ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵ2003 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎ* ࣢ǵᑕǵᓚ߄ᨀ**ອǵᩃǵΥǵಘ⏋
Vegetational Succession and Plant Utilization in Relation toEnvironmental Change along the Kuiseb Riverin the Namib Desert
MIZUNO Kazuharu* and YAMAGATA Kotaro**
The purpose of this research is to clarify the relationship between environmental change
and vegetational succession along the Kuiseb River of the Namib Desert.
Sand dunes are thought to have encroached into the Kuiseb Valley several hundred years
ago, because it is estimated that tall trees such as Acacia erioloba and Faidherbia (Acacia)
albida died 300-400 years ago. The sand dunes are now covered by bush of Salvadora persica.
Although nara (Acanthosicyos horridus) is an important plant in the Namib Desert, it has
recently died out in the lower Kuiseb River due to environmental change. Such plants as
Acacia erioloba, Faidherbia albida, and Acanthosicyos horridus are very important for the local
people (Topnaar) as food and shade-trees for both humans and livestock. The succession ofvegetation governed by the environmental change significantly affects the life of people in thearea along the Kuiseb River, because the environmental conditions are harsh and plants arepoor there.

1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅǵᦏॷ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩቆྴ‫׋‬ȵ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ቆྴ‫׋‬ɴɻ⏋ᕶး޴‫׋‬ɭϺဤᇕឹ‫܍‬ɹθᯆɹ৯ᯱȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᕶး޴‫׋‬ɭɌɩɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽၖय़‫ؚ‬೺य़ɹ‫׌‬Ϋ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫׫‬άȵᦽʚɲȦɄɭȵॵɽɦˁʢɛʰɌɛʱɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ϻᇕ৯ᯱɭɌɩɻ⏋Ϻ‫֓ވؤ‬ɴʭʳඨᅊɹቑ‫ޙ‬ʦ᧌ఔ႑ɲɰȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ̠̲͊ˏɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ȵ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏1950 ॷȴʰ 2000 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ˗ˑͲϴ ᨊ ߂ ࡝ ߂ ࡝ ᭏ ˏ ˻ ˏ͹ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ‫ ݖ ܩ‬቉ ድ ቉ ድ ዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University** Ϋᣴఠᔒ߂࡝⏋Joetsu University of Education*35ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬̶̜̒˪ɫɹ៎ཀྵ̚ͻ̊ɴʭʶɽ⏋ॷॶ‫ ܯ‬0.023ŝɹւ‫غ‬ɫຩཧΫ౥ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ␩Ministryof Environment and Tourism, Republic of Namibia 2002␭⏏1915 ॷȴʰ 1997 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ̠̲͊ˏ
ԃ‫ܤ‬ɴʼɛʳ៎ཀྵဣɫɹॶ‫ܯ‬ᭇອᩄɻ 272 mm ɫȡʳȵ⏋1981 ॷȴʰ 1996 ॷɹ 16 ॷᬚɫɄɹ
ॶ‫ܯ‬ғˁᣳȭɛɹɻʼɑȴ 2 ॷɹʛɫȡɤɛ⏏ຩཧΫ౥ɻᙜᇍᩄɹ‫֓ވ‬ˁʢɛʰɐɹɫ⏋ɛɭȭᭇອᩄȵ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡɤɩʢ⏋ཧಣ‫׋‬ȵᐚȿɽϗၥ‫׋‬ȵʚɐʚɐᦽʞɄɭȵϜೝɇʶʳ⏏
ǵ̠̲͊ˏɴɻȦȼɦʢाȵ༑ʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹʓɭ˃ɰɻᮃμᇕɲᭇᮒɹ৿ɹʛ༑ອȵʛʰʶʳʢɹɫ⏋ຯᐚᇕɲ༑ອȵȡʳɹɻ⏋‫׫‬ᨆ‫ޅܕ‬Њᦏˁ༑ʶʳˠͤͲ˻ाɭ‫׌‬ᨆ‫ޅܕ‬Њᦏˁ༑ʶʳ˪̦̦ा⏋ˡ̫Ͳ˳ा⏋˪˕ͩͲ̝—̢̘͑͠ˑ—͚̍̾ອᏙ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹʛɫȡʳ⏏
ኊቆྴɭቆε‫ܩ‬य़ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠˁ༑ʶʳ˪˓̸́ाɫɻ⏋ɗɹᭇອᩄȵ⏋Ϋ༑‫ݖ‬ɹॷᭇອᩄ 200 mm
ȴʰ༠ࣳᨆɹ 20 mm Гάɴʚɫʼɛʳȵ⏋‫ܩ‬ᝠ༑ɻʓɭ˃ɰ༠ࣳᨆʚɫզ᧒ɓɑ⏋᦭μɫໜআɹཉȦቆɴُ‫ؚ‬ɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋μ͹ά༑ᨆɴɻಔຍɻ༑ອȵɲȼ⏋ɛʚɹ༇ອಁɴɹ
ʛ༑ອȵឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹ˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɴɻ⏋ा໤ȦɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳปകɹ߂ᩄഞ๷ȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ปകɹഞ๷ɹЇ౅ɻ⏋‫ݭ‬ଘɴʭɤɩɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏ೣᠶయɫɻ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɫቆεɴ‫ݏ‬ʢʶʳปೠɴ໶ᇿɌɛ⏏ϗၥ‫׋‬ɭɭʢɴቆεɹୟ߂ȵᅊɍ⏋ȴɦɩปക‫ܩ‬य़ɫȡɤɛɭɄʸʢ⏋ቆεɴ‫؜‬ʱᦉʚʶɩȦȼ⏏ቆྴ‫׋‬ɭඨᅊɹ᧦ውɭȦȩ֪઴ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗʶɹз຦ɴࢪɐʳ৯ᯱˁද២ɐʳ⏏

