South PacificVol. 20,
No. 2,
2000
Effect of Study
Antagonistic
MicrobialApplicationon the Population Density of Black Thrips, and Yield Mashbean

1

Effect of Antagonistic Microbial Application on thePopulation Density of Black Thrips, Caliothrips BAGNALL
and Yield of Mashbean, Vigna mungo L.
Muhammad ASHFAQ 1), Riaz Ul HAQ 1), Muhammad SALEEM 2)
and Amjad ALI 3)

Abstract
Four variables viz., Insecticide (Tamaron 600 SL @ 500 ml/acre, 1st application 25 days after sowing
and 2nd four weeks after first application), cultural practice (Hoeing, 25 days after sowing), plant growth
stimulator (Aspergopak applied before sowing during seed bed preparation) and Microbe (Trichopak
applied before sowing during seed bed preparation) singly and in their all possible combinations weretested for their effectiveness on mashbean ( Vigna mungo L.) against black thrips (Caliothrips indicus
BAGNALL) and mashbean yield.
Insecticide alone or when applied with any other test combination did control the population of black
thrips effectively. The Aspergopak and Trichopak did not show any role at least in controlling the blackthrips population but it did increase the yield significantly and proved to be an effective plant growth
regulator on one hand and increased the black thrips population in the mashbean field on other hand.
Key words ： natsgonistic microbes, black thrips, mashbean yield

Introduction
Mashbean commonly known as black gram. It is popular due to its goodnutritive value, high protein contents (24%), palatability and easy digestibility. It
is attacked by a number of insect pests of which the black thrips, Caliothrips

indicus (BAGNALL) is the most serious one. To minimize its losses, a number ofpesticides are being used since long which now are summarized in to a series ofproblems.

Therefore, scientists are searching alternates to keep the pest

population below economic threshold level on one hand and to increase the crop
production on the other. Of the various alternates the role of antagonistic
microbes viz., Arachniotus sp. and Trichoderma sp. along with other major inputs
per recommendations of Agriculture Department was not tested at least formashbean.
Some partial contribution have been carried out by MUNDHE (1982),
DHAMDHERE et al. (1983), YEIN (1983), CHHABRA et al. (1986), KOSHTA et al.
(1988) and SUBBIAN et al.(1989) who controlled the C. indicus through various
insecticides on various crops and reported an effective control.
1) Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2) Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
3) Entomological Research Sub-Station, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

2South Pacific Study Vol. 20, No. 2, 2000

Aspergopak added to the soil along with chaffed wheat straw and reported anincrease in yield of potato and wheat (AKHTAR, 1982 and AKHTAR and AQIL,1986). An effective control of sucking pest complex on sunflower was obtainedby applying three variables in combination i.e., Temik 10G, cultural practices
and Aspergopak (KARAR, 1990).
In the present studies, four variables viz., Insecticide (Tamaron 600 SL @500
ml/acre), Cultural practice (Hoeing), Plant growth stimulator (Aspergopak),Microbe (Trichopak) singly and in their all possible combinations were tested fortheir effectiveness on mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) against black thrips (Caliothrips

indicus BAGNALL) and yield components

Materials and Methods
Mashbean variety 88 was sown during autumn at the experimental area ofDepartment of Agriculture Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,following randomized complete block design with 16 treatments including checkwith 3 repeats in each case. The plot size was 1.98 x 7.03 meters, whereas plant
to plant and row to row distance was 10 CM and 30 CM, respectively. Insecticide(Tamaron 600 SL @ 500 ml/acre) was applied twice ie., once 25 days aftersowing and second four week after first application. Cultural practices i.e.,hoeing was done once 25-28 days after sowing of mashbean.

Arachniotus sp.

and Trichoderma herizianum were applied after mixing with chaffed wheat straw@60-80 KG/ acre to soil before sowing during seed bed preparation. It wasbroadcasted uniformly and mixed thoroughly in the soil by ploughing twice orthrice. After ploughing chaffed wheat straw as such was used.
Three leaves were randomly selected from each of the six randomly chosen
plants from each treatment at 10 days nterval to count the population of black
thrips. Data on yield were recorded. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results and Discussion
The results (Table 1) reveal significant variations in almost all the test
parameters recorded at various time intervals among treatments. The
significantly highest per leaf population of black thrips were recorded (12.86) in
T16 followed by T2 (9.96). T4 (9.30) T1 (9.15), T12 (9.06), T6 (8.87) and T8 (8.82 ), respectively. The lowest population of black thrips was (1.85) recorded
in T15 and followed by T3, T7, T5, T11. T9, T13, T10, and T14 with 3.41, 3.45,3.80, 3.91, 4.07, 4.29, 5.33 and 6.15 black thrips per leaf, respectively. It isevident that the application of insecticide reduced the population of black thrips
when applied in combination with other test variables. However, Aspergopak andEffect of Antagonistic Microbial Application on the Population Density of Black Thrips, and Yield Mashbean

3Trichopak alone encouraged the black thrips population, whereas, hoeing did
not affect the population of black thrips significantly.
The present findings are in partial agreement with those of MUNDHE (1982),
DHAMDHERE et al. (1983), YEIN (1983), CHHABRA et al. (1986), KOSHTA et al.

