seward-Portage Railroad belt (construction-site planning)
T. N. V. Karlstrom (W)Surficial geology of the Arctic Slope region
H. W. Coulter (W)Paleontology:
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Western
United States and Alaska
J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W)A79

Alaska Continued
Paleontology Continued
Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area
H. R. Bergquist (W)Cenozoic mollusks
F. S. MacNeil (M)Geophysical studies:
Geophysical studies, ground surveys
D. F. Barnes (M)Geophysical studies, airborne surveys
G. E. Andreasen (W)Yukon Flats-Kandik aeromagnetic survey
G. E. Andreasen (W)Koyukuk aeromagnetic studies
G. E. Andreasen (W)Copper River basin geophysical studies
G. E. Andreasen (W)Cook Inlet aeromagnetic survey
G. E. Andreasen (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site
R. G. Bates (W)Arizona:
General geology:
Arizona state geologic map
J. R. Cooper (D)Devonian rocks and paleogeography of central Arizona
C. Teichert (D)Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations
E. M. Shoemaker (M)Permian stratigraphy, northeastern Arizona
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N.M.)
History of Supai-Herniit formations
E. D. McKee (D)Stratigraphy of the Redwall limestoneE. D. McKee (D)*Holy Joe Peak quadrangle
M. H. Krieger (M)*Eastern Mogollon Rim area
E. J. McKay (D)**Paleozoic and Cenozoic rocks in the Alpine-Nutrioso area,
Apache County
C. T. Wrucke (D)*Elgin quadrangle
R. B. Raup (M)* Upper Gila River basin, Arizona, New Mexico
R. B. Morrison (D)*Geology of southern Cochise County
P. T. Hayes (D)Mineral resources:
Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range
province
L. C. Huff (D)*Christmas quadrangle (copper, iron)
C. R. Willden (M)*Geology and copper deposits of the Twin Buttes areas(copper)J. R. Cooper (D)*Prescott-Paulden area (copper)
M. H. Krieger (M)*Mammoth quadrangle (copper)
S. C. Creasey (M)Contact-metamorphic deposits of the Little Dragoons area(copper)J. R. Cooper (D)A80

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Arizona Continued
Mineral resources Continued*Klondyke quadrangle (copper)
F. S. Simons (D)*Globe-Miami area (copper)
N. P. Peterson (Globe, Ariz.)*Bradshaw Mountains (copper)
C. A. Anderson (W)*MacFadden Peak quadrangle and adjacent areas (asbestos)A. F. Shride (D)Clay studies, Colorado Plateau
L. G. Schultz (D)**Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium,
vanadium)
D. G. Wyant (D)Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks andore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium,
vanadium, copper)
A. T. Miesch (D)Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. P. Fischer (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G. Bell (D)Colorado Plateau botanical prospecting studies
F. J Kleinhampl (M)Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasis on the Colorado Plateau
R. A. Scott (D)Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium)
D. Jobin (D)Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vanadium)L. C. Craig (D)San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium)
J. C. Wright (D)Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau(uranium, copper)J. H. Stewart (D)Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium)
J. D. Strobell (D)East Vermillion Cliffs area (uranium, vanadium)
R. G. Peterson (Boston, Mass.)
Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring quartzite ofsoutheastern Arizona
H. C. Granger (D)Studies of uranium deposits
R. B. Raup (D)*Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona andUtah
R. B. O'Sullivan (D)Engineering and geophysical studies:Great Basin geophysical studies
D. R. Mabey (M)Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies
H. R. Joesting (W)Arkansas:
Magnet Cove niobium investigations
L. V. Blade (D)Aeromagnetic studies in the Newport, Arkansas, and Ozark
bauxite areas
A. Jespersen (W)Arkansas Continued
Barite deposits
D. A. Brobst (D)*Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations
E. E. Glick (D)*Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas)
T. A Hendricks (D)*Arkansas Basin coal investigations
B. R. Haley (D)California:
General geology:*Big Maria Mountains quadrangle
W. B. Hamilton (D)* Funeral Peak quadrangle
H. D. Drewes (D)Death Valley
C. B. Hunt (D)*Ash Meadows quadrangle, California-Nevada
C. S. Denny (W)*Mt. Pinchot quadrangle
J. G. Moore (M)" Independence quadrangle
D. C. Ross (M)*Blanco Mountain quadrangle
C. A. Nelson (Los Angeles, Calif.)
Glaciation in the San Joaquin BasinF. M. Fryxell (Rock Island, 111.)*Salinas Valley
D. L. Durham (M)*San Andreas fault
L. F. Noble (Valyermo, Calif.)*Merced Peak quadrangle
D. L. Peck (M)*Petrology of the Burney area
G. A. Macdonald (Honolulu, Hawaii)* Investigation of the Coast Range ultramaflc rocks
E. H. Bailey (M)Glaucophane schist terrane within the Franciscan formation
R. G. Coleman (M)*Weaverville, French Gulch, and Hayfork quadrangles,
southern Klamath Mountains
W. P. Irwin (M)Mineral resources:
Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Oregon-California
P. E. Hotz (M)*Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith (tungsten,gold, base metals)
P. C. Bateman (M)*Bishop tungsten district
P. C. Bateman (M)*Eastern Sierra tungsten area: Devil's Postpile, Mt. Morrison, and Casa Diablo quadrangles (tungsten, basemetals)C. D Rinehart (M)Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt (copper, zinc, gold, chromite)
L. D. Clark (M)*Panamint Butte quadrangle including special geochemical
studies (lead-silver)
W. E. Hall (W)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS
California Continued
Mineral resources Continued*"Cerro Gordo quadrangle (lead, zinc)
W. C. Smith (M)*Mt. Diablo area (quicksilver, copper, gold, silver)
E. H. Pampeyan (M)*"Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake(boron)G. I. Smith (M)Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California,
Oregon, and Nevada (boron)
W. C. Smith (M)* Western Mojave Desert (boron)
T. W. Dibblee, Jr (M)*Furnace Creek area (boron)
J. F. McAllister (M)* Eastern Los Angeles basin (petroleum)
J. E. Schoellhamer (M)Rocks and structures of the Los Angeles basin, and theirgravitational effects (petroleum)
T. H. McCulloh (Riverside, Calif.)* Southeastern Ventura basin (petroleum)
E. L. Winterer (Los Angeles, Calif.)*"Northwest Sacramento Valley (petroleum)
R. D. Brown, Jr. (M)Engineering geology:*"Surficial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and Topanga
quadrangles, Los Angeles (urban geology)
J T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.)*San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco South quadrangle(urban geology)
M. G. Bonilla (M)*San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco North quadrangle(urban geology)
J. Schlocker (M)*"Oakland East guadrangle (urban geology)
D. H. Radbruch (M)Geophysical studies:
Volcanism and crustal deformation
L. C. Pakister (D)Great Basin geophysical studies
D. R. Mabey (M)Geophysical study of major crustal units, Sierra Nevada
H. W. Oliver (W)Geophysical studies of relation of ore deposits to batholithic
intrusions, Sierra Nevada area
H. W. Oliver (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco
J. A. Pitkin (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles
R. B. Guillou (W)Paleontology:
Cenozoic Foraminifera, Colorado Desert
P. J. Smith (M)*"Geology and paleontology of San Nicolas Island
J. G. Vedder (M)Geology and paleontology of the Cuyama Valley area
J. G. Vedder (M)Foraminifera of the Lodo formation, central California
M. C. Israelsky (M)Colorado:
General geology:
Age determinations : rocks in Colorado
H. Faul (W)A81

Colorado Continued
General geology Continued

Significance of lead-alpha age variation in batholiths of theColorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Petrology and geochemistry of the Laramide intrusives in
the Colorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek batholith,
Colorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)"Metamorphism and structure of Precambrian quartzite andassociated rocks, Coal Creek area
J. D. Wells (D)Upper South Platte River, North Fork
G. R. Scott (D)"Mountain Front recharge area
G. R. Scott (D)"Glenwood Springs quadrangle
N. W. Bass (D)Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area,
Colorado and adjacent States
V. E. Swanson (D)Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Rocky Mountain
Front Range, Colorado and Wyoming
E. K. Maughan (D)Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wyoming and northwestern Colorado
G. N. Pipiringos (D)Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado andnortheastern Utah
A. D. Zapp (D)Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pierre shale, Front
Range
W. A. Cobban (D)Mineral resources:
Ore deposition at Creede
E. W. Roedder (W)"Creede and Sununitville districts (base and precious metal®,
and fluorspar)
T. A. Steven (D)"Tenmile Range, including the Kokomo mining district (baseand precious metals)
A. H. Koschmann (D)"Central City-Georgetown area, including studies of the
Precambrian history of the Front Range (base,precious, and radioactive metals)
P. K. Sims (D)"San Juan mining area, including detailed study of theSilverton Caldera (lead, zinc, silver, gold, copper)
R. G. Luedke (W)"Holy Cross quadrangle and the Colorado mineral belt (lead,zinc, silver, copper gold)
O. Tweto (D)Rico district (lead, zinc, silver)
E. T. McKnight (W)"Minturn quadrangle (zinc, silver, copper, lead, gold)
T. S. Lovering (D)"Lake George district (beryllium)
C. C. Hawley (D)"Poncha Springs and Saguache quadrangles (fluorspar)
R. E. Van Alstine (W)Clay studies, Colorado Plateau
L. G. Schultz (D)A82

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Colorado Continued
Mineral resources Continued
Wallrock alteration and its relation to thorium depositionin the Wet Mountains
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)*Wet Mountains (thorium, base and precious metals)
M. R. Brock (W)*Powderhorn area, Gunnison County (thorium)
J. C. Olson (D)*Maybell-Lay area, Moffat County (uranium)
M. J. Bergin (W)"""Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium,
vanadium)
D. G. Wyant (D)Uranium-vanadium deposits in standstone, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. P. Fischer (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G. Bell (D)Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks andore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium,
vanadium, copper)
A. T. Miesch (D)Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R.A. Scott (D)Colorado Plateau botanical prospecting studies,
F. J. Kleinhampl (M)Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium)
D. Jobin (D)Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vanadium)L. C. Craig (D)Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau(uranium, copper)J. H. Stewart (D)San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium)
J. C. Wright (D)* Ralston Buttes (uranium)
D. M. Sheridan (D)*"Klondike Ridge area (uranium, copper, manganese, salines)
J. D. Vogel (D)*"Western San Juan Mountains (uranium, vanadium, gold)
C. S. Bromfield (D)*Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium)
G. E. Prichard (D)*La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium)W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile)*Lisbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium,copper)G. W. Weir (M)Uravan district (vanadium, uranium)
R. L. Boardman (W)* Slick Rock district (uranium, vanadium)
D. R. Shawe (D)Exploration for uranium deposits in the Gypsum Valley
district
C. F. Withington (W)*Bull Canyon district (vanadium, uranium)
D. Elston (D)*Ute Mountains (uranium, vanadium)E. B. Ekren (D)Colorado Continued
Mineral resources Continued
Subsurface geology of the Dakota sandstone, Colorado andNebraska (oil and gas)
N. W. Bass (D)*Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil,and gas)H. Barnes (D)* North Park (coal, oil, and gas)
D. M. Kinney (W)* Western North Park (coal, oil, and gas)
W. J. Hail (D)*Trinidad coal field
R. B. Johnson (D)*Carbondale coal field
J. R.Donnell (D)**Oil shale investigations
D. C. Duncan (W)Oil shale resources, northwestern Colorado
J. R. Donnell (D)* Grand-Battlement Mesa oil shale
J. R. Donnell (D)Engineering geology and geophysical studies:*Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning)
W. R. Hansen (D)*"Denver and vicinity; Golden and Morrison quadrangles(urban geology)
R. Van Horn (D)Black Canyon of the Gunnison River (construction-siteplanning)
W. R. Hansen (D)*Air Force Academy (construction-site planning)
D. J. Varnes (D)Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies
H. R. Joesting (W)Salt anticlines, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (testsite evaluation)
D. P. Elston (D)Salt anticline studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site evaluation )E. M. Shoemaker (M)Connecticut:*Ansonia, Mount Carmel, and Southington quadrangles;
bedrock geologic mapping
C. E. Fritts (D)*Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island-Connecticut; bedrock
geologic mapping
G. T. Feininger (Boston, Mass.)*Avon and New Hartford quadrangles; bedrock and surficial-geologic mapping
R. W. Schnabel (D)*"Bristol and New Britain quadrangles; bedrock and surflcial geologic mapping
H. E. Simpson (D)*"Broadbrook, Manchester, and Windsor Locks quadrangles;
surficial geologic mapping
R. B. Colton (D)*"Carolina, Quonochontaug, Narragansett Pier, and Wickford quadrangles, R.I. and Ashaway and Watch
Hill quadrangles, Connecticut-Rhode Island, surficial geologic mapping
J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS
Connecticut Continued*Columbia, Fitchville, Norwich, Marlboro, and Williamantic quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping
G. L. Snyder (D)"Coventry Center and Kingston quadrangles, Rhode Island
and Watch Hill quadrangle, Connecticut-Rhode
Island; bedrock geologic mapping
G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio)*Durham quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping
H. E. Simpson (D)*Fitchville and Norwich quadrangles; surficial geologic
mapping
P. M. Hanshaw (D)*Hampton, Plainfield, and Scotland quadrangles; bedrock
geologic mapping
H. R. Dixon (D)*Meriden quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping
P. M. Hanshaw (D)*Montville, New London, Niantic, and Uncasville quadrangles ; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping
R. Goldsmith (D)*Mystic and Old Mystic quadrangles; bedrock geologic
mapping
R. Goldsmith (D)*Springfield South quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecticut; bedrock and surficial geologic mappingJ. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.)*Tarrifville and Windsor Lake quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping
R. W. Schnabel (D)Delaware:
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Fall Zone
R. W. Bromery (W)
Florida:Phosphate deposits of northern Florida
G. H. Espenshade (W)*Land-pebble phosphate deposits
J. B. Cathcart (D)Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf Coast
P. L. Applin (Jackson, Miss.)Georgia:
Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacentStatesL. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya)
Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf Coast
P. L. Applin (Jackson, Miss.)
Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians
R. P. Sheldon (D)Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur)
R. M. Hernon (D)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear
Aircraft Laboratory
J. A. MacKallor (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River
Plant, Georgia and South Carolina
R. G. Schmidt (W)Hawaii:
Distribution and origin of the Kauai bauxite deposits
S. H. Patterson (Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii)

A83

Hawaii Continued
Geological, geochemical and geophysical studies of Hawaiian volcanology
K. J. Murata (Hawaii)
Pahala Ash studies
K. J. Murata (Hawaii)
Idaho:
General geology:** South Central Idaho
C. P. Ross (D)*Cross-section of the Idaho batholith; Yellow Pine
quadrangle
B. F. Leonard (D)*Owyhee and Mt. City quadrangles, Nevada-Idaho
R. R. Coats (M)Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River valley.
H. A. Powers (D)* Snake River valley, western region
H. A. Powers (D)* Snake River valley, American Falls region
H. A. Powers (D)**Regional geology and structure, Snake River valley
H. A. Powers (D)**Mackay quadrangle
C. P. Ross (D)*Leadore, Gilmore, and Patterson quadrangles
E. T. Ruppel (D)*Metamorphism of the Oroflno area
A. Hietanen-Makela (M)*Leesburg quadrangle
W. H. Nelson (D)* Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt series;
Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle Mountains,
and Clark Fork quadrangles, Idaho-Montana
J. E. Harrison (D)Mineral resources:*General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead,zinc, silver)
A. B. Griggs (M)Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead,zinc, silver)
V. C. Fryklund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.)*Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho
R. L. Parker (D)*Blackbird Mountain area (cobalt)
J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.)*Greenacres quadrangle, Wasto.-Idaho (high-alumina clays)
P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.)Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits
R. A. Gulbrandsen (M)Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria formation(phosphate, minor elements)
V. E. McKelvey (M)*Soda Springs quadrangle, including studies of the Bannock
thrust zone (phosphate)
F. C. Armstrong (Spokane, Wash.)*Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate)
E. R. Cressman (M)**Irwin quadrangle, Caribou Mountains (phosphate, oil and
L. S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand)* Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area (phosphate)
T. M. Cheney (M)A84

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Idaho Continued
Mineral resources Continued* Radioactive placer deposits of central Idaho
D. L. Schmidt (Seattle, Wash.)Geophysical studies:
Pacific Northwest geophysical studies
D. J. Stuart (M)Volcanism and crustal deformation geophysical studies
L. C. Pakiser (D)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Pend Oreille area
E. R. King (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reactor
Testing Station
R. G. Bates (W)Illinois:* Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque
J.W. Whitlow (W)*Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district
T. B. Mullens (D)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago
R B. Guillou (W)*Geologic development of the Ohio River valley
L. L. Ray (W)Lower PennsyIranian floras of Illinois and adjacent States
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Indiana:* Geology and coal deposits, Terra Haute and Dennison quadrangles
P. Averitt (D)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago
R. B. Guillou (W)Lower Pennsylvanian floras of Illinois and adjacent States
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex)
*Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Kentucky-Indiana
L. L. Ray (W)*Geologic development of the Ohio River valley
L. L Ray (W)Iowa:* Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near DubuqueJ. W. Whitlow (W)*Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district
T. E. Mullens (D)*Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa
(urban geology)
R. D. Miller (D)Lower Pennsylvanian floras of Illinois and adjacent States
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Kansas:*Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas
E. T. McKnight (W)Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate)
W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan)* Wilson County (oil and gas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)
Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin (oil and gas)
W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.)*Shawnee County (oil and gas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)

Kentucky:*Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia
L. D. Harris (W)Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky
R. D. Trace (W)* Salem quadrangle (fluorspar)
R. D. Trace (W)Clay deposits of the Olive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky
J. W. Hosterman (W)*Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Kentucky-Indiana
L. L. Ray (W)*Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville, Keokee, Olinger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Virginia
and Kentucky
L. D. Harris (W)*Eastern Kentucky coal investigations
J. W. Huddle (W)Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
R. G. Bates (W)* Geologic development of the Ohio River valley
L.L.Ray (W)Stratigraphy of cavern fills, Mammoth Cave
W. E. Davies (W)Vertebrate paleontology, Big Bone Lick
F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W)Maine:
Age determinations: granites of Maine
H. Faul (W)* Greenville quadrangle
G. H. Espenshade (W)* Bedrock geology of the Danforth, Forest, and Vanceboro
quadrangles
D. M. Larrabee (W)*Attean quadrangle
A. L. Albee (Pasadena, Calif.)*Hydrogeochemical prospecting in the Forks quadrangle
F. C. Canney (D)*Bridgewater quadrangle (manganese)
L. Pavlides (W)*Electromagnetic and geologic mapping in Island Falls quadrangle
E. B. Ekren (D)*Aeromagnetic and areal geology studies of the Stratton
quadrangle
A. Griscom (W)Aeromagnetic surveys
J. W. Allingham (W)Gravity studies
M. F. Kane (W)Maryland:*Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia
J. T. Hack (W)Clay deposits
M.M. Knechtel (W)*Allegany County (coal)W. deWitt, Jr. (W)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS
Maryland Continued
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Virginia and Maryland
R. B. Guillou (W)Airborne radioactivity and environmental studies, Washington County
R. M. Moxham (W)* Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Montgomery County
A. Griscom (W)Massachusetts:*Assawompsett Pond quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping
C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.)*Athol quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping
D. F. Eschman (Ann Arbor, Mich.)*Ayer quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping
R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.)*Billerica, Lowell, Tyngsboro, and Westford quadrangles;
bedrock and surficial geologic mapping
R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.)
*Bridgewater and Taunton quadrangles; surficial geologic
mapping
J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.)*Clinton and Shrewsbury quadrangles; bedrock geologic
mapping
R. F. Novotny (Boston, Mass.)* Concord and Georgetown quadrangles; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping
N. P. Cuppels (Boston, Mass.)*Duxbury and Scituate quadrangles and Fresh Pond-Mystic
Lake area; surficial geologic mapping
N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N. Y.)*Greenfield quadrangle, surficial geologic mapping
R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.)*"Lawrence, Reading, South Groveland, and Wilmington
quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping
R. O. Castle (Los Angeles, Calif.)*North Adams quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping
N. Herz (Belo Horizonte, Brazil)*Norwood quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping.
N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N. Y.)* Reading and Salem quadrangles; surficial geologic mapping.
R. N. Oldale (Boston, Mass.)* Salem quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping
P. Toulmin, III (W)* Springfield South quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecticut ; bedrock and surficial geologic mappingJ. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.)*Dennis and Harwich quadrangles; surficial geologic mapping and special seismic studies of engineering
problems
L. W. Currier (W)Research and application of geology and seismology to Public Works planning
L. W. Currier (W)Sea-cliff erosion studies
C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.)
Vertebrate faunas, Martha's Vineyard
F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W)Michigan:*Iron River-Crystal Falls district (iron)
H. L. James (M)5573Z8 O - 60 - 7

A85Michigan Continued*East Marquette district (iron)J. E. Gair (D)*Southern Dickinson County (iron)
R. W. Bayley (M)*Eastern Iron County (iron)K. L. Wier (Iron Mountain, Mich.)*Michigan copper district
W. S. White (W)Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region
G.D.Bath (M)*Lake Algonquin drainage
J. T. Hack (W)Minnesota:*Cuyuna North Range (iron)R. G. Schmidt (W)Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region
G.D.Bath (M)Mississippi:
Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacentStatesL. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya)
Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods
F. S. MacNeil (M)Missouri:*Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas
E. T. McKnight (W)Aeromagnetic studies in the Newport, Arkansas, and Ozark
bauxite areas
A. Jesperson (W)Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phospate)
W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan)Correlation of aeromagnetie studies and areal geology,
southeast Missouri
J. W. Allingham (W)Montana:
General geology:
Stratigraphy of the Belt series
C. P. Ross (D)Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology
W. A. Cobban (D)Northern Great Plains Pleistocene reconnaissance, Montana and North Dakota
R. B. Colton (D)Carbonatite deposits
W. T. Pecora (W)*Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains
W. T. Pecora (W)*Petrology of the Wolf Creek area
R. G. Schmidt (W)*Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt series;
Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle Mountains,
and Clark Fork quadrangles, Idaho-Montana
J. E. Harrison (D)Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and
Nebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)*Alice Dome Sumatra area
H. R. Smith (D)* Quaternary geology of the Browning area and the east
slope of Glacier National Park
G. M. Richmond (D)A86

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Montana Continued
General geology Continued*Bedrock and snrficial geology, Big Sandy Creek area
R. M. Lindvall (D)*Geology of the Livingston-Trail Creek area (coal)A. E. Roberts (D)*Maudlo\v quadrangle
B. Skipp (D)*Duek Creek Pass quadrangle
W. H. Nelson (D)*South Gallatin Range
I. 3. Witkind (D)*Gravelly Range-Madison Range.T. B. Hadley (D)*Three Forks quadrangle
G. I). Robinson (D)*Toston quadrangle
G. I). Robinson (D)*Holter Lake quadrangle
G. I). Robinson (D)*Willis quadrangle
W. B. Myers (D)Mineral resources:
Manganese deposits of the Philipsburg area
(manganese and base metals)
W. C. Prinz (Spokane, Wash.)
Chromite resources and petrography of the Stillwater
ultramatic complex
E. D. Jackson (M)*Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho
R. L. Parker (D)*General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead,zinc, silver)
A. B. Griggs (M)Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead,zinc, silver)
V. C. Fryklund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.)*Boulder batholith area (base, precious, and radioactive
metals)M. R. Klepper (W)*Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate)
E. R. Cressman (M)Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western
Montana (phosphate, minor elements)
R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.)
Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in southwestern Montana (phosphate, minor elements)
E. R. Cressman (M)*Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area (oil and gas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)
Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana,North Dakota and South Dakota
C. A. Sandberg (D)Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coalfield,
Wyoming and Montana
W. W. Olive (W)Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota,
and South Dakota
N. M. Denson (D)Engineering geology:
Earthquake investigations, Hebgen LakeJ. B. Hadley (D)*Sun River Canyon area
M. R. Mudge (D)Montana Continued
Engineering geology Continued*Wolf Point area (construction-site planning)
R. B. Colton (D)*Great Falls area (urban geology and construction-siteplanning)
R. W. Lenike (D)*Fort Peck area (construction-site planning)
H. D. Varnes (D)Geophysical studies:
Pacific Northwest geophysical studies
D. J. Stuart (M)Aeromagnetic studies, Three Forks area
I. Zietz (W)'Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Pend Oreille area
E, R. King (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Bearpaw Mountains
K. G. Books (W)Magnetic studies of Montana laccoliths
R. G. Henderson (W)Nebraska:
Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area,
Colorado and adjacent States
V. E. Swanson (D)Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota^ Wyoming, andNebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)* Lower South Platte RiverR. D. Miller (D)*Lower Republican RiverR. D. Miller (D)Subsurface geology of Dakota sandstone, Colorado andNebraska (oil and gas)
N.W.Bass (D)Oil and gas investigations, central Nebraska basin
G. E. Prichard (D)Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa
(urban geology)
R. D. Miller (D)Nevada:General geology:*Schell Creek Range
H. D. Drewes (D)*Owyhee and Mt. City quadrangles, Nevada-Idaho
R. R. Coats (M)*Jarbidge area
R. R. Coats (M)*Geology and paleontology of Kobeh Valley
T. B. Nolan (W)*Railroad District, and the Dixie Flats, Pine Valley, andRobinson Mountain quadrangles
J. F Smith, Jr. (D)*Horse Creek Valley quadrangle
H. Masursky (D)*Mt. Lewis and Crescent Valley quadrangles
J. Gilluly (D)*Frenchie Creek quadrangle
L. J. P. Muffler (D)Cortez quadrangle
H. Masursky (D)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Nevada Continued
General geology Continued*Fallon area
R. B. Morrison (D)*Ash Meadows quadrangle, California-Nevada
C. S. Denny (W)**Humboldt County
C. R. Willden (M)**Mineral County
D. C Ross (M)"""Lincoln County
C. M. Tschanz (M)*Las Vegas-Lake Mead area
C. R. Longwell (M)Mineral resources:
Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range
province
L. C. Huff (D)Iron ore deposits
R. G. Reeves (M)Tnionville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humboldt
Range (iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver)
R. E. Wallace (M)*Osgood Mountains quadrangle (tungsten, quicksilver)
P. E. Hotz (M)*Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range,
Nevada-Utah (tungsten)
D. H Whitebread (M)*Lyon, Douglas, and Ormsby Counties (copper)
J. G. Moore (M)*Regional geologic setting of the Ely district (copper, lead,zinc)
A. L. Brokaw (D)lone quadrangle (lead, quicksilver, tungsten)
C. J. Vitaliano (Bloomington, Ind.)*Eureka area (zinc, lead, silver, gold)
T. B. Nolan (W)**Eureka County (base and precious metals)
R. J. Roberts (M)* Antler Peak quadrangle (base and precious metals)
R. J. Roberts (M)*Geology and ore deposits of Bullfrog and Bear Mountainquadrangles (fiuorite, bentonite, gold, silver)
H. R. Cornwall (M)Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California,
Oregon, and Nevada (boron)
W. C. Smith (M)Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits
R. A. Gulbrandsen (M)Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park
City formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate,
minor elements)
T. M. Cheney (M)Engineering geology and geophysical studies:* Engineering geology of the Nevada Test Site area
V. R. Wilmarth (D)Geophysical studies at the Nevada Test Site
W. H. Diment (D)Great Basin geophysical studies
D. R. Mabey (M)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site
J. L. Meuschke (W)A87

New Hampshire:
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology
R. W. Bromery (W)New Jersey:* Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania
J.P.Owens (W)* Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania
A. A. Drake, Jr. (W)* Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States
A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.)
Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey
H. Klemic (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, New
York-New Jersey Highlands (iron)
A. Jesperson (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Delaware Fall Zone
R. W. Bromery (W)New Mexico:
General geology:
New Mexico geologic map
C. H. Dane (W)Southeastern New Mexico stratigraphic investigations
P. T. Hayes (D)Stratigraphic significance of the genus Tempskya in southwestern New Mexico
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations
E. M. Shoemaker (M)*Petrology of the Valles Mountains
R. L. Smith (W)* Upper Gila River basins, Arizona-New Mexico
R. B. Morrison (D)* Southern Oscura, northern San Andres Mountains
G. O. Bachman (D)* Southern Peloncillo Mountains and Cedar Mountain area
C. T. Wrucke (D)*Philmont Ranch quadrangle
G. D. Robinson (D)Mineral resources:
Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range
province
L. C. Huff (D)* Central district (copper, zinc)
W. R. Jones (D)Clay studies, Colorado Plateau
L. G. Schultz (D)Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area
C. L. Jones (M)"""Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium,
vanadium)
D. G. Wyant (D)Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. P. Fischer (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G.Bell (D)Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different
rocks and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau(uranium, vanadium, copper)
A. T. Miesch (D)A88