2ȅ಺औ౷͈‫ٽ‬۷͂಺औ༹༷
2.1ȁ಺औ౷͈‫ٽ‬۷ǵ̸̠͊ቆྴɻ⏋̠̲͊ˏɹីࣳɴঃȵʱ⏋߂ី໽ɴᯆɌɩȦʳ⏏̸̠͊ቆྴȵ০ଁɇʶɛॷ
БɻɻɤȷʱɌɲȦȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ᧌ؑ 8000 Ψॷᬚɻϗၥȴʰ‫ץ‬ϗၥɹᬚˁ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ␩Seely 1992␭⏏̸̠͊ቆྴɻॷᭇອᩄȵ 50 mm ɴྃɛɑ⏋༠ࣳᨆʓɰᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȼ⏋Ԓ᭜ɴ‫ك‬ȴɤɩᭇອᩄȵ޽ȼɲʳ⏏̠̲͊ˏɹ໤ࣳ‫౅ܩ‬ɴɻ⏋৔Ȧ‫ី׫‬ᰟȵِȷ⏋ɗʶȵ໤ࣳˁ༑ʶʳ࢑༑⏋̾Ͳ˰͞༠༑ɹԳຩˁԒ᭜ɴ᧊ʃ⏋ಣຩࣝɹάɴԳຩࣝˁʢɛʰɌɩ⏋߂ຩɹᦥ᥊ࣝˁɦȼɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹᦥ᥊ࣝȵ߂ຩɹఁϕˁཝࢹɇɓ⏋༠ࣳᨆɴቆྴˁ০ଁ
ɇɓɩȦʳ␩ອᩃ 2002␭⏏
ǵᠭീɻ˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɴеᒞɐʳ˳̸̫̾̒ٞᦇɫ᝔ʼʶɛ⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏋Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏˳̸̫̾̒
ɫɻ⏋ॷॶ‫ܯ‬ᭇᮒᩄɻʼɑȴ 27 mm ɫȡʳȵ⏃‫ ܒ‬2⏆⏋᮫ɴʭʳᭇອᩄɻ 31 mm ɴɹʖʳ⏃‫ܒ‬
3⏋Ԡሎ 2⏆␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭⏏೛ᇍᅊɐʳ᮫ɻ༠ࣳȴʰл‫ מ‬km ʢԒ᭜ɴঃȵʳȵ⏋Პ঎ 300-600 m ɫ೎ʢࢌᮃɐʳ⏏̸̠͊ቆྴɻ༠ࣳȴʰ਀Ǿɴ‫ܩ‬ᝠᲞ঎ȵΫȵʳɹɫ⏋༠ࣳȴʰ
40 km ȼʰȦԒ᭜ɹ‫ݭ‬ଘȵ೎ʢ᮫ȵՀᮃɌɛᲞ঎ɴɲʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ɗɹȡɛʱɹ᮫ອᭇອᩄ
ȵ೎ʢ޽Ȧ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶˝ͻ˰̶͡˙ͻ̋ͻ⏃̾͡˫⏆࣢ɹʭȩɴ࡛ጓεɻ᮫ອˁՀᮃɐʳ৲ւˁഗɛɌ⏋᮫ອᭇອᩄȵ޽Ȧɛʠ⏋ቆྴɹμɫඨ႒ȵᅊᔒɌɛ⏋ʚɇɴȋ࡛ጓεȍˁ০ଁɐ36ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎ଎ 1ȁ಺औ౷
ǵP1, P7⏧‫ޚܤ‬ుᯆ⏃‫ ܒ‬4, 5⏆
Fig. 1. Study area
P1, P7: Soil profile (Fig. 4 and 5)ৢ૯ 1ȁ΢ηήगนȄΌΨαΛήਔ༏͈ग‫ͼ·͂ݚ‬Γή୼
Photo 1. Sand dune and Kuiseb River near Gobabeb37ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬଎2଎3ಎ໐΢ηΫͺ͈٬‫ݻ͈̥ͣ܅‬ၗͅచ̳ͥා
໹޳ַࣛၾ␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭
Fig. 2. Mean annual rainfall in the central
Namib plotted against distance fromcoast␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭

ಎ໐΢ηΫͺ͈٬‫ݻ͈̥ͣ܅‬ၗͅచ̳ͥා
໹޳ྮକࣛକၾ␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭
Fig. 3. Mean annual fog-water precipitationin the central Namib plotted against
distance from coast␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭

ৢ૯ 2ȁΌΨαΛῄಱอ୆̳ͥྮ
Photo 2. Fog in the morning at Gobabebʳ⏏˳̸̫̾̒ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᭇອˁʢɛʰɐ᮫ɹᇍᅊɻॷॶ‫ܯ‬Ꮭ 37 ౗ɫȡʱ⏃1976-81 ॷ⏆⏋Ʉɹ᮫ɹᇍᅊȵ̸̠͊ቆྴɹ֪ඨ႒ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲອՕњᐌɭɲʳ␩Lancaster et al. 1984␭⏏
2.2ȁ಺औ༹༷
ǵ˪˓̸́ाˁดుɌ⏋ᬏɇ 1,000 m ɴʼɛʳ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ˁ៯ȿ⏋ɗɹ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ɴ໤ɤ
ɩཀྵᩄˁ᝔ɤɩ⏋‫ܩ‬০ుᯆ‫ܒ‬ˁсଁɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ɗɹ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ɴ໤ɤɩඨᅊȲʭʃ‫ޚܤ‬ᠭീˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏‫ޚܤ‬ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ཉɇ 1-2 ⑎ ɹ̴̜̒ˁсଁɌ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ుᯆˁ៨ᥔɌɛ⏏‫ܩ‬άອ38ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎеɹཉɇɻ⏋ϥକɹ‫؜‬ອеᒞȴʰິʠɛ⏏
ǵ‫ޚܤ‬ອՕɻ⏋Campbell Scientific ኏នɹ̩˓̝ͦ͹́Ͳ˽‫ޚܤ‬ອՕ៟ɫкዩ‫ي‬ອრˁཀྵࡴɌ
ɛ⏏14⏹⏃ఔࢮਸသᏬ⏆ॷБཀྵࡴɻ⏋USA ̶ͦ̋͠ɹ̾ͻ̊ˏ̠̘͠ˑ˪኏ɴћᰉɌɛ⏏ࡴ᠅షೠɹ˵Ͳ̺͡ 3 ɭ 4 ɻ⏋ഘɹ̜˰ɹЊȷ౅ȴʰ Acacia erioloba ȴ Faidherbia (Acacia) albida ɭᓒȭʰʶ⏋ปೠɹഞ๷ɌɛॷБˁሾʳɛʠɴഞ๷ೠɹഘɹ೎Ӵጩ⏃Υᅱ೎৿ɴଁᬏɌɛᨆՕ⏆ˁॷБཀྵࡴᅎɴ஛‫؜‬Ɍɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋14⏹ ɹॷБɻជ๭ 14⏹ ॷБ (Conventional 14C age) ȵኍɌɩȡʳ⏏

3ȅ಺औࠫ‫ࣉ͂ض‬ख़
3.1ȁ۪‫ޏ‬་‫͂ا‬૒୆஗֊ǵ‫ ܒ‬4 ɻ⏋̜͞Ͳ́˪̜໤Ȧɹ‫ܩ‬০ుᯆ‫ܒ‬ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ܩ‬০ుᯆʭʱ⏋‫ܒ‬ɹᑖ᥍ɹᲞ঎ɫ⏋0 ⑎ Њᦏɭ⏋Ꮭ 2 m Ȳʭʃ 10 m ГΫɴॶܹᯆȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɗʶəʶ⏋Პ঎0 m ɹຍεᯆˁжеຍε⏋Პ঎ 2 m ᯆˁμеຍε⏋Პ঎ 10 m ГΫɹᯆˁᲞеຍεɭɌɛ⏏
ǵμеຍεɹ‫ݡ‬ዩ႒ᝠࣝɴɻˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦɛ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏ˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ɻ⏋‫ܤ‬‫ޚ‬μɹອՕɹᙜᇍɴʭʱသᨧˡ͡˹˗͌ CaCO3 ȵᮃዩɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛ‫ݾ‬ᰖᇤຐɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋14⏹ ɹॷБཀྵࡴɴʭʱ⏋5300Æ60 ॷ BP Ȳʭʃ 6740Æ50 ॷ BP ɭȦȩॷБғȵ਄ʰʶɛ⏃Sample number 1⏋2⏋ᝠ 1⏆⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ⏋5000-7000 ॷմɴɻμеຍεɻȴɦɩɹໜআɫȡɤɩ⏋‫ܩ‬άອᯆȵ༓ȼ⏋ພ፬ჼᢒɴʭɤɩ‫ܩ‬άອȵΫ౥Ɍ⏋‫ܩ‬ᝠȴʰᙜᇍɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɛɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɄɄȵȴɦɩɹໜআ
ɫȡɤɛ៷୞ɭɌɩ⏋Њᦏɹ‫ܩ‬ᝠɴధ mm ȴʰధ cm ɹԓኊȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻృᅊБৢ૯ 3ȁಎպ౲‫ݚ‬ષ͈΃σ·ςȜΠ (CaCO3)
Photo 3. Calcrete (CaCO3) in the middle terrace39ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬40଎ 4ȁΠρϋΓ·ΠȪ଎ 1ȫͅ‫̹̽״‬౷ࠁ౯࿂͂૒୆
ǵP1-P7⏧‫ޚܤ‬ుᯆ⏃‫ ܒ‬5⏆
Fig. 4. Topographic profile and vegetation along transect (Fig. 1)
P1-P7: Soil profile (Fig. 5)ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎፀ‫܋‬Ꮫ࡭ృγɹ՟ೝɹཧಣ‫׋‬ೝ⏃9000-8000 ॷմ⏆ɭμೝɹᲞཧೝ⏃7000-5000 ॷմ⏆ɻ߂ྂ࿅ೝɫ⏋˵̩͞ɹߡཉȼʚɫ߂ᩄɹᮒȵᭇʱ⏋ቆྴɻঃȼ˵̫Ͳ̠ʦ˽̘̺̒ɹᐶɫុʼʶ⏋ЁɻॵΫȵɤɩȦʳ༲ʶाɴȦɦʢອȵ༑ʶ⏋ቆྴɹሎ˃μɴʢ̝̍͑ྲྀˁɻɍʠ޽ȼɹྲྀȵୟ߂ɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ␩ᬐ೴ 1992␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹμеຍεɻ࡭ృγμೝɹ߂ྂ࿅ೝ
⏃7000-5000 ॷմ⏆ɴɻ‫ܩ‬άອᯆȵᲞȼ⏋Υಁໜाɫȡɤɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵჼໜআ໤Ȧɹжеຍεᯆɹปക‫ܩ‬य़ɻ⏋‫ܩ‬άອеȵཉɇᏝ 13 ⑎ ɭ༓ȼ⏋Acacia erioloba ʦ
Faidherbia (Acacia) albida, Tamarix usneoide, Euclea pseudebenus ɲɰɹᲞೠȴʰɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵໜআɹីүɹቆεɻ⏋жеຍεɭμеຍεɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠɴеᒞɐʳ⏏ाɹ༑ᤉɭܽሁɴِȼ‫ី׫‬ᰟɴʭɤɩᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆȵ⏋ໜআɹីүɴՕ॒ɐʳปക‫ܩ‬य़ɴʭɤɩɭʠʰʶ⏋ቆɹ‫ݡ‬ዩɹୟ߂ɴʭɤɩ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬Პɇ 10 m ȼʰȦɹቆεȵɫȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋ɗɄɴ‫ݏ‬ʚɤɩȦʳปೠɹ‫ܩ‬ᝠᯆάɹᨆՕȵ 10 m ᦏȼɴʢɹʖʳɄɭȴʰ஠ࡴɫȷʳ⏏˳̸̫̾̒ٞ
ᦇɫɻ⏋ቆɹው֪ɻ‫׌—׌‬ആ౅‫ك‬ɫ⏋ɗɹው֪ᦵ঎ɻ 30-180 cm⏒ॷɭ៨᪼ɇʶɩȦʳ␩Wardৢ૯ 4ȁ·ͼΓή୼‫͈̞״‬ਏႅఝ̹́͂͛ͣͦ๲ग͂गོ̞̩ͦ̀͜ͅͺ΃ΏͺႅPhoto 4. Flying sand interrupted by trees along the Kuiseb River and Acacia trees covered with sand

