February 10, 2023
WEPA International Workshop @Siem Reap

Living in Harmony with Water:“Sustainable Man andBiosphere Systems”
Motoyuki Suzuki
WEPA Advisory Board Member
Professor Emeritus, Univ. of Tokyo
suzuki@ouj.ac.jp

Introductory Remarks• Natural water circulation driven by thenatural renewable energies is the mostmajor factor driving the basic earthsystems.
• Human is a small fraction of the living
things on the earth, yet the anthropogenic
activities developed so far have added big
burdens on nature ecosystems.
• How to find nature positive ways inmanagement of human activities related towater environment, is one of the urgent
challenges in realizing sustainable man
and biosphere systems.

1.Water Cycle:

Contents

Global, Regional or Local Circulations
Water as the basis of human activities
Topics: Blue Water, Green Water and Humidity

2. Water for Anthropogenic Sphere:
Diversified situations in supply/demand
among WEPA countries
Topics: Example of water management in Textile
dyeing factory in Japan

3. Water for Natural Environment:

Accumulation of man-made mass on the earth
How to keep sustainable ecosystem services

Return to Monthly Precipitation

Annual Total Runoff in Asia (mm/yr)

from UNH/GRDC

自然生態系に対する人間活動の影響Human Activities in Asia

Aug 11, 2002
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0208/earthlights02_dmsp_big.jpg

Human Activities in Asia

Ulaanbaatar
Beijing

Seoul

Tokyo

Kathmandu
Taipei
Naypyidaw
Bangkok

Hanoi
Siem Reap

ManilaColombo

Melekeok
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore

Jakarta
自然生態系に対する人間活動の影響
Port Molesby

FlowsGlobal Water Cycles
Water Vapor 3
Evaporation/
precipitation
9 9Precipitation

Precipitation
Evaporation

Biomass

24,064

300

44.8

65.2

Ice/Glacier
Permafrost

Water Vapor
10

Transpiration

110

1

2.2

458

502.8

Soil
HumidityRiver Water

2

Stocks17

Lake/Dam

176

Wetland

11

42.6

Ocean

1,338,000

Ground Water

23,400
Unit: 1012 m3/year
Unit: 1012 m3 = Tera ton

2.2
Suzuki, UNU

FlowsGlobal Water Cycles
Water Vapor 3
Evaporation/
precipitation
9 9Precipitation

Precipitation
Evaporation

Biomass

24,064

300

44.8

65.2

Ice/Glacier
Permafrost

Water Vapor
10

Transpiration

110

1

2.2

458

502.8

Soil
HumidityRiver Water

2

Stocks17

Lake/Dam

176

Wetland

11

42.6

Ocean

1,338,000

Ground Water

23,400
Unit: 1012 m3/year
Unit: 1012 m3 = Tera ton

2.2
Suzuki, UNU

Water and Human Activities

Water and Human Activities● Fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, etc.

● Livestock excreta, growth hormones,

antibiotics, etc.

Harmful● Treated sewages, nutrients, pharmaceuticals
Eutroph● Solid garbage, plastic compounds, etc.
-ication● Toxic heavy metal ions, oils,

organohalogen compounds,
waste organics, waste chemicals, etc.

Water Withdrawals inJapanPrecipitation
660(109 m3/yr)

Evaporation
Loss 25

Evaporation
230
(36%)

20% of Internal Renewable
Water Resources are withdrawn

Agriculture

Industry

53.3

10.3

Aquaculture

14.8

3.2

Domestic
Flow-out
185

OceeanFlood
200

Internal Renewable Water Resources: ca 400 (109 m3/yr )MLIT(20２2)
Withdrawal: ca 80 (109 m3/yr)

Internal Renewable Water Resources andWater Withdrawals in WEPA Countries(Per Capita, m3/yr), 2018 data from WB, WDI

100

1,000

10,000100,000

Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
World
Internal Resources per Capita

Withdrawals per Capita

Water WIthdrawals in WEPA countries
in Agriculture, Domestics and Industry Sections(Per Capita, m3/year), 2018 data from WB, WDI
1