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

New Mexico Continued
Mineral resources Continued
Colorado Plateau ground-water studies
D. J'obin (D)Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. A. Scott (D)Colorado Plateau botanical, exploration studies
F. J. Kleinhampl (M)Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vanadium)L. C. Craig (D)San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium)
J. C. Wright (D)Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau(uranium, copper)J. H. Stewart (D)Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in the Grants area
A. D. Weeks (W)Regional relationship of ,the uranium deposits of northwestern New Mexico
L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah)*Laguna district (uranium)
R. H. Moench (D)* Grants area (uranium)
R. E. Thaden (D)Ambrosia Lake district (uranium)
H. C. Granger (D)"Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium)
J. D. Strobell (D)*Tucumcari-Sabinoso area (uranium)
R. L. Griggs (D)Oil and gas fields
D. C. Duncan (W)* Stratigraphy, northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas(petroleum)
R. L. Harbour (D)*Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oiland gas)H. Barnes (D)*East side San Juan Basin (coal, oil, gas)
C. H. Dane (W)*Raton Basin coking coal
A. A. Wanek (M)Engineering geology and geophysical studies:* Engineering geology of Gnome Test Site
V. R. Wilmarth (D)*Nash Draw quadrangle (test-site evaluation)
J. D. Vine (M)Seismic studies, southern Eddy County (test-site evaluation)
P. E. Byerly (D)Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies
H. R. Joesting (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site
R.B. Guillou (W)Geophysical studies in the Rowe-Mora area
G. E. Andreasen (W)New York:*Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New York,
Pennsylvania
C. S. Denny (W)Cretaceous Foraminifera
N. F. Soh (W)New York Continued*Richville quadrangle
H. M. Bannerman (W)* Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States
A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N. J.)
Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouverneur
area
A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.)
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, New
York-New Jersey Highlands (iron)
A. Jespersen (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Adirondacks area (iron)J. R. Balsley (W)*Gouverneur district (talc)
A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.)
Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds
W.deWitt, Jr. (W)* Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds in the Penn
Yan and Keuka Lake quadrangles (oil and gas)
M. J. Bergin (W)* Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds, in the Bathand Woodhull quadrangles (oil and gas)
J1. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio)
North Carolina:*Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina
J. B. Hadley (D)*Grandfather Mountain
B. H. Bryant (D)* Investigations of the Volcanic Slate series
A. A. Stromquist (W)* Central Piedmont
H. Bell (W)*Hamme tungsten deposit
J. M. Park, III (Raleigh, N.C.)
Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur)
R. M. Hernon (D)* Swain County copper district
G. H. Espenshade (W)Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva districts
F. G. Lesure (Knoxville, Tenn.)*Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district(mica, feldspar)
D. A. Brobst (D)*Shelby quadrangle (monazite)
W. C. Overstreet (W)Central and western North Carolina regional aeromagnetic
surveyR. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Airborne geophysical studies, Concord-Denton area
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
North Dakota:
Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, andNebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)Northern Great Plains Pleistocene reconnaissance, Montana
and North Dakota
R. B. Colton (D)Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota, andSouth Dakota
N. M. Denson (D)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

North Dakota Continued
Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana,North Dakota, and South Dakota
C. A. Sandberg (D)Ohio:* Geology and coal resources of Belmont County
H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D)Oklahoma:*Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas
E. T. McKnight (W)Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate)
W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan)
Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas, oil and gas studies
W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.)*Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas)
T. A. Hendricks (D)McAlester Basin (oil and gas)
S. E. Frezon (D)Experimental aeromagnetic survey in northeast Oklahoma
I. Zietz (W)Oregon:Oregon state geologic map
G. W. Walker (M)Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest
W. W. Rau (M)Miocene mollusks
E. J. Trumbull (M)Oligocene mollusks
E. J. Trumbull (M)* Lower Umpqua River area
E. M. Baldwin (Eugene, Oreg.)'Monument quadrangle
R. E. Wilcox (D)*Gabbroic and associated intrusive rocks in the central partof the Oregon Coast Ranges
P. D. Snavely (M)Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Oregon-California
P. E. Hotz (M)*Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, andPost quadrangles (quicksilver)
A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.)
'Newport embayment (oil and gas)
P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M)*Anlauf and Drain quadrangles (oil and gas)
L. Hoover (W)* John Day area (chromite)
T. P. Thayer (W)Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California,
Oregon, and Nevada (boron)
W. C. Smith (M)*Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban
geology)
D. E. Trimble (D)Pacific Northwest geophysical studies
D. J. Stuart (M)Correlation between geologic and geophysical data, westcentral Oregon
P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford
R. G. Schmidt (W)Geophysical studies, west-central Oregon
R. W. Bromery (W)A89

Pennsylvania:* Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New
York, Pennsylvania
C. S. Denny (W)*Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania
A. A. Drake, Jr. (W)*Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania
J. P. Owens (W)*Investigations of the Lower Cambrian of the Philadelphia
district
J. H. Wallace (W)*Lehighton quadrangle (uranium)
H. Klemic (W)Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey
H. Klemic (W)*Bituminous coal resources
E. D. Patterson (W)*Western middle anthracite coal field
H. Arndt (W)* Southern anthracite field
G. H. Wood, Jr. (W)*Geology in the vicinity of anthracite mine drainage projects
T. M. Kehn (Mt. Carmel, Pa.)
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Triassic
R. W. Bromery (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Fall
Zone
R. W. Bromery (W)Rhode Island:*Wickford quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping
R. B. Williams (Providence, R.I.)*North Scituate quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping
C. S. Robinson (D)*Kingston quadrangle; surfieial geologic mapping
C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.)*Hope Valley quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping
G. T. Feininger (Boston, Mass.)*Chepachet, Crompton, and Tiverton quadrangles; bedrock
geologic mapping
A. Quinn (Providence, R.I.)*Coventry Center and Kingston quadrangles; and Watch Hillquadrangle, Connecticut-Rhode Island, bedrock geologic mapping
G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio)*Carolina, Quonochontaug, Narragansett Pier, and Wickford
quadrangles, Rhode Island, and Ashaway andWatch Hill quadrangles, Connecticut-Rhode Island,
surficial geologic mapping
J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.)*Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island-Connecticut, bedrock
geologic mapping
G. T. Feininger (Boston, Mass.)
South Carolina:
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River
Plant, Georgia and South Carolina
R. G. Schmidt (W)South Dakota:
Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area,
Colorado and adjacent States
V. E. Swanson (D)A90

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

South Dakota Continued
Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and
Nebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)* Southern Black Hills (pegmatite minerals)
J. J. Norton (D)*Regional ^tratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group,Black Hills (uranium)
W. J. Mapel (D)* Southern Black Hills (uranium)
G. B. Gott (D)*Harding County, South Dakota and adjacent areas (uraniferous lignite)
G. N. Pipiringos (D)Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota,
and South Dakota
N. M. Denson (D)Geophysical studies in uranium geology
R. M. Hazlewood (D)Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana,North Dakota, and South Dakota
C. A. Sandberg (D)Landslide studies in the Fort Randall Reservoir area
D. J. Varnes (D)Tennessee:*Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina
J. B. Hadley (D)*Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Virginia
L. D. Harris (AV)Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians
R. P. Sheldon (D)Massive sulflde deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur)
R. M. Hernon (D)Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee andVirginia zinc deposits
H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
East Tennessee zinc studies
A. L. Brokaw (D)*Ivydell, Pioneer, Jellico West, and Ketchen quadrangles(coal)
K. J. Englund (W)*Knoxville and vicinity (urban geology)
J. M. Cattermole (D)Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
R. G. Bates (W)Central and western North Carolina regional aeromagnetic
surveyR. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Texas:*Del Rio area
V. L. Freeman (D)* Sierra Blanca area
J. F. Smith, Jr. (D)* Sierra Diablo region
P. B. King (M)Texa's Continued
Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in Karnes andDuval Counties
A. D. Weeks (W)Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas)
W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.)*Pennsylvanian oil and gas investigations
D. A. Myers (D)* Stratigraphy, northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas(petroleum)
R. L. Harbour (D)* Texas coastal plain geophysical and geological studies
D. H. Eargle (Austin, Tex.)
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site
R. B. Guillou (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Killeen
J. A. Pitkin (W)Radon and helium studies
A. B. Tanner (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Fort WorthJ. A. Pitkin (W)Utah:General geology:
Southwestern Utah geologic map
P. Averitt (D)Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado andnortheastern Utah
A. D. Zapp (D)* South half, Utah Valley
H. J. Bissell (Provo, Utah)* Strawberry Valley and Wasatch Mountains
A. A. Baker (W)*Little Cottonwood area
G. M. Richmond (D)* Confusion Range
R. K. Hose (M)*Northern Bonneville Basin
J. S. Williams (Provo, Utah)
Mineral resources:
Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range
province
L. C. Huff (D)*AVheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range,
Nevada-Utah (tungsten)
D. H. Whitebread (M)*San Francisco Mountains (tungsten, copper)
D. M. Lemmon (M)*Regional geologic setting of the Bingham Canyon district(copper)R. J. Roberts (M)*Alta quadrangle (lead, silver, phosphate rock)M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M)*East Tintic lead-zinc district, including extensive geochemical studies
H. T. Morris (M)*Marysvale district (alunite)
R. L. Parker (D)Thomas and Dugway Ranges (fluorspar, beryllium)
M. H. Staatz (D)Clay studies, Colorado Plateau
L. G. Schultz (D)Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits
R. A. Gulbrandsen (M)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Utah Continued
Mineral resources Continued
Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park
City formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate,
minor elements)
T. M. Cheney (M)"""Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium,
vanadium)
D. G. Wyant (D)Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. P. Fischer (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G. Bell (D)Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau(uranium,
vanadium)
L. C. Craig (D)San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau(uranium)
J. C. Wright (D)Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau(uranium, copper)J. H. Stewart (D)Colorado Plateau botanical exploration studies
F. J. Kleinhampl (M)Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different
rocks and ore deposits of the Colorada Plateau(uranium, vanadium, copper)
A. T. Miesch (D)Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium)
D. Jobin (D)Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, withemphasis on the Colorado Plateau
R. A. Scott (D)*La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium)W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile)*Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium)
E. N. Hinrichs (D)Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell
C. C. Hawley (D)*Elk Ridge area (uranium)
R. Q. Lewis (D)*Deer Flat area, White Canyon district (uranium, copper)
T. L. Finnell (D)* White Canyon area (uranium, copper)
R. E. Thaden (D)* Aba jo Mountains (uranium, vanadium)
I. J. Witkind (D)*Sage Plain area (uranium and vanadium)L. O. Huff (D)* Orange Cliffs area (uranium)
F. A. McKeown (D)" Lisbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium,copper)G. W. Weir (M)" Circle Cliffs area (uranium)
E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Ariz.)" Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona andUtah
R. B. O'Sullivan (D)" Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County (coal)
P. Averitt (D)A91

Utah Continued
Mineral resources Continued* Southern Kolob Terrace coal field
W. B. Cashion (D)*Unita Basin oil shale
W. B. Cashion (D)Engineering geology and geophysical studies:" Geologic factors related to coal mine bumps
F. W. Osterwald (D)* Upper Green River Valley (construction-site planning)
W. R. Hansen (D)" Surficial geology of the Oak City area (construction-siteplanning)
D. J. Varnes (D)Salt anticlines, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (test-site
evaluation)
D. P. Elston (D)Salt anticline studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site
evaluation)
E. M. Shoemaker (M)Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies
H. R. Joesting (W)Great Basin geophysical studies
D. R. Mabey (M)Vermont:*Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont
W. M. Cady (Montpelier, Vt.)
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology
R. W. Bromery (W)Virginia :" Petrology of the Manassas quadrangle
C. Milton (W)" Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia
J. T. Hack (W)" Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia
L. D.Harris (W)Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee andVirginia zinc deposits
H. Wedow, Jr. {Knoxville, Tenn.)
Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur)
R. M. Hernon (D)" Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville, Keokee,
Olinger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Virginia and Kentucky
L. D. Harris (W)" Herndon quadrangle (construction-site planning)
R. E. Eggleton (D)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Virginia and Maryland
R. B. Guillou (W)Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Aeromagnetic studies of Shenandoah Valley dikes
R. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Washington:
Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest
W. W. Rau (M)" Republic quadrangle
R. L. Parker (D)A92

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Washington Continued
Bald Knob quadrangle
M. H Staatz (D)Grays Harbor basin
H. D. Gower (M)Northern Olympic Peninsula
R. D. Brown, Jr. (M)Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, Northern Cascade Mountains (copper)
F.W. Cater (D)Metaline lead-zinc district
M. G. Dings (D)Stevens County lead-zinc district
R. G. Yates (M)Greenacres quadrangle, Washington-Idaho (high-alumina
clays)
P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.)"Hunter quadrangle (magnesite, tungsten, base metals, andbarite)A. B. Campbell (D)Chewelah area (magnesite)
lan Campbell (San Francisco, Calif.)
Mt. Spokane quadrangle (uranium)
A. B. Weissenborn (Spokane, Wash.)"Turtle Lake quadrangle (uranium)
G. E. Becraft (W)Coal resources
H. D. Gower (M)"Maple Valley, Hobart, and Cumberland quadrangles, KingCounty (coal)
A. A. Wanek (M)"Puget Sound Basin (urban geology and construction-siteplanning)
D. R. Crandell (D)Osceola mudflow studies
D. R. Crandell (D)"Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban
geology)
D. B. Trimble (D)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford
R. G. Schmidt (W)Pacific Northwest geophysical studies
D. J. Stuart (M)West Virginia :"Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia
J. T. Hack (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Virginia and Maryland
R. B. Guillou (W)Wisconsin:"Florence County (iron)C. B. Dutton (Madison, Wis.)"Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district
T. B. Mullens (D)"Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near DubuqueJ. W. Whitlow (W)Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region
G. D. Bath (M)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Florence County
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)

Wisconsin Continued
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology near
WausauJ. W. Allingham (W)Wyoming:
General geology and engineering geology :Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area,
Colorado and adjacent States
V. B. Swanson (D)Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Rocky Mountain
Front Range, Colorado and Wyoming
B. K. Maughan (D)Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wyoming and northwestern Colorado
G. N. Pipiringos (D)Regional marine-nonmarine Upper Cretaceous facies relationships
J. F. Murphy (D)Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and
Nebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)"Quaternary geology of the Wind River Mountains
G. M. Richmond (D)Structural significance of Reef Creek and Heart Mountaindetachment faults
W. G. Pierce (M)"Clark Fork area
W. G. Pierce (M)"Geology of Grand Teton National ParkJ. D. Love (Laramie, Wyo.)"Cokeville quadrangle
W. W. Rubey (W)Fossil Basin, southwest Wyoming
J. J. Tracey, Jr. (W)"Fort Hill quadrangle
S. S. Oriel (D)Geology and paleolimnology of the Green River formation
W. H Bradley (W)Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River formation
C. Milton (W)"Storm Hill quadrangle
G. A. Izett (D)"Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning)
W. R. Hansen (D)Mineral resources:"Atlantic City district (iron, gold)
R. W. Bayley (M)Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks
R. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.)
Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits
R. A. Gulbrandsen (M)Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western
Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements)
R. P. Sheldon (D)Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana,North Dakota, and South Dakota
C. A. Sandberg (D)"Shotgun Butte (oil and gas)
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)"Crowheart Butte area (oil and gas)J. F. Murphy (D)REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Wyoming Continued
Mineral resources Continued*Beaver Divide area (oil and gas)F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N. J.)
Regional geology of the Wind River Basin (oil and gas)
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)*Whalen-Wheatland area (oil and gas)
L. W. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.)
Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coal field,
Wyoming and Montana
W. W. Olive (W)*Buffalo-Lakede Smet area (coal)W. J. Mapel (D)*Green River formation, Sweetwater County (oil shale,salines)W. C. Culbertson (D)Geophysical studies in uranium geology
R. M. Hazlewood (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G. Bell (D)*Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium)
G. E.Prichard (D)Uranium and phosphate in the Green River formation
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)* Strawberry Hill quadrangle (uranium)
R. E. Davis (D)Shirley basin area (uranium)
E. N. Harshman (D)* Western Red Desert area (uranium in coal)
G. N. Pipiringos (D)*Gas Hills district (uranium)
H. D. Zeller (D)*Southern Powder River Basin (uranium)
W. N. Sharp (D)* Pumpkin Buttes area, Powder River Basin (uranium)
W. N. Sharp (D)"Crooks Gap area, Fremont County (uranium)
J. G. Stephens (D)"Hulett Creek area (uranium)
C.S.Robinson (D)*Hiland-Clarkson Hills area (uranium)
E. I. Rich (M)"Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group,Black Hills (uranium)
W. J. Mapel (D)Puerto Rico and Canal Zone:
Cenozoic faunas, Caribbean area
W. P. Woodring (W)Recent Foraminifera, Central America
P. J. Smith (M)* Geology and mineral resources
W. H. Monroe (San Juan, Puerto Rico)
Western Pacific Islands:
Thermal and seismic studies in the South PacificJ. H. Swartz (W)Pacific Islands vegetation
F. R. Fosberg (W)Cenozoic invertebrates, Pacific Islands
M. R.Todd (W)Cenozoic invertebrates, mollusks, Pacific Islands
H. S. Ladd (W)A93Western Pacific Islands Continued
Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific Islands
F. S. MacNeil (M)Vertebrate faunas, Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands
F. C. Whitmore, Jr., (W)
Ecologic studies on Onotoa Atoll
P. E. Cloud (W)*TinianD. B. Doan (W)*TrukJ. T. Stark (Recife, Brazil)*Yap and Caroline Islands
C. G. Johnson (Honolulu, Hawaii)*Palau Islands
G. Corwin (W)* Pagan Island
G. Corwin (W)*Okinawa
G. Corwin (W)*Miyako Archipelago, Ryukyu Islands
D. B. Doan (W)"Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands
H. L. Foster (W)*Guam
J. I. Tracey, Jr. (W)*SaipanP. E. Cloud (W)*Bikini and nearby atolls
H. S. Ladd (W)Antarctica:
Geology of Antarctica
E. L. Boudette (W)Foreign:
Argentina development of government geological services(training)
W. W. Olive (W)Brazil geological education
A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)*Brazil iron and manganese resources, Minas Gerais
J. V. N. Dorr II (Belo Horizonte, Brazil)*Brazil base-metal resources
A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Brazil uranium resources (training)
C. T. Pierson (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Bolivia mineral resources and geologic mapping (advisory
and training)
T. H. Kiilsgaard (W)**Chile mineral resources and national geologic mapping
W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile)**Surficial geology, eastern Greenland (construction-siteplanning)
W. E. Davies (W)India mineral resources (advisory)
L. V. Blade (Calcutta, India)
Indonesia economic and engineering geology (advisory
and training)
D. A. Andrews (Bandung, Indonesia)
Jordan mineral resources development (advisory)
Y. E. McKelvey (M)**Libya industrial minerals and national geologic map
G. H. Goudarzi (Tripoli, Libya)

A94

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Foreign Continued
Mexico regional geologic mapping (training)
B. L. Miller (Mexico D. F., Mex.)
Pakistan mineral resources development (advisory andtraining)
J. A. Beinemund (Quetta, Pakistan)
Peru economic geology, Southern provinces (advisory)
W. W. Olive (W)** Philippines iron, chromite and non-metallic mineral resources
J. F. Harrington (Manila, P. I.)** Saudi Arabia national geologic map
G. F. Brown (Jidda, Saudi Arabia)

Foreign Continued
Thailand economic geology and mineral industry expansion (advisory)
L. S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand)* Taiwan economic geology (training)
S. Rosenblum (Taipei, Taiwan)
Turkey University of Istanbul (training)
Q. D. Singewald (Istanbul, Turkey)
Extraterrestrial:
Investigations of lunar craters
E. M. Shoemaker (M)Photogeology of the moon
B. J. Hackman (W)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Heavy metals:
District studies:
Ferrous and ferro-alloy metals:* Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States
A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.)
Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
Adirondacks area, New York (iron)J. B. Balsley (W)Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology,
New York-New Jersey Highlands (iron)
A. Jespersen (W)Clinton iron ores of the Southern Appalachians
B. P. Sheldon (D)*Iron Biver-Crystal Falls district, Michigan (iron)
H. L. James (M)*Eastern Iron County, Michigan (iron)K. L. Wier (Iron Mountain, Mich.)* Southern Dickinson County, Michigan (iron)
B. W. Bayley (M)* East Marquette district, Michigan (iron)J. E. Gair (D)*Florence County, Wisconsin (iron)C. E. Button (Madison, Wis.)*Cuyuna North Range, Minnesota (iron)
B. G. Schmidt (W)Iron ore deposits of Nevada
B. G. Beeves (M)* Atlantic City district, Wyoming (iron, gold)
B. W. Bayley (M)*Unionville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humbolt
Bange, Nevada (iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver)
B. E. Wallace (M)**Klukwan iron district, Alaska
E. C. Bobertson (W)*Bridgewater quadrangle, Maine (manganese)
L. Pavlides (W)Manganese deposits of the Philipsburg area, Montana(manganese and base metals)
W. C. Prinz (Spokane, Wash.)*John Day area, Oregon (chromite)
T. P. Thayer (W)Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains,
Oregon-California.
P. E. Hotz (M)*Hamme tungsten deposit, North Carolina
J. M. Parker III (Raleigh, N.C.)

Heavy metals Continued
District studies Continued
Ferrous and ferro-alloy metals Continued*San Francisco Mountains, Utah (tungsten, copper)
D. M. Lemmon (M)*Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Bange,
Nevada-Utah (tungsten, beryllium)
D. H Whitebread (M)*Osgood Mountains quadrangle, Nevada (tungsten, quicksilver)
P. E. Hotz (M)*Bishop tungsten district, California
P. C. Bateman (M)*Eastern Sierra tungsten area, California; Devil's Postpile, Mt. Morrison, and Casa Diablo quadrangles(tungsten, base metals)
C. D. Rinehart (M)*Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California(tungsten, gold, base metals)
P. C. Bateman (M)*Blackbird Mountain area, Idaho (cobalt)
J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.)*Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho
B. L. Parker (D)Magnet Cove niobium investigations, Arkansas
L. V. Blade (D)Base and precious metals:* Swain County copper district, North Carolina
G. H. Espenshade (W)Massive sulflde deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur)
R. M. Hernon (D)* Michigan copper district
W. S. White (W)*Central district, New Mexico (copper, zinc)
W. R. Jones (D)*Klondyke quadrangle, Arizona (copper)
F. S. Simons (D)*Bradshaw Mountains, Arizona (copper)
C. A. Anderson (W)*Christmas quadrangle, Arizona (copper, iron)
C. R. Willden (M)*Globe-Miami area, Arizona (copper)
N. P. Peterson (Globe, Ariz.)*Prescott-Paulden area, Arizona (copper)
M. H. Krieger (M)*Mammoth quadrangle, Arizona (copper)
S. C. Creasey (M)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS
Heavy metals Continued
District studies Continued
Base and precious metals Continued*Twin Buttes, area, Arizona (copper)J. R. Cooper (D)*Contact-metamorphic deposits of the Little Dragoonsarea, Arizona (copper)J. R. Cooper (D)Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt,
California (copper, zinc, gold, chromite)
L. D. Clark (M)*Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, Northern Cascade
Mountains, Washington (copper)
F. W. Cater (D)*Regional geologic setting of the Bingham Canyon district, Utah (copper)
R. J.Roberts (M)*Lyon, Douglas, and Ormsby Counties, Nevada (copper)
J. G. Moore (M)* Regional geologic setting of the Ely district, Nevada(copper, lead, zinc)
A. L. Brokaw (D)**Southern Brooks Range, Alaska (copper, precious metals)
W. P. Brosg£ (M)* Antler Peak quadrangle, Nevada (base and precious
metals)R. J. Roberts (M)*Eureka County, Nevada (base and precious metals)
R. J.Roberts (M)*Creede and Summitville districts, Colorado (base andprecious metals, and fluorspar)
T. A. Steven (D)*East Tennessee zinc studies
A. L. Brokaw (D)Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee andVirginia zinc deposits
H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)*Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district
T. E. Mullens (D)* Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque,
Iowa
J. W. Whitlow (W)*Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas
E. T. McKnight (W)*Holy Cross quadrangle, Colorado, and the Colorado mineral belt (lead, zinc, silver, copper, gold)
O. Tweto (D)*Tenmile Range, including the Kokomo mining district,Colorado (base and precious metals)
A. H. Koschmann (D)""Central City-Georgetown area, Colorado, including studies of the Precambrian history of the Front Range(base, precious, and radioactive metals)
P. K. Sims (D)*Minturn quadrangle, Colorado (zinc, silver, copper, lead,
gold)
T. S. Levering (D)*Rico district, Colorado (lead, zinc, silver)
E. T. McKnight (W)*San Juan mining area, Colorado, including detailed
study of the Silverton Caldera (lead, zinc, silver,
gold, copper)
R. G. Luedke (W)*Alta quadrangle, Utah (lead, silver, phosphate rock)M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M)

A95

Heavy metals Continued
District studies Continued

Base and precious metals Continued*East Tintic lead-zinc district, Utah, including extensive
geochemical studies
H. T. Morris (M)* Eureka area, Nevada (zinc, lead, silver, gold)
T. B. Nolan (W)lone quadrangle, Nevada (lead, quicksilver, tungsten)
C. J. Vitaliano (Bloomington, Ind.)*Boulder batholith area, Montana (base, precious, andmetals)M. R.radioactive
Klepper (W)"**"*Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho(lead, zinc, silver)
V. C. Fryklund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.)* General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district,Idaho (lead, zinc, silver)
A. B. Griggs (M)*Cerro Gordo quadrangle, California (lead, zinc)
W. C. Smith (M)*Panamint Butte quadrangle, California, including special geochemical studies (lead-silver)
W. E. Hall (W)*Metaline lead-zinc district, Washington
M. G. Dings (D)*Stevens County, Washington, lead-zinc district
R. G. Yates (M)*Mt. Diablo area, California (quicksilver, copper, gold,
silver)E. H. Pampeyan (M)*Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, andPost quadrangles, Oregon (quicksilver)
A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.)**Lower Kuskokwim-Bristol Bay region, Alaska (quicksilver, antimony, zinc)
J. M. Hoare (M)Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska
E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M)*Nome C-l and D-l quadrangles, Alaska (gold)
C. L. Hummel (M)*Tofty placer district, Alaska (gold, tin)
D. M. Hopkins (M)**Regional geology and mineral resources, southeastern
AlaskaE. H. Lathram (M)Seward Peninsula tin investigations, Alaska
P. L. Killeen (W)Commodity and topical studies:
Resource study and appraisal of ferrous and ferro-alloy
metalsT. P. Thayer (W)Tungsten resource studies
O. Tweto (D)Cobalt resource studies
J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.)
Resources and geochemistry of rare-earth elements of
the Western States
J. W. Adams (D)Resource study and appraisal of base and precious metals
A. R. Kinkel, Jr. (W)Lead-zinc-silver resource studies
E. T. McKnight (W)Gold resource studies
A. H. Koschmann (D)A96

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Heavy metals Continued
Commodity and topical studies Continued
Ore deposition at Creede, Colorado
E. W. Roedder (W)Origin of the Mississippi Valley type ore deposits
A.V. Heyl (W)Western oxidized zinc deposits
A. V. Heyl (W)Geophysical studies of relation of ore deposits to metamorphism
A. Griscom (W)
Alaskan metallogenic provinces
C. L. Sainsbury (M)Light metals and industrial minerals:
District studies:
Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks,
Wyoming
R. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.)Distribution and origin of the Kauai bauxite deposits,
HawaiiS. H. Patterson (Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii)
Bauxite deposits of the Southeastern States
E. F. Overstreet (W)Aeromagnetic studies in the Newport, Arkansas, andOzark bauxite areas
A. Jespersen (W)*Marysvale district, Utah (alunite)
R. L. Parker (D)*Greenacres quadrangle, Washington-Idaho (high-alumina
clays)
P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.)"Hunter quadrangle, Washington (magnesite, tungsten,base metals, barite)
A. B. Campbell (D)*Chewelah area, Washington (magnesite)
lan Campbell (San Francisco, Calif.)*Lake George district, Colorado (beryllium)
C. C. Hawley (D)Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva districts, North Carolina
F. G. Lesure (Knoville, Tenn.)*Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district,
North Carolina (mica, feldspar)
D. A. Brobst (D)* Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (pegmatite minerals)
J. J. Norton (D)Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky
R. D. Trace (W)* Salem quadrangle, Kentucky (fluorspar)
R. D. Trace (W)*Poncha Springs and Saguache quadrangles, Colorado(fluorspar)
R. E. Van Alstine (W)*Thomas and Dugway Ranges^ Utah (fluorspar, uranium,
beryllium)
M. H. Staatz (D)*Geology and ore deposits of Bullfrog, and Bear Mountainquadrangles, Nevada (fluorspar, bentonite, gold,
silver)H.R.Cornwall (M)*Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont
W. M. Cady (Montpelier, Vt.)
*Gouverneur district, New York (talc)
A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.)

