RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55

THE ROLE OF POLICE, PROSECUTION AND THE JUDICIARY
IN THE CHANGING SOCIETY
Muhammad Arif Chaudhry*
I. INTRODUCTION
Pakistan is a South Asian country withan area of 796,095 square kilometers. It
came into being as an independent state
on 14th August 1947, and its population isestimated at over 130 million. Pakistan isa Federal State consisting of 4 provinces(Punjab, Sind, North West Frontier
Province and Baluchistan) and 3 federally
controlled territories (Islamabad Capital
Territory, Northern Areas, and Tribal
Areas). The Constitution stipulates thatin the provinces, the responsibility forcrime prevention and control, and theadministration of justice, primarily rests
with the respective provincial
governments. The Federal Government,
however, has jurisdiction over matters suchas the enactment of criminal laws, thetraining of certain categories of criminal
justice personnel, and research, apart fromthe direct law and order responsibility it
has for the federally controlled territories.
II. CURRENT CRIME SITUATIONIN PAKISTAN
Like other third world countries, only aminority of incidents which are recognisedas ‘crimes’ by their ‘victims’ end up in theofficial statistics. It has been observed thatthe present picture presents a considerably
different pattern of crime. This is quite
striking, even among officially recorded
offences: for example, crimes involving
motor vehicles, relatively rare in the 1950s
when there were few cars on the roads, now
make up a substantial part; offences of*

Additional Director General, Federal Investigation
Agency, Pakistan.

402

criminal damage to property, then an
almost negligible category, were over
52,313 in 1997. Crimes of violence against
persons, although still one of the smaller
categories, has greatly outgrown in
number. It is important to note that, while
numerical representation of criminal
behaviour has a considerable impact on our
perceptions of crime, it is by no means theonly, or necessarily the most influential,
source of information or insight about
crime. In fact, systematic data collection
often follows, rather than generates, newinsights and perspectives. Figure I (below)
will help to understand the amount of allreported crime.
FIGURE I
Crime Figures of Pakistan
YEAR

1995

1996

1997

CRIMES REPORTED
TO POLICE(in million)

0.33

0.32

0.48

CRIMES AGAINSTPERSONS

13.23% 14.09%

9.91%

CRIMES AGAINSTPROPERTY

14.20% 13.88%

10.78%REGULATORYOFFENCES

18.70% 21.20%

20%

OTHERS(PETTY OFFENCES)

53.87% 50.87%

57%

The official figures do not include
offences recorded by other forces for which
the police are not responsible, notably, theMinistry of Defence Constabulary. Thesefigures also do not include the numerous
cases of tax and loan fraud known toagencies such as the Revenue Department,
Customs and Excise, Sales Taxation, and111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
the Department of Forestry, which haveinvestigative and prosecutional functions,but which deal with the vast majority ofcases by using their administrative powers
to impose financial penalties. Suchagencies keep internal records of thenumber of people dealt with in these ways,
or of the total amount of revenue saved,
but not of the total number of ‘offences’coming to their notice. The crime figuresof the Federal Investigation Agency and theAnti-Narcotics Force have been discussed
separately.
FIGURE II
Police/Population Ratio& Literacy Rate
Country

Population

Police /Population Ratio

Literacy
Rate

Pakistan

130m

1.517

40%

U.K.

51.75m

1.386

99.9%

Sri Lanka

18.34m1.564

96%

Figure II (above) shows the comparative
population, police-population ratio andliteracy rate of different countries. This
will reflect how much each part of thesefactors can play in understanding criminal
behaviour. Insufficient strength of thepolice force creates opportunities foroffenders, which are further aggravated
due to lack of education; which is indeed
the biggest factor in offending behaviour,
because most offenders are unaware of thedamage they are causing to society.
Illiterate people often never know theirrights and responsibilities towards thecommunity.
III. BACKGROUND OF CRIME IN
PAKISTAN
A. Drugs
Illicit drugs and proliferation of arms aremajor problems, besides others, which posea serious threat to our society. The former
is damaging the social fibre of the nation,

