CHAPTER 5 TRIAL PROCESSI.

SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS

A.

Presumption of Innocence

Every criminal defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty. The standard of proof is“beyond a reasonable doubt”: a preponderance of evidence, as used in civil proceedings, is not sufficient
to sustain a criminal conviction. The burden of proof is on the public prosecutor. Unless the prosecutor
establishes every element of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant must be acquitted or
may be convicted only of a lesser included offence.
B.

Public Trials

Defendants have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial tribunal (Article 37-1 of
the Constitution). Trial must be conducted, and judgement must be announced, publicly. Exceptions
are permitted only under very limited circumstances.
The trial opens with the judge(s) and a public prosecutor in attendance. The defendant has the rightand duty to be present. As a general rule, trials cannot open without the presence of the defendant, but thisobligation may be exempted in certain minor cases. Moreover, when a defendant in detention refuses toappear without justifiable reasons and certain other conditions are met, the court may proceed without
the presence of the defendant.

Criminal Trial (moot)C.

Right to Remain Silent

The defendant has the right to remain silent: he or she may remain silent at all times or answer somequestions and refuse others. In practice, most defendants voluntarily answer questions asked by the defence
counsel, the public prosecutor, and the court.
D.

Right to Counsel

Defendants have the right to the assistance of competent counsel. If the defendant is unable to securecounsel, counsel will be appointed by the court. In Japan, the availability of court-appointed counsel is
not limited to indigent defendants.
Trial proceedings cannot be held without the presence of counsel if: (i) the defendant is charged with
an offence punishable by death, life imprisonment, or a maximum term of more than three years’
imprisonment; (ii) the case has been referred to pretrial conference procedure; or (iii) the case is triedby the speedy trial procedure.

－ 25 －

E.

Adversarial Procedure

The Japanese criminal trial is a hybrid of the European and Anglo-American systems, with muchgreater emphasis on the Anglo-American adversarial model. While the court maintains control over theproceedings, it is the parties, especially the prosecutor, that take the active and leading role in developing
the facts of the case. The court cannot try a case unless prosecuted by the public prosecutor, and thedefendant cannot be convicted of an offence greater than the one charged in the prosecutor's charging
instrument.
F.

No Arraignment

There is no system of arraignment as exists in the Anglo-American countries. A plea or admission of
guilt by the defendant will not waive trial, and the prosecutor is still required to prove the defendant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.
G.

Single Stage Procedure

Some countries divide the criminal proceeding into two stages: the determination of the defendant’s
guilt or innocence, and the sentencing. The Japanese criminal procedure is different, and like many countries
in Europe, combines these two stages into one. Evidence relevant to the defendant’s guilt and evidence
relevant to sentencing will be heard during the trial, and a single judgement setting forth the facts foundby the court and specifying the sentence to be served, or that which acquits the defendant, will beannounced.
II.

Saiban-In Trials

Saiban-In is a recently created word used to describe the “lay judges” who participate in Saiban-In
trials. The Saiban-In trial was introduced by the Act on Criminal Trials Examined under the Lay Judge
System, which came into force on 21 May 2009. As a general rule, and practically in all cases Saiban-In
cases are tried by a mixed panel consisting of three professional judges and six Saiban-In, althoughpanels may consist of one professional judge and three Saiban-In exceptionally.
Saiban-In are randomly selected for each case from among the voters through a procedure similar tojury selection in some other countries. Saiban-In collaborate with professional judges to decide on issuesof fact and sentencing. Each Saiban-In and professional judge has equal voting power. Procedural issues
and matters of legal interpretation are left to the professional judges.
Saiban-In trials will be held for (i) offences punishable by death or imprisonment for life; or (ii)intentional conduct resulting in the victim’s death, for which a minimum term of one year’s imprisonmentis prescribed. Such offences include homicide, rape/robbery resulting in death or injury, arson of an
inhabited residence, and certain serious offences. For these offences, Saiban-In trial is mandatory, anddefendants may not waive it and request a bench trial.