Table 1. Effect of different treatments on fhe population of black thrips and yield ofmashbean.
Number of observations

Treatments

1st2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

Yield
kg/plot

(T1)

I

1.11

5.99
CD

19.00
AB

12.44
AB

9.22
EF

5.99
BC

10.33
A

9.15 0.6667
B
C

(T2)

A

0.55

7.66
BC

18.22
ABC

11.44

23.11
ABCD

6.66
BC

2.11
B

9.96 0.6733
B
C

(T3)

A+I

0.00

0.33
F

9.77
7.99
CDE ABCDE

5.217
F

0.33
E

0.00
B

3.41
DE

(T4)

T

0.77

7.67
BC

14.66
ABCD9.66
ABCD

23.0
ABCD

7.66
AB

1.66
B

9.30 0.9373
BC(T5)

T+I

0.00

0.44
F

10.66
BCDE

6.66
BCDE

8.44
F

0.44
E

0.00
B

3.80 0.9683
DEC

(T6)

T+A

0.77

10.68 12.99
AB ABCDE

13.22
A

12.33
DEF

10.66
A

1.44
B

8.87 0.7038
BCC(T7) T+A+T

0.55

2.66
DEF

7.55
DE

5.44
CDE

5.33
F

2.66
CDE

0.00
B

3.45 0.9700
DEC

(T8)

H

1.22

5.44
CDE

7.55
8.22
DE ABCDE

32.22
A

5.44
CDE

1.67
B

8.82 0.7289
BCC

(T9)

H+I

1.55

1.44EF8.99
DE9.55
ABCD

5.55
F

1.44
DE0.00B

4.07 1.2100
DEABC

(T10)

H+A

1.11

2.77
DEF

8.77
DE5.66
CDE

14.11
CDEF

2.77
CDEP

2.11
B

5.33 1.0570
DBC(T11)

H+A+I

1.33

3.22
DEF

8.33
DE

3.11
DE

8.22
F

3.22
CDE

0.00
B

3.92 1.0140
DEBC

(T12)

H+T

0.00

1.55
EF

9.44
8.33
CDE ABCDE

30.66
AB

2.88
CDE

10.55
A

9.06 0.9552
B
C

(T13)

H+T+I

1.22

0.33
F

7.99
DE

6.22
BCDE

14.00
CDEF

0.33
E

0.00
B

4.29 1.5140
DEAB(T14) H+T+A

0.330.66
F

7.44
DE

5.99
BCDE

25.00
ABC

0.66
E

2.99
B

6.15 1.0280
CDBC(T15) H+T+A+I

1.33

0.22
F

5.22
E

2.22
E

3.88
F

0.11
E

0.00
B

1.85 1.6030
EA(T16)

1.33

11.47
A

19.89
A

13.44
A

20.00
BCDE

11.44
A

12.44
A

12.86 0.6643
AC

Check

0.6733
CMeans sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05.
Where: I = Insecticide, T = Trichopak, H = Hoeing, A = AspergopakSouth Pacific Study Vol. 20, No. 2, 2000

4(1988) and SUBBIAN et al. (1989) who reported an effective control of C. indicusby the application of insecticides on various crops.
In the present study the maximum yield of mashbean (1.60 KG/plot) obtained
from T15 and it was followed by T13 (1.51), T9 (1.21), T10 (1.05), T14 (1.02 )and T11 (1.01 ), respectively, whereas minimum yield was obtained from T14
check (0.66 KG/ plot) which indicated almost similar response to that of T1, T2,T6, T8, T3, T4, T12, T5 and T7 having yield of 0.66, 0.66, 0.70, 0.72, 0.74,0.93, 0.95, 0.96 and 0.97 KG, respectively.
It is clear from the data that the application of Aspergopak and Trichopak
when applied alone or in combination with other test variables encouraged thepopulation of black thrips on one hand and increased the mashbean yield on theother. These findings can be compared with those of AKHTAR (1982) and AKHTAR
and AQIL (1986) and KARAR (1990) who reported that the addition of stimulatory
microbes to the soil along with chaffed wheat straw increase the yield of wheat,potato and sunflower, respectively.
The other test variable i.e., insecticide when applied alone did not give any
increase in the mashbean yield, however, when it is applied in combination whit
other test variables, it give a significant increase in the mashbean yield. Cultural
practices when combined whit other test variables gave a significant increase in
the mashbean yield. These results are quite comparable whit those of SINGH andBAJPAI (1986) who got increased yield of mashbean with cultural practices whencombined with other test variables.
The Aspergopak and Trichopak did not show any role in controlling the blackthrips of mashbean but it did increased the yield significantly and proved to bean effective plant growth regulator. However, due to vigorous growth it also
increased the black thrips population.
Keeping all the results in view, it can be safely said that the combination of all
the four test variables i.e., 1 + h + t + a (T15) resulted in highest yield on one
hand and controlled the black thrips population on the other. However,
Aspergopak proved to be an effective plant growth stimulator rather a pestcontrol practice.

References
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(Accepted 19 August, 1999)