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1

Japanese Energy Efficiency Improvement
Achieved and Planned

German-Japanese Energy Dialogue
November 15, 2016
Akihiro Kuroki
Managing Director Responsible for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
IEEJ
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21) Accomplishments of Energy Conservation
 Japan's GDP has grown 2.5-fold since the first Oil Crisis (1973).
 Primary energy consumption has grown 1.4-fold and final energy
consumption 1.5-fold.
1973 → 2014
GDP
Primary Energy Supply
Final Energy Consumption

214 → 525（2.5 fold）
358 → 489（1.4 fold）
265 → 313（1.2 fold）

 In particular, energy consumption in the manufacturing sector has
remained virtually unchanged for the last 40 years.
 Energy efficiency of electric appliances has improved by 40 to 80% in thelast 20 years.
 Fuel efficiency of automobiles is one of the best in the world among majorcountries.
 As a result, along with the energy shift, CO2 emissions per kWh have been
improved by about 30 to 40%.
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3

EnergyConsumptions& Economic
EnergyConsumptions& Economic
GrowrhGrowth(Japan) (Japan)[GDP] Thousand Billion Yen (Chained (2005) price)[Energy] Mtoe

600

1973

1st Oil Crisis

500
400

358

300

265

200

214

152
109
100108525 GDP1979

2nd Oil Crisis

489 Primamry
Energy Supply

386

313 Final Energy
Consumption

280
269

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2010
2014

2000

1990

1980

1970

1965

0
Fiscal YearGDP
Primary Energy Supply
Final Energy Consumption

1973 → 2014
214 → 525（2.5 fold）
358 → 489（1.4 fold）
265 → 313（1.2 fold）

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Final Energy Consumptions by Sector (Japan)

Final Energy Consumption
Mtoe

313

25% Transport
13% Commercial
16% Residential

2010
2014

46% Industry

2000

1990

1980

1970

1965

400
1973
1979
350 1st Oil Crisis 2nd Oil Crisis
300
280
265
250
20%
200
10%
11%
150 109
100
56%
50
0

• The figure exclude the Non-energy use, and may not add up to the total 100%.
• Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors andare not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel.
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Fiscal Year

4

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5Final Energy Consumptions by Energy (Japan)
Final
Energy Consumption
Mtoe

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313

26% Electricity
1% Renewable Energy, etc
11% Natural Gas
・City Gas
51% Oil2010
2014

11% Coal

2000

1990

1980

1970

1965

400
1973
1979
2nd Oil Crisis
1st
Oil
Crisis
350
280
300
265
16%
250
1%
3%
200
150 109
67%
100
50
13%
0

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6

PPP GDPenergyintensity
in 2011PPP
GDP energy intensity (Unit:
toe/$1 million in 2010 prices)

Energy intensity (Unit: toe/$1
million in GDP in 2010 prices)GDPenergyintensity
2011

China U.S.GermanyEU27 U.K. Japan

China U.S. EU27GermanyJapan U.K.

Power generation efficiency (%)

International Comparison of Energy Efficiency

Fossil power
generation
efficiency
2012
China

U.S.

OECD

U.K.

New car fuel efficiency(100km/l)

GJ/ton in crude steel(Sources) Prepared from IEA Energy Balance Tables, World Development Indicators

Crude
steel
output2005
Japan Germany EU27

Oda et.al (2012)
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U.K.

China

U.S.

New carfuelefficiency
2008
Japan

EU27

GFEI (2011)

U.K. Germany China

EU

U.S.

Japan
U.S.

Japan

GDP
energyintensity
trend

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2. Energy Conservation Policy in Japan

More Efficient Energy Use2) Conservation Policy Framework<Conservation Policy Framework> Policies were developed and implemented in close coordination with thelegislative and administrative bodies and advisory committees.
 Legal framework stipulates the following
 Regulation• EE standards through Top-runner program• Buildings’ mandatory compliance on EE standards

 Report, Evaluation, Review and Guidance• Large-scale energy users’ reporting system: New introduction of classification system• Benchmark system: Industry, commercial and power Generation
 Incentives• Subsidies, tax breaks, low interest rate, and eco-points
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8Japan’s Energy Conservation Policy Framework
Ministries/Comittes responsible for EE&C Policy-making

EE&C Target/Strategy●Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry★Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy①Strategic Policy Committee②Committee on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy★Industrial Structure Council● “Long-term Energy Demandand Supply” （2015）●Ministry of Environment★Central Environmental Council●Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism★Infrastructure Development Council （Buildings）,
Transportation Policy Council★Energy Intensity Improvement– similar to the pace after theoil crisis.

★35% achievement of energy
intensity in 2030 from 2012.
★Achievement of Energy
savings at 50.30 million kl

Main Legislations on EE&C●“Law on Rational Use of Energy” （Energy Conservation Law）（1979）●Law on the Global Warming Mitigation （1998）●Basic Law on Energy Policy（2002）★Main Guidelines：①Securing Stable Supply ②Improvement on Environment ③Use of Market Principle★“Basic Energy Plan” （amended in 2014）（3E+S）
Realization of comprehensive/thorough energy efficient society and smart/flexible consumption activities
省エネ技術の開発計画（Promotion of EE&C across the sector, Use of demand
response toward the efficient supply）

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9Basic Framework of Energy Conservation Law
Objective “Energy Conservation Law” Main Legislation on Energy Efficiency andConservation Policy

Sectors
Factories (designated energy management factories/business entities)
Requirements:

Annual energy consumption over 1,500kl

Regulation:

Basic standard/measures for EE&C improvement

Responsibilities: ❶Designation of energy managers❷Building on basic standard/measures, eachfactories/busines entities are required to set theirown EE&C measures❸Periodical reporting system❹Submission of middle-long term plan
Target :❶Annually more than 1％ EE&C improvement❷peak shift❸benchmark system

Transport

Buildings

Appliances(1)
Freight
company with
the number oftrucks over 200(1)
Commercial
Buildings over
300㎡

Top Runner
Program(2)
Residentialbuilding
suppliers over
150units/year

Evaluationof Peak Shift(2)
Freight owners
with over 30
million tonkilometers offreight volume※Building
EnergyConservation Law
became effectivein July 2015

Electricity

Consumers
Labeling
SystemRegulation❶Instructions or provision of guidelines in case not meeting the target,❷Penalties

Main Feature❶In-house energy manger,❷inclusion of across the sectors for industry, commercial, residential and transport,❸strong enforcement with penalties

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10❶ Top Runner System
Setting standards: top-level products in market + αVerification time：Target years (several years after standards are
published)Indicators for judgment: A weighted average number of shipped
units of each product at target companies within each category Target companies: excluding small and medium-sizedenterprises (based on production volume) and special products
Number of products subject to the system：31 (as of 2016)

Annual performance factor (APF)

Top Runner System
Product A: 6.0

Standard to be pursued in several years

Product B: 5.5
Product C: 5.0
Product D: 4.5

 Ultimate objective: Promoting technological innovation❷ Characteristics of MEPS (Minimum Energy
Performance Standard) System
Each produced unit of a product, instead of an average, is required
to meet the minimum energy performance standard.

❸ Characteristics of CAFÉ (Corporate Average Fuel
Economy) Standard
Each company is required to meet the efficiency standard interms of corporate average fuel economy instead of category
average fuel economy.
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Products not
subject to thesystem

Gas firedwater heaters

Coverage forresidential sector
energyconsumption isabout 70%
(9 years)

Electric seats
Oil fired water
heatersAir
conditioners
TVs

Gas cooking
appliances

ElectricalLamps, refrigerators
TVs
Oil heaters(Source) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, “Fact-finding Survey on Buildings
Sector Energy Consumption in FY2009”IEEJ：November 2016 © IEEJ2016<Reference>

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11

Saving Cost Potential by Sector (Japan)
Energy Cost Share by Sector (2014)
25%

20%

20%

3% 2%

6% 6% 6%

5% 5%
2%

6%
3% 2% 2%

2% 1% 2% 2%(Source) Census of Manufactures, Report by Industry 2014 (March, 2016)
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Electronic parts, devices

Business oriented machinery

Production machinery

General machinery

Metal products

Non-ferrous

Iron and Steel

Ceramic, Stone

LeatherRubberPlastic

Petroleum and Coal products

ChemicalPrinting

Pulp, Paper

Furniture

Lumber and Wood products

Textile mill products

Beverages, Tobacco and Feed

Food

0%

Non
Fuel 2015FY
79%

Others5%

10%Transportation equipment

5% 5%

8%

Information and communication electronics

5%

11%

9%

Fuel
21%

Electrical machinery

15%
10%

Energy Import
Share (2015)(Source) IEEJ “Handbook of Energy& Economic Statistics in Japan“

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Top Runner Program The “Top Runner Program” is a mandatory program for companies (manufacturers and importers), tofulfill the efficiency targets within 3 to 10 years, which encourages competition and innovation among
the companies without increasing market prices.
 Companies make efforts toward those goals, so the program has contributed to improving energy
efficiency of consumer electronics and automobiles in Japan.
 For instance, we had expected energy efficiency improvements of 16.0km/L for medium class gasoline
passenger vehicles in fiscal year 1999, but actually, it attained 19.9km/L.

Achievement of Top Runner Program

Basic mechanism of Top Runner Program(The case of gasoline passenger vehicles)

Gasoline passenger vehicles

48.8％ (FY1995→FY2010)

Fuel efficiency by category

Set the 2010fy target standard

Air-conditioners(Types other than direct airflow &wall-mount)

Current
maximum(15.8km/L)

32.3％ (FY1997→FY2007)
Electric refrigerators

the target
standard(16.0km/L)
Current
maximum(15.8km/L)

To improve energy
efficiency, setting thetarget beyond the current
maximum level.

29.6％ (FY2004→FY2008)
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2010fyactual fuelefficiency（19.9km/L）

2010fytarget fuelefficiency（16.0km/L）

43.0％ (FY2005→FY2010)
TV sets (LCD and PDP TVs)

Achievement of
the regulation

1997fy actual fuelefficiency（12.9km/L）（578～
702kg）（1,016～（2,266～～1,265kg）
2,515kg）
Vehicle weight category～（1,016～1,265kg）
Vehicle weight category(Medium class)(Light class)(Medium class)(Heavy class)(Medium class)（1,016～1,265kg）(Medium class)

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Improvements in Energy-Efficiency with Top Runner Program[ Passenger cars ]Fueleconomy(km/L)[ Air conditioners ]Electric power
consumption
for period(kWh)Transition in fuel economy ofaverage new cars

1300

20
18.3
17.8

18
16
14.0
14
12

14.7

13.2
14.6
12.4
12.3
12.9 13.5
12.1

15.1

15.0

16.5
15.7
15.5

1200
1100

48.8%

improvement

1000
900
800

10

700

8

600

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
(Note) Fuel economy values for the 10-15 mode.
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FYElectric power consumption
for period
1241

1174
1220 12121157
1028
997
1048
1028
966

30%

improvement

924
870
884

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 FY(Note) Wall mounted cooling and heating units with cooling
capacity of 2.8kW-class model; simple average values for arepresentative model of energy conserving-type products.