while the latter has resulted in a setback
to law and order, which in turn hampers
economic activity (adding to the existing
financial crunch). Both problems are
relatively new, but in a short time haveassumed alarming proportions. In fact, in
more than one way, both problems areinter-linked. They mostly originate fromthe same region, i.e. the tribal belt
separating Pakistan and Afghanistan, andboth result in an up-surge in violent crime.
The illicit trade in drugs certainly needs
gun-totting protectors and thus sponsors
trafficking in arms. Heroin was unknown
in Pakistan in 1979, but it has spread
alarmingly. The number of known heroin
users rose from 5000 in 1980 to 365,000 in
1985, and crossed the million mark in 1988.
The number stands at over 1.92 million
approximately in 1993. It is the mostpopular drug used by 51% of the drug users.
B. Proliferation of Arms
It is generally believed that crime
increase correlates to the proliferation ofarms. This fact is now emphaticallygaining rapid and wide acceptance in theminds of public, since we witness, almost
daily, either through electronic or print
media, recurring violent and brutal crimein which all kinds of arms are brandishedopenly and brazenly.
The proliferation of arms in Pakistan
has its legal and illegal roots. The problemof the legal proliferation of arms is theresult of the generous arms policy of
successive governments. The other aspectof this proliferation, the illegal one, is theresult of mass smuggling by underworld
racketeers of weapons freely available in
the Tribal Belt of Pakistan, because of the
Afghan War. As in the case of drugs, theweapons also originate from the same
region.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
C. Low Literacy Rate
Apart from drugs and the proliferationof arms, the low literacy rate, which is just
40%, is also one of the main reasons forthe soaring crime in Pakistan. We are
lagging behind many nations of the worldin this aspect, multiplied by a rapid growthin population, which is consuming most of
our resources.
D. Slow Court Procedures
There is a universally accepted principalof law that “Justice delayed is Justicedenied”. Unfortunately, the court
proceedings in Pakistan often go at a snail’space. The victim has to wait a long time toget justice. As a result, people try to settle
their disputes on their own, because the slow
process of the courts normally does notproduce any result and is deemed as awastage of time. On the other hand, thisencourages the offenders and results inviolent crime. Figure III (below) shows thepercentage of the disposal of cases in courts.
E. Urbanisation
The overall urban population at thenational level has increased from 28.3% in1981 to 32.5% in 1998 which shows thatevery third person now lives in a city or
town. There are 23 major urban centres
having a population of 0.2 million andabove. The biggest city in Pakistan is
Karachi, with a population of 9.269 million,
followed by Lahore (5.063 million). Almost

half of the total urban population lives inthe seven big cities of Pakistan.
Urbanisation leads to an extraordinary
pace of transformation of human society,affecting almost every form of humanorganisation and behaviour. It leads to avariety of complex problems, not least ofwhich is urban crime. As more and more
dwellers confront the bitter reality of a
sharp and widening disparity between
their life styles and the standard of life
enjoyed by some individuals; the resultant
frustrations leads to tension, at times
resulting in all sorts of deviant behaviour.
The problem is further exacerbated due tothe limited availability of legitimate
opportunities for social advancement. Not
only is there an acute scarcity of jobs, evenbare shelter is often hard to get. Indeed
the dysfunctional and unplanned
urbanisation, leading to a myriad growthof slums and services, results in an ideal
setting for breeding a criminogenic
environment.
The pattern of urban crime is also very
complex. This includes organised criminal
gangs, drug trafficking, armed robberies,
frauds or land grabbing. Existence of large
scale racketeering in liquor, gambling,
prostitution, illicit arms, terrorism, black
marketing and other corrupt practices is
an inevitable concomitant of unregulated
or inadequately regulated urbanisation.

