GROUP 2
EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE AND ENHANCEMENT OF
TREATMENT FOR DRUG ABUSERS IN THE POST-SENTENCING STAGE
Phase I
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur

Mr Eiji Yamada
Ms Felicidad Cuizon Auxtero
Ms Oiytip Ratanagosoom
Ms Manami Kojima(Japan)(Philippines)(Thailand)(Japan)Phase II
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur

Mr Hidda Marakkala Nishan Chandrajith Dhanasinghe
Mr Jae-Woo Choi
Ms Elma Nel
Mr Hiroyuki Fukumoto(Sri Lanka)(Korea)(South Africa)(Japan)Phase III
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur

Ms Duangta Graipaspong
Mr Wan Mohamad Nazarie Bin Wan Mahmood
Mr Masatoshi Kamiya
Mr Hideo Nakamura(Thailand)(Malaysia)(Japan)(Japan)Visiting Expert

Dr Decha Sungkawan(Thailand)

Advisers

Prof. Kenji Teramura
Prof. Kei Someda
Prof. Tamaki Yokochi
Prof. Sue Takasu(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

I. INTRODUCTION
In the century of globalization, the social problems in one country implicitly have an effect on othercountries. Drug abuse and related crimes are not solely related to the criminal justice procedures. A
comprehensive understanding of the nature of the drug abuse problem is necessary for the legislators, thecorrection and probation officers in the other criminal justice services, the health care providers as well as
the whole society. Research findings (e.g. meta-analysis study by Andrews. et al 1990) confirm that neither
pure criminal sanction nor inappropriate correctional treatment had any effects in decreasing recidivism.
While the criminal justice procedures in many countries confront the hindrance constraint of law
amendment to decriminalize and enforce the treatment and rehabilitation process for the drug abuse offender,
the effectiveness of existing treatment and correction needs to be proved as well. Should the fragmented
legitimate procedures and interventions among the treatment and rehabilitation stakeholders be renovated? Is
it time to introduce the new paradigm for the chronic, dynamic and complex nature of the drug abuseproblem? Or will through care be the needed answer for the clients?
One of the purposes of this course is to explore more effective measures for preventing and treating drug
abusers to promote their reintegration into society in the post-sentencing stages. We discussed theprogrammes, measures and systems, the major prevention and treatment of drug abusers in participating

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countries and unanimously agreed that Through Care is imperative to enhance the effective prevention andrehabilitation of the drug abuse problem.
II. SITUATION OF MAJOR ABUSING DRUGS AND AVAILABLE PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OPTIONS IN THE POST-SENTENCE STAGES
A. Major Abusing Drug Trends and High-risk Population
Table 1. Major Abusing Drug Trends and High-risk Population in Participating Countries
CountryJapan
Malaysia
Philippines
South Africa
Sri Lanka
ThailandKorea

Major abusing drugAt risk

Methamphetamine
HeroinMethamphetamine
Cannabis
HeroinMethamphetamine
Methamphetamine

Juvenile
Juvenile
Juvenile
Juvenile
Juvenile
Juvenile
Juvenile

High-risk population
Age of abusers in the correctional
institutions
30’s
25-34 years old
25-35 years old
25-35 years old*
25-35 years old
19 up*
30-39 years old* In South Africa and Thailand, it is average age in general population
Juvenile: under 18 or 20 years old
B. Programmes, Measures and Systems for Persons at Risk and Abusers
Table 2. Major Programmes, Measures and Systems for At Risk and Abusers in Participating
Countries
Country

Programmes, measures, systems
For the person at risk

Philippines

1. Education programme
2. Information and publicity
programme
1. Nationwide campaign
2. Education programmeSouth Africa

1. National drug master plan
(prevention and treatment)

Malaysia

1. School awareness programme
Sri Lanka

Thailand

Korea

148

1. Potential demand and supply
prevention strategy
2. Nationwide and local campaign forschool and community
1. Nationwide campaign
2. Education programme
3. Poster contest for high school
students

