➨  ❶            ᅜෆ࣭ᅜእࡢ஦౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
せ Ⅼ࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣭ ཎ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ㔜せ࡞⊁⊟⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛ẖᖺᩘⓒ୓㢌ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ⏕ά⿕ᐖࡸ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ᭷ᐖ⋇ࡸே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࡸ࣑࣓࢘࢞ࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ᙉ࠸㣗ᐖࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࣭ እ᮶့ங㢮࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࠊ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࡣࠊ඲ୡ⏺࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᰿⤯ࡸಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡢᑐ⟇ࡀᩘከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ᡂຌࡋࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ኱つᶍ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡣᓥᕋࡸᑠ㠃✚ࡢಖㆤ༊࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊ୰⡿࡟ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⊁⊟ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ୍㒊ࡣ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸឤᰁ⑕ࡢண㜵ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ᰿⤯ࡀ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࣭ ᪥ᮏ࡬ࡢ⛣ධࡣ 1960 ᖺ௦࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊ㏆ᖺᛴ⃭࡟ศᕸࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ศᕸࡢᣑ኱࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⏒኱࡞㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸ⏕ά⿕ᐖࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᤕ㣗࣭➇த࡟ࡼࡿ⏕ែ⣔࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࠊᕷ⏫ᮧ࡛ᑐ⟇ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜෆእࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐⟶⌮ࡢ⌧≧㸦㸯㸧ཎ⏘ᆅࠑศᕸ࣭⏕ែࠒ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥ໭㒊ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ඲ᇦࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋศᕸࡢ໭㝈ࡣࠊ ୡ⣖࡟ࡣྜ⾗ᅜ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊ࡲ࡛໭ୖࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ㎰ᆅࡢᣑ኱ࡀ᫓Ꮨࡢ㣵㈨※ࢆቑࡸࡋࠊṚஸ⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡜᥎

ࡉࢀ࡚

࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⏕ᜥᩘࡶቑຍࡋࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢ໭⡿࡛ࡢಶయᩘࡣ  ᖺ௦ࡢ  ಸ࡜᥎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋʵɹɹʵ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ࣓ࢫࡣ⏕ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢ෤࡟ࡣ⦾Ṫࢆጞࡵࠊྠ⭡Ꮚᩘࡶ᭱኱  㢌࡜ከ࠸ࠋ⏕ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢ⛅࠿ࡽ⩣ᖺ࡟ࡣぶࡢඖࢆ㞳ࢀࠊᩘ࢟ࣟ㹼ᩘⓒ࢟ࣟࡢ㛗㊥㞳ศᩓࢆࡍࡿ
>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢไ㝈せᅉࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࠊศᕸᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣ㣵㈨※ࡀ㇏ᐩ࡛⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ᕷ⾤ᆅᇦ࡛㧗ࡃࠊ≉࡟㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢ᳃ᯘබᅬ࿘㎶࡛ࡣ  㢌NP ௨ୖ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ㑹እ࡛ࡣ㎰ᮧ㒊࡛㧗࠸ࡀࠊ㐃⥆ࡋࡓ᳃ᯘᆅᇦ࡛ࡣప࠸ࠋ㈨※ࡢஈࡋ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ  㢌NP ௨ୗ࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ>@ࠋࠑ⊁⊟ࠒ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ໭⡿኱㝣࡛⤒῭ⓗ࡟ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ẟ⓶⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊྂࡃ࠿ࡽ࣮ࣚࣟࢵ
ࣃ࡟ࡶ㍺ฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㹼 ᖺ௦࡟ࡶẖᖺ⣙ 㹼 ୓㢌㸭ᖺᤕ⋓ࡉࢀࠊᖺ㛫 
୓ 86ࡶࡢ཰ධࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⊁⊟ࡣࠊ㑹እ࡛ࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ᭱኱ࡢṚஸせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ୗࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ ṓࡲ࡛⏕ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ>@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌ࡢᖹᆒᖺ㱋ࡣ  ṓ௨ୗ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