Light metals and industrial minerals Continued
District studies Continued*MacFadden Peak quadrangle and adjacent areas, Arizona(asbestos)A. F. Shride (D)Barite deposits of Arkansas
D. A. Brobst (D)Clay deposits of Maryland
M. M. Knechtel (W)Clay deposits of the Olive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky
J. W. Hosterman (W)Clay studies, Colorado Plateau
L. G. Schultz (D)* Western Mojave Desert, California (boron)
T. W. Dibblee, Jr. (M)*Furnace Creek area, California (boron)
J. F. McAllister (M)Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California,
Oregon, and Nevada (boron)
W.C. Smith (M)* Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake,
California
G. L Smith (M)Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area,
New Mexico
C. L.Jones (M)Phosphate deposits of northern Florida
G. H. Espenshade (W)* Florida land-pebble phosphate deposits
J. B. Cathcart (D)Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western
Montana (phosphate, minor elements)
R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.)
Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in southwestern Montana (phosphate, minor elements)
E. R. Cressman (M)*Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate)
E. R. Cressman (M)Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western
Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements)
R. P. Sheldon (D)*Irwin quadrangle, Caribou Mountains, Idaho (phosphate)
L. S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand)*Soda Springs quadrangle, Idaho, including studies of the
Bannock thrust zone (phosphate)
F. C. Armstrong (Spokane Wash.)*Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area, Idaho (phosphate)
T. M. Cheney (M)Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria formation
in Idaho (phosphate, minor elements)
V. E. McKelvey (M)Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park
City formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate,
minor elements)
T. M. Cheney (W)*Heceta-Tuxekan area, Alaska (high-calcium limestone)
G. D. Eberlein (M)Commodity and topical studies:
Resources and geochemistry of selenium in the UnitedStatesD. F. Davidson (D)Resource study and appraisal of igneous and metamorphic minerals and light metals
T. P.Thayer (W)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESSLight metals and industrial minerals Continued
Commodity and! topical studies Continued
Pegmatite-mineral resource studies
J.J.Norton (D)Resource study and appraisals of sedimentary nonmetallic
minerals
C. L. Rogers (W)Phosphate reserves, Southeastern United States
J. B. Cathcart (D)Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits
R. A. Gulbrandsen (M)Phosphate deposits of south-central Montana
R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.)
Radioactive minerals:
District studies:
Granites and related rocks of the Southeastern States,with emphasis on monazite and xenotime
J. B. Mertie, Jr. (W)Geology of the Piedmont region of the SoutheasternStates; with emphasis on the origin and distribution of monazite
W. C. Overstreet (W)*Western San Juan Mountains, Colorado (uranium, vanadium, gold)
C. S. Bromfleld (D)Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey
H. Klemic (W)*Lehighton quadrangle, Pennsylvania (uranium)
H. Klemic (W)*Shelby quadrangle, North Carolina (monazite)
W. C. Overstreet (W)Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in Karnes andDuval Counties, Texas
A. D. Weeks (W)*Harding County, South Dakota, and adjacent areas(uraniferous lignite)
G. N. Pipiringos (D)* Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (uranium)
G. B. Gott (D)Regional gravity studies in uranium geology, Black Hills
area
R. M. Hazlewood (D)*Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group,Black Hills, Wyoming (uranium)
W. J. Mapel (D)*Hulett Creek area, Wyoming (uranium)
C. S. Robinson (D)"Hiland-Clarkson Hills area, Wyoming (uranium)
E. I. Rich (M)*Pumpkin Buttes area, Powder River Basin, Wyoming(uranium)
W. N. Sharp (D)*Southern Powder River Basin, Wyoming (uranium)
W. N. Sharp (D)* Strawberry Hill quadrangle, Wyoming (uranium)
R. E. Davis (D)Shirley basin area, Wyoming (uranium)
E. N. Harshman (D)*Gas Hills district, Wyoming (uranium)
H. D. Zeller (D)*Crooks Gap area, Fremont County, Wyoming (uranium)
J. G. Stephens (D)A97

Radioactive minerals Continued
District studies Continued*Western Red Desert area, Wyoming (uranium in coal)
G. N. Pipiringos (D)Uranium and phosphate in the Green River formation,
Wyoming
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)*Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium)
G. E. Prichard (D)*Powderhorn area, Gunnison County, Colorado (thorium)
J. C. Olson (D)*Wet Mountains, Colorado (thorium, base and precious
metals)M. R. Brock (W)*Maybell-Lay area, Moffat County, Colorado (uranium)
M. J. Bergin (W)*"Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, vanadium)D. G. Wyant (D)Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium,
vanadium)
L. C. Craig (D)San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium)
J. C. Wright (D)Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado
Plateau (uranium, copper)J. H. Stewart (D)Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks
and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium, vanadium, copper)
A. T. Miesch (D)Colorado Plateau botanical prospecting studies
F. J. Kleinhampl (M)Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium)
D. Jobin (D)*La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium)W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile)*Lisbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado' (uranium, vanadium,copper)G. W. Weir (M)*"Ralston Buttes, Colorado (uranium)
D. M. Sheridan (D)*"Klondike Ridge area, Colorado (uranium, copper, manganese, salines)
J. D. Vogel (D)Uravan district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium)
R. L. Boardman (W)Wallrock alteration and its relation to thorium deposition in the Wet Mountains, Colorado
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)* Slick Rock district, Colorado (uranium, vanadium)
D. R. Shawe (D)Exploration for uranium deposits in the Gypsum Valley district, Colorado
C. F. Withington (W)*"Bull Canyon district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium)
D. Elston (D)*Ute Mountains, Colorado (uranium, vanadium)E. B. Ekren (D)* Aba jo Mountains, Utah (uranium, vanadium)
I. J. Witkind (D)* White Canyon area, Utah (uranium, copper)
R. E. Thaden (D)A98

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Radioactive minerals Continued
District studies Continued*Deer Flat area, White Canyon district, Utah (uranium,
copper)T. L. Finnel (D)*Elk Ridge area, Utah (uranium)
R. Q. Lewis (D)Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell, Utah
C. C. Hawley (D)*Sage Plain area, Utah (uranium and vanadium)L. C. Huff (D)*Orange Cliffs area, Utah (uranium)
F. A. McKeown (D)*Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium)
E. N. Hinrichs (D)* Circle Cliffs area, Utah (uranium)
E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Ariz.)
Regional relations of the uranium deposits of northwestern New Mexico
L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in the Grants
area, New Mexico
A. D. Weeks (W)*Grants area, New Mexico (uranium)
R. E. Thaden (D)*Laguna district, New Mexico (uranium)
R. H. Moench (D)Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico (uranium)
H. C. Granger (D)*Tucumcari-Sabinoso area, New Mexico (uranium)
R. L. Griggs (D)*Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium)
J. D. Strobell (D)Studies of uranium deposits in Arizona
R. B. Raup (D)*East Vermillion Cliffs area, Arizona (uranium, vanadium)
R. G. Peterson (Boston, Mass.)
Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring quartzite ofsoutheastern Arizona
H. C. Granger (D)*Radioactive placer deposits of central Idaho
D. L. Schmidt (Seattle, Wash.)*Mt. Spokane quadrangle, Washington (uranium)
A. E. Weissenborn (Spokane, Wash.)" Turtle Lake quadrangle, Washington (uranium)
G. E. Becraft (W)Commodity and topical studies:
Resource studies and appraisals of uranium and thorium
deposits
A. P.Butler (D)Uranium in natural waters
P. W. Fix (W)Geology of uranium in coaly rocks in the United States
J. D. Vine (M)Distribution of metals in asphaltite and petroleum (uranium)
W. J. Hail (D)Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasis on the Colorado Plateau
R. A. Scott (D)Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau and Wyoming
K. G. Bell (D)Radioactive minerals Continued
Commodity andi topical studies Continued
Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasison the Colorado Plateau
R. P. Fischer (D)Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota,
and South Dakota
N. M. Denson (D)Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate)
W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan)
Uranium-thorium reconnaissance, Alaska
E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M)Fuels:
District studies:
Petroleum and natural gas:
" Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds in the
Penn Yan and Keuka Lake quadrangles, NewYork (oil and gas)
M. J. Bergin (W)" Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds, in theBath and Woodhull quadrangles, New York (oiland gas)J. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio)" Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville, Keokee,
Olinger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Virginia and Kentucky
L. D. Harris (W)*Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations, Arkansas
E. E. Glick (D)Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas)
W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.)
McAlester Basin, Oklahoma (oil and gas)
S. E. Frezon (D)Central Nebraska basin (oil and gas)
G. E. Prichard (D)Subsurface geology of Dakota sandstone, Colorado andNebraska (oil and gas)
N.W.Bass (D)Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin, Kansas(oil and gas)
W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.)" Wilson County, Kansas (oil and gas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)" Shawnee County, Kansas (oil and gas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)" Pennsylvanian oil and gas investigation, Texas
D. A. Myers (D)" Stratigraphy, Northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas(petroleum)
R. L. Harbour (D)Oil and gas fields, New Mexico
D. C. Duncan (W)" Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona andUtah
R. B. O'Sullivan (D)" Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area, Montana (oil andgas)
W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.)
Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana,North Dakota and South Dakota
C. A. Sandberg (D)" Beaver Divide area, Wyoming (oil and gas)F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N. J.)

TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Fuels Continued
District studies Continued
Petroleum and! natural gas 'Continued*Crowheart Butte area, Wyoming (oil and gas)J. F. Murphy (D)* Shotgun Butte, Wyoming (oil and gas)
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)*Whalen-Wheatland area, Wyoming (oil and gas)
L.W. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.)
Regional geology of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming(oil and gas)
W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.)*Eastern Los Angeles basin, California (petroleum)
J. E. Schoellhamer (M)Rocks and structures of the Los Angeles basin and theirgravitational effects
T. H. McCulloh (Riverside, Calif.)'Southeastern Ventura Basin, California (petroleum)
E. L. Winterer (Los Angeles, Calif.)*Northwest Sacramento Valley, California (petroleum)
R. D. Brown, Jr. (M)*Newport embayment, Oregon (oil and gas)
P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M)*Anlauf and Drain quadrangles, Oregon (oil and gas)
L. Hoover (W)**Nelchina area, Alaska (petroleum)
A. Grantz (M)*Iniskin-Tuxedni region, Alaska (petroleum)
R. L. Detterman (M)"Gulf of Alaska province, Alaska (petroleum)
D. J. Miller (M)**Buckland and Huslia Rivers area, west-central Alaska
W. W. Patton, Jr. (M)**Stratigraphic and structural studies of the Lower YukonKoyukuk area, Alaska (petroleum)
W. W. Patton, Jr. (M)**Northern Alaska petroleum investigations
G. Gryc (W)Coal:*Western middle anthracite coal field, Pennsylvania
H. H.Arndt (W)* Southern anthracite field, Pennsylvania
G. H. Wood, Jr. (W)*Geology in the vicinity of anthracite mine drainage
projects, Pennsylvania
T. M. Kehn (Mt. Carmel, Pa.)
*Allegany County, Maryland (coal)W. de Witt, Jr. (W)* Warrior quadrangle, Alabama (coal)
W. C. Culbertson (D)*Geology and coal resources of Belmont County, Ohio
H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D)*Eastern Kentucky coal investigations
J. W. Huddle (W)*Ivydell, Pioneer, Jellico West, and Ketchen quadrangles
Tennessee (coal)
K. J. Englund (W)*Geology and coal deposits, Terre Haute and Dennison
quadrangles, Indiana
P. Averitt (D)'Arkansas Basin (coal)
B. R. Haley (D)A99

Fuels Continued
District studies Continued
Coal Continued*Ft. Smith District, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal andgas)
T. A. Hendricks (D)*Geology of the Livingston-Trail Creek area, Montana(coal)
A. E. Roberts (D)Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coal field,
Wyoming and Montana
W.W.Olive (W)'Buffalo-Lake de Smet area, Wyoming (coal)W. J. Mapel (D)'North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, and gas)
D. M. Kinney (W)'Western North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, and gas)
W. J. Hail (D)'Carbondale coal field, Colorado
J. R. Donnell (D)'Trinidad coal field, Colorado
R. B. Johnson (D)'Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil,and gas)H. Barnes (D)'Raton Basin coking coal, New Mexico
A. A. Wanek (M)'East side San Juan Basin, New Mexico (coal, oil andgas)
C. H. Dane (W)'Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County, Utah (coal)
P. Averitt (D)'Southern Kolob Terrace coal field, Utah
W. B. Cashion (D)'Maple Valley, Hobart and Cumberland quadrangles, KingCounty, Washington (coal)
A. A. Wanek (M)Matanuska stratigraphic studies, Alaska (coal)A. Grantz (M)'Matanuska coal field, Alaska
F. F. Barnes (M)Tertiary history of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska(coal)
D. M. Hopkins (M)'Nenana coal investigations, Alaska
C. Wahrhaftig (M)Oil shale:
Oil shale investigations, eastern United States
L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya)'Green River formation, Sweetwater County, Wyoming(oil shale, salines)
W. C. Culbertson (D)"Oil shale investigations in Colorado
D. C. Duncan (W)Oil shale resources, northwest Colorado
J. R. Donnell (D)'Grand-Battlement Mesa oil-shale, Colorado
J1. R. Donnell (D)'Uinta Basin oil shale, Utah
W. B. Cashion (D)Resource studies:
Fuel resource studies
D. C. Duncan (W)Geology of the continental shelves
J. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio)A100

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Fuels Continued
Resource studies Continued
Synthesis of geologic data on Atlantic Coastal Plain andContinental Shelf
J. E. Johnston (W)Coal resources of the United States
P. Averitt (D)Coal fields of the United States
J. Trumbull (W)*Bituminous coal resources of Pennsylvania
E. D. Patterson (W)Coal resources of Alabama
W. C. Culbertson (D)Coal resources of Washington
H. D. Gower (M)Map of coal fields of Alaska
F. F. Barnes (M)Geochemical and botanical exploration methods:
Dispersion pattern of minor elements related to igneous
intrusions
W. R. Griffitts (D)Hydrogeochemical prospecting
F. C. Canney (D)Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range
province
L.C. Huff (D)Geochemical prospecting techniques, Alaska
R. M. Chapman (D)Botanical exploration and research
H. L. Cannon (D)Isotope geology in exploration :Studies of isotope geology of lead
R. S. Cannon, Jr. (D)Radon and helium studies
A. B. Tanner (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Isotopic fractionation of sulfur in geochemical processes
W. U. Ault (Hawaii)
Geophysical exploration methods:
Correlation of airborne radioactivity data and areal
geologyR. B. Guillou (W)Development of seismic and acoustic methods
W.H.Jackson (D)Seismic noise and model studies
W. H. Jackson (D)Magnetic model studies
I. Zietz (W)Polar charts for 3-dirnensional magnetic anomalies
R. G. Henderson (W)Experimental aeromagnetic survey in northeast Oklahoma
I. Zietz (W)Geophysical interpretation aids
I. Roman (W)Downward continuation of magnetic and gravity anomalies
R. G. Henderson (W)Telluric currents investigation
F. C. Frischknecht (D)Development of electromagnetic methods
F. C. Frischknecht (D)Electronics laboratory
W. W. Vaughn (D)Geophysical exploration methods Continued
Geophysical instrument shop
R. Raspet (W)Exploration and mapping techniques :Photogeology research
W. A. Fischer (W)Photogeology training
C. L. Pillmore (W)Photogeology service
R. G. Ray (W)Geology applied to construction and terrain problems:
Research and application of geology and seismology to
public works planning, Massachusetts
L.W. Currier (W)*Dennis and Harwich quadrangles, Massachusetts, surficial geologic mapping and special seismic studies
of engineering problems.
L. W. Currier (W)Sea-cliff erosion studies
C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.)*Herndon quadrangle, Virginia (construction-site planning)
R. E. Eggleton (D)*Knoxville and vicinity, Tennessee (urban geology)
J. M. Cattermole (D)*Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa
(urban geology)
R. D. Miller (D)*Great Falls area, Montana (urban geology and construction-site planning)
R. W. Lemke (D)*Fort Peck area, Montana (construction-site planning)
H. D. Varnes (D)*Wolf Point area, Montana (construction-site planning)
R. B. Col ton (D)*Denver and vicinity; Golden and Morrison quadrangles,
Colorado (urban geology)
R. Van Horn (D)*Air Force Academy, Colorado (construction-site planning)
D. J. Varnes (D)*Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, Colorado (construction-site planning)
W. R. Hansen (D)* Upper Green River Valley, Utah (construction-siteplanning)
W. R. Hansen (D)*Surficial geology of the Oak City area, Utah (construction-site planning)
D. J. Varnes (D)*Surficial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and Topanga quadrangles, Los Angeles, California (urban
geology)
J. T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.)*San Francisco Bay area; San Francisco South quadrangle, California (urban geology)
M. G. Bonilla (M)*San Francisco Bay area; San Francisco North quadrangle, California (urban geology)
J. Schlocker (M)" Oakland East quadrangle, California (urban geology)
D. H. Radbruch (M)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Geology applied! to construction and terrain problems Con.
*Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban
geology)
D. E. Trimble (D)*Puget Sound Basin, Washington (urban geology andconstruction-site planning)
D. B. Crandell (D)* Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska (construction-site planning)
R. D. Miller (D)*Mt. Hayes D-3 and D-4 quadrangles, Alaska (construction-site planning)
T. L. Pewe (College, Alaska)*Surficial and engineering geology studies and construction
materials sources, Alaska
T. L. Pew6 (College, Alaska)*Engineering geology of Talkeetna-McGrath highway,
AlaskaT. L. Pewe (College, Alaska)
Engineering geology laboratory
T. C. Nichols, Jr. (D)Engineering problems related to rock failure :Landslide studies in the Fort Bandall Reservoir area,
South Dakota
H. D. Varnes (D)Earthquake investigations, Hebgen Lake, Montana
J. B. Hadley (D)*Geologic factors related to coal mine bumps, Utah
F. W. Osterwald (D)Osceola mudflow studies, Washington
D. R. Crandell (D)*Lituya Bay giant-wave investigation, Alaska
D. J. Miller (M)Literature study of geologic factors involved in subsidence
A. S. Alien (W)Nuclear test-site studies:*Engineering geology of AEG Gnome Test Site, New
MexicoV. R. Wilmarth (D)*Nash Draw quadrangle, New Mexico (test-site evaluation)
J. D. Vine (M)Seismic studies, southern Eddy County, New Mexico(test-site evaluation)
P. E. Byerly (D)Salt anticline studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site evaluation)
E. M. Shoemaker (M)Salt anticlines, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (testsite evaluation)
D. P. Elston (D)Geophysical studies at the Nevada Test Site
W. H. Diment (D)*Engineering geology of the AEG Nevada Test Site area
V. R. Wilmarth (D)*Nuclear test-site evaluation, Chariot, Alaska
G. D. Eberlein (M)*Nuclear test-site evaluation, Katalla, Alaska
G. D. Eberlein (M)Radioactive waste disposal investigations:Geochemical problems of radioactive waste disposal
H. H. Waesche (W)5573Z8 O - 60 - 8

A101Radioactive waste disposal investigations Continued
Rock salt deposits of the United States
W. G. Pierce (M)Geology of the Appalachian Basin with reference to disposal of high-level radioactive wastes
G.W. Colton (W)Geology of the Michigan Basin with reference to disposalof high-level radioactive wastes
W. deWitt (W)Geology of the San Juan and Central Valley Basins withreference to disposal of high-level radioactive
wastesC. A. Repenning (M)Measurement of background radiation:
Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern
United States
P. Popenoe (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area,
Virginia and Maryland
R. B. Guillou (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear
Aircraft Laboratory
J. A. MacKallor (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River
Plant, Georgia and South Carolina
R. G. Schmidt (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
R. G. Bates (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago, Illinois
R. B. Guillou (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Fort Worth, Texas
J. A. Pitkin (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Killeen, Texas
J. A. Pitkin (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site, New
MexicoR. B. Guillou (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site
J. L. Meuschke (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho
R. G. Bates (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles,
California
R. B. Guillou (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco,California
J. A. Pitkin (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford, Washington
R. G. Schmidt (W)Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site,
AlaskaR. G. Bates (W)Distribution of elements as related to health:
Airborne radioactivity and environmental studies, Washington County, Maryland
R. M. Moxham (W)Magnetic susceptibility studies of cancerous tissues
F. E. Senftle (W)Geochemistry of fluorine as related to its physiologicaleffects
M. Fleischer (W)A102

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

Paleontology:
Systematic paleontology:
Fossil wood and general paleobotany
R. A. Scott (D)Paleozoic paleobotany
S. H. Mamay (W)Coal lithology and paleobotany
J. M. Schopf (Columbus, Ohio)
Lower Pennsylvania floras of Illinois and adjacent States
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Palynology
G. O. W. Krenip (D)Post-Paleozoic pollen and spores
E. B. Leopold (D)Charophytes and nonmarine ostracodes
R. E. Peck (W)Diatom studies
K. E. Lohman (W)Recent Foraminifera, Central America
P. J. Smith (M)Cenozoic Foraminifera, Colorado Desert
P. J. Smith (M)Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest
W. W. Rau (M)Foraminifera of the Lodo formation, central California
M. C. Israelsky (M)Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area, Alaska
H. R. Bergquist (W)Cretaceous Foraminifera, New YorkN. F. Sohl (W)Upper Paleozoic fusulines
L. G. Henbest (W)Post Paleozoic larger Foraminifera
R. C. Douglass (W)Lower Paleozoic corals
W. A. Oliver, Jr. (W)Upper Paleozoic corals
W. J. Sando (W)Bryozoans and corals, Western United States andAlaskaH. Duncan (W)Cenozoic nonmarine mollusks
D. W. Taylor (W)Cenozoic mollusks, Atlantic coast
D. Wilson (W)Cenozoic mollusks, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains
D. Wilson (W)Cenozoic mollusks, Oregon, Miocene
E. J. Trumbull (M)Cenozoic mollusks, Oregon, Oligocene
E. J. Trumbull (M)Cenozoic mollusks, Alaska
F. S. MacNeil (M)Cenozoic faunas, Caribbean area
W. P. Woodring (W)Cenozoic invertebrates, Pacific Islands
M. R. Todd (W)Cenozoic mollusks, Pacific Islands
H. S. Ladd (W)Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Mississippi
F. S. MacNeil (M)Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific Islands
F. S. MacNeil (M)SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS
Paleontology Continued
Systematic paleontology Continued
Upper Paleozoic gastropods
E. L. Yochelson (W)Ostracodes, Upper Paleozoic and younger
I. G. Sohn (W)Lower Paleozoic ostracodes
J. M. Berdan (W)Vertebrate paleontologlc studies
G. E. Lewis (D)Vertebrate faunas, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W)Vertebrate paleontology, Big Bone Lick, Kentucky
F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W)Vertebrate faunas, Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands
F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W)Stratigraphic paleontology:
Lower Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Eastern
United States
R. B. Neuman (W)Cambrian faunas and stratigraphy
A. R. Palmer (W)Ordovician stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basinand Rocky Mountains
R. J. Ross, Jr. (D)Silurian and Devonian stratigraphic paleontology of theGreat Basin and Pacific Coast
C. W. Merriam (W)Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Western
United States and Alaska
J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W)Permian stratigraphy, northeastern Arizona
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Atlantic and Gulf
CoastsN. F. Sohl (W)Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology northwestern Montana
W. A. Cobban (D)Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Pacific Coast
D. L. Jones (M)Cordilleran Triassic stratigraphy
N. J. Silberling (M)Jurassic stratigraphic paleontology of North America
R. W. Imlay (W)Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western interior United States
W. A. Cobban (D)Stratigraphic significance of the genus TempsTcya insouthwestern New Mexico
C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.)
Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pierre shale, Front
Range, Colorado
W. A. Cobban (D)Geology and paleontology of the Cuyama Valley area,
California
J. G. Vedder (M)Cenozoic stratigraphic paleontology
D. Wilson (W)Ecologic studies on Onotoa Atoll
P. E. Cloud (W)Geomorphology and plant ecology:
Sedimentation laboratory for flume experiments
E. D. McKee (D)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Geomorphology and plant ecology Continued
Pacific Islands vegetation
F. R. Fosberg (W)*Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia
J. T.Hack (W)Physical properties of rocks :Investigations of thermodynamic properties of ore androck minerals
R. A. Robie (W)Investigation of deformation, elasticity, and mineralequilibria of rocks
E. C. Robertson (W)Investigation of elastic and anelastic properties of earthmaterials
L. Peselnick (W)Investigations of electrical and thermal properties ofrocks
G. V. Keller (D)Measurement of magnetic properties of rocks
W. E. Huff (W)Magnetic susceptibility of minerals
F. E. Senftle (W)Infrared and ultraviolet radiation studies
R. M. Moxham (W)Permafrost studies:
Arctic ice and permafrost studies, Alaska
A. H. Lachenbruch (M)Thermistor studies
C. H. Sandberg (M)Ground ice and permafrost, Point Barrow, Alaska
R. F. Black (Madison, Wis.)*Surficial geology and permafrost of Johnson River district, Alaska
G. W. Holmes (W)Origin and stratigraphy of ground ice in central Alaska
T. L. Pewe" (College, Alaska)
Rock deformation:
Analysis of fault patterns
D. J. Varnes (D)Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations
E. M. Shoemaker (M)Paleomagnetism:
Investigation of remanent magnetization of rocks
R. R. Doell (M)Crustal studies:
Thermal studies (earth temperatures)
H. C. Spicer (W)Volcanism and crustal deformation
L. C. Pakiser (D)Gravity map of the United States
H. R. Joesting (W)Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles
E. R. King (W)Maine aeromagnetic surveys
J. W. Allingham (W)Maine gravity studies
M. F. Kane (W)Geophysical studies of Appalachian structure
E.R.King (W)Central and Western North Carolina regional aeromagnetic survey
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)

A103

Crustal studies Continued
Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area,
Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia
R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.)
Aeromagnetic profiles over the Atlantic Continental Shelf
and Slope
E. R. King (W)Geophysical studies in the Rowe-Mora area, New Mexico
G. E. Andreasen (W)Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies
H. R. Joesting (W)Great Basin geophysical studies
D. R. Mabey (M)Pacific Northwest geophysical studies
D. J. Stuart (M)Cook Inlet aeromagnetic survey, Alaska
G. E. Andreasen (W)Geophysical studies, airborne surveys, Alaska
G. E. Andreasen (W)Geophysical studies on Ice Island T-3
G.V. Keller (D)Mineralogy and crystal chemistry:Rock-forming silicate minerals
H. T. Evans (W)Serpentine and related silicate minerals
H. T. Evans (W)Rock-forming phosphate minerals
H. T. Evans (W)Uranium and vanadium minerals
H. T. Evans (W)Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River formation, Wyoming
C. Milton (W)Mineralogic services and research, DenverT. Botinelly (D)Mineralogic services and research, Menlo Park
R. G. Coleman (M)Mineralogic services and research, Washington, D.C.
A. D. Weeks (W)Thin and polished sections
F. Reed (W)Thin and polished sections
M. C. Cochran (D)Thin and polished sections
R. G. Coleman (M)Experimental geochemistry:
Solution chemistry of ore-fluids transport
E. W. Roedder (W)Fluid inclusions in minerals
E. W. Roedder (W)Application of phase equilibria to geologic thermometry
B. J. Skinner (W)Experimental studies on rock alteration
J. Heniley (D)Hydrothermal solubility
G. W. Morey (W)Thermophysical properties of sulfides and silicates
B. J. Skinner (W)Thermodynamic properties of sulfides and sulfosalts
E. W. Roedder (W)Hydrothermal silicate and carbonate systems
B. J. Skinner (W)Metallic sulfide and arsenide systems
B. J. Skinner (W)A104

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Experimental geochemistry Continued
Sulfide and sulfosalt systems
B. W. Roedder (W)The system NaCl-K2 SO4-MgSO4-CaSO4
G. W. Morey (W)The system UO3-H2O
G. W. Morey (W)Mineral equilibria of rocks: system MgO-AUOs-SiOz
F. Barker (W)Evaporite mineral equilibria: liquidus relations in thesystem NaCl-CaSO4-H2O at low temperature
E-anZen (W)Geochemistry of borate minerals
H. T. Evans (W)Geochemical distribution of the elements:
Geochemical distribution of elements
M. Fleischer (W)Geochemical compilation of rock analysis
M. Hooker (W)Chemical analyses of sedimentary rocks
T. P. Hill (W)Trace element distribution among coexisting minerals
E. W. Roedder (W)Geochemistry of minor elements
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Uranium and thorium in magmatic differentiation
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Organic geochemistry:
Geochemistry of naturally occurring carbonaceous
substances
F. S. Grimaldi (W)Special studies of isotope fractionation in livingorganisms
F. D. Sisler (W)Petrology:
Origin and characteristics of thermal and mineral waters
D. E. White (W)Sedimentary petrology and clay mineral studies
J. C. Hathaway (D)Studies of welded tuff
R. L. Smith (AV)Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouverneur area, New YorkA. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.)
Igneous rocks of southeastern United States
C. Milton (AV)*Petrology of the Manassas quadrangle, Virginia
C. Milton (AV)*Petrology of the Valles Mountains, New Mexico
R. L. Smith (AV)
Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale,
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, AVyoming
and Nebraska
H. A. Tourtelot (D)Geology and paleolimnology of the Green River formation, AVyoming
AV. H. Bradley (AV)*Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana
AAf. T. Pecora (AV)
Carbonatite deposits, Montana
AA7. T. Pecora (AV)*Petrology of the AA'olf Creek area, Montana
R. G. Schmidt (AV)Petrology Continued
Chromite resources and petrology of the Stillwater ultramafic complex, Montana
E. D.Jackson (M)* Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt
series; Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle
Mountains, and Clark Fork quadrangles, IdahoMontana
J. E. Harrison (D)*Metamorphism of the Oroflno area, Idaho
A. Hietanen-Makela (AV)Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Petrology and geochemistry of the Laramide intrusives
in the Colorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (AV)Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River Valley, Idaho
H. A. Powers (D)Glaucophane schist terranes within the Franciscan formation, California
R. G. Coleman (M)* Petrology and volcanism, Katmai National Monument,
AlaskaG. H. Curtis (M)Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of Hawaiian volcanology
K. J. Murata (Hawaii)
Petrological services and research
C. Milton (W)Isotope and nuclear studies:
Isotope ratios in rocks and minerals
I. Friedman (W)Investigation of sea-level changes in New England
M. Rubin (W)Geochronology: carbon-14 method
M. Rubin (AV)Geochronology: lead-uranium ages of mineral deposits
L. R. Stieff (W)Geochronology: lead-alpha ages of rocks
T. AV. Stern (W)Significance of lead-alpha age variation in batholithsof the Colorado Front Range
E. S. Larsen, 3d (W)Geochronology: potassium-argon method
H. Faul (W)Age determinations: rocks in Colorado
H. Faul (W)Age determinations: granites of Maine
H. Faul (W)
Nuclear irradiation
C. M. Bunker (D)Radioactive nuclides in minerals
F. E. Senftle (W)Analytical chemistry:
Rock and mineral chemical analysis
J. J. Fahey (AV)General rock chemical analysis
L. C. Peck (D)Research on trace analysis methods
F. N. Ward (D)Trace analysis and research
J. H. McCarthy, Jr. (D)TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

Analytical chemistry Continued
Analytical services and research, Washington, D.C.
F. S. Grimaldi (W)Analytical services and research, Denver
L. F. Rader, Jr. (D)Analytical services and research, Menlo ParkR. E. Stevens (M)Rapid rock chemical analysis
W. W. Brannock (W)Petroleum geology laboratory
H. A. Tourtelot (D)Spectroscopy:
X-ray spectroscopy of ore minerals
I.Adler (W)A105Spectroscopy Continued
Spectrographic services and research, Washington, D.C.
A. W. Helz (W)Spectrographic services and research, DenverA. T. Myers (D)General bibliographies and handbooks :Bibliography of North American geology
M. Cooper (W)Geophysical abstracts
J. W. Clarke (W)Geochemical exploration abstracts and information
H. W. Lakin (D)Statistics handbook
T. G. Lovering (D)GEOLOGIC DIVISION PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1960

Listed below are the citations of the Geologic Division's technical reports published or otherwise released
to the public during fiscal year 1960. The list does
not include all publications that bear dates between July
1959 and June 1960 because publication of periodicals
is sometimes delayed for several months. Neither does
the list include a full year's publications for journal
articles bearing dates prior to July 1959 have not been

included, even though they may have been actually
released during the fiscal year.
The reports are listed alphabetically by author in
the bibliography. In addition, a subject classificationof the reports is given on pages A127-A136. The
topics listed there are those discussed in the main section of the previous part of this report, and they arearranged in the same way.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Adkison, W. L., 1960, Subsurface cross section of Paleozoic
rocks from Barber County, Kansas, to Caddo County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OC-61.
Adler, Isidore, 1959, Application of X-ray and electron probes
in mineralogical investigations [abs.] : Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 64, no. 8, p. 1093.
Amos, D. H. 1959, DMEA project blossoms into best U.S. mica
mine: Mining World, v. 21, no. 11, p. 30-34, Oct. 1959.
Anderson, C. A., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the NW%
Mayer quadrangle, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geol.
Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-228.
1960, Mining geology: Mining Gong. Jour., v. 46, no. 2,
p. 38-41.
Anderson, D. G., 1959, Ellesmere Ice Shelf investigations inBushnell, V. C. (ed.), Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf.,
Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys.
Research Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, APCRC-TN59-661, p. 78-86.
Archbold, N. L., 1959, Relationship of carbonate cement to lithology and vanadium-uranium deposits in the Morrison
formation in southwestern Colorado: EJcon. Geology, v. 54,
no. 4, p. 666-682.
Arndt, H. H., Conlin, R. R., Kehn, T. M., Miller, J. T., andWood, G. H., Jr., 1959, Structure and stratigraphy in central Pennsylvania and the anthracite region: Geol. Soc.
America Guidebook series. Guidebook for field trips, Pittsburgh meeting, p. 1-60.
Arnold, R. G., Coleman, R. G., and Fryklund, V. C., 1959,
Temperatures of formation of coexisting pyrrhotite-sphalerite, and pyrite from Highland Surprise Mine, Idaho: Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, no. 58, p. 156-157.
Bachman, G. O., Vine, J. D., Read, C. B., and Moore, G. W.,
1959, Uranium-bearing coal and carbonaceous shale in the
La Ventana Mesa area, Sandoval County, New Mexico
chap. J in Uranium in coal in the western United States:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 295-307, pis. 53-59, fig. 44.
Bailey, E. H., 1959, Resources, in Mercury materials survey:
U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7941.
1960, Franciscan formation of California as an example
of eugeosynclinal deposition [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America,
Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B. C.,
program, pk 12.