FIGURE III
Duration of Trial in the Courts (1992-96)
YEAR

AT FIRSTHEARINGWITHIN
15 DAYSWITHIN1MONTH

WITHIN
3
MONTHSWITHIN
6
MONTHSWITHIN
9MONTHSOVER 9MONTHS

1992

1.5

4.8

8.1

18.3

19.2

21.0

27.1

1993

1.7

4.9

8.3

18.6

19.8

20.7

26.0

1994

1.9

5.1

8.6

18.7

20.1

21.5

24.1

1995

2.1

5.7

9.3

18.9

21.2

22.4

20.4

1996

2.2

6.1

9.8

17.6

22.1

23.1

19.1

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111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Moreover, urban industrialisation also
results in contamination of air, water andsoil, causing environmental pollution.
IV. THE CRIMINAL JUSTICESYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
The criminal justice system of Pakistan,like most countries, consists of 4 subsystems: police, prosecutors, courts, andcorrections. In the following paragraphs,
I will briefly discuss the main features ofeach sub-system.
(i) Police• Investigating crime.
• Preventing crime.
• Arresting and detaining suspects.
• Maintaining public order.
• Traffic control.
• Responding to criminal and noncriminal emergencies.
• Some of these tasks are also carriedout by private and other public law
enforcement agencies, such as
Customs & Excise, Anti-narcotics
Force, Forest Department anddepartments of local authorities.
(ii) Prosecution• Preparing cases for prosecution.
• Prosecuting cases in the high courts.
• Preparing cases for trial in theSupreme Court, through liaison withadvocates for the prosecution before
and throughout the trial.
(iii) Courts• Handling and processing cases
efficiently.
• Deciding on bail, remands and modeof trial.
• Protecting the rights of the
defendant.
• Deciding on guilt.
• Passing sentence.
• Hearing appeals against conviction
and sentence.
• Providing a public arena so thatjustice can be seen to be done.

(iv) Prisons• Holding persons remanded in custodyby the courts.
• Holding sentenced offenders.
• Maintaining proper conditions for
those held in custody.
• Preparing inmates for release.
• Attempting to rehabilitate offenders.
A. Police
In each province, in the Islamabad
Capital Territory, and in the Northern
Areas, the Inspector General of Police (IGP)
is responsible for the command and controlof the police force under him (there is no
regular police force in the federally
administrated Tribal Areas). The Inspector
General is also responsible for advising thefederal and provincial governments on all
matters concerning the police. In the
discharge of his duties, the Inspector
General is assisted by Additional
Inspectors General, Deputy Inspectors
General (DIG), and Assistant Inspectors
General (AIG), as the government may
from time to time appoint. The
organisation of the police department isshown at Annexure A.
For operational purposes, every IGP’s
area of responsibility is divided into ranges,
districts, sub-divisions, and police stations,each headed by a Deputy Inspector Generalof Police, a District Superintendent of
Police, a Sub-Divisional Police Officer(Assistant Superintendent or Deputy
Superintendent of Police) and a Station
House Officer (Inspector or Sub Inspector), respectively. The total area ofPakistan has been divided into 23 ranges,
107 districts, 356 sub-divisions and 1218
police stations. In addition, in each IGP’s
jurisdiction, there is a Special Branch, aCrime Branch, a Training College and/or
Police Training School(s).
B. Prosecution
Unlike many other countries, there is as

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
yet no separate prosecution service inPakistan, nor do prosecutors have any rolein the investigation of criminal cases as
they do in Japan. However, prosecutors
do offer advice to the police on defects, ifany, in the State’s cases.
The Chief Prosecutor in the Federal
Government is the Attorney General of
Pakistan, who is assisted by a number of
Deputy Attorney Generals. Similarly, eachprovince is represented by an Advocate
General, assisted by a number of Deputy
Advocates General and Assistant
Advocates General.
Criminal cases in the high courts are
generally presented on behalf of the Stateby the office of the Advocate General, while
the office of the Attorney General
represents the State in the Supreme Court
or in the special courts and tribunals set
up by the Federal Government. In district
and sessions courts, the prosecution of
criminal cases is conducted by District
Attorneys and Deputy District Attorneys.
They belong to the law department of theirrespective provincial or federal
government.
In the lower courts (i.e. magistrates’
courts), prosecution of criminal cases isconducted by the prosecuting inspectors,
who are employees of the Police
Department. In other words, whereas
those who prosecute cases in the district
and session courts function under theprovincial law departments, theprosecuting inspectors at the level of themagisterial courts are subject to theadministrative control of the District
Superintendent of Police.
In Pakistan, there are presently 70
District Attorneys, 168 Deputy District
Attorneys, 392 Assistant District
Attorneys, 299 Prosecuting Inspectors, and
144 Prosecuting Sub-Inspectors. The