Court Room for Saiban-In Trial(Photo provided by Supreme Court)－ 26 －

III.

TRIAL PROCEEDINGS

A.

Procedure before Trial

1.

Introduction

In Japan, the charging power belongs exclusively to the public prosecutor, and a formal charge ispresented in the form of a written charging instrument called Kiso-Jo, prepared by a prosecutor. The KisoJo has to contain a clear description of the elements of the offence charged, and no evidentiary material
may be attached to it.
Criminal cases are tried by a judge, a three-judge panel, or a mixed panel of three professional judges
and six lay judges (Saiban-In), depending on the nature of the charge.
2.

Pretrial Conference Procedure

After the indictment and before trial, the court may set the case for pretrial conference procedure,by hearing the opinions of the prosecutor and the defence. Cases that will be tried by a Saiban-In court
must be referred to pretrial conference procedure. Through this procedure, the parties prepare andclarify their arguments and disclose evidence, the court makes necessary rulings, and the parties and thecourt plan for the upcoming trial.
The prosecutor and the defence counsel are required to disclose to the other party evidence they
intend to introduce at trial. Moreover, pretrial conference procedure involves two kinds of disclosure ofevidence by public prosecutors in response to requests from the defence. The purpose of these specificdisclosures is to clarify the claims due to be made at trial, the evidence to be submitted, and the issues of
the case.
(1) The first disclosure is required for specific categories of evidence, such as exhibits,
inspection reports, spot investigation reports, written statements of expert opinions, written
statements of the defendant or others, etc. under two conditions: (a) when it is deemed important inorder to judge the credibility of specific evidence offered by the public prosecutor; and (b) when it isdeemed appropriate, considering its necessity for preparing the defence and the possible harmful
effects that could be caused by disclosing it. The purpose of this disclosure is to enable the defendant
to determine a defence strategy once the prosecutor has indicated which evidence the prosecution
will rely on at trial.
(2) The second disclosure is that the public prosecutor, upon the defence’s request, must disclose
other undisclosed evidence that is deemed connected with the defence (for example, an alibi, claims
that there was no intent to kill, claims of self-defence, etc.) when the prosecutor deems it appropriate
upon considering the extent of the connection, the necessity for the defence and the possible harmful
effects that would be caused by disclosing it, such as personal or private information regarding thevictim. This disclosure is required to identify key issues and evidence by having the publicprosecutor make disclosure related to the claims, while making the defendant clarify the evidence
he/she will rely on.
Also, public prosecutors usually disclose evidence voluntarily at an early stage of the pretrial
conference procedure even if the evidence does not fit into the above conditions. This is done in order to
conduct productive court proceedings.
Parties are required to clarify the arguments and defences they intend to present during trial andmake offers of evidence to support them. Once the pretrial conference procedure has concluded, neither
party is allowed to offer additional evidence unless it can be shown that the delay was unavoidable.
B.

Trial

Trial can be divided into four stages: the opening proceedings, examination of evidence,questioning of the defendant, and the closing arguments.
1.

Opening Proceedings
At the opening of a trial, the court will address the defendant and ask that he or she identify him or－ 27 －

herself. Next, the charge will be read by the prosecutor attending the trial. After that, the court will advise
the defendant of his or her rights and give the defendant and defence counsel an opportunity to makestatements.
As explained earlier, the defendant has the right to remain silent and is not required to make any
statement. In practice, however, most defendants make a statement and admit their guilt. In 2017, 88.2
percent of defendants processed in the District Courts admitted their guilt. 19
2.

