Table of Contents
Special Feature. To Protect Our Lives from Large-Scale Disasters
Chapter 1 Major Disasters in FY2021 ................................................................... 1
Section 1 Disasters due to Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021 .......................................................................3
Section 2 Disaster due to Heavy Rain in August of 2021 ...........................................................................7
Section 3 Disaster due to Earthquake Centered Off North-West Region of Chiba Prefecture in 2021 ........ 11
Section 4 Disaster caused by Heavy Snowfall since December 25 of 2021 ............................................... 13
Section 5 Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture in 2022 ....................................... 14
Section 6 Response to the Heavy Rain in July and August 2021, and COVID-19 Countermeasures ............ 22
Section 7 Response by Volunteers and NPOs ......................................................................................... 25

Chapter 2 Consideration of Disasters in FY2021 ................................................. 30
Section 1 Consideration of the Prevention of Disasters Caused by Embankments.................................... 30
Section 2 Publication of Names and other information of Persons Whose Safety is Unknown at the Time ofDisaster ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Section 3 Study Group on Evacuation Concerning the Series of Heavy Rain Disasters from July 2021 ....... 36

Chapter 3 Further Expansion and Improvement of Disaster Management ......... 39
Section 1 Formulation of Individual Evacuation Plans and Building Affected People Supporting Systems . 39
Section 2 Study of Measures against Megathrust Earthquake in the Vicinity of the Japan and the Chishima
Trenches .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Section 3 Study on Measures for Dealing with Stranded Persons due to a Tokyo Inland Earthquake ........ 49
Section 4 Recommendation for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Realization of a New Era of National
Resilience ............................................................................................................................................ 50
4-1 Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM ......................................................... 51
4-2 Working Group on Reducing Disaster Risk in Advance and Complex Disasters ............................... 55
4-3 Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public Awareness ................................. 59
Section 5 Further Enhancement of Disaster Risk Reduction Education in Schools .................................... 67
Section 6 Disaster Risk Reduction x Technology Public-Private Partnership Platform ............................... 69
Section 7 Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Measures Based on Climate Change Risks ......................... 72

Part I. Status of Disaster Management Measures in Japan
Chapter 1 Status of Initiatives for Disaster Management Measures ................... 75
Section 1 Promotion of Disaster Risk Reduction in Advance through Self-Help and Mutual Support andDisaster Risk Reduction Activities through Collaboration Among Diverse Entities ................................... 75
1-1 Raising Public Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction .................................................................... 75
1-2 National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction and National Conference on Promoting
Disaster Risk Reduction..................................................................................................................... 79

1-3 Measures on Disaster Management Drill...................................................................................... 82
1-4 Measures for Tsunami Disaster Prevention .................................................................................. 84
1-5 Resident-led Initiatives (Promotion of Community Disaster Management Plans) ........................... 87
1-6 Environmental Improvement for Volunteer Activities ................................................................... 93
1-7 Heatstroke Prevention in Evacuation Life and Cleanup Work during Disasters ............................... 95
1-8 Establishment of a Business Continuity System ............................................................................ 96
1-9 Collaboration with Industry ....................................................................................................... 102
1-10 Initiatives in the Academic Field .............................................................................................. 103
1-11 Strengthening Disaster Response Efforts from Gender Equality Perspectives ............................. 104
Section 2 Disaster Management System, Disaster Response and Preparedness ..................................... 110
2-1 Amendment of Basic Disaster Management Plan ....................................................................... 110
2-2 Enrichment of Training Programs for the Head and Staff of Local Governments ........................... 111
2-3 Securing Designated Emergency Evacuation Sites and Designated Shelters .................................. 112
2-4 Use of Digital Technology in Disaster Management .................................................................... 115
2-5 Holding Meetings for Immediate Natural Disaster Response and Cooperation Team .................... 118
2-6 Revision of the Guide to Preparing Volcanic Evacuation Operation/ Implementation Plans for Facilities
for Attracting Visitors...................................................................................................................... 119
2-7 Consideration of Ships Utilization Medical Care Provision System in Times of Disaster................. 120
Section 3 Responding to Disaster Threats ............................................................................................ 122
3-1 Consideration of Wide-area Evacuation due to Overflow from Floods and Storm Surges in the Tokyo
Metropolitan Area and Other Big City Areas .................................................................................... 122
Section 4 International Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction .......................................................... 124
4-1 Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction through the United Nations and Other International
Organizations ................................................................................................................................. 124
4-2 Bilateral and Multilateral Disaster Risk Reduction Cooperation ................................................... 126
Section 5 Measures to Promote National Resilience ............................................................................ 128
5-1 Formulation of the National Resilience Annual Plans .................................................................. 128
5-2 The National Resilience Related Budgets and Revision of Tax Systems Contributing to National
Resilience ....................................................................................................................................... 131
5-3 Support in the Formulation of Fundamental Plans for Regional Resilience................................... 131
5-4 Encouragement of Measures for National Resilience by Private Sectors, Promotion of Public Relations,and Raising Public Awareness ......................................................................................................... 132
5-5 Reconsideration of the Fundamental Plan for National Resilience ............................................... 133

Chapter 2 Status of Countermeasures against Nuclear Emergency .................. 135
Section 1 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Systems ........................................................................... 135
1-1 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System in Ordinary Times....................................................... 135
1-2 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System in a time of Emergency ............................................... 136
Section 2 Nuclear Emergency Measures at the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) .............................. 138
2-1 Efforts Related to Nuclear Emergency Measures ........................................................................ 138

2-2 Efforts for Emergency Response ................................................................................................ 138
2-3 Efforts Related to Emergency Monitoring ................................................................................... 139
2-4 Accidents and breakdowns, etc. ................................................................................................ 139
Section 3 Enhancement and Strengthening of Local Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System .............. 140
3-1 Development and Support of Local Disaster Management Plans and Evacuation Plans ................ 140
3-2 Other Support and Measures for Related Prefectures ................................................................. 144
3-3 Drills and Training Related to Local Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Systems ............................ 147
3-4 Reinforcement of International Collaboration ............................................................................ 151
Section 4 FY 2021 Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drill .................................................................. 153
4-1 Implementation Overview......................................................................................................... 153
4-2 Overview of Drill Results ........................................................................................................... 154
4-3 Efforts after the Drill ................................................................................................................. 156

APPENDIX

Special Feature. To Protect Our Lives from Large-Scale Disasters
In recent years, there have been a series of large-scale natural disasters in Japan. Especially since the Kumamoto
Earthquake in 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the “2016 Kumamoto Earthquake”), large-scale disasters, such as
the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018, Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919), and the Heavy Rain Event of July 2020, haveoccurred almost every year. In light of those disasters, starting with the amendments of various laws andregulations, several measures have been taken in order to further strengthen the disaster management system.
Nevertheless, last year, the heavy rain from July 1 of 2021 caused a massive debris flow in Atami City, Shizuoka
Prefecture, which resulted in tragic disaster with many victims.
One of the things which was fully recognized through a series of disaster responses is the importance of“protecting lives.” Indeed, it is of significant importance to mitigate damage to homes and infrastructure, andmaintain social and economic activities. However, the importance of connecting lives saved from disasters toward
the future as well as protecting precious lives from disasters through a series of disaster responses was fullyrecognized: appropriate evacuation actions by residents, supplying necessary information regarding disasters forsuch evacuation, prompt life rescue measures right after a disaster occurs, improvement of evacuation shelter
conditions to prevent disaster-related deaths, and COVID-19 countermeasures.
Therefore, the White Paper of 2022 starts with the theme of “To Protect Our Lives from Large-Scale Disasters”
in its first section of “Special Feature,” reviewing the major disasters that occurred in FY2021, the damages fromeach disaster, and the measures taken by the government (Chapter 1). In the next chapter, there is a summary of
the progress concerning measures which the government has been undertaking in response to the debris flow
disaster in Atami City, which marked a turning point for the government to give a series of considerations such as
the prevention of disasters caused by embarkment, the disclosure of personal information including the names of
missing people at times of disaster, and measures to encourage residents to evacuate appropriately (Chapter 2).
The last chapter of this section introduces an outline of the latest efforts being taken by the government tostrengthen disaster management systems. For instance, the Revised Basic Act on Disaster Management was
enforced in May 2021 (“Act for Partial Amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management” (Act No. 30 of 2021)).
This Act obliges municipalities to make a sincere effort to prepare individual evacuation plans for those who requireassistance evacuating, and the current status in response to this amendment is reported. In addition, the damage
estimation caused by the Megaquake in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches, and other points aredescribed (Chapter 3).

Chapter 1 Major Disasters in FY2021
Natural conditions in Japan are characterized by features promoting various types of disasters. Due to suchconditions, a lot of natural disasters including flood, sediment disaster (landslide disaster), and "earthquake/tsunami" occur almost every single year. In recent years, Japan has suffered greatly from large-scale disasters, suchas the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (hereinafter referred to as the “Great East Japan1

Earthquake”), the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018, Typhoon Hagibis in 2019
(T1919), and the Heavy Rain Event of July 2020. In FY2021, Japan suffered damages from heavy rain from July 1 of
2021, heavy rain in August of 2021, the Earthquake Centered Off the North-West region of Chiba Prefecture on
October 7 of 2021, the Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture on March 16 of 2022, and soon. In particular, the heavy rain event from July 1 to 3, 2021 caused many fatalities in Shizuoka Prefecture anddamaged numerous houses and infrastructures in several prefectures throughout Japan. Notably, damage due todebris flow in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture was significant.

2Section 1 Disasters due to Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021
(1) Overview
The seasonal rain front stagnated over west to east Japan from the end of June to early July in 2021. A constantflow of warm and humid air toward the seasonal rain front caused unsettled atmospheric conditions, bringing
about heavy rain over a wide area from west Japan to the Tohoku region.
From July 1 to 3, the seasonal rain front stagnated in the southern coast of the main island of Japan. On July 1,stationary linear mesoscale convective systems occurred over Izu Islands, resulting in rainfall exceeding 300
mm/day. From July 2 to 3, there was intermittent rain mainly in the Tokai and southern area of the Kanto region,
which became the highest 72-hour precipitation on record at several sites in Shizuoka Prefecture.
Since July 4, the seasonal rain front gradually moved northward, and this brought rain to the Sea of Japan sidefrom west to east Japan. In particular, on July 7, stationary linear mesoscale convective systems occurred over the
Sea of Japan side of Chugoku region, resulting in rainfall exceeding 300 mm/day. On July 8, there was rainfall
exceeding 200 mm/day mainly in Hiroshima Prefecture. From the night of July 9 to 10, hazardous and very violent
rains fell intermittently with thunder, centering on the southern Kyushu region. This caused record-breaking rainfall
as the total amount of rainfall from July 9 exceeded 500 mm in Satsuma Town and Isa City in Kagoshima Prefecture.
In response to such heavy rains, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a heavy rain emergency warning for
Kagoshima, Miyazaki and Kumamoto Prefectures. On July 12, the heavy rains became widespread across Japan,
resulting in the highest 1-hour precipitation on record in Aomori, Mie, Shimane, and Tottori Prefectures.

3(2) State of Damage
The heavy rain from July 1 of 2021 caused damage due to debris flow mainly in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture
and other kinds of disasters in different regions, which resulted in 27 deaths (Shizuoka Prefecture), 2 missing (1 inKanagawa Prefecture and 1 in Shizuoka Prefecture), 2 seriously injured (1 in Shizuoka Prefecture and 1 in Tottori
Prefecture) and 10 slightly injured. As for damage to homes, 59 were completely destroyed, 440 were half orpartially destroyed, and 2,945 were flooded above or below floor level (Source: Fire and Disaster Management
Agency information, as of March 25, 2022).
(Reference: https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/info/items/210701baiuzennsenn36.pdf)

4This heavy rain caused damage to lifelines such as electrical blackouts and suspension of water supply, and 274
sediment disaster (landslide disaster) cases, including debris flow in Atami City.
In addition, the “Disaster Relief Act” (Act No. 118 of 1947) was applied to 9 cities and 2 towns in 4 prefecturesdue to this heavy rain.
Damage due to the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021

Damage of debris flow in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture (Source: Cabinet Office data)

Headwater of debris flow in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture (Source: Cabinet Office data)(3) Response by the Government
The government held an Inter-Agency Disaster Alert Meeting at 12:30 p.m. of July 1, 2021. Then, after debris
flow disaster in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture occurred around 10:30 a.m. of July 3, an Emergency Response
Office in the Prime Minister’s Office was set up at 1:10 p.m. and a Cabinet Office Survey Team was dispatched to
the Shizuoka Prefecture Government Office at 2:45 p.m. Furthermore, at 5:00 p.m. on the same day, a Ministerial
Meeting (the first meeting) was held in the presence of then Prime Minister Suga, who instructed them “to pay
attention to the secondary disasters, proceed with flexible and thorough correspondence, and promptly provide
necessary support to shelters and other measures.” On the same day at 5:30 p.m., the Authorized Disaster
Management Headquarters for Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021 was established, and at 7:00 p.m., its first meeting
was held. The same meeting was held twice in total by July 5.
At 11:00 a.m. on July 5, the Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters was reorganized into the Extreme
Disaster Management Headquarters to reinforce the system, and its first meeting, “Disaster Management
Headquarters for Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021” (the first meeting) was held. At 11:30 a.m. in the presence ofthen Prime Minister Suga, the same meeting was held three times in total by July 30.

5

On July 6, then Minister of State for Disaster Management Tanahashi, and on July 12, then Prime Minister Suga
visited the affected site in Shizuoka Prefecture respectively. In addition, then State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Akazawa conducted a site visit to 3 prefectures (Shimane Prefecture on July 20, Tottori Prefecture on July 21 andKagoshima Prefecture on 28), and Minister of State for Disaster Management Ninoyu visited the affected site in
Shizuoka Prefecture on November 22.
On July 6, the “Team to Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of the Affected due to Heavy Rain from July 1of 2021” was established under the direction of then Prime Minister Suga, consisting of officials at the level of viceministers from various ministries and agencies. On July 30, for the purpose of restoring the lives and livelihoods ofthe affected, the team established a “Set of Support Measures for the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021,” as a set ofurgent measures to be taken, based on the needs of the affected areas and the characteristics of each area.
On August 31, 2021, the Cabinet approved a cabinet order to designate disasters caused by Heavy Rain fromMay 7 to July 14 in 2021 as a disaster of extreme severity, and on March 11, it admitted partially amending thecabinet order (See APPENDIX 14-1).

Extreme Disaster Management

The affected site visit to Shizuoka Prefecture

Headquarters

by then Minister of State for Disasterfor Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021

Management from the Cabinet Office(the second meeting)Tanahashi (Source: Cabinet Office)(Source: Cabinet Office)6

Section 2 Disaster due to Heavy Rain in August of 2021
(1) Overview
From August 11, 2021, the warm and humid air flowed into the front that had been lingering near Japan,
causing the front to become active. This resulted in rainfall over a wide area from west to east Japan, and the total
precipitation from August 11 to 26 exceeded 1,400 mm at most, which was record-breaking. On August 12, a
stationary linear mesoscale convective system occurred over the northern Kyushu region, with rainfall exceeding
400 mm/24h at most. On August 13, a stationary linear mesoscale convective system developed over the Chugoku
region, resulting in record daily precipitation marking the highest value of August at several locations. In responseto this rainfall, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a heavy rain emergency warning for Hiroshima Prefecture.
On August 14, rainfall occurred over a wide area from west to east Japan. In particular, in the northern Kyushu
region, the hazardous and very violent rains continued due to stationary linear mesoscale convective systems, andrainfall with 555.5 mm/ 24h was observed in Ureshino City, Saga Prefecture, the highest value on record. In
response to this rainfall, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued heavy rain emergency warning for Nagasaki, Saga,
Fukuoka, and Hiroshima Prefectures. From August 16 to 18, rain fell over a wide area, mainly on the Pacific side ofwest to east Japan, with precipitation exceeding 200 mm/24h at most in southern Kyushu, Shikoku, and Kinki
regions. From August 19 to 22, hazardous and very violent rains continued intermittently mainly on the Pacific sideof the Shikoku region with precipitation per day exceeding 200 mm at most. From August 22, Typhoon Omais in
2021 (T2112) and the low pressure system that changed from the tropical cyclone caused rainfall in some areas.

7(2) Overview of Damage
The Heavy Rain in August of 2021 caused debris flow in Okaya City, Nagano Prefecture, slope failure in Unzen
City, Nagasaki Prefecture and flooding along the Rokkaku River in Saga Prefecture, resulting in 13 deaths (3 inNagano, 3 in Hiroshima, 5 in Nagasaki, 1 in Kumamoto, and 1 in Kagoshima Prefectures), 4 seriously injured (1 in
Nagano, 2 in Fukuoka and 1 in Nagasaki Prefectures) and 13 slightly injured. Forty-five houses were completely
destroyed, 1,534 were half or partially destroyed, and 4,887 were flooded above or below floor level (Source: Fireand Disaster Management Agency, as of March 25, 2022).
(Reference: https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/info/items/20210811ooame25.pdf)

This heavy rain caused damage to lifelines, including suspension of water supply as well as 414 cases ofsediment disaster (landslide disaster) and flooding in 68 rivers in 26 water systems.

8In addition, the "Disaster Relief Act" was applied to 13 cities, 7 towns and 1 village in 6 prefectures due to thisheavy rain.
Damage from Heavy Rain in August of 2021

Slope failure damage in Okaya City, Nagano

Slope failure damage in Unzen City, Nagasaki

Prefecture (Source: Cabinet Office data)

Prefecture (Source: Cabinet Office data)

Flooding damage at Rokkaku River in Takeo City, Saga Prefecture (Source: Cabinet Office data)(3) Response by the Government
At 11:00 a.m. of August 12, 2021, the government established an Information Contact Office in the Prime
Minister’s Office and held an Inter-Agency Disaster Alert Meeting. At 8:45 a.m. on August 13, a heavy rain
emergency warning was issued for Hiroshima Prefecture (at the same time, the Information Contact Office wasreorganized into the Emergency Contact Office in the Prime Minister’s Office), and at 8:46 a.m., then Prime
Minister Suga ordered the following instructions: (1) "to provide the public with information on evacuation, rainfall
and river conditions timely and accurately," (2) "to take all possible precautionary measures for evacuation
assistance by working in close cooperation with local governments so that the residents who live in inundation
areas can be sure to evacuate," and (3) "to promptly understand the situation and implement all necessary disaster
response measures under the policy of putting human life first with the government’s acting in one body in caseof disasters." At 9:50 a.m., the Emergency Contact Office was reorganized into the Emergency Response Office in
the Prime Minister’s Office, and the first Ministerial Meeting was held with then Prime Minister Suga. Furthermore,at 11:30 a.m., the Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters was established and at 3:00 p.m., and its firstmeeting was held. These meeting were held nine times in total until August 24. At 9:15 a.m. of the August 15, aCabinet Office Survey Team was dispatched to the Saga Prefecture Government Office.
On August 21, then Minister of State for Disaster Management Tanahashi visited affected sites in Saga and9Nagasaki Prefectures, and on August 24, then State Minister of the Cabinet Office Akazawa inspected the affectedarea in Nagano Prefecture.
On September 28, 2021, the Cabinet approved a cabinet order to designate disasters caused by storm andheavy rain during the period from August 7 to 23 as a Disaster of Extreme Severity (see Appendix 14-2).

The first Ministerial Meeting (the first

Then Minister of State for Disastermeeting) concerned with the Heavy RainManagement Tanahashi who visited affectedfrom August 11 of 2021

sites in Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures(Source: Cabinet Office data)(Source: Cabinet Office data)

The 6th meeting of Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters
for the heavy rain in August of 2021 (Source: Cabinet Office data)

10Section 3 Disaster due to Earthquake Centered Off North-West Region of Chiba
Prefecture in 2021
(1) Overview
At 10:41 p.m. of October 7, 2021, an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 (provisional figure) occurred at a depth of
75 km (provisional figure) in the north-west region of Chiba Prefecture. The seismic intensity was 5+ in Kawaguchi
City and Miyashiro Town in Saitama Prefecture and Adachi Ward in Tokyo, and 5- to 1 in the Tohoku through Kinki
regions mainly in the Kanto region.

(2) Overview of Damage
This earthquake caused 6 seriously injured (3 in Saitama Prefecture, 2 in Chiba Prefecture and 1 in Tokyo) and44 slightly injured (Source: Fire and Disaster Management Agency information, as of March 25, 2022).
(Reference: https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/info/items/20211007chibakenhokuseibu9.pdf)

The earthquake struck nearing the time of the last train around the Tokyo metropolitan area, and many people
were forced to wait in front of stations due to suspension of train operations.

11(3) Response by the Government
The government set up an Emergency Response Office in the Prime Minister’s Office at 10:43 p.m. of October
7 in 2021. At the same time, Prime Minister Kishida instructed to: (1) “grasp the state of damage immediately,” (2)“work in close collaboration with local governments in order to make the best effort for disaster response measures
including lifesaving and rescue of affected people” (3) “provide information on evacuation and damage to the
public in a timely and accurate manner,” and (4) “take thorough measures in order to prevent the spread of damage”(see Annex 14-3).

12

Section 4 Disaster caused by Heavy Snowfall since December 25 of 2021
(1) Overview
From December 25 to 28, 2021, a strong winter pressure pattern around Japan caused heavy snowfall from
north to east Japan on the Sea of Japan side and some parts of the Pacific Ocean side – for example, 162 cm ofperiodic snowfall (from midnight of December 25 to 7:00 a.m. of December 28, 2021) in Tadami Town, Minamiaizu
County, Fukushima Prefecture, 136 cm in Minakami Town, Tone County, Gunma Prefecture, and 135 cm in Tsunan
Town, Nakauonuma County in Niigata Prefecture.
The heavy snowfall caused 2 deaths (1 in Hokkaido, 1 in Niigata Prefecture), 6 seriously injured (2 in Iwate, 2 inNiigata, 2 in Gifu Prefectures) and 20 slightly injured (2 in Aomori, 5 in Niigata, 3 in Toyama, 2 in Fukui, 2 in Mie, 4in Shiga, 1 in Tottori, 1 in Shimane Prefectures) (Source: Fire and Disaster Management Agency information, as ofDecember 30, 2021).
In addition, there was damage to transportation infrastructure such as the Hokuriku Expressway, Tohoku
Expressway, and other expressways were closed, and railroad operations were suspended (Source: Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, as of December 28, 2021).
In winter of 2021 (from November 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022), snowfall caused 97 deaths, 580 seriously injured
and 1,014 slightly injured (Source: Fire and Disaster Management Agency information, as of April 12, 2022).
(2) Response by the Government
The government established an Information Contact Office in the Prime Minister's Office at 12:00 p.m. ofDecember 24, 2021, and held an Inter-Agency Disaster Alert Meeting.

13Section 5 Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture in 2022
(1) Overview
At 11:36 p.m. of March 16, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 (provisional figure) occurred at a depth of
57 km (provisional figure) off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture. The seismic intensity was 6+ in Tome City and Zao
Town in Miyagi Prefecture, and Soma City, Minamisoma City and Kunimi Town in Fukushima Prefecture, and 6- to
1 from Hokkaido through the Chugoku region, mainly in the Tohoku region.

(2) Overview of Damage
The earthquake caused 3 deaths (2 in Miyagi (including 1 disaster-related death) and 1 in Fukushima
Prefectures), 28 seriously injured and 217 slightly injured (Source: Cabinet Office information as of April 19, 2022).
As for damage to homes, 111 were completely destroyed, 1,285 were half destroyed, and 19,048 were partiallydestroyed (Source: Cabinet Office information as of April 19, 2022).
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/updates/r4fukushima_eq_0317/pdf/r4fukushima_eq_0317_ 08.pdf)

As a result of this earthquake, up to 2.23 million households in the areas served by Tokyo Electric Power
Company and Tohoku Electric Power Company experienced blackouts, and over 69,999 households in Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima, Saitama, and Chiba Prefectures suffered from suspension of water supply. In addition to such damage
to lifelines, there was also damage to transportation infrastructure such as suspension of operations of Tohoku
bullet train due to derailment between Fukushima and Shiroishizao Stations.

14

Cracks in the road surface (Soma City, Fukushima Prefecture)(3) Response by the Government
At 11:38 p.m. of March 16, 2022, Prime Minister Kishida instructed to: (1) “grasp the state of damage
immediately,” (2) “make the best effort for disaster response measures including lifesaving and rescue of affected
people” and (3) “provide information on evacuation and damage to the public in a timely and accurate manner.”
In light of these instructions, at 11:39 p.m., an Emergency Response Office in the Prime Minister’s Office wasestablished.
On March 19, Minister of State for Disaster Management Ninoyu visited the affected site in Fukushima
Prefecture.
In addition, on March 28, Prime Minister Kishida instructed Minister of State for Disaster Management Ninoyu
to take the initiative in forming support plans, taking into account the state of damage and requests from local
governments (prefectures, municipalities). In response to this, on April 8, the “Set of Support Measures for the
Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture in 2022” was compiled as an urgent measure for the
purpose of rebuilding lives and livelihoods of the affected people.
The referenced support measures covered not only exceptional support through subsidies for small andmedium-sized companies and support of demolishing half destroyed houses which had not originally been
included in the support coverage, but also measures of restoration work for Date Bridge in Fukushima Prefecture
in place of the government authority because recovering Date Bridge requires high technical competence.
With regard to designation as a disaster of extreme severity, it was disclosed that disasters in the area of Shinchi
Town, Soma County in Fukushima Prefecture was assumed to be designated as disaster of extreme severity on
April 8, 2022in accordance with Article 5 and Article 24 of the “Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with
Extremely Severe Disasters” (Act No. 150 of 1962) (See Annex 14-4).

Minister of State for Disaster Management Ninoyu visiting an affected site15

[Column]“Pumice due to Eruption of Submarine Volcano ‘Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba’”
The sea surface was filled with a great amount of pumice like floating rafts after the eruption of a submarine
volcano occurred in “Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba,” Ogasawara region from August 13 to 15 in 2021. These “Pumice Rafts”
moved westward, being extended by the current, and there were many cases to be observed where pumice wasfloating and drifting along the coasts of Japan since October of the same year. This pumice was thought to originate
from the eruption of “Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba,” which caused various effects on vessels in harbors and fishing ports
such as engine troubles on their way as well as preventing them from coming in and out. As of the end of FY2021,
pumice was seen floating and drifting at a total of 91 harbors, 154 fishing ports and the coasts of 62 municipalities
from Okinawa and Kagoshima (Nansei Islands) to Ibaraki Prefectures. This caused ferry services to be suspended
and fishing boats to be unable to sail due to engine troubles.
On October 28, 2021, the government established the “Inter-Agency Countermeasure Meeting on Eruption ofSubmarine Volcano ‘Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba’” under the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, and have been working incooperation with related ministries and agencies to promptly respond to the situation. In order to prevent damages
due to pumice, the related ministries and agencies have cautioned prefectures and shipping business operators.
Measures, including setting and preparing oil fences to prevent pumice inflow, have been taken in harbors andfishing ports along the Pacific Ocean side of Japan since it was assumed that pumice had been floating and drifting
into those areas. In order to collect and dispose of pumice that had already drifted into the harbors and fishingports, the government has provided financial support including through disaster rehabilitation operations and thelike. In addition, the Ports and Harbours Bureau from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and theTourism (MLIT) and the Fisheries Agency established the “Working Group on Technologies to Collect Floating
Pumice,” to work together, disclosed a collection of case studies regarding technologies to collect pumice, andprovided technical support including through liaisons. As for Unten Port in Okinawa Prefecture, the Minister of
MLIT partially manages harbor facilities in Unten Port as deputy of the port management body, or Okinawa
Prefecture, in accordance with the “Port and Harbour Act” (Act No. 218 of 1950). And the Minister also provides
various assistance such as developing overall plans for pumice removal from the sea. In addition, the MLIT is taking
necessary measures to prevent damage to vessels and continuously ensure safe operation of vessels by publishing"Key Points for Safe Operation to Prevent Pumice Damage" and "Case Studies of Pumice Countermeasures by
Shipping Business Operators," which compiles information to help shipping business operators implement
countermeasures against pumice. Moreover, as a response to damage to the fishing industry, such as voluntary
restraint on operations, vessel breakdowns and the loss of income consequent to them, fisheries mutual aid andother programs are being used to compensate for the loss of income and providing support for vessel repair costs.

16

Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba (August 26, 2021)(Source: Japan Coast Guard)

Pumice removal at Unten Port
(Source: MLIT)

17

[Column]"Change of Tide Level Associated with the Eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano
and the Response by the Government"
An eruption occurred from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano near the Tongan Islands from December
2021 to January 2022. A series of eruptive activities began with an explosive eruption on December 20, andalthough the eruptive activity temporarily slowed down in January, a large scale of eruptions occurred on January
14 and 15. The plumes from these eruptions were observed by the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite
Himawari (see figure below). In particular, the eruption on January 15 was so large that the plumes reached an
altitude of about 52,000 feet (approx. 16,000 m), and the upper part of the plumes in diameter extended morethan 600 km, according to New Zealand's Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). According to theSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History in the U.S., it is reported that there was a great deal of ashfall on
islands 70 to 100 km east from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano.
Satellite image of the large-scale eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on January 15, 2022

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Changes of tide level were observed at Nuku'alofa (Kingdom of Tonga) near the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai
volcano at 1:25 p.m. (Japanese Standard Time) of January 15, 2022, likely due to the volcanic eruption. Since thepossibility of the tide change was anticipated in Japan as well, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued informationon the distant earthquake (investigating whether or not a tsunami would reach Japan) at 6:00 p.m. of the sameday. Since the level of the tide change at overseas tide observation stations along the propagation path to Japanwas small, information on the distant earthquake that the sea level will slightly change along the coast of Japanand tsunami forecast with the slight sea level changes were announced at 7:01 and 7:03 p.m. respectively, of thesame day. Subsequently, the changes of the tide level began to be observed at tide observation stations in Japantwo hours earlier than the expected normal arrival time of tsunami due to an earthquake, with tide level changes
tending high. Therefore, because of the possibility of disasters and the need to urge alert and advisory, Tsunami
Warnings were issued for the Amami Islands and the Tokara Islands at 0:15 a.m. of the 16 th of the same month,18

and Tsunami Advisories were issued for the Pacific coast from the eastern part of Hokkaido to Miyako Island andthe Yaeyama regions. Furthermore, at 2:54 a.m. on the same day, the Tsunami Advisory for Iwate Prefecture wasswitched to Tsunami Warning, and at 4:07 a.m. on the same day, Tsunami Advisories were issued for western
Nagasaki and western Kagoshima Prefectures (thereafter, Tsunami Warnings and Advisories were sequentiallyswitched and cancelled according to decaying tide level change). When this change in tide height was measured
by a tsunami height measurement method, changes in tide level were observed throughout the country. For
instance, a height of 134 cm was observed at Kominato, Amami City in Kagoshima Prefecture (Source: Japan
Meteorological Agency) and 107 cm at Kuji Port in Iwate Prefecture (MLIT).
In light of these situations, the government established an Emergency Contact Office in the Prime Minister’s
Office at 0:15 a.m. of January 16 to collect information on the damages.
As a result of these tide changes, it was reported that 30 fishing vessels had capsized or sank, with damage to
158 fishing gear, aquaculture facilities, and common facilities in total, and 143 fish farms. (As of April 15, 2022)
This tide change was different from those caused by normal earthquakes in that the tide level changed morethan two hours earlier than the normal arrival time of tsunamis caused by earthquakes, and the level of tide change
at observation points was small along the route from Tonga to Japan. However, the tsunami warning system wasused in order to encourage the public to take proactive disaster risk reduction behavior. At the time when the tidelevel change was observed, a change in atmospheric pressure of about 2 hectopascals was observed at groundmeteorological stations in Japan.
In a series of responses to the tide level change, there were some issues that: (1) it took a while before theTsunami Warnings were announced because the mechanism of the tide level change was not clear at the time thechange was observed, and (2) the provision of information was insufficient between the eruption and theannouncement of the Tsunami Warnings. In light of these issues, the Japan Meteorological Agency has been taking
measures since February 2022 to notify, for the time being, that tide changes may be observed in Japan due tooverseas volcanic eruptions under the "information on distant earthquakes." This is in case where (1) a large-scale
eruption occurs overseas or (2) after a large-scale eruption, tide changes are observed at overseas tsunami
monitoring stations which are located along the tsunami transmission route to Japan. This information wasannounced at the time of the eruption of the Manam volcano (Independent State of Papua New Guinea) on March
8, 2022. In addition, the "Study Group on Tsunami Prediction Technology" examined what mechanism was thought
to have caused the tidal level changes in order to contribute to the discussion on how information should be sharedregarding tide level changes due to volcanic eruptions based on the recent eruption. A report was compiled in April
2022, including the assumption that the tidal changes were thought to have been caused by an interaction
between the ocean and the atmosphere. Based on this report, since May 2022, a study group has been discussing
how information on changes in tide levels should be shared in the event of a large-scale eruption, with theparticipation of experts on tsunami, volcanoes, and disaster prevention information, local government disastermanagement officials, and the media to convey information.
Also, based on this change in tide levels, the Cabinet Office and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency
issued a notice to the municipalities through prefectures in order to urge them to take appropriate measures suchas issuing evacuation instructions in the event of tsunami.

19

[Column]
Support Grants for Reconstructing Livelihoods of the AffectedHouseholds with Minor Destruction Newly Eligible for Payments
The Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims (Act No. 66 of 1998) is the act to provide
assistance to affected people who suffer from significant damage to the foundation of their livelihood in the eventof natural disasters. In case where the natural disasters occur and it is difficult for the affected municipalities orprefectures to respond on their own, the funds contributed by prefectures in the context of mutual assistance areutilized to provide assistance payments under this Act, and it has been amended continuously several times so far.
A fact-finding survey conducted in June 2019 by the "Working-level Conference on the System on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of the Affected due to Disaster," which was established by the Cabinet Office, theNational Governors' Association, and others in order to discuss the ideal System on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of the Affected due to Disaster. According to this survey, it turned out that, out of the houses
designated as half destroyed (damage ratio of 20% to less than 40%), some of the houses that were not damaged
enough to be designated as largely destroyed (damage ratio in the 30% range) costed less than 5 million yen on
average for repairs, indicating that people could not live without large-scale repairs for their main rooms, functions
and others.
Therefore, the “Bill for Partial Amendment of the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims” was submitted to the extraordinary diet session in November 2020 in order to add some of the houses
designated as half destroyed (damage ratio in the 30% range) newly called ‘moderately destroyed’ to the object of
the subsidy and eligible to receive assistance payments. According to this act, 1,000,000 yen is to be provided forbuilding or purchasing a house, 500,000 yen for repairs, and 250,000 yen for renting. After deliberations by boththe House of Representatives and House of Councilors, the act was unanimously passed and enacted on December
2, 2020, and was promulgated and enforced on December 4, 2020.
This amended act applied to the Heavy Rain Event of July 2020 and disasters after that. As of the end of February2022, in case of 5 disasters which were applied to the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of the Affected
Disaster Victims, 2,660 houses (31.7% out of houses with half destroyed under the previous criteria (damage ratio
between 20% and 40%)) have been newly eligible for payments.

20

*Only damage to houses in municipalities applicable under the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of
the Affected Disaster Victims is listed.
*Disasters applicable under the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of the Affected Disaster Victims are
as follows:
・The Heavy Rain Event of July 2020, Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture in 2021
・Disaster caused by strong winds on April 1, 2021,The Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021
・The Heavy Rain from August 11 of 2021
*The percentage of moderately destroyed houses out of half destroyed houses is 31.7% (=A/(A+B)).

21

Section 6 Response to the Heavy Rain in July and August 2021, and COVID-19
Countermeasures
In the current situation of COVID-19, sufficient attention must be paid to prevent infection of COVID-19,
including the avoidance of the three Cs (Closed spaces, Crowded places and Close-contact settings) in shelters. The
Cabinet Office has been providing advice and guidance about operation at shelters under the COVID-19 crisis tolocal governments on (1) securing as many shelters as possible, such as taking safe refuge in homes of relatives
and friends in addition to evacuating to shelters, (2) hygiene management in shelters such as preparation of masks
and disinfectants, and (3) securing enough space for evacuees by using partitions and others.
The compiled case studies were notified to all local governments in Japan for their disaster responses in the
future. The contents covered the experiences and know-how related to the operation at shelters in the affectedareas which had been gained from disaster responses during the Heavy Rain in July and August of 2021, including
measures against COVID-19.
(1) Compilation of Case Studies
The following measures taken by some local governments were shared with others as references for disaster
response in the future.
1. Confirmation by Experts at COVID-19 Countermeasures to Implement at Shelters
Experts (including public health nurses and the Medical Association. The same applies hereinafter) and NPOs
with high skills in supporting evacuation life confirmed specific details of COVID-19 countermeasures and thesanitary environment during the ordinary times and the phase just after opening a shelter at every single shelter.

22

2. COVID-19 Countermeasures in Shelters
・Evacuees with fever and other symptoms in shelters were separated in an extra room, and health checks
were provided in cooperation with health care centers and local medical institutions.
・Cots made of polycarbonate or other materials were used in shelters to facilitate disinfection and cleaning.
3. Improvement of Living Environment in Shelters
・From the viewpoint of measures against heatstroke and cold weather, shelters fully equipped with airconditioning and heating facilities were provided on a priority basis. In schools where the gymnasiums were
not equipped with air conditioning and heating facilities, classrooms with those facilities were used according
to circumstances.
・Even in facilities that were normally used with shoes on, when they were utilized as shelters, the flow lines
between outdoor and indoor zones were separated from the perspective of hygiene management. For
instance, entering shelters with shoes on was prohibited and shoes boxes (such as simple ones made ofcardboard) were installed. In the restrooms, special slippers were provided to ensure thorough hygiene
management.
・In order to secure the cardboard beds needed in shelters where persons requiring special care stayed, theprefectural government arranged for the procurement of these beds through other cities in the same
prefecture.
・Immediately after a disaster strikes, evacuees normally sleep on cushions or simple mats on top of cardboard
beds, but when evacuation life was prolonged, extra mattresses, futons, linen goods were arranged later on.
・For evacuees, immediately after a disaster, stockpiled foods (e.g. instant steamed rice called alpha rice, cuptype instant noodle, etc.) are mainly provided at shelters, but when evacuation life was prolonged, lunchboxes were supplied in cooperation with local restaurants out of consideration for nutritional aspects.
(2) Coordination among Relevant Departments and Information Sharing with Home Care Patients and People
who Have a Close Contact with an Infected Person
In light of the current infection status of COVID-19, it is particularly important that the relevant departments ofprefectures and municipalities cooperate with each other from ordinary times, consider how they provide
information for home care patients and people who have a close contact with an infected person (hereinafterreferred to as "patients at home care, etc."), and take any necessary measures.
Therefore, based on notices issued in the past, in preparation for patients at home care, etc. to be affected,
disaster management bureaus, health and welfare departments, and health care centers in prefectures andmunicipalities were notified that they should have a detailed set of contents and methods for information sharing.
This can be done by these parties cooperating with each other from ordinary times and by determining the
responsible parties and division of roles for securing evacuation sites for patients at home care, etc. and informing
evacuation procedures. In addition, they were also notified that they must determine in advance what to do forpatients at home care, etc. and how to help them evacuate in the event of a disaster and inform them of theseissues.

23

(3) Evacuation of People Who Have a Close Contact with an Infected Person
An additional notice was sent on the evacuation of people who have a close contact with an infected person:
When such persons are evacuated, they are to be kept in private rooms as much as possible. If it is difficult to keepthem in private rooms, special spaces are to be ensured, and if it is unavoidable to keep them in the same room,
partitions are to be used to separate them. Also, in light of the current infection status of COVID-19, a notice wassent to consider to set up shelters dedicated for people who have a close contact with an infected person.
(4) Management of Compartmentalization Between Households in a Shelter
A notice was sent that in case a positive case of COVID-19 occurs in shelters, the compartments where eachhousehold stayed were to be managed by numbering so that it could be used to identify people who have a close
contact with an infected person.

24Section 7 Response by Volunteers and NPOs
(1) Volunteer Response to Major Disasters in 2021
In the disaster caused by the heavy rain from July 1 of 2021, Disaster Volunteer Centers (hereinafter referred
to as "Disaster VCs") were established in seven cities in Shizuoka, Shimane, Hiroshima and Kagoshima Prefecturesby the Council of Social Welfare. And a total of approximately 2,800 volunteers provided support through theDisaster VCs (as of September 30, 2021).
In the disaster of the heavy rain in August of 2021, Disaster VCs were set up in 11 cities and towns in Nagano,
Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures by the Council of Social Welfare. And a total of approximately
4,700 volunteers worked through the Disaster VCs (as of November 30, 2021).
In the affected areas, disaster relief activities for the affected people were carried out according to the local
conditions such as cleaning up and clearing out affected houses, carrying away garbage generated from thedisasters, removing soil and sand from inside houses and waterways, distributing goods at shelters, and helping
them move out of shelters.
In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, volunteers were recruited only within the affected prefecture andrelevant municipalities, and they were asked to implement basic infection prevention measures such as wearing
masks, washing hands and keeping safe distance from others. In Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture, a pre-registration
form was opened on the Web for volunteer applicants, and the area of activity and the number of volunteers were
adjusted in advance.
In addition to the support provided by volunteers through the Disaster VCs, NPOs and other organizations withexpertise provided a broad range of support to give technical assistance to damaged houses such as removing soil
and collecting debris, respond to disaster waste, help evacuees at home, support temporary housing, and assist
livelihoods. In Saga Prefecture, the "Saga Disaster Support Platform (SPF)" of the coordinating organization within
the prefecture prepared the "Guidelines for Assistance Requests" to carry out the support initiatives giving themost priority to ensuring the safety for affected people and supporters.

*1: The number of volunteers that worked via the Disaster VCs*2: The number of organizations that participated in information sharing meetings in Shizuoka, Fukuoka and Saga
Prefectures.
Source: Prepared by the Cabinet Office from the website of the Japan National Council of Social Welfare25Volunteer activities after the heavy rain from July 1 of 2021
(Source: Council of Social Welfare in Atami City)

Disaster volunteer activities after the Heavy Rain in August of 2021
(Source: Council of Social Welfare in Omachi Town (left) /Council of Social Welfare in Saga City (right))(2) Cooperation among the Administration, Volunteers and NPOs
In the affected areas in Shizuoka, Fukuoka and Saga Prefectures, various support entities such as theadministration, the Council of Social Welfare and NPOs held “Information Sharing Meetings” to share information
on support activities and to coordinate various activities. It allowed the administration, volunteers and NPOs toprovide cooperative support including understanding the needs of affected people and assistance to evacuees at
home.
In addition, “national information sharing meetings (Core Conference)” was held by the Cabinet Office, theJapan Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (hereinafter referred to as “JVOAD”), the Japan National Councilof Social Welfare and the Disaster Relief Volunteer Activity Support Project Meeting (hereinafter referred to as“Support P”). They shared information on the affected areas and discussed ways to support the affected areas in
the future.

26

Information sharing meeting in Shizuoka

Information sharing meeting in Fukuoka Prefecture

Prefecture (Source: Shizuoka Prefecture)(Source: Disaster Relief Network Fukuoka)(3) Support for Shelter Operations in Saga Prefecture
As a collaborative project between the Cabinet Office and the JVOAD, assessments of shelters were conductedin Takeo City and Omachi Town in Saga Prefecture to confirm the environments in shelters and give assistance on
improving such environments. With the cooperation of two NPOs with expertise in improving the evacuation life
environment, staff from both NPOs were asked to act as "evacuation life support advisors," and the following things
were conducted.
・Creation of a living environment assessment sheet for prolonged shelter life under the COVID-19 Crisis.
・Interviews with organizations involved in shelter support (i.e. administrative divisions, Saga branch of theJapanese Red Cross Society and health care centers).
・Assessment and support for improving the evacuation environment at shelters in Takeo City and Omachi
Town.
・Reporting assessment results to relevant parties and exchanging opinions on future improvements.
A series of efforts from assessment to shelter improvement were undertaken in conjunction with local support
groups, which led to the development of a system for local support groups to continuously involve in improving
evacuation life. These activities are going to be utilized for specifically building of

the "Ecosystem of Supporting27

Evacuation Life and Human Resource Development

against Disasters" which is described later in Section 4,

Chapter 3.

Activities of "evacuation life support advisors" (Source: NPO in disaster relief RESCUE STOCK YARD)

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[Column]
Establishment of the "Disaster Relief SONAE Reiwa Fund " by JVOAD
In recent years, the needs of affected people have become more diverse and the scope of activities ofvolunteers and NPOs in times of disaster has expanded. Under these situations, the need for collaboration andcooperation among the administration, NPOs and volunteers has been growing.
The Japan Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (JVOAD) established in 2016 is the only nationwide
coordinating organization that coordinates and supports the activities of different organizations such as NPOs andvolunteers during disasters. The Cabinet Office declared a tie-up with JVOAD in 2019 and has cooperated with
JVOAD to promote collaboration and cooperation among the administration, NPOs and volunteers such as by
jointly hosting nationwide information sharing meetings in the event of disasters.
In order to provide more effective support to affected people, it is important to build a system of cooperation
among supporters from ordinary times and to strengthen local disaster response capabilities. Therefore, on
November 1, 2021, the fifth anniversary of JVOAD, JVOAD established the "Disaster Relief SONAE Reiwa Fund "with a portion of the donation given by the Japanese Emperor. This donation was given on the occasion of theJapanese Emperor’s enthronement and was used to maintain and train the “coordinating organizations” in eacharea which coordinate several supporting initiatives by NPOs and volunteers during disasters.
The fund calls for wide cooperation and donation from corporations, organizations and individuals. JVOAD plans
to promote the following projects in each region of Japan by utilizing the fund.
・Networking among disaster relief workers (holding forums and liaison meetings in prefectures)・ Skill and human resource development for disaster relief (training to develop human resources andcoordinators of disaster relief)
・Consideration and verification of a system for disaster relief (e.g. verifications on establishing a specific systemfor disasters)
The Cabinet Office will continue to promote collaboration and cooperation with JVOAD, and hopes that theregional collaboration system will be further strengthened through the Disaster Relief SONAE Reiwa Fund.

Source: JVOAD website(Reference: https://jvoad.jp/support/#support5)29

Chapter 2 Consideration of Disasters in FY2021
Section 1 Consideration of the Prevention of Disasters Caused by Embankments
The heavy rain from July 1 of 2021 caused sediment disasters (landslide disasters) and flood damage in many
parts of Japan, largely debris flow disaster in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture, which brought about extensive
damage.
The government compiled a "Package of Support Measures for the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021" on July 30,
2021. In the package, in order to take all possible measures against disasters likely to occur again and to minimize
damage, they decided to "conduct a general inspection of embankments that seem dangerous, and establish aliaison conference of experts and related ministries and agencies. In light of this inspection, necessary measures,
including the way to respond to dangerous areas and land use regulations, are considered to ensure safety."
In response to this, first of all, it was necessary to ascertain the actual condition of embankments affecting
residential areas and to take immediate measures for parts that were considered dangerous. Therefore, from
August 2021, under the cooperation of related organizations, a nationwide general inspection of embankments
was initiated.
In addition, on August 10, 2021, we established the "Liaison Conference of Related Ministries for the Preventionof Disasters by Embankments" (hereinafter referred to as the "Liaison Conference of Related Ministries" in thissection), which consists of related ministries and agencies. On September 30, 2021, a committee on the preventionof disasters by embankments (hereinafter referred to as the "Committee of Experts" in this section), consisting ofexperts from the private sector, was established to discuss measures to prevent disasters by embankments.
（Reference: https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/morido_saigai/index.html
https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/kentokai/moridosaigai/)(1) General Inspection of Embankments
On August 11, 2021, the relevant Directors-General of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF),
the Forestry Agency, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), and the Ministry of theEnvironment jointly issued a document requesting prefectural governors to conduct a comprehensive inspection,and each prefecture proceeded with a general inspection of embankments, including visual checks at each site.
In December 2021, the relevant ministries and agencies organized the status of inspections at that time andreported them to the Committee of Experts. Furthermore, the inspections of almost all of the 36,000 embankment
sites nationwide, including visual inspections, (as of the end of March 2022) were reported to have been completed,and the results of these inspections were announced to the public.

30

(2) Suggestion by the Committee of Experts
The Committee of Experts held discussions four times from September to December 2021 from the viewpointof experts in each field, and based on the situation regarding the general inspection of embankments that wasorganized by the government, the committee summarized its recommendations on December 24, 2021.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/kentokai/moridosaigai/pdf/teigen_honbun.pdf)
The recommendations included the direction of measures regarding existing dangerous embankment sites andthe future direction of mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of dangerous embankments, which should be
addressed by the agencies concerned.
As for measures to be taken regarding existing dangerous embankment sites:
・It was proposed that "embankments with high disaster risk" identified in the general inspection of themshould be set in motion to ensure their safety as soon as possible.
・While the basic policy is that the embankment builder should impose corrective measures, if it is difficult todo so, the local government will implement measures to deal with the hazardous parts. At the same time,
the government should support the local government.
Specific measures were proposed for "thorough implementation of legal measures for the actors including
embankment builders," "measures to be taken at dangerous sites" and "measures to be taken until solutions at
dangerous sites are completed."
In addition, mechanisms for preventing a future occurrence of hazardous embankments include:31

・Uniform rules should be established (a new legal system), and regulations should be strengthened to control
dangerous embankment construction, etc.
・In order for the new legal system to be effective, the law enforcement system and capacity must be
strengthened.
・Along with the establishment of a new legal system, it is important to take measures to ensure that soil
discharged from construction sites is disposed of to appropriate destinations.
・In order to prevent the generation of soil mixed with waste, it is necessary to promote the separation andproper disposal of soil and waste at construction sites.
Fundamental concepts such as the above were presented. And the report proposed specific measures to "create
a new legal system to regulate dangerous embankments," "strengthen the enforcement system and capacity,""clarify the destination of soil generated from construction work" and "prevent the generation of embankments
mixed with waste.”32

(3) Actions based on the Recommendations
Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Experts, the Liaison Conference of the Related Ministries
decided on "Measures to Prevent Disasters Caused by Embankments" on December 27, 2021. These measures are
to respect "the recommendations of the Committee of Experts to the maximum extent and promptly embody all
matters described in the recommendations in the relevant ministries and agencies."
In response, MLIT and MAFF considered a new legal system to regulate dangerous embankments with uniform
standards nationwide to prevent damage to residences and others caused by collapsing embankments. In March
2022, they submitted a "Bill for Partial Amendment of the Act on Regulation of Residential Land Development" tothe 208th session of the Diet. The bill was passed and enacted on May 20 after deliberations in both houses of the
Diet.

33

Section 2 Publication of Names and other information of Persons Whose Safety is
Unknown at the Time of DisasterIn the event of a disaster, in order to contribute to the efficiency and facilitation of rescue activities, in somecases, local governments will publicize the names of persons whose safety is unknown (hereinafter referred to as"publication of names and other information") and seek information on their safety widely in order to narrow
down the list of persons to be rescued. Since names and other information are personal information, with taking
into consideration their own personal information protection ordinances, each local government determines
whether or not to disclose names and other information according to the circumstances of the disaster, affected
persons and other factors.
On July 3, 2021, a massive debris flow occurred in the Izusan area of Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture. Since it
was initially difficult to accurately assess the extent of damage, Atami City identified 130 damaged buildings basedon maps and field checks and recognized 217 residents from 128 households in the affected area by checking with
the Basic Resident Register, which led them to confirm their safety. Based on the results, on the evening of the 5th,
the Shizuoka Prefecture Disaster Management Headquarters announced the names of 64 people whose safety was
unknown and solicited information from a wide range of sources. Thereafter, contact was made by the missing
persons themselves or their acquaintances, and the number of missing persons decreased to 25 on the morningof the 6th. Sequentially thereafter, the addresses of persons whose safety was unknown were identified andplotted on a map to focus the area of rescue and search activities.
Based on this case, on September 16, 2021, the Cabinet Office, jointly with the Fire and Disaster Management
Agency, issued a notice entitled "Publication of Names and other information of Persons Whose Safety is Unknownat the Time of Disaster" to the chief of each prefectural disaster management department. This informed local
governments of the matters they should keep in mind when they publicize names and other information. The maincontents of the notice were as follows.
・In the event of a disaster, the publication of names and other information may contribute to the efficiency
and facilitation of lifesaving activities, and the first 72 hours since the occurrence of disaster are extremely
important. Accordingly, a series of procedures for the publication of names and other information should beconsidered from ordinary times in cooperation with municipalities and relevant organizations.
・It is basically prefectures that should publicize the names and other information. However, in case where it
is considered useful to have municipalities collect safety information, it may be possible for municipalities to
do so based on the prior coordination.
・In case where it is important to improve the efficiency of rescue operations by publicizing names and otherinformation, personal information is considered to be provided when it is urgently necessary for theprotection of human life or body. From this perspective, consideration should be given to the application of
the exceptions to the restrictions on the use and provision of personal information as stipulated in the
Ordinance on the Protection of Personal Information.
・To prevent disadvantage to those who need to keep their whereabouts confidential, such as victims of spousal
violence or stalking, confirmation must be made with the municipality concerned before a publicannouncement.

34

As of December 1, 2021, 30 of the prefectures have established policies for the publication of names and otherinformation.
For the purpose of formulating "Guidelines for the Handling of Personal Information in the Field of Disaster Risk
Reduction" that outline the scope of use and points to be noted by the end of FY2022 in case personal informationis handled by local governments in disaster response and in preparations during ordinary-time, the committee ofexperts has been in operation since March 2022 (See Special Feature, Chapter 3, Section 4, 4-1 (2) 2.). And it has
also been discussing the publication of names and other information.

35

Section 3 Study Group on Evacuation Concerning the Series of Heavy Rain Disasters
from July 2021
(1) Background of the Study
By the amendment of the "Basic Act on Disaster Management" (Act No. 223 of 1961) in May 2021,
reconsiderations such as merging evacuation recommendation and evacuation instruction into "evacuation
instruction," and clarifying the timing of evacuation were made to inform the public of evacuation information
simply. However, a series of heavy rains from July 2021 caused debris flow which killed many people, floods andinundation which gave damages successively. Based on this series of heavy rain disasters, the Cabinet Officeestablished the "Study Group on Evacuation Concerning the Series of Heavy Rain Disasters since July 2021"(hereafter referred to as the "study group" in this section) to discuss proper evacuation actions for residents andappropriate announcements of evacuation information by the municipality. In light of the discussion in the study
group, "Regarding the Way of Evacuation Concerning the Series of Heavy Rain Disasters since July 2021 (Report)"
was published on February 4, 2022.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/fusuigai/r3hinanworking/index.html)(2) Summary of the Report
In this report, the main direction of correspondence has been shown as follows:1.

Regarding the Direction of Correspondence for Promoting Residents to Proper Evacuation Actions
Since it is difficult to announce evacuation information according to each individual's situation as disaster has

been getting extremely severe and more frequent, and a final decision of evacuation is left to the individual's
judgment, the public needs to be aware of protecting their lives on their own and take evacuation actions with
their own judgment.
A shift to such resident-initiated disaster countermeasures cannot be achieved overnight but it is necessary tocontinue education and awareness building for disaster risk reduction tenaciously in each region, which is to fostera “culture of disaster risk reduction.”[Enhancement of the Public Awareness of Protecting Their Lives on Their Own]
When we study cases where proper evacuation saved people in past disasters, we learn that conducting disaster
preparedness activities regularly in their regions initiated by disaster risk reduction leaders has enhanced the
public awareness of disaster risk reduction. Hence, the development of local disaster risk reduction leaders isessential. Also, residents must take the initiative to join participative, experiential and practical disaster
preparedness activities to strengthen regional disaster resilience.
In addition, in disaster risk reduction education for children, although the school safety promotion plan and the
National Curriculum Standards have been revised and disaster risk reduction education has successively beendeveloped, some of these programs have become a mere formality. Local communities and schools need tocollaborate to consistently promote practical education for disaster risk reduction so that children can learn theawareness of protecting their lives on their own and become future players in local disaster management.

36

It is expected that reinforcing the collaboration between regional residents and the municipality by theCommunity Disaster Management Planning System and utilizing the strengths of self-help, mutual support andpublic support lead to effective evacuation actions. In regions where people are proactively working on improving
community disaster resilience through participative, experiential disaster preparedness activities and practicaleducation for disaster risk reduction, it is key to make community disaster management plans to enhance andestablish further awareness of disaster risk reduction.
[Communicating the Urgency and Realism of Disaster with the Public to Encourage Evacuation Actions]
To save as many lives as possible from disaster, along with consistent measures to have the disaster risk
reduction culture take root, measures that encourage evacuation based on characteristics of human behavior are
keys as well to enhance the effectiveness of evacuation in an early phase of a disaster. Utilizing digital technologies
is also important so that residents can recognize an urgency and a realistic sensation of disaster and recognize its
danger.
2.

The Direction of Correspondence for Proper Announcements of Evacuation Information by the Municipality
The administration is required to ensure that the public has the awareness of protecting their lives on theirown through disaster risk reduction education and awareness building in ordinary times as well as fully support
residents in evacuating with their own judgment when a disaster occurs. An evacuation announcement isparticularly a critical duty of a mayor of a municipality to protect their lives during a disaster.
The administration needs to understand the necessity of the shift to this resident-initiated disastermanagement very well. On top of this understanding, it is essential to improve the disaster response-ability
through human resource development in the municipality and enhancement of expert support for themunicipality to enable proper evacuation announcements.
[Enhancement of Understanding Disaster Response in the Municipality]
Municipalities must deepen their understanding of disaster response by developing human resources withknowledge and establish rules of evacuation announcement before a disaster occurs so that they can smoothly
respond to a disaster whether or not they have experience of disaster.
[Improvement of Technical Support for the Municipality]
Along with reinforcement of the disaster response-ability of the municipality, it is critical to improve support
such as technical advice from experts for the municipality so that they can judge based on advanced and experts’
information.

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Recently, heavy rain disasters have become extremely severe and more frequent. To protect our important
lives against disaster, it is key that we always recognize that disaster can happen anywhere, anytime as well as
foster the culture of disaster risk reduction by making disaster preparation natural in our daily lives. On the other
hand, the administration must do everything to support the people in acting to protect their lives against
disaster.
In response to the conclusion of the study group, this report shows their high expectations that the public
and the administration work together on the measures to achieve a disaster-aware society so that as few people
as possible will be affected by disaster. For establishing the resident-initiated disaster prepardness measures,
correspondences shown in this report will be promoted.

38

Chapter 3 Further Expansion and Improvement of Disaster Management
Section 1 Formulation of Individual Evacuation Plans and Building Affected People
Supporting Systems(1) Formulation of Individual Evacuation Plans
In recent years, a large number of the elderly and persons with disabilities have been affected by disaster.
Therefore, in the final reports of "Sub-Working Group Concerning Evacuation of the Elderly and Persons with
Disabilities Based on Typhoon Hagibis in 2019" (hereafter referred to as “SWG for the Elderly and Persons withdisabilities” in this section), the Sub-Working Group indicated that creating individual evacuation plans should beaccelerated more, and it was necessary for the elderly and persons with disabilities to evacuate smoothly andpromptly by such plans. Individual evacuation plans were designed to support those who require assistanceevacuating such as the elderly and persons with disabilities who have difficulty in evacuating on their own. Fromthe viewpoint of encouraging more municipalities across the country to formulate these plans which had alreadybeen under formulation in some municipalities, it was considered appropriate to obligate them to make efforts.
Based on suggestions by SWG for the Elderly and Persons with disabilities, and under the amendment andenforcement of the "Basic Act on Disaster Management" in May 2021, "Guidelines for Measures for Residents in
Need of Assistance in Evacuation" were revised and published to promote the smooth formulation of individual
evacuation plans in municipalities. The guidelines suggest the municipalities to formulate plans for those who are
deemed as high priority that require assistance evacuating within around five years and showed the formulation
steps.
For required costs to formulate these plans, new local allocation tax measures were taken in FY2021, and they
will continue in FY2022.
Since regional circumstances, such as disaster states, hazard situations, climates, as well as population sizes,
age distributions and shelter securement statuses, vary depending on the municipality, each municipality faces
different challenges when creating these plans.
In order to address this concern, pilot projects of individual evacuation plan formulation with designatedorganizations were conducted in 34 cities, wards, towns, and villages as well as 18 prefectures to build an effective,
efficient method for formulating these plans, and the process and knowledge were shared with local governments
across Japan.