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14

Japan’s Top Runner Program – its Achievements
Achieved energy efficiency through Top Runner Program surpassed those of target levels.
Target for light duty vehicles was achieved earlier than the target year.
Item

Improvement in energy
efficiency (Achieved)

Improvement in energy
efficiency (Target)

TV set (CRT)

25.7% (1997=>2003)

16.4 %

Room air conditioner

67.8 % (1997=> 2004)

66.1 %

Refrigerator

55.2 % (1998=> 2004)

30.5 %

Freezer

29.6 % (1998=> 2004)

22.9 %

Light duty vehicle (gasoline)

22.8 % (1995=> 2005)

22.8 % (1995=>2010)

Freight vehicle (diesel)

21.7 % (1995=> 2005)

6.5 %Vending machine

37.3 % (2000=> 2005)

33.9 %

Fluorescent lump

35.7 % (1997=> 2005)

16.6 %

Copy machine

72.5 % (1997=> 2006)

30.8 %

Computer

80.8 % (2001=> 2007)69.2 %

Magnetic disc85.7 % (2001=> 2007)

71.4 %

Washlet14.6 % (2000=> 2006)

10.0 %(Source) METI. Top-Runner Standards
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15

Energy Conservation Subsidy Systems
Expanded and stable energy conservation subsidy systems

Tax

Special depreciation for facilities for efficient use of energy resources (industry)
Green vehicle tax system (transport)

Special depreciation for energy-saving facilities (industry)

Energy measure promotion tax system (present: energy supply and demand structure reform investment promotion tax system) (industry, commercial)

Promoting home renovation for energy conservation(residential, housing)Special taxation standards for energy-saving facilities (industry)

Green investment tax cut (environment)

Finance

Loans for efficient energy use (large enterprises)
Loans for efficient energy use (small and medium-sized enterprises)
Promoting introduction of facilities approved forcommercial use (commercial)
Renovation for greater energy
conservation (buildings)
Extra loans for energy-saving housing (residential, housing)Technology

Subsidies

Housing improvement loans (residential, housing)
Support for business operators rationalizing energy use (industry, transport)
Promoting introduction of highly efficient energy systems for housing and buildings (buildings)
Introducing systems to improve vehicle fuel efficiency (transport)

Interest subsidy for facilities for rationalizing energy use (industry)
Regional energy conservation diffusion promotion expenditure (public entities)

New Sunshine Project

Sunshine Project (new energy technologies)

1970
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Moonlight project (energy conservation technologies)

1980

1990

Energy conservation R&D program
Cool Earth innovative
energy technology project2000

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16

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Regular Energy Conservation Campaigns and Energy
Conservation Commendation Systems

Japan has various long-lived energy conservation commendation systems
Year forlaunching

Energy conservation campaigns
1

Energy conservation month (February)

1977

2

Energy conservation Day (1st day of every month)
Energy conservation checking day (December 1)

1980

3

Summer energy conservation checking day (August 1)

1990

Commendation nameYear forlaunchingSponsor1

Commendation for successful energy managers and excellent business operators inenergy management

1948

METI

2

Commendation for excellent energy conservation cases in a nationwide contest

1975

METI

3

Commendation for persons of merit for energy conservation and excellent energy
management technicians

1978

ECCJ

4

Energy conservation grand prix (for energy conservation cases and products/businessmodels at present)

1990

METI

5

Commendation for excellent shops for promoting the diffusion of energy-saving products

2003

METI

6

Commendation for excellent ESCOs (Energy Service Companies)

2005

METI

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17

Energy Conservation Policy Summary
Characteristics
Details❶Simultaneous implementation of regulations under the Energy Conservation Act
and technical/economic subsidization measures❷ Fined-tuned policy implementation for each sector
Industry

Commercial

Residential

Regular reports, medium to long-term plans, 1% annual improvement
in energy efficiency

Transport
Regular reports, 1%
annual improvement

Regulations

Compliance with energy conservation standards upon construction (reporting) (a shift is planned toregulations under the Energy Conservation Act)Top runner system, performance labeling system

BenchmarkSubsidy systems (energy conservation equipment investment, housing insulation retrofit, clean energy vehicles, etc.)

Subsidization

Green investment tax cut, special depreciation, etc.

Tax incentive forhousing reform

Tax cut for ecofriendly vehicles

Free energy conservation diagnosis for SMEs
Energy conservation information provision, national movements, commendation systems
R&D subsidies (high-performance heat pumps, highly efficient gas engines, innovative batteries, IoT technologies, autonomous driving
systems, etc.)

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Energy Intensity Trend after Oil Crises
①①

160

②

②

③

③

Residential sector ①②
Electrical appliance diffusion,
nuclear families, diversificationof lifestyles
Passengers ②
Larger vehicles

100

Final consumption/GDP

Cargoes ②:
Transportation with
automobiles

Commercial
sector ①: airconditioner
diffusion, officeautomation

Passengers ③
TR effect

Residential sector ③
TR effect

Cargoes ③: TR effectRegular reports, smaller packs

Commercial sector ③: TR effectRegular reports

Commercial sector ②:
OfficesIndustry sector ①: technologicaldevelopment for 60%, structuralchanges for 40%

Industry sector ②
aging equipment,
economic slump

Industry sector ③: Global
warming outline, voluntaryactions, legal revisions

40 注）原単位の分母：最終消費（GDP）、産業（IIP）、家庭（世帯数）、業務（床面積）、旅客（人・キロ）、貨物（トン・キロ）
1973
1990
2000
2014
出所）Japanエネルギー経済研究所・「エネルギー・経済統計要覧」（2016）
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Note: Denominators for energy intensity calculation are GDP for final consumption, IIP for the industry sector, number of households
for the residential sector, floor space for the commercial sector, person kilometers for passengers, and ton kilometers for cargoes.)(Source) IEEJ, “Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan” (2016)18

