Request for cooperation: Survey of women researchers in Asia and Oceania
On the occasion of the Fifth Congress of the Asia and Oceania Society for Comparative
Endocrinology and Special Satellite Symposium " Global Environment & Comparative
Endocrinology: Contribution of Women Scientists in Asia and Oceania"

In conjunction with the Fifth Congress of the Asia and Oceania Society for Comparative
Endocrinology, to be held March 26-30, 2004 at Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan, aspecial satellite symposium "Global Environment & Comparative Endocrinology:
Contribution of Women Scientists in Asia and Oceania" will be held March 26, 2004.

This

satellite symposium will highlight the contributions of women researchers in this region to thefield of Comparative Endocrinology, and at the same time, hone in on the the various
challenges they face relating to work, society and family.
In order to address these concerns, a survey of women researchers in Asia and Oceania isbeing implemented on the occasion of the Fifth Congress of the Asia and Oceania Society for
Comparative Endocrinology.

We have prepared an on-line questionnaire covering an arrayof issues relating to women in research, and would like to request the cooperation of both
women and men who are active in the field of Comparative Endocrinology and related areasof research.

The results of the survey will be presented and discussed at the Satellite

Symposium, and we hope that this will be an occasion for active discussion and exchange ofviews regarding women scientists' activities and roles.
There are still many factors that limit women's full participation in research and society;we hope that the international comparison aimed at in this survey will stimulate further
discussion and reflection enabling all individuals to fulfill their goals and achieve their aims
to the fullest.
Questionnaire for Nara Satellite Symposium _ Proposal(Adapted from Survey of Gender Equal Participation among Science and Technology
Professionals)

Note: Tick (_)the box (_) corresponding to your selected response.

Where

the responses are underlined, you may select more than one.
Jpn.M(m): Japanese men, Jpn.W(w):Japanese women, F.M(m): mens in the other countries,
F.W(w): womens in the other countries
1

Q0 Please choose your nations or territories.
Q0.1 If you answered ‘Other’ in item Q0, please specify.
Ｎations or territories (F.ｍ)

Ｎations or territories (F.w)

1

1

1
Thailand1

1

ThailandJapan
10

total 29

TaiwanVietnam3

Malaysia

Australia

Sri Lanka
India

3

2

6

Indonesia

Q1 Age 24 or under, 25-29, 30-34,35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60 or above
Q2 Gender Male, Female
Age and gender (Jpn.mw)
16

Total men 50
Total wommen 54

14

14

12

12

10

10

10

10
men

7

8

6
5 5

6
4

women

5

2 2

4 4
2 2

2 2

2
0
under24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

over 60

Total men 9
Total women 29

Age and gender (F.mw)
8

7

7

6

6

5

5
men

4

3

3

1

women

2

2

2 2

1
0

0

0

25-29

30-34

1

1

1

35-39

40-44

45-49

2

2 2
1

0
24

Philippines
New Zealand

New Zealand

Total 9

1

3

Japan

4

1

2

50-54

55-59

over 60

Q3 Marital status Married, Single
Q4.1 Regarding family: How many children do you have?

Marital status（Jpn.M）

None, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more

Maritsl status（Jpn.W）

Single36%Single43%

Total50

Total54

Married64%

Married57%

MarriedSingleMaritsl status（F.m）

Marital status（Ｆ.ｗ）

Single22%Single41%
Total9Total29

Married59%

Married78%

MarriedSingleNumber of children（Jpn.W）

Number of children (Jpn.M)

1
14%

3
6%

Total50

2
11%

None
44%

None

1
28%

2
1
2
36%

3

3

3
2%

None

Total54

1
None
59%

2
3

Number of children（Ｆ.ｍ）

Number of children（Ｆ.ｗ）

3
7%

None
22%
2
45%

Total 9

2
21%

2

None
41%

3

None
1

Total29

2

None

3
3
33%

1
31%

Q4.2 Regarding children: Their age(s):Below school age, Primary school age, Junior high school age, High school age,
Undergraduate, Working, Other
Age(s) of children (Jpn.M)

Ages of children(Jpn.W)

Total35

Total25

12

12

10

10

10

10
8
8

8
6

6

6

6

6
4

4

4

3
2

2

2

2

2

0
Below school

Undergraduate

Primary school

High school

age

age

age

Working10Junior high

Below school

Primary school

Junior high

age

age

school age

school age

Working

Undergraduate

Ages of children(Ｆ.ｗ)

Ages of children(Ｆ.ｍ)

Total22

Total 9965High school age

8

8

5

7
6

4

5
3

4

4

3

3

2
1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

1
0

0
WorkingPrimary schoolage

Undergraduate

Junior high

Below school age

Junior highPrimary school

Below school

High school

school age

age

age

age

school age

4

Undergraduate

WorkingOther

Q5 What is your highest academic degree? Undergraduate, Master's, Ph.D., Other
Highest academic degree (Jpn.)

Highest academic degree (Jpn.M)

Undergraduate12%Undergraduate30%

Total50

Master's
32%

Master's
35%

Ph.D.
56%

Total54

Ph.D.
35%

Highest academic degree (F.Ｗ)
Highest academic degree (F.Ｍ)
Undergraduate
3%
Other
3%
Master's
21%

Ph.D.
Master's

Total29

Total9Other
Undergraduate
Ph.D.
73%

Ph.D.
100%

Q6 Do you hold a Ph.D. degree?
Yes, No
Holding Ph.D (Jpn.M)

Holding Ph.D（Jpn.W）

No
30%

No
41%
Total54

Total50

Yes
59%
Yes
70%

Yes
No

5

Holding Ph.D (Ｆ.Ｍ)

Holding Ph.D (Ｆ.Ｗ)

No
24%
Yes
Total9No

Total29

Yes
76%

Yes
100%

Q7.1 What is your current employment status? Student, Full-time employee (permanent
position), Full-time (with limited-term contract), Part-time employee, Unemployed, Other
current employment status

Total men48
Total Womwn52

35
30

29 30

women
25

number

13

14

men

12

men

10

women

20

7

8

15

11

6

10

10
3

5

3

2

1

2

Other

0

0

Full-time
employee(permanent
position)

Student

Full-time(withlimited-term
contract)

Part-time
employee

4

4

6

5

Total men 8
Total women 23

Current employment status (F.mw)

2

Full-time
employee(permanent
position)

00Student

Other

1

2

Full-time (withlimited-term
contract)

01

Unemployed0Part-time
employee

Q7.2 If you are employed on a limited-term contract, how many years is your term?
Less than 2 years, Over 2 but less than 3 years, Over 3 but less than 5 years, 5 years or more
a limited term (F.m)

5 years or
more
50%

Total2a limited term (F.w)

Over 2 but
less than 3
years
50%

Less than 2
years
25%

5 years or
more
25%

Over 2 but
less than 3
years

Total4
Over 3 but
less than 5
years
25%

5 years or
more

6Over 2 but
less than 3
years
25%

1

Less than 2
years
Over 2 but
less than 3
years
Over 3 but
less than 5years
5 years ormorea limited term (Jpn.m)a limited term (Jpn.w)

Over 2 but
less than 3
years
25%

5 years
or moreOver 3 but
less than 5
years
29%

Over 2but lessthan 3years

Total45 years or
more
75%

Less than
2 years

Total7Less than 2
years
42%

Over 2 but
less than 3
years
29%

Over 2 but
less than 3
years
Over 3 but
less than 5

Q7.3 Is your contract renewable?
Yes, NoYour ccontract(Jpn.Ｗ)

