ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ǵ2005 ॷ 10 ೐
Asian and African Area Studies, 5 (1): 1-20, 2005

˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ೠǵ೴ǵᮂǵ౶*The Sacred and the Secular in Indian Political Tradition: A Critical Survey
Kimura Masaaki*
Sixty years after Independence, India now faces critical political situations asshown by the rise of Hindu Revivalism. In this connection, it is highly pertinent toevaluate the basic political trends in India and formulate a somewhat long-term viewof her political future. In order to tackle this problem, this article aims to analyze
the political culture of India, especially the concept of power in Indian politicaltradition. India has cultivated two distinct concepts of power: a secular concept of
power embodied by the traditional Kshatriya and shared by the dominant castes incontemporary India; and an idealistic concept of power exemplified by Gandhiansaintly politics, which is based on Brahmanical tradition. In the political field ofmodern India, these two rather opposite political orientations are intermingled andhave exerted complicated but tremendous influences and determined her course ofpolitical development.
In spite of its ideology, Hindu Revivalism represents the secular political trend,
and as such it lacks the potential to glorify the Indian state as well as mystify its
political values. In this sense, politics of Hindu Revivalism is not qualitatively different
from that of the Indian National Congress, which has been strongly influenced by
the dominant castes since Independence. However, if Hindu Revivalism pursues
its political objective too uncompromisingly, Indian politics might be drawn into a
deadlock. And when the political confrontation becomes too acute, saintly politics
may re-emerge. This type of politics is based on values that lie at the center of Indian
tradition, so that it has the capacity of asserting itself when the situation becomes
too serious, as is shown by the rise of Mahatma Gandhi during the Independence
movement. Of course, it is uncertain whether this type of politics will re-emerge.
However, if it does, it will stabilize the political system, by restraining political behavior
and purifying the political process.

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏໬࡝቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University
2005 ॷ 3 ೐ 11 ౗‫؝‬Њ⏋2005 ॷ 6 ೐ 6 ౗‫؝‬ჿ

1ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝᦏॷ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ɻʠʚȽʳɌȦ෵ሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᯃಮ֐ˁȴȴɁɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵࢪᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ᬴Ȧɵȷ⏋ɇʰɴ̦͡ͻȵᯃ‫ؾ‬ᇸ޺ϯˁᘠǾɌȼࣙᬖɌɩȦɛಁБɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɻˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡγᅠɹɲȴɫ႕ᅵɲӵ৩ˁఔɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌЁ౗ɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻɗȩɌɛ౬౗ɹെӵȵᖬឡɓɩχɌȦγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑႶጓ᬴ϝɹጓ৲ᓔ˓Ͳ̝‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɻ⏋ႶጓГ৿ 60 ॷᦏȼɴʼɛʳɭȷɹ༑ʶɹɲȴɫɗɹࠓѵˁ߉ɤɩʪȷ⏋ʚɑिᡴЦɫ⏋ɇʰɴɻԃ‫ܕ‬ᡴЦɫ⏋కณɹএȴʰྜྷʱᘺɠ⏋μ߈⏋‫౅ܩ‬ɫᦹጓȵฐᏮɇʶʳፈ⏋క໠Ⴅ໥ɻ
༑֪ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ 1950 ॷȴʰ 1990 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ 40 ॷᬚɴᐵ᧧୲ȵ 8 ‫܌‬Ɍȴ୲᝔ɇʶɛɴɐȹɲȦɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋1990 ॷБɴࡸɴ 5 ‫܌‬ʢɹᐵ᧧୲ȵࡸేɇʶɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛక໠Ⴅ໥ˁጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Kohli 2001: 10␭⏏ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹᬚɹዩॷɹ᬴ϝɻ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȲʱ⏋ɇʰɴປᥒᇕᯁያɫȡɤɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹ೴ᘺʢˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹ᬴ϝȵᲞʚʳɴɦʶ⏋๖ፀɴ႒ᱺɲ෵ሂˁ٘ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏
ɄȩɌɛႥ໥ɻ˛͠ͻ̜క໠ȴʰ߂ᝓక໠ʍɹ᥊ழɭȦȩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɹ‫ྜྷܩ‬ʱᇕ޴‫׋‬ɴៀࡴɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ˓Ͳ̝ɹᐁཕᇍࣙɻᧆǾɛʳʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹᬚɴᦅ೴ɹߡཉȼʚɫ༡ᦩɌɛᢪॳᐁཕɻ⏋೴ᘺɹᏳ຦ˁ೑֐ᦅ຦ɹఌᨗȴʰៗȷఔɠ⏋৳ʰˁႶጓɹక໠ςкʍɭᲞʠɩʪȼ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ೑֐ᦅ຦ɭ೴ᘺɹᏳ຦ɭɹˡͻ˽̜ࢪጓȵ࿠‫׋‬ɐʳΥ౅ɫ⏋క໠ɹˏ˪̊ͻɹధȵᘿɌȼ‫߂ވ‬ɐʳɄɭɭɲʱ⏋ɗʶʰȵɗɹಁǾɹႥ໥ɴਝ
ɍɩకӾɭɹᐄʃЊȷˁฐᏮɐʳɭȷ⏋ϺǾɹఌ୫ˁɦɲȹɭʠ˃ɭɐʳక໠፤᝗ɻɴʼȴɴភᮊɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸ᧧୲ɹɛʃɅɭɴ᧧୲຦ɭకӾɲȦɌɗɹ༐ᬣɭɹᬚɴ
ᑩʱଁɇʶʳ‫غ‬ਃᦹ᝝ɻ᪻ᐜɌɛ෵ሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛႥ໥ɹᐄഗ⏋Ⴖጓ᬴ϝಁБɴ‫ݛ‬ʼʶɛ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩɻɑɛɑɛɴՖుɇʶ␩Kohli 1990␭⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩ‫౅ܩ‬ɹ೑֐ˡͻ˽̜ˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ςᒶకӾȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹ‫ܩع‬ɫ‫د‬ᰄɐʳΥ౅⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹปጓˁӾ౸ɴȴȴɁ⏋ϺǾɹ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ઢ੻ˁ̘˱ɭɌɩϺǾˁᏚ‫غ‬ɓ˃ɭɐʳ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿ (BJP:
Bharatiya Janata Party) ȵɴʼȴɴ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ɹ‫ྜྷܩ‬ʱᇕ޴‫׋‬ˁጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ⏋߂‫̝Ͳ˓ܕ‬ˁࡸჼɐʳɛʠɴ൒ԋ۬ˁᨗҺɌ⏋ɇʰɴ৔Ȧకঌɹਖឹਸˁ৔ᠭɐʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿˁᗳɹ൓ɫఌȭʳ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ (RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻɴ৔ᯌɲк֐ɭᏄኜ֐⏋ៀ৾ˁ༱᰸ɐʳɛʠɴྈ᥅᭢ᇕɲ៥ᑇˁʓɰɄɐ଍᬴ᇕᏼᑩɫȡʳɄɭˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ȋγᅠ೎߂ɹ͐̚˪͞˹ͻȍ˓Ͳ̝ɹ᝔ȼೢɴɴʼȴɴತᮖȵɛɠɄʠɩȷɛ⏏ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌˽͌͠ɴ