For abusers (under CJS)*
1. Correctional services

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

Diversion for juveniles
Correctional services
Probation services
Diversion for juveniles
Correctional services
Community supervision
Correctional services
Community-based correction
treatment
1. Correctional services
2. Probation services

1. Correctional services
2. Probation services

124TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE
Table 2. Major Programmes, Measures and Systems for At Risk and Abusers in Participating
Countries
Country

Programmes, measures, systems
For the person at risk
1. Nationwide- campaign
2. Local-meeting
3. Education programmeJapan

For abusers (under CJS)*
1. Diversion for juveniles
2. Correctional services
3. Probation and parole services* Abuser: Person who abuses drugs and is handled in the criminal justice system
C. Major Treatment Programmes of Drug Abusers in the Criminal Justice System of Participating
Countries
Major treatment programmes of drug abusers in participating countries, see table 4 (Appendix).
III. MAJOR PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DRUG
ABUSERS: MAINLY FOCUSED UPON THROUGH CARE
A. Why do we need Through Care?
Initially we started to identity the problems related to the prevention and treatment of drug abusers bybrainstorming. Based on this activity, we identified thirty problems. After that, we classified these problems
into four groups by using KJ analysis. The names of groups are as follows: Through Care, quality
management, psychosocial factors and government policy.
We analyzed each problem group by using 5W1H (what, when, who, where, why and how).
Since the major task of our group is to explore effective measures for the treatment of drug abusers in the
post-sentencing stage, we mainly focused upon Through Care. Evidence shows that treatment of drug
abusers normally takes a long time. We identified the following elements as vital for examining ThroughCare:
Aftercare, family intervention, job placement, re-integration, staff training, networking, community
involvement and collaboration (cooperation).
Through Care provides an ongoing client-centred treatment and rehabilitation process for drug abusers,
to be free from drug use, having a good quality of life and self-reliance competency, by using an evidencebased, quality management and transparency approach. The criminal justice system forms part of ThroughCare.
B. Definition
1. Through Care
Through Care is the process of continuous supervision and support provided to the drug abuser in thecriminal justice system by means of institutional and community based treatment and rehabilitation, andprovides support through aftercare from the public and private sector in order to facilitate reintegration into
society.
2. Aftercare
Aftercare is the continuous service delivered to the ex-drug abuser on a voluntary basis, appropriate forthe individual, in the transitional period from institutional treatment and/or community-based treatment (e.g.
parole and probation), to reintegration into society, to assist them to stand by themselves.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64
Chart 1. Concept of Through Care

Court Sentencing/Court Order
Release from institution
Prison System

End of parole period(Parole)Aftercare I

Ministry of Health(Institutional treatment)
Aftercare II
Expiration of termCommunity based treatment

End of supervision period(Probation/Community Supervision)
Aftercare III
Through care process
C. Major Obstacles for Achieving Effective Through Care
1. What is the Problem of Each Country?
a) Since there is a negative perception of the community to ex-drug offenders, it is very hard for them tofind a suitable job (All participating countries).
b) There is a lack of institutional collaboration and networking among criminal justice agencies, othercompetent agencies and organizations such as public health centres, welfare offices, child guidance
centres, mental hospitals and so on (Japan).
c) There is insufficient crisis intervention at community-based treatment and the aftercare stage(Japan).
d) There is no parole, probation and aftercare system (Malaysia, Sri Lanka).
e) Since there is not sufficient networking and community involvement, there is difficulty re-integrating
drug offenders back into society (South Africa).
f) There is not enough basic training for both institutional and field services staff (Thailand, Sri Lanka).
g) There are a lack of specific programmes for drug abusers in institutional facilities (Korea).
2. Why is it the Problem in Each Country?
a) People in the community have low awareness and a negative perception of drug offenders (Allparticipating countries).
b) Negative influence of general unemployment on re-integration into the community (All participating
countries).
c) Integrated policy on institutional coordination among competent agencies and organizations fortreatment of drug abusers is insufficient (Japan).
d) Because of the limited staff and budget, staff training is limited (Thailand, Sri Lanka).
e) There is no legal system for aftercare (Malaysia, Sri Lanka).
f) The Institutional treatment system and community-based treatment system are fragmented, so thework is not fully functioned (South Africa).