Your ccontract(Jpn.Ｍ)

renewable
43%
Total4

Total7

not renewable57%

not renewable

renewable100%

renewable

renewable
Your ccontract(Ｆ.Ｗ)

Your contract(F.Ｍ)

not renewable
33%
renewable
50%

Total3

Total6

not renewable50%

renewable67%
renewable

not renewable

not renewable

renewable

7

Q8 Your current main affiliation. (If you have left work, please respond to items 8-16
regarding your most recent position.)
Private company, National university, Private university, Other educational institution, Publicresearch institution (national research institute, corporation, foundation, etc.), Other

current main affiliation (Jpn.w)

current main affiliation (Jpn.M)

Publicresearch
institution(national
research
institute,corporation,foundation, etc.),10%

Privatecompany
2%

PrivatePubliccompany
University
Other
4%
6%
6%

publicUniversity8%

Total48

National
university51%

Privateuniversity29%

Privateuniversity
25%

Public research institution(national research
institute, corporation,foundation, etc.)
Private university

National
university
32%

Other

Total 52
Public University

Private company

Current main affiliation (F.ｍ)
Current main affiliation (F.w)

Private university
4%

Privateuniversity
13%

Other educational
institution
9%

Privatecompany
13%
Publicresearch
institution(national
research
institute,corporation,foundation,
etc.)
12%

National university

Other
13%

Total8National
university
62%

Public research
institution(national research
institute,corporation,foundation, etc.)
17%8Total23

National
university57%

Q9.1 Your current position. Private company:
Entry-level employee, Team/group leader or senior researcher/scientist level, Section head orlaboratory chief level, Department/division head or director level,
Operations manager/director level, Exective director/officer level or above, Other

Private company-current position (Jpn.m)

Private company-current position (Jpn.w)

other
Entry-level
employee20%
Team/grou
p leader orTotal5seniorresearcher/scientist
level
20%

othersEntry-level
employee
33%

Team/groupleader or seniorresearcher/scientist level

other
60%

Team/groupleader orseniorresearcher/scientist
level
33%

Private company-current position (F.ｍ)

Sectionhead orlaboratory
chief level
33%

Total3

Entry-level
employee

Private company-current position (F.w)
Team/group leaderor seniorresearche
r/scientis
t level17%

Team/groupleader or seniorresearcher/scientist level
Exective
director/officer
level or above

Other

Total6

Section head orlaboratory chieflevel

Exective
director/officerlevel orabove
33%

Team/groupleader or seniorresearcher/scientist level

Total9

Entry-level
employee

Team/group leaderor seniorresearche
r/scientis
t level33%

others33%

Team/groupleader orseniorresearcher/s
cientist level

Other
83%

Q9.2 Your current position. University:
Undergraduate student ,Graduate student, Research studentPost-doctoral fellow, Technician,Research associate, Lecturer, Assistant professor, Associate professor, Professor, Other

University-current position (Jpn.M.)

University-current position (Jpn.W.)

Total41
12

11

Total33
10

10
8

8

8

8

9

7

7

6

5
4

6
4
4

4
2

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

Technician

Other

0

0
Graduate

Assistant

Research

student

professor

associate

Professor

Lecturer

Post-doctoral
fellow

Other

9

Graduate

Research

student

associate

Lecturer

Post-doctoral

Assistant

Research

fellow

professor

student

Professor

University-current position (F.W)

University-current position (F.M.)
Total7

Total17

5

3
2

4

2

2
1

1

1

2

0

1
Assistantprofessor

Research
associate

Lecturer

Associate
professor

3

3

1

Professor

4

4

2
1

1

1

1

Technician

Research

Professor

0
Associate

Lecturer

professor

Assistant

Graduate

Post-

professor

student

doctoralstudent

fellow

Q9.3 Your current position. Public research institution:
Post-doctoral fellow, Researcher/scientist, Senior researcher/scientist, Team/group laboratory
chief/head level, Division/department head or director level, Operations manager/director
level, Director General or the equivalent, Other

Public research institution-current position(Jpn.m)

Researcher/scientist
40%

Public research institution-current position(Jpn.w)
Team/grouplaboratory
chief/headPost-doctoral level11%
fellow
11%

Total 5

Seniorresearcher/scientist
60%

Total 18

Seniorresearcher/s
cientist
39%

Researcher/s
cientist
39%

Public research institution-current
position(F.W)

Public research institution-current
position(F.m)

Division/depa
rtment heador directorlevel
Post-doctoral 13%
fellow
13%

Seniorresearcher/s
cientist
24%

Other
25%

Researcher/s
cientist
25%

Seniorresearcher/scientist
Researcher/scientist

Other

Total 8

Total 1
Researcher/scientist
100%

10

Postdoctoral
fellow
Division/depar
tment head or
director levelQ10.1 Working hours spent at the workplace: Number of hours spent per week at theworkplace.Under 20 H, 20-39H, 40-49H, 50-69H, 70-89H, 90H or overWorking hours (per 1 week, Jpn. W)

Working hours (per 1 week, Jpn. M)

90H or over
Under20H 2%

90H or over2%
under 20H
4%
40-49H15%

70-89H4%
6%
20-39H8%

50-69H
50-69H
46%

Total 48

50-69H

70-89H
Total 52

40-49H

50-69H49%

40-49H31%

90H or over

Under20H
90H or overWorking hours (per 1 week, F. W)

Working hours (per 1 week, F. M)

Under 20H
9%50-69H26%

40-49H38%

50-69H
50-69H
49%

Total820-39H
70-89Hunder 20H
70-89H33%

40-49H

20-39H26%

70-89H
Total23

40-49H

Under 20H
20-39H
40-49H
50-69H

70-89H13%

40-49H39%

Q10.2 How much of the above time do you spend on research and development?0, 1-9,
10-19, 20-39, 40-49, 50-69, 70-89, 90 or over
Hours for research and deve lopment（per 1
weekJpn.m）

Hours for research and deve lopment（per 1
weekJpn.w）
0H
2%

Under 10H
10%
10-19H10%
70-89H
10%

Under 10H
6%

20-39H34%

50-69H12%

20-39H
50-69H

Total 48

20-39H
40-49H

40-49H
Total 52

70-89H
10-19H19%

10-19H
40-49H17%

20-39H
32%

Under 10H

10-19H
50-69H
Under 10H
0H

50-69H19%

11

40-49H29%

Hours for research and deve lopment（per 1 week
F..m）

70-89H
13%

Hours for research and deve lopment（per 1 week
F.w.）

1-9H
13%

10-19H
10-19H
24%

1-9H
9%

40-49H
13%

1-9H

40-49H
13%
Total890H or over4%

50-69H4%

20-39H

Total23

40-49H
10-19H44%

70-89H
20-39H26%

20-39H37%

Q11.1 Hours spent working from home: How many hours per week do you work at
home? 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-29, 30 or above

Working hours at home (per a week, Jpn.M)

Working hours at home (per a week, Jpn.W)

30H or over4%
10-29H8%

10-29H
8%
0H
21%

Under 5H
Total 48

Under 5H
48%

Under 5H
38%

5-9H
21%

5-9H
0H
10-29H

Total52

5-9H
23%

0H
29%

Working hours at home (per a w eek, ＦW)

Working hours at home (per a w eek, Ｆ.M)