Examination of Evidence

Examination of evidence begins with the prosecutor’s opening statement, which outlines the facts
he or she intends to prove at trial. Then, the prosecutor’s evidence will be introduced. Real evidence will
be displayed, testimony of witnesses will be heard, and documentary evidence will be read in full or besummarized. Admissibility of documentary evidence is limited. For more information, see section C on thehearsay rule.
Following the prosecutor’s case in chief, the defence counsel will present its evidence in rebuttal.
As regards the testimony of witnesses, the party calling the witness will first question the witness,and the other party will cross-examine. The party calling the witness is entitled to ask follow-up questions,and at the end, the court will ask supplementary questions if necessary. Under limited circumstances,
witnesses may be allowed to sit in a different room (or a different court under certain circumstances)connected to the court via video-link technology and give their testimony from that room.
3.

Questioning of Defendants

Following examination of other evidence, the defendant will be placed under questioning: first by
the defence counsel, then by the prosecutor, and finally by the court. Japanese defendants are notquestioned as witnesses. They are not placed under oath, and they may refuse to answer any questions at
any time. Despite their right to remain silent, however, most defendants voluntarily answer questions.
4.

Closing Arguments

When all the evidence is heard, the prosecution and then the defence counsel will make theirclosing arguments. The arguments will cover issues of fact, law, and sentencing. Prosecutors makesentencing recommendations at the end of their closing arguments.
Starting in 2008, a system of victim participation was introduced in Japan. This system allows
victims of certain serious offences or their bereaved families, with the approval of a court, to act as victim
participants. Victim participants may also present their closing arguments.

5.

Victim Participation at Trial
All due respect should be given to the wishes of crime victims or their surviving family members totake part in criminal trials of cases in which they have been victims. As such, their participation incriminal trials contributes to the restoration of their honour and their recovery from the damage suffered.
To this end, a system of victim participation has been established and has been implemented since 1
December 2008. Under the system, victims or their surviving family members acquire the status of “victim
participants” during trial proceedings, with the court’s permission, and directly engage in certain parts ofthe trial.
Victims who may participate are victims of alleged incidents involving an offence that led to deathor injury through an intentional criminal act, the offences of indecent assault and rape, offences of humantrafficking, and others. These victims may participate in the following manner with the court’s permission.
・Being in attendance on the date of the trial
・Stating opinions such as sentiments on the case19

Annual Report of Judicial Statistics for 2017.

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・Questioning witnesses (usually related to sentencing)・Questioning the defendant・Stating opinions on the finding of facts and the application of law (including sentencing)
To protect victims, devices to shield victim participants from defendants and/or observers are
installed, while persons deemed suitable may be permitted to accompany the victim participants. Also,
victims of limited financial means may ask the court to appoint an official victim participant attorney.
C.

Rules of Evidence

1.

Hearsay Rule

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement not subjected to cross examination. Hearsay is inadmissible
unless (i) the other party consents to its use; or (ii) it fits into one of the exceptions provided for in the CCP.
2.

Hearsay Exceptions(1)

Consent

Consent is essentially a waiver of the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. When theserights are waived, there is no further need to exclude the hearsay in question. In practice, consent isvery widely used. As most defendants do not contest their guilt and their only interest is in sentencing,
documentary evidence offered by the prosecutor, such as police reports, written statements of witnesses,
and the defendant’s confessions outside trial, are admitted with the defendant’s consent. This practiceenables speedy disposition of uncontested cases.
(2)

An Example of Other Hearsay Exceptions: Written Statements Taken by a Public Prosecutor

When a witness is unavailable to testify at trial, written statements taken by a public prosecutor andsigned by the witness may be admitted as hearsay exceptions. Likewise, if the witness takes the stand but
the testimony differs from previous statements, prior inconsistent statements taken by a public prosecutorand signed by the witness may be admitted as hearsay exceptions, provided provided there arecircumstances that afford the statements more credible than the testimony at trial.
3.