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IV. COUNTERMEASURES TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN THROUGH CARE
Through Care consists of institutional treatment, community based treatment and aftercare. The purposeof Through Care is as follows:a) To prevent relapseb) To improve quality of lifec) To prevent drug related crime/problems
It should be kept in mind that at some stage during treatment, agencies must hand over responsibility to
the individual. The end goal of rehabilitation must be independent functioning with the necessary life skills
to cope, as well as the necessary knowledge of where and how to get help if needed. An integrated approachand a transitional period (during which the formal support is gradually decreased and the individual’s
responsibility is increased) are needed for treatment. (See Chart 2 for an explanation). In the Through Care
process, the following elements are important for each transitional stage:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Assessment system
Planning guidanceCare management (consultation & case work)
Networking (integrated delivery of services)
Chart 2. Diagram of the Rehabilitation Process

Through care
Institutional careCommunity based care

Aftercare

Service, support to the individual
SkillsSelf-help

Self-confidence

Time
Initial assessment Prioritize needs

Monitoring

Assessment + Planning

Monitoring

Planning
Access resources
Risk/ Needs

Employment/ Education
Peer influence

Family etc.
Multi Disciplinary Team/
Care Management

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64
A. Countermeasures for Enhancing Effective Service Delivery
Introduce/ improve Through Care system
1.
2.
3.
4.

Identify needs
Identify resources for providing services
Connect needs and resources
Raise public awareness about relationship between needs and resources

B. Needs of Drug Abusers
1. Employment (X)a) Employment Skillsb) Educationc) Sustainability
2. Information (accessibility of services) (X & Y)
3. Social acceptance (Z)
4. Family & community support (which includes employer) (Y)5. Accommodation/shelter (X)
6. Medical & welfare services (X)
7. Self-realization (X)a) Self-confidenceb) Self-esteem
8. Life skills (X)Chart 3. Needs of Drug AbusersZ

X: Needs on an individual level

Y

Y: Needs on a community level

X

Z: Needs on a society/national level

It is important to keep in mind that the family of the drug abuser also has needs, especially support. The
family is the one constant factor throughout the rehabilitation process. If the help and support of the family
can be obtained early on in the treatment of the drug abuser, it is of great help to the practitioner/service
deliverer. It would enhance aftercare and the process of re-integration into the community.
C. Rehabilitation Services for Drug Abusers
The Through Care system consists of three major pillars namely institutional treatment, community
based treatment and aftercare. Table 3 shows examples of available services/programmes for each stage of
Through Care corresponding to the needs of drug abusers.

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Table 3. Rehabilitative Services for Drug Abusers
Criminal Justice System
Needs

Specific treatment
and rehabilitation

Employment

Institutionala) TherapeuticCommunity
programmeb) Relapse prevention
programmec) Drug awarenessprogrammea) Vocational training

Accommodation/
shelter
MedicalWelfareSelf-realization
1. Self-confidence
2. Self-esteemLife skills
Information
Family andcommunity
supporta) Detoxificationb) Physical andpsychiatric carea) Social worka) Counsellingb) Spirituala) a) Social skills
traininga) Drug awarenessprogrammea) Family meetinga) Community service
Social acceptanceCommunity baseda) TherapeuticCommunity
programmeb) Drug awarenessprogrammec) Matrix programme(including relapse
prevention
programme)d) Diversiona) Cooperative employerb) Social skills traininga) Half-way housesa) Cooperative medical
facilities and agencies

Voluntary base
Aftercarea) Self help group e.g.
(i) Narcotics
Anonymous(ii)Alcoholics
Anonymousb) Family support groupc) Relapse prevention
programmed) Drug awarenessprogrammea) Public employment
officea) NGOb) Religious placesa) Hospitalb) Mental hospitala) Cooperation withsocial welfare officea) Counsellingb) Social skills traininga) Public welfare officea) Social skills traininga) Self-help groupb) Public health centrea) Self-help groupb) Public health centrea) Psycho-social groupworkb) Information leafleta) Family meetingb) Family counsellinga) Campaign (local,
nationwide)b) Community servicesa) Self-help groupb) Public health centrea) Self-help groupb) Public health centrec) Familya) Mass media and public
relations

