Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

Domestic Violence Victim Support in Taiwan, Province of China
ChisatoKITANAKA *Introduction

Domestic Violence (DV) is abuse in intimate relationships. In Japan, measures against
DV have been implemented since 2001. However, it has been pointed out that the laws
and actual conditions of victim support in Japan is not enough (Kainou, 2008a, Kainou2013). In contrast, Taiwan, Province of China seems to take a more proactive approach toJapanese researchers and activists tend to look at measures and policies in Westerncountries , it is worth seeing the situation and measures in Asian countries , especially
Asia because there are some common cultural aspects in terms of gender norm andhierarchy . In this study , co-researchers and I examined DV measures and actual
support activities in Taiwan, Province of China.
Perspective:
In the pre-survey, we heard some explanations by Taiwan, Province ofChina NGOs at the conference of the Asian Network of Women ’s Shelters (1 in 2012 andsome shelters in Taiwan,Province of China. It seemed that Taiwan, Province of China has
Japan in terms of law, actual support and government - NGO relationships . Based on the
pre-survey , we had several perspectives on the support system in Taiwan , Province ofChina interested in the relationships and division of the roles between the governmental
institutions and NGO shelters. In many countries, there are women shelter movements andNGO shelters which play important roles in both law making and actual victim support .
The situation is the same in Japan, but NGO shelters are not embedded in the official DV
victim support system defined by the law. Second, we wanted to know what kinds of things
are actually done in support activities. To know that might be useful for DV advocates andresearchers in other countries.
In this survey, we collected information about DV measures in Taiwan,
Province of China through a survey of the law and statistical data , visiting with andinterviews with Taiwanese administration officials , judges , DV center staff , NGO social
workers and researchers.
1. The Taiwanese Approach

In some respects, Taiwanese DV measures have garnered attention from Japanese
researchers. Some researchers point out the peculiarities of DV in Asia or East Asia.
*Assosiate Professor, Harassment Consultation Office, Hiroshima University, KFAW Visiting
Researcher (2015)

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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23
Shinozaki discussed that there is a rapid change of society via so-called “compressedindustrialization” in Asia. Because of this change, traditional, modern and postmodern
families coexist in society. And abuse cases in traditional families cannot be analyzed by the“DV cycle theory” which was developed in Western societies（Sinozaki et al. 2002）.
Kainou agrees that there are common cultural backgrounds including strong patriarchal
familism in Korea, Taiwan, Province of China and Japan. And the three countries/areas havebeen under strong international pressure on DV issues. But she stresses that there aredifferences in the three countries/areas as related to the relationship between civil society and thenation as well as in circumstances regarding women’s movements. She also indicates that it is
impossible to analyze the characteristics of patriarchy in Korea and Taiwan, Province ofChina without considering the historical background of Japan's colonial rule (Kainou, 2008a).
When we look at the process of legislation and function of the laws, somecommon characteristics in East Asia can also be found.

In East Asia, although they have the law

against DV and there is enforcement power, such as the police, courts and prosecutors,
these powers are relatively weak. Moreover, the reasons for the establishment of
the law tend to be the maintenance of peace and order of family (Shinozaki et al, 2002).
In the three countries/areas, familism ideology and modern law ideologies have been obstacles
in terms of legislation (Kainou, 2008a).
2. The DV Situation in Taiwan, Province of China

We still have not been able to get detailed information on research data about thenationwide situation in Taiwan, Province of China. According to a NGO report and thepreceding research report by Japanese researchers, four surveys in the past have been
conducted in Taiwan, Province of China. Two of these surveys, conducted by the Taiwan,
Province of China provincial government in 1990 and 1994 respectively, targeted
married women. And a NGO conducted the Taiwan, Province of China Women
Overview Survey in 1995. The national government also conducted a nationwide survey
in 1998. In a 1990 provincial government survey, 12.5% of married women experienced
physical violence after marriage. In a 1998 national survey, 15% of women experienced
physical violence in the previous year. 2) Although it is not easy to compare the resultswith other countries’ data due to the difference in measures and methods, we may find acommon tendency in the comparison of research results in other Asian countries: 5.7% of
women in Singapore (2009), 6.2% of women in Hong Kong (2006), 12.6% of women in
Korea (2007), 35.1% of women in India (2006), 48.7% of women in Bangladesh
3)experienced physical violence by their partner in their lifetime . In Japan, fivenationwide surveys were carried out in 1999, 2005, 2008, 2011, and in 2014 respectively.
And their women’s experience rate of physical violence by an intimate partner in their
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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23
4)lifetime are 18.7%, 26.7%, 24.9%, 25.9% and 15.4%, respectively . As a reference, in
the US, 30.3% of women in the United States experienced physical violence by an
intimate partner in their lifetime (2010) 5).