Bailey, E. H., Christ, C. L., Fahey, J. J., and Hildebrand, F. A.,
1959. Schuetteite, a new supergene mercury mineral: Am.
Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 8-9, p. 1026-1038.
Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, W. P., 1959, K-feldspar content ofJurassic and Cretaceous graywackes of the northern Coast
Ranges and Sacramento Valley, California : Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 2797-2809.
Bailey, E. H., and Stevens, R. E., 1960, Selective staining ofplagioclase and K Feldspar on rock slabs and thin sections[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9,
1960. Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 12.
Bailey, R. A., 1959, Contact fusion of argillaceous and arkosic
sediments by an andesite intrusion, Valles Mountains, New
Mexico [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt.
2, p. 1565.
Baker, A. A., 1959, Faults in the Wasatch Range near Provo,
Utah: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf., p. 153-158.
Baldwin, H. L., Jr., and Hill, D. P., 1960, Gravity survey in partof the Snake River Plain, Idaho a preliminary report:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 21 p., 3 figs.
Balsley, J. R., Bromery, R. W., Remington, E. W., and others,
1960, Aeromagnetic map of the Kerby and part of theGrants Pass quadrangles, Josephine and Curry Counties,
Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-197.
Balsley, J. R., and Buddington, A. F., 1960, Magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy, and fabric of some Adirondack granites
and orthogneisses: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 6-20.
Balsley, J. R., Buddington, A. F., and others, 1959a, Aeromagnetic and geologic map of the Santa Clara quadrangle andpart of the St. Regis quadrangle, Franklin County, New
York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-190.
1959b, Aeromagnetic and geologic map of the Oswegatchie quadrangle, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, and Lewis Counties, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map
GP-192.
1959c, Aeromagnetic and geologic map of the Tupper
Lake quadrangle, St. Lawrence, Hamilton, and Franklin
Counties, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map
GP-193.
A107

A108

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Balsley, J. R., Postel, A. W., and others, 1959, Aeromagnetic
and geologic map of the Loon Lake quadrangle and partof the Chateaugay quadrangle, Franklin County, New York :U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-191.
Baltz, B. H., 1960, Diagram showing relations of Permian rocks
in part of Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey
TEM-1035, open-file report, 1 chart.
Barnes, D. F., 1959, Preliminary report on Lake Peters, Alaska,
ice studies, in Bushnell, V. C., (ed.), Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic
Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge ResearchCenter, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research Notes, no.
29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, p. 102-110.
Barnes, F. F., 1960, Coal fields of Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey
open-file report, 4 p., 1 pi.
Barnes, F. F., and Oobb, E. H., 1959, Geology and coal resourcesof the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1058-F, p. 217-260, pis. 17-28, fig. 43.
Barton, P. B., Jr., and Bethke, P. M., 1960, Thermodynamic
properties of some synthetic zinc and copper minerals:
A.m. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p..21-34.
Barton, P. B., Jr., and Toulmin, Priestley III, 1959, Electrumtarnish method for determining the chemical potential of
sulfur in laboratory sulfide systems [abs.]: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1567.
Bayley, R. W., 1959a, Geology of the Lake Mary quadrangle,
Iron County, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1077, 112
p., 7 pis., 33 figs.
1959b, Iron-bearing rocks of the Atlantic mining district, Wyoming a progress report [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1774.
1959c, A metamorphosed differentiated sill in northern
Michigan: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 257, no. 6, p. 408-430.
Begemann, Frederick, and Friedman, Irving, 1959, Tritium anddeuterium content of atmospheric hydrogen: Zeitschr.
Natlirforschung, v. 14A, no. 12, p. 1024-1031.
Behre, C. H., Jr., and Heyl, A. V., Jr., 1959, Ervorkommen
vom Typus "Mississippi-Tal" in der Vereinigten Staaten:
Deutche geol. Gessell. Zeitschr., v. 110, pt. 3, p. 514-558.
Beikman, H. M., and Gower, H. D., 1959, Coal resources ofsouthwestern Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 54 p.
Bell, Henry, 1959, Relations among some dikes in Cabarrus
County, North Carolina: South Carolina Division of Geology, Geologic Notes, v. 3, no. 2, p. 1-5.
Benninghoff, W. S.. and Holmes, G. W., 1960, Preliminary
report on Upper Cenozoic carbonaceous deposits in theJohnson River area, Alaska Range [abs.] : Internat.
Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13,
1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Berdan, Jean M., 1960, Revision of the Ostracode family
Beecherellidae and redescription of Ulrich's types of
Beecherella : Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 467-478,
pi. 66.
Berg, H. C., and MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1959, Structural control of quicksilver ore at the Red Devil mine, Alaska [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1708, and 1793.
Berryhill, H. L., Jr., 1959, Pattern of regional transcurrent
faulting in Puerto Rico [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1569.
Berryhill, H. L., Jr., Briggs, R. P., and Glover, Lynn III, 1960,
Stratigraphy, sedimentation, and structure of Late Cretaceous rocks in eastern Puerto Rico Preliminary report:
Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44, p. 137-155.

Bergquist, H. R., 1960, Occurrence of Foraminifera and conodonts in upper Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, northern
Alaska: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 596-601, 1 text fig.
Bethke, P. M., and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1959, Trace-element distribution as an indicator of pressure and temperature ofore deposition [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no.
12, pt. 2, p. 1569.
Birks, L. S., Brooks, E. J., Adler, Isidore, and Milton, Charles,
1959, Electron probe analysis of minute inclusions of acopper-iron mineral: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p.
974-978.
Bonilla, M. G., 1959, Geologic observations in the epicentral
area of the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957:
Calif. Div. Mines Spec. Rept. 57, p. 25-37.
1960, Landslides in the San Francisco South quadrangle: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 44 p., 10 figs.,
1 table.
Boynelly, Theodore, and Fischer, R. P., 1959, Mineralogy andgeology of the Rifle and Garfield mines, Garfield County,
Colorado, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium
ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 213-218
Boucot, A. J. and Arndt, Robert, 1960, Fossils of the Littleton
formation (Lower Devonian) of New Hampshire: U.S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 334-B, p. 41-51, pis. 1-3, figs. 3-4.
Boucot, A. J., Griscom, Andrew, Allingham, J. W., and Dempsey,
W. J., 1960, Geologic and aeromagnetic map of northernMaine: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Bowles, C. G., and Braddock, W. A., 1960, Solution breccias in
the upper part of the Minnelusa sandstone, South Dakota
and Wyoming: Geol. Soc. American, Rocky Mtn. Sec.,
13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, 1960,
program, p. 6.
Bramkamp, R. A., and Ramirez, L. F., 1959a, Geographic mapof the Wadi al B#tin quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia :U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-203 B.
1959b, Geographic map of the central Persian Gulf quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc.
Geol. Inv. Map 1-209 B.
1959c, Geographic map of the northeastern Rubi al Khali
quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey
Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-214 B.
1960, Geologic map of the Wadi al Batin quadrangle,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol.
Inv. Map 1-203 A.
Breger, I. A., and Chandler, J. C., 1959, Extractability of humic
substances from coalified logs as a guide to temperatures inColorado Plateau sediments [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1574.
Breger, I. A., and Deul, Maurice, 1959, Association of uranium
with carbonaceous materials, with special reference to theTemple Mountain region, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen,
E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado
Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
320, p. 139-149.
Brobst, D. A., 1960, Barium minerals, in Gillson, J. L., Industrial minerals and rocks, 3d ed.: New York, Am. Inst.
Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, p. 55-64.
Bromery, R. W., 1959, Interpretation of aeromagnetic data
across the Reading prong, Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1574.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONSBromery, R. W., Bennett, B. L., and others, 1959a, Aeromagnetic map of the Malvern quadrangle, Chester County,
Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP202.
1959b, Aeromagnetic map of the Phoenixville quadrangle, Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S.
Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-209.
1959c, Aeromagnetc map of the Allentown quadrangle,
Northampton, Lehigh, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-213.
Bromery, R. W., Emery, R. O., and Balsley, J. R., Jr., 1960,
Reconnaissance airborne magnetometer survey off southern California: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map
GP-211.
Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Bennett, B. L., andothers, 1959, Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Lambertville and Stockton quadrangles, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and Hunterdon and Mercer Counties, New Jersey:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-216.
Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Zandle, G. L., andothers, 1959a, Aeromagnetic map of the Buckingham quadrangle, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-215.
1959b, Aeromagnetic map of the Elverson quadrangle,
Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania : U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-221.
1960a, Aeromagnetic map of the Wagontown quadrangle,
Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-223.
1960b, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Coatesvillequadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania : U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-225.
1960c, Aeromagnetic map of the Temple quadrangle,
Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-227.
1960d, Aeromagnetic map of the Fleetwood quadrangle,
Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-228.
1960e, Aeromagnetic map of the Reading quadrangle,
Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-230.
1960f, Aeromagnetic map of the Birdsboro quadrangle,
Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-231.
1960g, Aeromagnetic map of the Honey Brook quadrangle, Chester and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-233.
1960h, Aeromagnetic map of the Parkesburg quadrangle,
Chester and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol.
Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-234.
19601, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Easton quadrangle, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, and Warren
County, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map
GP-235.
1960J, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Riegelsvillequadrangle, Bucks and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania, and Hunterdon and Warren Counties, New Jersey:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-236.
1960k, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hatboro quadrangle, Bucks, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties,
Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP237.

A109

Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Zandle, G. L., andothers, 19601, Aeromagnetic map of the Langhorne quadrangle, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-238.
Bromery, R. W., Zandle, G. L., and others, 1959a, Aeromagnetic
map of the Valley Forge quadrangle, Chester, Montgomery,and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-200.
1959b, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Norristown
quadrangle, Philadelphia, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania : U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-201.
1959c, Aeromagnetic map of part of the West Chester
quadrangle, Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-203.
1959d, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Media quadrangle, Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S.
Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-204.
1959e, Aeromagnetic map of East Greenville quadrangle,
Berks, Lehigh, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-205.
1959f, Aeromagnetic map of the Milford Square quadrangle, Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-206.
1959g, Aeromagnetic map of the Sassamansville quadrangle, Montgomery and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-207.
1959h, Aeromagnetic map of the Perkiomenville quadrangle, Montgomery and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-208.
1959i, Aeromagnetic map of the Quakertown quadrangle,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-214.
1959J, Aeromagnetic map of the Safe Harbor quadrangle,
Lancaster and York Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol.
Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-217.
1959k, Aeromagnetic map of the Conestoga quadrangle,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-218.
19591, Aeromagnetic map of the Quarryville quadrangle,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-219.
1959m, Aeromagnetic map of the Morgantown quadrangle,
Berks, Lancaster, and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-220.
1960a, Aeromagnetic map of the Pottstown quadrangle,
Berks, Chester, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania:
U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-222.
1960b, Aeromagnetic map of the Dowington quadrangle,
Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-224.
1960c, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Unionville quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geophys. Inv. Map GP-226.
1960d, Aeromagnetic map of the Manatawny quadrangle,
Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys.
Inv. Map GP-229.
1960e, Aeromagnetic map of the Boyertown quadrangle,
Berks and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol.
Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-232.
Brown, R. D., Gower, H. D., and Snavely, P. D., Jr., 1960, Geology of the Port Angeles-Lake Crescent area, Washington:
U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM--203.

A110

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Brown, R. W., 1959, Age of wood from excavations in theDistrict of Columbia: Columbia Hist. Soc. Rec., v. 53-56,
p. 353-355.
Bryant, Bruce, and Reed, J. C., Jr., 1959, Structural featuresof the Grandfather Mountain area, northwestern North
Carolina [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1757.
Bunker, C. M., and Ohm, J. M., 1959, Fishing tools for retrieving
gamma-ray logging components: Mining Eng., v. 214, p.
1045-1046.
Burnside, R. J., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in
Borden and Howard Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 315-B, p. 21-35, pis. 10-14, figs. 6-8.
Bush, A. L., Marsh, O. T., and Taylor, R. B., 1959, Preliminary
geologic map of the Little Cone quadrangle, San MiguelCounty, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-223.
Byerly, P. E., and Joesting, H. R., 1959, Regional geophysicalinvestigations of the Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 316-C, p. 39-50, pis.
6-9, figs. 17-21.
Byerly, P. E., Stewart, S. W., and Roller, J. C., 1960, Seismic measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey during
the pre-Gnome high-explosive tests near Carlsbad, New
Mexico Final report: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-761, open-filereport, 40 p., 9 figs.
Byers, F. M., 1960, Geology of Umnak and Bogoslof Islands,
Aleutian Islands. Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-L,
p. 267-369, pis. 39-51, figs. 49-54.
Cadigan, R. A., 1959a, Characteristics of the host rock in
Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry andmineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 13-24.
1959b, Stratigraphy of Triassic and associated formations in part of the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1046-Q.
Cady, W. M., 1959, Geotectonic relations in northern Vermontand southern Quebec [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1577.
1960, Stratigraphic and geotectonic relationships innorthern Vermont and southern Quebec: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 5, p. 531-576.
Calkins, J. A., Parker, R. L., and Disbrow, A. E., 1959, Geologic map of the Curlew quadrangle, Washington: U.S.
Geol. Survey open-file report.
Campbell, A. B., 1959, Precambrian-Cambrian unconformity innorthwestern Montana and northern Idaho [abs.] : Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1776.
Cannon, H. L., 1959, Biogeochemical relations in the Thompson
district, Grand County, Utah [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1578.
Cannon, R. S., Jr., Pierce, A. P., and Antweiler, J. C., 1959,
Significance of lead isotopes to problems of ore genesis[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1578.
Carr, M. S., and Button, C. E., 1959, Iron-ore resources of theUnited States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-C, p. 61-134, pi. 2, fig. 7.
Carr, W. J., and Alverson, D. C., 1959, Stratigraphy of middle
Tertiary rocks in part of west-central Florida: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1092, 111 p., 3 pis., 16 figs.
Carroll, Dorothy, 1959a, Mineral indicators of environment insediments of part of the Maryland coastal plain [abs.] :Virginia Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 10, no. 4, p. 293-294.

Carroll, Dorothy, 1959b, Petrography of Paleozoic sandistones
andl shales from borings in Florida [abs.]: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1759.
1960, Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions inunconsolidated sediments: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 3, p.
618-619.
Carroll, Dorothy, and Pommer, A. M., 1960, Acidic properties
of some clay minerals [abs.] : Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., v.
39, p. 239.
Carroll, Dorothy, and Starkey, H. C., 1960, The effect of sea
water on clay minerals, in Natl. Conf. on Clays and Clay
Minerals Proc., 7th, Washington, D.C., 1958: Pergamon
Press, New York, N.Y., p. 80-101.
Cashion, W. B., Jr., 1959, Geology and oil-shale resources ofNaval Oil Shale Reserve No. 2, Uintah and Carbon Counties, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-O, p. 753-793, pis.
54-57, figs. 34-^2.
Cass, J. T., 1959a, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Norton
Bay quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol.
Inv. Map 1-286.
1959b, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Candle quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map
1-287.
1959c, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Unalakleet
quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv.
Map 1-288.
1959d, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Ruby quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map
1-289.
1959e, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Melozitna
quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv.
Map 1-290.
1959f, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Nulato quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map
1-291.
Castle, R. O., 1959, Surficial geology of the Wilmington quadrangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map
GQ-122.
Cathcart, J. B., and McGreevy, L. J., 1959, Results of geologic
exploration by core drilling, 1953, land-pebble phosphate
district, Florida: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1046-K, p. 221298, pis. 16-34, fig. 26.
Cattermole, J. M., 1960, Geology of the Bearden quadrangle,
Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-126.
Chao, E.C.T., and Fleischer, Michael, 1959, Abundance of zirconium in igneous rocks [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1579.
Cheney, T. M., and Sheldon, R. P., 1959, Permian stratigraphy
and oil potential, Wyoming and Utah: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf.,
p. 90-100.
Chisholm, W. A., 1959, Described sections of rocks of Chesterand Morrow age in Newton and Searcy Counties, Arkansas : U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 67 p.
Christ, C. L., 1960, Crystal chemistry and systematic classification of hydrated borate minerals: Am. Mineralogist, v.
45, nos. 3-4, p. 334-340.
Christ, C. L., and Clark, J. R., 1960, X-ray crystallography andcrystal chemistry of gowerite, CaO-3B2O8-5H2O: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 230-234.
Christ, C. L., and Garrels, R. M., 1959, Relations among sodium
borate hydrates at the Kramer deposit, Boron, California:
Am. Jour. Sci., v. 257 no. 7, p. 516-528.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Christman, R. A., Brock, M. R., Pearson, R. C., and Singewald,
Q. D., 1960, Geology and thorium deposits of the Wet
Mountains, Colorado; a progress report: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-H, p. 491-535, pis. 15-16, figs. 18-20.
Clark, J. R., 1960, X-ray study of alteration in the uranium
mineral wyartite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p.
200-208.
Clark, J. R., and Christ, C. L., 1959a, Studies of borate minerals (5) ; Reinvestigation of the X-ray crystallography ofulexite and probertite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8,
p. 712-719.
1959b, Studies of borate minerals (7) ; X-ray studies ofammonioborite, larderellite, and the potassium and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrates: Am. Mineralogist, v.
44, nos. 11-12, p. 1150-1158.
1959c, Studies of borate minerals (8) ; The crystal structure of CaB3O3(OH)5-2H2O: Zeitschr. Kristallographie,v. 112, p. 213-233.
Clark, J. R., Mrose, M. E., Perloff, Alvin, and Burley, Gordon,
1959, Studies of borate minerals (6) ; Investigation ofveatchite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, no. 11-12, p. 1141-1149,
Clark, L. D., 1960, Foothills fault system, western Sierra Nevada, California : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, p. 483-496.
Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., and others, 1959, Ground water in the Oak
Spring formation and hydrologic effects of undergroundnuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1581.
Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1959, Paleoecology retrospect and prospect:
Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 926-962, figs. 1-16.
1960, Gas as a sedimentary and diagenetic agent: Am.
Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 35-45.
Cloud, P. E., Jr., and Palmer, A. R., 1959, Paleontologic data andage evaluation for individual wells, Pre-Simpson Paleozoic
rocks, in Barnes, V. E., Stratigraphy of the Pre-Simpson
Paleozoic subsurface rocks of Texas and southeast New
Mexico: Texas Univ. Pub. no. 5924, v. 1, pt. 2, p. 73-85.
Coats, R. R., 1959, Geologic reconnaissance of Semisopochnoi
Island, western Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-O, p. 477-519, pis. 59-68, figs. 73-76.
1960, Stereoscopic-pair projection of aerial photographs
in map compilation: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 5,
p. 629-630.
Cobb, E. H., 1959a, Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource
Map MR-11.
1959b, Chromite, cobalt, nickel, and platinum occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource
Map MR-8.
1959c, Copper, lead, and zinc occurrences in Alaska;
U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-9.
1959d, Molybdenum, tin, and tungsten occu; renoet- in
Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map
MR-10.
Cobban, W. A., Erdmann, C. E., Lemke, R. W., and Maughan,
E. K., 1959a, Colorado group on Sweetgrass Arch, Montana,in Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf.:
p. 89-92.
1959b, Revision of Colorado group on Sweetgrass Arch,
Montana: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43,
no. 12, p. 2786-2796.
Cole, W. S., Todd, Ruth, and Johnson, C. G., 1960, Conflicting
age determinations suggested by Foraminifera on Yap,
Caroline Islands: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 41, no. 186,
p. 73-112, pis. 11-13.

Alll

Coleman, R. G., 1959a, New occurrences of ferroselite (FeSes) :Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 16, p. 296-301.
1959b, Genesis of jadeite from San Benito County, California [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1583.
Colton, R. B., 1959, Additional evidence of glacial Lake Musselshell, Montana [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1776.
Colton, G. W., and de Witt, Wallace, Jr., 1959, Current-oriented
structures in some Upper Devonian rocks in western New
York [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70. no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1759.
Cooke, C. W., 1959, Cenozoic echinoids of eastern United States:
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 321, 106 p., 43 pis.
Cooper, J. R., 1959a, Some geologic features of the Dragoon
quadrangle: Arizona Geol. Soc., southern Arizona Guidebook II, p. 139-145.
1959b, Reconnaisance geologic map of southeastern
Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv.
Field Studies Map MF-213.
1960, Some geologic features of the Pima mining district,
Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1112-C,
p. 63-103, pis. 1-5, figs. 15, 16.
Cornwall, H. R., and Kleinhampl, F. J., 1959, Stratigraphy andstructure of Bare Mountain, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1714.
Cox, Allan, 1960, Variations in the direction of the dipole
component of the earth's magnetic field [abs] : Am. Geophys.
Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30, 1960, Program, p. 47.
Cox, Allan, and Doell, R. R., 1960, Review of paleomagnetism:
Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 6, p. 645-768.
Craig, L. C., and others, 1959, Measured sections of the Morrison
and adjacent formations: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 700 p.
Crandell, D. R., and Gard, L. M., Jr., 1959, Geology of the
Buckley quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol.
Quad. Map GQ-125.
Crittenden, M. D., 1959, Mississippian stratigraphy of thecentral Wasatch and western Uinta Mountains, Utah, in
Guidebook to the geology of the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains, transition area: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists, 10th Ann. Field Conf. Guidebook, p. 63-74.
Crowder, D. F., 1959, Granitization, migmatization, and fusionin the northern Entiat Mountains, Washington: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 827-878.
Currier, L. W., 1960, Geologic appraisal of dimension-stone
deposits: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1109, 78 p., 7 pis., 2 figs.
Cuttitta, Frank, and White, C. E., 1959, Spectrophotometric.study of the magnesium-bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine
system: Ai-al. Chemistry, v. 31, no. 12, p. 2087-2090.
Dane, C. H., 1959, Historical background of the type locality of
the Tres Hermanos sandstone, in Guidebook, 10th Ann.
Field Conf.: New Mexico Geol. Soc., p. 85-91.
1960, The boundary between rocks of Carlile and Niobrara
age in San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: Am.
Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 46-56.
Danilchik, Walter, and Tahirkheli, R. A. K., 1960, Contents ofuranium and other elements in sand, Indus, Gilgit, andHunza Rivers, Gilgit Agency, West Pakistan: Pakistan
Geol. Survey Inf. Release No. 11, 7 p., 2 tables, 1 fig.
Davidson, D. F., 1960, Selenium in some epithermal deposits of
antimony, mercury, and silver and gold: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1112-A, p. 1-15, figs. 1-2.

A112

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTSDavidson, D. F., and Powers, H. A., 1959, Selenium content ofsome volcanic rocks from western United States andHawaiian Islands: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-C, p. 69-81,
figs. 9-11.
Davies, W. E., 1959a, Origin of caves in folded limestone[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1802.
1959b, Geologic investigations, in Bushnell, V. C. (ed.),Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force
Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate,
Research Notes, no. 29, AFCR-TN-59-661, p. 51-54.
1960a, Surface features of permafrost in arid areas
Labs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary,Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
1960b, Origin of caves in folded limestone: Natl. Speleological Soe. Bull., v. 22, pt. 1, p. 3-16.
Dean, B. G., 1960, Selected annotated bibliography of the geology of uranium-bearing veins in the United States: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1059-G, p. 327-440, pi. 4.
Denson, N. M., 1959, Introduction, chap. A in Uranium in coalin the western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1055, p. 1-10, figs. 1-2.
Denson, N. M., Bachman, G. O., and Zeller, H. D., 1959,
Uranium-bearing lignite in northwestern South Dakota andadjacent states, chap. B in Uranium in coal in the western
United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 11-57, pis.
1-16, figs. 3-8.
Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral and U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, Geologic map of Quadrilatero Ferrlfero, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
de Witt, Wallace, Jr., and Colton, G. W., 1959a, Revised correlations of lower Upper Devonian rocks in western andcentral New York: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull.,v. 43, no. 12, p. 2810-2828.
1959b, Correlation of lower Upper Devonian rocks incentral New York [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1761.
Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 1959a, Geologic map of the Inyokern
quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
1959b, Geologic map of the Alpine Butte quadrangle,
California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies
Map MF-222.
1959c, Preliminary geologic map of the Mojave quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-219.
1960a, Geologic map of the Hawes quadrangle, San
Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral
Inv. Field Studies Map MF-226.
1960b, Preliminary geologic map of the Shadow Mountains quadrangle, Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-227.
1960c, Preliminary geologic map of the Victorvillequadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv.
Field Studies Map MF-229.
1960d, Preliminary geologic map of the Apple Valley
quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv
Field Studies Map MF-232.
Dickey, D. D., and MeKeown, F. A., 1960, Geology of Dolomite
Hill, Nevada Test Site, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI755, open-file report, 64 p.