0H
13%30H or above
17%
0H

Total8

1-4H
25%

10-29H
9%

1-4H
10-29H

Total23

10-29H
62%
5-9H
40%

12

0H
17%

1-4H
17%

Q11.2 How much of the above time do you spend on research and development?
0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-29, 30 or above
Hours for research and development at home, Jpn.M)

Hours for research and development at home, Jpn.W)

30H and over2%
10-29H8%

10-29H
4%
5-9H
15%

5-9H
15%

Under 5H
Under 5H
44%

Total 48

0H
43%

0H
5-9H

Total 52

10-29H
30H and over
Under 5H
38%

0H
31%

Hours for research and development at home, F.M)

Hours for research and development at home, F.W)

30H or above
9%

None
37%

10-29H37%

10-29H
17%

None
1-4H

Total8

Total23

5-9H
10-29H
5-9H
13%

None
22%

1-4H
13%

5-9H
13%
1-4H
39%

13

Q12 How many persons do you supervise? (In case of university, how many persons do
you advise, excluding undergraduates?)
0, 1-3, 4-6, 7-15, 16-30, 31 or more
Subordinates (Jpn.M)

Subordinates (Jpn.W)

7-15
4-6 2%

7-15
13%

2%

4-6
13%

1-3
27%

0
Total 48

0
51%

1-3
Total 52

4-6
7-15

0
69%

1-3
23%

Subordinates (F.M)

Subordinates (F.Ｗ)

16-30
4%

31 or more
13%

None
24%

4-6
22%

None

16-30
13%

1-3
4-6

Total8

Total23

7-15
1-3
13%
7-15
24%

16-30
31 or more

4-6
13%

14

1-3
26%

None
48%

Q13 What is your annual research and development budget, excluding personnel costs?
(Leaders should state total for research budget supervised.)$0/Under$5,000/ $5,000-$9,999/ $10,000-$49,999/ $50,000-$199,999/ $200,000-$499,999/$500,000 or above

Annual research budget (Jpn.M)

20-50 million
yen
0.5-1million 4%
yen
10%
5-20million
yen
Total 4815%

1-5millionyen
39%

Annual research budget (JpnW)

5-20million
yen
0.5-1million
2%
yen
15%

1-5million yen
0 yen
under 0.5 million yen
0.5-1million yen

under 0.5
million yen
15%

Total 52

under 0.5
million yen
21%

5-20million yen

1-5million
yen37%

20-50 million yen
0 yen
17%

0 yen
25%

Annual research budget (F.W)

Annual research budget (F.Ｍ)$500,000 or
above
13%

$50,000$199,999
13%

$0
13%

$0
13%

$0
$50,000$199,999
25%

Under $5,000
Total8Under $5,000
24%$10,000$49,999
26%$10,000-$49,999$50,000-$199,999

Total23$500,000 or above$5,000$9,999
22%$10,000$49,999
25%

15

Under $5,00026%

Q14 Why did you choose your current occupation?
To achieve academic satisfaction/intellectual stimulation, To make full use of my abilities,
Because I find this work attractive, High income, Job security, Can balance family and career,Free of gender discrimination, To benefit society, To achieve status/fame, No othersatisfactory work was available, Because I wanted to have a job, Parents and friends
recommended it, Near my home, No relocation required, Flexible working hours, Other
Why did you choose your current oc cupation ? (Jpn.W)
Why did you choose your current occupation ? (Jpn.M)
Total 113

Total 13130

Because I find this work attractive

33

Because I find this work attractive

23

To achieve academic satisfaction/intellectual stimulation

26

To achieve academic satisfaction/intellectual stimulation

19

To make full use of my abilities

25

To make full use of my abilities

13

Because I wanted to have a job

10

Because I wanted to have a job

11

Can balance family and career

6

To benefit society
Parents and friends recommended it

3

Other

3

9

Free of gender discrimination

8

To benefit society

6

Job security

2

No other satisfactory work was available

4

Other

Free of gender discrimination

1

Job security

1

No relocation required

1

Can balance family and career1

To achieve status/fame1

3

Near my home2

No other satisfactory work was available

1

Parents and friends recommended it

0

5

10

15

20

25

Why did you choose your current occupation ? (F.M30High income

1

Flexible working hours

1

35

0

Total23

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Why did you choose your current occupation ? (F.
Ｗ)
Total95

6

To make full use of my abilities

14

To make full use of my abilities

14

To achieve academic satisfaction/intellectual stimulation

To ac_ieve academic satisfaction/intellectual
stimulation5

Because I find this work attractive

5

13

Because I find this work attractive

8

To benefit society
Can balance family and career

7

Free of gender discrimination

7

Job security

7

3

To benefit society

6

To achieve status/fame1

Can balance family and career5

Flexible working hours
Other

3

Because I wanted to have a job

3

Parents and friends recommended it

3

1

No relocation required

Flexible working hours

1

Job security

1

2

Near my home

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

No relocation required

1

No other satisfactory work was available

1

High income

1

7
0

16

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Q15.1 Your future career path. (For those who have left work, please respond as you
would have in your most recent position.) In the future, what type of position do you
wish to hold? (If you wish to continue in your present position, please respond as such.)
Lead academic research laboratory, Work in academic research, Business management,
Business administration, Work in research and development in the private sector, Education,
Local government, Entrepreneur, Not sure, Other
Future career path (Jpn.W)
Total 51
Work in academic research

Future career path (Jpn.M)

Total 47

11

Work in academic research
Work in research and development in the private

Other

5

Lead academic research laboratory

5

4

sectorEntrepreneur

4

Education

7

Not sure

25

Lead academic research laboratory

22

4

Work in research and development in the

4private sector
Not sure

30

Education

5

10

15

20

25

3

30
Business management

1
0

5

10

15

20

25

Future career path (F.M)
Total7Work inacademic
research

Future career path (F.W.)

Total228

Lead academic research laboratory

2

5

Work in academic research

Lead academic
researchlaboratory

2
3

Other

EducationWork in research and development in the private

12

sector2

Education

Business
administration

1

Other

1

0

1

2

Business management1

Not sure

1

0

3

17

2

4

6

8

10

Q15.2 Please choose up to 5 factors you consider important to achieve that position.
Talent, Dedication, Physical strength, Efficiency, Time spent on work, Social skills, Gender,
Personal connections, Cooperation from/mentoring by one's supervisors, Support from family,
System of hiring, evaluation and promotion, Social support systems, Place of work, Don'tknow
Ｗ)

Important factors for future career path (Jpn.

