Annual Report
2017

Port and Airport Research Institute Annual Report 2017

Message from the Director General
Creating Technologies That Contribute to the World

Message from the Director General

In April 2016, the Port and Harbour Research Institute (PHRI)
restarted as the Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) under
the National Institute of Marine, Port and Aviation Technology, oneof the national research and development agencies, which had
been established after the integration of PHRI, National Maritime
Research Institute, and Electronic Navigation Research Institute.
PARI serves as a research institute responsible for investigation
and research on improving ports and airports, technological development, and other activities. The Port and Harbour Research Institute (PHRI), the predecessor of PARI, was established in 1962 as
an independent institution of the Ministry of Transport. Since then,we have provided technical support for various port and airport
projects, including the development of Kashima Port and the construction of Kansai International Airport, and have made researchachievements that are highly regarded throughout the world. From
this point on, we will further expand and strengthen our cooperation and interaction with the other two institutes and with researchers in different fields in order to maximize the achievements in research and development.
This annual report summarizes PARI’s work in 2016, the firstyear of the first mid- and long-term plans (from 2016 through2022). In these plans, PARI is focusing on the following four research and development challenges: disaster reduction and restoration in coastal zones, infrastructure building to support industries
and people’s life, maintenance of maritime interests and marine所長（理事）
utilization and application, and formation and utilization of the marine environment.
Yoshiaki KURIYAMA, Director General, PARI
As specific commitments in 2016, regarding “disaster reduction
and restoration in coastal zones”, PARI used the results of large-scale experiments and developed an earthquake-proof countermeasure method for petrochemical complexes and developed a numerical simulation model for tsunami fires; regarding “infrastructurebuilding to support industries and people’s life”, PARI adjusted the refractive index of materials which were used in the experiments
and then visualized the penetration conditions of agents injected into the ground; regarding “maintenance of maritime interests andmarine utilization and application”, PARI improved the video-image presentation system of sound video cameras; and regarding “formation and utilization of the marine environment”, PARI promoted research on the mitigation and adaptation effects of blue carbon
on climate change.
In executing the above research, PARI pursued its two major goals of maintaining PARI’s research levels at the highest global
standards and assisting working projects with PARI’s research results. PARI also promoted government-led strategic international
activities including contributing to the expansion of infrastructure overseas and providing technical assistance to overseas countries.
In April 2016, the Kumamoto earthquakes caused severe damages over wide areas. We sympathize with everyone who was affected and hope for rapid recovery and reconstruction. PARI dispatched its researchers to the site from the day after the earthquake;they investigated damages in airport and port facilities, prevented secondary disasters, and provided technical instruction on therestoration of damaged facilities and other matters. Through such activities, we did our best to support early restoration. PARI uses
its unique characteristics as a research institution to conduct on-site practical research and development taking into account thesevere natural conditions of Japan. We will utilize PARI’s knowledge, human resources, and other assets to conduct awarenessactivities regarding disaster prevention and to offer emergency responses and restoration support at the time of disaster including
earthquakes and tsunamis.
We would greatly appreciate your continued support.

栗山 善昭

CONTENTS
・・・02p1 Outline of Organization
・・・03p2 Management Strategy
3 Structure of Research Themes in FY 2016 ・・・04p
4 Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016 ・・・05p
5 Fundamental and Exploratory Research ・・・14p

01 PARI Annual Report 2017・・・19p
6 Published Research Papers
・・・20p7 Public Relations
8 Outstanding Research Activities ・・・21p
・・・22p9 PARI Events

PARI Annual Report 2017

Outline of Organization
Administrative Staff and Researchers, and Budget

Commissioned research income, etc.
1,770 million yen
FY 2016
Annual Budget
2,995 million yen

Total
95

Researchers(with PhD)
42

Operational subsidies
1,175 million yen

Outline of Organization

Researchers(Others)
36

Administrative staff
17

Facilities maintenance expense subsidy
50 million yen

As of April 1, 2017 (In Yokosuka)* The graph above shows the budget for technical fields related to ports,
waterways, coasts, and airports.

Organizational Structure
President

Distinguished
Researchers

Strategic Planning andManagement Office

Auditors

National Institute of Maritime,
Port and Aviation Technology

Vice Presidents(In Yokosuka)

Administration Department

Planning Department

Administrative Coordination andDisaster Prevention Department

Administrative Division(In Yokosuka)
National Maritime
Research InstitutePort and Airport
Research Institute

Director for Research PlanningElectronic Navigation
Research InstitutePlanning, Coordination and Disaster Prevention Division
Facilities Division
Wave Group

Coastal and Ocean Engineering Department

Maritime Structures Group
Coastal and Ocean Development Group
Marine Information Group

Fellow

Marine Information and Tsunami Department

Managing Director for
Research Affairs
Senior Director forInternational Affairs

Coastal and Estuarine Environment Department

Senior Director for Research

Geotechnical Engineering Department

Marine Environmental Information Group
Tsunami and Storm Surge Group
Coastal and Estuarine Environment Group
Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics Group
Soil Mechanics and Geo-Environment Group
Soil Dynamics Group
Soil Stabilization Group
Foundations Group

Earthquake Disaster Prevention Engineering Department

Engineering Seismology Group
Earthquake and Structural Dynamics Group
Structural Mechanics Group

Structural Engineering Department

Materials Group
Pavement Group

Sensing and System Technology Group
Frontier Technology and Engineering Department

Robotics GroupInternational Research Center for Coastal Disasters

Oil Spill Response Group

Life Cycle Management Research Center
Ocean Infrastructure and Offshore Wind Energy
Research Center

Productivity Improvement Research Center

Established on April 1, 2017

As of October 1, 2017

PARI Annual Report 2017 02

Management Strategy

Management Strategy

Mid- and Long-Term Objectives(FY 2016 to FY 2022)

Mid- and Long-Term Plans(FY 2016 to FY 2022)

The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) sets mid- and long-term business goals for the National Research and Development Agency, National Instituteof Marine, Port and Aviation Technology to achieve. These
goals stipulate our operations as follows.

The MLIT sets mid- and long-term goals. In response tosuch goals, the National Research and Development Agency,
National Institute of Marine, Port and Aviation Technology setsmid- and long-term plans to achieve the goals. Among suchplans, important points in maximizing research and development results and improving the quality of other projects are
outlined below.

Basic Policies for Structural Reform of Independent Administrative Institutions were decided in a Cabinet decisionon December 24, 2013 (hereafter called “Basic Policies for
Reform”). Based on these policies, the National Maritime
Research Institute, Port and Airport Research Institute,and Electronic Navigation Research Institute, which were
National Research and Development Agencies operated
under the jurisdiction of the MLIT, were integrated into the
National Institute of Marine, Port and Aviation Technology(hereafter called “PARI”) to implement the policies.
Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Act on General Rules stipulates as follows: some clerical tasks and business require
sound implementation from the viewpoint of general welfare including stabilization of people’s life and socioeconomy, but at the same time do not require government-led implementation. Some of these clerical tasks and businesses
face the risk of neglect when their operation is entrusted to
private entities, so PARI was established to effectively andefficiently conduct their operation.
In consideration of the previous roles of each institution,
PARI is required to continue to make full use of its accumulated wealth of knowledge and stature, and to proceedwith research and development according to the Basic
Policies for Reform. In addition, PARI will constantly review
research contents and select research areas to addresschanges in the social environment. At the same time, PARI
will more actively engage in research and development
activities to solve policy challenges in each field, such as
conducting research in emerging fields.
PARI has promoted research and development in eachfield, cultivated technological seeds, and accumulated specialized knowledge. Thanks to PARI’s legacy, such multidisciplinary research became viable. In consideration ofthis background, PARI will efficiently and effectively implement multidisciplinary research including “Promoting theprotection of maritime interests and the utilization and application of marine-resource/marine-renewable-energy development and other projects”. Through such implementation, PARI will help put national policies into practice.
Furthermore, PARI considers that it is important to returnthe benefits achieved through research and development
to society, as well as to cooperate with external institutions
and to widely disseminate research results. In addition,
PARI is committed to strategically implementing international activities as follows: active participation in projects toformulate international criteria and standards; international
promotion of Japanese technologies and systems throughinternational cooperation; and other activities.
As outlined above, PARI’s missions are based on the
MLIT’s Basic Plan for putting MLIT-recommended policies
into practice. Today, Japan faces various important challenges. By realizing these policies, we can solve such challenges.

03 PARI Annual Report 2017

1. Promotion of multidisciplinary research and other activities
PARI will efficiently and effectively implement multidisciplinary research spanning research fields of the three pre-integration institutions to contribute to putting the following policies into practice: promotion of ocean utilization, enforcementof international industrial competitiveness, and other policies.
2. Research and development of technologies associated withports, shipping routes, coasts, and airports and other activities
PARI will focus on the research and development challenges detailed in the following pages, to devise the following
MLIT-recommended initiatives: disaster-prevention and disaster-reduction countermeasures for port and airport institutions;countermeasures for facility obsolescence of existing structures; and initiatives to create maritime-development hubs.
Among basic research, PARI also actively engages in research to understand the mechanisms of ocean waves andbeach transformation and principles and phenomena regarding the dynamic behavior of the ground and structures.
PARI also uses its foresight and flexibility to accurately address
emerging research which might lead to new research results.
3. Returning benefits from research and development results
to society
PARI will try to resolve technological policy challenges, toaddress disasters and accidents, to enforce bridging functions, to promote and utilize proprietary information, and toenhance the transmission and dissemination of information.
4. Promotion of strategic international activities
PARI will contribute to international normalization and standardization and cooperate with non-Japanese institutions.

PARI Operation Management
PARI will focus on rapid decision-making to engage in strategic institutional operations.
PARI will also hold the following meetings for multi-faceted
investigation of various operational agendas from a broad
perspective:
1. Management strategy meetings: In-house meetings formaking decisions on important issues related to the core principles of PARI management
2. Board of Directors meetings: Weekly meetings involving all
executives and division managers as well as the three directors of the Administrative, Coordination and Disaster Prevention Department
3. Board of Councilors meetings: Meetings to gather insightsfrom independent experts who have broad and deep knowledge
4. External Evaluation Board: An external body in which third
parties objectively and technically evaluate PARI’s research

PARI Annual Report 2017

Structure of Research Themes in FY 2016
Research
Field

Research Theme

Research Subtheme

Items on the Research Agenda(☆indicates special research)

Type of Research

Strong Motion Earthquake Observation in Port and Airport Area (2A ② )Fundamental Research② Research on damage-reduction
techniques against the greatest
earthquakes③ Research on the interaction ofearthquakes, tsunamis, and high waves
with ground dynamics① Research on ICT-based decision
1B Research on Mitigation support systems
and Restoration of② Research on the development of
Tsunami Disasters
tsunami-resistant ports① Research on storm and surge water
1C Research on Mitigation and maximum damage estimation
and Restoration of Stormand Surge Water Disasters② Research on the technology to
reduce maximum storm and surge
water disasters

2. Formation of Infrastructure for Vigorous Economy and Society① Research on strengthening the2A Research on
functions of ports and airports to secure
Enhancement of Port and international competitivenessAirport Performance forIndustrial Competitiveness② Research on efficient and effective
improvement of ports and airports

2B Research on Life
Cycle Management ofInfrastructures① Research on technologies forprolonging the life of infrastructure

Investigation of Earthquake Disaster (2A ② )Fundamental Research

Development of strong motion estimation method for scenario earthquakes beneathmetropolitan area

Fundamental Research

Study on the mechanism, evaluation and prediction of liquefaction under sequenced
earthquake motions

Applied Research

Study on simple seismic performance evaluation of existing mooring facilities (2A ② )Applied Research

The diagnosis and countermeasure technique development related to disaster prevention
improvement of industry complex consisting of a wide variety of facilities

Fundamental Research

Seabed Soil Dynamics and Stability Assessment of Breakwaters and Seawalls

Development Research

Development of a tsunami-fire model for ports

Fundamental Research
Applied Research

Development of an ocean–earth coupling model for tsunami propagation
Development of an advanced 3-dimentional simulation model for tsunami inundation

Fundamental Research

Development of the estimation method for local scour around coastal structures due totsunamiFundamental Research

Elucidation of oceanographic phenomena based on observation data

Fundamental Research

Proposal for improvement of prediction accuracy of swell

Development ResearchHigh performance harbor tranquility analysis with considering harbor waves generated in abasin

Applied ResearchConsideration of design forces for unexpected high waves and mitigation of coastal disasters