※

Figure 1.

※Taiwan; Taiwan, Province of China

3)

Women’s Physical Violence by an Intimate Partner Experience Rate in their Lifetime
Therefore, concerning the percentage of the physical violence experienced by women in
their lifetime, Taiwan, Province of China might be in the moderately high category;
namely, higher than 10% and less than 30%. In this “moderately high” group, Japan,
Korea, Cambodia, Indonesia, The Philippines and Nepal are also included among
Asian countries (Figure 1). In the many countries ’ surveys, sexual violence by an
intimate partner was also examined. In Japan’s five nationwide surveys, the women’s
experience rate of sexual violence is always lower than physical violence in every
survey. But in some countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh and Indonesia, the figureis almost the same or more than physical violence. For Taiwan, Province of China,
unfortunately we still are not sure about that because we do not have detailed
information about their survey. Even so, it is clear that sexual violence has also been
considered a very important aspect of DV in Taiwan, Province of China based on
information about the NGO’s PR campaigns. In Taiwanese DV law, DV is defined
as physical, psychological, mental, economic harassment, control, intimidation orother illegal infringement between family members.
Next, I would like to examine the situation from statistical data of the officially reported
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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

cases to the DV centers, which are run by local government. Under the Taiwanese DV
law, a center deals with all kinds of family violence. According to the Taiwanese
government data in 2013, the number of reported DV cases was about 60,000. Among thecategories of abuse, DV cases represent the largest number. The number of reported DV
cases to the center per population is triple the number reported in Japan (Table 1).
Table 2 shows that there is a difference between the experience rate of all kinds offamily violence by nationality or ethnicity. Taiwan, Province of China is a multiethnic
society. According to the data, the experience rate of abuse for indigenous people are
more than double of the rate for Taiwanese nationals. In addition, recently, “newimmigrants”, especially immigrants for marriage have increased in Taiwan, Provinceof China. The experience rate of abuse of immigrants is also high. There must be a
specific difficulty for new immigrant women (Kainou 2006, 2008a, 2008b, Miyamoto2013). Although, Table 2 shows the total number of abuse cases, it is not clear whether
the difference of the DV experience rate between ethnicity and nationality can be foundor not.
Table1: Reported Cases to the Center
Child Abuse

DV

Elderly

Japan (2013)

73,76599,961 26,272

%

36.9%

Taiwan, Province ofChina (2013)%

40,59760,916 3,624

38.5%

57.9%

50%

Total

/Million *199,998

13.1%

1571
Population:127.34 million

105,137

3.5%

4518
23.27 million

Source：Japan, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Child abuse and elderly) and Gender Equality Bureau of the
Cabinet Office (DV), Taiwan, Province of China, Ministry of Health and Welfare* calculated by author

Table2: Reported cases to the center by nationality/ ethnicity
Taiwanese

Indigenous people

New immigrant

Chinese and Macanese

4,891,008

93,987

142,752

308,232

Victims (n)26,883

2,057

2,092

2,021

Victimization rate

0.59

2.19

1.47

0.66

3.59 times

2.49 times

1.12times

The number ofpeople who aremarriedCompared to Taiwanese national

Source：Taiwan, Province of China Ministry of Health and Welfare

4Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23
3. Legal System

The Sexual Violence Act, the Family Violence Prevention Act and the Sexual
Harassment Act were enacted in Taiwan, Province of China in 1997, 1998 and 2005
respectively. Taiwan, Province of China might be one of the most active areas addressing
violence against women in Asia. A single law ― The Family Violence Prevention Act― covers child abuse, intimate partner violence and abuse of the elderly. Taiwan,
Province of China has developed comprehensive measures which include DV centers,
police, civil protection orders by courts, shelters, housing, job- training andoffender correction. A special point about these measures is theinstitutionalization of a variety of protection orders. There are various types of civil
protection orders: normal, interim and emergent protection orders. Normal protection
order includes 13 different matters – 1) prohibition of further violence, 2) harassment, 3)
direct contact, 4) stalking, 5) contact by phone and communication by other methods, 6)
expulsion of offenders, 7) the continued use of the necessities needed for ordinary life
such as automobile or building, 8) arrangements for the burden of child care costs, 9)visitation rights, 10) medical expenses of victims, 11) shelter admission costs, 12)
attorney agency costs and 13) participation in a perpetrator rehabilitation program. In
addition, both domestic violence and protection order violation are crimes. This factor inturn can serve as a way to restrain future DV offenders.
4. Victim Support Activities