ນ 1ȁ΍ϋίσ͈ 14˟ ාయ౵Ȫ༞ୃාయ౵ȫ
Table 1. 14C dates of samples (conventional 14C age)
Sample number
12
3
4Material
Carbonate
Carbonate
Wood
Wood

14

C data (yr BP)
5300Æ60
6740Æ50300Æ60550Æ5041

δ 13C (permil)
⏎6.2
⏎7.2
⏎23.8
⏎23.9

Laboratory code number (Beta-)
164939176921
165889165888ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ৢ૯ 5ȁग‫ڐ͈ݚ‬ఱ̽̀͢ͅ࡭ঘ̱̹ͺ΃ΏͺႅPhoto 5. Growth of sand dune and dead tree of Acacia

and Brunn 1985␭⏏
ǵˏˡ˹ˏ (Acacia erioloba, Faidherbia (Acacia) albida) ɹᲞೠɻ⏋‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩȦȼቆɴ‫ݏ‬ʚɤɩഞ๷ɌɩȦɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏Ʉɹˏˡ˹ˏȵഞ๷ɌɛॷБɻ 14⏹ ɹॷБཀྵࡴʭʱ 300Æ60 ॷ BP ɹʢɹɭՠ౩Ɍɛ⏃Sample number 3, ᝠ 1⏆⏏400 ॷմ᯴ɴቆεɹ০ଁȵࠃʚɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ቆɴ‫ݏ‬ʚʳɴɦʶปೠȵഞ๷ɌɩȦɤɛჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻՠ౩ɌɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋ዷμȴʰɹ൓ɴࢪɐʳᨧᏬњᐌȵཝࢹɌɩഞ๷ɌɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ȡʳȦɻ⏋‫ܩ‬ᝠЊᦏȴʰɹ᰸Օɹњᐌȵ൓Ꮩɴ࣑ȴɲȼɲɤɛɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹဣɴɦȦɩɻЁ৿ɹᠩᰍɭɌɛȦ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ቆεˁុȩ˵̫̝͡͞ (Salvadora persica) ɹᅊᔒɌɩȦʳ‫ݭ‬ଘˁ஗ɤɩʛʳɭ⏋‫ܩ‬μɴȴɦɩɹॻȵཉȼʚɫɹʃɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 6, 7⏆⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ˵̫̝͡͞ɻቆɴ‫ݏ‬ʢʶɲȵʰʢ।ɴΫ౅ɴॻˁɹɽɌɩᅊᔒɌɩȦȼඨ႒ɫȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʱ⏋ɇʰɴ‫ܩ‬ᝠˁុȩ̸̒˹͖ɫᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆˁ˥͑̒̍Ɍ⏋ቆεˁୟ߂ɇɓɩȦʳɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏
ǵ˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɫϺǾɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲඨ႒ɴ̠͞ (Acanthosicyos horridus) ȵȡʳȵ⏋ᠭീ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻжеȴʰμеɹຍεᯆΫɴ̠͞ɹ̸̒˹͖ȵុȩࢸɇɲ͇˗Ͳ̝⏃Პɇ 1-3 m⏋ሁ৹
10 m ዐ঎⏆ȵဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 8⏆⏏̠͞ɻཉɇ 15 ⑎ ГΫɴʢ൓ˁɹɽɐɹȵ‫خ‬ᔨɭȦʼʶ⏋Ʉɹȡɛʱɹ‫ܩ‬άອеȵཉɇ 15 ⑎ ȼʰȦɲɹɫ⏋ɄɄɹ̠͞ɻ‫ܩ‬άອȴʰອՕˁُ‫ؚ‬ɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ‫ޚܤ‬ుᯆˁឿʳɭ⏋‫ܩ‬μཉȼɴʚɫᗡȵ‫ݏ‬ʚɤɩȦɩ⏋̠͞ʢቆɴ‫ݏ‬ʚʱɲȵʰ⏋।ɴΫ౅ɴଁᬏɌɩȷɛɄɭˁȩȴȵʼɓʳ⏃Ԡሎ 9⏆⏏Ʉɹ̠͞ɻ⏋жеຍε—μеຍεΫɴɻՕ॒ɐʳȵ⏋ᲞеຍεʦቆεΫɴɻՕ॒ɌɩȦɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋‫ܩ‬άອеɭɹᬠѥɫȡʸȩ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˵̫̝͡͞ȵុɤɩȦʳቆεɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɴʢȴɦɩɻ̠͞ȵՕ॒ɌɩȦɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶ42ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎৢ૯ 6ȁग‫ͬݚ‬ໞ̠΍σΨΡρ͈ήΛΏν
Photo 6. Bush of Salvadora persica covering sand duneৢ૯ 7ȁ΍σΨΡρ͈୆֗౷͈ാિ౯࿂
Photo 7. Soil profile of plot covered by Salvadora persicaʳȵ⏋ቆεɹୟ߂ɭɭʢɴ‫ܩ‬άອȴʰɹອɹњᐌȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɴɲʱ⏋̠͞ɻ༥ྙɌɩȦɤɛɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋μеຍεᯆɴɻ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲ͇˗Ͳ̝ȵ 2 ɦιʃ⏋1 ɦɻჼ‫̠͞ܧ‬ȵុɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ʢȩ 1 ɦɴɻ⏋࡭ԃɴഞ๷Ɍɛˏˡ˹ˏȵသ‫׋‬ɌɛႥ઴ɫ‫ݏ‬໗Ɍ⏋ɗɹቑႅȵܑٞɴՕ॒Ɍɩ
Ȧʳ⏏μеຍεᯆȵໜআɫȡɤɛಁБГᭇɹྂ࿅ೝɴ⏋ˏˡ˹ˏፈɹปകȵʭʱ޽ȼᅊᔒɌɩ
Ȧɛɹȵ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹϗၥ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋ഞ๷Ɍɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹഞ๷Ɍɛˏˡ˹ˏɻ 14⏹ ॷБཀྵࡴɴʭʱ 550Æ50 ॷ BP ɹʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏃Sample number 4, ᝠ 1⏆⏏600 ॷմɅʸʚɫɻˏˡ
43ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ৢ૯ 8ȁ΢ρ͈ήΛΏν
Photo 8. Bush of nara (Acanthosicyos horridus)

