South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health,
Safety, and Risk Management in the Mining Industries in
Papua New Guinea: A Case Study of Porgera Gold Mining in
the Enga ProvinceJack Yaro1 and Garry Sali2

1: Papua New Guinea University of Technology
2: Papua New Guinea University of Technology

Abstract
Effective communication is the pillar in enhancing health, safety, and risk management by enabling
information sharing, promoting awareness, and facilitating timely responses to potential hazards. This
study's focus on effective communication aims to ensure the clear dissemination of safety protocols
and standards, foster a positive safety culture, reduce workplace accidents and injuries, and contributeto achieving zero incidents while enhancing the overall safety management system. The study utilizes
Porgera gold mining in the Enga Province as a case study to demonstrate how effective communication
can enhance safety culture in the mining industry and similar high-risk extractive industries in Papua
New Guinea. While the study is grounded in general qualitative and quantitative research methods, it
employs specific techniques, including document reviews, questionnaires, and interview schedules, tocollect data and information. The Milles and Huberman (1994) interactive model of data analysis isused to prepare and analyze the data. The results reveal that many local employees do not understandsafety language and rules due to inadequate training and low educational backgrounds. It is concluded
that effective communication can enhance workplace safety and risk management, emphasizing
the importance of clear communication from sender to receiver. When effectively employed in theworkplace, communication provides clarity, brevity, promotes a positive safety culture, and facilitates
zero injuries or accidents among workers and properties, ultimately enhancing Barrick Gold Mining's
safety management system.
Key words:

Effective Communication, Occupational Health, Safety, Risk Management――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Received: 219 June, 2023
Accepted: 2 November, 2023

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South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Introduction
The mining industry is a cornerstone of Papua New Guinea's economic landscape,promising prosperity and development. However, this promising sector is accompanied byinherent challenges, chief among them being the necessity to ensure the well-being of theworkforce and the mitigation of risks. This research delves into the pivotal role of effective
communication in enhancing occupational health, safety, and risk management within themining industry, specifically focusing on the Porgera Gold Mining operation in the country's
Enga Province. This case study serves as a microcosm, enlightening the broader landscapeof communication challenges and opportunities in Papua New Guinea's mining sector.
Papua New Guinea's mining industry is featured by its unique blend of geologicalrichness and complex risk factors. Hence, occupational health, safety, and risk management
have become ethical necessities important to the industry's sustainable growth. The
Porgera Gold Mining operation, owned by Porgera Joint Venture (PJV) and operated byBarrick Niugini Limited (BNL), is an illustrative example of this sector's challenges andopportunities. The significance of this research lies in its potential to uncover how effective
communication can be harnessed to fortify safety practices and risk management within the
dynamic and high-risk environment of mining operations.
Effective communication is the core of safety and risk management within mining
organizations. It transcends mere information exchange; it is the cornerstone that ensuresthe dissemination of safety protocols, regulatory compliance, and the nurturing a robust
safety culture. Communication is the conduit through which policies and procedures aretransformed into lived experiences that safeguard the health and well-being of miners andthe sustainability of mining operations.
Our methodological approach combines qualitative and quantitative research methods,
including document analysis, structured interviews, and surveys, to comprehensively
understand communication practices within the mining environment. These insights will
undergo rigorous analysis, enabling us to draw meaningful conclusions and offer practical
recommendations.
Within the mining industry in Papua New Guinea, challenges such as language
barriers, inadequate training, and the intricate nature of geological and environmental risks
persistently loom. These challenges highlight the urgent need for effective communication
strategies to bridge knowledge gaps, mitigate risks, and nurture a culture of safety.
This study revolves around a core set of critical inquiries, all aligned with ouroverarching aim of uncovering the effects and potential of effective communication within
the mining industry. Our primary objectives include investigating how PJV's practices in
occupational health, safety, and risk management impact worker productivity, assessing
PJV employees' comprehension of and adherence to general health and safety protocols
across different work areas within the mine and elucidating the mechanisms through which
effective communication can bolster the safety and risk management system at Porgera Gold
Mine.
Consequently, the specific research questions we aim to address in this study are as

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

35

follows:(a) What are the PJV’s occupational health, safety, and risk management practices' effect/issues on worker‘s productivity?
(b) Do PJV employees demonstrate a thorough understanding of and adherence to general
health and safety protocols in various work areas within the mine?
(c) How can effective communication enhance the safety and risk management system inPorgera Gold Mine?
We provide detailed responses to these questions in the subsequent discussions.

Background
Effective communication is the cornerstone of conveying thoughts, ideas, knowledge,
and data from the sender to the recipient through various channels in a clear, concise, andmeaningful manner. It involves articulating messages and ensuring their comprehension
and accurate interpretation by the intended audience. As highlighted by the School of
Meaningful Experiences in 2022, effective communication demands active engagementfrom both employers and employees, necessitating attentive listening, mutual understanding,and timely responses. Additionally, effective communication extends beyond mere words,
encompassing non-verbal cues such as body language and facial expressions, whichplay a crucial role in conveying information. In the context of this research, effective
communication is explored as a pivotal factor in enhancing occupational health, safety, andrisk management within the mining industry in Papua New Guinea, with a particular focus
on Porgera Gold Mining in the Enga Province.
Communication takes various forms, including verbal and non-verbal, written, visual,and auditory, and can occur through diverse mediums such as face-to-face interactions,phone calls, written correspondence, and digital platforms like forums, social media, andwebsites.
For “communication to be effective, messages must show completeness, empathy,
specificity, and clarity, ensuring that they are comprehensively understood by the recipients”(Tyson and York 2000:4). However, as noted in a Coursera publication by Ng and Koller
in 2023, effective communication is a multifaceted process that involves a synergy of thesediverse elements.
Effective communication in the workplace plays a pivotal role in fostering occupational
health, safety, and risk management. It establishes a foundation for a productive, safe, andhealthy work environment by facilitating a clear understanding of roles, responsibilities,
instructions, and safety procedures. Effective communication is essential for conveying
warnings, discouraging risky behaviors, promoting rapid responses during emergencies,
and identifying and addressing workplace issues and hazards. When organizations fail
to communicate safety procedures effectively or provide access to vital health and safety
information, they expose themselves to unnecessary risks. Consequently, this research36South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