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19

Energy Conservation Trend after Oil Crises
Until 1990

1990s

Energyintensitychanges

Sharp
improvement

Deterioration

Improvement

Industry

Energy conservationequipment purchases,industrial structureadvancement, energy
conservation management

Investment round end, aging
equipment, slowing structuralchanges, falling energy prices,
economic slump

Global warming outline, Keidanren(Japan Business Federation)
voluntary actions, Energy
Conservation Act revision

Residential

Electrical appliance diffusion, nuclear families (rising number ofhouseholds), diversification of lifestyles

After Kyoto Protocol

Top runner system
Enhancing insulation

Commercial

Air-conditioner diffusion,increased floor space

Increased floor space for officebuildings, power consumption
growth through office automation

Top runner system,
requirement for regular reports

Transport

Growing demand fortransportation with
automobiles (progress inmotorization)

Vehicle enlargement outdid fuelefficiency improvement

Top runner system,
Fuel efficiency improvement with
HVs and other new vehicles,
requirement for regular reports

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2. Energy Conservation Policy in Japan

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203) New Policy for More Efficient Energy Use<New Policy for More Efficient Energy Use> New target for energy use was announced in July 2015
 Thorough energy conservation measures would reduce final energy
consumption by 13% (50.3 million kl) to 326 million kl.
 Energy conservation measures would be accumulated to improve energy
efficiency as much as just after the oil crises, namely 35% energy intensity
improvement

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21

More Efficient Energy UseRole of Energy Conservation for Low-Carbon Society
日本
Japan

億トンCO2100
million tons of CO2

350

12

300

10

250

Reduceemissions by 25%
2020年に25%減
compared
to 1990 level by（1990年比）
2020

8

世界
World

100 million tons of CO2
億トンCO2

14

200

6

150

4

100

Reduce emissions by2050年に半減50% by 2050
Reduce emissions by 80%
compared 2050年に80%減
to 1990 level by 2050

2
-

50
-

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

Kaya Identity
C
E
C= ×
× GDP
E GDP
Reduction in C/E: Shifting
to low-carbon society●Shifting to new energy supplies

2050

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

ΔC Δ(C / E) Δ(E / GDP) Δ(GDP)
=
+
+
C
C /E
E / GDPGDP

Reduction in E/GDP: Energy conservation●Energy conservation by technology●Energy conservation by consumers(visualization technology)

Need for measures
based on "technology"
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved●Changes in industrial structure
and lifestyle

2050

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22

Basic Elements of Japan’s Energy Policy

Safety Enhancement as the Basis Enhancement of safety is considered as the pre conditions for energy policy,
while simultaneous achievement of energy security, economic efficiency andenvironmental protection is presented as the energy policy objective.

Self-Sufficiency
Currently, 6% only

【Target】
Surpass the pre-2011 level（20%） to reach 25%

Electricity Price
Substantial increase of electricity pricefrom 2011※FY 2013 （Industry＝30%, Residential＝20%）【Target】

Decrease from current level

Renewable levy at 1.3 trillion yen in 2014（2.7 trillion yen once all permitted renewables become

operational, which will continue over the next about 20years）

GHG Emissions Reduction
Worst CO2 emissions level fromfuel combustion

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved【Target】
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Electricity prices are rising（Economic Efficiency)• In 2011, the trade balance fell into the red for the

first time since the second Oil Shock 31 years ago(1980) when the trade balance was running a deficit
due to soaring oil prices.

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved(Source) Produced based on MOF’s “Balance ofPayments Statistics” and other documents

Residential

Industrial

FY

2015*

30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10

2010

Trade balance (other)
Trade balance (mineral fuels)
Trade balance (total)
Current-account balance

Yen/kWh

2005

2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

trillion yen
30
20
10
0
-10 -9
-10
-13
-14
-16
-17
-20
-18
-21
-19
-23
-26
-26 -26-30

Electricity prices

2000

Trade and Current-account Balances* Prices for FY 2015 are based on
first half (Apr.-Sep.) average
price.

* 2015FY、(Source) IEEJ “Handbook of Energy & Economic
Statistics in Japan“

出所：「EDMC/エネルギー・経済統計要覧 2015」等を元に作成

上半期（

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24

Promotion of Energy Conservation■Thorough energy conservation measures would reduce
final energy consumption by 13% to 326 million kl.
■Energy conservation measures would be accumulated
to improve energy efficiency as much as just after theoil crises.

Electricity demand (100 million kWh)Changes in electricity demand (100 million kWh)

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved(Source) Document 3 “Long-term Energy Supply/Demand Outlook, Related Documents” p.66 (left chart) andp.69 (right chart) at 11th meeting (July 16, 2015) of the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook
Subcommittee, Strategic Policy Committee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy

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Energy Supply/Demand Structure in 2030
<I> Primary Energy

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25<1> Energy demand and primary energy supply structure○ While energy demand growth isprojected in line with economic
growth (an average 1.7%),
energy efficiency is expected to
improve as much as after the oilcrises thorough energy
conservation (35% in 20 years).
◎ Energy supply/demand
structure improvement(energy self-sufficiency rate:
6% in 2014 ⇒24.3% in 2030）◎ Energy-related CO2 emissions:
down 21.9% from 2013

Energy demandPrimary energy supply

Thorough energy
conservation
About 50.3 million kl
Economic
growth361 million kl 1.7%/year
Electricity
25%

