中国工业废水管理进展

Updates on Industrial Wastewater
Management in China
洪宇宁，Hong Yuning
生态环境部水生态环境司
Department of Water Ecology and Environment,
Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China
The 18th WEPA Annual MeetingFeb 2023

主要内容
Content一、总体进展
General updates
二、加强法治建设
Legal construction
三、主要工作
Recent work in progress
四、下一步工作考虑Future plans

PARTONE一、总体进展
General updates

中国工业废水主要污染物排放情况
Facts of industrial wastewater management
工业废水氨氮排放量
Annual discharge of NH3-N in industrial wastewater

140

7120

6

Decreased by 66%

1008060
40200201620172018

2019年份 Year••Annual discharge (10,000 tons)

Annual discharge (10,000 tons)

工业废水COD排放量
Annual discharge of COD in industrial wastewater

2020

2021

5Decreased by 74%

43210201620172018
2019年份 Year

2020

2021

2016-2021年，工业源COD、氨氮排放量均持续下降，工业废水污染得到有效治理。
From 2016 to 2021, annual discharge of COD and NH3-N from industrial wastewater
decreased by 66% and 74% percent respectively, indicating that industrial pollution has been
declined and controlled.
数据来源：中国生态环境统计年报 Data source: Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China

中国工业废水主要污染物排放情况
Facts of industrial wastewater management
Chemical raw materials andchemical products manufacturing
TextileOthersPapermaking andPaper Products

OthersMajor Grain & Sideline
Food Processing

Chemical rawmaterials &chemical products
manufacturing

Papermaking andPaper Products

Major grain &sideline foodprocessing

TextileProportion of industries- NH3-N annual discharge

Proportion of industries- COD annual discharge••

2021 年，化学需氧量排放量排名前三的行业
依次为纺织业、造纸和纸制品业、化学原料
和化学制品制造业。
In 2021, the top three industries in CODemissions were:
1. Textile
2. Papermaking and paper products
3. Chemical raw materials & chemicalproducts manufacturing••

2021年，氨氮排放量排名前三的行业依次为
化学原料和化学制品制造业、农副食品加工
业、造纸和纸制品业。
In 2021, the top three industries in NH3-Nemissions were:
1. Chemical raw materials & chemical
products manufacturing
2. Major grain & sideline food processing
3. Papermaking and paper products

数据来源：中国生态环境统计年报 Data source: Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China

PARTTWO

二、加强法治建设
Legal construction

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management
 法律 Laws••

近十年，20余部生态环境相关法律得到制修订，现行生态环境领域法律达到30余部。
Over the past decade, more than 20 laws related to ecological environment have beenrevised, while more than 30 effective laws are effective currently.

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management••环境保护法（2015年修订）
Environmental
Protection Law(revise in 2015)••

排放污染物的企业事业单位和其他生产经营者，应当采取措施，防治在生产建设或者其他活动中产生的废气、废水、废渣……
等对环境的污染和危害。
Enterprises, public institutions and other producers and business
operators that discharge pollutants shall take measures to preventand control the environmental pollution caused by waste gas, waste
water, waste residues, … generated during production, construction
or other activities..

实行排污许可管理的企业事业单位和其他生产经营者应当按照排污许可证的要求排放污染物；未取得排污许可证的，不得排放污染物。
Enterprises, public institutions and other producers and business
operators pursuant to pollution permit system shall discharge
pollutants in accordance with the requirements of their permits; No
pollutant discharge is allowed without a pollutant discharge permit.

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management

水污染防治法Water Pollution
Prevention &Control Law

 截污治污 Wastewater collection and treatment:• 排放工业废水的企业应当采取有效措施，收集和处理产生的全部废水，防止污染环境。工业集聚区应当配套建设相应的污水集中处理设施，安装自动监测设备，与环境保护主管部门的监控设备联网，并保证监测设备正常运行。
• An enterprise that discharges industrial waste water shall takeeffective measures to collect and process all generated waste water,and prevent environmental pollution. The industrial cluster shallbuild supporting centralized sewage treatment facilities, install
automatic monitoring equipment, link to the monitoring equipmentof the administrative department of environmental protection, andguarantee the normal operation of the monitoring equipment.
 排放管控要求 Discharge limits:• 排放水污染物，不得超过国家或者地方规定的水污染物排放标
准和重点水污染物排放总量控制指标。
• Discharge of water pollutants shall be within the state or local
standards for the discharge of water pollutants and indicators for the
total discharge control of major water pollutants.

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management 水污染防治安排 Pollution prevention planning:• 防治水污染应当按流域或者按区域进行统一规划。
• The prevention and control of water pollution must be under unified
planning by drainage area or region.