39

40

41

These projects ensured the effectiveness of evacuation of residents in need of assistance in evacuation andencouraged the formulation of individual evacuation plans nationwide.
(2) Building Disaster Victims Supporting Cloud Systems
The Cabinet Office developed the "Disaster victims Supporting Cloud System" in FY2021, and held briefings formunicipalities. This system enables not only municipal offices to obtain support in formulating individual
evacuation plans in ordinary times and prepare disaster victim register based on Resident Registration data in timesof disaster, but also affected people to apply for a Disaster Affected Certificate and other governmental documents
online and receive them at convenience stores by using their My Number Card once a disaster occurs. The Japan
Agency for Local Authority Information Systems (J-LIS) is scheduled to start operating it in FY2022.

42

In addition, to restore the lives of affected people smoothly, it is essential to conduct so-called "Disaster CaseManagement," which is a measure that the authorized personnel collaboratively provide these people withnecessary support by hearing each situation of affected people carefully to solve their problems.
In FY2021, the following statement was added to the Basic Disaster Management Plan: "in order that affected
people may work on recovering their lives with suitable support systems, the national and local governments are
expected to offer sufficient support by utilizing the victim's registry as well as opportunities for monitoring andcounseling. At the same time, an environment should be put in place where the affected people can easily learn
the support systems." In light of this revision, the Cabinet Office formulated and published a case study book ofadvanced measures to share with municipalities.
Besides, in FY2022, a schedule is set to formulate and publish an instruction about a standard method ofDisaster Case Management measures to distribute so that every municipality throughout the country can
implement these measures.

43Section 2 Study of Measures against Megathrust Earthquake in the Vicinity of theJapan and the Chishima Trenches(1) Background of the Study
The government has focused on disaster risk reduction measures against Subduction Zone Earthquakes along
the Japan and Chishima Trenches based on the "Basic Plan for Promotion of Disaster Management for Trench-type
Earthquakes in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches" and other plans. Based on the recommendationof the National Disaster Management Council's, the "Committee for Technical Investigation on Earthquake andTsunami Measures Based on Lessons Learned from the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake"(September 28, 2011), the government reviewed its measures with the assumption of a maximum-class
earthquake and tsunami, taking all possibilities into account. This is for the purpose of establishing comprehensive
tsunami measures to give top priority to protect the lives of residents and others and to take all available measures.
In February 2015, the "Study Group on a Megaquake Model in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches”(hereinafter referred to as " Study Group" in this section) was established in the Cabinet Office. In April 2020, theStudy Group published the results of its study after studying the seismic intensity distribution and tsunami height
due to the largest class of earthquakes and tsunamis. In the same month, the "Working Group for Studying
Megaquake Countermeasures in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches (hereinafter in this sectionreferred to as "Japan and Chishima Trenches WG") was established under the Disaster Management
Implementation Committee. In December 2021, the Japan Chishima Trenches WG compiled and published theresults of the estimated human life, material, and economic damages due to a maximum-class earthquake andtsunami. In March 2022, the Working Group compiled and published disaster risk reduction measures in responseto these estimated damages.
(2) Estimation results of the epicentral area, seismic intensity distribution and tsunami height for the largest
class of earthquake
The Study Group examined the tsunami fault model of the largest class in the large slip zone of the north area
due to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the area along the Japan Trench and the Chishima
Trench north of Iwate Prefecture) based on the estimation from tsunami sediment data for the past 6,000 years.
The Japan Trench model covered the area along the Japan Trench in the offshore region from Iwate Prefecture to
the Hidaka region of Hokkaido, while the Chishima Trench model included the area along the Chishima Trench from
Cape Erimo to the east part of Chishima Trench.
The magnitudes of the earthquake estimated from these tsunami fault models are 9.1 on the moment
magnitude scale (Mw) for the Japan Trench model and 9.3 on the Mw for the Chishima Trench model. When thistsunami fault shifts, strong shaking is expected over a wide area from Iwate Prefecture to the Pacific side of
Hokkaido (FIG. 3-2-1).
Compared to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, the tsunami heights estimated in this study
are higher in north of Aomori Prefecture. In Iwate Prefecture, the tsunami heights estimated in this study are higher
in north of Miyako City, depending on the coastal topography (FIG. 3-2-2).

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(3) The Results of Estimated Damages
The results of estimated damages vary greatly depending on the assumptions made for the timing and periodof the earthquake, but the points for both the Japan Trench Model and the Chishima Trench Model are summarized
respectively (FIG. 3-2-3).
In the estimated damages, since the disaster area is in a snowy and cold region, after surviving the tsunami,some people would be exposed to cold conditions outdoors for a long time and become unable to evacuate to asecondary location. They are defined as those who need to deal with hypothermia, and the number of such people
is newly calculated as the number of those at risk of death from hypothermia.
The estimated damages also indicate that thorough disaster risk reduction measures can reduce the numberof fatalities by 80%, minimize the risk of hypothermia cases and reduce the amount of damage (FIG. 3-2-4).

45

Not only the government, but also local communities, residents, companies and all other parties are required
to calmly accept the estimated damages as their own and act without any pessimism.
1. Evacuating quickly and proactively in the event of either strong tremors or weak but long tremors.
2. For a strong quake, conducting diagnosis of earthquake resistance and seismic reinforcement of buildings
in advance, and securing furniture in place.
3. Focusing on extinguishing fires in the initial phase.
The measures as above are requested to implement for decreasing the number of victims as much as possible.

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(4) Final Report
Based on the results of estimated damages, the Japan and Chishima Trenches WG summarized thecharacteristics and issues of the relevant earthquake, clarified the basic direction of countermeasures andcompiled specific measures to be implemented in the final report (FIG. 3-2-5).

The damage due to a major earthquake along the Japan and Chishima Trenches is characterized by "anenormous number of fatalities caused by a massive tsunami," "extensive damage to buildings, lifelines andinfrastructure" and "damage over a wide area from Hokkaido to Chiba Prefecture." In addition to thesecharacteristics, the following basic directions were presented by taking into consideration the impact of "issues
unique to snowy and cold regions" and "characteristics of Hokkaido and the coastal areas of the Tohoku region,"
which were the characteristics of the regions where the damage was expected to occur.
1. Securing Human Life from Tsunami
The goal of measures against tsunami is to "save lives" from tsunami. It is possible to reduce damage byimproving evacuation awareness and utilizing / improving evacuation towers and other facilities. It is necessary totake measures on (1) improving residents' evacuation awareness through disaster risk reduction education anddrills, (2) shortening evacuation distances and time by developing tsunami evacuation towers and evacuationroutes and (3) mitigating risk of hypothermia at evacuation sites and shelters.

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2. Responding to Extensive Damage
While the main cause of casualties is tsunami, fires and collapsed buildings are the second most frequent causeof deaths, and occurrences of people with difficulties in escaping by themselves, blocked roads, fires and evacuees
also become cause of the spread of damage. To respond to these factors, it is necessary to promote earthquake
resistance of buildings, measures to prevent fires from breaking out and spreading, and earthquake resistance andfire-resistance of lifelines and infrastructure facilities.
3. Response to Damage over a Wide Area
A massive earthquake along the Japan and the Chishima Trenches will cause damage over a wide area, such asa tsunami of 3 meters or more in height from Chiba Prefecture to Hokkaido according to both the Japan Trenchmodel and the Chishima Trench model. However, there are concerns that wide-area support from Honshu andother regions will not be sufficiently effective, for rescue and relief supply transport activities will take time undersnowy and cold conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the establishment of a wide-area support system
by considering the snowy and cold climate, to ensure the stockpiling of personnel and equipment for rescue andrelief supplies distribution, and to formulate and enhance business continuity plans (BCP) for the administrationand companies.
4.

Matters to Promote Measures
In promoting measures, it is necessary to comprehensively promote efforts such as building local communities

with high disaster awareness, accumulating scientific knowledge and utilizing digital technology. In addition, when
an earthquake of Mw 7.0 or greater occurs in the vicinity of the assumed epicentral area of a major earthquake
along the Japan and the Chishima Trenches, the possibility of the occurrence of a major earthquake will be higher
than usual. Therefore, information should be disseminated to encourage caution in preparation for a subsequentmassive earthquake. In response to this information, the administrations, companies, and citizens should check tomake sure they are prepared for this type of earthquake from ordinary times, and it is necessary for them toprepare to mitigate damage, including smooth evacuation in the event of a subsequent earthquake.
In addition, based on the estimated damages, the "Bill for Partial Amendment of the Act on Special Measuresconcerning Advancement of Countermeasures against Earthquake Disaster in Relation to Subduction Zone
Earthquake Around Japan and Chishima Trenches" was submitted to the Diet under the legislation introduced by
Diet members, and it was passed and enacted on May 13, 2022 after deliberation by both the House ofRepresentatives and the House of Councilors.

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Section 3 Study on Measures for Dealing with Stranded Persons due to a Tokyo
Inland Earthquake
Measures for stranded persons due to a Tokyo Inland Earthquake attracted social attention when approximately
5.15 million people in the Tokyo metropolitan area had difficulties getting home after the Great East Japan
Earthquake on March 11, 2011, and the need for measures was reaffirmed. To this end, the Disaster Management
Council on Stranded Persons for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake was established in 2011 and has formulated a "Basic
Policy for Preventing People from Getting Home All Together" and five guidelines in order to work on measures toensure their effectiveness such as to secure temporary stay facilities.
In recent years, the way to provide information to individuals has become more diverse due to the progress ofearthquake resistance measures in public transportation such as railroads and the progress of digitalization suchas the popularization of smart phones. In addition, the Earthquake Centered Off North-West Region of Chiba
Prefecture in October 7 of 2021 forced many to stay near train stations until late at night, underscoring theimportance of measures for stranded persons.
Considering these circumstances, the Cabinet Office decided to convene the "Investigative Committee on
Measures for Stranded Persons due to a Tokyo Inland Earthquake." The Committee began its deliberations on
November 19, 2021 and is currently discussing the future of measures for persons who have difficulties gettinghome.
At the first and second meetings, the committee members expressed their opinions on the importance ofconsidering measures for stranded persons according to the changes in social conditions and on the importanceof spreading awareness of such measures.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/jishin/syuto/kitaku/kento_index.html)

49Section 4 Recommendation for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Realization of a
New Era of National Resilience
In recent years, natural disasters have become more severe and frequent, and mega-disasters such as the
Nankai Trough Earthquake and Tokyo Inland Earthquake are also imminent. The year 2021 is also a milestone year,
marking five years since the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, ten years since the Great East Japan Earthquake and aquarter of a century since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Therefore, in December 2020, the Cabinet Office,with the participation of experts and related ministries and agencies, convened a working group under the private
advisory body of the Minister of State for Disaster Management or the Advisory Committee on National Resilience(Disaster Prevention and Mitigation) to discuss new measures to drastically reduce the number of lives lost due toa major natural disaster in the three areas of: (1) digitalization and technologies for DRM, (2) reducing the disasterrisk in advance and complex disasters, and (3) disaster risk reduction education and public awareness.
Based on the discussions of the working groups, each of them presented its recommendations to then Ministerof State for Disaster Management Okonogi, on May 25, 2021.

Press Conference on Recommendation
for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and Realization of a New Era of National Resilience(Source: Cabinet Office Data)50

4-1 Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM
Currently, much of the data that could be useful for reducing disaster risk in advance or for rescuing lives aftera disaster is scattered and buried. It is necessary to support decision-making, which is worthwhile taking theinitiative, with promoting the digitization of such data, and detecting and eliminating problems by analyzing thedata.
The Cabinet Office has convened a “Digitalization and Disaster Management Technology Working Group” tostudy these issues. In this working group, two types of teams have been set up: one is called the "Future Vision
Team,” which focuses on discussing the future concepts of digitalization and disaster management technology byassuming future technological innovations in the mid to long term (10 years or more) even if it is difficult to achievewith the current technology. The other is known as the "Social Implementation Team," which aims at figuring out
the direction to improve and issues about technologies that are already being used from both perspectives oftechnology and institution by assuming implementation in the medium to short term period (within about 5 years).
Based on the recommendations compiled by these two teams, it has been decided that relevant government
ministries and agencies should take initiative through collaboration and consultation in various measures to51

promote the digitalization of disaster management.
*Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM (Future Vision Team)（Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/digitalWG.html）*Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM (Social Implementation Team)（Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/digitalWG2.html）(1) Main Content of Recommendations
The Future Vision Team recommended setting goals that could be achieved by digitalization for the case of
reducing disaster risk in advance and rescuing lives. The specific points are as follows.
・Making use of digital twin technology to simulate disaster and response to each case of disaster.
・Collecting and sharing information about spaces and infrastructures on real-time basis by using drones or
sensors.
・Shifting administrative functions such as meetings and administrative procedures into the digital space sothat those functions can be completed by online.
Other recommendations were given by the Social Implementation Team, focusing on the issues raised bydigitalization in the disaster management field and the plans to make the current systems user-friendly or moreadvanced as follows.
・Standardizing information items and acquisition time required in the event of a disaster.
・Organizing the way for local governments to handle personal information related to disaster response.
・ Developing networks that allow related organizations to collect, analyze, process and share necessary
information without using the human resources.
※Recommendation by Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM (Future Vision Team)(Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/teigen/pdf/teigen_03.pdf)※Recommendation by Working Group on Digitalization and Technologies for DRM(Social Implementation Team)(Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/teigen/pdf/teigen_04.pdf)

52

53

(2) Actions based on Recommendation
1. Measures to Enhance Disaster Response with "Disaster Management IoT" data (e.g. drone cameras)
At disaster sites, the situation is confirmed with not only various types of cameras and disaster management
helicopters, but also aerial photographs taken by drones. Investigations into the actual situation are being
conducted to help with technical standardization for data formats and device norms to be used so that eachdisaster management-related organization, including affected municipalities, can appropriately acquire and sharethe vast and diverse data from IoT used at disaster sites as above.

2. Measures to Establish Guidelines for Handling Personal Information in the Field of Disaster Management
In the past, personal information protection ordinances in each municipality had different rules for handlingpersonal information (the so-called "2,000-piece problem"), but the Related Acts on Digital Reform* will set up
common rules, and a system to monitor and supervise the way to handle personal information will also beestablished in a centralized manner. Taking this opportunity, a study group of experts is currently in progress toestablish guidelines for handling personal information by the end of FY2022. The guidelines stipulate the scope of
use and points to keep in mind for local governments when they handle personal information during preparationin ordinary times as well as during disaster response.
*The "Basic Act on the Formation of a Digital Society" (Act No. 35 of 2021), the "Act on the Establishment of54

the Digital Agency" (Act No. 36 of 2021), the "Act on the Arrangement of Related Laws for the Formation of a
Digital Society" (Act No. 37 of 2021), the "Act on the Registration of Deposit and Savings Accounts for Prompt andSecure Implementation of Public Benefit Payment" (Act No. 38 of 2021), the "Act on Management of Deposit andSavings Accounts by Using Personal Numbers Based on the Will of Depositors" ((Act No.39 of 2021)), and the "Acton Standardization of Local Government Information Systems" ((Act No.40 of 2021)).

3. Development of Comprehensive Disaster Management Information System
The Comprehensive Disaster Management Information System is a system designed to share disaster
information as geospatial information and support prompt and accurate decision-making by the government in
the event of a disaster. However, it is essential to further enhance its information collection and other functions.
After reorganizing the role and ideal state of the systems such as SIP4D (Shared Information Platform for Disaster
Management), which is operated by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience aspart of its research and development activities, the next system is going to be operational in FY2024. Currently, theideal form of this system is being studied by standardizing the information items and acquisition time required in
the event of a disaster in conjunction with taking into account the opinions of local governments and otherorganizations involved in disaster response in order to realize and strengthen functions such as informationcollection, analysis, processing and sharing.

4-2 Working Group on Reducing Disaster Risk in Advance and Complex Disasters
A five-year acceleration plan has been developed for measures of disaster risk reduction, and national resilience.
The measures are about to be accelerated and deepened. In order to discuss the future direction of thosemeasures, the "Working Group on Reducing Disaster Risk in Advance and Complex Disasters" was convened underthe Advisory Committee on National Resilience (Disaster Prevention and Mitigation) and the group considered theissues and the options to take for them.
Based on the recommendations compiled from a series of consideration results, the group decided to promotevarious initiatives related to reducing disaster risk in advance and complex disasters in cooperation andconsultation with relevant government ministries and agencies.
（Reference：https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/resilience/jizen_fukugou_wg/index.html)(1) Main Contents of Recommendations[Measures on Reducing Disaster Risk in Advance]◦ Promoting the Five-Year Acceleration Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and National Resilience andimplementing new vulnerability assessment
The measures on disaster prevention, disaster mitigation and national resilience are to be promoted by the55

five-year acceleration plan, and the vulnerability assessment methods for each disaster type are to be consideredaccording to local conditions.
◦Strongly promoting measures against storm surge in Tokyo Bay and against Trench-type Earthquakes in theVicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches
The occurrence of a storm surge indicates that the scale of the disaster will be serious. Therefore, measures
should be promoted in the same manner as major earthquake and flood measures. For the case of earthquakes
along the Japan and Chishima Trenches, consideration of disaster prevention measures should be promoted byassuming the largest class of earthquake and the damage due to tsunami.
◦Promoting wide-area evacuation at the threat stage based on the Basic Act on Disaster Management
The National Disaster Management Headquarters should be allowed to set up at the threat stage in the near
future. The specific studies for the smooth implementation of wide-area evacuation from floods should bepromoted.
◦Accelerating river basin management measures through collaborative measures by all stakeholders
Strengthening cooperation between the national government and local governments, improving the rainwater
storage function of agricultural land and guiding long-term land use can be raised as examples to achieve river
basin management measures.
◦Promoting measures on reducing disaster risk in advance for large-scale earthquake disasters
The following measures have to be taken: (1) securing resources such as equipment and personnel for response
to Nankai Trough Earthquake, and (2) promoting measures to prevent fire and elevator entrapment in the eventof Tokyo Inland Earthquake.
[Measures on Complex Disasters]◦Studying complex disaster scenarios such as post-earthquake flooding, and recovery and reconstruction
scenarios in the event of a large-scale earthquake
The measures against complex disasters would be supported by disposing disaster debris, setting and providing
temporary housing, planning town reconstruction and others.
◦Strengthening disaster response in consideration of infectious diseases
The various plans on disaster risk reduction should be reviewed. Medical facilities need reinforcing for disaster
resistance, and other measures should be carried out as well.
（Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/teigen/pdf/teigen_05.pdf）

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(2) Actions based on recommendations
1. To implement a New Vulnerability Assessment
The current vulnerability assessment is conducted based on a flowchart analysis that assumes the worst-casescenario and on an evaluation of key performance indicators (KPIs) of National Resilience Measures. However,there are several issues with these assessment methods. For example, they do not define the level of importanceof the flows or the lack of measures along with the differences in vulnerability by region. Thus, it is necessary to
study about how to improve the current vulnerability assessment as much as possible before conducting one in
the next term. The improvement involves comparing KPIs for resilience measures by region so as to analyze theprogress of measures to cope with expected disasters in each region and quantitatively demonstrating the effects
of disaster mitigation through the promotion of National Resilience Measures. As such, further study is being
carried out for the implementation of the next vulnerability assessment.

2. Promotion of Wide-area Evacuation at the Threat Stage based on the Basic Act on Disaster Management
In May 2021, the "Basic Act on Disaster Management" was partially amended, and the provisions have been57

stipulated including: (1) the establishment of National Disaster Management Headquarters at the stage when adisaster is likely to occur, (2) consultations on wide-area evacuation by mayors of municipalities and prefectural
governors and (3) requests for transportation by prefectural governors. In June of the same year, following theoutcome of the investigation by the "Study Group on Extensive Evacuation from Large-Scale Flood Disasters in
Metropolitan Areas", a report titled the "Concept of Resident Evacuation in the Event of Large-Scale Flooding andFuture Action Policies: Study Case of the Lower Arakawa River Area and Its Vicinity” was published. This report has
manifested some directions in terms of: (1) the concept of evacuating residents in the event of a large-scale flood,(2) the establishment and operation of wide-area evacuation sites prepared by the administration, (3) securing
evacuation means and guidance by the administration, (4) spreading awareness to the residents about the conceptof evacuation in the event of a large-scale flood, (5) the concept of cost burden for wide-area evacuation, and (6)inter-agency collaboration and role sharing in the consideration of future wide-area evacuation.
（Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/fusuigai/suigaiworking/pdf/suigaiworking/dai6kai/shiryo.pdf)

3. Enhancement of Disaster Response in consideration of Infectious Diseases
Since the spring of 2020, Japan has been under a nationwide outbreak of COVID-19 as well as other countries,
and has been forced to respond to natural disasters in such a situation. In order to facilitate such disaster response,
the government has organized and publicized various guidelines and notices. Specifically, the "Guidelines for the
Establishment and Management of Shelters with Consideration for COVID-19 Countermeasures (Third Edition)"(June 2021, the Cabinet Office, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, the Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare, and the Ministry of the Environment) provides local governments with specific procedures for managing
shelters and promotes them to conduct drills, securing safety. In addition, in the Notice titled “Securing Sheltersfrom the Stage of Threat of Disaster under COVID-19 (August 2021)” (the Cabinet Office, the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and Japan Tourism Agency), it was announced
and disseminated that the local governments likely to be affected by the disaster need to secure as many shelters
as possible according to the circumstances. By this Notice, actions were taken for issues such as securing sheltersfrom ordinary times, providing information on shelters and taking measures against infectious diseases at shelters.
Further, in the Public Notice “Future Countermeasures against COVID-19 in Shelters Based on the Responses tothe Heavy Rain Event in July and August of 2021 and the Current Situation of COVID-19” (September 2021) (theCabinet Office, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare), theexperiences and know-how gained in affected areas in response to the heavy rainfall event, and actions have beenshared. For example, the following actions have been taken to settle issues: confirming the latest status of COVID19 countermeasures in shelters by experts, and implementing COVID-19 countermeasures in shelters andimproving living environments in conjunction with responding to housebound patients in the event of a disaster.
*Guidelines for the Establishment and Management of Shelters with Consideration for COVID-19 Countermeasures58

(Third edition)(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/taisaku/pdf/corona_hinanjo03.pdf)*Securing Shelters from the Stage of "Threat of Disaster" under COVID-19 (Notice)(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/pdf/210803_corona_hinanjo.pdf)*Future Measures against COVID-19 in Shelters Based on the Responses to the Heavy Rain Event in July and Augustof 2021 and the Current Situation of COVID-19 (Public Notice)(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/pdf/210927_corona_hinanjo.pdf)

4-3 Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public AwarenessIn order for all citizens to protect their own lives from disasters, it is extremely important that each citizen isable to take appropriate actions in the event of a disaster. Therefore, in order for children to acquire the necessary
disaster risk reduction knowledge and proactive disaster risk reduction behavior from childhood, it is necessary todevelop practical disaster risk reduction education throughout the country. In addition, in order to ensure thatlives saved from disasters are not lost as disaster-related deaths during post-disaster evacuation life and for
affected people to live a dignified evacuation life, it is effective to raise awareness of mutual assistance among the
public and organize an improved evacuation life environment by enhancing support from motivated disastervolunteers.
In order to study these issues, which are related to disaster risk reduction education and disaster volunteers,
the Cabinet Office held a "Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public Awareness." In thisworking group, two teams were established: one is the "Disaster Risk Reduction Education Team" to study thecontents to be developed and the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction education, and how to spread theeducational contents. The other is the "Disaster Volunteer Team" to study a mechanism to motivate local disastervolunteers for improving their skills necessary for the support of evacuation life such as the management of local
shelters so that evacuation life can be improved. Based on the recommendations compiled by each team, it was
decided that measures related to disaster risk reduction education and disaster volunteerism would be promoted
in cooperation and consultation with relevant government ministries and agencies.
*Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public Awareness (Disaster Risk Reduction Education
Team)(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/kyoikuWG.html)*Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public Awareness (Disaster Volunteer Team)(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/wg/kyoikuWG_sgteam/kyoikuWG_sgteam.html)

59

(1) Disaster Risk Reduction Education Team
1. Outline of the Recommendation
Based on good practical examples as well as the present conditions and issues surrounding disaster risk
reduction education at schools and communities, the following educational programs were listed to be achievedin the future in order for all children to acquire the capability to protect their lives from disasters:- Implementing practical disaster risk reduction education and evacuation drills in all elementary and juniorhigh schools to teach necessary knowledge such as local disaster risks and normality bias.
- Conducting evacuation drills which place the highest priority on saving lives that lead people to respond to
unexpected situations.
- Disaster risk reduction education to assume oneself concerned.
- Cultivating an attitude to evacuate independently and spontaneously, and a charity for others through disasterrisk reduction education.
Also, in order to deliver the above programs, the following methods were listed:- Visualizing efforts through periodic surveys on the implementation status of disaster risk reduction educationand evacuation drills.
- Preparing a guide on disaster risk reduction education and teaching materials with high-impact on various
disasters for teachers and teacher-training programs.
- Promoting the implementation of disaster risk reduction education through collaboration between local
communities and schools.
- Enhancing disaster risk reduction education at a preschool stage when parents are highly interested in it andcomparatively flexible for on-site responses. Also, implementing disaster risk reduction education seamlessly
at preschool, elementary school, junior high school and high school.
Meanwhile, the wide-ranging effects of disaster risk reduction education are being investigated such as noncognitive abilities including humanity and the power to live on, the loyalty for one's hometown and the sense of
responsibility for the community, all of which can be fostered through disaster risk reduction education. Also, thesignificance and necessity of disaster risk reduction education are currently reviewed and summarized.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/teigen/pdf/teigen_06.pdf)

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2. Actions based on Recommendation
The contents of the recommendation above were reflected on the "Third Plan for the Promotion of School
Safety," which was approved by the cabinet decision in March 2022. The government has started working on the
preparation of the guidelines so that the practical disaster risk reduction education and evacuation drills can be
implemented to teach the necessary knowledge such as local disaster risks and normality bias. Some guidelines
are going to be provided to teachers who are approaching future goals in disaster risk reduction education, and61

other guidelines will cover the contents to promote disaster risk reduction education in cooperation between local
communities and schools.

(2) Disaster Volunteer Team
1. Outline of the Recommendation
In recent years, natural disasters have become more severe and more frequent, and disaster-related deaths
accounted for 80% of the deaths in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Thus, improving the evacuation living
environment is an urgent issue in our super-aged society.
Under these circumstances, disaster volunteers and NPOs with excellent skills of disaster relief are increasing
little by little to assist affected people. They usually rush to the affected areas to provide support on evacuation
life and play a major role in improving the functions of shelters and living environments. However, the number ofsuch NPOs in Japan is still small, and their activities are not necessarily well known. In addition, local governments
and local residents do not fully understand such NPOs or other organizations.
In the event of a large-scale disaster, municipalities that are responsible for setting up and operating shelters
face a variety of tasks, which makes it difficult to secure sufficient human resources to support evacuation life.
And some members of staff with limited experience in disaster response do not always possess sufficient skills to
support evacuation life. Furthermore, in the event of a large-scale disaster, it is difficult to gather disastervolunteers from wide areas, and it is also anticipated that there would be difficulty in accepting disaster volunteers
from outside the affected area due to infectious diseases or other factors.
Based on the current situations, in order to enhance support for evacuation life and improve the evacuation
living environment, it is important to build a system to collaborate and cooperate with capable disaster volunteers
and NPOs that can appropriately support evacuation life as municipalities encourage evacuees (residents) to
manage shelters on their initiative. To achieve this, it is necessary to increase the number of disaster volunteers ineach region who are highly skilled in assisting evacuation life.
Considering the above, it was suggested that an "Ecosystem of Supporting Evacuation Life and Human Resource
Development against Disasters" with the following pillars be buiilt:- Introducing a systematic skill-building training system to identify human resources for local disaster volunteers,and enhance trust and recognition of disaster volunteerism.
- Identifying where volunteer disaster personnel with certain skills are and matching them with local
municipalities in order to set the occasion for volunteer activities.
- Improving community disaster resilience through collaboration and cooperation among local skilled disastervolunteers, municipalities and local residents.
By introducing these above, it is expected that the government, evacuees (local residents), volunteers andothers involved will collaborate in providing support for evacuation life. This will lead a synergistic effect where62

individual personnel improve their skills, and local communities improve the evacuation living environment andcommunity disaster resilience.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/teigen/pdf/teigen_07.pdf)

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2. Actions based on Recommendation
In October 2021, in order to buildt an "Ecosystem of Supporting Evacuation Life and Human Resource
Development against Disasters,” a study group was established to give concrete form to this recommendation. The
group is working to develop a training curriculum and other materials through interviewing NPOs, experts, local
governments, related organizations and others who are familiar with evacuation support. The group is also
discussing the possibility of implementing model training programs for motivated prefectures during FY2022.
Through the concretization of this recommendation, the skill of local volunteer human resources and community
disaster resilience will improve to make the living environment in shelters and other such facilities better.

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【Column】
Recommendation of the Women's Association for Disaster Management

Regarding disaster response from gender perspectives, women have been involved in the management ofshelters and the provision of relief supplies according to woman’s needs, and the national government has also
strengthened measures to support such efforts. However, the current situation about caring for women in theaffected area is not enough, and the national and local governments have very few female officials in disastermanagement. In order to improve this situation, the “Women's Association for Disaster Management” was formedin the Cabinet Office in December 2020 by female employees from Disaster Management Bureau and the Gender
Equality Bureau.
The Women's Association for Disaster Management collected materials, interviewed local government officials
and NPOs and conducted a survey with the staff at the Cabinet Office's Disaster Management Bureau. Throughthese efforts, the Women's Association for Disaster Management made a recommendation to implement disastermanagement from women’s perspectives and brought it up to the former Minister of State for Disaster
Management Okonogi in May 2021.
The recommendation is composed of two chapters. In Chapter
1, to enhance support for affected people from women’s
perspectives, it points out important measures in “Women’s
Perspective for Strengthening Disaster Response Capabilities Guidelines for disaster preparedness and reconstruction fromthe perspective of gender equality-” by the Cabinet Office’s

Gender Equality Bureau such as prevention of sexual violenceand domestic violence at shelters along with active engagement of female members in making Disaster
Management Plans in the National and Local Disaster Management Councils. It also requests to amend the “Shelter
Management Guidelines” written about the services in shelter management. Chapter 2, to enhance the disastermanagement system so as to incorporate gender perspectives, emphasizes the importance of: (1) encouragement
for improving the work environment of disaster management officials, (2) increasing the percentage of female
officials responsible for disaster management in the national and local governments, (3) helping all disastermanagement officials including males to deepen understanding of disaster management from gender perspectives,(4) urging cooperation and coordination of the departments of the Disaster Management and Gender Equality,and (5) making a stronger network among disaster management human resources in various organizations.
Reflecting the recommendation, the national government added the item of prevention of sexual violence anddomestic violence at shelters along with the item of increasing the proportions of women in Local Disaster
Management Councils to the Basic Disaster Management Plan (National Disaster Management Council Resolution,
May 25, 2021). Also, the proportions of women was raised to 33% (three out of nine members) and female expert
ratio to 56% (five out of nine members) in the National Disaster Management Council and Disaster Management
Implementation Committee (except for ministerial members) respectively. Furthermore, in June 2021, the Ministerof State for Disaster Management and Minister of State for Gender Equality delivered a joint message about65

promoting disaster management and mitigation from gender perspectives to local governments nationwide.
（Reference： https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/joshi/index.html
https://www.bousai.go.jp/r30611message.html)

66Section 5 Further Enhancement of Disaster Risk Reduction Education in Schools
In March 2021, the Central Council for Education was consulted on the "Third Plan for the Promotion of School
Safety." In response to this, the School Safety Subcommittee of the Subdivision on Primary and Secondary
Education of the Central Council for Education, based on the recommendations of the Cabinet Office's Working
Group on Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Public Awareness (Disaster Risk Reduction Education Team), held
numerous discussions on school safety, including disaster risk reduction, from a professional standpoint. On
February 7, 2022, the "Third Plan for the Promotion of School Safety (Report)" was compiled. Based on this report,
the "Third Plan for the Promotion of School Safety" (hereinafter referred to as "Third Plan") was approved by the
Cabinet on March 25, 2022.
(Reference: https://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/kenko/anzen/1419593_00001.htm)
The Third Plan suggests that the Government should take specific measures as shown below. These measures
are to be taken by considering the current situation where the approach and recognition of school safety differ
depending on schools, and the necessity that practical education for disaster risk reduction should be promoted
nationwide to prepare for the large-scale disasters which are likely to occur in the future without letting thememory of the Great East Japan Earthquake fade away. In particular, with regard to education for disaster risk
reduction, one of the basic directions of the policy is to “implement practical disaster risk reduction education andtraining based on local disaster risks.” The government’s efforts include:・In order that practical disaster risk reduction education and evacuation drills may be conducted in all schools
in Japan to teach the necessary knowledge such as local disaster risks and normality biases, a new guide fordisaster risk reduction education and evacuation drills considering developmental stages of children should
be prepared and announced.
・Useful educational materials and data for schools should be prepared and distributed. Particularly regarding
disaster risk reduction education from early childhood, including making a model for communicating
information and raising awareness at home, educational materials for infants should be prepared. And
disaster risk reduction education should be enhanced among infants and their parents.
・Regular and specific surveys should be conducted to examine the implementation of disaster risk reduction
education in schools nationwide, including the status of implementation of practical evacuation drills andtheir revisions. Key indicators should be set on the surveys, and the status should be publicized.
And, as local governments efforts, based on local disaster risks, in cooperation with boards of education andschools, promotion of disaster risk reduction education was mentioned such as lectures, hands-on learning, anddisaster drills by members of Fire Corps and local voluntary disaster management organizations so that students
become future leaders of community disaster resilience.
In addition, necessary measures for disaster preparedness were pointed out, including shelter management in
the event of a disaster and the safety assurance at school facilities that were used as shelters for residents in theevent of a major disaster.

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68

Section 6 Disaster Risk Reduction x Technology Public-Private Partnership Platform
In order to respond more effectively and efficiently to the increasingly severe and frequent disasters that haveoccurred in recent years, it is essential for local governments to actively utilize advanced technologies, including
digital technologies. Some local governments have already started using advanced technologies and demonstrated
their effectiveness in disaster response. However, many local governments have not yet introduced suchtechnologies due to limited opportunities to collect information on advanced technologies and introduce them.
For this reason, in FY2021, the Cabinet Office established the "Disaster Risk Reduction x Technology PublicPrivate Partnership Platform" (hereinafter referred to as "Prevention Technology PF"). This platform was designed
as a forum for matching the needs of local governments in disaster response and private companies with advanced
technologies and for the horizontal deployment of examples of effective use of advanced technologies by local
governments.
As a part of its efforts, the Prevention Technology PF has established a permanent website (hereinafter referred
to as the "Matching Site" in this section) and seminars (hereinafter referred to as the "Matching Seminars" in thissection) to provide a venue for interaction between local governments and private companies, etc. An overview ofthe Matching Site is provided as below.
The Matching Site has been in operation since July 2021, allowing local governments to register their disasterrisk reduction issues and needs in conjunction with private companies to register their useful technologies fordisaster risk reduction. As of the end of February 2022, approximately 580 organizations (around 140 local
governments and 440 private companies, etc.) have registered on the Matching Site (hereinafter referred to as"registered organizations" in this section).

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Registered technologies are automatically matched with potential needs. They can also be freely searched bynarrowing down criteria such as disaster phases from "ordinary times" to "recovery and reconstruction period,"
disaster types such as "storm and flood disaster" and "earthquake," and the costs and results of introducing thesetechnologies. In addition, registered organizations can contact other parties with useful information using thecontact information registered on the Matching Site. Some private companies have used these functions to maketechnical proposals to local governments, and discussions on the introduction of advanced technologies haveprogressed.
(Reference: https://www.bosaitech-pf.go.jp/)
Matching Seminars were held three times during FY2021, attended by approximately 300 to 400 organizations
from the public and private sectors at each seminar. The first seminar was held on August 31, 2021, in a completely
online format. It included an overview of the Prevention Technology PF project and case reports of advanced
technologies introduced by local governments. The second seminar was held on November 5, 2021, in Kamaishi
City, Iwate Prefecture, as a pre-event of the "National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (Bosai
Kokutai) 2021," using both online and face-to-face formats. In the second seminar, in addition to examples of theintroduction of advanced technologies, the presentation also included information on local governments' own
measures for disaster management. Furthermore, an "Individual Consultation Session" was held, where privatecompanies could introduce their technologies and local governments could discuss their issues and needs with
their counterparts on a one-on-one basis. The third seminar was held on February 10, 2022, in a completely online
format, with the same case reports and individual consultations as the second seminar.
Through these efforts, local governments are provided with opportunities to learn about advanced
technologies, private companies introduce their technologies to local governments, and local governments shareissues with companies, creating new opportunities for introducing these technologies.
In FY2022, in order to solve the problems and needs of local governments and improve their disaster resilience70through the use of advanced technologies owned by the private sector, the Cabinet Office will promote theintroduction of advanced technologies by operating the Matching Site and Matching Seminars as well as byproviding support for local governments to materialize their needs and make contact with companies.

71Section 7 Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Measures Based on Climate Change
Risks(1) Mitigation and Adaptation Measures Are Inseparable
Climate change and its impacts, such as rising mean temperatures and more frequent heavy rainfall in recent
years, are appearing in many parts of the world. Such negative impacts of climate change are called a “climate
crisis” that shakes the foundations of human survival and the survival of all other living things. Although it is noteasy to determine how each of these weather events is linked to global warming, the risk of such extreme heatand rainfall is projected to increase as global warming progresses further.
As an ambitious goal consistent with net-zero by 2050, Japan aims to achieve a 46% reduction of greenhousegas emissions in FY2030 from levels seen in FY2013 and will continue strenuous efforts in its challenge to meetthe lofty goal of cutting its emission by 50%. However, even if we steadily promote climate change
countermeasures to achieve net-zero by 2050 and limit the temperature increase to about 1.5°C, changes such as
extreme heat events (e.g., heat waves) and heavy rains will be unavoidable. Therefore, adaptation efforts arenecessary to avoid or reduce observed or projected damage.

(2) Revision of Climate Change Adaptation Plan
The "Climate Change Adaptation Act" (Act No. 50 of 2018) (hereinafter the "Adaptation Act") was promulgatedon June 13, 2018, and came into force on December 1 of the same year to set a legal framework for climate change
adaptation and to promote climate change adaptation more extensively. In November 2018, just before theimplementation of the Adaptation Act, the "Climate Change Adaptation Plan" (hereinafter r the "Adaptation Plan")
was formulated in accordance with the provisions of that law.
Furthermore, in December 2020, the government published an "Assessment Report on Climate Change

72Impacts in Japan " based on the latest scientific findings from the observation, monitoring, projection, andassessment of climate change and its impacts in various sectors. Based on scientific findings, this report assessed
the impacts of climate change on 71 categories in seven sectors, including natural disasters and coastal areas,from the three perspectives of significance, urgency and confidence.
(Reference: http://www.env.go.jp/earth/tekiou.html)
In October 2021, the Adaptation Plan was revised, taking into consideration the latest scientific findings
provided in the Climate Change Impact Assessment Report. The Plan incorporates the concept of "climate action
and DRR into this action" (see below) and expands adaptation measures in many sectors.
(Reference: https://www.env.go.jp/press/110115.html)(3) "Strategy for Enhancing the Synergy between Climate Action and Disaster Risk Reduction" and "Adaptation
Recovery" Initiatives
In June 2020, the Ministry of the Environment and the Cabinet Office publicly announced the "Strategy for
Enhancing the Synergy between ‘Climate Action and Disaster Risk Reduction’ in the Era of Climate Crisis," astrategy to effectively coordinate climate change adaptation, and disaster prevention and mitigation measures.
The contents of this Strategy are as follows.
・The Strategy is based on the concept of synergy between climate action and DRR into this action, which refers
to the state where every actor in every sector comprehensively takes climate change measures and DRR
measures.
・Rather than simply restoring the affected areas to its pre-disaster state, Japan aims to build a society that canskillfully deal with disaster and recover quickly. This is reflected in the concept called “Adaptive Recovery,” which
involves adaptation to climate change by implementing resilient measures including land-use controls whilelearning from traditional wisdom that has taken advantage of nature’s characteristics to cope with natural
disasters. To this end, the Ministry of the Environment will promote pre-disaster recovery planning to "build backbetter" which specifically refers to an approach in which communities discuss and share the vision for a postdisaster society or town, even before a disaster occurs, from forward-looking perspectives to be better prepared
to quickly act after a disaster.
The Ministry of the Environment is promoting efforts to effectively link climate change adaptation and DRR
measures, including the preparation of a manual for local governments to help them mainstream the concept of
the synergy between climate action and DRR and accelerate their efforts toward “Adaptive Recovery" into policies
in various fields and make it a mainstream policy.

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Source: Materials from Cabinet Office and Ministry of the Environment(https://www.bousai.go.jp/pdf/0630_kikohendo.pdf)

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Part I. Status of Disaster Management Measures in Japan
Chapter 1 Status of Initiatives for Disaster Management Measures
Section 1 Promotion of Disaster Risk Reduction in Advance through Self-Help andMutual Support and Disaster Risk Reduction Activities through Collaboration Among
Diverse Entities
1-1 Raising Public Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction
Japan has traditionally experienced many natural disasters due to its topography, weather, and other natural
conditions. Therefore, in order to prepare for the eventuality of a disaster, our country takes structural measures
to prevent or mitigate damage from disasters, such as the construction of embankments and improvement ofearthquake resistance capacities during the ordinal period, and non-structural measures as well to realize
appropriate actions in the event of a disaster, such as hazard mapping and education for disaster risk reduction.
When a disaster strikes, the government of Japan continues to provide "public support” in many forms. This
includes rescue and lifesaving measures for affected people immediately after the disaster strikes and dispatchingnational and local government officials to the affected areas to provide personnel support. This public support also
covers providing push-type support to transport relief supplies to shelters and evacuees without waiting for arequest from the affected areas, and providing financial support through designation as a Disaster of Extreme
Severity and the "Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims."
However, there are concerns about the limits of public support in the event of large-scale and wide-areadisasters, such as Nankai Trough Earthquake, Megaquake in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches, or
meteorological disasters that have become more severe and frequent in recent years.
In the 1995 Southern Hyogo Earthquake (hereinafter referred to as the "Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake"),about 80% of those buried alive were rescued by "self-help" including family members and "mutual support" byneighbors, and only about 20% were rescued by "public support" such as rescue teams (FIG. 1-1-1). As for the caseof the Heavy Rain Event of July 2020 that caused damage in Kumamoto and other prefectures, many residents ofKuma village responded to a survey that the "trigger" for them to consider evacuating outside their homes was
not only the surrounding conditions such as rainfall and evacuation information or disaster prevention weather
information including evacuation instruction (emergency) , but also evacuation calls from family, friends,
acquaintances, neighborhood associations and neighbors. This indicates that "self-help" and "mutual support" areas important as "public support" (FIG. 1-1-2).
The environment for local governments is getting severe since the areas under their jurisdiction have widened
due to municipal mergers, and the number of local government officials has decreased, while the number of
persons requiring special care in an aging society is increasing. Therefore, it is important for each citizen to view
disasters as “their own matter” rather than “someone else’s matter,” to raise their awareness of disasterprevention and mitigation, and to take concrete actions to build a community that fosters a disaster awareness of“protecting one’s own life” and “helping among local residents."

75

Specific actions for disaster prevention and mitigation may include, first of all, "self-help," such as
understanding the disaster risks in the community, "preparing" in advance by securing furniture and stockpilingfood and other supplies, and participating in evacuation drills to be prepared to take appropriate evacuation
actions. In addition, it is necessary to make efforts to mitigate damage from disasters through "mutual support,"76

such as neighbors helping each other at the time of a disaster.
Recognition of the importance of "self-help" and the movement to take concrete measures have been steadily
spreading among the public after the great disasters such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great
East Japan Earthquake (FIG. 1-1-3). The importance of "mutual support" has also been recognized once again sincesome evacuation cases were effective in the areas where local disaster risk reduction leaders took the initiative in
preparing evacuation plans and conducting evacuation drills, and the mutual support measures were taken during
the ordinal times like the case in the Naganuma area of Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture after Typhoon Hagibis in2019 (T1919).

In considering "self-help" and "mutual support," it is important to have discussions with family members andthose who are close to you. The survey conducted in 2017 shows that 50.4% of men and 64.1% of women had
discussed what they would do if a disaster occurred with family members or others who were close to them in thepast year or two (FIG. 1-1-4).

77

Of those who "have discussed it before," those who discussed “how, when and where to evacuate” accounted
for the highest figure, 68.2%," followed by the discussion of "how to contact family and relatives" (57.8%), "foodand drinking water" (55.3%), and "emergency supplies" (41.7%).
By age group, the percentage of respondents who answered they "had never discussed it" that were 70 years
old and over was 50.6%, the highest, while the percentage of those who indicated they had discussed "how, when,
and where to evacuate" was approximately 30% (FIG. 1-1-5).

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Although the administrations make constant efforts to enrich "public support," it is getting more difficult toprevent disasters with only structural measures such as existing disaster prevention facilities and non-structural
measures led by the administrations against sudden and severe disasters. This is due to the severe and frequent
occurrence of meteorological disasters caused by global warming and the increase in the number of elderly people
who need support in an aging society. It is necessary not only to maintain disaster risk management mainly by theadministrations, but also to shift to the policies that focus on residents' "self-help" and "mutual support" based on
a common understanding among the entire nation. Currently, as the disaster resilience differs depending on
regions, there is a need to build a society that can effectively respond to disasters by developing nationwide
measures of "local communities" that are highly aware of disaster risk reduction.
The Cabinet Office and related ministries and agencies have been addressing measures to further strengthen
public relations and policies to link public “awareness” with “preparedness” (concrete actions) by referring datacollected from surveys. This section focuses on "the disaster risk reduction in advance" through "self-help" and"mutual support" and introduces various measures taken in cooperation with various sectors.
1-2 National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction and National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk
Reduction
The “National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction” consists of experts from various fields such as six
local administrative associations, the business community, the educational community, and the medical andwelfare sectors. It was established in 2015 and has been promoting public relations in cooperation with the
National Disaster Management Council so that various sectors are able to exchange information and opinions eachother and collaborate according to circumstance for the purpose of raising public awareness of disaster risk
reduction.
(1) National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (Bosai-Kokutai) 2021
The "National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (Bosai-Kokutai) 2021" was held from
November 6 to 7, 2021 in Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture, when it had passed 10 years since the Great East Japan
Earthquake. This conference was collaboratively hosted by the Cabinet Office, the National Council for Promoting
Disaster Risk Reduction, and the Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (an organization consisting ofindustry groups which work to promote a national movement for disaster mitigation). In this conference, disasterprevention measures usually taken by government agencies, public organizations, the academic community,
private corporations, NPOs, and other groups were presented on a national scale. The conference set the themeof "10 Years after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Recovery and Disaster Resilience through Connections," andaimed at looking back on the time period of 10 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake and giving
opportunities to consider the way for recovery and disaster risk reduction in the future with passing the experienceand lessons through the Earthquake to many people and to the next generation. In light of the infection status of
COVID-19, the conference was held in a hybrid format, combining on-site and online access.
In the opening remarks, Minister of State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu was on behalf of the hosts andexpressed the hope that the circle of disaster risk reductiont would spread throughout Japan and further
strengthen Japanese disaster resilience capabilities. Afterwards, Mr. Otsuka, the Chairman of the National Council
for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (the President of the Japanese Red Cross Society) delivered the address as79

host side, and Governor of Iwate Prefecture, Tatsumasu, and Mayor of Kamaishi City, Noda, delivered the opening
addresses on behalf of the site of the conference. In the opening discussion, participants exchanged opinions on
from what they had learned lessons and how to hand them down to generation to generation under the theme of"Passing on the lessons of the Great East Japan Earthquake and disaster risk reduction." For instance, they
discussed several different efforts of the "Tsunami Memorial Hall" (disaster risk reduction learning center forchildren who will lead the next generation), the "3.11 Densho Road" (networking of facilities to pass on lessons)and the Mt. Unzen Disaster Memorial Museum.
A total of 187 participants presented 40 sessions, 24 workshops, 100 presentations and 23 outdoor exhibits. Inthematic sessions by the Cabinet Office and various organizations, discussions focused on self-help and mutual
support efforts, which are getting more important in light of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The Cabinet
Office organized the high-level session of the "Reconstruction and Disaster Resilience through Connections:
Experiences from the Great East Japan Earthquake," and gave an occasion to the mayor of Kamaishi City and otherleaders in and outside of the Tohoku region who had been responsible for reconstruction and disaster resilience
to communicate each other. In this session, they talked about their experience in the past and the future vision inview of "Build Back Better," including reconstruction, raising the disaster risk reduction awareness among residents
and fostering reconstruction leaders. In the workshops, various programs were delivered for the diverse players in
disaster management all over Japan to share examples of daily efforts for disaster prevention and mitigation andtheir concerns and challenges. During the presentations, many actions in disaster prevention and mitigation wereintroduced by sharing their stories from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the latest technologies in disasterrisk reduction.
In the closing remarks, Mr. Akimoto, Vice-Chairman of the National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk
Reduction, delivered the host address, and Mr. Koshiya, Professor and Director of the Research Center for Regional
Disaster Management, Iwate University, gave a summary of the conference. Then, State Minister of Cabinet Office(Disaster Management), Ohno thanked the participants and expressed his expectations for the next conference(scheduled to be held in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture from October 22 to 23, 2022). The conference was attended byapproximately 5,800 people on-site and viewed 18,000 times online. It was confirmed that increasing the disaster
resilience of the country as a whole was important through not only "public support" by the government(s), butalso "self-help;" each citizen gains preparedness against disaster with the awareness that they must protect theirown lives, and "mutual support;" communities, schools, businesses and volunteers help each other.

80

Opening remarks by Minister of State for

Host address by Chairperson Otsuka

Disaster Management Ninoyu(opening)

Opening discussion

High level session

Session by the Cabinet Office andHost address by Vice-Chairperson Akimoto

Team Bosai Japan(Closing Remarks)(2) The 7th National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction
The 7th National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction was held on December 23, 2021 with theparticipation of five newly added constituent organizations. The meeting was held in a hybrid format combining
on-site and online access in the Prime Minister's Office meeting room, in light of the infection status of COVID-19.
At the beginning of the meeting, Prime Minister Kishida expressed his appreciation for the efforts of the member
organizations of the National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction and then he noted his expectations forthe plenary session saying, "With disaster response, it is important to take various and diverse perspectives,
including those of women and those who need support, such as people with disabilities and the elderly. As
disasters become more frequent and severe, measures taken by people from all walks of life are indispensable inenhancing Japan's disaster resilience, and we would like to ask for your continued cooperation in enhancing thedisaster resilience of each and every citizen."
Following this, reports on activities such as the "National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction(Bosai Kokutai) 2021" were shared, and the Japanese Trade Union Confederation and the All Japan Junior HighSchool Principals' Association introduced their efforts to raise awareness of disaster risk reduction through selfhelp and mutual support.

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The 7th National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction(Attended by Prime Minister Kishida)
1-3 Measures on Disaster Management Drill
In the event of a disaster, as national government agencies, local governments, designated public corporations,and other disaster management-related organizations must work in unison to take appropriate measures incooperation with residents, it is important for the related organizations to make disaster risk reduction efforts suchas drills in cooperation with each other from ordinary times. Therefore, in accordance with the "Basic Act on
Disaster Management," the Basic Disaster Management Plan and other various regulations, disaster managementrelated organizations are required to conduct disaster drills to verify and confirm emergency countermeasures inthe event of a disaster, and to raise disaster risk reduction awareness among residents.
In FY2021, based on the "FY2021 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework" (decided by the
National Disaster Management Council on May 25, 2021), which stipulates the basic policy for conducting disasterrisk reduction drills and comprehensive disaster management drills by the government, the following various drills
were conducted.
(1) "Disaster Preparedness Day" Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill
On September 1, 2021, Disaster Preparednee Day, a government headquarters operation drill was conductedunder the assumption in the aftermath of the earthquake, taking COVID-19 countermeasures into consideration.
First, then Prime Minister Suga and other cabinet members gathered on foot at the Prime Minister's Office andvarious government ministries and agencies to conduct an online drill for operating the Extreme Disaster
Management Headquarters meeting. At the same meeting, the Council ascertained the state of damages andrequests for assistance through videoconference with Yokohama Mayor Yamanaka, received reports on thedamage and response from each cabinet minister, confirmed the policy for responding to the situation by putting
human lives first, dispatched a government investigation team, and established an on-site disaster management
headquarters. With these steps and more, the Council secured a system for implementing emergency
countermeasures immediately after the earthquake and confirmed procedures in cooperation with local
governments. In addition, a portion of the meeting was made available to the press. After the meeting, then Prime
Minister Suga held a press conference to urge the public via NHK to take action to protect their lives and to provide
information on the government's initial response, such as support for the operation of shelters including
prevention of the spread of COVID-19.

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(2) Drills in Collaboration with a Joint Disaster Management Drill Involving Nine Prefectures and Cities
On November 7, 2021, a joint disaster management drill involving nine prefectures and cities was held mainly
in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, with the participation of Prime Minister Kishida and related cabinet
members. Prime Minister Kishida flew by helicopter from the Prime Minister’s Office to the training site to inspectand experience rescue drills conducted by the police, fire department, and Self-Defense Forces, initial firefighting
drills using water extinguishers, and shelter management drills including the display of cardboard beds and electricvehicles as power sources.

Government Headquarters Operation

Prime Minister Kishida participating inTraining (online)

firefighting drills in a joint disaster(Source: Prime Minister's Office website)management drill
involving nine prefectures and cities(Source: Prime Minister's Office website)(3) Government tabletop exercises
In June 2021, an Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters operation drill was conducted on the assumptionof a Nankai Trough Earthquake. In this drill, staff members of relevant government ministries and agencies andlocal governments in the Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Management Measures Promotion Area participatedin requesting and distributing relief supplies using an online, as if in practice, Relief Goods Procurement andTransport Coordination Support System.
In March 2022, another Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters operation drill was conducted incooperation with On-site Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters drill (Tokyo) on the assumption of a Tokyo
Inland Earthquake. In this drill, officials from relevant government ministries and agencies, as well as from Tokyo,
Saitama, Chiba, and Kanagawa Prefectures, participated in a discussion-type exercise to discuss issues requiring
cooperation with related organizations for COVID-19 countermeasures in the exercise utilizing online tools.

83Extreme Disaster Management

Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters

Headquarters Operation Drill assuming

Operation Drill assuming Tokyo Inland Earthquake

Nankai Trough Earthquake

In the regional block drills, in cooperation with prefectures that are considered to be affected, On-site Extreme
Disaster Management Headquarters drills were conducted on the assumption of a Nankai Trough Earthquake. In
the Shikoku and Kyushu regions, officials assembled in December 2021, and conducted an on-site situation-setting
drill simulating an actual disaster and a discussion-type drill to discuss issues that require collaboration among
related organizations in the event of a disaster. In the Kinki and Chubu regions, due to the rapid spread of COVID19, the participants did not gather on-site, but only conducted an online discussion-type drill in February 2022.

State Minister of the Cabinet Office, Ohno,

On-site Extreme Disaster Management

participating online in On-site Extreme

Headquarters drill assuming a Nankai

Disaster Management Headquarters drill

Trough Earthquake (Kyushu)(Shikoku)

These drills improved the knowledge and skills of relevant government officials and strengthened cooperation
with related agencies, and based on these drills, the effectiveness of the emergency countermeasures stipulated
in the various plans and manuals was verified.
1-4 Measures for Tsunami Disaster Prevention
November 5 is "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" derived from the story of the "Fire of Rice Sheaves" and"World Tsunami Awareness Day" established by the United Nations General Assembly. Because tsunamis are
disasters where we can considerably reduce human casualties through immediate and appropriate evacuation, it
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is particularly important to understand the characteristics of tsunamis and appropriate responses, and to be able
to act appropriately. Therefore, on and around November 5, the Cabinet Office, related ministries and agencies,
local governments, private companies, and the like take actions to raise awareness of tsunami disaster prevention
in various places.
(1) Evacuation Drills against Tsunami
During the period before and after "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day (November 5)" in FY2021, disaster drills
against earthquake and tsunami were held nationwide by the national government (10 ministries and agencies),
local governments (123 organizations), and private companies (48 organizations) with approximately 1.14 million
people participating.
Mainly during the period mentioned above, the Cabinet Office collaborated with local governments andprovided support for planning and implementation of drills with the participation of residents in nine places
nationwide (Kikonai Town and Shikabe Town, Hokkaido Prefecture; Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture; Tateyama Cityand Futtsu City, Chiba Prefecture; Kochi City and Shimanto Town, Kochi Prefecture; Buzen City, Fukuoka Prefecture;and Shibushi City, Kagoshima Prefecture). These drills included drills to protect oneself in the event of anearthquake (shakeout drills) and drills to evacuate to the nearest shelter after the shaking subsided (evacuation
drills) as well as drills to confirm safety, set up shelters and operate them according to the local disastermanagement plan. In total, 25 drills, study sessions and lectures were held, for instance, study sessions on
evacuation planning and lectures which took damage estimation and geographical conditions into account, withapproximately 3,000 residents participating as a whole.

Drill to protect oneself

Evacuation drill to higher ground(Shikabe Town, Hokkaido Prefecture)(Shibushi City, Kagoshima Prefecture)85

Lecture on disaster management

Study session on evacuation planning(Tateyama City, Chiba Prefecture)(Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture)(2) Activities to Raise Public Awareness1. Activities to raise public awareness on tsunami disasterIn order to publicize "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" and "World Tsunami Awareness Day" and promoteawareness and activities of disaster prevention against tsunami, efforts to raise public awareness through various
media, for instance, posters at nationwide companies and local governments, and cash register screens at major
convenience stores and supermarkets in FY 2021 were taken.

2. "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" Special Event in FY2021
On November 5, "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" and "World Tsunami Awareness Day", the Cabinet Office,National Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction, and Council for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction
organized "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" Special Event in Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture through both on-siteand online.
86At the event, Minister of State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu, first spoke about the significance of holding
this event in Kamaishi City on the 10th anniversary of The Great East Japan Earthquake in order not to forget thelessons from the tsunami disaster.
Next, in the keynote speech of the first part, Mr. Imamura, Director of International Research Institute ofDisaster Science, Tohoku University, reviewed the experiences and lessons learned from the Great East Japan
Earthquake 10 years after its occurrence, and explained how to respond to new risks such as climate change and
COVID-19 in the current society where uncertain incidents occur.
In the panel discussion of the second part whose theme was "Toward 'Tsunami Disaster Management in which
No One is Sacrificed'", five panelists who worked on disaster management against tsunami from various entities
and perspectives, including local governments, researchers, NPOs, and neighborhood associations, introduced
their activities and exchanged opinions.
Archived movies of the event is available on the "special website for disaster prevention against tsunami."(Reference: https://tsunamibousai.jp/)

Opening remarks by Minister of State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu (video message)

Scenes from "Tsunami Disaster Prevention Day" Special Event
1-5 Resident-led Initiatives (Promotion of Community Disaster Management Plans)
The Community Disaster Management Planning System was established following the amendment of the "Basic
Act on Disaster Management" in 2013 to promote voluntary disaster risk reduction activities through self-help andmutual support and to enhance regional disaster resilience as community residents (including business operatorsin the area) and municipalities cooperate each other. This allows community residents to prepare Community
Disaster Management Plan (draft) and make a proposal to the Municipal Disaster Management Council that theCommunity Disaster Management Plan be stipulated in the Municipal Disaster Management Plan.
87

Community Disaster Management Plans are designed to link mutual support and public support following
discussions by various entities in the community, including residents, business establishments and welfare
personnel to freely define the contents of the draft plan, which is then set in the Municipal Disaster Management
Plan. The topic in the discussion covers local disaster risks, disaster risk reduction actions and activities duringordinal times and disasters. In addition to the content of the plan, the process of creating the plan, including
repeated discussions among district residents and others, is also important for strengthening the power of mutual
support.
As of April 1, 2021, the Community Disaster Management Plans were stipulated under the local disastermanagement plans in 2,030 districts from 140 cities, towns and villages in 37 prefectures, and the actions fordeveloping the Community Disaster Management Plans have been taken in 5,181 districts from 310 cities, towns
and villages in 47 prefectures. Eight years have passed since the system was established, and it is expected that
Community Disaster Management Plans will become even more widespread (FIG. 1-5-1, FIG. 1-5-2).