406

Prosecuting Deputy Superintendents of
Police act primarily as legal advisers to theDistrict Superintendents of Police.
C. Courts
Besides the Supreme Court, the Federal
Appellate Court, the Federal Shariat(Islamic) Court, and the High Court, there
are four other classes of criminal courts
known as Courts of Sessions and Courts ofMagistrates 1st, 2nd and 3rd class. The
Supreme Court acts as the ultimate
appellate court, while the Federal Shariat
Court and the High Court both haveoriginal and appellate jurisdictions. The
structure of criminal justice courts is shownat Annexure B.
Courts of Sessions are working in every
district and sessions’ judges can pass any
sentence authorised by law. In every
district, judicial magistrates are appointed
and they are subordinate to sessions’ judges
and may try all offences not punishable
with death. A number of special courts
have also been constituted from time totime to deal with specific offences liketerrorism, banking offences, smuggling,evasion of taxes, corruption and so on.
D. Prisons
The Federal Government hasestablished a Central Prison Training
Institute, while the provincial governments
are responsible for the maintenance anddevelopment of prisons. The prison system
has a total of 76 jails, consisting of 19
central jails, 48 district jails, 4 special jails,
and 5 open/sub-jails. Central jails canaccommodate more than 500 prisoners andprisoners with more than two years
imprisonment are normally detained inthese jails, while those sentenced to
imprisonment of up to two years are
confined in district jails. Special jails aredesigned for the purpose of confining such
prisoners as the government may order.
Sub-jails and judicial lock-ups are meant

111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
for prisoners under trial.
Pakistan is in the category of a large
number of countries, where neither theprison facilities were expanded, nor
diversionary measures were adopted, in theface of increasing crime and population
rates. The present situation is grave. At
many places, the number of inmates isthree times greater than the available,authorised prison accommodation. Double
the number of prisoners than the capacity
to house is common. Given below in Figure
IV is the situation of jails in the mostdensely populated province of Pakistan.
V. RESPONSE OF THE CRIMINALJUSTICE SYSTEM
Following are the existing laws
regulating our criminal justice institutions
to control crime in Pakistan.
A. Pakistan Penal Code of 1860
The Indian Law Commission in 1837,
transplanting Anglo-Saxon legal concepts
in our socio-cultural milieu, framed the
Pakistan Penal Code, 1860. By this Code,the colonial masters curbed crime. It has
been kept updated with many subsequent
amendments. Major categories of offences
include:(a) Offences against the State;(b) Offences against public tranquillity;(c) Offences by or relating to public
servants;(d) Offences relating to elections;(e) Offences affecting the human body;and(f) Offences against property.

Following the process of Islamization,
the penal laws that have been added overthe past 15 years are as follows:(a) O f f e n c e s a g a i n s t P r o p e r t y(Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance,
1979;(b) Offence of Zina (Enforcement ofHadood) Ordinance, 1979;(c) Offence of Qazf (Enforcement ofHadood) Ordinance, 1979;(d) Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadood)
Order, 1979;(e) Qisas and Diyat Ordinance, 1992.
In addition to the Penal Code andIslamic Law offences, there are also many
offences covered under “local and speciallaws”. These include drug offences,
gambling offences, and minor traffic
offences.
B. Criminal Procedure CodeThe main law of criminal procedure is
the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1898.
The Code classifies offences into two
categories: Cognizable Offences and NonCognizable Offences. A police officer is
empowered to arrest the accused without
warrant only where the allegation concerns
the commission of a cognizable offence. The
Criminal Procedure Code also categorizes
some offences as bailable and other as nonbailable, depending on the seriousness ofthe offence. Likewise, some offences arecompoundable and other noncompoundable. Under the Qisas and Diyat
Ordinance of 1992, all offences affecting thehuman body, which were earlier covered by
the Pakistan Penal Code, has been madecompoundable.

FIGURE IV
Jail Population & Literacy Rate of Prisoners in Punjab
1997
No. of Jails
Authorised
Present
Illiterateaccommodation
population
prisoners
28
17271
59492
63.5%

