ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵ2003 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ
ᇑǵဈǵ᧷ǵ໹*Land Use History of Cloud Zone and the Fate of God-mountains in
Rice-terrace Areas of Yunnan
MOMOSE Kuniyasu*
Hani people in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan, Southwest China, cultivate rice in terraced
fields on step slopes below the cloud line (1800 m alt.). Traditionally, the cloud-zone slopes
were used in various ways, including alder forests as fuel and wood sources and primarymossy forests as sacred areas (god-mountains) and watershed areas. In the Dayuejin (great
advance) period (1960s), trees of cloud zone were consumed as fuel for iron production. The
alder forests and god-mountains disappeared, but canopy trees of the watershed forests were
protected by villagers. In the 1980s, the government distributed sloped areas to villagers
for them to re-forest and manage. Such lands are called ziliushan (self-managed forests).
In ziliushan, Hani people preferred to plant familiar tree species that were components ofthe former alder forests, instead of the shanmu (Cunninghamia lanceolata) nursery trees
distributed by the government. At the same time, villagers replanted the god-mountains andreinforced the protection of watershed forests. Here, I discuss the villagers’ incentives forvegetation management and the roles of newly replanted god-mountains.

1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅǵμ‫ី׫ܕ‬ᨆɹᮖ‫׫‬ህɻ⏋ཉȦගകɴុʼʶʳඨ႒ტ‫ܕ‬ɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦɛ␩ٙ 1986␭⏏ɭɄʸȵ଍৿⏋ගകᯆዩɻਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɛᐄഗ⏋1980 ॷȲʭʃ 1990 ॷɴɻගക᝵ុრɻԃкɹ 24̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɴ᧌ȹɲȦ␩ᭁᨆ 1997a; ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫౅ܩ‬ਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1994␭⏏ඨ႒࡝ᇕɲ቉ድˁ৺ɛɵ
ʚʚᐓྙɌɩȦɤɛඨ႒ɹዛధ⏋ࣚధʢ៟ʱɌʶɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫ⏋္ᅣɴʭɤɩගകȵ༥ྙɌɛɲɰɭȦʼʶʳɄɭȵȡʳȵ␩ٙ 1986␭⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢᮖ‫׫‬ɴɻȡɩɻʚʰɲȦ⏏ࣅ␩1994␭ɴ

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University87ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ʭʶɽ 1950 ॷБɴɻ္ᅣȵʛʰʶʳɹɻ⏋ɐɫɴᮖ‫׫‬ህីᨆ̲͇͡‫ޅܕ‬ɭ‫׫‬ᨆ͞ˠ˽‫ޅܕ‬ɹᦇ‫ܩޅ‬य़ɴᭉʰʶʳ⏏ගകᯆዩȵਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɛɹɻ 50 ॷБГᭇɫȡʱ⏋ីᨆ͹‫׫‬ᨆɹᦇ‫ޅ‬‫ܩ‬य़ɻɗɹɲȴɫჼ‫ܧ‬ɴᕸʳʚɫ೎ʢගകȵ๿ɤɩȦʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɴȡɛʳ⏏ᭁᨆ␩1997b␭ȵʚɭʠɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋ගകȵਸ਼ཝɌɛ؅‫܍‬ɻకፑᇕ߉ఞɴʭʳʢɹɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏ೣዣɫʢ៘ʶʳȵ⏋‫ܤ‬໬ြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɹϕФɻɗɹμɫʢςឹɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᭁᨆ␩1997b␭ɻ⏋ᮖ‫׫‬ɹ̜̍̾̒౏ɭྵ౏ˁປᥒɌ⏋࣢ɹኜˁ୫ɦ̜̍̾̒౏ɻගകˁ๿
Ɍ⏋ྵ౏ɻգᅎɫȷʳʢɹɻɐʏɩգᅎɌࣉȼɐɭȦȩࠒֳɫගകˁቑ‫ޙ‬Ɍɩȷɛɭᦚʏɩ
Ȧʳ⏏ɗʶɫɻ⏋Ʉʶˁ‫׬‬ᏤɴΥᖔ‫׋‬Ɍɩࢹధ຦౏ɻˏ̢͊˽̜ɫȡʳɛʠɴගകˁ๿Ɍ⏋ྵ౏ɻ֒գςᒶᓔɫȡʳɛʠɴቑ‫ޙ‬ɌɛɭᐄᠶɧȿɩʭȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകɭɭʢɴᅊȷʳϺɴɭɤɩ⏋౩ʰȴɴගകɻ႒ᣒᅊ༎ˁఌȭʳȩȭɫɹลᔨˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɌ⏋з຦ɻɗɹลᔨˁ႒
ᣒᇕ‫܍‬ഗᬠѥɭɌɩჿៗɌɩȦʳ⏏ගകቑ‫ޙ‬ˁȲɌɐɐʠʳ޺‫ܦ‬ɴሁᯆɌɛಁ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕ
ɲઝᒶɧȿȵɰʶʓɰɹ֐ˁ୫ɦʢɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകˁቑ‫ޙ‬ɐʳȴ๿ɐȴɴɦȦɩȹʱȹʱɹɭɄʸɫɲɇʶʳ᧧ିɻ⏋ʞɌʸගകɹลᔨɴɦȦɩɹ႒ᣒᇕ‫܍‬ഗᬠѥɹჿៗɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകቑ‫ޙ‬ˁȲɌɐɐʠʳ޺‫ܦ‬ˁᐁᱻɌɩȷɛࢹధ຦౏ɭɌɩ⏋‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɴȲȦɩඖᅒᓚсˁɐʳ̢̩౏ˁɭʱȡɁɩ⏋ፀ 1 ɴɄɹဣˁද២ɐʳ⏏ɗʶɴЊ᭦Ɍ⏋Шᐏᇕ኏Цᏼᑩȵቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶɛɭȷɴз຦ȵ෯፷ɐʳඨᅊ፬ჿɹɛʠɹล෯ɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ႕ਐˁ୫
ɦɹȴˁ⏋Ԏ݀ᇕɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɭປᥒɌɲȵʰද២ɐʳ⏏
ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕઝ٢ˁɰȩᓒȭɛʰʭȦɹɞʸȩ⏏ࡱఠᇕઝ٢ȴʰගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɹ‫᧫܌‬ˁᠦ౩ɐʳɭȦȩᠶ໬ɻೣዣɴȲȦɩ‫ࡴو‬ɇʶʳȵ⏋ගകˁգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳࠒֳɭ⏋ගകɫɹࡱఠәিɭɹᬚɴɻɲ˃ʰȴɹᬠѥȵȡʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ኜɹзʞගˁΥౘ߉ɤɛϺɛɠȵ⏋৿ɴගɫɹኢ኎ˁ਋༎ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɹᠶဣɭɌɩ⏋਋༎ɇɓɛኢ኎ɭɻ⏋৳ʰɴɭɤɩɰ
ɹʭȩɲʢɹɲɹȴˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏

2ȅ౒ന౷ఝ͈‫ٽ‬ါǵᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫׫‬ᨆɹᏞໜɭೱЋຽɴ୳ʚʶɛ‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɹฌᲞ 800 m ȴʰ 1,800 m ɹహᯆɻ⏋‫إ‬ȼȴʰ߂ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩‫إ‬ा 1997␭⏏ᮒ࡚ɻ 6 ೐ȴʰࠃʚʱ⏋‫ܩ‬০ᇕ೼Иɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳȵ 3-12Ͷ೐ᐚȼ⏏೎ʢᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȦɹȵ 2 ೐⏋ྂ঎ȵжȦɹɻ 3 ೐ɞȵ⏋ໜाɹອᩄȵࢹɲȦɹɻᮒ࡚ሁմɹ 5 ೐ɫȡʳ⏏ຩཧɻ 5-7 ೐ɴ೎ʢᲞȼ⏋12-2 ೐ɴжȦ␩ල 1980␭⏏ฌᲞȵȡȵʳɴɦʶɩຩཧɻжȼ⏋౗၇ಁᬚɻቁȼ⏋ϗ࡚ɻቁȼȡʳȦɻέ౩ርɴɲʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏Ʉʶˁʈʚȭɩ‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹܽሁՕ॒ɹෙᅭˁᦚʏʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏
ǵฌᲞ 800 m Гάɻ⏋ၖय़͐Ͳ˽ͻͲຩҌɫ⏋ϗ࡚ȵᬏȼ؏ɌȦ⏏ςɴ̊˓౏ȵᢆঈॶᩃɫອ
ᅒᓚсˁɌɩȦʳ⏏೴Ϻɹ៷ៜ⏃ӯ᭞ላᱛ᝘ᨉɹອ̊˓౏⏆ɴʭʳɭ⏋Ꮭ 50 ॷմʚɫɻ⏋హᯆɻകɴុʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ᩮˁᦶʳɛʠɹ‫ܤ‬໬ြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɐʏɩФʰʶɩɌʚɤɛ
88ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

ນ 1 ȁՓჄ५ྤ̤̫ͥͅດࣞ͂‫࢓ܨ‬
ฌᲞ⏃m⏆
200
1,200
1,600
2,000

ॷॶ‫ܯ‬ຩཧ⏃ŝ⏆౗၇ಁᬚ⏃ಁᬚ⏆ ॷᮨೝ⏃౗⏆
25
2,430
0
18
2,020
0
15
1,630
1.2
12
1,000
1.7

؅ඨᅊ
ၖय़࡚፲ക
၇ᘽปകǵ
၇ᘽปകǵ
ᮖ᮫കǵǵ

ฌᲞय़‫ؿ‬
ໜᢆय़
ඖᅒय़
ඖᅒय़
ᮖ᮫य़

ǵՏԎ⏧␩ᮖ‫׫‬ህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1990: 45␭ນ 2 ȁ‫׌‬ධજՓჄ५ྤ͈ুட૒୆͂ാ౷၌ဥ
ȲʭɗɹฌᲞ
ᕶးඨᅊ⏃m⏆
200-800ၖय़࡚፲ക‫ܩܤ‬գᅎ

⏃ςឹ຦౏⏆

၇ᘽปകग‫ޙ‬ᬿ๬ඨᅊ
1,800-2,500

హᯆ
హᯆ
ᢆঈॶᩃ

˵̜˗˥̲
Cynodon dactylon࡫ࡴɌɛహᯆɭ
ǵπ࣊൓
ᢆ

ዝ

⏃̢̩౏⏆
ඖᅒ

ᮖ᮫ക

Ӧ‫װ‬ዛɹё
Bombax malabaricum,
Terminaria myriocarpa

⏃̊˓౏⏆
ᅣ
ఔ႑‫ܩ‬
ອᅒ

800-1,800

ጓ‫ܩ‬

⏃̢̩౏⏆
ອ྇ക
ᚩ͹ᅎೳക (-1950s)