1. Institutional Treatment
The closed-environment of institutional treatment has its strengths in providing intensive care for those
who have serious drug-dependence problems and mental/psychiatric or physical complications. In addition,
we can utilize close-interpersonal relationships, positive peer pressure and interaction, and groupcohesiveness for therapeutic purposes. For example, Therapeutic Community programmes conducted in an
institutional setting are shown to be effective in rehabilitating drug abusers.
2. Community-based Treatment
Community-based treatment is an intermediate stage between institutional treatment and aftercare.
Serious cases will start from institutional treatment and less serious cases may start from community
treatment. The most important characteristic of this stage is that drug abusers have access to drugs while they
spend a normal life in the community. Under these circumstances, probation/parole and other services

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64
provide close supervision for drug abusers. For example, the Matrix programme provides intensive treatment
for a four-month period followed by a one-year follow-up period. During those periods, drug abusers have achance to find employment, reunite with their family and reintegrate fully into community life.
Both institutional treatment and community-based treatment are the preparation stage for aftercare of
drug abusers.
3. Aftercare
This stage is indispensable to the recovery process of drug abusers for whom relapse is a constant threat.
The unique feature of this stage is the use of self-help groups where drug abusers are supported by ex-drug
abusers to maintain their drug free status. This stage is very important to improve quality of life and toestablish new healthy lifestyles.
D. How to Enhance the Through Care System
1. Enhancement of Institutional Collaboration and Networking
To manage the through-care system effectively, networking is necessary. Networking includes
information sharing, communication and coordination/collaboration to achieve the same goal (see chart 2).
Networking can be divided into internal and external networking:Internal networking(i) Consists of bottom-to-top/top-to-bottom communication as well as horizontal communication.
(ii) Training can enhance this process.
(iii) Importance of information sharing and collaboration must be stressed in training.
(iv) It is very important to identify who has to take responsibility.
(v) Information must be properly managed.
(vi) Contents of responsibility: described in job description/internal circular.
(vii) Reporting to superiors and sharing information with colleagues is important.
(viii)The type of information that should be reported can be covered by an internal circular.
(ix) Establish a working group/treatment team to set and share goals for treatment.
(x) Shared goal: responsibility to achieve the goal should be divided into segments and each member ofteam/service provider should take responsibility for his/her segment.
External networking/ Institutional collaboration(i) Establishment of a common framework.
(ii) To build up effective implementation (system)a) Raise public awareness- with a national campaignb) Information delivery to each respective agency, body and organization.
(iii) Different agencies must realize their responsibility towards other agencies too and understand otheragencies’ functions.
(iv) Second staff to other agencies-can lead to better understanding and co-operation.
(v) At the policy level it must be realized that this problem relates to all departments.
(vi) Decisions at a policy level must be implemented and monitored.
(vii) At the practitioner’s level: practitioners must be sent to conferences; difficult cases must be handledwith case conferences e.g. involve health sector through-out process.
(viii)All government departments must share the same concept.
2. Training of Staff• Send experts to train staff at the institutions e.g. prisons.
More cost-effective• More staff can be involved without too much disturbance of normal daily routine at prisons(especially in cases of limited manpower.). Security measures should be taken to ensure safety ofvisiting lecturer/s.