Diment, W. H., Healey, D. L., and Roller, J. C., 1959, Gravity
and seismic exploration in Yucca Valley, Nevada Test
Site: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-545, open-file report, 41 p.
Diment, W. H., and others, 1959a, Geological Survey investigations in the Ul2b.03 and U12b.04 tunnels, Nevada Test
Site: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-996, open-file report, 75 p.
1959b, Geological Survey investigations in the Ul2e.05
tunnel, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-997,
open-file report, 55 p.
1959c, Geological Survey investigations in the Ul2b.01
Tunnel, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geol. Survey, TEM-998,
open-file report, 39 p.
1959d, Maximum accelerations caused by undergroundnuclear explosions in the Oak Spring formation at the
Nevada Test Site [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1589.
Dinnin, J. I., Massoni, C. J., Curtis, E. L., and Brannock,
W. W., 1959, Holder for four, 5-cm rectangular spectroprotometer cells: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48, p. 79.
Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1960, Parque Central, Santa Barbara, Villa
Pabon landslide area, La Paz, Bolivia: Geol. Soc. American, Rocky Mtn. See., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota,
Apr. 28-30, 1960, program, p. 7.
Doell, R. R., and Cox, Allan, 1959, Analysis of paleomagnetic
data [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt.
2, p. 1590.
Donnell, J. R., 1959, Mesaverde stratigraphy in the Carbondalearea, northwestern Colorado, in Rocky Mountain Assoc. of
Geologists, Guidebook, llth Ann. Field Conf.; Symposiumon Cretaceous rocks of Colorado and adjacent areas: p.
76-77.
Dorr, J. V. N. II, 1959, A talk on geological research: Revista
Mineira de Engenharia (cociedad Miniera de Engenherios),
Ano 21, no. 79, p. 25-29.
Dorr, J. V. N. II, Simmons, G. C., and Barbosa, A. L. M., 1959,
Estratigrafia do Quadrilatero Ferrifero de Minas Gerais:
Engenharia, Mineragao e Metalurgia, v. 29, no. 170, p.
75-79.
Douglass, R. C., 1960, The foraminiferal genus Orbitolina inNorth America: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 333, p.
1-52, pis. 1-17, figs. 1-32.
Drewes, Harald, 1959, Turtleback faults of Death Valley, California; A reinterpretation: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
70, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 1497-1508.
Droste, J. B., Rubin, Meyer, and White, G. W., 1959, Age ofmarginal Wisconsin drift at Corry, northwestern Pennsylvania : Science, v. 130, no. 3391, p. 1760.
Durham, J. W., and Jones, D. L., 1959, Fossil occurrences
bearing on the Franciscan problem in central California[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1716.
Dutro, J. T., Jr., 1960a, Correlation of Paleozoic rocks in
Alaska [abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st,
Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered] .
1960b, Correlation chart of Paleozoic rocks in Alaska:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Eargle, D. H., 1959a, Geology of the Karnes County uranium
area, south-central Texas: Engineering-Science News (Balcones Research Center), v. 7, no. 4, p. 1-4.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

A113

Eugster, H. P., and Mclver, N. L., 1959, Boron analogues of
Eargle, D. H., 1959b, Stratigraphy of Jackson group (Eocene),alkali feldspars and related silicates tabs.] : Geol. Soc.
south-central Texas: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1598.
Bull., 43, no. 11, p. 2623-2635.
Evans, H. T., Jr., 1959, The crystal chemistry and mineralogy
1959c, Sedimentation and structure, Jackson group, southof vanadium, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d,
central Texas: Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Societies Trans.,Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau
v. 9, p. 31-39.
uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 91-102.
1960a, Uranium find heralds Texas wildcat action: Oil
Evans, H. T., Jr., and Lonsdale, Kathleen, 1959, Diffraction
and Gas Jour., v. 58, no. 10, p. 148-158.
geometry, in International Union of Crystallography, Inter1960b, Stratigraphy of Pennsylvanian and Lower Permiannational Tables for X-ray crystallography: The Kynochrocks in Brown and Coleman Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol.
Press, Birmingham, England, v. 2, p. 159-215.
Survey Prof. Paper 315-D, p. 55-77, pis. 27-30, figs. 11,
12.
Evans, H. T., Jr., and McKnight, E. T., 1959a, New wurtzite
polytypes from Joplin, Missouri [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Eaton, J. P., 1959, A portable water-tub tiltmeter: Seismol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 49, no. 4, p. 301-316.
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1599.
1959b, New wurtzite polytypes from Joplin, Missouri:
Eaton, J. P., and Richter, D. H., 1960, The 1959 eruption of
Kilauea : GeoTimes, v. 4, no. 5, p. 24-27, 45.
Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1210-1218.
Eaton, J. P., and Takasaki, K. J., 1959, Seismological interFahey, J. J., Ross, Malcolm, and Axelrod, J. M., 1960, Loughpretation of earthquake induced water-level fluctuations
linite, a new hydrous sodium magnesium silicate: Am.
in wells: Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 49, no. 3, p. j
Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 3-4, p. 270-281.
227-245.
Faul, Henry, 1959, Doubts of the Paleozoic time scale: Jour
Eckel, E. B., and others, 1959, Geology applied to underground
Geophys. Research, v. 64, no. 8, p. 1102.
nuclear tests fabs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no1960, Geologic time scale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
12, pt. 2, p. 1595.
71, no. 5, p. 637-644.
Eckhart, R. A., and Plafker, George, 1959, Haydite raw material
Faul, Henry, and Davis, G. L., 1959, Mineral separation within the Kings River, Sutton, and Lawing areas, Alaska :asymmetric vibrators: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10,
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1039-C, p. 33-65, pis. 7-10, figs.
p. 1076-1082.
9-12.
Faul, Henry, Elmore, P. L. D., and Brannock, W. W., 1959,
Age of the Fen carbonatite (Norway) and itsi relation to
Ekren, E. B., and Houser, F. N., 1959a, Preliminary geologic
the intrusives of the Oslo region: Geochim. et Cosmochim.
map of the Cortez SW quadrangle, Montezuma County,
Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies
Acta, v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 153-156.
Faul, Henry, and Thomas, Herman, 1959, Argon ages of the
Map MF-217.
Great Ash bed from the Ordovician of Alabama and of
1959b, Preliminary geologic map of the Moqui SE
the Bentonite Marker in the Chattanooga shale from
quadrangle, Montezuma County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. SurTennessee tabs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
vey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-221.
pt. 2, p. 1600.
1959c, Preliminary geologic map of the Sentinel Peak
Fellows, R. E., and others, 1959, Mineral resources of Alaska:
NE quadrangle, Montezuma County, Colorado: U.S. Geol.
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 141 p., 13 figs.
Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-224.
Fernald, A. T., 1959, Geomorphology of the Upper Kuskokwim
Elston, D. P., and Botinelly, Theodore, 1959, Geology and minregion, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1071-G [I960].
eralogy of the J. J. mine, Montrose County, Colorado, in
Finch,
W. I., 1959a, Peneconcordant uranium deposit a proGarrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry andposed term : Econ. Geol., v. 54, no. 5, p. 944-946.
mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S.
- 1959b, Geology of uranium deposits in Triassic rocks ofGeol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 203-211.
the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
Engel, A. E. J., 1959, Review and evaluation of studies of the1074-D, p. 125-164, pis. 6-10, figs. 6-7.
QisyQie rayo jn minerai deposits tabs.] : Geol. Soc. AmeriFinch, W. I., Parrish, I. S., and Walker, G. W., 1959, Epigenetic
ca Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1597.
uranium deposits in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey
Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960, Progressive metamorMisc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-299, [I960].
phism and granitization of the major paragneiss, north- Fischer, R. P., 1959, Vanadium and uranium in rocks and ore
western Adirondack Mountains, New York: Geol. Soc.
deposits, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, GeochemisAmerica Bull., v. 71, no. 1, p. 1-58.
try and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores:
Engel, C. G., 1959, Igneous rocks and constituent hornblendes
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 219-230.
of the Henry Mountains, Utah: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,Fischer, W. A., and Ray, R. G., 1960, Quantitative photographyv. 70, no. 8, p. 951-980.
a research tool: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 26, no. 1,
Epprecht, W. Th., Schaller, W. T., and Vlisidis, A. C., 1959,
p. 143-160.
Tiber Wiserit, Sussexit und ein weiteres Mineral aus den
Fisher, D. J., Erdmann, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., 1960,
Manganerzen vom Ganzen (bei Sargans) : Scheizerische
Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Book Cliffs,
Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitt., v. 39, nos. 1-2
Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Utah, and Garfield
p. 85-104.
and Mesa Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 332, 80 p., 12 pis., 1 fig.
Erd, R. C., McAllister, J. F., and Almond, Hy, 1959, Gowerite,a new hydrous calcium borate from the Death Valley region,
Fleischer, Michael, 1959, The geochemistry of rhenium, with
California: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 911-919.
special reference to its occurrence in molybdenite: Econ.
Geology, v. 54, no. 8, p. 1406-1413.
Ergun, Sabri, Donaldson, W. F., and Breger, I. A., 1960, Some
physical and chemical properties of vitrains associated1960a, The geochemistry of rhenium addendum: Econ.
with uranium : Fuel, v. 39, p. 71-77.
Geology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 607-609.

A114

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Fleischer, Michael, 1960b, Studies of the manganese oxide minerals. Ill Psilomelane: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2,
p. 176-187.
Fleischer, Michael, and Chao, E. C. T., 1959, Problems in theestimation of abundances of elements in the earth's crust[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1604.
Flint, D. E., Saplis, R. A., and Corwin, Gilbert, 1959, Militarygeology of Okinawa-jima, Ryukyu-retto vol. V., Geology:
U.S. Army, Chief Engineers, Intelligence Div., Office Engineers, U.S. Army Pacific, 88 p., geol. map.
Flower, R. H., and Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 1959, More Mississippian belenmites: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 809842.
Fosberg, F. R., 1959a, Vegetation and the geologist [abs.] :Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Abstracts, p. 118-119.
1959b, Structural-functional classification of vegetation
for small-scale mapping [abs.] : Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th,Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Abstracts, p. 118.
1960a, Introgression in Artocarpus moracae in Micronesia : Brittonia, v. 12, p. 101-113.
1960b, Vegetation of Micronesia 1. General descriptions.
vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam: Am. Mus. Nat. History
Bull., v. 119, p. 1-76.
Foster, M. D., 1959a, Chemical study of the mineralized clays,
in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry andmineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 121-132.
1959b, Green mica from the iron ore series of the Kursf
magnetic anomaly: Zapiski Vses. Mineral. Obshch., v. 88,
no. 6, p. 727-730.
1960, Layer charge relations in the dioctahedral andtrioctahedral micas: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 3-4, p.
383-398.
Fraser, G. D., 1960, Geologic interpretation of the Hebgen Lake
earthquake, Montana: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn.
Sec., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, 1980,
program, p. 8
Fraser, G. D., and Snyder, G. L., 1960, Geology of southern Adak
Island and Kagalaska Island, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1028-M, p. 371-408, pis. 52-53, figs. 55-61.
Frezon, S. E., and Glick, E. E., 1959, Pre-Atoka rocks of northern Arkansas : U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 314-H, p. 171189, pis. 20-31, fig. 37.
Friedel, R. A., and Breger, I. A., 1959, Free-radical concentrations and other properties of pile-irradiated coals: Science,v. 130, no. 3391, p. 1762-1763.
Friedman, Irviiig, and Smith, R. L., 1960, A possible new dating
method using obsidian. I. Development of the method:
American Antiquity (in press)
Friedman, Irving, Thorpe, A. N., and Senftle, Frank, 1960,
Tektites and glasses from melted terrestrial rocks [abs.] :Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30, 1980,
Program, p. 60.
Friedman, J. D., 1959a, S32/S34 isotopic-abundance ratios andgenesis of sulfide ore bodies at Summitville and Ellenville,
New York [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1606.
1959b, Development of geologic thought concerning
Ulster County, New York: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour.,v. 49, no. 7, p. 252-255.

Frischknecht, F. C., 1959, Scandinavian electromagnetic prospecting : Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 9, p. 932-937.
Frost, I. C., 1959, An elutriating tube for the specific gravity
separation of minerals: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8,
p. 886-890.
Gardner, L. S., 1959, Geologic map of the Lewistown area, Fergus
County, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv.
Map OM-199.
Garrels, R. M., and Christ, C. L., 1959, Behavior of uranium
minerals during oxidation, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen,
E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado
Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320,
p. 81-89.
Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, 1959, Geochemistry andmineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, 236 p., 8 pis., 69 figs.
Garrels, R. M., Larsen, E. S., 3d, Pommer, A. M., and Coleman,
R. G., 1959, Detailed chemical and mineralogical relations
in two vanadium-uranuim ores, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado
Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320,
p. 165-184.
Garrels, R. M., and Pommer, A. M., 1959, Some quantitative
aspects of the oxidation and reduction of the ores, in
Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry andmineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranuim ores: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 157-164.
Gates, G. O., 1959, U.S. Geological Survey aids development:
Fairbanks News-Miner, Progress Edition, Nov. 11, 1959, p.
122.
Gates, R. M., 1960, Bedrock geology of the Roxbury quadrangle,
Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Surrey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-121.
Gibbons, A. B., 1960, Geologic effects of the Ranier undergroundtest Preliminary report: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-718, openfile report, 35 p.
Gibbons, A. B., Hinrichs, E. N., Hansen, W. R., and Lemke,
R. W., 1960, Preliminary geologic map of the Tippipah
Spring NW quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geol.
Survey TEI-754, open-file report, 1 map.
Gill, J. R., 1959, Reconnaissance for uranium in the Ekalaka
lignite field, Carter County, Montana, chap. F in Uranium
In coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1055, p. 167-179, pis. 33-35, figs. 28-29.
Gill, J. R., Schultz, L. G., and Tourtelot, H. A., 1960, Correlation of units in the lower part of the Pierre shale, Great
Plains region: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th
mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, 1960, program,p. 8.
Gill, J. R., Zeller, H. D., and Schopf, J. M., 1959, Core drillingfor uranium-bearing lignite, Mendenhall area, Harding
County, South Dakota, chap. D in Uranium in coal in thewestern United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p.
97-146, pis. 22-29, figs. 13-18.
Gilluly, James, 1960, A folded thrust in Nevada inferences as
to time relations between folding and faulting: Am. Jour.
Sci., v. 258-A, p. 68-79.
Glover, Lynn, 1959, Stratigraphy and uranium content of the
Chattanooga shale in northeastern Alabama, northwestern
Georgia, and eastern Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1087-E, p. 133-168, pis. 14-18, figs. 16-20.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 1960, Some American midcontinent
Carboniferous cephalopods: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no.
1, p. 133-151.
Gott, G. B., Braddock, W. A., and Post, E. V., 1960, Uranium
deposits of the southwestern Black Hills: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota,
Apr. 28-30, program, p. 9.
Gottfried, David, Jaffee. H. W., and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Evaluation of the lead-alpha (Larsen) method for determining
ages of igneous rocks: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1097-A, p.
1-63, pi. 1, figs. 1-6.
Goudarzi, Gus, 1959, A summary of the geologic history of
Libya: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. [On file in the
Office of the Petroleum Committee, Ministry of the Natl.
Economy, Tripoli, Libya, and U.S. Geol. Survey Library,
Washington, D.C., 61 p., 1 pi.]
Grantz, Arthur, 1960a, Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains(A-2) quadrangle, Alaska, and the contiguous area to thenorth and northwest: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv.
Map 1-313.
1960b, Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains (A-l)
quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv.
Map 1-314.
1960c, Generalized geologic map of the Nelchina area,
Alaska, showing igneous rocks and larger faults: U.S.
Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-312.
Griffitts, W. R., 1959, Non-pegmatitic deposits of beryllium in
the United States, [abs.] : Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 12, p.
1227.
Grimaldi, F. S., 1960, Determination of niobium in the parts
per million range in rocks: Anal. Chemistry, v. 32, no. 1.
p. 119-121.
Grimaldi, F. S., and Schne-pfe, N. M., 1959, Semimicro determination of combined tantalum and niobium with selenous acid:Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, no. 7, p. 1270-1272.
Griscom, Andrew, 1959, Martic line in Pennsylvania an aeromagnetic interpretation [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1612.
Gryc, George, 1959, Alaska's possible future petroleum resources: Fairbanks News-Miner, Sec. 11, p. 122, 124, Nov.
11, 1959.
1960, Progress report A study of of tectonics of Alaska[abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Hack, J. T., 1960, Interpretation of erosional topography inhumid temperate regions: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p.
80-97.
Hack, J. T., and Young, R. S., 1959, Intrenched meanders of
the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-A, p. 1-10, pi. 1, figs. 1-5.
Hadley, J. B., 1959a, The Madison Canyon landslide: GeoTinies, v. 4, no. 3, p. 14-17.
1959b, Structure of the north part of the Gravelly
Range, Madison County, Montana [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
American Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1778.
Hale, W. E., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1959, Preliminary appraisal of ground-water conditions in southeastern Eddy
County and southwestern Lea County, New Mexico: U.S.
Geol. Survey TEM-1045, open-file report, 29 p.
Hall, C. A., Jones, D. L., and Brooks, S. A., 1959, Pigeon Point
formation of Late Cretaceous age in San Mateo County,
California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43,
no. 12, p. 2855-2859.

A115

Hall, W. E., 1959, Geochemical study of lead-silver-zinc ore
from the Darwin mine, Inyo County, California: Mining
Eng. v. 11, no. 9, p. 940.
Hallgarth, W. E., 1960, Stratigraphy of Paleozoic rocks innorthwestern Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas
Inv. Map OC-59.
Hamilton, Warren, 1959, Chemistry of granophyres from
Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 8, p. 1119-1126.
1960a, Origin of the Gulf of California [abs.] : Am.
Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30, 1960, Program, p. 75.
1960b, Antarctic tectonics and continental drift: Am.
Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists
and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey,
April 25-28,1960, program, p. 72.
1960c, Motion pictures of geologic field work in the
Antarctic [abs.] : Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg.,
Apr. 27-30,1960, Program, p. 76.
Hamilton, Warren, and Hayes, P. T., 1959a, U.S. Geological
Survey work in south Victoria Land in 1958-1959: PolarRecord, v. 9, no. 63, p. 575.
1959b, Cover picture showing the Taylor glacier, south
Victoria Land with a short description of movement in theglacier: GeoTimes, v. 4, no. 1.
Hansen, W. R., 1960, An improved Jacob staff for measuring
inclined stratigraphic intervals: Am. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Bull., v. 44, no. 2, p. 252-254.
Harbour, R. L., and Dixon, G. H., 1959, Coal resources of
Trinidad-Aguilar area, Las Animas and Huerfano Counties,
Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-G, p. 445-489, pis.
10-14, fig. 17.
Hartshorn, J. H., 1959, Groundhog 1959-East Greenland, inBushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf.,
Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys.
Research Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN59-661, p. 61-67.
Hass, W. H., 1959, Conodont faunas from the Devonian of New
York and Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1615.
Hathaway, J. C., 1959, Mixed-layered structures in vanadium
clays, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry
and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores:
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 133-138.
Hawkins, D. B., Canney, F. C., and Ward, F. N., 1959, Plastic
standards for geochemical prospecting: Econ. Geology, v.
54, no. 4, p. 738-744.
Hayes, P. T., 1959, San Andres limestone and related Permianrocks in Last Chance Canyon and vicinity, southeastern
New Mexico: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v.
43, no. 9, p. 2197-2213.
Hemphill, W. R., 1959, Photogeologic map of the Notom-1
quadrangle, Wayne County, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc.
Geol. Inv. Map 1-294.
Henbest, L. G., 1960, Reclassification, living habits, and shellmineralogy of certain Late Paleozoic sedentary foraminifera: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ.
Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic
City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 82.
Henderson, R. G., 1960, A comprehensive system of automaticcomputation in magnetic and gravity interpretation: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 3, p. 569-585.
Hewett, D. F., and Fleischer, Michael, 1960, Deposits of themanganese oxides: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 1-55.

A116

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

Heyl, A. V., Jr., Agnew, A. F., Lyons, E. J., and Behre, C. H., Jr.,
1960, The geology of the upper Mississippi Valley zinc-leaddistrict: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 309, 310 p., 24
pis., 101 figs.
Heyl, A. V., Jr., Milton, Charles, and Axelrod, J. M., 1959,
Nickel minerals from near Linden, Iowa County, Wisconsin : Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 995-1009.
Hildebrand, F. A., 1959, Zones of hydrothermally altered rocksin eastern Puerto Rico: San Juan, P.R., Dept. Indus.
Inv., Adrn. Govt. Econ., Inforrnes Tecnieos, p. 82-96 [inSpanish].
Hilpert, L. S., and Moench, R. H., 1960, Uranium deposits ofthe southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico:Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 3, 429-464.
Hoare, J. M., and Coonrad, W. L., 1960a, Geology of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska : U.S. Geol. Survey Misc.
Geol. Inv. Map 1-292.
1960b, Geology of the Bethel quadrangle, Alaska: U.S.
Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-285.
Holmes, C. D., and Colton, R. B., 1960, Patterned ground near
Dundas (Thule Air Force Base), Greenland: Meddelelser
Om Gr0nland, v. 158, no. 6, 15 p.
Holmes, G. W., 1959a, The Mt. Chamberlin-Barter Island
project, 1959, program and operations, in Bushnell, V. C.,ed., Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air
Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Research
Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661,
p. 94.
1959b, Glacial geology of the Mt. Michelson B-2 quadrangle, Alaska, in U.S. Geol. Survey, Military Geology Branch,
Preliminary report of the Mt. Chamberlin-Barter Island
project, Alaska: prepared for Air Force Cambridge Research Center. USAF, under Contract C 50-58-38, AFCRCTN-59-650, p. 47-60.
1959c, Introduction, I'M U.S. Geol. Survey, Military Geology Branch, Preliminary report of the Mt. ChamberlinBarter Island project, Alaska: prepared for A-.r Force
Cambridge Research Center, USAF, under Contract C 5058-38, AFCRC-TN-59-650, p. 1-5.
1959d, Glaciation in the Johnson River-Tok area, Alaska Range [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1620.
Holmes, G. W., and Lewis, C. R., 1960, Glacial geology of the
Mt. Charnberlin area, Brooks Range, Alaska [abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13,
1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Hopkins, D. M., 1959a, Some characteristics of the climate inforest and tundra regions of Alaska: Arctic, v. 12, no.
4, p. 215-220.
1959b, History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula,
Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 8, p. 1033-1046.
Hopkins, D. M., and Benninghoff, W. S., 1960, Upper Tertiary
sediments in Alaska and northwestern Canada [abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology. 1st, Calgary, Jan.
11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Hose, R. K., and Repenning, C. A., 1959, Stratigraphy ofPennsylvanian, Permian and Lower Triassic rocks of Confusion Range, west-central Utah: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 9, p. 2167-2196.
Houser, F. N., and Ekren, E. B., 1959a, Preliminary geologic
map of the Moqui SW quadrangle, Montezuma County,
Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies
Map MF-216.

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Houser, F. N., and Ekren, E. B., 1959b, Cretaceous strata of the'Ute Mountains area of southwestern Colorado, in Rocky
Mountain Assoc. of Geologists, Guidebook, llth Ann. Field
Conf., Symposium on Cretaceous rocks of Colorado and) aoV
jacent areas, p. 145-152.
Houser, F. N., and Poole, F. G., 1959a, Granite exploration hole,area 15 Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada Interim
report, Part A, Structural, petrographic and chemical data:
U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-836, open-file report, 58 p.
1959b, Lithologic log and drill information for the Marble exploration hole 3, U15 area, Nevada Test Site, Nye
County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1031, open-filereport, 22 p.
1960, Primary structures in pyroclastic rocks of the
Oak Spring formation (Tertiary), northeastern Nevada
Test Site, Nye County, Nevada [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America,
Cordilleran Sec. rntg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B.C.
program, p. 28.
Hubbert, M. K., and Rubey, W. W., 1960, Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting; a reply: Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 5, p. 617-628.
Huddle, J. W., and Patterson, S. H., 1959, Recent ideas on theorigin of underclay seat earths [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1621.
Hummel, C. L., 1960, Structural geology and structural control of mineral deposits in an area near Nome, Alaska[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. rntg., May
5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B.C., program, p. 29.
Hunt, C. B., 1960, Geologic mapping by helicopter: GeoTirnes,
v. 4, no. 7, p. 12-14, 40-41.
Hurley, P. M., Boucot, A. J., Albee, A. L., Faul, Henry, Pinson,
W. H., and Fairbairn. H. W.. 1959, Minimum age of theLower Devonian slate near Jackson, Maine: Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 947-950.
Irnlay, R. W., Dole, H. M., Wells, F. G., and Peck, D. L., 1959,
Relations of certain Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous
formations in southwestern Oregon: Am. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 2770-2785.
Izett, G. A., Mapel, W. J., and Pilmore, C. L., 1960, Early
Cretaceous folding on the west flank of the Black Hills,
Wyoming: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg.,
Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 10.
Jackson, W. H., and Warrick, R. E., 1959, Acoustic velocities
and elastic parameters of salt and potash ore from measurements in the United States Potash Company mine, in Roller,
J. C., and others, Seismic measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey during the pre-Gnome high-explosive tests;
a preliminary summary: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-774, openfile report, p. 26-32.
Jaffe, H. W.. Gottfried, David, Waring, C. L., and Worthing,
H. W., 1959, Lead-alpha age determinations of accessory
minerals of igneous rocks (1953-1957) : U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1097-B, p. 65-148.
Jager, Emilie, and Faul, Henry, 1959, Age measurements onsome granites and gneisses from the Alps : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 1553-1558.
James, H. L., 1959, General features of stable-isotope research,as applied to problems of ore deposits: Introduction [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1623.
1960, Problems of stratigraphy and correlation of Precarnbrian rocks, with particular reference to the Lake
Superior region: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 104-114.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONSJames, H. L., Dutton, C. E., Pettijohn, F. J., and Wier, K. L.,
1960, Geologic map of the Iron River-Crystal Falls district, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-225.
Jones, C. L., 1959, Potash deposits in the Carlsbad district,southeastern New Mexico [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1625.
1960, Thickness, character, and structure of upper Permian evaporites in part of Eddy County, New Mexico:
U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1033, open-file report, 19 p.
Jones, C. L., and Madsen, B. M., 1959, Observations on igneous
intrusions in late Permian evaporites, southeastern New
Mexico [abs.] : Geol. Sac. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1625.
Jones, D. L., 1959, Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous rocks in
Yreka-Hornbrook area, northern California [abs.] : Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1726.
1960a, Lower Cretaceous (Albian) fossils from southwestern Oregon and their paleogeographic significance:
Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 152-160.
1960b, Pelecypods of the genus Pterotrigonia from thewest coast of North America: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34,
no. 3, p. 433-439 [pi. 59, 60; 2 text figs.].
Jones, W. R., Peoples, J. W., and Rowland, A. L., 1960, Igneousand tectonic structures of the Stillwater complex, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1071-H, p. 281-340, pis. 23-25,
figs. 38-^5.
Johnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, Uranium resources of the Cedar
Mountain area, Emery County, Utah, a regional synthesis:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-B, p. 23-58, figs. 3-8.
1959b, Uranium resources of the Green River and Henry
Mountains districts, Utah, a regional synthesis: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1087-C, p. 59-104, pis. 6-9, fig. 9.
Johnson, R. B., 1960, Geology of the Huerfano Park area, Huerfano and Custer Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1071-D, p. 87-119, pis. 4-9, fig. 11.
Johnson, R. W., Jr., 1959, Aeromagnetic survey of a mica peridotite body in Union County, Tennessee [abs.] ; Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1764.
Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, R. P., 1959, The Square Buttes coal field, Oliver and Mercer Counties, North Dakota:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1076, 91 p., 7 pis., 4 figs.
Johnston, J. E., Trumbull, James, and Eaton, G. P., 1959, Will
we find natural gas near northeast markets?: Gas Age,v. 124, no. 4, p. 25-31; and The petroleum potential of theemerged and submerged Atlantic Coastal Plain of theUnited States: World Petroleum Cong., 5th, New York,
1959, Proc., v. 1, p. 435-445 [I960].
Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1960, Engineering geology bearing on
harbor site selection along the Gulf of Alaska from Point
Whitshed to Cape Yakataga, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey
TEI-642, open-file report, 32 p.
Kaehadoorian, Reuben, Campbell, R. H., Sainsbury, C. L., andScholl, D. W., 1959, Geology of the Ogotoruk Creek area,
northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-976, open-filereport, 43 p., 3 pis., 3 figs., 7 tables.
Kachadoorian, Reuben, and others, 1960, Geologic investigations in support of Project Chariot in vicinity of CapeThompson, northwestern Alaska preliminary report: U.S.
Geol. Survey TEI-753, open-file report, 94 p.
557328 O - 60 - 9

A117

Kachadoorian, Reuben, Sainsbury, C. L., and Campbell, R. H.,
1959, Geologic factors affecting proposed nuclear test near
Cape Thompson, northwest Alaska [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1795.
Karlstrom, T. N. V., 1959, Reassessment of radiocarbon dating
and correlations of standard late Pleistocene chronologies[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1627.
1960, Pleistocene physical and biologic environments ofPacific Coastal southcentral and southwestern Alaski[abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Karlstrom, T. N. V., and others, 1959, Surficial deposits map of
Alaska : U.S. Geol. Survey open-file map.
Kaye, C. A., 1959a, Geology of the San Juan metropolitan area,
Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paiier 317-A, p. 1-48,
pis. 1-9, figs. 1-5.
1959b, Shoreline features and Quaternary shorelinechanges, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 317-B,
p. 49-140, pis. 1, 10-11, figs. 6-63.
1959c, Geology of Isla Mona, Puerto Rico, and notes onage of Mona Passage, with a section on The petrography ofthe phosphorites, by Z. S. Altschuler: U.S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 317-C, p. 141-178, pis. 12-13, figs. 1, 64-69.
Keller, A. S., and Reiser, H. N., 1959, Geology of the Mount
Katmai area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1058-G, p.
261-298, pis. 29-32, figs. 44-^6.
Keller, G. V., 1959a, Electrical properties of sandstones of theMorrison formation: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1052-J, p.
307-344, pis. 12-13, figs. 95-108.
1959b, Directional resistivity measurements in exploration for uranium deposits on the Colorado Plateau: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1083-B, p. 37-72, figs. 9-28.
Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, F. C., 1960, Electrical resistivity
studies on the Athabasca glacier, Alberta, Canada [abs.] :Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan.
11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Keller, G. V., and Licastro, P. H., 1959, Dielectric constant arid
electrical resistivity of natural-state cores: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1052-H, p. 257-285, figs. 68-88.
Keller, G. V., and others, 1959, Character of the Oak Springformation (Tertiary) [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1628.
Keller, G. V., and Plouff, Donald, 1959, Geophysical investigations at Fletcher's Ice Island, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc.
2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate,
Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, p. 102-110.
Keller, W. D., 1959, Clay minerals in the mudstones of the orebearing formations, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S.
3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau
uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 113119.
Kepferle, R. C., 1959, Uranium in Sharon Springs member of
Pierre shale, South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1046-R, p. 577-604, pis. 50-53, figs.
85-92.
Ketner, K. B., and McGreevy, L. J., 1959, Stratigraphy of thearea between Hernando and Hardee Counties, Florida:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1074-C, p. 49-124, pis. 3-5, figs. 3-5.
King, E. R., 1959a, Regional magnetic map of Florida: Am.
Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 28442854.

A118

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

King, E. R., 1959b, Two aeromagnetic profiles across western
Kansas, in Symposium on geophysics in Kansas: Kansas
Geol. Survey Bull, 137, p. 135-141.
King, E. R., and Zietz, Isidore, 1960, Thickness of the sedimentary section in the Appalachian basin: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists andMineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey,
April 25-28,1960, program, p. 66.
King, E. R., Zietz, Isidore, and Dempsey, W. J., 1960, Aeromagnetic profiles over the Atlantic continental shelf and slope:
Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New
Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 36.
King, P. B., 1960, The anatomy and habitat of low-angle thrustfaults : Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 115-125.
King, R. R., Jussen, V. M., Loud, E. S., and Conant, G. D., 1960,
Bibliography of North American geology, 1957: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1095, 531 p.
King, R. R., and others, 1959, Bibliography of North American
geology, 1956: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1075, 554 p.
Kinney, D. M., and Hail, W. J., Jr., 1959, Upper Cretaceous
rocks in North Park, Jackson County, Colorado, in Rocky
Mtn. Assoc. Geologists Guidebook llth Ann. Field Conf.:
p. 105-109.
Kinney, D. M., Hansen, W. R., and Good, J. M., 1959, Distribution of Browns Park formation in eastern Uinta Mountains,
northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1630.
Kinoshita, W. T., and Kent, B. H., 1960, Photogrammetricdetermination of elevations for gravity surveys: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 445-450.
Kinser, C. A., 1959, Modified flexaframe connector: ChemistAnalyst, v. 48, no. 3, p. 80.
Klepper, M. R., and Smedes, H. W., 1959, Elkhorn Mountains
volcanic field, western Montana [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1631.
Knechtel, M. M., Hosterman, J. W., and Hamlin, H. P., 1959,
Bloating clay deposits in southern Maryland: U.S. Geol.
Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines, open-file report.
Kottlowski, F. E., 1960a, Geology and coal deposits of the Switz
City quadrangle, Greene County, Indiana : U.S. Geol. Survey
Coal Inv. Map C-41.
1960b, Geology and coal deposits of the Coal City quadrangle, Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties, Indiana: U.S.
Geol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-28.
Kremp, G. O. W., Ames, H. T., and Frederiksen, N. O., 1959,
The organspecies concept and the International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature: Taxon, v. 8, no. 3, p. 91-95.
Kremp, G. O. W., Kovar, A. J., and Riegel, W. L., 1959, Pollen
and spore content of modern organic sediments from Florida
compared to the microfloral assemblages characterizing
lithotypes of Tertiary coal seams from Germany and South
Dakota [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt.
2, p. 1632.
Krieger, Medora H., 1959, Cambrian age of some of the basal
Paleozoic sandstone in central Arizona [abs.] Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1729.
Krinsley, D. B., 1960, Late Pleistocene glaciation in northeast
Greenland [abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology,
1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers[unnumbered].