ᅎອᤉɹᮃອ‫ݖ‬ঃ፴ܑᕶᅥ࣢ (1980s-)ጜ࣢࣊൓Ϋɴȡʳ೴
ǵᘺɹٞᦇ
೴ᘺɹΫ

ᅣ

ঃ፴ܑ

ఔ႑‫ܩ‬

࣊൓Ϋ

ዝ
Quercus glauca,
Castanopsis hystrixጭCastanopsis remotidenticulata
Castanopsis remotidenticulata
Alnus nepalensis,
A. fernandi-coburgii
Alnus nepalensis,
A. fernandi-coburgii
Castanopsis (-1950s),
Choerospondias (1980s-)
̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ᗮ
Zoysia matrellaɭȦȩ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋హᯆɻ˵̜˗˥̲ᅣȴ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ӯ᭞ላᶅᗳळᨉɴ๿ɇʶɛጜ
࣢⏃ጜɹзʞග⏆ȴʰՠుɐʳɭɗɹകɻ Bombax malabaricum, Terminaria myriocarpa, Adina
cordinaria ɲɰȵӦ‫װ‬ɐʳၖय़࡚፲കɫȡɤɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏৿ᦚɐʳ̢̩౏ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ̊˓౏ʢ
೴Ʌɭɴጜˁኢʳ⏏ɗɹጜȵзʞɭɇʶ⏋ኢነȵ᝔ʼʶʳᦲ।ధˏͻ͡ɹകȵጜ࣢ɫȡʳ⏏ʓɭ˃ɰɹ೴ɫጜ࣢ɻԗᅊകɞȵ⏋Ʌȼዎɴ؅ᅊകɭਲ਼ʼʶʳʢɹʢȡʱ⏋࿃‫ܧ‬ඨᅊˁሾʳଝȵȴʱɴɲʳ⏏
ǵฌᲞȵȡȵʳɴɦʶɩᮖ᮫ʦ‫ܩ‬০ᮒȵᇍᅊɌʦɐȼɲʱ⏋ϗ࡚ɻቁȼɲʳ⏏ȏᮖ‫׫‬ɹඨ႒ȑ
␩ٙ 1986␭ɹ៨ᦚɴʭʳɭ 1,800 m ʚɫɻ਎‫ܩ‬০ɴਝɍɩϗਸ।ᐶঃᘽปകʚɛɻྂਸ।ᐶঃ
89ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ᘽปക⏋࣢‫޽ܩ‬ᮒകȵଁጓɌ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ।ᐶɹ̸̠ዀʦ˪˽̨˥ዀȵӦ‫װ‬ɐʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɻ၇ᘽปകɭᐵዌɫȷʳ⏏ɛɞɌ߂ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɭɌɩᬖᇍɌɦȼɇʶ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻʓɭ˃ɰ؅ᅊകˁʛʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ᢆፉɲɰహᯆȵगʶʦɐȦඖᅒέ᧟‫ܩ‬ɴɻጭ⏃Bambusa ʚɛɻᦏᑉࣚ⏋ೡ‫ؾ‬ࡴ⏆ȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ1,800 m ГΫɫɻϗ࡚ȵέ౩ርɴɲʱ⏋ᮖ᮫കȵଁጓɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Ӧ‫װ‬ೠɻʦɻʱ޽ዛ
ɹ।ᐶɹ̸̠ዀʦ˪˽̨˥ዀɫ⏋؅ࠃᇕ᝵ࡎඨ႒ɹࡷঐɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ዷμྂ঎ȵᲞȦɄɭˁ‫ؙ‬౱Ɍ⏋ഘʦॻɻ˱˭ɴុʼʶ⏋መᅊඨ႒ɴ࢏ʞ⏏ᮖ᮫കɹଁጓɐʳ‫ܩ‬य़ɐɲʼɠᮖ᮫य़ɴɻ⏋ඖᅒᕶкɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹȴʼʱɴᮖ᮫കɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲඨᅊɴ᥊ழɇʶ⏋ȡʳȦɻ؅ᅊɹʚʚ๿ɇʶ⏋߂ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁఌȭʳ‫ع‬ዛɹลᔨˁ୊ɤɩȦɛ⏏
ǵ๖ɴ⏋ඖᅒᓚсˁ᝔ȩ೴ɴȲȿʳගക⏋೴ᘺ⏋ඖᅒɹɦɲȵʱɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ⏏ᠭീ‫ܩ‬ɹӯ᭞ላ֯೴ᨉ⏃23°05’ N, 102°46’ E⏋‫ ܒ‬1⏆ɫɻ⏋ฌᲞ 1,800 m մ৿ɴ‫إ‬Ȧ̢̩౏ɹᕶး೴ȵဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏Гάɫɻᕶး೴ˁȋ೴ȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ᝔కᅎ᠝ɫɻȋᏼȍɴ⏋ᮃ܎ᦅ෌ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛ 1980 ॷГմɹ٧ዌɫɻȋࢸ᭢ȍɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏Ȧȼɦȴɹᕶး೴ˁȼȼɤ
ɩȋ᝔క೴ȍ⏃ᮃ܎ᦅ෌ಁБɹᅎ᠝ɫɻȋ߂᭢ȍ⏆ɭȦȩ‫׬‬еȵ៯ȿʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻɗ
ʶˁህᅭɌɩȋ೴ȍɭʭʉɄɭɻɲȦ⏏

଎ 1 ȁ಺औ౷͈պ౾
⏃μ‫ܕ‬ᮖ‫׫‬ህᏞໜिӯ᭞ላ֯೴ᨉ⏧23°05’ N, 102°46’ E⏆90ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

ǵඖᅒɻ೴ᘺɹάɴঃȵʱ⏋೴ᘺʭʱΫɴගകȵ޽ȼ๿ʳ⏏ᅎອᤉȵගകɴុʼʶɛᢆाȴʰৄȴʶ⏋೴ᘺˁɭȲɤɩȴʰഘՕȴʶɌɩඖᅒˁဌྰɌɩȦʳ⏏ᅎອᤉȵ೴ᘺˁɭȲʳჿᅓɻ
ʈɛɦȡʳ⏏ʁɭɦɻတပ༥တᅎɫȡʳ⏏ʢȩʁɭɦɻГάɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴ؊ᔋˁඖᅒɴ༑Ɍ
ᦉʞɛʠɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ೴ᘺɫɻອႌ⏋ᢑ⏋ᵋ⏋ˏ̯͡ȵᰲʼʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ඖᅒɫ˱˓ɭ̶̠ȵ᰸ຂɇʶʳ⏏ອႌɻੲ߃ಁˁ᭑ȷຘ౗ఔ႑ɴᦹʶՏɇʶʳȵ⏋޿ᬚɻϺࢃɹ‫ܤ‬ᬚɴԂʶʰʶዝᚱȵήȭʰʶʳ⏏ᢑɻ⏋޿ᬚɻອႌɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴϺࢃɹ‫ܤ‬ᬚɴԂʶʰʶ⏋౾ɻ೴ᘺԒɴఔɌᰲȦɴɲʳ⏏ᢑɴɻʈɐʚ
ɭගകȴʰ஛ᮃɌɩȷɛᰲȦᘽȵ᰹ɭɌɩήȭʰʶʳʓȴ⏋೴ᘺԒɫϺᏎʦᮊᗳˁᰩʏʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɻ೴ᘺԒɴతϕɌɛອႌɭᢑɹᏎɻᅎອᤉɴ༑ʶᦉʛ⏋ඖᅒɴњᐌɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋؊ᖇɴᙢዩɌɛᏎɻԫೝɴʚɭʠɩඖᅒɴ༑Ɍᦉʚʶʳ⏏؊ᔋɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ᅎອᤉˁɭȲɤɩ༑Ɍᦉ
ʚʶʳɛʠɴᚱɲɰɻཌྷɕᦉʚʶɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ̦͊͞͡ɻά౅ɹඖᅒɭΫɹ೴ᘺɭɹᬚˁ
਌ᄩɌɩȦʳ⏏೴ᘺȴʰඖᅒʍɻ⏋؊ᔋɹ০ɫᅎອᤉˁɭȲɤɩ᧊ɽʶ⏋ඖᅒȴʰ೴ᘺʍɻ⏋ອႌȵᰩȩዝᚱ⏋ᢑȵᰩȩʈɐʚ⏋ϺȵᰩȩᎦʦ᳋ɭȦȩ০ɫ᧊ʃȡɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ꮩ޺ʍ༑Տɐʳ̦͊͞͡ɻ⏋ఔ႑‫ܩ‬ʦගകȴʰອႌʦᢑɹ᰹ɭɌɩជӱɇʶʳ⏏
ǵඖᅒɴɻΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ฌᲞ 800-1,800 m ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻϗ࡚ȵ౩ርɲɛʠ⏋೴ᘺʭʱΫɹᮖ᮫കȴʰອɹњᐌȵɲȿʶɽΥॷμဌྰອˁ਄ʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ɫɻ⏋ɲɕΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶʳਖឹȵȡʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏Гάɫɗɹჿᅓˁᦚʏʳ⏏
ǵອᤉˁьɤɩ؊ᔋˁ༑Ɍᦉʞɴɻ⏋ᇍᨥɇɓɑɴϗၥႥ઴ɫѳ፬Ɍ⏋‫ܔ‬০ɹʚʚ༑Ɍᦉʞɹ
ȵ༑߉ȵࢹɲȼ֟რᇕɫȡʳ⏏‫ܔ‬০؊ᔋɻᧆ֟ਸɲɹɫԫೝɴ༑Ɍᦉ˃ɫȲȴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ϗ࡚ɫȡʳԫೝɴʢᅎອȵӱՕɴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏մᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋᰸᳋ɹɛʠɴʢ⏋တပ༥တᅎɭɌɩʢϗ࡚ɹອɻᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɹဌྰȵਖឹɭɲʳჿᅓɻʓȴɴʢȡʳ⏏ᮖ‫׫‬ɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ೢɹ᭖ಪ 4 ೐ȴʰ 5 ೐ȵᲞཧೝɴȡɛʳɛʠ⏋ฌᲞɹᲞȦɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ᅒඨȭಁೝ⏃᭖ಪ 4 ೐⏆ɹᧆʶɻᕹ٨ᇕɞ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩϗ࡚ɹဌྰȵਖឹɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅒˁϗȴɌɩɌʚȩɭȡɕȵगʶʦɐȼɲʳɹʢჿᅓɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ೎ᦏɫɻжฌᲞ‫ܩ‬ɫɻϗ࡚ɴອɹɲȦϗᅒ݀ɹඖᅒȵ‫ވ‬ȭɩȦʳ⏏ᔋషɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɫៗໆɌ⏋ᛯᇐ྇ɻᣘԂᰩೳȴʰ਄⏋တϟɻᘶᙏȷȴʰᄲ࣒൓ɴ޴ȭʳɄɭɫཝࢹɇɓ,गʶɛȡɕɻቄ݄ˁዩ˃ɫជ
ѹɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌᅒඨȭಁೝɞȿɻៗໆɹɌʭȩȵɲȼ⏋‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɹ 1,400 m ГΫɫɻʓɭ˃ɰɹඖᅒɫԫɫʢອȵ৓ʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋жฌᲞ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻਖɑɌʢᮖ᮫ക
ȴʰອɹњᐌˁਖឹɭɌɲȦȵ⏋1,400 m ГΫɫɻᮖ᮫കȴʰΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶɲȿʶ
ɽɲʰɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏

3ȅഥൡഎ̈́‫ྮ׌‬ఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵӴɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ֯೴ᨉɹ̢̩౏ɹ‫إ‬Ȧ೴ɻᮖ᮫य़ɹάᭉɫȡʳ 1,800 m Њᦏɴဣ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏
91ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ນ 3 ȁ‫׌‬ධજՓჄ५ྤ͈‫ྮ׌‬ఝ͈শయ༆ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵ‫ؿ‬ዌ

azo zoma⏃ᚩ⑺ᅎೳക⏆lamamaniza/amazo⏃ጜ࣢⏆‫ܩܤ‬ఒᯊГմ⏃1956 ॷГմ⏆ǵඨᅊ̊˓̺ Alnus ፈɹ߂৹ೠɹക ؅ᅊᮖ᮫ക
ǵςɲգᅎ໬ ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ஛‫؜‬ኢ኎⏧ngamatu
ǵଘ೑ᓔ
ǵ፬ჿᓔ

