D. Frydas: Upper Zanclean silicoflagellates ... , p. 61 - 67.

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

UPPER ZANCLEAN SILICOFLAGELLATES FROMMILOS ISLAND (CYCLADES, GREECE)
Dimitris Frydas, Department ofGeology, University ofPatras, GR-2611 0 Patras!Rion, Greece

Abstract: A calcareous and siliceous assemblage of phytoplankton from diatomaceous, laminated martsof the Frago section, at the southern part of Milos Island, was studied. It contains principally calcareous
nannofossils and silicoflagellates. The calcareous nannofossil association belongs to subzone CN11b(Discoaster assymetricus) from the Upper Zanclean (sensu Okada & Bukry, 1980), whereas thesilicoflagellates correspond, more or less, to the upper part of the Dictyocha extensa Interval Zone (sensu
McCartney et al., 1995). Dictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry, 1982) cycladica n. subsp. and Dictyocha(?) sp.
were found and are described from the silicoflagellates of the Frago section. The percentage variation of
the silicoflagellate species reflects the deposition of the sequence in subtropical to tropical conditions.

Introduction
The island of Milos belongs to the southern part of theactive Cyclades volcanic arc (Figure lA), which extends
from Soussaki (adjacent to the Isthmus of Corinth) up to
Nissyros and Giali, through Aegina, Methana, Poros, Milosand Santorini islands (Fytikas et al., 1976). Numerous scientists have studied the geology of Milos since the lastcentury. Sauvage (1846) compiled a geological map of theisland. Philippson (1897) published the first synthetic workon the geology of the Cyclades. The significant work of
Sonder (1925) relates to the volcanic rocks. Liatsikas (1949)
studied the important minerals and rocks of the island.
Angelier et al. (1977), Fytikas (1977a), Jacobshagen (1986)
and Pe-Piper & Piper (1989) studied the geology ofMilos
with respect to the evolution of the Hellenides. A detailed
geological map of the island (at 1:25 000 scale) was compiled by Fytikas (1977b). Neogene carbonate deposits
transgressively overlie the Upper Cretaceous-Palaeogene
metamorphic basement. Volcanic deposits are the dominant lithology of the island. This volcanic activity has leadto the development of hydrothermal fields and fumerolesat Chora and Adamas (Fytikas, 1977a), related to the increased geothermal gradients. Frydas (1994a) studied the'?-'stratigraphy and palaeoecology of Lower Pleistocene
silicoflagellate and diatom assemblages near Adamas. Bellas& Frydas (1994), in a preliminary report, described the
Neogene deposits of the Tsouvala and Frago sections insouthern Milos. They assigned to the calcareous
nannofossil assemblage of the former section a Messinianage.
The subject of this paper is a stratigraphical studyofNeogene deposits from the Frago section, using calcareous nannofossils in conjuction with silicoflagellates.
Lithostratigraphy
The sequence outcrops along the southern coast ofMilos
Island.It comprises approximately 8m of sediment above
present sea-level and is located on the Frago Peninsula,
between the cape Mesa Akrotiraki and the Pounta Peninsula (Figure IB). Three coarsening-upwards sedimentation
cycles can be distinguished in the section (Figure 2). The
beds of the section dip S-SE at an angle of 5-15°. The basal

2r

A

~
AEGEAN p

Chlos

Halepa

S E A
38'

294.4

...

38'

Andros

272.1

...

~~

, l?

~
/)
,<;;:>CYCLADES

IJ

37'

Milos
0

50

100lan22'~.f(7 ().Naxos

37'c'"'-?

~· " ' ' tJ

'l>

t)

Santorini

..

0

SOOm

1:::=:--olv·Fig. 1A: Map showing the island of Milos among the Cycladesgroup in the southern part of the volcanic arc of the Aegean Sea.

Fig. 1B: Location of the Frago section on the island of Milos,
Greece.

