ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ǵ2005 ॷ 10 ೐
Asian and African Area Studies, 5 (1): 21-45, 2005μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬࣢ǵ‫ؤ‬ǵ‫ڒ‬ǵᅓ*
Rangeland Use and Agro-pastoral Linkage in the Alpine Area ofNorthwest Yunnan Province, China
Yamaguchi Takayoshi*
Pastoral areas of the People’s Republic of China, such as Inner Mongolia Uighur andTibet, have suffered serious rangeland degradation since the 1980s due to overgrazing.
Therefore, the Chinese government has extended the Household Responsibility System torangeland as well as crop fields. This study aims to show some patterns of alpine pastoralism
at the village and household level, and to discuss “privatization” of rangeland in the alpine
environment. Field survey was conducted in two Tibetan villages, of Shanggelila county,
northwest Yunnan province.
Three kinds of bovine livestock are raised, and these are classified into two types
according to how they are fed: as part of mixed farming or by mobile pastoralism. The
former type is connected with crop fields by supplying manure and plowing, and is essential
for every household. The latter is selectively raised in roughly half of all households. Wintergrazing methods are different between two villages: the herd is left in mountain pasture inWengshang village and grazed around the settlement in Hompo village. Alpine pastoralism
presents several patterns on the basis of agro-pastoral linkage, and rangeland would have a
different value in each case. In considering the privatization of rangeland, it is necessary to
grasp the diverse form of alpine pastoralism.

1̝ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ
1.1̙ඦਅѝмуѽ၎ႂඏѠ઴ᄙౕܿ੨
႑ᅨɭɻȋࢃᅨ‫׋‬ɇʶɛ֪႒ˁੈ।ᇕɴϺᬚɹ፬ჿάɫᰲ᰸ɐʳɄɭˁᦲɍɩ⏋ᰩᏒˁɻɍ
1)ʠ⏋ᅊ༎ɴਖឹɲ֪႒ᣂ྇ˁკ਄ɐʳ⏋ᅊ༎ଯ໬ɹкᏙȍɭɇʶʳ␩ᢆ 1997: 16␭⏏႑ᅨɻ⏋ϗၥʦ࢑ԳɭȦɤɛჿᅓɫ‫ܩܤ‬ᅊᅋਸȵжȦ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɇȴ˃ɫȡʱ⏋͘ͻ͞˹ˏ߂᭜ɹɲȴɫɻ* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University
2004 ॷ 5 ೐ 28 ౗‫؝‬Њ⏋2005 ॷ 6 ೐ 6 ౗‫؝‬ჿ

21ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ីˏ˻ˏȴʰμ߈ˏ˻ˏ⏋̜̍̾̒⏋͐Ͳ˳͡ɲɰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴɄɹᅊ෌ɴਃϟɐʳϺʃɭȵᅊ༎ɌɩȦʳ⏏
Ʉʶʰɹ႑ᅨ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ޽ȼȵࣚɌɩȦʳμ‫ܕ‬ʦ͐Ͳ˳͡Ϻ຦Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɲɰɫɻ⏋1980⑯90 ॷБɴȴȿɩ⏋႑ᅨ኏Цˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼ኏ЦᐁཕᇕɲႥ໥ȵ߂ȷȼ޴‫׋‬Ɍɛ⏏ᮃ܎ᦅ෌кըȴʰ҅աᅊᅋкըʍɭው᝔ɐʳɲȴɫఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎкᏙɴ޴‫׋‬ȵᅊɍ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ⏋᧌ఔ႑ɴʭʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹᗷঘȵ‫ک‬ᰍɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ⏋␩Fernandez-Gimenez 2002; Li and Simpson 1993;
Sneath 1998␭ɲɰ⏆⏏
μ‫ܕ‬ɫɻ 1970 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɴʭɤɩ஠ᦽɌɩȷɛᮃ܎ᅊᅋкըˁៗкɌ⏋ᅊᅋ᢮КըˁࢷԂɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ҅աγय़ˁςкɭɌɛᅊᅋȵȲɄɲʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ␩࣢ೣ
1999: 3-26␭⏏Ʉʶɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋γय़ɹϺధʦ֝ӈ֐ɴਝɍɩࢃᅨˁ҅աγय़ɴՕᨗɌ⏋‫ؾ‬
2)ಁɴࢃᅨధɴਝɍɛᯆዩɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴՕᨗɐʳకፑʢȲɄɲʼʶɛ⏏ ɄȩȦɤɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ҅աՕᨗɻ⏋ው֪ˁᓒૅɌɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ޷ᅎ͹ԫᅎ͹౳኿ᅎɲɰɴՕȿ⏋ɗʶəʶɹఔ႑
‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩᅊᅋˁᠱȿᢦȩγय़ȵ⏋᝔కɭɹȡȦɞɫᬏೝᬚɹߕᏝˁᐄʉʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ࡸᣒᇕ
3)ɴɻఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬ɴᦏȦʢɹɫȡɤɛ␩Banks 1999; Banks et al. 2003; Richard 2002; ནອ͹ߡᅒ 1995; Wu and Richard 1999␭⏏
ɄȩɌɛకፑɻ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎᓔˁ౩ተ‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩᗳ‫ܩ‬ɹᬖᇍɭᅊᅋਸɹ‫ك‬ΫˁѦɐɭɭʢɴ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬Ʌɭɴࢃᅨ‫֐ࢅؚ‬ˁෙ፤Ɍɩࢃᅨధˁɗɹ፴ܑԒɴᭉࡴɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ
4)᧌ఔ႑ˁଵըɐʳɄɭʢᇿ୭ɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻɄʶʰɹకፑȵው֪ਸɹཝࢹʦᭉʰʶɛԊ೑‫ܩ‬ʍɹࢃᅨɹᮃμˁ୛ȷ⏋ᗳ‫ܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹᗷঘˁৄȷᣱɄɌɩȦʳϟёȵ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ࢃᅨ‫֐ࢅؚ‬ɹ፤Տɭɗʶɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹւয়ɩɴ˱˽̜ȵठʞɄɭȴʰը঎ȵʓɭ˃ɰ༡ᦩɌɩȦɲȦϟёʢ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȷɛ␩Banks 1999; Banks et al. 2003; Richard 2002; Wu

1) ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋႑ᅨɭȦȩៜᘽɻ‫ݭ‬ᯆɴʭɤɩɇʚɊʚɲઝ٢ˁ‫˃ي‬ɫȲʱ⏋ಔ᧋ᇕɲࡴᒶɻᮑɌȦ⏏ೣᠶɫɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴγय़ɫࢃᅨˁᰲȩɄɭˁࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɭ٧ʃ⏋ɗɹɲȴɫ‫ؙ‬ᗁࢃᅨˁᰲ᰸Ɍɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹࢃᅨȵᅊ༎ɹ޽ȼɹᨆՕ⏋᝟ᰩзɲɰɴࢪɌɩ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦʳࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɹ০઴ˁ႑ᅨɭ٧ʉ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላ
ɹ႑ᅨɭɻ⏋͓˪ʦ˗˹ɲɰɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨˁᰲ᰸ɐʳɄɭˁ୭ɌɩȲʱ⏋̸̊ʦࢃኹɹᰲ᰸ɻ‫ي‬ʠɲȦ⏏
2) ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬కፑɻ 1985 ॷɹȋᗳ‫ܩ‬໬ȍɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩᬖࠃɇʶɛ⏏ኽ೑‫׋‬కፑɹࡸేႥ໥ɻ‫ݖܩ‬ᬚൔेȵ߂ȷȼ⏋Ԓ͐Ͳ˳͡ᕶ໠‫ך‬ɫɻఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ 79%⏃1990 ॷ⏆⏋ృᅽ˗˓˫͡ᕶ໠‫ך‬ɫɻఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ 94%⏃1999 ॷ⏆ȵ҅աγय़ɴւʱয়ɩʰʶɛ␩Banks et al. 2003␭⏏Υ౅ɫ⏋ᮖ‫׫‬ህɫɻʓɭ˃ɰࡸేɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏Ԓ͐Ͳ˳͡ʦ
ృᅽ˗˓˫͡ɫɹࡸేႥ໥ɴɦȦɩɻࡸ੻ˁɭʢɲɤɩȦɲȦɭʢ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩Ho 2000a␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ਖɑ
Ɍʢఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴՕᨗɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ధγय़ȴʰɲʳᝐᑉ˫͡ͻ̺ɴՕᨗɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ʦᕶး೴ˁ
ࢪᢒɭɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ʢʛʰʶʳ␩Banks 2001; Ho 2000b␭⏏
3) μ‫ܕ‬ɫɻ⏋ᦅ‫ܩ‬ʦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹଘ೑ณɻɐʏɩ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴࣚɌɩȲʱ⏋ೣᠶɫᦚʏʳኽ೑‫׋‬ɭɻ⏋‫ܩܤ‬ьᅎณɹՕᨗˁ
୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᅊᅋˁᠱȿᢦȩ০ɫ‫ܩܤ‬ɹьᅎɹߕᏝˁȲɄɲɤɛγय़ɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɴȲȦɩᕶᅓɴᦅᓚʦ႑ᅨ
ɹᐁ‫ۊ‬ˁȲɄɲȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ೣᠶɫɻɄȩȦɤɛ‫ܩܤ‬ьᅎณɹՕᨗˁ୭ɌɩѤࡶᇕɴኽ೑‫׋‬ɭ٧ʉ⏏
4) ው֪ˁɭʢɲȩ႑ᅨɹ০઴ˁᝠჼɐʳៜᘽɴɦȦɩ⏋೐؅ [2000] ɻȋው႑ (transhumance)ȍʦȋᧉ႑ȍɲɰɹៜᘽɻ‫מ‬Օɴ఩ჿɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋ࡴᒶȵಸ౴ɲᨆՕˁ޽ȼ‫˃ي‬ɫȦʳɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠶɫɻ⏋ው֪ˁɭʢɲȩ႑ᅨ০઴ˁኍɐៜᘽɭɌɩȋው֪႑ᅨȍɭᝠ៨Ɍ⏋ਃഀɹȋው႑ȍʦȋᧉ႑ȍɲɰˁɄʶɴ‫ي‬ʠʳ⏏

22࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬and Richard 1999␭⏏
Ʉɹకፑɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋‫إ‬Ԏᇕɲȋ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ȍ␩Hardin 1968␭ɹᓒȭ౅ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȲʱ␩Banks 1999; Banks et al. 2003␭⏋‫ܩܤ‬ɴ౩ተɲьᅎณȵ៯ࡴɇʶɩȦɲȦɄɭȵံዊইɲգ
ᅎɴɦɲȵʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹᗷঘʦжᅊᅋɲႥ໥ȵʁȷȲɄɇʶɛɭȦȩ઎ࡴɹʢɭ
ɴ⏋ɗʶˁᔵ‫׹‬ɐʳɛʠɴኽ೑‫׋‬ȵ஠ᦽɇʶɛʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ృᅽ˗˓˫͡ᕶ໠‫ך‬͐Ͳ˳͡‫ܕ‬ɲɰɹϗၥɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ঃȦ፴ܑɹɲȴɴ೑ᅎɲᣂ྇

6)

5)

ʦ

ȵҥ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳɌ⏋ᭇᮒɲɰɹႥ໥ɴʭɤɩॷɅɭɴᣂ྇ɹ‫ݭ‬ଘȵᅵɲʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧɛʠ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁࢸɇȼ‫ך‬ՕɐʳɄɭɻᮑɌȦ␩Banks 2001; Banks et al. 2003; Fernandez-Gimenez 2002␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ࢭ෌ᇕɲ႑ᅨ
‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻధγय़ȴʰɲʳࢸᮃ܎ˁ০ଁɌɩ⏋Ʉɹᮃ܎Ԓɫఔ႑ʦோϖɲɰс෌ˁՕ෌ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ፬ჿɹ֟რ‫׋‬ˁ‫ܒ‬ɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩɄʶʰɹ‫ת‬෌ʢଁጓɌᮑȼɲ
ʳɭȦȩ୭௎ʢʛʰʶʳ␩Banks 2001; Banks et al. 2003␭⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋႑ᅨ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᣂ྇ɹՕ॒ʦɗɹգᅎ⏋ࢃᅨɹ፬ჿႥ໥ɹ᠎Ᏻȵ౩ʰȴɴɲʳɴɦʶɩ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬కፑɹࡸ᝔‫خ‬ᔨਸɴᆄᒶȵɻɇʚʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹμ‫ܕ‬ɫɻ⏋Banks et al. [2003] ʦ Liu et al. [1998] ȵᦚʏʳʭȩɴ⏋ʭʱ‫ݖܩ‬ɹࡸ੻ɴ‫׸‬Ɍɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɹଘ೑০઴ȵฐᏮɇʶɦɦȡʳȵ⏋႑ᅨ‫ݖܩ‬ɹࡸ੻ʦకፑɹ৯ᯱɴᬠɐʳ‫ݬ‬ٚɻෑʠɩࢹɲȦ⏏ϟёᠭീɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛᠶᓒɹ߂‫ץ‬ɻ⏋Ԓ͐Ͳ˳͡ᕶ໠‫ך‬ʦ࢞޷‫౏܌‬ᕶ໠‫⏋ך‬ృᅽ˗˓˫͡౏ᕶ໠‫ך‬ɭȦɤɛࢭ෌ᇕɲ႑ᅨ‫ݖܩ‬ɴᬠɐʳʢɹȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȡʱ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩ߂ȷɲฌᲞेˁգᅎɌɩው֪ˁȲɄɲȩ႑ᅨɴᬠɌɩɻʓɭ˃ɰ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏˽̘̺̒ʦ˵
̫Ͳ̠ɫȲɄɲʼʶʳࢭ෌ᇕɲ႑ᅨɭປᥒɌɩ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩɴ‫ݜ‬ᇻˁᒞȼ႑ᅨɫɻ⏋ᣂ྇ɹՕ॒ȵᅵɲʳɌ␩Casimir 1992␭⏋ʚɛᰲషʦᔋషˁɭȲɌɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭɹᐄʃɦȷȵው֪ɴ৯ᯱˁ
‫ؖ‬ʖɐɭɇʶʳ␩ᵭᩃ 1978; Nusser and Clemens 1996; Brower 1991: 117-145␭⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳϺʃɭɹው֪ʦᣂ྇գᅎɴᬠɐʳ᠎Ᏻɲ‫ݬ‬ٚȵࢹɲȦɛʠ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹࡸ੻ˁᓒૅɌɲȵʰɰɹʭȩɴఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬కፑˁᦽʠʳɹȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗȩȦɤɛకፑȵϺʃɭɹᅊ༎ɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɐɹȴȵ౩ʰȴɫɻɲȦ⏏
ГΫɹʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍઝᡫˁᤑʚȭɲȵʰ⏋ೣᠶɫɻ⏋μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞⏃᱗ൔᩁ୎⏆ላɴȲȿʳ 2 ɦɹ̜̍̾̒౏೴ᘺɹϟёɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩɴ‫ݜ‬ᇻˁᒞȼ႑ᅨɹȦȼɦȴɹ০઴ˁ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᡉ০઴ˁᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ɹ៎ဣȴʰՕഓɌ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹѝғȵγय़ʦ೴ᘺͤ̾͡ɫΥ෵ɫɻɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏Ʉɹс෌ɻ⏋Პ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɹࡸ੻ɴ‫׸‬Ɍɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ፬5) μ‫ܕ‬ɹ᝔క‫׬‬еɴɦȦɩ⏋Υᖔɴȋህ⏃ᕶ໠‫⏆ך‬ȍŷȋिȍŷȋላȍŷȋ⏃‫⏆ך‬ȍŷȋᨉȍŷȋ᝔క೴ȍŷȋࢸᏼ
⏃ᕶး೴⏆
ȍɭɲʳ⏏
6) ႑ᅨˁȲɄɲȩϺʃɭɴɭɤɩɹᣂ྇ɭɻ⏋Ȳʢɴࢃᅨɹᰲషɭɲʳඨ႒ɭɗʶʰȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ୭ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ອ‫ݭ‬ʦ࣬‫ݾ‬ȵȡʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɲɰʢ‫˃ي‬ɫȦʳ⏏႑ᅨȵȲɄɲʼʶʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ϗၥʦ࢑ԳɭȦɤɛ೼Иɴʭɤɩ‫ܩܤ‬ᅊᅋਸȵжȼ⏋ອ‫ݭ‬ɲɰʢᭉʰʶʳɛʠ⏋ው֪ɴʭɤɩɄʶʰɹᣂ྇ˁተѳɐʳ‫ۊ‬ʛȵȲɄɲʼ
ʶɩȷɛ⏏