水污染防治法Water Pollution
Prevention &Control Law

 日常管理 Routine management:• 新建、改建、扩建直接或者间接向水体排放污染物的建设项目和其他水上设施，应当依法进行环境影响评价。
• The building, renovation and enlargement of construction projects directly
or indirectly discharging pollutants to waters and other water
establishments shall be subject to environmental impact assessment.
• 直接或者间接向水体排放工业废水和医疗污水以及其他按照规定应当取得排污许可证方可排放的废水、污水的企业事业单位和其他生产经营者，应当取得排污许可证。
• An enterprise or public institution which directly or indirectly discharges
industrial wastewater or medical sewage to waters or wastewater orsewage that may be discharged after a pollutant discharge license isobtained as required shall obtain a pollutant discharge permit.

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management 法规 Regulations建设项目环境保护管理条例
Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection••••••

国家实行建设项目环境影响评价制度。
The state practices the construction project environmental impact assessment system.
建设产生污染的建设项目，必须遵守污染物排放的国家标准和地方标准；在实施重点
污染物排放总量控制的区域内，还必须符合重点污染物排放总量控制的要求。
State standards and local standards for the discharge of pollutants must be complied with inbuilding construction projects that generate pollution; requirements for aggregate control ofdischarge of major pollutants must be met in areas under aggregate control of discharge ofmajor pollutants.
建设项目需要配套建设的环境保护设施，必须与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投产使用。
Simultaneous design, simultaneous construction and simultaneous going into operation withthe main body project must be realized for matching environmental protection facilitiesconstruction.

（一）法律法规方面
Laws and regulations of industrial wastewater management

排污许可管理条例
Regulations on the Administration of Permitting of Pollutant Discharges••排污许可证是对排污单位进行生态环境监管的主要依据。
Pollutant discharge permits shall be the main basis for ecological and environmental
regulation of pollutant dischargers.

•排污单位应当遵守排污许可证规定，按照生态环境管理要求运行和维护污染防治设
施，建立环境管理制度，严格控制污染物排放。
A pollutant discharger shall comply with the pollutant discharge permit, operate andmaintain pollution prevention and control facilities in accordance with the requirements ofecological and environmental management, establish an environmental management systemand strictly control the discharge of pollutants.

•（二）关于污染物排放标准
Industrial discharge standards《水污染防治法》规定:In Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law
•
•

•
•

国务院环境保护主管部门根据国家水环境质量标准和国家经济、技术条件，制定国家水污染物排放标准。
The competent department of environmental protection under the State Council shallformulate state water pollutant discharge standards in accordance with national water
environmental quality standards and national economic or technical conditions.
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对国家水污染物排放标准中未作规定的项目，可以制定地方水污染物排放标准；对国家水污染物排放标准中已作规定的项目，可以制定严于国家水污染物排放标准的地方水污染物排放标准。
The people‘s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government may establish their local standards for thedischarge of pollutants for items not specified in the national standards; and develop
more stringent standards with regard to items already specified in the nationalstandards..

（二）关于污染物排放标准
Industrial discharge standards
 国家标准 State discharge standards••••中国现行国家水污染物排放标准共65项。其中，工国家水污染物业源行业型标准61项；另有1项污水综合排放标准，
排放标准体系
适用于没有国家行业水污染物排放标准的行业。
State discharge standards
65 national water pollutant discharge standards areissued in China, 61 of which are for industrial sectors.
行业型
An integrated sewage discharge standard is issued forby sectors
industries without state discharge standards.
(63)
排放标准规定了相关行业企业、生产设施的水污染
固定源
物排放控制要求、监测要求和监督管理要求，管控stationary
source
的污染物控制项目超过150项。
综合型Integrated
Discharge standards stipulate discharge control,(1)monitoring, supervision and management requirements
移动源of water pollutants for enterprises and production
mobilefacilities in related industries. More than 150 pollutant
sources
control items are under control.

工业源 industrial sector (61)造纸、纺织等
Papermaking, textile, etc.
农业源 agricultural sector (1)畜禽养殖业Poultry feeding industry
生活源 domestic sector (1)城镇污水处理厂 WWTPs
污水综合排放标准
Integrated wastewater
discharge Standard
船舶 Ships 地方标准 Local discharge standards••

各地依法制定并备案近100项地方水污染物排放标准，涉及化工等行业和太湖等重要流域
Nearly 100 local standards for the discharge of water pollutants have been formulated, covering specialized
industries such as semiconductors and chemicals and major river basins such as Taihu Lake.

（三）关于环境监管执法Environmental regulatory enforcement••

2021年，全国环境行政处罚案件是新环保法实施前的1.6倍。
In 2021, the number of environmental administrative punishment cases nationwide was 1.6 times that before
the implementation of the new Environmental Protection Law.

••

2013-2021年，人民法院审理的以污染环境罪定罪的案件年均超过了2000件。
From 2013 to 2021, the average number of cases convicted of environmental pollution crimes exceeded 2000.