========================~61========================~

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

D. Frydas: Upper Zanclean silicoflagellates... ; p. 61 - 67.

FRAGO~~~~ Lahar~~~~laminated dlatomaceous marls~~ ~~ Diatomaceous burrowed marls
I: ":: : : : :1Sandstoner"\JV\.1\ Unconformity...:_·_:._· _sea level

Fig. 2: Lithostratigraphy of the Frago section.

part consists of a sandstone bank which probably represents the uppermost part of an incomplete sedimentation
cycle. This is overlain by light green to yellowish, mediumcemented, laminated marls which pass upwards throughyellowish, sandy marls with burrows and iron oxides, tomedium-grained, light green, slightly cemented sandstone.
White in colour, stratigraphically important diatomaceous
layers are also interbedded in the second complete sedimentation cycle. Moderately laminated, white to yellowish
diatomaceous marls overlay the complete cycle. The upwardly-increasing percentage of sand, heavily burrowed
traces, and an internally, almost-destroyed structure dueto the bioturbation, are indications of water shallowing
during the deposition of these diatomites. The sandstone,

11
3
14

9

4

1
5

9

8

2

5

7

6

7

')

7

10

12

7

8
6

9

17

4
6

3
4

.1

h

6

7

9
4
10

10

Calcareous nannofossils:1Ml.fRRAY & RI.ArKMAN£akidiSL'US
C. macintvredBU_KRY_&_RRAMl .F.TTF.)
Coccolithus velaf!icus (WALL! CH)_
Discoaster asvmmetricus GARTNER

6

6

hrouweri

l

6

5
8

()

4

7

2

~LN..l:i lK

D. variabilis_ MARTINI & BRAMLETTE
Heticosvhaera carterUWALLlCH~

5'iilinnin

3

~

8

12

10

12

14

12

4
13

'I

2
5

8

34

4

4

8

'I

6

11

14

I K AJ\l_)i/;,.· l!DARTNF.R)

Scvvho.'mhaeraso.

2

4
5

48

10

23

22

4
19

48

9 D. bmim.t~illzLnq_(L_EMMERMANNl
46 D. extensa extenso (lOCKER l

'i

4
6

lh

20

39

R

n

5

8
23
22

Silicoflagellatessnnrh· .,,,.,,ra·i< IRI JKRY) ~vcladic, n subsn.

')j, •flu I. •hn 1'1

In7

AN ~IN HliKD.
·TAN SINHOK.D surculus MARTlliJ~ BRAMLETTE
D. tamalis KAMPTNER

3

4

1

4

Nannofossils
are indicatedas_p_ercents (%)

Sample number
Age

1

h

Biostratigraphy
The studies ofDeflandre ( 1950), Stradner (1961 ), Stradner&Bachmann(l978), Bukry(l981, 1982),Bukry &Foster(1973),Dmnitrica(1973),Perch-Nielsen(l985a,b)andF:tydas(1990, 1991, 1993) were used for the identification of thevarious calcareous and siliceous phytoplankton species.
The most characteristic species are shown in Plate 1. Table
1 shows the stratigraphical distribution of the calcareousand siliceous nannofloras along the studied section.
Calcareous nannofossils, as well as somesilicoflagellate species (samples Ml to M6), were recovered from the laminated, marly diatomites of the lower pintof the Frago section. According to the common presenceof Discoaster asymmi!lricus, Discoaster tamalis andReticu/ofenestra pseudoumbilica, the rich calcareous
nannoplankton association (Table 1) is assigned to NN1415B (Lower Pliocene) sensu Driever (1988), which corresponds to CN11b ofOkada & Bukty (1980) and to the upperpartofNN15 (Martini, 1971).
The diatomites of the upper part of the Frago section (samples B1-B6) yielded silicoflagellates and diatomsof higher abundance compared to the underlying, lower
part, while the occurrence of calcareous nannoplankton
decreased towards the top. In this upper part, Reticulofenestra pseudoumbi/ica is absent, whereas Discoasterl Table I J

Frago-section, Milos Island
MB
4
5
1 2 3 43
6
5
Uppennost Zanclean
Discoaster asymmetricus Subzone

2

I

which probably covered them as part of athird sedimentation cycle, has been removed by erosional processes which
followed another regressional event.
Finally, at the top of the section, an approximatelyl.Sm thick, green-coloured volcanic deposit ('lahar' after
Fytikas, 1977b) unconformably overlies the older sequence.
Recent studies consider lahar to be the result of one ormore discrete processes, rather than a single depositional
product (Fisher & Smith. 1991).

rnt>oonm>n •· • n<•ninll<n

7

2

IK~Y

Xr M

,R

11\."