೴ʚɛɻ҅Ϻ
qiza ʚɛɻଘ೑ᓔ

೴miku߂ᤲᦽȴʰయᯊ⏃1958 ȴʰ 78 ॷ⏆ǵඨᅊɹ޴‫ ׋‬ᅣ‫׋ܩ‬ᅣ‫׋ܩ‬ǵςɲգᅎ໬ ᅣс
ǵ፬ჿᓔ
ࢸ᭢ᬏ

ᅣс
ࢸ᭢ᬏ

Ϊࡴϟ෌Г৿⏃1981 ॷГ৿⏆ǵඨᅊɹ޴‫ ׋‬Alnus ፈɹඨക/ᅣ‫ܩ‬ǵςɲգᅎ໬ ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ஛‫؜‬/ᅣсǵ፬ჿᓔ‫ع‬ඨക⏃ᓚс⏆ᠱᢦᓔ

obeduohei azo⏃ອ྇ക⏆hatahotian⏃ᗷ࣢⏆ujidoxia⏃ᗞᗳ‫⏆ܩ‬؅ᅊᮖ᮫കᚫᗳʦᢑɹᰲȦǵᘽɹ஛‫؜‬೴
qiza

Zoysia ᗳ‫ܩ‬Imperataᗳ‫ܩ‬

ఔ႑

ᗞ‫ݭ‬

ɲɌ
ɲɌ

೴ʚɛɻ҅Ϻ
ujidoxiatu ʚɛɻǵଘ೑ᓔCastanopsis ɹᆂǵകɴ޴‫׋‬ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ஛‫؜‬qizaᗳ‫ܩ‬ɹʚʚ ᗮ‫ܟ‬ɴ᥊ழඨปɭᕶးೃృ
ǵɴʭʳගക‫׋‬ኢ኎⏧ngamatuᨆՕᇕɴෑሂᇕ
ǵകՕȵ‫܌‬਋ᢑᰲȦᘽ⏋ᗳೣ
ǵၚషɹ஛‫؜‬

miku

qiza

ఔ႑
ɲɌ

ᗮൕ‫ݛ‬
ࢸ᭢ᬏ

ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɹʚʚ ᗮ‫ܟ‬
ఔ႑

ᗮൕ‫ݛ‬

ɲɌ

ᓚсᠱᢦᓔ

೴ᘺʭʱάɻඖᅒɭɌɩ⏋೴ᘺʭʱΫɹᮖ᮫य़ɻɄʶȴʰᦚʏʳɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫգᅎɇʶʳ⏏
ኽɻ 1998 ॷ 12 ೐ȴʰ 1999 ॷ 9 ೐ɹᬚɴ֯೴ᨉˁᑵʱᦐɌ៮‫ک‬Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹȩɠɹԃክ঄߂‫ݼ‬ɭȦȩᕶး೴⏃ᠭീಁဣɫ 58 କ⏋222 Ϻ⏆ɫ਄ɛ೴Ϻɹ៷ៜɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȷ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ˁԗჼɐʳ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏Гάɹ̢̩᠝ɹˏ̶͡ˎ̜̾̒ᝠ៨ɻ⏋μ‫ܕ‬᠝ɹ̴Ͳ˓Ͳɴྈɑʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ qi ɻȋ̍ȍɴᦏȦᇍᯭɴ⏋xi ɻȋ˹ȍɴᦏȦᇍᯭɴɲʳ⏆⏏ȷȷɭʱɫɻ⏋ᮖ‫ू׫‬෌߂࡝ɹ᭘ল౩ᡙढ़ɭ৳ȵఠȭɩȦʳ࡝ᅊᡉລɴμ‫ܕ‬᠝ᮖ‫౅׫‬ៜɹᦲ៱ˁȲᰔȦɌ⏋ਖឹɴਝɍɩፆᠰɫԗተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏ፆᠰȲʭʃᦲ៱ˁᦲɍɩμ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫ˱̢͖͊˭ͻ˹͚ͲˁɭʶʳᲞᶲɹ೴Ϻɻࢹɲȼ⏋ςɛʳ੻‫ݬ‬ɻ 1 ϺɹᓑϺȴʰ਄ɛ⏏Јɴ 3 Ϻɹ 4-50 ๳БɹᅖਸɴʢႶጓɴ᧌ؑ
ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɴɦȦɩుႅᇕɲᣒ‫ک‬ˁɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴ೴Ϻȴʰ਄ɛ੻‫ݬ‬ɹȩɠ⏋ςɴకፑ᥊ழɴᬠ
ѥɐʳϟ᯵ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ГάɫৄᅎɌɩȦʳయ჉ɴȲȿʳ៨ᦚɭሺሄȵɲȦȴˁተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏
ǵӯ᭞ላɫ‫ܩܤ‬ఒᯊȵ᝔ʼʶɛɹɻ 1955 ॷȴʰ 56 ॷɴȴȿɩɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶГմɻᦅ‫ܩ‬ɴɻᥐ঎ɹ‫ܩܤ‬ᮃμȵʛʰʶ⏋Ꮮໜ‫౏˓౏ࣈڇ‬ᕶ໠िෙ໥ᑂԠᏼ␩1986: 64␭ɴʭʳɭϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ 7.5⎾ȵ
36.9⎾ɹᦅ‫ܩ‬ˁଘ೑ɌɩȦɛ⏏ན೛ɹಁБɴɻྃ౏ɹέ‫ܩܧ‬ςʢȦɛȵ⏋μᘠ຦‫ܕ‬ɹಁБɴɻ࢏ᦅ⏃ᕶс‫ܩ‬ς⏆ɭᢩᦅ⏃ᕶࢸс⏆ɹປᥒᇕᦹᐚɌɛ 2 ᭥Ꮹȵȡɤɛ␩ᮖ‫׫‬ህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇ
‫ڊ‬Ц 1990: 95␭⏏࣢കɹ‫ܩܤ‬ଘ೑ɻʢɤɭᮃμȵɐɐ˃ɫȲʱ⏋Υᨆɹ࣢୫ɠȵኽ೑കˁ‫װ‬೑Ɍ⏋๿ʱɹᦅ຦ɻԊ೑കˁգᅎɌɩȦɛ⏏
92ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

