ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵ2003 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ⏎֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴࢪɐʳᦅ೴ອయ࡝ᇕˏ̺ͦ⏎̍ȴʰɹரៜ⏎*ǵ࡫ǵᚹǵ‫ٮ‬ǵᮁ**Ԓǵᅒǵಘǵ߅⏋
Floods in Bangladesh:
Farmers’ Adaptability and National Policy
UCHIDA Haruo* and ANDO Kazuo**
Bangladesh is located on a delta where the combination of such factors as the monsoon
rain and the enormous run-off from the Himalayan drainage system creates a characteristichydrological zone which is often flooded.
In this region farmers have adapted well to such disadvantageous conditions for ricecultivation in the rainy season. In a village located on the fringe of a haor, farmers haveselected suitable rice varieties for different flood types; historically, they had adopted boro ricefor the main crop instead of the vulnerable broadcast aman rice in response to the change ofthe local hydrological environment.
The Bangladesh government invested considerable effort in the Flood Control, Drainage
and/or Irrigation (FCD/I) project, under which more than several thousand embankments werebuilt. Those embankments disturbed local hydrological conditions and, consequently, local
people destroyed some of them to save their own lands and lives.
Serious losses and damage led subsequently to the implementation of the Flood Action
Plan (FAP) in 1989. The concept of “living with flooding” has become widespread through the
FAP, although the concept “flood control” was dominant at its initial stage.
The Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP) of the FAP has tried to manage flooding
through people’s participation. Due to a lack of representation of various strata in termsof organizational membership, however, conflicts over water use might recur between the
agriculture and fishery sectors in the future.

ᦅ෌ଯ᝗቉ድล෯͹ᦏᅻμ‫ᦅܕ܋ܕ‬෌቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻ͹‫ܕ܋‬቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏋Shikoku Research Center, National
Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, National Agricultural Research Organization** ϴᨊ߂࡝ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏋Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto Univesity*3ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬

1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻˤͲ˻˽⏃̮̝͇⏆͹̸͇̺̜͞͞⏃˻̠͑͌⏆͹͍˫̠ɹΪ߂ໜाɹ‫ݡ‬ዩсᅎɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ⏋γᅠɫʢ೑ధɹៀฐˁʢɦ̾Ͳˤ͡͹̊̚͡ɹΫɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɗɌɩ⏋ɗɹжॶɲ߂‫ܩ‬ɹΫɴɻ߂ࢸɹໜाʦˡͻ͡ khal ɭ٧ɽʶʳອᤉȵᐨɹᇿɹʭȩɴᣬʱ⏋‫ܕ‬Ԓˁ༑ʶʳςឹɲ 700 ɹໜाɹᐵযᬏɻ 22,155 km ɴʢ‫ؖ‬ʉ␩Unnayan 2001: 58␭⏏Ӄహˁʓɭ˃ɰ୫ɛɲȦॶʰɲ߂‫ܩ‬ɭԂʱᏼ˃ɞࢸໜाɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɴʭʱ⏋͐Ͳ˽ͻͲᮒ࡚ɴ‫ܕ‬Ԓɴᭇɤɛᮒɻகອɇʶɑ⏋ȦɛʳɭɄʸɫ࣌‫ܩ‬ᇕɲ༇ອȵᅊɍʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖‫ܕ‬Ԓɴᭇʳᮒɹ 4 ҆৔ɴ‫י‬పɐʳອȵ˓Ͳ̝‫ޅܕ‬ˁᣴȭɩ༑ʶᦉʛ⏋ಁɴɻςឹໜाȵ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁᣴȭɩະ࿭Ɍ⏋ঃ‫ݖ‬ɴʼɛʳ༇ອˁʢৄȷᣱɄɐ␩˻͚Ͳ̅Ͳ 1986: 35-38␭⏏
ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɻ⏋Himalayan Drainage Ecosystem⏋ȡʳȦɻ Himalayan River
Basin Ecosystem ɭ٧ɽʶʳঃȵʱɹμɴеᒞɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏̯͇͓͞࣢ᔭɴጩˁᇍɐ
ʳᮓៗȿອʦ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻˤͲ˻˽͹̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜɴʭɤɩ᧊ɽʶ⏋ɇʰɴγᅠ೎Პॷᬚᭇອᩄˁ៨᪼ɐʳ͍ˤ͓͞࣢‫ܩ‬ȴʰ༑ʶᦉʞອˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ͍˫̠ໜɭ‫غ‬༑Ɍ⏋ಁɴᐵ༑ᩄɻ 14 Ψ̜Ͳ⏒዁ˁᣳȭ⏋ॷᬚ 15⑯24 Ӝ̜ͲɭȦʼʶʳ‫ܤ‬ቆˁ᧊ʃɲȵʰ̾Ͳˤཱྀ͡ʍ
ɭ༑ʶᦉʞ␩Rahman unknown year: 1␭⏏Ʉʶʰ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁ༑ʶʳΪ߂ໜाɻ‫غ‬៟ 175 Ψ
km2ɹ༑‫ݖ‬ɹອˁகອɐʳȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ‫ܤܕ‬ɻɗɹ༑‫ݖ‬ɹ 8⎾ɴ᧌ȹɲȦ␩BUP
2000: 2␭⏏ʚɇɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ⏋̯͇͓͞ອᏙɹ೎ೢጩɴеᒞɌɩᕛ߂ɲອᩄˁΥ᤹ɴ‫؝‬ȿ๬ʠ⏋ɗɌɩ̾Ͳˤཱྀ͡ʍɭ‫ق‬ȷՏɐ৲ᇿˁഗɛɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬1 ؒ၇⏆⏏
ǵɗɹɛʠ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ȵ 10 ॷɴ 1 ঎ɻៀฐɹ߂ȷɲ༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶ⏋ɗɹ঎ɴ߂ȷɲ
᝵ࢀȵᑵʱᦐɇʶɩȷɛɄɭɻٞሾɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ຘॷ‫ܤܕ‬ɹ 22⎾ȵອɴɦȴʱ⏋10 ॷɴ
1 ঎ɹ༇ອɫɻ‫ܤܕ‬ɹ 37%ȵ⏋ɇʰɴ 20 γᏛ೎߂ɭȦʼʶɛ 1988 ॷɹ༇ອɫɻ⏋ࡸɴ‫ܤܕ‬ɹ
Ꮭ 6 ւȵླྀອɌɩȦʳ␩World Bank 1998: 12␭⏏߂ៀฐɲ༇ອɻ༠ࣳ‫ݖܩ‬ˁሁ௖ɐʳ˵˓˪ͦͲ
ɭɭʢɴ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ᅊ༎ɴ޽߂ɲ᝵ࢀˁήȭ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ᢧకˁʢ‫ᦗܦ‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴγᅠ‫ܕع‬ʦ‫ܕ‬᭬ลᬠɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁȋγᅠɫʢᰖɹɲȦ༇ອ।឴‫ݖܩ‬ȍɭеᒞɧȿ⏋ɗɹៗໆɹɛʠɴஹ֖ˁɌᐚȿɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴᑵʱᦐɇʶʳȋ༇ອȍɭȦȩ˓͍ͻ˻ȴʰɻ⏋ȡɛȴʢອࢀȵຘॷᑵʱᦐɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲ‫׵‬ᢒˁ୫ɠʦɐȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ຦ɻ⏋ຘॷᑵʱᦐɇʶʳៀฐɹ༇ອႥ઴ˁȋ̓͡˹͑ barshaȍɭ٧ʃ⏋᝵ࢀˁʢɛʰɐ༇ອȋ̓Ͳ̠ bannaȍɭ‫ך‬աɌɩȦʳ⏏ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɻ⏋Шᐏᇕɲᮒ࡚ɹᦅ෌ˁѳ៷ɐʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹᔋ໋঎ˁѳɠ⏋ɇʰɴɻྫ‫ݭ‬ˁʢரњɌɩȼʶʳ⏏ϺǾȵ̨˗ˡ nouka ɭ٧ɽʶʳࢸᖐˁॄʛɴ௭ʱ⏋๣ˁ‫ؤ‬ɑɇʛɲȵʰঃ߂ɲອᯆˁᕶᅓɴ᝔ȷഀɐʳࠒɻ⏋ॶ‫ٮ‬ɲᮒ࡚ɹᰟ႒᠖ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍȵϺǾɴ‫؀‬ပˁʢɛʰɐɹɭɻ๭‫ࢪؙ‬ɴ⏋ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɻਜ਼ʛɹߨኜɭɌɩϺǾɴ‫؝‬ȿԂ4Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ଎ ˍȁ΄ϋΐΑȆήρζίΠρȆιΈ΢͈२ఱ‫୼ع‬ၠ֖ʶʰʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɭȦȩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᮒ࡚ɹ೑ʱоʳອɴՏЦȩಁ⏋ȋਜ਼ʛȍɭɌɩɹ༇ອɭ⏋ȋပࢀȍɭȦȩᢦɹүᯆˁ୫ɤɛ༇ອɭɹϠᯆਸɴሁᯆ
ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̾Ͳˤ͡͹̊̚͡ɹᮒೝɹອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɻ⏋ȋᇰȍɭȋέգᇰȍɭȦȩϠᯆਸˁୃȷᐚȿɲȵʰࣙᬖɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵೣᠶɫɻ⏋Гάɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອɭϺǾɹ‫ۊ‬ʛˁᏣៗȦɩȦȼȵ⏋ɗʶɴӴጓɠ⏋ʚɑ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɴᩂឹɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭ⏋ፆᓔʰɹ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕ᠗ᡫɹ౅໬ᠶɫȡʳȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɴɦȦɩ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏
ǵɄʶʚɫ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᮒ࡚ɹᦅ෌ˁ᠝ʳಁ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹȋ೎Პອཉȍɴ᧟Ɍɛс႒ȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɭȦȩ‫ܒ‬িȵ‫؜‬ʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ປᲞՕᰖɇʶɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ⏋ຘॷ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲອеˁʢɛʰɐ༇ອɴࢪɌɩсЊȿȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ܒ‬িɫɻᮒ࡚ɹ೎ᲞອཉɭȦȩ‫ܔ‬ࡴᇕɲࣆ঎ȵᩂឹɲ‫ݜ‬ྈɫȡʳȵ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹࠃʚʱɭᏺʼʱɹಁೝʦɗɹᬚɹᭇອᩄ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳՏອɭཝອɹಁೝʦɗɹᦵɇɹॷ޴ᅵɴɻ߂ȷȦʢɹȵȡʳ⏏ᐓࢪᇕɲ೼Иɫȡʳ೎Პອཉˁȋᯁᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭɐʶɽ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ֪ȦɩȦʳອɹсʱՏɐሂࢪᇕ೼Иˁȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭ٧ʉɄɭȵɫȷʳ␩Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ 1992a: 6␭⏏֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁែៅᇕɴᝠჼɐʳɭ⏋ɗɹჿៗˁɇʰɴཉʠʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᮒ࡚⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ߂ໜाɹະ࿭؅ɴጓ‫ܩ‬ɐʳ೴Ǿɫɻ⏋߂ࢸɹఌ༑ȴʰȡʈʶɛອɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴླྀອɌ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴȡʈʶɛΥᯆɹອɻȡɛȴʢʁɭɦɹ
ᦹᐚɐʳ߂ȷɲाɹ༑ʶɭɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȡʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɹອཉʦອ༑ɭȦȩອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɻ⏋ʓȴɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɭɹሂࢪᇕɲᬠѥɴʭʱ⏋ʚɇɴ֪ᇕɴխΥխɭ޴‫׋‬͹ᅊଁɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏๖ጟɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ຦ɻ⏋ᐓȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴࢪਝ⏋ȡʳ5ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ȦɻɗʶˁϜཀྵɌɲȵʰዩෑᇕɴсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲʦсЊȿ‫ڃ‬ዛˁ޴‫׋‬ɇɓɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ϻဤᇕɲ᧑ᤉʦ᧊ໜɹল៯ɲɰ⏋ອɹ༑ʶˁៀࡴɐʳ਎‫ܩ‬০ɹࢸɇɲ޴‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩʢ⏋Ʉɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɻ߂ȷȼगʶʦɐȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋࣌ଘᇕɲ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹगʶȴʰᦹ᫒‫ؙ‬ਝᇕɴᅊʛ
Տɇʶʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹ޴‫׋‬ɻ⏋ൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɹсЊȿʦ‫ؚ‬ዲɹಁೝɴ৯ᯱˁήȭʳɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ಁɴɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹсЊȿкᏙɗɹʢɹˁʢ߂ȷȼ޴‫׋‬ɇɓʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋༇ອɹཉɇȵ‫ک‬ᰍɫɻɲȼ⏋༇ອɹ‫ވ‬ອʦཝອɹ෵ࡎˁ౗Ǿ៎࢘Ɍɲȵʰ⏋༇ອ᝵ࢀˁជӤɌɩȦȼʭȩɴᦅ຦ɻࢪਝɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᮒ࡚ɹອཉɭɗʶɴ᧟Ɍɛൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɭȦȩ‫ܒ‬িɴʭɤɩ‫ܔ‬ࡴ‫׋‬ɇʶɛਃഀɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹШᐏᦅ෌ɹࠒɴɻ⏋༇ອɭɭʢɴᅊȷɩȦʳȴʰɄɗсʱȡɁʳɄɭɹɫȷɛȋ༇ອȵсʱՏɐృɛɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁര᥉ɴ༎ȴɐᦅ຦ɹሾਜ਼ˁឿՏɐɄɭɻ
‫ܐ‬ᮑɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄȩɌɛӉˁଡୡɐʳɛʠɴʢ⏋༇ອɹс႒᝵ࢀȵήȭʳᅵ।ອཉɹ।ᡫᇕɲ
˓͍ͻ˻ˁȋᯁᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭȦȩៜᘽɫᝠჼɐʳɄɭɫ౩ተ‫׋‬Ɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄȩɌɛ˓͍ͻ˻ɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋жॶɲ̾Ͳˤ̊̚͡͡ɹΫɴጓ‫ܩ‬ɐʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɭ߂ࢸໜाɹະ࿭ɴʭʳ༇ອɻ਎‫ܩ‬০ɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʦɐȼ⏋ˏ͇ͲዝсˁμਕɭɌɛᮒ࡚
ɹᦅ෌ɻᦅ‫ܩ‬ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼ࣌ଘᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ᧟ਝɌɲȵʰଁጓɌɩȷɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ࣌ଘᇕອయᄩ
‫ޅ‬ɻໆɌɩ࡫ࡴᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋༇ອɭ਎‫ܩ‬০ȵᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛ਎ߴɲ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹΫɴଁጓɌɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ອɹ༑ʶȵఌᨗᇕɴ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍʍɹ᧟ਝɄɗȵШᐏᇕᦅ෌ɹᩂឹɲᠩᰍɫȡɤɛɹɞ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋1989 ॷɴᇍ᣸Ɍɛ༇ອࢪፑϟ෌ (FAP: Flood Action Plan) Гഀ⏋༇ອɹգဣˁ༎ȴɌ⏋୫ᐚᇕᦅ෌ᬖᇍˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɐʳȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊ (live with flood)ȍɭȦȩჿਥȵ⏋‫ܕؾ‬ɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕɲ༇ອࢪፑɴȲȦɩʢ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳ␩Rogers et al. 1989␭⏏୫ᐚᇕᦅ෌ᬖᇍɭɻ⏋ೣഀ⏋ᦅ෌ᅊᅋɴᬠʼʳᡉ೼Иɹॶ᝝Ⴅ઴ˁᐣ୫Ɍɛʱ⏋ᑃʦȴɴ޴‫׋‬ɇɓɛʱɐʳᬖᇍɹȡʱ౅ɫȡʳ⏏
Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋࣌ଘᇕɲອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ৔ȼ৯ᯱɇʶʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅ෌ɹ࡫ࡴᇕɫ୫ᐚᇕɲᬖᇍ
ɻ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹॶ᝝Ⴅ઴ˁȦȴɴᐣ୫ɌɩȦȼȴɹᡴᠶɲɌɴɻᓒȭɴȼȦ⏏ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴࢪɐʳჿៗɻ⏋Шᐏᇕᦅ෌ˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫᩂឹɫȡʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ܕؾ‬ɹᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴȲȦɩʢέ‫خ‬๕ɫȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏
ǵȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɭȦȩៜᘽȵኍɐʭȩɴ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ຦ɴɭɤɩ༇ອɭɻШᐏᇕɴըਉ͹፬ჿɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋᧟ਝɌɲȵʰȋԊɴᅊȷʳȍʏȷʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩɗɹ᧟ਝɹ๴‫ر‬ȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ʛʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁ০сɤɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹʛɲʰɑϺᬚ༎֪ɭʢཉȼᬠʼʱɲȵʰ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭɻȋू࡝ᇕଝ໬ȍɹʛɴʭɤɩჿៗɫȷʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏៟ཀྵɴʭɤɩɗɹΥᨆˁ଴வɐʳɄɭɻ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ჼႥˁᅊʛՏɌɛ๴‫ر‬ᇕᔘಕʦᦅ຦ɹઝਚ⏋ɗɌɩჼႥɹ‫ᦅۊ‬кᏙɭອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɭɹᬠʼʱɲɰ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫᩂឹɲȋϺᬚ༎֪ȍʍɹែဣȵ‫מ‬ՕᓒૅɇʶɩȦɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
6Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑǵፆᓔʰɹர൜ɐʳȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɭɻ⏋Ʉɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁ଴வɐʳɛʠɹଝ໬ɫȡʳ␩Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹǵ1994␭⏏ᬏॷɹ៨᪼ˁᦅ೴ͤ̾͡ɫ៎ཀྵɌᐚȿʳɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ᦅ຦ɹ୫ɦᐁᱻɭɗɹ៨ૡɴѵᰉˁȲȼɲʰɽ⏋޽ȼɹᦅ຦ʍɹ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɴʭɤɩ᧌ؑధ
‫ॷמ‬ᬚɴʼɛʳ̚ͻ̊ˁ‫ؚ‬ᮃɌ⏋ᐁᱻհˁࢷȷՏɐɄɭɻ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ᕶးჼᢒɭɌɩɹອయ
ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁू࡝ᇕɴ៟ཀྵɐʳɄɭɫଯ᝗ᇕɲࢪਝˁ᠅ʛʭȩɭɐʳଝ໬ˁŋEngineering HydrologyŌ
ɭ٧ʉɲʰɽ⏋ອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁᕶးɭϺᬚɹሂϣᬠѥɹᅋ႒ɫȡʳɭɭʰȭ⏋ɗɄɴᅊ༎ɐʳᦅ຦ɹᐁᱻɹᮃዩˁ஗ʱᣱɄɌɩȦȼଝ໬ˁŋRural Hydrology,Ōɐɲʼɠȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɭ٧ʉɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɹែဣɭ౅໬ᠶɴʭʶɽ⏋ᦅ຦ȵ༇ອɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲᦅ෌ଯ᝗ˁᅎȦɩ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛɹȴɹʛɲʰɑ⏋೴Ϻɹ᠗ሾɫȷʳঃȵʱɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁᦍᦵȴɦᇕተɴ଴வɐʳɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁఉϕɌ⏋ᦅ෌ᅊᅋɹ࡫ࡴਸ
ˁᔪȴɌʦɐȦᦅ೴᧑ᤉɭɗʶɴЫȩᦲອే៯ʦยɹল៯ɴȲȦɩ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹ޴‫׋‬ˁ೎ࢸᭉ঎ɴᅥʠʳ៟ᅙсଁʢ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳ⏏ȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɭɻ⏋ᬖᇍ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȿʳȋᦅ೴៟ᅙଝ໬ȍʍɹෑʠɩࡸᤋᇕɲரៜɫʢȡʳɭፆᓔʰɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏
ǵГά⏋ೣᠶɫɻ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɭȋᦅ೴ອయ࡝ȍɹែဣȴʰ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹϺǾɭ‫ࢃܕ‬ȵȋອȍɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɴᬠʼɤɩȷɛɹȴ⏋႕ɴᮒ࡚ɹȋ༇ອȍɴ့ဣˁয়ɩɲȵʰᦚʏɩȦȼ⏏ʚɑ⏋ȋᦅ෌ɭ༇ອȍɭɹᬠʼʱȴʰ⏋ᦅ຦ȵȦȴɴ༇ອɴ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛȴˁൕ‫ݛ‬ଯ᝗ɹ៎ဣȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏๖ɴ⏋కঌɹ໠ອ͹ອᣂ྇కፑɹ๴‫ر‬ˁᏣៗȷɲȵʰ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹȋອȍకፑɴࢪɐʳᓒȭ౅ɹ޴᧦ˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋೎৿ɴ⏋ອˁᬚɴ୳˃ɞ
ȋϺǾȍɭȋ‫ࢃܕ‬͹᝔కȍɭɹࢪጓɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴɦȦɩៜ‫ؖ‬ɐʳ⏏