How are DV cases dealt with in the Taiwanese system? In Taiwan, Province ofChina, at the first stage of receiving a report, the Center for Prevention of Domestic
Violence and Sexual Assault, the so-called “DV center” is in charge. The DV
centers are run by local governments. At the center, 113 is the helpline number. This
helpline is open for 24 hours in Chinese, Taiwanese, English, Vietnamese, Thai,
Indonesian and Cambodian. In the case of the Taipei City DV center, 16 staff are
working 4 lines on three shifts around the clock. In 2013, cases were reported to thecenter through several channels; police 38.4%, hospitals
26.3%, 113 dial 19.8% and66)schools 8.5%.
According to the explanation by the director of the Taipei City DV Center, allreports are dealt with within 24 hours. They carry out procedures to issue emergent
protection orders if necessary. They also connect with services such as counseling;
enacting procedures to issue normal protection orders; transportation; medical care;obtaining certification of injury and psychological counseling. At the first intake
interview, the staff mark a check sheet. The checklist includes 15 questions about theoffender’s behavior or conditions, such as “Have he/she ever used violence when you
were pregnant?”, “Does he/she have a financial problem, such as bankruptcy, card loans,5Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

a large debt or loss of job?” or “Has he/she ever said that he/she would kill you?” Whenthe case is defined as a high risk case; namely, one with more than 8 checked items, asocial worker of the DV center deals with the case in cooperation with hospitals and police.
A social worker sends the police or the social worker and the police go to the scene
together to stop the violence and arrest the offender. If the case is not defined as a highrisk case, the DV Center calls a NGO and schedules an appointment for the next
consultation or provides information about useful social resources. About 10% of the7)reported cases are high risk cases .
According to the explanation of the Taipei Police, the police has a specialized
division for women and children victims. The major role of the police is to prevent further
violence; contact shelters; provide information about protection orders; support victims’application for protection orders and order an offender not to commit violence anymore.
Police officers must submit the case report to the DV center within 2 hours. In many of
the high risk cases, the victim goes to a shelter. The same Taiwan, Province ofChina Intimate Partner Violence Assessment, TIPDVA check sheet is used in schools
and hospitals as well. Teachers and hospital staff who are obligated to report theincident fill in this sheet. The information from the sheet is in a common database. Police
and social workers can check the history of the case and risk assessment. Taiwan,
Province of China has “emergent protection orders” and “interim protection orders”
which Japan does not have. Police officers carry out procedures to issue the order
immediately before the normal protection order is issued. After a protection order isissued, the police visit the victim’s house periodically and check on his/her situation.
Police must visit the victim within four hours after the emergent protection orderhas been issued; three days after interim protection order and within 6 days after anormal protection order has been issued. In the proceeding surveys, it was indicated thatthe police do not act quickly enough (Kainou et al. 2006). In this survey, we wereable to understand that they have rules regarding the time frame of an incident.
However, they mentioned that the majority of police officers who deal with DV cases are
not trained to handle them. And it is difficult to have a female officer located in eachpolice box. The police also mentioned that the motivation to be trained in thisparticular area is low. In addition, they stated that they were trying to educate all officers.
And if an officer is deemed inadequate in this area, they will be transferred to anothersection for three years 8).
Regarding the rate of high risk cases among reported cases, it is not easy tocompare the situation in Taiwan, Province of China with the situation in Japan forseveral reasons. Firstly, Japan has separate laws regarding each abuse-child abuse, DV andelderly abuse. Recently, the helpline number 189 was started for child abuse cases only.
Secondly, for cases of DV, although there is the anti-DV law in Japan, the DV centers
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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

and public shelters were originally founded on the principle of another law-the antiprostitution law. Therefore, neither the criteria for sheltering victims, nor that forassessing the risk of cases is clear. Nevertheless, when trying to compare the statistics inJapan with those of Taiwan, Province of China, in 2013, the number of DV cases
reported to the centers is 99,961, and 11,623 for temporary sheltering cases. The rateof temporary sheltering cases represents about 11.6% of the total DV cases reported.
5. The Relationship between NGOs and Official Institutions