Fundamental Research

Study on very intense typhoon wind, storm and surge water characteristics in Japanese bays

Fundamental Research

Development of the maritime and environmental simulation model using meso-scale weather
forcasting model

Applied Research

A study on the wave force, overtopping, and overflow under a large wave condition combinedwith storm surge and tsunami (1B ② )Applied Research

Development and suggestion of efficient and suitable use which contains automated cargosystems throuth container terminal numerical simulations for multi berths

Applied Research

Research of the Terminal System on the Export of Infrastructure of Container Terminal

Applied Research

A Research about the CIM (Construction Information Modeling)
for Economizing on Manpower, Term of Works, and Cost

Applied Research

Development of evaluation method for performance of reclaimed ground taking into accountthe difference in ground improvement method and landfill material (2C ① )Fundamental Research

Evaluation of long-term durability of concrete, steel and various materials based on exposure
test

Fundamental Research

Enhancement of cathodic protection desigh of marine steel strctures considering the soil
properties

Fundamental Research

Study on the durability of protective coating method for marine steel structures

Fundamental Research
Applied Research

Study on the durability of various materials under severe environments
Data base construction for strategic maintenance of port and airport infrastructures
Development of evaluation methods and material improvement for prevention of stripping in
airfield asphalt pavement mixture (2A ② )Development Research② Research on systems for inspecting
and diagnosing infrastructure③ Research on maintenance andmanagement systems① Research on techniques to improveor renew existing facilities
2C Research on
Effective Use of Existing
Infrastructure Facilities

Fundamental Research② Research on efficient use andtechniques of treating construction byproducts

Applied Research

A suggestion for the improvement of airfield pavement material to prolong the pavement
life (2A ② )Development Research

Development of structural design method for strategic maintenance of port and harbour
structures

Development Research

Development of the structural health monitoring system for port structures

Development Research

Enhancement of ROV system for inspection of concrete superstructures of open-type wharves

Applied Research

Development of Life-cycle simulation model for port structures
Improvement method to non-uniform ground and its effect as a measure against liquefaction(2A ② )

Fundamental Research

Study on method for evaluation of bearing capacity of piles for upgrade of port and airport
facilitie (2A ② )Applied Research
Fundamental Research

Durability of treated soils with steelmaking slag under marine environments

Fundamental Research

Enhancement of accuracy of method for evaluating mechanical properties of composite
geomaterials based on microstructural feature③ Research on management andDevelopment Researchutilization of waste disposal sites at sea

3. 
Preservation of Marine
Interests and Utilizationof Oceans① Research on port construction andmanagement in remote islands
3A Research on
Development andUtilization of Oceans② Research on infrastructuretechnology for utilization anddevelopment of oceans

4. Creation and Utilization of
Coastal Environment① Research on coastal-ecosystemutilization
4A Research on
Enhancement andUtilization of Coastal
Ecology② Research on the water-environment
simulation and analysis in inner-bay③ Research on countermeasuretechnologies against sea oil spill
4B Research on Coastal
and Estuarine Processes③ Research on coastal protection andmaintenance of waterways and mooringbasins

Structure foundation for high-degree land-utilization at confined disposal facilities

Development Research

Inovation for using berthing and mooring facilities constructed in isolated coral reef sea

Development ResearchTechnological Development on Advanced Mooring System for Ship in Port

Development Research

Research on Maintenance Inspection and Investigation Technology for Remote Island Ports

Development Research

Development of next-generation acoustic imaging system

Development Research

Study on Practical Utilization of Ocean Energy in Port Area

Fundamental Research☆ Field observations and analyses on the formation and stability of carbonate lands

Fundamental Research☆

Global estimates of the efficacy of blue carbon as a means of mitigation and adaptation toclimate change

Fundamental Research

Development of integrated prediction and assessment method of coastal benthic ecology andgeoenvironmental dynamics

Fundamental ResearchContinuous observation and statistical analysis of environmental data in enclosed bays

Applied Research

Establishment of forecast system on environmental dynamics in enclosed bays based on
detailed analysis of sediment quality

Fundamental Research

Development of an evaluation method for benthic biodiversity relating to environmental scale incoastal areas

Fundamental Research

Study on the mechanisms of coastal current and water environment using data assimilation

Development Research

Novel oil spill response technology to cope with various source including natural disastertriggered oil spills

Fundamental Research

Observation of coastal geographical feature change and generalizing of prediction method in
considered with influence of global warming

Fundamental Research

Structure of Research Themes in FY 2016

1. Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Restoration

1A Research on Mitigation
and Restoration of Earthquake Disasters① Research on techniques forpredicting strong ground motions anddamage which may occur in the case of
the greatest earthquakes☆ Study on sediment transport in estuary and deposition process in navigation channel

PARI Annual Report 2017 04

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

1A

Research on Seismic Disaster Prevention and Restoration

Background and Objectives

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• To counter large-scale disasters including Nankai megathrustearthquakes and earthquakes in the greater Tokyo area, thefollowing countermeasures are required: securing trunk line
cargo transportation soon after an earthquake and quickly
securing the transportation of key emergency supplies for recovery and reconstruction hubs. In addition, the interaction ofearthquakes, tsunamis, and high waves with the ground mightcause coastal disasters, so it is necessary to reduce such risks.
• Therefore, the themes of this research cover research anddevelopment which simultaneously achieves the two goals of
improving quake resistance and reducing construction costs.
These two goals can be achieved through diagnosis and performance verification of earthquake-resistance which address
the properties of long-period and long-duration earthquake
ground motion, which is expected to occur during a subduction-zone large-scale earthquake, as well as the properties ofearthquake ground motion caused by local ground characteristics. Research and development are being conducted mainly on methods for investigating and diagnosing earthquake
resistance as well as construction methods that improve theresistance, while using existing facilities with limited design
life erected during the era of rapid economic growth.

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following threesubthemes:i) Development of techniques for predicting strong groundmotions and damage which may occur in the case of thegreatest earthquakes
Subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes may cause thegreatest and long-duration earthquake motions, so we will develop techniques for predicting such motions. Also, we will develop techniques for predicting liquefaction and structural damage caused by such motions.
ii) Research on damage-reduction techniques against thegreatest earthquakes
We will suggest the most effective countermeasures under
given limitations to effectively promote seismic strengtheningof existing structures. In doing so, we will actively utilize damage reduction and strengthening techniques that use novel
materials, structures, and construction methods. Especially, as
quake-resistance countermeasures for industrial complexes, wewill consider maintaining the functions while reducing costs foroverall plants, and then develop investigation, diagnosis andcountermeasure techniques which minimize usage limitations.
In addition, we will develop testing methods to rapidly evaluate
damage levels on site immediately after a disaster as well as
emergency restoration techniques.
iii) Research on the interaction of earthquakes, tsunamis,and high waves with ground dynamics
We will conduct research on the interactions of earthquakes andocean waves with the ground dynamics, including seabed liquefaction at the time of earthquakes and due to wave actions; the mechanism of the instability of breakwater foundation at the time of a tsunami; and other interactions. Also, we will use numerical simulation
models, model experiments (including a centrifuge equipped with atsunami generator and a large-scale wave tank), and other methods to investigate ground dynamics regarding earthquake-induced
submarine-landslide development and the resulting tsunami phenomena, as well as geodynamics under the influence of tsunami
and high waves. The research will include the analysis of deformation and destruction mechanisms as well as their countermeasures.
05 PARI Annual Report 2017

Activities in FY 2016

• We obtained 2488 strong motion earthquake records during
the period from January to December 2015.
We organized and analyzed these records and published thedata as a Technical Note of the Port and Airport ResearchInstitute data.
• Regarding the Kumamoto earthquake in April 2016, we dispatched investigation teams to Kumamoto Port, Kumamoto
Airport, Beppu Port, and Yatsuhiro Port to study the damage
situations and causes, and then we used the information fortechnical assistance including restoration activities. In addition, we devised countermeasures against large-scale disaster factors for sheet pile-type quay walls in the 2011 Great
East Japan Earthquake.
• In response to the Kumamoto earthquake in April 2017, weestimated the rupture processes of the earthquake source
faults, analyzed strong-motion earthquake records near anearthquake source, and developed an earthquake source
model to estimate earthquake motions of ports and airports
where such records were not obtained.
• We conducted various experiments and analyses regardingliquefaction under combined earthquake motions and summarized the liquefaction characteristics and mechanisms,
as well as their prediction and evaluation. We developed ageneralized liquefaction prediction and assessment methodthat is capable of simultaneously considering the irregularity of the waveforms and durations of earthquakes and thatcan be applied to various simplified methods used overseas,
thereby facilitating more rational liquefaction prediction andassessment worldwide.
• We studied whether pier structures can survive after deformation due to an earthquake in terms of general stability, and thenorganized data for evaluating the aseismic capacity of existingpiers. For example, we suggested a model to quantify changes
in the plate thickness and yield strength of steel pipes.
• We used E-Defense, a large shake table owned by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), to conduct a model vibration-table test of
1/8-scale oil tanks, piers, and revetment in an industrial complex. In the test, we created two models, cross sections withor without earthquake countermeasures, and then conducted
a comparative study.
• We validated the results predictions by the proposed model
regarding the process of development of submarine landslides and gravity flows in light of the latest event of submarine mass movement induced by seabed liquefaction. In
addition, we elucidated the mechanism of destabilization of
breakwaters, rubble mounds, and foundation caused by the
coupling effect of overflow and seepage under a tsunami. We
also established a method for evaluating the stability of breakwater foundations under tsunami-induced seepage.

Peak slip velocity distribution
on the fault plane during the2016 Kumamoto earthquake(unit: m/s)
Red areas represent areas
with greater slip velocity(i.e., areas where especiallystrong earthquake waves
were generated).
★ represents destruction
initiation and arrow marks
represents destruction order.

PARI Annual Report 2017

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

1B

Research on Mitigation and Restoration of Tsunami Disasters

Background and Objectives

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following two subthemes:i) Research on ICT-based decision support systems
We have previously developed a system for rapid forecasting of tsunami inundation, which utilizes offshore-tsunami
waveforms observed by GPS-mounted wave buoys. For highly
reliable tsunami prediction, we will additionally utilize grounddeformation data obtained by on-land GPS base stations andremote-sensing information including ocean HF-radars, and willrefine the system. To ensure the safety of evacuation sites, it isnecessary to assess not only tsunami-induced inundation depth
but also the tsunami velocity and floating objects to determine
the resistance of structures and even to assess fires, which areassociated with floating objects. So, we will establish an integrated simulation system which can assess these risks.
ii) Research on the development of tsunami-resistant ports
We will clarify the places with strong flow, scour around structures induced by large-scale overflows, and the impact of drifting objects including ships and vessels. Then, we will develop
a method of designing tsunami-resistant breakwaters and otherfacilities as well as a method of planning tsunami-resistant ports.
In addition, we will develop a three-dimensional multi-physics
numerical model based on a particle method with fluid-solid interaction as a tool for the design and planning. Moreover, we willconduct a large-scale model experiment to validate the robustness and accuracy of the numerical model, and will understandcomplex tsunami phenomena in port cities.

Elevation (m)Elevation (m)Elevation (m)Numerical simulation of tsunami fires. Yellow green dots indicate drifting cars and fishing vessels. Dark green dots indicate stopped ones.
Orange dots indicate spilled oils. Black, red, blue dots indicate debris
which are in the state of pre-ignition, burning, post-extinguishment,
respectively.

• In the development of an ocean-earth coupling model for tsunami propagation, we add the following effects to a conventional tsunami model: wave dispersion, seawater compressibility, elastic deformation of solid earth under the ocean,and the deformation of gravity potential induced by tsunami
generation and propagation. The new model improved theaccuracy of waveforms especially for trans-oceanic far-fieldtsunamis. The model can be connected to existing tsunamisimulator STOC to assess the inundation in coastal areas.
• In the development of an advanced three-dimensional simulation model for tsunami inundation, we established a numerical model which consistently simulates tsunami generation,
propagation from the source to the coast, deformation ofprotection facilities, and tsunami run-up on backlands. With
this numerical model, we can understand in detail when protection facilities deform and how inundated areas spread ina target area. Hereafter, we will improve the computational
efficiency, accumulate case studies, and prepare to open themodel to public.
• In the development of the estimation method for local scour
around coastal structures due to tsunami, we added a duration time effect to the conventional equation with a single
parameter of overflow depth, on the basis of experimental
results. Moreover, the numerical model of the particle method
successfully reproduced scouring phenomena. Hereafter,
we will investigate the scouring around corners and ends ofbreakwaters.