Total95

Important factors for future career path (Jpn. M)
Total 178
Dedication

33

Talent17

Dedication

29

Physical strength

Efficiency

15

Talent13

28
Time spent on work

Personal connections

11

17

Support from family

System of hiring, evaluation and promotion

8

Social skills

8

14Time spent on work

12

Efficiency

11

Social skills

11

Cooperation from/mentoring by one's supervisors

Personal connections

7

Place of work

7

Cooperation from/mentoring by one's supervisors

7

Support from family

79System of hiring, evaluation and promotion

6

Don't knowSocial support systems

4

Physical strength3Social support systems

Gender

3

2

0

1
0

5

10

15

20

25

Important factors for futu re career path (F. Ｍ)
Total23

30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

35

Important factors for future career path (F. W)
Total95
Efficiency

17

7

Efficiency

Dedication

15

6

Dedication

Talent5

TalentSocial skills

3

Time spent on work

3

Time spent on work

11

System of hiring, evaluation and promotion

8

Social skills

8

Personal connections

7

Place of work

7

3

Personal connections

3

Place of work

Physical strength1

Cooperation from/mentoring by one's
supervisors

1

0

13

Cooperation from/mentoring by one's supervisors

7

Support from family

7

Social support systems

2

4

6

8

18

3

Physical strength

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Q15.3 Please rate the likelihood of your achieving the position of your choice.
Already achieved, Possible with some effort, Unlikely, Don't know

Possibility of your schieving the position of your choice (Jpn.
Total 47

Possibility of your schieving(Jpn.W)
Total51

16

Already achieved
Possible withsome effort

19

Possible with some effort

14

Already achieved

15

Don't know
12

Don't know
4

Unlikely
010

Unlikely

8
0

5

10

15

5

10

15

20

20

Possibility of your schieving(Ｆ.Ｍ)

Possibility of your schieving the position of your choice (Ｆ.W)

Total7

Total23

Alreadyachieved

Possible with3

10

some effort
Already8

achieved

Possible withsome effort

3

Don't know

1

0

1

2

3

Unlikely2

Don't know

2

0

4

5

10

15

Q16 Have you ever considered leaving/switching or have ever actually left/switchedwork?
I have left work, I have switched jobs, I have considered leaving work, I have consideredswitching jobs, No
Leaving/switching (Jpn.M)

Leaving/switching (Jpn.W)

I have left work2%

I have consideredleaving work
11%
No
36%

I have switched
jobs
19%

Total 47

I have left
I have work
considered 6%
leaving work
12%
I haveswitched
Total 51
jobs
16%

No
20%

I have consideredswitching jobs
32%

19

I haveconsideredswitching jobs
No
I haveconsideredswitchingjobs
46%

I haveswitched jobs
I haveconsideredleaving work
I have left work

Leaving/switching (F.M)

Leaving/switching (F.W)

I have left work
9%
I have consideredleaving work
9%

I have switched jobs
14%

I have consideredNo
I have consideredswitching jobs
I have switchedjobs
I have consideredleaving work
I have left workNoleaving work

43%

14%

I have switched
jobs
14%

Total7

Total 22

No
50%

I have consideredswitching jobs
18%

I have consideredswitching jobs
29%

Q16.1 If you have ever left/switched job (or have considered leaving/switching job),
please state the reason (s).
To further my career, Better income, To avoid relocation demanded by previous employer, Job
relocation of family member, Workplace location, End of contract, Marriage, Childrearing,
Caring for sick family member, Concern for the future, Gender discrimination, Difficult
personal relations, Unhappy with previous workplace, Was dismissed, Other
son for having left/switched (or having consideredleaving /switching )job (Jpn.M)
Caring for sickfamily member
2%
End of contrac
2%
Better incomeDifficult persona
relations
Other
3%
26%
10%
To further mycareer12%

Reason for having left/switched (or having
considered leaving /switching )job (Jpn.W)

Difficult personal
relationsConcern for the
futureMarriage
Better income
End of contract
3% 3%
5%Concern for the future
Workplace location
24%
5%

Unhappy withprevious workplace

Gender discrimination
6%

Total 65

Other
Unhappy withprevious
workplace21%

Concern for th
future24%

Difficult persona
relations18%

Unhappy with previous
workplace9%

End of contract

To further my career
9%
Other
12%

Better income
Marriage

Caring for sick family
memberReason for having left/switched job ( Ｆ .M)

Was
dismissed
17%

Other
17%

Workplace location

Better income
End of contract

To avoid
relocation
To further mydemanded bycareerprevious
16%
employer
17%
Concern for
Workplace
Total6the future
location17%
16%

To further my career
Unhappy withprevious workplace
Genderdiscrimination
Childrearing

Childrearing
6%

To further my career
Total 58

Concern for the
futureDifficult personal
relations
Other

Reason for having left/switched job (Ｆ .Ｗ)

To further mycareerConcern for
the future
Unhappy with8%
previous

Workplace location

workplace
8%

Other

Other
23%

Was dismissed

To further mycareer38%

Better income

Total15

Other

Concern for the
futureBetter income
23%

To avoid relocation
demanded byil

To further mycareerUnhappy withprevious workplace
Concern for the
future20

Q16.2 If you have ever left or switched jobs, what was your subsequent employment
status? Full-time, Full-time (limited-term contract), Part-time, Unemployed for more than
one year, Other
left/switched-subsequent employment status (Jpn.M)

Left/switched-subsequent employment status (F.W)

Full-time
Full-time (limitedterm contract)
8%
Other
8%

Part-time

Unemployed for morethan one year
8%

Total 12Full-time
59%

Unemployed formore than one
year
Other

Other
7%
Unemployed formore than one
year
Full-time 7%(limited-term
contract)
13%
total15

Full-time
Full-time40%

Part-time
Full-time (limitedterm contract)
Unemployed formore than one year
Other

Part-time
17%

Full-time(limited-term
contract)

Part-time
33%

Left/switched-subsequent employment status(F.M)

Left/switched-subsequent employment status(F.W)

Part-time
14%
Other
28%

Full-time (limitedterm contract)
Full-time

Total 17

Full-time

Total2

Other

Full-time29%

Part-time
Full-time(limited-term
contract)29%

Full-time100%

Q16.3 Into what type of field did you move?
University, National research institute/public research institution, School education-relate,
Private enterprise (research and development), Private enterprise (survey research andconsulting), Private enterprise (non-research related work), Local government, Other
Type of the field where yoy moved (Jpn.M

University

Privateenterprize(research andlocal
development)
government8%
8%
National
research
institute/publicresearch
institution
25%

Type of the field where yoy moved (Jpn.W

University

National research
institute/publicresearch institution

Total12
University
59%

local government

Private enterprize(research anddevelopment)

21

Private Other
enterprize8%(research anddevelopment)
8%
SchooleducationTotal 13
related
15%
National
research
institute/publicresearch
institution
23%

National research
institute/publicresearch institution
University
46%

School educationrelated
Private enterprize(research anddevelopment)
Other

Type of the field where yoy moved (F.W

Type of the field where yoy moved (F.M

National
research
institute/publicresearch
institution
14%

University

Privateenterprise(research anddevelopment)
50%

University
43%

University
50%

Total 2

University

Other

Total4
Privateenterprise(research anddevelopment)

Other
43%

National research
institute/publicresearch institution

Q17 What is your view on limited-term contracts (non-tenured positions), including
post-doctoral positions? Should be introduced extensively, Should be introduced cautiously,
Should be abolished, Don't know
Limited term contracts (Jpn.M)
Total 47
Should be introduced
cautiously

Limited term contracts (Jpn.W)

29
37

Should be introduced
extensively

13

should be abolished

Should be introduced
extensively

7

4

Don't know

4

1
0

Don't know
5

10

15

20

25

30

Limited term contracts (F.Ｍ)

35

0

5

10

20

25

30

35

Total22
Should be introduced
cautiously

5

11

Should be introduced
extensively

Should be
introduced
extensively

15

Limited term contracts (F.W)

Total7

Should be
introduced
cautiously

3

7

2
Don't know

0

1

2

3

4

5

4

6
0

22

5

10

15

40

Q17.1 Reason:
Easy to switch jobs, Can switch jobs based on one's achievements, Stimulate/contribute toresearch development within the organization, Personal mobility, Easy to return to work afterchildrearing break, and the like, Cannot tackle/commit to large projects, Difficult to achieve
security/realize life plans, Difficult to find next position, Age limitations, Face disadvantages
in terms of social security/pensions and the like, Other