ৢ૯ 9ȁ΢ρ͈୆֗౷͈ാિ౯࿂
Photo 9. Soil profile of plot covered by nara (Acanthosicyos horridus)˹ˏȵ޽ȼᅊᔒɌɩྂ࿅ɫȡɤɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏
ǵɇʰɴໜআȴʰᮐʶɛжеຍεᯆɻ⏋ံඨᅊȴ⏋˓̦ዀɹ Stipagrostis sabulicola ʦ޽ᔀਸቂ
жೠɹ Trianthema hereroensis ɲɰధዛȵঃȼဣ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋Stipagrostis sabulicola ɻ‫ܩ‬ᝠά 1-10 cm
44ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎ଎ 5ȁ‫಺ڎ‬औ౷തȪ଎ 4 ͅা̱̹ȫ̤̫ͥͅാિ౯࿂଎
Fig. 5. Soil profile of plots shown in Fig. 4ɴອॶɴঃȼᇍ᧒Ɍɛ⏃ᤂᮐ 20 m ɴ᧒ɐʳ⏆൓Ꮩˁʢɠ⏋᮫ɹௌ‫؜‬ˁࢅ౫ɴɌ⏋Trianthema
hereroensis ɻᘽʦᗡɫሁஞ᮫ˁُ‫ؚ‬ɌɩȦʳ␩Seely et al. 1998␭⏏
ǵ‫ޚܤ‬ɴɦȦɩʛɩʛʳɭ⏋̠͞ (P3) ʦ˵̫̝͡͞ (P4) ɹቆᣒɹ‫ޚܤ‬ɻ⏋ອՕრȵ 3-4⎾ɌȴɲȦ⏃‫ ܒ‬5⏆⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋̠͞ɻ⏋ཉɇ 15 m ГΫɴʢযʃʳ൓ˁ‫ܩ‬άອʚɫզ᧒ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ˵̫̝͡͞ɻ⏋ཉɇ 20 cm ȴʰ 1 m ГΫʚɫࢌᅊɐʳᏳȴȦ൓ȵອՕˁʞɞɲȼُ‫ؚ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ཉɇ 20-30 cm ɹɭɄʸɴɻ̊͠ͻȵ 10 cm ʓɰ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹ̊͠ͻȵ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɛಁБɻ⏋ቆɹው֪ȵያʦȴɞɤɛɭȷɞɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 7⏆⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᦏॷ⏋ԗʃቆɹው֪
ȵ༎ᇍɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋жеຍεɹˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปക‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻ (P5)⏋ཉɇ 100 cm ʚɫɻቆᣒ‫ޚܤ‬ɫອՕრ
4-10⎾ɫȡʳȵ⏋ཉɇ 100 cm ȴʰ 150 cm ɫɻᔼඨཌྷɍʱɹቆᣒ‫ޚܤ‬ɫອՕრ 12-35⎾ɴʢɲʱ⏋ɄɹཉɇɴɻᏳȴȦ൓ȵ޽ȼ⏋ɄɄɫອՕُ‫ؚ‬ȵ༎ᇍɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏‫ؾ‬෵ɹɄɭɻ⏋P1 ɫʢȦȭ⏋ཉɇ 50-70 cm ɫᏳ൓ȵ޽ȼ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ອՕრȵ 10-13%ȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Პೠɹཌྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ‫ݭ‬ଘ (P7) ɫʢཉȼʚɫ൓ȵឿʰʶ⏋Nicotiana ʦ Euclea ɹʭȩɲμ͹жೠɹᅊᔒɐʳະ࿭؅ (P6)45ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬଎ 6ȁ಺औ౷͈۪‫ޏ‬་஗͂૒୆͈஗֊
Fig. 6. Environmental change and vegetational succession in study areaɫʢ‫ޚܤ‬ɹཉȦɭɄʸɴᏳ൓ȵ޽Ȧ⏏
ǵГΫˁʚɭʠʳɭ⏋‫ ܒ‬6 ɹʭȩɴɲʳ⏏
1.