focuses on Porgera Gold Mining in the Enga Province as a case study to emphasize thecrucial role of effective communication in advancing employee well-being and safety within
the mining industry.
Employers bear moral and legal responsibilities to safeguard the well-being of theiremployees and, in doing so, protect the interests of their organizations. According to Claus(2009), employers are obligated to ensure a safe and secure working environment, and thisduty aligns with the concept of shared responsibility between employers and employees
in achieving the organization's safety and health objectives (Burton 2010). Occupational
Health and Safety (OHS) has evolved into a critical discipline in recent years, with thepotential to significantly reduce workplace illnesses and accidents (Alli 2008). The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2016) emphasizes that, with adequate
planning and resource allocation, OHS can establish a workplace characterized by health,safety, security, and the absence of accidents. In this context, OHS assumes a pivotal role
within organizations, contributing directly to their long-term vision, mission, and strategic
directions (Manuele 2011).
A crucial aspect of OHS is risk management, which involves identifying, assessing,and controlling potential threats that may lead to incidents, accidents, and losses within an
organization (Safe Work Australia, 2011). OHS and risk management are intricately linked,
and this research investigates both concepts in conjunction with effective communication.
Effective communication acts as the glue holding the entire organization and its diverse
components together, enabling the development and implementation of robust OHS andrisk management plans (Vecchio-Sadus 2007). Thus, this study examines how effective
communication can augment OHS and risk management within the workplace, focusing on
the mining industry in Papua New Guinea, using Porgera Gold Mining in the Enga Province
as a case study.
The management of occupational health and safety at Porgera Gold Mining is integral
to the overall operation of the mine. A comparative analysis by Kanaparo (2008) highlights
safety management practices at Porgera Gold Mining compared to Lihir and Misima gold
mining operations. The study underscores the significance of Barrick's OHS policies andregulations in setting standards for employee and contractor safety. Sokalsky (2014:2)
emphasizes Barrick's commitment to fostering a safety culture founded on teamwork andleadership, guided by the vision of "Every person going home safe and healthy every day."
While Barrick's safety and health management system aligns with its respect for people andthe business objective of safe production, its effectiveness is contingent on the commitment
and dedication of individuals in leadership positions.
Notably, Barrick's safety management system is designed to deliver specific outcomes.
Still, the effectiveness of safety systems may diminish when management does not closely
monitor and review health and safety programs' input structures and process performances.
Executive management is pivotal in ensuring effective communication with line
management, overseeing the appropriate execution of health and safety programs by safetycommittees, and enforcing compliance with safety rules and procedures. This encompasses
employee involvement, hazard identification and control, education and training, andYaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

37

accident investigation, all of which can be enhanced through effective communication(Tyson and York 2000). Effective communication is central to a health and safety
management system, as it facilitates safety risk assessments, enhances hazard awareness,and integrates legal obligations into the organization, ultimately fostering an efficient safety
culture. While Barrick implements safety standards and compliance with safety protocols in
Porgera mining, integrating effective communication into OHS management systems is vitalto preventing workplace accidents.
Workplace safety is of paramount importance in high-risk industries where workers
face potential injury, illness, or even fatality. Beyond the direct exposure of workers to risks,
the neglect of safety can have adverse repercussions, including equipment damage andsubstantial financial costs, which can hinder social and economic development (Kanaparo2008). Multinational companies in the mining industry have adopted OHS codes of practiceto protect human capital, recognizing that this safeguards corporate value in the context of
production-related risks. Workplace health and safety (WHS) is a multidisciplinary field
concerned with preserving individuals' safety, health, and well-being within the private
and public sectors. The primary objective of occupational health and safety programs is to
uphold worker well-being by promoting safe work practices.
Occupational health, safety, and risk management (OHSRM) assume criticalimportance in the context of hazardous mining workplaces in Papua New Guinea. Incidents
within these environments often result in material and financial losses for companies,
necessitating insurance payments and compensation for injuries and damages. The Porgera
mine, in particular, has faced numerous accidents that have tarnished the company's
reputation and affected productivity. An article in "The National" from 2019 (1) highlights
the significant financial burden posed by illegal miners, illustrating the social crises arisingfrom their unrestricted access to stockpiles and open pit areas, thereby endangering the
lives of both employees and themselves. These activities frequently lead to loss of life andinjuries for employees and illegal miners alike.
According to PJV's Monthly Injury Frequency Rate from September 23, 2018, themonth of July 2018 alone witnessed three major injuries and nine first-aid injuries. The MineManager's Annual report presentation from December 25, 2018, highlights a range of issues
affecting the Porgera mine, including an increase in patients at the mine medical center,
armed confrontations within the site, trespassing by employees and contractors, risingincidents of vandalism and theft, involvement of armed juveniles in criminal activities,
and employee fatigue—all of which have contributed to production losses. Despite robust
safety and health practices and policies at Porgera Mine aimed at achieving zero accidents,
psychological and human errors continue to pose risks, resulting in injuries and accidents inthe workplace. As documented in the Mining Accident Database for 2019, the Porgera mine
has witnessed the loss of 11 lives and severe injuries stemming from an explosion in an
adjacent explosive storage facility on August 2, 1994.
Risk management is a paramount concern for OHS in the mining industry,
encompassing underground and open-pit mining operations. Safety is central to mine
operations, particularly for the Porgera Gold Mine in the Enga Province of Papua New