ࢪɐʳపઝˁʞȷՏɌɴɌ⏋৔ณᇕɲక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ˁᇿ୭ɐ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹкᣒɻ⏋ȋᯃಮ֐ɹ‫ܕ‬ȍ˓Ͳ̝ɭȡʚʱɴʢȴȿɻɲʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻʦ̦͡ͻɭȦɤɛ‫ڒ‬Ϻక໠ࢃɴრȦʰʶɛȴɦɩɹ˓Ͳ̝ɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋౵Ёɹ˓Ͳ̝ɫ‫غ‬໬͹έ໬ɹଝຍˁᱤьɌɩ
2ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ᇿӴɹգᇰɹࡸჼɴႨߗɐʳతయᇕɲక໠ࢃʦ⏋ኜ᠌ɹɲȴȴʰ˹Ͳ̓͡ˁॄʛɴ‫؜‬ʱՏɌɩϺǾˁᏚ‫غ‬ɓ˃ɭɐʳ။֪ᇕక໠ࢃȵ᣼ଛɐʳɴɦʶ⏋˓Ͳ̝క໠ɻᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɛ෵ሂˁ٘
ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹჼႥɹද២ɻೣዣɹᠩᰍɫɻɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸɄɄɫɻɄʶʰɹΥᦹɹక໠Ⴅ໥ɹ޴‫׋‬ˁᤑʚȭ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕᔘಕˁ⏋క໠ณ֐ɹ႕ᣒɴ໶ᇿɌɦɦՕഓɌ
ɩʛʭȩ⏏క໠ณ֐ɴ໶ᇿɐʳɹɻ⏋ɗɄɴɄɗ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ႕ᣒɭɗɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣȵՀᑘᇕɴᝠ
ჼɇʶɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛɗȩɌɛද២ˁᦲɍɩ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɴȲȿʳШᐏɭᦏБɭɹϯ᪻ɹΥጩȵ౩ʰȴɭɲɤɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳณ֐ɹ႕ᣒɻȦȴɲʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻʚɑШᐏᇕณ֐ɹ႕ᣒˁՕഓɐʳɄɭȴʰࠃʠʭȩ⏏

1̝฽๹ฦक़ᆙ
˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕɲక໠ณ֐ɹ႕ᣒˁ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʚɑ୭௎ɐʏȷɻ⏋క໠ɭҙჿɭɹ؅ჿᇕɲࢪጓɹέ‫ܧ‬ˁ৔ᠭɐʳ͇̒˪˽͹˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹଘᠦɫȡʸȩ⏏˗˙ͻ̫ͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɴɻϺǾɹ࡫ԃˁተѳɌ⏋‫ص‬໬ˁ‫ص‬ʱ⏋ϺǾɹ኏Цᇕɲϯʼʱɹ๭Ɍɇˁ
ተѳɐʳᒶ֭ȵᠩɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗȩɌɛᒶ֭᧓‫ؙ‬ɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲ᝽‫خ‬ɻɌʬɓ˃೑֟
ɴลᔨɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢტɻ̫͐͞Ͳɹਠٚɴਃɤɩᐏ໠ɐʳɄɭˁឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋য়ɹ̫͐͞Ͳᕶ᤹⏋ተ‫ܔ‬ɛʳఠ܎ᏼᑩʍɭᏼᑩɇʶɩȦɑ⏋ɛɞ৳ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲٟ᝗ˡ͠˽͇ɴћ୞ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ᝔ɲȦɴࢪɌɩᅵᡴˁ‫ڟ‬ȭʳ̫͐͞Ͳˁઝɹʚʚɴ‫؜‬ʱ್ȭʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽɛɌȴɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻˡͻ˽̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻΫ⏋̫͐͞Ͳȵტ⏮˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴӦеˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ჼࡸɹγᅠɫɻტɹ୫ɦᣧថǾɲࡸ֐ɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳɻံ֐ɛʳɄɭˁ᧊٨ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛ⏏
ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ˓Ͳ̝኏Цȵˡͻ˽̜ɴʭɤɩՕుɇʶ⏋Ɍȴʢɗʶəʶɹˡͻ˽̜ɹଁ‫ڊ‬ȵա҅Ⴖᕶɹณգɭᒶ֭ɹкᏙˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋ϺᬚΥᖔɴ߹য়ɐʳಔ᧋ᇕɲҙჿྈհ̆̆ٞሾɹʭȩɴᕶး໬ɭɻɄȩɌɛྈհɴћ୞Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ȵᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȼʳо‫ܩ‬ɻɲȼ⏋ณ֐ɭҙჿɭɹᬚɴ؅ჿᇕɲࢪጓሂղȵᅊɍɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩɛɭȭტȵɗɹᕲ຦ɴࢪɌɩᗊభ᠓ິˁ֓ȭɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲᯃᮑȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭɻ؅ჿᇕɴȡʱȭɲȦ⏏ʚɛȋ෌ȍɭȋᥢ঳᥊ᅊȍɹ؅հˁ‫ݠ‬୫Ɍ⏋մγɹ᝔ɲȦ߭лɴʭɤɩϺɻϺᬚᅠɹʛɲʰɑ֪႒ᅠɴʢᅊʚʶБʼʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋Ϻɴࢪɐʳ᬴Ȧɻ⏋֪႒ɴࢪɐʳ଍ȦɭɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩɲ˃ʰᅵɲʳʢɹɫȡʱȭɲȦ⏏ɄȩɌɛմரɴጓɦᭉʱ⏋ȦȷȲȦ଍ϝɻၘဦɲʢɹɭɲʱ⏋Ȳʭɗ๭ᒶɹ଍ϝɭȦɤɛ៎ਥʢ
ᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɄȩɌɛ៎ဣɴɛɤɩ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณˁ⏋ณ֐ɹɛʠɴณ֐ˁᦠິɌ⏋଍ϝɹɛʠɴ଍ϝɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕӃ‫ك‬ˁय़ʃɛʢɹɭ୼ȭɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽȋ᭰‫ܕ‬3ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ˁྙʖɐɴ⏋᠉៟⏋ࠌ៟⏋ᓒȭɵȴʶɛȡʳʪʳᯃᱸަᇕɫɑʳᣎȦଝຍɫʢɤɩɌ⏋ɇʰɴపȵ‫ܐ‬ጇɌɩȦʳಁɴɻ⏋ɗɹз຦ɹᬚɴ᭖ᡌˁɗɗɹȴɌ⏋ტȵᰉʛɭɐʳࢃᕲˁᢷ‫ؚ‬ɐʳΥ౅⏋ᕶ‫ܕ‬ɹᕲ຦ɴࢪɌɩɻࢌҰʦ။֪ᓔˁఔɠ⏋ଯॄˁɄʰɌɩੲઝʦᆄਥˁ௘ȷతʰɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ৳ʰˁଵȭɦȿ⏋ᢧకᇕɴᐈʱ‫؜‬ʳʭȩɴɐʳȍɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტɹ᝔ဤྈ
հɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966: 145-146␭⏏ɄȩɌɛᐏ໠ɹɛʠɹ୭‫׫‬ೆɻ⏋ٞሾɹʭȩɴ͇˗͓͠ტ
೛ɹࡿሂ⏋ˡ˗̘ˑ͓͠ȵᘿɌɛȏˏ̊͡˹͑˽̜͞ȑɴ᠎ᏳɴயȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻΥՖɹҙჿᇕᓒૅȴʰៗఔɇʶɩȦɛဣɫ⏋̦͡˵Ͳ˽ೝɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɛᰖаɹೆ႒ˁԻᱩ
ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿʰʶʳГΫɹʭȩɲ႕ᣒɴ⏋޽ӯᇕɲҙჿγᅠɴปጓɇʶʳ᝔ဤྈհɹԎ݀ˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢಔ᧋ᇕɲҙჿྈհȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɲȦଘɫɻ⏋Ȧɑʶɹ᝔ဤʢɗɹ᝔ဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋ᕶʰȵ‫ص‬ʳ᯿‫ݖ‬ɹଯ᝗ᇕ‫غ‬ჿ‫׋‬ɹ౅‫ك‬ɴ‫ك‬ȴʼɊʳˁȭɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫɗʶɻ⏋ᠶϝɹɛʠɹᠶ
ϝଯ᝗ˁࣙᬖɌɛ̢͓ͻ͓࡝༐⏋ȡʳȦɻਸડɹଯ᝗ˁ୭‫׫‬Ɍɛȏˡͻ͇͹˽ͻ̜͞ȑɭ‫ؾ‬ΥᐻΫɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ˓̀͌ɹ਒ᰄ਒࣊ȏ೑ลᇕɲȑ኏Цჿᠶɴȡɤɩɻ⏋Јɹៀྈȵ๕߭ɌɩȦɛȵɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹȏᓷ෌ɹȑ͇̋͡ˁࢷȷՏɐɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ɗɹଯ᝗ᇕɲ‫ܔ‬೑ɹ໬հਸɴ
ћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩল፷ଯ᝗ȴʰࠃʚɤɩᠶ៷ɭᡴᠶɹɛʠɹଯ᝗ɛʳᠶჿ࡝⏋ɇʰɴɻ˛ͦ˽ɹଯ᝗ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋҅Ǿɹᓷ෌ʦᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ɹɛʠɹଯ᝗ᠶɞȿȵօʱՏɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Weber 1966: 147␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ
˓Ͳ̝ɹტɴɭɤɩឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ӱՕɲପ୫ɫʢɤɩ̫͐͞Ͳˁ᰸Ȧ⏋ɗɹɲȴȴʰɐȽʶɛᓔ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕶՕɹઝɹʚʚɴɲʳᓔˁࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩ‫ث‬ɌȴȴȭʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ̫͐͞Ͳȵ‫ص‬ʳә኎ˁЂɌɩɄɗ⏋ტɹᐏ໠ȵ๭য়ਸˁკ਄Ɍ⏋ʚɛࡸ֟ਸȡʳʢɹʍɭЇጓɩΫɁʰʶʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴტɹҶʰɴࡾর‫ص‬ኢˁᒞȼɄɭ
ˁᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭȷ⏋ɄɄɴʢტณȴʰҙჿਸˁռߥɌɩʪȼ⏋ȦʚʁɭɦɹߕลȵԒ‫׃‬ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽტȵ೎Პณ֐ˁவʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ೎Პɹ‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩ߃ɴࢪɐʳә኎ˁ‫ص‬ɤɩȦɛμ‫ܕ‬ɴȡɤɩ⏋໠࡫ȵϕʶ⏋ᰪ᱌ʦ౞᳂ɴឿᖏʼʶʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶʰɻტȵ߃ȴʰឿఔɇʶɛ៷୞ɭɌɩ⏋ტɹᐏ໠ɹ๭য়ਸɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱ଍ɭ‫؝‬ȿɭʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩɄɄɫɻტɻ኏ЦΥᖔɹᓃѯʦીᓃɴ၇ʰɌɩᕶʰɹ᝔֪ɴɲ˃ʰȴɹଵըˁ֓ȭʳɄɭȵឹᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩტȵ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲႥ໥ɴሁᯆɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻტɍ
Ɍ˃ɹᄐᆎɴᅓഀɐʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩә኎ˁ‫ص‬ʳ̫͐͞Ͳɹٟ֐ɹέ᣸ɹɓȦɭɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ɗȩɌɛଵըсᅎȵɛɠɻɛʰȼо‫ܩ‬ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966:
144-145␭⏏
Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻȵШᐏᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿՏɐɹɻ⏋ҙჿᇕៀըˁ๕ȦɛʞȷՏɌɹณ֐ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗʶɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋͡˓͹͖͐̚Ͳʢʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɹ႕ᣒˁᓩᇕɲ
4ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ߕลˁ๕ȦɛγѯᇕɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿɩȦɛ⏏͖͐̚ͲɴʭʶɽɛɌȴɴ՟ೝʹ˙ͻ̋ɹಁБɴȡɤɩᓩѯθณˁȡʼɓʢɤɛტȵ‫ل‬ᕵɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌʓɰɲȼɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳɭ˪
˹̜͓͑͠ɭȵՕᮐɌ⏋Ɍȴʢ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳȵˡͻ˽̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫΫеˁ‫װ‬ʠʳɴᕸʳʦ⏋ტณɻγѯᇕɲਸൔˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ʢɭʭʱჼࡸɹ֐ᬠѥɴ໶ᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ტȵ̫͐͞ͲɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛɄɭɻ‫و‬ʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌჼࡸɹ֐ᬠѥɹӦᣴɻໆɌɩ̫͐͞ͲɹჿਥᇕɲӦᣴˁុɌɻɌɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋᦲ।⏋ፀΥɹ᭥Ꮹȵณ֐ɫɻɲȼɩࡱఠɴȦȼɹɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ኏Цɴɭɤɩࡱఠȵ⏋̼ͻ˰͡ȵȏಔ᧋ȑɭ٧˃ɞʢɹɐɲʼɠᐓࢪᇕɲሎࡸˁᝠʼɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʱ⏋ழៜɐʶɽ̯˛͞͡˥ͻɻ኏Цˁɗɹ൓ೣᇕɲѝғɭᬠѥɧȿɩᐏ‫غ‬ɐʳȴʰɫȡʳȍɭ͖͐̚Ͳɻೆ
ȦɩȦʳ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 360␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ˡͻ˽̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫ̫͐͞Ͳȵ।ɴ೎ᲞеɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɄɭɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏ЦȵɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩࡱఠᇕɲѝғɴ‫ݜ‬ኄɧȿʰʶɛ኏ЦɫȡʳɄɭɹաɹᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹʭȩɴࡱఠᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝
኏ЦɴȲȦɩ̫͐͞Ͳɹ͇̋͡ȵɐʏɩɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Јᯆɫɻ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɹ‫ص‬ʳ᯿‫ݖ‬ȵգᇰɭ᬴ϝȵཥॎȼɭɄʸɹ⏋̫͐͞Ͳɹγᅠɭɻʚɤɛȼᅵᣒɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿʰʶʳɭȷ⏋క໠ᇕγᅠɴɻႶᕶɹᠶჿɴɌɛȵɤɩ‫غ‬ჿ‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 372␭⏏ɗʶɻɐɫɴឿɛ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹឿៗ⏋ɐɲʼɠҙჿᇕɴ޽ӯᇕɲγᅠɴȡɤɩ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ȵᕶʰɹ᝔ဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋য়᠍ᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ɫឹᠱɇʶʳ‫ܔ‬೑ɹଯ᝗ᇕ໬հਸɴћ୞ɓɊʳˁ਄ɲȦɭɐʳឿៗɭ᥄ˁΥɴɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ͖̚
͐Ͳɴȡɤɩʢ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ਒ᰄ਒࣊γѯᇕɫ⏋ɐȽʶɩ໗ҙჿᇕɲณ֐ɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶ
ɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ‫إ‬Б˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋ɇʰɴɻμ‫ܕ‬ɹტณɭ᭬ɞɤɛࢪ၇
ˁɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ‫إ‬Б˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋μ‫ܕ‬ɴȡɤɩტณȵ‫ؾ‬ಁɴࡱఠ͹ٟ᝗ᇕลᔨˁшɓ୫ɤɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȡɤɩɻტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɫњәˁ‫ݚ‬ʱ᝔ȩɄɭȵɫȷɑ⏋।ɴ̫͐͞ͲɴћࡔɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᓩณɭѯณɭɹՕᮐȵȦȴɴ؏ൔɴɲɇʶɩȦɛȴɻ⏋ɛɭȭ̫͐͞Ͳȵტɭɲɤɛ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋ᕶʰњәˁ‫ݚ‬ʱ᝔ȩɄɭȵɫȷɑ⏋ࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩȦʚΥϺաɹ̫͐͞ͲˁਖឹɭɌɩȦɛɄɭ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001:
361␭ɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ̫͐͞Ͳɻɗʶᕶ᤹ɫࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ਄ʳȵ⏋ტɻ̫͐͞ͲɲɌɫ
ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ਄ɲȦɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɄɭʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍᓒȭˁᝠɐʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ͖͐̚ͲɻტณɹγѯਸɴߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳߕลˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏
ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩ⏋኏Цዊইˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴᕶՕɛɠɹɲȴȴʰɗɹ᢮Кᓔˁ᧧ՏɌ⏋ɗɹឿȴȭʱɭɌɩ‫ؚ‬ዲ႒ɹΥᨆ̆̆ᦲ।ɻ 6 Օɹ 1̆̆ˁ৳ɴेɌՏɐɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹߕᏝჿᠶɫʢɤɩტณˁ‫ݜ‬ኄɧȿ˃ɭɐʳఠᠦȵɐɫɴɌɩ‫إ‬БɴࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ʚɇɴɗʶɻኜᓩਸˁռߥɇʶɛტณȵɛɰʱɦȼΥɦɹᠶჿᇕɲॠᐄɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢኽ೑ᢧᅋˁᬿ᝚
5ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹѢࢀᓔɴ؏ᒟˁዀɐɄɭɻტɴᠩɓʰʶɛፀΥɹ᢮֭ɫȡʳɭɇȭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏1)ɗʶɻᦏБɹߕᏝჿᠶˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɄɄɫɻɛɭȭߕᏝჿᠶȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗɄȴʰߕᏝჿᠶɴћ୞Ɍɩౖࡔɹక໠ณ֐ɹ๭য়ਸˁ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʳ኏Цଫՠᇕɲჿᠶȵ৔֐ɴࣙᬖɇʶ਄ɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ৔ᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȦȴɲʳᕶးณʢሾʰɑ⏋ᕶး໬ᇕɲШᐏˁ๕ȦɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ჼࡸɹక໠ዊইɭɻᅵᣒɲ⏋ȡʳʏȷక໠ዊইȵ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɇʶʳߕลɻɌʬɓ˃ᇍࣙɌ਄ɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴ኏Цዊইɹᐣ୫ࡔᐚɹɛʠɴɄɗტณȵปጓɇʶɛɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦʳ‫⏋غݭ‬য়ɹტᕶ᤹⏋኏Цዊইˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ຏϺʦࠌ៟ˁ‫ي‬ʠɩณᡌ᝗ፑɹᭉʱˁɦȼɌɛɭɄʸɫ⏋኏Цዊইȵᐣ୫ɇʶɩȦʳᭉʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛณ֐ɻਖɑɌʢέয়ɲʢɹɭʛɲɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶɭ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕɲณ֐៎ɭɻໆɌɩ؅ჿᇕɴᅵᣒɲʢɹɭ
ʛɲɌ਄ʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 253␭⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄɹγȴʰ᤹ˁৄȼɄɭɴɄ
ɗᕸᲞɹѝғȵᒞȴʶ⏋ᓩɲʳณࠓɭѯɲʳณࠓɭȵ‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ॶܩ‬ɫϝȩо‫ܩ‬ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶɴ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ኏Цଫՠᇕɲߕลȵࡱఠᇕɴ᝽‫خ‬ɇʶ਄ʳ᦭ʢ؅ჿᇕɴ᧡ుɇ
ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᔵѯᓔɭɌɩ̫͐͞ͲȵγѯɴᔘˁʞȿɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ᠶჿˁɦȷɦʠɛɭɄʸɄɹγѯᇕγᅠɻ⏋ȡʳʏȷγᅠɭɻံᑉɹγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱɗʶɻћးɭɌɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɫȡʱ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩɄɹγѯᇕγᅠˁᐏʏʳტณʢҙჿᇕ᝽‫خ‬ȴʰៗఔɇʶɛʞȷՏɌɹณ֐ɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋȚ˓Ͳ̝ɹțტณɴɦȷʚɭȩ‫ک‬ᰍਸɻ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃˓Ͳ̝ɹϟёˁ⏋Ꮔኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณ֐ɭɹՕᮐˁʠȽʳЈɹϟё⏋ɛɭȭɽី๘ɴȲȿʳఠЦɭ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓⏋ࢃܕ‬኏ЦɴȲȿʳ˽̊͡ͻ̠̜ɭ˓͇ͻ͇̜ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɭ‫ؾ‬՞ɴᠶɍ਄
ɲȦʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ŔɌȴɌ൓ೣᇕɲሂ᧓ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠγᅠɴȲȦɩʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȦɩʢ⏋Ꮔኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณ֐ɹȦɑʶʢȵ‫ؾ‬Υɹ኏Цᇕ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫᕶʰˁࡸჼɌɲȿʶɽɲ
ʰɲȴɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɴȡʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻፀϠɹႶጓɌɛ᯿‫⏋ݖ‬ɐɲʼɠ኏Цɴᔘˁ‫ك‬ȿɛγஅɩϺɹγᅠˁ᠗ʠɩȦɛ⏏ɄɹγஅɩϺɹ᯿‫ݖ‬Ʉɗȵ̫͐͞Ͳɭ৳ȵкჼɐʳድෑᇕɲณࠓȵॠࣚɐʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏Ŕ˓Ͳ̝ɹ˭ͻ˽ɫɻ⏋Ϡɦɹ֐ȵ‫ؾ‬Υɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ԒɫϣȦɴӦᣴਸˁጫȦ‫غ‬ȩɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᏄኜᇕɲ֐ɻ᤹ˁৄȦɩ⏋Јɹ֐ȵȚγѯᇕγᅠɫțϣȦɴូˁጫȦ‫غ‬ȩʚʚɴʚȴɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ1) ɄȩɌɛߕᏝჿᠶˁ਒ঈɇɓɛɹɻЅఠɫȡʳ⏏̫͐͞Ͳయ჉ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ტɻϺ຦ȴʰ᧧Տɇʶʳɹɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ኽ೑ᢧᅋɭ኏ЦዊইˁࡪʳɛʠɴኜȴʰήȭʰʶʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɲȲኽ೑ᢧᅋȵჼʼʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶɴɭʢɲɤɩᇴʛȵჼʼʶ⏋ɗɹՃᒟɹɛʠɴტณȵਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏋ɭȦȩ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȦʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴɄȩɌɛႥ໥ȵՏჼɐʳɹɻ᧑ਏȵᦡঘɌɛЁɹಁБɴᅊɍʳჼᢒɫȡʱ⏋؅՟ɹಁБ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˪̊͠͹͘ˤɫɻɗɹਖឹȵɲȦɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 367-370␭
⏏

6ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

J. C. ̯˽̊ͻ͇ͲɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Heesterman 1985: 112␭⏏˓Ͳ̝ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏋˥͠˽̜ఠ
γᅠɭɹᬚɴឿʰʶʳГΫɹʭȩɲሂ᧓ɻ⏋ኜȵɄɹγˁօᦶɌɛɭȦȩਲ਼઎ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɫࣙᬖ
ɇʶɩȦɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ɗɹօᦶɴ˥͠˽̜ఠʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɻᅵɲɤɛៗᨾȵʓɰɄɇʶɩȦɛɄɭɴ⏋ȦʚΥɦɹё៷ˁឿՏɌȩʳ⏏ɗʶɻኜɹօᦶɴȦȴɲʳઝ٢ʢឿՏɇɑ⏋ɛɞȋಞɦʉɌȍɲȦɌȋɄɭȵʰɗɹʢɹˁූɌʞȍɛʠɴօᦶɌɛɭៗᨾɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽɄɹȋଐʶʳኜȍɭȦȩ៎ਥɻ⏋ɄɹγѯᇕɲγᅠȵȦȴɲʳѝғʢ୫ɛɑ⏋ɛɞံઝ٢ɴውʸȦʪȼγᅠ⏋ȡʳȦɻȦɦɲ˃ɰȷग‫ޙ‬ɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦγᅠɭ୼ȭʳ˓Ͳ̝ᇕγᅠ៎ɹযᬏᐻΫɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966: 174; Lannoy 1971: 326-327␭⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛʢɹɭɌɩɄɹγɹօᦶȵɭȴʶʳɭȷ⏋ɗɄȴʰɄɹγɹዊইɴኜɹௌჿˁឿՏɇ˃ɭ
ɐʳȦȴɲʳሾᇕ᠅ʛʢɲɇʶʳɄɭȵɲȼ⏋ტณɴኜɹௌჿɹᰒჼˁឿɩ‫؜‬ʸȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛ̆̆ٞሾɹʭȩɴɄȩɌɛ᠅ʛɄɗȵ⏋‫إ‬БೢೝГᭇɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɹక໠ਲ਼઎ˁ᢭ȼΥೣɹᣧȦᏗˁɲɌɩȦʳ̆̆ʢᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴៀࡴɇʶɛႶ႕ɹʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫɻტณɻ⏋ɗɹᠶჿˁɦȷɦʠɛɭɄʸณ֐ɹɛʠɹณ֐⏋ఌᨗɹɛʠɹఌᨗɭ
Ȧɤɛਸൔˁय़ʃɩɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹࢭը‫ل‬ςɻ⏋ࢭըณ֐ɹΥಁᇕɫϟࡸΫɹѳ୫ᓔɴʓȴɲʰɑ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹృɌȦ៎ਥˁঃʠʭȩɭɐʳь٨ઢɴఌȭʰʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ʛɑȴʰˁ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴ᧧ɽʶɛᓔɭઝᡫɌɦɦ⏋ȡʳಁБɴᔙ֪ɐʳɭɄʸɹ⏋Ϻᬚγᅠɴᬠɐʳɲ˃ʰȴɹృɌȦ߀઎ˁჼࡸγᅠɴʢɛʰɗȩɭࢭը‫ل‬ςȵ᠅ʛɛɄɭɻᐓȭɩɲȴɤɛ⏏ტɻɛɞ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹɛʠɴ⏋ɦʚʱɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɭ⏋৳ȵ᰸Ȧ⏋ᢷ‫ؚ‬Ɍ⏋ᎢᐉɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻᔪᦗɭ੖‫ڿ‬ˁ֓ȭɩᕶैɴߑЇɇɓɛϺǾɹɛʠɴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛ⏏ტȵ໗ᘺɐʳɭȷ⏋໗ᘺɐʳɹɻɛɞტ҅Ϻɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗɹᐏ໠⏋߉కɴᰉɤɩȦɛΥᒴɹϺǾɴɐȹɲȴɤɛ⏏ȴȼɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ʦˏ˻ˏɹЈɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹტณȵఌȭɭɌɛɭɄʸɹ⏋ኜᇕɲณգɴᅓഀɐʳࠓѵȵ๕߭ɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ
H. ̓ˑͲ͇ͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Zimmer 1969: 104␭⏏ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ɹ๴‫ر‬ᖏ‫د‬ɫᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩɻ໗ᘺɌɩȦɤɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹᡉტɻ⏋ȦɑʶʢᕶՕɛɠɭኜǾɭɹᑦȵʱˁς৓ɌɩɻȦɛ⏏
ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹΥᖔ຦ᝓɴɭɤɩ⏋ტณɻɲ˃ʰȴɹኜਸˁय़ʃɛʢɹɭઝᡫɇʶɩʢȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ˓Ͳ̝ɹኜǾɻ A. L. ̫ͻ˹͑͌ȵ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴŋȷʼʠɩ࡫ɤʗȦʢɹŌɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Basham 1967: 88␭⏏ɌȴʢɄʶʰɹኜǾʢʚɛድෑɴȲȦɩ̫͐͞Ͳɹә኎ɴਃࣚɐ
ʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛГΫ⏋ɗʶʰɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɹγѯᇕਸൔˁଡୡɐʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏

2̝ౡଂѠౕ૑
ГΫɹʭȩɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕტณ⏮క໠ณ֐ɹਸൔˁਥᰄɴȲȼɭȷ⏋͇̩̜͇͹ˤͲ
7ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ɻ႕ᅵɲӵᖳˁఔɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻณ֐ɹɛʠɹณ֐ˁᦠິɌɩȷɛ˓
Ͳ̝ɹక໠γᅠɴȡɤɩ⏋క໠᝔֪ɴȲȿʳҙჿᇕߕลˁ؏Ɍȼ‫ک‬Ȧȴȿʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋క໠ɴʭɤɩࡸჼɇʶʳգᇰʭʱʢక໠᝔֪ɹҙჿᇕɲᣂᣒˁʭʱᩂែɐʳʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ɭʢ⏋ɇʰɴɻȡʱȷɛʱɹక
໠ɭʢံᑉɲ⏋ȋᓩᓔɹక໠ȍɇɲȵʰɹਸൔˁय़ʃɩȦʳ␩Morris-Jones 1967: 52-61␭⏏ɗɌɩɗɹᔘಕˁද២ɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɴʭʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏɹօᦶᇕɲᠧʛ್ȭɴ᝛ȷȡɛʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹక໠ਲ਼઎ˁ‫ک‬ᰍɴɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑ୭௎ɐʏȷɻᓩɭѯɴᬠɐʳеᒞɧȿɹ᥊ழɫȡʳ⏏ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕγᅠɴȡɤɩᔵѯᇕγᅠɄɗ⏋Ϻᬚȵʓ˃ʰȦᇿ୭ɐʏȷγᅠɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋γѯᇕγᅠɻɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɭɌɩఔᒞɇʶɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼక໠ɹγᅠɭɗɄɴȲȿʳ༎֪ɴɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢‫غ‬ȦˁឿՏɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴɭɤɩᦏБɭɻɐȽʶɩక໠ᇕɲಁБɫȡʱ⏋ΥՖɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴక໠ȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȼʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋лϺʢక໠ɴᔘˁ‫ك‬ȿʳɄɭȵ៰ɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ȋሎɴࡱఠɹ᦭ˁິʠʭȩɭɐʳȦȴɲʳ˓Ͳ̝Ϻʢ⏋క໠ɴᣳးɭɌɩȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏ሎɴࡱఠᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʰ˃ɭ๙ɐʳᓔɻ⏋ԇᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᕶैɹь٨ɭɲɇɊʳˁ਄ɑ⏋ɌȴʢɄ˃ɴɠʼʶʼʶɻ⏋క໠ᇕɲ͇
˹ͻͲɹɲȴɴঃ፴ɴ‫؜‬ʱᦉʚʶɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋Ϻ຦ʍɹߑЇɻక໠ɴؒᅙɐʳɄɭɲȼɌɩ
έ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ౬⏋ʼȵᦅ຦ɛɠɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠˁఌᨗɐʳᓔȵᠨɫȡʳȴሾʰɲȼɩʢ⏋ɲ˃ʰȲɗʶʳɄɭɲȼᎎᏬɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʳɄɭȵɫȷɛȵ⏋ʢɻʦɄ˃ɴɠɫɻɗɹʭȩɴံᬠਕɫȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏Ʉ˃ɴɠɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɫɻࡱఠɹ᦭ˁ๰ʢȩɭɐʳ‫⏋غݭ‬Ϻɻਖɑʦక໠ᇕႥ໥ˁᓒૅɴԂʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȍɭˤͲ̚ˑͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Iyer 1986:138␭⏏
ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻШᐏᇕɲᓩᓔɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋γѯɹ޺ɴʼȿՏɫɩ⏋ȋγѯᦣ᧫ᇕȍረ઎⏋ȡʳȦɻኧ๙ᗑ᝔ɴʭɤɩ੬ʱˁʁʰȴ˃ɭɐʳ઴঎ɴ⏋ਖɑɌʢᔐࡴᇕ៿ѝˁήȭɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹ‫ݚ‬መˁుਥɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋γѯɹɲȴɴɭɰʚʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋γѯɹ޺ʍᦣ᧫ɐʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲ᦭ˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽγѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦ⏋Ɍȴʢγѯɹ᠛੾ɴɭʰʼʶɲȦɄɭɹ౅ȵ⏋Ϻᩁᮐʶɛගʦ
࣢ɹɲȴɫረ઎ɴʈȿʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱ؏ɌȦѹ᝔ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩմᓔɄɗȵሎਸ˵Ͳ̢͑ͻ˹Ͳɹȋ ᓩ ᓔ ȍɛʱȩʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋γѯɹ᠛੾ȵȦɤɇȦࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦɭɄʸɫɲɇʶʳ৿ᓔɹѹ᝔ɻ⏋೎՟ɹ᠛੾ɫᤴȷ⏋ʢʸȼʢगʶؑɤɩʪȼ‫׶‬᭝ˁዃʠɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩ␩Parekh
1989: 102-103; Bondurant 1988: 110-111␭⏏
ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼక໠ɹγᅠɄɗȵᕶैѹᑇɹ‫ݭ‬ɭеᒞɧȿɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ୭ࢷɌɛ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹႶጓˁ᧒ଁɐ
8ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ʳక໠᧊֪ɴɦȷʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ɗɄɴɻɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒‫׋‬ˁࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋Ȧȩɲʰɽ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻɄȩɌɛድෑᇕ
ɲᇿᇕɴզ᧒ɐʳɛʠɹଝຍɭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭʛɲɌɩ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɗȩɌɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋৳ȵᏺᅊਠ᠞ˁ᠙ɤɛᯃಮ֐ɹ៎ਥɴՀᑘᇕɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɻ‫إ‬ഀ˓Ͳ̝ɴ‫؝‬ȿᐙȵʶɩȷɛȋέຏᅊȍɹ؅հˁৄȷᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ȋέຏᅊȍʭʱʢɻʳȴɴঃȦઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢນɹȡʳៜᘽʦઝ‫ܩ‬ɹੲȦ୷ʳᖏȦɻ⏋๷ɴʢʚɇʳᗑᆟˁሂଝɴήȭʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰɻಮ֐ɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴᦏБɹᣂೣςᒶ኏Цʢ৑ᔀ৔ᰩɭȡȴʰɇʚɲோ‫؜‬ɴћ୞ɌɩȦɛʪȭɴ‫ؾ‬ɍȼಮ֐ᇕ
ɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ˓˧͠˽ɹ˓Ͳ̝ఌᨗɻ᥅ϟ֐ˁᰉʱɭɌɛ೑ံˁȦʼɓɵఌᨗ
кըɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺˁᕧᆖɴɌ⏋ɗɌɩɄɹᕧᆖɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ϺɹᬚɴჁᆄਕˁᅊ
ʛ⏋࠴߻ɭέѵˁᔒʞɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ଠቑɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋2) ɇʰɴˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹे
ա⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼˏͲ̸̊̒̍͑͡ɴࢪɐʳेաɻಮ֐ᇕɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ɴɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓˧͠˽ɹඨ຦‫ܩ‬ఌᨗˁଠɠቑʰ˃ɭɐʳక໠଍᝗ʭʱ
