ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬⏎ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ຦ɻᣂೣςᒶᓔȴ⏎߄ǵᅒǵǵǵᕸ*Livestock Individuality and their Commoditization:
Are East African Pastoralists Capitalists?
OHTA Itaru*
Economic anthropological studies of East African pastoral societies sometimes
maintain that livestock are not only consumable commodities but can also be regarded
as capital and money. It is also asserted that pastoral mode of production bears obvious
similarities to the modern capitalism. As East African pastoral societies undergo great
and rapid changes influenced by the penetration of world capitalism, it has become
important to investigate how traditional economic systems are articulated with the new
system.
This paper has two objectives. First, based on my observations among the Turkana
in northwestern Kenya, I critically examine the arguments of two scholars: Harold K.
Schneider, who maintained that livestock perform similar functions to money; and Paul
Spencer, who considered that the pastoral mode of production is a variant of capitalism.
Secondly, I point out that the Turkana have two distinct types of livestock exchange. One
is carried out among close friends or relatives, in which defrayments of one party aresometimes deferred for a long period of time. The other exchange is between unrelated
persons, in which the transaction is concluded on the spot. In conclusion, I argue thatlivestock have a unique “individuality” in East African pastoral societies, and that, in order
to investigate the commoditization of livestock, it is important to examine closely how the
livestock individuality is modified and erased.

͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅǵˏ̶͠ˡɹϗၥ‫ݖܩ‬ɴɻ⏋ࢃᅨɴɦʭȼћࡔɌɲȵʰᅊ༎ɌɩȦʳϺʃɭȵȦʳ⏏ɄɹϺʃɭȵ‫ۊ‬ʞ႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊᅋ෵িɴɦȦɩɻਃഀ⏋ȲȲȷȼʼȿʳɭГάɹʈɛɦɹՕᩃȴʰ቉ድ*ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University306߄ᅒ⏧ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬ȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ፀ 1 ɻᅊ઴࡝⏋ᅊ઴Ϻᰖ࡝ᇕɲ቉ድɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȼέ࡫ࡴɫȡʳϗၥ‫ܩ‬ɹᅊ઴ᏙɴȲȦɩ⏋ϺᬚȵࢃᅨˁʢɠȦɩȦȴɴ᧟ਝˁɭɁɩ
Ȧʳɹȴȵᠶɍʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɌɩʚɛ⏋ᅊ෌ᐁཕɭȦȩែဣɴɛɦɲʰɽ႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊᅋ෵িɻ⏋ᕶᐌɹɛʠɹᰩᏒˁ࡫ࡴɌɩњᐌɐʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩέៀհɴȲɄʳ౞᳂ɲɰɹ‫׶‬ลɴɗɲȭɩࢃᅨᒴˁ೎߂ɴѳɦɄɭˁᇿᇕɴɌɩȦʳɭ୭௎ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏
ǵ႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊᅋ෵িɴᬠɐʳፀ 2 ɹ቉ድՕᩃɻ⏋ᐁཕ࡝ȡʳȦɻᐁཕϺᰖ࡝ᇕɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ȋᣂೣɭɻᕶैˁ‫ވ‬ຂɇɓʳ࢏ɫȡʳȍɄɭɭࢃᅨᒴɹᕶးɲ‫֐֓ވ‬ɭɹᰖаਸȵ᠝ʰʶ⏋ࢃᅨɻ༥ᢹ႒ɫȡʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴᣂೣ (capital) ɫȡʱᢪॳ (money) ɫʢȡʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩ႑ᅨᇕɲᅊᅋ෵িɻᣂೣςᒶɹΥ০઴ɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳɄɭȵς৓ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲឿៗɴʭʶɽ႑ᅨ຦ɻ⏋ࢰഀʍɹହᣂɹɛʠɴࢃᅨᒴˁᙢዩɌ⏋ɗʶˁ‫ڃڧ‬ɭɌɩϯழȡʳȦɻᣝήɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɇʰɲʳᙢዩˁʠɊɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩʚɛ႑
ᅨ኏ЦɴȲȦɩɻ҅ϺȡʳȦɻࢃ౏ᮃ܎ɹᬏȵ⏋ࢃᅨᒴɹ፬ჿɭᐣ୫ɹɛʠɴਖឹɲɇʚɊʚ
ɲໆࡴˁ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻɗʶəʶႶᕶɴȲɄɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɴ໶ᇿɌɩ⏋ɄɹϺʃɭɹ͍Ͳ̊͠
̘ˑɹȲȲȷɲ႕ᣒɹʁɭɦɻȋН෌ࢃᏄኜ (entrepreneurship)ȍˁʢɦɄɭɫȡʳɭȦȩ୭௎ʢɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ⏋␩Goldschmidt 1971; Lewis 1975␭⏆⏏
ǵɭɄʸɫആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ኏Цɻ⏋ϗၥ‫ݖܩ‬ɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᄩ‫ޅ‬ΫɹըᏝɹɛʠɴ⏋ᦏॷʚɫ⏋ɰɠʰȴɭȦȭɽȋᦏБయ౩ȍȴʰ᧙ȦɭɄʸɴеᒞɌɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰᐁཕʦక໠ɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡‫⏋׋‬γᅠᣂೣςᒶɹ༡ᦩ⏋ȡʳȦɻˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹ‫ࢃܕ‬০ଁɹ᧌ዐɫ⏋ɄȩɌɛ኏Цɴʢ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ͹‫ڃڧ‬ᐁཕɹ໳ȵେɌࢊɓɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛ޺ᨆȴʰɹ৯ᯱɹʢɭɫਃഀɹᐁཕкըȵ⏋ృɌȦкըɭɰɹʭȩɴஞ‫غ‬ɇʶɩʪȼɹȴȵჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ᩂឹɲ቉ድ
ᠩᰍɹʁɭɦɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵೣዣɫɻ⏋ʚɑ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊᅋ෵িˁᣂೣςᒶɹΥ০઴ɭʛɲɌɛ
ʱ⏋ࢃᅨˁȋᣂೣȍʦȋᢪॳȍɴɲəʰȭʳᓒȭ౅ȵ೑֟ɫȡʳɹȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛᓒȭ౅ɹБᝠᇕɲ‫᧑ڟ‬ᓔɫȡʳ˹͖̠˓̋ͻ␩Schneider 1968; 1979; 1981␭ɭ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻ␩Spencer
1990; 1998␭ˁɭʱȡɁɩ⏋ଫՠᇕɲද២ˁɄɄʸʛʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹс෌ˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ࢃᅨɹᣝή͹ϯழȵԍкᇕɴɰɹʭȩɴȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳɹȴˁ᠎Ᏻɴද២ɐʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ๖ɴɻ⏋ኽȵ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɹᠭീɫ਄ɛᣂషˁʢɠȦɲȵʰ⏋޽ȼɹࢃᅨϯழɻȋᯃࢪዌȍɲϠᓔᬚɫȲɄɲʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋҅ǾɹϯழɻȲϣȦɴᏄ፤ɫȷɲ
ȦȋႶᕶɲʢɹȍɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋҅кᡫաɇʶɩȦʳࢃᅨȵȋ‫ڃڧ‬ȍɭɲʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ɗɹȋ҅кਸȍȵ༥ؑɇʶʳ̺ͦ́˽ȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹဣɴȲȦɩ⏋ࢃᅨɹ‫ڃڧ‬ϯழɻਃഀɴ႑ᅨ
኏ЦɫȲɄɲʼʶɩȦɛϯழɭɻȲȲȷȼᅵɲɤɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɐʳ⏏
ǵೣዣɫԍкᇕɲϟёˁɭʱȡɁʳ̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹϺʃɭɻ⏋˭̢ˏԊ‫ܕٮ‬ɹ‫ី׌‬ᨆɴзʛ⏋Ϻ‫ؤ‬ɻᏝ 35 ΨϺɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ˭̢ˏɹɲȴɫʢ⏋ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̶͞ɹ఩ҺȵȲȼʶɛ‫ܩ‬307

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬‫ݖ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ࢃᅨˁࡴೝᇕɴެᢷɐʳʭȩɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ⏏

1ȅΏν΢ͼΘȜ๡฻ȇ‫ز‬಄͉‫ى‬໸ȉǵ˹͖̠˓̋ͻɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹᡉ኏ЦɴȲȦɩɻࢃᅨˁᢪॳɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳɭᠶɍɛ⏏৳ɴʭʶɽࢃᅨɻȋѝғɹᢱᚁ (store of value)ȍȋ៟ᩄɹ‫׬‬е (unit of account)ȍȋϯழɹࠬк (medium of exchange)ȍɭȦɤɛʭȩɴᢪॳɭȲɲɍลᔨˁɻɛɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩࢃᅨɰȩɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻࢃᅨɭʓȴɹ̨͐ɹȡȦɞɴɻ‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕɲȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍȵࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹԃкɻΥ᢭ɌɛкᏙˁɲɌɩȦʳ⏏˹͖̠˓̋ͻɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹᡉ኏ЦɴȲȦɩϺʃɭɻȋฌྈ‫׋‬ɇʶɛѝғࣆ঎ɴʢɭɧȦɩ̨͐ˁϯழɐʳ˹˽̘͌ȍˁʢɤɩȲʱ⏋Ʉɹ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ᦏБᣂೣςᒶ኏ЦɴȲȿʳ‫ڃڧ‬ϯழɭᣒᇕɴ޴ʼʰɲȦʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȩ⏏
ǵࢃᅨɹȡȦɞɴ‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕɲȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ȡɠɄɠɹ኏Цȴʰ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɴʢȡɩɻʚʱ⏋ɛɭȭɽȋ1 ᰄɹֳؑ˗˹ɻ⏋1 ᰄɹೡᐁᅋɹ͍˽˗˹ɭϯழɫȷʳȍɌ⏋
ȋ1 ᰄɹֳؑ˗˹ɻ⏋11 ᰄɹ͓˧͹̯̓˻ɭϯழɇʶʳȍɭȦȩɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍɻ⏋ࢃᅨዛʦਸա⏋ଁᬏຍ᭥ȵᅵɲʳࢃᅨɹȡȦɞɫ⏋Ȧȼɦʢ៯ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻ⏋˹͖̠˓̋ͻɹς৓ɻɦȹɹ 2 ဣɴȲȦɩ๭ɌȼɲȦ⏏
ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ɄȩɌɛȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍɹԃкɻΥ᢭Ɍɛ఩‫غ‬ਸˁɗɲȭɩɻȦɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫȦȩȋΥ᢭Ɍɛ఩‫غ‬ਸȍɭɻ⏋Еɴࢃᅨᬚɹϯழͤͻ̜ɴȋA⏮Bȍ⏃A ɭ B ɻϯழɫȷʳ⏧A⏋B ɻࢃᅨɹˡ̘˳͠ͻ⏆⏋ȋB⏮CȍɭȦȩᬠѥȵȡʳɲʰɽ⏋ਖɑȋA⏮CȍɫɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻ⏋ȋ1 ᰄɹֳؑ͞˪̋ɻ⏋1 ᰄɹೡᐁᅋ˗˹ȡʳȦɻೡᐁᅋ͞˪̋ɭϯழɫȷʳȍɭ᠝ʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠȋ⏃ֳؑ͞˪̋⏮⏆ೡᐁᅋ˗˹⏮ೡᐁᅋ͞˪̋ȍɭȦȩፈিˁ઎ࡴɫȷʳɹɞȵ⏋Υ౅ɫɻ⏋ȋ1 ᰄɹֳؑ˗˹ɻ⏋ೡᐁᅋ˗˹ 1 ᰄɭϯழɫȷʳȵ⏋ೡᐁᅋ͞˪̋ɭɻϯழɫȷɲȦ⏏ೡᐁᅋ͞˪̋ɹѝғɻᲞɐȹʳȍɛʠ⏋ȋ⏃ֳؑ˗˹⏮⏆ೡᐁᅋ˗˹Ɩೡᐁᅋ͞˪̋ȍɭɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏏ɄɹʭȩɲᶯᶷȵᅊɍʳჿᅓɹΥጩɻ⏋ɗʢɗʢ̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹϺʃɭɻɄɹʭȩɲȋፈিȍɴʢɭɧȦɩࢃᅨɹѝғˁປᥒɌɲȦɭɄʸɴȡʳɹɞȵ⏋ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ৿ᦚɐʳ⏏
ǵ˹͖̠˓̋ͻɹς৓ȵ᧟ՖɫɻɲȦፀ 2 ɹჿᅓɻ⏋ϺʃɭɻΥᖔᇕɴɻࢃᅨɹȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍȵ‫ࡴܔ‬Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳȴɹʭȩɴ᠝ʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹϯழɻͤͻ̜ɴɌɛȵɤɩȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɭɄʸɴȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻ⏋
ȋ1 ᰄɹೡᐁᅋ