38South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Guinea. According to Barrick's Safety and Health Management System from 2010, thePorgera Joint Venture (PJV) places the "safety first" policy at the forefront of its operations,aligning with mining safety regulations. Given its crucial significance, all mines establish
dedicated Safety Departments collaborating with various other mine site departments,
including Asset Protection, Community Affairs, Lands, Mill, Construction, and more.
The mine safety department is pivotal in ensuring workers are well-trained in safety
protocols, promoting a safety-conscious culture, and identifying and mitigating highrisk areas for people and property. Protocols are established to regulate worker behavior,
mitigating ignorance and negligence to prevent risks to others and reduce the likelihood ofincidents. Hence, effective modes of communication play a significant role in successfully
implementing occupational health and safety for those who do not fully understand thesafety procedures for preventing workplace accidents.

Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework underpinning this study, titled "Effective Communication for
Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in the Mining Industries
in Papua New Guinea: A Case Study of Porgera Gold Mining in the Enga Province,"
encompasses various theories. These theories are integral to understanding the study's focus
on effective communication within the mining industry's occupational health, safety, andrisk management context.
Accident Causation Theories
Accident causation theories, including the pioneering domino theory developed by Heinrich(1941) and subsequent updates by Bird (1974), Bird and Loftus (1976), Kjellen (1987),
HSC (1993), and Reason (1990), provide crucial insights into the sequential progressionof events leading to accidents. These theories emphasize the interaction between latent andactive failures that result in human errors or violations. A key takeaway is the importanceof proactive top management intervention in establishing a safe work system. This study
considers various domino theories to comprehensively address accident causation, a vital
aspect of safety and risk management in the mining industry.
Ferrel’s Human Factors Theory
Based on Ferrel (1997), his theory of accidents revolves around a chain of human factors
causes. He asserts that human errors are the primary causes of accidents resulting fromoverload, incorrect responses, and a lack of knowledge in performing tasks. Understanding
and addressing human factors are critical in the challenging mining environment, where
high-risk tasks are common. Petersen (1996) extends this idea by linking overload
to human errors and accidents. Reason (2008) shifts the focus from unsafe acts toorganizational management systems, while Adams (1976) highlights the role of workflow
systems in operational errors leading to "technical errors" (unsafe acts or conditions). These
theories collectively emphasize the multifaceted nature of accidents and the need for a

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

39holistic approach to safety and risk management.
Firenze Systems Theory
Firenze (1978) emphasized a balanced approach to accident prevention, considering
people, machines, and the environment as interdependent risk factors within a systems
theory framework. Firenze recommended identifying factors before executing processes,
taking into account workers' capabilities, tools and equipment used in tasks, and workplaceenvironments. Understanding workers' abilities and adherence to standard procedures is
crucial in a mining environment with numerous risks. Technical personnel, often withlimited educational backgrounds, face elevated risks when exposed to environmental or
unsafe work conditions. This theory provides insights into a systems-based approach to risk
management.
Michalski Accident/Incident Theory
Michalski's (2004) risk management theory focuses on identifying, assessing, andcontrolling threats in business operations. This perspective underscores the significance ofefficient risk management in achieving organizational goals and minimizing the impact ofrisk factors. The "Zero Injury" concept introduced by the Construction Industry Institute (CII)in 1993 aims to prevent accidents through effective safety programs, which applies to themining industry's safety objectives despite developing and hidden hazards.
Laswell’s Model of Communication
This study incorporates Laswell’s (1948) model of communication, which comprises
five components: who says what, in which channel, to whom, and with what effect? These
components are used to analyze and evaluate the entire communication process within thehealth and safety risk management system.
(1) Who should be told?
Safety advisors, supervisors, safety committees, safety managers, and management
communicate health and safety information to workers and subcontractors, providing
expertise in hazard identification, risk assessment, safety training, incident investigation,and other safety measures.
(2) What should be told?
The content of the message or information should be clear and articulated effectively
to address problems. Proper communication is essential during induction training for new
employees, focusing on hazard identification and analysis and accident investigation.
Language choice and use of appropriate words significantly impact safety communication,
allowing employees to seek clarification when needed.
(3) In which channel: through what channel or medium
Health and safety information is disseminated through formal training, face-to-facecommunication, toolbox meetings, pre-start meetings, job safety analyses (JSAs), manual
handling, seminars, annual reports, safety weeks, emails, websites, signs, posters, risk
assessment reports, procedures, and processes. Selecting the appropriate communication

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medium is vital for positively impacting workers' safety and achieving organizational safety
standards.
(4) Whom: the audience
The recipients include surface and underground mine workers, Community Affairs
teams, mill workers, environmentalists, contractors, and others. Effective communication is
crucial for local hires to ensure they understand safety protocols and follow the rules when
performing tasks.
(5) With what effect?
Health and safety training aims to achieve zero injuries and reduce Lost Time Injuries(LTIs) and related costs such as insurance claims and compensation. The reduction in
negative effects depends on the quality of the safety management system. Effective
communication can enhance clarity and understanding of different work conditions,improving worker productivity, reducing fatal accidents, and maximizing production.
This theoretical framework integrates diverse theories encompassing accident
causation, human factors, systems theory, risk management, and communication models.
It highlights their interrelatedness and collective relevance to the central goal of the study:
exploring the role of effective communication in enhancing occupational health, safety, andrisk management within the mining industry. This study is illustrated through the case studyof Porgera Gold Mining in the Enga Province of Papua New Guinea.