407

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
C. Law of Evidence
The issue of admissibility and relevanceof evidence in criminal cases are governedby the Qanun-e-Shahadat (Law of
Evidence) Order of 1984. A peculiar featureof the Law of Evidence is that any
statement made before a police officer is
not admissible as evidence (except that
portion which leads to the discovery of amaterial fact).
VI. COUNTERMEASURES TO
ENHANCE THE CRIMINALJUSTICE SYSTEM
Crime impairs the overall developmentof nations, undermines people’s spiritualand material wellbeing, compromises
human dignity and creates a climate of fear
and violence that erodes the quality of life.
Therefore, all crime prevention policies
should be co-ordinated with strategies forthe social, economic, political and culturaldevelopment of a nation.
Criminal justice systems in many partsof the world are increasingly lagging
behind. More sophisticated and efficient
ways of committing crimes, evolved bycriminals, are on the increase as a resultof technological developments andmodernization. Rapid advances andmodernisation in communication, travel,
trade, and technology have spurred thegrowth and internationalisation of crimes.
Piecemeal approaches are insufficient todeal with the full scope of the problem.
Furthermore, criminal justice processes
often suffer from obsolescence and are notsufficiently flexible to cope with the newforms and ever-widening dimensions ofcrime.
Along with traditional crimes, we areconcentrating on tackling crimes
committed on the national andinternational level, such as drugtrafficking, economic crimes, bribery andcorruption, terrorism, abuse of power,
408

violations of human rights, and other
detrimental practices which may severely
damage an economy or cause widespreadsocial disruption. Such crimes often
victimise large segments of the populationand create a climate of fear and insecurity
which impairs the quality of life, impedes
harmonious development, and diminishes
the possibility of increasinglyinterdependent nations living together inpeace.
Some of the important special crimes
include terrorism, banking frauds, drugtrafficking and white-collar crimes/
corruption. The Government hasestablished many agencies and courts totackle such problems, and these strategies
have not only achieved positive results, buthave also been appreciated by othercountries, particularly in tackling drugtrafficking.
A. Legislative Measures
1. Control of Narcotics Substances Act“Drugs are the most profitablecommodity in the world today”, affecting
the health of international markets andeven local economies. Drug trafficking isan evil acknowledged by all nations. Like
many countries and international bodies,
Pakistan has declared ‘a war on drugs’ bypassing laws providing severe
punishments, including capital
punishment. A number of measures havebeen adopted to fight this multidimensional problem. Simultaneous
efforts on the legislative, administrativeand enforcement side have yielded positive
results. Briefly these measures are:(i)
Control of Narcotics Substances
Ordinance promulgated on 5th
January 1995, and it was made an
Act in 1997.
(ii)
Progressive punishment from two
years to death have been prescribed.
(iii) Money laundering declared as a
distinct crime.

111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS(iv)

Comprehensive provisions for civil
and criminal forfeiture of assets.
(v)
Creation of special courts for speedy
disposal.
(vi) Provision for registration of drug
addicts.
(vii) First time detoxification andtreatment made a statutory
obligation of government.
(viii) National fund for drug abuse control
set up.
(ix) Extension of drug laws to Tribal
Areas.
(x)
Special Courts of Magistrates to try
petty offences. Higher Special
Courts would therefore focus moreon important cases.
(xi) Compulsion to include public
witnesses in narcotics seizures
dispensed with.
(xii) No bail for offences punishable withfive years or more. For otheroffences, no bail if public prosecutor
so certifies.
(xiii) Anti-money laundering provisions
reinforced.
(xiv) Controlled delivery operations
legalised.
(xv) C o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s t oenhance international co-operation
added.
2. Anti-Terrorism Act 1997(i)Armed/civil forces may be called forthe prevention/punishment ofterrorist activities.
(ii)
Progressive punishment from sevenyears imprisonment, life
imprisonment and the death penalty.
(iii) Protection of witnesses by the court.
(iv) Two years conviction and fine after
summary procedure for threatening
witnesses.
(v)
Special courts to decide cases withinseven days (day to day hearings).
(vi) Adjournment up to two working
days, only if required in the interestof justice.