•执法过程充分运用了现代遥感等现代信息科技手段，以及无人机等现代化执法装备，构建了“空天地”一体化的问题发现机制。
Modern information technology and equipment, such as modern remote sensing, drones etc. are utilized in
the process of law enforcement, as an "air and earth" integrated supervision mechanism has been built.

•••

优化执法方式，提高执法效能，实施监督执法正面清单制度。
we continue to optimize law enforcement methods, improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, andimplement a positive list system for supervision and law enforcement.

PARTTHREE

三、主要工作
Recent work in progress加强水污染防治Strengthening the prevention and control of water pollution 长江保护修复攻坚
Protection and restoration of Yangtze River••••••累计排查发现入河排污口6万余个。
More than 60,000 sewage discharge outlets were found.
围绕“三磷”治理、劣V类国控断面整治等立行立
改了1.6万多个违法问题。
More than 16,000 illegal problems were rectified.
长江干流连续两年全线达到II类水质标准。
The main stream of the Yangtze River met Class II
water quality standard for two years.

 黄河生态保护治理攻坚

Ecological protection and management of Yellow River••••完成黄河上游及部分中游河段1.7万余个排污口的排查。
Finished inspecting more than 17,000 sewage discharge
outlets in the upper and some middle reaches of the Yellow
River.
实现了黄河干流全线达到或优于III类水体的标准。
All the main stream of the Yellow River meets or is better
than the water quality standard of Class III.

加强水污染防治Strengthening the prevention and control of water pollution 提升城市水环境Improving urban water environment
•
••
•
•
•

基本消除了295个地级及以上城市建成区的黑臭水体。
295 cities have basically eliminated black and smelly water bodies
in built-up areas.
“十三五”期间，地级及以上城市新建污水管网达到9.9万公里。
During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 99,000 kilometers of sewage
network were built in cities.
1200多家省级及以上工业园区实现污水集中处理。
More than 1,200 large industrial parks have centralized sewage
treatment facilities.

 保障饮用水安全
Ensure drinking water safety••••

开展了全国集中式饮用水水源地环境保护专项行动。
Special campaign is launched to protect the environment ofcentralized drinking water sources across the country
累计完成了2804个水源地1万多个问题的排查整治。
Completed the investigation and rectification of more than 10,000problems in 2,804 water sources.

河湖生态保护修复
Ecological conservation and restoration of rivers and lakes 加强河湖岸线的保护修复Strengthening protection and restoration of the shorelines••

腾退长江岸线162公里，滩岸复绿1213万平方米。
162 kilometers of the Yangtze River's shoreline have been restored, greening 12.13 million square
meters of its shoreline.

 开展富营养湖泊治理
Management of eutrophic lakes••••

针对太湖、巢湖、滇池、洱海等富营养湖泊，加快了周边产业结构调整，推进退圩还湖、严格实施氮磷管控和农业面源污染治理。
For eutrophic lakes such as Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake, China has
accelerated the adjustment of industrial structure in the surrounding areas, promoted the returning of
the farmland to the lakes, strictly implemented nitrogen and phosphorus control and the control ofagricultural non-point source pollution.
有效遏制填湖造地、侵占湖泊水域岸线及违法采砂采矿等违法行为。
Illegal activities such as lake land reclamation, encroachment on the shoreline of lake waters andillegal sand mining, were effectively restrained.

水环境质量转折性变化
A turning point in water environmental quality
全国优良水体断面比例
Proportion of class I-III
excellent water section

90%
85%
80%

85%

75%

75%
70%
65%

83%

62%

64%

63%

66%

68%

68%

71%

60%
55%
50%
45%
40%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021年份 Year••••

十年来，中国I—III类优良水体断面比例提升了23.3个百分点，达到了84.9%。
In the past ten years, the proportion of class I-III excellent water section has increased by 23.3
percentage points, reaching 84.9%
2021年，华北平原最大的淡水湖泊白洋淀水质全部达到III标准，野生鸟类增加到237种。
In 2021, the water quality of Baiyangdian Lake, the largest freshwater lake in the North China Plain,reached Class III standard, and the number of wild bird species has increased to 237.
数据来源：中国生态环境统计年报 Data source: Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China

PARTFOUR四、下一步工作考虑
Future plans深入打好污染防治攻坚战 Fight the battle against pollution in depth••以实现减污降碳协同增效为总抓手，以改善生态环境质量为核心，以精准治污、科学治污、依法治污为工作方针，保持力度、延伸深度、拓宽广度，以更高标准打好碧水保卫战。
We will focus on achieving synergistic efficiency in reducing pollution andcarbon emissions, focus on improving the quality of the ecological environment。
We hope to continue more precise, scientific control of pollution, improving theregulatory framework, and fight the battle of clean water with higher standards.

加强亚太区域周边国家合作交流 Strengthen cooperation andcommunication between neighboring countries in the Asia-Pacific Region••

加强污染防治技术、成果共享。
Strengthen the sharing of pollution control technology and achievements.

谢谢!
Thanks for your attention