After the center and police respond to a report, the case is handed over to an
NGO shelter. Several major NGOs are entrusted by the government to provide support.
NGO social workers provide long-term support such as psychological care,accommodation, legal support and job training. For this survey, we interviewed the(9Garden of Hope Foundation (GOH) which is one of these major NGOs . According to
the GOH executive director, Chi Hui-Jung, GOH had 13 branches and 53 support centers
in Taiwan, Province of China in 2014. GOH provides shelter as well as conducts
individual casework and social change activities to expand women’s rights. GOH has
430 paid employees. About 70% of the employees are engaged in direct victim support
activities. Their annual total income is 360 million Taiwan, Province of China dollars,
which is about 550 million yen. 44.5% of this income comes from government
subsidies. The government covers the employment costs and operating costs. At the startof a contract, an NGO receives a lump-sum payment, then once every three months,
they charge the government for the shortfall.
GOH conducts individual casework for support through group work; carries out
community social work and counseling; accompanies victims when needed; provides
legal support, financial support, psychological care including parent-and-childpsychological care as well as campaigns for public awareness. For individual cases, GOH
primarily provides long-term support for victims, such as the provision of psychologicalcare and long-term shelter after the initial response to the report. In some areas, theyalso conduct the initial casework and run emergency shelters. GOH has 7 shelters in
Taiwan, Province of China. The number of victims who received GOH’s support in 2014
was 1,862.
According to our interview, there are different types of NGOs in Taiwan,
Province of China depending on their activities and relationships with the government.
Some NGOs are only engaged in victim support, and others are dedicated to politicalactivities. GOH does both. Such support for victims based on their experiences
have a significant impact on legislation and the amendment of laws.
The Taiwan, Province of China Coalition Against Violence, established in 2014, is a7

Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

coalition of 32 groups and 31 experts that work as a bridge to encourage cooperation
between the government and NGOs10) . The coalition has their own hotline which
accepts complaints against DV victim support at welfare facilities, by police, in courts
and at hospitals. They provide legal aid services as well. They also make policy
proposals based on their own research, case assessments and re–examination of legal
procedures. Taiwan, Province of China revised the DV law in 2015. They said thatrequests from NGOs are reflected in many parts of this amendment.
6. Protection Orders, DV Crime, and Social Workers in Court

As Taiwanese DV law includes various types of protection orders, judges play
an important role in DV victim support. The number of normal civil protection orders
issued in 2013 was 14,820. The number of interim protection orders and emergent
protection orders in 2013, neither of which Japan has, was 7,611 and 208 respectively.
Out of 208 emergent protection orders, 202 were issued within a day (see Table 3). Thereis a huge gap in the rate of protection orders issued for reported abuse/DV cases between
Taiwan, Province of China and Japan. In 2013 in Taiwan, Province of China, the rate is
14.1%(11 whereas in Japan, the rate of protection orders issued for reported DV cases
was 2.3%. Another feature of Taiwanese DV law is the criminalization of DV. There
are two types of DV offences: domestic violence offences and violation of protection
order offences. The number of convictions on a charge of a DV offence in 2014 was 46
and convictions on a charge of violation of a protection order was 72.
Table 3.

Protection orders issued in 2013 in Taiwan, Province of China
Number of Cases

The Average Length of Trials Within one day(day)(case)

Protection Order

14,82047.02

130Interim p. o.

7,611

21.37

358

Emergent p. o.

208

1.53

202

Source: Judicial Statistics of Taiwan, Province of China

In addition to filing protection orders, providing legal support for divorce and arranging
child visitation are important in DV case support in many countries. It is very interesting
to us that social workers play a major role in legal support in Taiwan, Province of China.
In contrast to this point, in Japan, lawyers are needed in many protection orders anddivorce cases in DV situations. However, in our interview at a legal aid office in Taipei,
it was mentioned that in protection order and shelter stages, most of the necessary
procedures and support are provided by social workers and police. The support oflawyers is not necessary. In family court, there is a consultation office with social
8Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