5000-7000 ॷմɴɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ʭʱྂ࿅ɫ⏋ঃȦໜআȵȡɤɛ⏏‫ܩ‬άອᯆʢჼ‫ܧ‬ʭʱᲞȴɤɛ⏏

2.

600 ॷմʚɫɴɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹжеຍεᯆȵɫȷ⏋ɗɄɴɻˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปക‫ܩ‬य़ȵȡɤɛ⏏
ɗɹปക‫ܩ‬य़ɫᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆȵɭʠʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏

3.

400 ॷմɴɻ⏋ปക‫ܩ‬य़ɫɭʠʰʶʳቆȵ‫ݡ‬ዩɌ⏋ቆεȵɫȷɻɍʠ⏋ปകȵഞʶɩȦɤɛ⏏

4.

ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋ቆεȵୟ߂Ɍ⏋ቆεɹˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปകɻഞʶ⏋жೠɹ˵̫̝͡͞ȵɗɹቆεˁុɤɩ⏋ɇʰɴቆˁ˥͑̒̍Ɍɩቆεˁୟ߂ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ჼໜআᦏȼɹжеຍεᯆ46ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎɴɻˏˡ˹ˏ (Acacia, Faidherbia) ʦ Tamarix ɲɰɹปക‫ܩ‬य़ȵ০ଁɇʶ⏋ჼໜআ໤Ȧɹະ࿭྇ɫɻ⏋Euclea ʦ Nicotiana ɲɰȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ໜআȴʰᮐʶɛжеຍεʦμеຍεΫɴɻ⏋̠͞ȵ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁсʱ⏋жеຍεΫɻံඨᅊȴ˓̦ዀɲɰɹᗳೣȵ̮̒̍Ϋɴဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
3.2ȁ·ͼΓή୼ၠ֖ͅਯ͚૽ș͂૒୆͈ਹါ଻
ǵ˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɴзʞɹɻ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ (Topnaar) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ႑ᅨ຦ɫ⏋˱˓˵Ͳɹȩɠɹ˱˓⏃˱˓˱˓⏆ɴ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ̠͇ɹϺǾɹΥ຦౏ɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ⏋ʢɤɭʢᩂ
ឹɲඨ႒ɴ⏋̠͞ (Acanthosicyos horridus) ȵȡʳ⏏̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹաዌɻ⏋̠͞ (!nara) ȴʰ༐ᅊɌɛ̢̠͞Ͳ (!Naranin) ɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰɹయ‫׋‬ɴɭɤɩ̠͞ȵȦȴɴᩂឹɫȡʳȴˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ̠͞ɹഗࡸɻ⏋ഗᔀȵᢌ࢏ɲອՕˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳ࡚፲ɴɻ⏋ᅊɫᰩɇʶ⏋̠͞ȵᅊᅋɇʶʳಁೝɴɻ৳ʰɹʓɭ˃ɰ‫ڞ‬Υɹᰩషɭɲʳ␩Рആ 2003␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ഗᔀᨆՕˁ၊ɩ⏋ᚚȦ˽ͻ̺ɴ޴ȭ⏋ɗʶɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᎬˁཌྷɕɩᅆȦȴʪˁɦȼʳ␩Wyk and Gericke 2000␭⏏̠͞ɻ⏋ˡ̩͞͠ቆྴȵ؅ᅋ‫ܩ‬ɭȦʼʶʳ˽˓ˡɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋ᬏȼɹʃʳ൓ɴʭɤɩ⏋ཉȦ‫ܩ‬άອȴʰອՕˁُ‫ؚ‬Ɍ⏋ࡸɴອՕˁᢱᚁɇɓʳɭȦȩ⏋ϗၥ‫ܩ‬႕೑ɹ෯ᦶˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̠͞ʢ˽˓ˡʢϗၥ‫ܩ‬ɴᅊȷʳϺǾɹᩂឹɲອՕ྇ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̠͞ɴ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ޽ధɹ̦̊ɻᰩᅎȡʳȦɻ஛ໞᅎɴᅘɫެʰʶ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋ᩂឹɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɴɲɤɩȦʳ␩Рആ 2003␭⏏
ǵ˪˓̸́ाά༑‫ݖ‬ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̶̠͞ˑͻ̝͡ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏋̠͞ȵঃȼᅊᔒɌɩȦʳ‫ݖܩ‬ȵȡʳ⏏̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻ⏋ᕶးɴᅊᔒɐʳ̠͞ˁ 12-3 ೐ɴ‫ؚ‬ዲɌ⏋ᰩషʦჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋1961 ॷɹ̋͌ল៯ɴʭʱɗʶʭʱά༑ɹ̶̠͞ˑͻ̝͡ɫɻ⏋ाນ 2ȁ1962-84 ා͈ΌΨαΛῄ̤̫ͥ·ͼΓή୼͈ࢻକܱ჏
Table 2. Summary of Kuiseb River floods at Gobabeb, 1962-84
Year
1962/63
1963/64
1964/65
1965/66
1966/67
1967/68
1968/69
1969/70
1970/71
1971/72
1972/73