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• Since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, we havestudied stable structures against tsunami overflows and developed a numerical simulation model to predict the drifting ofdebris generated by the destruction of structures. However,complex behaviors of run-up tsunamis on land and the resulting damages are not fully understood yet. Any method of estimating them has not been developed. In addition, regarding areal-time technique for inundation forecast, which is expected
to be utilized for evacuation and other purposes, only datafrom GPS-mounted wave buoys is used; other valuable data
is not fully utilized yet.
• Therefore, we will conduct research to establish resilient
coastal zones which can withstand the most severe tsunamis, i.e., to protect lives against the most severe tsunamis, toprevent catastrophic socioeconomic damages, and to enable
early recovery and reconstruction. The purpose is to change
disaster prevention and reduction countermeasures into a
pre-disaster stage from post-disaster one.

Activities in FY 2016

• In the development of a tsunami-fire model for ports, we modeled marine fires at Kesennuma Bay that were induced by
the 2011 great east Japan earthquake tsunami. The model
applied to Tsu-Matsusaka Port in Mie Prefecture to assessa scenario tsunami including the drifting of cars and fishingvessels, dispersion of spilled oil, and ignition/combustion/extinguishment of debris fires. We will investigate fires in urban
areas. This newly-developed model is expected to help disaster-prevention planning with the consideration of tsunami fires.
Scouring experiment (A) and numerical simulation withparticle method (B)PARI Annual Report 2017 06

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

1C

Research on Mitigation and Restoration of Storm and Surge Water Disasters

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following two subthemes:i) Research on storm and surge water and maximum damage estimation
We will develop a highly accurate storm surge and flooding
model which incorporates a meteorological model as well as areal-time predicting model for storm and surge water. As global
warming progresses, intense typhoons might appear that cause
high storm and surge water in coastal areas. We will also utilize
the models and wave observation data to elucidate the storm
and surge water characteristics.
ii) Research on the technology to reduce maximum storm
and surge water disasters
We will elucidate structural stability under a severe condition
that storm and surge water height simultaneously become higher than those expected and will establish methods for designing
breakwaters and seawalls for the condition.

Activities in FY 2016

• In elucidation of oceanographic phenomena based on observation data, we summarized the statistical analysis of nationwide wave observation data acquired in 2015 into an annual report. Seabed wave gauges placed at six coastal points
and GPS-mounted wave buoys placed at three deepwater
points updated records on existing maximum significant wave
heights. We will continue to analyze data from 2016. Regarding a directional spectrum estimation method, we avoided
convergent calculation to obtain stable solutions throughshort-time calculation, and could enhance the applicability toswell. We also analyzed winds and waves off Hiratsuka in
Sagami Bay to examine the physical processes of breeze.
• In the improvement of the prediction accuracy of swell, we
hindcasted Yorimawari-nami Waves, which were observed at
Toyama Bay in 2008, and led that WW3 could produce wave
heights and periods in the bay better than WAM. In addition,
regarding the coastal area which has unique bathymetry andis called Aigame, we input the wave spectra obtained from
WAM and WW3 into a Boussinesq model for wave transformation and also discussed the causes of errors in the wave
spectral. We will simulate waves in Japan to validate the accuracy of swells.

07 PARI Annual Report 2017

Wave Height（m）• Since the Ise Bay Typhoon struck in September 1959, there
have been no devastating storm and surge water disaster inJapan. However, the U.S. suffered severe damage due toHurricane Katrina in September 2005, and so did the Philippines due to Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013. In future,
global warming might bring higher storm and surge water
than those we have expected in Japan.
• Therefore, this research focuses on how to mitigate damage
by the worst storm and surge water condition and how to rapidly recover and reconstruct after the damage has occurred.
The purpose of this research is to change disaster prevention
and mitigation measures into a pre-disaster stage from postdisaster one. Therefore, we conduct research to encourage
hard and soft measures. Specifically, we will develop a numerical model to estimate the worst storm and surge watercondition and damage and will also develop design methods
to build robust structures.

Wave Height（m）

Background and Objectives

Distribution of wave direction and height around Toyama• In the study on high performance harbor tranquility analysis
with considering harbor waves generated in a basin, we performed calculations of ship waves in a harbor basin to take
into account the differences in lateral flux, which is caused
by a ship’s thrust, and ship shape. The numerical model cansimulate waves which are produced by a turning ship as well
the reflection of ship waves by breakwaters. This model is
expected to be used for evaluating port tranquility which takes
into account both waves penetrated from the outside of theharbor and generated by ships in the inside. Hereafter, we will
study methods of calculating cargo-handling operation rates
which take into consideration of harbor waves under strong
wind conditions.

eta-1.050e-01

eta
2.500e-02-0.11375

0.0125-0.12250-0.13125-0.0125-1.400e-01-2.500e-02

Waves generated by a turning ship (left figure) and reflection of shipwaves by breakwaters (right figure)• In the study on the design forces for unexpected high waves
and mitigation of coastal disasters, we calculated the wave
transformation and the wave setup due to breaking in storms.
We confirmed that the wave setup is correlated to the incident
wave height regardless of the tide level at each port. Therefore, we estimated the suction and wind-drift effect of storm
surge as well as the wave setup due to breaking at tide stations, and then discussed the relationship between the wave
height and the storm surge for various return periods.
• In the study on very intense typhoon wind, storm and surge
water characteristics in Japanese bays, we showed that aworst-class typhoon can cause storm surge of 3m or higher in
Kagoshima Bay, which surpasses the existing maximum value.
• In developing of the maritime and environmental simulation
model using meso-scale weather forecasting model, we almost assembled the model and reached the stage to begin
various verification and case studies.
• In the study on the wave force, overtopping and overflow
under a large wave condition combined with storm surge
and tsunami, we collected seawall and dyke failure in Japanthrough field investigation. In addition, we conducted a seriesof hydraulic model experiments and demonstrated that waterpressure is expressed as the sum of the static pressure corresponding to water levels and the wave pressure, and that thewater pressure tends to be proportional to the square root of
the product of the wave height and length. Hereafter, we willconduct experiments on transmitted waves through rubble
mound and will suggest a wave pressure equation to be usedin the design of coastal defense structures.

PARI Annual Report 2017

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016
Research and Development on Port- and Airport-Function
Strengthening to Secure International Competitiveness• In studies of overseas cases, we quantitatively analyzed thecosts of maintenance, fuel, IT investment, depreciation, andothers in a scenario that assumed switching a container terminal’s cargo handling from the conventional system to an
automated system. Then, we determined the effects of theautomation on terminal areas, overall costs, and benefits.
• For introduction of multi-beam sonars, the following need to
be investigated: data accuracy which satisfies output-test
standards, establishment of operation methods, appending
information to the output-test standards, and coordination
with Japan Coast Guard (JCG). We provided administrative
support for such requirements.

Number of vehicles from starting point toparking areas
Number of vehicles from road A to parking areas

23:00

21:00

19:00

17:00

15:00

13:00

9:00

11:00

7:00

5:00

3:00

1:00

23:00

21:00

19:00

17:00

15:00

13:00

9:00

Number of vehicles from road B to parking areas

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• Focused approaches on the following two matters are required: 1. The population is decreasing, society is graying,
and accumulated infrastructure is aging in Japan. In view ofsuch problems, studies should be conducted on how to secure port and airport functions, which support the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and the vitality of thenation, and people’s lives. 2. With limited financial resources
and workforce, studies should be conducted on how to efficiently and effectively implement maintenance, renewal, andrepair works while efficiently using existing infrastructure andprolonging the life of overall facilities themselves.
• Therefore, we decided to conduct research and development
on strengthening port and airport functions and other activities. Currently, we are promoting institution-wide comprehensive research and development on subthemes associatedwith international competitiveness including an internationallystrategic port policy, Haneda Airport improvement, and export
capacity of infrastructure.
• The themes of this research address the development ofspecific technologies associated with international competitiveness including automated cargo works, construction information modeling (CIM), and export capacity of infrastructure.
Regarding development of technologies which efficiently andeffectively implement the following matters, the themes of other studies (1A, 2B, and 2C) address: improvement of largescale facilities, improvement of the quake resistance of facilities, maintenance and management after facility construction,and improvement of existing facilities.

11:00

Background and Objectives

7:00

2A

Research Topicsii) Research on terminal systems for packaged export ofcontainer terminals
We will establish cargo-handling facilities, operation systems,
and design and planning methods which allow streamlining ofcontainer terminals.
iii) Saving labor, shortening the work period, and reducing
costs by using CIM
As part of CIM utilization, we will use construction-control datafrom a multi-beam sonar to establish a construction inspection
method. With this method, we aim to save labor and achieveinternational standardization of construction-control inspection.
By using CIM, we also aim to establish unmanned marine construction, in which Japan is lagging behind.

Activities in FY 2016

We created numerical models of Minami Honmoku Pier MC1-4
of Yokohama Port for the study. In MC1-4, we quantified the numbers of waiting vehicles in front of gates for different hypotheticalconditions regarding gates’ conditions, configuration, and handling
capacities through a numerical simulation using AutoMod.

23:00

21:00

19:00

17:00

15:00

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11:00

9:00

7:00

5:00

3:00

1:00

23:00

21:00

19:00

17:00

15:00

13:00

11:00

9:00

Number of vehicles from starting point toparking areas
Number of vehicles from road A to parking areas
Number of vehicles from road B to parking areas

7:00i) Development of efficient-use strategies of consecutive
container terminals and automation of terminal works
We created models of Minami Honmoku Pier MC1-4 of Yokohama Port for the study. In MC1-4, we will quantitatively evaluate the effects of off-dock loading/unloading as well as the effects of efficient operations on reducing environmental burden
and preventing congestion in front of gates through numericalsimulation. Then, we will use the evaluation results to establish
strategies to effectively and comprehensively utilize container
terminals.
Regarding the conventional operation methods and cargohandling machinery, we will suggest and apply a system to improve terminal productivity.

Comparison of the number of waiting trucks in front of gates under
the following two countermeasures against future increases in handling number at MC1-4: the number of additional gate lanes is kept
to the minimum (upper graph); the number of additional gate lanes
is increased dramatically (lower graph). On heavy-traffic days (leftside of the graphs), a large difference occurs.
Automated Stacking
Crane (Kalmar)
A container is liftedfrom a trailer (TraPac
Terminal, Los Angeles
Port)

Automated Straddle
Carrier (Kalmar)
A sea shore craneunloads a container
and is automatically transported byit(TraPac Terminal, Los
Angeles Port)PARI Annual Report 2017 08

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016
Research and Development on Lifecycle-Management of Infrastructure

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• The number of port, airport and coastal structures that havebeen used for a long time is increasing, and yet financial
resources and the number of technicians for facility maintenance and management are limited. Important port, airport,
and coastal infrastructure functions should be maintained,
and so the strategic maintenance, renewal, and other approaches for such functions are strongly required.
• Therefore, we will establish design methods for port structures and materials which are excellent in terms of maintenance, and will develop techniques regarding various countermeasures in the maintenance phase.

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following threesubthemes:i) Research on technologies for prolonging the life of
infrastructure
Regarding various construction materials in marine environments, we will conduct research on the following: evaluationof long-term durability, understanding of deterioration mechanisms, and investigation of the prevention effects of protective
methods for steel structures. Especially, assuming that infrastructure is used overseas and on remote islands in Japan, we
will improve material characteristics and durability under severe
environments and under conditions in which low-quality material is used, and will investigate environmental-burden reduction, durability improvement, and environmental coexistence. In
addition, regarding airport runways, we will improve methods todetect the separation of asphalt from aggregates, countermeasures against such separation, and the load-bearing characteristics of airport pavement. We will also investigate rapid repair
techniques.
ii) Research on systems for inspecting and diagnosing infrastructure
We will research and develop the following: inspection anddiagnosing techniques using nondestructive inspection methods and sensors, unmanned investigation devices including
ROVs, Non-contact ultrasonic thickness gauging system, andothers. Especially, we will suggest a health-monitoring system
which uses nondestructive inspection methods and monitoring
methods for each type of structure. In addition, for open-type
wharves, we will establish a system for selecting inspection anddiagnosing methods according to the performance of structures
to be evaluated and the accuracy of expected output.
iii) Research on maintenance and management systems forport structures
We will conduct accelerated-deterioration tests of membersof port structures, investigate performance-deterioration models which cover the entire lifecycle of structures, and validate
such models through exposure tests in actual environments
and through on-site investigation. We will also take into accountthe required properties and utilization of individual structures,budgets, and various limitations, and then suggest strategies ofmaintenance and management of district-based groups of port
structures.