Lachenbruch, A. H., 1959a, The contraction theory of ice-wedge
polygons, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic
Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge ResearchCenter, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research Notes,
no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, p. 163.
1959b, Effects of the ocean on earth temperature, in Pew6
T. L., Hopkins, D. M., and Lachenbruch, A. H., Engineering
geology bearing on harbor site selection along northwest
coast of Alaska from Nome to Point Barrow: U.S. Geol.
Survey TEI-678, open-file report, p. 45-50.
1959c, Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium withapplication to permafrost problems: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1083-A, p. 1-36, pis. 1-3, figs. 1-8.
1959d, Contraction theory of ice-wedge polygons [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1796.
1960, Mechanical aspects of the contraction theory of ice
wedge polygons [abs.] : Internat. Symposium on Arctic
Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers[unnumbered].
Lachenbruch, A. H., and Brewer, M. C., 1959, Dissipation of
the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1083-C, p. 73-109, figs. 29-35.
Lachenbruch, A. H., and Greene, G. W., 1960, Preliminary reportof geothermal studies at the Ogotoruk Creek Chariot site,northwestern Alaska, in Kachadoorian, Reuben, and others,
Geologic investigations in support of Project Chariot in thevicinity of Cape Thompson, northwestern Alaska Preliminary Report: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-753, 94 p., open-filereport.
Ladd, H. S., 1959, Re-examination of Palaeocreusia devonica
Clarke: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 963-964.
1960, Origin of the Pacific island molluscan fauna: Am.
Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 137-150.
Landis, E. R., 1959, Coal resources of Colorado: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1072-C, p. 131-232, pis. 2-3, figs. 5-6.
1960, Uranium content of ground and surface waters ina part of the central Great Plains: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1087-G, p. 223-250, pi. 26, fig. 25.
Larsen, E. S. 3d, and Gottfried, David, 1960, Uranium andthorium In selected suites of igneous rocks: Am. Jour. Sci.,
v. 258-A, p. 151-169.
Lathram, E. H., 1960, Patterns of structural geology in thenorthern part of southeastern Alaska [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver,B.C., program, p. 30.
Lathram, E. H., Loney, R. A., Condon, W. H., and Berg, H. C.,
1959, Progress map of the geology of the Juneau quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map
1-303.
Laurence, R. A., 1960, Geologic problems in the Sweetwater
barite district, Tennessee: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p.
170-179.
Leo, G. W., 1960, Autunite from Mt. Spokane, Washington:
Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 99-128.
Leonard, B. F., and Vlisidis, A. C., 1960, Vonsenite from St.
Lawrence County, northwest Adirondacks, New York:
Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 3-4, p. 439-442.
Lesure, F. G., 1959, Deformation in pegmatites of the Spruce
Pine district, North Carolina [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1766.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Lewis, C. R., 1959a, Geology of Barter Island and the Arctic
Coast, Alaska, in U.S. Geol. Survey, Military Geology
Branch, Preliminary report of the Mt. Chamberlin-Barter
Island project, Alaska: prepared for Air Force Cambridge
Research Center, USAF, under Contract C 50-58-38,
AFCRC-TN-59-650, p. 61-83.
1959b, Preliminary progress report, Arctic Coast geological investigations 1959, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. 2dAnn. Artic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge
Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research
Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, p. 111-114.
Lewis, R. Q., Sr., Nelson, W. H., and Powers, H. A., 1960, Geology of Rat Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1028-Q, p. 555-562, pi. 70, fig. 79.
Lewis, R. Q., Sr., and Trimble, D. E., 1960, Geology anduranium deposits of Monument Valley, San Juan County,
Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-D, p. 105-131, pis.
10-13, figs. 10-15.
Lindberg, M. L., and Christ, C. L., 1959a, Crystal structuresof the isostructural minerals lazulite, scorzalite, and barbosalite [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt.
2, p. 1639.
1959b, Crystal structures of the isostructural minerals
lazulite, scorzalite, and barbosalite: Acta Crystallographica,
v. 12, pt. 9, p. 695-697.
Lohman, K. E., 1960a, The ubiquitous diatom a brief surveyof the present state of knowledge: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A.
p. 180-191.
1980b, Stratigraphic correlation by diatoms: Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists andMineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey,
April 25-28,1960, program, p. 84.
Longwell, C. R., 1960, Possible explanation of diverse structural
patterns in southern Nevada: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p.
192-203.
Love, J. D., 1959, Postglacial movement along normal faults
in and adjacent to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p.
1782.
1960, Cenozoic sedimentation and crustal movement inWyoming: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 204-214.
Love, J. D., and Milton, Charles, 1959, Uranium and phosphatein the Green River formation of Wyoming [abs.] : Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1640.
Levering, T. S., and others, 1960, Geologic and alteration mapsof the East Tintic mining district, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-230.
Lovering, T. S., and Shepard, A. O., 1960, Hydrothermal alteration zones caused by halogen acid solutions, East Tintic
district, Utah: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 215-229.
Luedke, E. M., Wrucke, C. T., and Graham, J. A., 1959, Mineraloccurrences of New York State with selected references toeach locality: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-F, p. 385-444,
pi. 9.
Mabey, D. R., 1960, Gravity survey of the western Mojave
Desert, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 316-D.
Mabey, D. R., and others, 1959, Geophysical exploration forsalines in the western Mojave Desert, California: Geophysics, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1148.
McClymonds, N. E., 1959, Stratigraphy and structure of thecentral Waterman Mountains, Pima County, Arizona[abs] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1735.

A119

McGill, J. T., 1959, Preliminary map of landslides in the
Pacific Palisades area, City of Los Angeles, California:
U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Field Studies Map 1-284.
McKee, E. D., 1959, Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll: Jour.
Sed. Petrology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 354-364.
1960a, Cycles in carbonate rocks: Am. Jour. Sci., v.
258-A, p. 230-233.
1960b, Laboratory experiments on the form and structureof offshore bars and beaches [abs.] : Am. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Tech. Program, Atlantic City, N.J., April, 1960,
p. 26.
McKee, E. D., and others, 1960, Paleotectonic maps Triassic
system: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-300.
McKelvey, V. E., 1959, Relation of upwelling marine waters
to phosphorite and oil [abs.] : Geol. See. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1783.
1960, Relation of reserves of the elements to their crustal
abundance: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 234-241.
McKelvey, V. E., and others, 1959, The Phosphoria, Park City,and Shedhorn formations in the western phosphate field:
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 313-A, p. 1-47, pis. 1-3,
figs. 1-6.
McKeown, F. A., and others, 1959, Preliminary report on thegeologic effects of Logan underground test, U12e.02 tunnel,
Rainier Mesa, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey
TEM-986, open-file report, 30 p.
McKeown, F. A., and Wilmarth, V. R., 1959, Geology of the
Marble exploration hole 4, Nevada Test Site, Nye County,
Nevada : U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1036, open-file report, 26 p.
MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1959a, Geology of the Ross-Adams uranium-thorium deposit, Alaska: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 9,
p. 915-919.
1959b, Types of uranium-thorium deposits near Bokan
Mountain, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska [abs.] : Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1796.
Malde, H. E., 1959a, Geology of the Charleston phosphate area,
South Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1079, 105 p., 10
pis., 13 figs.
1959b, Fault zone along northern boundary of western
Snake River Plain, Idaho: Science, v. 130, no. 3370, p. 272.
Mallory, V. S., 1959, Review of Lower Tertiary biostratigraphyof the California Coast Ranges: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33,
no. 6, p. 1120-1122.
Mamay, S. H., 1959, A new Bowmanitean fructification fromthe Pennsylvanian of Kansas: Am. Jour. Botany, v. 46,
no. 7, p. 530-536.
Mapel, W. J., and Gott, G. B., 1959, Diagrammatic restoredsection of the Inyan Kara group, Morrison formation, andUnkpapa sandstone on the western side of the Black Hills,
Wyoming and South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral
Inv. Field Studies Map MF-218.
Mapel, W. J., and Hail, W. J., Jr., 1959, Tertiary geology of
the Goose Creek district, Cassia County, Idaho, Box ElderCounty, Utah, and Elko County, Nevada, chap. H. in
Uranium in coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1055, p. 217-254, pis. 46-50, figs. 36-38.
Marcher, M. V., 1959, Mississippi an stratigraphy of the northwestern Highland Rim in Tennessee [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1767.
Marshall, C. H., 1959, Photogeologic map of the Desert Lake-4
quadrangle, Emery and Carbon Counties, Utah: U.S. Geol.
Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-295.

A120

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Marshall, C. H., 1960a, Photogeologic map of the Crooks Creek
SE quadrangle, Fremont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming : U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-304.
1960b, Photogeologic map of the Crooks- Creek SW quadrangle, Fremont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming:
U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-305.
1960c, Photogeologic map of the Split Rock SW quadrangle, Freemont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming:
U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-306.
Martinez, Prudencio, and Senftle, F. E., 1960, Effect of crystal
thickness and geometry on the alpha particle resolutionof Csl (Tl) : Review of Scientific Instruments (in press).
Marvin, Richard, and Magin, G. B., Jr., 1959, Synthesis of calcium vanadate minerals and related compounds, in Garrels,
R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogyof the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 320, p. 103-111.
Mason, A. C., Elias, M. M., Hackman, R. J., and Olson, A. B.,
1959. Terrain study and map of the surface of the moon[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1644.
1960, Terrain study and map of the surface of the moon[abs.] : Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30,
1960. Program, p. 23
Masursky, Harold, and Pipiringos, G. N., 1959, Uranium-bearing
coal in the Red Desert area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming,
chap. G in Uranium in coal in the western United States:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 181-215, pis. 36-45, figs.
30-35.
Mertie, J. B., Jr., 1960, Monazite and related minerals, inIndustrial minerals and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall.
and Petroleum Engineers, 3d ed., p. 623-629.
Meyrowitz, Robert, Cuttitta, Frank, and Hickling, Nelson, 1959,
A new diluent for bromoform in heavy liquid separation ofminerals: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8, p. 884-885.
Miller, D. J., 1960a, Giant waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-C, p. 51-86, pis. 2-10, figs.
14-20,1 table.
1960b, The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958; Giantwave in Lituya Bay: Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 50,
no. 2, p. 253-266.
Miller, D. J., MacNeil, F. S., and Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1960,
Correlation of the Tertiary rocks of Alaska: U.S. Geol.
Survey open-file report.
Miller, D. J., Payne, T. G., and Gryc, George, 1959, Geology ofpossible petroleum provinces in Alaska (with an annotatedbibliography by E. H. Cobb) : U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1094,
131 p., 6 pis., 3 figs.
Miller, Robert D., and Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1960, Surficial
geology of Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1093, 128 p., 10 pis., 7 figs.
Milton, Charles, Chao, E. C. T., Axelrod, J. M., and Grimaldi,
F. S., 1960, Reedmergnerite, NaBSi3O8, the boron analogueof albite, from the Green River formation, Utah: Am.
Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 188-199.
Milton, Charles, and Eugster, Hans, 1959, Mineral assemblages
in the Green River formation, in Abelson, P. H., ed., Researches in Geochemistry : New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Milton, Charles, and Fahey, J. J., 1960, Classification andassociation of the carbonate minerals of the Green River
formation : Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 242-246.
Milton, Charles, and Ingram, B. L., 1959, Note on "revoredite"and related lead-sulfur-arsenic glasses: Am. Mineralogist,v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 1070-1076.

Milton, Charles, Mrose, M. E., Chao, E. C. T., and Fahey, J. J.,
1959, Norsethite, BaMg(CO3 )2, a new mineral from theGreen River formation, Wyoming [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1646.
Minard, J. P., 1960, Color aerial photographs facilitate geologic
mapping on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey:
Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 26, no. 1, p. 112-116.
Moore, G. W., 1959a, Description of core from AEC drill hole
no. 1, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S.
Geol. Survey TEM-927, open-file report, 27 p.
1959b, Alteration of gypsum to form the Capitan limestone of New Mexico and Texas [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1646.
Moore, G. W., Melin, R. E., and Kepferle, R. C., 1959, Uraniumbearing lignite in southwestern North Dakota, chap. E in
Uranium in coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1055, p. 147-166, pis. 30-32, figs. 19-27.
Motts, W. S., 1959, Age of the Carlsbad caverns and related
caves in rocks of Guadalupe age west of the Pecos River
in southeastern New Mexico [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1737.
Moxham, R. M., 1960, Airborne radioactivity surveys in geologic
exploration: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 408-432, 11 figs.
Moxham, R. M., Eckhart, R. A., and Cobb, E. H., 1960, Geology
and cement raw materials of the Windy Creek area, Alaska :U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1039-D, p. 67-100, pi. 11, figs. 13-17.
Mrose, M. E., and von Knorring, Oleg, 1959, The mineralogy ofvayrynenite (Mn, Fe) Be(PO4 ) (OH) : Zeitschr. Kristallographie, v. 112, p. 275-288.
Mrose, M. E., and Wappner, Blanca, 1959, New data on thehydrated scandium phosphate minerals: sterrettite, "eggonite," and kolbeckite [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1648.
Mudge, M. R., 1959, A brief summary of the geology of the Sun
River Canyon area, Montana, in Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf.: p. 18-22.
Mudge, M. R., and Burton, R. H., 1959, Geology of Wabaunsee
County, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1068, 210 p., 19
pis., 3 figs.
Mudge, M. R., and Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1959, Road Log Augusta to Gibson Reservoirs, in Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 10th Ann. Field Conf.: p. 154-158, 4 figs., 1 map.
Mudge, M. R., Walters, C. P., and Skoog, R. E., 1959, Geology
and construction-material resources of Nemaha County,
Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1060-D, p. 179-256, pis.
6-7, figs. 9-10.
Muessig, S. J., and Quinlan, J. J., 1959, Geologic map of the
Republic and part of the Wauconda quadrangles, Washington : U.S. Geol. Survey open-file map.
Murata, K. J., 1960, A new method of plotting chemical analyses
of basaltic rocks: Am. Jour. Sci. v. 258-A, p. 247-252.
Murphy, T. D., 1960, Distribution of silica resources in eastern
United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-L, p. 657-665,
pis. 30-38.
Myers, W. B., 1960, Structural deformation accompanying theearthquake of August 17, 1959 in southwest Montana[abs.] : Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg. Apr. 27-30,
1960, Program, p. 65.
Nakagawa, H. M., and Ward, F. N., 1960, Determination ofmolybdenum in water after collection on ion-exchange
resin [abs.] : Pittsburgh Conf. on Anal. Chemistry andAppl. Spectroscopy, Abstracts, p. 36.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Nelson, W. H., 1959, Stratigraphy of the Newland limestone andthe Missoula group of the Belt series: Geol. Soc. America
Rocky Mountain Section Guidebook, 12th Ann. Mtg., May 1417, p. 47-57.
Neuerburg, J. J., and Granger, H. C., 1960, A geochemical testof diabase as an ore source for the uranium deposits of
the Dripping Spring district, Arizona: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, Abh., v. 94, Festband Ramdohr, p. 759-797.
Neuman, R. B., 1960, The St. Paul group of Maryland, in Gates,
Olcott, ed., Lower Paleozonic carbonate rocks in Maryland
and Pennsylvania: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies inGeology, no. 18 [Guidebook 3], p. 16-18, 24-26.
Newman, W. L., and Elston, D. P., 1959, Distribution of chemical elements in the Salt Wash member of the Morrison
formation, Jo Dandy area, Montrose County, Colorado:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-E, p. 117-150, figs. 19-21.
Nichols, D. R., and Yehle, L. A., 1960, Mud volcanoes in the
Copper River basin, Alaska [abs.] : Internat. Symposium
on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, I960, Abstractsof Papers [unnumbered].
Oliver, W. A., Jr., 1960, Rugose corals from reef limestonesin the lower Devonian of New York: Jour. Paleontology,
v. 34, p. 59-100.
Olson, A. B., 1960, Photogeologic map of the Flat Top Mountain
NE quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-301.
Olson, Jerry C., and Hinrichs, E. Neal, 1960, Beryl-bearing pegmatites in the Ruby Mountains and other areas in Nevada
and northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082^D,
p. 135-200, pis. 3-7, figs. 8-11.
Outerbridge, W. F., Staatz, M. H., Meyrowitz, Robert, and Pommer, A. M., 1960, Weeksite, a new uranium silicate fromthe Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah: Am. Mineralogist,v, 45, nos. 1-2, p. 39-52.
Overstreet, W. C., Theobald, P. K., Jr., and Whitlow, J. W.,
1959. Resources of thorium and uranium in monazite
placers in the western Piedmont, North Carolina and South
Carolina: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 7, p. 709-714.
Owens, J. P., and Minard, J. P., 1960, The geology of the northcentral part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook 1, p. 1-45.
Pakiser, L. C., 1960a, Transcurrent faulting and volcanism in
Owens Valley, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71,
no. 2, p. 153-160.
1960b, Gravity in volcanic areas, California and Idaho[abs.] : Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30,
1960. Program, p. 65.
Pakiser, L. C., Press, Frank and Kane, M. F., 1960, Geophysicalinvestigation of Mono Basin, California : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 71, no. 4, p. 415-448.
Palmer, A. R., 1960a, Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian Dunderberg shale, Eureka district, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 334-C, p. 53-109, pis. 4-11, figs. 5-22.
1960b, Subsurface stratigraphic potential of some Cambrian fossils: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc.
Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 94.
1960c, Miocene copepods from the Mojave Desert, California: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 447-^52.
Pankey, Titus, and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Magnetic susceptibilityof natural rutile, anatase, and brookite: Am. Mineralogist,v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1307-1309.
557328 O - 60 - 10

A121

Patterson, S. H., 1960, Progress report on the investigationsof bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Patterson, S. H., and Hosterman, J. W., 1960, Geology of theclay deposits in the Olive Hill district, Kentucky, in Claysand clay minerals: Natl. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals,
7th, Proc., Pergamon Press, p. 178-194.
Patton, W. W., Jr., 1959, Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik
region, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 142 p.
Patton, W. W., Jr., and Matzko, J. J., 1959, Phosphate deposits
in northern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 302-A,
p. 1-17, pis. 1-6, figs. 1-3.
Pearson, R. C., 1959, Metamorphosed lamprophyre and related
dikes, northern Sawatch Range, central Colorado [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1784.
Peck, D. L., 1960, Geologic reconnaissance of the western
Cascades in Oregon north of latitude 43° N.: U.S. Geol.
Survey open-file report, 232 p.
Peck, L. C., and Tomasi, E. J., 1959, Determination of chlorine
in silicate rocks: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, no. 12, p. 20242026.
Petersen, R. G., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the Emmett
Wash NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S.
Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-215.
1960, Detrital-appearing uraninite grains in the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation in northern Arizona :Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 1, pt. 1, p. 138-149.
Petersen, R. G., Hamilton, J. C., and Myers/A. T., 1959, An
occurrence of rhenium associated with uraninite in Coconino County, Arizona: Econ. Geology, v. 54, p. 254-267.
Petersen, R. G., and Phoenix, D. A., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the Paria Plateau NE quadrangle, Coconino
County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-214.
Peterson, D. W., 1959, Origin of the dacite near Superior andGlobe, Arizona [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1740.
Pewe, T. L., 1959a, Multiple glaciation in the McMurdo Soundregion, Antarctica [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1655.
1959b, Sand-wedge polygons (tessellations) in the
McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica: Am. Jour. Sci., v.
257, no. 8, p. 545-552.
1959c, Basalt near Fairbanks, Alaska [abs.], in Sciencein Alaska, 1955 and 1956: Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Alaska
Div., Sci. Confs., 6th and 7th, p. 94-95.
Pewe, T. L., Hopkins, D. M., and Lachenbruch, A. H., 1959,
Engineering geology bearing on harbor site selection along
the northwest coast of Alaska from Nome to Point Barrow:
U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-678, open-file report, 59 p.
Pewe, T. L., and Paige, R. A., 1960, Frost heaving of piles withan example from Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey
open-file report, 138 p.
Pewe, T. L., Rivard, N. R., and Llano, G. A., 1959a, Preliminary report on mummified seal carcasses in the McMurdo
Sound region, Antarctica: Science, v. 130, no. 3337, p. 716.
1959b, Mummified seal carcasses in the McMurdo Soundregion, Antarctica [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1797.
Phoenix, D. A., 1959, Occurrence and chemical character ofground water in the Morrison formation, in Garrels, R. M.,
and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of theColorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 320, p. 55-64.

A122

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Pierce, W. G., and Rich, E. I., 1959, Summary of rock salt
deposits in the United States as possible disposal sites forradioactive waste: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-725, open-filereport, 175 p., 37 figs., 2 tables.
Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959, V.
2. PS/A/5. Los recursos minerales; PS/A/6. Los recursos de carbon y petroleo: Lima, Peru.
Plouff, Donald, Keller, G. V., Frischknecht, F. C., and Wahl,
R. R., 1960, Geophysical studies on I.G.Y. drifting station
Bravo (T3), 1958 to 1959 tabs.]: Internat. Symposium on
Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts ofPapers [unnumbered].
Pomerene, J. B., 1959, Preliminary geologic maps of the Belo
Horizonte, Ibirite, and Macacos, Minas Gerais, Brazil:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. [On file in the librariesof the Departmento Nacional de Producao Mineral, Riode Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, Brazil, x and U.S. Geological Survey library, Washington, D.C.]
Pomeroy, J. S., 1959, Photogeologic map of the Hurricane
Cliffs-2 NW quadrangle, Mohave County, Arizona: U.S.
Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-293.
Pommer, A. M., 1959, Synthesis of haggite: Geochim. et Cosmochini. Acta., v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 148.
Pommer, A. M., and Abell, J. F., 1959, Electrode holder forwork in controlled atmosphere: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31,
no. 8, p. 1443.
Pommer, A. M., and Carroll, Dorthy, 1960, Interpretation ofpotentiometric titration of H-montmorlllonite: Nature, v.
185, no. 4713, p. 595-596.
Poole, F. G., and Roller, J. C., 1960, Summary of some physicaldata from four vertical drill holes over the U12b.04 (Evans)
explosion chamber, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada:
U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1004, open-file report, 32 p.
Post, E. V., 1959, Silica-cemented sandstone as a guide tounoxidized uranium deposits in the southern Black Hills[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1657.
Postel, A. W., Nelson, A. E., and Wiesnet, D. R., 1959, Geologyof the Nicholville quadrangle, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey
Geol. Quad. Map GQ-123.
Powers, H. A., Coats, R. R., and Nelson, W. H., 1960, Geology
and submarine physiography of Amchitka Island, Alaska:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-P, p. 521-554, pi. 69, figs. 77-78.
Pratt, W. P., 1959, Local Pleistocene deformation of basin sediments in the Argentine Andes [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1658.
Price, C. E., 1960, Granite exploration hole, Area 15, Nevada
Test Site, Nye County, Nevada interim report, Part B,
Hydrologic data: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-836B, open-filereport, 20 p.
Radbruch, D. H., 1959, Former shoreline features along theeast side of San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geol.
Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-298.
Ratt6, J. C., and Steven, T. A., 1959, Distribution and characteristics of ash flows, associated with the Creede caldera, San
Juan Mountains, Colorado [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1785.
Ray, R. G., and Fischer, W. A., 1960, Quantitative photography a geologic research tool: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 26, no. 1, p. 143-150.
Redden, J. A., 1959, Beryl deposits of the Beecher No. 3
Black Diamond pegmatite, Custer County, South Dakota:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-1, p. 537-559, pis. 17-18, fig. 21.

Repenning, C. A., 1959, Geologic summary of the San Juan
Basin, New Mexico, with reference to disposal of liquidradioactive waste: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-603, open-filereport, 57 p., 18 figs.
Rezak, Richard, 1959, Permian algae from Saudi Arabia: Jour.
Paleontology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 531-539.
Richter, D. H., and Eaton, J. P., 1960, The 1959-60 eruption of
Kilauea Volcano: New Scientist, v. 7, no. 179, p. 994-997.
Rinehart, C. D., 1959, The geologic story, in Schumaeher, Genny,
The Mammoth Lakes Sierra a handbook for roadside andtrail: Sierra Club, California, p. 73-87.
Rinehart, C. D., Ross, D. C., and Huber, N. K., 1959, Paleozoic
and Mesozoic fossils in a thick stratigraphic section in theeastern Sierra Nevada, California: Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 941-946.
Roach, C. H., and Thompson, M. E., 1959, Sedimentary structures and localization and oxidation of ore at the Peanutmine, Montrose County, Colorado, in Garrels, R. M., andLarsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
320, p. 197-202.
Robertson, E. C., 1959, Physical properties of limestone anddolomite cores from the Sandhill Well, Wood County, West
Virginia, in Woodward, H. P., ed., A symposium on the
Sandhill Deep Well, Wood County, W. Va.: West Virginia
Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. no. 18, p. 111-144.
1960, Creep of Solenhofen limestone under moderatehydrostatic pressure, in Rock Deformation: Geol. Soc.
America Mem. 79, p. 227-244.
Robinson, C. S., 1960, Origin of Devils Tower, Wyoming: Geol.
Soc. America Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South
Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 14.
Robinson, G. D., 1959a, The disturbed belt in the Sixteenmile
area, Montana: Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann.
Field Conf., p. 34-40.
1959b, Road log Townsend to Lombard and up Lower
Sixteenmile Creek (Montana) : Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf., p. 183-185.
Roedder, Edwin, 1959, Fluid inclusions as samples of the oreforming fluids-[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no.
12, pt. 2, p. 1663.
Roller, J. C., Stewart, S. W., Jackson, W. H., Warrick, R. E.
and Byerly, P. E., 1959, Seismic measurements by the U.S.
Geological Survey during the pre-Gnome high-explosives
tests; a preliminary summary: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-774,
open-flle report, 34 p.
Roman, Irwin, 1959, An image analysis of multiple-layer resistivity problems: Geophysics, v. 24. no. 3, p. 485-509.
Rose, H. J., Jr., and Stern, T. W., 1960, Spectrochemical determination of lead in zircon for lead-alpha age measurements[abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30,
1960, Program, p. 58.
Rosenblum, Sam, 1960, Mineral exploration in Taiwan, 1959:
Taiwan Mining Industry, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-6.
Ross, C. P., 1960, Bibliography of Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines andGeology Pamphlet 119, 219 p.
Ross, C. P., and Rezak, Richard, 1959, The rocks and fossils of
Glacier National Park The story of their origin and history: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 294-K, p. 401-439, pis.
51-53, figs. 122-144.
Ross, C. S., 1960, Review of the relationships in the montmorillonite group of clay minerals, in Clays and clay minerals:
Natl. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals, 7th, Washington,
D.C., 1958, Proc.: Pergamon Press, p. 225-229.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Ross, Malcolm, and Evans, H. T., Jr., 1959, Crystal structureof abernathyite tabs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1666.
1960, The crystal structure of cesium biuranyl trisulfate: Jour. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, in press.
Ross, R. J., Jr., 1959, Brachiopod fauna of Saturday Mountainformation, southern Lemhi Range, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 294-L, p. 441-461, pis. 54-56, figs. 145-154.
Rossman, D. L., 1960, Geology and ore deposits of northwestern
Chichagof Island, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1058-E,
p. 139-216, pis. 12-16, figs. 39-^2.
Rossman, D. L., Fernandez, N. S., Fontanos, C. A., and Zepeda,
Z. C., 1959, Chromite deposits on Insular Chromite Reservation No. 1, Zambales, Philippines: Philippines Bureau of
Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No. 19, 12 p., 3 pis., 3
tables.
Rubin, Meyer, and Alexander, Corrinne, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey
radiocarbon dates, V: Am. Jour. Sci. Radiocarbon supplement, v. 2, p. 129-185.
Sable, E. G., 1959, Preliminary report on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in part of the Rom'anzof Mountains, Brooks
Range, northeastern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-filereport, 84 p.
Sachet, M. H., 1959, Vegetation of Clipperton Island tabs.] :Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Abstracts, p. 337-338.
Sainsbury, C. L., and Campbell, R. H., 1959, Geologic strip
map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska: U.S.
Geol. Survey open-file report, 7 p.
Sakakura, A. Y., Lindberg, Carolyn, and Faul, Henry, 1959,
Equation of continuity in geology with applications to thetransport of radioactive gas : U.S-. Geol. Survey Bull. 1052-1,
p. 287-305, figs. 89-94.
Sandberg, C. A., 1960, Thickness and distribution of Devonian
formations in relation to buried pre-Madison structuralfeatures in the Williston Basin [abs.] : Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 10th Ann. Mtg., Program,p. 12-13.
Sandberg, D. T., 1959, Structure contour map on top of the
middle member of the Piper formation of Middle Jurassic
age in the Williston Basin and adjacent areas in Montana,North Dakota, and South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil
and Gas Inv. Map OM-179.
Sando, W. J., 1960, Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician sedimentation in Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies
in Geology, No. 18 [Guidebook 3], p. 6-15, 20-24, 26.
Sando, W. J., Dutro, J. T., Jr., and Gere, W. C., 1959, Brazer
dolomite (Mississippian), Randolph quadrangle, northeast
Utah: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12,
p. 2741-2769.
Schlee, J. S., 1959, Sandstone pipes of the Laguna area, New
Mexico tabs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1669.
Schlee, J. S., and Moench, R. H., 1960, The Jackpile sandstone:a structurally localized fluvial deposit: Am Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April
25-28, 1960, program, p. 28.
Schmidt, R. G., 1959, Geologic significance of an aeroradioactivity map of part of South Carolina and Georgia tabs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1670.
Schnepfe, M. M., 1960, A study of cation exchange with vermiculite: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 40 p., 3 figs.