D. cf verlaevisve~FNGlJFI.JJ)/)i.
. · holiviensis boliviensis(FRENGVELLil
Ds. ~culum minutw.J.BACHMANN.l' " " ' ' " • JIYI IEHK.tNJj.tKLr
13. .25.. 28. 'Js
20 10 17 Mesocena circulus LEHKJ::ilitlER.Ul

100 lOO lOO lOO 100 100 100 100 100 100 lOO 1.00===========================62==========================

D. Frydas: Upper Zanclean silicoflagellates ... , p. 61 - 67.

tamalis is scarcely present. In our material, the silico-

flagellate association corresponds to the upper part of the
Dictyocha fibula Zone (Bukry, 1981) and, more or less, tothe upper part of the Dictyocha extensa Interval Zone of
the eastern equatorial Pacific (McCartney et al., 1995).
The above-mentioned Dichtyocha extenso Interval Zone is not congruent to the Mesocena circulus Zone
ofMartini & Miiller ( 1976, DSDP Leg 38) and Perch-Nielsen(1985b), which really represents the Paramesocena
apiculata!Paramesocena circulus apiculata Zone. Locker& Martini (1986, DSDP Leg 90) have introduced aParamesocena circulus Zone for Lower to Upper Pliocene
sediments of the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This zone
lies above the uppermost Miocene-Lower Pliocene
Neonaviculopsis neonautica neonautica Zone (Locker&Martini, 1986).
Common to abundant silicoflagellates are:Dictyocha extensa extensa, Distephanus speculum
speculum and Mesocena circulus, the latter constituting

more than 20% in the studied samples. In smaller amounts
are also to be found: Dictyocha (?) sp., Dictyocha
arbutusensis cyc/adica n. subsp., Dictyocha brevispina
brevispina, Dictyocha cf. D. perlaevis perlaevis andDichtyocha messanensis aspinosa, while Distephanus
boliviensis boliviensis and Distephanus speculum minutus
are rare. Most of the silicoflagellate species encountered in
the present study have been reviewed in detail (Frydas,
1990, 1991, 1993). Silicoflagellate taxonomy is fully given inthese works. Therefore, full synonymies are not presented
here. One new subspecies of the genus Dictyocha, as well
as a Dictyocha(?) species of late Early Pliocene samples
from the Frago section, were determined and are described
here.

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

has an elongated to elliptical ring lacking minor-axis spines,
and a very short apical bar. Two short, radial spines arealigned atthe major axis of the elongated basal ring. The
basal-ring bars show a distinctly rounded to half-circularform in the part on the ring where the lateral bars instate.
The maximum from inner diameter ranges from 39 to 52)llll(holotype = 49.3~-tm). The length/width (LIW) ratio frominner diameter ranges from 1. 7 to 2. 5.
Discussion: Dictyocha arbutusensis cyc/adica n.subsp.
is distinguished fromDictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry, 1982)
by the distinctly more semi-circular, rounded basal bars in
the part of the ring where these are joined with the obliquelateral bars; by the obliquely-oriented apical bars; by thevery short, radial spines; and by its generally smaller sizeand less broad outline. Dictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry,
1982) has a maximum inner diameter from 45 to 651-Ull, and a
L/W ratio from 2.8 to 3.4.
Age: Dictyocha arbutusensis cycladica n.subsp. first appears in the Frago section at the stratigraphical level ofSubzone CNllb (Discoaster asymmetricus) in the Lower
Pliocene (Zanclean). Dictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry, 1982)
occurs in low frequencies in the Upper Pliocene in the eastem equatorial Pacific. Its stratigraphical range is not yet
exactly established.
Occurrence: Dictyocha arbutusensis cyc/adica n.subsp.
is a common species in Zanclean samples M5 and M6 (290340cm above sea-level) in the Frago section. Other common species in these samples are: Dictyocha extensa
extensa, Dictyocha messanensis aspinosa, Distephanus
speculum minutus, Distephanus speculum speculum and
Mesocena circulus.