(vii) Transfer of cases beyond territorial
jurisdiction in the interest of justiceor for the protection of witnesses.
(viii) C o n f e s s i o n b e f o r e D e p u t ySuperintendent of Police and above
are admissible before the court.
Court may call for video tape,
together with devices used for therecording of the confession.
(ix) Punishment up to two years fordefective investigation.
(x)
Appeal to the appellate tribunal of
two judges, in each High Court.
B. Administrative Measures(i) Constitution of Policy Review Board
and Narcotics Interdiction Committee.
(ii) Establishment of Anti-Narcotics Forcewith the following charter of duties:• Inquire/investigate and prosecute
drug offences.
• Inquire/investigate into assets ofdrug barons.
• Co-ordinate activities of all
enforcement agencies in the fieldof interdiction.
• Ta k e o v e r i m p o r t a n t d r u g
trafficking cases from otheragencies.
• Liaison with the international
drug control related agencies.
• Train own staff and other allied
agencies.
• Assist in elimination of the meansof production.
(iii)The area for poppy cultivation has been
reduced from 32,2100 hectares in 1978
to 5215 hectares, and poppy production
from about 800 metric tons in 1978-79
to 109 metric tons in 1996; which has
now been reduced to 28 metric tons.
Pakistan is thus no longer a producer
country of opium.
C. Enforcement Measures
1. Federal Investigation Agency
The Federal Investigation Agency wasconstituted with the promulgation of the409

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
F.I.A. Act 1974(Act VIII of 1975) “forinvestigation of certain offences committed
in connection with matters concerning theFederal Government, and for mattersconnected therewith”. It mainly deals withcorruption cases of federally administrated
departments, white-collar crime, economic
crimes and illegal immigration offences. It
also performs duties of an immigration
agency and INTERPOL in Pakistan. The
performance of FIA and NCB-INTERPOL
is shown at Annexures C and D
respectively.
2. Anti-Narcotics Force
The Anti-Narcotics Force is dealing
particularly with offences relating to drug
production, manufacturing, offering forsale or delivery on any terms, organising,trafficking in or financing the traffickingof narcotic drugs, psychotropic substancesor controlled substances. The performanceof the Anti-Narcotics Force, as shown at
Annexure E, would indicate the quality ofoutput of this agency.
D. Judicial Measures
1. Anti-Terrorist Courts and Banking
Tribunals
The Government has set up antiterrorist courts for speedy trial of offenders,to punish and convict them and to save thecommunity from the fear of re-offending.
These courts normally hold trials without
any breaks. These courts also include thecourts for speedy trials of narco-barons.
Banking tribunals have also been set up
to deal with banking frauds and money
laundering cases.
E. Correctional Measures
The main step towards correctional
measures is the establishment of a
National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse.
The fund will depend on grants from theFederal Government or provincial
governments, the sale proceeds of any
assets forfeited, the sale proceeds of410

unserviceable commodities and vehicles
provided by the donors for narcotics control
purposes, any grants made by any person
or institution, and any income from theinvestment of the amount credited to theFund. The Fund shall meet theexpenditure incurred in connection withthe control and eradication of trafficking,or in the treatment of drug addicts, andfor all or any of the related purposes, as
may be specified by the Federal
Government.
VII. PROPOSED PREVENTIVEMEASURES
Anyone who has put any thought topolicing will be aware that the policedischarge a complex variety of interlocking
functions. Most elements of police work
have a preventive function. Contrasts areoften made between crime prevention andenforcement - though the strategy of thedeterrent threat which underlines theenforcement process is obviously only oneof several modes of prevention.
Investigative work is no less preventive in
intent than patrolling, for example.
Another commonly made distinction is
between the prevention of crime and themaintenance of order. Despite its long
historical pedigree, this contrast seems to
be unhelpful. Thus I have taken a broad
definition of ‘crime’ in this report, toembrace not only crime against persons
and property, but also all those forms ofdisorder for which the police have powers
to arrest - excluding motoring offences andregulatory offences. There are different
types of prevention. None is completely
satisfactory. Some crime prevention
techniques have offender based measuresand a few aimed at the situation, whilesome measures are targeted at criminal
motivation and some are known to reduce
criminal opportunity. One only needs ameasure which is good enough for the111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
current purpose, rather than one that will
fit for all time.
Now we must distinguish between crime
prevention and criminality prevention.
The former includes enforcement activities,
which are designed to deter or incapacitate
offenders, and situational measures toreduce opportunities for crime; while thelater, which are community or social
prevention measures, are intended to blockthe development of criminal motivation,and rehabilitation. So the proposed crime
prevention programme includes:(a) Crime prevention
1. Enforcement
2. Situational prevention

behaviour. Preventive action takes a vastarray of differing physical and social forms:
from architectural design to zoning
differing land uses, and of course, zerotolerance. The aim of any strategy is totarget preventive activities where they will
be effective. Crime prevention strategies
can be put into four categories enforcement, situational prevention,community/social prevention, andrehabilitation - these are sometimes not
implemented in isolation, but as a package.
The summary of the proposed preventive
measures package is shown at Annexure
F. Similarly, Figure V shows the role/
functions of various organs in proposed
crime prevention programme.