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124TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE• The training programme can be tailor-made for specific agency/institution’s staff needs regarding
content and length of time. More flexible curriculum. Encourage training report.
Involvement of disciplinary staff in correctional institutions in Drug Treatment Programmes areimportant as they spend more time with prisoners than rehabilitation staff. Indicate to them the importance of
their supportive role regarding (a) prisoners in the programme and (b) staff delivering the programme.
All staff members need to receive basic training regarding:• Drug awareness, especially recognizing behavioural characteristics of drug abusers (must be able todistinguish between normal behaviour and drug-induced behaviour).
• Referral system.
• How to support inmates in programmes and programme-deliverers (help to increase motivation).
Service- deliverers of Drug Treatment Programmes need more intensive and specialized training.
3. Quality Management
Effective integrated treatment delivery towards successful re-integration of drug abusers heavily relies
on quality management of multi-dimensional levels or a multi-disciplinary approach, from the criminal
justice system level to the individual treatment programme level. We identified the following elements asvital for examining quality management.
Quality management, infrastructure, modern technology (sophisticated urine drug detecting devices,
security machines for prevention of drug smuggling into correctional institutions), research anddevelopment, monitoring and evaluation system, statistics, information.
What and why is there a problem in each country?
(i)

The comprehensive monitoring, research and evaluation system for drug offenders is insufficient(Japan).
(ii) There is insufficient knowledge and readiness of management among institutional staff in runningrehabilitation programmes for drug abusers, and a lack of a benchmark indicator to measure a
programme’s effectiveness (Malaysia).
(iii) There has been no development and evaluation of the programme (Sri Lanka).
(iv) There is no standard statistics format for drug offenders (Thailand).
(v) The number of offenders is too big to address diversified needs of drug abusers (Thailand, South
Africa).
(vi) The number of facilities for juvenile drug abusers is insufficient (Philippines).
(vii) Most correctional facilities are not equipped with modern technology for treatment of drug abusers(Philippines).
(viii)Programme research and development is limited and accessibility to official statistics and otherinformation resources is insufficient (South Africa).
4. Evaluation
To realize effective quality management, we need a standard to measure it. Unfortunately, several
participating countries lack those standards. Therefore, we have to establish such standards first in therespective countries, in regional areas such as Asia and then worldwide.
Need for standard statistical format and data collection
In order to facilitate efficient and effective rehabilitation services, we need to gather relevant statistical
data to know the trends and characteristics of drug abusers, to monitor progress in the rehabilitation process,and to evaluate outcomes of the relevant services. These data give us reliable evidence-based information,
which is subsequently used for decision and policy making for improving current practices. Especially, forthe purpose of achieving good results in the Through Care process, different agencies need to share relevant
information in order to be able to conduct both process evaluation and outcome evaluation. Differences ingathering and analyzing data often can be obstacles in analyzing/comparing relevant practices (e.g. measures

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64
of recidivism are quite different among various jurisdictions, which make it very difficult to assess
effectiveness of a given programme or system).
What is the standard for inspection?
The standard must be documented and circulated to ensure standardized practices and integrity of
programmes and services. We need to follow standards by checking:(i) documents (documents must be approved by policy makers/stake holders/top management); and(ii) practice.
In a through-care system minimum standards are needed for each process. Standards can be divided into
quality and quantity. To establish the standard for inspection we need to include the following elements:(i) Leadership/responsibility of top management(ii) Information management(iii) Treatment and rehabilitation(iv) Manpower (number), training and supervision(v) Environment: facilities, equipment(vi) Continuous quality improvement(vii) Client focus
5. Psycho-social Factors
We cannot achieve quality management without taking effective measures for psycho-social factors.
These are mainly problems related to negative community perception, low morality and drug smuggling.
Negative community perception
When we examine the negative perception of the general public towards ex-prisoners/ex-drug abusers,
we identified the following problems and countermeasures for them:(i) Transparency is important.
(ii) The general public needs to be aware of their role in aftercare for drug-abusers.
(iii) Public relations e.g. community service.
(iv) Collaboration with neutral agencies to support the positive work being done in prisons.
(v) Evidence-based research is very necessary. What effect can a specific treatment programme have inthe long term for a community?
(vi) Make use of mass media.
(vii) A positive perception of political/community leaders (people in power) can have a big influence on
the general public’s perception.
(viii)At the grassroots level support of self-help groups can help toward changing the public’s
perception.
(ix) Restorative Justice.
(x) More acceptable names for Correctional Institutions (might help to remove the stigma and“labeling”). Be more appreciative of the work correctional officers are doing. Attitude of bothcorrectional officers and the public can be changed positively.
(xi) If the public’s experience of community sentences (probation/supervision/parole) is positive andthey receive more information/knowledge regarding them, it can help towards a more positive
perception.
Low morality, drug smuggling
(i)

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Low morality of drug abusers leads to a vicious circle
Community has a prejudice against drug abusers. Drug abusers use defence mechanisms such as
denial. Both the community and the abusers overlook reality.

124TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE(ii) Drug smuggling in prison
Keeping a drug free environment in prison is a basic requirement for treatment of drug abusers.
There are two ways of smuggling drugs into prison; (a) by prison staff, (b) contact with people fromoutside prison (visitors etc.).
The following are the reasons for this problem:• Not all prisoners have quick access to programmes (overcrowding)• Demand for drugs in prison (many abusers)• Gang activities ( prison culture)• Inefficiency of treatment programmes• Low salaries of prison staff (corruption)
The effective countermeasures for this problem are (1) to improve working conditions and salaries
of prison staff, (2) quick classification of inmates after entering prison into high risk groups re.
drug-abuse/treatment.
6. Government Policies
The Present CJS practices in handling drug abusers among participating countries tend to put a heavy
reliance on imprisonment, which causes prison overcrowding. In addition, current legislation treating drug
abusers have various flaws in achieving effective Through Care for them: e.g. lack of provisions to extend
appropriate treatment measures in probation/parole and discontinuity of treatment in relevant settings, etc. In
order to expand effective treatment options conducted in some countries (e.g. diversion programmes, amandatory parole period combined with an incarceration period to continue necessary services; introductionof special conditions to order medical treatment in the probation period, etc), we need to persuade politicians
and the general public by demonstrating the effectiveness and possibilities of alternative options’ outcomes.
Governments can utilize evidence-based practice or a “what works” approach to address various issues
concerning appropriate allocation of budget, manpower and resources, which form a basis for policy reform.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Importance of Through Care
Through Care is a continuous and long process of supervision and support from institutional andcommunity-based treatment to aftercare. Therefore, not only criminal justice, health, welfare, employment
and other agencies, but also various kinds of organizations/bodies, community and individual citizens should
cooperate to realize effective management of the Through Care process. Major agencies and organizations
should formulate multi disciplinary teams to plan and manage the entire Through Care process.
To maintain and improve the quality of the Through Care process, evidence-based practice should be thebasic method. The continuous circle of research, monitoring, assessment and planning during the ThroughCare process is of vital importance.
B. Early Family Participation in Treatment
Most of the drug abusers and/ or other criminals have a background of family disruption. Family
rejection occurs often. Thus, family therapy and counselling from the beginning of the Through Care process
is important. The sooner family participation starts, the better outcome will be achieved. Understanding of
the drug recovery process will help the family to tolerate the relapse and recognize their important role insupporting the abuser in refraining from drugs. The family re-union is the ultimate goal for the long-term
prevention of relapse and the improvement in the quality of life of the drug abusers.
C. Relapse Prevention Programme
Drug relapse is a common phenomenon along the process of recovery. There is evidence and theories
that support and explain this unwanted event. General treatment and rehabilitation cannot guarantee theexpected outcome; hence the relapse prevention programme should be implemented in Through Care.
Starting the relapse prevention programme merely during aftercare will be too late for the drug abusers tolearn and develop skills for overcoming the triggers which drag them back to the re-using road. Relapse
prevention should receive attention throughout rehabilitation.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64
D. Emphasize Collaboration and Coordination
The ideal Through Care can be achieved by emphasizing collaboration and coordination of agencies anddepartments. Participation and sharing the common goal and information is the key to success.
E. Information Management
To set up a common database management system, which can be utilized by all of the stakeholders for
programme implementation, monitoring and evaluation cannot be ignored in this technologically advanced
century. Dissemination of the analyzed information should be the input for the policy makers in effective andefficient strategies and policy determination. At the operational level such information can be used formonitoring and evaluation of treatment programmes.
F. Vicious Cycle Interception
Effective strategies should be put in place to intercept negative practices such as drug smuggling inprison.
VI. CONCLUSION
Since the recovery process of individual drug abusers is a dynamic and chronic situation, Through Careis of vital importance. For effective prevention of drug abuse and treatment in the post-sentencing stage,
there are many factors to be considered as stated above. In order to achieve the same goal, we need todevelop and enhance the Through Care, as it is a process that supervises and supports the drug abuser ininstitutional and community based treatment and provides aftercare. Services that share this common goal
should collaborate to share information and intervention plans as well as the outcome by giving feedback.
Therefore effective prevention of drug abuse and enhancement of treatment for drug abusers in the postsentencing stage is of the utmost importance to reduce the crime rate which will lead to peace and harmony
in society.