Reasons for the views on limited-term contracts (Jpn.M
Total 134

Stimulate/contribute to research development within the organization

31
18

Difficult to find next position
Can switch jobs based on one's achievements

16

Difficult to achieve security/realize life plans

15

Face disadvantages in terms of social security/pensions and the like

14

Cannot tackle/commit to large projects

14

Age limitations

12

Easy to switch jobs

10

Easy to return to work after childrearing break, and the like
Personal mobility

3
1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Reasons for the views on limited-term contracts (Jpn.W
Total 177
30

Difficult to find next position27

Difficult to achieve security/realize life plans
24

Face disadvantages in terms of social security/pensions and the like24

Cannot tackle/commit to large projects
19

Stimulate/contribute to research development within the organization

18

Age limitations
12

Easy to return to work after childrearing break, and the like9

Easy to switch jobs

9

Can switch jobs based on one's achievements
4

Other
Personal mobility

23 0

1
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Reasons for the views on limited-term contracts (F.
Ｍ)
Total19
Difficult to achieve security/realize
life plans

4

Stimulate/contribute to researchdevelopment within the organization

3

Can switch jobs based on one's
achievements

3

Face disadvantages in terms ofsocial security/pensions and the like2

Cannot tackle/commit to large
projects

2

Difficult to find next position

2

Personal mobility

1

Age limitations

1

Easy to return to work afterchildrearing break, and the like

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Reasons for the views on limited-term contracts (F.W

4

Total69

Stimulate/contribute to research development within the organization

14

Can switch jobs based on one's achievements

108

Easy to return to work after childrearing break, and the like
Personal mobility

6

Difficult to find next position

6

Difficult to achieve security/realize life plans

5

Other

5
4

Face disadvantages in terms of social security/pensions and the like
Easy to switch jobs

4

Cannot tackle/commit to large projects

4

Age limitations

3
0

24

4.5

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Q18.1 (If you have children, please answer the item.) Who was the main care-giver foryour children during working hours before they reached school age?
Myself, My spouse, Cohabiting relatives, Relatives or friends, Day care center, Babysitter
Main care-giver for children (Jpn.W)
Main care-giver for children (Jpn.M)
Babysitter
5%
Relatives orfriends5%
Myself
14%

Day carecenter28%

Total 21
Total 29
Day carecenter76%

My spouse
72%

Main care-giver for children Ｆ( .M)

Day care center
MyselfRelatives or friends
Babysitter

Main care-giver for children Ｆ( .Ｗ)

Cohabiting
relatives
13%

Cohabiting
relatives
17%

Babysitter24%

My spouse
13%
Babysitter
17%

Total16
Total6
My spouse
66%

Relatives orfriends
13%

Myself18%
Day carecenter19%

Babysitter
Myself
Day care center
Relatives or friends
My spouse
Cohabiting relatives

25

Q18.2 (If you have children, please answer the item.) Is there a system of childcare leavein your country?
Yes, NoIs there system of childcare leave in your country?
(Jpn. M)

Is there system of childcare leave in your country?
(Jpn. W)

No
6%

No
17%

Total 28

Total 22

Yes
83%

Yes
94%

Is there system of childcare leave in yourcountry?
(F.M)

Is there system of childcare leave in your country?
(F.W)

No
33%
Total 5

Total12
Yes
67%

Yes
No

Yes
100%

26

Q18.3 (If you have children, please answer the item.) To what extent were you able totake childcare leave?
Received sufficient leave, Received leave, but it was insufficient, Did not receive leave
Childcare leave (Jpn.W)

Childcare leave (Jpn.M

Received
leave, but it
wasinsufficient
11%

Received
sufficient
leave
28%

Total 28

Total 22
Did not
receiveleave
61%

Did not receive
leave
100%

Childcare leave (F.W)

Childcare leave (F.M)

Received
sufficient leave
20%

Total5

Received
sufficientleave

Did not receive
leave
25%
Did not receive
leave
40%

Total12

Received
leave, but it
was insufficient
33%

Received leave
but it wasinsufficient40%

27

Received
sufficient leave
42%

Received
leave, but it
wasinsufficient
Did not
receive leaveQ18.3.1 Reason: I received support and understanding from my workplace, I wanted tolook after my children myself, I couldn't find anyone to look after my children, I received
leave until my children entered day care, Lack of understanding from workplace, I didn't want
to interrupt my career
I didn't want my income to decrease, I didn't feel it was necessary, I was able to find someone
to look after my children, There was no leave system, There was an adequate leave system,
but my workplace environment prevented me from taking leave, OtherTo what extent were you able to take childcare leave?-reason(Jpn

Total 50

I didn’t feel it was necessary

10

I didn't want to interrupt my career10

I was able to find someone to look after my children

106There was no leave system
There was an adequate leave system, but my workplaceenvironment prevented me from taking leave4

I didn't want my income to decrease

43

Lack of understanding from workplace2

I received leave until my children entered day care
1

Other
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

To what extent were you able to take childcare leave?-reason(Jpn
Total 28

11

There was no leave system
5

I didn’t want to interrupt my career4

I received support and understanding from my workplace3

I received leave until my children entered day care
I wanted to look after my children myself

2

I didn't want to interrupt my career2

Lack of understanding from workplace

1

0

2

4

6

8

10

To what extent were you able to take childcare leave?-reason(F.
Total4

I was able to find someone to lookafter my children

1

There was no leave system

1

I received support andunderstanding from my workplace1

I received leave until my children
entered day care

1

28
0

1

2

12

To what extent were you able to take childcare leave?-reason(F. Ｗ.)
Total20
I received support and understanding from my workplace5

I was able to find someone to look after my children

3

Other

3

I received leave until my children entered day care2

I wanted to look after my children myself

2

I didn't want my income to decrease

2

There was an adequate leave system, but my workplace environment
prevented me from taking leave1

I didn't want to interrupt my career

1

There was no leave system

1
0

1

2

3

4

5

Q18.3.2 If you took leave, what was the period (average for each child, exclusive ofmaternity leave)? Less than 1 month, From 1 month to less than 3 months, From 3 to lessthan 6 months, From 6 months to less than 12 months, From 12 months to less than 24 months,
More than 24 months
If you took leave, what was the period ? (Jpn.W)
From 1 month to lessthan 3 months
From 6 to lessthan 12 months
11%
From 12 to lessthan 24 months
11%

From 1 month
to less than 3months34%

Less than 1 month

From 3 to less than 6monthsTotal 9From 3 to lessthan 6 months
22%

If you took leave, what was the period ? (F.M

From 12 to less than
24 months
Less than 1
month
22%

If you took leave, what was the period ? (F.W.)

More than 24
months9%

Total 2

From 6 to less than
12 months

From 3 to lessthan 6 months Total11
27%

From 1 month toless than 3 months
From 1 month
to less than 3months37%

Less than 1 month

From 3 to less than
6 months
Less than 1
month
100%

Less than 1
month
27%

29

More than 24
months6

Q18.4 (If you have children, please answer the item.) If you took childcare leave, what
was the subsequent effect on your working conditions?
Continued same work as before leave, Position changed, Working section changed, Pay
increases and promotions were delayed, I lost my job, I left my job
Working conditions after taking children leave? (Jpn.W

Continued
same work as
before leave

Pay increases
and promotions
were delayed
36%

Total 11 Continued
same work as
before leave
64%

Working conditions after taking children leave? (F.
Ｗ.)