ǵᮖ᮫य़ɹ೎ʢঃȦᯆዩˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ᚩ͹ᅎೳകɫȡɤɛ⏏ሁ৹ 1 m ˁᣳȭʳ Alnus
nepalensis⏃kanizo; μ‫ܕ‬᠝ᮖ‫౅׫‬ៜɫɻອԫᄮ⏆ɹ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳകɫ⏋azo zoma ɭʭɽʶɩȦɛ⏏᧌ؑɹඨᅊˁគЊȿʳ႒ᇕ៷୞ɭɌɩ⏋Ёɫʢ೴Ԓɫɻ⏋kanizo ɹ߂৹ೠɹΥഖ഍ɫᦶʰʶɛࢃᢧ᧑ԍ⏃ʚɲ഍⏋൫⏋ᇮɲɰ⏆ˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᚩ͹ᅎೳകɴɻኽ೑ɭ೴೑ɹʢ
ɹȵȡʱ⏋ኽ೑കɻ୫ɠςȵ⏋೴೑കɻ qiza⏃μ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫᮾᬏ qingzhang⏆ɭȦȩ৲ᓷɹϺȵ፬ჿɌɩȦɛ⏏ኽ೑കɹ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋୫ɠςГ޺ʢ୫ɠςɹ៰‫خ‬ˁ਄ʶɽᚩˁ਄ʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏೴೑കɫɻຘॷ⏋ᦅᬘೝɫȡʳ᭖ಪ 12 ೐ȴʰ 3 ೐ɹȩɠɴΥ঎ȴϠ঎⏋ᐵՏɫᚩɭʱˁ᝔ɤɩ
Ȧɛ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ kanizo ˁ᧧ିᇕɴ๿ɐɄɭɫ⏋kanizo ɹ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳകˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏kanizo Г޺ɫɻ⏋Alnus fernandi-coburgii⏃dorozo; μ‫ܕ‬᠝ᮖ‫౅׫‬ៜɫɻ౞ԫᄮ⏧Ʉɹμ‫ؿܕ‬ɻɇʚɊʚɲ࡝‫ؿ‬ɴࢪਝɐʳȵ⏋Ʉɹ೴ɫɻ dorozo ɹμ‫ܕ‬᠝៱ɭჿៗɇʶɩȦʳ⏆⏋
Choerospondias axillaris⏃qiemezo; μ‫ܕ‬᠝ᮖ‫౅׫‬ៜɫɻϤሗೠ⏆ȵ๿ɇʶɩᅎೳɭɌɩգᅎɇʶ
ɛ⏏ᅎೳȵਖឹɲɭȷɻ೴ᬏɴᅕɌԂʶ⏋ɗʶˁȩȿɛ qiza ȵФ஛ೠˁໆࡴɌɛ⏏
ǵ೴೑കˁ፬ჿɐʳ qiza ɻ⏋೴ɹ೑֐ɲࢃᏙɹμȴʰ֦ణɲᓔˁ᧧˃ɫ೴ᬏȵ୭‫ؿ‬Ɍɛ⏏մᦚɹɭȲʱ⏋‫ܩܤ‬ఒᯊմɹμ‫ܕ‬ɫɻ࣢കɹ‫ܩܤ‬ᮃμȵɐɐ˃ɫȲʱ⏋Υᨆɹ࣢୫ɠȵኽ೑കˁଘ೑Ɍ⏋๿ʱɹᦅ຦ɻ೴೑കˁգᅎɌɩȦɛ⏏qiza ɻኽ೑കˁʢɦࢃᏙȴʰ᧧ɽʶʳɹɫ⏋Јɹ޽ȼɹᦅ຦ɭ᧓Ȧ೴೑കˁգᅎɐʳਖឹȵɲȦϺɞɤɛ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩɄɹಁБɹ qiza ɻ⏋೴೑കˁ៟ᅙᇕɴգᅎɇɓʳɄɭɫ⏋࣢കˁଘ೑ɌɲȦϺɛɠȵኽ೑കˁᗷʰɐɄɭɹɲȦʭȩɴɌɩȦɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɦʚʱয়ಁɻያʦȴɲȵʰປᥒᇕఌᨗᇕɲࢃᏙɭ᝵ఌᨗᇕɲ
ࢃᏙȵȡʱ⏋qiza ɴʭʳගക፬ჿɴɻ⏋մᓔȵ৿ᓔɹගകգᅎˁըਉɐʳɭȦȩᇿᇕȵ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋য়ಁɹගകգᅎɹᒟհៀࡴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ᅊȷɩȦʳ೴Ϻɻ౩ተɴ៨ૡɌɩ
Ȳʰɑ⏋Ԃଝ‫خ‬ᔨɲయ჉ȴʰʢʛɦȿՏɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵ೴ɹɐȽΫɴጜ࣢ȵȡʱ⏋lamamaniza ʚɛɻ amazo ɭʭɽʶʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ೴ˁࡪɤɩȦʳጜȵзʞ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɫȡʳ⏏য়ಁɹጜ࣢ɹঃɇɻ 50Ì150 m ʓɰɹঃɇɫ⏋ܑٞɻᚩ͹ᅎೳകɞɤɛ⏏᭖ಪ 2 ೐ɴጜ࣢ɫ ngamatu ɭȦȩኢȵȡʱ⏋ᢑȵȦȿɴȭɭɌɩጜɴ஄Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ኢ‫ص‬ɫȡʳ miku ɻ⏋ጜ࣢ɹ፬ჿɴʢ᢮КˁᢦɤɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ጜ࣢ˁᗷʰɐᓔȵȡɤɛ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋qiza ɫɻɲȼ miku ȵٚᇍɌࢪՃɌɛ⏏೴ɴɻʢȩʁɭɦኢȵȡʳ⏏᭖ಪ 6 ೐ɴ᝔ʼʶʳkezaza ɭȦȩኢɫ⏋೴Ԓɴȡʳ aqiao ɭȦȩኢ‫ޘ‬ɫອႌˁȦȿɴȭɴɌ⏋߃Ϋኜɴ஄Ɂʰʶʳ⏏
ǵɄɄɫȦȩጜɭɻ⏋߃Ϋኜɭࢪˁଁɐ‫ܩ‬ɹኜɫȡʳ⏏߃Ϋኜɻɰɹ೴ɴɭɤɩʢԊᦲɞȵ⏋ጜɻ೴Ʌɭɴ࣎ʳ⏏ྵ౏ȵ઎Ȧயȼጜɭ̢̩౏ɹኢʳጜɻᣱ྇ȵ‫ؾ‬Υȴɰȩȴέ౩ɞȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̢̩౏ɹ೴Ϻɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɻྵ౏ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍʢɹˁѵߑɌɩȦʳɭჿៗɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵմጟɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴᅎອᤉɻϗ࡚ɴʢອˁњᐌɌɦɧȿʳɄɭȵਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹᮃອ‫ݖ‬ɻ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɹʚʚອ྇ക⏋obeduohei azo ɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶ⏋qiza ȵѳᡸ⏋ᇺែɴ᢮КˁᢦɤɩȦɛ⏏য়း obeduohei azo Г޺ɹඨᅊɴʢອ྇༱᰸ลᔨɻȡʳȵ⏋೴Ϻɻᅎອᤉɹᮃອ‫ݖ‬ˁ႕
93ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ɴᩂែɌɩѳᡸɌɛɹɫ⏋ɗɹᨆՕˁȋອ྇കȍɭᝠ៨ɐʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ̢̩᠝ɹሁ៱
ɫȡʱ⏋೴Ϻȵμ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫᠦ౩ɐʳɭȷɴʢɄɹៜᘽˁьȩ⏏ອ྇കɫɻॾೠ⏋ࡸᅊˁ‫ي‬ʠೠˁɭʳɄɭȵኧ๬ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɛɞɌᗳೣɻɞʶɫʢᕶᅓɴ஛ᮃɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʢɤɭʢᰈ
ᑢɴɭʰʶʳɹɻᢑɹ᰹ɫ⏋႕ɴ Rubus, Elatostema, Reynoutria, Begonia ȵ߫˃ɫᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏
೴ɴɻ beima ɭȦȩ‫כ‬ढ़ȵȲʱ⏋ᚫᗳʢ஛‫؜‬ɇʶɛ⏏
ǵ࣊൓Ϋɻອႌɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩьʼʶ⏋hatahotian⏃μ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫᗷ࣢⏆ɭʭɽʶʳ⏏ඨᅊ̊˓̺ɻ
ჼ‫ܧ‬ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡɤɛ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋Zoysia matrella ˁςкɭɌ⏋ອႌȵ߫˃ɫɻᰩʼɲȦ Pteridium
aquilinum, Dicranopteris ampla, ȡʳȦɻԃȼᰩʼɲȦ Lycopodium cernuum ȵ̮̒̍ႥɴՕ॒Ɍ
ɩȦʳ⏏҅Ϻɴʢ೴ɴʢࣚɇɲȦᕶᅓ‫ܩ‬ɫ⏋ᠨʢȵອႌˁఔ႑ɫȷʳ⏏႕աɲ፬ჿɻ᝔ʼʶ
ɑ⏋፬ჿᓔʢȦɲȦ⏏
ǵ࣒൓ᙏȷᅎɹᗞˁተѳɐʳɛʠɹ Imperata cylindrica ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɻ⏋ujidoxia⏃μ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫᗞᗳ‫⏆ܩ‬ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏ອႌȵിɫக᭑ɇʶ⏋ຘॷ՗‫؜‬ʱˁ᝔ȩɄɭɫᗳ‫ܩ‬ȵᐣ୫ɇʶʳ⏏တԂʶɻ᝔ʼɲ
Ȧ⏏ujidoxia ɻ⏋ኽ೑ɭ೴೑ȵȡʱ⏋೴೑ɹʢɹɻ ujidoxiatu ȵ፬ჿɹ᢮Кˁᢦȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᐁཕᇕɴᩂឹɞɤɛʢɹɭɌɩ˭˹ᅣȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˭˹ൕ‫ݛ‬ɹࡸ઴ɴɦȦɩɻ੻‫ݬ‬ˁ਄ʳɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏

4ȅఱ࿬ૺশయ͈‫ྮ׌‬ఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵӯ᭞ላɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫ‫ܩܤ‬ఒᯊȵ᝔ʼʶɛɹɻ 1955 ȴʰ 56 ॷɫμ߈ʭʱᧆʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹᦅ෌ᮃ܎‫׋‬ɭ߂ᤲᦽ᧊֪ɹಔ‫ؖ‬ɻෑʠɩਸ਼ᦵɫ⏋ᧆྡྷɲȼ 1958 ॷȴʰࠃʚɤɩȦʳ␩ᮖ‫׫‬ህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц 1990: 96-97␭⏏Ʉʶȴʰඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɴ߂ȷɲ᥊ลȵ៮ʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏߂ᤲᦽಁБɴᩮˁᦶʳɛʠɹ‫ܤ‬໬ြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩ߂ᩄɹೠೳȵФʰʶ⏋μ‫ܕ‬ԃ‫ܤ‬ȵថɴɲɤɩɌʚɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ᭁᨆ␩1997b␭ȵయ჉ɴȡʰʼʶɛ៨ᥔˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ⏏
֯೴ᨉʢё޺ɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵ៟ᅙᅊᅋɹᇿฌғɻჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᨉɴሂয়ɐʳϺ຦ԇ኏ȵໆࡴɐʳ⏏ɗɹᇿฌˁ᧒ଁɐʳɛʠɹс෌៟ᅙɻ⏋‫ع‬೴⏃য়ಁɹ᝔కᅎ᠝ɫɻࢸ᭢⏆ɹᬏȵɛɩ⏋೴Ϻɴ୭ኍɌɛ⏏ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻ⏋Ёʢ౬ʢᎦɹоրᅊᅋɻՏɲȦ⏏‫ع‬೴ɴȲȦɩᮃ܎ɫᅊᅋɇʶɛᎦɻ೴ԒɫՕᨗɇʶ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɴɻᏢʠʰʶɲȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩϺ຦ԇ኏ȵ៟ᅙᅊᅋɹᇿฌғˁኍɌɩ೴⏃ࢸ᭢⏆ɴឹິɐʳɹɻ⏋‫ܤ‬໬ြ᪦ဗɹɛʠɹၚషೠɞɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴ೴ԒɹɰɄɹകˁФʳɹȴˁໆࡴɐʳɹɻࢸ᭢ᬏɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ60 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɹȩɠɴ⏋kanizo ɲɰȴʰɲʳᚩ͹ᅎೳകɻ⏋‫ܤ‬໬ြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɐʏɩФʰʶɩɌʚɤɛ⏏؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɫȡʳጜ࣢ʢФʰʶ⏋ngamatu ɹኢ኎ʢ᝔ʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ᚩ͹ᅎೳകȲʭʃጜ࣢ɹᤄ‫ܩ‬ɻ⏋ຍˁՖɤɩᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ȵсʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏2 ዛɹኢ኎ɹȩɠ⏋ጜ࣢ȵФʰʶɩ ngamatu ȵ᝔ȭɲȼɲʳɹɻয়းɞȵ⏋ග
94ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