Heat,
Gasoline,
City gas,
etc.:
75%

FY2013(Actual)(Down 13% from a casewithout measures）

Final energy
consumption
About 326 million kl

About 489 million kl
Renewableenergy:about 13-14%
Nuclear:about 10-11%

Self-sufficiency rate:
about 24.3%

Natural gas:
about 18%

Electricity
About 28%

Heat
Gasoline
City gas,
etc.:
about
72%

FY2030(after energy conservation
measures)Coal:
about 25%

Oil:
about 32%

FY2030

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved(Source) METI “Long-term Energy Supply/Demand Outlook” p.5 (July 16, 2015)

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Energy Supply/Demand Structure in 2030
<II> Electricity Mix<2> Electricity mix○ Thorough energy conservation(electricity savings) and the
maximum renewable energy
diffusion will cover about 40%of electricity demand, reducing
the dependence on nuclear
power generation substantially(from 29% before the 3/11
disaster to 20-22%).

○ Base load share: 56%(63% before the 3/11 disaster)More Efficient Energy Use

Electricity
demandElectricity
mix

Thorough energy
conservation
About 196,1 billion kWh(Down 17% from a case without
measures） Electricity

Electricity
About 980.8
billion kWh◎ Electricity costs to decline by
2-5% from the present level

FY2013(Actual)(Total electricity output)
About 1,278 billion kWh(Total electricity output)

transmission
and distribution Energy conservation:
1,065 billion kWhlosses, etc..
about 17%

Economic
growth
1.7％/year

Electricity
966. 6billion kWh

26

FY2030

Energyconservation and Renewable
renewableenergy:energy covering About 19-20%
about 40%

Renewableenergy:About 22-24%

Nuclear:about 17-18%

Nuclear:about 20-22%

LNG:
about 22%

LNG:
about 27%

Coal:
about 22%

Coal:
about 26%

Geothermal: about 1.0-1.1％
Biomass: about 3.7-4.6%
Wind: about 1.7%
Solar photovoltaics: about 7.0%

Hydro: about 8.8-9.9%

Oil: about 2%
Oil: about 3%
FY2030

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved(Source) METI “Long-term Energy Supply/Demand Outlook” p.7 (July 16, 2015)

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27

3. Emerging More Enhanced Policy in Japan<How to achieve the ambitious target for energy Conservation>
 Energy Mix announced in July 2015 provides energy conservation target with
35% energy intensity improvement, which is comparable to that for 20 years
after the oil crises in 1970s
 New policies need to be provided

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Current Energy Efficiency Barriers
Industry

Residential/Commercial

Transport

 Relatively small room for
additional EE&C improvement due
to already achieved energy
savings

 No system in place toshare EE&C
measures/know-how Additional fuel economy
improvement required
to achieve passenger
transport energy
savings

 Long payback period prohibits
additional technologicalinvestment; thus, large-scale
production units not being
replaced for 20-30 years

 Policy approach necessary toevaluate the collaborative EE&C ofmultiple industry/business entities
 Middle, small-sized business
entities lack funding, and humanresources as well as technicalknow-how
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved Middle, small-sizedcommercial business Traffic demand
entities lackmanagement required
understanding on EE&C,
to be in place Life style change
required to promote
EE&C Consumers lackunderstanding on EE&C

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29Specific Energy Conservation Assumptions■Energy savings in each sector would be accumulated to save energy consumption by 50.3 million kl<Major energy conservation measures in each sector>
Industry sector<Down about 10.42 million kl>

Commerce sector <Down about 12.26 million kl>

 4 major industries (steel, chemicals, cement, paper-pulp)⇒ Promoting low-carbon society action plans Energy-saving buildings⇒ Energy conservation standard adaptation requirement for
new buildings＞ Promoting plant energy management
⇒ Improving energy efficiency through visualization of
manufacturing lines
 Developing and introducing innovative technologies⇒ Introducing COURSE50 (CO2 Ultimate Reduction in
Steelmaking Process by Innovative Technology for Cool
Earth 50) to cut CO2 emissions by some 30% throughhydrogen reduction of iron ore, blast furnace gas CO2
separation, etc.)
 Cross-industry introduction of highly efficient equipment⇒ Low-carbon industrial furnaces, high-performance boilers,etc.

Transport sector <Down about 16.07 million kl>
million Diffusing next-generation vehicles, improving fuelefficiency⇒ One of every two vehicles would be a next-generation
vehicle⇒ Fuel cell vehicles: More than 100,000 units in maximum
annual sales

 Traffic flow measures

 Introducing LED lights and organic light emitting
displays⇒ Diffusing LED and other highly efficient lights
 BEMS building energy management system for energy
management⇒ Introducing BEMS for a half of buildings
 Promoting national movements

Residential sector<Down 11.6 million kl>

 Energy-saving housing⇒ Energy conservation standard adaptation requirement for
new housing Introducing LED lights and organic light emitting
displays⇒ Diffusing LED and other highly efficient lights
 BEMS building energy management system for energy
management⇒ Introducing BEMS for all houses
 Promoting national movements(Note) The key issues include “Facility Renovation”, “IT Utilization”, and “Energy Conservation in Buildings”
as well as the introduction of “Benchmarking Systems”.
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved(Source) Document 3 “Long-term Energy Supply/Demand Outlook, Related Documents” p.21 at 11th meeting (July 16, 2015) of the Long-term
Energy Supply and Demand Outlook Subcommittee, Strategic Policy Committee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy

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Recent Energy Conservation Policy Situation
Various policy-related moves and a new energy conservation phase
Realizing athorough energysaving society, etc.