23

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ჿը঎ˁተጓɐʳɛʠɹᡴᠶɭɲʳɄɭˁᇿ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏
1.2̙ઃඏѝмуѽ໸ႂ࿵৻њႌᇨѠცฦ˽̘̺̒ʦ˵̫Ͳ̠ɲɰɫȲɄɲʼʶʳࢭ෌ᇕɲ႑ᅨɭ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩɴ‫ݜ‬ᇻˁᒞȼ႑ᅨɴ
Ȳȿʳࢃᅨɹው֪෵িˁປᥒɐʳɭ⏋ɗɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋Ȳʢɴው֪ɹٞॷᇕɲៀհਸ␩Casimir
1992␭ɭᦅᓚɭɹᐄʃɦȷ␩ᵭᩃ 1978; Brower 1991: 117-145; Nusser and Clemens 1996␭ɴȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏
˽̘̺̒ʦ˵̫Ͳ̠ɲɰɹᅊ઴ᏙɫɻᭇອᩄȵෑʠɩࢹɲȦȩȭɴॷ޴֪ȵ࿠Ɍȼ⏋ອ྇ɴਝɍɩඨ႒ɻҥ‫ܧ‬ɐʳӃ‫ك‬ȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹՕ॒ʦеᒞʢॷɅɭɴᅵɲʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴ
ఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɴɭʢɲȩࢃᅨɹው֪ʢঃ፴ܑɴȲʭʃ⏋͡ͻ̜ʢ‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕɫɻɲȦ⏏Υ౅ɫ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴ᏙɴȲȿʳᭇອᩄɹॷɅɭɹ޴֪ɻປᥒᇕࢸɇȼ⏋ඨ႒ɹՕ॒ʢ࡫ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ࢃᅨɹው֪ɻฌᲞेɴʭʳᄩ‫ޅ‬೼Иɹ᧓Ȧɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩȲʱ⏋ው֪͡ͻ̜ɻٞॷɫɹៀհਸˁ೑ɌɩȦʳ
␩Casimir 1992␭⏏
࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩɹ႕ਐɻ⏋ฌᲞɴɭʢɲȩᘿɌȦᄩ‫ޅ‬Ӄ঎ɴȡʱ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᦅ෌ᐁཕɻ
ᅵɲʳᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁው֪ɴʭɤɩᐄʉɄɭɫᐣ୫ɇʶɩȷɛ␩Rhodes and Thompson 1975␭⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴฌᲞेɴʭɤɩᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳዷᬚȵᦏஞɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹȡȦɞɹᐄʃɦ
ȷȵࢅ౫ɴଁጓɐʳ⏏࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴ᏙɴȲȿʳᦅ෌ɻ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ཌྷ‫ᦅغ‬෌ (mixed mountain agriculture)ɭᝠჼɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɭɹភ‫غ‬০઴ȵɗɹ‫ݜ‬ೣ০ˁଁɌɩȲʱ␩Rhodes andThompson 1975; Uhlig 1995␭⏋ࢃᅨɹው֪෵িʢᦅᅋ႒ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲʦᓚ‫ܩ‬ʍɹేᔋɲɰɭɹᬠᦹ
ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩໆࡴɇʶɩȷɛ⏃␩ᵭᩃ 1978; Brower 1991: 117-145; Nusser and Clemens 1996␭ɲ
ɰ⏆⏏
ɛɭȭɽ⏋̦̮ͻ͡͹˪Ͳ̸‫౅ܩ‬ɹ˹˙̮͡౏ɻ␩ᵭᩃ 1978␭⏋ฌᲞ 3,500 ͍ͻ̜͡Њᦏɹࡴз೴ᘺˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɌɲȵʰ⏋ɄʶʭʱʢฌᲞȵᲞȦధˡଘɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏
౳ȴʰ޷ɴȴȿɩࢃᅨᒴɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴ 1ˡ೐ɑɦྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȵʰຩཧɹΫ౥ɴਝɍʳʭȩɴฌᲞɹᲞȦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ʍɭ‫ك‬ȴȦ⏋኿ɴɻԗʃࡴз೴ᘺʍɭଖʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ԫɴɲʳɭ⏋Ё঎ɻฌᲞɹᲞȦᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴేᔋˁȲɄɲȩɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴᙢȭʰʶɩȦʳϗᗳˁᰲషɭɌɩգ
ᅎɐʳɛʠɴԗʃ࣢ʍɭΫɤɩȦȼ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳࢃᅨɹው֪ɻ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹՕ॒⏋Ȳʭʃ࡚፲ɴਝɍɛɗʶʰɹգᅎɴʭɤɩໆࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ɌȴɌɲȵʰ Brower [1991: 117-145] ɻ⏋ᵭᩃ [1978] ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ݖܩ‬ɫᠭീˁȲɄɲȦ⏋ᵭᩃɭᰖаɌɛࢃᅨው֪ɹ෵িˁԎ݀ϟёɭɌɩ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɲȵʰʢ⏋ʭʱ᠎Ᏻɴʛɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻγय़ɅɭɴɇʚɊʚɲው֪෵িȵʛʰʶʳɄɭˁᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏
ው֪෵িɴȲȿʳ޽෵ਸɻ⏋ፆᓔȵᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫʢተ᠗ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ԫ࡚ɴࢃᅨȵఔ႑ɇʶʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɻ೴ᘺɴʭɤɩᅵɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ࢃᅨȵԫ࡚Хᬘμɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ʢ‫ي‬ʠɛ೴ᘺٞᦇɫఔ႑ɇʶɩȦʳ೴ᘺʦ⏋೴ᘺʦᓚ‫ܩ‬ȴʰధ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ᮐʶɛ‫ܩ‬24࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬‫ݖ‬ɫఔ႑ɇʶɩȦʳ೴ᘺʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ȵȡʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴɻਃϟɓɑɴ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɫ౗ॠʱఔ႑ˁȲɄɲȩγय़ʢȡʳ⏏࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳው֪႑ᅨɹӴ᝔቉ድɫɻ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ʦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹՕ॒⏋ɗʶʰɹȡȦɞɴʛʰʶʳϺʦࢃᅨɹᲞ঎ेգᅎ
ɴɦȦɩ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲԎ݀ϟёˁ٘ኍɌɩȷɛȵ⏋೴ᘺʦγय़‫׬‬еɫɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎˁʠȽʳेᅵˁ7)‫ي‬ʠɛჿៗȵ‫מ‬ՕɴȲɄɲʼʶɩȷɛ៱ɫɻɲȦ⏏

ɗʢɗʢఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴւʱয়ɩʳకፑɹςឹɲઝᒶɻ⏋‫ع‬γय़ɹ֗֐ɴʭɤɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹᅊᅋ֐ˁᲞʠɩέ᣸Ɍȵɠɲᰲషˁជȩɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ࢃᅨᰄధˁɗɹᅊᅋ֐ɹ፴ܑԒɴଵըɐ
8)ʳɄɭɫ᧌ఔ႑ˁ‫᧫܌‬ɐʳɄɭɴȡʳ␩ᦖૌिᦅ႑࣌ 1999␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬ȵᅊᅋਸɹ‫ك‬Ϋʦ᧌ఔ႑ɹ‫᧫܌‬ɴᑦȵʳȴɰȩȴɻ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎ౅໬ɴʛʰʶʳγय़ᬚɹेᅵȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲЇᏼʛɫᅊɍɩȦʳɹȴˁჿៗɌɛȩȭɫද២ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
ೣᠶɫɻ⏋γय़‫׬‬еɫɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩʦࢃᅨᰲ᰸ᰄధ⏋сЊȿʦᰲ᰸০઴ɴᬠɐʳᣂషɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɭఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎ০઴ɹȡȦɞɴʛʰʶʳሂϣᬠѥɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɐʳ⏏Ʉʶˁᦲɍɩ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹѝғȵγय़ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳ෵ࡎˁኍɐɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗȩȦɤɛ޽෵ɲఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɴɻᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ɭȦȩែ៓ȵ೑֟ɫȡʳɄɭˁ٘ኍɐʳ⏏
Гά⏋ፀ 2 ፲ɫɻ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɭᠭീ೴ɹෙ៎ˁᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏ɦɧȼፀ 3 ፲ɫɻ⏋2 ɦɹ೴ᘺɴȲȿʳᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɴᬠɐʳγय़ϟёˁኍɐ⏏ፀ 4 ፲ɫɻ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎɴᬠɐʳ೴ᘺ⏋γय़ᬚɫɹेᅵɴɦȦɩ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɭȦȩែဣȴʰᠶɍʳ⏏ፀ 5፲ɫɻ⏋ೣᠶɫ٘ኍɌɛՕഓɹែဣɭఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹՕᨗకፑɭɹᬠѥˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋ೣᠶɻ
2000-04 ॷɴȴȿɩȲɄɲɤɛჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩȦʳ⏏

2̝ිਬඏ‫ڮ‬Ѡ‫ޕ‬ᅃ
2.1̙ҧӓӣҠӚәय़Ѡ‫ࢱޕ‬њ໸ࣂౕ੨Ѡဣܿ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɻ⏋ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋̜̍̾̒‫ݖܩ‬Ԓɹ‫ך‬Օ9)ɫɻˡ͌‫౅ܩ‬ɹ‫׫‬ആᨆɴеᒞɐʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏆⏏ላɹആᨆˁᬏຽʦᶅໜ⏋͍˱Ͳाɲɰɹ߂ໜाȵᮃ༑ɐʳดు࣢ᔭɭஞɌɩȲʱ⏋߂ȷɲᲞжेˁʢɦ‫ܩ‬০ȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ላɹ‫׫‬ᑉᨆɴɻᬏຽɴʭɤɩխ

7) ው֪႑ᅨɴᬠɐʳ቉ድɫɻ⏋Υᖔᇕɴ‫׬ݖܩ‬еɫɹው֪෵িȵՕഓɹࢪᢒɫȡʱ⏋γय़‫׬‬еɫɹՕഓɻ‫מ‬ՕɴȲɄɲʼʶɩɄɲȴɤɛᯆʢȡʳ␩Coppolillo 2000␭⏏ɄɹӃ‫ك‬ɻ࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳው֪႑ᅨɹ቉ድɴɦȦɩʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ␩຾ᅒ͹ࢸᩃ 2004␭⏏
8) ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁՕᨗɐʳɄɭɹմரɭɲɤɩȦʳɹɻ⏋˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላȵࣚɐʳ̚ˑ̍Ͳ⏃ᦖૌ⏆̜̍̾̒౏ᕶ໠ि
ԃкȵ᧌ఔ႑ɹႥ઴ɫȡʱ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɻ֔‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ɫȡʳ␩ᦖૌिᦅ႑࣌ 1999␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉʶ
ȵɰɹዐ঎ɹ๭ተਸˁʢɦᣂషɫȡʳɹȴɻៗʰɲȦ⏏
9) ̜̍̾̒‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ຩҌ͹ᰟ‫ܤ‬ɴʭɤɩីᨆᧉ႑‫ܩ‬य़ɹˡ͠⏋μ߈ᨆ͞˵‫౅ܩ‬ɹ˗⏋‫׫‬ᨆዤ҄‫ܩ‬य़ɹ̓ˎͲ⏋‫׌‬ആᨆᧉ႑‫ܩ‬य़ɹˏ̝͌⏋ആᨆᧉ႑‫ܩ‬य़ɹˡ͌ɭȦȩ‫౅ܩ‬ɴՕȿʰʶʳ␩൉ᅒ 1987␭
⏏

25

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ద 1̙ҧӓӣҠӚәय़Ѡ‫ڒ‬ඖ໶⏆ ⏧μ‫ܕܕ‬Ԓɹ̜̍̾̒‫ݖܩ‬ǵ ⏧ህᨊ⏋ʢɌȼɻᕶ໠‫ך‬ɹμਕᨊ॑ǵ ⏧‫ޅܕ‬ǵՏଘ⏧ᶩ␩1997: 6-16␭ˁؒᓒɴсଁ⏏

⏧ህ‫ޅ‬ʚʶʳฌᲞ 2,000-2,500 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹ߂ៀฐɲཙᢆȵ⏋‫׌‬ᨆɴɻᬏຽఌ༑ɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ
Ᏻʦȴɲᢆȵʛʰʶ⏋μ߈ᨆɻປᥒᇕॶܹɲᇮ‫ܩ‬ȵ‫ש‬ᣴɌɩȦʳ␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997:
74-82␭⏏
μ߈ᨆɹᇮ‫ܩ‬ȴʰ‫׌‬ᨆɹཙᢆɴȴȿɩɹฌᲞ 3,000 ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻςɴ̜̍̾̒
౏ȵᅊ༎ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ‫׌‬ᑅ 27-28 ঎ɴеᒞɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ฌᲞȵᲞȦɛʠɴ޷࡚ɫȡɤɩʢॶ‫ܯ‬ຩཧȵ 15 ঎ˁΫ‫܌‬ʳɄɭɻࢹɲȦ⏏1 ॷɻᭇອᩄɴʭɤɩ 6-10 ೐ɹᮒ࡚ɭ 11-5 ೐ɹϗ࡚ɭɴՕȿʰʶ⏋ॷᬚᭇອᩄɻ 600 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ዐ঎ɫȡʳ⏏̜̍̾̒౏ɹ೴ᘺɴȲȿ10)ʳᅊ෌ɻ⏋ˠˠ͌˧⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ˡ̸ɲɰɹᦅᓚˁςɭɌɲȵʰ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨ⏋ ̸̊⏋̯̓˻ɲɰɹࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɴʭɤɩఌȭʰʶɩȷɛ␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997: 456-526␭⏏ᦅᓚɭ̸̊ᰲ᰸ɻࡴз೴ᘺɴȲȦɩȲɄɲʼʶʳȵ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɻ⏋౳ȴʰ޷ɴȴȿɩɻ೴ᘺʭ