കɭɻᬠѥɹɲȦ kezaza ʢ᝔ʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ᦅ෌ᮃ܎‫׋‬ɴЫȦȋ‫ܤ‬ѯѵЖȍʢኧ๬ɇʶɛ
Ʉɭɻμ‫ܕ‬ԃкɫԊᦲɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ኧ๬‫֐ܦ‬ȵɰɹʭȩɴȴȿʰʶɛɹȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ᓬȷՏɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋នᩮၚషɹɛʠɴອ྇കȵФʰʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏೴Ϻɻ⏋ອ྇കˁФʶɽອȵഞʶᎦȵɫȷɲȼɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏋ɭȦȩȴʰ⏋ອ྇കȵ೴ɹᅊ٨ᐻɫȡʳɄɭȵ‫מ‬Օჿៗɇʶ
ɩȦɛɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏ኽɻ⏋ගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɹᐄഗɭɌɩɻ⏋ਸ਼࿠ɲ‫ވ‬ອʦ‫ܤ‬ቆ༑Տȵ೴ᘺʦඖᅒɴήȭʳੲ৯ᯱɹʓȩȵཉխɫɻɲȦȴɭϟմɴᓒȭɩȦɛȵ⏋೴Ϻȴʰɻɗɹʭȩɲ୭௎ɻɲȴɤɛ⏏೴ᘺɻπ࣊൓Ϋɴȡʱ⏋ඖᅒʢπ࣊൓ȴ‫ܩ‬০ɹ࡫ࡴɌɛహᯆΫɴȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ਸ਼࿠ɲ‫ވ‬ອʦΫᨆహᯆȴʰɹ‫ܤ‬ቆ༑ՏɻɰɹಁБɴʢᇍᅊɌɛȵ⏃ᰈ঎ɹ޴‫׋‬ɴɦȦɩɹ೴ϺɹᦐፐɻȡȦʚȦɫ⏋ɗʶʓɰᩂែɌɩȦɲȦʭȩɫȡʳ⏆⏋߂ອɭ‫ܤ‬ቆɻᢆˁ༑ʶάʳɹɫ⏋೴ᘺʦඖᅒɴɻ᝵ࢀȵ‫ؖ‬ɽɲȦ⏏ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹᢆፉɴɻ⏋ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴጭȵඨȭʰʶహᯆग‫ޙ‬ˁϜᬿɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ጭɻ‫ߥؚ‬ɹࢪᢒɭɻɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵϺ຦ԇ኏ʢ⏋ອ྇കˁФɤɩʚɫ೴⏃ࢸ᭢⏆ɴၚషೠˁ‫ߥؚ‬ɇɓʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ೠೳᣂ྇ȵഞཔɌɛ৿ɻ⏋ԇ኏ɴᏢʠʳʏȷᅊᅋ႒ɭɌɩᗮɹൕ‫ݛ‬ˁߣ֜ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ගകቑ‫ޙ‬ȵອ྇കɴʚɫ‫ؖ‬ʉɄɭˁᭀ๬ɫȷɛɹɻ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɹɄɹໆࡴɴʭɤɩɫȡʳ⏏Ꮮໜिɻ຦౏
ᕶ໠िɫȡʱ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɹ፬ჿᓷɻඖᅒᓚсᦅ຦Տ᤹ɹ̢̩౏⏃Υᨆɻж‫ܩ‬ɹ̊˓౏⏆ȵֵʠʳ⏏Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɹໆࡴɴ⏋Υᖔɹ೴Ϻɹઝឿȵɰɹዐ঎‫ؙ‬౱ɇʶɩȦɛɹȴˁද២ɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛȵ⏋ԇ኏፬ჿᓷˁ‫ي‬ʠɛඖᅒᓚсᦅ຦ɹ⏋ගകɹลᔨɴᬠɐʳჿៗȵ⏋ອ྇കɹቑ
‫ޙ‬ˁȹʱȹʱɹɭɄʸɫᭀ๬ɌɛɭȦȩɄɭɻȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɹໆࡴɫɐʏ
ɩȵៗໆɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏೴ᘺʭʱΫɹహᯆɹඨᅊɻȴɲʱᗷʰɇʶɩɌʚɤɛɹɫ⏋೴ϺɻɄʶɴࢪՃɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᚩ͹ᅎೳകȵɲȼɲʳɭ⏋ᚩɻອ྇കɴᰉʰɊʳˁȭɲȼɲʱ⏋ອ྇കɹೠɻɭʰɲȦɭȦȩៀհɻࣞ᝔έ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɛ⏏য়ಁ⏋೴Ϻɻࢸ᭢ᬏɹ୭ஸɹάɫᅊᅋ༎֪ɴਃϟɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ᅊ༎ɹɛʠɹᚩɹ஛ᮃɻࣃ֝ಁГ޺ɹಁᬚɴ҅Ϻȵ᝔ɤɩȦɛ⏏ԇ኏ȴʰࢸ᭢෯ଁ‫ڊ‬ɹɛʠɹᰩᏒᅊᅋɴ᢮КˁᢦʼɇʶɩȦɛࢸ᭢ᬏɻ⏋ອ྇കɹകԢೠɻФʰɲȦʭȩ೴Ϻˁȋ୭ࢷȍɌɛ⏏ࢸ᭢ᬏȵК٨ɐʳ qiza ɭȦȩ೴Ⴖᕶɹ৲ᓷɻࡔᐚɌ⏋കԢೠɹѳᡸ⏋ᇺែɹ৲ւˁ୊ɤ
ɛ⏏Ϋɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴ೴Ϻɻອ྇കȵ೴ɹᅊ٨ᐻɫȡʳɄɭˁჿៗɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȋ୭ࢷȍɻ೴Ϻɴয়းɹɄɭɭɌɩ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶɛ⏏ɦʚʱয়ಁɹ᝔కล෯ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȿɽ⏋Ʉʶɻȋࢸ᭢ᬏȲʭʃ qiza ɴʭʳ೴Ϻɹ୭ࢷȍɭᝠჼɇʶʳȵ⏋ອ྇കɹѳᡸɻ⏋೴Ϻɹᐵઝɫȡʳ⏏೴Ϻɻ୭ࢷᓔȵ٨ɍɛȴʰອ྇കˁѳᡸɌɛɭȦȩៜȦ౅ɻɌɲȦ⏏ອ྇കȵਖឹɞȴʰѳᡸɌɛɭ౩ៜɐʳ⏏
ǵГΫɹʭȩɴອ྇കɻȴʸȩɍɩࡪʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ೴ᘺʭʱΫɹహᯆɹອ྇༱᰸ลᔨɻжάɌ⏋ඖᅒ೎άᨆɹᅒɻ⏋ဌྰɹ᝔ȷ࣑ȴɲȦ߃ອᅒɭɲɤɛ⏏ອႌɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɫȡʳᗷ࣢ɻɗɹ
95ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ʚʚࡔᐚɌɛ⏏ᗞᗳ‫ܩ‬ɻ 60 ॷБɴ༥ྙɌ⏋ςɴᗮᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶɛ⏏Г৿লɩʰʶʳࢃɻᄲᙏȷɴɲɤɛ⏏˭˹ൕ‫ݛ‬ɻኧ๬ɇʶ⏋ᩂឹɲழᩆс႒ˁ߉ɤɛ⏏ȴɦɩɹെᘠɻ⏋຦౏᝟ខɹ᪃
ᰴʱȴʰ࢘ɓʰʶʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏˭˹ᅣʢᗮᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶɛ⏏
ǵ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶ␩Hardin 1968; Ostrom 1990␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋ອ྇കɹѳᡸȵ೴ϺɹᐵઝɫȡɤɛɭɌɩʢ⏋ɗʶȵѳᡸɇʶʳѳ៷ɻɲȦ⏏҅ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰɻ⏋ᅊࡔɴᬠʼʳʓɰᩂឹɲᮃ܎ɹգ
ࢀʭʱʢӦӴɇʶɩɌʚȩȴʰɞ⏏Υ౅⏋ᮃ܎ɹ෯ଁ‫ڊ‬ɻ⏋ᕶՕɹᇿӴɹգᇰɹʛȵըᭉɇʶʳɄɭɴɻୄ଻ɐʳȵ⏋ᕶՕˁ‫ي‬ʞԃ‫ڊ‬ɹᇿӴɹգᇰȵըᭉɇʶɩᮃ܎ɹᅊࡔˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɐʳɹɫȡʶɽ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲը঎ˁ๦ᦎɐʳ⏏ɄɄɫɹ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែɭȦȩը঎ɻʚɇɴɗɹʭ
ȩɲ৲ւˁ୊ȩɛʠɴ⏋೴Ϻɴ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ගക፬ჿɴɦȦɩ႕ɴ೴Ԓɴᒟհៀ
ࡴɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋҅Ϻɴʭʳອ྇കɹቑ‫ޙ‬ɻ⏋ᰩᏒᅊᅋˁߺࢀɐʳɄɭɴʓȴɲʰɲȦȴʰ⏋ʢɌΫᨆᏼᑩɴٚᇍɇʶʶɽ؏ᒟȵዀɓʰʶʳੇʶȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ͠˽˪ˁ
ԛɐᓔɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴᦅ෌ᮃ܎‫׋‬Г৿ɹගക፬ჿɻ⏋ᇺែɻ೴ȵႶᕶɴ᝔ȩȵ⏋᧓‫ؙ‬ଵ๬ɹɛʠɹᒟհ᝔ьɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ೴޺ɹᏼᑩɴࠇɷʳဣɫ⏋ȴɦɩɹШᐏᇕ፬ჿɭᅵɲʳ⏏
ǵᣂ྇ʦᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴɦȦɩɹ҅ϺɴʭʳᇿӴɹգᇰɹᦠິȵ⏋ᅊࡔˁृ‫ز‬ɐʳʓɰɴᩂឹɲᮃ܎
ɹգࢀʭʱʢӦӴɇʶɩɌʚȩɄɭˁ⏋౩ተɴς৓Ɍɛɹɻ Gordon␩1954␭ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ৿
Hardin␩1968␭ɻ⏋Ʉʶˁȋ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ȍɭ‫ؿ‬ɧȿ⏋ᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɹμਕᇕឹᏬɭɌɩঃȼ᠗
ሾɇʶʳȷɤȴȿˁсɤɛ⏏Ostrom␩1990␭ɻ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ȵ‫᧫܌‬ɇʶɩȦʳёˁȡɁ⏋ɗʶʰɹёɫɻ҅ϺɴʭʳᇿӴɹգᇰɹᦠິˁኧɑʳล෯ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲล෯ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼඨᅊʦᅊ઴ᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿɹɄɭˁ CBRM (community-based resource management)ɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋᧟Ֆɲล෯ȵɲȿʶɽ҅ϺɻᇿӴɹգᇰˁᦠິɐʳɭȦȩ CBRM ɹ‫ݜ‬ೣմரˁਛʶ⏋ШᐏᇕԊ‫ؾ‬кᣊᒭɴᏺࠃɐʳ͇ͦͲ̘ˑ̒˪͹˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶȵด᝔Ɍɛ⏏ʢɠʸ˃͇ͦͲ̘ˑ̒˪͹˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɻᑵʱᦐɌଫՠɇʶɩȦʳ␩Ostrom 1990; Goldman 1998; McCay
2001␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋҅Ϻɭᮃ܎ɹգࢀࢪጓˁᡴᠶɹՏᇍဣɭɐʳ๭ᐏɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶʢ⏋Шᐏȵ‫ݛ‬ɤɛ CBRM ȵ኏Ц޴ࢅɴʭɤɩग‫ޙ‬ɐʳɭȦȩ‫ܒ‬িˁ‫ݜ‬ೣɴȲȦɩȦʳ␩McCay and Jentoft 1998;
Agrawal 2002; Hayama 2003␭⏏ɲȲ⏋ਃഀɹ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɴȲȿʳ኏Ц޴ࢅɹ‫ݜ‬ೣ‫ܒ‬িɭೣϟёɹሂ᧓ဣɴɦȦɩɻȋ6⏏ᐄʃȍɫᦚʏʳ⏏

5ȅ٨‫ٳڟ‬༶শయ͈‫ྮ׌‬ఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵᮖ‫׫‬ɫɻ 1978 ॷȴʰɻɍʚʳఒᯊᬖఔకፑ␩μԊᮖ‫׫‬ህࠇӾ‫ر‬቉ድࡻ 1998: 3␭ɫ⏋ᮃ܎ᦅ෌ɻঘɇʶ⏋ᓚсᠱᢦըᦅ෌⏋ࡸᣒᇕɴɻಔᦲɹᕶсᦅ෌ɴఒʠʰʶɛ⏏ɗɌɩ 1981 ॷ⏋ගകԗᅊʢ⏋ᦅ෌ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ⏋ւʱয়ɩɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɫɹ҅ϺᠱᢦըˁࢷԂɐʳɄɭɫ᧒ଁɌʭȩɭȦȩ⏋ക෌Ϊࡴϟ෌ȵ஛ିɇʶɛ␩ృᑂᮖ‫׫‬ህ੻ᑂࠇЦ 1996: 94␭⏏ᦅ຦ɻւʱয়ɩʰʶɛᕶᅥ࣢
ɴȲȦɩ⏋കˁᔒଁ⏋ᐣ୫ɐʳᒶ֭ˁᢦȦ⏋കᅋ႒ˁգᅎʚɛɻެ‫׹‬ɐʳณգˁ೑ɐʳ⏏Г৿
96ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