A123

Scholl, D. W., and Sainsbury, C. L., 1960a, Marine geology andbathymetry of nearshore shelf of the Chukchi Sea, Ogotoruk
Creek area, northwest Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-606
open-file report, 68 p., 4 tbls., 24 figs.
1960b, Marine geology and bathymetry of the Chukchi
Shelf off Ogotoruk Creek area, northwest Alaska [abs.] :Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan.
11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered].
Schopf, J. M., 1959a, Classification of fossil plants [abs.] :Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, p.
348-349.
1959b, Sargassoid microfossil assemblage from blackshale of Early Paleozoic age in Florida and Georgia [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1671.
1960, Emphasis on holotype( ?) : Science, v. 131, no. 3406,
p. 1043.
Schultz, L. G., Tourtelot, H. A., and Gill, J. R., 1960, Mineralogyof the Pierre shale (upper Cretaceous) in South Dakota
and adjacent areas: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec.,
13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, Program,p. 15.
Scott, G. R., and Cobban, W. A., 1959, So-called Hygiene groupof northeastern Colorado: Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists
Guidebook llth Ann. Field Conf., p. 124-131.
Scott, R. A., Barghoorn, and Leopold, E. B., 1960, How old are
the angiosperms?: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 284 299.
Segerstrom, Kenneth, 1959a, Geologia de cnadrangulo Los Loros,
Provincia de Atacama: Chile Inst. de Inv. Geol., Carta
Geologica de Chile, v. 1, no. 1, 33 p., 1 map, 2 structure
sections [in Spanish.].
1959b, Geologia de cuadrangulo Quebrada Paipote, Provincia de Atacama: Chile Inst. de Inv. Geol., Carta Geologica de Chile, v. 1, no. 3, 30 p., 1 map, 4 structure sections[in Spanish].
Segerstrom, Kenneth, and Parker, R. L., 1959, Geologia decuadrangulo Cerrillos, Provincia de Atacama: Chile Inst.
de Inv. Geol., Carta Geologica de Chile, v. 1, no. 2, 33 p.,
1 map, 2 structure section [in Spanish].
Senftle, F. E., and Thorpe, Arthur, 1959a, Magnetic susceptibilityof tektites and some other glasses: Geochim. et Cosmochim.
Acta, v. 17, nos. 3 and 4, p. 234-247.
1959b, Magnetic susceptibility of tektites and someterrestrial glasses [abs.] : Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 64,
no. 8, p. 1123.
Senftle, F. E., Stern, T. W., and Alekna, V. P., 1959, Alpharadioactivity of cerium-142: Nature, v. 184, no. 4686, p. 630.
Shapiro, Leonard, 1959, Rapid photometric determination of
low-level magnesium in rocks: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48,
p. 73-74.
1960, Rapid determination of fluorine in phosphate rocks:
Anal. Chemistry, v. 32, p. 569.
Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannock, W. W., 1959, A multiple
pipetting device: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48, no. 4, p. 1000.
Sheldon, R. P., 1959a, Geochemistry of uranium in phosphorites
and black shales of the Phosphoria formation (Permian)[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1675.
1959b, Geochemistry of uranium in phosphorites andblack shales of the Phosphoria formation: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-D, p. 83-115. figs. 12-18.
Shoemaker, E. M., 1959a, Structure and Quaternary stratigraphyof Meteor Crater, Arizona, in the light of shock wave
mechanics [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1748.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Shoemaker, E. M., 1959b, Impact mechanics at Meteor Crater,
Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Shoemaker, E. M., Miesch, A. T., Newman, W. L., and Riley,
L. B., 1959, Elemental composition of the sandstone-type
deposits, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium
ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 25-54.
Shoemaker, E. M., and Newman, W. L., 1959, Moenkopi formation in Salt Anticline region, Colorado and Utah: Am.
Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, p. 1835-1851.
Sigafoos, R. S., 1959, Vegetation of northwestern North America,
as an aid in interpretation of geologic data: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1061-E, p. 165-185, pis. 9-13, flgs. 31-32.
Silberling, N. J., 1960, Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy and Upper
Triassic paleontology of the Union district, Shoshone
Mountains, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 322, 67
p., 11 pis., 3 figs.
Sims, P. K., Moench, R. H., and Harrison, J. E., 1959, Relationof Front Range mineral belt to ancient Precambrian structures [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1749.
Sisler, F. D., 1959, Biogeochemical concentration of deuteriumin the marine environment: Science, v. 129, no. 3358, p. 1288.
Skinner, B. J., 1959, Effect of manganese on the sphalerite
geothermometer [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no.
12, pt. 2, p. 1676.
Skinner, B. J., Barton, P. B., Jr., and Kullerud, Gunnar, 1959,
Effect of FeS on the unit cell edge of sphalerite A revision:
Econ. Geology, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1040-1046.
Skinner, B. J., and Evans, H. T., Jr., 1960, Crystal chemistryof /3-spodumene solid solutions on the join Li2O Al2O3SiO3 :Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 312-324.
Smith, G. I., 1959, Searles Lake evaporites as an indicator of
the temperature-precipitation balance in late Quaternary
climates [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt.
2, p. 1750.
Smith, J. F., Jr., Witkind, I. J., and Trimble, D. E., 1960,
Geology of the lower Marias River area, Chouteau, Hill,and Liberty Counties, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1071-E, p. 121-155, pis. 10-12, flgs. 12-15.
Smith, P. B., 1960, Foraminifera of the Monterey shale andPuente formation, Santa Ana Mountains and San Juan
Capistrano area, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
294-M, p. 463-^95, pis. 57-59, figs. 155-157.
Smith, W. C., 1960, Borax and borates, in Industrial minerals
and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers,
3d ed., p. 103-116.
Smith, W. L., Stone, Jerome, Ross, D. R., and Levine, Harry,
1960, Doverite, a possible new yttrium fluocarbonate from
Dover, Morris County, New Jersey: Am. Mineralogist, v.
45, nos. 1-2, p. 92-98.
Sniysor, Bettie, 1959a, Geologic map index of Maine: U.S. Geol.
Survey, Index to geologic mapping in the United States.
1959b, Geologic map index of Virginia : U.S. Geol. Survey,
Index to geologic mapping in the United States.
Sohn, I. G., and Berdan, J. M., 1960, The ostracode family
Berounellidae, new: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p.
479-482, pi. 67.
Soister, P. E., and Conklin, D. R., 1959, Bibliography of U.S.
Geological Survey reports on uranium and thorium, 1942
through May 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-A, 167 p.

Spencer, F. D., and Vergara, J. F., 1959, Coal resources of thePhilippines (a progress report), 1957: Philippines Bureau
Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No. 20, 52 p., 2 pis.,
5 tables.
Staatz, M. H., and Osterwald, F. W., 1959, Geology of theThomas Range fluorspar district, Juab County, Utah: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1069, 97 p., 12 pis., 11 figs.
Stafford, P. T., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in
Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 315-A, p. 1-20, pis. 1-9, figs. 1-5.
Stern, T. W., and Stieff, L. R., 1959, Radium-uranium equilibrium and radium-uranium ages of some secondary minerals,
in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry andmineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 151-156.
Stern, T. W., Stieff, L. R., Klemic, H., and Delevaux, N. H.,
1959, Lead-isotope age studies in Carbon County, Pennsylvania [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p.
1680.
Steven, T. A., and Ratte, J. C., 1959, Caldera subsidence in the
Creede area, San Juan Mountains, Colorado [abs.] : Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1788.
Stevens, R. E., Nell, S. T., and Roberson, C. E., 1960, Gravimetric conversion factors, and other data used in interpreting analyses of rocks, minerals and waters: GeoTimes,
v. 4, no. 7, p. 41.
Stevens, R. E., and others, 1960, Second report on a cooperative
investigation of the composition of two silicate rocks: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1113, 126 p., 8 figs.
Stevens, R. E., Wood, W. H., Goetz, K. G., and Horr, C. A.,
1959, Machine for preparing phosphors for the fluorimetricdetermination of urainum: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, p. 962.
Stewart, J. H., 1959, Stratigraphic relations of Hoskinnini
member (Triassic?) of Moenkopi formation on Colorado
Plateau: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no.
8, p. 1835-1851.
Stewart, J. H., Williams, G. A., Albee, H. F., and Raup, O. B.,
1959, Stratigraphy of Triassic and associated formations inpart of the Colorado Plateau region with a section on Sedimentary petrology by R. A. Cadigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1046-Q, p. 487-576, pi. 49, figs. 70-84.
Stieff, L. R., and Stern, T. W., 1959, New graphical and algebraic methods for the evaluation of discordant leaduranium ages [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no.
12, pt. 2, p. 1681.
Stoertz, G. E., 1959, Investigations in the Storely area, East
Greenland, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proceedings: 2d Ann.
Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge
Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research
Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, p. 68-76.
Stoiber, R. E., and Davidson, E. S., 1959, Amygdule mineralzoning in the Portage Lake lava series, Michigan copper
district: Econ. Geology, v. 54, no. 7, p. 1250-1277; no. 8,
p. 1444-1460.
Stromquist, A. A., and Conley, J. F., Geology of the Albemarleand Denton quadrangles, North Carolina: Carolina Geol.
Soc. Field Trip Guidebook, Oct. 24, 1959.
Swanson, V. E., 1960, Oil yield and uranium content of blackshales: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 356-A, p. 1-44, figs.
1-21.
Tanner, A. B., 1959, Meteorological influence on radon concentration in drill holes: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 7, p. 706-708.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONSTappan, Helen, 1960, Cretaceous biostratigraphy of northern
Alaska: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44,
no. 3, pt. 1, p. 273-297.
Tatlock, D. B., Wallace, R. E., and Silberling, N. J., 1960,
Alkali metasomatism, Humboldt range, Nevada [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960,
Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 45.
Taylor, A. R., 1960, Victoria Land traverse, Antarctica: U.S.
Antarctic Projects Office Bull., v. 1, no. 6, p. 15-18.
Taylor, D. W., 1960, Distribution of the freshwater clam Pisidlum ultramontanum ; a paleozoogeographic inquiry: Am.
Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 325-334.
Teichert, Curt, 1959, Evaluation of bathymetric evidence furnished by marine fossils-£abs.], in Preprints, International
Oceanographic Congress, [1st] New York 1959: Washington, B.C., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 291-292.
Terriere, R. T., 1960, Geology of Grosvenor quadrangle, Texas,
and petrology of some of its Pennsylvanian limestones:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 171 p., 38 illus.
Thompson, C. E. and Nakagawa, H. M., 1960, Spectrophotometric determination of traces of lead in igneous rocks:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-F, p. 151-164, figs. 22-27.
Thorpe, A. N., and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Absolute method of
measuring magnetic susceptibility: Rev. Sci. Instruments,
v. 30, no. 11, p. 1006-1008.
Toulmin, Priestley, 3d, 1959, Composition of feldspars andcrystallization history of the granite-synenite complex near
Salem, Essex County, Massachusetts [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1689.
Toulmin, Priestley 3d, and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1960, Formationof tarnish on gold-silver solid solutions as a measure ofchemical potential of sulfur [abs.] : Am. Chem. Soc., Abstracts of papers presented at 137th meeting, Cleveland, p.
33M-34M.
Tourtelot, H. A., 1960, Origin and use of the word "shale":
Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 335-343.
Tracey, J. I., Jr., and Oriel, S. S., 1959, Uppermost Cretaceousand lower Tertiary rocks of the Fossil Basin, in Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook
to the geology of the Wasatch and Uinta Mts.: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 10th Ann. Field Conf.,
p. 126-130.
Tracey, J. I., Jr., and others, 1959, Military geology of Guam,
Mariana Islands Part I, Description of terrain and environment ; Part II, engineering aspects of geology and soils:
U.S. Army, Chief Engineers, Intelligence Div., Office Engineers, U.S. Army Pacific, 282 p. [includes maps].
Trites, A. F., Jr., Chew, R. T. 3d, and Lovering, T. G., 1959,
Mineralogy of the uranium deposit at the Happy Jackmine, San Juan County, Utah, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen
E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado
Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320,
p. 185-195.
Truesdell, A. H., and Weeks, A. D., 1959, Relation of the
Todilto limestone uranium deposits to Colorado Plateau
uranium deposits in sandstone [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1689.
Trumbull, James, and Johnston, J. E., 1960, The continental
shelf of the east coast as a possible future petroleum
producing province: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists andSoc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting,Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program
p. 31.

A125

Tschanz, C. M., 1959, Thrust faults in southeastern Lincoln
County, Nevada [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1753.
Tschanz, C. M., and Pampeyan, E. H, 1960, Geologic map ofLincoln County, Nevada [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 46.
Tweto, Ogden, 1959, Differences in the Pliocene-Pleistocene
histories of the Upper Arkansas and the Eagle Rivervalleys, Colorado [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70,
no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1789.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1959a, Non-renewable natural resourcesin Africa south of the Sahara, Appendix 4 of Recommendations for strengthening science and technology in selectedareas of Africa south of the Sahara: Washington, B.C.
National Academy of Sciences National Research Council.
1959b, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits
Semiannual progress report, Dec. 1, 1958, to May 31, 1959:
U.S. Geol. Survey TISE version of TEI-751.
1960a, Staff report on mineral fuels, in Mineral andwater resources of Wyoming: U.S. 86th Cong., 2d sess.,
Senate Document 76.
1960b, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits
Semiannual progress report, June 1 to Nov. 30, 1959: U.S.
Geol. Survey TISE version of TEI-752.
Varnes, D. J., Finnell, T. L., and Post, E. V., 1959 Graphiclocator method in geologic mapping, U.S. Geol, Survey
Bull. 1081-A, p. 1-10.
Vaughn, W. W., Wilson, E. E., and Ohm, J. M., 1960, A field
instrument for quantitative determination of beryllium by
activation analysis: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 427, 9 p., 8 figs.
Vergara, J. F., and Spencer, F. D., 1959, Geology and coalresources of Bislig-Lingig region, Surigao, 1957: Philippines Bureau of Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No.
14, 62 p., 5 pis.
Vhay, J. S., 1960, Preliminary report on the copper-cobalt deposits of the Quartzburg district, Grant County, Oregon:
U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 20 p., 3 pi.
Vine, J. D., 1959a, Dopplerite from Cretaceous rocks in Wyoming [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2,
p. 1691.
1959b, Geology and uranium deposits in carbonaceous
rocks of the Fall Creek area, Bonneville County, Idaho,chap. I m Uranium in coal in the western United States:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 255-294, pis. 51-52, figs.
39-43.
1960, Geologic map of the Nash Draw quadrangle, Eddy
County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-830, openfile report.
Vine, J. D., and Prichard, G. E., 1960, Geology and uranium
occurrences in the Miller Hill area, Carbon County, Wyoming : U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1074-F, p. 201-239, pis. 14-20,
figs. 10-14.
Vitaliano, D. B., 1959, Foreign languages for geologists: Jour.
Geol. Education, v. 7, no. 2, p. 49-53.
Vitaliano, D. B., and others, 1959, Index to geophysical abstracts 172-175, 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1086-E, p.
467-551.
1960, Index to geophysical abstracts 176-179, 1959: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1106-E, p. 533-621.
Vitaliano, D. B., Vesselowsky, S. T., and others, 1959a, Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1106-B, p. 129-259.
1959b, Geophysical abstracts 178, July-September 1959:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1106-C, p. 261-406.

A126

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Vitaliano, D. B., Vesselowsky, S. T., andi others, 1960, Geophysical abstracts 179, October-December 1959: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1106-D, p. 407-531.
Waage, K. M., 1959a, Stratigraphy of the Inyan Kara group in
the Black Hills: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1081-B, p. 11-90,
pi. 2, figs. '5-9.
1959b, Dakota stratigraphy along the Colorado Front
Range: Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists, Guidebook llth Ann.
Field Conf., p. 115-123.
Waesche, H. H., 1960, Quartz crystals and optical calcite, inIndustrial minerals and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall.
Petroleum Engineers, New York, 3d ed., p. 687-698.
Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1960, The physiographic provinces of Alaska : U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Wallace, R. E., 1959, Graphic solution of some earth satellite
problems by use of the stereographic net: British Interplanetary Soc. Jour., v. 17, p. 120-123.
Wallace, R. E., Silberling, N. J., Irwin, W. P., and Tatlock, D.
B., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the Buffalo Mountainquadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF-220.
Wallace, R. E., Silberling, N. J., and Tatlock, D. B., 1960,
Structural features of the Humboldt range, Nevada [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960,
Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 46.
Wallace, R. M., de Mello, N. M. P., Sallantien, B., and Pares,
M. S., 1959, Geology of a part of the Serra de Moeda,
Marinho de Serra quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Geol.
Soc. Brazil Bull., v. 8, no. 2, p. 41-96.
Wanek, A. A., 1959, Geology and fuel resources of the Mesa
Verde area, Montezuma and La Plata Counties, Colorado:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-M, p. 667-721, pis. 39-51,
fig. 31.
Warner, L. A., Holser, W. T., Wilmarth, V. T., and Cameron,E. N., 1959, Occurrence of nonpegniatite beryllium in the
United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 318, 198 p.,
5 pis., 60 figs.
Warrick, R. E., and Winslow, J. D., 1960, Application of seismic
methods to a ground-water problem in northeastern Ohio:
Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 505-519.
Weeks, A. D., Coleman, R. G., and Thompson, M. E., 1959,
Summary of the ore mineralogy, in Garrels, R. M., andLarsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of theColorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 320, p. 65-79.
Weeks, A. D., and Eargle, D. H., 1959, Deposition of uranium
at Palangana Salt Dome, Duval County, Texas [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1695.
Weeks, A. D., and Garrels, R. M., 1959, Geologic setting of theColorado Plateau ores, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S.
3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau
uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 3-11.
AVeis, P. L., 1959, Lower Cambrian and Precambrian rocks innortheastern Washington [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1790.
AVelch, S. W., 1960, Mississippian rocks of the northern partof the Black Warrior basin, Alabama and Mississippi: U.
S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OC-62.
Weld, B. A., Asselstine, E. S., and Johnson, Arthur, 1959,
Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released onlyin the open files, 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 412, 10 p.

Weld, B. A., Asselstine, E. S., and Johnson, Arthur, 1960, Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only inthe open files, 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 428, 10 p.
Wells, J. D., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the House
Rock Spring SE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona:
U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-189.
White, C. E., and Cuttitta, Frank, 1959, Fluorometric study ofmagnesium-bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine system: Anal.
Chemistry, v. 31, p. no. 12, p. 2083-2087.
White, D. E., and Craig, Harmon, 1959, Isotope geology of theSteamboat Springs area, Nevada [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America
Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1696.
White, W. S., 1960a, The White Pine copper deposit Discussion : Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 2, p. 402-409.
1960b, The Keweenawan lavas of Lake Superior, an
example of flood basalts: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p.
367-374.
Whitmore, F. C., Jr., 1960, Terrain intelligence and current
military concepts: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 375-387.
Wilcox, R. E., 1959a, Some effects of recent volcanic ash falls,
with especial reference to Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1028-N, p. 409-476, pis. 54-58, figs. 62-72.
1959b, Use of the spindle stage for determination ofprincipal indices of refraction of crystal fragments: Am.
Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1272-1293.
1959c, Universal stage accessory for direct determinations of the three principal indices of refraction: Am.
Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 1064-1070.
Williams, J. R., 1959, Geology of the western part of the Big
Delta (D-6) quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc.
Geol. Inv. Map 1-297.
Williams, J. R., Pew£, T. L., and Paige, R. A., 1959, Geologyof the Fairbanks (D-l) quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol.
Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-124.
Williams, P. L., 1960, A stained slice method for rapid determination of phenocryst composition of volcanic rocks: Am.
Jour. Sci., v. 258, p. 148-152.
Wilmarth, V. R., 1959, Geology of the Garo uranium-vanadiumcopper deposit, Park County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1087-A, p. 1-21, pis. 1-5, figs. 1-2.
1960, Some effects of underground nuclear explosions
on tuff: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-756, pub. by U.S. Atomic
Energy Comm., Tech. Inf. Service, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 34
p., 19 figs.
Wilmarth, V. R., and others, 1959, Effects of undergroundnuclear explosions on tuff at Nevada Test Site [abs.] :Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1700.
Wilpolt, R. H., and Marden, D. W., 1960, Geology and oil andgas possibilities of Upper Mississippian rocks of southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, and eastern
Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-K, p. 587-655, pis.
27-29, flgs. 24-30.
Wilson, Druid, Keroher, G. C., and Hansen, B. E., 1959, Index
to the geologic names of North America: U.S. Geol. Survey
Bull. 1056-B, p. 407-622.
Wilson, R. F., and Stewart, J. H., 1959, Correlation of Upper
Triassic and Lower Jurassic formations between isouthwestern Utah and southern Nevada [abs.] : Geol. Soc.
America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1755.
Withington, C. F., and Jaster, M.C., 1960, Selected annotatedbibliography of gypsum and anhydrite in the United States
and Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1105, 126 p.

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS
Witkind, I. J., 1959, The Hebgen Lake earthquake: GeoTimes,
v. 4, no. 3, p. 13-14.
Wolcott, D. B., and Gott, G. B., 1960, Stratigraphy of the Inyan
Kara group in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota andWyoming: Geol. Soc. America Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg.,
Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 17.
Wood, G. H., Jr., Arndt, H. H., and Kehn, T. M., 1959, Structural features of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania[abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1770.
Woodland, M. V., 1959, Data of rock analyses; Part VI; Bibliography and index of rock analyses in the periodical andserial literature of Scotland: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta,v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 136-147.
Woodring, W. P., 1959a, Geology and paleontology of Canal
Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Description of
Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae) :U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 306-B, p. 147-239, pis. 24-37.
1959b, Tertiary Caribbean molluscan faunal province[abs.], in Preprints, International Oceanographic Congress,[1st] New York 1959: Am. Assoc. Adv. ScL, Washington,
D.C., p. 299-300.
1960, Paleoecologic dissonance; Astarte and Nipa in theearly Eocene London clay: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p.
418-419.

A127

Wright, F. G., and Wright, C. W., 1960, The Glacier Bay
National Monument in southwestern Alaska its glaciersand geology: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 224 p.,
99 pis.
Yates, Robert G. and Thompson, George A., 1960, Geology andquicksilver deposits of the Terlingua district, Texas: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 312, 114 p., 22 pis, 25 figs.
Yochelson, B. L., and Dutro, J. T., Jr., 1960, Late Paleozoic
Gastropoda from northern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 334-D, p. 111-147, pis. 12-14, figs. 23-29.
Zeller, H. D., and Schopf, J. M., 1959, Core drilling for uraniumbearing lignite in Harding and Perkins Counties, South
Dakota, and Bowman County, North Dakota, chap. C in
Uranium in coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1055, p. 59-95, pis. 17-21, figs. 9-12.
Zietz, Isidore, and Gray, Carlyle, 1959, Geophysical and geological interpretation of a Triassic structure in eastern
Pennsylvania [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1705.
Zietz, Isidore, and others, 1959, Regional geologic interpretationof aeromagnetic profiles in the Yukon-Kandik and Koyukuk
areas, Alaska [abs.] : Geophysics, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1136-37.
Zietz, Isidore, Patton, W. W., Jr., and Dempsey, W. J., 1959,
Preliminary interpretation of total-intensity aeromagnetic
profiles of the Koyukuk area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey
open-file report, 6 p.

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS[The publications listed on p. A107-A127 are classified below In the same categories and In the same order as the subjects discussed on p. Al A73.]

Bibliographies:
King, R. R., Jussen, Loud, and Conant, 1960
King, R. R., and others, 1959
Soister and Conklin, 1959
Vitaliano and others, 1960
Weld, Asselstine, and Johnson, 1959,1960
Wilson, Druid, 1959
Heavy metals:
Anderson, C. A., 1959, 1960
Arnold, Coleman and Frykland, 1959
Bailey, B. H., 1959
Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959
Barton and Bethke, 1960
Bayley, 1959 a, bBehre and Heyl, 1959
Berg and MacKevett, 1959
Bethke and Barton, 1959
Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959
Calkins, Parker, and Disbrow, 1959
Cannon, R. S., Pierce, and Antweiler, 1959
Carr, M. S., and Button, 1959
Cobb, 1959a-d
Cooper, 1959a, b, 1960
Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral and U.S.
Geological Survey, 1959
Bpprecht, Schaller, and Vlisidis, 1959
Evans, 1959
Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b
Fellows and others, 1959
Fischer, R. P., 1959
Fleischer, 1959; 1960a, bFriedman, J. D., 1959aGates, G. O., 1959

Heavy metals Continued
Hall, W. E., 1959
Hathaway, 1959
Hewett and Fleischer, 1960
Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959
Heyl, Agnew, Lyons, and Behre, 1960
Hummel, 1960
James, 1959
James, Dutton, Pettijohn, and Wier, 1960
Lovering and others, 1960
Lovering and Shepard, 1960
Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959
McKelvey, 1960
Marvin and Magin, 1959
Muessig and Quinlan, 1959
Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959
Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959
Roedder, 1959
Rossman, 1960
Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959
Skinner, 1959
Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959
Stoiber and Davidson, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1959b
Vhay, 1960White, D. E., and Craig, 1959
White, W. S., 1960aWilmarth, 1959
Yates and Thompson, 1960
Light metals and industrial minerals :Amos, 1959
Brobst, 1960
Carroll and Pommer, 1960

A128

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Light metals and industrial minerals Continued
Cathcart and McGreevy, 1959
Christ, 1960
Christ and Clark, J. R., 1960
Christ and Garrels, 1959
Clark, J. R., and Christ, 1959a-c
Clark, J. R., Mrose, Perloff, and Burley, 1959
Coleman, 1959aCurrier, 1960Davidson, 1960Davidson and Powers, 1959
Dibblee, 1959a-c; 1960a-d
Eckhart and Plafker, 1959
Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959
Eugster and Mclver, 1959
Fellows and others, 1959
Gates, G. O., 1959
Gildersleeve, 1959
Griffitts, 1959
Huddle and Patterson, 1959
Jones, C. L., 1959, 1960
Jones, C. L., and Madsen, 1959
Kaye, 1959a-c
Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959
Laurence, 1960
Lesure, 1959
Love and Milton, 1959
Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959
Mabey and others, 1959
McKelvey, 1959
McKelvey and others, 1959
Malde, 1959a
Mertie, 1960
Milton and Eugster, 1959
Milton and Fahey, 1960
Moxham, Eckhart, and Cobb, 1960
Mudge, Walters, and Skoog, 1959
Murphy, 1960
Olson and Hinrichs, 1960
Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 1959
Owens and Minard, 1960
Patterson, 1960
Patterson and Hosterman, 1960
Patton and Matzko, 1959
Pierce and Rich, 1959
Redden, 1959
Sheldon, 1959a, b
Skinner and Evans, 1960
Smith, G. I., 1959
Smith, W. C., 1960
Smith, W. L., Stone, Ross, and Levine, 1960
Staatz and Osterwald, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1959a
Vaughn, Wilson, and Ohm, 1960
Waesche, 1960
Warner, Holser, Wilmarth, and Cameron, 1959
Withington and Jaster, 1960
Radioactive minerals:
Archbold, 1959
Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959
Bell, 1959
Botinelly and Fischer, 1959
Breger and Chandler, 1959
Breger and Deul, 1959

Radioactive minerals Continued
Bush, Marsh, and Taylor, 1959
Byerly and Joesting, 1959
Cadigan, 1959a, b
Cannon, H. L., 1959
Christman, Brock, Pearson, and Singewald, 1960
Clarke, J. R., 1960
Craig, Holmes, Freeman, Mullens, and others, 1959
Danilchik and Tahirkheli, 1960
Dean, 1960
Denson, 1959
Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959
Eargle, 1959a, 1960a
Ekren and Houser, 1959a-c
Elston and Botinelly, 1959
Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960
Evans, 1959
Fellows and others, 1959
Finch, I959a, b
Finch and others, 1959
Fischer, R. P., 1959
Foster, 1959aGarrels and Christ, 1959
Garrels and Larsen, 1959
Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959
Garrels arid Pommer, 1959
Gates, G. O., 1959
Gill, 1959
Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959
Glover, 1959
Gott, Braddock, and Post, 1960
Hathaway, 1959
Hilpert and Moench, 1960
Houser and Ekren, 1959aJohnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, b
Keller, G. V., 1959a, b
Keller, W. D., 1959
Kepferle, 1959
Landis, 1960
Larsen and Gottfried, 1960
Leo, 1960
Lewis, R. Q., and Trimble, 1960
Love and Milton, 1959
MacKevett, 1959a, b
Mapel and Gott, 1959
Mapel and Hail, 1959
Marvin and Magin, 1959
Masursky and Pipiringos, 1959
Mertie, 1960
Moore, Melin, and Kepferle, 1959
Neuerburg and Granger, 1960
Newman and Elston, 1959
Outerbridge, Staatz, Meyrowitz, and Pommer, 1960
Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 1959
Petersen, 1959, 1960
Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959
Petersen and Phoenix, 1959
Phoenix, 1959
Post, 1959
Roach and Thompson, 1959
Schlee, 1959
Schlee and Moench, 1960
Sheldon, 1959a, b
Shoemaker, Miesch, Newman, and Riley, 1959

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONSRadioactive minerals Continued
Shoemaker and Newman, 1959
Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959
Soister and Conklin, 1959
Staatz and Osterwald, 1959
Stern and Stieff, 1959
Stern, Stieff, Klemic, and Delevaux, 1959
Stewart, 1959
Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959
Swanson, 1960
Tanner, 1959
Trites, Chew, and Levering, 1959
Truesdell and Weeks, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1959b, 1960b
Vine, 1959b
Vine and Prichard, 1960
Waage, 1959a
Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1959
Weeks and Eargle, 1959
Weeks and Garrels, 1959
Wells, 1959
Wilmarth, 1959
Wolcott and Gott, 1960
Zeller and Schopf, 1959
Fuels:
Adkison, 1960
Arndt, Conlin, Kehn, Miller, and Wood, 1959
Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959
Barnes, F. F., 1960
Barnes, F. F., and Cobb, 1959
Beikman and Gower, 1959
Brown, Gower, and Snavely, 1960
Burnside, 1959
Cashion, 1959
Cheney and Sheldon, 1959
Cloud, 1960
Cloud and Palmer, 1959
Denson, 1959
Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959
Donnell, 1959
Dutro, 1960a, b
Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960Friedel and Breger, 1959
Gardner, 1959
Gates, G. O., 1959
Gill, 1959
Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959
Glover, 1959
Gryc, 1959
Hallgrath, 1960
Harbour and Dixon, 1959
Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, 1959
Johnston, Trumbull, and Eaton, 1959
Kottlowski, 1960a, b
Kremp, Kovar, and Riegel, 1959
Landis, 1959
McKelvey, 1959
Mapel and Hail, 1959
Masursky and Pipiringos, 1959
Miller, D. J., MacNeil, and Wahrhaftig, 1960
Miller, D. J., Payne, and Gryc, 1959
Moore, Melin, and Kepferle, 1959