4th “Basic
Energy Plan”（April 2014）

Saving 50.3 million
kL in energy,
improving energy
efficiency by 35%

Classification ofbusiness operators,
ZEH requirement,
TR enhancement

Pioneering a supersmart society（Society 5.0）

“Long-term“EnergyEf f iciency andConservation
Subcommittee
Report” (August
2015)“5th Basic
Science andTechnology Plan”(January 2016)

Energy Supply
and Demand
Outlook” (July
2015)

2014

“Building Energy
Ef f iciency Act ”~“Submission of
INDC GHG
Emission
Reduction
Target”(July 2015)(July 2015)

Independence from Energy
Conservation Act,
procedural regulation
enhancement, guidance
measure introduction

Cutting GHG
emissions in 2030
by 26% from 2013

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved“Energy andEnvironment
Innovation
Strategy” (April
2016)

2015

“COP21 Paris
Agreement”(December 2015)

Limiting a temperature rise
to 2℃, trying to limit atemperature rise to 1.5 ℃,
early peaking-out in GHG
emissions

Realizing 4th
industrial
revolution

Taking advantage
of IoT, AI, big data
analysis and ICT
toward 2050

“Japan
Revitalization
Strategy”(June 2016)~“EnergyInnovation
Strategy” (April
2016)

Promoting energy
conservation (35%)
and renewable energy
diffusion (2-fold) torealize both a strong
economy and CO2
emission reduction

2016“GlobalWarming
Measures Plan”(May 2016)

A policy base to cut
GHG emissions in
2030 by 26% andthose in 2050 by
80%“Energy
Conservation
Technology
Strategy”(August 2016)

Designating new conversion andsupply technologies for “highly
efficient fossil power generation andnext-generation power transmission
and distribution” and “cogenerationand heat utilization systems”

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Building Energy Conservation Act❶ Regulation: adaptation measures (large-scale construction and reconstruction) or reporting requirement❷ Guidance for special floor-area ratios: all buildings ❸ Energy conservation labeling system (new andold buildings)(Measures for new buildings)

Energy Conservation Act
Type 1 specific buildings

Largebuildings

Nonresidential(2,000 m 2 or
more)

Residential

Mediumsizedbuildings

Nonresidential(300 m2 or
more)

Residential

Smallbuildings(less than 300m2)

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Reporting requirement(instructions, orders, etc.)

Reporting requirement(instructions, orders, etc.)

Type 2 specific buildings
Reporting requirement

Housingbuilders,
TR

Building Energy Conservation Act(April 2017)

Specific buildings
Adaptation requirement
Adaptation→Construction→
Inspection→Use

Reportingrequirement
Reporting→Construction
Reporting must come atleast 21 days before
construction(recommendations)(instructions, orders, etc.)

Non-binding requirement

Non-binding requirement

Non-binding requirement(Recommendations, orders, etc.)

Non-binding requirement(Recommendations, orders, etc.)
46

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Policy Trend Based on “Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Subcommittee Report”

32

Industry○Building Energy Conservation Act enacted (to require adaptation to energy conservation standards) for
partial implementation from 2016
○Enhanced TR (New / showcasing, reviewing / refrigerators 2016 / incandescent lamps, water heaters, large
routers)○ZEB・ZEH roadmap → Creating a ZEH builder system in 2016 ZEB guidelines under preparation○Creating a benchmark system in the commercial sector (Convenience stores in 2016, department stores,
rental offices, etc. in 2016)

Power
Transpgeneration,
ort
etc.

○Introducing a system in 2016 to classify specific business operators into four grades (S, A, B and C) （7775
S graders/12412=62.6&)○ Energy conservation subsidization targets will be limited to equipment specified in medium to long-termplans in regular reports (from 2016)○ Promoting combined energy conservation initiatives (introducing a system for utilizing unused heat(added to the numerators)) (from 2016)○ Measures for SMEs (providing energy conservation knowhow and information, etc.)

Buildings

Recent energy conservation policy measures○Considering introducing WLPT (Worldwide Harmonized Light-duty Test Procedure) (for implementation in
October 2016)○ The Autonomous Driving Business Commission released its “future policy” in March 2016.
○ Planning to draft guidelines for energy retailers’ energy conservation efforts○ Implementing a benchmark system for fossil power generation from 2016
○ Releasing “Energy Conservation Technology Development Strategy 2016” (July 2016)○ Publishing BEMS (Building Energy Management System) data (2009), collecting additional data in the
futureUnauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved

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Definition of Zero Energy Building

Energy Supply

Definition of ZEB: More than 50% energy savings + Renewable Energy Supply

Energy Savings
Energy SelfSufficiency④ Renewable Energy

Source: METI (2015)
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved① Insulation② EE Technologies③ Passive Energy

Primary Energy Consumption

33

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Definition of Zero Energy House

Energy Supply

Definition of ZEB: More than 20% energy savings + Renewable Energy Supply

Energy Savings
Energy SelfSufficiency① Insulation② EE Technologies③ Passive Energy④ Renewable Energy

Primary Energy Consumption
Source: METI (2015)
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34

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35

Current Regulatory Scheme at Manufacturing Plants, etc.
 Business operators with overall annual energy consumption (head office, manufacturing plants, branch
offices, sales offices, etc.) of at least 1,500kl in crude oil equivalent are subject to regulations.
 Business modes, such as franchise chain of stores, are also considered single business operators andthose consuming at least 1,500kl for the whole chain are subject to regulations.
On the basis of energy consumption, about 90% of the industriy sector and about
40% of the commercial sector are covered subject to regulations.
○ Numerical targets: Reduction of annual average by at least 1%.