Confessions

Under Article 38-2 of the Constitution and Article 319-1 of the CCP, confessions are inadmissible
unless voluntarily made. The objectives of the voluntariness requirements are generally understood as
follows: (i) to exclude false confessions; (ii) to protect the rights of the accused, especially the right toremain silent; and (iii) to exclude illegally obtained confessions. Furthermore, under Article 38-3 of theConstitution and Article 319-2 of the CCP, a defendant cannot be convicted if the only incriminating
evidence is his or her confession.
4.

Exclusionary Rule

According to Supreme Court precedents, serious violations of procedural rules can result in theinadmissibility of illegally obtained evidence. The application of the exclusionary rule is decided on acase-by-case basis, and factors taken into consideration include: the situation under which the illegality
occurred; the seriousness of the violation of the law; the intention of the investigating officers, and the needto prevent future illegality.
The admissibility of written statements of victims, witnesses or defendants made in thecourse of investigation as evidence at trial
Written statements are documents substituting for spoken statements before the court during thetrial proceedings (e.g. witness testimony), and they are hearsay evidence. In principle, therefore,
they are not deemed admissible as evidence. However, even hearsay evidence may be deemed
admissible if the defence consents, or when there is a high degree of necessity and credibility, as
illustrated below.
One such exception is when the statement is a statement for the prosecution made by a victim or－ 29 －

witness, and (i) the person who made the statement is deceased, mentally or physically impaired, of
unknown whereabouts, or resides abroad, and is therefore unable to testify, or has refused to testify
under oath, or (ii) when the statement is substantially different from the testimony that was given incourt and there are circumstances that afford the statement more credible than the testimony at trial(Article 321(1)2). Such special circumstances include cases when there has been a pronounced
decline in memory due to the passage of long time or due to mental or physical impairment, or when
the witness is an accomplice to the defendant or a person connected with the defendant and isreluctant to testify in person before the court, due to feelings such as fear of retaliation.
A written statement made by a defendant during a criminal investigation may be deemed
admissible as evidence when (i) the content of the statement acknowledges a fact detrimental to thedefendant, and (ii) the statement has been made voluntarily. (Article 322(1))

D.

Adjudication and Sentencing

As stated earlier, a single judgement that sets forth the finding of the court and specifies thesentence to be served, or that which acquits the defendant, will be announced at the end of the trial. In
2016, the acquittal rate was 0.2 percent in District Courts and 0.14 percent in Summary Courts. The
acquittal rate for contested cases was 3.48 percent in District Courts and 4.39 percent in Summary
Courts.
E.

Length of Trial
In 2016, the District Courts and Summary Courts disposed of a total of 59,103 cases. 91 percent
of District Court cases were disposed of within six months of the initiation of prosecution, and 74.2
percent were disposed of during the first three months. 97.8 percent of Summary Court cases were disposedof within six months, and 89.8 percent were disposed of during the first three months. The average
length required for disposition was 3.2 months in District Courts and 2.2 months in Summary Courts.
District Courts held an average of 2.7 trial dates and Summary Courts an average of 2.2. 20
The Act on the Expediting of Trials of 2003 provides that “the objective of expediting trials shall be toconclude the proceedings of the first instance in as short a time as possible within a period of two years.” A
new trial procedure (Speedy Trial Procedure) applicable to certain uncontested cases wasintroduced in 2006 by an amendment to the CCP.

IV.

APPEALS

Appeals are classified as appeals against judgement in the first instance to the High Court, final
appeals to the Supreme Court, and appeals against rulings specially provided for in codes of procedures.
The first two lie against judgements, while the latter lies against decisions and orders. When both parties
waive the right to appeal or all avenues for appeal have been exhausted, the judgement becomes final andenforceable. Contrary to the Anglo-American system, it is not unconstitutional to afford a right of appeal
to a public prosecutor against an acquittal.
A.