˗˹ɻ⏋3 ⑯ 4 ᰄɹֳ͓ؑ˧͹̯̓˻ɭϯழɫȷʳȍɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰࡸ᭬ɹϯழϟё⏃7 ё⏆ɫɻ⏋ೡᐁᅋ˗˹ɭϯழɇʶɛֳ͓ؑ˧͹̯̓˻ɹధȵ⏋4 ᰄȵ 1 ё⏋3 ᰄ⏉ೡᐁᅋ͓˧ 1 ᰄȵ 2 ё⏋3 ᰄȵ 2 ё⏋2 ᰄȵ 2 ёɭȦȩʭȩɴȲȲȷȼɽʰɦȦɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱϺʃɭɹ᠝ʳɭɄʸȴʰȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍȵୈՏɫȷʳɭɌɩʢ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹϯழɴȲȦɩɻɗʶȵ308

߄ᅒ⏧ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬᧤ࡪɇʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ǵϺʃɭȵȋ᠝ʳɄɭȍɭȋȲɄɲȩɄɭȍȵΥᕹɌɲȦɭȦȩϟ઴ɻ⏋Υᖔᇕɴɻɰɹ኏
Цɫʢឿʰʶʳჼᢒɞȵ⏋ɗʶȵȲɄʳჿᅓɻɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏̜˕͡ˡ̠኏ЦɴȲȦɩɄȩɌɛϟ઴ȵȲɄʳɹɻ⏋‫׬‬ᏤɴȦȩɲʰɽ⏋ϺʃɭȵϯழɴȲȦɩ।ɴϯབ⏃ғՖʱ⏆ˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȼʼɌȼɻաዣɴʪɑʳȵ␩߄ᅒ 2002␭⏋Υᖔᇕɴϯழȵଁጓɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɗɹয়ϟᓔȵȲϣȦɴϯழɐʳ̨͐ɰȩɌˁȋȲɲɍѝғɫȡʳȍɭʛɲɐɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ႅ౅ȵ౩ʰȴɴாˁɐʳɭᓒȭʳɲʰɽ⏋ϯழɻଁጓɌɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ʈɛɦɹ̨͐ȵȋȲɲɍѝғɫȡʳȍɄɭȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴѳ៷ɇʶʳɹȴɻ‫׬‬ᏤɲɄɭȵʰɫɻɲȦ⏏
ǵᢪॳˁࠬЂɭɌɛ‫ڃڧ‬ϯழɹγᅠɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹ‫ڃڧ‬ɴѝൔȵɦȦɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩኽɛɠɻ⏋ɗɹѝൔɴሂয়ɐʳѝғȵ‫ڃڧ‬ɴԒ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳȴɹʭȩɴᓒȭɩȦʳɌ⏋ѝൔˁЂ‫ܧ‬ɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋̨͐ɭ̨͐ɹѝғˁປᥒɫȷʳɄɭˁ⏋ᕶ౩ɹʭȩɴਲ਼ɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ̨͐ɴɻ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹ៟ᩄ‫خ‬ᔨɲѝғȵ೎՟ȴʰԒ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɌ⏋ɗɹѝғˁ៟ɤɛʱປᥒɌɛʱɐʳɛʠɹȋʢɹɇɌȍɭɌɩȡɭȴʰᢪॳȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɛʼȿɫʢɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻᦥɫȡʳ⏏ᢪॳȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋՟ʠɩ̨͐ɴཀྵࡴ‫خ‬ᔨɲѝғȵԒ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳȴɹʭȩɲॽ઎ȵଁጓɌ⏋ɗɹॽ઎ɹȩȭɴȋʢɹɇɌȍɭɌɩɹᢪॳȵลᔨɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏̨͐ɹȋѝғȍɭɻೣഀɻ੐ઝᇕɲʢɹɴɐȹɑ⏋̨͐ɭ̨͐ɹѝғˁປᥒɌ⏋ȋȲɲɍѝғɫȡʳȍɭʛɲɐɄɭɴɻ⏋ɍɦɻ‫غ‬ჿᇕɲ൓୞ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ⏏1) ᢪॳɭȦȩȋʢɹɇɌȍˁʢɛɲȦ኏ЦɹϺʃɭȵ⏋̨͐ˁϯழɐʳɭȷɴᰉʱɴɫȷʳɄɭɻȋȲϣȦȵɗɄɫ‫غ‬ઝɌɛȍɭȦȩϟࡸ⏋ɄɹΥဣɴɌȴɲȦ⏏
ǵ̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹϺʃɭȵࢃᅨˁϯழɐʳɭȷɴɻ⏋਒ঈᇕɲࢪᯆϯབˁɭȲɌɩ‫غ‬ઝˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏৳ʰɴɭɤɩȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍɭɻϯབɹՏᇍဣˁரњɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɩʢ⏋ɗʶˁ‫ݜ‬ྈɴɌɩᕶՕɛɠɹ᝔֪ˁៀࡴɐʳʭȩɲᐓࢪᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩʚɛ⏋ɗɹ‫ݭ‬ɫ০ଁɇʶɛ‫غ‬ઝɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݭ‬ȴȹʱɹʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ಔ᧋‫׋‬ɇʶʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ȋȦʚ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݭ‬ȍɭȦȩͦͻˡ͡ɲయᔭɴ‫ݚܔ‬Ɍ⏋యᔭˁᮐʶɩȦɦɫʢɰɄɫʢᦲᅎɐʳʭȩɲៀհʦը঎
⏃ϯழͤͻ̜⏆ɭȦɤɛʢɹɹณࠓˁ᠗ʠɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʢɠʸ˃⏋̨͐ȡʳȦɻࢃᅨɹȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍ⏋ɦʚʱ̨͐ɰȩɌɹѝғɹᬠѥɻ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫ႒ǾϯழȵȲɄɲʼʶʳɭȷɹʭȩɴ⏋ીᓃᇕɴ‫׋ࡴܔ‬ɐʳɄɭʢȡʳɞʸȩ⏏Ɍ1) ̨͐ɹԒ‫ܧ‬ᇕɲѝғɻǸɛɭȭɽ˛̦͡˧ͻᩄɴʭɤɩ៟ཀྵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏͇͡˪˽ɹ֝
ӈѝғᠦɻ⏋ɗɹ޴ߓɫȡʳɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻᰩ႒ɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻɗʶɻˡͦ͠ͻɫᝠჼɇʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ɄȩɌɛȋʢɹɇɌȍɻγᅠˁ႕ࡴɹែ៓ȴʰឿʳɭໆʠɛɭȷɴɹʛ೑֟ɫȡɤɩ⏋ɗʶГΫɹʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏
Ʉɹ႕ࡴɹែ៓ˁ஛ᅎɌɲȦϺɴɭɤɩɻ⏋˛̦͡˧ͻᩄɭȦȩ‫ݜ‬ྈɴʢɭɧȦɩ̨͐ɭ̨͐ɹѝғˁປᥒɐʳɄɭɻઝ٢ˁʢɛɲȦ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɴȲȦɩ̨͐ɹѝғɻ⏋੐ઝᇕɲɹɫȡʳ⏏

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ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ȴɌɲȵʰɗɹϯழͤͻ̜ɻᐓࢪᇕɲៀհɭɌɩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɦɷɴϺʃɭɹࡸᤋɴ
ʭɤɩ‫ن‬٢ɇʶɦɦϟ৿ᇕɴήȭʰʶʳɭȦȩਸൔˁʢɦ⏏˹͖̠˓̋ͻɻ⏋‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕɲȋϯழͤͻ̜ȍȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭɴћ୞ɌɩᡴᠶˁɐɐʠɩȦʳȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹϯழɴȲȦɩϺʃɭȵɰɹʭȩɴʈʳʚɤɩȦʳɹȴɴ⏋ʢɤɭ໶ᇿɐʳʏȷɫȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏

2ȅΑβϋ΍Ȝ๡฻ȇྫࡠ଼͈ಿ͚̫̀ͅൎ঩̳ͥȶέ͹ηςȜΫΐΥΑȷȉǵ˹͖̠˓̋ͻɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ኏ЦɴȲȦɩࢃᅨɰȩɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻࢃᅨɭʓȴɹ̨͐ɭȵϯழɇʶʳɄɭɹᩂឹਸˁ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏˽̿Ͳ˵ͻʢʚɛ⏋Ʉɹᡉ኏ЦˁȋࢃᅨɭߨਸˁϯழɐʳкᏙȍɭɌɩʛʳɄɭˁர൜ɐʳ␩Spencer 1990␭⏏৳ɻ⏋ȋfamily businessȍȡʳȦɻȋfamily enterpriseȍɭȦȩෙਥˁᡴᠶɹμਕɴȲȦɩȦʳ␩Spencer 1990; 1998␭⏏Ʉɹ̲˻̦
˽ɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ࢃ౏ᮃ܎ɭɗʶȵଘ೑ɐʳࢃᅨᒴˁɭʢɴ୫ᐚ͹‫߂ވ‬ɇɓʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏҅Ǿɹࢃ౏ᮃ܎ɻ⏋౗।ᇕɴࢃᅨ፬ჿɹଯ᝗ˁᱤьɌ⏋֝ӈ֐ˁ᧟ՖɴᨗՕɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࢃᅨᒴ
ˁ‫ވ‬ຂɇɓʭȩɭ֗ʠɩȦʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ςɭɌɩࢃᅨˁࠦᣂɭɌɩହᣂɌɩߨਸ⏃߿⏆ˁ਄ʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࢃ౏ᮃ܎ɹᑢെˁʠɊɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛࢃ౏ᮃ܎ɭɻ⏋Ϻᬚ⏃ߨਸ⏆ɭࢃᅨˁᣂೣ (capital) ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳȋЦ኏ (company)ȍɹʭȩɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɻ⏋ȋആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ຦ɭី๘ɹᣂೣςᒶᓔɭɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋ᣒᇕɲʢɹɭȦȩʭʱʢៀฐɹ
᧓Ȧɫȡɤɛ (the distinction between east African pastoralists and Western capitalists may havebeen more one of scale than of kind)ȍɭɌ⏋ȋɗɹθᓔɻɭɩʢʭȼаɩȦʳ (the parallels are
striking)ȍɭȦȩ␩Spencer 1990: 221␭⏏
ǵ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɻʚɛ⏋႑ᅨ኏ЦɹϺʃɭȵȋଁᬏ (growth)ȍʍɹɦʭȦ୭‫ك‬ਸˁʢɦɄɭˁ
৔ᠭɐʳ⏏৳ɻ⏋ˡ̢̅Ͳ␩Cunnison 1966␭ɹȋ˗˹ɴࢪɐʳ᝛֪ (the cattle urge)ȍɭȦȩᝠჼʦ⏋˛ʹˎͲ̀=̺̍͑͠ͻ̝␩Evans-Prichard 1940␭ɹȋ˗˹ʍɹ‫ݚ‬ਥ (obsession withcattle)ȍ⏋ȡʳȦɻ̿˓Ͳ␩Paine 1971␭ɹȋ՟ೝᇕᣂೣςᒶ (rudimentary capitalism)ȍɭȦȩᝠჼɴៜ‫ؖ‬Ɍɲȵʰ⏋႑ᅨ຦ȵࢃᅨᒴ⏃ɭࢃ౏ᮃ܎⏆ɹଁᬏɹɛʠɴࢭਕɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭௎
ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɹᡴᠶɻ⏋᠝ৢȵˏ̠ͦ˻ˡ͡ȴɦ޽ᒶᇕɴьʼʶɩȦʳɛʠɴឹᏝɌɴȼȦɹɞȵ⏋Гάɹ 3 ဣɴɦȦɩ႑ᅨɭᣂೣςᒶɹᰖаਸȵ᠝ʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴɻ⏋֝ӈ֐ˁȡʚʱହάɓɑɴࢃᅨᒴɹᕶးɲଁᬏɴʭɤɩᢧˁ‫߂ވ‬ɇɓʳɄɭ⏋ፀ 2 ɴɻ⏋ʈɛɦɹ˱͐̚ˑ
̘ˑ⏃ࢃᅨɭߨਸ⏆ɹϯழɴϺʃɭȵହᣂɌɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ፀ 3 ɴɻȋଁᬏɴࢪɐʳȡȼɲȷ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻȍˁʢɤɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛɄɭȵࡸᤋɇʶʳɹȵȋ̶ˎ͊͠ͻ̲˻̦˽ȍɫȡʳ⏏
ǵፀ 1 ɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Гάɹʭȩɲଫՠȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ࢃᅨᒴɹᕶးɲଁᬏɴ
መᇿɌ⏋ɗʶˁȋᣂೣɭɻʭʱ޽ȼɹ࢏ˁᅊʞɛʠɴьʼʶʳ࢏ɫȡʳȍɭȦȩΥᖔᠶɭሁ310

߄ᅒ⏧ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬ஞɴᐄʃɦȿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢃᅨᒴˁᣂೣɭ‫ؾ‬Υែɐʳɲʰɽ⏋Ʉʶɻɛ˃ɲʳˏ̠ͦ˻ͻɴɐȹɲȦɭɹଫՠˁɹȵʶʰʶɲȦ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹᓒȭ౅ɫɻ⏋ࢃᅨȵ‫ވ‬ຂɐʳ᧌ዐɴȲȿʳϺᬚɹ৲ւɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴȋ᧟Ֆɲ፬ჿȍˁȲɄɲȩɄɭɞȿȵ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋Ʉɹᓒȭ౅ɻ⏋ᣂೣȵ኏ЦᇕɴԗᅊᅋɇʶʳဣˁʚɤɛȼᓒૅɌɩȦɲȦ␩Hart and Sperling 1987␭⏏
ǵፀ 2⏋ፀ 3 ɹဣ⏋ɐɲʼɠȋϯழɹ˹˽̘͌ɭɌɩɹᣂೣςᒶȍɗɌɩȋଁᬏʍɹȡȼɲȷ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ɹঈᦇɴɻ⏋҅ϺȡʳȦɻ႕ࡴɹᮃ܎ȵ⏋ᐁཕᇕɲգᇰɹკ਄
ɭᙢዩˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȋହᣂ (invest)ȍˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩឿ౅ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴ˽̿Ͳ
˵ͻɻ⏋ȋ̶ˎ͊͠ͻ̲˻̦˽ȍɴȦɗɌʞ҅Ϻʦᮃ܎ɻ⏋Јᓔɭጫ‫غ‬Ɍɲȵʰգᇰˁᦠິɐ
ʳႥ໥ɴȲȴʶɩȲʱ⏋ȡʳϺȵɛȼɇ˃ɹࢃᅨʦ߿ˁ਄ʳɄɭȵ⏋ʓȴɹϺɴɭɤɩɻா߉
ɴɲʳɭȦȩ̄ͦ˵͌˰ͻ͌ˁɌɩȦʳɹɞɭʛɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɭɌɩ৳ɻ⏋ߨਸɹధʦఔ
႑‫⏋ܩ‬ɗɌɩອ‫ݭ‬ɭȦɤɛᣂ྇ɴɻᭉʱȵȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɐʳ␩Spencer 1998: 40␭⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛឿ౅ɴࢪɐʳΥᖔᇕɲଫՠɭɌɩɻ⏋Ʉɹᓒȭ౅ȵ⏋գᇰˁ೎߂‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕ
ɭɌɩ‫غ‬ჿᇕɲ᝔֪ˁɭʳϺᬚӉ⏋ɐɲʼɠృ‫إ‬Ԏ༐ᐁཕ࡝ȵரՏɐʳϺᬚӉˁȡʚʱɴʢ࡫
౫ɴʢɠɄ˃ɫȦʳɄɭȵ୭௎ɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᐁཕᇕ‫غ‬ჿਸˁ⏋ɰɹ኏Цɴʢံᭉࡴɴ઎ࡴɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ߨਸʦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɲɰɹᣂ྇ɴɻȋᭉʱȵȡʳȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ʢ⏋ɗɄɴȋዎࢹਸȍˁឿʳɭȦȩဣɴȲȦɩృ‫إ‬Ԏ༐ᇕɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛᣂ྇ȵʓ˃ɭȩɴዎࢹɲʢɹɫȡʳɹȴ‫و‬ȴɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡ႑ᅨ኏ЦɴȲȦɩࡸ៷ɇʶɩɻȦɲȦ⏏