88

(1) Trends in Community Disaster Management Plans
The Cabinet Office analyzed case studies of 316 districts in 56 cities, towns and villages with Community
Disaster Management Plans stipulated in FY2020 under the local disaster management plans, and found thefollowing characteristics (FIG. 1-5-3 to FIG. 1-5-6).
1. The Community Disaster Management Plans were prepared by the community association in 55%, and thevoluntary disaster management organizations in 42% of all the respondents.
2. As for the scope managed by the plan, the single community association accounted for 82% of all the
respondents’ scopes, and the union of community associations which was nearly equivalent to theelementary school district 14%. Regarding the populations in each community, 66% respondents showedthat there were 500 residents or less in the community, and 77% respondents indicated that 1,000 residents
or less were in the community. However, there were also cases of communities with populations exceeding
20,000.
3. As for the trigger to establish the Community Disaster Management Plan, 86% of the respondents started
to formulate the plan following the “encouragement by the administrations." This suggests that it isimportant for the administrations to encourage for the development of Community Disaster Management
Plans.
4. In addition to the basic information such as "scope of community," "basic policy" and "disaster risks in the
district," many communities included "ways of information collection and communication," "organizationand structure in case of disaster," "stockpiling of relief supplies and materials," "support and guidance
during evacuation" and "disaster drills" in their plan details.

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(2) Efforts by the Cabinet Office
1. Holding the Community Disaster Management Plan Forum in 2022
The Cabinet Office held the "Community Disaster Management Plan Forum in 2022" on March 20, 2022 topromote the development of Community Disaster Management Plans by sharing examples and experiences of theplans. The Forum started with opening remarks by Minister of State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu, followed
by a presentation by the Cabinet Office on the status of measures taken for Community Disaster Management
Plans. Then, representatives from the Nagayama district of Asagiri Town, Kumamoto Prefecture; the Takahama
district of Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture; and the Seiwadai district of Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture91introduced their Community Disaster Management Plans under the theme of "Collaboration between Community
Disaster Management Plans and Individual Evacuation Plans." Also, the representatives of three districts, Mihama
District, Chatan Town, Okinawa Prefecture; Sophia Stasia Voluntary Disaster Prevention Association, Yokosuka
Seaside New Town, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture; and Wakasa Hyonosen District, Wakasa Town, Tottori
Prefecture, introduced their respective efforts under the theme of "Community Disaster Management Plan
Initiatives by Diverse Actors." Afterwards, the representatives had a lively exchange of ideas regarding each theme.
An archived video of this forum is now available.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/chikubousai/pdf/220411_forum.pdf)
2. National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (Bosai Kokutai) 2021 "Considering the Further
Possibility of Community Disaster Management Plans" Session
At the "National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (Bosai Kokutai) 2021" on November 6 and7, 2021, a session on Community Disaster Management Plans was held via livestream.
In this session, under the theme of "Considering the Further Possibilities of Community Disaster Management
Plans," three speakers who were involved in Community Disaster Management Planning at the Toi district in Izu
City, Shizuoka Prefecture, the Sapporo Clock Tower Building and the Council for Area Development andManagement of Otemachi, Marunouchi, and Yurakucho, introduced and exchanged opinions on "planning that is
not just about disaster risk reduction but also incorporates other perspectives" and "planning by entities otherthan residents." An archived video of this session is available.
(Reference: https://bosai-kokutai.jp/)
3. Basic Workshop on the Preparation of Community Disaster Management Plans
The "Basic Workshop on the Preparation of Community Disaster Management Plans" was held twice on
December 24, 2021, and January 12, 2022, via livestream to promote the preparation and support for Community
Disaster Management Plans by introducing different viewpoints and approaches to those who are involved in the
preparation of such plans.
At the workshop, researchers, local government officials, and others involved in supporting the preparation ofCommunity Disaster Management Plans shared their experiences and answered questions from the participants.
Archived videos are now available for these two workshops.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/chikubousai/pdf/220202_kenshu-movie.pdf)
4. Support for activities of Chikubo'z, a network of local governments promoting Community Disaster
Management Plans"Chikubo'z" is a platform for local government officials who are engaged in supporting the preparation ofCommunity Disaster Management Plans to exchange information and share experiences on issues related to the
preparation for such plans on a daily basis. On February 21 and March 1, 2022, " Chikubo'z Online Meetups" were
held online for local government officials, mainly members of Chikubo'z, to exchange opinions and provide
92consultation regarding support for Community Disaster Management Plan.
5. Updating the Community Disaster Management Plan Library
In order to promote activities for the formulation of Community Disaster Management Plans, a library whichenables the users to see case studies by region or theme of Community Disaster Management Plans under the
local disaster management plans was created and published on the website of the Cabinet Office in April 2019.
This library was made for those who are planning to formulate Community Disaster Management Plans and those
who are seeking further improvement of plans already formulated. The Cabinet Office is continuing to update andadd information to this library.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/chikubousai/chikubo/chikubo/index.html)

1-6 Environmental Improvement for Volunteer Activities
At the time of a disaster, volunteers, NPOs and various other organizations rush to the affected areas to provide
detailed disaster support and play an important role. The Cabinet Office has been working to make environmental
improvements to facilitate activities by volunteers and NPOs to support affected people. In recent years, it has
become a well-established practice for various affected people supporting entities, such as government agencies,
volunteers, NPOs and others, to collaborate, share information, and coordinate their activities in the event of alarge-scale disaster.
(1) Promotion of collaboration among various affected people supporting entities such as governments,
volunteers, NPOs and others
According to the "Survey on Collaboration and Coordination Among Various Affected People Supporting Entities
FY2021" conducted by the Cabinet Office on April 1, 2022, all 42 of the surveyed prefectures have systems in place
for information sharing and other forms of cooperation in the event of a disaster. However, although a coordination
system is in place, the state of coordination varies from one prefecture to another. A survey found that theprefectures feel the roles of government agencies, volunteers, NPOs and others in disaster relief activities need to
be organized, and that the roles of governments in particular are not well organized and understood within thegovernments.
(2) Disaster Risk Reduction and Volunteer Meeting
On February 6, 2022, the Cabinet Office held online the "Disaster Risk Reduction and Volunteer Meeting:Considering Volunteer Collaboration and Cooperation after the Noto Hanto Earthquake and the Earthquake Off
the Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture." In the first part, under the theme of "Looking back on the collaborationand cooperation of volunteer activities at that time," a panel discussion on the collaboration and cooperation
efforts made in the areas affected after the "Noto Hanto Earthquake" and the "Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu
in Niigata Prefecture,” which occurred 15 years ago, was delivered by people who made efforts in Ishikawa andNiigata Prefectures respectively.
In the second part, under the theme of "Collaboration and Cooperation in Volunteer Activities after the Mid
93

Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004 and the Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture in 2007,"a panel discussion on what kind of collaboration and cooperation is taking place in Niigata Prefecture after the Mid
Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004 and the Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture in 2007,
and any current nationwide collaboration or cooperation efforts was held among the governments, the Council ofSocial Welfare and NPOs.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Volunteer Meeting

Part 1

Part 2(3) Training sessions to promote cooperation among various affected people supporting entities such as
governments, volunteers, and NPOs
In order to ensure smooth collaboration and cooperation among governments, volunteers and NPOs in theevent of a disaster, it is necessary to promote exchange and mutual understanding through training and othermeans from ordinary times. The Cabinet Office holds training sessions where governments, the Council of Social
Welfare and other personnel from disaster volunteer centers and NPOs meet to discuss various issues incollaboration and cooperation, and deepen mutual understanding.
In FY2021, based on the current situation in which the construction of collaborative systems has been
progressing in various parts of Japan, the "Training Course on Promoting Collaboration among Various Affected
People Supporting Entities" was held with three levels of participants. The "Basic Training" was held as a livestream
and attended by approximately 250 participants from 34 prefectures. The "Building Collaborative Relationships
Training" was attended by three prefectures, with approximately 20 participants from the governments, theCouncil of Social Welfare, NPOs and others at each site (some participants participated online due to COVID-19
countermeasures). The "Training Course on Core Human Resource Development " was attended by threeprefectures and consisted of three training sessions. This training was attended by 20 participants from thegovernments, the Council of Social Welfare, NPOs and others at each site (some participants participated online
due to COVID-19 countermeasures). The purpose of the training was to understand the necessity of collaborationand cooperation among various affected people supporting entities such as governments, volunteers, NPOs andothers, to build a system of collaboration and cooperation within the community, and to revitalize their activities
so that they can provide smooth support to affected people in the event of a disaster. During the training, local
governments, the Council of Social Welfare, NPOs (including coordinating organizations) and others that had
already worked to build a system of collaboration and cooperation gave lectures on the necessity of collaborationand cooperation among various affected people supporting entities in times of disaster. In the "Building
94Collaborative Relationships Training" and "Training Course on Core Human Resource Development," exercises wereconducted to further build collaborative and cooperative systems according to the state of participating local
governments, and opinions were exchanged among local governments who participated in.

Training Course on Promoting Collaboration among Various Affected People Supporting Entities (Building
Collaborative Relationships Training)

Training Course on Promoting Collaboration among Various Affected People Supporting Entities (Training Course
on Core Human Resource)
1-7 Heatstroke Prevention in Evacuation Life and Cleanup Work during Disasters
When natural disasters occur during the summer, infrastructure failures and shortages of relief supplies
immediately after the disaster may increase the risk of heatstroke during evacuation life and cleanup operations.
The Ministry of the Environment, the Cabinet Office, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, the Ministry of
Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Japan Meteorological Agency collaborated to prepare a leaflet on measuresagainst heatstroke in evacuation life and cleanup operations during disasters, which was published in March 2021,
and sent out to local governments in June of the same year through relevant government ministries and agencies(FIG. 1-7-1). The leaflets were delivered again to affected local governments where disasters occurred.

95

1-8 Establishment of a Business Continuity System(1) Establishment of a Business Continuity System for the National Government's Ministries and Agencies
In the past, the national government's ministries and agencies, which are the administrative organs of thenation, have formulated business continuity plans for each of them, and have promoted initiatives for business
continuity from the perspective of ensuring that pivotal functions of the capital continue to function in the eventof a Tokyo Inland Earthquake or other disaster. In March 2014, the Cabinet approved the "Business Continuity Planof the Central Government (Measures against a Tokyo Inland Earthquake)" (hereinafter referred to as the"Government Business Continuity Plan") based on the "Act on Special Measures against Tokyo Inland Earthquake(Act No. 88 of 2013), where the national government's ministries and agencies reevaluated their business
continuity plans that they had in place up to that point in time.
Based on the Government Business Continuity Plan, the Cabinet Office conducts annual evaluations withexperts and other knowledgeable persons and conducts drills in cooperation with ministries and agencies for the
purpose of improving the effectiveness of their business continuity plans. The national government's ministries
and agencies use this in order to improve the effectiveness of their business continuity plans as necessary.
In April 2016, the Cabinet Office formulated the "Business Continuity Plan Guidelines for the National
Government's Ministries and Agencies" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines" in this section) (second edition)
to support the implementation and review of ministry and agency business continuity plans. And in response torecent changes in social conditions and newly identified issues, the Cabinet Office reviewed the Guidelines and96

formulated their third edition in April 2022.
Through these efforts, the government intends to establish a business continuity system that will enablesmooth continuation of business operations even in the event of a Tokyo Inland Earthquake.
(2) Establishment of a Business Continuity System for Local Governments
Local governments must secure administrative functions and continue operations even in the event of a disaster.
Therefore, it is extremely important for local governments to formulate a business continuity plan and establish abusiness continuity system. The percentage of local governments with business continuity plans in place reached100% of all prefectures in FY2016, and approximately 97% of all municipalities as of June 2021, up 3percentage
points from the previous year (FIG. 1-8-1).

In order to support municipalities in formulating business continuity plans, the Cabinet Office developed the"Business Continuity Plan Formulation Guidelines for Municipalities" in May 2015 so that even small municipalities
can easily formulate business continuity plans. In February 2016, based on past disaster examples, the "Guide andExplanation for Business Continuity of Local Governments in the Event of an Earthquake" was revised as the"Guidelines for Business Continuity of Local Governments in the Event of a Major Disaster," which was then sent
to local governments.
In the event of a large-scale disaster, it is difficult for the affected municipalities to handle the enormous amountof disaster response work on their own. Therefore, in establishing a business continuity system, local governments
97

must have a business continuity plan as well as a support receiving system to quickly and accurately receive support
from the national government, local governments, private companies, volunteer groups, and others, to share
information, and make various adjustments. In April 2020, the Cabinet Office formulated the "Guide to Formulate
Aid Acceptance Plans Regarding the Receipt of Human Support for Municipalities" to help municipalities withconcerns about their disaster management systems, such as the lack of full-time disaster management staff, andto help them understand how to develop a support receiving system and prepare a support receiving plan with aslittle burden as possible. And in June 2021, a revised and expanded version of this guide was published.
Furthermore, to support the establishment of a business continuity system in local governments, the Cabinet
Office and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency have jointly hosted a training seminar for officials in chargeof disaster management in municipalities every year since FY2015.
Through these efforts, in addition to the formulation of business continuity plans, we will continue to support
its establishment in local governments in cooperation with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, including the six critical elements* in the formulated business
continuity plans and the development of support receiving systems.
*Six critical elements (Source: Cabinet Office, "Guidelines for Business Continuity of Local Governments in the
Event of a Major Disaster"):<1> Clear order of succession and staff assembly system in absence of the head of organization<2> Identification of alternative government buildings in the event that the main government building is nolonger available<3> Securing electricity, water, food, etc. (for staff to carry out their duties)<4> Ensure a variety of communication means that are easy to access even in times of disaster<5> Backup of important administrative data
<6> Organization of priority tasks in case of emergency(3) State of Business Continuity Systems of Private Companies
In 2005, the Cabinet Office established the "Business Continuity Guidelines" to promote the formulation ofbusiness continuity plans (BCP) by companies, and in 2013, the Guidelines were revised to incorporate the conceptof business continuity management (BCM), taking into account changes in social conditions and other factors. In
April 2021, a revised version of the "Business Continuity Guidelines - Strategies and Responses to Overcome All
Types of Crisis Incidents" was published to promote the spread of the guidelines and to encourage the formulationof BCPs in accordance with the guidelines.
The Cabinet Office has conducted a fact-finding survey on the private sector's initiatives, including the rate of
BCP formulation, on a biannual basis. According to the "Survey on Business Continuity and Disaster Risk Reduction
Efforts of Corporations," conducted in January 2022, there was an observed increase of the formulation of a BCP
where 70.8% of large companies (68.4% in the previous survey conducted in January 2020) and 40.2% of mediumsized companies (34.4% in the previous survey) had formulated a BCP. Including those in the process of formulating
a BCP, about 85% of large companies and 52% of medium-sized companies have it (FIG. 1-8-2, FIG. 1-8-3).

98

99

In addition to the percentage of respondents who have a BCP in place, the main findings of the survey are as
follows (FIG. 1-8-4 to FIG. 1-8-6).

100

101

1-9 Collaboration with Industry
In order to improve the disaster risk management capacity of society as a whole, there is a need for business
operators to improve their advance preparedness for large-scale natural disasters. For this purpose, the "Disaster
Risk Management Economic Consortium" was established on March 23, 2018, as a forum for business operators
to exchange views and ideas (FIG. 1-9-1).
The Cabinet Office provides appropriate support, including information exchange so that the public and private
sectors can cooperatively promote such industry measures.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/consortium/index.html)
The "Disaster Risk Management Economic Consortium" has formulated the "Principles of Disaster Management
Economic Action" (FIG. 1-9-2) as a common philosophy for business operators to prepare for disasters in advance.
In FY2021, members of 17 organizations were mainly engaged in activities for spreading and raising awarenessof these principles to their respective subsidiary organizations. In addition to the exchange of opinions among themembers, three administrative subcommittee meetings were held, including various government agencies
providing information on disaster risk reduction and lectures by experts.

1021-10 Initiatives in the Academic Field
In Japan, research is being performed on disaster risk reduction in various fields, including natural phenomena
such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and heavy rain; structures such as civil engineering and architecture;
medicine and hygiene such as emergency medicine and environmental sanitation; human activities such as the
economy, geography, and history; and other various fields such as information and energy. In the wake of the Great
East Japan Earthquake, there was a recognition that research on disaster prevention and mitigation from acomprehensive and multidisciplinary perspective in these fields is essential. And it was also recognized that thepromotion of information sharing and exchange with different disciplines beyond the boundaries of specialized
fields and engagement in interdisciplinary collaboration is needed. To this end, after discussions at the Science
Council of Japan and related academic societies, the “Japan Academic Network for Disaster Reduction” wasestablished in January 2016 as a network of academic societies involved in disaster prevention, mitigation andrecovery, bringing together 47 academic societies. As of the end of February 2022, 62 academic societies (59groups of regular members and 3 associations of special members) participate in this academic network.
103

In August 2021, the academic network held the third "Liaison Conference on Disaster Management among theScience Council of Japan, Academic Societies, and Government Ministries and Agencies" under the theme of"Preparing for Intensifying Meteorological Disasters," at which both the national government's ministries andagencies and academic circles presented their respective efforts. In November 2021, the 12th Academic Network
for Disaster Reduction Symposium, "Education for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Culture," a forum
sponsored by the Science Council of Japan was held online. And the Special Symposium on "Diverse Perspectives
on Education for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Culture - 10 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake -,"hosted by the Japan Academic Network for Disaster Reduction, was also conducted online. Based on theexperiences and education during the 10 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, presentations were madeon future measures for education for disaster risk reduction and disaster culture.

The 3rd "Liaison Conference on Disaster Management among the Science Council of Japan, Academic Societies,
and Government Ministries and Agencies" commemorative photo1-11 Strengthening Disaster Response Efforts from Gender Equality Perspectives
Large-scale disasters threaten the lives of all people. While women account for 51.4% of the population(Population Estimates, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, as of August 1, 2021), it is essential tosufficiently take into account the differences in the impact of disasters on women and men when implementing adisaster response and disaster risk reduction and for the realization of a resilient society. Based on this recognition,
the government has been promoting disaster risk reduction and recovery efforts from a gender equality
perspective in accordance with the Fifth Basic Plan for Gender Equality (approved by the Cabinet on December 25,2020) * and the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
In the 2021 revision of the Basic Disaster Management Plan, some new provisions were included. One newprovision is that local governments should work to increase the percentage of women on Local Disaster
Management Councils. The plan also includes a new provision for municipalities to prevent sexual violence anddomestic violence in shelters. On the national level as well, the number of women on the National Disaster104

Management Council (excluding cabinet ministers) went up from one to three.
In addition, " Women’s Perspectives to Strengthening Disaster Response Capabilities - Guidelines for disaster
preparedness and recovery from the perspective of gender equality-" (prepared in May 2020, hereinafterreferred to as the "Guidelines" in this section) summarizes the issues to be addressed at the stages of preparation
during normal time, initial response,life in shelters, and recovery and reconstruction, for local governments torefer to when promoting disaster response efforts from the gender perspective. In May 2021, the "Practical
Learning Program" was developed to further promote awareness of and thoroughly utilize the Guidelines. Itis
designed to help local government officials better understand the content of the guidelines and plan andimplement measures for disaster response from the gender perspective. And it also provides lectures and video
materials for use at various opportunities such as training and events.
(Reference: https://www.gender.go.jp/policy/saigai/program/index.html)
In order to incorporate gender equality into disaster response, the Director-General of Gender Equality Bureauof the Cabinet Office was appointed* for the first time as a member of the Authorized Disaster Management
Headquarters for the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021, and the Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters for
the Heavy Rain in August of 2021, and attended these meetings. In addition, when a sediment disaster (landslidedisaster) occurred in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture in July, the bureau dispatched its staff to the site to check on
the situation at shelters and provide disaster response form a gender perspective. Furthermore, the "Mutual
Support Network for Gender Equality Promotion Centers at the Time of Disaster" has begun operation. This is inorder to "promote mutual support among centers for promotion of gender equality by utilizing the mutual support
system operated by the National Council of Women’s Centers so that centers for promotion of gender equality canplay an effective role in times of disaster," as stated in the Fifth Basic Plan for Gender Equality.
(Reference: https://saigai-network.j-kaikan.jp/)*The Director-General of Gender Equality Bureau of the Cabinet Office was appointed as a member of thegovernment's disaster management headquarters for the first time in case of the Authorized Disaster Management
Headquarters for the Heavy Rainfall from July 1 of 2021.
Recognizing that the private sector is indispensable in disaster response as well as the government, the Cabinet
Office is also working to strengthen cooperation between the government and the private sector, for example, bycompiling a collection of case studies and know-how on how women can work as disaster management leaders incommunities. We will continue to work for the active engagement of women in the decision-making process of
disaster risk reduction and recovery and in disaster management, and for disaster response from a gender equality
perspective to spread through all regions of Japan.
*Main measures in the Fifth Basic Plan for Gender Equality:•

Promote the government and local governments to lead disaster risk reduction and recovery efforts
from a gender perspective through closer collaboration and cooperation between disaster/ risk
management departments and gender equality departments from the normal time.

•

Request each prefecture to promote increase the engagement of women in Prefectural Disaster
Management Councils with regard to the percentage of female members of such councils. In addition,105

in order to quickly eliminate the number of Municipal Disaster Management Councils without female
members and to promote to increase the ratio of female council members, collaborate withprefectures to develop good practices in municipalities where women are actively appointed to thesecouncils. (FIG. 1.11-1, FIG. 1.11-2)•

Encourage local governments to assign female and gender equality staff to the local Disaster
Management Headquarters and promote understanding of a gender perspective among malemembers of the headquarters from normal time.

•

Follow up and "visualize" the state of efforts of gender equality in disaster risk reduction by local
governments based on the guidelines.

(Reference: https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/basic_plans/5th/pdf/2-08.pdf)

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【Column】
National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
Let’s Gather together! Female Disaster Management Officials and Their Supporters
On November 7, 2021, the Gender Equality Bureau of the Cabinet Office hosted one of the sessions for the firsttime at the "National Conference on Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021" (online) held in Kamaishi, Iwate
Prefecture.
One of the goals of the session, " Let’s Gather! Female Disaster Management Officials and Their Supporters"
was to help female disaster management officials "connect" each other. Since the role of local government is very
important in disaster response, and it is essential for each local government to promote measures from a gender
perspective, one of the specific measures is to "assign female staff to disaster management departments." At
present, however, the number of female employees in disaster management departments is limited, and some saythat female employees often feel lonely in their departments, for example, they find it difficult to express theiropinions in the organization or to discuss their problems in disaster response. Therefore, a workshop was held tohear female disaster management staff openly about the questions and concerns they had in their daily work andactual disaster response in order to think together about the solutions.
Another objective is to "connect" the governments and the private sector. In light of the importance ofcooperation with the private sector in disaster response, people involved in disaster risk reduction in thecommunity were invited to participate as "Support Groups" to introduce case studies of how to connect the
governments and private sector from normal time.
The session was attended by about 100 participants, including female officials from national and local
governments in disaster management and gender equality department, as well as local disaster management
leaders and disaster management specialists. With the cooperation of the co-sponsored organizations, "Women’s
Department of Yonnana (or 47) Disaster Risk Reduction Association" and "Illustration and Gurareco (or graphic
recording) Section, Design Department, Online City Office," workshops were held on three themes after
introducing case studies based on the experiences of city office employees who performed disaster response
duties and information provided by the Cabinet Office on disaster response from the gender perspective.
On theme 1, "Disaster Management x Female Administrative Staff," participants discussed their concerns
caused by the lack of women in disaster management departments, and some participants commented that they
are encouraged by finding others who were in the same position and working hard. On theme 2, which dealt with
"Disaster Management and Child Care/Caregiving," participants were introduced to the "Emergency AttendanceSupport System" by the Self-Defense Forces and they shared difficulties they had in disaster response duties, which
led to raise their awareness of the importance of speaking up about the need for employees who have to take careof their family or children in their daily life. On theme 3, "Disaster Preparedness and Gender Equality/Welfare,"based on the role of government officials as coordinators in the community, there was a discussion led toconclusion that cooperation through dialogue with various stakeholders was important to solve local problems.
Through the sessions, the participants shared the importance of expanding connections and networking amongfemale disaster management officials and ones between the administration and local disaster management
leaders.

108

Here is the URL for further information:
https://www.gender.go.jp/public/kyodosankaku/2021/202112/202112.html

109Section 2 Disaster Management System, Disaster Response and Preparedness
2-1 Amendment of Basic Disaster Management Plan
The Basic Disaster Management Plan is a basic plan for disaster management in Japan that is prepared by the
National Disaster Management Council in accordance with Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Act on Disaster
Management, and "must be reviewed each year in the light of the findings of scientific research pertaining todisasters and disaster management, conditions of disasters that have occurred, and the effect of emergency
disaster control measures taken against the disasters, and… when found necessary," the Council is to revise it.
Based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan, local governments must prepare local disaster management plans,and designated administrative organizations and designated public corporations need to prepare disastermanagement operational plans.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/taisaku/keikaku/kihon.html#syusei)
In May 2021, the Basic Disaster Management Plan was revised based on the amendment of the “Basic Act on
Disaster Management” (FIG. 2-1-1).
Concretely, it reflects (1) a review of the Major Disaster Management Headquarters such as the rule to designate
the Prime Minister as its Chief, (2) integration of evacuation recommendation and evacuation instruction into asingle evacuation instruction, (3) a duty of effort to prepare individual evacuation plans and so on.
It also reflects the progress of the recent measures concerning disaster management. According to the knowhow gained through disaster response based on the recent measures against COVID-19, measures against
infectious disease at shelters and the facilitation of stocking partitions are included, and the promotion of disaster
response from the perspective of women is also covered in the revised plan.

110

2-2 Enrichment of Training Programs for the Head and Staff of Local Governments
Prompt and accurate disaster response depends on the knowledge and experiences of the head and staff oflocal governments. Based on this, the Cabinet Office has planned and put into operation the “Training of Disaster
Prevention Specialists” for the staff of local governments from FY2013 to develop human resources who are able
to “respond to crisis situations promptly and accurately” and “form networks between the national and local
governments.”
In FY2021, the “Training Program at Ariake Hill” was put into operation from September to October in 2021 andfrom January to March in 2022. This training program covers knowledge and skills in overall disaster management
operations from the basics of disaster management related with laws and regulations to disaster management
governance. In addition, the “Training Program for Local Governments” was delivered in 7 locations around Japanfor the purpose of facilitating independent human resource development in local governments. This program
meets the demands and actual situations in local regions, which are considered by the hosting prefectures.
Furthermore, the “Follow-Up Training Program” was given in March for those who completed the Training Programat Ariake Hill to further improve their skill and to strengthen the human network.
In addition, the “e-Learning for Disaster Management Specialists” was launched on an exclusive website forsupport staff, who implement disaster management operations on-site for disaster response, to learn basic skills
related to their position in a short time period. In planning and operating these training programs, a study groupon planning consisted of experts in disaster management was established, and the programs were reviewed and111

improved through advice based on social conditions and needs.
In the event of a large-scale disaster, the heads of local governments and those responsible for crisis anddisaster management need to take sufficient initiatives and deliver a prompt and accurate disaster response as
they work closely with the national government and other local governments. Therefore, the Cabinet Office andthe Fire and Disaster Management Agency jointly hosted the “ National Seminar on Disasterand Crisis

Management for Heads of Local Government” for mayors of towns and villages nationwide (the seminars formayors of cities and wards were cancelled in FY2021 due to the spread of COVID-19) to support the improvementof accurate decision-making to take initiative at disaster sites. At the same time, the Cabinet Secretariat, theCabinet Office, and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency jointly hosted the “Special Training Program in
Disaster and Crisis Management” for heads of departments and chiefs of crisis management departments ofprefectures. In addition, they hosted the “Training Programs for Supervisors at Local Governments in Crisis andDisaster Management” for supervisors in municipalities so they could learn about crisis and disaster management
to deepen their skills and specialties necessary at each phase including the initial response and disaster response.
This contributes to forming a “face-to-face relationship” from ordinary times.
In planning and operating these overall training programs, both online and onsite methods were taken, taking
into account the situation of the spread of COVID-19 since it is advantageous to expand the number of participants
with online resources, while it is easier for participants to communicate on site. Training programs were delivered
reasonably and effectively through such hybrid style.

"Online Training Program for Training of"National Seminar on Disaster and Crisis

Disaster Management Specialists

Management(Training Program at Ariake Hill)" in FY2021

for Heads of Local Government" in FY2021

2-3 Securing Designated Emergency Evacuation Sites and Designated Shelters
A "designated emergency evacuation site" is a facility or place where residents evacuate in an emergency toensure the safety of their lives under imminent danger of a tsunami or flood. And a "designated shelter" is a facility
designed to allow evacuees to stay for a necessary time period until the danger of disaster is over, or to temporarily
let residents who are unable to return home stay due to disaster.
At the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake, evacuation sites and shelters were not always clearly
distinguished, which unfortunately became a factor in the spread of damage. Therefore, the Cabinet Officeamended the "Basic Act on Disaster Management" in 2013, requiring the mayors of municipalities to designate
designated emergency evacuation sites and designated shelters separately in advance and to inform (publicly112notify) residents of these details. The status of the designated emergency evacuation sites as of April 1, 2021, isshown in FIG. 2-3-1.

The designated emergency evacuation sites are also available on the Geospatial Information Authority ofJapan’s web map, "GSI Maps" (FIG. 2-3-2).

The Cabinet Office, together with the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, is urging local governments todesignate their designated emergency evacuation sites. In addition, since the designated emergency evacuationsites are to be designated for each type of disaster, the local governments nationwide are being called to begin
work on a project to organize information boards with the “Hazard Specific Evacuation Guidance Sign System (JISZ9098) (March, 2016)” as soon as possible (FIG. 2-3-3, FIG. 2-3-4).
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/zukigo/index.html)

113

In addition, the number of designated shelters in accordance with Article 49-7 of the "Basic Act on Disaster
Management" has increased from 48,014 as of October 1, 2014, to 81,978 as of December 1, 2021. This is partly
because municipalities that had not completed their designations since April 2014, when the designation system
had been established, were encouraged to promptly complete their designations.
In response to the situation in recent disasters, various problems related to securing the living environment inshelters and issues related to improving the toilets in shelters were pointed out. It is considered important toimprove the quality of life and ensure a good living environment even under conditions where people are forced
to live inconveniently in shelters during a disaster. For this reason, the Cabinet Office has held the "Study Groupon Securing Shelters and Improving their Quality" since July 2015 in order to broadly examine issues related to thepromotion of designation of shelters and welfare shelters in municipalities, the improvement of toilets in shelters,
and the development of support systems and consultation services for persons requiring special care. In April 2016,114

the "Guidelines for Ensuring Satisfactory Living Conditions at Shelters" (formulated and published by the Cabinet
Office in August 2013) was partially revised. In addition, based on this guideline, three guidelines were published:(1) "Shelter Management Guidelines," (2) "Guidelines for Securing and Managing Toilets at Shelters," and (3)"Guidelines for Securing and Managing Welfare Shelters."
Moreover, the "Sub-Working Group Concerning Evacuation of the Elderly and people with special needs Basedon Typhoon Hagibis in 2019" was held in FY2020, and in this sub-working group, it was considered to beappropriate that new system should be established to specify the recipients by welfare shelter, and by disclosing
the referenced information in advance at the time of designating the welfare shelters, to clarify that they are thefacilities where only they and their family can evacuate.. In light of this, the "Regulation for Enforcement of the
Basic Act on Disaster Management" (Prime Minister's Office Order No. 52 1962) and the "Guidelines for Securingand Managing Welfare Shelters" and others were revised in May 2021.
In April 2022, the "Guidelines for Ensuring Satisfactory Living Conditions at Shelters," the "Shelter Management
Guidelines" and the "Guidelines for Securing and Managing Toilets at Shelters" based on the said guidelines wererevised and published (FIG. 2-3-5). This is because there have been needs at shelters in recent years such asmeasures to prevent infectious disease, to improve living conditions, to ensure appropriate opening and disasterprevention functional facilities according to the location and to manage shelters from a female perspective.

2-4 Use of Digital Technology in Disaster Management
In the Initial Response Verification Report for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes (Cabinet Secretariat and the
Cabinet Office, 2016) and the Working Group for IAEA and Livelihood Support Measures (the Cabinet Office, 2016),
it was pointed out that the situation in the affected municipalities was difficult to wholly understand, including the
movements of evacuees and the status of relief supplies during the disaster response. Therefore, it was pointed
out that it is necessary to establish a system for a disaster information hub among relevant organizations in advance,
115such as setting rules for handling, sharing, and utilizing various types of information.
To this end, the Cabinet Office has established a disaster information hub (hereinafter referred to as the "hub"(see FIG. 2-4-1)) to facilitate the use of digital technologies. To promote the act of exchanging information throughrules of the method and period of information sharing among relevant organizations, a study has been conducted
through the National and Local Governments and the Private Sector Disaster Information Hub Promotion Team.
This team has worked since 2019 under the Working Group for the Promotion of Standardization of Disaster
Measures in the Disaster Management Implementation Committee of the National Disaster Management Council.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/saigaijyouhouhub/index.html)
Based on these studies, in FY2018, the ISUT (Information Support Team) was set up on a trial basis to support
the disaster response of local governments by aggregating, mapping, and providing information on disasterdamage and shelters in the event of a large-scale disaster, and it began full-scale operation in FY2019. At the siteof a disaster, some information, such as information on damage and disaster waste, changes from moment tomoment that cannot be shared in advance (i.e. dynamic information) exists. In order for disaster responseorganizations to make accurate decisions, it is very important to superimpose this information on a map andsystematically understand the situation. The ISUT will collect, organize, and map such information, and establish
the ISUT website for displaying an electronic map, and share this with relevant organizations (i.e. government
agencies and designated public corporations) so that it can support quick and accurate decision-making by disaster
response organizations.
So far, the ISUT has responded to disasters such as the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018, Typhoon Hagibis in 2019,
the Heavy Rain of July 2020, and the debris flow in Atami caused by the rains from July 1, 2021. During the Heavy
Rain of July 2020, ISUT was dispatched to Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures to assist in the collection andorganization of information, and the maps prepared by ISUT (FIG. 2-4-2) were used to explain the situation at theDisaster Management Headquarters of the affected prefectures and municipalities (FIG. 2-4-3). They were also
used to explain the situation to the actual organizations and supporting staff from other local governments, thus
contributing to effective disaster response by local governments. For example, in Kumamoto Prefecture, in orderto support the resolution of isolated villages, a map was created to monitor the recovery status of lifelines such as
roads, electricity, and communications for each village, which was used to manage the progress of daily disaster
response. In addition, the ISUT was dispatched to Shizuoka Prefecture in the wake of the debris flow disaster in
Atami caused by heavy rain from July 1, 2021. Drone footage taken by various organizations is compiled and postedon the ISUT website (FIG. 2-4-4). This allowed it to be checked by the other agencies involved.
In response to these disasters, the ISUT continued to strengthen its systems by outsourcing some of its
operations, such as mapping, to private business operators, which enabled it to provide smoother support
activities.
Furthermore, in order for the ISUT to conduct its activities more quickly and effectively, tools were developed
to collect and share information on disaster damage more quickly, such as photos of field activities. In addition, a
training program on the use of the ISUT website was developed and implemented.

116

117

2-5 Holding Meetings for Immediate Natural Disaster Response and Coordination TeamIn order for the government to quickly and smoothly carry out initial response and emergency measures
immediately after a large-scale disaster strikes, it is important for the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis
Management and the Director General of government in charge of disaster management to establish a "face-toface relationship" from a regular basis, and to ensure appropriate role-sharing and mutual collaboration andcooperation.
For this purpose, the "Meetings for Immediate Natural Disaster Response and Coordination Team" have been
held since 2020 to exchange and share information among related parties.
In addition, when large-scale disasters such as the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018 and Typhoon Hagibis in 2019
(T1919) occurred, the government organized a cross-ministry team to support the lives of the affected under thesupervision of the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary (Administrative Affairs) in order to provide more detailed,prompt and powerful livelihood support to the affected people. Through this team, the government was basically118

able to quickly restore power and water services at the initial phase, assess the needs of the affected people andprovide push-mode support such as water, food, cardboard beds and partitions. The government has improved
the living environment in shelters, dispatched staffs to the affected municipalities, and secured housing andworked as one to quickly provide support for the livelihoods of the affected people by putting together a packageof measures to rebuild the life and livelihood of the affected areas.
Based on these experiences, since FY2020, the Basic Disaster Management Plan has clearly stated that in theevent of a large-scale disaster in the future, a "team to support the lives and livelihood restoration of affected"
would be established to provide prompt and smooth support for the lives and livelihood of the affected people,
and the establishment of such a team has been made a rule.
In the aftermath of the heavy rains of July 1, 2021, a "team to support the lives and livelihood restoration of
the affected for the Heavy Rain in July 1 of 2021” was set up on July 6th, and on July 30th, the team compiled a"Set of Support Measures Concerning the Heavy Rains of July 1st, 2021" as an urgent response to rebuild the lives
and livelihood of the affected areas.
2-6 Revision of the Guide to Preparing Volcanic Evacuation Operation/ Implementation Plans for Facilities for
Attracting Visitors
The Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes (Act No. 61 of 1973) was amended in the wake of the Mt.
Ontake eruption disaster that occurred in September 2014. Owners of facilities for attracting visitors and facilities
for persons requiring special care designated by municipalities in local disaster management plans are required toprepare evacuation operation/implementation plans and conduct drills based on the plan.
In order to support the preparation of evacuation operation/implementation plans to ensure the smooth andprompt evacuation of facility users in the event of volcanic phenomena, the Cabinet Office published the "Guide
to Preparing Evacuation Operation/ Implementation Plans for Facilities for Attracting Visitors" in 2016, which has
since been revised in 2021.
(Reference: https://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/tebikisakusei/index.html)
In the 2021 revision, the Guide was revised to include measures to be taken "in the event of an eruption
affecting residential areas where volcanic alert levels had not been raised." In addition, the creation guides andtemplates were reorganized to enable facility personnel to appropriately prepare an evacuation
operation/implementation plan for the areas around the crater and residential areas where the assumed volcanic
phenomena and evacuation methods differ (FIG. 2-6-1).

119

2-7 Consideration of Ships Utilization Medical Care Provision System in Times of Disaster
Regarding hospital ships (ships whose main function is to provide medical services on board in times of disaster,etc., the same applies hereinafter), the government has conducted research, study and demonstration trainings
using existing ships.
In FY2020, the Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Ministry of Defense, and theMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism jointly researched and considered the use of hospital ships
as a way to secure a place to provide medical care in the wake of the COVID-19 epidemic, and in March of 2021,
issued a report summarizing the government's reasoning on it. The government's approach is that hospital ships
are expected to complement land-based medical institutions in the event of a major disaster, especially in areas
where land routes are disrupted or on remote islands. In light of the current situation where issues such as (1)securing medical personnel, (2) securing ships operating personnel, and (3) the use of these ships during normal
times continue to be addressed, and considering the fact that they have not yet been resolved, it was decided thatfor the time being, efforts would be made to develop disaster medical activities using existing ships instead ofstarting to construct new hospital ships.
In response to this, in FY2021, we prepared for a full-scale training exercise using a Self-Defense Force vessel,
in which approximately 150 medical personnel participated to demonstrate activities from initial response(gathering of personnel) to completion (removal of patients), based on the opinions of medical organizations. Dueto the spread of COVID-19 in January 2022, the actual training was cancelled, but the findings from the preparatory
stage of the training and from the tabletop exercises will be utilized in future studies.
In June 2021, the "Act on Promotion of Development of Ships Utilization Medical Care Provision System inTimes of Disaster, etc." (Act No. 79 of 2021) was passed through legislation introduced by a Diet member and isscheduled to be enforced within three years from the date of promulgation.
The Act aims to promote the development of ships utilization medical care provision system in preparation
for disasters or the outbreak or spread of infection or the threat of such outbreaks. The basic policies include: (1)role-sharing and collaboration with land-based medical services, (2) ownership of ships (including those owned byparties other than the national government) to be used primarily for providing medical care in times of disaster,etc., (3) securing personnel, (4) human resource development, (5) securing supplies, (6) utilization during normal
times, and (7) private sector utilization. Based on these basic policies, the government is to take any necessary120

legislative or financial measures and to formulate a plan to promote development.
In October of the same year, the government held a liaison conference of relevant ministries and agencies andbegan to prepare for the enforcement of the Act in a unified government-wide effort. While taking advantage ofthe government's measures to date, we will continue to work to enhance the medical care provision system in theevent of a disaster, while continuing to listen carefully to the opinions of medical- organizations.

121Section 3 Responding to Disaster Threats
3-1 Consideration of Wide-area Evacuation due to Overflow from Floods and Storm Surges in the Tokyo
Metropolitan Area and Other Big City Areas
Due to global warming, there are concerns that the proportion of intense tropical cyclones is projected toincrease, and it is predicted that there will be large-scale floods in the future that will require large-scale and widearea evacuation. Each of the 3 major metropolitan areas in Japan have wide "sea-level zones," and in the event ofa large-scale flood due to a levee burst or similar disaster, it is expected that a large number of residents will haveto evacuate, resulting in heavy congestion and a large number of isolated people due to delayed escape (FIG. 3-11).
For this reason, the “Working Group on Large-Scale and Wide-Area Evacuation from Floods and Storm Surge
Flooding,” which was established in June 2016 under the Disaster Management Implementation Committee of the
National Disaster Management Council, studied how large-scale and wide-area evacuation from floods and storm
surge flooding should be carried out in the 3 major metropolitan areas. In March 2018, the "Fundamental Thought
Process on Large-Scale and Wide-Area Evacuation from Floods and Storm Surge Flooding (Report)" was compiled.
(Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/fusuigai/kozuiworking/)

Based on this report, the Cabinet Office compiled issues on that relevant organizations including government
agencies should work together for the implementation of large-scale wide-area evacuation in the event of a largescale flood. Also, the Cabinet Office established the "Study Group on Extensive Evacuation from Large-Scale Flood
Disasters in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area" in June 2018 in cooperation with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
The study group was held 7 times through FY2021 with the aim of the nature of cooperation and role sharing
among relevant organizations. The study group made “Guidelines for supporting to plan for Wide-area Evacuation(Report)” in March 2022. Moving forward, more discussions will continue for concretization of the guidelines.
（Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/fusuigai/suigaiworking/suigaiworking.html）

Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919) caused extensive and widespread damage. Since it revealed issues aboutwide-area evacuation, discussions were held in the "Working Group on Evacuation from Disasters Caused by the
Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919)" established under the National Disaster Management Council and in the "Sub122

Working Group Concerning Evacuation Information and Wide-area Evacuation Based on Typhoon Hagibis in 2019
(T1919)." Based on their recommendation, the "Basic Act on Disaster Management" was revised in May 2021. It
includes stipulations about establishment of a national Disaster Management Headquarters at the stage when adisaster is likely to occur, consultations on wide-area evacuation between mayors and prefectural governors andrequests for transportation by prefectural governors.
In addition, when the revised "Basic Act on Disaster Management" was executed, local governments were
notified of the "Fundamental Thought Process on Wide-Area Evacuation from Flood Disaster," which describes
basic ideas, procedures and case examples of wide-area evacuation to promote the measures for the smooth
implementation of wide-area evacuation.
（Reference：https://www.bousai.go.jp/fusuigai/suigai_kouikihinan/index.html）

123Section 4 International Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction
Japan has accumulated a lot of experience and knowledge regarding disasters and disaster reduction measures.
By sharing them, Japan is leading global discussions in the field of disaster risk reduction as well as contributing tostrengthening disaster risk reduction measures in countries across the world. Particularly, since the 3rd UN World
Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture in March 2015, and the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR2015-2030) (hereinafter referred to as the "Sendai
Framework") was adopted at the conference, countries around the world expect Japan to play a leading role in its
implementation. For this reason, the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are actively promoting
disaster risk reduction cooperation through the United Nations and other international organizations, and thebilateral and multilateral one.
4-1 Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction through the United Nations and Other International Organizations(1) Cooperation through the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
To promote the Sendai Framework, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) is
responsible for monitoring, coordinating, and assisting regions and countries in implementing the Framework. In
order to support these activities, the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs contributed a total of
approximately US $5.29 million (approximately 570 million yen) in FY2021.
Japan led the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution in 2015 to designate November 5thof every year as "World Tsunami Awareness Day." The UNDRR and Japan have jointly organized informative events
to raise awareness of the threat of tsunamis since the following year, 2016 onward. An online event of the "World
Tsunami Awareness Day" was held on November 5, 2021, and under the theme of "Using Science and Technology
to Reduce Tsunami Risk for Present and Future Generations," experts from related countries and organizations, aswell as young researchers, engaged in lively discussions.
The UNDRR also held the "Asia-Pacific Partnership for Disaster Risk Reduction (APP-DRR) Forum" online from
December 8 to 9, 2021. At the forum, participants shared the status of disaster risk reduction measures in the AsiaPacific region and discussed priority issues to be addressed in the region as the Sendai Framework approaches thehalfway point in 2023.
(2) International Recovery Platform (IRP)The International Recovery Platform (IRP) was established in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture in March 2005. This
platform was established in response to the Hyogo Framework for Action adopted at the Second United Nations
World Conference on DRR held in Kobe to: (1) enhance the network to support smooth recovery and theimplementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action, (2) spread awareness of lessons learned from recovery anddevelop common methods and mechanisms for recovery, and (3) provide advice and support for the developmentof recovery plans and initiatives. The Sendai Framework calls for the strengthening of the IRP as one of theinternational mechanisms to promote "Build Back Better.” As co-chair of the Steering Committee, the Japanese
government (the Cabinet Office) is contributing to laying the groundwork for its development and support of IRP
activities.
In FY 2021, the "International Recovery Forum 2022" was held in Kobe City on January 19, 2022, in a hybrid124format that combined on-site and online sessions. The theme of the forum was "Redesigning Systems for
Resilience through Recovery: Assessing Progress and Unfinished Agenda at the Midpoint of the Sendai Framework",
and the event was attended by 400 participants from 65 countries, including Deputy Director General for the
Cabinet Office UCHIDA, Governor of Hyogo SAITO, United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-Generalfor Disaster Risk Reduction and Head of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction MIZUTORI, andDistinguished Technical Advisor on Disaster Risk Reduction at

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

TAKEYA. The forum reviewed the implementation of the Sendai Framework, and participants discussed remaining
issues. At the same time, keynote speeches and panel discussions were given on agenda setting and priority
themes to further promote "Build Back Better. "International Recovery Forum 2022
(3) Cooperation in DRR through Joint Activities with the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
The Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) was established in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture in 1998 to sharelessons from disaster with the Asia region. As of March 2022, 31 Asian countries have joined. The ADRC is basedon four principles: (1) sharing disaster information, (2) developing human resources in member countries, (3)improving disaster preparedness of communities, and (4) collaborating with member countries, international andregional organizations, and NGOs. Visiting researchers are invited from member countries (121 visiting researchers
in total as of December 2021), and through research on DRR policies, human resources are trained to contributeto the planning and formulation of DRR policies in member countries. The ADRC also collects and provides
information on disaster management systems and the latest disaster information in each country on its website
and provides information on disaster damage through satellite observations when disasters occur.
The Cabinet Office co-hosted the "Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction (ACDR) 2021" with the ADRC. With
the participation of member countries, international organizations and others, the conference was a place to share
information, exchange opinions, and promote collaboration on issues related to disaster prevention and mitigationin Asia. It was the 17th conference and held online from December 14 to 16, 2021 under the theme "Time for
Change and Transformation: the Road to a Resilient Asia.” 264 officials and experts from 22 of the 31 member
countries as well asfrom UNDRR, JICA and other related organizations attended, and Minister of State forDisaster Management NINOYU delivered opening remarks via video message. At the conference, Information wasshared and opinions were exchanged on topics such as the development of disaster risk reduction technology
adapted to local needs for a safe and secure society, the education and awareness-raising promoting proactive
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disaster risk reduction behavior and the investment in disaster risk reduction for a resilient society.
As a pre-event of the conference, five thematic seminars were held from June to October 2021. In addition, on
December 15, 2021, the Cabinet Office and the ADRC hosted a public-private seminar for disaster risk reduction,
presented by "Japan International Public-Private Association for Disaster Risk Reduction (JIPAD)" as side event. The
seminar was attended by about 70 participants from the attendance of the Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction
and JIPAD member organizations. Twelve Japanese private-sector companies gave presentations on their disasterrisk reduction technologies.

Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction
4-2 Bilateral and Multilateral Disaster Risk Reduction Cooperation
The Cabinet Office is deepening its collaboration with departments in charge of disaster management ingovernments around the world by not only cooperation through international organizations, but also sharing
experiences in disaster risk reduction policy through opportunities for ministerial-level officials in charge of disastermanagement from abroad to pay a visit.
(1) Cooperation with ASEAN through the ASEAN-Japan Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management
At the 22nd ASEAN+3 (China, Korea and Japan) Summit Meeting, with the attendance of then Prime Minister
ABE in November 2019, the Chairman's Statement included the launch of the "ASEAN-Japan Ministerial Meetingon Disaster Management." In response to this, on October 14, 2021, the Japanese government (the Cabinet Office)and the departments in charge of disaster management of the 10 ASEAN member countries held the "First ASEANJapan Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management" online with Minister of State for Disaster Management
NINOYU as co-chairing the meeting. During the meeting, opinions were exchanged on how Japan and ASEAN
should cooperate in the field of disaster management, and future policies were agreed upon in the form of a jointstatement that was adopted.
On March 29, 2022, the Cabinet Office and the ASEAN Secretariat hosted the "Japan-ASEAN Public-Private
Seminar on Innovative Policies and Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction" together. The seminar was attended
by related organizations including the Cabinet Office, JICA, ADRC, the National Institute of Environmental Studies(NIES), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 33 organizations from JIPAD member organizations and thedepartments in charge of disaster management in 10 ASEAN member countries, with a total of about 100
participants. The participants mutually shared information on disaster risk reduction policies and the latest
approaches in Japan and ASEAN. And 3 Japanese private companies also gave presentations on their disaster risk
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reduction technologies.

Minister of State for Disaster Management NINOYU, speaking
at the First ASEAN-Japan Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management

Japan-ASEAN Public-Private Disaster Risk Reduction Seminar(2) Cooperation between the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Cabinet Office
Based on the memorandum of cooperation signed in December 2014 with the U.S. Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA and the Cabinet Office share information and exchange opinions throughinternational conferences and videoconferences. A video conference was held in February 2022 to exchange
information on: (1) evacuation support for persons requiring special care, (2) measures related to shelters, and (3)development of professional human resources for evacuation life support.
(3) Exchanges with Western Balkan Countries for Disaster Risk Reduction
In the "Western Balkans Cooperation Initiative" announced by then Prime Minister ABE during his visit to theWestern Balkans in January 2018, the disaster risk reduction field is positioned as a pillar of cooperation between
Japan and the Western Balkan countries. Based on this, the "Second Seminar on Disaster Risk Reduction in theWestern Balkans" was held in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria from November 8 to 11, 2021 in a hybrid format thatcombined on-site and online sessions. The seminar was attended by representatives from Japan, Bulgaria, theWestern Balkans and international organizations involved in disaster management. They exchanged views onearthquake countermeasures, an issue of growing concern in the region. In addition, three Japanese privatecompanies, mostly JIPAD members, gave presentations on the latest technologies for earthquake countermeasures.

127Section 5 Measures to Promote National Resilience
5-1 Formulation of the National Resilience Annual Plans
The government finalized the "National Resilience Annual Plans 2021" (hereafter referred to as the "Annual
Plans 2021") on June 17th, 2021 (decided by the Headquarters of National Resilience Promotion). Based on the"Five-Year Acceleration Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction, and National Resilience" (hereafter referred to as the"Five-Year Acceleration Plan" in this section), which was formulated in December 2020, the Annual Plans 2021
included the following goals:
1) Water control measures in watershed areas, countermeasures for earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as
ensuring the road network function and such for storms, flood disasters, and large-scale earthquakes.
2) Measures for earthquake resistance, tsunamis, and facility aging-management in infrastructures such as roadfacilities and schools.
3) Encouragement of digitalization such as sophisticating prediction, collection, amassment, and relay ofdisaster-related information.
Also, the cost of the Five-Year Acceleration Plan in FY 2021, which is its first fiscal year, was estimated. The
Acceleration Plan would amount to approximately 4.2 trillion yen, of which the national expense would be around
2.0 trillion yen, while its whole cost would amount to approximately 15 trillion yen.
The "Three-Year Emergency Countermeasures for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and National Resilience"(decided by the Cabinet Office on December 14th, 2018) was also followed up in the Annual plan. An evaluation
was made that its goals were generally achieved as approximately 6.9 trillion yen was ensured for the expectedplans of around 7 trillion yen, and 153 out of 160 emergency response measures met their goals or almost reachedthem with the budget through FY 2020.
In addition, to enhance each citizen's understanding and interest in the necessity of reducing the disaster risk inadvance and the effects that follow, specific cases which effectively worked using these measures in disasters were
put together to raise public awareness.
Besides, in response to the recommendations for realizing a new era of disaster prevention, disaster mitigation,and national resilience as well as the latest lessons from the Heavy Rain Event of July 2020 and heavy snowfall
between December 2020 and February 2021, a determination was made to promote required measures from theperspective of national resilience.
Furthermore, in FY 2021, the "Advisory Committee on National Resilience (Disaster Prevention and Mitigation)"(Chairperson: Satoshi Fujii, Professor of Kyoto University) (hereafter referred to as the "Advisory Committee" inthis section) discussed the formulation of the Annual Plans 2021. (FIG. 5-1-1)

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5-2 The National Resilience Related Budgets and Revision of Tax Systems Contributing to National Resilience
In the FY 2021 supplemental budget, a national expense of approximately 1.5 trillion yen was booked as a costto accelerate and deepen the Five-Year Acceleration Plan, along with another national expense of around 0.3
trillion yen as a cost to promote measures for national resilience consistently based on the Fundamental Plan for
National Resilience. In the original budget for FY 2022, a national expense of approximately 4.6 trillion yen was
also booked as a national resilience-related budget.
To encourage private business operators to work on national resilience by way of the tax system, the related
ministries and agencies have been collaborating to further improve the tax system contribution to national
resilience. 8 revisions, including 1 new item and 2 expansions and improvements, were completed in the FY 2022
tax system revisions.
5-3 Support in the Formulation of Fundamental Plans for Regional Resilience
To proceed with national resilience effectively, the promotion of regional resilience with a focus on local
governments is extremely important. Local governments moved forward with formulating the Fundamental Plans
for Regional Resilience (hereafter referred to as the "Regional Plans" in this section). The national government sent
officers to hold briefings and supported by 57 grants and subsidies from relevant government ministries andagencies for measures that local governments conducted based on the Regional Plans. As a result, as of April 1st,2022, 47 prefectures and 1,683 municipalities completed their formulation, while the rest of the 58 municipalities
are in discussion to formulate plans as soon as possible (FIG. 5-3-1). Regarding the support of the grants andsubsidies, based on the situations of each Regional Plan formulation, a determination was made from FY 2022 topromote the improvement of the content in these Regional Plans by focusing on projects that clarify project131

locations, implementation periods, and other details in their plans.

5-4 Encouragement of Measures for National Resilience by Private Sectors, Promotion of Public Relations, andRaising Public Awareness(1) Encouragement of Measures for National Resilience by Private Sectors
To encourage private sectors to work on measures contributing to national resilience, the government has been
operating an initiative where the third party organization approves organizations that proactively continue theirprojects to enhance resilience as "Organizations Contributing to National Resilience" since FY 2016. During largescale disasters, maximizing both the self-help of each organization and the mutual support of the entire society is
critical. Therefore, the government started another system to approve organizations that take the initiative in social
actions as "Organizations Contributing to National Resilience (+Mutual Support)" among "Organizations
Contributing to National Resilience" in FY 2018. By the end of November FY 2021, 257 organizations, including 156"+Mutual Support" organizations, were approved in total. Advanced measures for national resilience by private
sectors are spread via publishing the " Collection of Private Sector Efforts to Contribute to National Resilience"
every year and introducing them on the website and social media (FIG. 5-4-1).
Furthermore, to spread individual and local activities for national resilience, the "National Resilience Work Shop"are held online for the general public, and it has been held 4 times in total in FY 2021. In addition, pilot projects
for industrial parks are also conducted to promote collaboration between the government and private sectors fornational resilience. In January 2022, a symposium was held to share the results in Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

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(2) Promotion of Public Relations and Raising of Public Awareness for National Resilience
To promote public relations and to raise public awareness for national resilience, a determination was made toformulate the Strategy for Public Relations and Public Awareness for National Resilience (tentative) in the Annual
Plans 2021. Therefore a new study group on public relations and public awareness was established and it made aninterim report in January 2022. In this report, based on the review and the analysis of problems in the pastmeasures, the directionality for improvement and following basic policies for public relations and public awarenesswere mentioned:a) Show clear, specific information on the philosophy of national resilience, its effects, etc.
b) Offer information from the receivers' perspective, and use suitable media.
c) Encourage related agencies to take the initiative and have a positive manner in conducting measures, andenhance the collaboration.
Based on this report, the Cabinet Secretariat will formulate the Strategy for Public Relations and Public Awarenessfor National Resilience with cooperation between related ministries and agencies, and work harder on public
relations and public awareness measures for national resilience.
5-5 Reconsideration of the Fundamental Plan for National Resilience
Under the philosophy that "we have to proceed with measures for national resilience as a part of the 100-yearnational development based on 'the Grand National Plan' looking far ahead to 1,000 years" (the Fundamental Plan
Chapter 1), the current Fundamental Plan for National Resilience (hereafter referred to as the "Fundamental Plan"in this section) establishes the basic guidelines regarding the formulation of measures for national resilience as thebasic plans to aim to promote them comprehensively and systematically. It also determines to "review contents ofthe plans approximately every five years considering future changes of the socio-economic status surrounding
national resilience and the future situation of promoting national resilience measures" (the Fundamental Plan
Chapter 4). Considering that the last revision of the current Fundamental Plan was completed in December 2018,
which is three years prior to FY 2021, the Advisory Committee began to discuss its reconsideration.
In light of past measures for national resilience, the philosophy of national resilience, and knowledge fromchanges in the latest social circumstances and disasters, the Advisory Committee is discussing the general issues
133on national resilience in the future, including the Regional Plans, the Annual Plans, how to stimulate private sectors
into taking their measures, and systems of national resilience plans such as each national resilience measureinorder to promote national resilience even further. The Advisory Committee will proceed with a revision of theFundamental Plan based on these discussions.

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Chapter 2 Status of Countermeasures against Nuclear Emergency
Section 1 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Systems
1-1 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System in Ordinary Times
Measures related to nuclear disaster emergencies must be taken and promoted by the entire government in
an integrated manner since the damage in the unlikely event of a nuclear emergency would be enormous andextensive. For this reason, to promote nuclear emergency preparedness measures by the entire government
during ordinary times, the Cabinet has established an agency, the “Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Council.” Themain role of this Council is to approve a Regional Emergency Response, which are confirmed to be concrete andreasonable in light of the NRA Guide for Emergency Preparedness and Response (NRA EPR Guide), by the Regional
Nuclear Disaster Management Councils in each region with the participation of the Cabinet Office, other relevant
ministries and agencies along with relevant local governments. The Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Council ischaired by the Prime Minister, vice-chaired by the Chief Cabinet Secretary, the Minister of the Environment,
Minister of State for Disaster Management, and the Chairman of the Nuclear Regulation Authority. The membersof this Council include the Ministers of State and the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management (FIG.
1-1-1).

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1-2 Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System in a time of Emergency
In the event of a nuclear emergency due to the release of a vast amount of radioactive materials, a Nuclear
Emergency Response Headquarters will be established. The main role of this headquarters is to comprehend thecurrent situation and damage at the site and to accurately and promptly implement emergency response measuresappropriate to the situation. To this end, the Headquarters coordinates comprehensively with relevant national
agencies and local governments. The Chief of Headquarters is headed by the Prime Minister, with the role of
Deputy Chief taken up by the Chief Cabinet Secretary, the Minister of the Environment, Minister of State forDisaster Management, and the Chairman of the Nuclear Regulation Authority. Other members of thisHeadquarters include the Ministers of State and the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management (FIG.
1-1-1).
Regarding the separation of roles at this Headquarters, the Nuclear Regulation Authority will be solely
responsible for making decisions on technical and specialized matters, while the relevant ministries and agencies
will be responsible for procurement of equipment necessary for response to nuclear facilities and off-site response
in general based on instructions from the Chief of Headquarters (Prime Minister). The secretariat of the
Headquarters will be the Director-General for Nuclear Disaster Management, the Cabinet Office, which wasestablished on October 14, 2014.
In addition, concerning complex disasters, the Basic Disaster Management Plan was revised in July 2015 toestablish a coordinated system that enables the “Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters,” which responds
to natural disasters, and the “Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters,” which responds to nuclear disasters,
to collect information, make decisions, and provide instructions and coordination in an integrated manner forstrengthening the system to respond complex disasters (FIG. 1-2-1, FIG 1-2-2).