Activities in FY 2016

• We will use facilities with long-term exposure to predict chloride-induced concrete deterioration, and collect data on the
durability of various wood materials.
• Regarding the anticorrosion effects of cathodic protection
methods on steel materials in actual environments, we compiled the results for many test pieces.
• With the target of establishing methods for predicting the deterioration of protective coating methods, we analyzed samples from port structures which have actually been used fora long time. We also conducted accelerated-deterioration trials to determine the deterioration mechanisms of petrolatum
coating construction methods.
• We evaluated the durability of concrete which had been madewith low-quality aggregates (coral) and seawater as mixing
water and also started exposure trials to develop concrete
curing techniques with seawater. In addition, we studied exposed specimens to evaluate the durability of highly-resistantreinforcing steel (including stainless reinforcing steel).
• We answered inquiries from many regional developmental bureaus and bureau managers regarding maintenance techniques.
• We conducted trials to evaluate the separation tolerability at
the design phase of newly-paved asphalt pavement, organizedseparation-prevention methods, and then compiled the results.
• We studied and organized the following: the required performance of aggregate gradation and warm mix asphalt whenused in airport-asphalt pavement, and methods for testing andevaluating their performance. Then, we conducted pilot studies.
• We collected cases of structural types and details to reduce
maintenance work and then extracted and organized points tobe considered for maintenance at both design and construction stages.
• We investigated the following: multicopter drone utilization;
development of sensors to confirm anticorrosion effects; inspection and diagnosing systems for port structures; corrosion monitoring to investigate the appropriate arrangement ofsensors for RC materials; applicability of spatial statistics for
streamlining maintenance; corrosion diagnostic technique fortie rods; development of corrosion sensors for steel material
embedded in concrete; and others.
• We refined an ROV for inspecting pier superstructures andnoncontact thickness measuring equipment, conducted onsite trials, and identified the challenges and other matters.
• We organized the following: reconstruction of performancedegradation chains at mooring facilities; methods for evaluating the soundness of apron pavement with cavities; evaluationand prediction of durability of concrete structures; challenges
to studying life extension and improvement of existing facilities;
maintenance scenarios and LCC of pier superstructures; flowof selecting pier countermeasure methods; methods of correcting maintenance plans for port facilities; and other matters.
Urethane elastomer (20 years) = heavy-duty coating

Areas with deterioration tendency

Steel side

Background and Objectives

Seawaterside

2B

Deterioration trends can be
confirmed within areas fromthe surface to 20-μm depth.

FT-IR result (wave number = 1712 cm-1)

Investigation results of protective coating (urethane elastomer)(Deterioration rate of coating material is very slow.)

09 PARI Annual Report 2017

PARI Annual Report 2017

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

2C

Research and Development of Efficient Use of Infrastructure

Background and Objectives

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following threesubthemes:i) Research on techniques to improve or renew existing facilities
We have already conducted research and development on
improving existing facilities including deepening existing quaywalls. However, such improvements were made using techniques for newly-built structures. Hereafter, we will investigate
methods of evaluating ground characteristics, design methods,
and subsurface-exploration methods to improve and renew existing facilities. In such methods, the construction history, effects
from neighboring structures, and other factors will be taken into
account. We will also investigate ground-evaluation methods
and ground databases, both of which cover residual settlement
and other phenomena, with the aim of long-term facility maintenance.
ii) Research on efficient use and techniques of treating construction byproducts and other redundancy
We will investigate the following techniques regarding
dredged soil: improvement techniques to transform dredged soil
into high-value added materials including composite soil, which
provides habitats for benthic creatures, and solidified soil withhigh water permeability; and new volume-reduction techniques.
We will also investigate durability when solidified soil and slag
composite soil are used in sea areas, the mechanical characteristics of composite ground materials containing various byproducts, crushable materials, and other contents, and methods ofevaluating and managing the quality of these materials.
iii) Research on management and utilization of waste disposal sites at sea
Regarding disposal sites at sea, technologies for seepage
control works for construction have been developed. However,research on post-construction utilization of such sites has notprogressed. Therefore, we will investigate the following which
are necessary for utilization: ground-making methods, construction methods, effects on impervious layers, construction methods to manage the internal water level at low cost, techniques
to detoxify waste before land reclamation, and the medium- tolong-term strength and elution characteristics of solidified soil.

Activities in FY 2016

• Based on measurements of differential settlement regarding
reclaimed land, we evaluated individual phenomena throughelement tests, investigated overall behavior through numerical simulation using case examples, and then predicted thesettlement.
• We developed an experiment system which simulates a series of processes ranging from chemical grouting experiments
to shaking table test using geotechnical centrifuge. We useda refractive-index matching technique to visualize the groundand developed a technique to directly observe the penetration
process of chemical grouting.
• We continued to conduct a model experiment regarding the
ground range affecting the bearing strength of piles and theeffects of structure construction and other works on the surrounding ground. In addition, we started to investigate methodsof evaluating ground characteristics taking construction history
into account, through numerical analyses. We also developed
a construction method to improve the existing pile castings(soil-improvement work between piles) during the research.
• We conducted erosion tests on steel-slag/clay composite soil
and compiled the results regarding durability. The characteristics of erosion of these soils induced by water flow remained
unknown, so we developed a new compact erosion test apparatus to quantify such erosion characteristics. Then, we
performed a series of erosion experiments by utilizing the apparatus developed. On the basis of the results, we proposed
an erodibility chart of consolidated clay, cement treated clay,
and steel-slag/clay composite soil.
• We conducted various trials using X-ray CT scanners andthree-dimensional molding apparatus (3D printers), and thencompared the numerical analysis results using the discrete element method. In a replication analysis of compression tests,
we found that the reproducibility of particle-contact points is
an important factor. In addition, regarding permeability issues,
we found that analyses can obtain similar permeability coefficients when particle diameters and particle configurations
are the same.
• We continued to evaluate water-shielding characteristics regarding the peripheral surface of piles installed at a disposalsite which had been filled with non-incinerated waste in 2014.
We also participated in a field test of pile-installation at awaste site which had been filled with incinerated ash.

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• There is strong societal demand to improve the functionsof existing infrastructure to enable active, efficient use. Requests include countermeasures against increasing logistics
volume and larger ships and vessels, expansion of airport
functions, and countermeasures against existing facilities
which can no longer be used due to increased external forces
and other reasons. In addition, regarding waste disposal sites
at sea which accept industrial and non-industrial waste, there
is public demand to ensure highly efficient use of the sites.
On the other hand, it has become difficult to secure land forsoil disposal sites which accept soil dredged from shipping
routes. Accordingly, it is necessary to prolong the life of soil
disposal sites.
• Therefore, we will develop the following: techniques to efficiently improve and renew the functions of existing infrastructure and to efficiently change the applications of existing infrastructure; techniques to reduce or efficiently utilize
construction-generated soil and other redundancy; and techniques to efficiently utilize waste disposal sites at sea.

Upper left: before saturation
Lower left: just after start of injection
Upper and middle pictures of theright column: during injection
Lower right: injection completion

Visualized injection process of chemical grouting in a centrifuge model test

PARI Annual Report 2017 10

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

3A

Research on Development and Utilization of Oceans

Background and Objectives

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• Since the 1960s, the importance of marine utilization anddevelopment has been pointed out. Various approaches forthis purpose have been taken, but the progress remains inadequate. One of the reasons is the lack of infrastructure at sea
as a hub. Therefore, marine hub ports should be constructed
on remote islands including Minamitorishima and Okinotorishima to promote marine utilization and development.
• However, these remote islands are surrounded by severe sea
climate for port construction which are different from those ofgeneral ports in main islands. Further technological development is required to ensure smooth ship berthing, cargo handling, and port construction.
• Therefore, in this research theme, we will make maximum useof previously accumulated knowledge regarding waves, seabed soils, port structures, and port construction to construct
ports on remote islands, and will also promote marine utilization and development. Specifically, we will clarify the characteristics of waves in isolated reef areas, and will develop a
new mooring system for ships. We will also develop technologies for downsizing and reducing the weight of sound video
cameras, as well as marine utilization and development.

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following two subthemes:i) Research on port construction and management in remote islands
We will develop a numerical simulation model for wave transformations on continental shelf boundaries and around isolatedislands. We will also propose a technology to create calm-water
areas against wave propagation and long-period waves aroundisolated reefs. At the same time, we will develop a new mooring
system applicable to remote islands to improve cargo-handlingefficiency for ships.
ii) Research on infrastructure technology for utilization anddevelopment of oceans
We are trying to downsize and lighten acoustic video cameras, and will also develop an unmanned underwater construction
system to construct marine infrastructure. In addition, we willpropose an environment-protection technology by promoting
the attachment of calcified organisms to structures.

Reduction of burden from throwing and removal ofdevices via beach access points and other points

A crawler enters
the sea

Macroscopic inspection of structures

・Management of information frominvestigation and inspectio
・Scalability through device addition

Simple water-depth inspection at a mooring basin

Overall image of an investigation and inspection system of port facilities in remote islands• In research on Maintenance Inspection and Investigation
Technology for Remote Island Ports, we considered reducing the burden of operations and reviewed working platforms.
We assumed that a working platform will be used in remoteislands and developed a platform. We also conducted basic
experiments on the traveling of a compact crawler.
• In the development of a next-generation sound imaging system, we developed an acoustic video camera for deep-sea
ROVs and then conducted a field experiment and other tankexperiments to confirm the camera’s performance. In addition, we also developed image presentation softwares of theacoustic video camera.
• In research on the practical utilization and application of marine energy at ports, we used a sea area off Choshi as an
example to present a potential map of marine energy (waveforce) at the location. Based on the results of on-site demonstration experiments of a multiple-resonance type wave
power generation system, as well as an offshore wind observation system, we proposed practical systems for future expansion of wave power generation and offshore wind power
generation.
• In on-site investigation and information analyses regarding
the formation and stability of calcium-carbonate ground, we
surveyed the geography and biota and sampled coral andsediment at Minamitorishima Island. We also conducted onsite surveys at Rukan reef, Iriomoteshima island, and Ishigaki
island, which are sub-sites.

Activities in FY 2016

• In technological development regarding the utilization and application of mooring facilities which will be constructed in isolated reef areas on the sea, we introduced floating boundaries
into the computing fluid dynamics (CFD) model and newly installed a method of analyzing the motion of moored ships andfloating bodies taking into consideration the external-force
characteristics of complex waves. We also conducted experiments of floating-body motion on a flat sloping bottom andverified the accuracy of the conventional and new motionanalysis methods.
• In technological development regarding new mooring equipment for ships within port areas, we collected and organized
information on ship-mooring techniques which are different
from conventional techniques using general mooring ropes
and fenders, and then evaluated and investigated their applicability.

11 PARI Annual Report 2017

Potential maps of marine energy (wave force) in a sea area off
ChoshiLeft: c haracteristic wave height(monthly average)

Right: o mnidirectional wave
power (monthly average)

PARI Annual Report 2017

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016
Research on Enhancement and Utilization of Coastal Ecology

Background and Objectives

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following threesubthemes:i) Research on coastal-ecosystem utilization
Regarding ecosystem-based countermeasures against the
impacts of climate change, we will conduct research on alleviating climate change including carbon storage and atmospheric
CO2 uptake, both of which utilize ecosystems (blue carbon). In
addition, we will expand our technological development internationally. We will also develop a technology to create coastal
ecosystems which suffer less damage due to earthquakes andtsunamis and which recover rapidly. Through such technologies,
we can continuously reap the benefits of the ecosystem.
ii) Research on the-water environment simulation and analysis in inner-bay
We will develop the following methods regarding the acquisition and utilization of environment-observation data: a new
method of analyzing marine monitoring data covering currently
operating ferries and monitoring posts and others; and a new
method of observing parameters for which common methods
cannot obtain adequate results. We will also re-analyze existingunderutilized environmental data, and will use multi-functionalized GPS wave-observation buoys to continuously observe areas for which data has not been obtained. In addition, we will
integrate weather/marine/ecosystem models and utilize in realtime the environmental observation data. Through these means,
we will develop a system which comprehensively predicts problems that frequently occur in inner bays, including red tides, blue
tides, and hypoxia.
iii) Research on countermeasure technologies against sea
oil spill
Regarding technologies for dealing with spilled oil, in addition
to developing technologies to resolve conventional on-site challenges, we will conduct new research and development on thefollowing: oil-gathering equipment loaded on next-generation
oil-recovery ships; and systems which comprehensively recoveror treat oil and which can address large-scale oil-spillage accidents. In addition, we will establish an information system for therisk management of oil pollution based on simulation technology, understand the behavior and mechanisms of oil spilled fromdangerous facilities in waterfront areas due to natural disasters
including earthquakes and tsunamis, and conduct research anddevelopment of quantitative prediction techniques and mitigation techniques for spilled oil. Through such approaches, we willdevelop innovative countermeasure techniques against oil pollution and improve the ability to respond oil pollution.