(b) Criminality prevention
1. Community/Social/Developmental
prevention
2. Rehabilitation
Crime prevention is not the soleprerogative of the police. Other key‘preventers’ include local authorities,
centrally or locally funded bodies from thevoluntary sector, private security firms,
other commercial organisations andmembers of the public. Whilst prevention
increasingly involves joint working amongst
these groups, the police are involved (todifferent degrees) in all four forms of
prevention. They have a near monopoly on
enforcement; though others also have a role,most obviously local authorities and private
security companies. They also have an
important role in situational prevention; in
identifying problems and solutions, andimplementing these or in persuading others
to take action. They have tended to be
involved to a much lesser degree incriminality prevention.
A crime prevention strategy describes
the provisions made for systematicallyassigning action to pre-empt criminal

411

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
FIGURE V
Local Crime Prevention Strategies
Who does what?
Strategy
Enforcement

Situational
prevention

Community/Social/
Developmental
prevention

PoliceRoutine patrol
Zero tolerance
Detective work
Intelligence-led
TargetingTargeted patrol

Police operated
Youth schemes
Cautioning

Rehabilitation

412

Partnership
Security guards

Non-police
Town guards

Public CCTV scheme
Architectural design
AdviceNeighbourhood watch
Community action
Group youth work
Drug education
School liaison
Arrest referral

Private CCTV
Improving car security
Architectural design
Land use decisions
Diversion schemes
Citizenship schemes
Mediation schemes
Drug treatment
Mentoring schemes

111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
ANNEXURE A
ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE POLICEFEDERAL/PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTINSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE
ADDL. INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE
DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE
DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICEASSISTANT/DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICEINSPECTOR
SUB-INSPECTORASSISTANT SUB-INSPECTORHEAD CONSTABLECONSTABLE

ANNEXURE B
STRUCTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE COURTS
SUPREME COURTOF
PAKISTAN

SPECIAL COURTSBANKINGHIGH COURTHIGH COURTHIGH COURTHIGH COURTFEDERAL

SINDH

PUNJABBALUCHISTAN

N.W.F.P.

SHARIAT COURTSESSIONSESSIONSESSIONSESSION

COURTS

COURTS

COURTS

COURTSMAGISTRATESMAGISTRATESMAGISTRATESMAGISTRATES

1ST, 2ND AND

1ST, 2ND AND

1ST, 2ND AND

1ST, 2ND AND

3RD CLASS

3RD CLASS

3RD CLASS

3RD CLASSTRIBUNALS

413

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 55
ANNEXURE C
ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FIA
Break up of Cases
Brought forward
Registered
Total(1+2)
Challenged
ClosedReferred to other departments
Referred for departmental action
Total cases finalized
Cases pending at the end of year
Recoveries (Rupees in million)
Loss avoided (Rupees in million)

Cases Registered(1995-97)
1995
1996
1997
2326
2541
4090
1751
2742
2057
4077
5283
6147
1272
930
1339
100
97
219
112
136
306
52
36
57
1536
1199
1921
2541
4090
4226
71.33
58.93
128.6712.15
07.26
251.70ANNEXURE D

PROGRESS OF INTERPOL (1995-97)
YEAR REFERENCES REFERENCES DEPORTEES OFFENDERSRECEIVEDISSUEDARRIVED EXTRADITED
1995
1996
1997

414

4673
4565
4370

5674
5439
4554

139
185
334

02
02
-

RED
NOTICESISSUED17

111TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
ANNEXURE E
ACHIEVEMENTS AGAINST DRUGS
Seizure of Narcotics
Year
1996
1997
1998

Opium (Kgs)7385.598358.66
3123.84

Heroin (Kgs)5797.205069.39
1619.76

Hashish (Kgs)
192447108841
32866.4

Freezing of Assets of Narco-Barons
No. of cases: ............................................................................ 50
Value of assets: ............................................. Rs. 3539.6 million

Extradition of Drug Barons
Extradited ............................................................................... 14
Pending in court ..................................................................... 11
To be arrested ......................................................................... 02
Total ........................................................................................ 27415