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Section 2 Nuclear Emergency Measures at the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)
Based on the lessons learned from the accident at Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)'s Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), it is extremely important to continue efforts to ensure trust in nuclear regulatory
administration. In order to fulfill its mission to protect people and the environment through sound regulation of
nuclear energy, the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) addresses various policy issues based on the following
organizational principles: Independent decision-making, effective action, a transparent and open organization,
ambition and responsibility, and responsiveness to emergencies.
2-1 Efforts Related to Nuclear Emergency Measures
The NRA has been working to improve the NRA EPR Guide to ensure that the criteria used in disastermanagement planning are always the most appropriate, including actively incorporating the latest international
knowledge.
At the 21st FY2021 NRA Commission Meeting (July 21, 2021), the NRA decided a partial revision of the NRA
EPR Guide. This revision clarified the applicable persons who must evacuate in the site area emergency phase,based on the actual situation of "emergency response in the region, including evacuation plans" compiled by
Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Councils, and the status of facilities for sheltering where radiation
protection measures have been taken.
Regarding medical structure in case of a nuclear emergency, the steady improvement of the medical care incase of a nuclear emergency is being promoted, including support for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medical
Support Center, etc.
2-2 Efforts for Emergency Response
In FY2021, the NRA established a basic drill policy for emergency response and its detailed operation rules inorder to maintain and improve the emergency response capabilities of emergency response personnel, and toensure that emergency response personnel are steadily engaged in drills and training. Based on this, necessary
management was conducted in the second half of FY 2021, including preparation of drills and training plans andevaluation of their implementation. The NRA also conducted drills in conjunction with the nuclear operators’
disaster prevention drills in pursuit of smoother information sharing between the NRA Emergency Response Center(ERC) Plant Team and the nuclear operator's nuclear facility contingency response center to improve emergency
response capabilities.
Also, regarding commercial power reactor facilities and nuclear fuel facilities, the result of evaluations fornuclear operators’ disaster prevention drills conducted at each nuclear facility was reported at the FY 2021 theDebriefing Session of Emergency Drills by Nuclear Operators. In addition, based on the drill scenarios developed
in FY 2019 and 2020, the drill scenario development working group established under the Debriefing Session of
Emergency Drills by Nuclear Operators has conducted drills to improve the judgment capability of commanders
together with 5 nuclear operators and 6 nuclear operators, respectively. Furthermore, based on the exercise
scenarios prepared in FY 2020, drills were conducted with 9 nuclear operators to improve their on-site response
capabilities. Based on the results of these drills, work has begun on a new scenario for drills in FY 2021.

1382-3 Efforts Related to Emergency Monitoring
The NRA has established "emergency monitoring centers" in all regions where nuclear facilities are located inorder to conduct effective emergency monitoring based on the NRA EPR Guide. For each regional emergency
monitoring center, necessary materials and equipment are maintained and managed to ensure that they function
reliably in the event of a nuclear disaster. Furthermore, the emergency monitoring system is being enhanced andstrengthened through the placement of staff in charge of radiation monitoring at the NRA regional office. As forthe "Radiation Monitoring Information Sharing and Publication System", it is designed to consolidate, share among
persons concerned, and promptly publish the results of emergency monitoring in the event of a nuclear disaster.
And the NRA publicizes monitoring information from ordinary times through the system so that it can contributeto the smooth communication of information to the public in the event of an emergency.
2-4 Accidents and breakdowns, etc.
The "Act on the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors" (Act No. 166 of
1957) requires nuclear operators, etc., and the "Act on the Regulation of Radioisotopes, etc." (Act No. 167 of 1957)
requires licensed users to report accidents, breakdowns, etc. to the NRA. In FY 2021, we received 3 reports from
nuclear operators based on the "Act on the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material andReactors" and 1 report from a licensed user based on the "Act on the Regulation of Radioisotopes, etc."139Section 3 Enhancement and Strengthening of Local Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness System
3-1 Development and Support of Local Disaster Management Plans and Evacuation Plans
Local governments are required to prepare a local disaster management plan (Nuclear Disaster Risk
Management edition) (hereinafter referred to as "local disaster management plan" in this chapter) based on the"Basic Act on Disaster Management" to specify basic measures to be taken by prefectures and municipalities in
response to nuclear disasters.
Currently, based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan and the NRA EPR Guide, local disaster management
plans are formulated by relevant local governments within an approximate 30 km radius from nuclear power plants(FIG. 3-1-1). It is important to make local disaster management plans more concrete and comprehensive, and thegovernment actively help the local governments with issues that are difficult to solve on their own as they proceed
to embody evacuation plans and measures for persons requiring special care.

The national government addresses and promotes the establishment and enhancement of the Nuclear
Emergency Preparedness System, including the securing of evacuation routes through road construction and othermeasures.
The Cabinet Office established the Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council (hereinafter referred to as"Council") as a working team to solve issues raised at each of districts where nuclear power plants are located, andset a working group under this Council based on the "Future Actions to Enhance Local Disaster Management Plan"(decided by the Nuclear Disaster Management Council in September 2013) to support the implementation and140

enhancement of local disaster management plans and evacuation plans prepared by prefectures and municipalities.
Each regional working group considers support on developing evacuation plans, wide-area coordination, andsupport from the national government's working groups. The national government and relevant local governments
work together to realize and enhance local disaster management plans and evacuation plans (FIG.3-1-2).
The "Emergency Response" including evacuation plans are compiled for regions where local disastermanagement plans and evacuation plans have been made specific and enhanced, and the Council confirms thatthese plans are specific and reasonable in light of the NRA EPR Guide. In addition, the Cabinet Office makes it arule to report the confirmation results at the Council to the Nuclear Disaster Management Council for its approval.
For regions whose "emergency response" is confirmed, the PDCA cycle has been introduced to continuously
enhance and strengthen the local Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System with these steps: (1) "Plan" that thoseregions are provided support for the concrete formulation and enhancement of their "emergency response" andhave the Council confirm this emergency response, (2) "Do" emergency drills based on the "emergency response"
confirmed by the Council, (3) "Check" that the points to improve are identified from the drill results, and then (4)take "Action" to make improvements on the "Emergency Response" in the said regions based on the points learned
from (3) "Check."

As for the example of "emergency response" in each region, in FY 2021, the "Emergency Response in the
Shimane Region" plan was compiled at the first meeting of Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management
Council and its contents were confirmed (FIG.3-1-3).
141Note that for the Fukui area, subcommittees will be set up in Tsuruga, Mihama, Ohi and Takahama regions to
discuss specific issues that need to be resolved in each region.
(1) Shimane Region
In the Shimane Region, the Working Group of the Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council
which was established under the Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council was held 33 times
during the period from March 2015 to July 2021 to discuss emergency response in the event of a nuclear disaster.
Subsequently, the "Emergency Response in the Shimane Region" plan was compiled at the first meeting of the
Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council which was held on July 30, 2021.
(Reference: https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/kyougikai/02_shimane.html)
The following 4 points are important for "Emergency Response in the Shimane Region."
1. The PAZ (Precautionary Action Zone, within a 5-km radius of the power plant, or 9,487 people in 4,250
households) is where people will be evacuated in the event of a facility site emergency or a total emergency.
Secure evacuation sites outside the 30 km radius.
2. The UPZ (Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone, within a 5 to 30 km radius of the power plant, or
approximately 450,000 people in 190,000 households) is where people will be evacuated indoors under atotal emergency situation. As a result of emergency monitoring, people in areas with radiation levels above
a certain level will be temporarily relocated. Secure evacuation sites for approximately 450,000 people in the
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UPZ.
3. Reflect protective measures such as implementing infection control in evacuations vehicles or shelters during
an infection epidemic.
4. Implement measures to facilitate evacuation such as the introduction of a system that can control signals
along evacuation routes and the provision of information on routes to evacuation facilities and roadcongestion by district via websites and apps.
At the first meeting of the Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council, the Council confirmed thestatus of measures to secure evacuation sites and means of transportation and the status of the maintenance ofindoor evacuation facilities. Under unforeseen circumstances, the 4 ministries and agencies involved in the actual
response: the National Police Agency, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, the Japan Coast Guard, and theMinistry of Defense will provide necessary support upon request from related organizations. In addition, Chugoku
Electric Power Company indicated that it would do its best to respond as a business operator by securing welfare
vehicles, mobilizing personnel and equipment for contamination screening and simple decontamination. Based on
the above, it was confirmed that the response from Shimane and Tottori Prefectures and other relevant local
governments as well as relevant government ministries and agencies were concrete and reasonable in light of the
NRA EPR Guide.
In addition, at the 12th meeting of the Nuclear Disaster Management Council held on September 7, 2021, theresults of the confirmation at the 1st meeting of the Shimane Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council werereported and approved.
(2) Genkai and Sendai Regions
Based on the "basic concept of protective measures under the epidemic of infectious diseases based on the
spread of COVID-19," the "Emergency Response in the Genkai Region" and "Emergency Response in the Sendai
Region" plans were revised at the Genkai Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council (3rd meeting) and Sendai
Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council (2nd meeting) in July 2021, respectively.
(Reference: https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/kyougikai/02_genkai.html
https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/kyougikai/02_sendai.html)

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3-2 Other Support and Measures for Related Prefectures(1) Stockpiling and Distribution of Stable Iodine Agents
Stable iodine agents, which are taken to prevent or reduce internal exposure of the thyroid gland to radioactive
iodine (I), are stockpiled and distributed in advance by local governments with financial support from thegovernment in the PAZ (Precautionary Action Zone) and the UPZ (Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone). And
the Cabinet Office has been stockpiling stable iodine agents for residents outside the UPZ.
With regard to advanced distribution, considering the burden of receiving stable iodine agents throughemergency distribution, local governments are given support to operate advanced distribution appropriately forthe residents in the UPZ where advanced distribution is expected to facilitate evacuation. As a part of limited andexceptional response to COVID-19 since 2020, local governments are encouraged to remotely hold the predistribution town-hall meetings by medical doctors, instead of in-person format, Remote format still complies with
the NRA EPR Guide and NRA’s manual regarding distribution and taking of stable iodine agents.
(2) Designation of an Off-Site Center
Under Article 12, paragraph 1 of the "Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness"(Act No. 156 of 1999), the Prime Minister is required to designate an emergency response center (off-site center)
for each nuclear site (FIG. 3-2-1).
The requirement for off-site centers is set forth by a Cabinet Office Ordinance on Off-Site Centers pursuant to
the "Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness." However, based on the lessons
learned from the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, thelocation of Off-Site Centers for commercial power reactors was revised in September 2012 to be within a 5 to 30
km-radius (within the UPZ). Subsequently, in March 2017, the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) revised the NRA
EPR Guide and set the scope of priority areas for Nuclear Disaster Risk Management for nuclear fuel facilities. In
August 2019, the requirements to be met by Off-Site Centers for nuclear fuel facilities were revised to be basicallythe same as those for power generation reactor facilities.
As for the Onagawa Off-Site Center, the former Off-Site Center was damaged by the tsunami brought on by theGreat East Japan Earthquake, and the Fire Academy in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture was used as a temporary OffSite Center. However, a new Off-Site Center was constructed in Onagawa Town in the same prefecture anddesignated in April 2020.

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(3) Improving Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures
At the Inter-Ministerial Council for Nuclear Power held in March 2016, the "Stance on Enhancing Nuclear
Emergency Response Measures" was compiled as a response to the request from the National Governors'
Association in order to respond to the voices of local governments responsible for regional disaster management
regarding nuclear energy policy. In April of the same year, a Committee of Relevant Ministries and Agencies on
Nuclear Emergency Response Measures was held to address the enhancement of Nuclear Disaster Risk
Management in a unified manner, and a decision was made to establish 3 subcommittees. These subcommittees
operated on 3 different themes, or the cooperation of operational organizations (Subcommittee 1), thecooperation of private business operators (Subcommittee 2), and how to provide information including diffusion
calculation (Subcommittee 3). In each subcommittee, related ministries and agencies collaborated and cooperated
with each other, while listening to the opinions of local governments, to conduct specialized and practical studies,and the results were reported to the Inter-Ministerial Council for Nuclear Power held in July 2017 (FIG. 3-2-2).
(4) Protective Measures in the Event of a Nuclear Disaster Under the Prevalence of Infectious Diseases based on
the Spread of COVID-19
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, protective measures against a nuclear disaster under infectious disease
epidemic conditions must be given the highest priority to protect the lives and health of the public from the dualrisks of radiation exposure and infection. Therefore, on 2nd June, 2020, the Cabinet Office announced the "Basic
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Concept of Protective Measures in Case of Nuclear Disasters during an Epidemic of Infectious Diseases Due to the
Spread of the Novel Coronavirus" In a nuclear disaster, it was decided that protective measures under local
emergency response and infection prevention measures stemming from the action plan from the "Act on Special
Measures for Pandemic Influenza and New Infectious Diseases Preparedness and Response" will be employed tothe extents possible to provide the best nuclear disaster risk management measures possible in case of concurrent
infectious disease outbreak. In addition, on 2nd November, 2020, the "Guidelines for the Implementation ofProtective Measures in Case of Nuclear Disasters during an Epidemic of Infectious Diseases Due to the Spread of
the Novel Coronavirus" was specified to protect life and health reasonably, taking into consideration various risks,
including the possibility of COVID-19 aggravation among the elderly. Here are some of the points listed in theguidelines:⚫

At shelters and in evacuation vehicles, infection control measures, such as maintaining adequate physicaldistance, wearing masks, and thoroughly disinfecting hands, must be implemented⚫

Efforts must be made to prevent infection by trying to separate and isolate close contacts with positive
patients, symptomatic people with fevers, coughs, etc., and other asymptomatic people.

⚫

In the cases of sheltering-in-place in avoidance of exposure to radioactive materials, shared ventilation should
be avoided. However, from the viewpoint of countermeasures against infectious diseases, efforts should bemade to ventilate the area for a few minutes every 30 minutes or so, while paying close attention to therelease of radioactive materials.
In addition, local governments were instructed to take appropriate measures in consideration of the situation

at the site, and to prepare nuclear disaster countermeasures in accordance with the specific situation of eachregion.
(Reference: https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/pdf/08_sonota_bougosochi.pdf
https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/pdf/08_sonota_guidelines.pdf)

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3-3 Drills and Training Related to Local Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Systems(1) Support for Nuclear Emergency Drills in Local Governments
Local governments are required to conduct nuclear emergency response drills on a regular basis based on the"Basic Act on Disaster Management" and other relevant laws. In the drills organized by the prefectures, normally,
prefectural governors, local governments, and relevant national and regional operational organizations such as thepolice, fire department, coast guard, and Self-Defense Forces will participate. There are some practical drills
conducted for the evacuation of residents and contamination screening (FIG. 3-3-1).
Each Regional Nuclear Disaster Management Council provides necessary support for regions where the local
disaster management plan and evacuation plan have been concretized and enhanced, such as planning andimplementation of drills, dissemination of evaluation methods, and implementation of the PDCA cycle throughdrills, with the aim of verifying the concreteness and effectiveness of the local disaster management plan andevacuation plan.
In addition, in March 2018, the Cabinet Office formulated the "Guidance for Planning, Implementation and
Evaluation of Nuclear Emergency Response Drills," which provides basic guidelines for all aspects of drills, fromplanning, implementation, to evaluation of drills led by prefectures, and revised it in March 2019.
(Reference: https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/kunren/kunren.html)
147

(2) Training for Employees of National and Local Governments, Operational Organizations, etc.
(Training program by the Government)
The Cabinet Office conducted a training course for nuclear disaster response personnel and tabletop exercisesof on-site nuclear disaster management headquarters for those involved in disaster prevention work at thenational and local governments, with the aim of helping them understand the concept of protective measures in
the NRA EPR Guide and improve their ability to respond to a nuclear disaster.
In addition, a training course for core personnel was conducted for those who play a central role in disastermanagement to promote their understanding of the operation of a national headquarters in response to thedevelopments of a nuclear disaster. Also, a training course for practical personnel was conducted for those involved
in disaster management in local governments to improve their ability to share the information of protective
measures necessary for smooth evacuation of residents in the event of a nuclear disaster.
Furthermore, a basic training course on nuclear disaster prevention was conducted for those involved indisaster prevention operations in the national government, with the aim of providing them with the basic
knowledge necessary for radiation protection.
1. Training for nuclear disaster response personnel
Training for personnel involved in disaster prevention operations of the government and local governments
who respond to nuclear disasters is conducted for the purpose of acquiring basic knowledge about nuclear disasterrisk management measures based on laws and regulations, NRA EPR Guide, and lessons learned from the accident
at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. In FY 2021, 36 sessions were held,148

and their main contents are as follows.
· Overview of laws and regulations related to nuclear emergency preparedness (classroom lecture).
· Basic concept of radiation protection based on the Nuclear Disaster Risk Management Emergency Response
Measures (classroom lecture)· Lessons learned from the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Station (classroom lecture), etc.
2. On-site nuclear disaster management headquarters tabletop exercises
For personnel involved in disaster prevention operations of the government and local governments who
respond to nuclear disasters, these exercises are implemented for the purpose of acquiring the ability to respondto nuclear disasters, and to verify and improve local disaster management plans and evacuation plans formulated
by local governments. In FY 2021, 13 sessions were held, and its main contents are as follows.
· Activities at the emergency response base facility (classroom lecture)· Functional group exercises· Tabletop exercises based on scenarios, etc.
3. Core human resource development training
In order to develop human resources who can play a central role in responding to a nuclear disaster, a training
course for core human resources development is conducted for personnel who play a central role in nuclear
disaster in the national government and local governments, with the aim of acquiring necessary knowledge andimproving their abilities. In FY 2021, 2 sessions were held for each of national and prefectural personnel, and theirmain contents of these training sessions are as follows.
· Emergencies in power reactors (classroom lecture)· Nuclear emergencies and health effects (classroom lecture)· Protective measures in nuclear emergencies (classroom lecture)· Tabletop exercises
4. Practical human resource training
a． Response to contamination screening
This training is for local government personnel in charge of implementation plans for contamination screening
and simple decontamination. The purpose of this training is to develop personnel who will be in charge ofpreparing specific plans and manuals for contamination screening, as well as personnel who will be in charge ofthe screening sites. In FY 2021, 4 sessions were held, and their main contents are as follows.
· Basic concept of contamination screening (classroom lecture)· Exercises on planning and operation of contamination screeningb． Evacuation by bus, etc.
For local government officials in charge of bus evacuation plans, practical human resources training is
conducted with the aim of developing human resources who can prepare specific plans and manuals for bus
evacuation. In FY 2021, 4 sessions were held, and their main contents are as follows.
149

· Business procedures and preparations in advance for securing and arranging evacuation buses for residents(classroom lecture)· Sharing of information on preparations for evacuation of residents by bus in each prefecture, identification ofissues and consideration of improvementsc． Sharing of the status of protective measures and others
This training is designed for local government officials who are in charge of compiling and sharing informationon the "status of protective measures," with the aim of helping them understand how to understand the situations
surrounding a disaster and share information among related parties, which is necessary for the concrete
implementation of protective measures in each situation. In FY 2021, 2 sessions were held, and their main contents
are as follows.
· Operation of compiling and sharing information necessary for "sharing the status of protective measures"(classroom lecture)· Organization of items to be confirmed in each situation, and examination of the confirmation method.
(Training programs by local governments)
Training courses for disaster prevention officials and basic training courses on nuclear disaster prevention wereplanned and implemented by prefectures on their own initiative, with support from the Cabinet Office as necessary.
1. Training for those involved in disaster prevention
This training program for disaster prevention workers was conducted for private business operators who will
be involved in the protection of residents in the event of a nuclear disaster, with the aim of providing them withthe basic knowledge necessary for radiation protection, the basic concept of protection of residents, and the flowof protection activities for residents.
2. Basic training on nuclear disaster prevention
Basic training on nuclear emergency preparedness was conducted for those involved in disaster prevention
operations at local governments and other organizations that respond to nuclear disasters, with the aim ofproviding them with the basic knowledge necessary for radiation protection.

150

At a classroom for lecture (Training for

At a classroom during tabletop exercises

nuclear emergency response personnel)(tabletop exercises at the nuclear disasteron-site disaster management headquarters)

At a classroom for lecture (Core humanAt a classroom for lecture

resources development training)(Practical human resources training)

3-4 Reinforcement of International Collaboration
International organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other countries havebeen making various efforts for off-site nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is necessary to incorporate theiradvanced knowledge in order to improve the level of nuclear emergency preparedness in Japan.
In order to achieve this goal, cooperation has been strengthened with the departments in charge of nuclear
emergency preparedness in various countries, opinions are exchanged on a regular basis, and the sharing ofinternational knowledge and experience on nuclear emergency preparedness is promoted by mutual invitation todrills and other events. In addition, surveys have been conducted on IAEA standards for off-site nuclear emergency
preparedness and the systems and operations of major nuclear power user countries.
(1) Bilateral Cooperation on Nuclear Emergency Preparedness System
1. Cooperation with the United States of America (USA)
Based on the framework of the Emergency Management Working Group (EMWG) established under the U.S.Japan Bilateral Commission on Civil Nuclear Cooperation established in 2012, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),
the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), and otherrelevant U.S. agencies and Japan have been engaged in cooperation regarding Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
Systems through regular exchanges of views and mutual invitation to drills. In FY 2021, following meetings were
held online due to the pandemic: one EMWG co-chairs’ meeting and two technical workshops on protective
measures, training and professional human resources development.
2. Cooperation with the French Republic (France)
Based on the "Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for Crisis Management in Case of Nuclear
Accident" concluded in 2015 between the Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office and the Director-Generalof the National Safety and Crisis Management Directorate of the French Ministry of the Interior, collaboration on
nuclear emergency preparedness systems has been deepened through regular exchanges of opinions with relevantorganizations in France, such as the French Ministry of the Interior, and mutual invitations to drills. In July 2021,
based on the action plan of the "Cooperation Committee for Planning and Crisis Management in Case of Nuclear
Accident," which was initiated in 2019, we held its second meeting online.

1513. Invitation to observe drills
Regarding the Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drill, the aforementioned U.S., France, and other foreigncountries and international organizations are invited to observe the exercises. During this observation, we
remained at the site throughout the entire period, including pre-briefings and opinion exchange meetings, andintroduced the nuclear emergency core hospitals, evacuation of residents, and the declaration of a nuclear
emergency situation. In the opinion exchange meetings, there has been a deepened mutual understanding on
Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drills and emergency systems. Visitors from the U.S. and French embassies inTokyo were accepted to the drill held in November 2020.
4. Other international cooperation
In addition to the above, information and opinions are exchanged, and visitors are accepted from overseas
upon requested. In FY 2020, we discussed remotely with the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Taiwan, Sweden,
and other countries, on issues including modifications of protective measures under the pandemic, nuclear
emergency preparedness system, etc.
(2) Cooperation with International Agencies and Investigation of Overseas Trends
There has also been active engagement in cooperation and information exchange with the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD/NEA). With regard to the IAEA, in order to cooperate in the preparation of standards foroffsite nuclear disaster prevention and to collect information, we regularly attend the Emergency Preparedness
and Response Standards Committee (EPReSC). We also cooperate in various information exchange and humanresources development activities. At meetings related to nuclear emergency preparedness, such as the Working
Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) held by the OECD/NEA, information is exchanged on the systems
and operations related to nuclear emergency preparedness in major nuclear power user countries.
In FY 2021, we attended various international meetings remotely. The participants exchanged opinions on
nuclear emergency preparedness under the epidemic of COVID-19. The IAEA issued a questionnaire on nuclear
emergencies under COVID-19, and the Cabinet Office cooperated with the NRA in answering the questionnaire. At
the WPNEM regular meeting, presentations were made by each country, and the Cabinet Office presented Japan's
measures.

152

Section 4 FY 2021 Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drill
4-1 Implementation Overview(1) Definition and Purpose
The purpose of the Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drill is to evaluate the response system in the event of
a nuclear disaster. Based on the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness, this is a
joint exercise conducted by the national government, local governments, and nuclear operators to prepare for anuclear emergency. In FY 2021, the Nuclear Energy Disaster Prevention Drill was conducted at the Onagawa
Nuclear Power Station of Tohoku Electric Power Company for the following purposes.
(Reference: https://www8.cao.go.jp/genshiryoku_bousai/kunren/kunren.html)· To confirm the effectiveness of the disaster prevention systems of the national government, local governments,
and nuclear operators, and the cooperative systems of related organizations.
· To confirm the central and local systems and the procedures stipulated in the manuals for nuclear emergencies.
· To verify the evacuation plan specified in the "Emergency Response in the Onagawa Region "(FIG. 4-1-1).
· To identify lessons learned based on the results of the exercise, and to consider emergency response measures.
· To develop the skills of personnel involved in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Measures, and to promote
public understanding of nuclear disaster prevention.

(2) Implementation Period and Subjected Power Plant
Exercises were conducted at the Onagawa Nuclear Power Station from February 10 to 12, 2022.
153

(3) Participating Organizations(Number of participating organizations: 130, Number of participants: approx. 2,700)· Government agencies: Cabinet Secretariat, the Cabinet Office, Nuclear Regulation Authority, and otherrelevant ministries and agencies·Local governments: Miyagi Prefecture, Onagawa Town, Ishinomaki City, Tome City, Higashimatsushima
City, Wakuya Town, Misato Town, Minamisanriku Town, and other related municipalities· Operator: Tohoku Electric Power Company· Related organizations: National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, etc.
(4) Assumed Accident Scenario
An earthquake and tsunami with an epicenter off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture occur. As a result, Onagawa
Nuclear Power Station Unit 2, which is in operation, will undergo emergency shutdown. In addition, a series ofequipment failures will cause loss of residual heat removal and reactor water injection functions, leading to afacility site emergency and an overall emergency situation.
(5) Drill Details
Based on the objectives of the drill, the 3 items listed below were the main focus, which ranged from initial
response drills to actual drills in response to a full-scale emergency situation, depending on the situational changes.
4-2 Overview of Drill Results(1) Establishment of a Prompt Initial Response System
The national government, local governments, and nuclear operators gathered personnel and ascertained thecurrent situation in order to establish their respective initial response systems, and shared information with eachother using videoconferencing systems and other means. In addition, the State Minister of the Cabinet Office (incharge of nuclear emergency preparedness), government officials, and experts were dispatched to the emergency
preparedness base facility (Onagawa Off-site Center in Miyagi Prefecture) and rapid response centers at nuclear
facilities (the head office of Tohoku Electric Power Company)

Collecting information by the gathered personnel(Onagawa Off-site Center)154

(2) Decision-making on Protective Action Implementation Policies through Coordination between the Central
and Local organizations
An emergency response system was established at the Prime Minister's official residence, the NRA's Emergency
Response Center, the off-site center, the Miyagi Prefectural Office, and other locations. Assuming the occurrenceof a combined natural and nuclear disaster, a joint meeting of both headquarters for natural and nuclear disasters
was held at the government. Along with this, information sharing, decision making, instructions and coordination,
including local organizations, were carried out centrally. And they also made a decision on the implementation ofprotective action, and gave instructions concerning the content of the decision to the targeted local governments.

Exercise at the Joint Meeting of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters and Major Disaster Management
Headquarters with the participation of Prime Minister Kishida and related cabinet ministers(Prime Minister's Office)(3) Resident Evacuation and Indoor Evacuation
1. In response to a facility site emergency and a full-scale emergency, residents were evacuated within the
Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ) and a zone for preparing protective measures such as evacuation similar to a PAZ(quasi-PAZ) with the assistance of private transportation and other organizations. Also, residents in the Urgent
Protection action planning zone (UPZ) were evacuated indoors, and efforts were made to promote understandingof the significance of the indoor evacuation and other related matters.
2. Emergency monitoring was conducted in accordance with the emergency monitoring implementation plan.
3. Assuming that radioactive materials were released and the OIL2 level was exceeded based on the Operational
Intervention Level (OIL), emergency distribution of stabilized iodine agents, temporary relocation, andcontamination screening were conducted for residents in some areas within the UPZ.
*In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection, local government officials played the role of residents
during the evacuation exercise.

155Temporary relocation and contamination screening
4-3 Efforts after the Drill
Based on the lessons learned from this drill, we will strive to continuously improve the nuclear disasterprevention system by enhancing the content of future drills and improving various plans and manuals. This will
also be utilized to improve the "Onagawa Region Emergency Response" in the Regional Nuclear Disaster
Management Council.

156

APPENDIXTABLE OF CONTENTS: APPENDIX
1. Overview of Japan’s National Land ..................................................................... 1
Fig. A-1 Worldwide Hypocenter Distribution (for Magnitude 6 and Higher Earthquakes)
and Plate Boundaries ..................................................................................................... 1
Fig. A-2 Distribution of Volcanoes Worldwide ............................................................................ 1
Fig. A-3 Subduction Zone Earthquake Areas and Major Active Faults in Japan .......................... 2
Fig. A-4 Distribution of Active Volcanoes in Japan ...................................................................... 4

2. Disasters in Japan ............................................................................................... 5
Fig. A-5 Major Earthquake Damage in Japan (Since the Meiji Period) ....................................... 5
Fig. A-6 Major Natural Disasters in Japan Since 1945 ................................................................. 6
Fig. A-7 Number of Fatalities and Missing Persons Due to Natural Disasters ............................. 8
Fig. A-8 Breakdown of the Number of Fatalities and Missing Persons Due to Natural
Disasters ......................................................................................................................... 9
Fig. A-9 Recent Major Natural Disasters (Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake) ............ 10
Fig. A-10 Establishment of Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters, Major Disaster
Management Headquarters and Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters ... 23
Fig. A-11 Dispatchment of Government Investigation Teams (Since the Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake) ........................................................................................................ 25
Fig. A-12 Application of the Disaster Relief Act (Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake) .................................................................................................................. 28
Fig. A-13 Designations of Extremely Severe Disasters in the Past Five Years ........................... 34
Fig. A-14 Response of Government Ministries and Agencies to Major Disasters Since 2021 .. 37
Fig. A-15 Trends in Facility Damage and the Amount and as a Percentage of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) .............................................................................................. 43
Fig. A-16 Facility Damage Due to Disasters in 2020, by Hazard ............................................... 43
Fig. A-17 Comparison of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Great East Japan
Earthquake, and the Sumatra Earthquake ................................................................... 44
Fig. A-18 Damage Estimate for the Great East Japan Earthquake ............................................ 45
Fig. A-19 Main Volcanic Eruptions and Volcanic Disasters in Japan .......................................... 46
Fig. A-20 Number of Sediment Disasters .................................................................................. 47
Fig. A-21 Increase in the frequency of hourly extreme precipitation ....................................... 47
Fig. A-22 Number of Tornados .................................................................................................. 48
Fig. A-23 Major Natural Disasters in the World Since 1900 ...................................................... 49
Fig. A-24 Top 10 Largest Earthquakes Since 1900 ..................................................................... 52
Fig. A-25 Major Natural Disasters Since 2021 ........................................................................... 52

3. Laws and Systems ............................................................................................. 57
Fig. A-26 Evolution of Disaster Management Laws and Systems Since 1945 ........................... 57
Fig. A-27 Major Disaster Management Laws by Type of Disaster ............................................. 59
Fig. A-28 Structure of the Basic Disaster Management Plan .................................................... 60
Fig. A-29 Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan .................................................... 61

4. Organizations ................................................................................................... 63
Fig. A-30 Organization of the National Disaster Management Council .................................... 63
Fig. A-31 Recent Meetings of the National Disaster Management Council (Since 2011) ......... 64
Fig. A-32 Status of the Establishment of National Disaster Management Council
Committees for Technical Investigation ....................................................................... 65

5. Budget .............................................................................................................. 66
Fig. A-33 Disaster Risk Management Budgets by Year .............................................................. 66
Fig. A-34 Earthquake Emergency Development Project Plans .................................................. 68
Fig. A-35 Estimated Budgets of Five-Year Plans for Emergency Earthquake Disaster
Management Project.................................................................................................... 69

6. Disaster Management Facilities and Equipment ............................................... 70
Fig. A-36 Number of Red Cross Hospitals, Emergency Medical Centers, and Disaster Base
Hospitals ....................................................................................................................... 70
Fig. A-37 Seismic Reinforcement of Public Infrastructure......................................................... 71
Fig. A-38 Trends in the Seismic Reinforcement Rate of Public Facilities That Serve as
Disaster Management Bases ........................................................................................ 72
Fig. A-39 Seismic Reinforcement of Public Elementary and Junior High Schools ..................... 72

7. Trends in Numbers of Workers in Disaster Management .................................. 73
Fig. A-40 Numbers of Fire Corps Volunteers ............................................................................. 73
Fig. A-41 Age Composition Ratios among Fire Corps Volunteers ............................................. 73
Fig. A-42 Numbers of Flood Fighting Corps Personnel.............................................................. 74
Fig. A-43 Numbers of Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations .................................... 74
Fig. A-44 Female Representation in Local Disaster Management Councils (by Prefecture,2021) ............................................................................................................................ 75

8. Various Policies and Measures ......................................................................... 76
Fig. A-45 Hazard Map Development ......................................................................................... 76
Fig. A-46 Formulation of Official Announcement Criteria for Evacuation
Recommendations in Municipalities ............................................................................ 76
Fig. A-47 Communication Method of Evacuation Instructions in Municipalities ..................... 77
Fig. A-48 Performance of Assistance based on Mutual Support Agreements between
Prefectures andContract Status of Support Agreements with Private-Sector
Institutions ................................................................................................................... 78
Fig. A-49 Contract Status of Mutual Support Agreements in Municipalities ............................ 79
Fig. A-50 Municipalities’ Support Agreements with Private-Sector Institutions ...................... 80
Fig. A-51 Disaster Management Drill Implementation ............................................................. 81
Fig. A-52 Earthquake Disaster Management Drill Implementation .......................................... 82
Fig. A-53 Implementation of Tsunami Countermeasures ......................................................... 83

9. Japan's International Cooperation .................................................................... 84
Fig. A-54 List of Cooperation Projects Conducted by Ministries and Agencies ........................ 84
Fig. A-55 Technical Cooperation Projects in Disaster Risk Reduction (FY2021) ........................ 88

10. Others ............................................................................................................ 91
Fig. A-56 Number of Earthquake Insurance Contracts .............................................................. 91
Fig. A-57 Awareness of Self-Help, Mutual Support, and Public Support Measures ................. 91
Fig. A-58 Tables Explaining the Japan Meteorological Agency Seismic Intensity Scale ............ 92
Fig. A-59 Emergency Warning Issuance Criteria ....................................................................... 96
Fig. A-60 Evacuation Information Using Five Warning Levels of Warning (Flood andLandslide Disasters) ...................................................................................................... 97

List of Acronyms ................................................................................................... 98

1. Overview of Japan’s National Land
Fig.
Fig.A-1
A-1 Worldwide Hypocenter Distribution (for Magnitude 6 and Higher Earthquakes) and Plate
Boundaries

Note: 2012 - 2021
Source: Formulated by the Japan Meteorological Agency based on earthquake data from the U.S. Geological Survey(as of March 14, 2022)

Fig.
Fig.A-2A-2 Distribution of Volcanoes Worldwide

Source: Prepared by the Japan Meteorological Agency

A-1

Fig.
Fig.A-3A-3 Subduction Zone Earthquake Areas and Major Active Faults in Japan

Subduction Zone Earthquake Areas

Major Active Faults

Source: Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion

A-2

101

No.

Sarobetsu Fault Zone

424

102
103
104

425
426
427
428

Nobi Fault Zone

429
430
431
432
433
501
502
503
504
505

Yanagase Sekigahara Fault Zone
Nosaka Shufukuji Fault Zone
Kohoku Mountains Fault Zone
Yoro-Kuwana-Yokkaichi Fault Zone
Isewan Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge of Suzuka Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge of Nunobiki Mountains Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Suzuka Fault Zone
Tongu Fault
Kizugawa Fault Zone

506

The Western Edge of Lake Biwa Fault Zone

208

Shibetsu Fault Zone
Tokachi Plains Fault Zone
Furano Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge of Mashike Mountains Fault Zone,
Numata-Sunagawa Fault Zone
Toubetsu Fault
The Eastern Edge of Ishikari Lowlands Fault Zone
Kuromatsunai Lowlands Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Hakodate Plains Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Aomori Bay Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Tsugaru Mountains Fault Zone
Oritsume Fault
Hanawa-higashi Fault Zone
Noshiro Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Kitakami Lowlands Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Shizukuishi Basin Fault Zone The Eastern Edge of Mahiru Mountains Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge of Yokote Basin Fault Zone

Name of Fault
Byoubuyama Enasan Fault Zones and Sanageyama
Fault Zone
Shogawa Fault Zone
The Upper Stream of Nagara River Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge Fukui Plains Fault Zone

507

209

Kitayuri Fault

508

210
211
212
213
214
215
216

509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516

Yamasaki Fault Zone

601
602

Shikano-Yoshioka Fault
Shinji (Kashima) Fault

603

Chojagahara-Yoshii Fault

604
605

Yasaka Fault
Jifuku Fault

606

Tsutsuga Fault

307
308
401
402
403
404
405

Shinjo Basin Fault Zone
Yamagata Basin Fault Zone
The Eastern Edge of Shonai Plains Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Nagai Basin Fault Zone
Nagamachi-Rifu Line Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Fukushima Basin Fault Zone
Futaba fault
The Western and Eastern Edges of Aizu Basin Fault
Zones
Sekiya Fault
Okubo Fault
Fukaya Fault Zone and Ayasegawa Fault Zone (theNorth-Western Edge of Kanto Plains Fault Zone andMotoarakawa Fault Zone)
Tachikawa Fault Zone
Isehara Fault
Shiozawa Fault Zone, Hirayama-Matsuda-kita Fault
Zone and Kouzu-Matsuda Fault Zone (Kannawa KozuMatsuda Fault Zone)
Miura Peninsula Fault Group
Kamogawa Lowlands Fault Zone
Kitaizu Fault Zone
Fujikawa River Mouth Fault Zone
Minobu Fault
Sone Hill Fault Zone
Kushigata Mountain Chain Fault Zone

Mikata Hanaore Fault Zone
The Southern Part of Kyoto and Nara Basins Fault
Zones ( the Eastern Edge of Nara Basin Fault Zone)
Yamada Fault Zone
Mitoke Kyoto Nishiyama Fault Zone
Ikoma Fault Zone
Uemachi Fault Zone
Arima-Takatsuki Fault Zone
Rokko Awajishima Fault Zone
Osaka Bay Fault Zone

607
608
609
610
611
612
613

406

Tsukioka Fault Zone

701

407
408
409
410

The Western Edge of Nagaoka Plains Fault Zone
Muikamachi Fault Zone
Tokamachi Fault Zone
Takada Plains Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Nagano Plains Fault Zone
(Shinanogawa Fault Zone)
Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line Fault Zone
Sakaitoge Kamiya Fault Zone
Inadani Fault Zone
The Western Edge of Kiso Mountain Chain Fault Zone
Uozu Fault Zone
Tonami Plains Fault Zone, Kurehayama Fault Zone
Ochigata Fault Zone
Morimoto Togashi Fault Zone
Ushikubi Fault Zone
Atotsugawa Fault Zone
Takayama Oppara Fault Zone
Atera Fault Zone

702
801
802
803

Hiroshima Bay - off Iwakuni Fault Zones
Akinada Fault Zone
Iwakuni-Itsukaichi Fault Zone
Lake Ohara Fault
Ogori Fault
Suonada Fault Zone
Kikugawa Fault Zone
The Median Tectonic Line Fault Zone (the Eastern
Edge of Kongo Mountains – Yufuin)
Nagao Fault Zone
Fukuchiyama Fault Zone
Nishiyama Fault Zone
Umi Fault

804

Kego Fault Zone

805
806
807
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
901

Fault ZoneHinata – Okasagi Peaks Fault Zone
Mino Fault Zone
The Northern Edge of Saga Plains Fault Zone
Unzen Fault GroupFutagawaFault zone, Hinagu Fault Zone
Midorikawa Fault Zone
The Southern Edge of Hitoyoshi Basin Fault
Izumi Fault Zone
Koshiki Fault Zone
Hijiu Fault Zone
Haneyama-Kuenohirayama Fault Zone
Miyako Island Fault Zone

105
106
107
108
109
201
202
203
204
205
206
207

217
301
302
303
304
305
306

411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423

Name of Fault

No.

Source: Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion

A-3

Fig.
Fig.A-4A-4 Distribution of Active Volcanoes in Japan

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office from the Japan Meteorological Agency website (As of March 2022)

A-4

2. Disasters in Japan
Fig.
Fig.A-5A-5 Major Earthquake Damage in Japan (Since the Meiji Period)
Disaster

Date

Number of
Fatalities andMissing Persons

Nobi Earthquake(M8.0)

October 28, 1891

Meiji Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami(M8.25)June 15, 1896

Approx. 22,000

Great Kanto Earthquake(M7.9)

September 1, 1923

Approx. 105,000

North Tango Earthquake(M7.3)March 7, 1927

2,925

Showa Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami(M8.1)March 3, 1933

3,064

Tottori Earthquake(M7.2)

September 10, 1943

1,083

Tonankai Earthquake(M7.9)

December 7, 1944

1,251

Mikawa Earthquake(M6.8)

January 13, 1945

2,306

Nankai Earthquake(M8.0)

December 21, 1946

1,443

Fukui Earthquake(M7.1)

June 28, 1948

3,769

Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi(M8.2)March 4, 1952

33

Chile Earthquake and Tsunami in 1960

(Mw9.5)

May 23, 1960

142

Niigata Earthquake(M7.5)

June 16, 1964

26

Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi in 1968

(M7.9)

May 16, 1968

52

Earthquake Off the Coast of Izu Peninsula in 1974

(M6.9)

May 9, 1974

30

Earthquake Inshore of Izu-Oshima Island in 1978

(M7.0)

January 14, 197825

Earthquake Off the Coast of Miyagi Prefecture in 1978

(M7.4)

June 12, 1978

28

The Center Part of the Japan Sea Earthquake in 1983

(M7.7)

May 26, 1983

104

The Western Part of Nagano Prefecture Earthquake in1984(M6.8)

September 14, 198429

Earthquake Off the Coast of the Southwestern Part of
Hokkaido in 1993

(M7.8)

July 12, 1993

230

Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995

(M7.3)

January 17, 1995

6,437

Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004

(M6.8)

October 23, 2004

68

The Earthquake Inland of Iwate and Miyagi Prefecturesin 2008(M7.2)

June 14, 2008

23

Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

(Mw9.0)March 11, 201122,312

Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016

(M6.5)(M7.3)

April 14, 2016
April 16273

The East Part of Hokkaido Iburi Earthquake in 2018

(M6.7)

September 6, 2018

43

*

7,273

*Mw: Moment magnitude
Notes:
1. The earthquakes listed before World War II are those with more than 1,000 fatalities and missing persons, while theearthquakes listed after World War II are those with more than 20 fatalities and missing persons.
2. The number of fatalities and missing persons from the Great Kanto Earthquake are based on the revised Chronological
Scientific Table (2006), which changed the number from approximately 142,000 to approximately 105,000.
3. The number of fatalities and missing persons from the Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake) is the current figure as of May 19, 2006. The number of fatalities directly caused by structures collapsing, fire,and other factors caused by seismic shaking on the day of the earthquake, excluding so-called “related deaths,” is 5,515.
4. The number of fatalities (including disaster-related fatalities) and missing persons from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake andTsunami (Great East Japan Earthquake) is the current figure as of March 8, 2022.
5. The details given for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake is the current figure as of April 12, 2019 (including disaster-related
fatalities).
Source: Chronological Scientific Tables, Fire and Disaster Management Agency materials, National Police Agency materials,
Comprehensive List of Destructive Earthquakes in Japan, Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters materials, Major
Disaster Management Headquarters materials

A-5

Fig.
Fig.A-6A-6 Major Natural Disasters in Japan Since 1945
Date

Disaster

Main Affected Areas

January 13, 1945

Mikawa Earthquake (M6.8)

September 17-18, 1945

Typhoon Makurazaki

December 21, 1946
August 14, 1947
September 14-15, 1947
June 28, 1948

Nankai Earthquake (M8.0)
Mt. Asama Eruption
Typhoon Kathleen
Fukui Earthquake (M7.1)

September 15-17, 1948

Typhoon Ione

September 2-4, 1950

Typhoon Jane

October 13-15, 1951

Typhoon RUTH (5115)
Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi(M8.2)March 4, 1952
June 25-29, 1953

Heavy Rains

July 16-24, 1953

Torrential Rains

May 8-12, 1954

Storm Disaster

September 25-27, 1954

Typhoon MARIE (5415)

July 25-28, 1957
June 24, 1958

Torrential Rains
Mt. Aso Eruption

September 26-28, 1958

Typhoon IDA (5822)

September 26-27, 1959

Typhoon VERA (5915)

May 23, 1960

Chile Earthquake and Tsunami

January 1963

Heavy snowfall

June 16, 1964

Niigata Earthquake (M7.5)
Typhoons SHIRLEY (6523), TRIX (6524),
VIRGINIA (6525)

September 10-18, 1965
September 23-25, 1966

Typhoons HELEN (6624), IDA (6626)

July to August 1967

Southern Aichi Prefecture
Western Japan (Especially in Hiroshima
Prefecture)
Various places in and to Western Chubu region
Around Mt. Asama
In and to Northern Tokai area
In and around the Fukui Plains
From Shikoku into Tohoku regions (Especially in
Iwate Prefecture)
In and to Northern Shikoku region (Especially inOsaka Prefecture)
Nationwide (Especially in Yamaguchi Prefecture)
Southern Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku region
Kyushu, Shikoku and Chugoku regions (Especiallyin Kitakyushu)
In and to Western Tohoku region (Especially inWakayama Prefecture)
Northern Japan, Kinki region
Nationwide (Especially in Hokkaido and Shikoku
region)Kyushu region (Especially around Isahaya area)
Around Mt. Aso
In and to Eastern Kinki region (Especially in
Shizuoka Prefecture)
Nationwide (Except for Kyushu region, especiallyin Aichi Prefecture)
Southern Coast of Hokkaido, Sanriku and Shima
CoastsHokuriku and Sanin areas, and Yamagata, Shigaand Gifu Prefectures
Niigata, Akita and Yamagata Prefectures
Nationwide (Especially in Tokushima, Hyogo andFukui Prefectures)
Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku regions (Especially in
Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures)
Western Chubu and Shouthern Tohoku regions
Shouthern Hokkaido and Tohoku region mainly in
Aomori Prefecture
Nationwide (Especially in Kitakyushu area, andShimane and Hiroshima Prefectures)

Torrential Rains
Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi
May 16, 1968
(M7.9)
Typhoons PHYLLIS (7206), RITA (7207),
July 3-15, 1972
TESS (7209) and Torrential Rains
Earthquake Off the Coast of Izu Peninsula
May 9, 1974
Southern Tip of Izu Peninsula(M6.9)
Typhoon FRAN (7617) and Torrential
Nationwide (Especially in Kagawa and Okayama
September 8-14, 1976
Rains
Prefectures)
Tohoku and Northern Kinki regions and Hokuriku
January 1977
Snow Disasters
area
August 7, 1977- October 1978
Mt. Usu Eruption
Hokkaido
Earthquake Inshore of Izu-Oshima Island
January 14, 1978
Izu Peninsula(M7.0)
Earthquake Off the Coast of Miyagi
June 12, 1978
Miyagi Prefecture
Prefecture (M7.4)
Nationwide (Especially in Tokai area, and Kanto
October 17-20, 1979
Typhoon TIP (7920)
and Tohoku regions)
December 1980 - March 1981
Snow Disasters
Tohoku region and Hokuriku area
Nationwide (Especially in Nagasaki, Kumamoto
July to August 1982
Torrential Rains and Typhoon BESS (8210)
and Mie Prefectures)
The Center Part of the Japan Sea
May 26, 1983
Akita and Aomori Prefectures
Earthquake (M7.7)
In and to Eastern San-in area (Especially in
July 20-29, 1983
Torrential Rains
Shimane Prefecture)
October 3, 1983
Miyake Is. Eruption
Around Miyake-jima Island
Tohoku region and Hokuriku area (Especially in
December 1983 - March 1984
Snow Disasters
Niigata and Toyama Prefectures)
The Western Part of Nagano Prefecture
September 14, 1984
Western Nagano Prefecture
Earthquake (M6.8)
November 15 - December 18, 1986 Izu-Oshima Eruption
Izu-Oshima Island
November 17, 1990 – June 3, 1995 Mt. Unzen Eruption
Nagasaki Prefecture
Earthquake Off the Coast of theJuly 12, 1993
Hokkaido
Southwestern Part of Hokkaido (M7.8)

A-6

Number of
Fatalities andMissing
2,306
3,756
1,443
11
1,930
3,769
838
539
943
33
1,013
1,124
670
1,761
722
12
1,269
5,098
142
231
26
181
317
256
52
447
30
171
101
3
25
28
115
152
439
104
117
－
131
29
－
44
230

Date
July 31 - August7, 1993

Disaster

Main Affected Areas

October 20-21, 2004
October 23, 2004

Torrential Rains
1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture
Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake) (M7.3)
Mt. Usu Eruption
Miyake Is. Eruption and Niijima andKozushima Is. Earthquake (M6.5)
Typhoon TOKAGE (0423)
Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (M6.8)

December 2005 - March 2006

Heavy Snowfall

January 17, 1995
March 31, 2000 - June 28, 2001
June 25, 2001 - March 31, 2005

July 16, 2007
June 14, 2008
December 2010 - March 2011

Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu in
Niigata Prefecture (M6.8)
Earthquake Inland of Iwate and Miyagi
Prefectures (M7.2)
Snow disaster

August 30 - September 5, 2011

2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami(Great East Japan Earthquake) (Mw9.0)
Typhoon TALAS (1112)

November 2011 - March 2012

Heavy Snow in 2011

November 2012 - March 2013

Heavy Snow in 2012

November 2013 - May 2014

Heavy Snow in 2013

March 11, 2011

September 27, 2014
April 14 and 16, 2016

Torrential Rains of August 2014
(Sediment Disaster in Hiroshima
Prefecture)2014 Eruption of Mt. Ontake
Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016 (M7.3)

June 28 - July 8, 2018

The Heavy Rain Event of July 2018

August 20, 2014

October 10 – 13, 2019
July 3-31, 2020
July 1 – July 14, 2021

The East Part of Hokkaido Iburi
Earthquake in 2018 (M6.7)
Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919)
The Heavy Rain Event of July 2020
The Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021

August 7 – August 23, 2021

The Heavy Rain in August of 2021

September 6, 2018

Nationwide
Hyogo Prefecture

Number of
Fatalities andMissing79
6,437

Hokkaido

－

Tokyo

1

Nationwide
Niigata Prefecture
The Coast of the Japan Sea mainly in Hokuriku
area

98
68
152

Niigata Prefecture
Tohoku region (Especially in Miyagi and Iwate
Prefectures)
From Northern to Western Japan on the Japan Sea
Coast
Eastern Japan (Especially in Miyagi, Iwate andFukushima Prefectures)
Kinki and Shikoku regions
From Northern to Western Japan on the Japan Sea
Coast
From Northern to Western Japan on the Japan Sea
Coast
From Northern Japan to Kanto-Koshinetsu area
(Especially in Yamanashi Prefecture)

15
23
131
22,312

133
104
95

Hiroshima Prefecture

77

Nagano and Gifu Prefectures
Kyushu area (Especially in Kumamoto Prefecture)
Nationwide (Especially in Hiroshima, Okayama andEhime Prefectures)

63
273
271

Hokkaido

43

Kanto and Tohoku regions
Nationwide (Especially in Kyushu region)
Nationwide (Especially in Shizuoka Prefecure)
Nationwide (Especially in Nagano, Hiroshima andNagasaki Prefectures)

108
88
29

Notes:
1. The disasters listed resulted in fatalities and missing persons as follows: 500 or more for storm and flood disasters, 100 or more for snow
disasters, and 10 or more for earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. It also includes disasters for which governmental Major Disaster
Management Headquarters were established based on the Basic Act on Disaster Management.
2. The number of fatalities and missing persons from the Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake) is thecurrent figure as of May 19, 2006. The number of fatalities directly caused by structures collapsing, fire, and other factors caused by seismic
shaking on the day of the earthquake, excluding so-called “related deaths,” is 5,515.
3. The numbers of fatalities from the Miyake Is. Eruption and Niijima and Kozushima Is. Earthquake are from the earthquake of July 1, 2000.
4. The number of fatalities (including disaster-related fatalities) and missing persons resulting from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami(Great East Japan Earthquake) is the current figure as of March 1, 2022 (including disaster-related fatalities).
5. Disasters caused by Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919), which affected wide areas chiefly in eastern Japan are as of April 10, 2020
6. As of November 26, 2021
7. Damage from the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021 is as of March 25, 2022.
8. Damage from the Heavy Rain in August of 2021 is as of March 25, 2022.
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the meteorological almanac of Japan, Chronological Scientific Tables, National Police Agency
materials, Fire and Disaster Management Agency materials, Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters materials, Major Disaster
Management Headquarters materials, and Hyogo Prefecture materials

A-7

98

13

Fig.
Fig.A-7A-7 Number of Fatalities and Missing Persons Due to Natural Disasters

Note: Of the fatalities in 1995, the deaths from the Southern
Hyogo Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)
include 919 so-called "related deaths" (Hyogo
Prefecture).
The fatalities and missing persons in 2021 are based on
flash bulletins from the Cabinet Office.
Source: Fatalities and missing persons for the year 1945 came
only from major disasters (source: Chronological
Scientific Table). Years 1946–1952 use the Japanese
Meteorological Disasters Annual Report; years 1953–
1962 use National Police Agency documents; years
1963 and after formulated by Cabinet Office based on
Fire and Disaster Management Agency materials.

A-8

Fig. A-8
A-8 Breakdown of the Number of Fatalities and Missing Persons Due to Natural Disasters
Fig.
(Unit: persons)
Earthquake/
Volcano
Snow
Other
Total
Tsunami
1993
183
234
1
9
11
438
1994
8
3
0
21
7
39
1995
19
6,437
4
14
8
6,482
1996
21
0
0
28
35
84
1997
51
0
0
16
4
71
1998
80
0
0
28
1
109
1999
109
0
0
29
3
141
2000
19
1
0
52
6
78
2001
27
2
0
59
2
90
2002
20
0
0
26
2
48
2003
48
2
0
12
0
62
2004
240
68
0
16
3
327
2005
43
1
0
98
6
148
2006
87
0
0
88
2
177
2007
14
16
0
5
4
39
2008
22
24
0
48
7
101
2009
76
1
0
35
3
115
2010
31
0
0
57
1
89
2011
136
22,3120125
222,575
2012
52
0
0
138
0
190
2013
75
0
0
92
6
173
2014
112
0
63
108
0
283
2015
28
0
0
49
0
77
2016
45
267
0
32
0
344
2017
60
0
0
68
1
129
2018
285
49
1
103
6
444
2019
123
0
0
32
0
155
2020
89
0
0
30
0
119
2021
41
0
0
145
0
186
Notes: This table shows the number of fatalities and missing persons between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31.
Fatalities and missing persons in 2021 are based on flash bulletins from the Cabinet Office.
The earthquake/tsunami disaster figures for 2011 include 22,312 fatalities (including disaster-related fatalities) and missing persons fromthe 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami (Great East Japan Earthquake) (March 8, 2022).
Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report "Status of Regional Disaster Management
Administration"Year

Storm/Flood

A-9

Fig.
Fig.A-9A-9 Recent Major Natural Disasters (Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)(Total: As of April 19, 2022)
Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)

Name of Disaster

Major Events

The Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake(January 17, 1995)

Maximum seismic intensity of 7.
Unprecedented major disaster inWestern Japan. Became a turning
point in DRR measures for national
and local governments, with various
DRR measures developed andstrengthened.

6,437

43,792 104,906 144,274

Maximum seismic intensity of 7.
The Great East Japan Tsunami caused extreme damage
Earthquake
mainly along the coast of Eastern(March 11, 2011)
Japan, including Iwate, Miyagi, andFukushima Prefectures.

22,312

6,242 122,006 283,160

The Japan Meteorological Agency
2000 Eruption of Mt. announced emergency volcano
Usu
information and residents evacuated(March 31, 2000 before the eruption began, resulting in
June 28, 2001)
no human casualties.

－

Completely
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

－

119

355

A caldera was formed along with thesummit eruption. Large amounts of
volcanic gases were emitted over an
extended period, and evacuation
instructions were issued to all
residents of the town of Miyake, which
forced all residents to evacuate andlive off the island.
Very large number of humancasualties due to rising river levels,
sediment disasters, and high waves
nationally, but concentrated in the
Kinki and Shikoku regions. The
Maruyama River, Izushi River, andother Maruyama River system rivers
overflowed their banks and flooded.
Maximum seismic intensity of 7.
Homes were destroyed, slope failure
and other disasters caused many
human casualties, communities wereisolated, people were forced toevacuate, and there was massive
damage to homes, lifelines,
transportation, and agricultural land.

98

68

4,805

3,175

13,810Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6.
Homes were destroyed on Genkai
Island and elsewhere, and window
glass fell from buildings in Fukuoka
City.

1

1,204

144

353

rains fell, mainly in
Typhoon NABI (0514) Record-breaking
the Kyushu region, and sediment(September 4-8,
disasterscaused
many
human
2005)
casualties.

29

177

1,217

3,896

Following 1963, the second-largest
number of fatalities and missing
persons since WW II (on par with
1981.)

152

2,145

18

28

2006 Torrential Rains
Due to Seasonal Rain Many fatalities due to sediment
Front
disasters in Nagano and Kagoshima(June 10–July 29,
Prefectures.
2006)

33

64

313

1,457

Typhoon SHANSHAN(0613)(September 15–20,
2006)

Damage due to strong winds from the
Okinawa region to the Kyushu region,
and a tornado in Nobeoka City,
Miyazaki Prefecture.

10

446

121

518

Tornado in Saroma
number of fatalities on record
Hokkaido Prefecture Highest
attributed to a tornado.
(November 7, 2006)

9

31

7

7

2000 Miyake Is.
Eruption and Niijima
and Kozushima Is.
Earthquake(June 25, 2000 March 31, 2005)

Typhoon TOKAGE(0423)(October 18-21,
2004)

2004 Mid Niigata
Prefecture
Earthquake(October 23, 2004)

Fukuoka-kenSeihouoki
Earthquake(March 20, 2005)

2006 Heavy Snows(December 2005 March 2006)

1

15

555

A-10

15

909

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

・Establishment of Extreme Disaster Management
Headquarters*1
・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
inspection by Prime Minister－ ・Site・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Special Measures Act for Specified
Disaster・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Establishment of Extreme Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Extreme Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teaminspection by Minister of State for Disaster
1,490 ・Site
Management
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Invocation of Special Measures Act for Specified
Disaster・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
inspection by Prime Minister－ ・Site・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster20

・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Minister－ ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

7,776

・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Dispatchment of government investigation team
14,323 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Ministerof government investigation team
－ ・Dispatchment
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Invocation of Remote Islands Development Act
・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
3,551 ・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster12 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
1,971 ・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster
・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
251 ・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims

Name of Disaster

Major Events

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Completely
Half
Destroyed Destroyed2007 Noto Hanto
Earthquake(March 25, 2007)

Maximum seismic intensity of Upper 6.
Disaster in mountainous regions with ahigh percentage of aging population
and advancing depopulation.

1

356

686

1,740

2007 Heavy Rainsfrom Typhoon MANYI (0704) andSeasonal Rain Front(July 5-31, 2007)

The typhoon made landfall in Japan in
July with the strongest intensity in 57
years from 1951 to 2007. Record
rainfalls in various regions.

7

75

33

33

Maximum seismic intensity of Upper 6.
2007 Earthquake Off
Many human causalities due to homes
the Coast of Chuetsu
collapsing. Damage to homes, lifelines,
in Niigata Prefecture transportation, and nuclear power(July 16, 2007)
plants.