ǵ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɻʚɛ⏋Ϻʃɭɻȋ⏃ࢃᅨˁ⏆ହᣂɐʳȍɭᝠჼɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄɹᝠჼȵʢɌʢઝ٢ˁʢɦɲʰɽ⏋Ϻʃɭɻ⏋ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ᕶՕɛɠȵ༥ᢹɌɛʱެ‫׹‬Ɍɛʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻᠨȴɴᣝήɌɛʱɐʳɭȷɹࢃᅨɹѝғɭ⏋ɗʶˁɲ˃ʰȴɹաɹᇿᇕɹɛʠɴହᣂɌɛᐄഗɭɌɩࢰഀ
ɴ਄ʰʶʳʢɹɹѝғɭˁປᥒɌɩ⏋৿ᓔˁ᧧˃ɫȦʳɭᓒȭɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰϺʃɭɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲʈɛɦɹѝғˁປᥒɌɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɇȷʓɰᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋̨͐ɹѝғɭɻೣഀɻ੐ઝᇕɲʢɹɴɐȹɲȦ⏏
ȋჼ‫ܧ‬ȍɭȋೡഀȍɴȲȿʳʈɛɦɹѝғˁϺᬚȵປᥒɐʳʭȩɴɲʳɹɻ⏋ᢪॳȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɛȡɭɹɄɭɞɭᓒȭʳɹȵ߹য়ɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏
ɗȩɫȡʳɲʰɽ⏋ೡഀɴ‫ك‬ȿɩɹȋହᣂȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ɻ⏋ɍɦɻ⏋ᦏБᣂೣςᒶˁ႑ᅨ኏
Цɴହ৯ɌɛʢɹɴɐȹɲȦɄɭɴɲʳ⏏
ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ኏ЦɫɻΥᖔᇕɴ⏋ࢃᅨȵɇʚɊʚɲลЦɴϯழ͹ᣝήɇʶɩȦʳɌ⏋ȋࢃᅨɹஐ‫؝‬ɴʭɤɩ኏Цᬠѥȵ෯፷͹ᐣ୫ɇʶʳȍɭȴȋࢃᅨɻ኏ЦᬠѥˁࠬЂɐʳϯழࠬкɫȡʳȍɭȦɤɛៜᠦɻ⏋ఠዀೆᇕɲ।ᡫɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ΥᖔᠶɭɌɩɻ⏋ኽʢɄʶɴᅵᡴ
ˁɭɲȭʳɦʢʱɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ࠦࠑȵృɌȦ኏ЦᇕɲᏣय़ˁօՏɐʳɄɭʢተȴɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɹʭȩɴȋ̶ˎ͊͠ͻ̲˻̦˽ȍʦᣂೣςᒶɭɹˏ̠ͦ˻ͻˁ৔ᠭɌ⏋҅Ϻʦࢃ౏ᮃ܎ȵ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻᕶैɹᐁཕᇕɲᙢዩˁᦠິɐʳɛʠɴࢃᅨˁϯழɌɛʱᣝ
311

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ήɌɛʱɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ႑ᅨ຦ӉˁரՏɐʳɄɭɴɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴᓒȭɩʢ᱔ᔐɌȵɛȦ⏏2)

3ȅΠͽσ΃΢২̤̫ٛͥͅ͏̹͈̾‫ز‬಄࢐۟ǵɇȷʓɰ୭௎Ɍɛʭȩɴ˹͖̠˓̋ͻɻ⏋ϺʃɭȵԍкᇕɴɰɹʭȩɴࢃᅨϯழˁȲɄɲȩɹȴˁɭʱȡɁɩȦɲȦ⏏˽̿Ͳ˵ͻʢʚɛȋϯழ᯿‫( ݖ‬sphere of exchange)ȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ˁؒ၇ɌɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ϯழɹ᧌ዐɫࢃᅨɴɰɹʭȩɲઝ٢ȵЊήɇʶʳɹȴɴɻ໶ઝˁɻ
ʰɤɩȦɲȦ⏏Гάɴɻ⏋̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼᅵɲʳʈɛɦɹዛᰖɹࢃᅨϯழȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩࢃᅨϯழȵȋፈিȍɴɌɛȵȩʢɹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳɭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳϯழɹઝ٢ˁឿ߉ɤɩɌʚȩɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɛȦ⏏
ǵ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏ЦɫʢɤɭʢᰈᑢɴȲɄʳࢃᅨϯழɻГάɹʭȩɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ȡʳϺ (X) ȵ⏋႕ࡴɹә኎ɹɛʠɴࢃᅨˁຏɐɭȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻჼᩆˁ਄ʳɛʠɴࢃᅨˁެ‫׹‬ɐʳɭȦɤɛʭȩɴ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹჿᅓɫ႕ࡴɹࢃᅨȵਖឹɴɲɤɛɭȷ⏋ɗɹࢃᅨˁʓȴɹϺ (Y) ȴʰᡶʱ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋৿౗ɴաɹࢃᅨˁఌଡȩɄɭȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɭȷɴ X ȵԂଝɐʳࢃᅨɻຏɌɛʱެ‫׹‬Ɍɛʱɐʳɛʠ⏋޽ȼɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻֳؑˠ˽ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ X ȵ Y ɴఌଡȩࢃᅨɻ⏋ೡᐁᅋɹ͍˽ɫȡʳ⏏ɭʱȡȭɑɻɄʶˁ⏋ಁᬚᇕɲ̀ͤˁʈȼ˃ɞࢃᅨϯழɫȡʳɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉʶɴᰖаɐʳࢃᅨϯழɻ⏋ʓȴɹȦȼɦȴɹ኏Цȴʰʢ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩Schneider
1953; Goldschmidt 1967␭⏏
ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰɄɹϯழɻ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɴȲȿʳ̫ͻ̊ͻɹʭȩɲϯழɭɻໆࡴᇕɴᅵɲɤɩ
Ȧʳ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɻ 3 ɦȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ̫ͻ̊ͻɴȲȦɩɻ⏋2 ϺɹϺᬚȵ‫ؾ‬ಁɴɗɹ‫ݭ‬ɫϯழˁɐʚɓʳɹɞȵ⏋Ϋ៨ɹϯழɫɻ 2 ᰄɹࢃᅨɻಁᬚᇕɲ̀ͤˁȲȦɩʦʱɭʱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ፀ
2 ɴɻ⏋̫ͻ̊ͻɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻሂଝȵʢɤɩȦʳ̨͐ˁଝɴԂʶɛȦɭȦȩ֪ลˁʢɦ 2 ϺɹϺᬚȵϯழˁȲɄɲȩʼȿɞȵ⏋Ϋ៨ɹϯழɴȲȦɩɻ⏋X ɴɻჼ‫⏋ܧ‬႕ࡴɹࢃᅨˁԂଝɌɛȦɭȦȩԍкᇕɲᇿᇕȵȡʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Y ɴɻɗʶȵɲȦ⏏Y ɻ⏋ԍкᇕɲ֪ลˁʢɦ X
ɴˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɇʶɩȋࢰഀɴǣǣˁఌଡȩȍɭȦȩᏝ೺ɹʢɭɴ⏋ࢃᅨˁήȭɩȦʳɞȿɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɹဣɻ⏋ሁஞᇕɲ֪ลˁʢɛɲȦ Y ȵɄɹϯழɴਝɍɩȦʳɄɭɴɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ X ȵሁᯆɌɩȦʳ‫ک‬ᰍ⏃ֳؑˠ˽ȵਖឹɫȡʳɄɭ⏆ɹៗໆˁஹ֖ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩүᯆȵȡʳɄ
ɭɫȡʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛϯழɻ⏋៊౏ʦ‫ؗ‬Ϻɲɰ⏋ɗʶʚɫɴɗʶɲʱɴ៊ɌȼɦȷȡɤɩȷɛϺʃɭɹȡȦɞɫȲɄɲʼʶʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛᔘಕˁʢɛɲȦϺɻ⏋ȋࢰഀɴǣǣˁఌଡȩȍɭȦȩ2) ࡸ᭬ɴɻ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻᕶ᤹⏋Υ౅ɫɻ⏋႑ᅨ຦ȵȋ̶ˎ͊͠ͻ̲˻̦˽ȍɴʭʳ᭬ᭉɹɲȦଁᬏɭȦȩ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻˁʢɠ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁቑ‫ޙ‬ɌɩɌʚȩ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ୭௎Ɍɲȵʰ⏋Ј౅ɫɻ⏋҅Ϻȵᩂឹɲᣂ྇ˁϕᅎɌɲȦʭȩɲԊ‫ؾ‬кᇕɲៀըȵȡʳɄɭ⏋ȡʳȦɻ⏋҅Ϻɻ।ɴЈᓔɴћࡔɌɩȲʱ⏋ሂϣᇕɲѵᰉˁᐣ୫ɐ
ʳਖឹȵȡʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩʚɛ⏋៊౏ᏼᑩʦॷᶲкᏙ⏋ѵᰉɹ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɲɰˁɭȲɌɩ⏋҅ϺȵᕶैɹգᇰɹɛʠɴЈᓔˁᰩȦ႒ɴɐʳลЦˁଵըɐʳ෵িȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ␩Spencer 1998: 229-230␭⏏
ɦʚʱ႑ᅨ኏Цɴࢪɐʳ৳ɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢΥ᢭ɌɩȦɲȦ⏏

312߄ᅒ⏧ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬Ꮭ೺ɲɰ⏋ମሾɐʳɻɑȵɲȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɄɹϯழɴɻϺൔᇕɲឹᏬȵᬠήɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹϯழɴȴȴʼʳθᓔɹᬠѥɻᯃࢪዌᇕɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹϯழɴȋሂଝɴࢪɐʳஹ֖ȍɭȦȩүᯆȵȡʳɄɭɴ໶ᇿɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ɄɄɴɻᣝήɭȦȩឹᏬȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȦʳɭʛɲɐɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɄɹϯழˁ⏋Y ȵ೎՟ɴ X ɴᣝήɌ⏋ಁᬚˁȲȦɛɹɠɴ⏋Ё঎ɻ‫ࢪؙ‬ɴ X ȵ Y ɴᣝήɌɩȦʳɭʛʳɹʢ๭ተɫɻɲȦ⏏
ɲɕɲʰɽ⏋Υᖔᇕɴᣝήɭɻȋឿᦐʱˁೝ৺ɓɑɴήȭʳʢɹȍɫȡʳȵ⏋̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹɄɹʦʱɭʱɫɻ⏋ᦐɐʏȷʢɹȵ೎՟ȴʰໆʠʰʶɩȦʳɌ⏋ʚɛ⏋ɗʶˁᦐ‫׹‬ɐʳʚɫɻᢦӁȵ๿ɤɩȦʳɭʛɲɇʶɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ᦐ‫׹‬Ɍᏺʼʶɽ⏋ɗɄɫʦʱɭʱɻ࡭ᐄɐʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹࢃᅨϯழɻʚɛ⏋ɗʶəʶȵႶᕶɫȡʳɭȦȩਸൔˁʢɦ⏏ԍкᇕɴȦȩɭɄȩɫȡʳ⏏Ϋ៨ɹ Y ȴʰֳؑˠ˽ˁ਄ɛ X ȵ⏋ɗɹᢦӁɹఌଡȦˁɐʚɓʳʚȭɴ⏋Ё঎ɻ Y ȵֳؑˠ˽ˁਖឹɭɐʳϟ઴ɴɲʱ⏋ɗʶˁ X ȴʰ਄ɛɭɐʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ȲϣȦɴሂଝɴ 1ᰄɹֳؑˠ˽ˁήȭɩȦʳʼȿɞȵ⏋ʈɛɦɹϯழɻሂຏɇʶɲȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋X ɻ Y ɴ⏋ɗɌɩ Y ɻ X ɴ⏋ɗʶəʶೡᐁᅋ͍˽ˁఌଡȩʏȷᒶ֭ˁᢦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ϯழɭɻȋȲɲɍѝғˁʢɦȍʢɹˁϣȦɴʦʱɭʱɐʳɄɭɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳኽɛɠɹሗɴɻ⏋Ʉɹ̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹࢃᅨϯழɻߏᅵɲʢɹɴ౱ʳ⏏Ʉɹϯழˁȋፀ 1 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɭ٧˃ɫȲɄȩ⏏
ǵɭɄʸɫΥᖔɴ႑ᅨ኏Цɫɻ⏋ࢃᅨᒴɹ޽ȼɻ͍˽ɴʭɤɩ‫װ‬ʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏͍˽ɻ͊͡
˪ɹᅊᅋᓔɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋ࢃᅨᒴˁ‫߂ވ‬ɇɓʳɛʠɴɻ͍˽ɹւ‫غ‬ȵᲞȦʓȩȵʭȦ⏏ɗʶɫɻ⏋ᑢຂ֐ˁʢɦ͍˽ˁϯழɴʭɤɩԂଝɌɛȦɭȦȩ֪ลˁʢɦϺᬚɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɐʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ઝ޺ɲɄɭɴ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻ⏋ɄɹᇿᇕˁϯழɭȦȩଝຍɴʭɤɩςкᇕɴ᧒ଁɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏Ϋ៨ɹ X ɭ Y ɹϟёɹʭȩɴ⏋ֳؑˠ˽ɭೡᐁᅋ͍˽ȵϯழɇʶʳɄɭˁɐɫɴሾɤɩȦʳኽɛɠɴɻ⏋͍˽ȵʓɌȦɭਲ਼ȩϺᬚɻ⏋ሂଝɴֳؑˠ˽ˁரњɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋͍˽ˁଝɴԂʶʳɄɭȵɫȷʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ԍкᇕɴֳؑˠ˽ˁຏ
Ɍɛʱެ‫׹‬Ɍɛʱɐʳ֪ลȵɲȦሂଝɻ⏋ɗʶˁ‫؝‬ȿɭʰɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ȋࢰഀɴȡɲɛȵਖឹɴɲɤɛɭȷɴֳؑˠ˽ˁரњɐʳȍɭᏝ೺Ɍɩ⏋͍˽ˁ਄ʳɄɭʢɫȷɲȦ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ࢰഀɴʓ˃ɭȩɴሂଝȵ႕ࡴɹֳؑˠ˽ˁਖឹɭɐʳɭȷ⏋ᕶՕȵɗʶˁʢɤɩȦʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫȋֳؑˠ˽ˁᑢຂ֐ɹȡʳ͍˽ɭϯழɐʳȍɭȦȩ଍ᅭɻ⏋ȋᕶՕȵʢɤɩȦʳˠ˽ȵʓɌȦɭȦȩሂଝȵჼʶʳɹˁ৺ɦȍɭȦȩ༥ෑᇕɲȴɛɠɫɌȴଁጓɌɲȦ⏏͍˽ɹւ‫غ‬ȵᲞȦɭȦȩࢃᅨᒴɹ෯ଁɴ໶ᇿɐʳɲʰɽ⏋Ϻʃɭɻᒴʶɹ‫ވ‬ຂ֐ˁᲞʠʳɛʠɴέឹɲˠ˽ˁϯழɴՏɌɩ͍˽ˁკ਄ɐʳɄɭˁ୭‫ك‬ɐʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏋ɭኽɛɠɻਲ਼Ȧȵɠɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰϺʃɭɻ⏋ȋˠ˽ʢ͍˽ʢᕶՕɛɠɹᅊ༎ɴɻਖឹɫȡʱ⏋θ౅ˁʢɤɩȦʳɄɭȵȦȦɹɞȍɭ᠝ɤɩȦʳ⏏
313ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵɛɞɌ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫʢ⏋ςкᇕɴɫɻɲȦȵ͍˽ˁკ਄ɐʳɛʠɹϯழȵࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ɗʶɻΥዛɹ̫ͻ̊ͻɭʛɲɓʳȴɛɠɫȲɄɲʼʶʳ⏏ɲ˃ʰȴɹჿᅓɫֳؑ˗˹ˁຏɌɛʱެ
‫׹‬ɌɛʱɐʳɄɭȵਖឹɴɲɤɛʢɹɹ⏋ᕶՕɻɗʶˁʢɤɩȦɲȦɌ⏋ࢰഀɴ͍˽˗˹ˁఌ
ଡȩɭᏝ೺ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩֳؑ˗˹ˁரњɌɩȼʶʳ᧟য়ɲሂଝʢʛɦȴʰɲȦ‫غݭ‬ɴ⏋Ϻʃɭɻೡᐁᅋɹ͍˽˗˹ˁɦʶɩోɴɫʳ⏏ሾʱȡȦɹࢃɴ໩ʠɩʢʰȦɲȵʰϯழሂଝˁɇȵɐɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛ̢͖ͻ˽ɻɐȽɴᦏ᭰ɴШʼʱ⏋ֳؑ˗˹ˁரњɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ
͍˽˗˹ˁଝɴԂʶɛȦɭਲ਼ȩϺᬚȵჼʶʳɭ⏋ȲϣȦɴϯழࢪᢒˁද២Ɍ⏋‫౅ؘ‬ȵ‫غ‬ઝɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩϯழȵଁጓɐʳ⏏Ʉɹϯழɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݭ‬ɫ࡭ᐄɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȲϣȦɴʭȼሾʰɲȦሂଝɭɹȡȦɞɫଁጓɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩθᓔɹᬠѥɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݭ‬ɫȲϣȦɴᕶैɹਖឹˁྃɛɌ
3)ȡɤɩȦʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫࢪዌᇕɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹϯழˁȋፀ 2 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɭ٧ʖȩ⏏

ǵȋፀ 1 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɴȲȦɩ⏋ֳؑ˗˹ȵਖឹɲϺɻȋࢰഀɴೡᐁᅋɹ͍˽˗˹ˁఌଡȩȍɭᏝ೺ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩᇿᇕɹʢɹˁଝɴԂʶʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹဣɞȿɴ໶ᇿɐʳɲʰɽȋֳؑ˗˹⏮ೡᐁᅋ˗˹ȍɭȦȩፈিȵɲʱɛɦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ȋፀ 2 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍȴʰʢ⏋ʦɻʱኽɛɠɻȋֳؑ˗˹⏮ೡᐁᅋ˗˹ȍɭȦȩȲɲɍፈিˁୈՏɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ʈɛɦɹϯழȵʚɤɛȼᅵɲʳਸൔˁʢɦɄɭɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹᠦ౩ȴʰ౩ʰȴɫȡʸȩ⏏
ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɄȩɌɛȋፈি⏮ϯழͤͻ̜ȍɞȿɴʢɭɧȦɩࢃᅨϯழˁ଴வɐʳɭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳϯழɹ኏Цᇕɲઝ٢ˁஅᢒɌɩɌʚȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ȲϣȦɴሂଝɴ 1 ᰄɹֳؑˠ˽ˁήȭɩȦʳϠᓔɹȡȦɞɹʈɛɦɹȋፀ 1 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍȵሂຏɫȷɲȦʭȩɴ⏋̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹϺʃɭɻୈᢒᇕɲፈিɴɌɛȵɤɩࢃᅨˁϯழɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ǵɇʰɴʚɛ⏋Еɴȋֳؑ˗˹⏮ೡᐁᅋ˗˹ȍɭȦȩፈিȵଁጓɌɩȦʳʭȩɴʛȭɛɭɌɩʢ⏋ֳؑ˗˹ˁʢɤɩȦʳϺᬚɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ɗʶˁᠨȴɴரњɌɩϯழɴʭɤɩςкᇕɴೡᐁᅋ˗˹ˁଝɴԂʶʳɭȦȩ᧧ିᔊȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦɭȦȩઝ٢ɴȲȦɩɻȋֳؑ˗˹Ɩೡᐁᅋ˗˹ȍɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱɄɹፈিɻ⏋Ȧɦɫʢံ೼ИɴଁጓɐʳʭȩɲΥᖔᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ȋֳؑ˗˹ɭೡᐁᅋ˗˹ɻȏȲɲɍѝғˁʢɦȑȍɭៜ౩ɐʳɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠፈিˁಔ᧋‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɴɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼઝ٢ȵɲȦ⏏
ǵኽȵᠭീɌɩȦɛ̜˕͡ˡ̠‫ݖܩ‬ɴɻ⏋Ϻʃɭȵࢃᅨˁɦʶɩᮃʚɤɩȼʳʭȩɲࡴೝᇕɲ
͇ͻ˭̜̒ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ⏏ȋፀ 2 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɻ⏋Ʉɹϟ઴ɴࢪՃɌɦɦ⏋ʭȼሾʰɲȦሂଝɭɹࢃᅨϯழˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ё৿⏋ᢪॳᐁཕɹ༡ᦩɭɭʢɴ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴࡴೝᇕ3) ̜˕͡ˡ̠ɹϺʃɭȵࢃᅨɰȩɌˁϯழɐʳ౅໬ɴɻ⏋ȋፀ 1 ̊˓̺ȍɭȋፀ 2 ̊˓̺ȍɹʈɛɦɌȴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ⏏
ȋ͓˧͹̯̓˻ɹᰲ᰸ɴࢭਥɐʳɛʠɴ⏋˗˹ˁ͓˧͹̯̓˻ɭϯழɐʳȍɭȦɤɛϯழɻȲɄɲʼʶɲȦɌ⏋Ϻʃɭɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛ֪ลᕶкˁʢɛɲȦʭȩɴʛȭʳ⏏ʈɛɦɹϯழɻɭʢɴ⏋႕ࡴɹࢃᅨˁެ‫׹‬Ɍɛʱә኎ɹɛʠɴຏɐɭȦȩʭȩɴԍкᇕɴȋ༥ᢹȍɐʳ֪ลˁʢɦϺȵ⏋‫ؤ‬တˁȷɤɩȲɄɲȩɭȦȩԊᦲਸˁ
ʢɦ⏏

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߄ᅒ⏧ࢃᅨɹ҅кਸɭ‫׋ڃڧ‬ɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒ȵᬖ៯ɇʶʳɭЕࡴɌʭȩ⏏ɄȩɌɛ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫϺʃɭȵެ‫׹‬ɐʳࢃᅨɹ޽ȼ
ȵ⏋ֳؑˠ˽ɴɲʳɄɭɻʚɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɗȩɫȡʶɽ⏋ȋፀ 2 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɴʭɤɩֳؑ
ˠ˽ˁଝɴԂʶʭȩɭɐʳϺȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɴೡᐁᅋ͍˽ˁɦʶɩᮃʚɤɩȼʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ɗɌɩᦥɴ⏋ɗɹೡᐁᅋ͍˽ˁԂଝɌɛȦɭȦȩ֪ลˁʢɤɩֳؑˠ˽ˁɦʶɩȼʳϺȵՏჼɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏Цɫɻȋֳؑˠ˽ˁரњɌɩ͍˽ˁ
ଝɴԂʶʳȍɭȦȩ᝔ဤˁςкᇕɴȲɄɲȩɄɭɻࢬɍᦉʠʰʶɩȦʳɹɞȵ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɻɄʶˁᬖఔɐʳɞʸȩ⏏ɗȩɌɛϟ઴ȵᦽ᝔ɐʳɭЕࡴɐʶɽ̜˕͡ˡ̠኏ЦɴȲȿʳȋֳؑˠ˽⏮ೡᐁᅋ͍˽ȍɭȦȩፈিɹਸൔʢʚɛ⏋ʭʱΥᖔᇕɲʢɹʍɭ޴‫׋‬ɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏

4ȅ‫ز‬಄͈ࡢఘ଻͂੸຦‫ا‬ǵኽɭȲɲɍȼ̜˕͡ˡ̠ˁᠭീɌɛ Broch-Due␩1999␭ɻ⏋̜˕͡ˡ̠ላɹላংଘ‫ܩܧ‬ɴȡʳࢃᅨɹ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɴɦȦɩГάɹʭȩɴᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɲ˃ʰȴɹᣀ֝ӈɴਃϟɌ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫࢃᅨˁᣘԂɐʳɛʠɹჼᩆˁʢɤɩȦʳϺʃɭ⏋ɭȼɴఠᔒˁ‫؝‬ȿɛᗐᓔɛɠɻ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ˁዩෑᇕɴգᅎɌɩᕶՕɹࢃᅨᒴˁʈʦɗȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫᣘ
ԂɌɛࢃᅨɻ⏋கЈᇕɴ҅Ϻᇕɲଘ೑႒ɭɌɩȡɦȴʼʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛࢃᅨɻ⏋‫ؗ‬Ϻȴʰᣝήɇʶɛࢃᅨʦᅭߥɴʭɤɩ਄ɛࢃᅨɲɰɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ȋࢃ౏ɹࢃᅨᒴȍɭɻ᠗ʠʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᣘԂɌɛࢃᅨˁᗐᓔȵࢃɴɦʶɩॠɤɩʢ⏋ທ៊ɻ‫ھ‬ʃʢɌɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȲɲɍჼᢒɻ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳɹ̤ˏͻ኏Цȴʰʢ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩Hutchinson 1992␭⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ȋᢪॳɴʭɤɩԂଝɌɛ˗˹ȍɭȋࠦᣂɭɌɩ਄ɛ˗˹ȍȵ‫ך‬աɇʶ⏋մᓔɴɻʭʱ҅Ϻᇕɲଘ೑ȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏̤ˏͻɹϟёɫᖂ٢ཉȦɹɻ⏋ᢪॳʢʚɛ⏋˗˹ɭȲɲɍʭȩɴԂଝ౅໬ɴʭɤɩेᅵ‫׋‬ɇʶʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ȋᣀ֝ӈɴʭɤɩ਄ɛᢪॳȍɻଘ೑ᓔȵປᥒᇕᕶᅓɴՃՕɫȷʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋ˗˹ˁެ‫׹‬Ɍɩ਄ɛᢪॳȍɴɻ⏋ɗɹ˗˹ɴࢪɌɩɲ
˃ʰȴɹณգˁʢɤɩȦɛϺʃɭȵณգˁѳ୫Ɍᐚȿ⏋޽ȼɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻᑢຂ֐ɹȡʳᗐȦ˗˹ˁᣘԂɐʳɛʠɴьʼʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲᐁᑅɫԂଝɌɛɹȴɴʭɤɩ⏋˗˹ʢᢪॳ
ʢ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳઝ٢ɧȿʦϺʃɭȵʢɦณգɹȡʱ౅ȵᅵɲɤɩȼʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴį̑͐ȵᐁɩȷɛ๴‫ر‬ȍɴɌɛȵɤɩ⏋̨͐ȵ‫ڃڧ‬ɭɲɤɛʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫ڃڧ‬ɫȡʳɄɭˁʦʠɛʱɐʳɭȦȩϟ઴ˁ⏋˱̴̶̜␩Kopytoff 1986␭ɻį̑͐ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕɲᕶШȍɭᝠჼɌɩȦʳ⏏৳ɻ⏋̨͐ȵȋެ‫خ׹‬ᔨਸȍʦȋϯழ‫خ‬ᔨਸȍˁʢɦɭȷɴɻ⏋ɗʶɻ⏋ʓȴɹ̨͐ɭປᥒȵ‫خ‬ᔨɲ‫ڃڧ‬ɹγᅠɴࣚɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ̨͐ȵ‫׬‬Ⴖ (singular)ɫႶ႕ (unique) ɫȡɤɩ⏋ʓȴɹ̨͐ɭປᥒɫȷɲȼɲʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻ⏋ʓȴɹ̨͐ɭɹϯழȵέ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɭ୭௎ɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ɻ⏋̨͐ȵȋ‫ڃڧ‬ਸȍˁɗɲȭɛʱ⏋ʦʠɛʱɐʳჼᢒˁ̺ͦ́˽ɭɌɩʛʳɄɭˁர‫ڟ‬Ɍ⏋‫׋ڃڧ‬ɴ଻Ɍɩ̨͐ɴ‫׬‬ႶਸˁЊήɌʭȩɭɐʳɭȷɹ315ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬య‫׋‬ɹ৲ւˁ৔ᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏Ϋ៨ɹ̤ˏͻ኏Цɹϟёɻ⏋˗˹ɭᢪॳȵɭʢɴȋᔵ‫׋ڃڧ‬ȍɇʶʳ᧌ዐɫȡʳɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨ኏ЦɴȲȦɩࢃᅨɻ⏋ɐʏɩȵ҅кᡫաɇʶɩȦʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋҅кɹഀ๴ʦ៊ࡎᬠѥȵ᠗ሾɇʶ⏋‫ܔ‬೑‫ؿ‬ȵЊήɇʶɛʱɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ϻʃɭȵࢃᅨᒴˁᇿɹ
մɴɌɩ⏋ɗɹᰄధˁȋధȭɲȦȍɄɭȵ޽ȼɹ኏Цȴʰ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ȋధȭʳȍɭȦȩ᝔ဤɻࢪᢒɭɲʳ̨͐ɹ҅աਸˁஅᢒɌ⏋̨͐ˁȲϣȦɴᒞழ‫خ‬ᔨɲፈѝ႒ɴ᧰ӯɐʳ⏏ࢃᅨɹᰄధˁధȭɲȦɄɭɻ⏋Ϻʃɭȵࢃᅨᒴˁȋံ‫ؿ‬ɹ̨͐ɹᮃʚʱȍɭɻʛɲɇɲȦɄɭˁᮁষɴ႒᠝ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠࢃᅨɹ҅Ǿкɻ⏋ȡʳઝ٢ɫႶᕶɲʢɹɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɩेᅵ‫׋‬ɇʶɛࢃᅨɹ႕ਸˁȋ҅кਸȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɌʭȩ⏏ɇȷʓɰᦚʏɛȋፀ
1 ̊˓̺ɹϯழȍɴȲȦɩ⏋ɗʶɴȴȴʼʳϠᓔȵȲϣȦɴሂଝɴࢪɌɩȲɲɍʭȩɴֳؑˠ˽ˁரњɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɴʢ⏋ʈɛɦɹϯழɻȋሂຏ⏮Ꮔ፤ȍɇʶɑɴႶᕶɫȡʱᐚȿʳɄɭˁ୭௎
Ɍɛ⏏X ɻȋȡɹȍֳؑˠ˽ˁ Y ȴʰ਄ɛᢦӁ⏃ೡᐁᅋ͍˽⏆ˁఌଡʼɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦɌ⏋ȋɄɹȍֳؑˠ˽ˁ਄ɛ Y ʢʚɛ⏋X ɴࢪɌɩᢦӁˁᢦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠࢃᅨȵȋ҅кਸȍˁɗɲȭɛႶᕶɲʢɹɭɌɩ᠗ሾɇʶ៨ૡɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ⏋҅ǾɹϯழɹႶᕶਸˁគଠɠɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛࢃᅨɹȋ҅кਸȍɻ⏋ʁɭɦɹ኏Цɹɲȴɫʢ҅кɴʭɤɩᅵɲɤɩȦʳɞʸȩɌ⏋య‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩʢᅵɲɤɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ࢃᅨ҅кȵɰɹʭȩɴेᅵ‫׋‬ɇʶ⏋ᅵɲʳѝғˁЊήɇʶʳɹȴɻ⏋ϺʃɭȵࢃᅨɭɰɹʭȩɴɦȷȡȦ⏋ଘ೑ʦϯழˁʠȽʳ኏ЦᬠѥɹɲȴɫࢃᅨˁɰɹʭȩɴʢɠȦɩȦʳɹȴɴʭɤɩ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ޴ᅵˁɭʳɻɑɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋Υᖔᇕɴȋ‫׋ڃڧ‬ȍȵѝғɹ‫ؾ‬ᣒ‫׋‬ˁઝ٢ɐʳɲʰɽ⏋႑ᅨ኏Цɴ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕȵ༡ᦩɌ⏋ࢃᅨȵ‫ڃڧ‬ɭɌɩȡɦȴʼʶʳɭȦȩృɌȦႥ໥ˁϺʃɭȵៗᨾɌ⏋ɗʶɴࢪՃɐʳ᧌ዐɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹȋ҅кਸȍȵ޴ࢅɐʳ᧌ዐɭɌɩ଴வɫȷʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏˹͖̠˓̋ͻʦ˽̿Ͳ˵ͻɴɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲែဣȵ๕ᘺɌɩȦɛ⏏ࢃᅨɹȋ҅кਸȍɭȦȩԍкᇕɲʢɹɴ໶ᇿɐʳȋ౅໬ᠶᇕɲ̶˙̘ˑ˹̀͌ȍ␩Appadurai 1986: 5␭ˁɭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɄɗ⏋႑ᅨ኏ЦɴȲȦɩϺʃɭȵࢃᅨɴɰɹʭȩɲѝғˁЊήɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ɗʶɻჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ɰɹʭȩɴ޴ࢅɌʭȩɭɌɩȦʳɹȴȵ౩ʰȴɴɲʳɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏
ǵ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ߄ᅒǵᕸ⏏2002⏏ȋࢃᅨɭᢪॳ⏧႑ᅨ຦̜˕͡ˡ̠኏ЦɴȲȿʳࢃᅨϯழȍиᚹǵѩᑂȏᧉ႑຦ɹγᅠȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏋223-266.
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