Research Methodology
This study used a case study approach, focusing on the Porgera Gold Mining operationin the Enga Province of Papua New Guinea. This methodological choice allowed adetailed examination of this unique mining context's occupational health, safety, and risk
management practices. Through interviews, observations, and document analysis conducted
on-site, the study gathered detailed qualitative data, providing deep insights into how
effective communication is pivotal in addressing health and safety challenges in the mining
industry. By concentrating on this single case, the study unveiled the practical implicationsof the various theories and frameworks discussed above, offering valuable lessons andrecommendations that can be applied not only to similar mining operations but also toenhance safety practices and risk management strategies in analogous high-risk industries in
Papua New Guinea and worldwide.

Sampling Techniques
To collect relevant information, this study employed three non-probability samplingtechniques: stratified sampling, convenience/accidental sampling, and purposive sampling.
Stratified Sampling Technique
The employee population was categorized into departmental groups and sections basedon their qualifications and roles at various levels within the mine. There were ten distinct
departments (strata groups): Mill, Logistics, Surface Mine, Underground, Community

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

41

Affairs, Contractors, Admin, Security (Asset Protection), Human Resources (HR &Finance), and Safety (Emergency Response and Mine Medical Centre). These strata groups
were formed to gather data from workers who represented their respective sections andfaced similar challenges related to effective communication in health and safety within themine.
Convenience/Accidental Sampling Technique
Accidental or convenience sampling was utilized to collect primary data within eachstratum. Data were collected from individuals who were convenient to approach basedon time constraints and their availability at the mine site and respective camps. Given thecompany's fly-in or fly-out (FIFO) schedule, data were gathered through phone contacts withmanagers and supervisors during break times. This method was chosen for its flexibility,
allowing data collection at both the researchers' and respondents' convenience.
Purposive Sampling TechniquePurposive sampling was employed to select superintendents, coordinators, supervisors,and senior safety advisors who possessed in-depth knowledge of safety matters due to theirextensive experience with the company in reporting and managing safety procedures in theirrespective workplaces.

Data Collection Methods
Face-to-Face Interview
Key individuals were interviewed face-to-face using guided questions to obtain general
information on safety and risk management systems, safety procedures, safety training, dutyof care, responsibility, incident and accident occurrences, and more. A total of 30 employees
were interviewed face-to-face at their convenient time and place.
Relevant Document Reviews
Literature reviews were conducted using books, safety training manuals, company reports
and records, and internet sources. Internet sources were particularly valuable for historicalcontext and current safety and risk management practices.
Case Study
As indicated above, the study employed the Porgera gold mine as a case study to collectrelevant data from workers in all departments and sections of the mine who had experienced
health and safety issues due to ineffective communication and employee training. Past workrelated injuries and fatal accidents were reviewed from the Mine Medical Centre (MMC)in Porgera, examining the causes and impacts of these risks on workers, properties, and theworkplace environment. The safety and health management systems of Barrick Porgera
were also reviewed.
Questionnaire Administration
Structured questionnaires were distributed to workers at the mine site, with a total of42South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

120 questionnaires distributed and 96 returned. The questionnaires were administered torespondents, allowing them to answer them independently.
Data Preparation and Analysis
Data were prepared and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman (1994) interactive modelof data analysis, which involved five approaches: data collection, data reduction, coding,data display, and conclusion. Data were collected from the targeted population in the
Porgera mine using the specified techniques. The collected data, including survey responses,
interview notes, and questionnaire answers, were coded into themes or groups for easierinterpretation and comparison. Phone interview responses were also simplified and analyzed
descriptively. Data were then displayed using tables, graphs, and charts to provide concise
and graphical representations of patterns in line with the research objectives.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical issues were considered important throughout this research, from preparation andfield entry to closing the fieldwork. Cultural sensitivity and respect for individuals andcompany cultures were critical to the research's success. Adherence to strict company
policies was maintained when accessing the mine and interacting with respondents. The
purpose of the research was clearly explained to interviewees before conducting interviews
or administering questionnaires, and consent was obtained before proceeding. It wasemphasized that the information collected would be used solely for educational research.

Study Findings and Analysis
Study Finds and Analysis:
The examination of study findings has encompassed several key domains. A detailed review
was undertaken to assess the existing safety and risk management framework at the Porgera
mine. This evaluation aimed to gauge the efficacy of the safety protocols and standard
operating procedures (SOPs), particularly concerning personnel's comprehension andadherence to safety directives when executing their responsibilities. Additionally, the study
delved into the various communication methods employed to disseminate pertinent safety
information to employees, aiming to avert workplace incidents and accidents. Ultimately,
the investigation discerned the pivotal role of effective communication in fortifying safety
and risk management within the Porgera gold mine, fostering a safety culture.
Existing Safety and Risk Management System
The findings gleaned from evaluating the existing safety and risk management system at
Barrick Porgera have spotlighted the substantial advantages of an adept and efficient safety
management system. As delineated in Barrick's Safety and Health Management System
Report (2010), the company's unwavering commitment to cultivating a zero-incident work
environment hinges on teamwork and safety leadership principles. This ethos mirrors thecompany's overarching vision, encapsulated in the aspiration of "Ensuring the safety andYaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