Total number of days
68
No record
26
18
22
11
18
1
34
43
15

␩Seely et al. 1981; Ward and Brunn 1985␭
47

Year

Total number of days

1973/74
1974/75
1975/76
1976/77
1977/78
1978/79
1979/80
1980/81
1981/82
1982/83
1983/84

102
10
61
8
7
8
No flow
No flow
No flow
No flow4ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ɹະ࿭ȵɲȼɲʱ⏋޽ᩄɹ̠͞ȵഞ๷Ɍɛ␩Рആ 2003␭⏏ाɹະ࿭ɻ̠͞ɹೃృɴɭɤɩ߂ȷ
ɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦɛɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏
ǵᲞೠɹ Acacia erioloba ɻ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɫɻ⏋೎ʢϗၥɌɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɴᅊᔒɐʳᲞೠɫȡʳ⏏
ᚩᣂ྇ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ปᔩˁှɍɛʢɹɻ⏋‫⏋ٽ‬ᰟ᧹⏋ᐄ൒ɹɭȷɴьʼʶ⏋ปᇤˁှɍ
ɛʢɹɻάᆡɹಁɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏൓ˁှɍɛʢɹɻ‫ٽ‬ɹɭȷɴ೓ᅎɇʶɛʱ⏋ᶧᝐɹɭȷɴьᅎɇʶʳ␩Wyk and Gericke 2000␭⏏ᰪ᱌ɹɭȷɴɻ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻɇʦɹഗᔀˁᰩʏ
ʳ⏏္Ȧɛዛɻ˱ͻ̯ͻɹБᅎ‫ڃ‬ɭɌɩьʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹೠɹ೎ʢᩂឹɲգᅎɻ⏋ቆྴɴȲȿʳϺᬚʦᩃᅊ֪႒ɴɭɤɩɹ౗᭖ʦ᧫ᮑଘˁரњɐʳɄɭɫȡʸȩ␩Craven and Marais
1986␭⏏˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻ⏋͓˧ɴʭʳ႑ᅨˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳȵ⏋͓˧ɻ
Acacia erioloba ɹɇʦʦᘽˁ߫˃ɫʭȼᰩʏɩȦɩ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹ႑ᅨɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲปೠɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹςឹɲᲞೠ⏋Faidherbia albida ɻ⏋Acacia erioloba ‫ؾ‬෵ɴࢃᅨɹᰩషɭɌɩᩂឹ
ɞȵ⏋Faidherbia albida ɹɭȼɴᩂឹɲဣɻ⏋ᦲ।ɹปೠɭɻ‫ࢪؙ‬ɴᮒ࡚ɴᘽˁᘺɭɌ⏋ϗ࡚ɴᘽˁɦȿɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋͓˧ɴɭɤɩɹȭɇέ᣸ɹϗ࡚ɴ⏋ɗɹᘽʦɇʦ
ȵᩂឹɲᰩష྇ɭɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ˳̸̫̾̒ٞᦇɫɻ⏋˪˓̸́ाɻ 1963-79 ॷɴɻຘॷ༇ອȵ៨᪼ɇʶ␩Seely et al. 1981␭⏋႕ɴ 1976 ॷɴɻປᥒᇕ߂ȷɲ༇ອɴʭɤɩृࣳɴ໤ɤɩቆεɹѢᰩȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛȵ⏋1980-82ॷɴɻᦏॷɹϗၥ‫׋‬ɴʭʱ޷ɴȷʼʠɩᢩ৑ɲ༑ອȵᅊɍɛɹʛɫȡɤɛ⏃ᝠ 2⏆␩Ward andBrunn 1985␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲϗၥ‫׋‬ȵЁ৿ᬏೝ‫׋‬ɐʶɽ⏋Ʉʶʚɫʛɩȷɛʭȩɲˏˡ˹ˏɹధᇑॷˠͻ̋ͻɫɹปೠഞ๷ȵᇍᅊɐʳɄɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏˡ˹ˏɹᲞೠȵ̠͞ɹʭȩɴ߂ᩄɴഞ๷ɐʳɄɭȵᅊɍʶɽ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɹςឹɲᅊ෌ɫȡʳ႑ᅨɞȿɫɲ
ȼ⏋з຦ɗɹʢɹɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋Ȧʸ˃ɲ০ɫ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɐɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏

ːȅ͘ȁ͂ȁ͛ǵГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬ɻ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ຩҌ޴֪ɴɭʢɲȦ‫ܩ‬০ʦඨᅊ͹‫ޚܤ‬ȵ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦȼ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᕶးɹμɫᅊ༎ɐʳ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋ᕶးɹ޴‫׋‬ɻᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭϺᬚ༎֪ɹᬠѥˁឿᐚȿʳɄɭɻ⏋߂ՖɲɄɭɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵᠭീ‫ݖܩ‬ɴᅊᔒɐʳςឹɲඨ႒ɹ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴʭʳգᅎɻɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɫɻඨ႒ɹՕ॒ȵȷʼʠɩᢩ৑ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɞȴʰɄɗ⏋ɗʶʰɹඨ႒ɻ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ⏋ȷʼʠɩᩂឹɭɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ೣ቉ድɫៗ౩ɇʶɛʭȩɴధᇑॷɹˠͻ̋ͻɫʢ⏋ቆεɹୟ߂ɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗʶɴ‫ݏ‬ʢʶʳˏˡ˹ˏȵഞ๷ɌɩȦȷ⏋ୟ߂ɐʳቆεɴ᧟ਝɫȷʳжೠ˵̫̝͡͞ɴ᧦ውɌɩȦȼ᧌ዐȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɫ
48