Systematic descriptions
Order Silicojlagellata Borgert, 1891
Family Dictyochaceae Lemmermann, 1901
GenusDICTYOCHA Ehrenberg, 1840
Dictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry, 1982) cyc/adica

n. subsp.
Plate 1, Figures 1, 2
Derivation of name: 'Cyclades' =group of islands in the
Aegean Sea to which the island ofMilos belongs.

Dictyocha(?) sp.
Plate 1, Figures 3, 4

Holotype: Plate 1, Fig.3; sampleBl.
Paratype: Plate 1, Fig.4; sample B4, from type locality.
Type locality: Frago section, samples B 1 and B4 (470cm
and 570cm above sea-level, respectively).
Type horizon: Lower Pliocene (Zanclean), Sub:zone CN11b(Discoasterasymmetricus) (orupperNN15).

Holotype: Plate 1, Fig.l; sampleM5.
Paratype: Plate 1; Fig.2, sampleM6, from type locality.
Type locality: Frago section, samples M5, M6 (290-340cm
above sea-level), Milos Island, central Aegean Sea.
Type horizon: Lower Pliocene (Zanclean), Sub:zone CN1lb(Discoaster asymmetricus) (or upper NN15).

Diagnosis: Elongated basal ring with two short radial spines
and a very short apical bar.
Description: Dictyocha arbutusensis cycladica n.subsp.

Diagnosis: Subparallel basal ring with two short spines
and a convex apical bar.
Description: Dictyocha(?) sp. has a subparallel to slightly
oblong basal ring with only two short spines aligned at the
major axis of the elongated ring. A slightly convex apicalbar connects the subparallel sides of the ring along theminor axis. The maximum from inner diameter ranges from42 to 62~-tm (holotype = 51.3~-tm). The L/W (length/width)
ratio from the inner diameter ranges from 2.1 to 2.6.
Discussion: Dictyocha(?) sp. is distinguished from
Dictyocha neonautica (Bukry, 1981), from the Upper========================~63==========================