43

well-being of every individual, each day." Barrick is dedicated to fostering a secure andhealthy workforce by adopting a zero-tolerance stance toward work-related injuries. This
commitment is further highlighted by the company's resolute endeavor to pinpoint, mitigate,
and govern workplace hazards to safeguard its workforce and others. Central to this ethos
is a policy that holds each worker personally accountable for their workplace safety andholistic well-being.
Barrick Niugini Limited (BNL) boasts an efficacious safety and health management
system, as noted in Barrick's Safety and Health Management Report 2010. This system isunderpinned by nine integral elements: leadership and personal commitment, training andskill development, risk management, operational controls, policy framework, health andwellness initiatives, accident response mechanisms, emergency readiness measures, andperformance management and evaluation. The company undertakes proactive measures
to identify and comprehensively analyze potential hazards. These interrelated elementssynergize to ensure an elevated standard of performance and the perpetuation of acontinuous improvement ethos within the workplace. This concerted effort is encapsulated
in the organizational safety culture, as highlighted by the company's performance metrics,
which point out the efficacy of the extant system.
Nonetheless, the findings unambiguously signal that the safety management system
at Porgera mine is not adequately meeting the prescribed standards, as elucidated in themonthly incident report by the Mine Medical Centre (MMC), accounting for a notable 2%of incidents. Daily medical reports detailing work-related injuries and accidents present
considerable challenges for the mine's medical personnel and the company. This predicamentis a conspicuous indicator of the company's output performance, signifying persistent issues
within the workplace's safety and health management system. The company is bearing
substantial operational costs, as the National report dated August 6, 2019, states that "Illegal
miners are incurring monthly costs of K4.5 million to Porgera" (p.1). Consequently, theimperative lies in addressing these challenges by means of a comprehensive review of thesafety management system.
Workers' Effectiveness in Understanding Safety Measures
The participants were asked to state their level of agreement with statements regarding theeffectiveness of understanding safety systems and procedures. The results are presented inTable 5.1 below.
Statement

Strongly Agree
Agree

Safety officer is professionally Frequency 30
trained.
%31.3
Qualification of Safety officer is Frequency 17
Diploma/higher in OHS.
%
17.7

35

Not
Sure

Disagree Strongly
Disagree

6

14

8

36.5

6.5

14.6

8.3

20

27

30

2

20.8

28.1

31.3

2.1

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South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Every employee understands well Frequency 10
about safety languages during %10.4
training or in-house meeting.

26

17

40

3

27.1

17.7

41.7

3.1

Injury or accidents still occur Frequency 34
due to a lack of understanding of %35.4
safety information.

39

12

7

3

40.6

12.5

7.3

3.1

Safety training given to me is Frequency 25
adequate for identifying hazards and %20.0
following SOPs in the workplace.

40

15

29

7

41.7

15.6

30.2

7.3

31

10

5

7

32.3

10.4

5.2

7.3

Peer teaching of safety rules is Frequency 45
important in the workplace.
%
46.9

Table 5.1 illustrates that 40% of the respondents disagreed with the assertion thatthey have a poor grasp of safety terminology during training or internal meetings for
assigned tasks. This contrasts with the fact that the safety officers at Barrick Porgera areprofessionally trained to enforce safety policies and programs. Furthermore, respondents
rejected that they lack the necessary qualifications, such as a diploma or higher educationin occupational health, safety, and risk management, suggesting that they may possess
alternative qualifications that equip them to conduct safety awareness and training
effectively. Specific health and safety risk management qualifications are essential for
addressing safety-related concerns affecting personnel and property and overall wellbeing and health. Simplifying safety language to its most fundamental form is imperative
to efficiently convey safety messages to employees, considering their varying skill sets,
qualifications, and educational backgrounds. Additionally, employees' behaviors andattitudes are pivotal in their receptiveness to information managers and safety advisors
disseminate during training programs.
In relation to Table 5.1, 41.7% of the respondents indicated that the safety training
provided to individual employees is adequate for recognizing hazards and adhering tostandard procedures in the workplace. This finding suggests that the majority of employees
are well-educated and capable of adhering to safety rules and policies within their work
environment. However, 30.2% of the participants reported not fully grasping the safety
rules and procedures necessary to prevent hazards and near misses, reflected in cases where
workers seek treatment at the Mine Medical Centre. Interestingly, 46.9% of the respondents
relied on peer assistance to comprehend safety awareness, hazard identification training,
incident assessment, and reporting. Peer-to-peer instruction in health and safety procedures
fosters understanding among workers within the same section or group, enabling them tointerpret safety terminology that resonates with both parties, particularly among citizen
employees tasked with specific duties.
Communication methods used by safety professionals in Porgera mine
Figure 5.2 Shows some of the communication methods used by PJV to communicate with
employees at the mine site effectively.

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

Visual (Safety signs
and Billboards,
Posters)
17%

Group
Communica�on
11%

Non Verbal ( Eyecontact, Facial
expression,
10%
Listening ( A�end training sessions,A�end mee�ngs,
16%

45

Wri�en (Le�ers, Memos,
Emails, reports)
27%

Verbal (Public safety
awareness, Face to
face)
19%

As depicted in Figure 5.2, 27% of the respondents indicated that safety professionals
in the mine predominantly relied on written communication methods. This method
encompassed emails, letters, reports, and memos. Subsequently, verbal communication
methods, including face-to-face interactions, training sessions, and public safety awarenessefforts, accounted for 19%. Visual communication tools, such as notices, posters, signs,
and billboards, contributed to 17% of the communication landscape. Group-oriented safety
communication practices, such as maintaining eye contact and active participation intraining sessions, were also appropriately employed to convey safety messages to workers.
Utilizing all these methods is equally significant and must be effectively integrated into thecompany's health and safety protocols to mitigate workplace accidents.
Upon closer examination of the communication methods employed by the company,
it was discerned that written communication, specifically emails, memos, and reports, wasprimarily used by safety advisors and site supervisors within the workplace. Furthermore, thefindings unveiled that public safety awareness campaigns were harnessed to communicate
with communities affected by mining activities, particularly along the Highway from theprovincial town to the mine site, to safeguard the well-being of individuals, properties, andthe environment.
Additionally, an inquiry was made to ascertain which communication method was
frequently employed by safety advisors and the management team. The results unveiled
that 45% of the participants favored face-to-face communication as their preferred methodof disseminating information. The majority of respondents specified that face-to-facecommunication was predominantly employed during monthly safety meetings (training
sessions) for all employees, daily toolbox meetings, job safety analyses, cyanide awarenesscampaigns along the Highway, and intensive safety training at the mine site. This was46South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