2ȅȶକȷ͂୆̧ͥ෠ྦྷ
ǵٞሾɹɭȲʱ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻγᅠ೑ధɹዝс‫ࢃܕ‬ɫȡʱ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ɹςᰩɻᎦɫȡʳ⏏ςឹс႒ɫȡʳዝɹс࡚ɻ⏋ၖय़͐Ͳ˽ͻͲɭȦȩຩҌᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ‫ؙ‬౱Ɍɩ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹˏ˗˽ Aus с⏃4⑯8
೐⏆͹ˏ͇Ͳ Aman с⏃ውඨˏ͇Ͳс⏧6⑯12 ೐⏋త௢ˏ͇Ͳс⏧4⑯12 ೐⏆ɭϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦ Boroс⏃12⑯4 ೐⏆ɹ 3 ೝɴ‫˃ؖ‬ɫȦʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝɻઢӵਸȵ৔ȦɭȦʼʶ⏋౗၇ಁᬚɴ
చઢɴ‫ؙ‬ਝɐʳ⏏Υ౅⏋ˏ˗˽ዝɭ̓ͦዝɻઢӵਸȵ৑ȼ⏋ˏ˗˽ዝɻᓘಢਸ⏋̓ͦዝɻᓘ࢑
ਸȵ৔ȦɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝɹȩɠ⏋త௢ˏ͇ͲɻཉອዝȡʳȦɻ༝ȷዝɭʢ٧
ɽʶ⏋ᦲ।⏋50 cm⑯1 m⏋ʚɛɻɗʶГΫɹླྀອȵᮒ࡚ɹధͶ೐ᐚȼ‫ݖܩ‬ɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳཉອ೼Иɴ᧟ਝɌɛዝˁɇɐ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ޽෵ɲᅊ઴݀ˁ୫ɦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹШᐏᇕዝсᦅ෌ɻ⏋ςɭɌɩᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɭ
ໜाɹະ࿭ȵৄȷᣱɄɐ༇ອɴћࡔɌɩଁጓɌɩȷɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹμਕᇕዝсɫȡʳˏ͇ͲዝсɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ᦅ຦ɻ༇ອɹ̴ͻ˪ᏺϛ৿ɴೣᅒውඨɇʶʳཝອೝዝᇕൕ‫ݛ‬෵িˁ஛ᅎɌɩȷɛ⏏
ཝອೝዝɭɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻཉླྀອɹɛʠɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɫȷɑ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɲɤɩອȵৄȷࠃʠɩȴʰውඨɇ7ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ʶʳʢɹˁȦȦ⏋Υᖔɴϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦዝȵɄʶɴȡɛʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɴʭɤɩɻᬏ൮ዛɹཉອዝ
ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛ༇ອɹႥ໥ɴ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ዝсɻ༇ອ᝵ࢀ
ˁ‫؝‬ȿʦɐȦɛʠ⏋ᦏॷ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ࡫ࡴɌɛຩҌɹʢɭɫ᝔ʼʶʳ̓ͦዝсȵਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍɩȷ
ɩȲʱ⏋1998/99 ॷɴɻ̓ͦዝɹᅊᅋᩄȵˏ͇Ͳዝɹᅊᅋᩄˁ՟ʠɩΫ‫܌‬ɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌсЊȿᯆዩȴʰʛʶɽ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫʢˏ͇Ͳዝɻ̓ͦዝɹɗʶˁ߂ȷȼΫ‫܌‬ɤɩȲʱ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ‫ؾ‬‫ܕ‬ɹዝсɹμਕɫȡʳɄɭɴ޴ʼʱɻɲȦ␩BBS 2001: 127␭⏏1)ǵೣጟɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ആ‫׌‬ᨆɴеᒞɐʳ߂ླྀອ‫ݖܩ‬ᑉᦇɴеᒞɐʳ˻͑ͩͻ͡ Jawar ೴ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ⏋ᦅ຦ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɴȲȿʳ༇ອࢪፑ␩Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ 1992a; 1992b␭ɭ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕɲൕ‫ݛ‬ଯ᝗Ϋɹ༇ອࢪፑ␩࡫ᚹ͹Ԓᅒ 1991␭ɴɦȦɩᦚʏɲȵʰ⏋‫ؾ‬೴ɹᦅ຦ȵ̓͡˹͑ɭ̓Ͳ̠ɴࢪɌɩ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛࠒˁᦅ෌ଯ᝗ɹ៎ဣȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏
2.1ȁδσΏλ͈͒ഐ؊ऩ෽ܿ੅
2.1.1ȁΐλχȜσఆ͈ࣈ౷໦႒
ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ആ‫׌‬ᨆ⏋˓Ͳ̝͹͍ˤ͓͞࣢‫ܩ‬ɹሁάɴȋ̩ˠͻ͡ haorȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ߂ླྀອ‫ܩ‬य़ȵȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɻ˓Ͳ̝͹ˏ̒˵͌‫౅ܩ‬ȴʰɹ޽ᩄɹ༑Ԃອɹɛʠԃ‫ݖ‬ȵླྀອɌ⏋Ԓᨆɫɹᦅ෌༎֪ɻʓɭ˃ɰҪ๬ɌɩɌʚȩȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻΪ‫ן‬ȡʚʱɹྲྀ໡ȵత‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ঃ߂ɫᔋ໋ɲ
‫ܩܤ‬ɭᢌ࢏ɲອɴਜ਼ʚʶɛ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖೎߂ɹ̓ͦዝс‫ܩ‬य़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠶɹࢪᢒɫ
ȡʳ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɻ⏋Ʉɹ̩ˠͻ͡ɹី‫׌‬ᨆᑉᦇɴеᒞɌ⏋޴‫׋‬ɴ࢏˃ɞᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬άɴȲȴʶɩȦʳ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹ‫ܩ‬০ɻ⏋೴ɹആីˁ‫׫‬άɐʳ 2 ໜाɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ߂ȷɲᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿ⏋߂ࢸɇʚɊʚɲȋ̲ͻ͡ bilȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ໡ˁʢɦ৿ᔘྂ‫͡ͻ̲⏋ܩ‬ˁဣ‫ܧ‬ɇɓɲȵʰ೴ɹആᨆɭ‫׌‬ᨆɴᑃȦӃహˁЫɤɩঃȵʳະ࿭؅ɹ 3 ɦɹឹᏬȴʰଁʱጓɤɩȦʳ(‫ ܒ‬2 ؒ၇)⏏ж‫ܩ‬ᨆɫɻᮒ࡚ɹ༇ອȵࠃʚʳ 5 ೐ȴʰਸ਼ᦵɴ‫ވ‬ອɌࠃʠ⏋9 ೐ɴɻະ࿭؅Ϋɫ 5⑯7 ⑎⏋৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ɫʢ 2⑯3 ⑎ɹອеɴ᧒Ɍ⏋ླྀອႥ઴ȵɲȼɲʳɹɻ 1 ೐ȴʰ 2 ೐᯴ɫȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋ᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿΫɹປᥒᇕᲞʛɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɫɻ 7 ೐ɴླྀອȵࠃʚʱ 10 ೐ɴɻອȵৄȼȵ⏋ປᲞɹ೎ʢᲞȦីүɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭ࣒ఫ‫ܩ‬ɫɻёॷ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴʢླྀອɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ޽෵ਸɹʢɭɫ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹᦅ຦ɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ˁ߂ȷȼ 2 ɦɴՕᰖɌɩ
Ȧʳ⏏೴ԒɹΥᅱжȦᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹฌᲞˁ 0 ⑎ ɭɌɛ‫ͦ̓⏋غݭ‬͹˻͚͊ boro jami ɭ٧ɽʶʳປᲞ
0⑯4 ⑎ ɹжеᨆᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭ⏋ˡͲ̋ kanda ɭ٧ɽʶʳປᲞ 4⑯7 ⑎ ɹᲞеᨆᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴՕᰖɇʶʳ⏏̓ͦ͹˻͚͊ɫɻᮒ࡚ɴɻ᧌րɲླྀອɹɛʠᓚсȵέ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻᮒ࡚ɹᬚɴ̲ͻ͡ɴྊʚɤɛᢌ࢏ɲ‫ܩ‬ᝠອʦͅͲ̺ɫໄʛΫɁɛ‫ܩ‬άອˁգᅎɌɩ⏋ςɴ̓ͦዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ᝔ʼʶ1) ᮒ࡚ɹˏ˗˽͹ˏ͇Ͳсɻ༇ອɹ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿʦɐȦɛʠ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ࡫ࡴᇕຩҌάɫ᝔ȩ̓ͦсȵ଍ᅭс႒ɭɌɩ໶ᇿˁ༟ʃ⏋ᦏБᇕ֪֐ͅͲ̺ˁᅎȦɛϺूဌྰɴʭʳ̓ͦсɹୟ߂ɻᦏॷᘿɌȦʢɹȵȡʳ⏏1998/99 ॷɴȲȿʳˏ˗˽͹ˏ͇Ͳ͹̓ͦ‫ع‬с࡚ɹዝсᯆዩປɻ 1: 3.6: 2.5, ᅊᅋᩄປɻ 1: 4.8: 6.5 ɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩BBS 2001: 127␭⏏

8Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ଎ ˎȁΐλχȜσఆ͈౷ࠁ͂ࣈ౷໦႒

ɩȦʳ⏏̓ͦ͹˻͚͊ɻɲɞʰȴɲະ࿭؅Ϋɭ৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ԃ‫ݖ‬ɴঃȼՕ॒Ɍ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻԃᓚ‫ܩ‬
ɹᏝ 5 ւˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳ⏏Υ౅⏋ᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿΫɴՕ॒ɐʳˡͲ̋ɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻϺूᇕɲဌྰˁࢷ
ԂɌɲȦᭉʱອዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɻɫȷɑ⏋ዝɹсЊȿɻᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɭ༇ອɴʭʳླྀອɴћࡔɌɩ᝔ʼʶ
ʳ⏏ˡͲ̋ɻປᲞɹेɴʭɤɩອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵ਎ߴɴᅵɲʱ⏋ˡͲ̋Ϋɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻᲞеᅒ͹μеᅒ͹жеᅒɴᏳՕɫȷʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɫ႕ਐᇕɲс႒ൕ‫ݛ‬ȵɲɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋‫ع‬ປᲞɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᅵɲʳˏ͇Ͳዝ‫ڃ‬ዛȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Гάɴ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсɴʛʳ਎‫ܩ‬০ɴࢪਝɌɛ‫ڃ‬ዛ႕ਸɭɻ⏋ࡸɻȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɴࢪɐʳᦅ຦ɹଯ᝗ᇕ᧟ਝɫȡʳɄɭˁᦚʏʳ⏏
2.1.2ȁ֊૒ͺζϋ֞ऩ෽͙ͥͅ຦ਅඅ଻͂๷౷ࠁచ؊
ǵ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳᯃ༇ອॷɹውඨˏ͇ͲዝɹՕ॒ˁʛʳɭൕ‫ݛ‬ᓚ‫ܩ‬ᕶкɻˡͲ̋ɴᮃμɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻᝠ 1 ɴኍɐʭȩɴᅒɹປᲞȵсʱՏɐླྀອཉɭɗɹອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ᧟ਝɌɛсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲɹ᧓Ȧɴʭʱ⏋Პеᅒ͹μеᅒ͹жеᅒɴ‫ך‬Օɫȷʳ⏏‫ع‬ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛˁʛʳɭᲞеᅒɫɻ̮˻͑͌ pajam ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛȵ⏋жеᅒɫɻ͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡manghir ʦ̲ͦ˓ biroi ˁςɭɌɛ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋μеᅒɫɻθ‫ڃ‬ዛȵɭʢɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɻ 64%ȵ̮˻͑͌ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋๿ʱɹ
36%ȵ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏃1986 ॷɹᠭീɴʭʳ⏆⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲປᲞɴʭʳൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋сЊȿɇʶʳዝɹൕ‫࡝ݛ‬ᇕ႕ਸɭൕ‫ݛ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɭɌ
9ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ນˍȁΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥࣞͅպ໐ࣈ౷Ȫ΃ϋΘȫ͈କന໦႒͂֊૒ͺζϋ֞ऩ෽ᮒ࡚ɹ೎ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ
༇ອɭውඨˏ͇
ອᅒՕᰖ Პླྀອཉ ςឹсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲೣᅒው᝔ಁೝՏዥೝ‫ڃ‬ዛͲዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɹᬠѥ
(cm)
Პеᅒ
0
ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ‫ॻݜ‬ɫˏ ఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛ౛ඨȭᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱ ᯃཝອೝዝᇕൕ
˗˽ዝ⏋˻͖ͻ̜ȡʳ⏃BR Ꮩᐏ⏋̮⏃8 ೐Ϋ౜⏆ ⏃10 ೐Ϋ౜⏆ ‫ݛ‬Ȧɻϗ࡚ɹࢸᵺ⏋ᢊᰖ⏋˻͑͌μਕ⏆͇˽̊ͻ̝ɲɰɹ̲͞
с႒ɭɹϠພсɲȦɌΪພс⏏
μеᅒ40⑯60 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ‫ॻݜ‬ɫϗ ఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛᧆඨȭϗ࡚ɹɻɍʠ ཝອೝዝᇕൕ‫ݛ‬࡚̲͞с႒ɭɹϠພс⏋⏃̮˻͑͌⏆⏃8 ೐μ౜⑯9⏃10 ೐ά౜⏆ȡʳȦɻˏ˗˽ዝ‫ܧ ॻݜ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛ೐Ϋ౜⏆ɫϗ࡚̲͞с႒ɭɹϠພс⏏ˏ˗˽с࡚ʚɛɻˏ͇Ͳс࡚ɴХᓚȵԂʳ⏏
жеᅒ 80⑯200 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ‫⏋ॻݜ‬ϗ ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛμਕ ᧆඨȭ࡭ ԃ ɴ ϗ ࡚ ཝອೝዝᇕൕ‫ݛ‬࡚ ̓ ͦ ዝ ɭ ɹ Ϡ ೝ с⏏
⏃9 ೐ Ϋ ౜ ⑯ ɴԂɤɩȴʰȡʳȦɻ̓ͦዝ‫ॻݜ‬ɫ
10 ೐Ϋ౜⏆ ⏃11 ೐Ϋ౜⏆͇˽̊ͻ̝ɭ̓ͦዝɭ
ɹϠພс⏋ʚɛɻϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦዝɹʛˁсЊȿɐʳ⏏ˏ˗˽с࡚ʚɛɻ ˏ ͇ Ͳ с ࡚ ɴ Х ᓚ⏋̓ͦዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵςк⏏

ɩɹອ೼ИɴʭɤɩȦʳ⏏༇ອɹ‫ؖ‬ɽɲȦᲞеᅒɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᮒອˁᅮᅤɫᅒɴྊʠʳɄɭɴʭɤɩອᅒႥ઴ɭɌ⏋̮˻͑͌ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛȵ 8 ೐Ϋ౜ɴೣᅒውඨɇʶ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱ
ɹ 10 ೐Ϋ౜ɴՏዥೝˁᦎȭʳ⏏ёॷ⏋ɄɄɫɻ༇ອɴʭʳླྀອˁʛɲȦɛʠ⏋сЊȿಁೝȵΥࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵμеᅒɫɻ 8 ೐μ౜ȴʰ 9 ೐Ϋ౜ɴ⏋жеᅒɫɻ 9 ೐Ϋ౜ȴʰ 10 ೐Ϋ౜ɴ⏋Ȧɑʶʢཝອ
ɹࠃʚʳອᅒɫ⏋30 ⑯50 cm ɹླྀອάɫೣᅒውඨɇʶʳ⏏༇ອɹཝອɹ౛ᧆɹेɴʭʱ⏋ᲞеᅒɴȼʰʏɩμеᅒɫɻᏝ 2 ᦼᬚȴʰ 1 Ͷ೐⏋жеᅒɫɻ 1⑯2 Ͷ೐ɹᧆඨȭɭɲʳ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ೣᅒೝᬚȵ႕ɴቁȼɲʳμеᅒɹжᨆɭжеᅒɫɻ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛȵςɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ⏏‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɻఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛɴປʏɩઢӵਸȵ৔ȼ⏋౗ᬏɴచઢɴ‫ؙ‬ਝɐʳɛʠ⏋ቁȦೣᅒೝᬚɫ
ʢ 11 ೐ά౜ȴʰ 12 ೐Ϋ౜ɴɻ‫ؚ‬ዲɫȷʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
2)жеᅒɫɻ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛǵɄɹʭȩɴᲞеᅒɫɻఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏃̮˻͑͌ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɻʢʛᩂɫ 4.6 t/ha⏆⏋⏃͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɻʢʛᩂɫ 2.8 t/ha⏆⏋μеᅒɫɻθ‫ڃ‬ዛɭȦȩປᲞɴʭʳൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛɹɐʛ10Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑՕȿȵ‫ؾ‬೴ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɹ႕ਐɭɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ອ೼Иɹέ࡫ࡴɲжеᅒɫɹዝൕ‫ݛ‬ˁ‫خ‬ᔨɭɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɹཝອೝዝᇕɲൕ‫౅ݛ‬໬ɫȡʳ⏏‫ؾ‬೴ɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɹʛɲʰɑᮒ࡚ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ཝອೝɴ‫ܧ‬ഀɹˏ͇Ͳዝ‫ڃ‬ዛȵೣᅒውඨɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏жеᅒɫ႕ɴᰒ
ᘿɴ᠗ʠʰʶʳɄɹʭȩɲ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɹཝອೝዝᇕൕ‫౅ݛ‬໬ɻ⏋ఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛɫɻࢪਝɫȷɲȦອ೼Иɭൕ‫ݛ‬ೝᬚɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁៗໆɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋༇ອɹ᝵ࢀ‫᧫܌‬ɴʢࢪਝɌɛൕ‫ݛ‬ଯ᝗ɭჿៗɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋༇ອɹཝອɹ౛ᧆɹेɴʭʱውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛˁ᧧ିɌɩ
Ȧʳࠒɻ⏋̓͡˹͑ɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴࢪɌɩᦅ຦ȵଯ᝗᧟ਝɌɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
2.2ȁδϋ΢͈͒ഐ؊ऩ෽ܿ੅
2.2.1ȁȶδϋ΢ȷͅచ̳ͥ֊૒ͺζϋ͈֞຦ਅ஖఼ǵ‫ ܒ‬3 ɻ༇ອॷɫȡʳ 1987 ॷɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɛ̲ͻ͡ɹகອᤉɹອе޴‫׋‬ɭᭇᮒᩄˁኍɌɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋‫ ܒ‬4 ɻБᝠᇕᓚ‫ܩ‬ుᯆɴȲȿʳອཉ޴‫׋‬ˁᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏‫ ܒ‬3 ɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋7 ೐ά౜ɭ 9 ೐ά౜ɹ౗ᮒᩄ 140 mm ˁᣳȭʳ࣌‫ܩ‬ᇕᮃμᭇᮒɴʭɤɩ⏋2 ঎ɴʼɛɤɩՏອɹ̴ͻ˪ȵ៎ཀྵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴ೎՟ɹՏອɫɻ⏋ᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿΫɹࢃ࣒ɹ޽ȼȵআΫ༡ອɐʳʓɰɹ‫ވ‬ອˁʛɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹಁɴɻɐʏɩɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵླྀອɌ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 95%⏆⏋ёॷɻʓɭ˃ɰླྀອɐʳɄɭɹɲȦˡͲ̋ɹᲞеᅒɫɐʰ 1 m ɹອཉɭɲʱ⏋೎Პອеɻॶॷʭʱʢ 1.5⑯2 m ʢᲞȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ 8 ೐μ౜ȴʰ 9 ೐μ౜ɴȴȿɩཝອɌ⏋Υಁॶॷɹ೎