10) ೣᠶɫᦚʏʳ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɭɻ⏋˗˹ (Bos taurus)⏋͓˪ (Bos grunniens)⏋ȲʭʃɄʶʰ 2 ዛɹዛᬚᮊዛˁ୭ɐ⏏
ȋ͓˪̃˗˹ᮊዛȍᮊዛፀ 1 БɻȋF1ȍ(first filial generation) ɭᅭɌ⏋Гά⏋ᮊዛፀ 2 БГᭇɻ F2, F3Ŕ ɭɐʳ⏏
ɭᝠ៨Ɍɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻɄʶʰᮊዛԃкɹɄɭˁ୭Ɍ⏋ʚɛ⏋ȋ˗˹ȍɭɹʛᝠ៨Ɍɛ‫غݭ‬ɻ႕ɴ Bos taurus ɹʛˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏

26࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ʱʢฌᲞȵᲞȦ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɛው֪႑ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏
μ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȿʳᦅ෌ᅊᅋкըɹ޴‫׋‬ɹෙឹɻГάɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ␩ᦖૌᚴ౏ᕶ໠िᦅ႑࣌
1999: 135-169; μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997: 456-526; μᅗላᅨ႑࣌ 1995: 154-171␭⏏1949 ॷɴృμ‫ܕ‬ȵଁጓɌɩГഀ⏋ᅊᅋɹᮃ܎‫׋‬ȵᦽ᝔Ɍ⏋ϣ֖ᏼ⏋‫غ‬с኏ˁᐁɩϺ຦ԇ኏ɴʭʳᮃ܎ᅊᅋкըɴው᝔Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋1970 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰᅊᅋ᢮КըȵࢷԂɇʶɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɻ਀ǾɴៗкɇʶɩȦɤɛ␩࣢ೣ 1999: 3-26␭⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫɻ⏋1979 ॷɴᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂȵᬖࠃɇʶ⏋1982 ॷɴɻԃ‫ݖܩ‬ɫࡸేɴውɇʶɛ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ȵଘ೑͹ьᅎɌɩȦɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɻଘ೑ณɭьᅎณȵՕȿʰʶ⏋ଘ೑ณɻ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᅊᅋ᭢11)ȵ೑Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ьᅎณȵ‫ع‬γय़ɴՕᨗɇʶɛ⏏γय़ȵᐁ‫ۊ‬ˁᠱȿᢦȩᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᯆዩɻ‫ܩܤ‬ɹᅊᅋਸɭγय़Ϻధɴਝɍɩໆࡴɇʶɛ⏏
ࢃᅨɴࢪɐʳᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂɻ⏋1979-82 ॷɴȴȿɩࡸ᝔ɇʶɛ⏏1983 ॷʚɫɴɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹࢃᅨዛȵয়ಁɹѝൔɹ 85-95 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɹѝൔɫγय़‫ڊ‬ధɴਝɍɩ‫ع‬γय़ɴଡȦάɁʰʶ⏋ɄʶГᭇɴɻγय़ᬚɫɹᰲ᰸ᰄధɹᠭ఩ɻȲɄɲʼʶɑ⏋҅Ǿɹγय़ȵᰲ᰸ៀฐʦࢃᅨ
ዛɹ᧧ିˁȲɄɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋᧌ఔ႑ɲɰɹႥ໥ˁ؅‫܍‬ɭɌɩ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫʢఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹኽ೑‫׋‬ȵද២ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ␩ᦖૌिᦅ႑࣌ 1999␭⏋1999 ॷɴɻʚɑԫ࡚ɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴւʱয়ɩʳɄɭȵ៟ᅙɇʶɩȦɛ␩Wu and Richard 1999␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴՕᨗɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɑ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɻᅊᅋ᭢ɹଘ೑ɭɌɩ⏋ᅊ12)ᅋ᭢ɴࣚɐʳγय़ȵԊᅎɐʳɭȦȩ০઴ɫჼ‫ܧ‬ɴᕸɤɩȦʳ⏏
2.2̙ිਬഞѝмуѽ౞ࣂѠ‫ޕ‬ᅶᠭീɻ⏋ላ‫׌‬ᨆɹฌᲞ 3,100 ͍ͻ̜͡ɴеᒞɐʳ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ⏃ᒾΫ⏆᝔క೴ɭ⏋ላμ߈ᨆɹฌᲞ 3,300 ͍ͻ̜͡ɴеᒞɐʳ́Ͳͅ⏃Ꮮܶ⏆᝔క೴ɴȲȦɩȲɄɲɤɛ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ᝔క೴ɫɻ 3 ɦɹᕶး೴⏋˗Ͳ̘˕˓⏃ᒾ‫ݡ‬З⏆⏋̴ͻ˻ͻ⏃ປ᝟З⏆⏋̓˙ͻ˳Ͳ⏃௷ࣩЗ⏆ɴଘࣚɐʳ 39 γय़⏋́Ͳͅ᝔క೴ɫɻ⏋̀͌˪⏃ዄທᢆ⏆⏋˹ͻ͓⏃‫ص‬ႋ⏆⏋˫̨ͻ⏃ᐌ
ᡋ⏆ɹ 3 ɦɹᕶး೴ɴଘࣚɐʳ 47 γय़ɴɦȦɩ̚ͻ̊ˁ‫ؚ‬ᮃɌɛ⏏ɗʶəʶ 3 ɦɹᕶး೴ɹ
ʚɭʚʱɻ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ಁБɹ೎ࢸᅊᅋ‫׬‬еɫȡʳȋᅊᅋ᭢ȍˁ০ଁɌɩȦɛ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂɻᅊᅋ᭢‫׬‬еɫȲɄɲʼʶ⏋য়ಁɹႥ໥ɻჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᦅᓚ⏋႑ᅨɹȡʱ౅ɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȲʱ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ɦɹᕶး೴ɻɗʶəʶ 1 ɦɹఔ႑፴ܑˁԊᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠶɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᅊᅋ᭢ˁ 1 ɦɹʚɭʚʱɭɌɩປᥒˁ᠅ʛʳ⏏

11) Ϻ຦ԇ኏ಁБɴȲȿʳ೎ࢸɹᅊᅋ‫׬‬еɻȋᅊᅋ᭢ȍɭ٧ɽʶɩȦɛȵ⏋1984 ॷГᭇɴȋᦅ෌ᅊᅋ‫غ‬с኏ȍʍɭఒ‫ؿ‬ɇʶɛ␩ᦖૌᚴ౏ᕶ໠िᦅ႑࣌ 1999: 159␭⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɴȲȿʳᅊᅋ᭢ɻ⏋2⑯4 ዐ঎ɹᕶး೴⏃ࢸᏼ⏆ȴʰɲɤɩȲʱ⏋30⑯50 γय़ʓɰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲʚɭʚʱɫȡʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏
12) 1999 ॷɴȲȿʳԫ࡚ɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹւয়ɩ៟ᅙȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲϟ੻ȴʰࡸ᝔ɇʶɩȦɲȦɹȴ౩ʰȴɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳϺʃɭʦ᝔క೴ɹ৲ϺɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹւয়ɩ៟ᅙɻٞሾɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏

27

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ‫ܩ‬০ɻȋᲞ࢑࣢‫ך‬ȍɭᝠჼɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ᮃᘺɻ‫׌׫‬ɴ༑ʶʳໜाɹᢆɴ
໤ɤɩᏳᬏȼՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬2⏆⏏́Ͳͅ೴ɹ‫ܩ‬০ɻȋᲞ࢑壩‫࣢⏃ך‬ᬚᇮ‫⏆ܩ‬ȍɭᝠჼɇʶ⏋ᮃᘺɻᇮ‫ܩ‬μ߈ᨆˁ᢭༑ɐʳໜाɹθүɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬3⏆␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997:120␭⏏ɄȩȦɤɛ‫ܩ‬০ᇕɲឹ‫܍‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɹγय़ȡɛʱɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ʭʱʢ೑ઝɴ߂ȷȼ (Median test, p⏫0.01)⏋Ј౅⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹᰲ᰸ᰄధɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ13)೴ɹ౅ȵ́Ͳͅ೴ʭʱʢ޽ȦӃ‫ك‬ȵȡʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏

ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻΥᖔᇕɴࡴз೴ᘺɹܑٞɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋ฌᲞȵ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳᰧʃ‫ܩ‬ᇕɲᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ςឹɲс႒ɻ⏋ˠˠ͌˧⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ˡ̸ɫȡʱ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻɄʶɴ‫ڃڧ‬с႒ɭɌɩˏ̸̠͞ȵ֓ʼʳ⏏ᠭീ೴ɴȲȿʳᅊ෌ಪˁ‫ ܒ‬4 ɴኍɌɛ⏏
сЊȿɻΥॷΥсȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳȵ⏋ປᥒᇕཧಣɲ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻˠˠ͌˧Ņˡ̸ɹϠພсȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ˠˠ͌˧ɻ 1⑯2 ೐ɴ௢ዛɇʶ⏋՗Ԃʶɻ 8⑯9 ೐ɴȲɄɲʼʶʳ⏏‫࡝׋‬ᔋషʦᦅᚫɹьᅎɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ˠˠ͌˧ɻςᰩɭɇʶʳʓȴ⏋ࢃᅨɹᰲషɭɌɩʢ
ᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏˻͑ˤ˓͐ɹඨЊȿɻ 3 ೐ɴȲɄɲʼʶ⏋5 ೐ɹμᓚˁᐁɩ⏋10 ೐ɴɻ‫ؚ‬ዲɇʶʳ⏏˻͑ˤ˓͐ɻ˱͍ɭɹϯழɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋ᰲషɭɇʶʳɄɭɻࢹɲȦ⏏ˡ̸ద 2̙ҖҙӣҧӓӣഞѠඏङదద 3̙ӋӣӍഞѠඏङద⏧ᠭീ೴⏋‫׌‬ȴʰ̀͌˪⏋˹ͻ͓⏋˫̨ͻǵ⏧ɗɹЈɹᕶး೴ǵ⏧ॻᐻ᧑ᤉǵ ⏧ፈᲞᐻ⏃100 m⏆ǵ ⏧ໜा⏧ᠭീ೴⏋‫׌‬ȴʰ˗Ͳ̘˕˓⏋̴ͻ˻ͻ⏋̓˙ͻ˳Ͳǵ ⏧ɗɹЈɹᕶး೴⏧ॻᐻ᧑ᤉǵ ⏧ፈᲞᐻ⏃100 m⏆ǵ⏧ໜा13) 1990 ॷɴȲȿʳγय़Ʌɭɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɭ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹᰲ᰸ᰄధɻ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ȵଘࣚɐʳ˫ͻ˸Ͳ⏃ൔຓ⏆
ᨉɫɻ 71 ˏͻ͡⏋11.8 ᰄ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ȵଘࣚɐʳ̋ͻ˻͚Ͳ̚ˑ˛Ͳ⏃߂μᅗ⏆ᨉɫɻ 132 ˏͻ͡⏋12.8 ᰄɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997: 57-59␭⏏

28࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ྱ 1̙ිਬഞѝмуѽ໸ৠњႂගѠ‫ޕ‬ᅃγय़ధ⏃କ⏆
ǵȩɠው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ǵϺ‫⏃ؤ‬Ϻ⏆˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴
39
18
217 (5.6)

́Ͳͅ೴
47
23
283 (6.0)ᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩ⏃ˏͻ͡⏆ǵˠˠ͌˧ǵ˻͑ˤ˓͐
ǵˡ̸
ǵˏ̸̠͞
ǵɗɹЈ

1,931 (49.5)
1,403 (36.0)
451 (11.6)
650 (16.7)
40 (1.0)37 (0.9)

6,729 (143.2)
3,915 (83.3)
1,225 (26.1)
1,021 (21.7)
568 (12.1)0̸̊⏃ᰄ⏆˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨ⏃ᰄ⏆ǵ͓˪F1

317 (8.1)
621 (15.9)
329 (8.4)

320 (6.8)
602 (12.8)
151 (3.2)

154 (3.9)
138 (3.5)250 (5.3)
201 (4.3)ǵ˗˹໶⏆˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻˠˠ͌˧ŷˡ̸ɹϠພсȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ୠ্Ԓɻγय़ॶ‫ܯ‬ғˁኍɐ⏏
Տଘ⏧ፆᓔȵჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴʭʱсଁ⏃2003 ॷ⏆⏏

1ద 4̙ිਬഞѝмуѽ౞ࣂᆻՏଘ⏧ፆᓔȵჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴʭʱсଁ⏏

ɻ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ 5 ೐ɴ௢ዛȵȲɄɲʼʶ⏋10 ೐ɴɻ‫ؚ‬ዲɇʶʳ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ‫⏋غݭ‬
8 ೐᯴ɴˠˠ͌˧ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɹᅣɴ௢ዛɇʶ⏋10 ೐μ౜ɴ‫ؚ‬ዲɇʶʳ⏏‫ؚ‬ዲɌɛˡ̸ɻϗၥɇɓɩȴʰʓɭ˃ɰȵࢃᅨɹᰲషɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ⏋‫ڃڧ‬с႒ɭɌɩˏ̸̠͞ȵ29ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬

14)Υᖔᇕɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɴȲȿʳˠˠ͌˧̆ˡ̸ɹϠພсˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋ຘॷ‫ؾ‬ɍᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫ‫ؾ‬ɍс႒ˁсʳɄɭȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳ⏏
́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭɻաɴ⏋γय़Ʌɭɴ 6-30 ˏͻ͡ɹᗳ‫ܩ‬ˁଘ೑ɌɩȦʳ‫غݭ‬ʢʛʰʶʳ⏏
ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɴɻྂ‫ܩ‬ɲɰɹᓚсέ᧟‫ܩ‬ȵգᅎɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ࢃᅨȵԂʰɲȦʭȩɴിɫܑ˃ɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋႑ᗳൕ‫ݛ‬ȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋˓̦ዀɹᮊᗳˁϗᗳɴɌɩ⏋ԫ࡚ᰲషɭɐ
ʳዐ঎ɫȡʳ⏏ᗳ‫ܩ‬ˁʢɛɲȦγय़ɻ⏋‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɹᅣʦ೴Ԓɹዷȷ‫⏋ܩ‬ᅣɹܑٞɲɰˁ஛ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻॶܹ‫ܩ‬ȵෑʠɩࢹɲȦɛʠ⏋γय़ȵᗳ‫ܩ‬ˁ೑ɌɩȦʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ዷȷ‫ܩ‬ʦᅣɹܑٞˁգᅎɐʳ⏏
ࢃᅨˁᰲ᰸ɐʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɻ⏋೴ᘺٞᦇɭ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ 2 ɦɴ߂աɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏˗˹ɻ⏋೴ᘺٞᦇɫᰲ᰸ɐʳɄɭȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳȵ⏋͓˪ɻಢɇɴ৑Ȧɛʠ޷࡚ɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɛው֪႑ᅨɹ০઴ɫᰲ᰸ɐʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏ɄȩɌɛው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ
15)18 γय़⏋
́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ 23 γय़ɫȡʳ⏏F1 ɻ೴ᘺ⏋࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹɰɠʰɫʢᰲ᰸ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʱ⏋፬ჿ০઴ɴᜨᦲɹգȼࢃᅨዛɫȡʳ⏏
೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨɻ⏋౗μ⏋೴ᘺɭɗɹٞᦇɹྂ‫ܩ‬ʦӃహ‫ܩ‬ɫᕶᅓɴ஛ᰩɐʳ⏏сೝɴɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹܑٞɻೠនɹിɴʭɤɩܑʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ԫ࡚ɴɻɄɹിˁ‫؜‬ʱଡȦ⏋՗ʱᤄఔ႑
ˁȲɄɲȩ⏏ࢃᅨɻ޹౅ɴɻࢃᅨࢸ࣒ɴ‫ࢅؚ‬ɇʶ⏋ᵺʼʰʦˡ̸⏋ᮊᗳɲɰɹᰲషȵᐌήɇʶྱ 2̙Җҧ٧‫݊݌‬ගଝѠຝළњᄽ๏
ࢃᅨዛ

႕ǵਐ
ᅎǵ᦭
Პ࣢ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ᧟ਝɌɛ০઴ᇕ႕ਐˁ
ǰ⏧˗ͻ͡ɹ஛‫⏋؜‬ዛᅨ⏋ᰩᔀʢɠ⏋ᓘ࢑ਸʢᲞȦ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ಢ
͓˪⏃Bos grunniens⏆ɇɴ৑ȼ⏋޷࡚ɻฌᲞɹᲞȦ࣢ᬚǮ⏧˗ͻ͡ɹ஛‫⏋؜‬ᑢຂ⏋ϖᅊᅋ⏋ᰩᔀఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫᰲ᰸ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
ᮁɻкȵ߂ȷȼ⏋ᮇɻ໪ϖᩄȵ޽ǰ⏧ႚᓚʦ᧊ெɲɰɹ৲ᅎ
Ȧ⏏ᮇᮁɭʢɴӦኼɫȡʳȵ⏋ᮁ1F⏃͓˪̃˗˹ᮊዛፀ
Б⏆1ɴɻᑢຂᔨ֐ȵɲȼ⏋ᮇȵᅊʞІǮ⏧ᑢຂ⏋ϖᅊᅋ⏃͓˪ʦ˗˹ʭʱӦʶʳ⏆ɻ͓˪⏋˗˹ʭʱʢ֔ʳ⏏
ປᥒᇕಢɇɴ৔ȼ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌ ǰ⏧ዛᅨ⏃F1 ɹၼ៊⏆ɭɌɩɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ɩ೴ᘺɫɹᰲ᰸ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɛέឹɲʢɹɻॾᅨಁɴࣛຏɇʶʳ˗˹⏃Bos taurus⏆ɞɌ⏋ᓘ࢑ਸȵжȼ⏋࣢Ϋɹఔ႑Ǯ⏧ᑢຂɭϖᅊᅋ⏋؊ᔋᅊᅋ‫ܩ‬ɫɻᰲ᰸ȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɫȡʳ⏏
Տଘ⏧࣢‫[ ؤ‬2003] ˁؒᓒɴсଁ⏏

14) ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ⏋౗ೣ‫ك‬ȿɹ͇̓̊˭஛ᮃȵᇵ˃ɲɛʠ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ‫ڃڧ‬с႒ɭɌɩɹˏ̸̠͞ൕ‫ݛ‬ɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏
15) ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɴɻ⏋ᕶࢃȵଘ೑ɐʳࢃᅨɹው֪႑ᅨˁᝐᑉγय़ɴࠇ៧ɌɩȦʳγय़ȵ 4 γय़ʛʰʶɛ⏏ೣᠶɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹγय़ʢው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɭʛɲɌɩᓒ࢘ˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

30࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬

16)ʳ⏏࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋γय़Ʌɭɴఔ႑୞ဣ⏃࣢ࢸ࣒⏆ ˁμਕɭɌɩࢃᅨɹ౗ॠʱఔ႑
ˁȲɄɲȩ⏏Ԋᅎɹఔ႑፴ܑɴɻ⏋೴ᘺʭʱʢฌᲞȵᲞȦఔ႑୞ဣȵధ޽ȼဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏃‫ܒ‬
5⏆⏏ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳ 1⑯3 Ϻɹγय़‫ڊ‬ɻ⏋4⑯10 ೐ɹȡȦɞ⏋೴ᘺȴʰᮐʶɩᅊ༎Ɍ⏋࡚፲ɴਝɍɩȦȼɦȴɹఔ႑୞ဣˁ᥊Ǿɭው֪Ɍɲȵʰ⏋7⑯8 ೐ɴɻ೎ʢฌᲞɹᲞȦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋኿ɹᏺʼʱɴɻ೴ᘺʍɭάʱɩȼʳ⏏
˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫɻ͓˪⏋˗˹⏋͓˪̃˗˹ᮊዛɹ 3 ዛᰖɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨȵᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
͓˪̃˗˹ᮊዛɹᅊᅋɻȦɑʶɹዛᰖˁທ៊ɭɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳȵ⏋̜̍̾̒‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻᮇ͓˪Ìᮁ˗˹ɹᏼ‫غ‬ɓȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳ⏏ᮁ F1 ɴɻᑢຂᔨ֐ɻɲȦȵ⏋ᮇ F1 ɻІˁᅊʞɄɭ
ȵɫȷʳ⏏႕ɴ F1 ɻᅊ༎ɹɇʚɊʚɲ‫ݭ‬ᯆɴȲȦɩᩂឹɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȲʱ⏋Ʉɹ F1 ȴʰ༐ᅊɐʳɇʚɊʚɲᮊዛʢ‫ي‬ʠɩភᮊɲ຦ѯՕᰖȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ␩ࢸക 1987␭⏆⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹ຦ѯՕᰖȵȲɄɲʼʶɩ
Ȧʳȵ␩࣢‫ ؤ‬2003␭⏋ɄɄɫɻ຦ѯՕᰖɹ᠎ᏳɴɦȦɩɻʈʶɑ⏋ᮇᮁɹ͓˪⏋˗˹⏋F1 ɹ 617)ዛᰖɹ‫ך‬ՕˁᅎȦɩᠶᦚˁȲɄɲȩ⏏

Ʉʶʰɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɻዛᰖɴʭɤɩ႕ਐȵᅵɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ႕ਐɴਝɍɩᅊ༎ɹɇʚ
Ɋʚɲ‫ݭ‬ᯆɫᩂឹɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏ோϖᅎɹࢃᅨɭɌɩɻ F1 ȵӦኼɫȡʱ␩μద 5̙၎ႂཥ‫ڕ‬њ၎ႂࢎ฼࿾࿏Ѡ૆ᆭ͂Җҙӣҧӓӣഞ̓ɻໜा⏋ǵ ɻॻᐻ᧑ᤉ⏋ǵ ɻᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ 3 ᕶး೴⏋ǵ ɻɗɹЈɹᕶး೴ˁኍɐ⏏
ᇐȦቑᐻɻ 3 ᕶး೴ȵԊᅎɌɩȦʳఔ႑፴ܑˁኍɌ⏋ǵ ɻɗɹɲȴɴဣ‫ܧ‬ɐʳఔ႑୞ဣɹеᒞˁኍɐ⏏
Տଘ⏧ፆᓔȵჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴʭʱсଁ⏏

16) ࣢ࢸ࣒ɴᬠɌɩɻγय़ɹଘ೑ณȵʛʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹٞᦇɹᗳ‫ܩ‬ɴᬠɌɩɻɗʶəʶɹ 3 ɦɹᕶး೴ɴଘࣚɐʳγय़ȵԊ‫ؾ‬գᅎɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
17) ೣᠶɫɻ⏋ᮇ F1 ȴʰɹଖɌϯᨗɹ᦭Ϋɴȡʳ F2⏋F3 ɲɰɴɦȦɩɻ⏋৳ʰɹ፬ჿΫɹ‫ך‬Օɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋ၼ៊ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍዛᰖɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ᮇ F1 ɭᮁ͓˪ɭɹϯᨗɴʭɤɩᅊʚʶɛ҅кɻ͓˪ɭɌɩ៨ᦚɌɩȦʳ⏏

31ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ᅗላᅨ႑࣌ 1995: 64-80␭⏋ϖˁ֓ूɌɩ਄ʰʶʳ̫̊ͻʦ̍ͻ̀ɻ๕ȴɓɲȦᰩ‫ڃ‬ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʳɌ⏋႑ᅨȴʰ਄ʰʶʳჼᩆ‫ؚ‬ԂɹςឹɲᨆՕˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳ␩ල 1998: 184-206␭⏏ᰩᔀɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳɹɻ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɫɻ͓˪ɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋͓˪ɹᬏȦພɻ͇Ͳ̜ʦ
ͦͻ̺ɹនсɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏႙ᓚʦᣂೳ᧊ெɲɰɹ৲ᅨɭɌɩɻʢɤɿʰᮁ F1 ȵգᅎɇʶɩ
Ȧʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳɄɭɹ޽Ȧ˗˹ɻ⏋ᏎᅨɭɌɩɹ৲ւʢ߂ȷȦȵ⏋ᮁ˗˹ɻዛ
ᅨГ޺ɹᅎ᦭ȵɲȼ⏋ॾȦȩɠɴࣛຏɌɩɌʚȩɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏
ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨГ޺ɹᅋ෌ɭɌɩɻ⏋1990 ॷБɹ՟ʠɴɻക෌ȵςឹɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɭɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᬏຽɴȲȿʳ༇ອɹ؅‫܍‬ɭɌɩගകФ஛ȵ؏Ɍȼըᭉɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬‫ڧ‬෌ᇕɲФ஛ɻʓɭ˃ɰȲɄɲʼʶɩȦɲȦ⏏Бʼɤɩςឹɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɭɲɤɛɹɻ⏋ᥥՏᅎ͇̓̊˭ˁμਕɭɌɛ˥̨˱஛ᮃɫȡʳ⏏͇̓̊˭஛ᮃɻ 1995 ॷɅʸȴʰᇵ˃ɴɲʱ⏋ჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃɹ߂३ɲ‫֓ވ‬ˁʢɛʰɌɛ⏏͇̓̊˭஛ᮃɴʭʳჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃɻ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ޽ȼ
ɹγय़ɫ 1 ΨӯˁᣳȭɩȲʱ⏋Υ౅⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻγय़ȡɛʱ 2,000 ӯʓɰɫȡʳ⏏೴ᘺ޺ɫɹࣃ֝ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ࢹధɹᅖਸȵ᧊᥊ଝɭɌɩላμਕᨆɫӈȦɩȦʳȵ⏋߂ᨊ॑ʍɹՏዠȹ
ɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏

3̝໸ႂ࿵৻њ݊ගૄᅈѝࠖыѽొവ૆ᆭೣᠶɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɴʛʰʶʳ೴ᘺᬚ⏋γय़ᬚɫɹ޽෵ਸˁ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ȴʰՕഓɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩჿៗɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫɻʚɑ⏋೴ᘺɅɭɴγय़ˁው֪႑ᅨɴ
ਃϟɐʳγय़ɭਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɴՕȿ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏋ɗʶəʶɹ˫͡ͻ̺ɹԍкᇕɲγय़ɴȲȿʳ18)ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹ෵ࡎˁ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏

Ʀǵ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴⏧ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɹϟё̸́ͻࢃɻ 60 Бɹທ៊⏋ɗɹਖ਼ࡎ߅ࠨɭ 2 Ϻɹࡎњɹ 5 Ϻࢃ౏ɫȡʳ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂಁɴɻ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨˁଡȦάɁʰʶ⏋97 ॷʚɫው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɩȷɛ⏏ၼ៊ɭທ៊ȵ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍɩࢃᅨɹ፬ჿˁȲɄɲɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ၼ៊ȵ๷ؑɌɛɄɭˁลɴ͓˪ɲɰˁެ
‫׹‬Ɍ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ 16.7 ˏͻ͡ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫ⏋౳ɴˠˠ͌˧ 6.7 ˏͻ͡⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ 10.0 ˏͻ͡ˁсЊȿɌ⏋ˠˠ͌˧‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɹ 6.7 ˏͻ͡ɴɻˡ̸ˁ௢ዛɌɩȦʳ⏏
˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɻ⏋ᮁ F1 ˁ 2 ᰄ⏋ᮇ˗˹ˁ 4 ᰄᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏2002 ॷɴɻ 2 ᰄɹᮇ˗˹ȴʰɹோϖˁȲɄɲɤɩȲʱ⏋γय़ɫਖឹɭɐʳϖន‫ڃ‬ˁʓʖʚȴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹʓȴ⏋̸̊ 8ᰄˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏
˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹɲȴɫ⏋2 ᰄɹᮁ F1 ɻʓʖႚᓚɹɛʠɴᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏ಔຍɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬18) ԍкёɭɌɩ៨ᦚɌɛγय़ɻ⏋ፆᓔȵᩂဣᇕɴؒή៎࢘ʦᓬ‫؜‬ʱˁȲɄɲɤɛγय़ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩʦࢃᅨᰄధɴᬠɌɩɻɗɹ˫͡ͻ̺ɹॶ‫ܯ‬ғɭɻ᭧ɛʱȵʛʰʶʳ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏏

32࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ྱ 3̙‫ڢ‬ຊႂග҄ѳтѽొവҠӛ̴ӇࠔљѠ໸ৠњ݊ගૄᅈѝѱѻѾѽਫ‫ڡ‬γय़Ϻధ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ (n⏮39)ው֪႑ᅨɴਃ
ው֪႑ᅨɴਃ
ϟɌɲȦγय़
ϟɐʳγय़
(n⏮21)(n⏮18)
4.8 (0.9)**
6.5 (1.7)

́Ͳͅ೴ (n⏮47)
ው֪႑ᅨɴਃ
ው֪႑ᅨɴਃ
ϟɌɲȦγय़
ϟɐʳγय़
(n⏮24)(n⏮23)
5.4 (1.2)
6.7 (0.9)ᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩ⏃ˏͻ͡⏆ǵсЊȿᯆዩ⏃ˏͻ͡⏆
ˠˠ͌˧
˻͑ˤ˓͐
ˡ̸
ˏ̸̠͞
ɗɹЈ