Working conditions after taking children leave? (F.M

Continued same
work as before
leave
Working
section changed
Total2
50%

Continued
same work as
before leave50%

Pay increases
andpromotions
were delayed

Working sectionchangedI lost my job
9%

Total 11

Continued
same work as
before leave
91%

30

Continued
same work as
before leave
I lost my job

Q18.5 (If you have children, please answer the item.) Please respond regarding theperiod of childcare leave taken by your spouse (average per child, excluding maternity
leave).
Unemployed, Did not receive leave, Less than 1 month, 1 month to less than 3 months, 3months to less than 6 months, 6 months to less than 12 months, 12 months to less than 24
months, 24 months or above

Period of childcare leave taken by your spouse (Jpn.W

Period of childcare leave taken by your spouse (Jpn.M

Unemployed
1 months to less24 months
than 3ormonthsabove 5%
5%
Did not receive
leave
11%
6 months to lessthan 12 months
11%

3 months to lessthan 6 months

Less than 1 month
6%

6 months to lessthan 12 months

Total 19
Unemployed57%

3 months to lessthan 6 months
11%

Total 18

Did not receiveleave
24 months or above

Did not receive leave94%

Did not receive
leaveLess than 1month

1 months to lessthan 3 months

Period of childcare leave taken by your spouse (F.W

Period of childcare leave taken by your spouse (F.M

Less than 1 month10%

Did not receive
leave
25%

3 months to less than
6 months
10%

Unemployed

Total4

Unemployed
50%

Less than 1 month

Total10

Did not receive leave

Did not receive leave
Less than 1 month25%

Did not receive leave
80%

31

3 months to less than
6 months
Less than 1 monthQ18.5.1 If your spouse did not take leave, please give the reason:
Lack of understanding from workplace/too many time demands of workplace, Didn't wantincome to decrease, Didn't feel it necessary, No such system existed, There was an adequate
system, but the workplace environment was not supportive, We were able to find someone tolook after our children, OtherYour spouse did not take leave- reason (Jpn. M)

Your spouse did not take leave- reason (Jpn. W

Total 11

Total 23

No such system

7

No such system existed

4existed

5

There was an adequate system, but the workplace environment was not supportive

Other

4

3

Workplace was very busy

2

We were able to find someone to look after our children

We were able to findsomeone to look after2

our children

Workplace was very

Other

2

Didn’t want a drop in income

2

didn’t feel it necessary

2

1

busy

0

1

2

3

4

5

0
Your spouse did not take leave- reason (F.M

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Your spouse did not take leave- reason (F.W)

Total4

Total11

Didn't feel itnecessaryNo such system existed

4

Didn't feel it necessary

41

We were able to find someone to look after ourchildren3

No suchsystem existed

2

Other

0

1

2

3

4

1

0

1

2

3

Q19 What do you think is necessary to maintain a balance between work and childcare,
caring for sick family members and/or time for oneself?
Diverse working styles, Shortened working hours, Change in work-centered mindset, Change
in mindset regarding gender roles, Lessen distance between workplace and home, Increase inpaid holiday time, Support staff for experiments, Home help, Increase in daycare services,Strengthening of elder care service, Diversified leave system, Financial support for childcare
and elder care, Day care services for children when ill, Formal support of workplace for
person taking leave, Replacement hiring during leave, System to allow work at home during
leave, Worksharing system, More flexible working hours, Supportive working atmosphere,
Other, Nothing in particular

32

4

5

Important factors to maintain balance between work and care for family (Jpn.M
Total228

Supportive working atmosphere

23

Increase in daycare services

22

More flexible working hours

19

Diverse working styles

16

Lessen distance between workplace and home

16

Change in work-centered mindset

16

System to allow work at home during leave

16

Financial support for childcare and elder care

16

Diversified leave system

14

Change in mindset regarding gender roles

12

Support staff for experiments

10

Increase in paid holiday time

10

Strengthening of elder care service

9

Formal support of workplace for person taking leave

7

Shortened working hours

6

Worksharing system

5Home help

5

Replacement hiring during leave3

Day care services for children when ill

2

Other

1
0

5

10

15

20

25

Important factors to maintain balance between work and care for family (Jpn.W
Total 361

Change in mindset regarding gender roles

34

Increase in daycare services

33

More flexible working hours

30

Supportive working atmosphere

29

Diverse working styles

24

Day care services for children when ill

24

Lessen distance between workplace and home

23

Diversified leave system

22

Financial support for childcare and elder care

20

System to allow work at home during leave

20

Strengthening of elder care service

19

Home help

16

Change in work-centered mindset

14

Increase in paid holiday time

11

Replacement hiring during leave

10

Support staff for experiments

10

Shortened working hours

8

Formal support of workplace for person taking leave

7

Worksharing system

6

Other

1
0

5

10

15

20

33

25

30

35

40

Important factors to maintain balance between work and care for family(F.M)

Total364More flexible working hours
Lessen distance between workplace and home3

Diverse working styles

3

Worksharing system

3

Supportive working atmosphere33Formal support of workplace for person taking leave

2

Increase in daycare services
System to allow work at home during leave

2

Change in work-centered mindset

2
2

Diversified leave system
Replacement hiring during leave

1

Change in mindset regarding gender roles

1

Shortened working hours

1

Home help

1

Strengthening of elder care service

1

Support staff for experiments

1

Financial support for childcare and elder care1

Day care services for children when ill

1

Increase in paid holiday time

1
0

1

2

3

4

5

Important factors to maintain balance between work and care for family (F.
Total124

14

More flexible working hours

12

Diverse working styles

10

Supportive working atmosphere
System to allow work at home during leave

9Home help

99Support staff for experiments

7

Change in mindset regarding gender roles

6

Increase in daycare services

6

Change in work-centered mindset
Day care services for children when ill

5

Worksharing system

5

Lessen distance between workplace and home

5

Financial support for childcare and elder care

55Diversified leave system

4

Shortened working hours
Formal support of workplace for person taking leave

3

Strengthening of elder care service

3
3

Increase in paid holiday time
Other

2

Replacement hiring during leave

2
0

2

4

6

34

8

10

12

14

16

Q19.1 If you answered ‘Other’ in item Q19, please specify (less than 250 characters).
Q20 What sort of evaluation should be given to those who take leave to care for children
or sick family members?
Reduce pay for duration of leave, Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave,
Delay pay rises and promotions subsequent to leave, Give preferential evaluation to those
who take leave, Deal with each case on an individual basis according to the person's ability
and track record, Strictly performance-based evaluation, Other, I don't know

Evaluation to those who take leave to care for family members(Jpn.

Toyal 67

Deal with each case on an individual basis according to the person's
ability and track record

26
14Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave

9

Give preferential evaluation to those who take leave

Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave

6

Strictly performance-based evaluation

6
5

I don't know

1

Other

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Evaluation to those who take leave to care for family members(Jpn.F
Total 78

Deal with each case on an individual basis according to the person's ability
and track record

28

Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave

21

Give preferential evaluation to those who take leave

11

Strictly performance-based evaluation

8

Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave6

I don't know

3

Other

1

0

5

35

10

15

20

25

30

Evaluation to those who take leave to care for family members(F.M)
Total12
Deal with each case on an individual basis according
to the person's ability and track record

53Reduce pay for duration of leave

2

Strictly performance-based evaluation

Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of
leave

1

Give preferential evaluation to those who take leave

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Evaluation to those who take leave to care for family members(F.W
Total33
Deal with each case on an individual basis according to
the person's ability and track record

145Reduce pay for duration of leave
I don't know

4

Strictly performance-based evaluation

3

Give preferential evaluation to those who take leave

3
2

Delay pay rises and promotions subsequent to leave

1

Other

Delay pay rises and promotions for the duration of leave

0

1
2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Q20.1 If you answered ‘Other’ in item Q20, please specify (less than 250 characters).