2008 Iwate-Miyagi
Nairiku Earthquake(June 14, 2008)
Earthquake
epicentered on
Northern Coast of
Iwate Prefecture(July 24, 2008)
Heavy Rains from
July 28(July 28-29, 2008)

Maximum seismic intensity of Upper 6.
Many human causalities due tolandslides and other sediment disasters.
Many river channels became blocked(natural dams) in rivers in mountainous
areas.
Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6.
Earthquake with a deep hypocenteroccurring inside a plate. Seismic
intensity of Lower 5 and higher
recorded in affected areas of inland
Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures.
Localized heavy rains in the Hokuriku
and Kinki regions.
Human casualties along the Toga River
in Kobe City.

Torrential Rains at
Record heavy rains in various regions,
the End of August
especially extensive flood damage in2008(August 26-31, 2008) Aichi Prefecture.
Record heavy rains in Yamaguchi andJuly 2009 Torrential Fukuoka Prefectures due to seasonal
Rains in Chugoku and rain front.
Northern Kyushu
Numerous fatalities from sediment(July 19-26, 2009)
disasters in Yamaguchi Prefecture andother prefectures.
Heavy rains from the Chugoku andregions to the Tohoku region
Typhoon ETAU (0909) Shikoku
to the effects of the typhoon.
(August 8-11, 2009) due
Human casualties and homes damaged
Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6.
Tomei Expressway closed due to slope
collapse.

Destructive storm and heavy rains overa wide area from the Okinawa region to
Hokkaido due to the effects of thetyphoon.
Winds and rains in Aichi Prefecturecaused partial damage and flood
damage to many homes.
An earthquake struck the central coast
Tsunami fromof Chile just after noon on Feb. 27. A
Earthquake
tsunami was approaching Japan theepicentered innext day on the 28th, and a major
Central Chilean Coast tsunami warning and tsunami warning(February 27-28,
were issued at 9:33 a.m. on the 28th.
2010)
Extensive fishery damage toaquaculture facilities.
The seasonal rain front stalled over theregion from Kyushu to Honshu regions
from mid-June, with intermittent bursts
2010 Heavy Rains
activity. The southern part of Kyushu
Due to Seasonal Rain ofregion received more than twice its
Front
averageannual rainfall.
(June 11 - July 19,
There were large-scale slope failure in2010)
Kagoshima Prefecture, and fatalities andTyphoon MELOR(0918)(October 6-8, 2009)

missing persons mainly in Hiroshima
and Gifu Prefectures.
The rain front stalled over the Amami
region, with moist air flowing in from
Heavy Rains inthe south toward this rain front,
Amami Region ofcreating unstable atmospheric
Kagoshima
conditions.
Prefecture
The Amami region received hazardous(October 18-25,
rain of more than 120 mm per hour,
2010)with more than 800 mm of rainfall since
the rains began.
Record snows fell from the end of theyear to the beginning of the following
year in some areas of the Japan Sea side
Heavy Snow in 2010 of Western Japan.
(November 2010 Fishing boats overturned and sankMarch 2011)
along with other damage in Tottori and
Shimane Prefectures.

Remarks

・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster
・Dispatchment of government investigation team

434 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
of Act on Support for Reconstructing－ ・Invocation
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Invocation of Special Measures Act for Specified
Disaster・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

15

2,346

1,331

5,710

23

426

30

146

1

210

1

0

－ ・Dispatchment of government investigation team

6

13

6

16

of Act on Support for Reconstructing
585 ・Invocation
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims

・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

・Designation as an extremely severe disaster
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act
3,106 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act
2,139 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation teamof Disaster Relief Act
974 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

2

7

6

7

36

59

52

102

27

23

183

1,130

1

319

0

6

－

5

139

9

86

571 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

0

0

0

0

6 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

91

・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Site inspection by Minister of State for Disaster
Management
1,844 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disasterdue to flooding in Hyogo Prefecture.
Earthquake
epicentered in
Suruga Bay(August 11, 2009)

Abovefloor
Flooding

22

21

43

3

2

10

443

・Site inspection by Minister of State for Disaster
Managementof Disaster Relief Act
116 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

131

1,537

9

14

inspection by Minister of State for Disaster6 ・SiteManagement

・Ministerial meeting

・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

A-11

Name of Disaster

Major Events

Following a small eruption on January 19, a
medium-sized eruption occurred at Mt.
The Kirishima
Shinmoedake on January 26 and the volcanic
Volcanic Groupalert level was raised to 3 (Do not approach the(Mt.
volcano). Eruptions continued repeatedly
Shinmoedake)
thereafter until early September, with air waves
Eruptionand cinders breaking windows and causing other(January 26 damage. In addition, falling ash from theSeptember 7,
eruptions was recorded over a wide area mainly
2011)
to the southeast of the mountain, including
Kirishima City, Kagoshima Prefecture, andMiyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture.
The typhoon made landfall on the southern partof Tokushima Prefecture around 11:00 p.m. on
July 19, maintaining its strong intensity, with
Typhoon MA-ON
maximum winds of 40m/s, and its large scale.
(1106)
Record heavy rains were recorded in Western(July 12-24, 2011)
Japan, with rainfall of more than 1,000 mm
recorded in some parts of the Shikoku region
since the rains began.

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Remarks

0

52

0

0

・Ministerial meeting (twice)・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management－ ・Designation as an area requiring the
emergency development of evacuation
facilities and an ash prevention area
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

3

54

0

1

28 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

July 2011 Niigata
and Fukushima
Torrential Rains(July 27-30, 2011)

Rain began falling in Niigata Prefecture and Aizu,
Fukushima Prefecture, from around noon on the
27th. Intermittent hazardous rains of more than
80 mm per hour fell starting on the 28th.
In Niigata and Fukushima Prefectures, record
heavy rains exceeding the July 2004 Niigata andFukushima Torrential Rains were recorded.

6

13

74

1,000

Typhoon TALAS(1112)(August 30 September 5,
2011)

Record rains were recorded across a wide areafrom Western Japan to Northern Japan.
Especially on the Kii Peninsula, the highest
amount of rainfall since the rains began at 5:00
p.m. on August 30 exceeded 1,800 mm, andmany river channels became blocked.

98

113

380

3,159

Strong winds and record rains were recorded
across a wide area from Western Japan to
Typhoon ROKE
Northern Japan.
(1115)
Total rainfall from 12:00 a.m., September 15 to(September 15-22, 9:00 a.m., September 22 exceeded 1,000 mm in2011)
some parts of Kyushu and Shikoku regions, withmany points recording rainfall of more thandouble the average rainfall for September.
Record snows fell mainly on the Japan Sea side,
Heavy Snow inwith cumulative snowfall of more than 28%
2011higher than the average for the past 5 years. In(November 2011 - addition, in some regions the depth of the
March 2012)
snowfall was more than double the average forthe past 30 years.
Lightning strikes, wind gusts, and hail wererecorded from the Tokai region to the Tohoku
region. From Joso City to Tsukuba City, Ibaraki
Prefecture, a tornado formed that wasWind Gusts in May estimated to be one of the strongest (F3)2012
recorded in Japan. Multiple tornadoes were
(May 6, 2012)
recorded in the region from Mooka City, Tochigi
Prefecture, to Hitachi-Omiya City, Ibaraki
Prefecture, including a destructive tornado of
approx. 32 km, the second longest recorded
since statistics have been kept.
Heavy rains fell across a wide area from the
Okinawa region to the Tohoku region due to the
Typhoon GUCHOL typhoon and seasonal rain front. Following the(1204)
track of the typhoon, strong winds, high waves,(June 18-20, 2012) and a storm surge were recorded across a wide
area from the Okinawa region to the Tohoku
region.
Due to the effects of the seasonal rain front andHeavy Rains from a low-pressure system in the Yellow Sea forming
June 21 to July 7, above the seasonal rain front, from June 21 to2012
July 7, rains were recorded from Western to(June 21 - July 7, Eastern Japan, and Northern Japan, with heavy
2012)rains in parts of Kyushu region and otherlocations.

Abovefloor
Flooding

20

425

34

1,524

133

1,990

13

12

・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management
1,082 ・Invocationof Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)inspection by Minister of State for
5,500 ・Site
Disaster Management
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster(national)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
2,270 Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Ministerial meeting (twice)inspection by Minister of State for
3 ・SiteDisaster Management (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

3

61

103

234

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management－ ・Invocationof Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims

1

85

1

3

49 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

2

7

36

180

(*2)

(*2)

July 2012
Northern Kyushu
Torrential Rains(July 11-14, 2012)

From July 11 to 14, moist air from the south
flowed in toward the seasonal rain front thatwas stalled near Honshu Island, and heavy rains
were recorded across a wide area from Western
to Eastern Japan. Very violent rain fellintermittently with thunder especially in thenorthern part of Kyushu region.

33

34

276

2,306

(*3)

(*3)

Heavy Snow from
November2012(November 2012 March 2013)

Due to the cold, there was a long stretch of lowtemperature days in Northern Japan, with alarge amount of snow falling mainly on the Japan
Sea side. This resulted in record snowfall
recorded mainly on the Japan Sea side ofNorthern Japan, including snowfall with a depthof 566 cm recorded at Sukayu, Aomori
Prefecture.

104

1,517

5

7

・Dispatchment of government investigation
teamof Disaster Relief Act
1,131 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for(*2)
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)
2,574 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act(*3) ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Ministerial meeting heldof government investigation
2 ・Dispatchment
team・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

A-12

Name of Disaster
Earthquake
epicentered Near
Awajishima Island(April 13, 2013)

Major Events

Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6.

・From June 8 to August 9, the seasonalrain front stalled from Kyushu region to
the vicinity of Honshu Island withintermittent bursts of activity. In addition,
warm and very moist air surrounding ahigh-pressure ridge flowed in even after
the rainy season ended. During this time,
Typhoons LEEPI (1304) and SOULIK(1307) approached Japan, causing heavy
rains in various regions.
Warm, moist air flowed in toward the rain front,
creating extremely unstable atmosphericconditions and heavy rains mainly on the Japan
Heavy Rains fromSea side of Eastern Japan, and Western Japan.
August 23, 2013
On August 24, record heavy rains on par with
(August 23-28, 2013) the torrential rains of July 28 were recorded,
especially in Shimane Prefecture. Some areas of
Hokkaido also received heavy rains.
・On September 2, F2 tornadoes wererecorded in Saitama City, Koshigaya City,and Matsubushi Town, Saitama
Prefecture, Noda City, Chiba Prefecture,
and Bando City, Ibaraki Prefecture.
・On September 4, an F0 tornado was
Tornadoes onrecorded in Sukumo City, Kochi
September 2 and 4,
Prefecture, an F0 tornado in Aki City,
2013
Kochi Prefecture, F1 tornadoes(September 2, 4, & 7, respectively from Kanuma City to2013)
Utsunomiya City, and from Shioya Town,
Shioya County to Yaita City, Tochigi
Prefecture, and F0 tornadoes from Ise
City to Obata Town, Mie Prefecture.
・On September 7, F0 wind gusts wererecorded in Komaki City, Hokkaido
Prefecture.
On September 15, localized intense rains fell
Heavy Rains fromin Eastern Japan and Northern Japan. On
Typhoon MAN-YI
the 16th, heavy rains fell across a wide area
(1318)
from Shikoku region to Hokkaido. Record(September 15-16,
heavy rains fell especially in Fukui, Shiga,
2013)
and Kyoto Prefectures. A total of ten F0–F1
tornadoes also occurred.
Heavy Rains in 2013
Seasonal Rain Front(Disaster due totorrential rains anddestructive storms
between June 8 andAugust 9, 2013)

Typhoons WIPHA(1326) & FRANCISCO Heavy rains fell mainly on the Pacific Oceanside of Eastern Japan and Northern Japan.
(1327)
Hazardous rain of more than 100 mm per(October 14-16,
hour fell especially in Oshima Town, Tokyo,
2013)
with record rainfall of 824 mm recorded in(October 24-26,
24 hours.
2013)

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons0

Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

34

8・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (seven times)of Disaster Relief Act
1,845 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

73

222

2

4

9

53

67

13

38

6

136

40

967

45

140

65

63

Heavy Snow from2013
(November 2013 March 2014)

95

Typhoon NEOGURI(1408)(July 6-11, 2014)

・Record heavy rains were recorded on
Okinawa Island.
・Due to the effects of the moist southerly
wind surrounding the typhoon and theseasonal rain front, some regions even far
from the typhoon received localizedhazardous rains.

3

5

1,770

70

93

A-13

28

14

22

Remarks－ ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster50

0Abovefloor
Flooding

97

17

・Record heavy snowfall was recorded
across a wide area from Northern Japanto Kanto-Koshinetsu area.
・Especially from February 14 to 16, record
heavy snows fell, substantially surpassing
past snowfall depths mainly in the KantoKoshinetsu region, including Kofu City
(Yamanashi Prefecture) with 114 cm,
Chichibu City (Saitama Prefecture) with
98 cm, and Maebashi City (Gunma
Prefecture) with 73 cm of snowfall.

Torrential Rains of August 2014
<Typhoon NAKRI (1412)>
・From the night of the 5th, heavy rains
were recorded in the Chugoku andTohoku regions. Especially in Yamaguchi
Prefecture, localized hazardous rains ofmore than 100 mm per hour wererecorded in some places.
<Typhoon HALONG (1411)>
Typhoons NAKRI
Heavy rains fell across a wide area from(1412) & HALONG
Western Japan to Northern Japan.
(1411)
Especially in Kochi Prefecture, total rainfall(July 30 - August 11, from the 7th to the 11th, when the heaviest
2014)
rains fell, was more than 1,000 mm. Total
rainfall from the Shikoku region to the Tokai
region was more than 600 mm.
Atmospheric conditions were extremely
unstable, with extremely strong winds
including tornadoes in Tochigi Prefecture
and other areas.

Houses Damaged (houses)

243

・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)of Disaster Relief Act
0 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims

・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (five times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
2,453 ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation
teamof Disaster Relief Act
2,011 ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster40

・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
3 ・Siteinspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (five times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

12・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (three times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Livelihoods of Disaster
409 Reconstructing
Victims・Designation as a disaster of extreme
severity・Appeal to the public by the Minister ofState for Disaster Management

374

・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
1,529 ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disasterName of Disaster

Major Events

・Thelocalized and very violent rains
with thunder occureed. The amount of
rainfall that fell during the 2 days of
the 16th and 17th set new records inplaces such as Fukuchiyama City, Kyoto
Prefecture, and Takayama City, Gifu
Prefecture, with heavy rains mainly in
the Kinki, Hokuriku, and Tokai regions.
・ Warm, moist air flowed in toward therain front, and extremely unstable
Hiroshima Sedimentatmospheric conditions were recorded
Disaster on August
mainly in the Chugoku region and the20, 2014
northern Kyushu region.
(Disaster in・At 3:30 a.m. on the 20th, hazardous
Hiroshima Prefecturerains of approx. 120 mm per hour
due to heavy rains
were recorded in Hiroshimafrom August 19,
Prefecture, and heavy rains, including
2014)
a new record set for the highest
recorded rainfall in a 24-hour period,
were recorded.
・Volcanic tremors started at 11:41 a.m.
on September 27, with an eruption on
the same day around 11:52 a.m.
・Plumes descended the southern slope
2014 Eruption of Mt.
and was recorded for more than 3 km.
OntakeTherefore, a level 3 volcano warning(September 27,(Do not approach the volcano) was2014)
issued.
・Entry within 4 km of the crater was
restricted.
・Many mountain climbers sufferedcasualties due to this eruption.
Heavy Rains from
August 15, 2014
(August 15-26, 2014)*Excludes Hiroshima
Sediment Disaster on
August 20

Earthquake with a
Seismic Source inNorthern Nagano
Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6.
Prefecture(November 22, 2014)
Due to the effects of a strong winter airpressure pattern as well as a lowHeavy Snow in 2014 pressure system and cold air, heavy(November 2014 snows fell on the mountainous areas ofMarch 2015)
the Japan Sea side from Northern Japanto Eastern Japan.
・An explosive eruption occurred at
Shindake at 9:59 am on May 29. Thiseruption triggered plumes of blackgray smoke that rose 9,000m above
the crater rim and a pyroclastic flow
Kuchinoerabu-jimathat reached the northwestern coast
Island Eruption(Mukaehama district).
[Volcanic Alert Level ・At 10:07 am, the JMA raised the5]Volcanic Alert Level from 3 to 5
(May 29, 2015)(evacuate).
・The municipal ferry, Ferry-Taiyo, andother vessels were used to evacuate
all those on the island at the time ofthe eruption to Yakushima Island (allindividuals were confirmed to be safe)
・A very small amount of volcanic ash
was observed inside the crater, which
was thought to have been the result ofa very small eruption, so the JMA
raised the volcanic alert level from 2 toEruption of Mt.
3 (Do not approach the volcano) at
Hakone12:30 on June 30[Volcanic Alert Level ・At the same time, Hakone Town
3]
imposed a ban on entering the area
(June 30, 2015)
within around 1km of the crater andissued an evacuation instruction forparts of the Ubako, Kamiyuba,
Shimoyuba and Hakone Sounkyo
Bessochi areas as well as evacuating
residents, etc. from those areas
The typhoon and warm, moist air
heading toward the typhoon caused
increased rainfall, primarily over Westand East Japan. The Kinki region inparticular saw the highest rainfall in 24
Typhoon NANGKA
hours since records began, with heavy(1511)
rain in excess of the usual rainfall for the(July 16-18, 2015)
entire month of July in an ordinary year.
This caused river flooding, damage to
public civil engineering works, andsuspension of transport services, mainly
in West Japan.

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

8

77

63

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

7

68

69

38

179

0

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

332

・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
2,240 ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

217

・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation
1,086 team (three times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster0・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Major Disaster0 Management Headquarters
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

0

46

81

133

83

1,029

9

12

・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)of Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Ministerial meeting
・Dispatchment of government investigationteam
5 ・Invocationof Disaster Relief Act
・Appeal to the public by the Minister ofState for Disaster Management (four times)

・Installation of government on-sitecommunications office (Yakushima Town,
Kagoshima)
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

0

1

To be confirmed

0

0

0

0

of a Cabinet Office advance
0 ・Deployment
information-gathering team

2

57

5

10

to the public by the Minister of
85 ・Appeal
State for Disaster Management

A-14

Name of Disaster

Major Events

・At around 07:00 on August 15, a seriesof volcanic earthquakes centered on
the island occurred. Rapid crustal
movement indicative of inflation of
the volcanic edifice was also observed.
・At 10:15 that day, the JMA raised thevolcanic alert level from 3 to 4
(Prepare to evacuate) (caution
required in Arimura Town andVolcanic activity at
Furusato Town, within 3km of the
Sakurajima Island
Showa crater and the Minamidake[Volcanic Alert Levelsummit crater).
4]
・At 16:50 that day, Kagoshima City
(August 15, 2015)
issued evacuation advisories to theresidents of the Arimura district ofArimura Town, the Furusato district ofFurusato Town (areas within 3km of
the crater), and the Shioyagamoto
district of Kurokami Town.
・At 18:10 that day, evacuation of allresidents (77 people from 51
households) in the areas subject toevacuation was completed.
・The typhoon that made landfall near
Arao City in Kumamoto Prefecture
after 06:00 on the 25th moved
northward to the northern Kyushu
region, maintaining its strong intensity,and reached the Japan Sea during thedaylight hours of the 25th.
Typhoon GONI
・A maximum instantaneous wind speed(1515)of 71.0m was observed at 21:16 on(August 22-26, 2015)
the 23rd on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa
Prefecture. In addition, the typhoon
and warm, moist air flowing in fromthe south resulted in heavy rain overthe Ryukyu Islands, West Japan, andthe Tokai region, with more than
500mm of rain falling on Mie
Prefecture in a single day on the 25th.
・After making landfall near Nishio City,
Aichi Prefecture at around 09:30 on
September 9, 2015 Typhoon ETAU
(1518) moved on to the Japan Sea andtransformed into an extra-tropical
cyclone at 15:00 that day.
・As a result of Typhoon ETAU (1518)
and weather fronts, heavy rain fell
Torrential Rain ofover a wide area from western toSeptember 2015 innorthern Japan. In particular, between
the Kanto andthe 9th and the 11th, a southerly windTohoku Regions
flowing into the extra-tropical cyclone[Including Typhoon
into which Typhoon ETAU (1518)
ETAU (1518)]
transformed and, subsequently, a(September 9-11,
southeasterly wind from the vicinity of2015)
Typhoon KILO (1517) supplied flows ofmoist air that triggered a succession of
stationary linear mesoscaleconvectivesystems, causing recordbreaking rainfall in the Kanto andTohoku regions and prompting theissue of emergency heavy rain
warnings for Tochigi, Ibaraki and
Miyagi Prefectures.
・At 09:43 on September 14, aneruption occurred at Mt. Nakadake 1st
Crater. At 09:50, the Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued apreliminary eruption report (the firstissuing since the report system was
Mt. Aso Eruption
established in August 2015).
[Volcanic Alert Level ・At
10:10, the JMA raised the volcanic
3]alert level from 2 to 3 (Do not(September 14,
approachthe volcano) (caution
2015)
required in the area within 2 km of thecrater).
・At 11:00, the local government
confirmed that all tourists in the
restricted area (2 km from the crater)
had been evacuated.
・Typhoon DUJUAN (1521) approached
the Ishigaki and Yonaguni island areas
with violent intensity during the dayon the 28th.
・On Yonaguni Island, a maximum
instantaneous wind speed of 81.1m
was observed at 15:41 on the 28th,
Typhoon DUJUAN
the highest figure since statistics(1521)
began to be compiled. A severe gale
(September 27-28,
buffeted Yaeyama Islands, while the2015)
Sakishima Islands saw stormy seaswith high swells and the Okinawa
Island area was also battered by roughseas.

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Remarks

Abovefloor
Flooding

・Site inspection by Parliamentary Vice

0

0

0

0

Minister
0 ・Deploymentof a Cabinet Office liaison
team

1

147

12

138

53 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Minister of State for Disaster Management
issues a list of requests to relevant
ministries and agencies
・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information-gathering team・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
meeting (twice)2,523 ・Ministerial・Site inspection by Prime Minister (once)
・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

20

82

81

7,090

－

－

－

－

－

0

0

5

23

0

A-15

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

Name of Disaster

Major Events

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

In January 2016, a rapidly developing low
pressure system caused heavy snowfall
over a wide area, even in the plains of
Kantoregion. The pace of snowfall was
Heavy Snowfall since
faster than usual due to the strong winterNovember, 2015
pressure system, which caused damage(November, 2015 even in areas that normally receive little
March, 2016)
snowfall. In Amami-Oshima Island,
Kagoshima Prefecture, the first snowfall in
115 years was observed since February
12, 1901.

27

The 2016 Kumamoto ・At 09:26 p.m. on April 14, 2016
Earthquake
Maximum seismic intensity of 7
(April 14 and 16,
・At 01:25 a.m. on April 16, 2016
2016)
Maximum seismic intensity of 7

273

2,809

8,667

34,719・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Establishment of On-site Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Site inspection by Prime Minister (threetimes)
・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
0 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Invocation of Special Measures Act forSpecified Disaster・Partial invocation of the Act on
Reconstruction from Large-Scale Disasters
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

7

12

37

165

520 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

0

5

0

9

67 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

2

76

6

19

665

・Warm, moist air flowed in toward theseasonal rain front having stalled overWestern to Eastern Japan and a lowpressure system above the seasonal
Heavy Rains fromrain front, creating extremely unstable
Seasonal Rain Front
atmospheric conditions.
Starting June 20,
・Rainfall from 00:00 on 19 onward
2016
exceeded 300 mm over a wide area of(June 20-25, 2016)
Kyushu region, as well as Chugoku
and Shikoku regions and part of the
Izu Islands, while rain in some parts ofKumamoto, Oita and Miyazaki
Prefectures exceeded 500 mm.
・Typhoon CHANTHU (1607) moved
northward along the Pacific coast of
the Kanto and Tohoku regions, making
landfall near Cape Erimo at around17:30 on August 17. It then continued
up through Hokkaido and transformed
into an extra-tropical cyclone near
Sakhalin Island at 03:00 on the 18th.
・The passage of the cold front of the
Typhoon CHANTHU
extra-tropical cyclone that was(1607)
formerly Typhoon CHANTHU (1607)(August 16-18, 2016)
caused localized hazardous rains in the
Kanto region, with 83 mm per hour ofrain recorded in Utsunomiya City,
Tochigi Prefecture up to 03:14 on the
18th.
・The total rainfall between 00:00 on
August 16 and 06:00 on August 18
exceeded 100 mm over an extensive
area in the Kanto, Tohoku andHokkaido regions.
・Typhoon KOMPASU (1611) formed as atropical storm over the sea east of Japan
at 09:00 on August 20 and approached
the Tohoku region before making landfall
near Kushiro City, Hokkaido after 23:00 on
the 21st. It then continued up through
Hokkaido and transformed into an extratropical cyclone over the Okhotsk Sea at
03:00 on the 22nd.
・Typhoon MINDULLE (1609) made landfall
near Tateyama City, Chiba Prefecture ataround 12:30 on August 22 andcontinued up through the Kanto andTohoku regions, making landfall once
Typhoons KOMPASU
more on the central part of Hidaka(1611) & MINDULLE
District of Hokkaido before 06:00 on the(1609)
23rd. It then continued up through(August 20-23, 2016)
Hokkaido before transforming into an
extra-tropical cyclone over the Okhotsk
Sea at 12:00 on the 23rd.
・These typhoons and weather fronts
caused heavy rain in eastern andnorthern Japan. Between 00:00 on
August 20 and 24:00 on the 23rd, therewas 448.5 mm of rainfall at Mt. Amagi in
Izu City, Shizuoka Prefecture; 297.5 mm at
Ome in Ome City, Tokyo; and 296.0 mm
at Itokushibetsu in Shibetsu Town,
Hokkaido. Hokkaido experienced
particularly heavy rain, receiving double
the average rainfall for August.

631

A-16

－

3

－

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Designation as an extremely severe disasterName of
DisasterTyphoon
LIONROCK(1610)(August 26-31,
2016)

Typhoon
NAMTHEUN in2016(1612)(September 1 5, 2016)
Typhoon
MALOU in 2016
(1613)(September 6 8, 2016)

Major Events・Typhoon LIONROCK (1610) approached the
Kanto region in the morning of August 30
and made landfall near Ofunato City, Iwate
Prefecture around 17:30 on the 30th,
accompanied by a storm area. It thenaccelerated on a peculiar course that saw it
pass through the Tohoku region and enter
the Japan Sea, and it transformed into an
extra-tropical cyclone on the 31st.
・This was the first time that a typhoon had
made landfall on the Pacific coast of the
Tohoku region since the Japan Meteorological
Agency began recording statistics in 1951.
Typhoon NAMTHEUN in 2016 (1612) madelandfall near Nagasaki City, Nagasaki
Prefecture, just after 1:00 on September 5. At
9:00 on September 5, it weakened to tropicaldepression intensity off Tsushima Island.
Typhoon MALOU in 2016 (1613), after movingfrom south to northeastward of Japan, turned
into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of
Hokkaido.

・With strong intensity, Typhoon MALAKAS(1616) made landfall on the Osumi Peninsula,
Kagoshima Prefecture after 00:00 on
September 20 and then headed northeast
Typhoonacross the waters off the coast of Shikoku
MALAKASregion before making landfall once more near
(1616)
City, Wakayama Prefecture around(September 16- Tanabe
13:30 the same day. After making landfall yet
20, 2016)
again after 17:00 that day near Tokoname
City, Aichi Prefecture, it transformed into an
extra-tropical cyclone at 21:00 the same day
off the coast of the Tokai region.
・Typhoon CHABA in 2016 (1618) approached
Kume Island on October 3 with violent
typhoon intensity. Then it moved northward
the East China Sea and thenTyphoon CHABA acrossnortheastward across the Japan Sea. And it
in 2016 (1618) became an extratropical cyclone off Sado
(September 30 - Island at 21:00 on October 5.
October 5,*At 19:02 on October 3, an emergency
2016)
warning (for storms, waves, heavy rain, andstorm surge) was issued for the Okinawa
Island area. All warnings were cancelled at
05:42 on October 4.
2016
Earthquake
centered in thecentral Tottori Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6
Prefecture(October 21,
2016)
Earthquake
centered in thenorthern Ibaraki
Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6
Prefecture(December 28,
2016)
March 27,
2017Avalanche An avalanche hit the Nasu Onsen Family Ski
in Nasu, Tochigi Resort, affecting high-school students during
Prefecture ona mountain climbing workshop.
(March 27,
2017)
Heavy rainsfrom Seasonal
Rain Front
starting June30, 2017and
Typhoon
NANMADOL(1703)(including
Northern
Kyushu Heavy
Rain)(June 30 - July
10, 2017)

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

・Installation of government on-sitecommunications office・Appeal to the public by the Minister ofState for Disaster Management
・Site inspection by Prime Minister (twice)of government investigation
279 ・Dispatchment
team (twice)・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

29

14

518

2,281

－

1

－

－

－

1

2

15

42

112

1

47

8

65

509 ・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

－

14

－

1

to the public by the Minister of－ ・AppealState for Disaster Management (once)

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act－ ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

0

32

18

312

0

2

0

1

－

－

8

40

－

－

－

－

Localized intense rain caused by a seasonalrain front and Typhoon NANMADOL (1703)
fell mainly in the northern Kyushu region.
Especially from July 5 to 6, record heavy rain
hit the northern Kyushu region due to warmand very moist air flowing in toward the rain
front stalling in the vicinity of the Tsushima
Straits.

44

39

338

1,101

Heavy Rainsfrom Seasonal Warm and moist air flowed in towards theRain Front
front stalling over Tohoku and Hokuriku
Starting July 22, rainregions; stimulating it and causing heavy rain,
2017
concentrated
in these regions, from July 22.
(July 22 - 26,
2017)

0

0

3

44

A-17

・Ministerial meeting (three times)
・Site inspection by Prime Minister
・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Dispatchment of government investigationteam (twice)・Installation of government on-site
223 communications office・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Appeal to the public by the Minister ofState for Disaster Management

618

・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disasterName of
Disaster

Major Events

Typhoon NORU in 2017 (1705), whichdeveloped on July 21 around the sea near
Minamitori Island, approached the Amami
region. After that, it made landfall in northern
Wakayama Prefecture and moved up throughthe Kinki region. It then moved northeastward
Typhoon NORU
across the Japan Sea, and at 3:00 a.m. on
in 2017 (1705)
August 9, it turned into an extratropical(August 4 - 9,
cyclone off Yamagata Prefecture.
2017)
Due to the slow movement of the typhoon,
heavy rains were recorded in the Amami
region, western Japan, and eastern Japan. In
addition to heavy rainfall, gusty winds wereobserved. The typhoon caused damage to awide area.
Typhoon TALIM (1718), heading north near
Miyako Island from September 13 to 14,
crossed the Satsuma Peninsula, Kagoshima
Prefecture around 11:30 on 17th and madeTyphoon TALIM landfall on Tarumizu City, Kagoshima(1718)
Prefercture around 12:00 the same day. It(September 13 - continued to move north along the Japanese
18, 2017)
islands with a storm area and transformed into
an extra-tropical cyclone at 03:00 on 18th
around Sado Island. The typhoon and active
rain front caused hazardous rains from
Western to Northern Japan.
Typhoon LAN (1721) moved northward overthe south of Japan during October 21-22 andmade landfall around Omaezaki City in
Shizuoka Prefecture around 3 a.m. on 23rd
with its very large scale and strong intensity.
Typhoon LAN
Afterward, it headed northeast with its large(1721)
storm zone and transformed into an extra(October 21 tropical cyclone around the sea east of23, 2017)
Hokkaido at 3 p.m. on 23rd. This brought about
heavy rain over the wide area in Western andEastern Japan and Tohoku region due to welldeveloped rain clouds surrounding thetyphoon and the rain front stalling near
Honshu.
Due to the effects of a strong winter airpressure pattern, heavy snowfalls wereobserved in some areas on the Japan Sea side.
Heavy Snow
Especially large amounts of well-developed
from 2017snow clouds flowed in from the Japan Sea side
(Novemberfrom early to mid-February. In Fukui, Fukui
2017 - March
Prefecture, the daily maximum snow depth
2018)
exceeded 140 cm for the first time in 37 years.
The Hokuriku region observed heavy snowfalls
overall, with some areas recording snow
exceeding six times the average.
・An eruption occurred at 10:02 a.m.,January 23. Volcanic rocks travelled farther
than 1 km from the crater near Pond
Kagami, Mt. Motoshirane.
Eruption of Mt. ・At 11:05 a.m., the volcanic alert level was
Kusatsu-Shiraneraised from 1 to 2 (Do not approach the(January 23,
crater).
2018)
・At 11:50 a.m., the volcanic alert level was
raised from 2 to 3 (Do not approach thevolcano) (caution required within a 2 km
radius from the crater near Pond
Kagami).
Earthquake
centered in thewestern
Maximum seismic intensity of Upper 5
ShimanePrefecture(April 9, 2018)
Sediment
Disaster in
Nakatsu City,
A landslide in Yabakeimachi, Nakatsu City
Oita Prefecture(April 14, 2018)
Earthquake
centered in thenorthern Osaka Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6
Prefecture(June 18, 2018)

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Remarks

Abovefloor
Flooding

as a disaster of extreme
47 ・Designation
severity

2

51

5

6

5

73

5

615

1,553

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
2,794 ・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

8

245

13

485

116

1,539

9

18

13

1

11

0

0

0－

0

9

16

58

0

6

0

4

0

0－

6

462

A-18

21

483

・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Ministerial meeting (once)
inspection by Prime Minister
0 ・Site・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims

Name of
Disaster

Major Events

Due to the effects of the rain front andTyphoon PRAPIROON (1807), warm and highly
humid air was continuously supplied into thevicinity of Japan, resulting in record rainfalls in
The Heavy Rain western Japan and other areas. The rains
Events of Julycaused some serious disasters, including river2018
overflows, floods, and landslides, leaving(June 28 – July more than 200 people dead or missing. The
8, 2018)
lifelines were also affected such as thesuspension of water supply and telephoneservice in various areas across Japan, while
rail and road transportation was also
disrupted.

From around August 8, many volcanic
Volcanic activity earthquakes and large amounts of volcanic
atgases were observed. From around midnight
Kuchinoerabu- on August 15, an increasing number ofjima Island
volcanic earthquakes were observed at[Volcanic Alert deeper spots. In the small hours of the same
Level 4]day, an earthquake with a maximum(August 15,
magnitude of 1.9 (preliminary) was observed.
2018)
At 10:30 a.m., the volcanic alert level was
raised to 4 (prepare to evacuate).
With very strong intensity, Typhoon JEBI(1821) made landfall on the southern part ofTokushima Prefecture before noon on
September 4. It then made landfall again
around Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture before 2
p.m. and continued up through the Kinki
Typhoon JEBI
region while accelerating. At 9 a.m. on the(1821)
it transformed into an extra-tropical(September 4 - 5th,
cyclone at Tatar Strait. During the approach
5, 2018)
and passage of the typhoon, very intense
winds and very violent rains hit western tonorthern Japan. The Shikoku and Kinki regions
experienced particularly strong winds andrains, with some areas observing record highwaves.

The 2018
Hokkaido
Eastern Iburi
Earthquake(September 6,
2018)

Maximum seismic intensity of 7
A major power outage occurred across theprefecture.

From September 29 to dawn on the 30th,
Typhoon TRAMI (1824) approached the
Typhoon TRAMI Okinawa region with very strong intensity. It(1824)
made landfall near Tanabe City, Wakayama(September 29 - Prefecture around 8 p.m. on the 30th while
October 1,
rapidly accelerating. After crossing eastern
2018)
and northern Japan, it transformed into an
extra-tropical cyclone over the sea east ofJapan atnoon on October 1.
Earthquake
centered in the
Kumamoto
region of
Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6
Kumamoto
Prefecture(January 3,
2019)
Earthquake
centered in theCentral-Eastern
Iburi region of Maximum seismic intensity of Lower 6
Hokkaido(February 21,
2019)
Earthquake
centeredoffshore of
Maximum seismic intensity of Upper 6
Yamagata
Prefecture(June 18, 2019)

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Remarks

Abovefloor
Flooding

・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Ministerial meeting (once)・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
・Site inspection by Prime Minister (fourtimes)
6,982 ・Siteinspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management (three times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Invocation of Special Measures Act forSpecified Disaster・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

271

449

6,783

11,342

－

－

－

－

－

14

980

68

833

of government investigation
244 ・Dispatchment
team－・Ministerial meeting (once)

・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

43

782

469

1,660

4

231

62

404

・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Ministerial meeting (nine times)
・Installation of government on-sitecommunications office・Dispatchment of government investigationteam－ ・Site inspection by Prime Minister (once)
・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Designation as an extremely severe disasterof Act on Support for
326 ・Invocation
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims

1

3

0

0

－

－

0

6

0

0

－

－

0

43

0

28

－ ・Dispatchment of government investigation

A-19

・Ministerial meeting (two times)
teamName of
Disaster

Major Events

Since late June, seasonal rain front wasstalling in western and around eastern Japanand warm moist air flowing toward the front
Heavy Rain
has increased its activity.
since Late June The total precipitation from June 28 to July 8(June 28 -July 5, reached 1,089.5 mm in Ebino, Ebino City,
2019)
Miyazaki Prefecture, exceeded 500 mm in
Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Kumamoto
Prefectures. Resulting in the record-breaking
heavy rainfalls.
Warm and humid air around Typhoon Danas(1905) and the North Pacific High brought
localized hazardous rain in western Japan
from 20 to 21. From the night of 19 to theafternoon of 20, Goto and Tsushima in
Heavy rains
Nagasaki Prefecture experienced the recordfrom Seasonal breaking heaviest rain in decades, and atRain Front and 10:05 a.m. on 20, an emergency heavy rain
2019 Typhoon warning was issued (all warnings were
Danas (1905)
cancelled by 4:10 p.m. on the same day). In(July 17 – 22,
addition, developed rain clouds stalled over2019)
Saga and Fukuoka Prefectures on the earlymorning of 21, resulting in record-breaking
heavy rain in some areas, exceeding the July
average rainfall in 24 hours.
Typhoon Danas transformed into an extratropical cyclone at 9:00 p.m. On 21.
Typhoon FRANCISCO in 2019 (1908) madelandfall near Miyazaki City at around 5:00 on
the 6th, and continued to movenorthwestward and weakened to tropicaldepression intensity in the Japan Sea at 9:00
Typhoonon the 7th.
FRANCISCO in In Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture, and2019 (1908)
Saiki City, Oita Prefecture, it brought about(August 5 – 7,
hazardous rains of about 110 to 120
2019)
millimeters per hour. The total rainfall fromthe 5th to the 7th 12:00 a.m. was 467
millimeters in Kigashira, Naga Town,
Tokushima Prefecture. In addition, the Pacificside of Kyushu and Shikoku regions
experienced heavy rainfall of around 300 mm.
Typhoon KROSA in 2019 (1910) made landfall
near Kure City in Hiroshima Prefecture around3:00 p.m. on 15 and brought very violent rainwith strong winds over the wide range ofand eastern Japan on the Pacific side,
Typhoon KROSA western
total rainfall exceeding 800 mm in somein 2019 (1910) with
(August 12 – 16, places.
Though it transformed into an extratropical2019)
cyclone in western Hokkaido at 9 p.m. on 16,
it approached Hokkaido with its strength
maintained, and very violent rains with strong
wind hit Hokkaido and other areas until thedawn of 17.
The front and humid air resulted in recordbreaking heavy rainfall, with total rainfall
exceeding 600 mm in the northern Kyushu
Heavy Rainand other areas since August 26.
Event of August region
2019 related to In particular, as the threat of serious disasters
significantly increased, with record-breaking
the rain front
rainfalls of at least100 mm per hour
(August 26 – 29, heavy
recorded at dawn on August 28, an2019)
emergency heavy rain warning was issued for
Saga, Fukuoka and Nagasaki Prefectures at
5:50 a.m. on 28.
From July 7 to 8, the typhoon moved
northward from the ocean surrounding the
Ogasawara Islands to the Izu Islands, passed
near the Miura Peninsula before 3:00 a.m. on
9, and made powerful landfall near Chiba City
before 5:00 a.m.
the typhoon approached and passed
Typhoon FAXAI As
in 2019 (T1915) Japan, hazardous wind and rain hit the Izu
Islands,
the southern Kanto region, and(September 7 – others. The
storm was a record-breaking one,
9, 2019)with many points having the highest
maximum wind speeds and the highest
maximum instantaneous wind speeds everrecorded in Japan. In particular, the maximum
wind velocity of 35.9 m and the maximum
instantaneous wind speed of 57.5 m wereobserved in Chiba City.

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

・Ministerial meeting (three times)

2

5

11

9

of a Cabinet Office advance
92 ・Deployment
information gathering team・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Ministerial meeting (once)

1

6

0

1

of government investigation
216 ・Dispatchment
team・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

1

5

1

0

1

2

58

1

0

meeting (two times)
2 ・Ministerial
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

890

・Ministerial meeting (three times)
・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Dispatchment of government investigation
team
inspection by Minister of State for918 ・Site
Disaster Management
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

4,806

・Deployment of a Cabinet Office advance
information gathering team・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management (three times)
125 ・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designation as an extremely severe disaster

4

9

4

160

A-20

95

457

Name of
Disaster

Major Events

Human Casualties(persons)
Fatalities/
Missing
Injured
Persons

Houses Damaged (houses)
Half
Destroyed Destroyed

Completely

Abovefloor
Flooding

Remarks

・Establishment of Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
・Ministerial meeting (twice)・Deployment of a Cabinet Office Survey Team・Dispatchment of government investigation team・Site inspection by Prime Minister (twice)inspection by Minister of State for Disaster
7,524 ・Site
Management (six times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of Disaster Victims
・Specified disaster designation
・Designation as an extremely severe disaster・Major disaster designation
・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Ministerial meeting・Establishment of National On-site Disaster
Management Office・Deployment of a Cabinet Office Survey
Team・Site inspection by Prime Minister
1,741 ・Site inspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management (six times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims
・Specified disaster designation
・Extreme disaster designation
・Disaster of extreme severity designation

Before 7 p.m. on 12, the large typhoon withstrong power made landfall on the Izu
Peninsula. It passed through the Kanto region
Typhoonand blew out to the east sea of the Tohoku
HAGIBIS in 2019 region before dawn on 13.
(T1919)The typhoon caused record rainfall over a(October 10 –wide area in Shizuoka and Niigata Prefectures,
13, 2019)
as well as in the Kanto-Koshin and the Tohoku
regions, due to the typhoon's developed rain
clouds and moist air around it.

108

375

3,229

28,107

Total precipitation from July 3 to 14 exceeded halfof the normal annual precipitation at some points.
The rainfall was heavy for a long period of timeover a wide area of western and eastern Japan,
mainly in the Kyushu region.
The Heavy Rain Especially in the northern Kyushu region, the 48Event of Julyhour rainfall was 1.4 times more than the previous
2020
record, and several locations set new records.
(July 3 - 31,
As a result of this record-breaking rainfall, a special
2020)
warning for heavy rain was issued in Kumamoto
and Kagoshima Prefectures at 4:50 on the 4th, andFukuoka, Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures at4:30
p.m. on the 6th. It was also issued in Gifu
Prefecture at 6:30 on the 8th, and at 6:43 on thesame day in Nagano Prefecture.

88

82

1,627

4,535

6

110

7

40

31 ・Appeal to the public by the Minister of

0

3

0

0

meeting
0 ・Ministerial
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

6 (*5)

63 (*4)00meeting
0 ・Ministerial
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

2

・Ministerial meetin
・Deployment of a Cabinet Office Survey
Team
2 ・Siteinspection by Minister of State forDisaster Management
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act

Typhoon HAISHEN in 2020 (T2010) approachedthe Nansei Islands and Kyushu region from
September 5 to 7 with a large and very strong
storm. It then made landfall on the Korean
TyphoonPeninsula and turned into an extratropical
HAISHEN in
cyclone at 3:00 on September 8.
2020 (T2010)
The maximum wind speed was 44.2 m/s and the(September 5 - maximum wind gust speed was 59.4 m/s at
7, 2020)
Nomozaki, Nagasaki Prefecture. Violent storm
or storm winds were observed mainly in the
Nansei Islands and Kyushu region, exceeding thefirst value in the history of observation, making it
a record-breaking storm.
Typhoon CHAN-HOM in 2020 (2014) brought
Typhoon CHAN- record-breaking rainfall to the southern Izu
HOM in 2020
Islands, exceeding 700 millimeters in many places(2014)
due to the effects of the stationary front and(October 7 - 12, typhoon. A heavy rain emergency warning was2020)
announced at 5 p.m. on the 10th in Miyake
Village and Mikurajima Village in Tokyo.
Due to a strong winter pressure system, it snowedintermittently from northern Japan to western Japan,
mainly on the Japan Sea side. Heavy snowfall
Heavy Snowfall occurred mainly in the mountainous areas of thesince December Kanto, Hokuriku and Tohoku regions. In particular,
16
Fujiwara, Minakami Town, Tone County, Gunma(December 16 - Prefecture, experienced a record-breaking snowfall,18, 2020)
with the maximum snowfall amounts per 48 and 72
hours, ranking the first in Japan (based on
observations by Automated Meteorological Data
Acquisition System).
A low pressure system developed rapidly fromJanuary 7 to 8 in the morning. It moved from theJapan Sea through northern Japan to the waters
near the Chishima Islands. After that, strong cold
air flowed into the sky over Japan, and a strong
Heavy Snowfall winter-type pressure pattern continued throughsince January 7 the 11th. These factors resulted in heavy snow
(January 7 - 11, and wind storms over a wide area from northern
2021)Japan to western Japan. In particular, Takada,
Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture, observed 103 cm
of snowfall in 24 hours on the 9th, setting a newrecord for the most snowfall in the history ofobservation. Many locations experienced recordbreaking snow and wind storms.

35 (*5) 382 (*4)

1Earthquake
Centered off
the Coast of
Fukushima
Prefecture in
2021(February 13,
2021)

Maximum intensity of 6.0 earthquake

2

184

144

3,065

Heavy Rainfrom July 1 of
2021 (July 1 July 14, 2021)

The seasonal rain front stalled over West andEast Japan from the end of June to early July,
resulting in wide-area heavy rains from WestJapan to the Tohoku region. From July 2 to 3,
72-hour-precipitation was the highest on
record at several sites in Shizuoka Prefecture.
In Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture, a large
debris flow caused numerous humandamages. On 10, a heavy rain emergency
warning was issued for Kagoshima, Miyazaki
and Kumamoto Prefectures, and on 12,
Aomori, Mie, Shimane and Tottori Prefectures
experienced the highest one-hour

29

12

59

119

A-21

・Ministerial meeting (twice)State for Disaster Management (twice)・Ministerial meeting（twice）
・Deployment of a Cabinet Office Survey
Team・Site inspection by Minister of State for
0 Disaster Management (six times)
・Invocation of Disaster Relief Act
・Invocation of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Establishment of Major Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Establishment of Authorized Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Ministerial Meetings (twice)・Dispatch of Cabinet Office Survey Team499 ・Prime Minister's site visit
・Minister of State for Disaster Management,
Japan on-site inspection (2 times)
・Application of Disaster Relief Act
・Application of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims

precipitation on record.
From August 11, warm and humid air flowed
toward a front that had been stalled near
Japan, causing prolonged heavy rains over awide area from West to East Japan as the
Heavy Rain in
front became more active. Slope failure inAugust of 2021 Unzen City, Nagasaki Prefecture and debris(August 7 flow in Okaya City, Nagano Prefecture
August 23,
brought about human suffering. A heavy rain
2021)
emergency warning was issued for Hiroshima
Prefecture on 13, and Nagasaki, Saga,
Fukuoka and Hiroshima Prefectures on 14.
The Rokkaku River in Saga Prefecture flooded
again, following its flooding in August 2019.
Earthquake
Centered Off
Maximum seismic intensity 5+
the North-West Suspension of train services in the Tokyo
of Chiba Region metropolitan area caused people not to be(October 7,
able to return home.
2021)
Earthquake
Centered off
the Coast of
Fukushima
Prefecture(March 16,
2022)

Maximum seismic intensity 6+

・Designated as Disaster of Extreme Severity

13

17

45

1,234

0

50

0

0

3

245

111

1,285

・Establishment of Authorized Disaster
Management Headquarters
・Ministerial Meetings (twice)・Dispatch of Cabinet Office Survey Team・Minister of State for Disaster Management,
796 Japan on-site inspection (2 times)
・Application of Disaster Relief Act
・Application of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designated as Disaster of Extreme Severity

0・Dispatch of Cabinet Office Survey Team・Minister of State for Disaster Management,
Japan on-site inspectionof Disaster Relief Act
0 ・Application
・Application of Act on Support for
Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster
Victims・Designated as Disaster of Extreme Severity*1 Established by a Ministerial meeting decision, and therefore not based on the Basic Act on Disaster Management.
*2 The number of damaged houses in the July 2012 Northern Kyushu Torrential Rains contains some duplications.
*3 The number of damaged houses due to heavy rains from June 21 to July 7, 2012 contains some duplications.
*4 The total of those caused by stranded vehicles and those caused by accidents during snow removal.
*5 Due to accidents during snow removal.
Source: Cabinet Office, Fire and Disaster Management Agency Materials, Major Disaster Management Headquarters materials

A-22

Fig.
Fig.A-10
A-10 Establishment of Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters, Major Disaster Management
Headquarters and Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters
As of March 1, 2021

Period of Establishment
Jan. 29 - May 31, 1963
Jun. 16 - Oct. 31, 1964

Manager of Headquarters
Minister of State
Minister of State

Sep. 17 - Dec. 17, 1965

Minister of State

Sep. 26 - Dec. 27, 1966

Minister of State

Jul. 9 - Dec. 26, 1967

Minister of StateMay 16, 1968 - May 2, 1969

Minister of State

7

Name of Headquarters
Heavy Snowfall Major Disaster Management Headquarters
Niigata Earthquake Major Disaster Management Headquarters
Typhoons SHIRLEY (6523), TRIX (6524), and VIRGINIA (6525) Major
Disaster Management Headquarters
Typhoons HELEN (6624) and IDA (6626) Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
1967 July and August Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
1968 Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi Major Disaster Management
Headquarters
July 1972 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management Headquarters

Jul. 8 - Dec. 19, 1972

8

Typhoon FRAN (7617) Major Disaster Management Headquarters

Sep. 13 - Dec. 10, 1976
Aug. 11, 1977 - Dec. 4, 1979

Minister of State
Director General of National
Land Agency (NLA)
Director General of NLA

Jan. 15 - Aug. 4, 1978

Director General of NLA

Jun. 13 - Nov. 28, 1978

Director General of NLA

Oct. 20 - Dec. 4, 1979

Director General of NLA

Jul. 24 - Dec. 24, 1982

Director General of NLA

May 26 - Dec. 23, 1983
Jul. 23 - Dec. 23, 1983
Oct. 4, 1983 - Jun. 5, 1984

Director General of NLA
Director General of NLA
Director General of NLA

Sep. 16, 1984 - Feb. 19, 1985

Director General of NLA

Jun. 4, 1991 - Jun. 4, 1996

Director General of NLA

Jul. 13, 1993 - Mar. 31, 1996

Director General of NLA

Aug. 9, 1993 - Mar. 15, 1994

Director General of NLA
Director General of NLA↓
Minister of Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake Measures↓
Director General of NLA↓
Minister of State for Disaster
Management

1
2
3
4
5
6

9 1977 Mt. Usu Eruption Major Disaster Management Headquarters
1978 Off Izu-Oshima Island Earthquake Major Disaster Management
10 Headquarters
1978 Earthquake Off the Coast of Miyagi Prefecture Major Disaster
11 Management Headquarters
12 Typhoon TIP (7920) Major Disaster Management Headquarters
July and August 1982 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management
13 Headquarters
14 1983 Central Japan Sea Earthquake Major Disaster Management Headquarters
15 July 1983 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management Headquarters
16 1983 Miyake Island Eruption Major Disaster Management Headquarters
1984 Western Nagano Prefecture Earthquake Major Disaster
17 Management Headquarters
18 1991 Mt. Unzen Eruption Major Disaster Management Headquarters
1993 Earthquake Off the Coast of Sounthren Hokkaido Major Disaster
19 Management Headquarters
20 August 1993 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management Headquarters

21

1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Major Disaster Management
Headquarters

Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Extreme Disaster Management
Headquarters*1
1997 Diamond Grace Oil Spill Major Disaster Management
22
Headquarters
23 2000 Mt. Usu Eruption Major Disaster Management Headquarters
2000 Miyake Island Eruption and Niijima and Kozushima Islands
Earthquake Emergency Management Headquarters
24 2000 Miyake Island Eruption Major Disaster Management
Headquarters*3

Jan. 17, 1995 - Apr. 21, 2002

Jan. 19 - Apr. 28, 1995

Prime Minister

Jul. 2-11, 1997

Minister of Transport

Oct. 24, 2004 - Mar. 31, 2008

Director General of NLA↓
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Director General of NLA↓
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management

Mar. 11, 2011 -Prime MinisterMar. 31, 2000 - Jun. 28, 2001
*2
Aug. 29, 2000 - May 15, 2002
May 16, 2002 - Mar. 31, 2005

25 Typhoon TOKAGE (0423) Major Disaster Management Headquarters
2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake Major Disaster Management
26
Headquarters
2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Extreme Disaster Management
27
Headquarters

Oct. 21, 2004 - Mar. 31, 2007

28 Typhoon TALAS (1112) Major Disaster Management Headquarters

Sep. 4, 2011 - Dec. 26, 2014

29 2014 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management Headquarters

Feb. 18 - May 30, 2014

30 August 2014 Torrential Rains Major Disaster Management Headquarters Aug. 22, 2014 - Jan. 9, 2015
31 2014 Mt. Ontake Eruption Major Disaster Management Headquarters

Sep. 28, 2014 - Nov. 9, 20152016 Emergency Response Headquarters for the Earthquake Centered32
in the Kumamoto Region of Kumamoto Prefecture

Apr. 14, 2016 - Nov. 30, 2018

33 Emergency Response Headquarters for the Heavy Rain in July 2018

Jul. 8 - Nov. 30, 2018

Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management
Minister of State for Disaster
Management

Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919) Major Disaster Management
Oct. 13, 2019 – Mar. 31, 2020
Headquarters
Major Disaster Management Headquarters for the Heavy Rain Event of
35
Jul. 5 - Dec. 25, 2020
July 2020
Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters for Heavy Rain from
July 3, – July 5, 2021
July 1 of 2021
36
Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters for Heavy Rain from July 1
Prime Minister
July 5 - November 30, 2021
of 2021
Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters for Heavy Rain in
August 13 – November 30,
Minister of State for Disaster
37
Management
August of 2021
2021
Notes: The above are Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters and Major Disaster Management Headquarters based on the Basic Act on
34

A-23

Disaster Management (Act No. 223 of 1961).
*1 Established within the Cabinet Office based on a Ministerial meeting resolution, not based on the Basic Act on Disaster Management.
*2 Based on reports that the eruption had subsided. Upon dissolution of the Headquarters, the Mt. Usu Eruption Disaster Restoration andRecovery Measures Council was established.
*3 The names of Niijima Island and Kozushima Island were changed with the conclusion of response measures.
Source: Cabinet Office

A-24

Fig.
Fig.A-11
A-11 Dispatchment of Government Investigation Teams (Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)
As of March 1, 2021

Year

Name of Disaster1995 1995 Southern Hyogo Earthquake (Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)
1997 July 1997 Torrential Rains from Seasonal
Rain Front1998 End of August 1998 Torrential Rains
1999 Heavy Rains Starting June 23, 1999
Heavy Rains from Typhoon BART (9918)
and Rain Front
2000 2000 Eruption of Mt. Usu
2000 Western Tottori Prefecture
Earthquake
2001 2001 Geiyo Earthquake
2003
July Seasonal Rain Front Torrential Rains
Northern Miyagi Prefecture Earthquake
2003 Earthquake Off the Coast of Tokachi
2004 July 2004 Niigata and Fukushima
Torrential Rains
July 2004 Fukui Torrential Rains
Typhoon MEARI (0421)
Typhoon MA-ON (0422)
Typhoon TOKAGE (0423)
2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake
2005 Earthquake Off the Coast to the West of
Fukuoka Prefecture
Earthquake Off the Coast of Miyagi
Prefecture
Typhoon NABI (0514)
2006 Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front
Starting July 4
Typhoon SHANSHAN (0613)
Tornado in Saroma Town, Hokkaido
2007 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
Heavy Rains from Typhoon MAN-YI(0704) and Seasonal Rain Front2007 Earthquake Off the Coast of
Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture
2008 2008 Earthquake Inland of Iwate andMiyagi Prefectures
Earthquake Epicentered Along Northern
Coast of Iwate Prefecture
End of August 2008 Torrential Rains2009 July 2009 Torrential Rains in Chugoku andNorthern Kyushu
Typhoon ETAU (0909)
2011
2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami(Great East Japan Earthquake)
July 2011 Niigata and Fukushima
Torrential Rains

Deployment
Dates
Jan. 17-18
Jul. 11-12
Aug. 28
Jun. 30 - Jul. 1
Sep. 25

Hyogo

Team Leader
Director General of National Land Agency(NLA)

Kagoshima,
Director General of NLA
Kumamoto
Tochigi, Fukushima Parliamentary Vice-Minister of National Land
Hiroshima
Director General of NLA
Kumamoto

Mar. 31 - Apr. 1 Hokkaido

Director General of NLA
Director General of NLA

Oct. 7

Tottori

Director General of NLA

Mar. 29

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office

Jul. 27
Sep. 26-27
Jul. 14
Jul. 15
Jul. 20
Oct. 1
Oct. 14
Oct. 22
Oct. 22
Oct. 24

Hiroshima, Ehime
Kumamoto,
Kagoshima
Miyagi
Hokkaido
Niigata
Fukushima
Fukui
Mie
Shizuoka
Hyogo, Kyoto
Kagawa, Okayama
NiigataMar. 20-21

FukuokaState-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Aug. 16-17

MiyagiParliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office

Sep. 9Jul. 21
Jul. 25
Sep. 19
Nov. 7-8
Mar. 25-26

Miyazaki
NaganoKagoshima
Miyazaki
Hokkaido
Ishikawa

Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management

Jul. 13

KumamotoState-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Jul. 16

Niigata

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Jun. 14-15

Iwate, Miyagi

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Jul. 24

Iwate, Aomori

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Aug. 29
Jul. 22
Jul. 27
Aug. 11Mar. 11Mar. 12Mar. 12
Jul. 31
Aug. 2

Aichi
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
Hyogo, Okayama
Miyagi
Iwate
Fukushima
Niigata, Fukushima
Fukushima
Wakayama, Nara,
Mie

Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Finance
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Jul. 22

Sep. 4-7
Typhoon TALAS (1112)
Sep. 62012 May 2012 Gust

Prefecture
Surveyed

Nara

May 7
Jul. 13-14

Ibaraki, Tochigi
Kumamoto, Oita

Jul. 21-22

Fukuoka, Oita,
Kagoshima

July 2012 Torrential Rains in Northern
Kyushu

A-25

Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management

Year
2013

Name of Disaster
Heavy Snow in2012

Deployment
Dates
Mar. 4-5
Jul. 29-30

Aug. 3

NiigataAug. 9Aug. 13
Aug. 13
Sep. 3
Sep. 4
Sep. 17
Sep. 18

Heavy Rains from Typhoon MAN-YI (1318)

Sep. 18
Sep. 19
Sep. 19-20

Typhoon WIPHA (1326)
2014
Heavy Snow in 2013

Typhoon NEOGURI (1408) and Seasonal
Rain Front
Typhoons NAKRI (1412) & HALONG (1411)
Heavy Rains Starting August 15
Heavy Rains in Hiroshima Prefecture
Starting August 19
Mt. Ontake Eruption
Earthquake Epicentered in Northern
Nagano Prefecture
Heavy Snow in 20142015 Eruption of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island
Torrential Rain of September 2015 in the
Kanto and Tohoku Regions
Typhoon DUJUAN (1521)
2016 The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Typhoons KOMPASU (1611) & MINDULLE(1609)
Typhoon LIONROCK (1610)
Earthquake centered in the central Tottori
Prefecture

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet
Office, Special Advisor to the Prime Minister
Shimane, Yamaguchi State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Yamagata,
Fukushima

Aug. 3Oct. 19
Feb. 6
Feb. 17

Team Leader

Hokkaido

Aug. 3Heavy Rains with Seasonal Rain Front

Tornadoes on September 2 and 4

Prefecture
Surveyed

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Land,
Iwate, Miyagi
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Shimane, Yamaguchi Minister of State for Disaster Management
Akita
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Iwate, Akita
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
SaitamaParliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Chiba
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
SaitamaParliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeActing Minister of State for Disaster
Kyoto
Management
Shiga, Fukui
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
MieParliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Aomori, Iwate,
Akita
Oshimacho (Tokyo)