43.7 (23.9)

56.4 (18.9)

112.1 (46.0)**

175.6 (42.5)

31.4 (19.2)
10.1 (5.4)
14.1 (7.2)**
1.4 (2.7)
0.8 (2.1)

41.4 (14.2)
13.3 (6.5)
19.6 (5.6)
0.6 (1.7)
1.1 (2.3)

59.1 (34.3)**
22.4 (9.2)*
19.9 (9.2)
10.8 (4.4)
0

108.6 (41.3)
29.9 (8.3)
23.7 (7.4)
13.5 (5.9)
0̸̊˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨᐵధ
ǵዛ෯ଁ⏃ᰄ⏆
ǰ͓˪
Ǯ͓˪
ǰF1
ǮF1
ǰ˗˹
Ǯ˗˹

8.3 (4.2)
4.4 (2.6)**

7.9 (2.6)
29.3 (16.0)

5.4 (3.2)
7.2 (2.7)**

8.3 (4.1)
18.7 (7.8)

00.0 (0.2)**
1.2 (0.8)
0.1 (0.5)**
0.1 (0.5)**
2.9 (2.0)

4.7 (3.3)
13.5 (11.3)
2.1 (0.8)
4.8 2.8)
1.0 (0.8)
3.2 (1.8)00
2.0 (0.5)
0.9 (1.3)**
1.1 (1.4)
3.3 (1.6)

1.8 (1.9)
4.7 (4.9)
2.2 (0.4)
5.7 (2.3)
1.2 (1.3)
3.0 (1.9)໶⏆˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻˠˠ͌˧ŷˡ̸ɹϠພсȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹధғɻ˫͡ͻ̺Ԓɫɹγय़ॶ‫ܯ‬ғ⏋ୠ্Ԓɹధғɻฌྈҥेˁኍɐ⏏೴ᘺԒɹው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɭਃϟɌɲȦγय़ᬚɫ⏋Median test ˁᅎȦɩॶ‫ܯ‬ғɹදࡴˁȲɄɲȦ⏋ధғᬚɴ೑ઝɲेȵʛʰʶɛ‫غݭ‬ˁ*ɫᝠɌɛ⏃**⏧P⏫0.01⏋*⏧P⏫0.05⏆⏏
Տଘ⏧ፆᓔȵჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴʭʱсଁ⏃2003 ॷ⏆⏏

ɴఔɌᰲȦɴɌɩȡʱ⏋1⑯2 ˡ೐ɴ 1 ঎ዐ঎⏋‫ݾ‬ˁήȭɴ᝔ȼГ޺ɻ፬ჿˁȲɄɲʼɲȦ⏏
ႚᓚɴգᅎɐʳ 1 ೐⏋7 ೐⏋10 ೐ɴ೴ᘺɴᦹʶɩഀʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏4 ᰄɹᮇ˗˹ɻ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ౗μɻ೴ᘺٞᦇɫఔ႑ɌɩȲʱ⏋޿ᬚɻࢃ࣒ 1 ᭥ɹࢃᅨᅎɹ˽̿ͻ˽ɴ‫ࢅؚ‬ɐʳ⏏౗ॠʱఔ႑ɹմ৿ɴɻᵺʼʰɲɰˁήȭʳ⏏ԫ࡚ɴɻ՗ʱᤄఔ႑ʢ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳȵ⏋ᵺʼʰɞȿɫɻᰲషȵέ᣸ɐʳɛʠ⏋9 ೐ɴɻ Poa spp. ʦ Artemisia spp. ɲɰɹᩃᗳˁ՗ʱᮃʠ⏋ࢃ࣒
3 ᭥ɴϗᗳɭɌɩѳࡔɌ⏋ԫ࡚ᰲషɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ⏏ࢭᅎɹ஛ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɻ೑ɌɩȲʰɑ⏋ᅣɹܑٞʦӃహ‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɐʳ⏏̸̊ʢʓʖ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ౗μɻ೴ᘺԒɫᕶᅓɴ஛ᰩɇɓ⏋޹౅ɴᦹʶଖɌ
ɩࢃ࣒ 1 ᭥ɹࢃᅨᅎ˽̿ͻ˽ɴ‫ࢅؚ‬ɐʳ⏏̸̊ɹᰲషɭɌɩɻ⏋ˡ̸ɴᩃᗳ⏃Rumex spp. ʦSambucus spp.⏆ˁ֓ȭɩ၊᠋ʠɛʢɹˁգᅎɐʳ⏏
‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɻգᅎɓɑ⏋؊ᔋɭ՗ʱᤄఔ႑ɴʭʳేᔋɫʚȴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ࢃᅨᅎ˽̿ͻ˽ɹ՗ʱఫȷɭɌɩᅎȦʳɹɻ Quercus spp. ɹഘᘽȵ೎᧟ɫȡʳɭɇʶʳȵ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴഌᘽɲɰʢգ
ᅎɇʶʳ⏏μ঑⏃10Ì10 ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ɭࢃ࣒ 1 ᭥ɹࢃᅨᅎ˽̿ͻ˽ɴɄʶˁᲞɇ 50 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ33

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬̜͡ʓɰఫȷ᠋ʠʳ⏏Ʉɹ՗ʱఫȷɭࢃᅨɹᏎ࣋ɭȵཌྷɊɤɩ؊ᔋɭɲʳ⏏؊ᔋɹெՏɻᦅϟಪɴ‫غ‬ʼɓɩ 7 ೐ɭ 11 ೐ɴȲɄɲʼʶʳ⏏
Ƨǵ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴⏧ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɹϟё̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɻ⏋50 Бɹ߅߿⏋ӒѣˁɌɩȦʳςϺɹ৉⏋ᬏߨ߅ࠨ⏋๖ߨɹ 6 Ϻࢃ౏ɫȡʳ⏏Ϻ຦ԇ኏ೝɴɻ͓˪ᨆᬐɴࣚɌɩው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɩȲʱ⏋য়ಁɻ 80 ᰄʓɰɹ͓˪ˁ̿
˓͖̍ͻ߅߿ɭςϺɹ৉ɹ 3 Ϻɫ፬ჿɌɩȦɛ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂГᭇɻԊᅎఔ႑፴ܑɹɲ
ȴɴఔ႑୞ဣɭɌɩ 9 ˡଘɹ࣢ࢸ࣒ˁଘ೑Ɍ⏋ɗʶʰˁգᅎɌɩው֪႑ᅨˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
72 ˏͻ͡ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹɲȴɫ⏋ˠˠ͌˧ɻ 52 ˏͻ͡⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ɻ 16.7 ˏͻ͡⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹
ɻ 3.3 ˏͻ͡ˁൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍ⏋ˠˠ͌˧‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɹ 16.7 ˏͻ͡ɴɻˡ̸ˁ௢ዛɐʳ⏏ˠˠ͌˧ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɴˡ̸ˁ௢ዛɌɲȴɤɛᨆՕɻ஛ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏
ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ᮁ͓˪ 3 ᰄ⏋ᮇ͓˪ 8 ᰄ⏋ᮁ F1 ˁ 2 ᰄ⏋ᮇ F1 ˁ 7 ᰄ⏋ᮁ˗˹ 1 ᰄ⏋ᮇ˗˹ 2 ᰄɹ‫غ‬៟ 23 ᰄɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɭ̸̊ 6 ᰄˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᮇ˗˹ 2 ᰄɭ̸̊ 6 ᰄɻ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸Ɍ
ɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʰɹԫ࡚ᰲషʦ؊ᔋᅊᅋɹ෵ࡎɻ̸́ͻࢃɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏ᮁ F1 2 ᰄɻႚᓚɹɛ
ʠɴᰲ᰸ɌɩȲʱ⏋ಔຍɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫఔɌᰲȦɴɌɩȦʳɄɭʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏ው֪႑ᅨɫ፬
ჿɹμਕɭɲʳɹɻᮇᮁɹ͓˪ɭᮇ F1 ɹ 18 ᰄɫȡʱ⏋ᮁ˗˹ 1 ᰄɻዛЊȿɹɛʠɴ೴ᘺɭ
࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ࡚፲ᇕɴ৵਋ɐʳ⏏
‫ ܒ‬6 ɹƦɻ⏋̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɹው֪႑ᅨɹࢃᅨᒴ 18 ᰄȵ⏋2002 ॷɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹฌᲞ޴‫׋‬ˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ࢃᅨᒴɻ⏋7⑯8 ೐ɴɻ೎ʢฌᲞȵᲞȦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɩȲʱ⏋኿ɴɲʳɴɦʶɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹฌᲞɻжȼɲʳȵ⏋೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹɻ 10 ౗ᬚዐ঎ɫȡʱ⏋ɐȽɴ೴ᘺɴປᥒᇕᦏȦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴው֪Ɍɛ⏏೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛɭȷɴɻˠˠ͌˧ɹ՗ʱᤄɲɰɫఔ႑ɇ
ʶ⏋ோϖɹմ৿ɴɻˡ̸ɲɰʢήȭʰʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ᰲషˁᦅс႒ɴћࡔɌɛɹɻɄɹቁೝᬚɞ
ȿɫȡʱ⏋ᦥɴᔋషᅊᅋɹᯆɫʢȡʚʱࢊήɌɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏12 ೐ˁ᧌ȹʳɭோϖʢȲɄɲȭɲȼɲʳɛʠ⏋ࢃᅨᒴɻ೴ᘺȴʰᮐʶɛฌᲞ 3,700 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴው֪Ɍ⏋5 ౗ɴ
1 ঎ȽʰȦ‫ݾ‬ˁήȭʳГ޺ɴɻ፬ჿˁȲɄɲʼɲȼɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʓɭ˃ɰ፬ჿȵȲɄɲʼʶɲ
ȼɲʳ 12⑯3 ೐ɹೝᬚɴɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹᝢ৑ȵᰒᘿɫȡʱ⏋̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɫɻຘॷ 1⑯2 ᰄȵɄɹೝᬚɴ๷ϭȡʳȦɻ᝔౅έ౩ɴɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏
ƨǵ́Ͳͅ೴⏧ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɹϟё͚̍Ͳ˗ͻࢃɻ 3 γБɹሁᏙࢃ౏ɫȡʱ⏋7 Ϻȴʰ෯ଁɇʶʳ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂಁɴ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹଡȦάɁˁ‫؝‬ȿ⏋1990 ॷʚɫᓑ߅ࠨ 2 Ϻȵው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ςϺȵ๷ؑɌɛɄɭˁลɴ͓˪ˁެ‫׹‬Ɍ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ೴ᘺԒɫᮁ F1 ˁ 2 ᰄ⏋ᮇ F1 ˁ 2 ᰄ⏋ᮇ˗˹ 2ᰄɹ‫غ‬៟ 6 ᰄɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɭ̸̊ 8 ᰄˁᰲ᰸ɐʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏253 ˏͻ͡ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴˠˠ͌˧ 172 ˏͻ͡⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ 43 ˏͻ͡⏋ˡ̸ 30 ˏͻ͡⏋ˏ̸̠͞ 8 ˏͻ͡ˁсЊȿɌɩȦʳ⏏
˗˹ʦ̸̊ˁ೴ᘺԒɫᰲ᰸Ɍ⏋ɗɹᰲషɭɌɩᵺʼʰ⏋ˡ̸ʦᩃᗳˁգᅎɐʳɄɭʦ⏋؊ᔋ34࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬

ద 6̙ිਬഞѝмуѽ‫ڢ‬ຊႂගѠྫྷ৶ဣܿ⏧Ʀ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴͹̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɹϟёǵՏଘ⏧ፆᓔȵჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɴʭʱсଁ⏏

⏧Ƨ́Ͳͅ೴͹̺ˡͻࢃɹϟёᅊᅋʦԫ࡚ɹ՗ʱᤄఔ႑ɹ౅໬ɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɭʓʖ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏ᅵɲʳᨆՕɻ F1 ˁ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɴȲȦɩέឹಁɴɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫఔɌᰲȦɴɇʶɩȦɛᮁ F1 ȵ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻႚᓚɹಁೝɴᬠѥɲȼ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɴᅥʠᒞȴʶ⏋˗˹ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɹ౅໬ɫᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
Ʃǵ́Ͳͅ೴⏧ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɹϟё̺ˡͻࢃɻ 2 γБɹሁᏙࢃ౏ 7 Ϻɫ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂಁɴ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹଡȦάɁˁ‫؝‬ȿɩГᭇ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴᐙᐚᇕɴਃϟɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ 60 Бɹᅖਸɭ 10 Бɹ࡟ɹ 2ϺȵɗɹЇϟˁ୊ɤɩȦʳ⏏ᅊᅋˁᠱȿᢦɤɩȦʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻ 253 ˏͻ͡ɫȡʱ⏋ˠˠ͌˧ 160ˏͻ͡⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ 40 ˏͻ͡⏋ˡ̸ 40 ˏͻ͡⏋ˏ̸̠͞ 13 ˏͻ͡ˁсЊȿɌɩȦʳ⏏ࢃᅨɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᮁ͓˪ 1 ᰄ⏋ᮇ͓˪ 4 ᰄ⏋ᮁ F1 3 ᰄ⏋ᮇ F1 6 ᰄ⏋ᮁ˗˹ 1 ᰄ⏋ᮇ˗˹ 6 ᰄɹ៟
21 ᰄɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɭ 10 ᰄɹ̸̊ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠ⏋ᮁ F1 3 ᰄ⏋ᮇ˗˹ɹɲȴɹ
4 ᰄ⏋Ȳʭʃ̸̊ɻ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺԒɫᰲ᰸ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹᰲ᰸০઴ɻ́Ͳͅ೴ɹ͚̍Ͳ
˗ͻࢃɹϟёɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏
̺ˡͻࢃɫɻ⏋ᮁᮇɹ͓˪⏋ᮇ F1⏋ᮁ˗˹Ȳʭʃᮇ˗˹ 2 ᰄȵው֪႑ᅨɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ⏏‫ ܒ‬6ɹƧɻ̺ˡͻࢃɹɄɹࢃᅨᒴ 14 ᰄȵ 2002 ॷɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹฌᲞɹ޴‫׋‬ˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏7⑯8 ೐ɴȴȿɩྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹฌᲞɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɹϟёʭʱʢжȦȵ⏋࡚፲ᇕɲฌᲞ޴‫׋‬ɹ෵ࡎɻʓʖ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡɤɛ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹው֪႑ᅨɭɹ೎ʢ߂ȷɲ᧓Ȧɻ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɹࢃᅨᒴȵ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳೝᬚȵᬏȦɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻࢃᅨᒴ
35