଎ ˏȁ1987 ාࢻକ‫͈ۼܢ‬ΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥͅΫȜσ͈ෳକႹ͈କպ་‫ַܱࣛ͂ا‬჏2) Ȧʼʪʳ HYV⏃Პ‫ؚ‬ᩄ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏆ɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ዝс቉ድଘ (BRRI) ȵ᠗‫خ‬ɌɩȦʳ BR Ꮩᐏɹృ‫ڃ‬ዛˁઝ٢ɐ
ʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋BRRI ɴʭʰɑɴࢷԂಔ‫ؖ‬ɇʶɛ̮˻͑͌ɻ HYV ɭɻ‫ך‬աɌɩᐏ៟Ϋ଩ʼʶɩȷɩȦɛ⏏ೣᠶɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᅎ᠝ɹཌྷϕˁ᧫ȿʳɛʠɴ⏋̮˻͑͌ɭ BR Ꮩᐏɹ‫ڃ‬ዛˁ‫ي‬ʠɩȋఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛȍɭɌɩ଩ȩ⏏

11ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬଎ ːȁ1987 ා͈ࢻକͥ͢ͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ౡକ૬་‫ا‬Პອཉሁմɴʚɫɲʳȵ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 82%⏆⏋9 ೐ೢɹᭇᮒɴʭɤɩԗʃອеȵ 50⑯60 cm Ϋ౥ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹಁɴɻ⏋Პеᅒɫɹອཉɻմ‫܌‬ʓɰɴɻɲʰɲȴɤɛȵ⏋ёॷɻ 50 cm ዐ঎ɹླྀອ
ɌȴɲȦμеᅒɫʢᕆʚɫɹཉɇɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 92%⏆⏏2 ɦɹಁೝɹᮐʶɛՏອ
ɻёॷɴɲȼ߂ៀฐɲʢɹɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹ޽ȼɹࢃ࣒ɴླྀອ᝵ࢀˁήȭɛɽȴʱɫɲȼ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᩂឹɲᦅс෌ೝɭᩂɲʱ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɴʢ߂ȷɲଠ௖ˁήȭʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ༇ອɭውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹ᝵ࢀ⏋ᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɴɦȦɩ‫ ܒ‬5 ˁؒ၇Ɍɲȵʰ᠎Ɍȼᦚʏ
ʳ⏏
ǵ೎՟ɹ༇ອɻ 7 ೐ೢɹᭇᮒˁߕลɴᣱɄʱ⏋ɐɫɴೣᅒውඨɇʶɩȦɛውඨˏ͇Ͳዝȵ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛɞȿɫɲȼ⏋6 ೐ೢȴʰ 7 ೐Ϋ౜ʚɫɹᬚɴ௢ዛɌɛውඨˏ͇ͲዝɹᗈБʢԢອɌ⏋޽ȼɹᗈȵഞʶʳ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɻж‫ܩ‬ɴеᒞɐʳɛʠ⏋᢫ެᅎɴᗈˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɌɩȦʳປᲞɹᲞȦᦏ᭰೴ȴʰёॷᗈˁᣘԂɌɩȦʳȵ⏋๿ʱɻ೴Ԓɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ⏏೴ԒɫɹᗈБɹ᝵ࢀИధɻ 193 Иɫɗɹ᝵ࢀᯆዩɻ‫غ‬៟ 0.044 ha⏋ԃᗈБᯆዩɹ 2/3 ГΫȵ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛɄɭɴ
ɲʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ອȵৄȷࠃʠɛɹɫ޽ȼɹᦅ຦ɻଝ୫ɠɹዝᎨ⏋˻͖ͻ̜⏋৲ႌˁެ‫׹‬Ɍɩέ᣸ɐʳᗈˁᐳਸ਼ɴᣘԂɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ༇ອɴʭʱ᧊ɽʶɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɹɛʠɴውඨέᔨɭɲɤɛ
ອᅒˁ᭑ȷ⏋μеᅒ͹ᲞеᅒɫɻɄɹಁೝɴ̮˻͑͌ዛɹᗈȵςɴඨȭЊȿʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 9೐ೢȴʰ 10 ೐Ϋ౜ɴȴȿɩᮃμᭇᮒɴʭʳ༇ອȵԗʃᇍᅊɌ⏋8 ೐ 10 ౗⑯8 ೐ 31 ౗ɴೣᅒው
ඨɇʶɛውඨˏ͇Ͳዝȵԗ঎Ԣອ᝵ࢀɴȡȩɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ 2 ঎ᇿɹ༇ອɫɻᲞеᅒɫɇȭΥᨆɻ 30 cmɹອཉɭɲʱ⏋μеᅒɫɻᕆʚɫɹླྀອɭɲɤɛ⏏Პеᅒɫɻອཉȵ༓ȴɤɛɛʠɴሁஞɹ᝵ࢀɻՏɲȴɤɛȵ⏋μеᅒɫɻ 2 ঎ᇿɹውඨᗈɇȭʢԢອ᝵ࢀɴȡɤɛ⏏μеᅒɫɻёॷ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃̮˻͑͌ɹ‫⏆غݭ‬ˁ 8 ೐μά౜ɴೣᅒውඨɌ⏋12 ೐ɹ՗‫؜‬ʱɹ12Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ଎ ˑȁ1987 ා͈ࢻକͥ͢ͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ͺζϋ͈֞๭‫͂ٺ‬শ‫ܢ‬৿ɴࢸᵺɲɰɹ̲͞ rabi⏃ᅣ⏆с႒ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳȵ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝȵൕ‫ݛ‬έᔨɭɲɤɛ޽ȼɹᅒ
ɫɻ⏋11 ೐μ౜ɴᘛዛ⏃͇˽̊ͻ̝⏆ʚɛɻࢸᵺˁ௢ዛɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵжеᅒɫɻ 2 ঎ᇿɹ༇ອȵ឴ȩሁմɹ 9 ೐μ౜ɴອཉȵ 30 cm ʓɰɹࢹధɹອᅒɫ⏋ᗳΩɹປᥒᇕᲞȦ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛዝȵውඨɇʶɛȵ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹᅒɫɻ᧌঎ɹອཉɹɛʠɴውඨɐʳɄɭɐʰɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋2 ঎ᇿɹ༇ອɫжеᅒɹອཉɻϺɹᔘΩГΫɭɲʱ⏃ёॷɹ೎Პອ
ཉɻᕆʚɫ⏆ውඨɇʶɛɄʶʰ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛዝʢᐄഗᇕɴɻʓʖԃྙɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏2 ঎ᇿɹ༇ອȵৄȦɛ৿⏋Ʉʶʰɹອᅒɫɻ 10 ೐μ౜ȴʰ͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡ȵԗ঎ውඨɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹዝɻёॷ 9 ೐Ϋ౜ȴʰ 10 ೐Ϋ౜ʚɫɴೣᅒውඨɇʶ⏋11 ೐ೢȴʰ 12 ೐ೢɴ‫ؚ‬ዲɇʶʳ⏏ॶॷсɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɻᏝ 2.8 t/ha ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɹॷɴɻᧆඨȭɭɲʱɐȹɛɛʠᏝ 1.4⑯1.6 t/ha ɭ߂ȷȼཝ‫ؚ‬ɐʳᐄഗɭɲɤɛ⏏
ǵ1987 ॷɴɻ⏋ёॷɹԃውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ᅒ 120 ha ɹȩɠ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡɤɛɹɻ 33%⏋40 ha ɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏ውඨ৿ 2 ঎ɴʼɛɤɩ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ 8 ha ˁ‫ي‬ʠ⏋μеᅒ͹жеᅒˁςɭɌɩԃкɹ 67%⏋80 ha ɹອᅒɫውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵఔඉɇʶɛ⏏
ǵɄɹॷɴ೎ᏺᇕɴඨȭЊȿʰʶɛውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɻ⏋մॷɴປʏɩԃкɹсЊȿ፴ܑɻᲞеᅒɭμеᅒɹΥᨆɴᭉࡴɇʶɩɻȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ਃഀ⏋ఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳᲞеᒞɴʚɫ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛȵсЊȿɇʶɛ⏏‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ߂ᨆՕɻ 2 ঎ᇿɹ༇ອ̴ͻ˪৿⏋10 ೐Ϋ౜Гᭇɴውඨɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ውඨಁೝɹɑʶɭཉླྀອɹɛʠ⏋ఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛɫɻውඨȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɭɲʱ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛȵཝອೝɴውඨɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ॶॷɴɻఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳᲞеᒞɴʚɫ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛȵсЊȿɇʶɛɭȦȩɄɹᐄഗɻ⏋̓Ͳ̠ʍɹ᧟ਝൕ‫ݛ‬ଯ᝗ɭɌɩʢᦅ຦ȵൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛɹ᧧ିˁ
᝔ɤɩȦʳɄɭˁᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏
2.3ȁρΫै͙ͥͅ൲എକ໲۪‫͈͒ޏ‬ഐ؊෠ުǵ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳ̲͞с⏋ɐɲʼɠϗ࡚ᅣсɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɻ 1986/87 ॷ⏃ᯃ༇ອॷ⏆ɫ
13ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬

110 ha⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɌɩɹсЊȿযᯆዩɹᏝ 13%ˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳ⏏͇˽̊ͻ̝⏋‫ࢸ⏋ࡎ᥹ښ‬ᵺȲʭʃᢊᰖˁμਕɭɌɛɄʶʰ̲͞с႒ɹ޽ȼɻ⏋ቆᣒɴ࢏ʛ⏋கອɹᖪ߫ɲˡͲ̋Ϋɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̲͞с႒ɻውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹ‫ؚ‬ዲ৿⏃ˏ͇Ͳс࡚ȵХᓚɹ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏆⏋11೐Ϋ౜ȴʰ௢ዛɇʶ⏋1 ೐ȴʰ 2 ೐ɴȴȿɩ‫ؚ‬ዲɇʶʳ⏏
ǵ‫ؾ‬೴ɹ̲͞сɹȩɠ⏋ழᩆс႒ɭɌɩЁ౗೎ʢᩂឹɲʢɹɻ⏋1983 ॷɹ޽ᇿᇕ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹ࡭ଁɴЫȦ⏋ᥥᦢ೼Иɹఒ‫ڵ‬ȵլ࿠ɭɲʱᅊᅋᩄȵᰧᤲᇕɴЭʃɛ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɭ‫ࡎ᥹ښ‬ɫȡʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋մᓔɻсЊȿᯆዩʢ߂ȷȼ⏋̲͞сᯆዩԃкɹ 38%ˁ‫װ‬ʠʳɴȦɛɤɩȦʳ (1986/87)⏏͇˽̊ͻ̝ൕ‫ݛ‬ɫɻ⏋ёॷ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ອՕɹ‫מ‬Օɴ๿ɤɩȦʳ 10 ೐μά౜ȴʰధ঎ɹᓚᣱɭቊ‫ܤ‬ȵ᝔ʼʶ⏋ేᔋ৿⏋11 ೐՟౜ɴ௢ዛɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ɻ 2 ೐ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲʚɫ⏋μᓚ͹᭑ᗳ͹ဌྰɲɰɹс෌ɻέឹɫȡʳ⏏ဌྰˁ޽ᅎɐʳ‫ࡎ᥹ښ‬ൕ‫ݛ‬ɴປʏɩ֝֐ȵȴȴʰɑ⏋ɗɹɛʠ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɻ‫ؾ‬೴ɹ̲͞с႒ɹμਕᇕࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ1987 ॷɹ༇ອɴʭɤɩውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵఔඉɇʶɛμеᅒɭжеᅒɫɻ⏋11 ೐μ౜ɹཝອ৿⏋̲͞с႒ȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᝠ 2 ɴኍɐʭȩɴ⏋ɗɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɻմॷɹᏝ 2 ҆ɴ‫֓ވ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏͇˽̊ͻ̝ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɻᏝ 3 ҆ɴ⏋‫ࡎ᥹ښ‬ɫɻ 1.8 ҆ɴʢɲʱ⏋ɲȴɫʢ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩȵ̲͞с႒ԃൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɹμɫ‫װ‬ʠʳւ‫غ‬ɻմॷɹ 38%ȴʰ 64%ɭ 1.7 ҆ɴɲʱ⏋Јˁ߂ȷȼΫ‫܌‬ɤɩȦʳ⏏ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵఔඉɇʶɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹʛɲʰɑ⏋մॷɴɻХᓚɇʶɩȦɛˡͲ̋Ϋɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫʢృɛɴ̲͞с႒ȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶ⏋̲͞с႒ɻውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹఔඉອᅒᯆዩ
ʭʱ 10 ha ʢ޽ȼɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵ1986 ॷɭ 87 ॷɹ༇ອɹཝອႥ໥ˁປᥒɌɛᐄഗɴʭʶɽ⏋༇ອॷɹ 87 ॷɹ 10 ೐μ౜ɴɻླྀອ‫ݖ‬ȵմॷʭʱ߂ȷȦɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɗʶГ৿ɹཝອɹᦵ঎ɻȴɲʱᦵȼɲɤɩȦʳɄɭȵՕȴɤɛ⏏႕ɴ⏋͇˽̊ͻ̝௢ዛೝɹ 11 ೐Ϋ౜ȴʰμ౜ɴɻ⏋ˡͲ̋Ϋɹ̲͞с᧟‫ܩ‬ɹཝອȵᰒᘿɫȡɤɛ⏏87/88 ॷɴɻ⏋߂༇ອȵʢɛʰɌɛ޽ᩄɹ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɻᢌ࢏ɲ‫ݡ‬ᔋɭɲʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋௢ዛೝሁմɹཝອɻˡͲ̋ɴ᧟঎ɹ‫ޚܤ‬ອՕˁ๿Ɍ⏋̲͞с႒⏋ɲȴɫʢ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɴɭɤɩᖪ߫ɲൕ‫ݛ‬೼ИˁʢɛʰɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ༇ອɴʭʱᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсȵ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ϗ࡚ɹ̲͞с႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩȵ߂ȷນˎȁࢻକා͂๱ࢻକා͈ρΫै໤ऩ෽࿂ୟ⏃‫׬‬е⏧ha⏆
̲͞с႒
͇˽̊ͻ̝
‫ښ‬ǵ᥹ǵࡎ
ࢸǵǵǵᵺ
ᢊǵǵǵᰖ
ɗǵɹǵЈ
‫غ‬ǵǵǵ៟ᯃ༇ອॷ⏃1986/87⏆
41.8
⏃38%⏆
19.8
⏃18%⏆
26.4
⏃24%⏆
15.4
⏃14%⏆
6.6
⏃6%⏆
110.0

⏃100%⏆
14༇ອॷ⏃1987/88⏆
128.0
⏃64%⏆
32.2
⏃16%⏆
9.9
⏃5%⏆
23.7
⏃12%⏆
6.2
⏃3%⏆
200.0

⏃100%⏆

Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑȼ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳɭȦȩϟࡸɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсɹாࢀˁ‫؜‬ʱଖɗȩɭɐʳ‫ۊ‬ʛɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋༇ອʍɹ᧟ਝଯ᝗ɹʁɭɦɭჿៗɫȷʳ⏏
ǵ༇ອɴʭʱᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсȵ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ϗ࡚ɹ̲͞с႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩȵ߂ȷȼ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳӃ‫ك‬ɻ‫ؾ‬೴‫ܔ‬೑ɹჼᢒɫɻɲȼ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ԃ‫ݖ‬ɴʼɛɤɩȦʳ⏏‫ܕؾ‬ɫɻ⏋
1987 ॷɴᐚȦɩ⏋ᓂॷɴɇʰɴ߂ȷɲ༇ອȵᇍᅊɌ⏋ᮒ࡚ዝсȵ߂᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋88/89 ॷɹᦅ෌ᅊᅋɻ៨᪼ᇕɴᲞȼɲɤɛɭɇȭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋༇ອɻᮒ࡚ɹᦅ෌ɴ߂ȷɲ᝵ࢀˁήȭʳ‫ؙ‬ᯆ⏋ɗɹᐁཕᇕா߉ˁ‫؜‬ʱଖɗȩɭᦅ຦ˁߧȦጓɛɓʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ϗ࡚ɹс႒ɴɻᩂឹɲൕ‫ݛ‬೼Иˁѳ៷ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ෌ɴɭɤɩ⏋༇ອɻ߂ȷɲըᏝ೼Иɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋‫ܯ‬᝝сᅎˁᅊʛՏɐ֐ˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹᦅ຦ȵ⏋ೣഀውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɴɭɤɩ
೑ࢀɫȡʳ᧌րɹອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ˁᦥգᅎɌ⏋̲͞сɹୟ߂ɴʭɤɩ༇ອ᝵ࢀɴࢪਝɌɩȦʳࠒɻ⏋‫ܕؾ‬ɹᦅ෌ȵȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹ޴‫׋‬ɴȦȴɴര᥉ɴ᧟ਝɌɩȦʳȴˁኍɐ߫҅ɹೳషɭȦȭʳ⏏
ǵɄʶʚɫ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳЁ౗ɹȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɴࢪɐʳውඨˏ͇Ͳɹ‫ڃ‬ዛ᧧ି⏋̲͞сɹୟ߂ɴʭʳȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍʍɹ᧟ਝɹࠒɴɦȦɩ៨Ɍɩȷɛȵ⏋๖ɴ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴʢ༇ອ⏃̓Ͳ̠⏆ɴࢪɌɩ‫ڃ‬ዛ᧧ିɴʭʳ᧟ਝȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ␩࡫ᚹ͹Ԓᅒ 1991␭Ʉɭˁʛɩʛ
ʭȩ⏏
2.4ȁႤঃഎ͙̹ͅࢻକഐ؊ऩ෽ܿ੅Ȫ८෥ͺζϋ֞ै̥ͣδυ֞ै͒ȫǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̩ˠͻ͡‫ݖܩ‬ȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖೎߂ɹ̓ͦዝс‫ܩ‬य़ɫȡʱ⏋Ё౗ɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫʢ̓ͦዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵᇵ˃ɴ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ȡɛȴʢ‫ؾ‬೴ɫɻ⏋ᬖୖয়՟ȴʰ̓ͦዝсȵᇵ˃ɴ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛɭȦȩ‫׵‬ᢒˁ‫؝‬ȿʳȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋̓ͦዝсȵୟ߂Ɍɻɍʠʳɹɻɗʶʓɰ౬ɹ
ɄɭɫɻɲȦ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ᮒ࡚ɹς༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ʢ⏋ᦏॷɴࢷԂɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ࡸɻ⏋ᬖୖয়՟ɴ೴ɹ‫ॻݜ‬ɭɲɤɛዝсɻత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃ཉອዝ⏆сɫȡɤɛ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɹ๴‫ر‬ˁᦠȩɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ዝсɹ᧧ି‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޴᧦ȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹᦅ຦ȵ༇ອɴ᧟ਝɐʳɛʠɹʁɭɦɹଯ᝗ᇕ᧧ିɹᐄഗɫȡɤɛɄɭȵჿៗɫȷʳ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫɻ᧑ᤉ⏋࣒ఫ‫͡ͻ̲⏋ܩ‬ˁ᭑ȷ⏋ೡᬖ‫ܩޕ‬ɻʓɭ˃ɰ༥߉ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɌȴɌ⏋1851 ॷɴ˓˧͠˽కঌȵсଁɌɛ‫ؾ‬೴ɹ‫ܒܩ‬ɴʭʶɽ⏋ԃᯆዩ 2,421 ˛ͻˡͻɹȩɠ
768 ˛ͻˡͻȵೡᬖ‫⏆͡˫Ͳ͑˻⏃ܩޕ‬ɭɌɩ៨᪼ɇʶɩȦʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬6⏆⏏‫ ܒ‬2 ɭປᥒɐʶɽʭʱ
౩ʰȴɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰೡᬖ‫ޕ‬ɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɻʓʖჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ɴ᠍য়Ɍ⏋য়ಁɹᮃᘺɭᦅᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻ߂ȷɲᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿɹᲞʛɭॶܹɲະ࿭؅ΫɴᮃμɌɩȦɛɭȦȭʳ⏏৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬Ԓɴɻ˻͑Ͳ˫͡
ˁՖʱᬖȦɩᬖ‫ޕ‬Ɍɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻࢸɇȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋য়ಁɹዝсɹμਕɻ⏋̲ͻ͡ɹٞᦇɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛ̓ͦዝсɫɻɲȼ⏋ະ࿭؅Ϋɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛˏ˗˽͹ˏ͇Ͳዝсɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
15ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬଎ ˒ȁ1851 ා̤̫ͥͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ാ౷၌ဥે‫ޙ‬