Special Advisor to the Prime MinisterMar. 7

Tokyo, Yamanashi

Mar. 10
Mar. 15
Jul. 11
Jul. 12
Jul. 14-15
Aug. 11-13
Aug. 11
Aug. 18-19
Aug. 19
Aug. 20-21
Sep. 6
Sep. 17
Sep. 28
Oct. 11
Nov. 23
Dec. 2
Dec. 9
May 29-30

Saitama
Nagano, Gunma
NaganoYamagata
Okinawa
Tokushima, Kochi
Tochigi
Hyogo, Kyoto
Gifu
Hiroshima
Hiroshima
Hiroshima
NaganoNaganoNaganoNaganoTokushima
Kagoshima

Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office, StateMinister of the EnvironmentState-Minister of the Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
State-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Sep. 11

Ibaraki, TochigiState-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Akita
Yamanashi

Sep. 30-Oct. 1 Okinawa
Apr. 15
Kumamoto

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeState-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Aug. 28-29

Hokkaido

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office

Aug. 31-Sep. 1 Iwate
Sep. 5
Hokkaido

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management

Oct. 29

TottoriState-Minister of the Cabinet Office

Jul. 7
Jul. 9Oct. 27
Feb. 24

FukuokaOita, Fukuoka
Osaka, Wakayama
Fukui

State-Minister of the Cabinet Office
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management

The Heavy Rain Event of July 2018

Jul. 9Okayama,
Hiroshima

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Typhoon JEBI (1821)

Sep. 11
Sep. 19

Hyogo Osaka
Hokkaido

Minister of State for Disaster Management
Minister of State for Disaster Management

2017 Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front Starting
June 30, 2017 and Typhoon NANMADOL (1703)

Typhoon LAN (1721)
2018 Heavy Snow in 2017

The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake

A-26

2019 Earthquake centered offshore of Yamagata
Prefecture
Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front andTyphoon Danas (1905)
Heavy rainfall associated with the Seasonal
Rain Front in August 2019
Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919)
Source: Cabinet Office

Jul. 1

Niigata, Yamagata

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Jul. 24 - 25

Nagasaki,Kagoshima

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Aug. 31

Saga

Minister of State for Disaster Management

Oct. 14

Fukushima

Minister of State for Disaster Management

A-27

Fig.
Fig.A-12
A-12 Application of the Disaster Relief Act (Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)
As of April 1, 2022
Year

Name of Disaster1995 1995 Southern Hyogo Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake)Northern Niigata Prefecture Earthquake
Heavy Rain Starting on July 3
July 1995 Seasonal Rain Front Torrential Rains
Heavy Rain Starting on August 10
1996

Typhoon VIOLET (9617)

1997 July 1997 Seasonal Rain Front Torrential Rains
Typhoon OLIWA (9719)

Jul. 31

Tokushima

2

Typhoon VICKI (9807)

Sep. 22

Heavy Rains of September 23–25, 1998
Typhoon ZEB (9810)

Sep. 25
Oct. 17

Heavy Rains Starting June 23, 1999

Jun. 29

Torrential Rains in Tsushima Region on August 27–28, 1999

Aug. 27

Heavy Rains from Typhoon BART (9918) and Rain Front

Sep. 24

Tokaimura Criticality Accident

Sep. 3Heavy Rains Starting October 27, 1999

Oct. 28
Mar. 29
Jun. 26
Jul. 1, Jul. 15
Jul. 8Sep. 112000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake

Oct. 6

2001 Geiyo Earthquake

Mar. 24

Heavy Rains of September 6, 2001
Typhoon NARI (0116)

2003

Apr. 1
Jul. 5
Jul. 11
Jul. 11, Jul. 12
Aug. 10
Sep. 22
Sep. 22
Jul. 10

Typhoon STELLA (9805)

2000 2000 Eruption of Mt. Usu
2000 Miyake Is. Eruption
2000 Niijima and Kozushima Isls. Earthquake
Typhoon KIROGI (0003)
Heavy Rains from 2000 Autumn Rain Front and Typhoon
SAOMAI (0014)

2002

Sep. 6
Sep. 8, Sep. 11
Jul. 10
Jul. 11
Jul. 19
Jul. 20
Jul. 26
Aug. 9Jul. 13
Jul. 18

20
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
3
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
4
2
1
1
9
1
9
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
21
1
6
2
13
1
2
2
1
1
5
1
5
3
7
5

Aug. 4
Aug. 27
Aug. 28
Aug. 27, Aug. 30
Aug. 28
Aug. 30
Sep. 16

End of August 1998 Torrential Rains

2001

Hyogo
Osaka
Niigata
Ehime
Niigata
NaganoNiigata
Saitama
Chiba
Kagoshima
Oita
MiyazakiKagoshima
Niigata
Fukushima
IbarakiTochigi
SaitamaShizuoka
Saitama
Fukui
Hyogo
Nara
Kochi
Okayama
Hiroshima
Fukuoka
Nagasaki
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
Kumamoto
Ibaraki
Aomori
Iwate
Hokkaido
Tokyo
Tokyo
SaitamaAichi
Gifu
Tottori
ShimaneHiroshima
Ehime
Kochi
Okinawa
Iwate
Gifu
Fukuoka
Kumamoto
Miyagi
Hokkaido
NiigataFukui

Jan. 17

Sep. 16

1998 Early August 1998 Torrential Rains

1999

Prefecture

No. ofMunicipalities towhich the Act wasappliedDate of
Invocation

Typhoon CHATAAN (026)
July Seasonal Rain Front Torrential Rains

Northern Miyagi Prefecture Earthquake
Typhoon ETAU (0310)
2004 July 2004 Niigata and Fukushima Torrential Rains
July 2004 Fukui Torrential Rains
Typhoon NAMTHEUN (0410), Typhoon MALOU (0411), andRelated Heavy Rains

A-28

Year
2004

Prefecture

No. ofMunicipalities towhich the Act wasapplied

Oct. 23

Ehime
Kochi
Okayama
KagawaEhime
Miyazaki
Hiroshima
Mie
Ehime
Hyogo
Shizuoka
Miyazaki
Tokushima
Kagawa
Hyogo
Gifu
Kyoto
Niigata

1
1
9
13
1
2
2
5
4
2
1
1
4
9
18
1
7
54

Mar. 20

Fukuoka1

Sep. 4

Tokyo
Yamaguchi
Kochi
MiyazakiKagoshima

2
2
1
13
1

Niigata

11
8
2
3
6
1
1
1
7

Date of
Invocation

Name of Disaster
Typhoon MEGI (0415) and Heavy Rains from Rain Front

Aug. 17

Typhoon CHABA (0416)

Aug. 30

Typhoon SONGDA (0418)

Sep. 7

Typhoon MEARI (0421)

Sep. 29

Typhoon MA-ON (0422)

Oct. 9Typhoon TOKAGE (0423)

Oct. 2

2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake
2005 2005 Earthquake Off the Coast of Western Fukuoka
Prefecture

Typhoon NABI (0514)

Sep. 6
Sep. 4Jan. 6, Jan. 8,
Jan. 11, Jan. 13
Jan. 7, Jan. 12
Jun. 15
Jul. 192006
2006 Heavy Snowfall

Typhoon SHANSHAN (0613)
Tornado in Saroma, Hokkaido
2007 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
Heavy Rains from Typhoon MAN-YI (0704) and Seasonal
Rain Front2007 Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata
Prefecture
Typhoon USAGI (0705)
2007 Heavy Rains from Typhoon NARI (0711) and Rain Front
2008 Low-Pressure System from February 23 to 24

Sep. 17
Nov. 7Mar. 25

NaganoOkinawa
NaganoKagoshima
MiyazakiMiyazaki
Hokkaido
Ishikawa

Jul. 6

Kumamoto

1Jul. 16

Niigata

10Aug. 2
Sep. 17
Feb. 242008 Earthquake Inland of Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures

Jun. 14

Heavy Rains Starting July 28

Jul. 28

Jul. 14
Jul. 15
Jul. 16
Oct. 20
Jan. 27
Jan. 30

Miyazaki
Akita
ToyamaIwate
MiyagiToyamaIshikawa
Aichi
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
Hyogo
Okayama
Hiroshima
Yamaguchi
Hiroshima
Kagoshima
Niigata
Niigata

1
2
1
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
4
2

Jan. 31

Niigata3

June 2006 Extended Rain Landslide Disaster
Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front Starting July 4

Jul. 22End of August 2008 Torrential Rains2009 July 2009 Torrential Rains in Chubu and Northern Kyushu
Regions
Typhoon ETAU (0909)

Aug. 28
Jul. 21
Jul. 24
Aug. 920102010 Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front
Heavy Rains in Amami Region, Kagoshima Prefecture
2011
Heavy Snow Starting November 2010

A-29

Name of Disaster

Date of
Invocation

The Kirishima Volcanic Group (Mt. Shinmoedake) Eruption

Jan. 30
Feb. 10

2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

Mar. 11

July 2011 Niigata and Fukushima Torrential Rains

Jul. 29

Year
2011

Sep. 2Typhoon TALAS (1112)

Sep. 3Typhoon ROKE (1115)

Sep. 212012

Jan. 14Jan. 28
Jan.31
Heavy Winter Snowfall

Feb. 1Feb. 3Feb. 4

May 2012 Gust

May 6

Heavy Rains Starting July 3

Jul. 3Heavy Rains from Seasonal Rain Front Starting July 11

Jul. 12

Snow Melt Landslide
Heavy Rains Starting July 22, 2013

Jul. 13
Aug. 14
Sep. 15
Nov. 27
Feb. 22
Feb. 25
Feb. 26
Feb. 28
May 1
Jul. 22

Heavy Rains Starting July 28, 2013

Jul. 28

Heavy Rains Starting August 9, 2013

Aug. 9Heavy Rains Starting August 23, 2013
September 2 Gust

Aug. 23
Sep. 2Typhoon MAN-YI (1318)

Sep. 16

Typhoon DANAS (1324)

Oct. 7

Typhoon WIPHA (1326)

Oct. 16

Heavy Rains Starting August 13
Typhoon SANBA (1216)
November 27 Snowstorm
2013
Heavy Winter Snowfall

A-30

Prefecture

No. ofMunicipalities towhich the Act wasappliedMiyazakiMiyazaki
Aomori
Iwate
Miyagi
Fukushima
IbarakiTochigi
Chiba
Tokyo
Niigata
Fukushima
Mie
Nara
Wakayama
Okayama
Tottori
Aomori
Fukushima
Niigata
Niigata
Niigata
Aomori
NaganoNiigata
Niigata
IbarakiTochigi
Fukuoka
Oita
Kumamoto
Oita
Fukuoka
Kyoto
Kagoshima
Hokkaido
Niigata
Niigata
Yamagata
Yamagata
Yamagata
Yamagata
Yamaguchi
ShimaneAkita
Iwate
Shimane
Saitama
Saitama
Kyoto
Kagoshima
Tokyo
Chiba

1
1
2
34
35
59
37
15
8
47
15
9
3
10
5
1
2
1
1
2
4
1
2
5
4
1
4
3
1
2
5
1
7
1
1
7
8
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1

Year

Date of
Invocation

Name of Disaster

2014

4
1
16
7
7
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
10
8
8
1
45
20
12
4
1
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
8
1
5
13
9
6
19
15
7
2
17
5
10
2
2
1
3
4
1
4
3
7

179

Heavy Rain Starting on August 30, 2018

Aug. 31

The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake

Sep. 6

Hokkaido

Heavy Winter Snowfall

Feb. 17
Feb. 18
Feb. 21

Heavy Rains from Typhoon NEOGURI (1408)

Jul. 9Typhoon NAKRI (1412)

Aug. 3Typhoon HALONG (1411)

Aug. 9Heavy Rains Starting August 15, 2014

Aug. 17

Heavy Rains Starting August 19, 2014
Damage Related to Mt. Ontake Eruption
Nagano Prefecture Kamishiro Fault Earthquake
Heavy Snow Starting December 52015 Eruption of Kuchinoerabujima Island

Aug. 20
Sep. 27
Nov. 22
Dec. 8May 29Torrential Rain of September 2015 in the Kanto and Tohoku
Regions
Typhoon DUJUAN (1521)
2016 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Sep. 9Sep. 10
Sep. 28
Apr. 14

Typhoon LIONROCK (1610)

Aug. 30

2016 Earthquake centered in the Central Tottori Prefecture2016 Large-Scale Fire in Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture

Oct. 21
Dec. 22
Jul. 5
Jul. 5
Jul. 22
Sep. 17
Oct. 22
Oct. 22
Oct. 21Feb. 6
Feb. 13
Feb. 14
Jun. 18

July 2017 Northern Kyushu Heavy Rain
Heavy Rain Starting on July 22, 2017
Typhoon TALIM (1718)
Typhoon LAN (1721)

2018

No. ofMunicipalities towhich the Act wasappliedNaganoGunma
Yamanashi
Gunma
Saitama
Gunma
Yamanashi
Yamanashi
NaganoYamagata
Kochi
Kochi
Tokushima
Kyoto
Hyogo
Hiroshima
NaganoNaganoTokushima
Kagoshima
IbarakiTochigi
Miyagi
Okinawa
Kumamoto
Hokkaido
Iwate
Tottori
Niigata
Fukuoka
Oita
Akita
Oita
Mie
Kyoto
Wakayama
Fukui
Fukui
Niigata
Osaka
Kyoto
Hyogo
Okayama
Hiroshima
Ehime
Fukuoka
Gifu
Hyogo
Tottori
Shimane
Okayama
Yamaguchi
Kochi
Hyogo
Kochi
Gifu
Kochi
Yamagata

Feb. 152017

Prefecture

Heavy Snow Starting February 4, 2018
Heavy Snowfall in FY20172018 Earthquake centered in the Northern Osaka Prefecture

Jul. 5

The Heavy Rain Event of July 2018
Jul. 6

Jul. 7
Jul. 8

A-31

Year

Name of Disaster2019 Heavy rainfall associated with Seasonal Rain Front in August
2019
Disasters caused by Typhoon Faxai in 2019 (T1915)
Electrical blackout due to the influence of Typhoon Faxai in2019 (T1915)

Date of
Invocation

Prefecture

No. ofMunicipalities towhich the Act wasappliedAug. 28

Saga

20

Sep. 8Tokyo

1

Sep. 9Chiba

41

Oct. 12

Iwate
MiyagiSendai City
Fukushima
IbarakiTochigi
Gunma
SaitamaTokyo
Kanagawa
Kawasaki City
Sagamihara City
Niigata
Yamanashi
NaganoShizuoka

Kumamoto
Kagoshima
Fukuoka
Saga
Kumamoto
Oita
NaganoGifu
Shimane
Yamagata
Tokyo
Niigata
Akita
ToyamaFukui
Niigata
Fukui

14
34
1
55
30
21
30
48
28
17
1
1
3
20
43
2
Aforementioned(1)
Aforementioned
(41)
16
11
4
1
10
4
14
6
1
31
2
2
7
4
3
6
2

Feb. 13

Fukushima

17

Feb. 23
Mar. 4
4.1
7.3

7.10
7.12

Tochigi
Niigata
ShimaneShizuoka
Tottori
ShimaneKagoshima
Shimane

1
1
1
1
1
2
5
2

8.10

Aomori3

ShimaneHiroshima
Fukuoka
Saga
Nagasaki
Nagano

1
4
3
3
2
1

Disasters caused by Typhoon HAGIBIS in 2019 (T1919)(Tokyo)－(Chiba)2020

Jul. 4

Jul. 6
The Heavy Rain Event of July 3, 2020
Jul. 8Disasters Associated with Typhoon Chan-Hom in 2020
Disaster Caused by Heavy Snowfall since December 16, 2020
2021
Disaster Caused by Heavy Snowfall since January 7, 2021

Jul. 13
Jul. 28
Oct. 10
Dec. 17
Jan. 7Jan. 9Jan. 10Disaster Caused by Earthquake centered off the coast of
Fukushima Prefecture in 2021
Large-Scale Fire in Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture in 2021
Landslide in Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, 2021
Large-Scale Fire in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture

7.7

Disaster due to Heavy Rain from July 1, 2021

Heavy rain disaster caused by an extratropical cyclone thatchanged from Typhoon Lupit (T2109)

Disaster due to Heavy Rain from August 11, 2021

8.12

Debris flow in Chino City, Nagano Prefecture in 2021

9.5

A-32

2022

Earthquake centered off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture
in 2022

Source: Cabinet Office

A-33

3.16

Miyagi
Fukushima
Sendai

34
59
1

Fig.
Fig.A-13
A-13 Designations of Extremely Severe Disasters in the Past Five Years
Title of Legislation

Disaster Name

Main Affected
Areas

Seasonal Rain
Front/Typhoon
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
CHAN-HOM
Designation and Identification of Essential Response(1509)/ Typhoon Kumamoto Pref.
Measures for Torrential Rains and Rainstorms fromANGKA (1511)/
June 2 to July 26, 2015
Typhoon
HALOLA (1512)
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Typhoon GONI
Measures for the Districts of Odai Town, Taki County
Mie Pref.
(1515)and Kihoku Town, Kitamuro County, Mie Prefecture
Due to Rainstorms on August 24 and 26, 2015
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Miyagi,
Designation and Identification of Essential Response Typhoon ETAU
Fukushima,
Measures for Rainstorms and Torrential Rains from(1518), etc.
Ibaraki, andSeptember 7 to 11, 2015
Tochigi Pref.
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster2015 Regional
Designation and Identification of Essential Response―
Disasters
Measures for Specified Regions in 2015
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
The 2016
Kumamoto Pref.,Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Kumamoto
etc.
Measures for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Earthquake
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Designation and Identification of Essential Response Seasonal Rain
Kumamoto andMeasures for Torrential Rains from June 6 to July 15,
Front
Miyazaki Pref.
2016
Typhoon
CHANTHU(1607)/ Typhoon
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
MINDULLE
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Hokkaido and(1609)/ Typhoon
Measures for Rainstorms and Torrential Rains from
Iwate Pref.
LIONROCK
August 16 to September 1, 2016
(1610)/ Typhoon
KOMPASU(1611), etc.
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
TyphoonMiyazaki and
Measures for Rainstorms and Torrential Rains from MALAKAS (1616) Kagoshima Pref.
September 17 to 21, 2016
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster2016
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Regional―
Measures for Specified Regions in 2016
Disasters
Seasonal Rain
Front (Northern
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Kyushu Heavy
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Fukuoka and Oita
Rain, etc.)/
Measures for Torrential Rains and Rainstorms on
Pref.
TyphoonJune 7 - July 27, 2017
NANMADOL(1703)
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Typhoon TALIM Kyoto, Ehime,
Designation and Identification of Essential(1718)and Oita Pref.
Response Measures for Rainstorms and Torrential
Rains on September 15 - 19, 2017
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Typhoon LAN
Niigata and
Designation and Identification of Essential(1721)Mie Pref.,Response Measures for Rainstorms on October 21 Kinki region23, 2017
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster2017―
Designation and Identification of Essential
Regional
Response Measures for Specified Regions in 2017
Disasters
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe DisasterSeasonal Rain
Okayama,Designation and Identification of Essential
Front (The
Hiroshima andResponse Measures for Torrential Rains andHeavy Rain
Ehime Pref.
Rainstorms from May 20 to July 10, 2018
Event of July
2018, etc.)/
TyphoonMALIKSI(1805)/
TyphoonGAEMI (1806)/
Typhoon
PRAPIROON(1807)/
Typhoon
MARIA (1808)

A-34

Main Applicable Measures
Other
Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Applicable
3, 4 56
7
12 16 17 19 24 Measures

●

○

○
*1

●

●

●

○

○

●

●

○

○

●

○

○

○

○

●

○

○

●

●

●

○

●

○

●

○

●

●

○

○

○
*1

●

●
○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○
*1

○
*2

●

○

○

○

○

○
*1
●

○

○
*1

●

○
*
1
○

○
*
1

○

●
○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Title of Legislation

Disaster Name

Main Applicable Measures
Other
Main DisasterArt. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Art. Applicable
Affected Regions
3, 4 56
7
12 16 17 19 24 Measures

Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Typhoons
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Wakayama,
SOULIK (1819),
Measures for the Districts of Awashimaura Village,
Nara, Osaka,
CIMARON
Iwafune County, Niigata Prefecture Due toNagano and(1820), and JEBI
Rainstorms and Torrential Rains from August 20 to
Niigata Pref.
(1821)
September 5, 2018
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
The 2018
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Hokkaido
Hokkaido
Measures for the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi
Eastern Iburi
Earthquake
Earthquake
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Tottori, Miyazaki
Designation and Identification of Essential Response Typhoon TRAMI
and Kagoshima
Measures for Rainstorms from September 28 to(1824)
Pref.
October 1, 2018
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster2018
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Regional―
Measures for Specified Regions in 2018
Disasters
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe DisasterSeasonal Rain
Kagoshima and
Designation and Identification of Essential Response Front/ Typhoon Kumamoto Pref.
Measures for Torrential Rains and Rainstorms fromSEPAT (1903)
June 6 to July 24, 2019and DANAS(1905)
Heavy Rainsfrom Rain Front
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disasterand Typhoons
Designation and Identification of Essential Response KROSA (1910), Saga and Chiba
Measures for due to Rainstorms and Torrential Rains
LINGLING
Pref.
from August 13 to September 24, 2018(1913), FAXAI(1915), andTAPAH (1917)
Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima,
Ibaraki, Tochigi,
Typhoons
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster
Gunma, Saitama,
HAGIBIS (1919),
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Chiba, Tokyo,
NEOGURI (1920)
Measures for due to Rainstorms and Torrential Rains
Kanagawa,
and BUALOI
from October 11 to 26, 2019
Niigata,(1921)
Yamanashi,
Nagano and
Shizuoka Pref.
Cabinet Order on the Extremely Severe Disaster2019
Designation and Identification of Essential Response
Regional―
Measures for Specified Regions in 2019
Disasters
Cabinet Order on Disaster of Extreme Severity due
Rainy season
Yamagata,
to torrential rain during the period from May 15 to front (the Heavy Nagano, Gifu,
July 31, 2020 and the designation of measures to be
Rain Event of
Shimane,applied to this.
July 2020, etc.) Fukuoka, Saga,
Kumamoto, Oita,
Kagoshima Pref.
Cabinet Order on Disaster of Extreme Severity
2020 Regional
pertaining to specified areas in 2020 and theDisasters
designation of measures to be applied to this.
Cabinet Order on the designation of the Disaster of
Seasonal Rain
Tottori, Shimane
Extreme Severity and the measures to be applied to
Front
and Kagoshima
the disaster caused by heavy rain during the period
Pref.
from May 7 to July 14, 2021
Cabinet Order on the designation of Disaster of
Heavy rain
Aomori, Nagano,
Extreme Severity and measures to be applied tocaused by the
Shimane,disasters caused by rainstorms and heavy rain during front, Typhoon
Hiroshima,
the period from August 7 to August 23, 2021
Lupit (T2109)
Fukuoka, Saga
and Typhoon
and Nagasaki
Mirinae (T2110)
Pref.
Cabinet Order on the designation of Disaster ofDisaster ofExtreme Severity and measures to be applied for
Extreme Severity
specified areas in 2021, etc.
in certain areas
in 2021

●

●

●

○

○

○

●

○

○

○
*1

●

●

●

●

●

○

○

○

○

●

●

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○

●

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○
*1

●

○

○

●

○

○

○

○

●

●

○

○

●

●

●

●

○

○
*1

●

○

●

●

○

○

○

○

○

●

○

○

●

○

○

○

○

○
*1

○

○

●

*1 Public works facilities were considered as regional disaster*2 Limited to portions concerning item 3[Legend]○: Indicates a national disaster (Region is not specified, the disaster itself is specified).
●: Indicates a regional disaster (Disaster is specified at the municipal level.).
The applicable measures are the measures listed below prescribed in the Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with Extremely Severe Disasters.
[Main applicable measures][Other applicable measures]Art. 3, 4: Special financial support for disaster recovery projects for public Art. 8: Application of interim measures related to financing for agricultural,works facilities
forestry, and fishery operators who are victims of natural disasters
Art. 5: Special measures on subsidies for disaster recovery projects forArt. 9: Subsidies for projects to remove deposited earth and sandagricultural land
conducted by forestry associations
Art. 6: Special cases of subsidies for disaster recovery projects forArt. 10: Subsidies for projects to remove floodwater conducted by land
agricultural, forestry, and fisheries shared-used facilities
improvement districts
Art. 7 (iii): Special financial support for disaster recovery projects for plant Art. 11: Subsidies for construction expenses for shared-use small fishing

A-35

and animal aquaculture facilities
Art. 12: Special provision concerning disaster-related credit guarantees
under the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Credit Insurance Act
Art 16: Subsidies for disaster recovery projects for public social andeducational facilities
Art. 17: Subsidies for disaster recovery projects for private school facilities
Art. 19: Special cases of cost coverage for projects implemented bymunicipalities to prevent infectious diseases
Art. 24: Inclusion of funds for the redemption of principal and interest
related to small disaster bonds in the standard budget request

boats
Art. 11-2: Subsidies for disaster recovery projects for forests
Art. 14: Subsidies for disaster reconstruction projects for facilities including
business cooperatives
Art. 20: Special cases of government loans based on the Act for the Welfareof Fatherless Families, motherless families and Widows
Art. 22: Special cases of subsidies for public housing construction projects
for victims
Art. 25: Special cases of paying job seeker benefits based on the
Employment Insurance Act

Source: Cabinet Office

A-36

Fig.
Fig.A-14
A-14 Response of Government Ministries and Agencies to Major Disasters Since 2021

14-1

The Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021

(1) Situation of the Disaster

From the end of June to the beginning of July 2021, a seasonal rain front remained stagnant over westernand eastern Japan, and warm and humid air flowed toward the front in succession, resulting in unstable
atmospheric conditions. This caused heavy rains over a wide area from western Japan to the Tohoku region.
From July 2 to 3, heavy rains occurred with the highest 72-hour precipitation on record at several locationsin Shizuoka Prefecture. In addition, after July 4, the seasonal rain front gradually moved northward, and astationary linear mesoscale convective system developed on the Japan Sea side of the Chugoku region,
resulting in heavy rains mainly in Hiroshima Prefecture. From the night of the 9th to the 10th, hazardous
rains with thunder and very violent rains fell intermittently mainly in southern Kyushu, and the total rainfall
from the 9th to the 10th exceeded 500 mm in Satsuma Town and Isa City, Kagoshima Prefecture, reaching arecord-setting level. The Japan Meteorological Agency issued a heavy rain emergency warning for Kagoshima,
Miyazaki and Kumamoto Prefectures on the 10th. Subsequently, heavy rains were widespread throughout
Japan on the 12th with the highest one-hour precipitation on record in Aomori, Mie, Shimane and Tottori
Prefectures.
This heavy rain caused many rivers to overflow or erode their banks, resulting in damage to 59 rivers in 29
river systems administered by the government or prefectural governments, as well as sediment disaster(landslide disaster) in 267 locations in 9 prefectures. This series of disasters caused 29 deaths and missing
persons (including one disaster-related death), 12 injuries with 59 residences totally destroyed, 119 halfdestroyed, 321 partially damaged, and 2,945 houses flooded above or below floor level. Of these, 27 people(including one disaster-related death) were killed and one person is missing in the Izusan district of Atami
City, Shizuoka Prefecture, as a result of a large-scale debris flow disaster. In addition, 98 residences weredamaged (* figures as of March 25, 2022).
(2) Response by Government Ministries and Agencies

The government held Inter-Agency Disaster Alert Meetings on July 1 since heavy rains were expected overa wide area throughout Japan. During this meeting, then Minister of State for Disaster Management,
Tanahashi asked the relevant ministries and agencies to take action, such as alerting local governments andothers and providing advice on evacuation decisions. He also requested local governments to place thehighest priority on human life, to issue evacuation orders, etc. without fear of going for nothing and to takeappropriate actions in consideration of the COVID-19 pandemic, and asked the public to ensure their safety
as soon as possible.
On March 3, a Cabinet Office Survey Team was dispatched to the Shizuoka Prefecture Government Officeand Atami City in response to the debris flow disaster that occurred in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture, whichbuilt a system to collect local information, report to the government and support the affected municipalities
in their emergency response measures.
At 5:00 p.m. on the same day, a Ministerial Meeting was held, at which then Prime Minister Suga instructedto proceed with a flexible and thorough response as they paid attention to secondary disasters and topromptly provide necessary support to shelters and other facilities. In response, the "Authorized Disaster
Management Headquarters for Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021" was established on the same day (theheadquarters meeting was held twice in total).
The police, the fire department, the Self-Defense Forces, the Japan Coast Guard and the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) dispatched their units across the country to the affected areas
immediately after the disaster to carry out rescue and relief activities, secondary disaster prevention
activities and livelihood support. The total number of Police Disaster Response Units, Emergency Fire
Response Teams, the Self-Defense Forces and the Technical Emergency Control Force (TEC-FORCE) of the
MLIT was 4,152, 7,961, approximately 23,000 and 1,300, respectively.
On July 5, the Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters was renamed as the "Major Disaster
Management Headquarters of Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021" and its structure was strengthened (theheadquarters held three meetings in total). The reason for this was that the debris flow disaster in Atami City
had resulted in a large number of people being searched and rescued and that the heavy rains up to thatpoint had made it necessary to maintain a high level of alertness. In addition, on July 6, a "Team to Support
for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims" was established, consisting of officials at the viceA-37

ministerial level from various ministries and agencies to provide prompt and strong livelihood support. Then
Prime Minister Suga (Shizuoka Prefecture, on July 12), then Minister of State for Disaster Management,
Tanahashi (Shizuoka Prefecture, on July 6) and others* visited the affected areas to directly assess thedamage, identify the needs in the affected areas and provide government support as a whole to the affected
people.
At the third meeting of the Major Disaster Management
Headquarters on 30 July, the ''Set of Support Measures for the Heavy Rain from July 1 of 2021'' compiledby the ''Team to Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims'' was reported, and the expected
designation as a disaster of extreme severity for the series of disasters was announced, indicating that the
government will do its best to support recovery and reconstruction in the affected areas.
*Then State Minister of Cabinet Office, Japan, Akazawa
July 20: Shimane Prefecture, July 21: Tottori Prefecture, July 28: Kagoshima Prefecture
Minister of State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu
November 22: Shizuoka Prefecture
As a result of this heavy rain disaster, the Disaster Relief Act was applied to 11 municipalities in 4
prefectures, and the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims was applied to 1
municipality in 1 prefecture.
[Invocation of the Disaster Relief Act]
[Shizuoka Prefecture]
Atami City (Date of invocation: July 3)[Tottori Prefecture]
Tottori City (Date of invocation: July 7)[Shimane Prefecture]
Matsue City, Izumo City (Date of invocation: July 7), Yasugi City, Unnan City (Date of
invocation: July 12)[Kagoshima Prefecture]
Izumi City, Satsumasendai City, Isa City, Satsuma Town, Yusui Town (Date of invocation: July
10)

[Invocation of the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims][Shizuoka Prefecture]
Atami City (Date of occurrence: July 3)

On August 31, the Cabinet meeting designated the disaster as Disaster of Extreme Severity, and alsodecided on a Cabinet order designating the applicable measures for the disaster.
The status of the designation of this disaster as Disaster of Extreme Severity is as follows.
Disasters caused by heavy rains from May 11 to July 14, 2021.
Estimated designation announcement: July 30, Cabinet decision: August 31, Promulgation andenforcement: September 3
Area
Nationwide

Unnan City and
Iinan Town,
ShimanePrefecture andSatsuma Town,
Kagoshima
Prefecture

14-2

Applicable Measures
Special Measures for Subsidies for Project to Recover Lands for Agriculture Damaged by
Disaster
Including Principal and Interest Redemption Money related to Small Disaster Bond into
Baseline Financial Needs
Special Financial Support for Project to Recover Public Civil Engineering Works Damaged
by Disaster
Including Principal and Interest Redemption Money related to Small Disaster Bond into
Baseline Financial Needs

Heavy Rain in August of 2021

(1) Situation of the Disaster

Since August 11, 2021, warm and moist air flowed toward a front stalled near Japan, which made it active,
and as a result, heavy rain occurred over a wide area from western to eastern Japan. This heavy rain was
kept on record, and in some locations, the total precipitation since August 11 exceeded 1,400 mm at most.
On August 13, a stationary linear mesoscale convective system developed in the Chugoku region, bringing
about the highest daily precipitation on record for August. As a result, the JMA issued a heavy rain emergency
A-38

warning for Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture. Then, on August 14, heavy rain occurred over a wide areafrom western to eastern Japan, especially in the northern Kyushu region, with hazardous and very violent
rains due to the stationary linear mesoscale convective system. Ureshino City, Saga Prefecture, recorded
555.5 mm of 24-hour precipitation, the highest value on record. In response to this heavy rain, the JMA
issued a heavy rain emergency warning for Nagasaki, Saga, Fukuoka and Hiroshima Prefectures. From the16th to the 18th, rain fell over a wide area, mainly on the Pacific side of western and eastern Japan. Fromthe 19th to the 22nd, hazardous and very violent rains continued to fall intermittently, mainly on the Pacificside of the Shikoku region. On the 22nd and onward, Typhoon Omais (T2112) and the low-pressure systemderived from tropical cyclone caused heavy rain in some areas.
The heavy rains caused debris flow in Okaya City, Nagano Prefecture, and landslides in Unzen City, Nagasaki
Prefecture. In addition, the Rokkaku River in Saga Prefecture flooded again following the "heavy rainassociated with the front in August 2019." The heavy rain caused damage like flooding to 68 rivers
administered by the national or prefectural governments. In addition, 414 landslides occurred in 32
prefectures. As a result of this series of disasters, there were 13 fatalities and 17 injured, 45 houses werecompletely destroyed, 1,234 half-destroyed, 300 partially damaged and 4,887 houses flooded above or
below floor level (*figures as of March 25, 2022).
(2) Response by Each Government Ministry and Agency
On August 12, 2021, the government held an Inter-Agency Disaster Alert Meeting with the attendance of thenMinister of State for Disaster Management of the Cabinet Office, Tanahashi. On August 13, immediately after theannouncement of the heavy rain emergency warning in Hiroshima Prefecture, then Prime Minister Suga ordered
the relevant ministries and agencies: (1) to provide the nation with timely and accurate information on evacuation,
heavy rain, river conditions, etc.; (2) to work closely with local governments to ensure evacuation of residents inareas likely to be inundated and to take all possible measures in advance to provide evacuation support, etc.; and(3) in the event of damage, to quickly assess the extent of damage as well as to take all possible measures as awhole to respond to the disaster with the utmost priority on human life.
At 11:00 a.m. on August 13, the government held a Ministerial Meeting and, on the same day, established the"Authorized Disaster Management Headquarters for the Heavy Rainfall in August of 2021" (the headquarters
meeting was held nine times in total). Under the policy of "human life first," the government decided to collectinformation, ensure a complete system for immediate response in the event of a disaster, and work closely withlocal governments and related organizations to respond with the utmost sense of urgency.
In addition, the police dispatched Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Units near the Kyushu area to respond adisaster immediately whenever it occurs. The Fire Department, the Self-Defense Forces, the Japan Coast Guard,
the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, etc., also dispatched units to establish a framework
for rescue and relief activities, secondary disaster prevention activities, livelihood support, etc. On August 15,
following the flooding of the Rokkaku River in Saga Prefecture, a Cabinet Office Survey Team was dispatched to
the Saga Prefecture Government Office to gather local information.
Then Minister of State for Disaster Management, Tanahashi and other officials went to the affected areas(August 21: Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures) (*) to assess the extent of the damage directly.
* Then State Minister of the Cabinet Office Akazawa on August 24: Nagano Prefecture.
As a result of this heavy rain, the Disaster Relief Act was applied to 21 municipalities in 6 prefectures, and the
Natural Disaster Victims Relief Act was applied to 11 cities and towns in 6 prefectures.

[Disaster Relief Act applied to][Nagano Prefecture] Okaya City, Suwa City, Tatsuno Town, Agematsu Town, Otaki Town, Kiso Town (Date of
invocation: August 15)[Shimane Prefecture] Gotsu City (applied on August 12), Kawamoto Town, Misato Town (Date of invocation:
August 13)[Hiroshima Prefecture] Hiroshima City, Miyoshi City, Akitakata City, Kitahiroshima Town (Date of invocation:
August 12)[Fukuoka Prefecture] Kurume City, Yame City, Miyama City (Date of invocation: August 12)[Saga Prefecture] Takeo City, Ureshino City, Omachi Town (Date of invocation: August 12)[Nagasaki Prefecture] Unzen City, Minamishimabara City (Date of invocation: August 12)

A-39

[Act on Support for Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims applied to][Nagano Prefecture] Kiso Town (Date of occurrence: August 14)[Hiroshima Prefecture] Akitakata City (occurred on August 12)[Fukuoka Prefecture] Kurume City, Tagawa City (occurred on August 12)[Saga Prefecture] Takeo City, Omachi Town, Kanzaki City, Ureshino City (occurred on August 11)[Nagasaki Prefecture] Unzen City, Hasami Town (occurred on August 11)[Oita Prefecture] Kusu Town (occurred on August 14)

On September 28, a cabinet meeting designated the disaster as a "Disaster of Extreme Severity" and alsodecided on a cabinet order specifying the applicable measures for the disaster.
The status of the Disaster of Extreme Severity designation of this disaster is as follows.
Disasters caused by rainstorms and heavy rains during the period from August 7, 2021 to August 23, 2021
Announcement of prospective designation: August 31, cabinet decision: September 28, promulgation andenforcement: October 1
Disasters caused by rainstorms and heavy rains during the period from August 7, 2021 to August 23, 2021
Announcement of prospective designation: August 31, cabinet decision: September 28 and promulgationand enforcement: October 1
Applicable Areas
Nationwide

Nishinoshima Town
andOkinoshima Town,
Shimane Prefecture
Takeo City andOmachi Town, Saga
Prefecture

14-3

Applicable measures
Special Measures for Subsidies for Project to Recover Lands for Agriculture Damaged by Disaster
Subsidies for projects to remove floodwater conducted by land improvement districts
Including Principal and Interest Redemption Money related to Small Disaster Bond into Baseline
Financial Needs
Special Financial Support for Project to Recover Public Civil Engineering Works Damaged by
Disaster
Including Principal and Interest Redemption Money related to Small Disaster Bond into Baseline
Financial Needs
Special Provisions for Disaster-Related Guarantees by Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Credit
Insurance Act

Earthquake with an Epicenter in the Northwest Part of Chiba
Prefecture [Seismic Intensity 5+](1) Situation of the DisasterAt 10:41 p.m. on October 7, 2021, an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 occurred with its epicenter in northwestern
Chiba Prefecture. A seismic intensity of 5+ was observed in Kawaguchi City, Miyashiro Town, Saitama Prefecture,
and Adachi Ward, Tokyo. The seismic intensity ranged from 5- down to 1 throughout the Tohoku and Kinki regions.
The earthquake caused 6 severe injuries and 44 minor injuries (*figures as of March 25, 2022) and it occurred
when the last train time was approaching in the Tokyo metropolitan area, causing crowds of people unable tohead home due to suspended train services.
(2) Response by Each Government Ministry and Agency
Immediately after the earthquake occurred on October 7, the government convened an emergency meeting
team at the Crisis Management Center of the Prime Minister's Office. Prime Minister Kishida instructed the teamto:
1. assess the damage immediately,
2. work closely with local governments and implement emergency disaster response measures together at
all cost, including lifesaving and rescue measures for disaster victims,
3. provide information to the public promptly and accurately regarding evacuation and damage, and4. thoroughly implement measures to prevent the spread of damage.
In light of these instructions, the relevant government ministries and agencies assessed the damage, shared andconfirmed the government's response, etc.
The relevant railroad companies in the Tokyo metropolitan area progressively restored the suspended train
services by early morning on August 8, and some lines remained in operation until early morning. In addition,some Shinkansen trains were opened to passengers for temporary stay and accommodation.

A-40

14-4

Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture[Seismic Intensity of 6+](1) Situation of the DisasterAt 11:36 p.m. on March 16, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 7.4, whose epicenter was off the coast of
Fukushima Prefecture, occurred. A seismic intensity of 6+ was observed in Tome City and Zao Town in Miyagi
Prefecture, and Soma City, Minamisoma City and Kunimi Town in Fukushima Prefecture. In addition, an intensityof 6- down to 1 was observed over a wide area, mainly in Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures. There were 3fatalities(including 1 disaster-related death), 28 severe injuries and 217 minor injuries, and 111 houses were completely
destroyed, 1,285 half-destroyed and 19,048 partially damaged (*Figures as of April 19, 2022). In addition todamage to lifelines such as electrical blackout and suspension of water supply, there was also damage to thetransportation infrastructure, including railroad cancellations.
(2) Response by Each Government Ministry and Agency
After the earthquake on March 16, the government immediately convened an emergency meeting team at theCrisis Management Center of the Prime Minister's Office to collect information on the damage under the directionof Prime Minister Kishida, and dispatched a Cabinet Office Survey Team to Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures by
the Self-Defense Force’s helicopter. On the following day, the 17th, an Inter-Agency Disaster Management Meeting
was held to share information on the damage situation and the response of each ministry and agency. In responseto requests from Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, the SDF conducted water supply support activities in 3 cities
and towns in Miyagi Prefecture and 6 cities, towns, and villages in Fukushima Prefecture. On the 19th, the Ministerof State for Disaster Management, Ninoyu, made an inspection tour of Fukushima Prefecture. Furthermore, on
April 28, Prime Minister Kishida instructed the ministers concerned, under the initiative by Ninoyu, to work
together to promptly compile a support plan based on the damage situation and requests from local governments.
Based on this instruction, on April 8, the "Set of Support Measures for the Earthquake Centered Off the Coast of
Fukushima Prefecture in 2022" was compiled to provide urgent measures for the restoration of lives andlivelihoods of the affected.
As a result of the earthquake, the government applied the Disaster Relief Act to all municipalities (94municipalities) in Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures and the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods ofDisaster Victims to 65 municipalities in Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures.
[Invocation of the Disaster Relief Act]
[Miyagi Prefecture]
Sendai City, Ishinomaki City, Shiogama City, Kesennuma City, Shiroishi City, Natori City, Kakuda
City, Tagajo City, Iwanuma City, Tome City, Kurihara City, Higashimatsushima City, Osaki City,
Tomiya City, Zao Town, Shichikashuku Town, Ogawara Town, Murata Town, Shibata Town,
Kawasaki Town, Marumori Town, Watari Town, Yamamoto Town, Matsushima Town,
Shichigahama Town, Rifu Town, Taiwa Town, Osato Town, Ohira Village, Shikama Town, Kami
Town, Wakuya Town, Misato Town, Onagawa Town, Minamisanriku Town (Effective date:
March 16)
[Fukushima Prefecture] Fukushima City, Aizuwakamatsu City, Koriyama City, Iwaki City, Shirakawa City, Sukagawa City,
Kitakata City, Soma City, Nihonmatsu City, Tamura City, Minamisoma City, Date City,
Motomiya City, Koori Town, Kunimi Town, Kawamata Town, Otama Village, Kagamiishi Town,
Tenei Village, Shimogo Town, Hinoemata Village, Tadami Town, Minamiaizu Town,
Kitashiobara Village, Nishiaizu Town, Bandai Town, Inawashiro Town, Aizubange Town,
Yugawa Village, Yanaizu Town, Mishima Town, Kaneyama Town, Showa Village, Aizumisato
Town, Nishigo Village, Izumizaki Village, Nakajima Village, Yabuki Town, Tanagura Town,
Yamatsuri Town, Hanawa Town, Samegawa Village, Ishikawa Town, Tamakawa Village, Hirata
Village, Asakawa Town, Furudono Town, Miharu Town, Ono Town, Hirono Town, Naraha Town,
Tomioka Town, Kawauchi Village, Okuma Town, Futaba Town, Namie Town, Katsurao Village,
Shinchi Town, Iitate Village (applied on March 16)[Invocation of the Act on Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims][Fukushima Prefecture] All areas in Fukushima Prefecture (occurred on March 16)[Miyagi Prefecture]
Yamamoto Town, Kakuda City, Shiroishi City, Zao Town, Watari Town, Shibata Town
(occurred on March 16)

Concerning the earthquake disaster in Shinchi Town, Fukushima Prefecture, on March 16, 2022, the Cabinet
decided to designate the disaster as a Disaster of Extreme Severity. Furthermore, the cabinet decision included
Special Measures for Subsidies for Project to Recover Lands for Agriculture Damaged by Disaster and Including
A-41

Principal and Interest Redemption Money related to Small Disaster Bond into Baseline Financial Needs.
The Cabinet announced the prospective designation on April 8, 2022, made the cabinet decision on April 22
and the promulgation and enforcement on April 27.

A-42

Fig.
Fig.A-15
A-15 Trends in Facility Damage and the Amount and as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Note: Gross domestic product (GDP) figures up to 1993 are based on the 2000 standard (SNA 1993), while those for 1994 onward are
based on the 2011 standard (SNA 2008)

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from various ministries and agencies

Fig.
Fig.A-16
A-16 Facility Damage Due to Disasters in 2020, by Hazard(Unit: JPY 1 million)
Facility type

Public works

Typhoon

Torrential
rain

Earthquake

16,884274,40674

Heavy
snowfall
0

Other

Total

Notes

13,973

Rivers, forestry
305,337 conservation facilities,
ports, etc.

Agriculture, forest,and fisheries
industry

6,299

210,774

140

35

5,393

Farmland, agricultural
facilities, forestry
222,641roads, fishing facilities,
etc.

Educational facilities

1,003

4,306

789

0

150

School facilities,
6,248 cultural properties,
etc.

Public welfare
facilities

3,037

28,979140

10Social welfare
32,039 facilities, waterworks
facilities, etc.

Other facilities

4,236

15,028

40

151

152

Nature parks,
19,607 telegraph/telephone,urban facilities, etc.

Total

31,459533,493

1,057

185

19,677585,872

Note: Totals may not agree due to rounding.
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from various ministries and agencies

A-43

Fig.
Fig.A-17
A-17 Comparison of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Great East Japan Earthquake, and theSumatra Earthquake
Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake (Japan)

Great East Japan Earthquake(Japan)Sumatra Earthquake(Indonesia)

Date & time

5:46 a.m., Jan. 17, 1995

2:46 p.m., March 11, 20119:58 a.m., Dec. 26, 2004

Magnitude

M7.3*Mw9.0*Mw9.1

Earthquake typeInlandOceanic trench

Oceanic trench

Affected area

City center

Mainly agricultural, forestry,
and fishery regions

Mainly agricultural, forestry,
and fishery regions

No. of prefectures withseismic intensity ofLower 6 or higher

1 (Hyogo)

8 (Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki,
Tochigi, Iwate, Countryma,
Saitama, Chiba)―

TsunamiReports of tsunami measuringtens of centimeters, nodamageLarge tsunami observed invarious regions (max. wave
height of more than 9.3 m inSoma, more than 8.5 m in
Miyako, more than 8.0 m in
Ofunato)Large tsunami observed inIndonesia as well as othercountries with coastline along
the Indian Ocean

Damage characteristics

Structures destroyed, large
fires erupted mainly in Nagataku

Large tsunami caused massive
damage in coastal areas,
destruction across many
districts

Large tsunami caused damage
to countries with coastline
along the Indian Ocean, withIndonesia suffering particularly
massive damage

Fatalities
Missing persons

Fatalities: 6,437
Missing persons: 3(May 19, 2006)

Fatalities: 19,747
Missing persons: 2,556(as of March 1, 2021)

Fatalities: 126,732
Missing persons: 93,662(as of March 30, 2005)

Homes damaged(totally destroyed)

104,906

122,005(as of March 1, 2021)

Unknown*

25 municipalities(2 prefectures)

241 municipalities(10 prefectures)*Including 4 municipalities (2prefectures) that invoked the
Act for an earthquake centeredin northern Nagano prefecturein2011―

Invocation of theDisaster Relief Act

Seismic intensity
distribution map(showing seismic
intensity of 4 and above)

―
震度階級

７
６
５
４

* Mw: Moment magnitude
Note: The seismic intensity levels were revised in 1996 to newly add Lower 5, Upper 5, Lower 6, and Upper 6.
Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office from Cabinet Office materials, Fire and Disaster Management Agency materials, andUNOCHA materials.

A-44

Fig.
Fig.A-18
A-18 Damage Estimate for the Great East Japan Earthquake
June 24, 2011
Category

Damage (Approx. Value)

Structures(Homes/housing sites, stores/offices, factories, machines, etc.)

JPY 10.4 trillion

Lifeline facilities(Water, gas, electricity, communications/broadcasting facilities)

JPY 1.3 trillion

Infrastructure facilities(Rivers, roads, ports, sewers, airports, etc.)

JPY 2.2 trillion

Agriculture, forest, and fisheries-related facilities(Farmland/agricultural facilities, forests and fields, fisheries-related
facilities, etc.)

JPY 1.9 trillion

Other(Educational facilities, healthcare/social welfare facilities, waste treatment
facilities, other public facilities)

JPY 1.1 trillion

Total

JPY 16.9 trillion

Note: This information has been compiled by Disaster Management Bureau of the Cabinet Office based on information provided
by individual prefectures and relevant ministries and agencies regarding damage to property (including buildings, lifeline
facilities, and infrastructure facilities). Information is subject to change as the details become clear.
Source: Cabinet Office

A-45

Fig.
Fig.A-19
A-19 Main Volcanic Eruptions and Volcanic Disasters in Japan
Year of
Eruption
1640
1663
1664
1667
1694

Name of Volcano
Mt. HokkaidoKomagatake*
Mt. Usu*
Mt. Unzendake
Mt. Tarumae*
Mt. HokkaidoKomagatake

No. ofVictims

Eruption and Damage Characteristics

At least 700
5
At least 30

1707

Mt. Fuji *

1721
1739

Mt. Asama
Mt. Tarumae *1741

Oshima-Oshima Island

1769
1777
1779
1781

Mt. UsuIzu-Oshima Island
Sakurajima Island*
Sakurajima Island

1783

Mt. Asama

1785

Aogashima Island

130–140

1792

Mt. Unzendake

15,0001822

Mt. Usu

50–103

1853

Mt. Usu1856

Mt. HokkaidoKomagatake

1888

Mt. Bandai*

1900
1902

Mt. Adatara
Izu-Torishima Island

72
125

1914

Sakurajima Island*

58

1926

Mt. Tokachidake
Mt. HokkaidoKomagatake
Miyakejima Island
Beyonesu (Bayonnaise)
Rocks (Myojin Reef)

144

1929
1940
1952
1943–45
1958
1991
2014

Mt. Usu
Mt. AsoMt. Unzendake
Mt. Ontake

15
1,467

At least 150
15
1,151

Sector collapse, debris flow, tsunami, large amount offalling ash, pyroclastic flow
Nearby homes disappeared or were buried
Lava flow, flood of water from crater
Pyroclastic flow, large amount of falling ash/pumice
Eruption with earthquake/volcanic thunder, falling pumicestone, pyroclastic flow
"Great Hoei eruption," large amount of falling ash,landslide disaster after eruption
Cinders
Pyroclastic flow, large amount of falling ash/pumice
Sector collapse, large tsunami occurred due to debris
avalanche
Large amount of falling ash/pumice, pyroclastic flow
"Great Anei eruption," lava flow, scoria fall
"Great Anei eruption," cinders, lava flow
Eruption on an island off of Komen, tsunami"Great Tenmei eruption," pyroclastic flow, lava flow,
flooding of Agatsuma River and Tone River
Cinders, mud, more than one-third of islanders became
victims. Uninhabited island for more than 50 years
thereafter"Shimabara taihen, Higo meiwaku," tsunami on opposing
shore due to collapse of Mt. Mayuyama
Pyroclastic flow, former Abuta village totally destroyed
Large amount of volcanic ash/pumice, formation of lava
dome, pyroclastic flow

21–29 Falling pumice, pyroclastic flow
461–477

2
11

5 towns and 11 villages buried in debris avalanche, debris
flow (volcanic mud flow)
Cinders, sulfur mine at crater totally destroyed
All islanders became victims"Great Taisho eruption," volcanic thunder, lava flow,earthquake, air wave, villages buried, large amount offalling ash
Larger mudflow, towns of Kamifurano and Biei buried
Large amount of falling ash/pumice, pyroclastic flow,
volcanic gas damage
Large amount of volcanic ash/volcanic bombs, lava flow

31 Pyroclastic surge
Large amount of volcanic ash, cinders, formation ofShowa-shinzan (new mountain)
12 Cinders
43 Pyroclastic flow, debris flow
63 Cinders
1*Indicates eruptions with apparent volume of ejecta of more than 1 km3
Note: Lists "Eruption disasters with 10 or more fatalities and/or missing persons" and "Large eruptions with an apparent volume
of ejecta of 0.1 km3 or more"
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the National Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes in Japan (4th Edition) (editedby the Japan Meteorological Agency, 2013).

A-46

Fig.
Fig.A-20
A-20 Number of Sediment Disasters

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Fig.
Fig.A-21
A-21 Increase in the frequency of hourly extreme precipitation

The green bars indicate the annual number of events per 1,300 AMeDAS stations for each year. The blue line indicates the fiveyear running mean, and the straight red line indicates the long-term liner trend.

A-47

Fig.
Fig.A-22
A-22 Number of Tornados

Tornado Distribution Map
Whole of Japan: 1961–2019

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency.

A-48

Fig.
Fig.A-23
A-23 Major Natural Disasters in the World Since 1900
Year
1900
1902
1902
1905
1906
1906
1906
1906
1907
1907
1908
1911
1911
1912
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919

Disaster Type

1927
1927
1928
1930

Hurricane Galveston
Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Eruption
Earthquake
Earthquake (Chiayi earthquake)
Earthquake/Fire
Earthquake
TyphoonEarthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake (Messina earthquake)
Flood
Volcanic Eruption
TyphoonEarthquake
Landslide
Earthquake
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Earthquake/Landslide (Haiyuan
earthquake)
TyphoonEarthquake/Fire (Great Kanto
earthquake)
Earthquake (Kitatango earthquake)
Earthquake
Hurricane/Flood
Volcanic Eruption

1931

Flood

1932
1933
1933
1933
1935
1935
1939
1939
1939
1942
1942
1943

1947
1948
1948
1949
1949
1949
1951
1953
1953
1953
1954
1954
1959
1959
1960
1960

Earthquake (Gansu earthquake)
Flood
Tsunami (Showa Sanriku Tsunami)
Earthquake
Flood
Earthquake (Quetta Earthquake)
Earthquake/Tsunami
Flood
Earthquake
CycloneCycloneEarthquake
Earthquake (Showa Tonankai
Earthquake)
Earthquake
Earthquake (Mikawa Earthquake)
Typhoon (Typhoon Makurazaki)
Earthquake/Tsunami (Showa Nankai
Earthquake)
Typhoon (Typhoon Kathleen)
Earthquake (Fukui Earthquake)
Earthquake (Ashgabat Earthquake)
Earthquake/Landslide
Flood
Flood
Volcanic Eruption
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Typhoon (Typhoon MARIE (5415))
Flood
Typhoon (Typhoon VERA (5915))
Flood
Earthquake

1960

Earthquake/Tsunami

1920
1922
1923

1944
1944
1945
1945
1946

GLIDE number

Country (Areas)
Texas, USA
Martinique (West Indies, Mt. Pelée)Santa Maria Volcano, Guatemala
Northern India
TaiwanSan Francisco, USA
Chile
Hong Kong
Tianshan, China
Uzbekistan (former Soviet Union)
Sicily, Italy
China
Taal Volcano, Philippines
Wenzhou, China
Central Italy
Italy, Austria
Bali, Indonesia
Guangdong, China
Kelut Volcano, Indonesia
Gansu, China

180,000

Shantou, China

100,000

Southeast Kanto region, Japan

143,000

Northern Kyoto, Japan
Nanchang, China
Florida, USA
Merapi volcano, Indonesia
Coastal areas of the Yangtze River andother rivers in China
Gansu, China
Henan, China
Sanriku, Japan
China
China
Baltistan, Pakistan
Chile
Hunan, China
Eastern Turkey
Bangladesh
Orissa, India
Tottori, Japan

2,930
200,000
2,000
1,400
3,700,000
70,00018,0003,000
10,000142,000
60,00030,000500,000
32,96261,00040,0001,083

Tonankai, Japan

1,200

Midwestern Argentina
Aichi, Japan
Western Japan

10,0002,300
3,700

Nankai, Japan

1,400

North of Tohoku, Japan
Fukui, Japan
Turkmenistan (former Soviet Union)
Tajikistan (former Soviet Union)
China
Guatemala
Mt. Lamington, Papua New Guinea
Coastal areas of the North Sea
Kyushu, Japan
Honshu, Japan
China
Japan
China
Japan
Bangladesh
Southwestern Morocco
Chile

A-49

Fatalities/Missing
Persons (approx.)
6,000
29,0006,000
20,0006,000
1,500
20,00010,00012,00012,00075,000100,000
1,300
50,00030,00010,00015,00010,000
5,200

1,900
3,900
110,000
12,00057,00040,000
2,900
1,800
1,000
1,100
40,0001,700
2,000,000
5,100
10,00012,000
6,000

Year

Disaster Type

1961
1962
1963
1965
1965
1968
1970
1970
1970
1971
1972
1974
1974
1975
1976
1976
1977
1978
1982
1985
1985
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1993
1994
1994
1994

1995
1995

CycloneEarthquake
CycloneCycloneCycloneEarthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake/Landslide
Cyclone Bhola
CycloneEarthquake (Managua earthquake)
Earthquake
Flood
Earthquake
Earthquake (Guatemala earthquake)
Earthquake (Tangshan earthquake)
CycloneEarthquake
Volcanic Eruption
CycloneEarthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Toxic gas
Earthquake
Earthquake
Flood
Earthquake
Flood
Earthquake (Spitak Earthquake)
Earthquake
Flood
Flood/Landslide
Earthquake (Manjil Earthquake)
Earthquake
Cyclone/Storm Surge
Flood
Typhoon THELMA (9125)
Flood
Earthquake/Tsunami
Flood
Earthquake (Maharashtra Earthquake)
Flood
Torrential Rain, Flood
Typhoon, Flood
Tropical Storm
Earthquake (Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake)
Earthquake
Flood

1996

Flood/Typhoon

1996
1997
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998

Typhoon/Flood
Earthquake
Flood
Flood
Typhoon LINDA (9726)
Earthquake
Earthquake
Flood/Landslide
Cyclone
Flood

1998

Flood

FL-1998-000165-CHN

1998
1998

Tsunami (Aitape Tsunami)
Hurricane Mitch

TS-1998-000220-PNG
TC-1998-000012-HND

1995

GLIDE number

Country (Areas)
Bangladesh
Northwestern Iran
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Southern Pakistan
Northwestern IranYunnan, China
Northern Peru
Bangladesh
Orissa, India
Nicaragua
Yunnan and Sichuan, China
Bangladesh
Liaoning, China
GuatemalaTianjin, China
Andhra Pradesh, India
Northeastern IranEl Chichon Volcano, Mexico
Bangladesh
Mexico City, Mexico
Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia
Lake Nyos, Western Cameroon
San Salvador, El Salvador
Northwestern Ecuador
Bangladesh
India, Nepal
Bangladesh
Armenia (former Soviet Union)
Yunnan, China
India
Sichuan, China
Northern IranPhilippines
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Jiangsu, China
Philippines
PakistanIndonesia
Nepal
India
India
India
Six Southern Provinces of China
Haiti

EQ-1997-000095-IRN
FL-1997-000260-IND
FL-1997-000265-SOM
TC-1997-000007-VNM
EQ-1998-000026-AFG
EQ-1998-000152-AFG
FL-1998-000392-IND
FL-1998-000203-BGD

A-50

Fatalities/Missing
Persons (approx.)
11,00012,00022,00036,00010,00012,00010,00070,000300,000
10,00010,00020,00028,70010,00024,000242,000
20,00025,00017,00010,00010,00022,000
1,700
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
25,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
41,0002,000
137,000
1,900
6,000
1,300
2,100
1,800
9,800
1,200
2,000
1,000
1,100

Japan

6,300

RussiaChina
Seven southern and five northern andnorthwestern provinces of China
Viet Nam
Eastern Iran
India
Southern SomaliaSouthern Viet Nam
Northern Afghanistan
Northern Afghanistan
Assam state, India
India
Bangladesh
Coastal areas of the Yangtze River andother rivers in China
Papua New Guinea
Honduras, Nicaragua

1,800
1,200
2,800
1,000
1,600
1,400
2,000
3,700
2,300
4,700
3,000
2,900
1,000
3,700
2,600
17,000Year

Disaster Type

1999
1999
1999
1999
2000
2001
2001
2003
2003
2004
2004

Earthquake (Quindio Earthquake)
Earthquake (Izmit Earthquake)
Earthquake (Chi-Chi earthquake)
CycloneFlood
Earthquake (Gujarat earthquake)
Earthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake (Bam earthquake)
Flood
Hurricane

2004

Earthquake, Tsunami (2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami)

2005
2005

Flood/Landslide
Hurricane Katrina

2005

Rainstorm

2005

Hurricane Stan/Flood

2005

Earthquake (Pakistan earthquake)

2006
2006
2006
2007
2007

Landslide
Earthquake/Volcanic Eruption
Typhoon XANGSANE (0615)
Heavy Rain, Flood
Cyclone Sidr
Earthquake (Great Sichuan
Earthquake)
Cyclone Nargis
Flood
Earthquake (2009 Sumatra
Earthquake)
Flood
Earthquake (Haiti Earthquake)
Earthquake (Yushu Earthquake)
Flood
Torrential Rain, Debris Flow
Earthquake, Tsunami (Great East Japan
Earthquake)
Typhoon WASHI (1121)
Typhoon BOPHA (1224)
Flood
Typhoon HAIYAN (1330)
Earthquake (Nepal Earthquake)
Earthquake, Tsunami
Flood
Flood
Earthquake
Flood

2008
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
2010
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2013
2013
2015
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

GLIDE number
EQ-1999-000007-COL
EQ-1999-000008-TUR
EQ-1999-000321-TWN
ST-1999-000425-IND
EQ-2001-000033-IND
EQ-2001-000013-SLV
EQ-2003-000074-DZA
EQ-2003-000630-IRN
FL-2004-000028-HTI
TC-2004-000089-JAM
TS-2004-000147-LKA
TS-2004-000147-IDN
TS-2004-000147-MDV
TS-2004-000147-IND
TS-2004-000147-THA
TS-2004-000147-MYS
TS-2004-000147-MMR
TS-2004-000147-SOM
TS-2004-000147-BGD
FL-2005-000125-IND
TC-2005-000144-USA
ST-2005-000162-IND
ST-2005-000162-BGD
TC-2005-000171-GTM
FL-2005-000171-SLV
EQ-2005-000174-PAK
EQ-2005-000174-IND
LS-2006-000024-PHL
VO-2006-000048-IDN
TC-2006-000144-PHL
FL-2007-000096-IND
TC-2007-000208-BGD

Country (Areas)
Mid-western Colombia
Western Turkey
TaiwanIndia
Venezuela
India
El Salvador
Northern Algeria
Iran
Haiti
USA, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Haiti

Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Maldives, India,
Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania,
Bangladesh, Kenya

Fatalities/Missing
Persons (approx.)
1,200
15,5002,300
9,500
30,00020,0001,200
2,300
26,8002,700
3,000Over 226,000

India
USA

1,200
1,800

India, Bangladesh

1,300

Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico

1,500

Pakistan and northern India

75,000Philippines
Merapi volcano, Indonesia
Luzon, Philippines
India
Bangladesh

1,100
5,800
1,400
1,100
4,200

EQ-2008-000062-CHN

China

87,500

TC-2008-000057-MMR
FL-2008-000089-IND

Myanmar
North-eastern India

138,400
1,100

EQ-2009-000273-IDN

Indonesia

FL-2009-000217-IND
EQ-2010-000009-HTI
EQ-2010-000073-CHN
FL-2010-000141-PA
LS-2010-000156-CHN

Southern India
Haiti
Qinghai, China
North-western Pakistan
Yangtze River Basin, China

1,200
222,600
3,000
2,000
1,800

EQ-2011-000028-JPN

Tohoku and Kanto regions, Japan

19,000

TC-2011-000189-PH
TC-2012-000197-PHL
FL-2013-000070-IND
TC-2013-000139-PHL
EQ-2015-000048-NPL
EQ-2018-000156-IDN
FL-2019-000084-IND
FL-2020-000164-IND
EQ-2021-000116-HTI
FL-2021-000093-IND

Mindanao, Philippines
Mindanao, Philippines
Northern India
Leyte, Philippines
Nepal
Sulawesi, Indonesia
India
India
Haiti
India

1,400
1,900
1,500
6,200
9,000
3,400
1,900
1,922
2,575
1,282

1,200

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) (www.emdat.be),
Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), and Chronological Scientific Tables
Note) GLIDE number (GLobal unique disaster IDEntifier number) was proposed by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
in 2001 to share disaster information between different databases by allocating a common and unique disaster number
to ea Townf various disasters in the world, and operated jointly by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA, ReliefWeb) for use of numerous disaster-related organizations. The number does not cover all kinds ofdisasters because it is allocated for a disaster when the relevant organization decides to allocate as required according torespective criteria. If the use of GLIDE is more common in disaster-related organizations in the future, more information
on disasters can be shared.