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Philippines

Malaysia

CountryO
1. Counselling

1.
2.
3.
4.

O
Counselling
TC programme
Religious programme
Physical/discipline
programme

PrisonO
1. TC programme
2. Counselling

Nearly the same as
prison but different in
the degree

O

Juvenile School/ Centre
X

O

Probation

Drug Rehabilitation
CentreO
1. Re-integration
programme
2. Counselling
3. Religious programme
4. Physical/ discipline
programme
5. Med. & health care
6. Vocational training
7. Sports/ recreation
8. Job placement
9. Relapse prevention
skills
10. Strengthening offamily ties
11. Involvement ofcommunity activities
12. Peer group support
activities
O
1. Compulsory treatment
2. Voluntary treatment(i) Counselling(ii) Vocational
programme(iii)Medical care(iv) Physicalprogramme(v) Recreation/ sports

Table 4. Major Treatment Programmes of Drug Abusers in the Criminal Justice System of the Participating Countries

APPENDIXX

X

Others124TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE

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160

ThailandSri Lanka

South Africa

Country

1.
2.
3.
4.

The TC
Religious/ meditation
CARE model
Early releaseprogramme (Boot
camp, agricultural
programme)OO
1. Counselling
2. Family meeting

2.
3.
4.

1.

Juvenile School/ CentreO
1. Matrix model
2. FAST modelO
1. Counselling
2. Family meeting

O
O
Drug awareness1. Drug awarenessprogramme by social
programme by social
workers
workers
Group sessions
2. Specific drugCounselling
programmes
Medical treatment like 3. Counselling
detoxification incertain prisons withhospital facilities

PrisonX

Drug Rehabilitation
Centre
X

1.

3.

2.

1.

O
Diversion (forjuveniles)
Community
supervision (foradults)(i) Specificawareness
programmeusually groupsessions
Drug peer counsellingO
Community based
supervision

OthersOOO
1. Treatment for adult
1. Medical treatment
1. Hospital/ Clinic
drug abusers
2. Compulsory treatment 2. Diversion
2. Community based
3. Voluntary treatment
programme (incoordination withprobation officers andvolunteer probation
officers

X

X

Probation

Table 4. Major Treatment Programmes of Drug Abusers in the Criminal Justice System of the Participating Countries (continued)

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 64

O
1. Special educational
programme for drug
offenders

Japan

O

Probation

OO
1. Special programme
1. Categorized treatment
guidance for juvenile(stimulant & thinner
drug offenders
offenders)
2. Individual counselling 2. Group treatment for3. Meeting session forabusers
supporting the family 3. Meeting session forof abusers
supporting the familyof abusers
4. Crime prevention
activities
5. Intensive treatment
for adult stimulant
offenders (including
urine testing)O

Juvenile School/ Centre

X

Drug Rehabilitation
CentreX(Notes) CARE: Correctional Addicts Rehabilitation
FAST: Family participation, Alternative treatment activities, Self help and Therapeutic community
The TC: Therapeutic CommunityO
1. Special educational
programme(i) Counselling(ii) Lecture(iii)Physical training

Prison

Korea

Country

1. Tentative
probationary
supervision (in chargeof Family court;
diversion forjuveniles)

O

X

OthersTable 4. Major Treatment Programmes of Drug Abusers in the Criminal Justice System of the Participating Countries (continued)

124TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE

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