10

100

1000

Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
VietnamWorld

Agriculture

Domestics

Industry

Basics for Industrial Water Management• Water supply & demand statistics for eachindustrial category (phenomenology)• Improvement of awareness to water usage inprocesses (process waters)(materialism)• Analysing specific water consumptions andpollution loads for each process (essentialism)• Introduction of system (chemical) engineering
consideration to water utilization and treatment
systems (model building)
An Example of Water Management:-- A Case of a Textile Dyeing Factory in Japan

Freshwater Supply (Million m3/day, 2019)

Value added and Water Intake of Manufacturing
Industries (categorized into 24) in Japan
100
Manufacturing Total
10

140
110

160
220

090

100180170
190 230 280 310
240
210
250 260290
150 270120
320 300
130

1
0.1
0.01

1

10

120
130
140
150
160
170

LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS,
EXCEPT FURNITURE
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS
PRINTING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIESCHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTSPETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS

180
190

PLASTIC PRODUCTS, EXCEPTOTHERWISE CLASSIFIEDRUBBER PRODUCTS

230
240
250
260
270

LEATHER TANNING, LEATHERPRODUCTS AND FUR SKINSCERAMIC, STONE AND CLAY
PRODUCTSIRON AND STEELNON-FERROUS METALS AND
PRODUCTSFABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS
GENERAL-PURPOSE MACHINERYPRODUCTION MACHINERY
BUSINESS ORIENTED MACHINERY280

ELECTRONIC PARTS, DEVICES AND
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS290

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT
AND SUPPLIES

300
310
320

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENTMISCELLANEOUS

210
220

0.001
0.1

FOOD
BEVERAGES,TOBACCO AND FEEDTEXTILE PRODUCTS

200

200

0.01

090
100
110

100

Gross Value Added (Trillion yen, 2019)

Freshwater Supply (Million m3/day, 2019)

Value added and Water Intake of Heavy Water
Manufacturing Industries in Japan (2019)100
Manufacturing
Total
Pulp/Paper

10

Iron/SteelFood

Textile1

0.1

Chemical

0.1

1
10
100
Gross Value Added (Trillion yen, 2019)

Typical Statistics of Heavy Water Manufacturing
Industries in JapanFirst seven columns from Industrial Statistics Table (2019) and lower
seven columns from IST (2014)
Category No.

000
MANUFACTURING (TOTAL)
Production (mill.yen)
Gross value added (mill.yen)

Fresh
Water
Supply(m3/day)Uses(m3/day)

090
Food

110
140
160
220
Textile Pulp/Paper Chemical Iron/Steel

268,809,419 24,965,411 2,426,652 6,341,982 26,578,079 15,415,553
95,827,401 9,793,924 1,059,624 2,317,815 11,778,476

3,262,645

Total
25,316,131 2,281,945 1,245,993 6,712,955 5,563,048
Industrial
PublicWater
10,933,916 318,274 221,687 1,846,560 3,377,293
Water
1,606,111 427,337
26,54636,726
172,597
Services City Water

3,438,592

Well-water

81,656

5,782,670 1,182,131

545,018

842,848

114,604

Others6,993,434

354,203452,742 4,031,416 1,170,310

410,309

Boiler

1,655,240

187,720

62,583313,376

464,442

116,258

Raw material

739,579

308,661705

10,261

183,6411

653,459 8,947,872 1,412,449

3,067,293

Cleaning/Treatment

20,395,861 1,393,119

798,253

2,832,023

Cooling/Heating

97,786,197 1,493,351 1,688,928 1,939,986 38,584,617 32,711,665

Miscellaneous

4,396,716

Recovered Water (m3/day)
Sea Water (m3/day)

214,453

94,041

424,936 1,035,386

1,158,093

98,570,902 1,080,532 1,120,864 4,867,247 35,998,221 33,549,238
39,047,686

674,558

36,01527,513 13,999,690 14,959,074

Water Uses in Heavy Water Manuifacturing
Industries (2014 Statistical Table)
1000 m3/day
1

10

100

1,000

10,000 100,000

FOOD
TEXTILE
PULP/PAPER
CHEMICAL
IRON/STEEL
Boiler

Raw Material

Miscelllaneous

Cleaning/Treatment

Cooling/HeatingTextile Dyeing Factories

Typical Textile Dyeing Flow System
Fabrics(Cotton)(Synthetic)
Sizing agents, fiber
fragment, acids, etc.