A-51

Fig.A-24
A-24 Top 10 Largest Earthquakes Since 1900
Fig.
(As of March 12, 2022)

Ranking

Date (Japan Time)

1
2
3
4

May 23, 1960
March 28, 1964
December 26, 2004

6
8
9

March 11, 2011
November 5, 1952
February 27, 2010
February 1, 1906
February 4, 1965
August 16, 1950
April 11, 2012
March 29, 2005
March 10, 1957
April 1, 1946

Magnitude
(Mw)
9.5
9.2
9.1

Location
Chile
Gulf of Alaska
Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Off the Sanriku Coast, Japan(The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake)
Kamchatka Peninsula
Offshore Maule, Chile
Offshore Ecuador
Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Tibet, Assam
Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Aleutian Islands, Alaska

9.0
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6

*Mw: Moment magnitude*The magnitude (Mw) of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake is based on materials from JMA.
Source: US Geological Survey

Fig.
Fig.A-25
A-25 Major Natural Disasters Since 2021

0

Direct Damages(USD 1,000)
9,000,000

003,100,0004

175,4930

Rainstorm

23394

2,000,000

Spain

Rainstorm

501,900,000

Philippines (the)

Flood

2

261,580

0

Rainstorm

30

675,000

Jan. 14, 2021 - Jan. 27, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Syrian Arab Republic

Flood

1

142,0030Jan. 15, 2021 - Jan. 15, 2021

Indonesia

Earthquake

110

100,653

58,700Jan. 15, 2021 - Jan. 21, 2021

Indonesia

Flood

21

126,025

0Jan. 23, 2021 - Jan. 23, 2021

Mozambique

Tropical cyclone

11

481,9010Jan. 24, 2021 - Jan. 29, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)ChileRainstorm

275

1,100,000

Rainstorm

1

30

120,000

Rainstorm

0521

175,000

Rainstorm

40

100,000

Jan. 2021 - Apr. 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Afghanistan

Drought

0

11,000,000

0Jan. 2021 - Aug.27, 2021

Iraq

Drought

07,000,000

0Jan. 2021 - Oct. 2021

Syrian Arab Republic

Drought

05,500,000

0Feb. 1, 2021 - Feb. 7, 2021

Australia

Wildfire0

243

120,000

Feb. 7, 2021 - Feb. 8, 2021

India

234

0

210,000

Feb. 9, 2021 - Feb. 10, 2021

Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)
United States ofAmerica (the)BrazilGlacial lake
outburst
Flood9145,000

0

Rainstorm

235

1030,000,000

6100,000

36,000Date
Jan. 1, 2021 - Dec.31, 2021

Country

Disaster Type

Fatalities

Drought

0Jan. 1, 2021 - Dec.31, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)ChinaDrought

Jan. 5, 2021 - Jan. 11, 2021

Thailand

Flood

Jan. 7, 2021 - Jan. 12, 2021

Japan

Jan. 8, 2021 - Jan. 12, 2021
Jan. 10, 2021 - Jan. 18, 2021
Jan. 13, 2021 - Jan. 15, 2021

Jan. 24, 2021 - Jan. 27, 2021
Jan. 29, 2021 - Feb. 2, 2021
Jan. 30, 2021 - Feb. 2, 2021

Feb. 10, 2021 - Feb. 20, 2021
Feb. 10, 2021 - Feb. 22, 2021

Flood

A-52

Affected
PeopleFeb. 12, 2021 - Feb. 20, 2021

MexicoRainstorm

120

Direct Damages(USD 1,000)
100,000

Feb. 13, 2021 - Feb. 13, 2021

Japan

Earthquake

1

7,892

7,700,000

Feb. 19, 2021 - Feb. 23, 2021

Indonesia

Flood

7

228,650

50,000Feb. 21, 2021 - Feb. 22, 2021

Philippines (the)Tropical cyclone

5272,453

3,114

Feb. 25, 2021 - Mar. 4, 2021

Australia

Tropical cyclone

0

6,000

155,000

Feb. 25, 2021 - Mar. 1, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)Australia

Flood

1

51

150,000

Rainstorm

0

92

500,000

Flood

2

18,0002,100,000

Japan

Earthquake

0611

550,000

United States ofAmerica (the)ChinaRainstorm

601,700,000

Earthquake3

195

125,000

United States ofAmerica (the)South Africa

Flood

8

0

1,300,000

Drought

012,000,000

0Mar. 2021 - Mar. 2022

Somalia

Drought

05,600,000

0Mar. 2021 - Mar. 2022

Kenya

Drought

02,100,000

0Mar. 2021 - Apr. 2021

Kenya

Epidemic

0

1,352,253

0Mar. 2021 - Mar. 15, 2021

EcuadorVolcanic eruption

0

133,306

0

Apr. 2, 2021 - Apr. 6, 2021

Indonesia

Tropical cyclone

226

509,625

800,000

Apr. 5, 2021 - Apr. 6, 2021

Timor-Leste

Tropical cyclone

41

143,6700Apr. 9, 2021 - Apr. 11, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
Australia

Rainstorm

3

7945,000

Volcanic eruption

0

13,300

325,000

Tropical cyclone

1

2,625

530,000

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)BrazilRainstorm

13

0

215,000

Rainstorm

001,500,000

Flood

0

455,0050

United States ofAmerica (the)Somalia

Rainstorm

003,100,000

Flood

25

400,000

0

Rainstorm

48

1,300,000

May 2, 2021 - May 6, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Afghanistan

116

30,8330

May 11, 2021 - Jun.15, 2021

GuyanaFlood

May 14, 2021 - May 19, 2021

India

Tropical cyclone

May 14, 2021 - May 19, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)ChinaRainstorm
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption

May 25, 2021 - May 29, 2021

Congo (theDemocratic Republicof the)India

Tropical cyclone

May 25, 2021 - May 29, 2021

Bangladesh

Tropical cyclone

May 2021 - Feb. 2022

Ethiopia

May 2021 - Oct.7, 2021

South Sudan

Jun. 1, 2021 - Aug.30, 2021

China

Jun. 1, 2021 - Sep.30, 2021

India

Jun. 1, 2021 - Jun.30, 2021

India

Date

Mar. 16, 2021 - Mar. 18,
2021
Mar. 18, 2021 - Mar. 19,
2021
Mar. 20, 2021 - Mar. 20,
2021
Mar. 24, 2021 - Mar. 26,
2021
Mar. 24, 2021 - Mar. 24,
2021
Mar. 27, 2021 - Mar. 28,
2021
Mar. 2021 - Mar. 2021

Apr. 9, 2021 - Apr. 30, 2021
Apr. 11, 2021 - Apr. 11, 2021
Apr. 13, 2021 - Apr. 15, 2021
Apr. 15, 2021 - Apr. 16, 2021
Apr. 20, 2021 - Apr. 23, 2021
Apr. 27, 2021 - May 2, 2021
May 1, 2021 - May 31, 2021
May 2, 2021 - May 4, 2021

May 21, 2021 - May 21, 2021
May 22, 2021 - May 23, 2021

Country

Disaster Type

Flood

Fatalities

Affected
People0

150,000

0

198

700,153

1,400,000

6250

1,300,000

3

39,028516,000

32

288,404019

1,625,000

3,000,000

3

1,300,000

0Drought

05,500,000

0

Flood

7

623,000

0

Flood

352

14,500,000

16,500,000

Flood

1,282

375,000

3,100,000

Flood

59

1,000

100,000

A-53

Flood0Jun. 9, 2021 - Jun.11, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Australia

Affected
People
636

Flood

2

600

Jun. 15, 2021 - Aug.31, 2021

Niger (the)

Flood

62

105,7500Jun. 17, 2021 - Jun.18, 2021

UkraineRainstorm

1

1,700

170,000

Jun. 18, 2021 - Jun.21, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Czech Republic (the)Rainstorm

14

344

375,000

Rainstorm

6

3,813

701,000

Flood

0

24,000200,000

Jun. 26, 2021 - Aug.31, 2021

Russian Federation
(the)
Chad

Flood

32

269,1800Jun. 26, 2021 - Jul. 2021

CanadaHeat wave

808

0

0

Jun. 26, 2021 - Jun.30, 2021

Heat wave

229

0

0

Jun. 28, 2021 - Jul.2, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)
China

Flood

0

1,080,000

161,000

Jul. 1, 2021 - Sep.30, 2021

Pakistan

Flood

194

0

10,000Jul. 2, 2021 - Jul.9, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Japan

Tropical cyclone

191,200,000

Landslide26

900

250,000

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)Germany

Wildfire0

483

325,000

Rainstorm

101,200,000

Flood

197

1,000

40,000,000

Wildfire3

1,261

3,000,000

Jul. 14, 2021 - Jul.15, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Belgium

Flood

43

1,950

1,700,000

Jul. 15, 2021 - Jul.17, 2021

New Zealand

Flood

0

200

140,000

Jul. 20, 2021 - Sep.24, 2021

Sudan (the)

Flood

52

303,0450Jul. 21, 2021 - Jul.28, 2021

China

Tropical cyclone

572,0002,000,000

Jul. 21, 2021 - Jul.29, 2021

MyanmarFlood0

125,000

0Jul. 22, 2021 - Jul.28, 2021

Flood

9

0

300,000

Jul. 22, 2021 - Jul.28, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Costa Rica

Flood

3

200,000

0Jul. 27, 2021 - Aug.3, 2021

Bangladesh

Flood

21

268,7440Jul. 28, 2021 - Aug.7, 2021

TurkeyWildfire

9561,088

232,000

Jul. 28, 2021 - Jul.29, 2021

Afghanistan

Flood

260

4,200

0

Jul. 29, 2021 - Aug.12, 2021

GreeceWildfire

2

7,012

580,000

Jul., 2021 - Nov., 2021

ZambiaDrought01,180,000

0Aug. 9, 2021 - Aug.24, 2021

Niger (the)Epidemic

144

4,283

0

Aug. 10, 2021 - Aug.13, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)TurkeyRainstorm

001,300,000

Flood

70

2,660

290,000

Flood

3

0

225,000

Aug. 11, 2021 - Aug.16, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)
Japan

Flood

12

30,000100,000

Aug. 12, 2021 - Aug.13, 2021

China

Flood

21

286,100

0Aug. 13, 2021 - Aug.31, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Haiti

Wildfire02,136

1,500,000

2,575

702,763

1,620,071

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)MexicoTropical cycone

71051,300,000

Tropical cyclone

086

550,000

Tropical cyclone

130

500,000

United States ofAmerica (the)

Flood

22

89

150,000

Date
Jun. 7, 2021 - Jun.10, 2021

Jun. 24, 2021 - Jun.25, 2021
Jun. 24, 2021 - Aug.11, 2021

Jul. 3, 2021 - Jul.5, 2021
Jul. 6, 2021 - Jul.31, 2021
Jul. 8, 2021 - Jul.11, 2021
Jul. 12, 2021 - Jul.15, 2021
Jul. 13, 2021 - Aug.11, 2021

Aug. 10, 2021 - Aug.16, 2021
Aug. 10, 2021 - Aug.16, 2021

Aug. 14, 2021 - Aug.14, 2021
Aug. 17, 2021 - Aug.22, 2021
Aug. 20, 2021 - Aug.25, 2021
Aug. 21, 2021 - Aug.23, 2021
Aug. 21, 2021 - Aug.22, 2021

Country

Disaster Type

Earthquake

A-54

Fatalities

Direct Damages(USD 1,000)
950,000
330,000

46

Affected
People1,400,100

Direct Damages(USD 1,000)
0

Flood

0

325,400

0

Tropical cyclone

96

14,00065,000,000

Aug. 28, 2021 - Aug.30, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)MexicoTropical cyclone

2

1,503

100,000

Aug. 28, 2021 - Sep.2, 2021

Cuba

Tropical cyclone00100,000

Aug. 29, 2021 - Sep.2, 2021

Spain

Flood

2

150

105,000

Aug. 2021 - Dec.19, 2021

Nigeria

Epidemic

3,604

179,1890Aug. 2021 - Feb. 2022

Zimbabwe

Drought0167,000

0

Sep. 7, 2021 - Sep.13, 2021

Congo (theDemocratic Republicof the)MexicoEpidemic

131

301

0

Earthquake

3

21,951200,000

Tropical cyclone

001,000,000

Sep. 13, 2021 - Sep.15, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)
India

Flood

7

850,000

0

Sep. 16, 2021 - Sep.16, 2021

China

Earthquake

3

24,395250,000

Sep. 19, 2021 - Dec.25, 2021

Canary Isls

Volcanic eruption

1

6,888

1,000,000

Sep. 19, 2021 - Oct.6, 2021

Thailand

Flood

10

298,900

591,000

Oct. 2, 2021 - Oct.7, 2021

China

Flood

18

1,760,000

1,800,000

Oct. 3, 2021 - Oct.3, 2021

India

Tropical cyclone

7

179,000

0Oct. 4, 2021 - Oct.7, 2021

Flood

4

0

325,000

Oct. 11, 2021 - Oct.12, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)Philippines (the)Tropical cyclone59

1,140,539

103,128

Oct. 16, 2021 - Oct.22, 2021

Nepal

Flood

118

10

0

Nov. 4, 2021 - Nov.5, 2021

Flood

0

250,000

0Nov. 5, 2021 - Nov.9, 2021

Bosnia andHerzegovina
China

Rainstorm

1

5,600

935,000

Nov. 6, 2021 - Nov.7, 2021

Sri Lanka

Flood

26

230,0040Nov. 13, 2021 - Nov.16, 2021

CanadaFlood

4

15,0002,000,000

Nov. 13, 2021 - Nov.15, 2021

Flood

1

500

200,000

Earthquake

1

36,583

165,000

Nov. 15, 2021 - Jan. 16, 2022

United States ofAmerica (the)Iran (Islamic Republicof)BrazilFlood

52

966,173

417,000

Nov. 15, 2021 - Dec.1, 2021

Australia

Flood

2

1,000

100,000

Nov. 27, 2021 - Nov.30, 2021

Viet Nam

Flood

18

300,000

0Nov. 29, 2021 - Dec.2, 2021

ThailandFlood

0132,900

0Dec. 10, 2021 - Dec.11, 2021

Rainstorm

93

100

5,200,000

Rainstorm

5120

1,900,000

Dec. 16, 2021 - Dec.17, 2021

United States ofAmerica (the)United States ofAmerica (the)Philippines (the)Tropical cyclone

457

10,608,996

915,271

Dec. 17, 2021 - Jan. 3, 2022

Malaysia

Flood

52

62,999200,000

Date

Country

Aug. 23, 2021 - Aug.24, 2021

Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of)Thailand

Flood

Aug. 27, 2021 - Aug.31, 2021
Aug. 28, 2021 - Sep.2, 2021

Sep. 8, 2021 - Sep.8, 2021
Sep. 12, 2021 - Sep.17, 2021

Nov. 14, 2021 - Nov.14, 2021

Dec. 15, 2021 - Dec.16, 2021

Disaster Type

Dec. 27, 2021 - Dec.28, 2021

Fatalities

Sao Tome andFlood
8219,6680
Principe
Dec. 30, 2021 - Jan. 1, 2022
United States ofWildfire
2
3,654
3,300,000
America (the)2021 - Aug. 2021
Iran (Islamic Republic
Drought
02,580,000
0of)Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT, the international
disaster database) of Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Université catholique de Louvain).

A-55

1) Canada, U.S. heat wave (HT-2021-000074-CAN, HT-2021-000074-USA)Western Canada and northwestern U.S. suffered intense heat from late June to July of 2021. Lytton, near
Vancouver, Canada, recorded 46.6 Celsius degrees on 27, beating the highest temperature on record in thiscountry for the first time in 84 years. High temperature warnings and advisories were issued in various areas,
and in Lytton, the site with the highest ever recorded temperature in Canada, wildfires broke out and destroyed
much of the village.
In Canada, at least 486 people died suddenly during the five-day period starting on June 25 of 2021, when
the heat wave began, more than three times the number in an average year. This disaster resulted in 808
confirmed deaths in Canada and 229 in the United States (EM-DAT, as of March 10, 2022).
https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOGN28CKC0Y1A620C2000000/
https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOGN02EB40S1A700C2000000/
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sudden-deaths-heat-waveb-c-1.6086770
2) Haiti earthquake (EQ-2021-000116-HTI)
On August 14 of 2021, at 8:29 AM (local time), an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred at southwestern
Haiti located in the Caribbean Sea. The epicenter was located near 12 km northeast of Saint-Louis-du-Sud, 125km west of the capital Port-au-Prince, and the depth of the earthquake was 10 km. The earthquake caused
many affected people including deaths and injuries as well as material damage. As of March 10, 2022, the EMDAT database showed 2,575 deaths, 702,763 affected people, and economic damage of over US$1.6 billion.
Haiti experienced a megaquake of magnitude 7.0 in 2010 as well and suffered devastating damage including
more than 220,000 deaths.
Upon the request from the Haiti Government, the government provided emergency relief supplies throughthe Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and also provided $3.25 million (about 351 million yen) as
Emergency Grant Aid for earthquake damage in Haiti through the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP),International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press1_000585.html
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press1_000601.html
https://www.jrc.or.jp/international/results/2021HaitiEQ.html
3) Philippines typhoon (TC-2021-000202-PHL)
From December 16 to 17 of 2021, Typhoon Rai (T2122) (Asian name: Rai, Philippine name: Odette) madelandfall in southeastern Philippines, caused many affected people including deaths and injuries as well as
material damage to key infrastructure such as electric power and houses.
This typhoon rapidly grew into a category 5 windstorm before making landfall and crossed 11 of the 17 areasof the Philippines keeping its strength. This typhoon caused heavy rains, floods and landslides, and according
to EM-DAT, resulted in a mega-disaster with 457 deaths, 10,608,996 affected people and economic damage ofover US$910 million (as of March 10, 2022).
Upon request from the Philippine Government, the Japanese Government provided emergency relief
supplies through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) as well as Emergency Grant Aid of US$13
million.
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press6_001025.html
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press1_000681.html
https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_jp.php?NationCode=&Lang=jp&Key=2507
https://unocha.exposure.co/nbsp-nbsp-super-typhoon-rainbsp-nbspnbsp?embed=true

A-56

3. Laws and Systems
Fig.A-26
A-26 Evolution of Disaster Management Laws and Systems Since 1945
Fig.

A-57

Source: Cabinet Office

A-58

Fig.
Fig.A-27
A-27 Major Disaster Management Laws by Type of Disaster

Source: Cabinet Office

A-59

Fig.
Fig.A-28
A-28 Structure of the Basic Disaster Management Plan

Source: Cabinet Office

A-60

Fig.
Fig.A-29
A-29 Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
Revision
Date

Outline of Revision

Background- The Basic Disaster Management Plan formulated based on the Basic Act on DisasterSep. 26, 1959: Typhoon VERA (5915)
Management
Nov. 15, 1961: Enactment of the Basic- Stipulations regarding various measures to prevent natural disasters, mitigate damage, andAct on Disaster Management
promote disaster reconstruction
Partial revisionSep. 6, 1967 Recommendation- Enhancement of earthquake countermeasures (facilities for earthquake prediction,May
concerning Disaster Prevention
preparation of fire fighting helicopters)
1971
Measures (recommending revisions in- Renewed positioning of countermeasures to tackle hazardous materials, petrochemical
response to a modern socioeconomy)complexes, and wildfires
Complete revision- Structured this version by disaster type, and included stipulations in the following order:
prevention, emergency response, recovery/reconstruction
Jan. 17, 1995: Southern Hyogo
July- Clearly defined the stakeholders, such as governments, public agencies, local governments,
Prefecture Earthquake (Great Hanshin1995
and businesses, and specified countermeasures
Awaji Earthquake)- Stipulated that changes in social structure such as the aging of society should be taken into
account
Partial revision
June- Addition of section on countermeasures to address disasters caused by accidents (structural
Jan. 2, 1997: Nakhodka Oil Spill Accident
1997
improvements such as the establishment of an emergency countermeasures headquarters)- Addition of a section on snowstorm countermeasures
Partial revisionSep. 30, 1999: Criticality accident at
May- Revision of the section on countermeasures to tackle nuclear power disasters, following the uranium fabrication plant in Tokai
2000
enactment of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
Village, Ibaraki prefecture
December Partial revision
Government reformation
2000- Revisions resulting from the government reformation
Partial revisionJun. 29, 1999: Torrential rain disaster in
April- Enhancement of descriptions relating to information transmission to residents and evacuation Hiroshima Prefecture
2002
measures regarding countermeasures against flooding, sediment disasters, and storm surges Sep. 24, 1999: Storm surge disaster in- New positioning of nuclear power disasters related to nuclear vessels
Kumamoto Prefecture
Partial revision- Revisions based on the creation of the Basic Plan for the Promotion of Tonankai and Nankai
Mar. 31, 2004: Creation of a Basic Plan
March
Earthquake Countermeasures (seismic retrofitting of public buildings, etc.)
for the Promotion of Tohnankai and2004- Revisions based on the development of policies such as the development of an earthquake
Nankai Earthquake Countermeasures
early warning system
Partial revision- Revisions based on developments in policy, such as the promotion of a nationwide movement July 28, 2004: Creation of an Earthquake
July
to practice disaster preparedness, the promotion of corporate disaster risk reduction efforts, Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy
2005
the formulation and implementation of an earthquake DRR strategy, tsunami DRR measures Dec. 26, 2004: Indian Ocean Tsunami
such as the development of tsunami evacuation buildings, information transmission during(Sumatra/Andaman Earthquake)torrential rains, evacuation support for the elderly, etc.
March
Partial revision
Transition from Defense Agency to the2007- Revisions resulting from the transition from Defense Agency to the Ministry of Defense
Ministry of Defense
Partial revision- Implementation of follow-up actions on key issues regarding the Basic Disaster Management
FebruaryPlan, development of strategic national movements, establishment of conditions for the
July 16, 2007: The Earthquake Off the
2008
promotion of corporate disaster risk reduction, full-scale introduction of earthquake early
Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture
warning system, strengthening of nuclear power disaster countermeasures in light of lessons
learned from the Earthquake Off the Coast of Chuetsu in Niigata Prefecture
Partial revision
Mar. 11, 2011 Tohoku Earthquake andDecember- Radical strengthening of earthquake/tsunami countermeasures in light of the Great East
Tsunami (The Great East Japan
2011
Japan Earthquake (addition of tsunami disaster countermeasure section)
Earthquake)
Partial revision- Strengthening of countermeasures against large-scale regional disasters in light of revisions to Mar. 11, 2011 The Great East Japanthe Basic Act on Disaster Management (First Revision), and the final report of the National
Earthquake
September Disaster Management Council's Committee for Policy Planning on Disaster Management (each Jun. 27, 2012 Partial Amendment of the2012
section)Basic Act on Disaster Management- Strengthening of nuclear power disaster countermeasures in light of the enactment of the Act Sep. 19, 2012 Inauguration of thefor Establishment of the Nuclear Regulation Authority (nuclear power disaster
Nuclear Regulatory Authority
countermeasures section)
Partial revision
Mar. 11, 2011 The Great East Japan- Strengthening of countermeasures against large-scale disasters in light of revisions to the
Earthquake
January
Basic Act on Disaster Management (Second Revision) and the enactment of the Act on
Jun. 21, 2013 Partial Amendment of the2014
Reconstruction from Large-Scale Disasters (each section)
Basic Act on Disaster Management,- Strengthening of nuclear disaster countermeasures in light of investigations by the Nuclear
enactment of the Act on Reconstruction
Regulation Authority
from Large-Scale Disasters
June
1963

A-61

Revision
Date

Outline of Revision

Background

Partial revision- Strengthening of countermeasures against abandoned and stranded vehicles following
Feb. 2014: Heavy snowfall
November revision of the Basic Act on Disaster Management
Nov. 21, 2014: Partial Amendment of2014- Addition of descriptions in light of lessons learned from heavy snowfall of February 2014,
the Basic Act on Disaster Management
such as the diversification of information transmission methods such as warnings of heavy
snowPartial revision
Mar. 5, 2015: Cabinet Secretariat Three- Improvement and strengthening of nuclear emergency preparedness systems e.g., throughYear Revision and Investigation TeamMarch
the establishment of local nuclear disaster management committees and national support for "Improvement and Strengthening of the2015
the enhancement of local plans for disaster risk reduction/evacuation plans (nuclear disaster Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
countermeasures section)
System (Second Report)"
Jan. 18, 2015: Partial Amendment of the
Act on the Promotion of Sediment
Disaster Countermeasures in Sediment
Disaster Hazard Areas
Partial revision
Mar. 26, 2015: Working Group for the
July-Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of lessons learned from thePromotion of Volcano Disaster
2015
Hiroshima Sediment Disaster and the Mt. Ontake Eruption (each section)
Prevention report
Jun. 4, 2015: Working Group forStudying Comprehensive
Countermeasures against Sediment
Disasters report
Partial revision-Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of the revision of laws,
Dec. 10, 2015: Partial Amendment of
February
including the Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes, the Flood Control Act, thethe Act on Special Measures for Active
2016
Sewerage Act, the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Act, and the Basic Act on Disaster Volcanoes
Management (each section)
Partial revision
Mar. 31, 2016: Working Group on StudyMay-Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of lessons learned from theon Evacuation and Emergency Response
2016
Torrential Rain of September 2015 in the Kanto and Tohoku Regions (each section)
Measures for Flood Disasters report
Dec. 20, 2016: Report of the Working
Group for Studying Emergency
Response and Livelihood Support
Measures in Light of the 2016
Partial revision
April
Kumamoto Earthquake-Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of lessons learned from the2017
Dec. 26, 2016: Report of the Study
2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Typhoon LIONROCK (1610) disaster (each section)
Group on Guidelines for Producing a
Handbook on Decision and
Dissemination for Evacuation
Recommendations
Dec. 8, 2017: Report of the Study Group
Partial revision
on Evacuation from the 2017 July
-Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of the revision of laws,
Northern Kyushu Heavy Rain
June
including the Disaster Relief Act, the Road Act, and the Flood Control Act, etc. (each section) May 16, 2018: Interim Report on
2018- Revisions resulting from the strengthening of measures in light of lessons learned from the
Measures to Secure Road Traffic in
2017 July Northern Kyushu Heavy Rain and the heavy snow from January to February 2018
Heavy Snow(each section)
June 15, 2018: Partial Amendment of
the Disaster Relief Act
Dec.26, 2018: Amendments toevacuation measures from flood andPartial revisionMay
sediment disasters in light of the heavy-Amendments to evacuation measures from flood and sediment disasters in light of the heavy
2019
rain event of July 2018 (report)
rain event of July 2018 (each section)
Mar. 29, 2019 Revision of the guidelines
on evacuation recommendations
March 31, 2020: Verification of thePartial Amendment
series of disasters including TyphoonMay・Verification of the Typhoon Faxai in 2019 (T1915) and the Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (T1919), Faxai in 2019 (T1915) and Typhoon
2020
Hagibis in 2019 (T1919). Report (final
and amendments to strengthen countermeasures based on COVID-19 response (each part).
summary)
Partial Revision
May 10, 2021: Partial amendment of the
May 2021 ・Revision in response to amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management and measures
Basic Act on Disaster Management
against COVID-19 (each part)
Source: Cabinet Office

A-62

4. Organizations
Fig.
Fig.A-30
A-30 Organization of the National Disaster Management Council
Inquiry

Red Cross Society

Deputy Chief
Cabinet Secretary
for Crisis
Management(appointed byPrime Minister)

Yoshiharu Otsuka Vice President, Tokyo International University
President of Japan
Broadcasting
Corporation (NHK)and Dean, Language and Communication
Studies

Hisako Komuro

Terunobu Maeda Chairman, Special Committee for Risk
Senior Vice Presidentof Nippon Telegraphand Telephone
Corporation

Management/Disaster Control, National
Governors’ Association (Kanagawa Prefecture
Governor)

Yuji Kuroiwa

Atsuko Oka Councilor, Japan Firefighters Association
Kazuo Ueda

ReportOffer
OpinionPrime Minister, Minister of State for Disaster Management

National Disaster Management Council (Section I, Chapter II of the Basic Act on Disaster Management)
Chair
Prime Minister
Members
Minister of State Heads of Designated Public Corporations(appointed by Prime Minister)for Disaster
Management
Governor of the Bank
Senior Researcher, the International
Centre for Water Hazard and Risk
Other ministers of Japan
Haruhiko Kuroda Management, Public Works Researchof state(all appointed by
Institute (PWRI)
President of JapanesePrime Minister)
Miho Ohara

Chairman, Liaison Council for Disaster Victims'
Health Support (President, Japan Medical
Association)

Toshio Nakagawa
Committees for Technical Investigation●Disaster Management Implementation Committee (established March 26, 2013)

Officers' Meeting
Chair: Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet OfficeVice Chair: Director General for Disaster Management, Cabinet Office, and Deputy Manager of the Fire andDisaster Management Agency
Advisor: Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management
Secretary: Relevant directors-general of each ministry and agency[Role]○ Formulate a Basic Disaster Management Plan and Earthquake Disaster Management Plan and promote theirimplementation○ Discuss important issues related to disaster management in response to inquiries from the Prime Minister orthe Minister of State for Disaster Management (e.g. basic approaches to disaster management,
comprehensive coordination of disaster management policies, and the declaration of states of emergency)○ Offer opinions on important issues related to disaster management to the Prime Minister or the Minister ofState for Disaster Management
Source: Cabinet Office

A-63

Fig.
Fig.A-31
A-31 Recent Meetings of the National Disaster Management Council (Since 2011)
FY2011
Apr. 27, 2011
Oct. 11, 2011

Dec. 27, 2011

Mar. 29, 2012

• Great East Japan Earthquake: Characteristics and Challenges• Conventional earthquake and tsunami policies• Report of the Committee for the Technical Investigation of Earthquake and Tsunami Measures Based on Lessons
Learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake• Government ministry and agency efforts related to future DRR efforts• Establishment of the Committee for Policy Planning on Disaster Management• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Revisions to the National Disaster Management Council Operation Guidelines• Report of the Committee for the Technical Investigation of the Dissemination of Lessons Learned from Disasters• Status of the investigations by the Committee for Policy Planning on Disaster Management• Interim Report of the Committee for Policy Planning on Disaster Management• Current efforts aimed at bolstering and reinforcing DRR measures• FY2012 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework

FY2012
Sep. 6, 2012

Mar. 26, 2013

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Framework for Large-Scale Flood Measures in the Capital Region• New Promotion of Earthquake Research• Final Report of the Committee for Policy Planning on Disaster Management• Report of the Committee for the Technical Investigation of Best Practices for Earthquake Disaster Managementin Regional Cities• Report of the Committee for the Technical Investigation of Disaster Evacuation• Report on Tsunami Heights and Inundation Areas Resulting from Nankai Trough Megaquake (Secondary Report)
and Damage Estimates (Primary Report)• Review of the legal systems for disaster management; status of investigations into Nankai Trough Megaquake
Measures and Tokyo Inland Earthquake Measures• Establishment of the Disaster Management Implementation Committee• FY2013 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework

FY2013Jan. 17, 2014

Mar. 28, 2014

• Designation of Areas for the Promotion of Nankai Trough Earthquake DRR Measures and Areas for the Special
Reinforcement of Nankai Trough Earthquake Tsunami Evacuation Measures• Designation of Tokyo Inland Earthquake Emergency Management Zones• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Final Report of the Working Group to Investigate Tokyo Inland Earthquake Measures and a National Government
Business Continuity Plan Proposal• Act on Special Measures for the Promotion of Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Management• Act on Special Measures against Tokyo Inland Earthquake• Framework for Large-Scale Earthquake Disaster Management and Reduction• FY2014 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework

FY2014
Nov. 28, 2014
Mar. 31, 2015

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• FY2015 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework• Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy for a Tokyo Inland Earthquake

FY2015
Jul. 7, 2015
Feb. 16, 2016

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Basic Guidelines on the Comprehensive Promotion of Measures for Active Volcanoes• Designation of volcanic eruption hazard areas• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan

FY2016
May 31, 2016

• FY2016 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan

FY2017
Apr. 11, 2017

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• FY2017 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework

FY2018Jun. 29, 2018

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Partial amendment of the Disaster Relief Act

FY2019May 31, 2019

• Revisions to the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Revisions to the Basic Plan for the Promotion of Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction
Countermeasures• FY2019 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework• Promotion of Earthquake Research (third period)

FY2020
May 29, 2020

• Amendment of Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Outline of the Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework of 2020

FY2021
May 25, 2021

• Regarding the revision of the Basic Disaster Management Plan
• Regarding FY2021 Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill Framework, etc.

Source: Cabinet Office

A-64

Fig.
Fig.A-32
A-32 Status of the Establishment of National Disaster Management Council Committees for Technical
Investigation

Source: Cabinet Office

A-65

5. Budget
Fig.A-33
A-33 Disaster Risk Management Budgets by Year
Fig.
Fiscal
Year
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

Science andDisasterDisaster Prevention
Land Conservation
Total
Technology Research
Reconstruction
Share
Share
Share
Share
(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
751
0.4
8,864
4.3
97,92947.1
100,64248.3
208,006
1,021
0.4
8,906
3.7
116,13147.7
117,47348.2
243,522
1,776
0.7
13,724
5.4
122,40948.3
115,39345.6
253,302
1,605
0.5
17,143
5.6
147,85848.3
139,42445.6
306,030
1,773
0.5
20,436
5.9
170,65049.0
155,71544.7
348,574
2,115
0.6
23,152
6.1
197,833
52.3
154,855
41.0
377,955
2,730
0.7
25,5146.8
207,600
55.4
138,81537.1
374,659
2,747
0.7
30,1777.5
236,20959.0
131,27032.8
400,403
2,756
0.6
36,0278.2
269,15960.9
133,99830.3
441,940
3,078
0.5
50,4648.6
352,68660.3
178,20930.5
584,4373,700
0.4
93,425
10.3
488,81854.1
316,895
35.1
902,8386,287
0.7
111,32112.4
493,58054.9
287,082
32.0
898,270
14,5691.5
118,59612.1
505,208
51.5
342,55634.9
980,929
17,795
1.5
159,595
13.3
615,457
51.3
405,77133.9
1,198,618
21,143
1.3
186,297
11.5
711,15943.9
700,68843.3
1,619,287
22,836
1.4
234,409
13.9
904,30253.6
525,88631.2
1,687,433
29,642
1.7
307,17017.3
1,093,847
61.6
345,603
19.5
1,776,262
35,145
1.6
435,963
20.4
1,229,401
57.6
432,759
20.3
2,133,268
29,9291.2
456,575
18.9
1,229,615
50.8
705,16829.1
2,421,287
29,621
1.2
474,92618.9
1,240,788
49.5
761,95030.4
2,507,285
28,945
1.1
469,44317.2
1,261,326
46.3
963,98435.4
2,723,698
29,825
1.1
489,918
18.4
1,268,712
47.6
875,85132.9
2,664,306
28,215
1.2
485,21920.7
1,350,592
57.7
475,878
20.3
2,339,904
27,6801.1
512,83720.2
1,355,917
53.5
640,22525.2
2,536,659
28,646
1.2
482,88919.7
1,354,397
55.3
581,46223.8
2,447,394
38,296
1.4
612,50521.9
1,603,599
57.2
548,33719.6
2,802,737
31,051
1.1
587,07320.8
1,550,132
54.9
657,68123.3
2,825,937
34,542
1.2
588,35420.7
1,638,104
57.5
587,81920.6
2,848,819
35,382
1.1
625,239
20.0
1,669,336
53.4
796,23125.5
3,126,188
35,791
1.1
628,596
19.8
1,729,332
54.3
788,60324.8
3,182,322
36,302
1.1
745,40522.8
2,017,898
61.6
475,41114.5
3,275,015
43,152
0.9
866,17018.6
2,462,800
52.9
1,280,569
27.5
4,652,691
40,460
1.0
747,22318.9
1,945,295
49.1
1,230,072
31.0
3,963,050
105,845
1.4
1,208,134
16.0
2,529,386
33.5
3,696,010
49.0
7,539,375
52,3851.2
1,029,658
24.5
2,156,714
51.3
968,182
23.0
4,206,938
49,1281.2
1,147,102
28.2
2,014,695
49.4
864,370
21.2
4,075,295
62,4351.1
1,228,539
22.3
2,905,921
52.8
1,310,515
23.8
5,507,411
78,134
1.7
1,142,199
25.0
2,400,534
52.6
941,886
20.6
4,562,752
73,5021.8
1,011,535
24.4
2,376,083
57.3
689,225
16.6
4,150,346
49,3101.2
1,060,445
26.7
2,238,816
56.4
618,427
15.6
3,966,998
48,1641.3
1,202,984
31.9
1,981,686
52.5
543,949
14.4
3,776,783
35,1331.1
814,101
25.7
1,625,670
51.4
689,25521.8
3,164,159
30,4780.7
815,059
19.3
1,753,418
41.5
1,622,112
38.4
4,221,067
11,0970.4
866,29028.6
1,426,745
47.0
728,606
24.0
3,032,738
11,627
0.4
689,50525.1
1,439,12952.3
610,30222.2
2,750,563

A-66

Fiscal
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Science andDisasterDisaster Prevention
Land Conservation
Total
Technology Research
Reconstruction
Share
Share
Share
Share
(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)(JPY million)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
9,687
0.4
706,853
29.0
1,332,222
54.6
391,63716.0
2,440,399
8,921
0.4
819,35933.2
1,275,135
51.7
363,47114.7
2,466,886
8,761
0.4
498,39723.0
1,383,254
63.7
279,78912.9
2,170,201
7,695
0.6
224,841
16.9
813,35961.1
285,03821.4
1,330,933
28,072
0.6
376,169
8.0
743,93615.9
3,536,475
75.5
4,684,652
29,4220.6
561,02112.0
790,42217.0
3,129,561
67.2
4,656,656
15,3390.3
788,576
14.1
879,93215.8
3,883,911
69.6
5,578,036
16,688
0.4
639,966
13.9
836,580
18.2
3,101,555
67.5
4,594,789
14,961
0.4
713,477
18.6
155,475
4.1
2,954,355
77.0
3,838,268
14,023
0.3
696,39914.3
318,3206.5
3,855,516
78.9
4,884,258
10,1230.3
790,36122.1
267,6297.5
2,515,384
70.2
3,583,497
22,781
0.8
737,42916.3
482,711
4.0
2,834,284
78.8
4,077,205
14,3900.3
814,47119.5
512,324
12.3
2,839,061
67.9
4,180,246
15,7260.4
1,037,401
27.2
437,134
11.5
2,320,286
60.9
3,810,547
26,7560.5
1,108,485
33.3
404,5547.5
1,226,931
58.2
2,766,726
7,060
0.5
542,71635.5
116,860
7.6
861,17056.4
1,527,806

Notes:
1. These are adjusted budget (national expenditures) amounts. However, the FY2022 figures are preliminary figures reflecting
the initial budget.
2. The reduced amount allocated to science and technology research in FY2007 is largely due to the structural conversion ofnational lab and research institutions into independent administrative agencies (the budgets of independent administrative
agencies are not included in this table).
3. The amount allocated to disaster prevention in FY2009 is reduced because a portion of the revenue sources set aside for road
construction were converted to general fund sources making it impossible to allocate certain portions to the disastermanagement budget.
4. The reduced amount allocated to disaster prevention and land conservation in FY2010 is due to the fact that, following thecreation of the General Grant for Social Capital Development, some disaster prevention policies and many subsidy programsin land conservation were established using those grants.
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from various ministries and agencies

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from various ministries and agencies

A-67

Fig.
Fig.A-34
A-34 Earthquake Emergency Development Project Plans(As of the end of FY2020; Unit: JPY million)

FY1980 - FY2024

Category

Planned Amount(a)

Implemented
Amount(b)Rate of Progress(b)/(a)1 Evacuation sites

202,572

196,515

97.0%

2 Evacuation roads

136,082

94,67669.6%

3 Firefighting facilities

149,684

133,28589.0%

1,150,690

1,020,763

88.7%

4-1 Emergency transport routes

1,016,648

898,82088.4%

4-2 Emergency transport ports

72,924

63,74487.4%

4-3 Emergency transport fishing ports

61,11858,19995.2%

5 Telecommunications facilities

16,81916,63798.9%

6 Public medical institutions

54,01254,012100.0%

7 Social welfare facilities

55,58655,586100.0%

8 Public elementary and junior high schools

456,315432,31494.7%

9 Tsunami countermeasures

300,638

251,964

83.8%

9-1 River management facilities

99,38179,74580.2%

9-2 Coastal preservation facilities

201,257

172,21985.6%

615,613560,62091.1%

10-1 Erosion control facilities

123,888

110,695

89.4%

10-2 Security facilities

179,201

171,72095.8%

10-3 Landslide facilities

93,05086,384

92.8%

10-4 Steep slope facilities

187,922

168,64689.7%

10-5 Ponds

31,552

23,17573.4%

3,138,011

2,816,371

89.8%

4 Emergency transport routes

10 Landslide prevention

Total

Notes:
1. The content of Earthquake Emergency Development Project Plans (FY1980-2024) is as of the end of FY2020.
2. Project expenses include expenses for projects that may not be solely designed for earthquake disaster management, butthat, while having other policy objectives, also are intended to have an overall effect on earthquake disaster management.
Project expenses are not comprised solely of expenses used entirely for disaster management.
Source: Cabinet Office

A-68

Fig.
Fig.A-35
A-35 Estimated Budgets of Five-Year Plans for Emergency Earthquake Disaster Management ProjectA-69

6. Disaster Management Facilities and Equipment
Fig.
Fig.A-36
A-36 Number of Red Cross Hospitals, Emergency Medical Centers, and Disaster Base Hospitals
Red Cross
Hospital

Emergency
MedicalCenterDisaster
Base
Hospital

Red Cross
Hospital

Emergency
MedicalCenterDisaster
Base
Hospital

Hokkaido

10

12

34

Shiga

3

4

10

Aomori

1

3

10

Kyoto

3

6

13

Iwate

1

3

11

Osaka

2

16

20

Miyagi

2

6

16

Hyogo

3

10

18

Akita

2

2

13

Nara

0

3

7

Yamagata

03

7

Wakayama

1

3

10

Fukushima

1

4

8

Tottori

1

2

4

Ibaraki2

6

18

Shimane2

4

10

Tochigi

3

5

11

Okayama

2

5

11

Gunma

2

4

18

Hiroshima

3

7

19

Saitama3

923

Yamaguchi

2

5

15

Chiba

1

14

26

Tokushima

1

3

11

Tokyo

4

26

86

Kagawa1

3

10

Kanagawa

6

21

33

Ehime

1

3

8

Niigata

1

6

14

Kochi

1

3

12

Toyama1

2

8

Fukuoka3

1031

Ishikawa

1

2

10

Saga

1

4

8

Fukui

1

2

9

Nagasaki

2

3

14

Yamanashi

1

1

9Kumamoto2

3

15

Nagano

6

7

13

Oita

1

4

14

Gifu

2

6

12

Miyazaki

0

3

12

Shizuoka

5

11

23

Kagoshima

1

3

14

Aichi

2

24

37

Okinawa

1

3

13

Mie

1

4

17

Total

96

293

765

Prefectures

Prefectures

Source: Red Cross Hospital information was formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the website of the Japanese Red Cross
Society (as of March 2022).
Information on emergency medical centers and disaster base hospitals was formulated by the Cabinet Office based onmaterials from the Emergency Medical Information System (EMIS) (as of March 2022).

A-70

Fig.
Fig.A-37
A-37 Seismic Reinforcement of Public Infrastructure

Notes
Roads: The rate of bridges not in danger of being damaged related to all bridges along emergency transport roads (importantroads that have to be secured for evacuation and rescue as well as ensuring the passage of emergency vehicles
immediately after the earthquake, including national expressways, national highways and the arterial roads that connect
them.) (As of the end of FY2020)
Railway (Shinkansen): Elevated bridges. (Left: As of end of FY2013. Right: As of end of FY2020.)
Railway (Conventional): Elevated bridges of major railway lines in regions where a seismic intensity of 6 Upper or greater would
be expected to occur in the case of a Tokyo Inland Earthquake or Nankai Trough Earthquake. (Left: As of end of FY2013.
Right: As of end of FY2020.)
Airports: Percentage of population in a 100 km area around an airport that could be used for emergency transport.
Ports and Harbors: Seismically reinforced piers (number completed as a proportion of those detailed in plans for seismic retrofitof piers to facilitate the transportation of emergency supplies (those classed as major ports or higher)). (Left: As of end
of FY2013. Right: As of end of FY2020.)
Sewerage Facilities: Important main lines (pipes that can accommodate drainage from river basin lines, DRR bases, andevacuation sites, main pipes connected to pump stations and disposal stations, pipes buried beneath emergency
transport roads and railroad tracks. (Left: As of end of FY2013. Right: As of end of FY2020.)
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office using materials from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT)A-71

Fig.
Fig.A-38
A-38 Trends in the Seismic Reinforcement Rate of Public Facilities That Serve as Disaster Management
Bases

Note) Of all the public facilities owned or managed by local governments (buildings for public or public-private use: non-wooden structures built
two stories or taller or buildings with a floor area of 200 m2 or more), the facilities that could serve as disaster management bases for
implementing disaster response measures are identified, consolidated and analyzed based on the criteria below.

<Classification criteria of public facilities that serve as disaster management bases>(1) Social welfare facilities(2) Education facilities (classrooms, gymnasiums)(3) Government buildings(4) Prefectural civic halls, civic centers(5) Gymnasiums(6) Health care facilities(7) Police headquarters and police stations

All facilities
Facilities designated as designated emergency evacuation site or designated shelter, etc.
Facilities that will be used for the implementation of disaster response measures
Facilities designated as designated emergency evacuation site or designated shelter, etc.
Facilities designated as designated emergency evacuation site or designated shelter, etc.
Facilities positioned in local plans for disaster risk reduction as medical care facilities
All facilities

Source: “Results of the Survey on the Seismic Reinforcement Rate of Public Facilities That Serve as Disaster Management Bases,”
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (October 2021)

Fig.
Fig.A-39
A-39 Seismic Reinforcement of Public Elementary and Junior High Schools

Source: “Results of a Follow-up Investigation on the Progress of the Seismic Retrofitting of Public School Facilities,” Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (August 2021)

A-72

7. Trends in Numbers of Workers in Disaster Management
Fig.
Fig.A-40
A-40 Numbers of Fire Corps Volunteers

Note: As a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake, the figure for 2012 for Onagawa Town, Meshika Country, Miyagi prefectureis the figure from 2010 (as of April 1, 2010)
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the Survey on the Current Status of Fire and Earthquake Disaster
Management Measures of Fire and Disaster Management Agency

Fig.
Fig.A-41
A-41 Age Composition Ratios among Fire Corps Volunteers

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the Survey on the Current Status of Fire and Earthquake Disaster
Management Measures of Fire and Disaster Management Agency

A-73

Fig.
Fig.A-42
A-42 Numbers of Flood Fighting Corps Personnel

Note) Number of full-time flood fighting corps personnel
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)

Fig.
Fig.A-43
A-43 Numbers of Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the Survey on the Current Status of Fire and Earthquake Disaster
Management Measures of Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Figures as of April 1 each year.

A-74

Fig.
Fig.A-44
A-44 Female Representation in Local Disaster Management Councils (by Prefecture, 2021)

Hokkaido
Aomori
Iwate
Miyagi
Akita
Yamagata
Fukushima
IbarakiTochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Tokyo
Kanagawa
NiigataToyamaIshikawa
Fukui
Yamanashi
NaganoGifu
Shizuoka
Aichi
Mie
Shiga
Kyoto
Osaka
Hyogo
Nara
Wakayama
Tottori
Shimane
Okayama
Hiroshima
Yamaguchi
Tokushima
KagawaEhime
Kochi
Fukuoka
Saga
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
Oita
MiyazakiKagoshima
Okinawa
Total

Prefectural Disaster Management Council
Of which,
Proportion of
Total
Female
Women
Members
Members
(%)
68
4
5.9
60
11
18.3
77
13
16.9
59
7
11.9
61
4
6.6
60
6
10.0
54
10
18.5
52
14
26.9
56
10
17.9
48
7
14.6
73
11
15.1
52
10
19.2
74
8
10.8
57
7
12.3
77
14
18.2
67
12
17.9
70
5
7.1
56
7
12.5
64
3
4.7
80
15
18.8
61
12
19.7
60
4
6.7
69
4
5.8
64
8
12.5
62
16
25.8
66
14
21.2
61
7
11.5
56
7
12.5
60
6
10.0
55
7
12.7
67
27
40.3
72
29
40.3
59
8
13.6
59
3
5.1
60
7
11.7
81
39
48.1
60
9
15.0
60
7
11.7
59
6
10.2
61
6
9.8
70
19
27.1
68
11
16.2
57
8
14.0
59
5
8.5
55
7
12.7
63
10
15.9
55
10
18.2
2,944
474
16.1

Municipal Disaster Management Council
Of which,
Proportion of
Total
Female
Women
Members
Members
(%)
3,901
145
3.7
753
42
5.6
1,159
123
10.6
832
68
8.2
723
75
10.4
1,003
74
7.4
1,186
63
5.3
1,291
127
9.8
745
68
9.1
1,010
100
9.9
2,016
246
12.2
1,493
186
12.5
2,229
296
13.3
955
107
11.2
874
58
6.6
530
36
6.8
452
34
7.5
429
40
9.3
569
55
9.7
1,896
147
7.8
955
80
8.4
1,052
90
8.6
1,518
153
10.1
863
87
10.1
494
48
9.7
747
84
11.2
1,418
164
11.6
1,297
137
10.6
842
68
8.1
564
38
6.7
368
51
13.9
570
54
9.5
514
85
16.5
827
65
7.9
624
77
12.3
585
51
8.7
425
52
12.2
508
37
7.3
781
85
10.9
1,293
220
17.0
356
66
18.5
689
53
7.7
1,663
121
7.3
518
42
8.1
757
60
7.9
1,129
59
5.2
463
38
8.2
45,8664,255
9.3

Notes)
1. Formulated by the Cabinet Office from its material titled the “Implementation Status of Measures for Promoting theFormation of a Gender-equal Society or Policy Considerations for Gender in Local Government” (FY2021)
2. Figures for April 1, in principle.

A-75

8. Various Policies and Measures
Fig.
Fig.A-45
A-45 Hazard Map Development
Flood Hazard
Map
Published: 1,377
Published: 1,199
municipalities (*1)
municipalities (*2)
(As of the end of Sep. 2021) (As of the end of Sep. 2021)

Sample:1,400
municipalities

Sample:1,400
municipalities

Inland Flood
Hazard Map

TsunamiHazard Map

Storm Surge
Hazard Map

Published: 42
Published: 75
Published: 652
Published: 428
municipalities (*6)
municipalities (*4)
municipalities (*5)
municipalities (*3)(As of the end of Nov. 2021) (As of the end of Nov. 2021) (As of the end of Sep. 2021) (As of the end of Oct. 2021)

Sample:1,073
municipalities

Sample:1,073
municipalities

Sample:687
municipalities

Sample:147
municipalities

Sediment Disaster(Landslide Disaster)Hazard Map

VolcanoHazard Map

Published: 1,525
municipalities (*7)
(As of the end of Mar. 2021)

Published: 49
volcanos (*8)(As of the end of Sep. 2021)

Sample:1,601
municipalities

Sample:49
volcanoes

UnpublishedPublished

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (volcano hazard
maps are materials owned by the Cabinet Office)*1 Municipalities (including special wards) with designated flood and inundation hazard areas based on Article 14 of the Flood Control Act,
which have published a hazard map pursuant to Article 15, paragraph (3) of the Flood Control Act*2 Municipalities (including special wards) that have published a hazard map covering the estimated maximum precipitation*3 Municipalities with sewerage systems that have implemented flood prevention measures and have published internal water hazards maps
corresponding to the maximum rainfall on record.
*4 Municipalities with sewerage systems that have implemented flood prevention measures and have published internal water hazards maps
corresponding to the maximum rainfall on assumption.
*5 Municipalities located in coastal areas or the tsunami hazard areas under Article 8 of the Act on Regional Development for Tsunami Disaster
Prevention, which have already published a tsunami hazard map.
*6 Municipalities which were designated as storm surge and inundation hazard areas under Article 14-3 of the Flood Control Act and havealready published a hazard map pursuant to Article 15, paragraph (3) of the Flood Control Act are tallied.
*7 Municipalities (including special wards) designated as sediment disaster hazard areas that have already published a hazard map pursuant to
Article 8, paragraph (3) of the Act on Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment Disaster Prone Areas.
*8 Volcanoes for which Volcanic Disaster Management Councils were established in accordance with Article 4 of the Act on Special Measures
for Active Volcanoes, and of which a volcano hazard map has already been published (one of the tasks of a Volcanic Disaster Management
Council).

Fig.
Fig.A-46
A-46 Formulation of Official Announcement Criteria for Evacuation Recommendations in Municipalities

Note) The disasters anticipated vary from one municipality to another, so the formulation rate is calculated using different denominators,
according to the type of disaster.
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on the "Results of a Survey into the Formulation Status of Specific Official Announcement
Criteria for Evacuation Recommendations" from Fire and Disaster Management Agency

A-76

Fig.
Fig.A-47
A-47 Communication Method of Evacuation Instructions in Municipalities
Disaster management
radio communications
systemYear

Communication facilities ofagricultural/
Patrols byfishery
loudspeaker
Individual
Simultaneous cooperatives
vans
Home
Broadcasting(including
Receivers
Systemwired systems)
SystemSiren

Bellringing

News
media

Throughvoluntary
disastermanagement
organizations

email

Other

2003

1,748
54%

2,126
66%

591
18%

2,942
92%

2,537
79%

698
22%

675
21%

1,065
33%

-

1,106
34%

2004

1,731
55%

2,095
67%

559
18%

2,864
92%

2,463
79%

659
21%

663
21%

1,064
34%

-

1,106
35%

2005

1,365
56%

1,670
69%

449
19%

2,254
93%

1,927
80%

525
22%

642
27%

942
39%

-

925
38%

2006

1,118
61%

1,349
73%

362
20%

1,739
94%

1,487
81%

414
22%

666
36%

887
48%

-

781
42%

2007

1,125
62%

1,350
74%

343
19%

1,722
94%

1,462
80%

383
21%

718
39%

939
51%

-

800
44%

2008

1,117
62%

1,348
74%

323
18%

1,713
95%

1,455
80%

358
20%

750
41%

987
55%

-

829
46%

2009

1,118
62%

1,361
76%

311
17%

1,702
95%

1,440
80%

345
19%

782
43%

1,015
56%

-

830
46%

2010

1,096
63%

1,333
76%

289
17%

1,647
94%

1,383
79%

324
19%

811
46%

1,033
59%

-

830
47%

2011

1,006
62%

1,240
77%

248
15%

1,530
95%

1,271
79%

270
17%

787
49%

1,002
62%

-

806
50%

2012

1,086
62%

1,340
77%

245
14%

1,644
94%

1,357
78%

285
16%

848
49%

1,129
65%

-

955
55%

2013

1,097
63%

1,377
79%

219
13%

1,648
95%

1,347
77%

276
16%

878
50%

1,154
66%

-

998
57%

2014

1,112
64%

1,398
80%

206
12%

1,651
95%

1,334
77%

256
15%

925
50%

1,169
67%

-

1,049
60%

2015

1,128
65%

1,412
81%

192
11%

1,659
95%

1,317
76%

238
14%

975
56%

1,193
69%

-

1,093
63%

2016

1,145
66%

1,426
82%

178
10%

1,654
95%

1,282
74%

219
13%

993
57%

1,204
69%

-

1,078
62%

2017

1,157
66%

1,443
83%

169
10%

1,651
95%

1,277
73%

208
12%

1,028
59%

1,212
70%

-

1,081
62%

2018

1,170
67%

1,450
83%

155
9%

1,651
95%

1,256
72%

195
11%

1,046
60%

1,203
69%

883
51%

972
56%

2019

1,181
68%

1,466
84%

149
9%

1,658
95%

1,255
72%

182
10%

1,070
61%

1,211
70%

1,070
61%

990
57%

2020

1,192
68%

1,469
84%

141
8%

1,653
95%

1,250
72%

170
10%

1,098
63%

1,233
71%

1,207
69%

1,036
60%

1,229
1,483
129
1,647 1,247
166
1,119
1,240
1,284
1,089
71%
85%
7%
95%
72%
10%
64%
71%
74%
63%
Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”
2021

A-77

Fig.
Fig.A-48
A-48 Performance of Assistance based on Mutual Support Agreements between Prefectures
andContract Status of Support Agreements with Private-Sector Institutions
SupportBased onMutualSupportAgreements
BetweenYear
Prefectures

Total
no.