Appeals to the High Court

A party who is dissatisfied with the judgement of the first instance can file an appeal to a High
Court. It is instituted by filing a written motion in the original trial court within 14 days after judgement.
The ground for this appeal should be one or more of the following: (i) non-compliance with procedural
law in the trial proceedings; (ii) an error in the interpretation or application of law which clearly influenced
the judgement of the first instance; (iii) excessive severity or leniency in sentence; and (iv) an error in factfinding in a guilty or not-guilty judgement. The High Court examines, in principle, only the written recordof the case, including the documentary evidence examined by the court below, and considers the argumentsof both the defence counsel and the public prosecutor. However, when deemed necessary, the High Court
can examine additional evidence such as witnesses (including the same witnesses examined by the first
20

The Trend of Criminal Cases in 2016, Criminal Affairs Bureau of the General Secretariat of the Supreme Court.

－ 30 －

instance court), exhibits and written statements.
If there is no reversible error, the appeal will be dismissed. If there is reversible error, the High Court
will vacate the judgement and remand the case to the trial court. If the High Court finds that a new decision
can be made on the basis of the proceeding and evidence (including evidence examined at the appellate
level), it may vacate the judgement below and, without remanding, enter its own judgement.
B.

Final Appeals to the Supreme Court

If unsatisfied with the High Court judgement, the parties can file a final appeal to the Supreme
Court within 14 days after the judgement. The purpose of this appeal is to ensure proper interpretation of
the Constitution and law. Therefore, the grounds for this appeal are limited to: (i) a violation of theConstitution or an error in interpretation or application of the Constitution; (ii) contradiction with Supreme
Court precedent; and (iii) contradiction with High Court precedent, when no Supreme Court precedent
exists.
However, as the court of last resort, the Supreme Court is authorized, at its discretion, to reverse
lower court decisions on the following grounds: (i) there is a serious error in interpretation or applicationof law; (ii) the degree of sentence is extremely unjust; (iii) there is a grave fact-finding error which ismaterial to the judgement; (iv) there is any reason which would support reopening of procedures; and (v)the sentenced punishment has been abolished or changed or for which a general amnesty has beenproclaimed. The Supreme Court only examines the record of the case and never examines witnesses ordefendants although the Supreme Court may hear arguments of the parties. When the Supreme Court
concludes that there is no ground for reversal, it dismisses the appeal. If grounds exist, the Court willvacate the judgement below and either remand the case or enter its own judgementV.

EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIESEven after all avenues of appeals have been exhausted and the judgement has been finalized, it
may still be set aside under very limited circumstances. There are two types of extraordinary remedies:
Saishin (new trial) and Hijo Jokoku (extraordinary appeals).
A public prosecutor and a convicted defendant or his or her relatives may ask for a Saishin underlimited circumstances, including when new evidence is discovered that clearly demonstrates that thedefendant should be acquitted. The Prosecutor General may file a Hijo Jokoku appeal when it is discoveredthat a finalized judgement was in violation of law (for example, a fine exceeding the maximum amountauthorized by law). Saishin or Hijo Jokoku may not adversely affect the position of the convicted defendant.
VI.

PUNISHMENT

A.

Categories

1.

Overview

Principal punishments are classified, in descending order of severity, as the death penalty,
imprisonment with or without work (the term of imprisonment shall be not less than one month), fine,misdemeanour imprisonment, and petty fine. Confiscation is a supplementary penalty, which may be
imposed in addition to principal punishments. When items subject to confiscation cannot be
confiscated, an order of collection of equivalent value may be imposed instead. The Special Narcotics
Control Law and the Anti-Organized Crime Law both have special provisions designed to facilitate theconfiscation of proceeds of crime2.

Death Penalty

The death penalty is not unconstitutional in Japan, but it is very sparingly used. In practice, its
application is limited to homicide and robbery resulting in death. The death penalty cannot be imposed
upon offenders who were under the age of 18 at the time of the offence. Executions are carried out by
hanging.

－ 31 －

3.

Imprisonment

Imprisonment may be with or without work. The former involves obligatory work assignment while
the latter does not. The length of imprisonment may be for life, or for a specific term. The maximum term
authorized for a single offence is 20 years, but it can be extended up to 30 years under certain
circumstances.
4.