Activities in FY 2016

• Regarding global-scale estimation of the mitigation and adaptation functionings of blue carbon on climate change, we usedmethods of measuring carbon dynamics, the development of
which we have almost completed, and then initiated on-site
investigation in coastal zones overseas (estuaries of the Ganges River, India). We also established a numerical model toevaluate coastal-ecosystem functions which affect climatechange-induced changes in coastal-zone environments.
• Regarding research on integrated techniques for evaluating
and predicting coastal benthic ecology and ground environment dynamics, we established an integrated system formeasuring and investigating wide-ranging ground environment dynamics covering the supratidal-intertidal-subtidal
zones of tidelands and sand coasts and then conducted onsite feasibility studies.
• In research on the water environment simulation and analysis
in inner-bay, we took into account the transitions in the coastal-area utilization of inner-bay areas and used a numericalsimulation to evaluate changes in the water quality of innerbay areas. We also developed methods for assessing the biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. In addition, data-assimilation
analytical approaches that reflects the observational data into
simulation results were investigated to establish more accurate prediction systems.
• In the research and development of new techniques to prevent various types of spilled oil including natural disasters,
we investigated the range of advection and expansion of oilthat has spilled from port facilities by tsunamis, investigated
the applicability of techniques to prevent the drifting of spilled
oil to port facilities, and designed a real-time hazard map ofoil spill. Then we developed a beta version of a WWW continuous system for oil-drifting simulation and hazards (server
client system).
m: mangrove f: tidal flat

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• Rich ecosystems in coastal zones include tidal flats, seagrassmeadows, and coral reefs. Coastal zones are valuable places
for the global environment. However, during the era of rapid
economic growth, intense socio-economic activities caused
the deterioration of water quality in coastal inner bays andenclosed waters, resulting in ecosystem damage. Thanks tosubsequent countermeasures, water quality has gradually
been improving in some coastal zones; however, recovery of
the coastal-zone environment including ecosystems remains
a formidable challenge.
• On the other hand, new challenges include the utilization ofcoastal-zone functions for mitigating climate change, as wellas countermeasures against large-scale oil spill incidents
from maritime industrial complexes and other facilities.
• Therefore, in the themes of this research, we will conduct
research and development with the following goals: further
restoration of the coastal-zone environment, coastal-zone utilization for climate-change mitigation, and establishment oftechnologies to counter large-scale oil spill incidents.

g: seagrassmeados c: coral reef

Water depth = 50 m

4A

5km

Model of predicting geographical changes in coral-reef areas

Dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom layer of Ise Bay(red: decreased, blue: increased)

PARI Annual Report 2017 12

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2016

4B

Research on Coastal and Estuarine Processes

Background and Objectives

Research Themes and Activities in FY2016• PARI’s research activity of littoral drift was started to examine
the critical water depth of sediment movement for harbor planning. Now, prevention methods for harbor sedimentation due
to sand and also siltation due to silt are proposed. However, inJapan, sedimentation is still progressing in some ports, and incountries which aim to expand their infrastructure overseas, amuch greater amount of siltation than in Japan is projected atsome channels. Countermeasures against such sedimentation and siltation problem have been inadequate.
• On the other hand, beaches are valuable as they provide protection, environment and utilization functions. However, thearea of beaches has been decreasing since the era of rapid
economic growth, and is still shrinking at a rate of 1.6 km2 peryear. Various countermeasures have been taken to prevent
such coastal erosion, and as a result, the beach area has
increased at some coasts. Nevertheless, global warming is
expected to cause more severe coastal erosion. In addition,
when remote islands and overseas are taken into account, it
is important to maintain not only beaches but also coral-reefcoasts.
• Therefore, in the themes of this study, we aim to maintainthe following: natural coastline geometry including beaches,mangrove coasts, and coral-reef coasts; and artificial coastline geometry including channel and harbor. We will also
estimate changes in coastal-erosion and sedimentation phenomena assuming the progress of global warming, and thenpropose countermeasures against those changes. Also, wewill clarify siltation in the estuaries of large Asian rivers, mangroves and tidelands, and then propose countermeasuresagainst such phenomena.

Activities in FY 2016

• Regarding field surveys of changes in coastal morphology
due to sea level rise and generalized future prediction methods, we consistently collected on-site data from the Hazaki
Oceanographical Research Station. Based on on-site data,
we also conducted analyses to clarify the long-term beachchanges and used numerical simulation to establish a model
for simulating changes in geometry around structures. In addition, we used on-site data to understand long-term shoreline changes to sandy coasts where large-scale disposal ofdredged sediment had been made in the past.
• To clarify mechanisms of sediment transportation in estuaries
and accumulation in channels and harbors, in Japan, we conducted on-site surveys regarding fluid-mud transportation andon-site experiments of bottom-mud movement in estuaries
and tidelands around Kumamoto Port. Overseas, we worked
with a collaborative research institution in Indonesia regarding survey plans to identify the processes of transportation offine mud, which is a characteristic of estuaries in Southeast
Asia. Then, we conducted on-site surveys of the dispersionof turbid river water in estuaries around Patimban Coast in
East Java and succeeded in collecting data for evaluating the
distribution characteristics of bottom-mud densities.

Research Topics

Our researches and developments for the conservation ofbeaches and maintenance of ports are as follows:

Example of simulation results of topography changes around submerged breakwaters

Density (kg/m3)

Depth (m)We will analyze long-term measurement data of the Hasaki
coast and conduct short-term, intensive, on-site observation of
how beaches respond to different sea levels. Through this, wewill understand beach-response mechanisms to sea level rise,
and will develop methods of predicting future beach morphology. We will take into consideration the spatial scale of not only
the Hasaki coast but also global, and predict long-term coastalchanges (including natural sand coasts, sand coasts protectedby structures, coral-reef coasts, and pebble coasts) along withvariations of coastal disaster risks. In addition, we will develop
hybrid beach-maintenance methods, which minimize structure
volume and actively introduce sand bypasses, and propose effective beach maintenance methods that account for the disaster risks.
Regarding sediment transport which accompanies port utilization, we will expand the scope of our research to include
estuaries of large rivers, mangroves, and tidelands overseas.
Then, we will develop monitoring method for topographic
change which address regional characteristics and understandthe dynamics of topographic changes. In addition, we will devise
strategies to reduce siltation and will develop the efficient maintenance methods of channels and harbors as well as conservation of the environment of areas surrounding port facilities.

Example of measurements of vertical distribution ofdensity in Patimban

13 PARI Annual Report 2017

PARI Annual Report 2017

Fundamental and Exploratory Research
Cases of fundamental research

The investigation of waves, beaches, ground, earthquakes,
etc., is the basis of every study conducted by PARI, and therefore we are actively working on clarifying principles and phenomena, such as the mechanisms of natural phenomena anddynamic behavior of the ground and structures.

Study on the mechanism, evaluation and prediction of liquefaction under combined earthquake motions• In the Great East Japan Earthquake, after a magnitude-9 main
shock, 132 aftershocks of magnitude 5 or greater occurredon the day of the main shock. Especially, within 30 minutes
after the main shock, there were three violent aftershocks ofmagnitude 7 or greater. In the Kumamoto Earthquake, theimportance of continuous earthquakes including foreshocks
and main shocks became obvious. Many cases of aftershockinduced liquefaction after the main shock were confirmed;
coastal zones in Japan have many layers, with non-liquefiable
layers sandwiching liquefiable layers. However, since prediction techniques to evaluate such liquefaction had not been
established, it was necessary to investigate such techniques.
• In this research, we systematically clarified the characteristics
and mechanisms of liquefaction under such combined earthquake motions, and verified mechanisms and countermeasuresof liquefaction in layered ground in which liquefiable layers are
sandwiched by non-liquefiable layers. In addition, we developed
and proposed a new liquefaction prediction and assessment
method which can be utilized universally around the world.
• This new liquefaction prediction and assessment method is apractical method which simultaneously predicts and accounts
for the effects of irregularities of the waveforms and durations of earthquake motions, which had been difficult. Also,
the method was generalized so that it can be used for various types of liquefaction charts which adopt ground N-values,
cone-penetration resistances, and shear-wave velocities fromsurface-wave exploration.
• Following the recent occurrence of large-scale, long-duration
earthquake motions including the Great East Japan Earthquake
and Kumamoto Earthquake, the social demands and importance of more appropriate and rational liquefaction prediction
and assessment have been increasing, not only in Japan but
also internationally. Accordingly, the newly developed liquefaction prediction/assessment method is expected to be usedworldwide to mitigate earthquake-induced liquefaction disasters.

1

Strong Motion Earthquake Observation in Port andAirport Area

2

Investigation of Earthquake Disaster3

Development of strong motion estimation method for
scenario earthquakes beneath metropolitan area

4

Study on the mechanism, evaluation and prediction ofliquefaction under sequenced earthquake motions

5

Seabed Soil Dynamics and Stability Assessment of
Breakwaters and Seawalls

6

Development of an ocean–earth coupling model for tsunami propagation

7

Development of the estimation method for local scour
around coastal structures due to tsunami

8

Elucidation of oceanographic phenomena based on
observation data

9

Proposal for improvement of prediction accuracy of
swell

10

Study on very intense typhoon wind, storm and surge
water characteristics in Japanese bays

11

Development of the maritime and environmental simulation model using meso-scale weather forcasting
model

12

Evaluation of long-term durability of concrete, steel andvarious materials based on exposure test

13

Enhancement of cathodic protection desigh of marine
steel strctures considering the soil properties

14

Study on the durability of protective coating method formarine steel structures

15

Study on the durability of various materials under severe environments

16

Improvement method to non-uniform ground and its effect as a measure against liquefaction17

Durability of treated soils with steelmaking slag undermarine environments

18

Enhancement of accuracy of method for evaluating
mechanical properties of composite geomaterials
based on microstructural feature

19

Field observations and analyses on the formation andstability of carbonate lands

20

Global estimates of the efficacy of blue carbon as ameans of mitigation and adaptation to climate change

21

Development of integrated prediction and assessment
method of coastal benthic ecology and geoenvironmental dynamics

22

Continuous observation and statistical analysis of environmental data in enclosed bays

23

Development of an evaluation method for benthic biodiversity relating to environmental scale in coastal areas

24

Study on the mechanisms of coastal current and water
environment using data assimilation25

Observation of coastal geographical feature change andgeneralizing of prediction method in considered with influence of global warming

26

Study on sediment transport in estuary and deposition
process in navigation channel

Aftershock causes liquefaction while the main shock-induced
excess pore water pressure in sand layers remains undissipated.
Increased deformation
including subsidence

Non-liquefiable
layer
Countermeasure layer
against liquefaction

Main shock

Large aftershock

Liquefaction

Silt/clay layer
Excess pore water pressure is
hard to dissipate

Time(Secondary liquefaction)

Propagation of excess pore water pressure

Layered groundAcceleration

Sand layer

Excess pore waterpressure ratio

Liquefaction !!

Liquefiable layer

Excess pore water pressure is
hard to dissipate
Silt/clay layer
Time

Conceptual illustration to systematically clarify the liquefaction mechanism
under combined earthquake motions
Liquefaction
Excess pore water pressure ratio

Research theme (Fundamental research)

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Fundamental Research in FY 2016

With clay layers

Without clay layers

Time (sec.)