Support Agreements with Private-Sector Institutions

Broadcasting
Agreements(agmts.)Reporting
Agreements

Emergency
ReliefAgreements

Transportation
Agreements

Disaster
Recovery
Agreements

Resources
Agreements

Other

Total no.
Total no.
Total no.
Total no.
Total no.
Total no.
Total no.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
concluded
concluded
concluded
concluded
concluded
concluded
concluded
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
agmts.
agmts.
agmts.
agmts.
agmts.
agmts.
agmts.

2003

23

6

288

47

347

31

191

37

148

39

400

37

711

34

124

19

2004

4

2

288

47

359

33

218

39

165

41

474

39

828

36

134

23

2005

13

8

304

47

362

32

221

43

178

42

504

40

873

40

182

31

2006

5

2

301

46

370

33

241

44

201

40

587

43

992

42

212

37

2007

0

0

304

46

337

34

272

43

211

41

778

43

1,196

44

317

36

2008

12

1

306

46

400

36

316

45

239

43

818

45

1,294

46

461

39

2009

5

1

314

46

399

36

339

44

247

43

857

45

1,364

46

546

41

2010

24

5

329

47

393

36

420

45

254

43

1,590

46

1,431

45

676

42

2011

18

4

318

44

373

33

472

43

235

41

1,568

43

1,357

44

676

39

2012

25

6

334

47

395

36

495

46

291

44

1,825

46

1,461

47

931

46

2013

29

8

360

47

419

38

575

47

317

46

1,913

47

1,558

47

1,178

46

2014

28

6

351

47

445

40

703

47

374

46

2,360

47

1,672

47

1,299

46

2015

24

6

343

47

454

39

893

47

382

46

2,397

47

1,694

47

1,515

46

2016

19

5

352

47

461

40

970

47

438

46

2,626

47

1,795

47

1,751

47

2017

16

5

351

47

438

40

1,065

47

477

47

2,648

47

1,754

47

1,898

47

2018

10

5

349

47

457

41

1,272

47

514

47

3,392

47

1,850

47

2,384

47

2019

14

5

364

47

467

41

1,415

47

561

47

3,461

47

1,998

47

2,893

47

2020

24

7

383

47

476

41

1,576

47

627

47

3,531

47

2,028

47

3,147

47

2021

91

7

393

46

476

42

1,971

47

660

47

3,756

47

2,099

47

3,384

47

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-78

Fig.
Fig.A-49
A-49 Contract Status of Mutual Support Agreements in Municipalities

Year

No. of Municipalities

No. of mutual support
agreements concluded
between municipalities inthe same prefecture

No. of municipalities thathave concluded mutual
support agreements withother municipalities

2003

3,213

1,459

2,363
74%

2004

3,123

1,527

2,306
74%

2005

2,418

1,502

1,771
73%

2006

1,843

1,408

1,457
79%

2007

1,827

1,512

1,471
81%

2008

1,811

1,625

1,656
91%

2009

1,800

1,725

1,646
91%

2010

1,750

1,778

1,571
90%

2011

1,619

1,738

1,476
91%

2012

1,742

2,254

1,645
94%

2013

1,742

2,920

1,650
95%

2014

1,742

3,419

1,697
97%

2015

1,741

3,642

1,705
98%

2016

1,741

4,013

1,699
98%

2017

1,741

4,280

1,698
98%

2018

1,741

―

1,701
98%

2019

1,741

―

1,708
98%

2020

1,741

―

1,708
98%

2021

1,741

―

1,704
98%

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-79

Fig.
Fig.A-50
A-50 Municipalities’ Support Agreements with Private-Sector Institutions
BroadcastAgreements
Year
No. oforgs.

Reporting
Agreements

Emergency Relief
Agreements

Transportation
Agreement

Disaster Recovery
Agreements

Resources
Agreements

Other

No. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofNo. ofsupportsupportsupportsupportsupportsupportsupport
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
orgs.
instancesinstancesinstancesinstancesinstancesinstancesinstances

2003

150

10

22

2

726

4

253

2

392

21

562

7

334

6

2004

171

20

20

2

713

4

260

2

445

18

589

5

361

5

2005

191

50

27

2

647

6

271

15

445

39

583

17

376

9

2006

225

38

18

2

574

10

267

3

451

24

619

8

401

2

2007

275

35

24

596

7

292

2

662

23

794

6

484

9

2008

315

62

33

619

2

319

5

813

35

936

17

510

5

2009

362

48

33

658

3

355

2

979

35 1,060

33

559

11

2010

378

35

35

683

6

376

3 1,052

42 1,125

22

580

8

2011

376

107

36

2

645

17

386

109 1,066

548 1,118

226

579

57

2012

437

59

41

3

719

19

462

48 1,242

167 1,309

123

684

54

2013

495

81

58

778

3

519

9 1,318

42 1,412

20

743

6

2014

554

59

66

827

2

602

3 1,360

131 1,466

40

800

17

2015

609

50

83

1

869

34

719

3 1,40862 1,500

31

809

15

2016

636

48

101

1

921

43

811

6 1,451

41 1,526

44

810

25

2017

676

108

116

1

948

2

870

14 1,454

49 1,543

40

821

11

2018

708

140

117

981

31

925

10 1,478

213 1,561

56

826

276

2019

731

100

135

1 1,00754958

20 1,492

1,020 1,577

107

837

37

2020

783

114

173

2 1,039

72 1,009

30 1,520

598 1,586

99

863

52

2021

829

132

197

1,057

156 1045

11 1,531

185 1,601

53

889

12

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-80

Fig.
Fig.A-51
A-51 Disaster Management Drill Implementation

Number of Prefectures Conducting Disaster Management
Drills and the Number of Drills Conducted

Number of Municipalities Conducting Disaster Management
Drills and the Number of Drills Conducted

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-81

Fig.
Fig.A-52
A-52 Earthquake Disaster Management Drill Implementation

Number of Prefectures Conducting Earthquake Disaster Management Drills, Number of Drills
Conducted, and the Number of Participants (Comprehensive Drills)

Number of Prefectures Conducting Earthquake Disaster Management Drills, Number of Drills
Conducted, and the Number of Participants (Including Wide-area Drills)

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-82

Fig.
Fig.A-53
A-53 Implementation of Tsunami Countermeasures(Unit: Extended Distance = km)
Designated Measures
Coastlines
Evacuation Routes Evacuation Sites
asincorporated
hazardous
into local
tsunami disaster risk No. of
No. ofNo. ofNo. ofPresent Absent inundation reduction
routesgovts. facilities govts.
areas
plan

Year

No. ofgovts.

2003

3,213

1,014

2,199

401

812

1,700

108

5,355

2004

3,123

984

2,139

420

799

1,817

104

2005

2,418

806

1,612

374

465

2,099

2006

1,843

666

1,177

367

299

2007

1,827

667

1,160

374

2008

1,811

659

1,152

2009

1,800

655

2010

1,750

2011

TsunamiBreakwaters
Extendeddistance(km)

No. ofgovts.

311

1,631

204

5,609

306

1,535

204

111

6,442

316

1,472

180

3,066

107

6,830

286

1,233

149

384

2,297

108

7,307

292

1,231

143

417

393

2,593

118

7,647

297

1,105

133

1,145

424

353

2,674

118

7,919

307

1,042

125

648

1,102

439

385

2,757

118

8,396

304

1,025

123

1,619

609

1,010

425

357

2,448

106

7,448

276

787

93

2012

1,742

646

1,096

492

379

4,058

130

12,110

323

886

107

2013

1,742

646

1,096

539

383

5,054

139

16,238

361

905

104

2014

1,742

646

1,096

576

403

5,591

155

19,405

380

848

96

2015

1,741

646

1,095

603

431

6,176

166

22,589

410

841

97

2016

1,741

646

1,095

612

444

6,086

174

23,263

418

913

93

2017

1,741

645

1,096

623

483

9,414

179

23,481

425

959

98

2018

1,741

645

1,096

626

500

10,058184

23,285

414

967

101

2019

1,741

645

1,096

628

525

10,279187

24,331

432

1,023

101

2020

1,741

645

1,096

630

538

10,683

187

26,040

432

1,004

101

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office based on Fire and Disaster Management Agency report “Status of Regional Disaster
Management Administration”

A-83

9. Japan's International Cooperation
Fig.
Fig.A-54
A-54 List of Cooperation Projects Conducted by Ministries and Agencies
Ministry/ Agency

Project

Partner/ Target
Country(Target Institution)

Partnership between the
US
Cabinet Office and FEMA

Cooperation for Disaster Member states andManagement with
the Secretariat of
ASEAN
ASEAN

Cabinet Office(CAO)

International
Cooperation through
ADRC member
Asian Disaster Reduction countries, etc.
Center (ADRC)

Japan International
Public-Private
Association for Disaster
Risk Reduction (JIPAD)
for Global Expansion of
the Disaster
Management
Technologies

Related countries

Technical Survey on the
Ministry of Internal Introduction andPeru, Nicaragua,
Affairs andDissemination of Digital
Costa Rica, El
Communications Terrestrial Television
Salvador, etc.
(MIC)
Broadcasting Systems in
Latin America
Cooperation between
the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency
and the Ministry ofVietnamPublic Safety of Vietnam
in the field of fire anddisaster management
International Forum on
Fire and Disaster
Fire and Disaster
Management
Management
Agency (FDMA)

Mainly Asian
countries

Japan-Republic of Korea
Firefighting
Republic of Korea
Administration Seminar

Description
Based on the Memorandum of Cooperation between the
Cabinet Office and FEMA signed in December 2014 and revisedin December 2019, Japan-U.S. Video Conference on
Cooperation in Disaster Risk Reduction was held in December
2020.
On October 14, 2021, the first ASEAN-Japan Ministerial Meeting on
Disaster Management was held via videoconference by Japan and
10 ASEAN member states. Minister of State for Disaster
Management, Ninoyu acted as a co-chairperson. After they
discussed how Japan and ASEAN could cooperate in the disastermanagement field, they agreed on a policy for the future andadopted a joint statement.
ADRC coporates mainly with its member countries to sharedisaster information, develop human resources, and improve thecommunity's disaster management abilities. Also, they have heldthe "Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction" annually since 2003
to improve disaster management abilities in Asian countries as wellas improve and strengthen the disaster management network in
Asia.
In August 2019, JIPAD was established to encourage the global
expansion of Japanese technologies for disaster management withcollaboration between public and private sectors and take the leadin improving disaster management abilities all over the world. As ofJanuary 15, 2022, the number of participating companies andorganizations hit 205. They introduce Japanese policies, and theJapanese private sector's technologies and knowledge on disastermanagement integrally through the "Public-Private Sectors
Disaster Management Seminar."
Japan conducted research, demonstrate, and cooperate in
introducing and operating the disaster management system(Emergency Warning Broadcast System, EWBS), which is one of
the charasteristics of the Integrated Services Digital
Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T) in countries that adopted
ISDB-T.
Based on the memorandum of cooperation in the fire service
field signed in October 2018, exchange of views is conductedwith relevant agencies of Vietnam. We cooperate with them toimprove fire safety in the country, including the establishmentof a standard and verification system for fire safety
equipments, etc.
The International Forum on Fire and Disaster Management has
been held since 2007 to enhance their firefighting and disastermanagement capacity in Asian countries through sharing
Japan's firefighting technologies and systems with them.
During the Year of Japan-Republic of Korea National Exchange,
which was held to coincide with the joint hosting of the 2002
FIFA World Cup by Japan and the Republic of Korea, a JapanRepublic of Korea Firefighting Administration Seminar was heldin both countries to promote Japanese-Republic of Korean
exchange, partnership, and cooperation, through the sharing of
information and the exchange of ideas regarding firefighting
and disaster management in both countries.

A-84

Budget for
FY2021(in JPY million; if
applicable)

Department Responsible－

Disaster Preparedness,
Public Relations andInternational Cooperation
Division, Disaster
Management Bureau, CAO－

International Cooperation
Division, Disaster
Management Bureau, theCabinet Office

102International Cooperation
Division, Disaster
Management Bureau, theCabinet Office

30

International Cooperation
Division, Disaster
Management Bureau, theCabinet Office

38

International Economic
Affairs Division, Global
Strategy Bureau－

Fire and Disaster
Management Agency
Prevention Division

3(Counselor of) Civil
Protection and Disaster
Management Department,
FDMA

1(Counselor of) Civil
Protection and Disaster
Management Department,
FDMA

Ministry/ Agency

Project

Partner/ Target
Country(Target Institution)

Description

Budget for
FY2021(in JPY million; if
applicable)

Department Responsible

Based on the Japan-Turkey Summit Meeting in 2017 and 2018,a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on DisasterJapan-Turkey Disaster
Prevention and Cooperation was signed in December 2018.
First Middle East Division,
Management
TurkeyVarious trainings and sharing of know-how in the field of
Middle Eastern and African－
Cooperation
disaster prevention were held. In addition, the two countries
Affairs Bureau, MOFA
have been exchanging opinions and confirming the progress inthe annual consultation.
This program is jointly implemented by MOFA, the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA), MEXT, the Japan(MOFA)Development
Science and Technology Agency (JST), and the Japan Agency for
Included in JICA Administration Division,
Medical Research and Development (AMED). Research
Science and Technology 128 countries among
Management International Cooperation
institutions in Japan and developing countries cooperate with
Research Partnership for the objects of ODA
Expenses Grant Bureau, MOFA
one another to conduct joint international research on
Sustainable(Public offering in(MEXT)
International Science andsolutions to global issues, tapping into the power of Japanese
Development (SATREPS) 2021)
Included in JST Technology Affairs Division,leading science and technology and the Official Development
Management Science and Technology
Assistance (ODA). Disaster prevention is one of the research
Expenses Grant Policy Bureau, MEXT
fields under this program; by FY2021, 30 projects have been
implemented in 21 countries.
(1) Cooperation for disaster prevention in developing countries
through the Grant Aid for Japanese NGO's Projects (N-NGO),and emergency humanitarian aid and disaster recovery
support through the Japan Platform (JPF) (Note 1), (2)Establishment of an international disaster prevention networkand emergency humanitarian assistance in the Asia-PacificCooperation in Disaster（1）Theregion through Asia Pacific Alliance (A-PAD) (Note 2).
Prevention and Support
Non-Governmental(Note 1) A framework in which Japanese NGOs, the business number of grant
for Disaster Recovery
Organizations Cooperation
Countries affected by community, and the government work together to provide
aid
Ministry of Foreign through Collaboration
Division, International
natural disasters
emergency humanitarian assistance in the event of a large（2）Voluntary
Affairs (MOFA) with Japanese
Cooperation Bureau,scale natural disaster or conflict in Japan or abroad.
contributions toInternational
MOFA(Note 2) A framework that aims to build an international
A-PAD 95, 38
Cooperation NGOs
disaster prevention network for the purpose to promotecollaboration among NGOs, the business community, andgovernments of A-PAD member countries in the region, in
response to large-scale natural disasters and disasterprevention measures in the Asia Pacific region, under theleadership of Japanese NGOs.
In the event of a large-scale disaster overseas, MOFA decides
providing emergency relief goods to support the immediateneeds of affected people, upon request of the government of
Humanitarian Assistancethe affected country through Japan International Cooperation Included in JICA and Emergency Relief
Provision of Emergency Countries affected by
Agency (JICA). In FY2021, we provided assistance to 12
Management
Division International
Relief Goods
natural disasters
countries (total of 13 proejcts) such as provision of oxygen
Expenses Grant Cooperation Bureau,concentrators for the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus
MOFA
infection in India.
*As of March 31, 2022
In the event of a large-scale disaster overseas, MOFA
dispatches Japan Disaster Relif (JDR) teams, upon request of
the government of the affected country. In FY2021, the Japan
Humanitarian AssistanceDisaster Relief team and the Self Defense Force Units were
Deployment of Japan
Included in JICA and Emergency Relief
Countries affected by dispatched to the Kingdom of Tonga to assist with response to
Disaster Relief (JDR)
Management
Division International
natural disasters
volcanic eruptions and tsunami damage. We transported
teams
Expenses Grant Cooperation Bureau,
emergency relief supplise to Tonga via the Self Defense Force
MOFA
aircrafts and transport ships. Additionally, we supplied water(seawater desalination).
*As of the end of February 2021
This program is jointly implemented by MOFA, the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA), MEXT, the Japan(MOFA) Included Development
Science and Technology Agency (JST), and the Japan Agency forin JICA
Administration Division,
Medical Research and Development (AMED). Research
Science and Technology 128 countries among
Management
International Cooperation
institutions in Japan and developing countries cooperate with
Research Partnership for the objects of ODA
Expenses Grant Bureau, MOFA
one another to conduct joint international research on
Sustainable(Public offering in(MEXT) Included International Science andsolutions to global issues, tapping into the power of Japanese
Development (SATREPS) FY2022)
in JST
Technology Affairs Division,
Ministry ofleading science and technology and the Official Development
Management
Science and Technology
Education, Culture,
Assistance (ODA). Disaster prevention is one of the research
Expenses Grant Policy Bureau, MEXTSports, Science andfields under this program; by FY2021, 30 projects have been
Technology (MEXT)
implemented in 21 countries.
Office for Space Utilization
Promotion of "Sentinel 28 countries andThis project is led and implemented by Japan to contribute toPromotion, Space
Asia" Project to Shareregions of the Asia
disaster management efforts in the Asia-Pacific Region. It uses Included in JAXA
Development andInformation on Natural Pacific Region/ 17
satellites to share information relating to natural disasters.
Management
Utilization Division,
Disasters Between Asia - international
Participants consist of 28 countries and regions, 95 institutions, Expenses Grant
Research and Development
Pacific Countries
organizations
and 17 international organizations (As of February 2022).
Bureau, MEXT
To strengthen community resilience in mountain watersheds
Philippines and Peru by forest management and conservation, the project supports
Ministry of
Enhancing community(The Food andresearch and analysis of disaster risk assessment and issues,
International Forestry
Agriculture,resilience to climate
Agriculture
capacity building through development of educational
86
Cooperation Office,Forestry andchange in mountain
Organization of the materials and training, collection of good practices such as
Forestry Agency
Fisheries (MAFF) watersheds
United Nations)demonstration of risk mitigation measures and holding ofworkshops.

A-85

Ministry/ Agency

Ministry ofAgriculture,
Forestry and
Fisheries (MAFF)

Description

Budget for
FY2021(in JPY million; if
applicable)

Development oftechnologies to enhance
the functions of forests Vietnam, Thailand,for disaster prevention Philippines and India
and mitigation indeveloping countries

Promoting the global expansion of Japanese private companies
for contributing to disaster prevention and mitigation indeveloping countries through providing information on disasteroccurrence and current measures of forest-based disasterprevention and mitigation in developing countries, anddevelopment of methods to enhance functions of forests in
disaster risk reductions by using remote sensing technologies.

53

Disaster Management Vietnam, Myanmar,
Collaboration Dialogues Indonesia, Turkey,

Since 2013, workshops have been held to match Japanesetechnologies for DRR/DRM with disaster management issues ofother countries.

Project

Partner/ Target
Country(Target Institution)

Discussion on Disaster
Management
The Indian Ministry of The seventh Japan-India Joint Working Group on Roads andTechnologies through a Road Transport and Road Transport was held online. Japan introduced cases of slope
Bilateral Conference
Highwaysprotection in Japan and discussed them with India.
with India
International
Cooperation throughPromoting the use of technologies in the field of geospatial
United Nations
information to share disaster and disaster risk information as CoCommittee of Experts on
Chair of Working Group on Geospatial Information and Services
All relevant countries
Global Geospatial
for Disasters (WG-Disasters) at the United Nations Committee
Informationof Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UNManagement (UNGGIM).
GGIM)
Ministry of Land,
With a view to contributing to the establishment of earthquake
Infrastructure
The United States-Japandisaster reduction technologies, researchers from public
Transport and Cooperative Program inseismic research institutions in Japan and the U.S. met toTourism (MLIT) Natural ResourcesUS
present the latest resear Townutcomes and exchange(UJNR) / Panel on
opinions. The event was held in U.S. in 2022 (the event will be
Earthquake Researchheld every two years in Japan and the U.S. alternately).
Taking advantage of the opportunity presented by theestablishment of World Tsunami Awareness Day, Japan
founded the Hamaguchi Award (presented by the Minister ofLand, Infrastructure and Transport and Tourism) in FY2016 forindividuals and/or organizations within Japan or overseas thathave made significant contributions in the field of technologies
Raising Awareness offor coastal disaster risk reduction, especially tsunami
World Tsunami
All relevant countries preparedness. At the award ceremony held on November 29,
Awareness Day
2021, the award was presented to 2 people and 1 organization:(Hamaguchi Award)
Hideo Matsutomi, Professor Emeritus of Akita University andVisiting Professor of Research and Development Initiative,
Chuo University, Dr. Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos, President of
the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of
Natural Hazards (Greece), and the Pacific Tsunami Museum(US).
The JCG participates in the projects of the NOWPAP
Participation in the
MERRAC, which is a center responsible for preparing for
projects of theand responding to marine environmental emergencies.
Northwest Pacific
As well as undertaking a marine environmental
Action Plan (NOWPAP)
conservation initiative focused on the Sea of Japan andJapan CoastMarine Environmental Republic of Korea, the Yellow Sea, etc. in partnership with neighboring
Guard (JCG)
Emergency
China, Russia
countries, the JCG takes part in joint oil spill cleanup
Preparedness anddrills organized by relevant organizations and attends
Response Regional
meetings held each year. Through these activities, it
Activity Centre
promotes international cooperation by striving to build(MERRAC)systems that will enable relevant countries to work
together in the event of an accident.
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) plays a central role in a
International
number of international center operations as the keystone of
Cooperation throughWMO member
WMO's weather information service in Asia. Also, many staff
World Meteorologicalcountries
members of the Japan Meteorological Agency contribute to theOrganization (WMO)
activities of the WMO as experts.
International
Under the framework of the UNESCO Intergovernmental
Cooperation throughOceanographic Commission (IOC), the JMA collects, analyzes,
United Nations
UNESCO member
and provides data on oceans and maritime meteorology for theJapan Metrological Educational, Scientificcountries, etc.
northeast Asian region. It also provides information on tsunamis
Agency (JMA)
and Culturalcaused by earthquakes that occur in the northwest PacificOrganization (UNESCO)
region.
The JMA participates in meetings organized by the ICAO, as wellInternational
as investigations into adopting and improving standard
Cooperation throughinternational criteria for aviation weather services. It has also
ICAO member
International Civil
been appointed by the ICAO to operate international centers,
countries
Aviation Organization
thus contributing to the safe operation of global aircraft.
(ICAO)

A-86

40

－

Department Responsible

International Forestry
Cooperation Office,Forestry Agency

River Planning Division,
Water and Disaster
Management Bureau, MLIT
/Overseas Projects Division,
Policy Bureau, MLIT
International Affairs Office,Planning Division, Road
Bureau, Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism－

International Affairs
Division, Planning
Department, Geospatial
Information Authority ofJapan, MLIT－

Research Planning Division,
Geography and Crustal
Dynamics Research Center,
Geospatial Information
Authority of Japan, MLIT－

Port and Airport ResearchInstitute, National Instituteof Maritime, Port andAviation Technology

0.4

Protection of Marine
Environment Division,
Guard & Rescue
Department, JCG－

Office of Disaster
Mitigation, Planning
Division, Administration
Department, JMA－

Office of Disaster
Mitigation, Planning
Division, Administration
Department, JMA－

Office of Disaster
Mitigation, Planning
Division, Administration
Department, JMA

Ministry/ Agency

Project

Collaboration on
International Research
Plans
Japan Metrological
Agency (JMA)
Human Resource
Development Aid andTechnologicalCooperation to
Developing Countries

Partner/ Target
Country(Target Institution)

Description

Budget for
FY2021(in JPY million; if
applicable)

The JMA promotes various international research projects incooperation with other countries. On climate change, it has
All relevant countries been involved in writing evaluation reports on the activities of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since
the panel was established in 1988.
Together with the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), the JMA conducts training for developing countries toimprove their meteorological services. Also, in response to
All relevant countries
requests from developing countries, the JMA dispatches expert
staff and accepts trainees from national meteorologicalinstitutions.

Promotion of
Promote international cooperation in climate change
Assessment of Climate
adaptation by offering information on climate change risks
Change Impact and Plan Mainly the Asia
through developing coastal inundation hazard predictions,
Formulation withPacific region
providing its information and operating the Asia-Pacific Climate
International
Change Adaptation Information Platform (AP-Plat).
Cooperation
Japan-Philippines
Bilateral Training on
Japan and the Philippines conducted a bilateral training on
Philippines
Humanitarian Assistancehumanitarian assistance and disaster relief activities.
and Disaster Relief
Thailand, the United
The United States and Thailand sponsored the multinational
Multinational Training States, Indonesia,
training exercise. Japan participated in tabletop exercises
Exercise Cobra Gold
Malaysia, Singapore,assuming humanitarian assistance and disaster relief with the2021
South Korea, China,referenced countries.
India and Australia
U.S.-Philippines
The United States and Philippines sponsored the multinational
Sponsored Multinational
The United Statestraining exercise, which is a video teleconference for a
Training Exercise
and Philippines
discussion on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief(Exercise SAMA SAMA
among experts.
2021)
Participation in U.S.The United States and Philippines sponsored the multinational
Philippines Multinational
training exercise, including a training exercise on humanitarian
Philippines
Training Exercise
assistance and disaster relief activities. (The United States was
Ministry of Defense(Kamandag 2021)
absent from it this year.)(MOD)
Multinational Training
Exercise on
Humanitarian Assistance
The United States and other participating countries conductedand Disaster Relief in the The United States,
a multinational training exercise on humanitarian assistanceFederated States ofetc.
and disaster relief activities.
Micronesia and Other
Pacific Islands (Operation
Christmas Drop)
Thailand, the United
The United States and Thailand sponsored the multinational
Multinational Training States, Indonesia,
training exercise. Japan participated in tabletop exercises
Exercise Cobra Gold
Malaysia, Singapore,assuming humanitarian assistance and disaster relief with the2022South Korea, China,referenced countries.
India and Australia
Joint Training for
The United States,
It is a joint training conudcted by Japan, the U.S., Australia,
Humanitarian AssistanceAustralia, India,
India, France and Singapore, for humanitarian assistance andand Disaster Relief at
France and Singapore disaster relief activites.
Cope North 2022
Ministry ofEnvironment(MOE)

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from various ministries and agencies.

A-87

Department Responsible－

Office of Disaster
Mitigation, Planning
Division, Administration
Department, JMA－

Office of Disaster
Mitigation, Planning
Division, Administration
Department, JMA

288

Climate Change Adaptation
Office, Policy and
Coordination Division
Global Environment Bureau
Training Division, Defense
Policy Bureau, Ministry of
DefenseTraining Division, Defense
Policy Bureau, Ministry of
DefenseTraining Division, ofDefense Policy Bureau,
Ministry of Defense
Training Division, Defense
Policy Bureau, Ministry of
DefenseTraining Division, Bureau,
Ministry of Defense

Training Division, Defense
Policy Bureau, Ministry of
DefenseTraining Division, Defense
Policy Bureau, Ministry of
DefenseFig.
Fig.A-55
A-55 Technical Cooperation Projects in Disaster Risk Reduction (FY2021)
Country

Cooperation
PeriodProject Name

Indonesia

2022-2026

Project for Flood Control Master Plan
toward Disaster Risk Reduction Investment

Indonesia

2022-2027

New Sustainability System for Building a
Coastal Resilient Society (Science andTechnology Cooperation)

Indonesia

2021-2024

Earthquake and Tsunami Observation andCommunication Capacity Improvement
Project

Philippines

2017-2022

Development of an Extreme Weather
Observation and Information Sharing
System (SATREPS)

Philippines

2018-2022

Project for Developing a Flood Control
Master Plan for Davao

Philippines

2020-2023

Philippines

2019-2024

Thailand2018-2022

Vietnam

2018-2023

Vietnam2021-2024

Myanmar2019-2022

Bangladesh

2015-2021

Bangladesh

2016-2022

Bangladesh

2020-2024

Description
This project will develop a master plan and implementation system through the establishment of
Flood Control Master Plan in pilot watersheds. Through this effort, we aim to strengthen theinstitutional capacity of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) in developing andimplementing the Flood Control Master Plan. Further, this effort will contribute to the preinvestment in disaster risk reduction of the flood control sector.
This project aims to realize the costal areas where disaster prevention, environment andeconomy will be in harmony in the next 5 to 10 years by means of (1) improving costal defense
functions based on the latest scientific evidence from monitoring, modeling and green
infrastructure and establishing social implementation methods, and (2) organizing monitoring
networks using the latest technologies and transferring analytic technologies.
This project aims to establish a system for BMKG (Meteorological, Climatological, andGeophysical Agency, Indonesia) to communicate earthquake information and tsunami warnings
more accurately and appropriately with disaster risk reduction agencies and residents, andthereby, contributes to the promotion of their disaster prevention activities, which will be
brought by strengthening BMKG’s capability of observing earthquakes and tsunamis, anddisseminating information.
This includes establishing a lightning, weather and 3D cloud structure monitoring system,
developing technologies for short-term weather forecasts of extreme weather and the intensityof cyclones in Metropolitan Manila using an extrapolation method and developing software to
distribute information to disaster management organizations.
This project aims to support the preparation of a comprehensive flood control master plan forthree river basins (Davao river, Matina river, Talomo river) in Davao city and carry out feasibility
studies on priority plans.

Strengthening the ability to provide high quality observations, forecasts, warnings andProject for Strengthening Capacity on High- information by improving maintenance and management capabilities of ground-based weather
quality Weather Observation, Forecastingobservation systems and development of quantitative precipitation estimation and precipitationand Warning
guidance for the purpose of contributing to the widespread use of this information at thenational and local levels to mitigate weather-related disasters.
This project will support local jurisdictions (regions) and municipalities (provinces, cities andDisaster Risk Reduction and Management towns) to develop, implement and monitor disaster risk reduction measures to reduce human
Capacity Enhancement Project Phase 2
and economic losses from natural disasters. This will be done based on technical support fromthe national emergency preparedness system.
This project aims to establish a method to introduce and use Area-BCM in clusters in Thailand
The project on regional resiliencethrough the development of a method to analyze and assess flood risks, development of aenhancement through establishment ofmethod for business impact analysis concerning natural disasters, establishment of systems to
Area-BCM at industry complexes inmanage Area-BCM in specific clusters, and development of training programs for the domestic
Thailandand international introduction of Area-BCM.
This project aims to provide disaster management institutions and residents with more accurate
meteorological information in a prompt manner by improving maintenance, inspection, andThe project for strengthening capacity incalibration skills for meteorological observation equipment, improving abilities to analyze data
weather forecasting and flood earlyobtained from two weather radars introduced under the Grand Aid program and quality control
warning systemskills, improving monitoring and forecasting skills concerning heavy rains and typhoons, andimproving communication skills.
This project intends to strengthen the organizational structure and the capacity to advancesediment disaster (landslide disaster) countermeasures through the demonstration of theeffectiveness of measures proposed in the sediment disaster (landslide disaster) risk reduction
Project of Strengthening the capacity toplan, and thereby, contributes to sediment disaster (landslide disaster) risk reduction in 14
cope with and minimize damages caused
northern mountainous provinces. This will be established by the development of methodology
by flash floods and landslides for thefor sediment disaster (landslide disaster) hazard and risk assessment, using scientific data innorthern mountainous regions
target provinces in the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, by the arrangement ofprioritized countermeasure works in pilot watersheds, and by the pilot operations for structuraland non-structural countermeasures.
This program aims to improve the Myanmar Department of Meteorology and Hydrology’s
capacity for the maintenance of meteorological observation equipment and weather data
Project for Enhancing Capacity of Weather analysis and processing skills. By ensuring more effective forecasting, Myanmar aims to reduce
Observation and Forecasting in Myanmar
damage from disasters. This program is intended to create a synergy effect with support related
to meteorological observation equipment, such as the introduction of three weather radars
under the Grand Aid program.
Primarily targeting staff at the Public Works Department under the Ministry of Housing and Public
Works, this project seeks to increase the safety of buildings in Bangladesh and reduce the risk of
Building Safety Promotion Project fordisaster in urban areas by supporting efforts to strengthen human resource development systems
Disaster Risk Reduction (BSPP)
aimed at increasing building safety and making use of manuals to enhance the capability of the staff
for evaluating seismic capacity, undertaking seismic design and supervising construction at the endof the project.
Focusing on buildings in Dhaka that are primarily built from reinforced concrete, this project involves
Technical Development to Upgrade
research into diagnostic techniques and reinforcement methods suitable to local components andStructural Integrity of Buildings in Densely
structural styles, and the presentation of recommendations for strategies for applying them. ThroughPopulated Urban Areas and its Strategic
this, it aims to increase the structural resilience of buildings, and encourage technology development
Implementation towards Resilient Cities
and its effective implementation, thereby contributing to reducing the structural vulnerability of(SATREPS)
buildings in Bangladesh, and increasing safety against urban earthquakes.
In the target rivers (large rivers such as the Jamuna River and small and medium rivers including the
Matamuhuri River),
Project for Planning Capacity Enhancementa knowledge tool is being developed for the installation and maintenance of structures according toand Establishment of a Technology
characteristics each river in Bangladesh.
Adaptation Cycle on Comprehensive Nodi
In addition, by acquiring knowledge and know-how through the knowledge tool, and by introducing(River) Management
methods for formulating comprehensive river development and management plans,
systematic control and planning management methods for diverse rivers are to be established.

A-88

Country

Cooperation
PeriodBangladesh

2020-2024

Bhutan2019-2022(plans)Nepal

2016-2021

Nepal

2020-2024

India

2022-2024

Pakistan

2016-2022

Pakistan

2022-2025

Sri Lanka

2018-2022

Sri Lanka

2021-2024

Sri Lanka

2020-2024

Sri Lanka

2018-2022

Maldives

2021-2025

Turkmenistan

2017-2022

Armenia

2019-2022

Fiji

2020-2024

Vanuatu2018-2023

Project Name

Description

The project provides support to formulate local disaster management plans for weather-related
disasters in two Upazilas of Cox's Bazar, Shunamganj and Kurigram Districts as pilot activity sites andobtains budget for the implementation of the planned projects, and develops local management
plans throughout the country to strengthen the implemented system.
Project on Strengthening Weather
This project will enhance the capacities of the National Centre for Hydrology and Meteorology
Observation, Forecasting and Flood(NCHM) for weather observation and forecasting, and flood risk assessment, forecasting andWarning Capacities for Disasterwarning in the Thimphu and the Paro River basins as well as strengthen the capacities of the
Preparedness and Responses in the
Department of Disaster Management (DDM) and the provinces and cities in the basins for
Thimphu and Paro River Basinspreparedness of and respond to flood disasters.
The goal of this project is to strengthen remote monitoring systems and develop human resources
The project for Integrated Resear Townn
in the earthquake field by estimating future earthquakes that could occur in the Himalayan seismic
Great Earthquakes and Disaster Mitigation
gap, thoroughly examining the ground properties of the Kathmandu basin, and enhancing thein Nepal Himalaya (SATREPS)
seismographic network.
This project contributes to strengthening the maximum resilience of the Kathmandu Valley andpromote pre-investment in disaster management, focusing on strengthening the administrative
Project for Planning Capacity Enhancement capacity of the National Disaster Reduction and Mitigation Agency (NDRRMA), which is Nepal's
to make the Kathmandu Valley resiliente
central disaster management agency, for disaster risk reduction (DRR), development of amechanism for implementing DRR projects in the Kathmandu Basin, and supporting local
governments in mainstreaming disaster reduction.
Chennai Urban River Basin Comprehensive This project aims to contribute to reducing flood risk by creating a comprehensive flood control
Flood Control Master Plan Development
master plan which optimally and systematically combines flood control measures based on the
Project
findings of the complex factors and mechanisms of diverse and complex types of floods.
Via the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), an NDMA training institution establishedin 2007 to develop capacity at the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), this project
Project for Capacity Development ofwill support efforts to strengthen human resource development implementation systems in the
Disaster Management
field of disaster management and contribute to increasing the knowledge concerning disastermanagement held by personnel belonging to the country’s disaster management administration
bodies.
This project will contribute to the promotion of pre-investment in disaster risk reduction by
reinforcing the disaster management planning process in Pakinstan. Further, this will be madeTechnical Assistance Project for Updating
possible by conducting disaster risk analysis, preparing technical review documents for updating thethe National Disaster Management Plan
National Disaster Management Plan, reviewing drafts of pre-investment plan related to disastermanagement in the flood sector and coordinating with relevant agencies.
Project for capacity strengthening
This program aims to improve Sri Lanka’s capabilities concerning intangible measures by establishing
regarding non-structural measures foran early sediment disaster alert system using risk assessment, and introducing the concept of land
landslide risk reduction
use planning.
This project aims to contribute to improving the capacity of the early warning system of RRLL in Sri
The Project for early warning technology of Lanka by utilizing its technology. This will be done by developing evaluation methods of the RRLL
rain induced rapid and long travelingoccurrence and flow process on the Sri Lankan pilot sites, and strengthening risk communication
landslidemethods and procedures. And these technologies combine to form the technology of the early
warning system of RRLL.
Project to Promote the Mainstreaming
The project will support the development of a system to promote the mainstreaming of disaster risk
Disaster Risk Reduction through the
management (DRM) in Sri Lanka through the development of local disaster management plans andDevelopment of Local Disaster
improvement of items on the introduction of a disaster risk management perspective in theManagement Plans Based on Watershed
applications for the projects of the central government agencies in the Kelani River Basin, including
Strategies
Colombo City, a major city in Sri Lanka, as a pilot area.
Project for Storm Water Drainage Plan inThis project aims to plan urban drainage and inland flood control measures in Colombo and its
selected areas in Colombo Metropolitan
surrounding areas, while also selecting priority programs and conducting investigations.
RegionThis project aims to improve the resilience and safety of the nation against climate change by
establishing a system to promote coastal protection and conservation measures that take into
Development of Climate Resilient and Safe
account the effects of climate change. Also it is known as a Component (JICA’s Co-finance project) ofIsland Project"Building Climate Resilient Safer Islands in the Maldives" which is contracted business of Green
Climate Fund (hereinafter called “GCF”).
This project will contribute to the implementation of earthquake risk assessment through theapplication of the resulting data from observation of earthquakes and earthquake hazard
The Project for Improvement of theassessment along with the formulation of the Earthquake Disaster Management Plan. For these
Earthquake Monitoring System in andpurposes, the improvement of the ability to observe earthquakes and assess earthquake hazards
around Ashgabat City
will be conducted in and around Ashgabat City by the development of seismic and strong-motion
observation systems, the rapid determination of seismic intensity, epicenter and magnitude of theearthquake, and the establishment of a system to estimate the seismic intensity in the pilot areas.
This project will reinforce crisis communication in the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Armenia
The Project for the Improvement of Crisisand the national media so that they are able to ensure timely and accurate delivery of emergency
Communication and Public Awarenessinformation. This will be conducted through the organization of standard operating procedures, thefor Disaster Risk Reduction
implementation of training based on these procedures, and the development of training materials
and plans for crisis communication.
The project aims to strengthen the capacities of the National Disaster Management. Office (NDMO)
to implement and facilitate disaster risk management activities through the improvement of hazard
Project to Promote Mainstreaming ofevaluation abilities, the formulation and dissemination of the local disaster management, and theDisaster Risk Reduction
development of a system to implement and facilitate disaster management projects of the central
government in Fiji, which is highly susceptible to natural disasters.
This project aims to develop a system for the timely and accurate communication of earthquake,tsunami, and storm surge information from the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department
Project for Enhancing the Capacity ofand the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) to relevant institutions and residents, byIssuing Earthquake, Tsunami and Storm
strengthening earthquake and tide monitoring networks (including the observation networks
Surge Information
developed under the Grand Aid program), improving data analysis capabilities, and enhancing
disaster information communication and alert issuing capabilities.
Project for Strengthening Abilities to
Formulate and Conduct Local Disaster
Plans

A-89

Cooperation
PeriodProject Name

Mexico2016-2022

Hazard Assessment of Large Earthquakes
and Tsunamis in the Mexican Pacific Coast
for Disaster Mitigation (SATREPS)

Honduras

2018-2023

Colombia

2015-2022

Ecuador2021-2025

Ecuador2017-2021

Chile

2018-2021

Chile

2021-2022

El Salvador

2021-2025

Peru

2021-2026

Country

Description

In collaboration with a Mexican research institute, this project involves installing measuring
instruments on the earth’s surface and sea floor in the coastal region of Guerrero state in southern
Mexico, and gathering and analyzing earthquake data. This will be used to develop scenarios for
major earthquake and tsunami disasters that could occur in future and to prepare a hazard map andevacuation signs. In addition, the project will develop and disseminate a disaster mitigation
education program that takes local sociocultural attributes into account.
This project aims to improve landslide management capabilities by strengthening the following skills:
Project for Control and Mitigation of(1) detailed investigation and analysis to understand landslide phenomenon; (2) design,
Landslide in Tegucigalpa Metropolitan
construction, construction management, and maintenance skills concerning small and mediumArea
scale landslide control measure; (3) formulation of landslide hazard maps and risk maps; and (4) land
use regulation related to landslide disasters.
Colombia experiences frequent disasters due to earthquakes, tsunami, and volcanic eruptions.
Project for Application of State of the Art
This project involves promoting partnerships between research institutes and relevant disasterTechnologies to Strengthen Research and management organizations, along with research and practical activities aimed at strengthening
Response to Seismic, Volcanic and Tsunami measures to mitigate the damage due to disaster through capacity building in such areas asEvents, and Enhance Risk Management
earthquake, tsunami, and volcanic activity monitoring, modeling, damage forecasting, and the(SATREPS)transmission of information. In addition, it will contribute to advances in disaster research inSouth America through collaboration with neighboring countries.
This project will improve the capacity of the IIGE (Instituto de Investigación Geológico y
Energético) and the Quito City Hall to approach sediment disaster (landslide disaster), and
The Project for the Capacity Improvement thereby contribute to the implementation of countermeasures based on hazard analysis and riskof the Sediment Disaster (Landslide
assessment in sediment disaster (landslide disaster) hazard areas in Ecuador. This will be
Disaster) Risk Reduction
achieved by improving sediment disaster (landslide disaster) investigation and analysis abilities,
enhancing risk assessment and hazard mapping capabilities, reinforcing early warning andevacuation systems and utilizing risk assessment in land use regulations/development standards.
Initiatives for developing “disaster resilient cities” will be deployed nationwide to mitigate
Project for Safe and Resilient Cities fordamage caused by earthquakes and tsunamis by formulating tsunami evacuation plans,
Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster
updating the disaster management agenda and strengthening the operational structure ofbuilding system in three pilot cities (Atacames, Portoviejo and Salinas).
Under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, this project aims to contribute topromotion of disaster prevention measures taken by ONEMI (Chile’s national disaster control
Institutional Strengthening of ONEMI in
institution) by improving capabilities and developing disaster-prevention human resources
Disaster Risk Reduction Projectrequired for the promotion of disaster prevention and reduction measures, development of adisaster knowledge management system, and formulation of regional disaster management
plans.
This project aims to improve the ability to manage shelters during disasters, including situations
Project on Improving Infection Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, and thereby contributes to strengthen disaster response
Measures during Disasters under thecapacity of the metropolitan area through ONEMI. This will be possible by providing equipment
COVID-19
to control infectious diseases to ONEMI and pilot cities in the metropolitan area of Santiago,
Chile.
This project will promote appropriate seismic diagnosis, earthquake-proof retrofit design andconstruction of public buildings in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador (AMSS), and thereby
Project to Improve the Ability for Seismic
contributes to the resilience of urban functions through the promotion of seismic retrofitting of
Evaluation and Retrofitting Buildings in the
public buildings inside and outside of the AMSS. This will be done through the improvement ofMetropolitan Area
administrative and technical abilities for diagnosis, design and construction management related
to earthquake resistance in the AMSS.
This project aims to contribute to improving Peru's capacity of disaster response to earthquakes
The Project for development of integrated
and tsunamis (reduction of secondary damage and expedition of recovery and reconstruction).
expert system for estimation andThis will be done by the improvement of estimation of damages and the establishment ofobservation of damage level of
immediate damage assessment system for buildings and lifelines at the time of earthquakes andinfrastructure in Lima Metropolitan Areatsunamis, thereby building an expert system that integrates those pieces of information and
Just after an Earthquake (Science anddeveloping human resources to utilize this system in the metropolitan area of Lima, Peru.
Technology Cooperation)

Brazil2021-2026

Capacity Development Project for
Structural Measures against Sediment
Disaster for Resilient Cities

Mauritius

2019-2022

Project for Enhancing MeteorologicalObservation, Weather Forecasting andWarning Capabilities

This project will improve the ability for the Ministry of Regional Development to design andsupervise the construction and maintenance of debris flow control structures, thereby
contributing to the expansion of debris flow management projects in Brazil. This will be
conducted by developing technical guidelines for the characteristics, design, construction
management and maintenance of debris flow control structures, and formulating tools andplans to utilize and disseminate them in Brazil.
This project aims to ensure the timely provision of accurate meteorological information to
Mauritian disaster management institutions and residents through technological cooperation
aimed at improving the Mauritius Meteorological Services’ forecasting and alert issuingcapabilities, while also utilizing weather radars introduced under the Grand Aid program.

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

A-90

10. Others
Fig.
Fig.A-56
A-56 Number of Earthquake Insurance Contracts

Source: Formulated by the Cabinet Office based on materials from the General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan

Fig.
Fig.A-57
A-57 Awareness of Self-Help, Mutual Support, and Public Support Measures
Public support measures
should be of primary
importance

Mutual supportshould be of primary
importanceSelf-help should be ofprimary importanceIntegration of public support
measures, mutual support and selfI don’t know
help is important
Others

September2002 Survey

December
2013 Survey

November2017 Survey

Source: Formulated by Cabinet Office on basis of "Public Opinion Poll regarding Disaster Risk Reduction” conducted by the
Public Relations Office, Cabinet Office

A-91

Fig.
Fig.A-58
A-58 Tables Explaining the Japan Meteorological Agency Seismic Intensity Scale
Notes:(1) As a rule, seismic intensities announced by JMA are values observed using seismic intensity meters
installed on the ground or on the first floor of low-rise buildings. This document describes the phenomena
and damage that may be observed for individual seismic intensity levels. Seismic intensities are notdetermined from the observed phenomena described here.
(2) Seismic ground motion is significantly influenced by underground conditions and topography. Seismic
intensity is the value observed at a site where a seismic intensity meter is installed, and may vary even
within the same city. In addition, the amplitude of seismic motion generally differs by floor and location
within the same building, as shaking on upper floors of middle-to-high-rise buildings may be considerably
amplified.
(3) Sites with the same level of seismic intensity will not necessarily suffer the same degree of damage, as theeffect of tremors depends on the nature of the seismic motion (such as amplitude, period and duration),
the type of construction and underground conditions.
(4) This document describes typical phenomena that may be seen at individual seismic intensity levels. In
some cases, the level of damage may be greater or less than specified. Not all phenomena described foreach intensity level may necessarily occur.
(5) The information outlined here is made by experiences of recent earthquake disasters and regularly
checked at intervals of about five years. This information will be updated in line with actual phenomena
observed in new cases or improvements in the earthquake resistance of buildings and structures.
(6) In the case that the extent of damage cannot be shown in round numbers, the following adverbs andadjectives have been used as a tentative guide.
Term

Definition

RarelyA few/little
Majority
Almost all

Extremely limited. Hardly ever.
Number/extent is extremely small. Just a little bit.
Half or more. Less than “almost all.”
Not all but close to all.

There are (also),
there may be

Used to express something that typically starts to appear at this seismic intensity
level, where the quantity is not great, but it is hard to quantify the number/extent.

Increases

It is difficult to specify the quantity, but it is more than would be the case for a lower
level of intensity.

Increases further

Same meaning as “increases” above. Used in relation to lower levels of intensity, justlike “increases” above.

* The JMA sometimes publishes earthquake intensities obtained from questionnaire surveys, but these areexpressed as “corresponding to seismic intensity xx” and are distinguished from seismic intensity levels
observed by seismic intensity meters.

A-92

●Human perception and reaction, indoor situation, outdoor situation
Seismic
intensity0123

Human perception and reaction
Imperceptible to people, but
recorded by seismometers.
Felt slightly by some people
keeping quiet in buildings.
Felt by many people keeping
quiet in buildings. Some people
may be awoken.
Felt by most people inbuildings. Felt by some people
walking. Many people areawoken.

4

Most people are startled. Feltby most people walking. Most
people are awoken.

5 Lower

Many people are frightened
and feel the need to hold onto
something stable.

5 Upper

6 Lower

6 Upper7

Indoor situation

Outdoor situation

－

－

－

－

Hanging objects such as lamps
swing slightly.

－

Dishes in cupboards may rattle.
Hanging objects such as lamps
swing significantly, and dishes
in cupboards rattle. Unstable
ornaments may fall.
Hanging objects such as lamps
swing violently. Dishes incupboards and items on
bookshelves may fall. Many
unstable ornaments fall.
Unsecured furniture may move,and unstable furniture may
topple over.

Electric wires swing slightly.

Electric wires swing
significantly. Those driving
vehicles may notice the tremor.

In some cases, windows may
break and fall. People noticeelectricity poles moving. Roads
may sustain damaged.

Many people find it hard to
move; walking is difficult
without holding onto
something stable.

Dishes in cupboards and items
on bookshelves are more likely
to fall. TVs may fall from theirstands, and unsecured
furniture may topple over.

Windows may break and fall,
unreinforced concrete-block
walls may collapse, poorly
installed vending machines may
topple over, and automobiles
may stop due to the difficultyof continued movement.

It is difficult to remain standing.

Many unsecured furniture
moves and may topple over.
Doors may become wedged
shut.

Wall tiles and windows may
sustain damage and fall.

It is impossible to remain
standing or move without
crawling. People may bethrown through the air.

Most unsecured furniture
moves, and is more likely totopple over.
Most unsecured furniture
moves and topples over, or
may even be thrown throughthe air.

A-93

Wall tiles and windows are
more likely to break and fall.
Most unreinforced concreteblock walls collapse.
Wall tiles and windows areeven more likely to break andfall. Reinforced concrete-block
walls may collapse.

●Wooden houses
Seismic
intensity

Wooden houses
High earthquake resistance

Low earthquake resistance

5 Lower－

Slight cracks may form in walls.

5 Upper－

Cracks may form in walls.

6 Lower

Slight cracks may form in walls.

Cracks are more likely to form in walls.
Large cracks may form in walls.
Tiles may fall, and buildings may lean orcollapse.

6 Upper

Crazing or cracks may be seen in walls.

Large cracks are more likely to form in walls.
Buildings are more likely to lean or collapse.

7

Cracks are more likely to form in walls.
Buildings may lean in some cases.

Buildings are even more likely to lean orcollapse.

Notes:(1) Wooden houses are classified into two categories according to their earthquake resistance, which tends to be higher for newer
buildings. Earthquake resistance tends to be low for structures built up to 1981, and high for those built since 1982. However,
earthquake resistance may have a range and depends on structure of buildings and wall placement, resistance is notnecessarily determined only by building age. The earthquake resistance of existing buildings can be ascertained throughquakeproof diagnosis.
(2) The walls in this table are assumed to be made of mud and/or mortar. Mortar in a wall with a weak base can easily break off
and fall, even under conditions of low deformation.
(3) Damage to wooden houses depends on the period and duration of seismic waves. In some cases (such as the Iwate-Miyagi
Nairiku Earthquake in 2008), few buildings sustain damage in relation to the level of seismic intensity observed.

●Reinforced-concrete buildings
Seismic
intensity
5 Upper

Reinforced-concrete buildings
High earthquake resistance

Low earthquake resistance
Cracks may form in walls, crossbeams andpillars.

－

6 Lower

Cracks may form in walls, crossbeams andpillars.

Cracks are more likely to form in walls,
crossbeams and pillars.

6 Upper

Cracks are more likely to form in walls,
crossbeams and pillars.

Slippage and X-shaped cracks may be seen inwalls, crossbeams and pillars.
Pillars at ground level or intermediate floors may
disintegrate, and buildings may collapse.

Cracks are even more likely to form in walls,
crossbeams and pillars.
Ground level or intermediate floors may sustain
significant damage. Buildings may lean in somecases.

Slippage and X-shaped cracks are more likely to
be seen in walls, crossbeams and pillars.
Pillars at ground level or on intermediate floors
crumble are more likely to disintegrate, andbuildings are more likely to collapse.

7

Notes:(1) Earthquake resistance tends to be higher for newer foundations. The value tends to be low for structures built up to 1981,
and high for those built since 1982. However, to maintain a certain range of earthquake resistance according to differences instructure and 2D/3D arrangement of reinforced walls, resistance is not necessarily determined only by foundation age. The
earthquake resistance of existing buildings can be ascertained through quakeproofing diagnosis.
(2) Slight cracks may form in reinforced-concrete buildings without their core structure being affected.

A-94

●Situation of ground and slopes, etc.
Seismic
intensity
5 Lower

Situation of ground

Situation of slopes, etc.

5 Upper

Small cracks*1 may form and liquefaction*2 may
occur.

Rock falls and landslips may occur.

6 Lower

Cracks may form.

Landslips and landslides may occur.

Large cracks may form.

Landslips are more likely to occur; large
landslides and massif collapses may be seen.*3

6 Upper7

Notes:*1 A crack is the same phenomenon as a fissure, but the expression is used here to refer to a small fissure or opening in the
ground.
*2 Liquefaction may be seen in areas with a high groundwater level and loose sand deposits. Damage observed as a result ofliquefaction includes spouts of muddy water from the ground, outbreaks of subsidence in riverbanks and quays, elevation of
sewage pipes and manholes, and leaning or destruction of building foundations.
*3 When large landslides and massif collapse occurs, dams may form depending on geographical features, and debris flow may
occur due to the large quantities of sediment produced.

●Influence on utilities and infrastructure, etc.
Suspension of gas supply

In the event of shaking with a seismic intensity of about 5 Lower or more, gas
meters with safety devices are tripped, stopping the supply of gas.
In the event of stronger shaking, the gas may stop for entire local blocks.*

Suspension of watersupply, electrical
blackouts

Suspension of water supply and electrical blackouts may occur in regions
experiencing shaking with a seismic intensity of about 5 Lower or more.*

Suspension of railroad
services, regulation of
highways, etc.

In the event of shaking with a seismic intensity of about 4 or more, services onrailroads or highways may be stopped for safety confirmation. Speed control andtraffic regulations are performed according the judgment of the relevant bodies.
(Standards for safety confirmation differ by organization and area).

Disruption to lines ofcommunication such as
telephones

In the event of an earthquake, communication network congestion may occur due
to increased calls related to safety confirmation and inquiries around regions
experiencing strong shaking.
To combat this, telecommunications providers offer Disaster Emergency Message
Dial and Message Board services if a disaster such as an earthquake with a seismic
intensity of about 6 Lower or greater occurs.

Suspension of elevator
service

In the event of shaking with a seismic intensity of about 5 Lower or more, elevatorswith earthquake control devices will stop automatically for safety reasons.
Resumption of service may be delayed until safety is confirmed.

*In the event of shaking with a seismic intensity of 6 Upper or more, gas, water, and electric supplies may stop over wide areas.

●Effect on large-scale structures
Shaking of skyscrapers
from long-period groundmotion*Due to their longer characteristic period, skyscrapers react less to earthquakes
than general reinforced-concrete buildings, which have a shorter characteristic
period. However, they exhibit slow shaking over a long time in response to longperiod ground motion. If motion is strong, poorly fixed office appliances may movesignificantly, and people may have to hold onto stable objects to maintain theirposition.

Sloshing of oil tanks

Sloshing of oil tanks occurs in response to long-period ground motion. As a result,oil outflows or fires may occur.

Damage or collapse ofceilings etc. at institutions
covering large spaces

In institutions covering large spaces such as gymnasiums or indoor pools, ceilings
may shake significantly and sustain damage or collapse, even in cases where
ground motion is not severe enough to cause other structural damage.

*Occasionally, when a large earthquake occurs, long-period seismic waves reach locations far from the hypocenter; such waves
may be amplified over plains depending on the characteristic period of the ground, thus extending their duration.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

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Fig.
Fig.A-59
A-59 Emergency Warning Issuance Criteria■Criteria for Meteorological Emergency Warnings
Phenomenon
Criteria
Heavy rainfall with a level of intensity observed only once every few decades is
Heavy rain
predicted in association with a typhoon or similar.
Storm

A storm is predicted…

Storm surge

A storm surge is predicted…

High waves

High waves are predicted…

Snowstorm
Heavy snow

…in association with a typhoon expected
to have a level of intensity observed only
once every few decades or an extratropical
cyclone with comparable intensity.

A snowstorm is predicted in association with an extratropical cyclone expected tohave a level of intensity observed only once every few decades.
Heavy snowfall with a level of intensity observed only once every few decades ispredicted.

■Emergency Warning Criteria for Tsunami, Volcanic eruptions, and Earthquake
Phenomenon
Criteria
Tsunami height is expected to be greater than 3 meters. (Major Tsunami Warnings
Tsunamiare issued in the classification of Emergency Warnings.)
Eruption or possibility of eruption that may cause serious damage in residential
areas and non-residential areas nearer the crater. (Volcanic Warning (Level 4 and 5)
Volcanic eruption
and Volcanic Warning (residential areas)* are issued in the classification of
Emergency Warnings.)
Seismic intensity of 6-lower or more is expected. (Earthquake Early Warnings
Earthquake
incorporating prediction of tremors measuring 6-lower or more on JMA’s seismic
intensity scale are issued in the classification of Emergency Warnings.)
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

A-96

Fig.A-60
A-60 Evacuation Information Using Five Warning Levels of Warning (Flood and Landslide Disasters)
Fig.

A-97

List of Acronyms
ACDR
ADRC
AMCDRR
APEC
ASAP
BCM
BCP
DOE
DRR
ECCS
EMWG
EPReSC
ERC
FEMA
GSI
HA/DR
IAEA
ICHARM
ICT
IRP
ISO
ISUT
JANDR
JBP
JICA
JIS
JMA
JVOAD
MAFF
MEXT
MHLW
MIC
MLIT
MOC
NIED
NPO
NRA
NRC
OECD/NEA
OEIWG
PAZ
SCJ
SDF
SDGs
SDMOF
SFDRR
SIP4D
SMEs
SRSG
TEC-FORCETMG
UNISDRUPZ
VC

Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction
Asian Disaster Reduction Center
Asia Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
as soon as possible
Business Continuity Management
Business Continuity Plan
Department of Energy
Disaster Risk Reduction
emergency core cooling system
Emergency Management Working Group
Emergency Preparedness and Response Standards Committee
Emergency Response Center
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management
information and communication technology
International Recovery Platform
International Organization for Standardization
Information Support TeamJapan Academic Network for Disaster Reduction
Japan Bosai Platform
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Japanese Industrial Standards
Japan Meteorological Agency
Japan Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Memorandum of Cooperation
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience
Non-Profit Organization
Nuclear Regulation Authority
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group
Precautionary Action Zone
Science Council of Japan
Self-Defense Forces
Sustainable Development Goals
Senior Disaster Management Officials Forum
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
Shared Information Platform for Disaster Management
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General
Technical Emergency Control FORCETokyo Metropolitan Government
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone
volunteer center
A-98