>@ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⏕ᜥᐦᗘ࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀศ࠿ࢀࡿࠋJohnson (1970)ࡣࠊ≟ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ⊟ࡣ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊHodges㸦㸧Zeveloff㸦㸧Gehrt㸦㸧ࡽࡣ᠜␲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ༙ศࢆ⊁⊟ࡉࢀࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ㧗࠸ᤕ⋓ᅽ࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢศ⦾Ṫ⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࠊࡍࡄ࡟ಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆᅇ᚟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡾ>@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡢ᭷↓࡛ࠊಶయᩘኚືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ⤒῭ⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ᭷ᐖື≀ࠊே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋࠑ⏕ά⿕ᐖ࣭㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ⟶⌮ࠒ୺せ࡞᭷ᐖື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢦ࣑⁺ࡾࠊఫᒃ࡬ࡢ౵ධ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥ࡞࡝ࡢ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ࢖ࣜࣀ࢖ᕞ࡛ࡣ  ୓㢌㸦 ᖺ㸧ࠊࢩ࢝ࢦᆅ᪉࡛ࡣ  ୓㢌㸦 ᖺࠊ ୓ 86௨ୖࡢ㈝⏝㸧ࡀ᭷ᐖ⋇࡜ࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ⭾኱࡞♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐࡟ࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢ㍍ῶࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࠊ㎰⪔ᆅ࡬ࡢ㟁Ẽᰙ➼ࡢタ⨨ࠊఫᏯ࡬ࡢ౵ධ㊰ࡢᑒ㙐ࡸ⥙ࡢタ⨨࡞࡝ࡢ㜵㝖ἲࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
>@ࠋ᭷ᐖಶయࡢᤕ⋓ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⟽࣡ࢼࠊࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ≟ࡸ⊧࡞࡝ࡢ㘒ㄗᤕ⋓ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡟ᶞୖ࡟タ⨨ࡍࡿࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼ͇Raccoon Box͇࡞࡝ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋᤕ⋓ࡋࡓಶయࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ⛣ືᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟≬≟⑓ࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⊁⊟ᅽࡢప࠸࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡛ࡣᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ 㸣ࢆ㝖ཤࡋ࡚ࡶ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣୖ᪼ࡋ⥆ࡅࠊ⣙ 㸣࡛Ᏻᐃࠊⱞ᝟௳ᩘࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ ௨ୖࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽʵɹɹʵࢀࡓ>@ࠋࠑឤᰁ⑕⟶⌮ࠒ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ≬≟⑓ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸࡞࡝ࡢே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࠊ࢖ࢾࢪࢫࢸࣥࣃ࣮࡞࡝
ᐙ␆࡜ࡢඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ≬≟⑓ࡣⓎ⑕ᚋࠊ≬㌄≧ែЍ඲㌟㯞⑷ЍṚஸ࡟⮳ࡿ⑓Ẽ࡛ࠊண㜵ἲࡸ₯అᮇ㛫୰ࡢ἞⒪ἲࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊⓎ⑕ᚋࡢ἞⒪ἲࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ἞⒪㈝ࡶࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 86࡜㧗౯࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ  ᖺ࡟ேࠊື≀㸦࠾ࡶ࡟≟㸧࡜ࡶ࡟᰿⤯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ໭⡿࡛ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ẖᖺឤᰁ౛ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࡑࡢ ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ>@ࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ≬≟⑓ࡢឤᰁࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊேⅭⓗ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚  ᖺ௦௨㝆໭࡟ศᕸࡀᗈࡀࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦㹼࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ㸧>@ࠋᮾᾏᓊࡢ㒔ᕷ㒊࡛ࡣ  ᖺ࠾ࡁ࡟ὶ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊಶయᩘࡀ኱ࡁࡃῶᑡࡍࡿ࡯࡝㧗࠸ឤᰁ⋡࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࠊ໭⡿ࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸㸦%D\OLVDVFDULVSURF\RQLV㸧ࡢឤᰁ⋡ࡶ ࡜㧗ࡃࠊὀពࡀႏ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡣࠊឤᰁࡋࡓ࢔ࣛ࢖
ࢢ࣐ࡢ⣅࡟ởᰁࡉࢀࡓᅵተࢆཱྀ࡟ྵࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ே㛫࡟ࡶឤᰁࡍࡿ㸦ឤᰁ౛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᑠඣ㸧ࠋᅇ⹸ࡣ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝↓ᐖࡔࡀࠊே㛫࡞࡝௚ࡢື≀࡟ឤᰁࡋࡓሙྜࡣᡂ⹸ẁ㝵ࡲ࡛࡟⏕⫱࡛ࡁࡎࠊయෆྛᡤ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᯡ⚄⤒㞀ᐖࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡾࠊேࢆṚஸࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ㒔ᕷ࣭㑹እᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ㧗ᐦᗘ໬ࡣࠊឤᰁ⑕ࡢὶ⾜ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ༴㝤ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ࢖ࣜࣀ࢖ᕞ㸦ྜ⾗ᅜ㸧ࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡞࡝ከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛ಶయᩘ⟶⌮ࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞࡣ≬≟⑓ࡢᣑ኱ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࠊ≬≟⑓ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓᆅⅬ࠿ࡽ NP ௨ෆࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ᰿⤯ࠊᕞቃ௜㏆࡛㔝⏕ಶయࡢᤕ⋓Ѝ≬≟⑓࣡ࢡࢳࣥࡢ᥋✀Ѝᨺ⋇ࢆ⾜࠺⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࠊ⤒ཱྀ࣡ࢡࢳࣥࡢ✵୰ᩓᕸ࡞࡝ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࠑ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࠒ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢศᕸᣑ኱ࡸேⅭⓗ⛣ධ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࠊᅾ᮶㔝⏕ື≀࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ୰す㒊࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ㔝⏕㫽㢮ࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋࠊࡑࡢῶᑡ
ࡢ୍ᅉ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ≉࡟ᆅୖႠᕢᛶỈ㫽࡞࡝ࡢ㫽㢮ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࡀከ࠸>@ࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ㣗ᛶ◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࡓ Johnson  ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᆅᇦࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆࢃࡎ࠿࡟ࡋ࠿ᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊGreenwood㸦㸧ࡣࠊỈ㫽ࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢᆅ࿘㎶ࡢಶయ⩌࡛ࡣ  ๭๓ᚋࡢಶయࡀࠊ㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᾏ㫽ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢ࣭⏘༸ᆅࡢಖㆤ༊ࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ẽᰙ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡸࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋʵɹɹʵ㸦㸰㸧᪥ᮏ௨እࡢ⛣ධඛ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ  ᖺ௦࡟ẟ⓶⋇࡜ࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟⛣ධࡉࢀࠊࣟࢩ࢔ࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࣝࢡࢭࣥࣈࣝࢡࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡞࡝࡟ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୰⡿ࡢࣂࣁ࣐ㅖᓥ࡛ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀࡓಶయ⩌ࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿᅾ᮶✀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡸࠊ≬≟⑓ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢ፹௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ༴㝤ᛶࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢே࡬ࡢឤᰁ౛ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ୺࡞⊁⊟ᑐ㇟ື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ㛫  㢌㸦 ᖺ㸧ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡛ࡣ㥑㝖ࡍ࡭ࡁእ᮶✀࡜ࡋ࡚㏻ᖺࡢ⊁⊟ࡀチྍࡉࢀ>@ࠊࣂࣁ࣐࡛ࡶ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ㸦㸱㸧᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≧ἣࠑศᕸࠒᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ㔝⏕໬ࡣ  ᖺ࡟ᒱ㜧┴࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡢࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌ࡢᙳ㡪࡞࡝࡛ከᩘ㍺ධ࣭㣫⫱ࡉࢀࡓಶయࡢ㏨ஸࡸពᅗⓗ࡞ᨺ⋇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྛᆅ࡛㔝⏕໬ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ᖺ࡟ࡣ  㒔㐨ᗓ┴࠿ࡽ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ⏕ᜥࡢ᝟ሗࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠑ⿕ᐖࠒ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛ࡣࡍ࡛࡟  ✀ࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ>@ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔࡜࡞ࡽࢇ࡛㎰స≀࡬ࡢຍᐖࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ᖺᗘ࡟ࡣ඲ᅜ࡛⣙KD⣙  ൨  ୓෇ࡢ⿕ᐖ⥲㢠࡜㞟ィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲ 㸧ࠋࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ
࢔ࡢ㔝⏕໬ࡣᡓ๓࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࡇ࡜࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᛴ㏿࡞ቑຍ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ⿕ᐖ㎰స≀ࡣࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥࠊ࢖ࢳࢦࠊࢫ࢖࢝࡞࡝ࡀከ࠸>@ࠋࡲࡓ㉺෤࣭⦾Ṫࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᐙࡢᒇ᰿⿬ࡸ✵ᐙ࡬ࡢ౵ධࡋࠊ⿕ᐖࢆ୚࠼ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ⾲   ᖺᗘ඲ᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ㠃✚࣭㔠㢠㸦㎰ᯘỈ⏘┬ +3 ࡼࡾ㸧ࠋᑠᩘⅬ௨ୗᅄᤞ஬ධࠋື≀✀⿕ᐖ㠃✚⿕ᐖ㔠㢠ࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥ㸦༓ KD㸧㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐㸦༓ KD㸧㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔㸦༓ KD㸧㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧ࡲࡓࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࢆཎ⏘ᆅ࠿ࡽ⛣ධࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ≬≟⑓࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢឤᰁಶయࡶΰධࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢὶ⾜ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ㔝እಶయ⩌࠿ࡽࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸>@ࡶࡢࡢࠊ ᖺ࡟ᅜෆࡢ  ື≀ᅬ࡛㣫⫱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐  㢌ࡢ࠺ࡕ  㢌㸦㸧࡟ᐤ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡉࡽ࡟㧗࠸ᤕ㣗ᅽ࠿ࡽ⏕ែ⣔࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึᮇࡣศᕸࡢᣑ኱ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿ʵɹɹʵʵɹɹʵྛᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ᑐ⟇ࡢ஦౛㸦㸯㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไя᰿⤯ே㛫ࡢពᅗⓗࠊ㠀ពᅗⓗ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡾእ᮶့ங㢮ࡣࡍ࡛࡟඲ୡ⏺࡟ཬࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ✀㢮ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࡸᅾ᮶⏕ែ⣔࡟῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣእ᮶✀ࡢᑐ⟇㈝࡛ᖺ㛫  ൨ 86㸢࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධ࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㥑㝖࡟ࡼࡿ᰿⤯ࠊࡲࡓࡣಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡀヨࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸ࠋእ᮶✀ࡢ⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡀࠊࠕ᰿⤯ࠖ࡜ࠕಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦ࠿ࡽࡢ᏶඲࡞᰿⤯ࡣඖ᮶ࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࢆᅇ᚟ࡋࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆࢮࣟ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡛⌮᝿ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࠊᡂຌࢆ཰ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ᭱኱つᶍࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࠊ ᖺ㛫ࡢṓ᭶ࢆ࠿ࡅࠊ᭱኱  ୓㢌࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㔝እಶయ⩌ࢆ᏶඲࡟㝖ཤࡋࡓ>@ %R[ ཧ↷ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊಶయᩘࢆపᐦᗘ࡟ࡋࡓᚋࠊ᏶඲࡟㝖ཤࡍࡿࡲ࡛࡟ⴭࡋࡃࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡾࠊ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎᑡᩘࡢಶయࡀṧࡗࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ⤊஢ᚋ࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ಶయ⩌ࢆᅇ᚟ࡉࡏኻᩋ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺஦౛
ࡶከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brien㸦㸧ࡣ᰿⤯ࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞௨ୗࡢ  ᮲௳ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ඲ಶయ⩌࡛㝖ཤ⋡ࡀቑຍ⋡ࢆୖᅇࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦పᐦᗘ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࡶ㸧ࠋ ௚ࡢᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࠊ㣫⫱ಶయ⩌࠿ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࢆ  ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⦾Ṫಶయࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࢆࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟పࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡀಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆୖᅇࡿࠋ ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡟ཷᐜࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝࢖࢘ࢧࢠࡸ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢜ࢥࢪࣙ࡞࡝ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊኻᩋ࣭ᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ
࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brien  ࡸ㟷ᰗ  ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ♧ࡉࡎ࡟඲㠃ⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࢆㅻ࠺⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡣࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᒁࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡸࠊ㒊ศⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࡍࡽ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊBomford& O'Brien ࡣࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡢᅜ❧බᅬἲࡸ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࢘ࢧࢠ⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᤕ⋓஦ᴗࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⥔ᣢࡢࡓࡵ࡟᰿⤯ࡀㅻࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᮶ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞⟶⌮ィ⏬࡛ࡶࠊึᮇ࡟ࡣࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀศ࠿ࡽࡎࠊᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ᐃつᶍࡢᤕ⋓஦ᴗࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡸᤕ⋓ຠ⋡ࠊ㈝⏝➼ࡀᢕʵɹɹʵᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไ࠿᰿⤯ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸦㸰㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ౛እ᮶✀ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡣࠊ⊟ᮇࢆタࡅࡎ㏻ᖺࡢᤕ⋓ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡼ࠺࡟⊁⊟つไࢆᙅࡵࡓࡾ㸦ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟ࡸ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࣛࢺࣅ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟㸧ࠊ⊁⊟⪅࡟୍ᐃࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡓࡾ ࣔࣝࢻࣂ ࠊಶே࡟ࡼࡿᤕ⋓࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣝ࢖ࢪ࢔ࢼᕞ࡛ࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣ༡⡿ཎ⏘࡛࠶ࡿࡀẟ⓶⋇࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᖺ௦࡟ࡣẖᖺ  ୓ ୓㢌ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾẟ⓶౯᱁ࡢୗⴠ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᤕ⋓ᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊῐỈ‵ᆅࡢ㣗ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢ◚ቯࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᕞᨻᗓࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢᤕ⋓࡟⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡋࡓࡾࠊ⫗ࡢ㈍኎ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᅇ᚟࡟ດࡵࠊ ᖺࡢ㛫࡟  ேࡢ༠ຊ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚  ୓㢌ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋࠊ᳜⏕ࡢᅇ᚟࡜Ỉ㊰ࡢ⥔ᣢ㈝ࡢ኱ᖜ࡞๐ῶ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ>@ࠋࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣࠊす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢᦆቯࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᤕ⋓ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᰿⤯ࡣᅔ㞴࡜ࡋ࡚ಶయᩘ⟶⌮ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡀከ࠸>@ࠋ㸦㸱㸧᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ౛๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᰿⤯ࡣ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊపᐦᗘ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊṧࡗࡓಶయࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࠊࢃ࡞⊟࡜≟⊟ࡢే⏝>@ࡸࠊ⩌ࢀࢆసࡿᛶ㉁ࡢື≀ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢಶయ࡟㟁ἼⓎಙᶵࡘࡅ࡚⩌ࢀࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌ౛ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣࠊᑠࡉ࡞ᓥᕋ࠿ࠊ✵㛫ⓗ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓಖㆤ༊ෆࡢಶయ⩌ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㠃✚ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓ௦᭰୙ྍ⬟࡞ᅛ᭷✀ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᰿⤯ࡢ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊ࢟ࢶࢿࠊࢿࢬ࣑ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࠊ㔝⏕໬ࢿࢥ࡞࡝ࡢ౛ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ࡢ⵳✚࡜ᢏ⾡ⓗ㐍Ṍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẚ㍑ⓗ኱ࡁ࡞ᓥ㸦㹼NP㹼 ୓㢌㸧࡛ࡶᡂຌࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㔝⏕໬ࢿࢥࡢ᰿⤯ࡶࠊ㠃✚ NP ࡢᓥ࡛ࡢᡂຌ౛㸦ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑠ➟ཎࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᓥ࡛ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ዆⨾኱ᓥ࡛ࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࢫࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧ࠊ▼ᕝ┴୐ࢶᓥ኱ᓥ࡛ࡢ࢝࢖࢘ࢧࢠ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡞࡝ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ࡜ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊᩘᑡ࡞࠸኱㠃✚࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌ౛࡛࠶ࡿ>@㸦%2; ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢື≀ࡣࠊ⛣ື⬟ຊࡀప࠸ࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡚>@ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣྜ⾗ᅜ Mayland ᕞࡢ Delmarva ༙ᓥ࡛ࡶࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᰿⤯ࡣࠊࡲࡎ༙ᓥෆࡢ Blackwater ᅜ❧ಖㆤ༊࡛ጞࡵࡽࢀࠊ ࡟ࡣࠊᑓᴗࡢᚑ஦⪅  ே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚  㢌ࡀ㥑㝖ࡉࢀࡓ>@ࠋʵɹɹʵᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩1.

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ʵɹɹʵ

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39. Zeveloff, S.I. (2002) Raccoons: A Natural History. Smithsonian institution Press,200p. Washington, D.C., USA.

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