○Obligation to report periodically① Transition of energy unit consumption② Status of activities relating to energy conserving measures③ Obligation to annually report on status of benchmark indices (forsubject business lines only), etc.

Measures, such as instructions, public notices and orders (fines in case of
violation against orders) implemented when energy conservation activities
of a business operator are significantly inadequate.

When activities
are significantly
inadequate.

* Fines imposed when orders are not followed.

Public disclosuresand issuance oforders(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved

Rationalization plan
instruction

Unauthorized reproduction prohibited

Evaluationof details ofreports andinvestigations.

Guidance

Implementati
on of onsite
investigations.

Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry

Business operator

Submissionof periodic
reports.

Onsite inspections(Flow of measure implementation)

When
instructions
are not
followed.

○ Guidelines pertaining to energy conservation measures:
Stipulation of standards (guidelines) based on the Energy Conservation
Law as observance items for energy management.
 Energy conservation measures for business operators overall
・ Maintenance of energy management organization.
・ Allocation of persons in charge.
・ Formulation of policies for activities pertaining to energy conservation
targets, etc.
 Energy conservation measures at individual manufacturing plants andbusiness establishments (Example: Air conditioning systems.)
Preparation and implementation of management standards (manuals)
pertaining to the following measures:
・ Operational management (operating time, set temperature, etc.).
・ Periodical measurement and recording of temperature, humidity, etc.
・ Periodical maintenance and inspection of facilities.

○ New numerical targets to include in addition to existing targets
Benchmark indices and standards to be targeted
Currently set business lines: Iron and steel, electric power, cement,
paper manufacturing, petroleum refining and chemical.
Standards to be aimed for: Levels satisfied by most superior business
operators in respective industries (10 to 20%).

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Introduction of Class Evaluation System for Large-scale
Energy Users

36

Those companies that are required to report energy consumption/production will beclassified into 4 categories depending on their EE&C achievements.
S Class (Companies
w/t Superior EE&C)

A Class (Companies
w/t Average EE&C)

B Class (Companies
w/t Stagnant EE&C)

C Class (Companies
w/t Poor EE&C)【Criteria】【Criteria】【Criteria】
Those companies that ① Non-achievement ofannual energy
do not belong tointensity
either S class or B
improvement target
class
Or

【Criteria】
Those companies
with substantial noncompliance on theannual energy
intensity
improvement target① Achievement of 1%
annual energy
intensity
improvement
Or② Achievement ofbenchmark target

Commend through
METI Homepage
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited(C) 2016 IEEJ, All rights reserved② More than 5%energy intensity
increase (5 years)

No particular action

Site inspection

Siteinspection/guidance

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37

Benchmark System
6 industry sub-sectors for 10 categories are under the benchmark system. Benchmark
system allows the comparison of EE&C among the same type industry category.
Those industries that belong to top 10-20% of each industry sub-sector are better rated in
the annual reporting system.
Coverage of Benchmark System:
80% of industrial energy consumption

5,929 PJ
(2013)

Paper and Pulp,
5.7%

Iron and Steel,
30.5%

0%

20%

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Industry Sub-sector Covered by
Benchmark System:

Chemical,
40.2%

40%

Cement,
8.2%

60%

80%

Others,
15.3%

100%

(1) Iron and Steel (Blast Furnace)(2) Iron and Steel (EAF, Ordinary Steel)(3) Iron and Steel (EAF, Special Steel)(4) Electric Suppliers(5) Cement(6) Paper(7) Pulp(8) Refinery(9) Chemical(10) Chlorine productionIEEJ：November 2016 © IEEJ2016<Reference>

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38

Dialogue between Public and Private Sectors
Dialogue between Public and Private Sectors (November 26, 2015)

Prime Minister’s Statement
We plan to expand the benchmark system to the service industry withthe coverage becoming 70% of total energy consumption ofindustry/commercial sectors.
Dialogue between public and private sectors
Based on the Japan Revitalization Strategy 2015 (Cabinet Decision on June 30, 2015), the dialogue between the public and private sectors for future
investment is held for the two sectors to clarify the path the Japanese economy should follow in the age of uncertainties growing through theintensification of global competition and the rapid technological innovation and to share the government’s desirable environment development course
and the direction of private sector investment. The third dialogue dealt with energy-related investment and challenges.

Seeking to cover 70% of the whole industrial world
Covering 53% at present
Offices and buildings

Iron and steel
22％

Chemicals
24％

Ceramics, soil
and stones
4％

Wholesalers,
retailers, department
stores, supermarkets Hotels and inns

5%5%Paper-pulp
3％

Blast and electrical
furnaces

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Other industry sector components
25%

HotelsCementRental office service

Ethylene, soda, etc.

Other
commercial
2%
sectorcomponents
10%

FY2013 203 million kl

Western paper,
paperboard

Supermarkets

Shopping centers

Department
storesConvenience
stores(Source) IEEJ, Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2015)

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Introduction of the Benchmark System to Convenient Stores
Benchmark Indicator for Convenience Stores

Benchmark=Electricity consumption of convenience
stores in kWh
Sales convenience stores in million Yen

Benchmark

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845 kWh/million yen

39

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Japan’s Large-Scale Energy Users’ Energy Intensity
Improvement

40

Manufacturing industry’s energy intensity level showed relative small improvement since1999.
By contrast, the commercial sector’s energy intensity substantially improved since its start in2002.