36

Q21 What sort of environment and opportunities are necessary to further research anddevelopment?
Time for research and development, Facilities for research and development, Research anddevelopment funds, Sponsorship/support for research and development, Further study
domestically and abroad, Understanding/cooperation of supervisors, Guidance by advisors,
Freedom in research and development, Environment fostering long-term projects, Presence ofcollaborating researchers, Opportunity to educate students, entry-level employees, etc.,
Opportunities to present research findings, Evaluation of research achievements, Appropriate
evaluation of ability, Expectations of the workplace, Other
Environment and opportunities necessary to further research (Jpn.M)
Total 285
Research and development funds

43

Facilities for research and development

35

Time for research and development

30

Environment fostering long-term projects

Environment and opportunities necessary to further research (Jpn.M

Freedom in research and development25

23

Research and development funds
Sponsorship/support for research and development
Facilities for research and development
Understanding/cooperation of supervisors
Time for research and development

43
23

35
19

Presence of collaborating researchers
Environment fostering long-term projects

25
23

15

Sponsorship/support
Furtherstudy domesticallyfor
andresearchabroad and development

23

14

Understanding/cooperationof supervisors
Guidance by advisors

19

13

Presence of collaborating researchers
Opportunities to present research findings

19

12

Appropriate evaluation of ability
Evaluation of research achievements

15
8Further study domestically and abroad
Opportunity to educate students, entry-level employees, etc.
4
Guidance by advisors
Other
2
Opportunities to present research findings

14
13
12

Evaluation of research achievements

Other

30

19

Appropriate
evaluationof ability and development
Freedomin research

Opportunity to educate students, entry-level
employees, etc. andEnvironment

Total 285

84opportunities
necessary to further research (Jpn.W)

Total331

2

40

Research and development funds

32

Environment fostering long-term projects

29

Time for research and development

28

Facilities for research and development

28

Freedom in research and development

27

Understanding/cooperation of supervisors

27

Presence of collaborating researchers

22

Appropriate evaluation of ability

20

Sponsorship/support for research and development

18

Guidance by advisors
Further study domestically and abroad

17

Opportunities to present research findings

17
12

Evaluation of research achievements

9

Opportunity to educate students, entry-level employees, etc.

4

Expectations of the workplace

1

Other

0

5

10

15

37

20

25

30

35

40

45

Total39

Environment and opportunities necessary to further research (F.

8Facilities for research and development

7

Time for research and development

7

Research and development funds

3

Presence of collaborating researchers

3

Environment fostering long-term projects
Sponsorship/support for research and development2

Freedom in research and development

2

Understanding/cooperation of supervisors

2

Further study domestically and abroad

1

Evaluation of research achievements

1

Opportunity to educate students, entry-level employees, etc.

1

Expectations of the workplace

1

Opportunities to present research findings

1
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Environment and opportunities necessary to further research (F.W

7

8Total175
19

Research and development funds
Time for research and development

18

Facilities for research and development

18
16

Sponsorship/support for research and development
Appropriate evaluation of ability

11

Presence of collaborating researchers

11

Understanding/cooperation of supervisors

11

Further study domestically and abroad

10

Guidance by advisors

10

Freedom in research and development

1010

Opportunity to educate students, entry-level employees, etc.

10Evaluation of research achievements
8

Environment fostering long-term projects
7

Opportunities to present research findings
6

Expectations of the workplace
0

9

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Q21.1 If you answered ‘Other’ in item Q21, please specify (less than 250 characters).

38

18

20

Q22.1 Approximately what percentage of your organization's technical staff andresearchers are women?
Under 10%, 10-20%, 21-30%, 31-40%, 41-50%, 51-60%, 61-70%, 71-80%, Over 80%
Approximatel y what percentage of your organizationﾕs technical staff and researchers are women? (Jpn.M)

6%

Approximately what percentage of your organizations
technical staff and researchers are women? (Jpn.W)

4%

10%

13%

2%

Under 10%

10%

39%

Total 4732%

10-20%
21-30%

6%

Total 52

31-40%

15%

41-50%

13%

51-60%
23%

27%

Approximately what percentage of your organizations
technical staff and researchers are women? (F.W.)

Approximately what percentage of yourorganizations technical staff and researchers
are women? (F.M.)

61-70%
25%

61-70%

Over 80%23%

Under 10%25%

Under 10%
10-20%
5%
9%

Under 10%
10-20%
31-40%

71-80%
5%

Total821-30%
13%

Total2241-50%
26%

39

41-50%
61-70%

61-70%
14%

41-50%
37%

31-40%
18%

71-80%
Over 80%

Q22.2 If you answered under 30% in item Q22.1, what do you see as the reason(s) for
this low percentage of women staff? Educational environment, Home environment,
Workplace environment, Social gender roles, Social prejudice, Gender-based differences inability , Gender-based differences in aptitude, Womens' mindset, Mens' mindset, Lifetime
employment system, Lack of role models, Difficult to maintain family and career, Women
hired less often than men, Difficult to attain managerial positions, Other
If you answered under 30% in item 22.1-Reason (Jpn.
Total 47
18

Difficult to maintain family and career

16

Workplace environment
Gender-based differences in aptitude

14

Women's mindset

13

Women hired less often than men

13
9

Mens' mindset

7

Social prejudiceHome environment

6

Educational environment

5Lack of role models

55Difficult to attain managerial positions

3

Gender-based differences in aptitude
Gender-based difference in ability

2

Other

2

Lifetime employment system

2
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

If you answered under 30% in item 22.1-Reason (Jpn. W)
Total 131
18

Mens' mindset

17

Women hired less often than men

16

Difficult to maintain family and career

14

Workplace environment

13

Women's mindset

12

Social gender roles

9

Lack of role models

8

Difficult to attain managerial positions
Educational environment

7

Social prejudice75Home environment

4

Other

1

Lifetime employment system

0

2

4

6

40

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Total9
If you answered under 30% in item 22.1-Reason (F. M

Women hired less often than men

1Social prejudice1

Workplace environment

1Home environment

1

Educational environment

1

Difficult to maintain family and career

1

Lack of role models

11

Gender-based differences in aptitudeMens' mindset

0

1

2
Total11

If you answered under 30% in item 22.1-Reason (F.W)

Women hired less often than men

3

Womens' mindset

3

Difficult to maintain family and career

1

Social gender roles

1

Lack of role models

1

Gender-based differences in aptitude

1

Mens' mindset

1
0

1

2

Q22.3 Is the proportion of women in leadership positions low?

3

4

Yes, NoIs the proportion of women in leadership positio
low?(Jpn.W)

Is the proportion of women in leadership positio
low?(Jpn.M)

No
9%

No
4%

Total 52

Yes
No

Total 52

yes
91%

Yes
96%

Is the proportion of women in leadership positions low?(F.
Ｗ)

Is the proportion of women in leadership positions low?(F.