μ‫ܕ‬ԃ‫ܤ‬ɫගകԗᅊȵɐɐʠʰʶɩȦȼ⏏
ǵ೴ʭʱΫɴʁʸȵɤɩȦɛᅣɹȩɠ⏋ςɭɌɩ೴ɴ᭰ஞɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ᕶᅥ࣢ɭɌɩ೴Ϻɴւʱয়ɩʰʶɛ⏏ւয়ɩɻ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ 0.5 ᅩ⏃1 ᅩɻ 1/15 ha⏆ɫȡʱ⏋1 କȡɛʱ 2 ᅩմ৿ɹᕶᅥ
࣢ˁʢɦ⏏ᨉకঌȴʰ Cunninghamia lanceolata⏃˱˗͜˗˸Ͳ⏋μ‫ܕ‬᠝ɫ೰ೠ⏆ɹᗈȵ॒ᨗɇʶɛȵ⏋೴Ϻɻଁᬏȵᦵȼ⏋ШᐏᇕɴգᅎɌɩȷɛ kanizo, dorozo, qiemezo ɹዛࡎˁᮃʠ⏋ᗈআɫᔒɩɩඨകɐʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏
ǵᕶᅥ࣢ɻᅣɞɤɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ຍȵՖɤɩȡʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ᬚсɻ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫ⏋ᗮ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ˁᔒɩɛ⏏ɌȴɌೠȵᔒɦɴɦʶᬚсɻཝࢹɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻఔᒞɇʶɛʚʚɹᗮˁʛʳዐ঎ɫȡʳ⏏ᦵȼ߄ʳ dorozo, qiemezo ɻᅎೳɹɛʠɴᔒɩʰʶ⏋ᘭᗂ֐ɹ৔Ȧ kanizo ɻᚩɹɛʠɴᔒɩʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴᕶᅥ࣢ɻȴɦɩɹ kanizo ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳᚩ͹ᅎೳകɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɹลᔨˁ୊ɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵᅣɴɇʶɩȦɛȴɦɩɹጜ࣢ɹȩɠ⏋μਕᨆɹ 30 mÌ80 m ɹᨆՕɻ⏋ᕶᅥ࣢ɫɻɲȼ⏋೴፬ჿകɭɌɩ miku ȵμਕɭɲʱඨകȵɐɐʠʰʶɛ⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴኢ኎ȵ਋༎Ɍɛ⏏ඨകɇʶɛɹ
ɻଁᬏɹᦵȦᘺᘽปɫȡʳ qiemezo ɭ oku (Stylax tonkinensis) ɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ 20 m ʓɰɴᔒɠ⏋άࣝɴ޽ዛɹ।ᐶปȵԗᅊɌɩȦʳ⏏ࡸᅊೃృȵɐɐ˃ɫȦʳɹɻ।ᐶปɽȴʱɫȡʱ⏋ࢰഀɻ਀Ǿɴ।ᐶปകɴȲȷȴʼɤɩȦȼ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ອ྇കɲɰʓȴɹ।ᐶകɭɻዷᬚᇕɴ᭧ᮐɇ
ʶɩȦʳɛʠృɛɲปዛȵውԂɐʳลЦȵᭉʰʶ⏋෯ଁዛధȵȴɦɩɹ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɴ᧒ɐʳɹɻ‫ܐ‬ᮑɞʸȩ⏏
ǵᚩ͹ᅎೳകɹ਋༎ɴʭʱ⏋ອ྇കɹФ஛‫ܦ‬ɻཝࢹɌɛ⏏ອ྇കɻʦɻʱ qiza ɹᇺែɴʭʱ⏋೴ɹᅊ٨ᐻɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᕶᅥ࣢Г޺ɫɹගകФ஛ɻ໬৾ɫኧ๬ɇʶɩᒟհȵࡴʠʰʶɩȲʱ␩࡟ 1997: 156␭⏋᧓‫ؙ‬ଵ๬ɹɛʠɹᒟհ᝔ьɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ೴޺ɹᏼᑩɴࠇɷʳဣɻ߂ᤲᦽಁБɭ޴ʼɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋᝔కࡲɴʭʳᇺែɻ᝔ȷ࣑ȦɩȲʰɑ⏋ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़Г޺ɫɻᕶᅥ࣢Г޺ɫɹ᧓໬ɲගകФ஛ˁᇿɴɐʳɄɭɻ޽Ȧ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɴȲȦɩອ྇കɹ
Ф஛ˁᬿȦɫȦʳɹɻ⏋ʦɻʱ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែɭȦȩ⏋೴Ϻɹᐵઝɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼගക፬ჿ˹˽̘
͌ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵອ྇കɹႥ઴ȵఒ‫ڵ‬ɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋೎ᦏధॷɫ⏋ʭȩʦȼ೴μɹᅒɴဌྰȵȦȷʼɛʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ඖᅒʍɹဌྰອɹњᐌɻອ྇കɹѳԃႥ઴ɭࢌஞɴᐄ
ʃɦȦɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ʚɛ೴Ϻȵɻɤȷʱɗɹ‫܍‬ഗᬠѥˁ᠗ᡫɌɩȦʳɄɭȵៗʳ⏏ȴɦɩɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ⏋ೠɻɭʶɲȦȵ⏋ᗳɻᕶᅓɴգᅎɫȷʳ⏏ᢑɹȭɇɭɌɩմ஥ɹధዛȵɭʰʶʳʓȴ⏋
Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗳೣၚషɭɌɩᇵ˃ɴ஛ᮃɇʶʳ⏏
ǵEupatorium adenophorum ɻᲞɇ 1 m ʓɰɹᗳೣɫ⏋70 ॷБɴѢԂɌɛॠ‫׋‬ඨ႒ɫȡʳ⏏ອ྇കɹകআɴ Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗛʳȴɰȩȴɻ⏋കԢೠȵɰɹዐ঎๿ɇʶɩȦɛȴɴʭʳ⏏കԢೠȵʓʖ᲼ᬔɐʳʓɰɴ๿ɇʶɩȦʶɽ⏋Eupatorium adenophorum ɻകԒɴѢԂɓ
97ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ɑ⏋കԢೠɹॾೠˁ‫ي‬ʞ޽ȼɹปዛȵകআɴʛʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ‫ݭ‬ଘɫɻകɹೃృɻ࡫ࡴᇕ
ɴɐɐ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ȴɦɩɹ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɴປʏʶɽ෯ଁዛధɻȴɲʱཝࢹɌɩȦʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳȵ⏋കɹ˵˓̀෯ᦶɭɌɩɻෑሂകɴᦏȦ⏏
ǵകԢೠȵᆂʰɴɌȴ๿ɇʶɩȦɲȿʶɽ⏋കআɴ Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗛʳ⏏೴ϺɻɄʶˁ൓Ʉɗȹɭʳɛʠകআȵᗷʶ⏋ปೠɹೃృȵᭀࢀɇʶʳ⏏ᐄഗɭɌɩອ྇കɻ਀Ǿɴ৿ᦡɐʳ‫׶‬᭝ȵȡʳ⏏೴ϺʢɄɹɄɭɻ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋ΥᨆՕɫɻȡʳȵ kanizo ˁඨകɌɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩࢰഀ⏋ອ྇കɹΥᨆɻ⏋ʚɑ kanizo ȵ߂৹ೠɴᔒɠ⏋৿ɴ਀Ǿɴ।ᐶปɴȲȷȴʼɤɩʪȼɭȦȩඨᅊ᧦ውˁᐁɩȦȼɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏

6ȅ͍ࠫȇ౒ന౷ఝ̤̫ͥͅ૩ႅ͈ி৐͂ठ୆
6.1ȁ౒ന౷ఝ͈૒୆་஗ً೾͈අಭ
ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɴගകˁ߉Ȧ⏋ఒᯊಁБɴගകˁԗᅊɐʳɭȦȩɹɻ⏋μ߈కঌɹకፑɴ໤ɤɛ
ʢɹɫȡʱ⏋μ‫ܕ‬ԃ‫ܤ‬ɫʓʖι᝔Ɍɛჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᮖ‫׫‬ɹμɞȿˁʛɩʢ⏋‫׫‬ᨆ࣢‫ܩ‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɴȲȿʳകɹ‫⏋߉ۅ‬ԗᅊɹ᧌ዐɻ⏋ᭁᨆ␩1997b␭ȵ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳμ‫׌‬ᨆɹᇮ‫ܩ‬ٞᦇɫɹ᧌ዐɭɻ⏋ʦʦᅵɲɤɛ႕ਐˁ୫ɤɩȦʳ⏏ʁɭɦɹ႕ਐɻගകȵ਒ঈᇕɴɻቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶɲȴɤɛɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩʁɭɦɻ⏋ԗᅊȵШᐏˁᅊȴɌɛႶᕶɹ෯઎ɫɐɐʠʰʶɛɄɭɫ
ȡʳ⏏
ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɹၚషೠФ஛ɻ⏋਒ঈɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ᩮˁᅊᅋɓʭɭȦȩμ߈కঌȴʰɹ୭ኍˁᧅ᝔ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹ߂ᨆՕˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦɛ kanizo ߂৹ೠɹගകɻɐʏɩФʰʶɛ⏏
ɗɹɲȴɫອ྇കɻ⏋ᦡ᝔Ɍɲȵʰʢ᥹ȩɍɩࡪʰʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɻ໶ᇿɴғɐʳ⏏ɛɞɌɗʶˁගകɴࢪɐʳࡱఠᇕɲઝᒶɧȿɴॠɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏೴ɹࡪᡸኜȵз˃ɫȦʳɻɑɹጜ࣢ʢ⏋ФʰʶɩၚషɭɇʶɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹອ྇കɻลᔨˁ୫ɦගകɞȴʰ๿ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ံᠶ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹЈɹඨᅊʢɗʶəʶลᔨˁ୊ɤɩȦɛȵ⏋క໠ᇕ‫֐ܦ‬ɹμ⏋޽ȼˁᡀʠ⏋ɰȩɌɩʢᡶʶɲȦᨆՕɞȿȵ๿ɇʶɛ⏏ගകȵȡȼʚɫʢᣂ྇ɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶ
ɩȦɛɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋ᭁᨆ␩1997b␭ȵ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳᇮ‫ܩ‬ɴзʞྵ౏ɫʢ⏋ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹ̢̩౏
ɫʢ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ߂ȷɲ᧓Ȧȵȡʳ⏏մᓔɫɻගകɻ༥ᢹᢧ⏃ɛɭȭɽᭁᨆ␩1997b␭⏆ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ⏋৿ᓔɫɻᓘχᢧ⏃ѳԃɇʶɩອ྇༱᰸ɭȦɤɛลᔨˁ୊ȩඨᅊ⏆ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ
ɛ⏏Ʉʶɻጓ‫ܩ‬ɹ᧓Ȧ⏋ȡʳȦɻᅊ෌ɹᅊ઴ᇕ‫ݜ‬ᇻɹ᧓Ȧȴʰᠦ౩ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏
ǵගകɹѳອลᔨ⏋ɐɲʼɠ༑Տອᩄɹ࡚፲޴‫׋‬ˁॶ‫׋ܯ‬ɐʳсᅎɻ⏋ගകȵ߉ʼʶɩʢྊʠ
຾⏃ອঐ⏆ɴʭɤɩជȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏏ᇮ‫ܩ‬ɻອȵᮃʚʳ෯ᦶɫȡʱ⏋ᇮ‫ܩ‬ٞᦇɴɻ߂ៀฐɲྊʠ຾ˁᦶʱʦɐȦ⏏Υ౅‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɹᮖ᮫य़ɹʭȩɲ࣢‫ܩ‬ɹ೎Ϋᨆɻອȵతᧀɐʳ
෯ᦶɫȡʳɛʠ⏋കɹѳອ֐ˁྊʠ຾ɫᔌБʼʱɇɓʭȩɭਲ਼ɤɛʰ⏋ࢸɇɲ໘ˁȦɛʳɭɄʸɫɓȷ๬ʠɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋፬ჿជѹʚɫᓒȭʳɭࡸ᝔έ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ԃክ঄߂‫ݼ‬98

ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

ɹອ྇കˁ༑ʶʳᢆाɴɻ⏋ఒᯊᬖఔೝʭʱմ⏃๭ተɲॷБˁ႕ࡴɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏆ɴɦȼʰʶɛࢸɇɲ̋͌ȵ 5 ɦȡʳ⏏Ϻ຦ԇ኏ɹ୭ኍɫဌྰᅎɴɦȼʰʶɛʢɹɞȵ⏋ဌྰᅎɭɌɩɻʓɭ˃ɰลᔨɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬೴ϺɻɄɹ̋͌ˁ᰸᳋຾ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ֓ȭɩ⏋ԫೝɴɻᮖ᮫കɻѳອГΫɹӈȷˁɐʳ⏏ԫೝɴɻᭇອɻࢹɲȦȵ⏋ᮖ᮫ȵᰈᑢɴᇍᅊɐʳ⏏˱˭ɹʚɭʼʱɦȼᮖ᮫കɻᝠᯆዩȵ߂ȷȼ⏋ዷμɹᮖ᮫ˁ୼ȭɩปॻ༑ɭɌɩອ
ˁകআɴȲʸɐ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ᮖ᮫കɻϺूే៯ɴʭɤɩᔌБʼʱɫȷɲȦลᔨˁ୫ɦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩᮖ᮫य़ɹሁάɴঃȵʳహᯆɫඖᅒᓚсˁɐʳɹɫȡʶɽ⏋ອ྇കˁ๿ɐГ޺ɹ᧧ିɻ
ɲȦ⏏
ǵɌȴɌᚩ⏋ᅎೳകȵ༥߉ɌɛɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ອ྇കɻɗɹลᔨʚɫˁᔘᢦʼɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤ
ɛ⏏ອ྇കɹᗷঘɴ๲๬ʠȵȴȴʱ⏋‫܌‬਋ȵࠃʚʳɹɻ⏋ᕶᅥ࣢ɹՏჼȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ᕶᅥ࣢ɹ০઴ɴɻ⏋ី‫ؘ‬ႆᏢɹ̊˓౏ɴʭʳᩮՒೠ (Cassia siamea) ᚩသകɹʭȩɴ⏋Шᐏᇕɲ౅িȵɗɹʚʚ୫ᐚɌɩȦʳ‫␩غݭ‬ᨇ 1997␭ɭ⏋ྵ౏ȵໞష⏋ᚩᅎɴ Eucalyptus globulus ˁඨകɌɩȦʳё␩ᭁᨆ 1997b␭ɹʭȩɴకঌɹ୭ࢷɴਃɤɩඨകˁɌɛ‫غݭ‬ȵȡʳ⏏ȦɑʶɴɌɩʢ⏋കȴʰᐙᐚᇕɴᅊᅋ႒ȵ਄ʰʶʳɭȦȩɄɭȵໆࡴᇕɴᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻඨകɹ֪ลɧȿɴɲ
ʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɄɹɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܑٞɹᕶးകʦకঌȵඨകɌɛക (Pinus yunnanensis ˁᰧ᝔ลɫዛࡎత॒Ɍɛʢɹȵ޽Ȧ) ɹϕФʢᬿȦɫȦʳ⏏
ǵඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹᕶᅥ࣢ɹ‫⏋غݭ‬Шᐏᇕɲ౅িȵɗɹʚʚ୫ᐚɌɩȦʳɭɻȦȦȵɛȦ⏏ȴɭȦɤɩ⏋కঌɹ୭ࢷɴɛɞਃɤɛɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏‫ܩܤ‬ˁւʱয়ɩʰʶɛɭȷ⏋ඖᅒᓚс຦ɻ⏋ᕶʰɹ෯઎ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩകсʱˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏ήȭʰʶɛ೰ೠʭʱɻ⏋౬ȴʰɲɍʛɹȡʳ kanizo,
dorozo, qiemezo ˁ߫˃ɫඨȭɛ⏏‫ܩܤ‬ȵ⏋з຦ɴʭʳᕶςᇕɲ፬ჿɴʚȴɇʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɹගകɹԗᅊɴ߂ȷȼᢨ჉ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʢɌʢ⏋з຦ˁѵᰉɓɑɴ⏋కঌȵ೰ೠΥᦇ҉ɹඨകˁɐɐʠɩȦɛʰ⏋೴ϺɻȦʚɞᚩέ᣸ɴੱʛ⏋ອ྇കɹᗷঘɻ๬ʚʰɲȴɤɛɞʸȩ⏏ගകˁԗᅊɇɓʳɴɻ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ˁգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳณգˁз຦ɴଖɐɄɭȵᩂឹɞɤɛɹɫ
ȡʳ⏏
6.2ȁਲြ͈΋κϋΒა͈֑̞͂
ǵմຍɫኽɻ⏋ඨᅊ፬ჿɴɦȦɩ᧌঎ɹμ߈ᐏըˁ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳς৓ˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ံ೼ИɴȦɦɫʢɰɄɫʢɐʏɩˁз຦ɴࠇɷʶɽʭȦɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɑඨᅊ፬ჿȵз຦ɴлʰȴɹգᇰˁʢɛʰɌ⏋з຦ȵʭȼɗʶˁჿៗɌɩȦʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋з຦ȵ⏋˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ˁ᧫ȿʰʶʳʭȩɲล෯⏋ɄɄɫɹёɫɻ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែ⏋ˁ෯፷ɫȷɲȿʶɽɲ
ʰɲȦ⏏ɄʶʰȵྃɛɇʶʳᭉʱɴȲȦɩ⏋Шᐏȴʰɹᧀᔵȵȡɤɩʢ⏋ʚɛࡱఠᇕɲគɧȿ
ȵ߉ʼʶɩʢ⏋з຦ɴʭʳගകѳԃɻ೑֟ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ҅Ϻɭᮃ܎ɹգࢀࢪጓˁᡴᠶɹՏᇍဣɭɐʳ๭ᐏɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶᓔȵ኏Ц޴ࢅˁ଩ȩɭȷ⏋Ԏ݀ᇕɴயȷՏɇʶɩȷɛ‫ܒ‬িɻ⏋Шᐏȵ‫ݛ‬ɤɩȷɛ CBRM ȵ኏Ц޴ࢅɴʭɤɩग‫ޙ‬ɐʳ⏋ɭ
99ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬Ȧȩʢɹɫȡʳ␩McCay and Jentoft 1998; Agrawal 2002; Hayama 2003␭⏏ɗɹ؅‫܍‬ɻ⏋Шᐏˁ߉ɤɛ኏Цȵ҅ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰᦠິˁ৾Ɍȷʶɲȼɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌೣϟёɻɗɹԎ݀ᇕɲ‫ܒ‬িɴɻ‫ؚ‬ʚʰɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴ୭௎Ɍɛʭȩɴ⏋qiza ɹᇺែɴʭʱ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ˁ‫᧫܌‬ɐʳล෯ɻ⏋ʢɭɻ࣢കˁଘ೑ɐʳఌᨗᇕࢃᏙȵ⏋᝵ఌᨗᇕࢃᏙɴʭʳඨᅊգᅎˁըਉɐʳล෯ɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹШᐏɻ⏋ᦅ෌ᮃ܎‫׋‬ɴЫȦ࡭ԃɴቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶɛ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴШᐏᇕ኏Цᏼᑩȵ޺֐ɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼ޴ࢅɌɩʢ⏋CBRM ɻԗ෯፷ɇʶȩʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɗʶɫɻ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶᓔȵயȷՏɌɩȷɛԎ݀ᇕɲ CBRM ɹग‫᧌ޙ‬ዐɭೣϟёɹሂ᧓ɻɰɄ
ɴᅓഀɐʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ೣϟёɫɻ⏋ඨᅊɹลᔨɴᬠɐʳჿៗˁᮃ܎෯ଁ‫ڊ‬ȵԊ೑ɌɩȦʳɄɭɹʓȴɴ⏋ᒟհ᝔ьɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸɭȦȩᮃ܎Ԓɫɻ෯፷‫ܐ‬ᮑɲ CBRM ɹឹᏬˁ⏋޺ᨆɹᏼᑩ
ɴࠇɷʳɄɭȵɫȷɛဣɴ⏋ኽɻ໶ᇿɌɛȦ⏏Ԏ݀ᇕɲ CBRM ɹग‫᧌ޙ‬ዐɫɻ⏋క໠ณ֐ȵ࣢ᬚᨆɴ༡ᦩɐʳմɴ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ‫׋‬ʦϺ‫ܦؤ‬ɴʭɤɩ኏Ц޴ࢅȵʁȷȲɄɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ‫׋‬ʦϺ‫ܦؤ‬ɹ৯ᯱˁ᝵ʳմɴ⏋క໠ณ֐ˁᏼʛԂʶɛ০ɫ
CBRM ˁ෯፷ɐʳɄɭɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏߂ᤲᦽಁБɹక໠‫֐ܦ‬ɻ‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɴගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɹ౅‫ك‬ɴӈȦɛ‫ؙ‬ᯆ⏋CBRM ɹ෯፷ɴ᭬Ɍɩɻ⏋ᒟհ᝔ьɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸɭȦȩᩂឹɲឹᏬˁரњɌɩȦɛɄɭˁឿ
ᦣɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ਃഀሾʰʶɩȦɛԎ݀ᇕɲ CBRM ग‫ޙ‬ɹ؅‫܍‬ɻ⏋Шᐏˁ߉ɤɛ኏Цȵ҅ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰᦠິˁ৾ɌȷʶɲȼɲʳɄɭɞɤɛ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋μ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȦɩᦍᦵɴ࣢ᬚᨆ
ɴʚɫ༡ᦩɌɛక໠ณ֐ɻ⏋҅ϺȵᇿӴɹգᇰˁᦠິɌɩ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ˁʁȷȲɄɐɄɭɴ
ᬠɌɩɻ߂ȷɲଵ๬֐ɴɲɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
6.3ȁऱႛ͈໘‫ڰ‬ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻ⏋ගകɴኜȵзʞȴʰගകȵ๿ɇʶɛɭȦȩᡴᠶɻଁጓɌɲȦɭӴɴᦚʏɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ගകɴࢪɐʳ઴঎ȵ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕɲઝᒶɧȿɭɌɩჼʼʶɩȦʳɭȦȩឿ౅ɻଁጓɌȩʳ⏏೴Ϻɻ 2 ዛᰖɹኜˁኢʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɫȡʳጜɻගɴзʞ೴ɹࡪᡸኜɫ
ȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋ʢȩʁɭɦɹ߃Ϋኜɻಔ᧋ኜɫȡʱ⏋ගകɭɹᐄʃɦȷˁ୫ɛɲȦ⏏ඖᅒˁ༱᰸ɐʳອɻ⏋߃ȴʰɹᭇᮒȵගകɴᙢȭʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳȴʰ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴ߃ˁ⏋ϗ࡚ɹሁμɴගകˁኢʳɭȦȩɄɭɻʭȼჿៗɫȷʳ⏏
ǵ৳ʰɻ⏋޺‫ܦ‬ɴʭɤɩΥಁᇕɴኜˁఔඉɌɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋߂ᤲᦽಁБɴጜ࣢ȵФʰʶ⏋ኢ኎ȵ᝔ʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ˁᕶςᇕɴգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳณգˁ‫؜‬ʱଖɌɛɭȷ⏋ៜȦȴȭʶɽගകˁ‫؜‬ʱଖɌɛɭȷ⏋ጜ࣢ˁ਋༎ɇɓ⏋ኢ኎ˁ਋༎ɇɓɛ⏃̊˓౏ɹጜ
࣢ɴɦȦɩɻ‫إ‬ा␩1997␭ɹᓒ࢘ȵȡʳ⏆⏏య‫߂׋‬ᯊ٨ȵᏺʼʱ⏋຦౏ࡱఠˁኧɍʳΫȴʰɹ‫֐ܦ‬ȵɲȼɲɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ኢ኎਋༎ɹሁஞɹჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɛɭȭɽី‫ؘ‬ႆᏢɹ္ᅣ຦
ɴኢ኎ɴɦȦɩᓬȼɭ⏋ȋɗʶɻ౬ɹɄɭɞ⏋ЁɻᲿኜˁኢʰɲȦȍɭፐȭʳ⏏ኧ๬޺‫ܦ‬ȵɲȼɲɤɛȴʰɭȦɤɩ⏋ȴɦɩɹኢ኎ȵ਋༎ɐʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦɹɞ⏏ጜ࣢ȵ਋༎ɌࡪʰʶɩȦʳჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋ʦɻʱኢȵ೴Ϻɴήȭɩȼʶʳൔաɹ‫ھ‬ʃ⏋ɗʶʢᅊ༎ɴ൓ɊɌɛ‫ھ‬ʃȵ⏋ȡ
100ᇑဈ⏧ᮖ‫׫‬ɹඖᅒ‫ܩ‬य़ˁ༱᰸ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎɹ޴᧦ɭጜ࣢ɹ༥ᬏ

ʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ኽɻ೴Ϻɹᇍៜˁʢɭɴ⏋਋༎Ɍɛኢ኎ȵ৳ʰɴήȭɩȼʶʳ‫ھ‬ʃɭɻɰɹʭ
ȩɲʢɹɲɹȴˁ⏋Гάɹʭȩɴᓒ࢘Ɍɛ⏏
ǵԗᅊɌɛጜ࣢ɻ⏋౬౗ɹ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കȴʰɲʳጜ࣢ɴປʏʶɽ⏋ឿʳɴɛȭɲȦʓɰᢩሂɲʢ
ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢ೴ϺɻɄɹጜ࣢ˁࡪʱᔒɩɩȦʳ⏏೴ϺȵθᕀˁȦɤɿȦɴঃɁɩጜ࣢ɴ
ɦȦɩ᠝ʳ⏏
ǵȋ౬ɻɄ˃ɲɴ߂ȷɲೠȵȡɤɛ⏏ЁɻɄ˃ɲ⏃θଝɫࢸɇɲᥢˁсʱ⏆ೠɌȴɲȦ⏏ɫʢȦɦȴɻ౬ɹጜ࣢ɴଖʳȍǵȴɦɩ؅ᅊᮖ᮫കɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛኢ኎ ngamatu ˁሾʳᓔɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ჼࡔɹԗᅊጜ࣢ɫ᝔
ʼʶʳ ngamatu ɻ૭ౙɴྃɠɛʢɹɞ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ॷˁᦠȦ⏋ᅊᣚɭɇʶɛᢑɹᰄᲓȵዩʛΫɁʰʶʳɴɦʶɩ⏋ጜ࣢ɻଁᬏɌɩʪȼ⏏೴ϺɻɗɄɴ‫ھ‬ʃˁឿՏɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵȋqiemezo ɭ oku ˁඨȭɛɭȷɴປʏ⏋೎ᦏɻೣഀɹ ngamatu ɴᦏɧȦɩȷɛȍǵ೴ϺˁᏄኜᇕɴఌȭʳ⏋ࢸɇȼᢩሂɲɄɹጜ࣢ɹ৲ւɻ⏋౬ɴʢ‫ވ‬Ɍɩ߂ȷȦʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ԗᅊጜ࣢ɴɻ⏋ȴɦɩɹʭȩɲ੭χɹ؅ᅊകɹߡཉɇɻɲȦȵ⏋ᗐǾɌȦϠ๖കɹ‫܌‬਋֐ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫܌‬਋֐ɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɻගകɲɌɫᅊȷɩȦȿɲȦɄɭˁၓሾɌɩȦʳ೴Ϻɴɭɤɩ⏋ɰʶʓɰᰉʢɌȦʢɹɞʸȩȴ⏏
৫ȁৃǵᮖ‫׫‬ህӯ᭞ላ֯೴ᨉɹᇖ෵ɲʰʃɴ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝ɹ‫إ‬ाχᮁ‫ؿ‬᠕ఠஐ⏃য়ಁ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀఠஐ⏆⏋ᮖ‫׫‬຦౏࡝‫׭‬႒᱅ɹࣅ᏷ϵտ᱅ᬏ⏋ᮖ‫ू׫‬෌߂࡝ɹ᭘ল౩Ӵᅊɴɻ⏋቉ድˁɐɐʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ޽߂ɲ‫֐ת‬ˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ܕ‬ጓ຦౏࡝‫׭‬႒᱅ɹᭁᨆҫΥ֖ఠஐɻ⏋‫ڂ‬႐࣢ᔭɹඖᅒȲʭʃጜ࣢ɭȦȩ᳄֐ᇕɲ̘ͻ͇ɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁఠȭɩȼɞɇʱ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ੻‫ݬ‬ˁήȭɩȼɞɇɤɛ⏏
ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀጭᅒಅϓ֖ఠஐɴɻೣዣˁʚɭʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ೑ᇰɲ֖
ៜˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ‫ؿל‬ീᠧᓔɹઝឿɻ⏋ᗳዣˁఒ‫ڵ‬ɐʳȩȭɫ߂Ȧɴ֖ȿɴɲɤɛ⏏μ‫ܕ‬ዀ࡝᭏౤౩ඨ႒቉ድଘɹฌೣ᱅ɴȲȦɩ‫ࡴؾ‬с෌ˁɐʳɴȡɛʱ⏋࡟ᖒ᱅ᬏɴȲγ᠌ɴɲɤɛ⏏Ϋ៨ɹ౅ǾɴȲ኎ˁᅕɌΫɁʚɐ⏏Ʉɹ቉ድɻዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆȋᅵᅊ઴Ꮩஞ៘ɴᬠʼʳϺ‫ؤ‬ው֪ɭᣂ྇գᅎ˹˽̘͌ɹ޴
ᢟȍ⏃‫إ‬ाχᮁБᝠ⏆ɹ֖ଁˁȩȿɛ⏏
֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃᭁᨆҫΥ⏏1997a⏏ȋᮖ‫׫‬ɹගക‫( ر‬I)̆μᅗᇮ‫ܩ‬ɹኜ࣢ȍȏആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬቉ድȑ35(3): 422-444⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏1997b⏏ȋᮖ‫׫‬ɹගക‫( ر‬II)̆μฌᲞᇮ‫ܩ‬ɹගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɭ͘ͻˡ͠ඨകȍȏആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬቉ድȑ35(3):445-464⏏
Agrawal, A. 2002. Common Resources and Institutions Sustainability. In Ostrom, E., Dietz, T., Dolsak, N., Stern, P. C.,
Stonich, S. and Weber, E. U. eds., The Dramma of the Commons. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
‫إ‬ाχᮁ⏏1997.ȋᮖ‫׫‬຦౏ᅊ઴‫̆ر‬ᅊ઴ᠶჿɭయ౩ᠶჿȍȏആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬቉ድȑ35(3): 346-421.
Goldman, M. 1998. Investing the Commons: Theories and Practices of the Commons’ Professional. In Goldman M. ed.,Privatizing Nature: Political Struggle for the Global Commons. London: Pluto Press.
Gordon, H. S. 1954. The Economic Theory of a Common-property Resources: The Fishery, Journal of Political101ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬Economy 62: 124-142.
ᨇǵᖭ౳⏏1997⏏ȋᮖ‫౏˓̊׫‬ɹᄩ‫ޅ‬ѳԃਲ਼઎ɭଯ᝗̆ី‫ؘ‬ႆᏢɹ೴ȴʰȍȏആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬቉ድȑ35(3):465-488⏏
Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162: 1243-1248.
Hayama, A. 2003. Land Use Transformation in the Philippine Uplands: Rethinking of Local Forest Management.
Ph. D. Thesis, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.
Ꮮໜ‫౏˓౏ࣈڇ‬ᕶ໠िෙ໥ᑂԠᏼ⏏1986⏏ȏ‫ࢃܕ‬຦ࠇ຦౏‫ک‬ᰍϤዛ‫أ‬ೆψΥ͹μ‫ࢹܕ‬ధ຦౏ᕶ໠‫౅ܩ‬ෙ໥‫أ‬ೆ̆Ꮮໜ‫౏˓౏ࣈڇ‬ᕶ໠िෙ໥ȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬Ϻ຦Տႆ኏⏏
McCay, B. J. and Jentoft, S. 1998. Market or Community Failar? Critical Perspectives on Common Property Research,
Human Organization 57: 21-29.
McCay, B. J. 2001. Community and the Commons: Romantic and Other Views. In Agrawal, A. and Gibson, C. C. eds.,
Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender, and the State in Community-Based Conservation. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge
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࡟ǵй༠⏏1997⏏
ȏృᑂӾకॻᨆ໬৾ሾᡫଝԕ͹ᄩ‫ޅ‬ήᣂ྇ѳᡸȑ‫׌‬ϴ⏧μ‫ܕ‬໬ըՏႆ኏⏏
ٙǵ৶ᇰ⏏1986⏏
ȏᮖ‫׫‬ɹඨ႒ Iȑ៰ᅒ҄‫⏏៱ܟ‬౗ೣఔᦢՏႆ‫ת‬Ц⏏
ృᑂᮖ‫׫‬ህ੻ᑂࠇЦ⏏1996⏏ȏృᑂᮖ‫׫‬ህ੻ȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬Ϻ຦Տႆ኏⏏
ලǵΥӵ⏏1980⏏
ȋᮖ‫׫‬ඨ᝵ᇕᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬೼Иȍᮖ‫׫‬ඨ᝵ᑂᥣࠇ‫ڊ‬Цᑂȏᮖ‫׫‬ඨ᝵ȑ‫׌‬ϴ⏧ዀ࡝Տႆ኏⏏
ࣅǵ᏷ϵ⏏1994⏏
ȏගകࡑᔒᇕᦅᓚయ‫̆׋‬ᮖ‫׫‬Ւᓚတዛਚȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬Ϻ຦Տႆ኏⏏
ᮖ‫׫‬ህ‫౅ܩ‬ਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц⏏1994⏏ȏμᘠϺ຦Ԋ‫౅ܩܕٮ‬ਚ‫أ‬ೆ̆ᮖ‫׫‬ህਚ͹ॎԈ‫מ‬Χᄩ‫ޅ‬ѳᡸਚȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬Ϻ຦Տႆ኏⏏
ᮖ‫׫‬ህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц⏏1990⏏ȏμᘠϺ຦Ԋ‫౅ܩܕٮ‬ਚ‫أ‬ೆ̆ӯ᭞ላਚȑᢵ᭞⏧ᢵि຦౏Տႆ኏⏏
μԊᮖ‫׫‬ህࠇӾ‫ر‬቉ድࡻ⏏1998⏏ȏᮖ‫׫‬ఒᯊᬖఔϠ‫ॷמ‬ȑ౤౩⏧ᮖ‫׫‬຦౏Տႆ኏⏏

102