workers to assist with procedures. The social workers in court are members of NGOs
appointed by the government 12).
In the interview with the director of the Taipei City DV Center, the director said therole of social workers in the legal process is as follows:“When the case moves into criminal proceedings, the DV center sends social workers
to the court to support victims through the whole trial process. The center submits a reporton the case to the court. The report is taken into consideration during the trial. The DV
center, the court and prosecutors meet every three months. We discuss effective ways toinclude the victim in the trial. Also social workers who are sent to the court from the DV
center consult with the judge on particular cases. In Taipei, in almost all DV cases, judges
want to hear social workers’ opinions to better understand the situation because the social
worker knows the victims’ conditions the best. Many judges want to know more about
7)
the victims’ situations.”
In addition, social workers who work at the consultation offices in the courts try tochange the attitudes of and educate judicial professionals on DV, including judges who
are generally criticized as having little understanding of DV. They also try to change thecourt environment into a safer space for the victims. In the family court we visited, there
was an emergency evacuation exit for victims in the case offenders tried approach them.
In our interview with Director-General, Department of Protective Services,
Ministry of Health and Welfare Ms. Chang Hsiu-Yuan, she stated that the social
13)
workers’ office in the court a kind of “societal intervention” .
7. Offender Correction Measures

For Japanese readers, the offender correction measures in Taiwan, Province ofChina might be ofinterest because Japan does not have any. What kind of measures does Taiwan, Provinceof China have? The offender correction program was implemented in 2007.
Mandatory measures include treatment for drug dependence and alcoholism;
psychological treatment; counseling; a education program and other types of treatment.
The offender correction program is part of the civil protection order (Article 14
Section 1 Issue 10). The court orders the assignment of program courses.
Offenders are subject to criminal penalties for the violation of protection orders. To
be precise, these are offenders who have committed DV or have violated protection
orders and are under probation with suspension of the execution of the sentence(Article 38). Or they have committed a crime on parole (Article 39) or are special
treatment prisoners who are serving time Table 4 .
9Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

The programs are mainly conducted by appointed NGOs, subsidized by thegovernment. According to an interview with the Shiuh-Li Cultural and Educational
Foundation, the NGO which was appointed to conduct the program, the percentage ofoffenders that have been ordered to attend a program by the court is about 21% of thetotal number of offender. However only about 15% of these ordered to attend have14)completed a program .
The perpetrator treatment program in Taiwan, Province of China, implemented
in 2007, has a short history. Social awareness about the program is not high. During
our interview with a government official in charge of the program, he was concerned
about the program’s future. The shortage of treatment personnel and finding secure
places to conduct weresome of the challenges. (15The government report on the program indicates that judges tend to orderoffenders to receive treatment, such as psychological treatment and addiction treatment(1
when the offender seems to be ill. However, judges tend to hesitate to order offenders
to enroll in an educational program, which is an essential goal of these measures.
Table 4. Number of offenders assigned to programs in 2014(not mutually exclusive)
Program
o
f
f
e
n
s
e

Total
protection

PsychologicalTreatment

3948 242

Addiction
Treatment

PsychologicalCounseling

Education

Alcoholic
Education

Parenting
Education

other

289

169

2574

603

50

21

12

1

1

1

8

1

1

order

DV crime

5

on parole

18

Suspension

10

5
1

2

of
prosecution

Source: Judicial Statistics of Taiwan, Province of China

8. Conclusion

Thus, measures in Taiwan, Province of China seem to be comprehensive
and much better than inJapan. Feminism and social work principles and social
workers are embedded in victim support. However, both the government andNGOs do(1 not think these measures are sufficient. In our interview, thegovernment official stated that the biggest challenge is the budget. GOH wrote
in a questionnaire that their challenges include harassment by counterparts;
overworked staff; lack of funding; lack of co-operation by government
agencies; weak implementation of laws and lack of uniformity in providing
protection for DV survivors.
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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

In Taiwan, Province of China, NGO shelters are actively engaging
not only in victim support, butalso in public campaigns. NGOs give feedbackon policy making based on their casework experiences. In Taiwan, Province ofChina, the government secures financial resources for these measuresthrough legislation establishing a mandatory fund. Also, the role of public
institutions and protective measures are clearly defined in Taiwan, Provinceof China. All of these aspects are lacking in Japan’s DV measures.
Acknowledgments:

This paper is based on the research carried out with my co-researchers. Aisa Kiyosue(Muroran Institute of Technology), Masako Inoue (Kanagawa University), Utako
Matsumura (Kansai University of Welfare Sciences) and Lee Yeonsuk (Hokkaido
University). Also, this research benefitted from a KFAW research project. I am
particularly grateful for the advice and support given by Tamie Kainou (Professor
Emeritus at Ochanomizu University) and the members of the Asian network of women’s
shelters.
Notes:
1 The Asian Network of Women’s Shelters (ANWS) is a network of DV victim support groups in Asia.
http://shelterasia.org/
2. NGO “1995 Taiwan, Province of China Women Overview Survey”, 1995
Taiwan, Province of China, The Ministry of the Interior, “Taiwan, Province of China
Women’s Life Survey,” 1998
3. Data sources of Figure 1