No
45%

Total 8

Total22

Yes
100%

41

Yes
55%

Yes
No

Q22.4 If you answered yes to item Q22.3, what do you think is the reason(s) for the low
proportion of women in leadership positions?
Evaluators' mindset/tendency to give preference to men, Women have shown inadequate
achievements, Difficult to combine family and career, Many women leave work or take leave
mid-career, Women are less eager to gain promotion than are men, Gender gap in ability,
Gender gap in aptitude, Lack of role models, Workplace environment, Other
Reason(s) for low proportion of women in leadership positions (Jpn.
total 101
27

Difficult to combine family and career21

Many women leave work or take leave mid-career
15

Workplace environment
13

Evaluators' mindset/tendency to give preference to men
8Lack of role models
6

Women have shown inadequate achievements
4

Gender gap in aptitude
3

Other
2

Women are less eager to gain promotion than are men

2

Gender gap in ability

0
5
10
15
Reason(s) for low proportion of women in leadership positions (Jpn.W

20

25

30
Total 136

28

Difficult to combine family and career
Evaluators' mindset/tendency to give preference to men

25
23

Workplace environment
Many women leave work or take leave mid-career

21
19

Lack of role models
8

Women have shown inadequate achievements
5

Women are less eager to gain promotion than are men

5

Other
Gender gap in aptitude
0

2
5

10

15

20

25

Reason(s) for low proportion of women in leadership positions (F.M

Total14

Evaluators' mindset/tendency to give preference to men

3

Women have shown inadequate achievements

3

Difficult to combine family and career

3

Workplace environment

2

Lack of role models

2

Gender gap in aptitude
0

42

30

1
1

2

3

4

Q22.5 Do you think there is a gender gap regarding compensation/promotion issues inthe science and technology fields?
Yes, No

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation inscience and technology field? (Jpn. M)

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation inscience and technology field? (Jpn. W)

No
23%

No
49%

Total 47

Yes
No

Total 52

Yes
51%

Yes
77%

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation inscience and technology field? (F. M)

No
50%

Total8Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation inscience and technology field? (F.W.)

No
45%

Yes
50%

43

Total22

Yes
55%

Yes
No

Q22.5.1 If yes, in what area(s): Hiring, Promotion to managerial positions, Promotions andpay rises, Research and development funds, Lack of sufficient sponsorship/support for
research and development, Evaluation of achievements, Opportunities to demonstrateadministrative ability, Opportunities for further study/sabattical domestically and abroad,
Opportunities for presentation/self-promotion, Training opportunities, Other

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation in the science and technology field? -Area(s)(JTotal 51
Hiring18

Promotion to managerial positions

16
6

Number of administrative duties
5

Promotions and pay rises
Other

2
2

Opportunities for further study at foreign and domestic universities
Research and development funds

1

Lack of sufficient sponsorship/support for research and development 1
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation in the science and technology field? -Area(s)(Jp
Total 108

Hiring31

Promotion to managerial positions

23

Promotions and pay rises

15

Number of administrative duties

11

Opportunities for further study at foreign and domestic universities

11

Evaluation of achievements

7

Training opportunities

4

Lack of sufficient sponsorship/support for research and development
Other

4
1

Opportunities for presentation/self-promotion 1
0

5

44

10

15

20

25

30

35

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation in the science and technology field? -Area(s)Total83

Hiring2

Promotion to managerial positions

Promotions and pay rises

1

Evaluation of achievements

1

1

Opportunities for further study/sabattical domestically and abroad
0

1

2

3

4

Do you think there is a gender gap in compensation in the science and technology field? -Area(s)(Total24

7

Promotion to managerial positions
4

Hiring3

Opportunities to demonstrate administrative ability
Evaluation of achievements

2

Opportunities for presentation/self-promotion

2

Research and development funds

2

Promotions and pay rises

2
1

Lack of sufficient sponsorship/support for research and development

1

Training opportunities
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Q23 What do you think is needed in future for women to participate fully in the scienceand technology fields?
Improvement of the workplace environment, Establishment of an affirmative action system,
Improvement of current evaluation systems, Strengthening of social security/pension systems,
Deepen understanding/cooperation of supervisors, Establishment of a time-limited period ofaffirmative action for women, Abolish job-related age limits, Increase opportunities for
women researchers to network, Strengthen womens' mindset toward careerdevelopment/achieving promotion, Improve mens' attitudues towards womens'
participation/promotion in the workplace, Allow for both marriage partners, especially thefemale spouse, to retain maiden name, Women must maintain a sense of family and career,
Men must maintain a sense of family and career, Introduce system of limited-term positions
Improve system of limited-term positions, Abolish system of limited-term positions, No
particular measures required
45

8

What do you think is needed in future for women to participate fully in the science and technology（field?
Jpn.M)

Total 184

Improvement of the workplace environment
Men must maintain a sense of family and career
Strengthen womens' mindset toward career development/achieving promotion
Improve mens' attitudues towards womens' participation/promotion in the workplace
Strengthening of social security/pension systems
Women must maintain a sense of family and career
Establishment of an affirmative action system
Deepen understanding/cooperation of supervisors
Improvement of current evaluation systems
Increase opportunities for women researchers to network
Establishment of a time-limited period of affirmative action for women
Abolish job-related age limits
Improve system of limited-term positions
Introduce system of limited-term positions
Both husband and wife should maintain their pre-marriage names
No particular measures required
Abolish system of limited term positions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

What do you think is needed in future for women to participate fully in the science and technology（ Jpn.W)
Total 276

Improve mens' attitudues towards womens' participation/promotion in the workplace36

Improvement of the workplace environment

31

Men must maintain a sense of family and career

29

Strengthen womens' mindset toward career development/achieving promotion

27

Deepen understanding/cooperation of supervisors

24

Strengthening of social security/pension systems

23

Women must maintain a sense of family and career

21

Abolish job-related age limits

15

Establishment of an affirmative action system

13

Improvement of current evaluation systems

13

Both husband and wife should maintain their pre-marriage names

12

Establishment of a time-limited period of affirmative action for women

11

Increase opportunities for women researchers to network

11

Improve system of limited-term positions

6

Abolish system of limited term positions

2

Introduce system of limited-term positions

2
0

5

46

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Total28
What do you think is needed in future for women to participate fully in the science and technology field? （ F.M)

Improvement of the workplace environment

6

Establishment of an affirmative action system

5

Strengthening of social security/pension systems

3

Deepen understanding/cooperation of supervisors

2

Improvement of current evaluation systems

2

Improve mens' attitudues towards womens' participation/promotion in the workplace

2

Abolish job-related age limits

1

Establishment of a time-limited period of affirmative action for women

1

Introduce system of limited-term positions

1

Allow for both marriage partners, especially the female spouse, to retain maiden name1

Improve system of limited-term positions1

No particular measures required

1

Strengthen womens' mindset toward career development/achieving promotion

1

Increase opportunities for women researchers to network

1
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Total93

What do you think is needed in future for women to participate fully in the science and technology field?
（ F.W)

12

Strengthen womens' mindset toward career development/achieving promotion

11

Increase opportunities for women researchers to network

10

Deepen understanding/cooperation of supervisors

10

Improvement of the workplace environment
Establishment of an affirmative action system

7

Men must maintain a sense of family and career

7

Women must maintain a sense of family and career

6

Abolish job-related age limits

6
6

Improve mens' attitudues towards womens' participation/promotion in the workplace

6

Improvement of current evaluation systems

5

Strengthening of social security/pension systems

3

Improve system of limited-term positions

2

Establishment of a time-limited period of affirmative action for women
Introduce system of limited-term positions1

No particular measures required

1

0

Thank you!

47

2

4

6

8

10

12

14