ǵ1851 ॷয়ಁɹೡᬖ‫ܩޕ‬ɻჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᏝ 40%ɴȡɛʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰɹೡᬖ‫ܩޕ‬ʢ 1913/14 ॷɴсଁɇʶɛ‫ܩ‬᎛‫د‬ॡɫɻɐʏɩ༥߉ɐʳ⏏೴Ϻɹ៨ૡɴʭʶɽ⏋য়ಁɻ৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ˁ‫ي‬ʞʓɭ˃ɰɹᬖ‫ܩޕ‬ɫɻత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶ⏋ᕶး‫ݨ‬ᬿΫɹᲞʛɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɫɻ˻͖ͻ̜ʦˏ˗˽
ዝ⏋Υᨆɫɻˏ˗˽ዝɭˏ͇Ͳዝɹཌྷ௢ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ж‫ܩ‬ɫɹ̓ͦዝсɻᏳǾɭ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛɴ᧌ȹɲȦɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳᰖաᓚ‫ܩ‬գᅎრɹ޴‫׋‬ˁᝠɐᝠ
3 ȴʰʢ౩ʰȴɫȡʸȩ⏏‫إ‬ᓑɹ᠌ɴʭʶɽகອᤉˁ୫ɛɲȦয়ಁɹ̲ͻ͡ɹٞᦇɴсʰʶɛ̓ͦᅒɻ⏋ᮒ࡚՟ೝɴɻ̯͡ɲɰɹُᝐࢸᛚɹᐓ߫ɹඞʛȴɭɲɤɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉʶʰɹُᝐࢸᛚɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭᮒ࡚՟ೝɹ‫ވ‬ອɴʭʳ༇ອɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸȵ⏋ᦅ຦ɴ̓ͦዝсˁ᧧ିɇɓɲȴɤɛςɲჿᅓɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵГΫȴʰ 1851 ॷȴʰ 1910 ॷБʚɫɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫɻ̲ͻٞ͡ᦇɫɹ̓ͦዝсɻద᧙ɇʶ⏋ɗɹБʼʱɦȦ೎ᦏʚɫ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹЈ‫ݖܩ‬ɹະ࿭؅ɫʢШᐏᇕɴ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛత
௢ˏ͇ͲዝˁμਕɭɌɛዝсȵ‫ש‬ᣴɌɩȦɛɄɭȵՕȴʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄɄɫᩂឹɲɄɭɻ⏋1851ॷয়ಁɴ೎՟ɴՖʱᬖȴʶɩȦɛɹɻဣ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ̲ͻ͡ɭɗɹٞᦇɹᑃʦȴɲӃహˁʢɦᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵɦȼʳ৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ɹ‫ךܩ‬ɫɻɲȼ⏋ʓʖॶܹɲᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫȡʳະ࿭؅ɹ‫ךܩ‬ɫȡɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ɗɹ৿ɴᬖȴʶɛ৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ɫʢςɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦɛɹɻత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝɫȡʱ⏋̓ͦዝсɻɗʶʓɰᩂឹਸˁʢɤɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹୟ߂᧌ዐɭ‫ש‬ᣴɐʳత௢16Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑນˏȁΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥͅ႒༆ࣈ౷၌ဥၚ͈་‫⏃ا‬%⏆
ॷ
1856
1900
1925
1950
1970
1989

Хᓚ‫ܩ‬
58
40
16
25
22
0

త௢ˏ͇Ͳዝ
30
35
48
19
3
0

̓ͦዝ
2
10
15
28
37
67

ɗɹЈ
10
15
21
28
38
33

໶⏧˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹ 2 Ϻɹ‫إ‬ᓑɹ஠ࡴɴʭʳ⏏೴ˁ 5 ɦɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴՕȿ⏋‫ع‬‫ݖܩ‬Ʌɭɹᯆዩ஠ࡴˁʢɭɴ፤ࡴɌɛᐄഗɫȡʳ⏏ȋɗɹЈȍɴɻ⏋ˏ˗˽ዝ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝ⏋˻͖ͻ̜Ȳʭʃ̲͞с႒ȵ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ⏏

ນːȁΐλχȜσఆ͈৽ါै໤ब‫ٺ‬Ⴄ
ॷ
1917
1919
1920
1921
1943
1945
1974
1987
1988
1989

ǵсǵǵǵ႒
త௢͹ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ
̓ͦዝత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝ
త௢ˏ͇Ͳዝ
ˏ˗˽ዝ̓ͦዝውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ
̓ͦዝውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ
̓ͦዝውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ
̲͞⏃ϗ࡚ᅣс⏆
̓ͦዝ

᝵ǵࢀ
100%
100%
75%
75%
ᨆՕᇕ
ᨆՕᇕ
100%
ᨆՕᇕ
50%
ᨆՕᇕ
75%
100%
ᨆՕᇕ

ǵǵǵǵ؅ǵǵǵ‫܍‬ͤ̋͹ͅˡ⏃ࢀᛚ⏆ውඨմɹ༇ອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓
༇ອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓
̘́˓ˏˠ˓
༇ອॵɽɦ⏃3 ೐μ౜⑯4 ೐μ౜⏆༇ອ⏃7 ೐μ౜⑯9 ೐μ౜⏆ॵɽɦ⏃3 ೐μ౜⑯4 ೐μ౜⏆༇ອ⏃8 ೐ά౜⑯9 ೐ά౜⏆՗‫؜‬ʱሁմɹ༇ອ⏃STW ‫⏆ݖܩ‬ᬏೝᇕ༇ອ⏃6 ೐Ϋ౜⑯8 ೐μ౜⏆ಮᰟᮒॵɽɦˏ͇Ͳዝсȵ႒᠝ʳɹɻ⏋৿ᔘྂ‫ܩ‬ɹᬖ‫ޕ‬ɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑɇɭత௢ˏ͇ͲዝɹӦʶɛ᧟ਝ֐ȵ⏋য়ಁɹዝскᏙˁଁጓɇɓɩȦɛɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏๴‫ر‬ˁᐁɛЁ౗⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫɗɹɄɭɹᯆ
৯ˁʛʳɄɭɻʢɻʦɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɗʶɫɻɲɕ⏋ɗʶʚɫς༑ɞɤɛత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝсȵఔඉɇʶ⏋̓ͦዝсȵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹʭȩɴঃȼ᝔ʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏
ǵ೴ɹ‫إ‬ᓑɴ៨ૡˁɛɰɤɩʢʰȦ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹςឹዝс᝵ࢀɴɦȦɩʚɭʠɛʢɹȵᝠ 4 ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᝠɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ༇ອɴʭʳˏ͇Ͳዝсɹ᝵ࢀɻ 1920 ॷГᭇ⏋೴Ϻɹ៨ૡɴ๿ʳ߂ៀฐɲʢɹɞȿɫʢჼ‫ܧ‬ʚɫ 5 ঎ɴʼɛɤɩȲʱ⏋Ɍȴʢɗɹ᝵ࢀዐ঎ɻЈɹ᝵ࢀɴປᥒɌɩ߂ȷȦ⏏‫ؾ‬೴ɹᦅ຦ɴʭʶɽ 1920 ॷ᯴ȴʰ༇ອɹ౛ೝ‫׋‬ȵɻɍʚʱ⏋ɗʶɭɭʢ
ɴᗔ‫ܕ‬ಁБ⏋̮˥˽̊ͲಁБ⏋ɗɌɩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ಁБɭ⏋༇ອеʢΫ౥ɌɩȷɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏ɄɹჼᢒɻЁ౗ʚɫᐙᐚɌɩȲʱ⏋1974 ॷȴʰ 88 ॷɹᬚɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 60 cm ɻΫ౥ɌɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹ༇ອɹ౛ೝ‫׋‬ɭ༇ອеɹΫ౥ɴࢪɐʳ౩ተɲࡴᠦɻɲȦȵ⏋̩ˠͻ͡ȵеᒞɐʳ17ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬͍˫̠ᇮ‫ܩ‬ȵ‫ܩ‬ᣒ෯ᦶᇕɴໍᭇɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᠦȵȡʱ⏋200 ॷᬚɫ 9⑯12 ⑎ ʢໍ˃ɞɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ␩Rashid 1977: 32␭⏏
ǵɭʢȡʶ⏋1920 ॷ᯴ȴʰɻɍʚʳ̩ˠͻ͡‫ݖܩ‬ɹ༇ອɹ౛ೝ‫׋‬ɭ༇ອеɹΫ౥ɻ᧙౅ȴʰʢ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴ߂ᩄɹ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ˁ᧊ʃᦉʛ⏋ɗʶʚɫ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɹμਕᇕዝсɫȡɤɛత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃ཉອዝ⏆ൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ߂ȷɲଠ௖ˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏1920, 21 ॷɹθॷɴɻᦹᐚɌɩ༇ອࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɭɭʢɴ⏋େɌࢊɓɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ȵଁᔒμɹత௢ˏ͇Ͳɴ᝵ࢀˁήȭ⏋ʚɛ⏋‫ؚ‬ዲೝɴɻ̘́˓ˏˠ˓໤ȦɴᅒɴԂɤɩȷɛ̦̀͊ɴʢ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳ⏏߂ᩄɴᇍᅊɌɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɻԃ̲ͻ͡ˁុȦࣉȼɌ⏋‫إ‬ᓑɴʭʶɽ⏋ɭɁɹȡʳੲਸᮊᗳɹʛɲ
ʰɑອඞُᝐࢸᛚʢࠒˁ༥ɌɛɭȦȩ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛ̲ͻ͡ɹᅊ઴ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ޴‫׋‬ɭత௢ˏ͇Ͳዝɹ᝵ࢀȵ೴Ϻɛɠɹᬠਕˁϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦዝсɴ‫ك‬ȿɇɓ⏋Ʉɹಁೝ⏋̲ͻٞ͡ᦇɴ̓ͦዝсᅒȵਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍɛᐄഗ⏋ဌྰᅎອέ᣸ɭɲɤɛ⏏ϗ࡚ɹဌྰɻ̲ͻ͡ˁςɲອ྇ɭɌɩȦʳȵ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɫɻɗɹᅎອˁተѳɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ȋ˻͑Ͳˤ͡ Jangalȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ᧑ʢɌȼɻ߂ȷɲᅮɹ޺০ˁɌɛ‫ݨݫ‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻूᇕɲᢱອȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݨݫ‬ɻ⏋३ 60⑯90 cm⏋Პɇ 1 ⑎⏋ᬏȦʢɹɫ 1 km ɴ‫ؖ‬ʉʢɹɫ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱɴ̲ͻ͡ɹகອᤉɭϯेɐʳ‫ݭ‬ଘ⏃˻͑Ͳˤ͡ɹ‫ؤ‬ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏆ˁᬔɍʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋̲ͻ͡ɹʛɲʰɑᲞʛɹອᅒɴʢᢱອɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴɻਖឹɴਝɍ
ɩɗɹ‫ؤ‬ˁៗఔɌ⏋ອᅒȵԢອȴʰӹʶʳʭȩɴகອɐʳ⏏Ʉɹᠭ፲‫ؤ‬ɻ‫ܤ‬ɫᬔɍʰʶ⏋ᬖȼɭȷɴɻ‫ܤ‬ȵगɇʶʳ⏏1920⑯30 ॷɹᬚɴɄɹʭȩɲ˻͑Ͳˤ͡ȵృɛɴ 17 ៯ᒞɇʶ⏋Ё౗ʛʰʶʳϗ࡚ဌྰ̓ͦዝсɹ‫ݜ‬ኄȵсʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩᝠ 3 ɴኍɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋1925 ॷȴʰ 50 ॷɴȴȿɩ⏋‫ؾ‬೴ɫɻ̓ͦዝൕ‫ݛ‬ȵୟ߂ɌɩȦʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋త௢ˏ͇Ͳ
ዝɹсЊȿრȵ߂३ɴཝࢹɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋̓ͦዝсɴɗɹς৲ɹএˁᡶɤɛᮒ࡚
ɹˏ͇Ͳዝсɻ⏋Პ‫ؚ‬ᩄ‫ڃ‬ዛࢷԂɴʭʳውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕ‫ݛ‬ɭɌɩࡴመɐʳʚɫɗɹࣙᬖˁ৺ɦ
Ʉɭɴɲʳȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋1920 ॷБГᭇɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳϗ࡚ዝсɹᇍࣙɻ⏋ᰈᇍɐʳˏ͇Ͳዝсɹ༇ອࢀɭȦȩȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹ޴‫׋‬ɴࢪɐʳᦅ຦ɹଯ᝗᧟ਝɹᐄഗɭ୼ȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏

3ȅࢻକచॐ͂କ঩࡙‫ٳ‬อଽॐ͈൲̧
ǵೣጟɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹອᣂ྇͹༇ອࢪፑˁ̮˥˽̊ͲಁБȴʰჼБɴᕸʳʚɫ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ఩ჿɌɲȵʰ⏋ɗɹᔘಕɴȡʳȋ༇ອɹըਉȍɭȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɭȦȩʈɛɦɹਲ਼઎
ᇕ࿈༑ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ␩Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹǵ1992a; Ԓᅒǵ1998␭⏏
3.1ȁΩ΅ΑΗϋশయ (1947-71)ȡඊၛා (1971)ȡ1989 ාǵആ̾Ͳˤ͡‫⏃౅ܩ‬ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖⏆ɹ༇ອɴࢪɐʳԇɹᠶ៿ɻ˓˧͠˽ᐏ໠ಁБ (1765⑯1947) ɴɻʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋‫౅ܩؾ‬ɹ༇ອȵ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩ໶ᇿˁ༟ʃʳɹɻആ18Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ̮˥˽̊Ͳɹ᠚ᅊГᭇɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ1954 ॷȴʰ 3 ॷᬚᦹᐚɌɩᣱȷɛ߂༇ອˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋1957 ॷɴɻ˪͡ͻ˫ (J. A. Krug) ˁБᝠɭɐʳ‫ᦹܕ‬ଯ᝗ᰘ‫܎ک‬ȵ⏋1963 ॷɴɻӯ͊˹˹̴̒ͻໜᬖᇍࠇ‫ڊ‬Цࠇ‫ڊ‬ᬏɹ̩ͻ̚ˑͲ (J. R.
Hardin) ȵ⏋1964/65 ॷɴɻˠ͞Ͳ̋ɹ߂࡝ఠஐ̍̒́ (J. Th. Thijsse) ȵ⏋ɗʶəʶ༇ອࢪፑɴᬠ
ɐʳ‫ݬ‬ٚೆˁആ̮˥˽̊ͲకঌɴரՏɌɩȦʳ⏏‫ݬع‬ٚೆɹԒࢅˁࡩ‫ٮ‬ाɻ๖ɹʭȩɴʚɭʠɩȦʳ␩ࡩ‫ٮ‬ा 1991␭⏏
ǵ1) ˪͡ͻ˫͹͊̒˹͚Ͳɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻອᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳᐵ‫غ‬ᇕɲʢɹɫ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲໜाɹ‫ܕ‬ɫɻ⏋‫ܩܤ‬գᅎˁ‫ي‬ʛະ࿭ˁሂয়ዐ঎៰ࢅɐʳ໠ອፑˁɭʳʏȷɞɭַٚɌɩȦʳ⏏2) ̩ͻ̚ˑͲɻ͊˹˹̴̒ͻໜ໠ອɹᐁᱻˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋Υ౅ɫɻ‫ݨ‬ᬿ៟ᅙˁַٚɌɲȵʰ⏋˪͡ͻ˫ʰɹ୭௎ˁᤑ឴Ɍ⏋ະ࿭ˁȡʳዐ঎៰ࢅɐʳ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎˁ༇ອՃჿɹ೑֟ɲଝຍɭᓒȭɛ⏏3) ̍̒́ɻ‫ݖܩ‬Ʌɭɹ໠ອɴɦȦɩԍкᇕɲர൜ˁ᝔ȩɭɭʢɴ⏋‫ܩ‬άອᠭീɭɗɹգᅎˁַٚɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɄɫ႕ɴ໶ᇿɌɩȲȷɛȦɹɻ⏋˪͡ͻ˫͹͊̒˹͚ͲɴɌʸ̩ͻ̚ˑͲɴɌʸȋະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍɄɭˁմரɭɌɛ໠ອፑˁர൜ɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̍̒́ʢȋ‫מ‬Օɲᠭീˁɓɑɴέ࡫ࡴɲໜाˁ‫ݨ‬ᬿɴᬔɍᦉʠʳɄɭɴ‫ࢪؙ‬ȍɌɩȦʳ␩Adnan et al. 1992: 38␭⏏Ȧɑʶɹ‫ݬ‬ٚʢ⏋༇ອըਉɹɛʠɴံ೼Иɴໜाˁ‫ݨ‬ᬿԒɴࢬɍᦉʠɩɌʚȩɄɭˁַʠʳʢɹɫɻɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ៨ૡɌɩȲȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
ǵ˪͡ͻ˫͹͊̒˹͚Ͳɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋ອᣂ྇ɭອ֐ᇍᮚԃкˁ଩ȩృɛɲకঌลᬠȋആ̮˥˽̊Ͳອᣂ྇͹ᮚ֐ᬖᇍԇ኏ (EPWAPDA)ȍȵ 1959 ॷɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹลᬠɴ
ʭɤɩ⏋1975 ॷಁဣɹᰩషᕶᐌ᧒ଁˁμᬚᇿฌɭɌɛ 1965-85 ॷɹ 20 ॷᬚɴʼɛʳອᣂ྇ᬖᇍ͇˽̊ͻ͹̺͞Ͳȵ 1964 ॷɴсଁɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋য়ಁɹͤͻ̜ɫ 21 Ӝ̝͡⏃ɗɹᏝ 29%ȵ༠޺ȴʰɹஹ֖⏆ȴȿɩ⏋Ϊ߂ໜाɹθࣳˁ‫ي‬ʞԃ‫ܕ‬ɴʼɛʳధ‫͡˓͇ן‬ɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿ⏋100 оʱɹ̋͡ͅͻ⏃ᥢμ‫⏆ݨ‬⏋ధȭȷʶɲȦອᬐʦɗɹЈɹອգే៯ȴʰɲʳ߂ៀฐɲ58 ɹ༇ອըਉ͹கອ/ဌྰ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ (FCD/I: Flood Control, Drainage and/or Irrigation) ˁμਕɴஈȭɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ␩Hughes 1994: 34-35; Adnan et al. 1992: 39␭⏏
ǵ1971 ॷɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹႶጓ৿⏋ᦅ෌ᅊᅋ‫֓ވ‬ɹɛʠɹອᣂ྇ᬖᇍɻࢸៀฐဌྰˁμਕ
3)̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ອգᬖᇍ࣌ (BWDB) ɴৄɭɌɛࢸៀฐɲ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴ့ဣȵয়ɩʰʶʳȵ⏋ȷᐙȵʶɛ EPWAPDA ɴʭʳ͇˽̊ͻ͹̺͞Ͳɫኍɇʶɛ߂ៀฐɲ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɻГ৿ʢᐚȿʰʶ⏋1947 ॷɹആ̮˥˽̊Ͳଁጓಁɴɻʼɑȴ 12 km ɞɤɛ‫ݨ‬ᬿȵ 1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɴɻᐵযᬏ 7,555 km ɴ‫ؖ‬ʃ⏋ອգే៯ʢᏝ 8,000 ˁధȭʳɴᕸɤɩȦʳ␩Haggart 1994: 26␭⏏1987
3) 1972 ॷɴγ᪃ȴʰՏɇʶɛ‫ݬ‬ٚೆˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋ፀ 1 ๖ 5 Ͷॷ៟ᅙɫʢɤɭʢᩂឹែɇʶɛɹɻࢸៀฐɲͅͲ̺ဌ
ྰɭж˱˽̜ɹ FCD/I ɫȡɤɛ⏏Г৿⏋60 ॷБɴɻɍʠʰʶɛ߂ៀฐɲ FCD/I ɻᐙᐚɇʶʳȵ⏋༇ອըਉɴᬠ
Ɍɩɻࢸៀฐ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȵధ޽ȼࡸేɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ␩Hossain 1987: 45-46␭
⏏

19ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ॷಁဣɫ⏋̮˥˽̊ͲಁБГഀᏺϛɌɛ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɻ 191⏋ᦽ᝔μɹ 114 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȵ࡭ଁɐʶɽԃ‫ܤܕ‬ɹ‫ץ‬ՕГΫȵ‫ݨ‬ᬿɴܑʚʶ⏋ʚɛ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿল៯ɹɛʠɹ‫ूܤ‬ᩄɻγᅠᇕɴʢ೎߂ៀฐɭȦʼʶ␩Safiullah 1989: 174␭⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑȵ‫ݨ‬ᬿল៯ɴћࡔɌɩȷɛɄɭˁᰒᘿɴኍɐ៷ृɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋޽߂ɲᣂᩆˁȴȿɩࡸేɇʶɩȷɛ FCD/I ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢଁ֒ˁᏢʠɛɭɻៜȦᮑȦႥ໥ɴȡɤɛ⏏‫ݨ‬ᬿɴʭʳ༇ອըਉˁմᯆɴଠɠՏɌɛ͇˽̊ͻ͹̺͞Ͳȵ⏋ਖɑɌʢ˪͡ͻ˫ʰɹȋະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍɄɭˁմரɭɌɩȦɛɭɻᓒȭɴȼȦȵ⏋ЕɴɗȩɫȡɤɛɭɌɩ
ʢ⏋ল៯ɇʶɛ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹ޽ȼɻȋອˁᬔɍᦉʠʳȍᐄഗɭɲɤɛ⏏ԃ‫ܕ‬ɴল៯ɇʶɛ߂ࢸɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿȵᐨɹᇿɹʭȩɴ৓ʱीʰɇʶɛໜाʦອᤉˁ 1,000 ͶଘГΫɫՕుɐʳᐄഗɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴகອέᖪȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɫᇍᅊɌɩԃ‫ܕ‬ᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍɭɲɤɛ␩Haggart 1994: 26␭⏏ɄɹʭȩɲႥ໥ȴʰ⏋͇˽̊ͻ͹̺͞Ͳɗɹʢɹˁឿሁɗȩɭɹ֪ȷʢ 1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɴɻՏɩȼʳ⏏4)ɗɌɩ⏋1987, 88 ॷɴᦹᐚɌɛ߂༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶɛ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹࢸៀฐɲ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ᩂែɹࠒֳȴʰ༇ອɴࢪɐʳ൓ೣᇕៗໆˁᇿ୭Ɍɩ౅‫ك‬᥊ழˁɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏༇ອࢪፑϟ෌ (FAP) ɹᇍ᣸ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫອᣂ྇ᬖᇍஹ֖ˁᐚȿɩȷɛ̝̠ͻ‫ܕع‬͹‫ع‬ลᬠʢ⏋ʢȩΥ঎̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອ‫ک‬ᰍɹៗໆፑˁឿሁɐɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
3.2ȁࢻକచॐমު FAP ͈อ௷Ȫ1989 ාȫǵ1987, 88 ॷɴᦹᐚɌɩ߂༇ອɴ឴ʼʶɛ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹয়ಁɹ᥅ϟకณɻ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲ༇ອ
ըਉࢪፑɹਖឹਸˁγᅠɴ៲ȭȴȿɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋̶͞Ͳ˽ɭ UNDP⏃‫ᦹܕ‬ᬖᇍ៟ᅙ⏆ɻ߂ៀฐɲ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹল៯ɴʭʳȋ༇ອըਉȍˁ⏋USAID⏃Ꭶ‫ܕܕ‬᭬ᬖᇍং⏆ɻȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍˁմரɭɌɩᯃ෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ̶̜̅ᇕࢪਝˁμਕɭɌɛࢪፑ൜ˁʚɭʠɛ⏏
ǵɄɹȩɠ⏋UNDP ɴʭʳ‫ݜ‬ೣ෯઎ɻ༇ອըਉˁ೎߂ᠩᰍɭɌɩ⏋ɗɹࢪፑɭɌɩɄʶʚɫࡸ
ჼɇʶɲȴɤɛ߂ໜाɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿ෯፷ɭ༇ອᬿਉ‫ךܩ‬ɹ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ɭȦȩ߂ៀฐ‫ܤ‬ೠूϟˁμਕɭɌɛ⏋ू࡝ᇕࢪਝˁԃᯆɴଠɠՏɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵɄɹ‫ݜ‬ೣ෯઎ɻ⏋ɗɹμਕɭɲʳ߂ໜाɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿ෯፷ɭ༇ອᬿਉ‫ךܩ‬ɹᬖᇍˁ 20 ॷɫ࡭ଁɌ
ʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹȩɠ፷‫ݨ‬៟ᅙɻˤͲ˻˽⏃̮̝͇ˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆͹̸͇̺̜͞͞͹͍˫̠ɹΪ߂ໜाɹθࣳ⏃͍˫̠ໜɻά༑ᨆ⏆ɭ̋̒ˡ॑ɴ᭰ஞɐʳ̚͞˽ͩ͠ໜृࣳˁ‫ي‬ʞԃ
ᬏ 1,500 km ɴʢ‫ؖ‬ʉʢɹɫ⏋ਖឹɴਝɍɛᡸࣳूɭ 45Ͷଘɹອգే៯៯ᒞˁ‫ي‬ʞॅ߂ɲ៟ᅙ
ɫȡʳ⏏ूϟ‫ך‬ᬚɻ 11 Օւɇʶ⏋‫ݨع‬ᬿɴɦȦɩ 2⑯3 ॷɹྈҺೝᬚɹ৿⏋ά༑ʍɹ৯ᯱˁᓒ
ૅɌɩ⏋Ϋ༑ᨆɹ̸͇̺̜͞͞ृࣳȴʰመଝɇʶ⏃ूϟೝᬚ 1992⑯96 ॷ⏆⏋೎ά༑ᨆɴеᒞɐ4) 1987 ॷɹ߂༇ອɹ৿ BWDB ɴ៯ᒞɇʶɛࠇ‫ڊ‬Цɻ⏋̝̠ͻɹஹ֖ˁ‫؝‬ȿɑɴႶᕶɹᠭീˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏ɗɹ‫ݬ‬ٚɹμɫ⏋1964 ॷɹ͇˽̊ͻ͹̺͞Ͳɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛ FCD/I ɹȡʱ౅ɴ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɲᆄ‫ک‬ˁᝠɐɭɭʢɴ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ʍɹ‫؝‬ᇰᓔؒ֓ɹਖឹਸˁᦚʏɩȦʳ␩Haggart 1994: 6␭
⏏

20

Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑʳ̮̝͇‫ࣳز‬ɻ೎৿ɴመू⏃ूϟೝᬚ 2006⑯10 ॷ⏆ɐʳɭɌɩȦʳ␩UNDP 1989: 6.7-6.13␭⏏ʚɛ༇ອᬿਉ‫ךܩ‬ɹ‫ך‬ᅙ‫( ׋‬compartmentalization) ɫɻ⏋ι᝔Ɍɩᣬʳࢷອᤉɭகອᤉ⏋Ϋά༑‫ܩ‬‫ך‬ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠɭɲʳ 2 ೣɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿɴܑʚʶɛ‫ךܩ‬ˁ‫׬‬е‫ך‬ᅙɭɌ⏋᭰ஞɐʳ߂ໜा⏋ȡʳȦɻΫ༑‫ך‬ȴʰ‫؜‬ʱᦉ˃ɞ༇ອˁ‫ךܩ‬Ԓɫȡʳዐ঎ະ࿭ɇɓɛ৿⏋கອే៯ɴʭʱໜाȡʳȦɻά༑‫ך‬ʍகອɐʳ⏏༇ອˁ༓ȼঃȼՕతɇɓɲȵʰά༑‫ך‬ʍШȭɩȦȼɄɭɴʭʱ⏋༇ອࢀˁᑃ‫ٮ‬Ɍʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋Ϊ߂ໜा໤Ȧɹঃ፴ɲ‫ݖܩ‬ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ⏏̮˓̜ͦ̒‫ךܩ‬ɭɌɩ઎ࡴɇ
ʶɩȦʳᏝ 1 Ψ ha ɹ‫׬‬е‫ך‬ᅙɫɻ⏋1988 ॷៀฐɹ༇ອȵᇍᅊɌɛ‫̒̋⏋غݭ‬ˡЊᦏɫɻ 7 mɹອཉȵ፷‫ݨ‬ɴʭɤɩ 6 m ʚɫ⏋ɇʰɴ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ࡫ԃອཉɭɇʶʳ 4 m ʚɫжάɫȷʳɭ᠅፤ɇʶɩȦʳ␩UNDP 1989: 5.36-5.40␭⏏
ǵɄɹ UNDP ɴʭʳ༇ອըਉˁμਕɭɌɛ‫ݜ‬ೣ෯઎ɻᣂᩆᯆɫɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁ‫ي‬ʛɲȵʰʢ⏋ᐳਸ਼ɹៗໆፑˁ೚ʞ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌȴʰয়՟ɻ๦ᦎɇʶʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌू࡝ଯ᝗ɴ
ԃᯆᇕɴћࡔɌɛ༇ອըਉɹȡʱ౅ɻ⏋ౖࡔɹໜा˹˽̘͌ˁံែɌ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬ʦᦅ෌ᅊ઴Ꮩʍ
ɹੲ৯ᯱˁ୛ȼʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȩଫՠʢΥ౅ɫɻɫɩȷɛ⏏UNDP ɹ‫ݜ‬ೣ෯઎ɭಁˁ‫ؾ‬ɍȼɌɩ⏋USAID ɻˤͲ˻˽͹̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜ༑‫ݖ‬ᡉ‫ܕ‬ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛອᣂ྇ᬖᇍ෯઎ˁፑࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݬ‬ٚɹμɫɻ⏋1988 ॷɹ༇ອɴʭʳ߂ໜाɹໜ᧑޴ೃɴЫȦ‫ݨ‬ᬿȵቑ‫ޙ‬͹ఔඉɇʶɛёˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁ⏋ू࡝ᇕ౅໬ɹʛɫɻࢪਝɌȷʶɲȦʓɰ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອៀฐɻ‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴɰɹዐ঎ʚɫ༇ອеˁଵȭʳʏȷȴೡɞᐄᠶȵՏɩȦɲȦɭɌɛȩȭɫ⏋߂‫ݨ‬ᬿɴʭʳ༇ອըਉɻ̊̚͡ɫɹᄩ‫˽Ͳ̫͞ޅ‬ˁቑ‫ޙ‬ɐʳΥ౅⏋޽߂ɲହᣂɻʚʶɲ߂༇ອɴ
ࢪɌɩɹʛըਉɹ৲ւˁഗɛɐɞȿɫᐁཕᇕɴʢৄȷ‫غ‬ʼɲȦɭଫՠˁ֓ȭɩȦʳ␩Rogers etal. 1989: 33-55␭⏏ହᣂˁȴȿɩ༇ອɗɹʢɹˁ႒ჿᇕɴըਉɐʳБʼʱɴ⏋᧫ᮑଘɹল៯⏋ʭʱᐳਸ਼ɹᰩషஹ֖ɭ‫כ‬ᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɹӱࡸ⏋༓ླྀອ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᦅ‫ܩ‬ˁࡪʳɄɭ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲ‫ܩ‬ᝠகອᔨ֐ɹ‫ك‬Ϋɲɰᐁཕᇕ͹ଯ᝗ᇕɴʢ೑֟ɫ⏋ȴɦᄩ‫ޅ‬ʍɹ৯ᯱȵࢸɇȦࢪፑȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴɻ኏Ц࡝ᓔʦс႒࡝ᓔˁʢ‫˃ي‬ɞ࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢃ౏͹Ԋ‫ؾ‬кɫɰɹʭȩɲ࡫ԃࢪፑȵɲɇʶɩȦʳȴ⏋ʚɛϜ઎ɇʶʳ༇ອɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲൕ‫̘͌˽˹ݛ‬ȵɭʰʶɩȦʳɹȴɲɰ⏋ᦅ຦ȵ༇ອɭɭʢɴᅊȷɩȦʳࡸ઴ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɄɗȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ᦅ຦ɹȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɹଁ֒ёȴʰ⏋‫̾ͤ͡ࢃܕ‬ɫʢ֟ഗᇕɲ༇ອࢪፑȵ਄ʰʶʳɭɌ⏋ȋ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕஹ֖ɻ⏋ϺǾˁɌɩȏ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȑˁ‫خ‬ᔨɲʰɌʠʳɛʠɴɲɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳȍɭς৓ɌɩȦʳ␩Rogers et al. 1989: 73-78␭⏏
ǵʚɛ BARC⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅ෌቉ድଘ⏆ɻະ࿭؅ᦅ෌ɴᬠɐʳ࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድ̠́͊ͻɴᬠɐʳ‫ݬ‬ٚ␩BARC 1989␭ɹμɫ⏋፷‫ݨ‬ɴʭʱ༇ອ᝵ࢀᯆዩȵʞɌʸ‫֓ވ‬ɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ᧌ؑ 40ॷɹᣂషɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ୭௎Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋ᰩషተѳ͹ᅊ៟ɹ៎ဣȴʰɻ⏋ਃഀɹᥢμ‫౅ݨ‬িɴʭʳອᣂ྇ࢪፑʭʱʢ⏋Პ‫ؚ‬ᩄ‫ڃ‬ዛዝ͹ᔋష͹ࢸៀฐဌྰɹࢷԂɹ౅ȵɻʳȴɴᢨ჉Ɍɩȷɛɭᦚ
ʏ⏋ɇʰɴɐʏɩɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦɭɌɲȵʰʢ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲԒອɹᦲອᔨжά⏋21ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ά༑ᨆɴȲȿʳ˹̜͡ໍ࿜ɭᦲॷ‫ܩ‬ᝠອᩄɹཝࢹ⏋‫ݨ‬Ԓɫɹ‫ޚܤ‬ᔋ໋঎ɹжάɭ‫޺ݨ‬ɹ༇ອеΫ౥ɲɰ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿʦᥢμ‫ݨ‬ɹᦅྫ෌ɴήȭʳ৯ᯱɭ‫ک‬ᰍဣˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ɴɭɤɩɹྫ෌ɹᩂឹਸˁ৔ᠭɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋‫ܩ‬ᝠອɻ‫ܩܤ‬ɴȼʰʏɩॶፈਸɹᲞȦᢧᅋɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ɄʶˁཝɍʳɄɭɻέॶፈɴ୑᥂ˁȴȿʳᐄഗɴɲʳɭᦚʏ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁɻʰ˃ɫȦʳ‫ݨ‬ᬿ౅িɴБʼʳ౅໬ˁฐᏮɐʳɛʠ⏋༇ອ‫ݬ‬ٚȵኍɐ኏Цᐁཕᇕ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᇕઝ٢ˁᐵ‫غ‬ᇕɴປᥒՕഓɐʳృɛɲ̲͖ͤͻȵਖឹɫȡʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ FAP ᇍ᣸ˁմɴɌɩ⏋ȋ༇ອˁըਉȍɌʭȩɭɐʳᓒȭɭȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍᬠѥˁᩂែɌʭȩɭɐʳᓒȭ౅ȵ᝛ዺɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛȵ⏋1989 ॷ 7 ೐ɹ̮͠͹˵̜͊̒ɴȲȦɩȋ⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑɹ⏆ᐳਸ਼ɹਖឹਸȍȵࡺៜɇʶɛɄɭˁ‫؝‬ȿ⏋1989 ॷ 12 ೐⏋ɄʶʰɹອɭໞɹʭȩɴɲɍʚɲȦࢪፑ൜ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȷ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑϟ෌ FAP ȵγ᪃ɹ఻్ɴʭʱឿՖʱᇍ᥂ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵFAP ɻᐵ‫غ‬ᇕɲ༇ອࢪፑɹፀ 1 ຍ᭥ɭɌɩ⏋1990⑯95 ॷɴᏝ 150 Ӝԓˁȴȿɩ‫ع‬ዛᠭീȲʭʃ̮˓̜ͦ̒͹̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁࡸేɐʳʢɹɭɌɩᬖࠃɇʶɛ⏏ᬖࠃɴȡɛʱ⏋̝̠ͻɭɲɤ
ɛ 15 ɹ‫ܕ‬ɭ‫ܕ‬᭬ลᬠɹ༇ອɴࢪɐʳᓒȭ౅ȵʚɠʚɠɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋γ᪃ɹᠭҪɴʭʳ௕ʱ‫غ‬ʼɓȵ᠅ʛʰʶɛȵ⏋ᐄ࣌ɻ‫ܕع‬͹‫ع‬ลᬠȵႶᕶɹᓒȭɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛ 26 ɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɭ٧ɽʶʳϟ෌ˁࡸేɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ␩Haggart 1994: 2-5␭⏏Ʉɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɹԒࢅˁʛʳɭ⏋ςឹໜाԃкˁ‫ݨ‬ᬿɫᬔɍᦉʠɩɌʚȩɭȦȩ UNDP ʦ̶͞Ͳ˽ɹয়՟ɹ൜ɻɇɐȵɴࠒˁ༥Ɍɛȵ⏋̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜʦ͍˫̠ໜɹ߂ໜाɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋ςឹᨊ॑ɹ༇ອᬿ
ਉ‫ݨ‬ʦ˵˓˪ͦͲᬿਉɹɛʠɹᬿ࿈‫ݨ‬ɲɰ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿҥᩂςᒶȵς༑ˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳɄɭɴ޴ʼʱɻ
5)
26 ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɹȩɠ⏋ȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍˁմரɭɌɩᯃ෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳࢪፑˁዩෑᇕ
ɲȦ⏏

ɴฐᏮɌɩȦʳʢɹɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹ༇ອࢪਝɹᠭീ (FAP14) ɭᓘ༇ອਸɹ৔‫׋‬ɴᬠɐʳᠭീ (FAP23)ɹ 2 ɦɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏FAP ɹμɫɻȋԊᅊȍ༐ɻȡȼʚɫࢹధɫȡɤɛ⏏
3.3ȁࢻକచॐমު FAP ոࢃȪ1989 ාȡ࡛हȫǵFAP ɹፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀ɹ೎ᏺ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻ 1995 ॷɴՏɇʶ⏋6) ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɻɄɹᐄഗˁ‫؝‬5) FAP ɻ 11 ɹ҅աϟ෌ (Main Components) ɭ 15 ɹជ֖ᠭീ (Supporting Studies) ɹ‫غ‬៟ 26 ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ˁʢɤɩ
ᇍ᣸Ɍɛ⏏҅աϟ෌ɻ Regional Study ɭ٧ɽʶʳ‫ع‬፬‫ך‬ɹ༇ອᬿ๬ʦອᣂ྇፬ჿ៟ᅙɹɛʠɹ 5 ɦɹ‫ݜ‬ኄᠭീˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋߂ໜाɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿᡸࣳ͹ςឹᨊ॑ɹ༇ອᬿ๬͹ᬿ࿈‫ݨ‬ɴʭʳ˵˓˪ͦͲᬿਉ͹༇ອϜᡰ‫̘˽˹ݬ‬͌͹਋ౙ༎֪ɹជ֖ɴᬠɐʳᠭീፈȴʰɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛជ֖ᠭീɻ⏋ౖࡔɹ༇ອըਉ͹ဌྰகອϟ෌ፈɹ᧊‫ۊ‬፬ჿʦ‫ؚܩܤ‬ᅎ͹ԗඨ຦ɴᬠɐʳᠭീȲʭʃᄩ‫ޅ‬͹ྫ෌ʍɹ৯ᯱᠭീ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹ༇ອࢪਝɹࡸ઴ɭᓘ༇ອਸɹ
৔‫׋‬ɴᬠɐʳᠭീ⏋ςឹໜाɹཀྵᩄʦ‫ܩ‬০‫ܒ‬͹‫ܩ‬ჿ੻‫̘͌˽˹ݬ‬ɹсଁ⏋༇ອɹధჿ͐̚͡‫׋‬ɭ༇ອ፬ჿɴᬠ
ɐʳ͐̚͡෯઎ɹᬖᇍ⏋FAP ɹࡸేɴȡɛɤɩը঎Ϋਖឹɲ೼ИɹᠭീȲʭʃ˱Ͳ̮ͻ̜͍Ͳ̜⏃கອ‫ךܩ‬ɹᏳՕ‫⏆׋‬
͹̮˓̜ͦ̒͹̺ͦ˻˙˪̜⏋޴֪ະ࿭؅ɹ፬ჿɭໜ᧑࡫ࡴ̮˓̜ͦ̒͹̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ፈȴʰଁʱጓɤɩȦʳ␩FPCO 1994: s-3␭⏏
6) Ʉɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɫɻ⏋Ё৿ 10 ॷᬚɫ 2,530 Ӝԓˁȴȿɩ 65 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁࡸేɐʳɄɭȵர൜ɇʶɩȦʳ␩FPCO
1994: 12-16␭⏏ʚɛ⏋፬ჿ៟ᅙೆɫɻ⏋1995⑯2000 ॷɹ 5 ॷᬚɫ 500 Ӝԓˁȴȿɩ 38 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜⏃1995 ॷГմɴᬖࠃɇʶɛʢɹʢ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ˁர൜ɌɩȦʳ␩FPCO 1995: 18␭⏏

22Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ
7)ȿɩȋ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ອᣂ྇Ȳʭʃ༇ອ፬ჿ៟ᅙȍ
␩FPCO 1995␭ˁᇍᝠɌɛ⏏
Ʉɹȋ፬ჿ៟

ᅙȍɻɄʶʚɫɹອգᅎ៟ᅙ͹ࢪፑɴᬠɐʳ‫ݬ‬ٚೆȵᮒ࡚ɹ༇ອըਉɭϗ࡚ɹဌྰɴᮃμɌɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋కঌɴʭʳᐏ‫غ‬ᇕɲອᣂ྇͹༇ອ፬ჿɹ̶ͤͻ͌сʱˁ৔ᠭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏‫ܩ‬ᝠອɹʛɲʰɑ‫ܩ‬άອˁʢ‫˃ي‬ɞϗ࡚ɴȲȿʳອᣂ྇ˁ೑ᭉɹʢɹɭɌɩ୼ȭ⏋ᦅ෌́˪̊ͻɞȿɴᅥʚʰɑ⏋ྫ෌ʦू෌͹ᖒ᝔ɲɰɹ́˪̊ͻᬚ̫͞Ͳ˽ˁѳɦ៟ᅙ៯៟ˁʠ
ɊɌ⏋ɗɹɛʠɹࡸేลᬠɹ৔‫׋‬ɲɰɴɦȦɩʢரៜɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹɲȴɫࢸៀฐɲဌྰʦ
ᰰషອɹњᐌɴɦȦɩɻ຦ᬚɴКɓʳʏȷɭɌɲȵʰ⏋కঌȵμቁೝᇕɴᬠήɐʏȷకፑɭɌ
ɩ⏋ȋ༇ອϜཀྵɭပࢀ፬ჿᔨ֐ɹ৔‫׋‬ȍ⏋ȋౖࡔ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹ፬ჿ͹᧊‫౅ۊ‬໬ɹఒ‫ڵ‬ȍ⏋ȋϺ‫ؤ‬
ዚࢌɲᨊ॑ʦςឹే៯ɹ༇ອɭໜाѢᰩɲɰȴʰɹᬿਉȍ⏋ȋ᝵ࢀˁ‫؝‬ȿʦɐȦ‫ݖܩ‬Ԋ‫ؾ‬кɴࢪɐʳᰰషອɹரњȍ⏋ȋᦅ຦ɴɭɤɩࡸే‫خ‬ᔨɲࢸៀฐ༇ອࢪፑɲɰɴʭʳ༇ອᓘਸɹ৔‫̶⏃׋‬̝̒͞͹̺͡ͻ̶ˑͲ˫⏧flood proofing⏆ȍ⏋ȋᦅྫ෌୷ᖂɹɛʠɹອᣂ྇͹༇ອ፬ჿ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేȍɲɰɹਖឹਸɴɦȦɩᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋కঌȵᬏೝᇕɴᬠʼʳʏȷకፑɭɌ
ɩ⏋ȋ߂ໜाɹ༇ອʦѢᰩࢪፑɭɌɩɹ߂ៀฐ‫ݨ‬ᬿল៯ʦໜाूϟ⏋ςឹໜाɹ޽ᇿᇕᰄ᱔ू
ɹল៯ȍɹਖឹਸɴɦȦɩʢᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋ፬ჿ៟ᅙȍɻອᣂ྇͹༇ອࢪፑɴࢪ
ɐʳᐵ‫غ‬ᇕɲែဣˁ‫˃ي‬ɫȦʳɭȦȭʳȵ⏋༇ອࢪፑɭɌɩ߂ៀฐ‫ݨ‬ᬿল៯ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ‫ࡴو‬ɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋FAP ᇍ᣸য়ಁɴʛʰʶɛ‫ݨ‬ᬿҥᩂςᒶɻɲʱˁ࿃ʠ⏋༇ອըਉ(flood control) ɭȦȩៜᘽɻ༇ອ፬ჿ (flood management) ɴ‫؜‬ɤɩБʼʰʶ⏋ɇʰɴ⏋FAP ɹࡸేɴʭɤɩᩂឹਸȵ᠗ᡫɇʶɞɌɛ̶̝̒͞͹̺͡ͻ̶ˑͲ˫ɭȦȩៜᘽȵ॑຦ณˁ਄ɛɄɭ
ɻ߂ȷɲ޴‫׋‬ɹჼʶɭȦȭʳ⏏༇ອɻըਉɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋፬ჿɌ⏋ɗɹ᝵ࢀˁ೎ࢸᭉɴଵȭʳʏȷࢪᢒɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȋ༇ອ፬ჿȍɴɦȦɩγ᪃ɻ⏋ࢰഀᇕɲອգᅎ៟ᅙɹȡʱ౅ɴɦȦɩɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɹμɫȋ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ༇ອࢪፑɻ༇ອըਉ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ (flood control project) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȷɛ⏏
ɌȴɌ⏋༇ອɴࢪɐʳ࡭ԃɲըਉ (control) ɻ⏋႒ჿᇕɴʢᐁཕᇕɴʢʓɭ˃ɰέ‫خ‬ᔨɴᦏȦ⏏
‫׶‬᭝ਸȵᇖံɭȦȩɄɭɻȡʱȭɑ⏋࡫ԃ (safe) ɭɻ࡭ԃɴ‫׶‬᭝ਸɹɲȦɄɭ (risk-free) ˁઝ٢ɌɲȦȵ⏋೎ᦏɫɻɄɹɄɭɴɦȦɩঃȼჿៗɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ༇ອࢪፑɻ⏋Ё౗⏋༇ອࢀжཝ (flood damage mitigation) ʚɛɻ⏋༇ອ፬ჿ (flood management)ɭ٧ɽʶɩȲʱ⏋༇ອࢪፑɭɌɩȏ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອ (controlled-flooding)ȑɹਖឹਸȵ᠗ʠʰʶ7) ፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀Г৿⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻᡴЦɹៗతɭᐵ᧧୲ɹʦʱሁɌɲɰక໠ᇕዷᇐȵᐚȦɛȵ⏋1996 ॷ
6 ೐ɴృకณȵᇍ᣸ɌɛɄɭˁ‫؝‬ȿ⏋FAP ɹፀ 2 ̶˙ͻ̀ʍɹకঌɹዩෑᇕɲӈȷȴȿɹᐄഗ⏋যᬏɇʶɛʢ
ɹʦృɛɴࠃʠʰʶɛ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ˁ‫ي‬ʠ⏋FAP ɹʢɭɫɻ޽ȼɹ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȵࡸేɇʶ⏋ɗʶʰɹ޽ȼɻ2000 ॷʚɫɫʓʖᏺϛɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋FAP ɹፀ 2 ̶˙ͻ̀ɫɻፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀ɫ᝔ʼʶɛʭȩɲԃкЦᡴɹ៨᪼ȵՏႆɇʶɩȦɲȦɄɭȴʰ⏋ஹ֖‫ܕع‬͹ลᬠɴʭʳ͇̍͡͹̘͞͞͡ɲஹ֖ɫɻɲȼ⏋҅աɲ‫ܕ‬ʦลᬠɭɹ̫˓͹̘͞͞͡ɲஹ֖ɭɲɤɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖క
ঌɭ҅աɹ‫ܕ‬͹ลᬠɹʛɫ‫؜‬ʱϯʼɇʶ⏋ʚɭʠɩԂଝɐʳɄɭȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

23ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ɩȷɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȍ␩World Bank 1998: 23␭ɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁೝɴՏɇʶɛաɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɫɻ‫ݨ‬ᬿɴɦȦɩȋcontrolled-flooding ɹᓒȭɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛ༇ອࢀжཝʍɹᐵ‫غ‬ᇕˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭɤɩ⏋༇ອɹᅊʛՏɐգᇰˁᐣ୫ɐʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ɗɹ᝵ࢀˁ೎ࢸᭉɴᅥʠʳɛʠɴ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿɻȏ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȑɹෙਥˁྃɛɐʭȩɲลᔨᇕ̚˸˓Ͳɴ៯៟ɐʳਖឹਸȵȡʳȍ␩WorldBank and BCAS 1998: 84␭ɭɹரៜˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵࡸɻɄɹȋ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȍɭɹᓒȭ౅ɻ⏋ʢɭʢɭ FAP ᇍ᣸ಁɴ UNDP ɴʭɤɩர൜ɇ
ʶ⏋FAP20 ɴʭɤɩ‫ך‬ᅙ‫̜̒ͦ˓̮׋‬ϟ෌⏃Compartmentalization Pilot Project: Гά CPP ɭ៨ɐ⏆ɭɌɩ⏋ɐɫɴ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ላɫ᠅ᱻᇕɴ᠅ʛʰʶɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏CPP ɹʢɭɫ⏋13,000 ha ɹ‫ܩܤ‬ȵ༇ອ፬ჿɹࡸᱻ‫ݭ‬ɭɲʱ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜‫ݖܩ‬ɻ‫ݨ‬ᬿɫ‫ך‬Ֆʰʶ⏋ອᬐɴʭɤɩ༇ອᠭ፲
ȵ᝔ʼʶʳ˱Ͳ̮ͻ̜͍Ͳ̜ɭ٧ɽʶʳ‫ך‬ᅙɴՕւɇʶɛ⏏Ϋ༑ɹ‫ך‬ᅙɫະ࿭Ɍɛ༇ອˁά༑ɹ‫ך‬ᬚɴ༑Ɍᦉʛ⏋ɇʰɴɗɹ‫ך‬ᬚȴʰ๖ɹ‫ך‬ᬚʍɭະ࿭ˁ਀Ǿɴά༑‫ך‬ᬚʍ‫؝‬ȿ୫ɛɓ⏋ະ࿭ˁ‫ݖܩ‬ԃкɴঃɁʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋‫ךع‬ᅙɹ༇ອеˁάɁʭȩɭɐʳγᅠᇕɴʛɩʢёɹɲȦ᠅ʛɫȡɤɛ⏏FAP ɹ̺͞Ͳ̠ͻɻɄʶʰɹࢸៀฐɲ‫׬‬еɫອ፬ჿȵɲɇʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᦅ෌ʦྫ෌ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼᄩ‫ޅ‬ʍɹᢦᗼȵࢹɲȼɲʳɄɭˁೝ৺Ɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȵଁ֒ɐʶɽ⏋‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ɴʭʳ༇ອըਉ͐̚͡ȵԃ‫̾ͤ͡ܕ‬ɫ஛ᅎɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳɭȦʼʶɩȦɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵCPP ɻ๖ጟɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹࡸᱻ‫ݭ‬ɫʢȡʱ⏋ɗɹɄɭɴᬠᦹɌɩɻȦȼɦȴɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁɻʰ˃ɫȦɛɄɭɻ‫و‬ʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋FAP20 ɹ೎ᏺ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ɴʭʳଯ᝗ᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍɻʓʖៗ༥ɇʶɛɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹȋ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȍɹ๭য়ਸˁȩɛȦȡɁ␩WARPO
2000␭⏋γ᪃ʢʚɛɄɹᓒȭ౅ɴʭɤɩጓɦጓ‫ݭ‬ˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵFAP20 ɹᏺਖ਼ɭɭʢɴଯ᝗ᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋ȋ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ȍɴЫȩɇʚɊʚɲჼࡸᇕ‫ک‬ᰍɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɭ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹз຦ɴৄȷཡɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ё৿ɰɹʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍȵᝠᯆ‫׋‬ɐʳɹȴ⏋ჼಁဣɫɻϜཀྵɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹ CPP ɹࡸᱻˁᦲɌ
ɩ⏋༇ອࢪፑΫɹʁɭɦɹਲ਼઎ȵ༝ȴʃΫȵɤɩȷɛɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻȴɦɩ̍̒́ʦ˪͡ͻ˫ɴʭɤɩ‫ڟ‬ȭʰʶɛȋະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍ༇ອࢪፑɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏
ǵFAP ɭȦȩި߂ɲ᠅᝔ᇕࡸᱻˁᦲɌɩ⏋༇ອɻըਉɇʶʳ (flood control) ʢɹȴʰ᝵ࢀˁᥐཝ (flood mitigation)⏋ʢɌȼɻ፬ჿɇʶʳʏȷʢɹ (flood management) ɭɲʱ⏋ɗɌɩȋອȍɻᣂ྇ɭɌɩᐵ‫غ‬ᇕɴ፬ჿɇʶʳʢɹʍɭው᝔Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹ࿈༑ɹμɫ⏋߂ៀฐ‫ݨ‬ᬿɻ‫ࡴو‬ɇʶɛʼȿɫɻɲȦʢɹɹ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿɴࢪɐʳᓒȭ౅ɴ޴‫׋‬ȵჼʶɩȷɛ⏏˪͡ͻ˫ʦ̍̒́ʰɹ‫ڟ‬ȭɛȋະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍਲ਼઎⏋ɐɲʼɠȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɴᐄʃɦȼᓒȭ౅ȵԗʃ਋༎ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏

24Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ

4ȅକ̪ͬ͛ͥȶ૽șȷ͂ȶ࣭‫ز‬ȷǵ‫ܩܧ‬ɹᐁᱻհɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ᝔ʼʶʳᦅ෌ʦ኏Цᅊ༎ɻ⏋ಁɭɌɩ‫౅ܩ‬᝔కʦ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ౅ᩍɭࢪ
ጓɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ೣጟɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹອɴࢪɐʳᓒȭ౅ɹ᧓ȦȴʰᅊɍɛϺǾɭ‫౅ܩ‬᝔క⏋‫ܕ‬ࢃɭɹ᝛ዺɴ့ဣˁȡɩʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɻᮒ࡚ɹ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁᓒૅɓɑɴ᝔ʼʶɛ᧑ᤉল
៯ˁीʳࢪጓ␩Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ 1994␭ɭз຦ˁࡪʳɻɑɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁз຦ȵᕶʰՖʱगɐ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ŋPublic CutŌɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩʢȩʁɭɦɻ FAP20 ɴȲȿʳз຦ؒ֓ɹ‫ک‬ᰍ␩Ԓᅒ 1998:
111-118; Ԓᅒ͹ໜ‫ غ‬1997: 51-58␭ɫȡʳ⏏
4.1ȁȶ൲എକ໲۪‫ޏ‬ȷ͂Ψϋ΄ǵధͶ೐ʢɹᬚ⏋ླྀອႥ઴ɴȲȴʶʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ೴‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹШᐏᇕϯᦲଝຍɻࢸᖐɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋೴ɭ೴⏋೴ɭᅘɹᐁཕᇕϯ༑ȵᦏॷᇵ˃ɴɲʳɴɦʶ⏋᭜Ϋϯᦲɹਖឹਸȵ‫ވ‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɫʢອ໗ɌɲȦ᧑ᤉল៯ȵິʠʰʶɻɍʠɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬೴Ϻɹᐁཕ༎֪ˁዩෑᇕɴఌȭʳᇿᇕɫ⏋Ʉɹᦅ೴᧑ᤉɹল៯ɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ೴ᬖᇍɴ
Ȳȿʳ೎ʢᩂឹɲϟ෌ɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋‫ܤ‬ɫсʰʶɩȦʳɭɻȦȭᦅ೴᧑ᤉʢອ༑ɹ
᭭ࢀ႒ɭɲʳ⏏ອ༑ˁઝᡫɌɲȦᦅ೴᧑ᤉɹল៯ɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹॶ᝝Ⴅ઴ˁग
ɌʦɐȦ⏏ೣ፲ɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹະ࿭؅ɴеᒞɐʳ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ላ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴
ɹᠭീȴʰ਄ʰʶɛȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹᐣ୫ˁीʳᦅ຦ɭ᝔కɹࢪጓɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ⏏
ǵ‫ ܒ‬7 ɻ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼॶॷ⏃̓͡˹͑⏆ɹອɹ༑ʶˁᝠɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɄɄɴኍɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ‫ؖ‬ʉᮒ࡚ɹອɹ༑ʶɴɻ߂ȷȼʈɛɭ
Ȳʱȡʳ⏏ɗɹȩɠ⏋༑ᩄʢ߂ȷȼ‫ؾ‬೴ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹ߂ᨆՕɴ৯ᯱˁήȭʳ༑ʶɻ⏋ᕶးໜाɫȡʳ̩ͦ˻͚ͲाɭሁᐄɌɛ‫ី׌‬ᨆˁ༑ʶʳ᧊ໜ⏃̮̊͡ˡͲ̚ˑ͹ˡͻ͡⏆ȴʰɹྍ༑ȵ⏋ˏ˽̶ˎ̜͡ᖋខɇʶɛ 2 ೣɹςឹॻᐻ᧑ᤉΫɹยˁดՖʱ⏋ɇʰɴȦȼɦȴɹ᧑ᤉɴ៯ȿʰʶɛᦲອే៯ɭ᧑ᤉɹग‫ޙ‬ᨆ⏋᧊ໜɭ̲ͻ͡ˁᐁɩ‫ؾ‬೴ɹីᨆɴᕸʳ༑ʶɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ༑ʶɻ೎
ᏺᇕɴɻ⏋‫ؾ‬೴ԒɴȡʳͦͲ˰̝́͡ɭ٧ɽʶʳ̲ͻ͡ˁᐁɩ⏋೴ɹആᨆʍ༑ʶՏɩȦʳ⏃‫׌‬ីȴʰɹ༑ʶ⏆⏏ʚɛ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ɹ‫׌‬ˁ༑ʶʳ߂ȷɲ᧊ໜ⏃͞Ͳ˫͓͠͹ˡͻ͡⏆ȴʰɹອʢ⏋᧊ໜɴሁᐄɐʳகອᤉɭ̲ͻ͡ɴྍʶՏɛ৿⏋‫ؾ‬෵ɴȦȼɦȴɹ᧑ᤉˁดՖʱɲ
ȵʰ‫ؾ‬೴ɴᕸʱ⏋೴ɹആᨆɴ༑ʶՏɩȦʳ⏃‫׌‬ȴʰɹ༑ʶ⏆⏏
ǵɄɄɫᩂឹɲɄɭɻ⏋᧊ໜȴʰྍʶՏɛອȵ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ʍᕸʳʚɫɹᬚɴ᧑ᤉɴ
сʰʶɛยʦˡ̫͡ͻ̜⏃᧑ᤉɹάˁดՖʳகອའ⏆ɲɰɹᦲອే៯ˁᦲ᧌ɐʳɹʛɲʰɑ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹȋ̫Ͳˤ bangaȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ᧑ᤉɹग‫ޙ‬ᨆˁᐁɩ༑άɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏‫ܒ‬ɴኍɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ɭȼɴ‫׌‬ȴʰɹ༑ʶ᧑ɴɗɹధȵ޽Ȧ⏏߂ࢸɇʚɊʚɹ̫Ͳˤɹ޽ȼɻϗ࡚ɴɻɗɹʚʚɫ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻጭɹยˁഡȿʳɄɭɴʭʱਂ๰ɫཡʳɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳȵ⏋Ϊᥢᕶ᥊᥂ɫϺˁώɓʳ͠˥˹͑ riksha ʦႌ᥂⏋̾Ͳˤ͠ bengari ɭ٧ɽʶʳᗼ႒᧊ெ᥂ɹཡབɻ⏋ᮒ
25