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ȵ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹɻ 10 ౗ዐ঎ɫȡʳȵ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ 10 ೐ɴ೴ᘺɴଖɤɩȴʰᓂॷ 4 ೐ʚɫɹᏝ‫ॷץ‬ᬚˁ೴ᘺٞᦇɫ᧌ɅɌɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹᬚɴࢃᅨɻ⏋౗μɻ‫ؚ‬ዲ৿ɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ʦ೴ᘺٞᦇɫᕶᅓɴ஛ᰩɌ⏋޿ᬚɻࢃᅨܑȦɴଖɤɩᵺʼʰ⏋ˡ̸ʦϗᗳɲɰˁᐌήɇʶɩȦɛ⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴϺʃɭɻ⏋೴ᘺɭɗɹٞᦇɴత॒ɇʶɛࢃᅨɹᏎˁ୩ɤɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ᧰ӯɐʳс෌ʢᰈᑢɴȲɄɲɤɩȦɛ⏏

4̝၎ႂඏᅤᄽ҄ѳтѽొവࠔ̞ഞᅚࠔѠਫ‫ڡ‬4.1̙݊ගଝ৑౔Ѷ໸ৠᄹ૞ѝѱѻѾѽొവࠔѠਫ‫ڡ‬Ʉʶʰ 4 γय़ɹϟёɭᝠ 3 ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋೴ᘺԒɫɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎˁʠȽʳγय़ᬚɫɹेᅵȵ⏋ࢃᅨዛ෯ଁʦᦅᓚ෵িɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɐɹȴˁද២ɐʳ⏏
ው֪႑ᅨɹգဣɻ⏋ঃ፴ɲᣂ྇գᅎȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɄɭɫȡʱ⏋Ʉʶɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɫɻ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹᰄధȵ޽ȼɲʳɹɻয়းɭȦȭʳ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏ɌȴɌ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳȴ‫و‬ȴɻ⏋‫ع‬γय़ȵଘ೑ɐʳ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹዛ෯ଁɴʢ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦʳ⏏Ϋ៨ɹϟёʦᝠ 3
ȴʰ౩ʰȴɲʭȩɴ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴᬠѥɲȼɐʏɩɹγय़ȵʓʖԊᦲɌɩᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋2
ᰄɹᮁ F1 ɭ 3 ᰄɹᮇ˗˹ɹ 2 ዛᰖɫȡʳ⏏
ᮁɹ F1 ɻ⏋ᮊዛ৔ֳɴʭɤɩ͓˪ʦ˗˹ɹᮁʭʱʢкȵ߂ȷȼ⏋̜֣̯͇͓̍̾̒͞‫ݖܩ‬
19)ɫɻ৲ᅨɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ ⏃ɛɭȭɽ⏋
␩ࢸക 1987; ഌࣩ 2000: 92␭⏆⏏ࢃ࣒ɹল៯ಁɴ
ɻᣂೳ᧊ெɲɰɴʢգᅎɇʶʳȵ⏋ɲȴɫʢ೎ʢᩂឹɲᅎ᦭ɻ႙ᓚɫȡʳ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂГᭇ⏋ɐʏɩɹγय़ȵᦅᓚˁȲɄɲȩʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ᮁ F1 2 ᰄɻ҅Ǿɹγय़ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲࢃ
ᅨɭɲɤɛ⏏́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ͓˪ˁଘ೑ɌɩȦɲȦγय़ȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ᮁ F1 ɻЈ‫ݖܩ‬ȴʰᣘԂɌɩଘ೑ɌɩȦʳγय़ȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȡʳ⏏
ᮇ˗˹ɹᅎ᦭ɹ 1 ɦɴɻϖᅊᅋȵȡʳ⏏̫̊ͻʦ̍ͻ̀ɲɰɹϖន‫ڃ‬ɻ৳ʰɹᰩᅊ༎ɴɭɤ
ɩ๕ȴɓɲȦʢɹɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏͓˪ɻಢၖɴ৑Ȧɛʠ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɫɻ͓˪
20)ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩோϖɐʳɄɭɻᮑɌȦɌ⏋ ᮇ F1 ɻ೴ᘺɫɹᰲ᰸ʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳȵ⏋͓˪ˁທкɭɌɩȦʳɛʠɲȴɲȴԂଝɫȷɲȦ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩᮇ˗˹ɻ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɐʳ
21)Ʉɭȵɫȷ⏋ህ֐ᇕɴγय़ɴϖន‫ڃ‬ˁரњɫȷʳᩂឹɲࢃᅨɭɲʳ⏏ Υ౅ɫᝠ 3 ɴʛʰʶʳ19) ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɴȲȿʳᮁɹ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹॶ‫ܯ‬кᩂɻ⏋͓˪⏧335 ˥ͦ˫͌͞⏋F1⏧474 ˥ͦ˫͌͞⏋˗˹⏧203 ˥ͦ˫͌͞ɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩μᅗላᅨ႑࣌ 1995: 64-71␭
⏏
20) ͓˪ɹՕ॒ɹᭉᅠɻຩཧ 13ºC Гάɹ፴ܑɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩Wiener et al. 2003: 63-64␭⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɹ೴ᘺ
⏃ฌᲞ 3,100 ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ɴȲȿʳຩཧɻ⏋7⑯9 ೐ɹೝᬚɄʶˁΫ‫܌‬ʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧ␩࣢‫ ؤ‬2003␭
⏏
21) Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹϺʃɭȵ༥ᢹɐʳ̫̊ͻɹᩄɹᇿ࡫ɭɌɩ⏋45.0 ˫͌͞⏒Ϻ⏒౗⏃16.4 ˥ͦ˫͌͞⏒ॷ⏆
␩࣢‫ؤ‬
2004␭
⏋15.6 ˥ͦ˫͌͞⏒Ϻ⏒ॷ␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997: 522␭ɲɰɹ‫ݬ‬ٚȵȡʳ⏏Υ౅ɫᮇ˗˹ȴʰɻ⏋1˹ͻ̀Ͳɴ 26.0⑯28.8 ˥ͦ˫͌͞ɹ̫̊ͻȵ‫؜‬ʶʳɭɇʶʳ␩μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1997: 497␭⏏Օࠝᬚ᭧ɲɰ
ɹ‫ک‬ᰍʢȡʳȵ⏋5 Ϻࢃ౏ȵ༥ᢹɐʳ̫̊ͻɹᩄɻ⏋Ȳʭɗ 3 ᰄɹᮇ˗˹ɫɗɹ߂‫ץ‬ˁᣁȭʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏

36࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ʭȩɴ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɫʢ 3 ᰄմ৿ɹᮇ˗˹ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹγय़ɫɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫ޽ȼɹ͓˪ʦ F1 ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȲʱ⏋ϖᅊᅋɹᯆȴʰɻ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɐʳᮇ˗˹ɻਖ
᯷ɫɻɲȦɄɭˁᓒȭʳɭ⏋ᮇ˗˹ˁᰲ᰸ɐʳɄɭɻϖន‫ڃ‬ɴࢪɐʳᮛឹȴʰɞȿɫɻჿៗɫ
22)ȷɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳ⏏

ᮇ˗˹ɹʢȩ 1 ɦɹᅎ᦭ɭɌɩɻ؊ᔋᅊᅋȵȡʳ⏏ᮇ˗˹ɻ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ⏋౗μɻ೴ᘺٞᦇɫ౗ॠʱఔ႑ɇʶ⏋޿ᬚɻࢃ࣒ʍɭଖʱ⏋؊ᖇʦμ঑ɫ᧌Ʌɐ⏏ࢃᅨȵ᧌Ʌɐ˽̿ͻ˽ɴɻ߂ᩄɹ՗ʱఫȷȵఫȷ᠋ʠʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ࢃᅨɹᏎ࣋ɭཌྷɊʱ‫غ‬ɤɩ؊ᔋɭɲʳ⏏ᠭീ‫ܩ‬ɫɻᦅᓚɴ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషˁգᅎɐʳɄɭɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȼ⏋؊ᔋȵʓʖ‫ڞ‬Υɹᔋషɭɲʳ⏏ᠭീ೴ɴȲȦɩ⏋ɰɹዐ঎ɹ؊ᔋȵᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴହԂɇʶʳɹȴɴᬠɐʳᣂషɻ਄ʰʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞
23)ላɴ᭰ஞɐʳ̝˝̍Ͳ⏃ਏ๞⏆ላɹϟёɫɻ 3.6-27 ̜Ͳ⏒̼˪̊ͻ͡ ␩ᨙϥ 1990␭⏋̦̮ͻ͡ɹϟёɫɻ 7-8 ̜Ͳ⏒̼˪̊ͻ͡24)ɹ؊ᔋˁହԂɌɩȦʳ␩иǾೠ 1978␭⏏̜֣̯͇̍̾̒

͓͞‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᦅᓚɹɲȴɫ؊ᔋȵᩂឹɲ‫ܩ‬еˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶɻ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫʢ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᮁ F1 ɭᮇ˗˹ɹ 2 ዛᰖɹࢃᅨɻ⏋ᦅᓚˁȲɄɲȩɴȡɛɤɩਖ᯷ɹࢃᅨɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
Υ౅⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɭɌɲȦγय़ɹȡȦɞɫ⏋ᰲ᰸ᰄధɴ౩ተɲेȵʛʰʶʳɹɻ⏋ᮇᮁɹ͓˪ɭᮇ F1 ɹ 3 ዛᰖɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹࢃᅨɻȲʢɴ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɛው֪႑
ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ዛᅨɭɌɩᮁ˗˹ȵ֓ʼɤɩ 1 ɦɹࢃᅨᒴˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ౩ተɲेȵʛʰʶʳ 1 ɦɹឹ‫܍‬ɻ⏋͓˪ɹಢၖʍɹ᧟ਝਸɹжɇɫȡʳ⏏޷࡚ɴ೴ᘺɫ
͓˪ˁᰲ᰸ɐʳɭ৑ɤɩ 1⑯2 ॷɫ๷ϭɌɩɌʚȩɭȦȩ᠌ȵɌɽɌɽᓬȴʶɛʭȩɴ⏋Ϻʃɭɻ͓˪ɭው֪႑ᅨɭˁ।ɴᐄʃɦȿɩᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳ͓˪ɻෑʠ
ɩʚʶɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
Ϻʃɭɻ F1 ɹຩཧʍɹ᧟ਝਸɻ͓˪ɭ˗˹ɹμᬚዐ঎ɫȡʳɭᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɹ
͚̍Ͳ˗ͻࢃɹϟёɹʭȩɴ F1 ˁ೴ᘺɫᰲȩɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɫɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ʢɭʢɭ F1 ɹທкȵ͓˪ɫȡʱ⏋͓˪ɻው֪႑ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦʳɛʠɴ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़
ɫɻᮇ F1 ɹᰲ᰸ᰄధȵ޽ȼɲʳ⏏ᮁ˗˹ɻ⏋͓˪ɭɹᮊዛϯᨗˁȲɄɲȩɛʠɴ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫɻࢹɲȼɭʢ 1 ᰄɻਖឹɭɇʶʳࢃᅨɫȡʱ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴ೴ᘺɫʢᑢຂɹɛʠɴਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏏
Ʉɹɛʠɴᮁ˗˹ɻ⏋೴ᘺɭ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹȡȦɞˁ࡚፲ᇕɴ৵਋ɌɩȦʳ⏏

22) ᮇ F1 ȵᮁ˗˹ɭϯᨗɐʳɭᔨ֐ɹ֔ʳ F2 ȵᅊʚʶʳ⏏຦ѯ‫ؿ‬ዌɫᮁɻ˰ͤͲ⏋ᮇɻ˰̫ɭ٧ɽʶ⏋ೣᠶɫɻɄʶʰʢ˗˹ɭɌɩ៨ᦚɌɩȦʳ⏏˰ͤͲɻᅊ৿ɐȽɴࣛຏɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋˰̫ɻɗɹʚʚᰲ᰸ɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɻȦɑʶʢధᰄɹᮇ F1 ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ຘॷధᰄɹ˰̫ȵᅊᅋɇʶʳႥ໥ɴȡʳ⏏ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ȵΥࡴధɹᮇ˗˹ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳᔘಕɴɻ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛϟ੻ʢ৯ᯱɌ
ɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
23) ᦅ຦ȴʰɹᓬ‫؜‬ʱɴʭʳғɫȡʱ⏋ȴɲʱɹɽʰɦȷȵʛʰʶʳȵ⏋؊ᔋɹᩂឹਸɻȩȴȵȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
24) Ʉɹధғɻ⏋ȴɲʱጓ‫ܩ‬೼ИɹᖪȦᦅᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴᬠɐʳෙ፤ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼ஠ࡴғɫȡʳ⏏

37ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɹςᇿᇕɻϖᅊᅋɫȡʱ⏋ᮇᅨɴɻ⏋ோϖմɴٞᦇȴʰ஛‫؜‬Ɍɛᩃᗳ⏃Sorbus spp. ʦ Sambucus spp.⏆ˁ၊᠋ʠɛ˽ͻ̺ˁήȭʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ᦅᓚɴᬠᦹɌ
25)ɛᰲషɭɌɩɻ⏋ˠˠ͌˧Ꭼɭ‫ݾ‬ˁཌྷɕɛʢɹˁ।ɴொय़Ɍɩ᰹ЊȿɹɛʠɴᅎȦɛʱ⏋ ᩃᗳɹБʼʱɴˡ̸ˁьɤɛ˽ͻ̺ˁсʳ‫غݭ‬ʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋೴ᘺɭ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɭȵᮐʶɩȲʱᦅс႒ɹᥥᦢȵᮑɌȦɛʠ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᰲషкᏙɻʓɭ˃ɰᦅᓚɭɻᬠѥɲȼଁጓɌɩȦʳ⏏
ГΫˁʚɭʠʳɭ⏋ፀ 1 ɴᮁ F1 ɭᮇ˗˹ɹ 2 ዛᰖɹࢃᅨɻ⏋ᦅᓚˁȲɄɲȩȩȭɫᩂឹɲࢃᅨɭɌɩ⏋ʓʖɐʏɩɹγय़ɫᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɴው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ 2 ዛᰖɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᮇᮁɹ͓˪ʦᮇ F1 ɲɰˁ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛӃ‫ك‬ɻ⏋೐؅ [1994] ȵ̯͇͓͞‫׫‬ᯆȴʰ̜̍̾̒Პ؅ɴȴȿɩɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴɦȦɩ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɩȲʱ⏋ᠭീ೴ɹϟёʢɗʶɭʓʖ‫ؾ‬෵ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
26)