ອᩃ͹࣢ᑕ⏧̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊ᧦ው͹ඨ႒գᅎ̠͞ඨᅊȵ༥ྙɌɩȦȼჼᢒʢʛʰʶɛ⏏য়း⏋ɗʶʰɹඨᅊ᧦ውɻ⏋ϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴʢ߂ȷɲ
৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɐɞʸȩ⏏
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞ࣢ɫɻ⏋жཧɭȦȩ؏ɌȦᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹʢɭɫ⏋ɗɹʼɑȴɲຩཧ޴‫׋‬ȵඨᅊՕ॒ɴ
߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦɛ␩ອᩃ 1999; 2000; 2001; 2003; ອᩃ͹μ೴ 1999; Mizuno 1998␭⏏‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɴϗၥɭȦȩ؏ɌȦᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹቆྴɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ᭇອᩄɹཝࢹፈɹࢸɇɲᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ȵ߂ȷɲඨᅊ޴
‫׋‬ˁʢɛʰɐ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩ‫׋޴ޅ‬ɻᦹ᫒ᇕɴсᅎɐʳȩȭ⏋ɗʶʰɹሂώ֟ഗɫʭʱୟ߂Ɍ⏋ʚɛ߂ຩ਌ᄩፈɴʭʱঃ፴ܑɴ৯ᯱȵ‫ؖ‬ʉ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲȋᄩ‫—ޅ‬ඨᅊȍɹ֪઴ˁ଴வɌ⏋ද២ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ɗɄɴзʞϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩɞȿɫɲȼ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡͹˽˭ͻ͡⏋ɐɲʼɠଂǾɴɭɤɩʢઝᒶȵȡʳɄɭɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏

৫ȁৃǵೣ቉ድɻ⏋యᨆዀ࡝ህዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆ͹‫ݜ‬ᇻ቉ድ A (1)⏃቉ድБᝠᓔ⏧ອᩃΥಘ⏆ȋˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫ץ‬ϗၥ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɴȲȿʳᄩ‫֪޴ޅ‬ɭϺᬚ༎֪ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድȍ⏃ᠩᰍᅱ‫⏧ش‬13371013⏆ɹΥᄩɭɌɩ᝔ʼʶɛ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɫɻ⏋̠̲͊ˏቆྴ቉ድଘɹ J. Henschel ລɹ‫֐ת‬ˁ਄ɛ⏏ɄɄɴઢᡚȦɛɌʚɐ⏏
֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ
Craven, P. and Marais, C. 1986. Namib Flora. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Рആ๭ᰒ⏏2003⏏ȋ̸̠͊ቆྴμ߈ᨆ˪˓̸́ाά༑ɴȲȿʳ̠͞ඨᅊɹ޴‫׋‬ɭɗʶɴʭʳϺǾɹᅊ༎ʍɹ৯ᯱɴɦȦɩȍȏ౗ೣˏ̶͠ˡ࡝Цፀ 40 ‫࡝܌‬᝗߂Цឹౚᮃȑ90⏏
ᬐ೴ǵ༚⏏1992⏏ȋ˵̼͡—޴֪ɐʳ˛˱̜ͻͲȍᬐ೴ǵ༚͹֯Ѷǵ᠞ᑂȏ˵̩͞ɹʓɭʱȑTOTO Տႆ⏋
46–78⏏
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Republic of Namibia.
Mizuno, K. 1998. Succession Processes of Alpine Vegetation in Response to Glacial Fluctuations of Tyndall Glacier,Mt. Kenya, Kenya, Arctic and Alpine Research 30: 340-348.
ອᩃΥಘ⏏1999⏏ȏᲞ࣢ඨ႒ɭȋȲᖽᅣȍɹዀ࡝ȑ‫إ‬Ёೆ᭏⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2000⏏ȋၖय़Პ࣢ɹඨᅊՕ॒ˁៀࡴɐʳᄩ‫܍ឹޅ‬ȍूᚹǵࣰᑂᘿȏᲞ࣢ඨ႒ɹᕶး‫ر‬ȑ‫׌‬༠᧑߂࡝‫ܒ‬ೆ՘᝔Ц⏋99-114.
␲␲␲␲⏏2001⏏ȋ‫ܩ‬ჽཧಣ‫׋‬ɫɰɹʭȩɴඨ႒ɻ࣢ˁᇎʳȴȍອᩃΥಘᑂȏඨᅊᄩ‫࡝ޅ‬ȑ‫إ‬Ёೆ᭏⏋58-70.
␲␲␲␲⏏2002⏏ȋ̸̠͊ቆྴɹᕶးȍȏ‫ܩ‬ჿ೐‫ݬ‬ȑ470: 4-5.
␲␲␲␲⏏2003⏏ȋ˭̢ˏ࣢ɴȲȿʳຮໜɹ৿ᦡɭඨᅊɹ᧦ው—ɭȼɴ 1997 ॷȴʰ 2002 ॷɴȲȦɩ—」ȏ‫ܩ‬࡝ᮊ᠖ȑ112: 608-619⏏
ອᩃΥಘ͹μ೴ѩ߅⏏1999⏏ȋ˭̢ˏ࣢⏋Tyndall ຮໜɴȲȿʳᄩ‫᧦޴ޅ‬ɭඨᅊɹ᧦ው—Tyndall ຮໜʭʱ1997 ॷɴᇍឿɇʶɛ̯͚˗ɹ᧨кɹઝᒶ—ȍȏ‫࡝ܩ‬ᮊ᠖ȑ108: 18-30⏏
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49ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬

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