Liquefaction characteristics of layered ground due tocombined earthquake motions

Development of an ocean-earth coupling model for tsunami
propagation• To accurately predict tsunami propagation on the earth, weshould take the following effects into account: effects of wave
dispersion which decreases the phase velocity of short-wavelength component, effects of seawater compressibility which
decreases the one of all wavelength components uniformly,
and effects of earth’s elasticity and gravity potential change

PARI Annual Report 2017 14

Fundamental Research

Study on hyper intense typhoon wind, storm and surge water characteristics in Japanese bays
• Very intense Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines with acentral pressure of 895 hPa, causing devastating wind, storm
and surge water disasters. Japan was also hit by Typhoon
Muroto with a central pressure of 911 hPa. When taking future climate changes into account, it is not unrealistic that a
Haiyan-level typhoon may strike Japan.
• Therefore, in this research, we reviewed previous typhoons
and storm surges. We used Kagoshima Bay as an example
to characterize waves, storm surges and winds assuming thata Haiyan-level typhoon strikes Japan.
• The model typhoon had already been set based on the MLIT’s
Guide of Mapping Storm Surge Flood Areas. In 2016, we set
a Haiyan-level model typhoon as the most intense typhoon,
added it to the existing model typhoons, and estimated thewaves and storm surges. The results showed that a storm
surge of 3 m or higher would develop in Kagoshima Bay,
which would surpass the existing highest value. In Kagoshima
Port, which is located in the middle of the bay, a track of the
Haiyan-level typhoon can bring the maximum wave height andstorm surge. The peak of the wave height appeared first, andthen those of the wind velocity and the storm surge followed.
• These results are basic knowledge when setting design wave
and water level based on a scenario typhoon, which will be
introduced into the design standard for port facilities.

Maximum storm and surge water height caused by a Haiyan-level typhoon

15 PARI Annual Report 2017

Initial stage ofelectric conduction

100 days later
500 days later

Current density (mA/m2)

Figure 1. Depth distribution of
inflow-current densities

Distance from seabed (m)Effects of seawater compressibil- Wave forms of the 2011 Great East
ity and earth elasticity on tsunami Japan Earthquake tsunami observed
propagation
off the coast of Peru

Improvement of cathodic protection design for marine steel
structures considering soil properties• In most port steel structures in Japan, treatment to cathodic protection, which is based on a galvanic anode system, is applied
to parts that are submerged in seawater when the water level isat the mean low-water level (M.L.W.L.) or lower, and parts which
are buried in marine sediment. Although many findings havebeen obtained regarding the characteristics of cathodic protection, it is difficult to conduct surveys of parts buried in marine sediment, and so the effect of such method is not well understood.
• In this research, we focused on the cathodic protection characteristics of parts buried in marine sediment and, based on
on-site survey results, attempted to assess protective current
density for such parts. In this on-site survey, we investigatedthe cathodic protection characteristics of parts buried in marine
sediment of the single-pile area of the taxiway which is connected to runway D of Haneda Airport where the footing depth
is very deep (approximately 60 m). We also investigated therelationship between cathodic protection and soil electric resistivity (soil resistivity), which had been calculated using boring
samples from areas near the on-site survey location. In addition, we used finite element (FEM) analysis to analyze the distribution of the electric potential and current densities of piles,
and then investigated a design method for cathodic protection
taking soil resistivity into account.
• The results of this research are summarized below.
• We confirmed that electric potential remains at a sufficient levelto prevent corrosion for approximately 120 days even at 55 m
below the seabed and that the cathodic protection sufficiently
prevented corrosion even under marine sediment.
• We sampled soil in the ground survey. Then, we confirmed thecorrelation between soil resistance which had been measured
for the sample and the protective current which flows into steel
material (Figure 1 and 2).
• In this survey, we took soil resistance under marine sediment
into account and used the FEM method to analyze the electric
potential and density distribution when cathodic protection wasapplied to the piles. The results were relatively close to the actual measurements. The method of FEM analysis with parameterof soil resistance under marine sediment suggests that it could
contribute to a highly reasonable cathodic protection design.
Distance from sea surface (A.P.) (m)Fundamental and Exploratory Researchthat decrease long-wavelength component. We developed a
new numerical tsunami model. The model can consider all
those effects by coupling the ocean and the solid earth. The
prediction accuracy of far-field tsunami is much improved by
the new model.
• We applied the model to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami. By comparison to the conventional model,
significant improvement of the model accuracy is confirmedin waveform prediction even in far fields.
• Hereafter, we are trying to increase the resolution of bathymetry in the global tsunami propagation model. Further improvements of the model accuracy is expected. We are going
to integrate the ocean-earth coupling model with the existingtsunami-simulator STOC and utilize it to predict inundation incoastal areas.

Soil resistance (Ω•cm)

Figure 2. D epth distribution of soil
resistanceField observations and analyses on the formation and stability of carbonate lands• The importance of remote island-based marine development
and utilization has been increasing. The low-water lines ofremote islands are the baseline for the exclusive economic
zone. Thus, in order to conserve national land for remote islands, it is necessary to maintain not only territory but also
low-water lines.
• Remote islands located in the southern part of Japan including Okinotorishima Island and Minamitorishima Island havedifferent soil from those of Honshu and other main islands
where the main material is silicates. The soil and sedimentof these remote islands are composed mainly of calcium carbonate formed by corals and foraminifers (calcifiers). Therefore, conservation of the national land depends on whether
the rate of formation of land by calcifiers exceeds the rate of

PARI Annual Report 2017

Fundamental Research

Geomorphic analysis inareas around port facilities
in Minamitorishima Island,
where construction works
are in progress

Cylindrical coral samples collected at a
sub-site (Rukan reef)

Understanding of sedimentary dynamics in estuaries andsiltation of navigation channels and harbor basins• In ports located around estuaries, countermeasures against
sedimentation of navigation channels and harbor basinsdue to the deposition of discharged sediments through rivers are required. Examining countermeasures for siltation isimportant research subjects to resolve the following existing
challenges: shortage of disposal site of dredged sediments
and reducing the cost of maintenance dredging. Problems of
maintaining navigation channels and harbor basins are serious also in many ports in South east Asian countries, whichhave often developed in estuaries of large rivers.
• In this research, we are focusing on estuaries not only in Japanbut also overseas including in Southeast Asian countries. We
are conducting several field monitoring to understand the sediment transport process including fluid mud behaviors aroundriver mouth. We are also working on modeling of these sediment-transport processes in the estuarine and coastal zones.
• In the field observation at the Patimban coast in Indonesia,
we have captured dispersion of turbidity around rivermouthand formation of fluid mud layer near the bed.
• In another field survey in the area around the Kumamoto Portin Japan, we observed the particle-diameter variations of suspended sediments, which depends on the types of deposited
sediments. By flume experiments, we investigated the sediment load due to current and waves and the transport rates
and their dependency on the sediment type were quantitatively evaluated.

Exploratory Research in FY 2016
Exploratory research based on innovative and advanced
ideas and potentially pioneering research fields for PARI in the
future are appropriately conducted with foresight and flexibility.
Research theme (Exploratory research)
1

Visualizatiuon of stress distribution during liquefaction
process using mechanoluminescence2

A Basic Study of Application of Geostatistics for Strategic Maintenance3

wavenumber spectra and sea surface roughness ininner bay

4

The Development of an Applicable Sensor in Reinforced Concrete Structures

5

Experimental study on post-liquefaction deformation
by density matching technique6

Development of a corrosion diagnosing techniques
for tie rods at sheet pile-type mooring wharves using
an electrochemical method

Cases of Exploratory Research
Visualizatiuon of stress distribution during liquefaction
process using mechanoluminescence• In this study, we aimed to reveal the liquefaction process byvisualizing force state from particle-scale. We developed aforce-visualization technique for granular material utilizing
the mechanoluminescence(ML) phenomena.
• ML is force-induced light emitting phenomena, which lightintensity is proportional to force-rate. The ML material was
defect-controlled strontium aluminate doped with europium
as the luminescent center (SrAl2O4:Eu). The surface of theglass beads was coated with an ML paint produced by mixing the ML material with epoxy resin.
• In the experiment, first we conducted loading test for single
columns of coated particle to calibrate between the luminance and applied force. As the practical application, we
conducted loading test of deep foundation in a centrifuge tovisualize the load transmission through the granular material. Following figure shows test condition and luminance appearance - the concentrating luminance has observed under
the loading plate. It shows qualitative agreement through thecomparison between applied load and luminance variation.
Moreover, we conducted shaking table test in dry condition
as feasibility study for dynamic phenomenon.
• Hereafter, we continues these experiments to improve its accuracy in quantitative level, and applying to visualize liquefaction phenomena.
Forced displacement
Luminescent particle

Glass beads

Loading plate

Sample from Stn.3, unidirectional flow only

Bed-load amount (g)Sample from Stn.3, unidirectional flow + oscillating flow
Sample from Stn.4, unidirectional flow only
Sample from Stn.4, unidirectional flow + oscillating flow

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

the rise of sea level and erosion.
• External stresses including climate changes, bottom-sediment changes, and environmental changes can be not only
threats for calcifiers but also for threats from the viewpoint of
national land conservation.
• Therefore, in this research, we aim to understand the determinants of the ground formation rate by calcifiers as well as theprocesses of movement, settlement, and erosion of sedimen
to create a scientific and technological basis for maintenanceof territory, low-water lines, and port-facility geometry.
• In 2017, we conducted the following studies at Minamitorishima Island and other Japanese remote islands (Rukan reef,
Iriomoteshima island, and Ishigaki island): aerial photoshooting using a multicopter drone, topographical survey, continuous field observation, sampling of bottom sediments and corals, and analyses of the samples.

Exploratory Research

Forced displacement
Loading plate
Width: 30 mm
Height: 10 mm

Luminescent particle(Coated glass beads)

130
mm

120
mm

Shooting range
Unidirectional flow velocity (m/s)

PARI Annual Report 2017 16

Exploratory Research

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Applicability of geostatistics for streamlining maintenance• For maintenance of concrete structures in ports, coring andconcentration measurement of chloride ions are sometimes
performed to confirm the state of penetration of chloride ions.
However, the severe work environment and the long length ofport structures make it difficult to conduct an adequate number of surveys. So, it is difficult to determine the deterioration
condition of an entire structure.
• Therefore, if information from limited-area surveys allows us
to recognize the state of penetration of chloride ions for an
entire structure, it may be possible to identify areas where
focused reviews are required. In this research, first we investigated the necessary number of measurements for estimating
the concentration distribution of chloride ions which are present on the surface of pier floorboards.
• On pier floorboards which have been used for approximately
30 years after the structure entered into service, we measured
chloride-ion concentrations at 63 locations and calculated theconcentration of surface chloride ions (C0) and apparent diffusion coefficient (Dap). For the resulting C0, we used kriging,which is a geostatistics method, to estimate the distributionof C0 on an overall floorboard. For data of N points (N = 5,
10, 15, ..., 45), which had been randomly selected from dataof the 63 measured points, we used kriging to estimate the
distribution of C0, and calculated mean square errors (MSE)
between the results and C0 distribution which had been estimated using the overall data (Figure 1). We repeated thiscalculation for each N point 2000 times, then analyzed theestimated accuracy of the distribution for each number ofmeasurements.
• As a result, we found that the greater the number of data, thesmaller the MSE becomes (Figure 2); however, we could notconclude how many measurements are necessary for estimating the distribution of C0. Hereafter, we will conduct the sameinvestigation on other floor slabs to increase actual data. We
will also conduct simulations regarding the necessary numberof measurements for estimating the distribution of C0.

Example of wavenumber spectrum

Land-side

Concentrationof surface
chloride ions
(kg/m3)Sea-sideFigure 1. Estimated concentration
distribution of surface chloride ions(overall data; white circles represent
measured points.)

Number of measurements

Figure 2. Estimated error for eachnumber of measurements

The dependence of sea-surface roughness on the wavenumber spectrum in inner bays
• In the previous storm-surge simulation, sea-surface roughness was calculated using only a wind-velocity function regardless of wave conditions. To quantify the relationship between wave conditions and sea-surface roughness, a methodof estimating wavenumber spectrum needs to be developed.
• Therefore, in this study, we assumed that data of Acoustic
Doppler Current Profile (ADCP), which is a general observation method in the Nationwide Ocean Wave information network for Ports and HArbourS (NOWPHAS), will be used in
the estimation, and then attempted to develop a method toestimate wavenumber spectrum based on wavelet analysis.
• First, we received advice from Dr. M. Donelan of Miami University, investigated a method of using longitudinal data of observed water levels and velocities to directly estimate wavenumber spectrum, and then concluded that such a method isdifficult to use due to ADCP’s characteristics. Next, we used

17 PARI Annual Report 2017

research by Krogstad et al. (2006) as a reference, and investigated a two-stage method, in which directional-spectrum estimation is followed by wavenumber-spectrum estimation. In
the directional-spectrum estimation, we adopted the Bayesian approach, which allows robust and high-resolution estimation; in the wavenumber-spectrum estimation, we adopted
the grid search algorithm which assumes a linear dispersion
relation as the initial value. We verified the validity of thisserial estimation method through a numerical simulation, in
which water-level/flow-velocity time series were made using
the wavenumber spectrum, then the time series was used toinversely calculate the wavenumber spectrum.
• Phenomena which fluctuate depending on time domains (e.g.
envelope development in wave-group) could not be analyzed
by Fourier analysis, but could be analyzed by introducing
the wavelet analysis to spectral analysis. Dropping data andnoises seldom interfere with such analysis.
• After analyzing some data from NOWPHAS-based observations using the above method, we found that the time fluctuation of directional spectrum may differ depending on winds,
waves. We also determine the timing and frequency of reflected-wave development from the land.