๖ɴ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎˁʠȽʳγय़ᬚɫɹेᅵȵᦅᓚ෵িɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɐ৯ᯱˁද២ɐʳ⏏ ី๘ɴȲȿʳ೑ᅨᦅ෌ɫɻ⏋኿௢ȷዤ႒ŷ౳௢ȷዤ႒ŷХᬘɭȦȩ 3 ‫ܘ‬িᦅ෌ȴʰ⏋኿௢ȷዤ႒ŷ൓ᘛᰖŷ౳௢ȷዤ႒ŷΥॷᅊ႑ᗳɭȦȩХᬘˁঘɌɛᥢൕিʍɭсЊȿкᏙȵ޴‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢃᅨɹᰲ᰸০઴ʢ޴‫׋‬Ɍɛɭɇʶʳ␩ा໳ 1988: 79; ֓ᅎ 1972: 3-35␭⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩᮃᏝᇕɴᰲషˁᅊᅋɫȷʳсЊȿкᏙɭɲɤɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɗʶʚɫɻ೴ᘺ
ٞᦇɫ౗ॠʱఔ႑ɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦɛࢃᅨˁ࡭ԃɴᖇᰲȦɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʱ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴࢃᅨɹᏎ࣋ʢ֟რᇕɴᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴହԂɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰፆᓔɹᠭീ೴ɫɻ⏋ˡ̸ȵࢃᅨᅎɹᰲషɭɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɹʛɫ⏋႑ᗳɹൕ‫ݛ‬ʦɄʶˁᏼʛᦉ˃ɞᥢскᏙɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏
˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɹฌᲞ 3,000 ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫɴеᒞɐʳ̜̍̾̒౏ɹ೴ᘺɫɻ⏋ॷॶ‫ܯ‬ຩཧȵ 5ºC մ৿ɭжȦɛʠ⏋ൕ‫ݛ‬ɫȷʳс႒ዛʦൕ‫ݛ‬ೝᬚȵ߂ȷȼըᭉɇʶɩȲʱ⏋႑ᗳɴɦȦɩʢ޺ഀዛɹൕ‫ݛ‬ˁ᠅ʛɛȵࡴመɌɲȴɤɛ␩Xie et al. 2001␭⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ᠭീ೴ɴȲȿʳȦɑʶɹγय़ʢςɭɌɩˠˠ͌˧⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ɭˡ̸ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɌɩȲʱ⏋ᝠ 3 ɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ȴ‫و‬ȴɴȴȴʼʰɑ⏋γय़ᬚɴɻൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɹेᅵɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏

25) ϺʃɭɻɄʶˁ।ɴொय़ɌɩȲʱ⏋ோϖɹմ৿ʦͦͻ̺ɫɹᑦᅥಁɲɰɹࢃᅨɭɹஞ៘ˁʢɦ‫ݭ‬ᯆɫᰈᑢɴήȭɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɐʳɄɭɫࢃᅨɭɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸȵ‫ވ‬Ɍ⏋፬ჿȵࢅ౫ɴɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
26) ᝠ 3 ɫɻ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ɻਃϟɌɲȦγय़ʭʱʢγय़Ϻధʦᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩȵ߂ȷȼɲʳӃ‫ك‬ȵʛʰʶʳ⏏
ɄɹӃ‫ك‬ɻ⏋ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂಁɴᓚ‫ܩ‬ʦࢃᅨȵγय़ϺధɴਝɍɩՕᨗɇʶɛɄɭȵ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ࢃᅨɹՕᨗಁɴɻ͓˪ʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɹ‫ع‬γय़ɴՕᨗɇʶɛȵ⏋ϺధɹࢹɲȦγय़ɫɻࢹధɹ͓˪ˁՕᨗɇʶɛɭ
Ɍɩʢው֪႑ᅨɹɛʠɴ֝ӈ֐ˁւȼоងȵɲȼ⏋Օᨗ৿ʚʢɲȼ͓˪ˁެ‫׹‬Ɍɛγय़ȵ޽ȴɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ᅊᅋ᢮КըɹࢷԂಁɹγय़Ϻధɻ⏋Օᨗɇʶʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᯆዩʦࢃᅨɹᰄధˁໆࡴɌɛɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ው֪႑ᅨˁȲɄɲȩȴ‫و‬ȴɹ᧧ିɴʢ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ʉʶʰᅊᅋ᢮КըȵࢷԂɇʶɩГᭇɹᅊ෌ɹ޴᧦ɴɦ
ȦɩɻɄɄɫɻ᠎Ɍȼ៘ʶɲȦ⏏

38࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ው֪႑ᅨʍɹਃϟɹ೑ံɭγय़Ʌɭࢃᅨዛ෯ଁ⏋ɗɌɩсЊȿкᏙɭȦȩ 3 ɦɹឹᏬˁᓒ
ૅɴȦʶɩ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨˁෙ៎ɐʳɭ⏋ˠˠ͌˧⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ˡ̸ˁςкɭɌɛᦅᓚȵμਕɴȡʱ⏋Ʉʶɴႚᓚʦ؊ᔋᅊᅋ⏋ᰲషњᐌɹүᯆɫࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȼᮁ F1 ʦᮇ˗˹ȵ֓ʼʳɄɭɫ⏋Ȧɑʶɹγय़ɴʢԊᦲɐʳᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ɹ‫ݜ‬ೣ০ȵଁጓɌɩȦʳɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋͓˪ʦᮇ F1 ˁςɛʳࢪᢒɭɐʳው֪႑ᅨɻ⏋գᅎɫȷʳ֝ӈ֐ɲɰɹ೼ИˁᓒૅɌɲȵʰȲʭɗ‫ץ‬ధɹγय़ȵ᧧ିᇕɴ‫˃ۊ‬ɫȦʳ⏏
4.2̙݊ගѠ࣯ࠔฦќ࿾࿏ѝࠖыѽഞᅚࠔོ޳
ፀ 3 ፲ɫɻ⏋4 ɦɹ˫͡ͻ̺ɴࣚɐʳγय़ɹϟёˁ៨ᦚɌɛȵ⏋ᝠ 4 ɻɗʶɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋‫ࢃع‬ᅨɹᰲ᰸‫ݭ‬ଘɭɗɹೝᬚɴᬠɌɩ 2 ɦɹ೴ᘺɹȡȦɞɴʛʰʶʳेᅵˁʚɭʠɛʢɹɫ
ȡʳ⏏˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨɻᮇᮁɹ˗˹ɴʓʖᭉࡴɇ
ʶɩȲʱ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶʳ͓˪ʦᮇ F1 ɲɰȴʰଁʳࢃᅨᒴȵ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳೝᬚʢෑʠɩቁȴȦ⏏Υ౅ɫ́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ⏋ᦲॷɫ೴ᘺɴȲȦɩᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨዛɻᮇᮁɹ˗˹
ɴᮁ F1 ʢ֓ʼʱ⏋޷࡚ɴɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨᒴʢ⏋ԫ࡚ɹʓʖ‫ॷץ‬ᬚɻ೴ᘺɴྡྷ
‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨˁ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɐʳɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ᰲషњᐌɭ؊ᔋᅊᅋɹүᯆɫᦅᓚɭɹᬠѥਸˁ৔ʠʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳೝᬚɭс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩ

27)

ɭɹᬠѥˁ

ՕഓɌɛ⏃‫ ܒ‬7⏆⏏ʚɑ⏋ᝠ 4 ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋ʓʖ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳࢃᅨዛˁ 1.0⏋ʓʖ‫ॷץ‬ɻ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳࢃᅨዛˁ 0.5⏋ʓɭ˃ɰ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦࢃᅨዛˁ 0.1 ɭɌɩ⏋‫ع‬ࢃᅨዛȵ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳೝᬚɹᩂʛЊȿˁȲɄɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶəʶɹγय़ɴȲȿʳ⏃‫ࢃع‬ᅨዛɹᰄధ⏆Ì⏃ᩂʛЊȿғ⏆ɹғˁ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨధɭʛɲɌ⏋‫ܒ‬
7 ɴɻɗɹғɭс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɭɹᬠѥˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
‫ ܒ‬7 ɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋೴ᘺɹ᧓Ȧʦγय़ȵው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳȴ‫و‬ȴɴȴȴʼʰɑ⏋೴ྱ 4̙Җҧ٧‫݊݌‬ගଝцњѠ࣯ࠔฦ࿾࿏ѝࠖыѽഞᅚࠔѠਫ‫ڡ‬ዷᬚᇕɲՕ॒
1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ǰ˗˹*Ǯ˗˹*ʓʖ‫ॷץ‬ᬚɻ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳʓɭ˃ɰ೴ᘺɴɻྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ

ǰ͓˪
Ǯ͓˪

́Ͳͅ೴
ǰF1
ǰ͓˪
Ǯ͓˪
ǰF1
ǮF1

ǰ˗˹*
Ǯ˗˹*
ǮF1

*˗˹ɻγय़ɹϟ੻ɴʭɤɩɻ⏋࡚፲ᇕ⏋ቁೝᇕɴ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ‫غݭ‬ʢʛʰʶʳ⏏

27) ɄɄɫᦚʏʳс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɭɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹγय़ɴȲȦɩˠˠ͌˧⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ˡ̸⏋ˏ̸̠͞⏋ɗɹЈɹс႒ȵсЊȿɇʶɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɹ‫غ‬៟ˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏

39ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ద 7̙ৠඏლ౷њഞᅚѝ഼ੑыѽҖҧ٧‫݊݌‬ග఼Ѡࠖऐ໶⏆ɗʶəʶɹγय़ɴȲȿʳ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨధɹ፤Տ౅໬ɻೣయˁؒ၇ɹɄɭ⏏ʚɛ⏋с႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɴɦȦɩɻ໶ 27) ˁؒ၇ɹɄɭ⏏
⏧˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ǵ ⏧˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़
⏧́Ͳͅ೴⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ǵ ⏧́Ͳͅ೴⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳγय़ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨధɭ⏋с႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɹປრɻʓʖΥࡴɴѳɛʶɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠶɹʢɭɴɲɤɛჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɫɻ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨȵௌ‫؜‬ɐʳᵺʼʰɲɰɹᰲషɹᩄʦᅊᅋɇʶʳ؊ᔋɹᩄˁԍкᇕɴཀྵࡴɌɩɻȦɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳࢃᅨధȵ޽ȼɲʶɽ⏋ਖឹɭɇʶʳᰲషɹᩄȵ޽ȼɲʳɌ⏋ʚɛ⏋ᅊᅋɇʶʳ؊ᔋɹᩄʢ޽ȼɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋Ϋ៨ɹປრȵΥࡴɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋Ʉɹປრȵᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫਖឹɭɇʶʳ؊ᔋɹᩄɭᓚ‫ܩ‬ȴʰњᐌɇʶʳᰲషɹᩄɴʭɤɩៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳɭ஠ཀྵɫȷʳ⏏
˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨȵௌ‫؜‬ɐʳᵺʼʰɹᩄʦ‫׬‬еᯆዩȡɛʱɹᅣɫਖឹɭɇʶʳ؊ᔋɹᩄȵ౩ʰȴɫɻɲȦჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ⏋ɄɹᓒȭɻЕᠦɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋࣢ೣʰ [2000: 113-118] ɻ̦̮ͻ͡ɹ˹˙̮͡౏ɴᬠɌɩ⏋Ꮞ࣋ɹգᅎˁЂɌɩс႒ൕ‫ݛ‬ɭࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɭȵࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳɄɭˁᦚʏɲȵʰ⏋‫ع‬γय़ȵଘ೑ɐʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɴਝɍɩᰲ᰸ɐʳ˗˹ɹᰄధȵ‫ވ‬ཝɐʳɄɭˁ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋3 ‫ܘ‬িᦅ෌ȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦɛμγɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɫɻ⏋ࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɹ೎߂ɹ
᭭ࢀɻԫ࡚ᰲషɹ๕ϋɫȡʱ␩֓ᅎ 1972: 3-35␭⏋Ʉɹըᭉɹɛʠɴ‫֓ވ‬Ɍɛࢃᅨˁԫմɴࣛ
ຏɐʳɄɭȵΥᖔᇕɫȡɤɛɭɇʶʳ␩ࢸക 1986: 73-77␭⏏̜̍̾̒ʦ̯͇͓͞‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȦɩ؊ᔋȵᦅ෌ᅊᅋɹɲȴɫᩂឹɲ৲ւˁഗɛɐɹɻෙᦚɌɛɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏‫࡝׋‬ᔋషʦᨗ‫غ‬ᰲషɲɰȵᅎȦʰʶɑ⏋ʓʖᕶᐌᇕɴᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨȵȲɄɲʼʶʳ‫غݭ‬ɴ⏋ᰲషɭᔋషɹ̫͞Ͳ˽
ɹʢɭɴ⏋೴ᘺɴȲȿʳᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭࢃᅨɹປრȵѳɛʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ஠ࡴɻ⏋๭ᵀˁ਄ɛʢɹɭᓒ
ȭʰʶʳ⏏
40

࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ⏋ው֪႑ᅨᒴɻԫ࡚ɫȡɤɩʢ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳೝᬚɻෑʠɩቁȼ⏋೴ᘺɭɻᮐʶɛ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫఔɌᰲȦɴɇʶɩȦʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬6 ɹƦ⏆⏏‫ܩ‬০ᇕɲឹ‫܍‬ɴʭɤɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩȵࢸɇȦ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋೴ᘺɫధᰄɹ˗˹ˁᰲ᰸ɐʳɞȿɫ‫ ܒ‬7 ɹʭȩɲᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭ೴ᘺԒɹࢃᅨధɭɹປრɴզ᧒ɌɩɌʚȩɛʠ⏋ው֪႑ᅨᒴȵԫ࡚ɴ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɫȷʳо‫ܩ‬ɻࢸɇȼɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ̿˓͖̍ͻࢃɹςϺɹ᠌ɫɻ⏋೴ᘺٞᦇɹᗳ‫ܩ‬ɻ 1 ॷμ˗˹ɹ౗ॠʱఔ
႑ɴʭɤɩգᅎɇʶᐚȿɩᆌ঻ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᰄధɹ޽Ȧው֪႑ᅨɹࢃᅨᒴɻ⏋ԫ࡚ɫȡɤɩʢ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴᅥʠᒞȼʓȩȵࢃᅨɹᝢ৑ˁଵȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɭȦȩ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋с႒ˁգᅎɌɛᰲషɹҺᙢʢࢹɲȼ⏋ٞᦇɹඨᅊʢᆌ঻ɌɩȦʳ೴ᘺɴࢃᅨˁᮃμɇɓʳʭʱʢ⏋ȡʳዐ঎ɹ‫׶‬᭝ˁᓒૅɌɩʢฌᲞɹᲞȦఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴᅥʠᒞȷ⏋ࢃᅨˁՕతɇɓɩȲȼʓȩȵᰲషέ᣸ˁᥐཝɫȷʳɭȦȩ଍ᅭɫȡʳ⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɹᮒ࡚ɻ 6⑯10 ೐ɫȡʱ⏋ዩᮓȵປᥒᇕࢹɲȦɄɭʢ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛᰲ᰸০઴ˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɌɩȦʳ⏏
Υ౅ɫ́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻγय़ȡɛʱɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɻ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɹ 3 ҆ɴᦏȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ȴʰњᐌɇʶʳᰲషɹᩄɭᓚсɹɛʠɴਖឹɭɇʶʳ؊ᔋɹᩄȵ‫֓ވ‬Ɍ⏋‫ ܒ‬7 ɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɲᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭࢃᅨɹປრɴਃɤɩ⏋೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨᰄధʢ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋޷࡚ɴɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫ᧌Ʌɐ͓˪ʦᮇ F1 ɲɰȴʰɲʳࢃᅨᒴˁ⏋ԫ࡚ɴɻ೴ᘺٞᦇɫᰲ
᰸ɐʳкըȵଁጓɐʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬6 ɹƧ⏆⏏́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻው֪႑ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨᒴȵປᥒᇕࢸៀฐɫȡʳɄɭʢ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ፬ჿ০઴ˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɌɩȦʳ⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻέឹɲɭȷɴɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴᅥʠᒞȦɩȦʳႚᓚᅎɹᮁ F1 ʢ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ 2 ɦɹ೴ᘺɹϟёȴʰɻ⏋с႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᯆዩɭ೴ᘺɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳࢃᅨɹປრ
ȵΥࡴɫȡʳӃ‫ك‬ȵʛʰʶɛ⏏ཙᢆɴеᒞɐʳɛʠɴॶ‫ܩ‬ɴϋɌȦ˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩȵປᥒᇕࢸɇȼ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹᰄధɻ޽ȼɲʳӃ‫ك‬ȵȡʳ⏏ᇮ‫ܩ‬ɴеᒞɐʳ́Ͳͅ೴ɫ
ɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩȵ߂ȷȼ⏋˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɹᰄధɻʦʦࢹɲȦ⏏೴ᘺɴȲȿʳᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹປრȵᰲషɭᔋషɹᅊᅋɭȦȩឹᏬˁɭȲɌɩΥࡴɴѳɛʶʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ᅊ༎ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴɻᅊ෌ԃкɭɌɩɹᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɭɹປრȵȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ው֪႑ᅨɴʭɤɩᰲ᰸ɇʶʳࢃᅨᒴȵ⏋ɰɄɴ⏋ɰʶɞȿɹೝᬚྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹȴɻ⏋Ʉɹ 2 ɦɹປრ⏋ɐɲʼɠ⏋೴ᘺɫɹᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨ
ɹປრɭ⏋ᅊ෌ԃкɭɌɩɹᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹປრɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩໆࡴɇʶɩȦʳɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏

5̝м̙ҁ̙Ѽ̙ѝ˗˹ϩዀࢃᅨɴɻ⏋ᦅᓚɭᐄʃɦȼᮁ F1 ɭᮇ˗˹⏋ው֪႑ᅨɹࢪᢒɭɲʱᦅᓚɭɹᐄʃɦ
ȷȵ৑Ȧ͓˪ʦᮇ F1 ɭȦȩʭȩɴ⏋ਸൔȵ౩ተɴᅵɲʳ 2 ɦɹዛᰖȵʛʰʶɛ⏏մᓔɻ҅Ǿ41ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ɹγय़ɴɭɤɩਖ᯷ɫȡʱ⏋৿ᓔɻγय़ȵգᅎɫȷʳ֝ӈ֐ɲɰɹႥ໥ɴਝɍɩ⏋࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɌɩ᧧ିᇕɴᰲ᰸ɇʶʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋৿ᓔɹࢃᅨᒴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻԫ࡚ɫʢ೴ᘺɴɻʓɭ˃ɰྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɓɑ⏋࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴᅥʠᒞȴʶʳȵ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ኿ȴʰ౳ɴȴȿɩʓʖ‫ॷץ‬ᬚɻ೴ᘺٞᦇɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ᵺʼʰʦϗᗳʢգᅎɌɲȵʰఔ႑ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏
‫ؾ‬෵ɴᮁ F1 ɴᬠɌɩʢ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻέឹಁɴɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴఔɌᰲȦɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋́Ͳͅ೴ɫɻ 1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩ೴ᘺɫᰲ᰸ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎႥ໥ɹՕഓȴʰ⏋ೣᠶɫɻ೴ᘺɴȲȿʳᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹປრˁΥࡴɴѳɦɄɭˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎ෵িȵໆࡴɇʶʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩЕᠦˁரኍɌɛ⏏
Casimir [1992] ɻ⏋ᭇອᩄɴਝɍɩॷɅɭɹඨ႒Օ॒ȵ޴‫׋‬ɐʳ˽̘̺̒ʦ˵̫Ͳ̠ɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨɭປᥒɌɩ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴ᏙɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨɫɻʭʱٞॷᇕɲៀհਸˁ೑ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠ⏋҅աγय़ʦʭʱࢸɇȦᝐᑉᮃ܎ɴʭʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹଘ೑ը঎ȵଁጓɌʦɐȦɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰೣᠶɻ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨɹ႕ਐɻᦅᓚɭɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɴȡʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɹ෵িɻ⏋ᰲషɭᔋషˁȦȴɴተѳɐʳȴɭȦȩឹᏬɭɹᬠᦹɴȲȦɩໆࡴɇʶʳᨆՕȵ߂ȷȦɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɫɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎˁʠȽʳࢃᅨɹው֪ɻٞॷᇕɲៀհ
ਸȵʛʰʶʳȵ⏋Υ౅ɫγय़Ʌɭɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɭɗɹеᒞ⏋ࢃᅨɹᰲ᰸ᰄధɲɰȵᅵɲʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋೴ᘺᬚʦγय़ᬚɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎ০઴ɹेᅵɻ⏋ࢭ෌ᇕɲ႑ᅨ‫ݖܩ‬ʭʱʢʞɌʸ߂ȷȼɲʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɛɭȭɽ⏋˗˝Ͳ˹͑Ͳ೴ɫɻ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɴɭɤɩɹԫᅎɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɻ೴ᘺٞᦇˁ୭ɐȵ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɩȦʳγय़ɹԫᅎɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɻ࣢ᬚఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛ́Ͳͅ
೴ɹ͓˪ɻ⏋ԫ࡚ɴɻ೴ᘺٞᦇɹྂ‫ܩ‬ʦӃహ‫ܩ‬ɴఔ႑ɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹ೴ᘺٞᦇɻ⏋ው֪႑ᅨɴਃϟɌɲȦγय़ɴɭɤɩɻ 1 ॷˁᦲɍɩգᅎɐʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫʢȡʳ⏏
ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ҅աγय़ʍɹՕᨗɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹው֪ˁᓒૅɌɩ⏋‫ܩ‬০ʦඨᅊɹ೼Иɴਝɍɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ޷ᅎʦԫᅎɲɰɴՕȿɩȲɄɲʼʶʳ␩Banks 1999; Banks et al. 2003; Richard 2002; Wu
and Richard 1999␭⏏˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɫɻ⏋ᰲషȵ๕ϋɌȵɠɲԫᅎɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩ҅աγय़ɹьᅎณˁተጓɌ⏋ᅊᅋਸɹఒ‫ڵ‬ˁѦᦽɐʳɭȦȩɄɭȵᩂឹែɇʶɩȷɛ␩ᦖૌिᦅ႑࣌
1999␭⏏ው֪႑ᅨɴգᅎɇʶʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աɹγय़ɴՕᨗɐʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ࡚፲ᇕɲеᒞЊȿȵᩂឹɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᠭീ೴ɴʛʰʶɛʭȩɴ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ࡚፲ᇕɲеᒞЊȿɻγय़ᬚʦ೴ᘺᬚɫᅙΥ‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭȵᮑɌȼ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ˁ҅աγय़ɴՕᨗɐ
ʳȴ‫و‬ȴˁද២ɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻɄɹɄɭȵᠩᰍɴɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
μ‫ܕ‬ɹᗳ‫ܩ‬໬ɻ 2003 ॷɴఒࡴɇʶ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹ҅աՕᨗɭȦȩ౅‫ك‬ਸˁᐣ୫Ɍɲȵʰʢ⏋‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɹࡸ੻ɴ‫غ‬ʼɓɛʭʱৗ֐ᇕɲ᧊ᅎ⏃҅աଘ೑͹Ԋ‫ؾ‬ьᅎɲɰ⏆ȵິʠʰʶʳʭȩɴɲʱɦɦȡʳ␩Banks et al. 2003␭⏏࣢‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳភᮊɲఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɹࡸ੻ˁ଴வɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ೣᠶɫɻᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɴ໶ᇿɌɲȵʰࢃᅨᰲ᰸ˁ఩ჿɌ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹປრɭȦȩែဣ42࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬ȴʰው֪႑ᅨɹՕഓˁ᠅ʛɛ⏏ɄɄɫ٘ኍɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ᦅᓚɭ႑ᅨɹភ‫غ‬০઴ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɹգᅎ০઴ˁჿៗɐʳɭȦȩ౅໬ɻ⏋˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞ላɴȲȦɩɻȡʳዐ঎೑֟ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹɭɄʸࢹɲȦϟёȴʰࢷȷՏɌɛʢɹɴɐȹɲȦ⏏Ё৿ɻᰲషʦᔋషɹᅊᅋ
ˁʠȽʳᩄᇕɲᬠѥˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋Ј‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳ೴ᘺʦγय़ͤ̾͡ɫɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɹી᝔ˁ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ఩ჿ͹ՕഓɌɩȦȼɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋౅໬ᠶɭɌɩɹᏄ঎ˁᲞʠɩȦȷɛȦ⏏
ଃ̙૛ೣ቉ድɻ⏋ᢧ܎໬Ϻ̜̊͜ᢧ܎ɹ቉ድ֖ଁ⏃҅Ϻ቉ድ A⏆⏋Ȳʭʃయᨆዀ࡝ህɹ 21 γᏛ COE ̺ͦ˫͞
͌ȋγᅠˁӴࢷɐʳᐵ‫غ‬ᇕ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ୞ဣɹ০ଁȍȴʰɹ֖ଁˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȲɄɲȦʚɌɛ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീˁȲɄɲȩɴȡɛɤɩᮖ‫࡝߂׫‬Ϻయ࡝᭏ɹࣅ᏷ϵӴᅊȴʰൔաɹɅᨗૅˁȦɛɞȷ⏋ᠭീೝᬚμɻ೴ɹ౅Ǿɴ޽߂ɲɅ؄ઝˁȦɛɞȷʚɌɛ⏏ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀɹ߄ᅒᕸӴᅊ⏋࣬ᅒ౩χӴᅊɴɻോᬧɹ֝ˁ‫ݚ‬ɤɩȦɛɞȷʚɌɛ⏏ɄɄɴ៨ɌɩᡚઝˁᝠɌʚɐ⏏
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ᦖૌिᦅ႑࣌⏏1999⏏ȏṍី‫ᦖךܩ׌‬ૌिᅨ႑෌ᇍࣙៀೄȑ⏃ᣂష⏆⏏
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ࢸക༚Ϡ⏏1986⏏ȏី͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɹᕶးɭᦅ෌⏧ᦅ෌ಕ៎͹ᦅ೴ಕ៎ˁμਕɴȑ߂౩‫⏏ݟ‬ࢸകǵᗛ⏏1987⏏ȋ̦̮ͻ͡͹̯͇͓͞ɹ͓˪̃˗˹ᮊዛᅊᅋȍክϥ֯ᒶ͹ᢆǵ໹ᑂᘿȏ႑ᅨయ‫׋‬ɹ؅ӉŅᅊ઴͹኏Ц͹๴‫ر‬Ņȑ౗ೣఔᦢՏႆ‫ת‬Ц⏋207-244.
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иǾೠᲞ౩⏏1978⏏ȋ͐͞˗̢ɹી᝔ɭɗɹᔘಕŅμᨆ̦̮ͻ͡ɹອᅒ೴ɴȲȿʳᦅ෌ᐁ‫ۊ‬ɭ՗ᤄఔ႑
ી᝔͹ɗɹϟё቉ድŅȍ֓ᚹ໹࡫͹μ࣊и֖͹൱ඟਠ߅ᑂȏஜදǵ‫ܩ‬ჿǵ຦౏᠖ȑμ߈ԇᠶ኏⏋351-408.
ᵭᩃ֯১⏏1978⏏ȋ̯͇͓͞Პ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳው႑⏧Პ‫̮͡˙˹ܩ‬ɹёˁᦲɌɩȍȏ຦౏࡝቉ድȑ43 (1): 85-97.
ནອॺᮁ͹ߡᅒᦽΥ⏏1995⏏ȋμ‫ܕ‬ɹᗳ؅ᄩ‫ޅ‬ѳᡸը঎ŅμᘠϺ຦Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ᗳ؅໬ɴȲȿʳᗳ؅ѳᡸɹࡸ֟ਸ
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೐؅చ‫⏏׭‬1994⏏ȋ೑ᅨᦅ෌ɭࢃᅨዛŅ˓Ͳ̝⏋̋̒͞˪ɹᦅ̃႑ᦹᬠŅȍȏϺయ‫ܩ‬ჿȑ46-1: 1-21.
㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2000⏏ȋው֪႑ᅨɹᰖ݀ɭ᧦ውɴᬠɐʳᓒ࢘ȍȏϺయ቉ድǵ߂ᬼ॑ጓ߂࡝య࡝ᨆᏛឹȑ52 (8):729-753.
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Xie, H. Y., Richard, C., Xu, J. C. and Wang, J. H. 2001. Collective management of improved forage in
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㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2004⏏ȋ̜̍̾̒‫ݖܩ‬ɹϖ֓ूŅ˹͑Ͳ˫͠͞⏃᱗ൔᩁ୎⏆ላɹϟёˁᦲɌɩŅȍȏϺయ‫ܩ‬ჿȑ44࣢‫⏧ؤ‬μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫ី׌‬ᨆɹᲞ࣢‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳఔ႑‫ܩ‬գᅎɭᦅ႑ភ‫غ‬56 (3): 88-103.
࣢ೣងᒭ⏏1999⏏ȏఒᯊᬖఔೝμ‫ܕ‬ɹᦅ෌కፑȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏏
࣢ೣᏛ߅͹ೣຽ౶߅͹ᚹ҄ᮁ‫⏏ص‬2000⏏ȋс႒ɭࢃᅨɭගകɭȍ࣢ೣᏛ߅͹ዝ೴‫ڒ‬ϓᑂᘿȏ̯͇͓͞ɹᄩ‫ޅ‬᠖Ņ࣢ࣰ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᕶးɭ˹˙̮͡ɹγᅠŅȑԆ‫ܮ‬ೆଗ⏋101-118.
ලǵަഅ⏏1998⏏ȋμᅗላᚴ౏ᅊ༎౅িᓒ࢘ȍȏᮖ‫ܩ࣢׫‬຦౏ᅊ༎౅িᇕШମή᧧ିȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬Ϻ຦Տႆ኏⏋184-206.
μᅗላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Цᑂ⏏1997⏏ȏμᅗላਚȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬຦౏Տႆ኏⏏
μᅗላᅨ႑࣌ᑂ⏏1995⏏ȏμᅗላᅨ႑ਚȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬຦౏Տႆ኏⏏

45