Desizing
Scouring

Scouring

Oil, sizer, surfactants,
AlkalisBleachingBleaching

Chlorines, pigment
Fraction, surfactants

Mercerizing

Caustic Soda, fibrous

Dip Dyeing
Printing
Finishing
Product

Finishing

Dye remains,
surfactants,
Auxiliaries, etc
Alkalis, surfactants

Total Mixed
WastewaterImproved System
Minimizing
Water byCountercurrent
WashingFabrics(Cotton)(Synthetic)

Sizing agents, fiber
fragment, acids, etc.

Desizing
Scouring

Scouring

BleachingBleaching

Mercerizing

Printing

Product

Chlorines, pigment
Fraction, surfactants

Biologicaltreatment

Caustic Soda, fibrous

Dip Dyeing

Finishing

Oil, sizer, surfactants,
AlkalisFinishing

Dye remains,
surfactants,
Auxiliaries, etc

Chemicaltreatment

Alkalis, surfactants

Total Mixed
Wastewater

Discharge

Water Uses in Desizing Process

Traditional cross flow washing system
Hot Water: 33 m3/hr
Raw
Fabrics

Product
1

2

3

10

11

Wastewater: 33 m3/hr
BOD 600 ppm

Water Uses in Desizing Process

Modified system with con- & counter-current
washing
7 m3/hr

Hot Water: 4 m3/hr
Raw
Fabrics

Product
1

4
4 m3/hr
1,600 ppm

Wastewater: 33 m3/hr
BOD 600 ppm

5

10

11

7 m3/hr
2,000 ppm

Wastewater: 11 m3/hr
BOD 1,900 ppm

FlowsGlobal Water
Cycles Ecosystems
Water
for Natural
Water Vapor 3
Evaporation/
precipitation
9 9Precipitation

Ice/Glacier

24,064

Permafrost

300

Water Vapor
10

44.8

Transpiration

110

65.2

Precipitation

Biosphere
Biomass

Evaporation

1

Soil
HumidityRiver Water

2

2.2

17

Lake/Dam

176

458

502.8
Wetland

11

42.6

Ocean

1,338,000

Ground Water

23,400
Unit: 1012 m3/year
Unit: 1012 m3 = Tera ton

Stocks2.2
Suzuki, UNU

Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass
Emily Elhacham, Liad Ben-Uri, Jonathan Grozovski, Yinon M. Bar-On & Ron Milo:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5 (2020)

1.6

Vegetation, wild animals,
livestock, human, insects,
microorganisms, etc.

Dry weight (Tera ton)

1.4

Biomass

1.2
1.0
0.8
Other (plastic etc.)
MetalsAsphalt
BricksAggregates (gravel etc.)
Concrete

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1900

1920

1940

Anthropogenic
mass

1960
Year

1980

2000

2020

Summary of estimated total biomass on the earth
for abundant taxonomic groups
Y. M. Bar-On, R. Phillips and Ron Milo, PNAS (2019)(109 ton Carbon)

0.1
PlantsBacteria

1

10

100

1000

450 GtC

Fungi
Archaea
Protists
Animals

2 GtC — 0.4 %C. humans 0.06 GtC — 0.012 %Viruses

Total

550 GtC

Importance of Forest Ecosystem Services
・Water Storage (“Green Dam”, soils, peat, chernozem, etc.)
・Water Circulation (Transpiration, roots, vessels, leaves)・Photosynthesis (Oxygen supply, carbon storage, etc.)
・Air Purification, Water Quality Control
・Disasters mitigation
・Others (Cultural, spiritual values, etc.)