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
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The National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Vietnam
In “Keeping Silent is Dying Results from the National Study on Domestic Violence against Womenin Vietnam” 2010 By Do Thuc & John Hendra
The International Violence against Women Survey Final Report of the 2006 Hong Kong IVAWS,
By Roderic Broadhurst, Brigitte Bouhours and John Bacon-Shone
The National Demographic and Health Survey, 2011 By Population Division Ministry of Healthand Population Government of Nepal, New ERA and ICF International
WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women, 2005 By
Claudia García-Moreno, Henrica A.F.M. Jansen, Mary Ellsberg, Lori Heise and Charlotte Watts
Elli N Hayati, Ulf Högberg, Mohammad Hakimi, Mary C Ellsberg and Maria Emmelin, “Behind
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NSOM and Macro International, Manila, National Statistics Office Manila and Macro
International. 2009. Philippines Demographic and Health Survey 2008.

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NSD and ICF Macro, Dili, National Statistics Directorate Ministry of Finance, Timor-Leste andICF Macro.2010. Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10.
Parish W, Wang T, Lauman E, Pan S, Luo Y.2004. “Intimate Partner Violence in China: National
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Cambell, “Prevalence of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China,” in American
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

International Violence against Women Survey: Final Report on Singapore June 2013, By Brigitte
Bouhours, Chan Wing Cheong, Benny Bong and Suzanne Anderson

Domestic Violence Survey of South Korea, The Ministry of Gender Equality & Family, Republic ofKorea, 2004
UN Women, Violence against Women Prevalence Data: Surveys by Country
http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/vawprevalence_matrix_june2013.pdf
Whasoon Byun, “Violence Against Women in Korea and its Indicators” (Working paper for Expert
Group Meeting on Indicators to Measure Violence against Women (Geneva 8-10 October 2007) in
the United Nations)

4. Japan, Gender Equality Bureau of the Cabinet Office Survey
5. United States, The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 2010,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention
and Control Division of Violence Prevention,
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
6. Source: Taiwan, Province of China, Ministry of Health and Welfare
7. Taipei City Center for Prevention of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
Interview on 2015.02.02 with Ms. Chen, Sue-Chuan, Director
8. Taipei City Police interview on 2015.02.02 with Mr. Liu Chih-Gang, Assistant Supervisor,
Women's and Children's Protection Division of Taipei city Police Department
9. Garden of Hope Foundation https://www.goh.org.tw/tc/index.asp
10. The Taiwan, Province of China Coalition Against Violence https://sites.google.com/site/ptwebsite2012/
11. For Taiwan, Province of China, the number of reported cases means “other” category cases is
excluded from of all three kinds of abuse. Japan’s percentage equals the ratio of the number ofprotection orders based on the anti-DV law within the number of DV cases.
12. New Taipei District Family and Juvenile Court interview on 2015.02.04
Legal Aid Foundation (Banciao) interview on 2015.02.04
13. Taiwan, Province of China, Ministry of Health and Welfare Interview on 2015.02.02
with Ms. Chang Hsiu-Yuan, Director-General, Department of Protective Services
14. Shiuh-Li Cultural And Educational Foundation interview on 2015.02.04
http://www.shiuhli.org.tw/about/aboutus_6.jsp
15. Taiwan, Province of China government, Ministry of Health and Welfare Interview on
2015.02.02
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Journal of Asian Women’s Studies Vol. 23

with Mr. Hung Chien-Jung, Section Chief, Department of Mental Health and Oral
Health
16. The Handbook of Offender Correction Program, 2000, Taiwan, Province of China
Ministry of Interior References:
Tamie, Kainou et al. 2006 “A Study of Domestic Violence measures in Taiwan, Province of China” (in Japanese)
Tamie, Kainou et al. 2008a, “Restructuring State/Family” (in Japanese)
Tamie, Kainou et al. 2008b “A Study of DV Victim Support in East Asia” (in Japanese)
Tamie, Kainou et al. 2013 “Women who overcome the Crisis” (in Japanese)
Masami Shinozaki et al. 2002 “Domestic Violence in Asia” (in Japanese)
Yoshinobu Miyamoto, 2013 “Social work for new Immigrant DV Victim Women in Taiwan,
Province of China” (in Japanese)13