• Hereafter, we will analyze wave phenomena which have notbeen fully understood using conventional observation equipment and analytical methods, to help understand the mechanisms of generation of such phenomena and assess theireffects on coastlines. Such phenomena include ”YorimawariNami” in Toyama Bay, the frequency and occurrence condition of reflected waves from the land, whose phenomena canbe observed from several observation points of NOWPHAS.
In addition, we would like to investigate the introduction of
NOWPHAS into our routine works, and development on
ocean models including a storm-surge model using sea-surface roughness.
Development of a sensor for reinforced-concrete structures• For efficient and effective maintenance of reinforced-concrete
structures, it is necessary to accurately diagnose and assess
the state of corrosion of steel material in target structures.
Nondestructive inspections are performed for this purpose,and a continuous monitoring technique using electrochemicalmeasuring methods is drawing attention.
• For measuring the half-cell potential and polarization resistance of steel material in concrete, noble-metal referenceelectrodes are generally used as sensors. However, theheterogeneity of concrete components and the environment
inside an electrode make accurate measurement of half-cell
potential and polarization resistance difficult. Therefore, inthis research, we used internal-liquid reference electrodes todevelop an embedded-type, 3-electrode sensor, which canaccurately measure half-cell potential and polarization resistance.

PARI Annual Report 2017

Exploratory Research
Figure 2. Relation between shear resistanceand rotational speed of
the vanes
With heavy-density particles (teflon), the shear
resistance increases
with the rotational
speed of the vanes(resulting in a high apparent viscosity).

Figure 3. Velocity distribution (Velocity was normalized with the rotational speed of the vane tip.)
Deformed area expands with increasing rotational speed of thevanes (right figure).

Understanding the characteristics of liquefied-ground deformation through a density matching technique• Previous research pointed out that liquefied ground behaves
similarly to a viscous fluid; however, a method of estimatingsuch viscosity has not been established. In this research,
we aimed to understand the deformation characteristics ofliquefied sand ground from a microscopic viewpoint, i.e. theinteraction between sand particles and pore water, throughexperiments using a density matching technique.
• We selected five resins with different densities (polypropylene,
polystyrene, nylon, delrin, and teflon; density = 0.90 to 2.15),
formed each of them into a spherical shape with a diameterof 1 to 2 mm, and then used these balls instead of sand. Wechanged the material densities to replicate the disappearance
of interparticle force during liquefaction phenomena.
• We used a rheometer to measure shear resistance, and thenquantified the velocity dependence (viscosity) of shear resistance. As a result, we found that dense particles show stronger velocity dependencies (Figure 1 and 2).
• We used a high-speed camera to observe the deformation
field and confirmed the following mechanism: deformation
regions expanded with increasing rotational speed of vanes
and then the shearing resistance increased. Hereafter, we
will conduct experiments using a wider range of specimens tosystematically understand the phenomena.
Vane diameter: 38.5 mm

Vessel diameter: 100 mm

Figure 1. Viscosity
measurement by arheometer
Resistance is measured against therotation of the vanes.

Development of a corrosion diagnosing techniques for tie
rods at sheet pile-type mooring wharves using an electrochemical method• As a method of inspecting tie rods at sheet pile-type mooring wharves, there is currently only one method in which theuse of facilities is stopped and then apron areas are excavated. However, surveys using this method require time andeffort, and so few inspections of tie rods have been conducted. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to propose a nondestructive-inspection method for tie rods without excavation of
apron areas.
• In an inspection of LP gas pipes which are buried in the ground,electrochemical nondestructive inspections are conducted
to determine the presence of corrosion. In this research, we
conducted indoor experiments using model specimens, andon-site experiments at sheet pile-type mooring wharves, toinvestigate whether this method can be applied to tie rods.
• The results of the indoor experiments indicated that the method can be used to estimate the locations of corrosion by comparing the changes in electrical conduction between measurement points. However, in on-site experiments, we confirmedthat changes in electrical conduction at measurement points
markedly vary depending on ground conditions and water contents in earth-covered areas, and that the dispersion of flowing
current to other areas than tie rods hinders the accurate measurement of changes in electrical conduction.
• Regarding application of the inspection method for LP-gas
pipes to tie rods, many challenges remain for the diagnosisof tie-rod corrosion: proposal of a method to assess electrical resistivity in earth-covered areas; a method of assessingchanges in electrical conduction which takes flowing-current
dispersion into account; and appropriate thresholds of changes in electrical conduction.
Measuring device forcorrosion of LP gas pipes

Reference electrode(saturated copper
sulfate electrode)

Electric-conduction rod

Conduction part ofan electric-potential
measuring terminal
pavement
Tie rodUpper concrete

Concrete

Steel sheet pile

Backup material

Inspection of tie rods

Changes in electrical conduction (Ω)

Effects of chloride-ion concentration on measurement results(Legend: cement type–water/cement ratio–concentration of chloride ions)

Fundamental and Exploratory Research• To develop the sensor, we took the following two steps: 1.
selection of sensor material and study of sensor shapes/configurations, 2. evaluation of effect of different concrete constituent ratios on (1) chloride-ion concentrations, (2) structure
densities (cement types and water/powder ratios), and (3)drying. In step 2, we used concrete specimens with different
constituent ratios.
• We measured impedance spectra using the electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy to determine the effects of chloride-ion concentrations on the spectra. The following graphindicates the results. The figure’s legend indicates cementtype–water/cement ratio of concrete–concentration of chloride ions in concrete. The order of amplitude of each impedance spectrum was N–60–0>N–60–2>N–60–10. This result
indicates the trend that the inclusion of chloride ions reduces
the polarization resistance of steel material.
• This research suggested that the 3-electrode sensor could be
used for a practical continuous monitoring technique using
electrochemical measurement methods.

Tie-rod partNon-corroded

Concrete part

Corroded

Measured point (mm)Changes in electrical conduction value
in a simulated test specimen

PARI Annual Report 2017 18

Published Research Papers
Number of Peer-reviewed papers in FY 2016
Number of papers in Japanese

Number of papers in non-Japanese languages

Total

Rate of papers in non-Japanese language

62(50)

70(23)

132(73)53%(32%)*The above numbers contain proceedings that only reviewed the abstract.(Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of journals.)

Papers Published in PARI Reports in FY 2016

Published Research Papers

No.

Title

LanguageMonth/Year

055-02-1

Numerical Simulation on Tsunami Inundation and Debris Damage by STOC Model

Takashi TOMITA,Kazuhiko HONDA,Yu CHIDA

Author(s)Japanese

June 2016055-02-2

Field Observations and Numerical Analyses on the Effect of Vegetation on the
Hydrodynamics of a Shallow Water Using a New Hydrodynamic Model

Hirotada MOKI, Yasuyuki NAKAGAWA, Kenta WATANABE,
Tatsuki TOKORO, Shigeru MONTANI, Tomohiro KUWAE

Japanese

June 2016055-02-3

Mechanical properties of coral-gravel soil –a parametric study using reconstituted
samples–

Yoichi WATABE, Takashi KANEKO, Shinji SASSA

Japanese

June 2016055-02-4

Submarine Liquefied Flow Dynamics and Their Analytical Framework with Experimental and Field Validations

Shinji SASSA

Japanese

June 2016055-03Mechanical properties of coral-gravel soil – an integrated governing parameter for
undisturbed samples –Yoichi WATABE, Takashi KANEKO, Shinji SASSA

Japanese

September 2016055-04

Research Perspectives for Inproving the Productivity and the Sustainabirity of Port
Management

Koji TAKAHASHI

EnglishDecember 2016056-01-1

Design method of joint plates installed in a caisson type seawall

Kojiro SUZUKI, Yuichiro TAKEBE, Kazuki HORII,
Yoshio NISHIO

Japanese

March 2017056-01-2

Enhancement of accuracy of prediction of tsunami force in overflow for design oftenacious breakwater

Naoki TSURUTA, Kojiro SUZUKI, Tsukasa KITA,
Masafumi MIYATA, Masahiro TAKENOBU

Japanese

March 2017

LanguageMonth/Year

Papers Published in PARI Technical Notes in FY 2016
No.

Title

Author(s)No.1319

Annual Report on Nationwide Ocean Wave Information Network
for Ports and Harbours (NOWPHAS 2014)

Koji KAWAGUCHI, Satoshi SAKURABA, Takashi FUJIKI

Japanese

June 2016

No.1320

Sediment Transport and Near-Bed Dynamics by Currents and Waves in Muddy
Environments of Inner Bay

Yasuyuki NAKAGAWA

Japanese

June 2016

No.1321

Applicability of piled foundation at confined disposal facilities in coastal area – insitu demonstration for pile-driving and impermeable performance at untreatedwastes ground –Yoichi WATABE, Takaaki MIZUTANI, Takashi KANEKO,
Koichi MASUKADOJapanese

June 2016

No.1322

Annual Report on Strong-Motion Earthquake Records in Japanese Ports (2014)

Atsushi NOZU, Yosuke NAGASAKA

Japanese

June 2016

No.1323

Strong Ground Motion Simulation with Pseudo Point-source Model -Application to
the 2005 Central Chiba Intraslab Earthquake-

Yosuke NAGASAKA, Atsushi NOZUJapanese

June 2016

No.1324

Studies on the estimation of durability of protective methods for steel pipe pile
based on the long term marine exposure test (after 30 years)

Toru YAMAJI, Kazuhide YONAMINE, Yoshikazu AKIRA,
Masami ABE, Noriyoshi HARATA, Ryuta TANAKA,
Takashi KADONO, Kazuya KODA, Ken KANASUGI,
Hiroaki GOTO, Hideki MATSUDA, Hiroyuki EGUCHI,
Yoshinori MATSUI, Kei-ichiro KISHI, Kazuo KUBOTA,
Naoya NAGAO, Masahiko HOSHINO,
Yoshiyuki KAWASE,Fumito KOIZUMI,Yutaka KOBAYASHI,
Kazuhiro MASUDA, Yukio YOSHIKAWA, Satoshi NAKAMURA

Japanese

June 2016

No.1325

A Basic Study for Application of Multicopter in Visual Inspection of Port and Shore
Protection Facilities

Shuji NOGAMI, Koji YAMAMOTO, Ema KATO,
Yutaka TANAKA

Japanese

June 2016

No.1326

Development of countermeasure method using pile-type stabilization against lateralflow due to liquefaction

Yoshiyuki MORIKAWA, Hidenori TAKAHASHI, Wakaki TSUDA,
Naoki TAKAHASHI, Goji TOMURA, Ikuo TOWHATA

Japanese

September 2016

No.1327

Development of simulation model for oil transport resulting from a tsunami

Yoshitaka MATSUZAKI, Isamu FUJITAJapanese

September 2016

No.1328

Practical Approach to Maintenance of Mooring Facilities~ Towards Practical Inspection based on Performance Degradation Chains~Ema KATO, Yuichiro KAWABATA, Mitsuyasu IWANAMI,
Hiroshi YOKOTA, Toru YAMAJI, Atsushi FUJII,
Hideharu NAITO, Sosuke KITAZAWA, Hiroshi INOUE,
Hirohiko KASHIWABARA, Eiji SUEOKA, Michio YOSHIDA,
Shuji YAMAMOTO, Norio NAKANO, Tsutomu INADA

Japanese

December 2016

No.1329

Fundamental study on rational design of structural member of caisson in breakwater

Kenji UNO, Ema KATO, Yuichiro KAWABATA

Japanese

December 2016

No.1330Development of a method for complementarity of species assemblages and an
application for the data of benthicmarine animals obtained in a bay

Shinya HOSOKAWA

Japanese

December 2016

No.1331Annual Report on Strong-Motion Earthquake Records in Japanese Ports (2015)

Atsushi NOZU, Yosuke NAGASAKA

Japanese

March 2017

No.1332

Reconsideration of the Methods for Eelgrass Restoration

Shinya HOSOKAWA

Japanese

March 201719 PARI Annual Report 2017

PARI Annual Report 2017

Public Relations
Annual Report, Technical Journals,
and E-mail Newsletters

Lectures for the General Public
Port and Airport Technology Lecture
Aiming to present and disseminate the achievements of investigations, research, and technical developments carried out
at PARI, we held a Port and Airport Technology Lecture in Tokyoon December 9, 2016 in cooperation with the National Institutefor Land and Infrastructure Management, which was attended
by approximately 230 participants.
Port and Airport Technology Special Lecture in Region
In order to disseminate information on the research activities and achievements of PARI and collect information such as
research needs in each region of Japan, we held six lectures
throughout the country in cooperation with the National Institutefor Land and Infrastructure Management, Regional Development
Bureaus, and others, gathering approximately 800 participants.
Port and Airport Research Symposium
We held the Port and Airport Research Symposium in cooperation with the National Institute for Land and InfrastructureManagement in Yokosuka City on January 13, 2017, which wasattended by 61 people.