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

Miocene of the Carnegie Ridge, Pacific Ocean, DSDP 15738-CC (343m) and the Panama Basin, by its essentiallysmaller size. Dictyocha neonautica (Bulay, 1981) hasamaximwn inner diameter of70-901lffi
Age: Dictyocha neonautica defines the homonymous
subzone (Bukry, 1981) which is equivalent to the lower
part of the silicoflagellate Dictyochafibula Zone (Upper
Miocene). On the island of Crete, Dictyocha cf. D.
neonautica (sensu Bukry, 1981)has been estabiished as
the marker for an acme-subzone in the Lower Piacentian in
the Marathiti; Aghios Vlassios (Frydas, 1990, 1996) and
Gournes (Frydas, 1994b) sections of the Heraklion Province, and also in the Stavromenos section (Frydas & Keupp,
1992) of the Rethymnon Province.
Occurrence: Dictyocha(?) sp. is a common species in Upper Zanclean samples B I and B4 in the Frago section. Its
stratigraphical range is not yet exactly known. Other common species in these samples are: Dictyocha extensa
extensa, Dictyocha brevispina brevispina, Dictyocha cf.
D. perlaevis perlaevis, Dictyocha messanensis aspinosa,
Distephanus boliviensis boliviensis, Distephanus
speculum minutus, Distephanus speculum speculum and
Mesocena circulus.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD), Bonn, Germany, for supporting my two-monthresearch (summer, 1995) at the Institute of Palaeontologyof the Free University ofBerlin. Thanks are due to Prof. Dr.
H. Keupp (Free University ofBerlin) and two reviewers forconstructive comments and critical reading of the manuscript: Assoc. Prof. Dr. K. McCartney, University ofMaine
atPresque Isle, USA, and Dr. Jackie A. Burnett, University
College London. English language problems were kindly
corrected by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mrs. K. Kotopouli (Instituteof Petrography, University ofPatras).
REFERENCES
Angelier, J., Cantagrel, J.-M. & Vilminot, J.-C . 1977.
Neotectonique cassante et volcanisme plio-quaternairedans I' arc egeen interne: L'lle de Milos (Gn~ce). Bulletinde la Societe geo/ogique de France, 7 (19/1): 119-124.
Bellas, S . & Frydas , D . 1994 . Calcareous and siliceous
phytoplankton stratigraphy from Neogene deposits at
Milos Island (Cyclades, Greece). 7th Congress of theGeological Society of Greece, May 25-2 7 1994,
Thessaloniki, Abstracts: 79.
Bukry, D. 1981. Synthesis of silicoflagellate stratigraphy for
Maestrichtian to Quaternary marine sediment. Society of
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special
Pub/ication,32: 434-444.
Bukry, D. 1982. Neogene silicoflagellates of the eastern equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 503A. Initial
ReportsoftheDSDP,68: 311-323.
Bukry, D. & Foster, J.H . 1973 . Silicoflagellate and diatom
stratigraphy, Leg. 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial
Reports ofthe DSDP, 16: 815-871.
Deflandre, G. 1950. Contribution a l'etude des Silicoflagellides
actuels et fossiles. Editions de la Revue d 'Optique: 82pp ..
(Extrait deMicroscopie, Organe trimestriel de la Societe

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de Microscopic theorique et appliquee, 2 (1950): 72 etsuiv.).
Driever, B.W.M. 1988. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy
and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Mediterranean Pliocene. Utrecht Micropa/eonto/ogical Bulletins,
36: 125pp ..
Dumitrica, P. 1973. Paleocene, Late Oligocene and post-Oiigocene
silicoflagellates in southwestern Pacific sediments coredon DSDPLeg 21, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial ReportsoftheDSDP, 21: 837-883.
Fisher, R.V. & Smith, G.A. 1991. Sedimentation in volcanic settings. Society ofEconomic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 45: 257pp ..
Frydas, D. 1990. Stratigraphie des diatomites du Plaisancien de laCrete centrale (Grece) a )'aide des Silicoflagelles et desnannofossiles calcaires. Rev. Micropa/eont., 33(2): 93114.
Frydas, D. 1991. Silicoflagelles et nannofossiles calcaires du MioPiiocene de Corfou (Grece). Rev. Micropa/eont., 34(4):279-295.
Frydas, D. 1993. Stratigraphie du Neogene de la Crete ouest (Grece)a )'aide des Silicoflagelles et des nannofossiles calcaires.
Rev. Micropa/eont., 36(2): 121-142.
Frydas, D. 1994a. Silicoflagelles et Diatomees du Pleistocene
inferieur de l''ile de Milos: coupe d'Adamas SE (Cyclades, Grece). Geol. Mediterraneenne, 29(4): 231-247.
Frydas, D. 1994b. Bericht Ober ein neues SilicoflagellatenVorkommen aus dem Piacenzium von Kreta,
Griechenland. Berliner geowiss. Abh., E13: 483-493.
Frydas, D. 1996: Silicoflagellate stratigraphy for Neogene to
Quaternary marine sediments. News/. Stratigr., 33(2):99-116.
Frydas, D. & Keupp, H . 1992 . Kiesc;.liges und kalkiges
Phytoplankton aus dem Neogen von NW- und W-Kreta/
Griechenland. Berliner geowiss. Abh., EJ, 97-111.
Fytikas, M.D. 1977a. Geological and geothermal study ofMilos
island. Geological and Geophysical Research, 18(1):228pp.. Institute for Geological and Mineralogical Research (IGMR), Athens.
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magmatism oftheAegean Sea. Tectonophysics, 31: T29T34.
Jacobshagen, V. 1986. Bau und geodynamische Entwicklung derHelleniden- Ein Gesamtbild. In : V. Jacobhagen (Ed.).
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spicules from the southwest Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling
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2ndP/ankt. Conference, 1970. 11: 739-785.
Martini, E. & MUller, C. 1976. Eocene to Pleistocene silicoflagellates from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (Deep Sea
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McCartney, K., Churchill, S. & Woestendiek, L. 1995. Silicoflagellates and Ebridians from Leg 138, eastern equatorial
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Okada, H. & Bukry, D. 1980. Supplementary modificationand introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude==========================64==========================..