Fine, Misdemeanour Imprisonment without Work, Petty Fine

Fines range from ¥10,000 and upward, and the maximum amount differs for each offence.
Misdemeanour imprisonment without work is confinement without work assignment for a period of one
to 29 days, and petty fines range from ¥1,000 up to not more than ¥10,000. Persons unable to pay the fullamount of a fine or a petty fine may, as a substitute, be detained in a workhouse in accordance with a dailyrate fixed by the sentencing court.
B.

Suspension of Execution of Sentence

The court, when sentencing a defendant to imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine notexceeding ¥500,000, may suspend the execution of the sentence for one to five years if one of the following
conditions is met: (i) the defendant has not previously received a sentence of imprisonment or a greaterpunishment; or (ii) the defendant has previously received a sentence of imprisonment or a greaterpunishment, but five years have passed since the completion of that sentence.
If the offender, during the suspension period, is convicted of another crime and sentenced to
imprisonment or a greater punishment, unless circumstances especially favourable to the offender
are shown and certain other conditions are satisfied, the suspension will be revoked, and the offender
will serve two sentences consecutively. If the offender maintains good behaviour and the suspension
period passes without revocation, the entire sentence will automatically lose its legal effect at the end of
the suspension period, and the offender will no longer have to serve the sentence. The sentencing court,
when suspending the execution of a sentence, may place the offender under probation for the duration of
the suspension.
On June 1, 2016, the law introducing a partial suspension of sentence came into force. This made it
possible to opt for a punishment consisting of both an imprisonment and a suspended imprisonment
sentence, whereas previously, the only options available were to serve the whole imprisonment sentencein prison (with the possibility of parole) or to suspend the whole imprisonment sentence (fully suspended
sentence). An important aim of this new sentencing option is to reduce the risk of reoffending andfacilitate rehabilitation in society. It is possible to enforce a part of the imprisonment term of the sentence
and suspending the rest of it by the partial suspension. Offenders are incentivized to rehabilitate because
further commission of a crime after release during the suspension period may, once revealed, result in
reimprisonment by revocation of suspension. The suspension period lasts for a determined period of up
to five years after the custodial portion of the sentence has been enforced; the probation period, severedon parole, lasts for the remaining period of the sentence. Thus, partial suspension of sentence can resultin a longer probation period than a full custodial sentence with parole.
C.

Outcomes of Court Proceedings1.

Formal Trials

The following table shows the adjudication outcomes and the sentencing distribution of defendants
whose cases were disposed of by courts of first instance (District Courts and Summary Courts) in 2016.
The total number of defendants was 59,103. Of these, 57,578 were convicted, 113 were acquitted, and theconviction rate was 97.4 percent. Of 55,150 defendants sentenced to imprisonment, 33,742 (61.2%) received
full suspension of execution and 1,007 (1.8%) received partial suspension of execution. 21

21Annual Report of Judicial Statistics for 2016. The Trend of Criminal Cases in 2016, Criminal Affairs Bureau of the General Secretariat of theSupreme Court. The figures are the number of the defendants whose cases were disposed of by courts of first instance. They differ slightly from thosein the Criminal Justice Flow Chart on page 12, which shows the number of defendants whose cases were finalized.

－ 32 －

Conviction

57,578Death Penalty

3

Imprisonment (with work)

51,972(100%)

Life

25(0.05%)

more than 20 years to 30 years

31(0.06%)

more than 10 years to 20 years

181 (0.35%)

more than 5 years to 10 years

823 (1.59%)

more than 3 years to 5 years

2,407 (4.63%)

1 year to less than 3 years

36,751 (70.71%)

6 months to less than 1 year

10,229 (19.68%)

less than 6 months

1,525 (2.93%)

Imprisonment (without work) 3,178

2.