A129

Fuels Continued
Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959
Sandberg, C. A., 1960
Sandberg, D. T., 1959
Stafford, 1959
Swanson, 1960
Trumbull and Johnston, 1960
U.S. Geological Survey, 1960aVine, 1959b
Wanek, 1959
Wilpolt and Marden, 1960
Wood, Arndt, and Kehn, 1959
Zeller and Schopf, 1959
Geochemical and botanical exploration methods:
Anderson, C. A., 1960
Bell, 1959
Cannon, H. L., 1959
Davies, 1959b
Hawkins, Canney, and Ward, 1959
Loverlng and others, 1960
Nakagawa and Ward, 1960
Sigafoos, 1959
Isotope geology in exploration:
Cannon, R. S., Pierce, and Antweiler, 1959Friedman, J. D., 1959aJames, 1959
Tanner, 1959
White, D. E., and Craig, 1959
Geophysical exploration methods:
Anderson, C. A., 1960
Bunker and Ohm, 1959
Frischknecht, 1959
Henderson, 1960
Johnson, R. W., Jr., 1959
Keller, G. V., 1959a, b
King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960
Kinoshita and Kent, 1960
Mabey and others, 1959
Moxham, 1960
Roman, 1959
Warrick and Winslow, 1960
Geologic mapping and field methods:
Anderson, C. A., 1959, 1960
Coats, 1960
Fischer, W. A., and Ray, 1960
Hansen, 1960
Hunt, 1960
Minard, 1960
Ray and Fischer, 1960
Stoertz, 1959
Varnes, Finnell, and Post, 1959
Geology applied to construction problems:
Bonilla, 1960
Cattermole, 1960
Crandell and Gard, 1959
Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959
Hartshorn, 1959
Holmes, G. W., 1959a, cKaye, 1959a
Lachenbruch, 1959b, cLachenbruch and Greene, 1960
Lewis, C. R., 1959a, b
McGill, 1959
Miller, R. D., and Dobrovolny, 1960

A130

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Geology applied to construction problems ContinuedP£w6 and Paige, 1959
Tracey and others, 1959
Whitmore, 1960
Engineering problems related to rock failure:
Bonilla, 1959, 1960
Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960
Dobrovolny, 1960
Hadley, 1959a
McGill, 1959
Miller, D. J., 1960a, b
Myers, 1960
Witkind, 1959
Nuclear test-site studies:
Baltz, 1960
Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960
Clebsch and others, 1959
Dickey and McKeown, 1960
Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959
Diment and others, 1959a-d
Eckel and others, 1959
Gibbons, 1960
Gibbons, Hinrichs, Hansen, and Lemke, 1960
Hale and Clebsch, 1959
Houser and Poole, 1959a, b; 1960
Jackson and Warrick, 1959
Jones, C. L., 1960
Kachadoorian, 1960
Kachadoorian, Campbell, Sainsbury, and Scholl, 1959
Kachadoorian and others, 1960
Kachadoorian, Sainsbury, and Campbell, 1959
Keller, G. V., and others, 1959
Lachenbruch, 1959b
Lachenbruch and Green, 1960
McKeown and others, 1959
McKeown and Wilmarth, 1959
Moore, 1959a
Pew6, Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959
Poole and Roller, 1960
Price, 1960
Roller, Stewart, Jackson, Warrick, and Byerly, 1959
Scholl and Sainsbury, 1960aVine, 1960
Wilmarth, 1960
Wilmarth and others, 1959
Radioactive waste disposal investigations :Carroll and Pommer, 1960
Carroll and Starkey, 1960
Pierce and Rich, 1959
Pommer and Carroll, 1960
Repenning, 1959
Boss, C. S., 1960
Schnepfe, 1960
Measurement of background radiation :Moxham, 1960
Schmidt, 1959
Distribution of elements as related to health :Moxham, 1960
Synthesis of geologic data on large regions :Bailey, E. H, 1959a
Brobst, 1960
Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959
Dean, 1960
Denson, 1959

Synthesis of geologic dlata on large regions Continued
Finch and others, 1959
Griffltts, 1959
King, R. R., Jussen, Loud, and Conant, 1960
King, R. R., and others, 1959
McKee and others, 1960
Pierce and Rich, 1959
Soister and Conklin, 1959
Warner, Holser, Wilmarth, and Cameron, 1959
Weld, Asselstine, and Johnson, 1959,1960
Wilson, Druid, 1959
Withington and Jaster, 1960
Eastern New York and New England:
Balsley and Buddington, 1960
Balsley, Buddington, and others, 1959a-c
Balsley, Postel, and others, 1959
Boucot and Arndt, 1960
Boucot, Griscom, Allingham, and Dempsey, 1960
Cady, 1959, 1960
Castle, 1959
Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960
Gates, R. M., 1960
Hurley, Boucot, Albee, Faul, Pinson, and Fairbairn, 1959
Leonard and Vlisidis, 1960
Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959
Postel, Nelson, and Wiesnet, 1959
Smysor, 1959aToulmin, 1959
Appalachians:
Amos, 1959
Arndt, Conlin, Kuhn, Miller, and Wood, 1959
Bell, 1959
Bromery, 1959
Bromery, Bennett, and others, 1959a-c
Bromery, Henderson, and Bennett, 1959
Bromery, Henderson, Zandle, and others, 1959a, b; 1960a-l
Bromery, Zandle, and others, 1959a-m, 1960a-e
Bryant and Reed, 1959
Cattermole, 1960Friedman, J. D., 1959b
Glover, 1959
Griscom, 1959
Hack, 1960
Hack and Young, 1959
Johnson, R, W., Jr., 1959
King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960
Laurence, 1960
Lesure, 1959
Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959
Murphy, 1960
Neuman, I960
Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 1959
Sando, 1960
Smith, W. L., Stone, Ross, and Levine, 1960
Smysor, 1959b
Stern, Stieff, Klemic, and Delevaux, 1959
Stromquist and Conley, 1959
Wilpolt and Marden, 1960
Wood, Arndt, and Kehn, 1959
Zietz and Gray, 1959
Atlantic Coastal Plain:
Brown, 1959
Carr, W. J., and Alverson, 1959
Carroll, 1959a, b

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS
Atlantic Coastal Plain Continued
Cathcart and McGreevy, 1959
Cooke, 1959
Johnston, Trumbull, and Eaton, 1959
Ketner, 1959
King, E. R., 1959a
King, E. R., Zietz, and Dempsey, 1960
Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959
Malde, 1959a
Minard, 1960
Murphy, 1960
Owens and Minard, 1960
Sehmidt, 1959
Schopf, 1959b
Smysor, 1959b
Trumbull and Johnston, 1960
Eastern Plateaus:
Colton, G. W., and de Witt, 1959
de Witt and Colton, G. W., 1959a, b
Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959
Faul and Thomas, 1959Friedman, J. D., 1959b
Glover, 1959
Hass, 1959
King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960
Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959
Marcher, 1959
Oliver, 1960
Patterson and Hosterman, 1960
Wilpolt and Marden, 1960
Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley:
Bayley, 1959a, c
Behre and Heyl, 1959
Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960
Heyl, Agnew, Lyons, and Behre, 1960
Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959
James, 1960
James, Button, Petti John, and Wier, 1960
Kepferle, 1959
Kottlowski, 1960a, b
Mudge, Walters, and Skoog, 1959
Stoiber, and Davidson, 1959
Warrick and Winslow, 1960White, W. S., 1960a, b
Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi Embayment:
Bargle, 1959a-c; 1960a
Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b
Weeks and Eargle, 1959
Welch, 1960
Ozark region and eastern plains :Adkison, 1960
Baltz, 1960
Burnside, 1959
Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960
Chisholm, 1959
Cloud and Palmer, 1959
Dane, 1959
Eargle, 1960bFrezon and Glick, 1959
Hale and Clebsch, 1959
Hamilton, 1959
Hayes, 1959
Jackson and Warrick, 1959
Jones, C. L., 1959,1960

Ozark region andl eastern plains Continued
Jones, C. L., and Madsen, 1959
Landis, 1960
Mamay, 1959
Moore, 1959a, b
Motts, 1959
Mudge and Burton, 1959
Roller, Stewart, Jackson, Warrick, and Byerly, 1959
Stafford, 1959
Terriere, 1960
Vine, 1960
Yates and Thompson, 1960
Northern Rockies and plains :Arnold, Coleman, and Fryklund, 1959
Baker, 1959
Bayley, 1959b
Bowles and Braddock, 1960
Calkins, Parker, and Disbrow, 1959
Campbell, 1959
Cheney and Sheldon, 1959
Cobban, Erdmann, Lemke, and Maughan, 1959a, b
Colton, R. B., 1959
Crittenden, 1959
Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959
Fraser, 1960
Gardner, 1959
Gildersleeve, 1959
Gill, 1959
Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960
Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959
Gott, Braddock, and Post, 1960
Hadley, 1959a, b
Hallgarth, 1960
Izett, Mapel, and Pillmore, 1960
Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, 1959
Jones, W. R., Peoples, and Rowland, 1960
Kinoshita and Kent, 1960
Klepper and Smedes, 1959
Landis, 1960
Leo, 1960
Love, 1959, 1960
Love and Milton, 1959
McKelvey and others, 1959
Mapel and Gott, 1959
Marshall, I960a-c
Masursky and Pipiringos, 1959
Milton, Chao, Axelrod, and Grimaldi, 1960
Milton and Eugster, 1959
Milton and Fahey, 1960
Milton, Mrose, Chao, and Fahey, 1959
Moore, Melin, and Kepferle, 1959
Mudge, 1959
Mudge and Dobrovolny, 1959
Muessig and Quinlan, 1959
Myers, 1960
Nelson, 1959
Olson, 1960
Post, 1959
Redden, 1959
Robinson, C. S., 1960
Robinson, G. D., 1959a, b
Ross, C. P., 1960
Ross, C. P., and Rezak, 1959
Ross, R. J., Jr., 1959

A131

A132

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Northern Rockies and plains Continued
Sandberg, C. A., 1960
Sandberg, D. T., 1959
Sando, Dutro, and Gere, 1959
Schultz, Tourtelot, and Gill, 1960
Sheldon, 1959a, bSmith, J. F., Jr., Witkind, and Trimble, 1960
Tracey and Oriel, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1960aVine, 1959a, 1959b
Vine and Prichard, 1960
Waage, 1959a
Weis, 1959
Witkind, 1959
Wolcott and Gott, 1960
Zeller and Schopf, 1959
Southern Rockies and plains:
Bailey, R. A., 1959
Christman, Brock, Pearson, and Singewald, 1960
Dane, 1959
Donnell, 1959
Gildersleeve, 1959
Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960
Harbour and Dixon, 1959
Johnson, R. B., 1960
King, E. R., 1959b
Kinney and Hail, 1959
Landis, 1959, 1960
Pearson, 1959
Ratte and Steven, 1959
Scott, G. R., and Cobban, 1959
Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959
Steven and Ratt£, 1959
Tweto, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1960a
Waage, 1959b
Wilmarth, 1959
Colorado Plateau:
Archbold, 1959
Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959
Botinelly and Fischer, 1959
Bush, Marsh, and Taylor, 1959
Byerly and Joesting, 1959
Cadigan, 1959a, b
Cannon, H. L., 1959
Cashion, 1959
Craig, Holmes, Freeman, Mullens, and others, 1959
Dane, 1959, 1960
Ekren and Houser, 1959a-c
Elston and Botinelly, 1959
Engel, C. G., 1959
Finch, 1959b
Fischer, R. P., 1959
Fisher, Erdmann, and Reeside, 1960
Foster, 1959aGarrels and Christ, 1959
Garrels and Larsen, 1959
Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959
Hemphill, 1959
Hilpert and Moench, 1960
Houser and Ekren, 1959a, b
Johnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, b
Keller, G. V., 1959a, b
Keller, W. D., 1959

Colorado Plateau Continued
Kinney, Hansen, and Good, 1959
Krieger, 1959
Landis, 1959
Lewis, R. Q., and Trimble, 1960
Marshall, 1959
Newman and Elston, 1959
Petersen, 1959, 1960
Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959
Petersen and Phoenix, 1959
Phoenix, 1959
Repenning, 1959
Roach and Thompson, 1959
Schlee, 1959
Schlee and Moench, 1960
Shoemaker, 1959a, b
Shoemaker, Miesch, Newman, and Riley, 1959
Shoemaker and Newman, 1959
Stern and Stieff, 1959
Stewart, 1959
Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959
Trites, Chew, and Lovering, 1959
Truesdell and Weeks, 1959
Wanek, 1959
Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1959
Weeks and Garrels, 1959
Wells, 1959
Basin and Range province:
Anderson, C. A., 1959
Christ and Garrels, 1959
Clebsch and others, 1959
Cooper, 1959a, b; 1960
Cornwall and Kleinhampl, 1959
Dane, 1959
Dibblee, 1959a-c; 1960a-d
Dickey and McKeown, 1960
Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959
Diment and others, 1959a-d
Drewes, 1959
Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959
Gibbons, 1960
Gibbons, Hinrichs, Hansen, and Lemke, 1960
Gilluly, 1960
Hall, W. E., 1959
Hose and Repenning, 1959
Houser and Poole, 1959a, b ; 1960
Keller, G. V., and others, 1959
Longwell, 1960
Lovering and others, 1960
Lovering and Shepard, 1960
Mabey, 1960
Mabey and others, 1959
McClymonds, 1959
McKelvey and others, 1959
McKeown and others, 1959
McKeown and Wilmarth, 1959
Mapel and Hail, 1959
Neuerburg and Granger, 1960
Olson and Hinrichs, 1960
Outerbridge, Staatz, Meyrowitz, and Pommer, 1960
Palmer, 1960a, cPeterson, 1959
Pomeroy, 1959
Poole and Roller, 1960

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONSBasin and Range province Continued
Price, 1960
Ross, C. P., 1960
Silberling, 1960
Smith, G. I., 1959
Staatz and Osterwald, 1959
Tatlock, Wallace, and Silberling, 1960
Tschanz, 1959
Tschanz and Pampeyan, 1960
Wallace, Silberling, Irvvin, and Tatlock, 1959
Wallace, Silberling, and Tatlock, 1960White, D. E., and Craig, 1959
Wilmarth, 1960
Wilmarth and others, 1959
Wilson, R. F., and Stewart, 1959
Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains:
Baldwin and Hill, 1960
Kinoshita and Kent, 1960
McKelvey and others, 1959
Malde, 1959b
Mapel and Hail, 1959
Pakiser, 1960b
Ross, C. P., 1960
Vhay, 1960
Pacific Coast:
Bailey, E. H., 1960
Bailey, E. H., Christ, Fahey, and Hildebrand, 1959
Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959
Balsley, Bromery, Remington, and others, 1960
Beikman and Gower, 1959
Bonilla, 1959, 1960
Bromery, Emery, and Balsley, 1960
Brown, Gower, and Snavely, 1960
Clark, L. D., 1960
Coleman, 1959b
Crandell and Gard, 1959
Crowder, 1959
Durham and Jones, 1959
Hall, C. A., Jones, D. L., and Brooks, 1959
Imlay, Dole, Wells, and Peck, 1959
Jones, D. L., 1959a, 1960a, b
Kinoshita and Kent, 1960
McGill, 1959
Mallory, 1959
Pakiser, 1960a, b
Pakiser, Press, and Kane, 1960
Peck, D. L., 1960
Radbruch, 1959
Rinehart, 1959
Rinehart, Ross, and Huber, 1959
Smith, P. B., 1960
Alaska:Barnes, D. F., 1959
Barnes, F. F., and Cobb, 1959
Benninghoff and Holmes, 1960
Berg and MacKevett, 1959
Berquist, 1960
Byers, 1960
Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959
Cass, 1959a-f
Coats, 1959
Cobb, 1959a-d
Dutro, 1960a, b

Alaska Continued!
Eckhart and Plafker, 1959
Fellows and others, 1959

Fernald, 1959
Fraser and Snyder, 1960
Gates, G. O., 1959
Grantz, 1960a-c
Gryc, 1959, 1960
Hoare and Coonrad, 1960a, b
Holmes, G. W., 1959a-d
Holmes, G. W., and Lewis, C. R., 1960
Hopkins, 1959a, b
Hopkins and Benninghoff, 1960
Hummel, 1960
Kachadoorian, 1960
Kachadoorian, Campbell, Sainsbury, and Scholl, 1959
Kachadoorian and others, 1960
Kachadoorian, Sainsbury, and Campbell, 1959
Karlstrom, 1960
Karlstrom and others, 1959
Keller, A. S., and Reiser, 1959
Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, 1960
Keller, G. V., and Plouff, 1959a, b
Lachenbruch, 1959b
Lachenbruch and Brewer, 1959
Lachenbruch and Greene, 1960
Lathram, 1960
Lathram, Loney, Condon, and Berg, 1959
Lewis. C. R., 1959a, b
Lewis, R. Q., Nelson, and Powers, 1960
MacKevett, 1959a, bMiller, D. J., 1960a, bMiller, D. J., MacNeil, and Wahrhaftig, 1960
Miller, D. J., Payne, and Gryc, 1959
Miller, R. D., and Dobrovolny, 1960
Moxham, Eckhart, and Cobb, 1960
Nichols and Yehle, 1960
Patton, 1959
Patton and Matzko, 1959
Pewe, 1959cPewe, Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959
Pewe and Paige, 1959
Powers, Coats, and Nelson, 1960
Rossman, 1960
Sable, 1959
Sainsbury and Campbell, 1959
Scholl and Sainsbury, 1960a, b
Tappan, I960
Wahrhaftig, 1960
Wilcox, 1959aWilliams, J, R., 1959
Williams, J. R., Pewe, and Paige, 1959
Wright and Wright, 1960
Yochelson and Dutro, 1960
Zietz and others, 1959
Zietz, Patton, and Dempsey, 1959
Hawaii:Davidson and Powers, 1959
Eaton and Richter, 1960
Patterson, 1960
Richter and Eaton, 1960
Robertson, 1959
Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone :Berryhill, 1959

A133

A134

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960 SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Puerto Rico and! the Canal Zone Continued!
Berryhill, Briggs, and Glover, 1960
Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959
Hildebrand, 1959
Kaye, 1959a, b, cWithington and Jaster, 1960
Woodring, 1959a
Western Pacific Islands:
Cole, Todd, and Johnson, C. G., 1960
Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959
Fosberg, 1960a, b
Ladd, 1960
McKee, 1959
Taylor, A. R., 1960
Tracey and others, 1959
Antarctica:
Hamilton, 1960b, c
Hamilton and Hayes, 1959a, b
Pewe, 1959a, b
Pewe, Rivard, and Llano, 1959a, b
Extraterrestrial studies:Friedman, Irving, Thorpe, and Senftle, 1960
Mason, Elias, Hackman, and Olson, 1959,1960
Senftle and Thorpe, 1959a, b
Wallace, 1959
Geologic investigations in foreign areas :Anderson, D. G., 1959
Bramkamp, 1960
Bramkamp and Ramirez, 1959a-c
Danilchik and Tahirkheli, 1960
Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral and U.S. Geological Survey, 1959
Dobrovolny, 1960
Dorr, 1959
Dorr, Simmons, and Barbosa, 1959
Goudarzi, 1959
Hamilton, 1960a
Holmes, C. D., and Colton, R. B., 1960
Krinsley, 1960
Plan Regional el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959
Pomerene, 1959
Pratt, 1959
Rezak, 1959
Rosenblum, 1960
Rossman, Fernadez, Fontanos, and Zepeda, 1959
Sachet, 1959
Segerstrom, 1959a, b
Segerstrom and Parker, 1959
Spencer and Vergara, 1959
U.S. Geological Survey, 1959aStoertz, 1959
Yergara and Spencer, 1959
Yitaliano, 1959
Wallace, de Mello, Sallantien, and Pares, 1959
Paleontology:
Berdan, 1960
Boucot and Arndt, 1960
Cloud, 1959
Cloud and Palmer, 1959
Cole, Todd, and Johnson, C. G., 1960
Cooke, 1959
Dean, I960
Douglas, 1960
Durham and Jones, D. L., 1959

Paleontology Continued
Flower and Gordon, 1959
Gordon, 1960
Hass, 1959
Henbest, 1960
Jones, D. L., 1960a, b
Kremp, Ames, and Frederiksen, 1959
Kremp, Kovar, and Riegel, 1959
Ladd, 1959,1960
Lohman, 1960a, b
Mallory, 1959
Mamay, 1959
Oliver, 1960
Palmer, 1960a, b, c
P6w6, Rivard, and Llano, 1959a, b
Rezak, 1959
Rinehart, Ross, and Huber, 1959
Rosa, R. J., Jr., 1959
Schopf, 1959a, b; 1960
Scott, R. A., Barghoorn, and Leopold, 1960
Silberling, 1960
Smith, P. B., 1960
Sohn and Berdan, 1960
Tappan, 1960
Taylor, D. W., 1960
Teichert, 1959
Woodring, 1959a, b ; 1960
Yochelson and Dutro, 1960
Geomorphology and plant ecology :Davies, 1959a, 1960b
Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959
Fernald, 1959
Fosberg, 1959a, b ; 1960a, b
Hack, 1960
Hack and Young, 1959
Hopkins, I959a
Karlstrom, 1960
Karlstrom and others, 1959
Kaye, 1959b
Krinsley, 1960
McKee, 1960b
Motts, 1959
Pewe, I959a
Sachet, 1959
Sigafoos, 1959
Tweto, 1959
Wahrhaftig, 1960
Physical properties of rocks :Anderson, D. G., 1959
Baldwin, 1960
Barnes, D. F., 1959
Barton and Bethke, 1960
Keller, G. V., 1959aKeller, G. V., and Frischknecht, 1960
Keller, G. V., and Licastro, 1959
Pankey and Senftle, 1959
Plouff, Keller, Frischknecht, and Wahl, 1960
Robertson, 1959, 1960
Senftle and Thorpe, 1959a, b
Thorpe and Senftle, 1959
Vitaliano, and others, 1959, 1960
Vitaliano, Vesselowsky, and others, 19>59a, b ; 1960
Permafrost studies:
Davies, 1959b, 1960a

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONSPermafrost studies Continued
Garrels, 1959aHartshorn, 1959
Holmes, C. D., and Cotton, R. B., 1960
Lachenbruch, 1959a-d; 1960
Lachenbruch and Brewer, 1959
Lachenbruch and Greene, 1960
Pew£ and Paige, 1959
Williams, J. R., 1959
Williams, J. R., Pewe\ and Paige, 1959
Rock deformation:
Eaton, 1959
Eaton and Takasaki, 1959
Fraser, 1960
Gilluly, 1960
Gryc, 1960
Hamilton, 1960a, b
Hubbert and Rubey, 1960
King, P. B., 1960
Lachenbruch, 1959a, d; 1960
Lesure, 1959
Myers, 1960
Pakiser, 1960aP4we, 1959b
Robertson, 1960
Shoemaker, 1959a, b
Steven and Ratte, 1959
Paleomagnetism:Balsley and Buddington, 1960aCox, 1960
Cox and Doell, 1960
Doell and Cox, 1959
Crustal studies:
Baldwin and Hill, 1960
Byerly and Joesting, 1959
Eaton and Takasaki, 1959
Keller, G. V., and Plouff, 1959a, b
King, E. R., 1959a
King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960
Mtabey, 1960
Pakiser, 1960b
Mineralogy and crystal chemistry :Bailey, E. H., Christ, Fahey, and Hildebrand, 1959
Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959
Botinelly and Fischer, 1959
Carroll, 1960
Carroll and Pommer, 1960
Carroll and Starkey, 1960
Christ, 1960
Christ and Clark, J. R., 1960
Christ -and Garrels, 1959
Clark, J. R., 1960
Clark, J. R., and Christ, 1959a-c
Clark, J. R., Mrose, Perloff, and Burley, 1959
Coleman, 1959a
Elston and Botinelly, 1959
Epprecht, Schaller, and Vlisidis, 1959
Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959
Eugster and Mclver, 1959
Evans, 1959
Evans and Lonsdale, 1959
Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b
Fahey, Ross, and Axelrod, 1960

Mineralogy and crystal chemistry Continued
Fleischer, 1960b
Foster, 1959a, b ; 1960
Garrels and Christ, 1959
Garrels and Larsen, 1959
Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959
Garrels and Pommer, 1959
Hall, W. E., 1959
Hathaway, 1959
Hewett and Fleischer, 1960
Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959
Keller, W. D., 1959
Leo, 1960
Leonard and Vlisidis, 1960
Lindberg and Christ, 1959a, b
Marvin and Magin, 1959
Milton, Chao, Axelrod, and Grimaldi, 1960
Milton and Eugster, 1959
Milton and Fahey, 1960
Milton and Ingram, 1959
Milton, Mrose, Chao, and Fahey, 1959
Mrose and von Knorring, 1959
Mrose and Wappner, 1959
Outerbridge, Staatz, Meyrowitz, and Pommer, 1960
Pankey and Senftle, 1959
Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959
Pommer, 1959
Pommer and Carroll, 1960
Redden, 1959
Ross, C. S., 1960
Ross and Evans, 1959,1960
Schnepfe, 1960
Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959
Skinner and Evans, 1960
Smith, W. L,, Stone, Ross, and Levine, 1960
Trites, Chew, and Lovering, 1959
Vine, 1959a
Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1959
Experimental geochemistry:
Arnold, Coleman, and Fryklund, 1959
Barton and Bethke, 1960
Barton and Toulmin, 1959
Bethke and Barton, 1959
Breger and Chandler, 1959
Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960
Marvin and Magin, 1959
Pommer and Carroll 1960
Roedder, 1959
Schnepfe, 1960
Skinner, 1959
Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959
Toulmin and Barton, 1960
Geochemical distribution of the elements :Begemann and Friedman, 1959
Chao and Fleischer, 1959
Davidson, 1960Davidson and Powers, 1959
Fleischer, 1959, 1960a
Fleischer and Chao, 1959
Larsen and Gottfried, 1960
McKelvey, 1960
Neuerburg and Granger, 1960
Shoemaker, Miesch, Newman, and Riley, 1959

A135

A136

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

Geochemical distribution of the elements Continued
Shoemaker and Newman, 1959
Woodland, 1959
Organic geochemistry:
Breger and Chandler, 1959
Breger and Deul, 1959
Cannon, H. L., 1959
Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960Friedel and Breger, 1959
Sisler, 1959
Petrology:
Bailey, E. H., 1960
Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959
Bailey, R. A., 1959
Balsley and Buddington, 1960aBayley, 1959eBowles, 1960
Cadigan, 1959a, b
Carroll, 1959a
Cloud, 1960
Coats, 1959
Coleman, 1959b
Crowder, 1959
Davidson and Powers, 1959
Eaton and Richter, 1960
Engel, C. G., 1959
Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960
Faul, Elmore, and Brannock, 1959
Fraser and Snyder, 1960
Hamilton, 1959
Huddle and Patterson, 1959
Jaffe, Gottfried, Waring, and Worthing, 1959
Jones, W. R., Peoples, and Rowland, 1960
Keller, A. S., and Reiser, 1959
Klepper and Smedes, 1959
Larsen and Gottfried, 1960
Lewis, R. Q., Nelson, and Powers, 1960
Lovering and Shepard, 1960
McKee, 1959, 1960a
McKelvey, 1959
McKelvey and others, 1959
Moore, 1959b
Murata, 1960
Nichols and Yehle, 1960
Pakiser, 1960a, b
Pakiser, Press, and Kane, 1960
Pearson, 1959
Peterson, 1959
Powers, Coats, and Nelson, 1960
Ratte and Steven, 1959
Rose and Stern, 1960
Smith, G. I., 1959
Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959
Tatlock, Wallace, and Silberling, 1960
Terriere, 1960
Toulmin, 1959
Tourtelot, 1960White, W. S., 1960b
Wilcox, 1959a
Woodland, 1959

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Isotope and nuclear studies :Begemann and Friedman, 1959
Cannon, R. S., Pierce, and Antweiler, 1959
Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959
Engel, A. E. J., 1959
Faul, 1959, 1960
Faul and Thomas, 1959
Faul, Elmore. and Brannock, 1959Friedman, J. D., 1959aFriedman and Smith, 1960
Gottfried, Jaffee, and Senftle, 1959
Hurley, Boucot, Albee, Faul, Pinsion, and Fairbairn, 1959
Jager and Faul, 1959
James, 1959
Karlstrom, 1959
Martinez and Senftle, 1960
Rubin and Alexander, 1960
Sakakura, Lindberg, and Faul, 1959
Senftle, Stern, and Alekna, 1959
Sisler, 1959
Stern and Stieff, 1959
Stern, Stieff, Klemic, and Delevaux, 1959
Stieff and Stern, 1959
Vaughn, Wilson, and Ohm, 1960White, D. E., and Craig, 1959
Analytical chemistry:
Breger and Deul, 1959
Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959
Garrels and Pommer, 1959
Grimaldi, 1960
Grimaldi and Schnepfe, 1959
Hawkins, Canney, and Ward, 1959
Kinser, 1959
Milton and Ingram, 1959
Nakagawa and Ward, 1960
Peck, L. C., and Tomasi, 1959
Pommer and Abell, 1959
Shapiro, 1959, 1960
Shapiro and Brannock, 1959
Stevens and others, 1960
Stevens, Wood, Goetz, and Horr, 1959
White, C. E., and Cuttitta, 1959
Spectroscopy:
Adler, 1959
Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959
Cuttitta, and White, 1959
Dinnin, Massoni, Curtis, and Brannock, 1959
Rose and Stern, 1960
Thompson and Nakagawa, 1960
Mineralogic and petrographic methods:
Adler, 1959
Bailey, E. H., and Stevens, 1960
Evans and Lonsdale, 1959
Faul and Davis, 1959
Frost, 1959
Martinez and Senftle, 1960
Meyrowitz, Cuttitta, and Hickling, 1959
Murata, 1960
Pommer and Carroll, 1960
Stevens, Neil, and Robertson, 1960
Wilcox, 1959b, cWilliams, P. L., 1960

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : I960 O 557328