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biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973, 1975). Mar.
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University Press.
Perch-Nielsen, K. 1985b. Silicoflagellates. In.: H.M. Bolli,
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zu Berlin, 24: 264-280.

=========================65

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

Sauvage, M. 1846. Description geologique de l'ile de Milos(archipel grec). Annales de Mines, 10: 69-100.
Sonder, RA. 1925. Zur Geologie und Petrographie der Inselgruppe
von Milos. Mit einem Anhang von Geremia D'Erasmo
Uber einige Fossilien der Insel Milos. Zeitschrift for
Vulkanologie,8(4): 181-237.
Stradner, H . 1961 . Ober fossile Silicoflagelliden und die
Moglichlceit ihrer Verwendung in der Erdolstratigraphie. Erdol und Kohle, 14: 87-92.
Stradner, H. & Bachmann, A. 1978. Late Pliocene and Early
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D. Frydas: Upper Zanclean silicoflagellates... , p. 61 - 67.

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

PLATE 1

Figs 1-17: Silicoflagellates. Figs 1-6, 12, 14 and 15-17 magnified x850 approximately; Figs 7-11 and 13 magnified x950
approximately. Figs 18-24: Calcareous nannofossils. All specimens magnified 1400x approximately. Holotypes are stored
in the Dept. of Geology, University ofPatras.
Figs 1, 2:
Fig.1:
Fig.2:

Dictyocha arbutusensis (Bukry) cycladica n.subsp ..

Figs 3, 4:
Fig.J:
Fig.4:

Dictyocho(?) sp..

Figs 5, 6:
Fig.5:
Fig.6:

Dictyocho brevispino brevispino (Lemmermann).

Figs 7-9:
Figs 7, 9:
Fig.8:

Dictyocho extenso extenso (Locker) Locker & Martini.

Holotype, sample M5.
Paratype, sample M6.

Holotype, sample Bl.
Paratype, sampleB4.

SampleM6.
SampleB4.

SampleB4.
SampleM6.

Figs 10, 11: Dictyocho messonensisaspinosa (Bukry) Locker & Martini.
Fig.10:SampleM6.
Fig.ll:SampleB4.
Fig.12:Distephonus boliviensis boliviensis (Frenguelli). Sample B4.

Fig.13:Distephonus speculum mlnutus (Bachmann). Sample M6.

Fig.14:Distephonus speculum speculum (Ehrenberg). Sample B4.

Figs 15-17: Mesoceno circulus (Ehrenberg) [syn: Paradictyocho circulus (Ehrenberg) Dumitrica].
SampleB4.
Fig.15:
SampleM5.
Fig.16:
SampleM6.
Fig.17:
Figs 18-19: Discoaster asymmetricus Gartner.
Fig.18:SampleMl.
Fig.19:SampleM6.
Fig.20:Discoaster brouweri Tan Sin Hok. Sample M6.

Fig.21:

Discoaster surcu/us Martini & Bramlette. Sample M6.

Fig.22:

Discooster variabilis Martini & Bramlette. Sample M6.

Fig.23:

Discoaster tama/is Kamptner. Sample M6.

Fig.24:

Discoaster triradiatus Tan SinHok. SampleM6.

=========================66=========================

D. Frydas: Upper Zanclean silicoflagellates ... , p. 61 - 67.

Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 18, 2, 1996.

PLATE 1

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=========================67========================~