Fine

2,415

Misdemeanour
imprisonment and Petty Fine

9

Exculpation of punishment

1

Acquittals

113

Others1,412

Summary Proceedings

In 2016, Summary Courts issued a total of 263,608 summary orders: 261,781 were for fines, and
1,827 were for petty fines.
D.

ParoleInmates serving prison sentences may be released early on parole. Parole decisions are made by
Regional Parole Boards upon application by the warden of the correctional institution where the inmate ishoused: the inmate him- or herself is not entitled to apply for parole. Inmates must have served one third of
their sentences (or ten years in the case of life sentences) before they become eligible for parole.
VII. COMPENSATION FOR INNOCENCE
A defendant detained and subsequently acquitted is entitled to receive state compensation. Likewise,
state compensation is required when the prosecutor decides not to prosecute a suspect who has been taken
into custody, and there are sufficient reasons to believe that no crime has been committed by the suspect.
Furthermore, suspects and defendants may sue the state for damages if they can prove that the authorities,
intentionally or negligently, inflicted unlawful damages.
VIII. SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR JUVENILE CASESThe Juvenile Law of 1948 establishes a special procedure for juvenile cases. Juveniles are defined as
persons less than 20 years of age, and the underlying philosophy of the law is that, for juveniles, education
and rehabilitation are preferable to criminal punishment. While regular criminal cases are tried in District
Courts and Summary Courts, juvenile cases are primarily dealt with in Family Courts.
The age of criminal responsibility in Japan is 14, and the following types of juveniles come under
the jurisdiction of the Family Court:(1)Juveniles, 14 years or older, who have committed a criminal offence;－ 33 －

(2)(3)

Juveniles, 13 years or younger, who have committed an act which would have been criminal
except for the age requirement; andJuveniles who are prone to commit crimes or violate criminal laws in light of their character,behaviour, or surrounding circumstances.

Family Court proceedings begin when a juvenile case has been received from one of various sources.
In practice, they mainly come from the police and the public prosecutors. The Family Court will first makean inquiry into whether a juvenile hearing should be opened, and in doing so, the court will assign the case toa family court investigating officer, who will undertake a thorough social inquiry into the personality,
personal history, family background, and environment of the juvenile. The court may also detain thejuvenile in a juvenile classification home (“protective detention”). The maximum period of protective
detention is four or eight weeks depending on the circumstances. During the detention period, thejuvenile classification home conducts classification based on a comprehensive assessment of eachjuvenile delinquent and its report is submitted to the family court.
If, after inquiry, the court determines that there are no grounds or that it is inappropriate to open
a hearing, the case will be dismissed without a hearing; otherwise, a juvenile hearing will be opened.
The Juvenile Law requires that the hearing be conducted in a warm atmosphere. The hearing is not open
to the public except for victims and their families, under limited circumstances and with permission of thecourt. Likewise, public prosecutors are generally not entitled to attend the hearing.
When the hearing is completed, the Family Court will either (i) place the juvenile under protective
measures; (ii) refer the case back to prosecutors; (iii) refer the case to a child guidance centre; or (iv)
dismiss the case upon hearing.
There are three forms of protective measures: probation, commitment to institutions establishedunder the Child Welfare Act, and commitment to a juvenile training school.
Referral to public prosecutors takes place when the court determines that criminal punishment
should be imposed. Juveniles aged 16 years or older who have committed an intentional act that resulted in
the death of a victim should be referred to public prosecutors unless the court determines otherwise.
Public prosecutors, as a general rule, are required to prosecute the cases referred to them from the court.
Such cases will be prosecuted and tried in almost the same manner as offences committed by adultoffenders. However, juveniles are generally punished by indeterminate sentences (a fifteen year
maximum), and capital punishment may not be imposed on juveniles who were under 18 years old at thetime of the offence.
Cases will be dismissed upon hearing when the court determines that there are no grounds or that it
is not necessary to make any particular disposition.

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