Precipitation

110

Biomass

1

Soil
Humidity

17

Water Transpiration
65.2 (rough average):Transpirationca. 10mm/day
Unit: 1012 m3/year
Unit: 1012 m3 = Tera ton

3.5m/yrPhotosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
1.0 ton CO2 generates 0.73 ton O2

The reaction requires: Solar Energy with 0.44 ton of
H2O, nutrients (N, P, etc.) and moderate Temperature.
Oxygen Generation in Forest Regions of Japan:

Forest Area: ca. 250,000 km2 (about 2/3 of Total Area)
Yearly Absorbed CO2 estimated: ca 80 million ton (2009)⇒ 58 million ton of Oxygen expected to be generated⇒ corresponding to 240 million people’s respiration

Tropical Forests are estimated to provide
doubly high oxygen generation per area.

Primary Productions at Major Ecosystems on the GlobePrimary Production Yield
3-10(103 kcal/m2/year)
0.5-3
<0.5
10-25

0.5-3

Arid
Land

<1.0

Grassland, Wet Forest
Continental
Deep Lake, Secondary
Shelf
Deep Sea
Mountain
ForestForest,Shallow Lake
Some
Some Brackish
Wet
Farmland Grassland Waters, Up-wells,
Coral Reefs
Most
Plant Communities inFarmlandAlluvial Plains
Mechanized FarmingArea(106 km2)

Land 135
Estimation by E. P. Odum: Basic Ecology (1983)

Sea 362.4

Total Area
Ca. 500

In Place of Conclusion• After almost 20 years of WEPA activities, we
could realize that each of WEPA countries has
diversified characters in natural ecosystems andhuman activities.
• We have to realize that the future development
should be designed carefully so thatdevelopment activities are run within thecapacity of fragile ecosystems supporting ourlives.
• For pursuit of NbS (nature based solutions) or
nature-positive life styles, there are numbers of
local traditional intellects to be appreciated andinvolved in development of science based
technologies for future sustainability.

Making Peace with
NatureA scientific blueprint totackle the climate,biodiversity and pollution
emergencies
UNEP (2022)

Some Supplement Figures

Estimated Primary Productions fo Major Ecosystems on the Earth
E. P. Odum: Basic Ecology (1983)
Ecosystems

Total Primary
Productions
1018 kcal/yr

Area

Primar Production Yield

106 km2

kcal/m2/year

OceansCoastal Seas
Up-welling
Brackish, Coral Reef
Subtotal

326
34
0.4
2
362.4

1000
2000
6000
20000

32.4
6.8
0.2
4
43.6

Desert, Tundra
Grassland, Pasture
Dry Forest
Boreal Conifers
Farmland without energy
addition
Wet Temperate Forest
Mechanized Farmland
Subtropical/Tropical Rain Forest
Subtotal

40
42
9.4
10

200
2500
2500
3000

0.5
10.5
2.4
3

10

3000

3

4.9
4
14.7
135
500

8000
12000
20000

3.9
4.8
20
57.4
100

2000

Forest area (% of land area) in WEPA countries
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Lao PDRJapan
Korea Rep
Malaysia
Indonesia
Vietnam
Cambodia
Myanmar
Nepal
ThailandSri Lanka
Philippines
China
WORLD

From World Development Indicator (WB)

Land Areas for Agriculture, Forest and Others in
WEPA Countries (ha/Capita) , 2018 data from WB, WDI
0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Malaysia
MyanmarNepal
Sri Lanka
ThailandLao PDR
Philippines
VietnamWorld
Agriculture

ForestOthers

3.000

3.500

Growths of Economic Activities:
GWP (gross world product) and GDP of WEPA
countries (total)
Gross Product (1012 2015-US$)(constant 2015 trillion US$)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

GWP

WEPA-SUM
GDP

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Population Trends in WEPA Countries,
1960-2020
World
WEPA sum
China
Indonesia
Japan
Philippines
VietnamThailandMyanmar
Korea, Rep.
Malaysia
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Cambodia
Lao PDR

1010
109
108
107
106

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020