Trends in Energy Intensity: Manufacturing Industry and Commercial Sector
Energy Intensity(Commercial)

Energy Intensity (against base year)

EnergyConsumption

Energy Intensity(Manufacturing)

‘99

‘00

‘01

Manufacturing
EnergyConsumption
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‘02

‘03

‘04

‘05

‘06

‘07

‘08

Commercial
Sector Energy
Consumption

‘09

‘10

‘11

‘12

‘13

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Enhancing Classification Standards for Fossil Power
Generation① Numerical efficiency indicator for new plants
Standard rated
efficiency for new
plantsUltra super critical (USC)

42.0%

Coal

② Substantial benchmark modification

Targetefficiency

41%（ Generating-end HHV）

Combined cycle (CC)

Gas

50.5%

48%

（ Generating-end HHV）

Super critical (SC)

Oil

39.0%

（ Generating-end HHV）

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41

39%

Benchmark A

Benchmark B

Target efficiency

Target thermal
efficiency level

achievement
rate

1.00
or moreWeighted average ofachievement rates
for different fuels
Coal/41%+
Gas/48%+
Oil/39%>=1

44.3%
or moreThe level of 44.3％ iscalculated based on
the energy mix:
41%x26 (Coal)+
48%x27 (Gas)+
39%x3 (Oil)=44.3%x(26+27+3)

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More Efficient Energy Use“Energy Conservation Technology Strategy 2016”(METI/NEDO)

42

 Taking advantage of IoT and other technology development to save 50.3 million kl inenergy by 2030
❶Highly efficient fossil power generation,next-generation powertransmission/distribution ❷Cogenerationand heat utilization

Energy conversion sector

Industry sector❶Manufacturing
process ❷Systems,
processing❸Product energy
conservation
technology

Crosssectoral① Innovative
steelmaking
process ②
FEMS ③
Biomaterials,
etc.

①Advanced ultra super critical (AUSC) power plants, 1700 ℃ -class super hightemperature gas turbines (2020) (already in demonstration stage)②Superconducting power transmission; ③FC business and mass production forindustrial use (2020)

Residential/comme
rcial sector❶ZEB/ZEH ❷Energysaving informationequipment/systems❸Energy-saving
human factors

Super-insulatedbuilding materials,
highly efficient airconditioning/waterheating/lighting
systems, nextgeneration
telecommunications
technology❶ Innovative energy management technology ❷ Power
electronics ❸ Next-generation heat pumps

Transport sector❶Nextgeneration
vehicles ❷ITS❸
Smart logistic
systems①Advanced ICE,
EV, PHV, FC, etc.
②Autonomous
driving andplatooning
vehicles, TDM, etc.

① xEMS integrated control technology ②
Wide-gap semiconductors, highly efficient
inverters, etc.
③ Highly efficient heat pumps

NEDO Strategic Energy Conservation Technology Innovation Program gives priority
Key technologies cited in the “Technology Strategy” are given special treatment and funding
priority when NEDO adopts the proposal-based Strategic Energy Conservation Technology
Innovation Program.
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More Efficient Energy Use“Energy and Environment Innovation Strategy”

43(Cabinet Office’s Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI))

Promising innovative technologies that are optimal for the whole of the energy system anddesigned toward 2050 and have great GHG emission reduction potential against the
backdrop of COP21 targets and the coming super-smart society (Society 5.0)
Energy system
integration
technology

Utilization of ICT (information and communication technology), AI (artificial
intelligence), big data and IoT (Internet of things) for MEMS (micro electro
mechanical system) sensors

Core technology
system components

Next-generation power electronics (substantial reduction of electricity losses,etc.), innovative sensors, multi-purpose superconductors

Energy conservation
field

Innovative production process (using separation membranes and catalysts tosave energy by 20-50%), super-lightweight heat-resistant structural materials

Energy storage field

Next-generation batteries (an innovative battery to allow a vehicle to run
more than 700 km on a single charge), hydrogenproduction/storage/utilization

Energy creation field

Next-generation solar PV power generation (an innovative solar PV system todouble power generation efficiency), using new geothermal energy resourcesthat are difficult to use at present

CCS・CCU field

Separating CO2 to realize CO2-using industries (halving separation cost,
increasing CO2 volume for effective use dramatically, improving efficiency for
CO2 use substantially)

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44

4. International Comparison of Policy
Country

Main feature of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) policy

USA Federal level determines the EE&C standards, while main EE&C measures focus on financial incentives
such as subsidies, tax breaks, and low interest loan. Recently, data driven approach has started to increase.

UK Comprehensive EE&C policy and measures have been implemented; such as voluntary action plan,
energy suppliers obligation, and measures focused on the residential/commercial sectors including
provision of economic incentives.

France Comprehensive EE&C approach has been taken across the sector, while the recent policy focus has beenshifting toward the residential/commercial sectors with higher building EE standards, implementation ofwhite certificate scheme, and provision of economic incentives.

Germany

 Comprehensive EE&C approach has been taken across the sector, while the policy has been focusing on
the residential/commercial sectors with tightening buildings’ EE&C standards, introduction of low interest
loan (kfW) for new buildings/retrofit, and buildings EE&C labeling scheme.

China Meeting the energy intensity improvement target – specified in the five-year plan is supported bycomprehensive approach across the sector, while strong focus is placed on the introduction of strong
enforcement mechanisms such as through the implementation of target allocation to provincial level,
policy-makers’ performance evaluation based on the progress of energy intensity improvement, andmandatory replacement of old/small scale plants.

Korea

 Shifting from industry sector focused provision of economic incentives, EE&C approach has beenstrengthening the EE&C standard and regulation to include mandatory compliance on industry’s
GHG/energy management system. Measures for residential/commercial sectors have been strengthened
to include consumers’ economic incentives.

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45

Thank you for your attention
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