Open House
Summer Open House
Our Summer Open House (Saturday, July 23, 2016) held avariety of demonstration experiments, including “Let’s feel thepower of a giant tsunami!” and “Let’s make concrete!”, handson events including “Let’s touch creatures in tidal flats!”, “Let’s
experience a construction machine simulator”, and “Let’s see
under the sea with an underwater camera!”, and exhibitions including “Let’s see a jumbo jet tire!” 1,271 people visited PARI
that day.

Summer Open House

Other Facility Tours
Other than the Summer Open House, we held 90 facility tours, with 1,358 visitors. We introduced PARI facilities and
PARI-associated research to visitors from the government, municipalities, and educational institutions to broaden understanding of PARI’s activities and the social importance of researchers. We also carried out activities to increase understanding ofdisaster prevention, such as providing various information onearthquakes and tsunamis.

Other Outreach Activities

Public Relations

The Annual Report 2016 (Japanese version) and the PARI
Annual Report 2016 (English version), which summarized theactivities in FY 2015, were produced as a record of achievements,
and were distributed to the parties
concerned and published on PARI’s
website.
Each issue of the PARI Technical
Journal contains articles on selected research themes and introduces
the application of research achievements as well as the experimentand on-site measurement facilities
of PARI. Approximately 1,800 copies of the PARI Technical Journal
The PARI Technical Journal
were distributed to 1,700 places.
The PARI website continues topublish the latest information of the Institute, such as researchachievements, research facilities, seminars, symposiums, andother events and news. The website attracted approximately
260,000 visits in FY 2016. Bi-monthly newsletters were sent out
six times via e-mail to approximately 1,300 subscribers.

Cooperation with “Yokosuka Children’s University for Disaster Prevention”
We helped run the “Yokosuka Children’s University for Disaster Prevention” event, which is a summer disaster-prevention initiative to educate fifth-grade elementary schoolchildren living in
Yokosuka City. Two groups of children (59 in total) were brought
in and we ran hands-on workshops using models and other tools.
Cooperation with Super Science High school (SSH) Projects
We explained PARI’s research contents and held facility tours
for first-year high school students of Kanagawa Prefectural Yokosuka High School, which was designated as an SSH by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
to stimulate their interest in science and mathematics.
Exhibition at Tokyo-wan Daikanshasai 2016 [Tokyo-Bay
Thanksgiving Day 2016]
In October 2016, we set up an exhibition booth at Tokyo-wan
Daikanshasai 2016, which was held at Yokohama Red Brick
Warehouse and its surroundings. There, we promoted PARI’s
activities to many visitors including families with children.

Tokyo-wan Daikanshasai 2016 [Tokyo-Bay Thanksgiving Day 2016]

Media Appearances
Representatives of PARI frequently appear in the media as apart of public relations. One TV program introduced our modelexperiment which used a large vibrating table and other PARI
activities. Articles about PARI’s various activities were featured
in newspapers, technical journals, and other printed publications a total of 64 times.

NHK News 7 feature on a model experiment using a large vibrating table(aired on February 25, 2017)

PARI Annual Report 2017 20

Outstanding Research Activities
Awards for Papers and Others in FY 2016
Name

1

2

Yuichiro KAWABATA
and 3 others

Takaaki MIZUTANIAwardInstitution

Date

Remarks

Outstanding Research Activities

Cement Science andConcrete Technology, Best
Paper Award

Japan Cement
Association

May 11, 2016

Evaluation of Influencing Factors
for DEF Expansion Based on
Long-Term Laboratory Tests

Head, Foundation GroupFY 2016 The Ports andHarbours Association ofJapan, Best Paper Award

The Ports andHarbours Associationof JapanMay 26, 2016

Variance of Dynamic Load Test
Results of Piles at a Single
Construction Site

The Ports andHarbours Associationof JapanMay 26, 2016

May 26, 2016

Development of Flap Gate FlapGate Type Land Locks against
Tsunamis and Storm Surges
Evaluation of alkalinity of poresolution based on the phasecomposition of cement hydrates
with supplementary cementitious
materials and its relation to
suppressing ASR expansion

Senior Researcher, Structural Mechanics
Group

3

Eiichi MIYOSHI

Research Specialist, Coastal and Estuarine
Environment GroupFY 2016 Persons of MeritAward of the for Meritorious
Service in Port Affairs in
FY 2016, The Ports andHarbours Association ofJapan Commendation4

Kenichiro SHIMOSAKO

Special Senior Director for Research

FY 2016 Technology
Award of the The Ports andHarbours Association ofJapan Technology Award

The Ports andHarbours Associationof Japan

5

Yuichiro KAWABATA

Senior Researcher, Structural Mechanics
Group

FY 2016 Japan Concrete
Institute, Best Paper Award

Japan Concrete
InstituteJune 20, 2016

6

Daiki TAKANO

Senior Researcher, Soil Stabilization GroupFY 2015 Japanese
Geotechnical Society
Young researcher Award

Japanese
Geotechnical Society

June 8, 2016

7

Daiki TAKANO
and 3 others

Senior Researcher, Soil Stabilization Group

2016 C. A HogentoglerAward (Best paper
published in Geotechnicaltesting journal in 2015)

ASTM International

July 3, 2016

8

Nozomu SOMEYAResearch Officer, Structural Mechanics
Group

FY 2016 Annual Paper
Encouragement Award

Japan Concrete
Institute

July 8, 20169

Kenichiro SHIMOSAKO

Special Senior Director for Research

Infrastructure Technology
Development Award,Award of Excellence

Japan Institute ofCountry-ology andEngineering

July 26, 201610

Nozomu SOMEYAResearch Officer, Structural Mechanics
Group

The 70th Annual Meetingof Cement and ConcreteEngineering, Excellent
Lecture Award

Japan Cement
Association

August 1,
2016

11

Akihiko KONDO

Research Officer, Earthquake and Structural
Dynamics Group

Presenter Awardof the 51st Japan
National Conference on
Geotechnical Engineering

Japanese
Geotechnical Society

September13, 2016

Experimental verification of
DEM – SMAC simulation using
duplication of microstructure
focusing on permeability issue

12

Tomohiro TAKAGAWA

Head, Tsunami and Storm Surge Group

Coastal Engineering
Journal Citation Awardof 2015

Japan Society of Civil
Engineers

November 16,
2016

Research on the Inundation
Characteristics of the 2011
Tohoku Tsunami

13

Naoki TSURUTA

Research Officer Researcher, Maritime
Structures GroupFY 2016 Hydrographic
Technology,
Encouragement Award

Japan Hydrographic
Association

March 6, 2017

21 PARI Annual Report 2017

Development of Flap Gate FlapGate Type Land Locks

PARI Annual Report 2017

PARI Events
Active Commitment in International Meetings,
Workshops, and Other Projects

Conclusion of Education and Research
Collaboration Agreements

In December 2015, the United Nations General Assembly officially designated November 5th, which has already been designated as Tsunami Prevention Day in Japan, as World Tsunami
Awareness Day. In response to the designation, PARI established the Hamaguchi Award (Minister of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism Award), which rewards persons who
have made remarkable contributions in the field of coastal disaster prevention including tsunami disasters. In October 2016,
we awarded the prize to Nobuo Shuto, professor emeritus of
Tohoku University, and Eddie Bernard, a former director of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) and a member of Oficina
Nacional de Emergencia del Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI) of
the Republic of Chile.

We concluded agreements with national, public and private
universities. Under these agreements, PARI researchers serveas grad-school professors or other such positions at the universities. Under the “graduate school linking system”, in which
postgraduate students receive instructions at research institutions, we concluded collaboration agreements with 11 universities including Tokyo Institute of Technology and Nagoya University. In FY 2016, we dispatched 11 researchers as lecturers.
We also dispatched four researchers to universities which are
not under the graduate school linking system, including Ehime
University and Tsukuba University.

In June 2016, seven researchers from the Korean Institute of
Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and Ministry of Transport’s Waterborne Transport Institute (China) visited Japan to attend our Marine-Environment International Symposium.
In October 2016, we also held a Japan-Korea Coastal Development Workshop, where we made presentations in the following
four technical sessions: coastal disaster prevention, coast management, coastal environment, and technological development.

Broad Research Exchange with Japanese and
Non-Japanese Research Institutes
We aim to improve the quality and efficiency of research throughactively promoting joint research among Japanese and non-Japanese research institutions. Toward these goals, we concluded a total of 35 research cooperation agreements with 9 Japanese and 26
overseas institutions between FY 2003 and FY 2016. In FY 2016,
we concluded a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Transport’s Waterborne Transport Institute (WTI) of China and Jadavpur
University of India. Regarding the collaborative study agreement
concluded with Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi of Indonesia (BPPT) in FY 2015, the agreement stipulates not only theexchange of researchers but
also implementation of collaborative studies on ports andcoasts in Indonesia, mainly
regarding siltation and drift
sand. In February 2017, PARI
researchers conducted onsite surveys of geomorphological changes and shippingroute burial in Indonesian Concluded a research collaboration
coasts.
agreement with Jadavpur University
Regarding research ex- of India (January 29, 2017, Kolkata)changes within Japan, in September 2016, based on an agreement
on research collaboration, PARI and the University of the Ryukyus
held a special lecture on the characteristics and challenges of recent destructive earthquakes and giant tsunamis and a briefing
session on several studies conducted under severe environments
including in Okinawa, which was attended by 142 people.

Dispatching of PARI Technical Emergency Control Force(TEC-FORCE)
In Kumamoto, magnitude-7 earthquakes were recorded on
April 14 and 16, 2016, causing severe damage to transportation infrastructure including ports, airports, roads, and railways.
From the day after the earthquake, PARI dispatched investigative teams to the damaged areas to assess the state of damage
to port and airport facilities and to provide technical assistance,thus contributing to early restoration.

PARI Events

A prize awarding ceremony and commemoration lecture of the Hamaguchi Award(October 31, 2016, Tokyo)

Promotion of Administrative Support

Dispatching of Researchers to Various Technical Committees
We dispatched a total of 196 researchers to various technical committees organized by governments and other organizations to solve technical issues concerning the execution of port,
coastal, and airport public works by national and municipal governments and local administrations.
Including technical committees on improving ports, coasts
and airports established by various institutions, a total of 390 researchers were dispatched by PARI, and actively tackled technical issues faced by governments and other organizations.
Dispatching Lecturers to Training Courses for Domestic
Engineers
Training courses for national and other public service engineers are held by the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management. We actively participate from the planningstage and have dispatched a total of 38 researchers to 14 training courses as lecturers.
Providing Operational Support for Technical Standards forPorts, Airports, etc.
Regarding technical standards for port facilities, our researchers in FY 2016 once again took part in technical committees set
up by the Ports and Harbours Bureau of the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Our researchers also
gave lectures at the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, conferences, and seminars organized byother relevant organizations, and contributed to the spread oftechnical standards. Regarding airport facilities, our researchers
participated in various investigative commissions in preparation
for the smooth introduction and operation of technical standards
for airport civil engineering facilities.
Support for Evaluation of New Technologies
In FY 2016, in response to a request of the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (including regional development bureaus), PARI continued to offer technical support bydispatching researchers to the New Technology Utilization Evaluation Conference established by each organization for evaluating the practicality and applicability of the technologies to beregistered in the New Technology Information System (NETIS)
in order to promote the application of useful new technologies.

PARI Annual Report 2017 22

October 2017

−Creating Technologies that Contribute to the World−

National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology

Port and Airport Research Institute3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0826, JAPANTEL +81-46-844-5040 FAX +81-46-844-5072 URL http://www.pari.go.jp