followed by signs and billboards, accounting for 17% of respondents. This non-verbal
communication entailed displaying warning signs and posters to guide adherence to rules
and alert individuals to potential hazards. Fundamental safety instructions and guidelines
were established across all departments to ensure compliance. Hazardous areas were also
cordoned off to prevent access, serving as communication. Crucially, the feedback loop
and the comprehension of safety information among workers yielded positive results. A
lack of understanding had previously contributed to injuries and accidents. Laswell’sLinear Communication Model (1948) underscores the significance of feedback in assessing
communication effectiveness, particularly regarding employee comprehension, which cansubstantially enhance safety measures.
Moreover, effective communication is deemed successful when managers, supervisors,and safety advisors relay safety information to employees, and these employees comprehend
the message and adhere to established standard operating procedures (SOPs) during task
execution. The conveyed message must be lucid and succinct, offering straightforward,
concise, and direct guidance to workers requiring it for comprehension and competencein their roles. Clarity constitutes a paramount facet of organizational communication, withmediums such as notice boards, posters, billboards, and email instrumental in motivating
and informing workers about their responsibilities. Effective communication can also
clarify and improve the performance of both employees and management when deviations
from required standards arise. Communication can influence individual workers' attitudes,
encouraging them to adhere to safety regulations and assume responsibility for their roles.
The Enhancement of Safety and Risk Management Systems Through Effective Communication
Effective communication plays an instrumental role in transmitting relevant messages fromtrainers to employees, augmenting comprehension to identify hazards faced by workers,
and facilitating the implementation of control measures to mitigate them. Respondents
were queried about their perspectives on effective communication as a pivotal componentof health and safety management. Figure 5.3 portrays the outcomes, illustrating theirrecognition of the importance of effective communication in health and safety risk
management within this hazardous mining environment.

No
1%

Yes
99%

Figure 5.3: Effective Communication Enhances Health and Safety Management System

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

47

Respondents

The respondents in Figure 5.3 above stated that nearly all of them (99%) agreed that
effective communication enhances the company's health and safety management system.
Effective communication is crucial at all levels of the organizational structure, where thesafety management system is integrated into all departments. It provides a solid foundation
for comprehending safety and health risk management decisions, enhances the overall
effectiveness and efficiency of safety risk assessments, and significantly contributes to safety
management at Barrick Porgera. Effective communication also strengthens the working
relationships between the company and its employees, fostering public trust and confidence.
Additionally, it can facilitate the appropriate involvement of subcontractors and all otherinterested parties in health and safety communication issues, ensuring high-quality safety
management programs for the company.
When questions were asked about the areas of communication needed in the workplace,
respondents provided answers based on their experiences with the company.

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

15.62%
12.5%
10.41%
8.33%

7.29%

8.33%

9.37%

9.37%

10.41%
8.33%

Figure 5.4: Shows the areas of communication needed in their workplace
Based on the findings presented in Figure 5.4 above, it becomes evident that
communication is paramount in designing organizational inputs. This reflects management's
commitment to fostering effective communication with line management, a criticalfactor for successfully executing safety programs. These programs encompass various
activities at Porgera Mine, including safety awareness initiatives, induction training,hazard identification, risk assessment, audits, inspections, interviews, surveys, accident
investigations, job safety analyses, safety committee meetings, and other equally essential
endeavors. Furthermore, effective communication can persuade the management team toallocate funding and procure the necessary equipment, tools, and other resources requiredfor implementing these diverse programs.
The study's results also show that health and safety communication plays a pivotal role in48

South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

enhancing effective planning and the engagement of safety committees. These committees
are composed of top management, safety managers, human resource coordinators, safetyengineers, and safety supervisors, and they contribute significantly to providing technicaladvice for the successful management of safety within the company. Through effective
communication, the company can adopt a proactive approach to health and safety
precautions, ensure compliance with safety policies, and continually strive to improveoverall effectiveness.

Key Discussion Points
In this discussion section, we will furnish responses to the research questions posed in the
introduction of this paper.

What are the PJV’s occupational health, safety, and risk management practices'
effect/issues on worker‘s productivity?
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Issues in the Mining Industry
The safety and well-being of employees must take precedence in all workplaces to minimize
the risk to workers. OHS is of utmost importance in the mining industry, where employees
in Barrick Porgera have been exposed to various hazards leading to incidents and accidents.
The following are the main causes of workplace incidents and accidents in the Porgeramine:i) Physical hazards have been responsible for most of the incidents and accidents in various
workplaces at the mine site. These hazards include noise from earth-moving machinesthat have damaged the eardrums of workers on both the surface and underground mine.
Vibrations, welding, and exposure to hot materials have also affected workers due tocareless tool handling and improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
ii) Illegal miners posed a significant security risk to the mine (The National 2019:1). They
exerted immense pressure on mine security, leading to substantial expenditures by thecompany to address the issue. The illegal miners exploited vulnerabilities in the external
perimeter of the mine boundary, resulting in ten illegal miners falling to their deaths
between 2017 and 2019. In January 2019, two mine security personnel were reportedly
shot by illegal miners. This information was kept confidential within the Porgera Mine
Medical Centre.
iii) Inadequate training has contributed to many incidents and accidents at the mine site.
Despite Barrick's effective safety training programs, many workers failed to understandthe content of the training fully. Some incidents and accidents occurred due to the poor
training and competency assessment by supervisors and coordinators.
iv) Improper lifting techniques and working at heights have resulted in more than five
workers suffering injuries weekly, as the Mine Medical Centre reported in September
2018.
v) Family problems and violence have affected many female workers, causing them tolose concentration while performing assigned tasks. According to FERREL (1997), his

Yaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

49

theory of accident causation was based on a chain of events leading to failure. Frustrated
landowners assaulted two Human Resource officers for laying off five local workers at
the mine site. These aggressive landowners also damaged two company vehicles due tonon-payment of land compensation. This information was revealed in the Community
Affairs Coordinator's monthly report in June 2018.
vi) Carelessness in handling laboratory chemicals has resulted in skin burns for five
workers, including two males and three females, every month, as reported at MM Centre
in September 2018. These workers had difficulty dealing with hazardous chemicals
without proper handling procedures and using correct PPE.
vii) There was a lack of proper monitoring and control systems to assess and inspect theworkplace. Audits and assessments were lacking, which hindered the measurementof compliance levels in preventing hidden and emerging hazards that could lead toincidents and accidents.

Do PJV employees demonstrate a thorough understanding of and adherence togeneral health and safety protocols in various work areas within the mine?
The Porgera mine has an effective safety and health management system that integrates all
departments and sections to protect the safety of its employees, subcontractors, properties,
and equipment, ensuring a safer and healthier work environment. However, the results
shown in Figure 5.1 indicate that the safety training provided was insufficient regarding
the employees' understanding. This is because employees in the workplace have different
skills, qualifications, and education levels for performing various tasks, which can leadto misunderstandings among those with difficulties in comprehension. Furthermore,workers' behaviors and attitudes are crucial in their receptiveness to information presented
by managers and safety advisors during training programs, often resulting in incomplete
comprehension of safety rules and procedures necessary to prevent hazards and near misses.
Therefore, it is essential to provide comprehensive training that equips them with
relevant knowledge and skills to identify and report workplace hazards effectively. Many
local contract workers have indicated that they do not have a strong command of the
English language, primarily due to incomplete formal education. They find it challenging
to understand the extensive list of rules and procedures written in English. It is advisable
to convey information in plain language and use easily comprehensible danger signs,
billboards, posters, and charts. They have expressed that many safety terms are too complex
to grasp, and there is a lack of procedures for working in confined spaces. Additionally,
senior officers have reported difficulties in following procedures on computer software used
for reporting.
Moreover, it was identified that peer teaching of health and safety procedures andrules can enhance understanding, as two workers within the same group communicate andinterpret safety instructions in their cultural language or a common language, such as Tok
Pisin, which is appropriate for both workers performing specific tasks. Therefore, training
and awareness programs are needed in various work environments within the mine.

50South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

How can effective communication enhance the safety and risk management systemin the Porgera gold mine?
Effective communication was used appropriately by supervisors and employees to report
identified hazards during toolbox meetings, training sessions, hazard identification, risk
assessment and control, incident investigations, safety awareness programs, and more. For
instance, clarity and voice projection were crucial during meetings and training sessions
because participants needed to understand the safety information the trainers presented
fully. Barrick Porgera has also utilized posters, billboards, and signs to disseminate safety
information to its employees, ensuring they can protect themselves from visible hazards.
The methods of presenting information must be clear and understandable for workers withlower levels of education.
However, there was a lack of effective communication in many of the company's healthand safety programs. This includes training provided by supervisors and managers thatmany employees across various departments and sections did not fully understand. Trainers
needed to adapt to different approaches, such as voice projection and using appropriate
language to convey information in simple English to enhance clarity. Therefore, considering
the educational background of workers and responding appropriately to feedback is crucial
for all employees.
It is important to reflect on the safety management quality to integrate effective
communication into policy development and align with the company's vision, mission,and strategic goals. Line management must communicate effectively to allocate financial
resources from senior executive management to implement health and safety programs.
Managers, supervisors, and workers must communicate appropriately to mitigate workplacerisks, redesign engineering controls, and regularly evaluate the effectiveness of controls andprocedures to achieve safety performance goals at Barrick Niugini.
Effective communication is crucial for reviewing and maintaining all applicable
documents and the management support system. The management must update correct
operating procedures for all work activities, including equipment recognition, personnel
requirements, and logistics. Effective communication is essential for identifying hazards,
calculating and analyzing risks, conducting incident and accident investigations, andassessing the effectiveness of monitoring and reviewing the company's system failures andweaknesses.

Conclusion and recommendations
Conclusion
This study focuses on how effective communication can enhance occupational health,safety, and risk management in the mining industries in Papua New Guinea. The study
utilizes the Porgera gold mine as a case study to illustrate how effective communication
can improve occupational health, safety, and risk management in the country's mining
and other similar high-risk workplace industries. Integrating effective communication into
Barrick’s health and safety management system can promote a safety culture to achieve zeroYaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

51

workplace injuries. Effective communication strategies are vital in enhancing the safety
and health management system within Barrick Porgera's organizational structure, including
management commitment, effective policy development, and implementation. Thisentails providing demonstrative leadership, allocating funds for program implementation,and ensuring clear understanding and interpretation of information between employees
and management to deliver required training programs for all workers. Communication
can transform unsafe practices and behaviors among employees into positive attitudes
when performing assigned tasks. It also enables line management to employ appropriate
communication methods for facilitating various training programs across all worker levels
to maintain a safe work environment and promote a safety culture in the company.
Recommendations
It is recommended that organizations adopt the following OHS and Risk Management
system model into their company's practices. Barrick Porgera should monitor and evaluate
safety management practices by ensuring that all safety policies and procedures arecompliant with their employees in alignment with the proposed OHS management systemmodel. OHS considerations must be thoroughly integrated into all company sections toestablish a safer and healthier work environment for all workers.