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬଎ ˓ȁΡΛ΅ϋΙλθςͺఆ͈ȶ൲എକ໲۪‫ޏ‬ȷ࡚ɻʢɠʸ˃ɹɄɭ⏋ϗ࡚ɴȲȦɩɇȭʢέ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏏
ǵ᧑ᤉɹᦲ᝔ɭȦȩᯆȴʰՠుɐʶɽ̫Ͳˤɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻʞɌʸ᧹᳉ɭɇȭȦȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ʢɌʢɄʶʰɹ̫Ͳˤȵჼ‫ܧ‬ȡʳеᒞɴࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȿʶɽ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼອɹ༑
ʶɻԃȼᅵɲɤɛʢɹɴɲɤɩȦʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫ̫Ͳˤɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁсʱՏɌɩȦʳᩂឹɲឹᏬɫȡʳɄɭɴᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩࡸɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̫Ͳˤɹ޽ȼɻᮒ࡚ɹࢸᖐɹᦲᤉɭɌɩਖឹέ‫خ‬๕ɲɽȴʱɫɲȼ⏋ɲȴɴɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᦲகອɹɛʠɴᦅ຦ᕶʰɴʭɤɩϺूᇕɴсʰʶɛʢɹʢȡʳ⏏‫ܒ‬ɴኍɇʶɛ̫ͲˤɹȩɠƦ⏋Ƨɻ⏋1987⏋88 ॷɴБᝠɇʶʳʭȩɲ߂༇ອɹᐄഗɫȷɛʢɹɫ⏋ƨ⏋Ʃɻਃഀȴʰɹ᧊ໜɹᦲʱ᧑ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩƪ⏋ƫȵГάɴᦚʏʳᐁᑅɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻဤᇕɴс26

Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫፀ 2 ɹॻᐻ᧑ᤉΫɴеᒞɐʳƪɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ३Ꮭ 15 ⑎ ɴʢɲɤɛ̫Ͳˤȵ⏋ɗɹȋਖឹਸȍʪȭɴ⏋᧌ؑ 20 ॷГΫɴʢʼɛɤɩఔᒞɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᬚɹϟ੻ˁ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ɹ͇̊̓ͻ͡ matabbar⏃೴ɹᰑ৲⏆ɹ 1 Ϻɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏
ǵȋ1965 ॷ⏋ᨃȵᅮɹΫɴ 1-1.5 ̩̜̒⏃⏖ ̩̜̒ɻᏝ 45 cm⏆३ɫ‫ܤ‬ᇵʱɌɩࢸɇɲ᧑ˁсɤɛȵ⏋ɗɹಁɻʚɞ̫Ͳˤɻɲȴɤɛ⏏1967 ॷ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴɐʳɛʠɴᨃɹ᧑ᤉୟ৓̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȵࠃʚʱ⏋ɗɹಁɹ೴ɹБᝠɴɻᕶՕȵɲɤɛ⏏᧑ᤉɹୟ३ɴЫɤɩਖឹɴɲʳᦲອ‫ؤ‬ˁተѳɐʳɛʠ̫ͲˤˁсʳɄɭɴɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌɰɄɴсʳȴɻ̫Ͳˤɹ᭰ஞᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱ
ˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭɭ‫ܩܤ‬ɹଘ೑ณʢᐉ˃ɫȦʳɛʠ⏋ɲȴɲȴᮑɌȦ‫ک‬ᰍˁɻʰ˃ɫȦɛ⏏Ʉʶˁៗໆɐʳɛʠ⏋ɄɄɭ᭰ɹ̢͘ˠͲ⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ೎ࢸ᝔క‫׬‬е⏆ɹᡴᬏ 2 Ϻɭᦏ᭰ 7 ೴ɹ͇̊̓ͻ͡ȵᮃʚɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹс႒ɴ᝵ࢀˁՏɇɑ⏋ͦͲ˰̝́͡ɴᦵʦȴɴகອɫȷʳʭȩɴɭ⏋ԃ‫ڊ‬Υᕹɫჼ‫ܧ‬ɹеᒞɴໆʠɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɻጭยȵਖឹɫȡʳɄɭȴʰ৲‫ݭ‬ɴɗɹᐁᢹˁՏɇɓɛȵ⏋ɗʶГ৿⏋ຘॷɗɹᩆɫጭยˁсʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏1972 ॷɹ᧑ᤉѹ਋ಁɴยˁ៯ᒞɐʳɄɭˁឹິɌɛȵ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏1982 ॷ⏋ԗ঎ɹѹ਋ȵ᝔ʼʶɛಁɴʢยɹল៯ˁឹິɌɛȵ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏Ё౗ʚɫ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶɑɴȷɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ᧑ᤉল៯Гմɻகອȵ‫ܯ‬ΥɴɲɇʶɩȦɛɛʠ⏋‫ݖܩ‬Υय़ɻᮒ࡚ɴɻ‫ؾ‬ɍеɹອе⏃2⑯3
̩̜̒⏧1 ̩̜̒ɻᏝ 40 cm⏆ɞɤɛ⏏᧑ᤉȵɫȷɩȴʰɻ⏋Гմɴɻីɹ౅ȴʰ༑ʶՏɩȦɛອʢɄɹ̫ͲˤɴᮃʚʳɹɫகອɌȷʶɑ⏋‫׌‬ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹ౅ȵ‫׫‬ʭʱʢອȵࢹɌཉȦ⏏̓͡˹͑ɫɻɄɹອеेɴʭʳέѤɻ႕ɴɲȦȵ⏋త௢ˏ˗˽͹ˏ͇ͲዝˁсЊȿɌɩȦɛ᯴ɴɻ⏋᧑ᤉɹল៯ˁ‫ޅ‬ɴ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵ 3 Օɹ 2 ɴཝɤɛ⏏ȍǵƫɻ᧑ᤉɴ᭰ஞɐʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹଘ೑ᦅ຦ʰɴʭʳឹິɴʢȴȴʼʰɑᦲகອȵᓒૅɇʶɲȦʚʚ᧑ᤉȵсʰʶɛɛʠ⏋ᓂॷ⏋ᦅ຦ʰɴʭɤɩ᧑ȵՖʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹᬚɹᐁᑅɴɦȦɩᬠѥᦅ຦ɹ 1 Ϻɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏
ǵȋɄɄɴɻʢɭɻᅒɹᅮȵȡɤɛȵ⏋1973 ॷɴ৲‫ݭ‬ȵ 3⑯4 ̩̜̒‫ܤ‬ᇵʱɌɩ᧑ᤉɴɌɛ⏏ʼɌʰɻɄɄɴɻីɹᅒȴʰആɹᅒʍອˁᦲɐɛʠɴ̫ͲˤȵឹʳɭៜȦ৓ɤɛȵ⏋৲ϺɻȏʢɌʢਖឹɲʰᮒ࡚ɴɲɤɩȴʰՖʶɽȦȦȑɭៜɤɩᓬɄȩɭɻɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹॷ⏋̫Ͳˤɹីɹᅒɫɻᮒ࡚ɹອȵகອɫȷɑ⏋ዝȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ᓂॷ⏋ˏ˗˽͹ˏ͇Ͳዝɹ௢ዛմɹ 4 ೐ɅʸɴʼɌɹࢃɴᅒɹ୫ɠςȵᮃʚʱ⏋ɄɄɴ̫Ͳˤˁсʰɷɽዝȵԃྙɐʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴཉອɴɲʳʭȩɲʰɽɄɹ᧑ˁगɐɄɭɴɌʭȩɭ᠌Ɍ‫غ‬ɤɛ⏏ɗɹ৿ˏ˹͑ͻ͡೐ ashar⏃6 ೐μ౜⑯7 ೐μ౜⏆ɴཉອȵՏɛȵ᧑ᤉˁՖɤɩ̫Ͳˤˁсʱ⏋ആɹᅒɴອˁ༑Ɍ
ɛɹɫዝɻံϟɞɤɛ⏃ആɹᅒɴ༑ʶᦉ˃ɞອɻ⏋ɗɹʚʚӃహɴ໤ɤɩആɴ༑ʶՏɩ⏋᧊ໜ
27

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ȴʰ̩ͦ˻͚Ͳाɴ༑ʶᘺɠʳ⏆⏏1978 ॷɴʚɛ৲‫ݭ‬ȴʰ̫Ͳˤˁ‫ݏ‬ʠʳʭȩɴៜɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ʼɌʰɻံែɌɛ⏏1982 ॷɴ৲‫ݭ‬ȵ᧑ᤉˁѹჿɐʳಁ⏋̫Ͳˤʢ 4 ̩̜̒Օɞȿ‫ݏ‬ʠɛȵԃᨆᬔɍɇɓɛʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ʼɌʰɻɄɹ̫Ͳˤˁ‫ݏ‬ʠʳɄɭˁኧ๬Ɍɩȷɛȵ⏋৳ʰɻ‫؝‬ȿԂʶɲȦ⏏1986 ॷɴɻԗ঎ᬔɍʰʶɛ̫ͲˤˁՖʰɷɽɲʰ˃ȴɤɛ⏏Ё౗ʚɫɄɄɴ
ˡ̫͡ͻ̜ˁсʳʭȩ৲‫ݭ‬ɹᡴᬏɴл঎ʢᅕᠱɌɩȷɛȵлɹፐȭʢᦐɤɩɄɑ⏋Ʉɹ̫Ͳˤ
ɹɛʠɴᮒ࡚ɹጭยɇȭсʸȩɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ຘॷ⏋ʼɌʰɫጭยˁсɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻዝˁ
ཉອȴʰࡪʳɛʠɭϺɹ᝔ȷഀɹɛʠɴ⏋ˡ̫͡ͻ̜ȵೣয়ɴਖឹɲ˃ɞ⏏ȍǵɄɄɫ᏷ЂɌɛ 2 ɦɹёɹȩɠ⏋մᓔɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲঃȵʱˁ୫ɤɛȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹᐣ୫ȵঃ‫ݖ‬ɴʼɛʳᏼᑩ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʱ⏋ȴɦ⏋̫Ͳˤɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁ᝔కүɴ᠗ʠɇɓʳɄɭɹɫȷɛёɫȡʱ⏋৿ᓔɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɹ࣌ଘᇕɲȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɹᐣ୫ˁ᝔కɭɹࢪጓɹμɫࡸჼɌɩȷɛёɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫ‫ ܒ‬7 ɴɻ‫׬‬ɴჼ‫ܧ‬ɹອɹ༑ʶɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁᐣ୫ɌʭȩɭɌɲȵʰ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ᧑ᤉɴխʛᦉ˃ɫȷɛᦅ຦ɹઝਚɹᙢዩˁʢᠧʛɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ǵ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɴፐȭɛ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ೴ɭɗɹᦏ᭰ɹᦅ຦ɹ޽ȼɻ⏋᝔కүɹȋᦲகອɹែဣɹ๕߭ȍˁ؏ɌȼଫՠɌɩȦʳ⏏Ϋᦚɹ 2 ёɫʢ⏋ยʢɌȼɻˡ̫͡ͻ̜ɭȦȩᦲອే៯ɹਖឹਸˁᦅ຦ȵ៲ȭɩȦʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋᝔కүɴɻዩෑᇕɲៗໆˁᇿ୭ɐࠒֳɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹʭȩɲ᝔కүɹࠒֳȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖‫ܕ‬ԒɴȲȦɩ⏋༇ອᇍᅊಁɴ‫ݨ‬ᬿʦ᧑ᤉˁՖʱगɇɑɴɻȲʰʶɲȦႥ໥ˁԃ‫ܕ‬ᇕɴధ޽ȼсʱՏɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵౖࡔɹ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁ̲͖ͤͻɌɛ FAP12 ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻɗɹμɫ⏋༇ອɴ᭬ɌɩϺǾȵᕶʰ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁՖɤɩகອɐʳȋ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ȍȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɫᇍᅊɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋ᠭീࢪᢒɭɌɛ 17 ɹ FCD/I ɹȩɠ⏋9 ɦɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿɫ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦʳ␩FPCO 1992: 3-14␭⏏༇ອȴʰз຦ˁࡪʳɛʠɴল៯ɇʶɛɻɑɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿȵз຦ᕶ᤹ɴʭɤɩՖʱगɇʶʳɭȦȩɄɹᇤᔀɲჼᢒɻ⏋ࡸɻ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿɹԒүɹອɹகອɴࢪ
ɐʳᥐែɭȦȩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɲࠒֳɴ؅‫܍‬ˁິʠʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏కঌɹ᝔ȩϟ෌ɫɻ⏋޽ȼɹ‫غݭ‬ɴʚɑ‫ݨ‬ᬿȵсʰʶ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿɹԒүɹகອ៟ᅙɻᧆȿʶɽధॷ৿ɴࡸేɇ
ʶʳ⏏ᐣ୫፬ჿɻ೎՟ȴʰံែɇʶʳӃ‫ك‬ɴȡʱ⏋கອᤉɴ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɛ‫ܤ‬ቆɻ‫ک‬ᰍȵཉխɴɲɤ
ɩȴʰ᭑ؑɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴᮃμᭇᮒʦ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹ޺үȴʰਸ਼ɴອȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȷɛ
‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋கອέᖪɴʭɤɩ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹԒүɫ༇ອȵᇍᅊɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏8) ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ɭɻ⏋з຦ɴʭʳ࡫ԃࢪፑɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁံែɐʳ‫ݨ‬ᬿ᝔కɴࢪɐʳз຦ɹଫՠɹჼʶɭʢɭʰȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
4.2ȁFAP ̤̫ͥͅȶਯྦྷ४‫ح‬ȷǵFAP ᇍ᣸য়ಁ⏋᥅ϟకณȵᐚȦɩȦɛᬚɴɻ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫԇɴɇʶɛ੻‫ݬ‬ɻࢹɲȼ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ɹ޽ȼȵ28Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑ

FAP ɴɦȦɩɻʓɭ˃ɰሾʰɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏1990 ॷБɴԂɤɩȴʰɻࡸేɴውɇʶɛ FAP ɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɴɦȦɩᡴᠶɐʳͩͻ˪˹͚̺̒ʦ̠́͊ͻȵȦȼɦȴᬖȴʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛȵ⏋ؒ֓ᓔɻᬠѥ቉ድᓔʦ៟ᅙጓ൜ᓔɴᭉʰʶʳӃ‫ك‬ɴȡɤɛɛʠ⏋ΥᖔɹϺǾɻʚɞ FAP ɴᬠɐʳకፑᇕ‫ک‬ᰍʦᡴᠶˁሾʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɴɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ‫ܕ‬຦ȴʰύᮐɌɩᦽ᝔ɌɩȦɛ FAP ʢ⏋ʦȵɩ‫ܕ‬຦ɹմɴɗɹࠒˁ౩ʰȴɴɓɊʳˁȭɲȦႥ໥ȵᅊʚʶɩȼʳ⏏FAP ɹᠭീ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ȵࡸేɇʶʳɴਃȦ⏋ɗɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆȵȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸˁᕶʰ៲ȭՏɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɗʶʚɫΥᨆɹሾᡫϺɴᭉࡴɇʶ
ɩȦɛ FAP ɭϺǾɭɹȴȴʼʱȵ⏋‫ܕ‬຦Υᖔɹؒ֓⏋ɐɲʼɠȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩࣙ
ᬖɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵFAP ɴȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸˁ᠗ᡫɇɓʳᐄഗɭɲɤɛጩᇕɲёɹʁɭɦɻ⏋Ϋᦚɹ FAP12ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɹμɫ୭௎ɇʶɛȋ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ȍɫȡʳ⏏FAP ɻᕶʰɄɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵȋ៟ᅙ͹៯៟͹፬ჿ᧊‫ۊ‬ɴ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹؒ֓ȵံȴɤɛȍɄɭɴᣱ‫܍‬ɐʳɄɭˁ᠗ʠɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɹল៯ʦ̺ͦ˫͌͞ᧅ᝔ɴЫȩອ໗‫ݖܩ‬ɲɰɹᅎ‫ܩ‬ஞ‫ؚ‬ɴᬠʼʳᠭീˁ᝔ɤɛ FAP15 ɻ⏋ȋ‫ܩܤ‬ˁஞ‫ؚ‬ɇʶʳϺǾˁ⏋ውзӴʦࡴзɹɛʠɴਖឹɲ౅ፑɹໆࡴɴؒ֓
ɇɓʳʏȷɫȡʳȍɭɌɩ⏋࡫౫ɲȋ‫؝‬ᇰᓔɹؒ֓ȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ˁ‫ܩܤ‬ˁ߉ȩϺǾˁʢᓒૅɴԂʶɩѹ๭ɐʏȷɫȡʳɄɭˁ៲ȭɩȦʳ␩World Bank and GoB. 1992: 21␭⏏‫ؾ‬ΥʢɌȼɻ᭰
ஞɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɹμɫȋ‫؝‬ᇰᓔȍɭȋ‫ܩܤ‬ˁ߉ȩ᝵ࢀᓔȍȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɭȦȩჼࡸȴʰ⏋‫؝‬ᇰᓔɭ᝵ࢀᓔɹ᝛ዺˁៗໆɐʳɛʠɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸȵ౩ʰȴɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ̝̠ͻʦకঌɹᓒȭ౅ɹ޴‫׋‬ˁ‫؝‬ȿ⏋1992 ॷ 3 ೐ɴᬖҼɇʶɛፀ 2 ‫ ܌‬FAP ЦᡴʚɫɴɻɄɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍʍɹృɛɲᓒȭ౅ȵʓʖࡴመɌɞɌ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɭɻࢪᢒᇕɴȋ៟ᅙ͹ᧅ᝔͹፬ჿ᧊‫ۊ‬ʍɹ‫̢͖͊˱ݖܩ‬ˑ̘ˑɹؒ֓ȍʦȋ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹ᧧ࡴ (identification) ʍɹᬠήȍɹਖឹਸȵᑵʱᦐɌ৔ᠭɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤ
ɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ȋᣱɄʱ਄ʳ‫ک‬ᰍɭ᝛ዺɻ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴӴɞɤɩៗໆɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳȍɭɹឿᡫʢଠɠՏɇʶɩȦʳ␩World Bank and GoB. 1992: 21␭⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ֪ȷɭሂʚɤɩ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹ FAP ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɫɻ‫ࢪع‬ᢒ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɹз຦ɹઝ‫ك‬ˁໄʛ‫؜‬ʸȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɛʱ⏋FAP Ԓᨆɫӈȼ‫ܩ‬ӯɹଯ᝗ᓔʦ޺‫ܕ‬ϺࢭᬐࢃȵᕶՕɛɠɹ༎֪ɹμɫ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɭɹ˱Ͳ̊˪̜ˁ૴٨ɴ‫ܒ‬ʸȩɭ֗֐ɐʳࠒʢʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ␩Hughes 1994: 64␭⏏

8) ࡸɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ‫ݨ‬ᬿɴʭʳ঻ࢀɻ⏋Гմȴʰ୭௎ɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˓˧͠˽కঌɹဌྰଯ᝗ᓔɫȡʳ˗ˑ͡˱̒˪˽ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɹᐏ໠ಁБɴɐɫɴ᧑ᤉʦᩮ᧑ˁࡪʳɛʠɴ˓˧͠˽కঌȵౖࡔɹອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁံែɌɩ‫ݨ‬ᬿˁল៯Ɍɛɛʠɴ⏋༇ອȵᰈᇍɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭଫՠɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹȩȭɫ⏋‫ݨ‬ᬿɹ᧟য়ɲ‫ݭ‬ଘˁՖʱगɐɄɭɴʭʱໜाɹອˁະ࿭؅ΫɴȡʈʶՏɇɓ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹᔋ໋‫ܤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬ʦɛʠ຾ɹᢱອ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ອՕɹተѳȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɭς৓ɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ␩Willcocks 1930␭⏏

29ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵFAP ᇍ᣸য়՟ɻ̝̠ͻʦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɴΥᰘɞɴɇʶɲȴɤɛȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɭȦȩៜᘽȵ॑຦ณˁ਄ɩ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ȵᡴᠶɴؒ֓ɐʳ‫ޚܤ‬ˁᅊʛՏɌɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋(a) 1991, 92 ॷɹ຦ςᇕ᧧୲ɴʭɤɩ⏋ʭʱ຦ςᇕɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵᅊʚʶɛɄɭ⏋(b) ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖Ԓ޺ɫɹ̝̠ͻʦ‫֐ܦ‬܎кɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋FAP ɹʭʱᦩ౩ɲ᧊‫ۊ‬ȵ೚ʚʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɄɭ⏋(c) FAP ɹࡸేɴʭɤɩሁஞ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɫᏼᑩɞɤɛ‫ؙ‬ਝȵᣱȷɛɄɭ⏋ɲɰȵȡɁʰʶʳ␩Adnan et al.
1992: 56-57␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄɹɄɭɻࡸɻ⏋̝̠ͻʦకঌȵዩෑᇕɴᕶʰᦽ˃ɫȋз຦ؒ֓ȍˁர൜ɌɩȷɛɹɫɻɲȦɄɭˁತኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ԓ޺ɹ‫֐ܦ‬ɭɗʶɴࢪɐʳ FAP ɹ‫ؙ‬ਝȵγᅠᇕ໶ᇿˁ༟ʃʳɲȴ⏋˻˙˽̍͑ͻɭɌɩɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹ٧ʃȴȿɭʢɭʶʳϟ઴ȵᣱȷɩȦʳ⏏̮˓̜ͦ̒ϟ෌ɹʁɭɦˁёɴɭʱ⏋FAP ɴȲȿʳз຦ؒ֓ɹჼࡸˁʛɩʛʭȩ⏏
ǵCPP ɻ༇ອըਉɹଯ᝗ᇕ౅໬ɭɌɩɹʛɲʰɑ⏋FAP ɴȲȿʳȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹ͐̚͡ɭɌ
ɩ೎ʢ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳʢɹɫʢȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹࡸ੻ɻ FAP ȵᕶʰፑࡴɌɛȋˤ˓̝͞˓
9)ɴ໤ɤɛȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɭɻȴȿᮐʶɛʢɹɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏
ȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ FAP ɹ༥Ͳȍෑᇕࠒֳȵз຦ɴࢪɐʳᠦ౩έ᣸ɭɲɤɩჼʶ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴЫȩውзʦជӤɴᬠɌɩέ࡫ˁៅȭɛз຦ʢ޽ȼ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴ‫ࢪؙ‬ɐʳ֪ȷʢ༎ᇍɫȡɤɛ␩Haggart 1994:
128-129␭⏏
ǵCPP ɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ༥ෑᇕࠒֳɻ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹᇍ᣸ಁȴʰʛʰʶʳ␩Adnan
1995: 12-13␭⏏CPP ɹ̢ͻ̀͹ˏ́˽͍Ͳ̜ɹɛʠɹϺǾɭɹ᠌Ɍ‫غ‬Ȧ (public consultation) ɻ
1992 ॷ 1 ೐μ౜ȴʰ 4 Ͷ೐ᬚɴʼɛɤɩ᝔ʼʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹ߂ᨆՕɹ೴Ϻȵਖឹɭ᠗ʠɛɹɻȋϗ࡚сˁࢅ౫ɴɐʳɛʠɹᮒ࡚ሁ৿ɹகອఒᖪȍɫȡʱ⏋ȋ‫ݨ‬ᬿूϟˁЫȩ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬ȍɫɻɲȦɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵɄʶˁ‫؝‬ȿɩԗ঎ɹ᠌Ɍ‫غ‬Ȧȵ 5 ೐ 28 ౗ȴʰϜࡴɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋Ʉɹຍ᭥ɫ FAP үȵμᬚ‫ݬ‬ٚɹೝᭉՖʶˁჿᅓɴԇᬖ២ᡴˁଠɠՖʳɭȦȩϟ઴ɴ᭒ɤɛ⏏1992-93 ॷɹল៯ूϟɻԇᬖ២ᡴɹᐁ᧌ɴᬠѥɲȼᦽʠʰʶ⏋ूϟɹԂ೤ɻ๖ɹԇᬖ២ᡴȵᬖࠃɇʶʳմɴԇኍɇʶɩɌ
ʚɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶГ৿⏋̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹϺǾɻȋ‫ך‬ᅙ‫׋‬Г޺ɹ᧧ିȍ10) ˁᕶՕɛɠɹઝឿɭ
Ɍɩᝠ౩ɐʳลЦˁϠ঎ɭήȭʰʶʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵɄɹёȵˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳɴ‫ؙ‬ɐʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳȵ⏋ȋз຦ؒ֓ȍˁުᲞɴς৓Ɍɲȵʰ⏋9)ȋз຦ؒ֓ˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳȍɻ 1993 ॷ 3 ೐⏋FPCO (Flood Plan Coordination Organization) ɴʭɤɩரኍɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹᇿᇕɭɐʳʢɹɻȋ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɴȲȿʳ᧌ؑɹᬖᇍ៟ᅙɫɻ⏋ϺǾɹؒ֓ˁѦɐ᧟য়ɲ౅໬ȵɲȴɤɛɛʠ⏋኏Цᐁཕᬖᇍɹᇿฌɴզ᧒ɫȷɑ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹգᇰˁੈ।ᇕɴՕᨗɐʳɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛȍɭɹ‫ؙ‬ህȴʰ⏋з຦ؒ֓ɴࢪɐʳΥᖔᇕឿៗˁᦚʏʳɭɭʢɴ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴʭɤɩ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʳϺǾˁȦȴɴɌɩ⏋ɗɹᇍ൜ȴʰᐣ୫͹፬ჿʚɫɹ‫ع‬ຍ᭥ɫؒ֓ɇɓʳȴˁԍкᇕɴኍɐɄɭɴȡʳ␩FPCO 1993␭⏏
10) য়՟˱Ͳ˵̊͡Ͳ̜ȵʚɭʠɛȋ᧧ିᔊȍɻ⏋(1) ౖࡔອᤉɹ༕ཨɴʭʳ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲմ৿ɹகອఒᖪɭ᳋ᰖɹው
֪ᤉɹተѳ⏋(2) ອᤉ༕ཨɴЫȩ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲೝɹ༇ອɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁཝɍʳɛʠɴ⏋(1) ɴ֓ȭɩໜाʦອᤉɹ༑Ԃ‫ܩ‬ဣɴႷዼᨆˁсʳ⏋(3) (2) ɴ֓ȭɩ༑Ԃ‫ܩ‬ဣɴȲȿʳອᬐ៯ᒞɭʭʱᲞ঎ɲ༇ອըਉɹɛʠɹ‫ݨ‬ᬿɹ៯ᒞ⏋(4)࡭ԃɲ༇ອըਉɹ 4 ɦɫȡɤɛ␩Adnan et al. 1992: 75␭⏏

30Ԓᅒ͹࡫ᚹ⏧̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅ຦ɹࢪਝɭ‫ࢃܕ‬కፑࡸɻɗʶˁ೚˃ɫȦɲȦɭʢɭʶʳȡȦʚȦɲࠒֳɻ CPP ɹȦɛʳɭɄʸɫతឿɇʶ⏋፬ჿ᧊‫ۊ‬ຍ᭥ɴȲȿʳȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹᢒਐɫȡʳ༇ອ፬ჿᏼᑩɹ෯ଁɴɦȦɩʢʛʰʶʳ⏏CPP ɹ‫ך‬ᅙ (compartment) ɻ⏋ࢸ‫׬‬е (chawk) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ༇ອ፬ჿɹɛʠɹ೎ࢹ‫׬‬еȵȦȼɦȴᮃʚɤɛྈ‫ך‬ᅙ (sub-compartment) ȵɇʰɴȦȼɦȴᮃʚɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹ CPP ɻ
137 ɹࢸ‫׬‬е⏋16 ɹྈ‫ך‬ᅙȴʰଁʱጓɠ⏋ɗʶəʶȵз຦ɹБᝠˁࠇ‫ڊ‬ɭɐʳ༇ອ፬ჿᏼᑩˁ
୫ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ჿៗɌᮑȦɄɭɴࢸ‫׬‬еࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц (Chawk Committee: CC) ɹ෯ଁ‫ڊ‬ɻςɴᓚ‫ܩ‬ˁଘ೑ɐʳᦅࢃɹᅖਸɫȡʱ⏋ߨਸ͹ྫ຦͹‫ံܩܤ‬Ɍᦅ຦ɭȦɤɛ᭥ࣝɹБᝠȵᦢʱᦉʚʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ɐʏɩɹ᭥ࣝɹϺǾȵࠇ‫ڊ‬ɭɌɩؒ֓ɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ྈ‫ך‬ᅙອ፬ჿࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц (SubCompartmental Water Management Committee: SCWMC) ȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ߨਸʦ‫ံܩܤ‬Ɍᦅ຦ɭȦɤɛ৑Ȧጓ‫ݭ‬ɴȡʳ᭥ࣝȵ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹᅊ༎ɴΥᅱࢌመɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɴᬠɐʳᇍៜȵ៰ɇʶɩȦɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏11) CC ɫɲ˃ʰɹณᭉʢήȭʰʶɑ⏋NGO ʦకঌɹᠭҪɹӯɴ SCWMC ɫɹʛήȭʰʶʳȋ፬ჿɇʶɛᇍៜณȍɻ⏋ɗɹʚʚȋ፬ჿɇʶɛз຦ؒ֓ȍˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˤ˓̝͞˓
Ͳɫ৔ᠭɇʶɛɻɑɹ৑ᓔఛཕɹჿਥɻ⏋ɄɄɫɻጋȩɄɭȵɫȷɲȦ⏏CPP ɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳࠒֳȵɄɄɴ౩ተɴჼʶɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋FAP ȵγᅠᇕɲஹ֖ˁ‫؝‬ȿɲȵʰࡸేɇʶɛ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕϟ෌⏋ɐɲʼɠԇԊϟ෌ɫȡʳɄɭˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋Ʉɹȋз຦ؒ֓ȍɹჼࡸɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɴʭʳ‫ܕ‬຦ɹᥐែɹࠒֳˁጩᇕɴჼɌɩȦʳɭȦʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏

5ȅ̤ȁͩȁͤȁͅǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ⏋γᅠ೎߂ɭȦʼʶʳ໓ዩࣝɫсʰʶɛжॶɲ߂‫ܩ‬ɹΫɴጓ‫ܩ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɗɹ‫ܤܕ‬ˁధ޽ȼɹໜाȵᐨɹᇿɹʭȩɴុȦ⏋ɗɌɩ‫ܕ‬Ԓˁ༑ʶʳໜा༑ᩄɻˏ͇̈Ͳໜɴ
๖Ȧɫγᅠፀ 2 е⏋̮̝͇Ņ͍˫̠ໜ‫ؤ‬ɹ३ɻγᅠፀ 3 еˁ᠔ʳ⏏γᅠ೎߂ɹ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ക
ɭγᅠ೎ᬏɹቆ༖ˁ୫ɦɄɹ߂‫ܩ‬ɻ⏋ʚɛ⏋γᅠ೎ᲞɹϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ˁ୫ɠ⏋ɗʶʪȭ⏋ᕶးᣂ྇ɹ೑֟գᅎȵ೎߂ɴਖឹɭɇʶʳ‫ܕ‬ɫʢȡʳ⏏ঃ߂ɲ̊̚͡ɫᑵʱᦐɇʶʳᮒ࡚ɭϗ࡚⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹϺǾɻɄɹᕶးɹ̀͌͠ɴ‫غ‬ʼɓɩᦅ෌ˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ᅊ༎Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻ⏋ᑵʱᦐɇʶʳȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɴࢪɌ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲሾਜ਼ˁᐈʱɲȵʰᣂ྇ɭɌɩ
գᅎɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ȋອȍɭࢪࣺɌɩȷɛ⏏
ǵ˻͑ͩͻ͡೴ɴȲȿʳውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсɻ⏋༇ອɹՏອɭཝອɹಁೝɴ਎ߴɴࢪਝɌɲȵʰ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ຘॷ޴‫׋‬ɐʳອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ᧟ਝɌȷʶɲȦ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɴ̲͞с႒ɹൕ11)ȋCPP ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚɫɻ⏋ȡɛȴʢࢸ‫׬‬еɫɻᦅ຦ɞȿȵз˃ɫȦɩ⏋ɗɹͤ̾͡ɫɹອ፬ჿɻ৳ʰɴɞȿգᇰȵȡʳʭȩɲ‫׵‬ᢒˁήȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࢸ‫׬‬еɻ‫׬‬ɴອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ‫׬‬еɫɻɲȼ⏋ЈɹɇʚɊʚɲᓷ෌ɴਃϟɐʳϺǾʦգᇰᮃ܎ȴʰɲʳ኏Ц‫׬‬еɫʢȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋޽෵ɲᓷ෌ʦգᇰᮃ܎ˁ֟ഗᇕɴȋз຦ؒ֓ȍʍɭࢷȷ⏋৳ʰɹգᇰˁࡪʳɛʠɴ⏋CPP ɻࢸ‫׬‬еɫɹ৳ʰɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁ৔ᠭɌ⏋ྈ‫ך‬ᅙɭɗʶɴᐚȼ‫ך‬ᅙɫɹ፬ჿɴȲȿʳ৳ʰɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁ෯፷ɐʏȷɫȡɤɛȍ
␩The Schulte Nordholt Mission 1995: 14-15␭ɭɹ୭௎ˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳ⏏

31ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬‫ݛ‬ᯆዩˁ‫֓ވ‬ɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࢪਝȵɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ȧʼɽȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴࢪɌɩϠᩂɹ࡫ԃࢪፑˁɭɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Шᐏᇕᦅ෌ଯ᝗ɭȦȩៜᘽȴʰɻᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴఌᨗɇʶɛ༥
ෑᇕɲ‫ۊ‬ʛɭȦɤɛ˓͍ͻ˻ˁୃȷʦɐȦȵ⏋ࡸɻᐓȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɐʳອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ̋˓̠͊̒˪ɴ
᧟ਝɐʳɭȦȩዩෑਸˁԒ‫׃‬ɌɲȵʰଁጓɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɲШᐏᇕᦅ෌ଯ᝗ɹ୫
ɦዩෑᇕɲүᯆˁ‫מ‬Օɴ៿ѝɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏Шᐏᇕᦅ෌ଯ᝗ɹ୫ɦ‫غ‬ჿਸˁ๭Ɍȼ᠗ᡫɌ⏋ȋ‫ܩܧ‬ɹଯ᝗ȍɭɫʢȦȭʳᦅ຦ɹሾਜ਼ɴᡗᛕɴ࡝ʉࠒֳȵິʠʰʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹ೎߂ອཉɭȦȩȋᯁᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴ֓ȭ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁȦȴɴՕഓɐʳȴ⏋ɗɌɩɗʶ
ɴࢪਝɌɩȦʳ᧟ਝଯ᝗ˁȦȴɴᇍ஗ɐʳȴȵᩂឹɭɲʳ⏏‫ܕؾ‬ɴȲȿʳЁ৿ɹᦅ෌ᇍࣙˁ⏋࡫ࡴᇕɫȴɦᐙᐚᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩȦȼȩȭɫ⏋Шᐏᇕᦅ෌ଯ᝗ɹ႕ਸˁᏼʛᦉ˃ɞ⏋ృɛɲൕ‫ݛ‬ଯ᝗ɹᬖᇍɭࢷԂȵᩂឹɲឹᏬɭɲʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɴȲȿʳ᧑ᤉল៯ɻ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁʚɤɛȼᓒૅɌɲȦేፑɹʢɭɴ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛɭȦɤɩʢ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɗɹᐄഗ⏋ౖࡔɹອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵ޴‫׋‬Ɍ⏋‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɹᦅ຦ɭɹࢪጓʦ̸̮̒͠˪͹ˡ̜̒ȵԃ‫ܕ‬ᇕɴᇍᅊɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ᦅ຦ɹ୫ɦȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍɴᬠɐʳሾឿɴᓡˁӃȿ⏋̫Ͳˤɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁʢմரɭɐʳ៯៟៟ᅙˁը঎ᇕɴʢ᠗
ʠʳര᥉ɲࠒֳ⏋ɗɌɩ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕঃȵʱˁែᩃɴԂʶɛᐙᐚᇕɫԇԊਸɴ࢏ʞ᧑ᤉল៯ʍɹࠒֳ
ˁ୫ɛɵᭉʱ⏋Ϝ፤έ᣸ɹʛˁჿᅓɭɌɛ᝔కɹ਴િɻ⏋޽ȼɹᦅ຦ɴଫՠɇʶɩʢЇ౅ȵɲȦ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅ೴ᬖᇍɹჼ‫ݭ‬ɫɻ⏋ȋ୫ᐚᇕᦅ೴ᬖᇍȍˁฐᏮɌ⏋ȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍˁჼࡸɹʢɹɭɐʳɛʠɴʢ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩ‫ޅ‬ȍˁ‫מ‬ՕɴᓒૅɌɛᦅ೴᧑ᤉল៯ȵ⏋Ё⏋ʚɇɴິʠʰʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȋ༇ອ⏃̓Ͳ̠⏆ȍɻ҅Ϻ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹଝɴʭɤɩଵȭʳɴɻоʱɴʢॅ߂ɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋ᦅ຦ɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɭɹЊ‫غ‬Ȧɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋।ɴȋ༇ອࢪፑȍˁᦽʠʳ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹࠒȵȡɤɛ⏏̮˥˽̊ͲಁБГഀ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ʢȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɭɹЊ‫غ‬Ȧ౅ˁीɤɩ
᠅᝔᪻ᠡˁᑵʱᦐɌɩȷɛ⏏
ȋ༇ອɹըਉȍȴȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍȴɭȦȩ‫࡝ڒ‬ᇕ‫ک‬ᰍˁԒ‫׃‬ɌɲȵʰឿՖʱᇍ᥂Ɍɛ FAP ɭȦȩި߂ɲࡸᱻɹᐄഗ⏋Ёɫɻ⏋༇ອɻȋະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅȍɐʏȷʢɹɭɹᓒȭȵࡴመɌɛʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ະ࿭ˁ៰ࢅɐʳɄɭȵଯ᝗ᇕɴ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡɤɛɭɌɩʢ⏋‫ک‬ᰍȵɐʏɩៗໆɇʶɛʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ȋз຦ؒ֓ȍˁ‫؜‬ʱԂʶʳɛʠɹ̶ͤͻ͌ͩͻ˪сʱˁ᝔ɤɩȷɛ CPP ɫɻ⏋கອಁೝʦகອᩄʚɫ‫ي‬ʞᐣ୫፬ჿˁ⏋з຦ɴࠇ៧ɐ
ʳ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᦅ෌ɭྫ෌⏋ȡʳȦɻᦅ‫ܩ‬ɹеᒞɴʭɤɩʢਖឹɭɐʳອɹᩄɭಁೝȵᅵɲʳɲɰ⏋ɗɹ೼Иɻភᮊɫȡʳ⏏ᐄ࣌ɻ‫ݖܩ‬ɹณ֐ᓔɹᨊ‫غ‬ɹʭȦʭȩɴ௭сɇʶʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢ‫و‬ʠɲȦ⏏߂ៀฐɴອˁ˱Ͳ̜ͦͻ͡ɐʳɄɭɴೡᐁᱻɲ೴ϺɴࢪɌɩ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹณ֐෯ᦶˁᣳȭɛອ፬ჿɹࡸჼɻഗɛɌɩ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ȴɦɩȋᕶးɹᅊʛՏɐ༇ອȍɭɭʢɴᅊȷɩȷɛϺǾȵ⏋ȋ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȍɭɰɹʭȩɴ‫ك‬ȷ‫غ‬ɤɩ᝔ȼɹȴ⏋Ё৿ʢ໶ᇿɌᐚȿʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
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