Figure 6.1: Proposed OHS Management System Model in the Mining Industry in PNG

52South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Source: Yaro, (2019)
Figure 6.1 above shows that effective communication can be integrated into all thesystems and programs of safety management in the mining and other high-risk workplaces
in PNG.
Effective Communication
It is recommended that effective communication is an integral part of the organization's
health and safety management system in the mining industry. Effective communication is
crucial in promoting a positive safety culture and creating a safer and healthier workplaceenvironment for all employees. It fosters understanding and clarity between management,
workers, including line management and supervisors, providing a proper communication
channel to implement the company's health and safety programs. There must be clear andprecise communication during training sessions for all workers. This includes speaking
slowly, choosing appropriate words, using the right tone, and considering employees with alower educational background. The research has identified that many local employees needsafety information presented in more straightforward English or 'Tok-Pisin' (PNG's common
language) during meetings and training sessions to ensure full understanding. Incidents andaccidents can still occur when workers do not fully comprehend the safety training provided.
Integrating Effective Communication in All Stages of Safety Management System
It is recommended that effective communication should be established at all stages of thesafety management system to ensure clear understanding between employees, supervisors,
coordinators, and management, thus preventing avoidable incidents or accidents in theworkplace.
Step 1: Management Commitment
Management commitment is vital for developing a clear company vision, mission,
strategic objectives, and policy development. The management team should set safety
rules and procedures, allocate financial resources, identify employee training needs, andproactively address OHS issues in the workplace to drive the vision and mission of thecompany's safety management system.
Step 2: Operating Environment
Consideration of the operating environment is crucial during health and safety
management planning. This includes the socio-economic and political context of the local
area, business operations, and the nature of the business itself. Whether in mining, oil andgas, construction, manufacturing, or public or private organizations prioritizing safety,
understanding the role of OHS in these business types and the legal penalties associatedwith business operations in PNG is essential. It is recommended to consider the size andtype of business and its likelihood of posing health and safety risks to employees while
implementing programs to address legal penalties, costs, and production.
Step 3: Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a vital part of risk control aimed at mitigating hazards that couldYaro J. and Sali G.: Effective Communication for Enhancing Occupational Health, Safety, and Risk Management in Papua New

53

lead to potential incidents and accidents in the workplace. This includes hazard identification
and risk control. All employees and management must recognize and evaluate the risks inthe work area that are likely to cause injury to workers, property damage, and environmental
harm. It is recommended that Barrick should develop a hazard identification and risk
assessment system to minimize preventable hazards that employees may encounter in theirworkspaces.
Step 4: Risk Control
Risk controls are applied to identified hazards, including operational and contractors'
controls. When hazards are identified, five control measures are put in place, including(1) elimination (removing the hazard completely), (2) substitution (replacing the hazard
with something safer), (3) engineering controls (modifying the design to reduce risks), (4)administrative controls (implementing new procedures with appropriate training), and (5)personal protective equipment (PPE). Proper training and awareness should be provided toeducate workers about risk factors and promote a safe work environment in compliance withsafety standards and procedures.
Step 5: Accident Investigation
Accident and incident investigations are conducted to identify and uncover the potential
root causes of accidents in the workplace and report findings to management for corrective
actions. This approach is known as reactive, where incidents or accidents have alreadyoccurred, leading to substantial expenses for investigations and addressing lost time injuries
among employees. Strict adherence to accident investigation procedures is necessary for
effective investigation and reporting for corrective actions.
Step 6: Monitoring and Review
Monitoring and review are crucial in the health and safety management system
and involve all company workers. The PDCA system (Plan, Do, Check, Act) effectively
manages health and safety. This approach is essential for meeting legal requirements where
safety management systems are monitored and reviewed. It evaluates performance against
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to demonstrate management's commitment to healthand safety, ensuring quality performance. It is recommended that the company update its
existing monitoring system to accommodate changes in the OHS management systemin the workplace. This approach involves top management commitment, management
accountability, employee involvement and participation, training and education, hazard
identification and control, incident investigation and reporting, safety audit and inspection,and general safety evaluation for quality output and best practices. It includes workers
from all organizational levels to promote worker morale and create a positive health andsafety culture. The review process should involve supervisors, managers, and top-level
management, assessing outcomes and making recommendations based on moral, legal,
and economic implications. Improvement should follow the SMART principle (Specific,
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound). Any issues arising within this safety
management system should be reported back to management (Step 1) for resolution.

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South Pacific Studies Vol.44, No.1, 2 2024

Concluding remarks
This study has shed light on the importance of effective communication in occupational
health, safety, and risk management within the challenging mining industry of Papua
New Guinea, with a particular focus on the Porgera Gold Mining operation in the Enga
Province. The findings of this research point out that effective communication serves as thecornerstone for promoting a culture of safety, thereby fostering a safer and healthier work
environment for all employees.
Through this case study, it becomes evident that clear and precise communication isdesirable and necessary, especially in a diverse work setting where employees have varying
levels of education and skills. Communication gaps were identified, emphasizing the needfor language accessibility, simplicity, and cultural relevance in safety training and awarenessprograms.
Moreover, this research illustrates that integrating effective communication into allstages of the safety management system, from management commitment to monitoring
and review, is instrumental in preventing avoidable incidents and accidents. It enables
organizations like Barrick Porgera to proactively address potential hazards, thereby ensuring
the well-being of their workforce.
In light of these findings, it is recommended that organizations operating in high-risk
industries, such as mining, consider the multifaceted role of effective communication in
their health and safety management systems. By doing so, they can enhance safety outcomes
and contribute to the broader goal of achieving zero injuries and cultivating a robust safety
culture. Ultimately, this research highlights that effective communication is the basis
upon which the foundations of safety and risk management are built, with the potential totransform workplace practices, attitudes, and, most importantly, the lives of those who workin these demanding environments.

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