ʢɻʳȴɴঃ፴ɲଫՠᇕߕลȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻՕ෌ɹкըɭɌɩɻɭʢȴȼ⏋ेաɹкըɭɌɩɹˡͻ˽̜ը঎ɹঘᐓˁॕິɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴ৑ᔀ৔ᰩɭோ‫؜‬ɴћ୞Ɍɛᣂೣςᒶкըɫɻɲȼɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹଝू෌ˁ༎ਸ‫׋‬Ɍ⏋ᦅ෌ɭଝू෌ɭˁ೴ᘺԊ‫ؾ‬кɹɲȴɫ೑ลᇕɴᏼʛȡʼɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ோ‫؜‬ɭଵ‫ܦ‬ɭɻံᑉɲ኏ЦˁȩɠጓɩʭȩɭɐʳႶ႕ɹ኏Цςᒶˁਚ‫ك‬ɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ୭ࢷɐʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ঃ፴ɲ኏Цఒᯊ̺͞ͲˁᑂʛՏ
ɌɛɄɭɻໆɌɩұးɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒‫׋‬ˁᦲɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹ̜ͻ̊͡ɲ޴ᯊˁਚ‫ك‬ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄȩɌɛ᧊֪ˁ஠Ɍᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ಮ֐ɫɻɲȼɩᯃಮ֐⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼડɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼჿਸᇕɲᠦ਄ɴᩂȷˁᒞȦɩȦɛ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ડɲȷᠦ਄ɻȦɛɑʰɴ‫ؙ‬ઢˁȡȲʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴံ֐ɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋ડɴɻሂଝɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɴ᤹ˁᒞȼɭȦȩߕลȵԒ‫׃‬ɇʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ᠦ਄ˁሎɴჿਸᇕɲʢɹʍɭЇጓɩΫɁɩʪȼȩȭɫ⏋έ‫خ‬๕ɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩȋડȍȵȋᕶै႞႓ȍɭΥкɭɲɤɩࣙ
ᬖɇʶʳɭȷ⏋ሂଝɴ᧑ਏᇕɲ‫܌‬ਕˁ‫ڽ‬ᣱɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ᐓ߂ɲ֐ˁᇍஸɐʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɻ⏋ਭʱˁɌɑʠ⏋ષʛɭલડɹਕˁሂଝɴ‫ڽ‬ᣱɐʳΥ౅⏋ᕶै႞2) ̮ͤͻ˪ɻ๖ɹʭȩɴೆȦɩȦʳ⏏
ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻᕧᆖɇȵέѵɭჁᆄ⏋࠴߻ˁᅊʞɭᓒȭɩȦɛ⏏
ȏኽȵʛɑȴʰଡୡɌɛȦɭਲ਼ɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋ȲϣȦɹέѵɫȡʱ⏋֪ลɴࢪɐʳ᧹஠⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɹέΥᕹɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ቂࢸɇɄɗȵʼʶʼʶɴᐓȭɑɦȷʚɭȩᒜɫȡʳ⏏ŔɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ሎɴ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʏȷɻ⏋ʼʶʼʶሂϣɹέΥᕹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹᔘ৿ɴȡʳቂࢸɇɄɗȵᆄȦʢɲȼឿᗑɌȦʢɹɫȡʳȑȚˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽț࠴߻ɭሂϣέѵʪȭɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɻϣȦɴံલੳɴሂࢪɌ⏋᧌ɠˁႢɌɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ᕶՕᕶ᤹ʭʱʢЈϺˁ᢮ʠʳɄɭȵŋፀϠɹᓃਸŌɭɲɤɩȦʳȍ␩Parekh 1989: 47␭⏏

9ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬႓ɴɻ⏋ɲȲɗʶɫʢపࢪᇕɲ᝔֪ɴ‫ݚ‬መɐʳሂଝɹਕɴ⏋੒ɹઢ੻ˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤ
ɩ⏋పઝˁ๿ʱȼʚɲȼΥஏɌɩʪȼ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻపࢪᇕɲ
Ⴅ໥ˁɽ⏋‫ר‬းɭᅊɍɩȼʳɫȡʸȩԒᯆᇕɲ‫܌‬ਕˁᦲɍɩ⏋ΥሬɹȩɠɴᜨៗɌɩʪȼᮠᇕ
ɲ֐ȵࢆɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱડɴɻ̆̆ɗʶȵᕶै႞႓ɭΥкɭɲɤɩᇍჼɇʶʳɭȷ̆̆ప
ɹԒߡɹ൒ਕɴɓʚʳɄɭɴʭɤɩੲઝˁɌɑʠ⏋ఒ੫ɹ੻ˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ϜೝɌȭɲȦ֟ഗˁᇍஸɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢȋ෌ȍɭȋᥢ঳᥊ᅊȍɴћ୞Ɍɛ˓Ͳ̝ᇕγᅠ៎ɴȡɤɩɻ⏋‫ع‬Ϻȵɗʶəʶա҅Ⴖᕶɹѝғˁ୊ɤɩᅊȷɩȦʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ɗȩɌɛϺǾɴࢪɐʳડȵᅊɍɩȼʳо‫ܩ‬ɻᭉʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵᕶै႞႓ɭɭʢɴડˁᠦȦɛ᭬⏋ɗɄɴɻ˥͠˽̜ఠɹ৯ᯱˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌɗɹ᭬Ⴖ႕ɹ˓Ͳ̝ᇕៗᨾȵʓɰɄɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɭɻΥᖔɴ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹϺˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ০઴ˁɭʳɭȷ⏋Ʉɹȋડȍʢʚɛ⏋Ʉɹγɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᅊʛՏɐʢɭɭɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɴࢪɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɴȡɤɩȋડȍɻ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹ҅Ϻɴࢪɐʳડɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ɐʏɩɹϺɴᬖȴʶɛȋડȍʍɭ౥ᘠɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹ౥ᘠɹ̺ͦ́˽ˁେɌᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ᇕШᐏȵ਎ߴɴЂ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹέຏᅊɹ៎ਥˁ‫؝‬ȿᐙȦɞȵ⏋ɗʶˁ‫֪؝‬ᇕȴɦ༥ෑᇕɭʛɲˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵Ɍɛ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ɻέຏᅊˁჿៗɌ⏋ɗɹԗࡴᒶɴњɐʳɛʠɴȚέຏᅊɭ‫ؾ‬Ꮩ՞ɴȡʳț˥͠˽̜ఠɹડɴᇿˁʞȿɛ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɻ⏋ડɭɻ੻ၖɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹϺɹᕶ৾ਸˁாɲȦ⏋Ʉˏ̠˵˪̘ˑ

ɹγɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᅊʛՏɐɄɭˁ᠗ʠɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ံ‫ݚ‬መɹ៎ਥɴ၇ʰɌɩ⏋ɗʶˁԗࡴᒶɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹϠᩂɹఒࡱ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˥͠˽̜ఠ
‫׋‬ɇʶɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻᇕ៎ਥɹȚԗț̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫׋‬ɻ⏋ᯃ੻ၖᇕɫ⏋ያʦȴɫ⏋ံ‫ݚ‬መɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ዩෑᇕɫ⏋༎֪ᇕɲડɭȦȩ᳄੾ᇕɲ៎ਥˁᅊʛՏɌɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ B. ̮ͤͻ˪ɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Parekh 1989: 195␭⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɭ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɭɹՏЦȦȵᅊʛՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɲȲȴɦ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴཉȼ൓ˁȲʸɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽˤ
Ͳ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋‫إ‬ഀ⏋γѯȴʰɹᮐᔵˁᦠȦິʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕѝғˁɽ⏋Ʉɹγѯɹɲȴɫᦠິɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋γѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦʢγѯᇕѝғʍɹ‫ݚ‬መˁుਥɐʳɭᠧʛȴȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ಮ֐ȵᅊʛՏɇʶʳ؅‫܍‬ˁᓒ࢘Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹ‫ݚ‬መɴȡʳɭ୼ȭɩȦɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢϺȵᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ɭᢧᅋɴ‫ݚ‬መɐʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰˁࡸ֐ɴ៲ȭȴȿɩɫʢࡪʱɵȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩᯃಮ֐ɹਂɴɻ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ
ᢧᅋɭᅊ٨ɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᐓɠՖʱ⏋ಮ֐ɴࢪɌɩᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ᬴
ȦɵȼɄɭȵឹᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻక໠ᇕɲ᬴ϝ‫ݭ‬គɴృɛɲ‫ॶܩ‬ˁՖʱୖȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ಮ֐ȵʢɹˁȦȩγᅠɴᯊ٨ᇕ޴‫׋‬ˁ઒ᣱɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲɄɹγ10ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ɴಮ֐ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɗʶˁᕶʰɹᕶैѹᑇɹέ᣸ɹ៷ृɭȩȿɭʱ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɇʰɲʳѹᑇɴώʱՏɌɩȦɤɛɄɭɴʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹШᐏȵହ৯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɻΥՖɹᣳᣴᓔɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁఽȿ⏋ɛɞᕶՕΥ᤹ɹᏄኜɴᰉʰ˃ɭɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲʢ
ɹɫȡʳ⏏ȦɑʶɴɓʭˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɴɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ˁȴȴɁɩ‫ؙ‬ᗔ᬴ϝɴώʱՏɌɛɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓɻၖႨᇕɴ‫ؙ‬ਝɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɐʳၖႨᇕɲఌ୫ɹᔘಕɻ޽ᒶᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏‫إ‬ഀ⏋ኜɹࠒˁᅊ᤹ɹ
Ϻᬚɹȩɠɴឿᐚȿɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓɴɭɤɩ⏋Ꮂ᝟ˁʚɭɤɩԃ‫ܕ‬ˁ᝔ᔰɌ⏋ሬಁɴɌɩ
৔߂ံປɲ˓˧͠˽ณ֐ˁᶁᆨɇɓɩɌʚȩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ኜɹᅊʚʶБʼʱɭ౱ɑʳɴӱՕɫȡʱ⏋ϺǾɻ৳ɹࠒˁΥራɌ⏋৳ɹ᤹кɴΥ៘ʶɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹ௑៳έਲ਼ᡴɲ֒ਏɴȡɑȴʶʳɴɠȵȦɲȦɭೝ৺Ɍɛ⏏ɍɍɦˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹ঎ᩂɲʳ‫ࡴو‬ɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻईଢ଼ɹၖɻɭȷɭԊɴౢɍɩȦɤɛʭȩɫȡʳ␩Smith 1974: 135-146␭⏏
ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓˁៅᨮɐʳɴȡɛɤɩᖿ᝗ࢃᇕॄʛɇɫʢɤɩɌɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ
1930 ॷɴ॑຦ᇕέ೓ਃ᧊֪ɹ८ˁՖɤɩᘺɭɌɛ೑‫ؿ‬ɲȋ‫ݾ‬ɹ᝔ᦽȍɴɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹྲՏࢃɭɌɩɹ߃ՕȵʚȵȩɄɭɲȼኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻʭʱཉȦɭɄʸɫ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴ൓ेɌɩȦɛ⏏ȋȡʰʪʳ‫ܕ‬ɴɻɗʶႶᕶɹԒɲʳ‫ޅ‬ᅠฌȵȡʳʢɹɫɐ⏏ɗɹԒᨆɴ⏋ɗɹ‫ܕ‬ɹᏄኜȵࢆʱ⏋႒ჿᇕɲ֐ɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɹΥȴȿʰɇȭʢ৶೓ɫȷʚɓ˃⏏޺ഀɹఌᨗᓔɛɠɻᬐɹ޺ɴጓɤɛʚʚɫɐȍɭ⏋॑຦ᇕέ೓ਃɴ᭬Ɍɩ̊˳ͻ͡ɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩̶ˑ̒˹͑ͻ 1966: 319-320␭⏏৳ȵɄɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛɭȷ⏋৔߂ɲ˓˧͠˽
ณ֐ɻ༅Ǿ༙ǾɴȦɛʳʚɫᶁᆨɌ⏋ϺǾɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹΥ୲ଝΥହ᣸ˁ‫ڣܔ‬ˁᰰ˃ɫឿࡪɤ
ɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋E. ˹̀͡ɹᝠჼˁҏʱʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹȋయ‫׋‬ᇕμਕȍˁᝠჼɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Shills 1975: 256-275; ೠ೴ 1996: 163-202␭⏏ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹᏄኜᇕШᐏɴօᦶᇕɲԗៗᨾˁʓɰɄɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛɗɄɴɻ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ȴʰɹ৯ᯱʢᖬ࿣ȼ৯ˁᘺɭɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜ
య‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɹμਕɴጓɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏

3̝ӂӣҹҕ̴̞ҺҧӗҺӚҪӐ
ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹⏋ᕶʰɹᯃಮ֐ɹఠᠦȵ˓Ͳ̝ɴࡴመɌɛȴ‫و‬ȴɴɦȦɩɻᐓȭɑᆄਥˁୃȷᐚȿɩȦɛ⏏ɭȼɴ 1935 ॷɹ˓Ͳ̝ᐏ໠໬ɴհɤɩࡸేɇʶɛ᧧୲ɫ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ȵ⏋िͤ̾͡ɫకณˁஒவɌɛɹɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ᡴ‫ڊ‬ɛɠȵˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹནᢩˁȴɲȽʱஅɩ⏋ᣛ໘ɲᅊ༎ɴʈȿʳʭȩɴɲʳɴɦʶᆄਥɻॽྙɴɭɤɩБʼʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȼʳ⏏ɇʰɴ‫׵‬͹̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɹ᧌ዐɫ༑ᝐɹઊϟȵᑵʱᦐɇʶ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠‫౅ؘ‬ɫϤ‫מ‬ΨɭʢᇑΨɭʢȦʼʶʳϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɛɹˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ॽྙɻໆࡴᇕɲʢɹ
11ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸɗɹಓॷɴ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵుᰩˁᑵʱᦐɌɩᕶै༒‫׋‬ɴᏄᦽɌ⏋ʚɛՕᮐႶጓɹɇɲȴɴɛɤɛΥϺɫ⏋ຏଏɹሎ‫ة‬μʍɭᰧʃᦉ˃ɫȦɤɛɹɻ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɹॽྙɭ˓Ͳ̝ɹࢰഀɴࢪɐʳ‫׶‬ลઢɴᇍɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Brown 1989: 281ff.␭⏏
ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɌɩᏺᅊ޴ʼʰɵ҅ϺᇕɲડመˁୃȦɩȦɛ̦͡ͻȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹ՟Б᱔ሂɭɌɩ஛ିɌɛకፑɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹɗʶɭᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹঅᡸɹʢɭ
ᩂू෌ˁᔒʛ⏋ᦏБᇕɲᅋ෌኏Цˁ˓Ͳ̝ɴปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳဣɫ⏋˛˳˓̀͌ɭʢோ‫؜‬ɭʢံᑉɲ̆̆ɭ୼ȭʰʶɛ̆̆‫إ‬ɹ˓Ͳ̝ɹ೴ᘺˁ਋༎ɓ˃ɭɌɩȦɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ෯઎ɭᅵᣒɲ
ʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛςณ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴʈɇʼɌȦ᥅᭢ˁ఩ҺɌ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБȴʰ৔֐ɲࡲӎըˁৄȷᐙ
Ȧɞဣɫʢ⏋೴ᘺᦹ‫ࢃܕغ‬ˁ෯઎Ɍ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ৲ւˁෑࢸ‫׋‬ɓ˃ɭɌɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᮾԠሎɭ᭬
ɞɤɛ᧓ȦˁឿɓɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ˁ෯ଁɐʳ޽෵ɲ຦౏⏋ࡱఠɹԊࡔˁς৓ɌɩʦʚɲȴɤɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɻ⏋ᡉ຦౏⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɴᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳϯ༑Ʉɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕᢌደɇɹ྇໨ɫȡʳɭȦȩ̦͡ͻɹᓒȭɴ‫؝‬ȿᐙȵʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ೴ᘺԊ‫ؾ‬кɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɫȡʳɭɐʳਲ਼
˱̢͖̘͊ˑ͹̚ˑʹ˙̺͍ͦ̒Ͳ̜

઎ʢ⏋ႶጓГ৿Ꮔ֐ᇕɴࣙᬖɇʶɛ ೴ ᘺ ᬖ ᇍ ៟ ᅙ ʍɭᐄࡸɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹ೴ᘺᬖᇍ៟ᅙ
ɻ⏋ɗɄɴହԂɇʶɛᣂᩆɹ޽ȼȵ೴ᘺԒɹ೑֐ᓔɴʭɤɩመ೓ɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛᐄഗ⏋ਖɑɌʢ೴ᘺɹᇍࣙɴࢊήɌɛɭɻៜȦᮑȦ⏏ʚɛᡉ຦౏⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɹॶ‫ٮ‬Ԋࡔˁᠦȼɗɹక
ፑɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ᧌঎ɹࡼ‫ٮ‬ɴɐȹɲȦɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹᯃᮑȵ଼ɴʈʶହɁȴȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛᯃᮑɻ⏋‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩȵಁБɭɭʢɴɑɛɑɛɴՕుɇ
ʶ⏋ӾᏼᑩˁЂɌɩάȴʰɹ޽෵ɲ຦ઝˁُȦΫɁʳɭȦȩకӾʓ˃ʰȦɹลᔨȵжάɐʳɹɴЫɲɤɩ⏋ˡͻ˽̜ʦࡱఠɭȦɤɛՏഀ‫غ‬Ȧɹ኏Цᇕ᏾ɴћࡔɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȷ⏋ɐȽʶɩჼࡸਸˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɭȼɴ᧧୲ɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ɹኡˁয়ɩɴɌɩ⏋৳ʰɹࡱ༐ᇕɲឹິɴᮮᲓɲᡶ๰ȵɲɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȼʳɴɦʶ⏋࿠ɌȦᯃᮑɴɇʰɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬Гᭇ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴ‫د‬ᰄɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇɹЦᡴ༐ɹక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɴࢪɐʳέྃ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼɗʶȵӾ౸ɭɌɩȴȴɁɩȷɛȋγѯ‫ࢃܕ‬ȍɹჿ઎ȵ⏋ɗɹࡸ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹ႞႓ɹʢɭɴɲɇʶɛɭɄʸɹ⏋ࢹధ຦౏͹ࡱఠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ᧌঎ɹᡶ๰ɹաɹᝠჼɴɐȹɲȦɭɐʳ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹ᝵ࢀᓔઝᡫˁᔘಕɭɐ
ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ʰɻ˓Ͳ̝⏮̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫ܔ‬೑ɹШᐏɴћ୞Ɍɛ৔֐ɲ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ˁ‫غ‬ៜᘽɭɌɩక໠᧊֪ˁࣙᬖɌ⏋ɗɹఌ୫ᓔˁਸ਼ᦵɴЭɽɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹς৓ɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳ‫ܕ‬຦ɻɗʶ‫ܔ‬೑ɹᏄኜˁࢆɐɄɭ⏋ɌȴʢᦏБɴȲȦɩɻ‫ܕ‬຦ɹ৔‫⏋׋‬ᐄ೺ˁɻȴʳɛʠɴᅊȷᅊȷɭɌɛ܎ᐄਕˁ༱᰸ɐʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɹፀΥɹ᧑ਏᇕᒶ֭ɫȡʳɭɐʳఠ
ᠦɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳ␩Upadhyaya 1965: 35-36␭⏏ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻɹ᧑ਏ៎ਥɹμഛɴеᒞɌɩȷɛ͇̋͡ɹԒࡸˁɽ⏋ᕶՕΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁଵըɐʳɄɭɭ୼ȭʳΥ౅ɫ⏋Ʉ˃ɴɠɫɻ҅Ǿ12ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

Ϻɹ֐ˁ኏Цԃкɹᠭ‫ٮ‬ɭᇍࣙɹɛʠɴ஄ɁʳɄɭ⏋኏ЦɹɛʠɴᕶैΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁ႞႓ɴњɐʳɄɭɄɗȵɲɴʭʱɹਸ਼֭ɭ୼ȭʳఠᠦ␩Golwalkar 1966: 35-36␭ʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍਲ਼઎ɹযᬏᐻ
Ϋɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋ɗɹທᔙɭɌɩ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ˁ௩ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɌȴʢɗɄɴɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹఠᠦɭɻᅵᣒɲਲ਼઎ȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻˏ̯Ͳ˵⏃ᯃಮ֐⏆ɫɻɲȼɩ⏋̯Ͳ˵⏃ಮ֐⏆Ʉɗȵ⏋ᕶैᬿ᝚ɹ೎৿ɹ୞ʱଘɫȡʳɭɐʳ͇̩͞˹͖̜
͞Տ᤹ɹ຦౏ςᒶᓔ̘ˑ͞˪ɹШᐏˁ‫؝‬ȿᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ʢɌʢಮྵ
ȵჿਸɹުɴᓡˁӃȿɲȦ‫⏋غݭ‬ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭˁ೎৿ɹ୞ʱଘɭɌɩሂଝɹ
‫܌‬ਕɴ೚ʛˁ៧ɐʏȷɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶɽɛɭȭሂଝˁຏɐɄɭɭɲɤɩʢ
ȡȼʚɫʢᕶՕᕶ᤹ˁࡪʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁ႞႓ɴɐ
ʳៅ੬ȵɫȷɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋ᯃಮ֐Ʉɗȵሎɹ֦ຩɹᇍჼɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶ
ɽ⏋ɗʶɻᕶʰɹ৑ɇɹաɹᝠჼɫȡʱ⏋Ɍȴʢᯃಮ֐ɴɻ⏋ᕶʰɹᕧᆖɇˁ᭯ɐȴȼʶʛɹɭɲʳ‫׶‬᭝ȵዃʠʰʶɩȦʳ␩Anderson and Dalme 1987: 31-32␭⏏ɄȩɌɛਲ਼઎ɴਠࡸɴ⏋ᔀкᇕɲ৔ҫɇ⏋ៀ৾ɹᏄኜ⏋୭ࢷᓔɴࢪɐʳ೓ਃਕˁ༱᰸ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɫ౗Ǿྈ᥅ϟᇕ៥ᑇȵేɇʶ⏋ɇʰɴɗȩɌɛ៥ᑇɹ᧌ዐɫ‫ܕ‬຦ʍɹਠ᠞ɄɗȵᕸᲞɹᒶ֭ɭ৔ᠭɇʶɩ
Ȧʳɹɴ໶ᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗɄɴృɛɲక໠ֳ֐ɹᇎ‫ݭ‬ˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩ␩μऄ
2002␭⏏
ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹณ֐ɹ‫ܧ‬ʱ౅ˁ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫إ‬ɹ˪˹̜͑
͓͠ɹШᐏɹ਋༎ˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Anderson and Dalme 1987: 33␭⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛక໠ֳ֐ȵ⏋ɗɹ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕШᐏɴਠࡸɴ⏋͌˽͌͠ˁਗ਼߫ɹฌᇕɴЇጓɩΫɁ⏋ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ɹቑ‫ޙ‬ɴ߂ᒴᝓˁ֪‫ڊ‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹ᧌ዐɫ‫ܩع‬ɫԶઊɲ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭ
ɹ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁˁৄȷᣱɄɌɛɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱ଍ɭ‫؝‬ȿɭʠʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ȋӴᦼˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹɄɭȵዺးɴᣱɄʱ⏋γᅠɻᲊȷɴឿᖏʼʶɛ⏏3 ॷմɴɻ̾͡͠Ͳɹ‫ޖ‬ȵगʶᘺɠɩᝐˁُȦᦉ˃ɞͤͲˤɹ࣢ɭ‫׋‬Ɍɩγᅠˁᲊȴɓ⏋2 ॷմɴɻ⏋̲̅˛̜ज़‫ܕ‬ȵዺးɴᄲៗɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɛγᅠˁᲊȴɓɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢ๴‫ر‬ɭɻɄ˃ɲʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁჿៗɌɲȦᓔɻᲊȦɩጓɠɐȼʞɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Ŕ᧌ؑ 400ॷᬚɴɻɍʠɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹ๴‫ر‬ɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɴʭɤɩօʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Гմɴɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ɹᦏȼɹȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴʢ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻफ़ˁήȭʰʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏Ȧʚʦ৳ʰɻ๴‫ر‬ˁɌɤȴʱɭஒμɴɌ⏋˭Ͳ̸̒͠˻ʦˠ̒˪˽̶˝ͻ̝ɹʢɹɫʢɲȿʶɽ⏋ˏ͡˻͖Ͳ͹˹Ͳ␩‫̝Ͳ˓ؙ‬Ϻ຦Ӿᖬɹ৔Ȧ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹ೑֐క໠ࢃțɹʢɹɫʢɲȦ๴‫⏋ر‬ɦʚʱɻᕶՕᕶ
᤹ɹ๴‫ر‬ˁೆȼɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓᧊֪ɻᅙೝᇕɲ᧊֪ɫȡʱ⏋͇̩̜͇͹ˤͲ̋Ͳ̚ˑ͹͇ͻ̍˪ ˓ ̒ ̜ ͹ ˓ Ͳ ̚ ˑ ˏ̚ˑͻɹ‫ݾ‬ɹ᝔ᦽ⏋ȡʳȦɻŋ˓Ͳ̝ጓɠؑʶŌ᧊֪ʭʱʢ⏋Υࣝᅙೝᇕɲ᧊֪ɫȡʳȍɭ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɹลᬠᏨȏˠ͡ˤ̠˓˸ͻȑ␩Organizer, Dec. 20, 1992␭ɻೆȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ
13ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ೆȦɛɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ԃ‫ܤ‬ɴୟ߂Ɍɩʪȼ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴϺǾɻȲɹɹȷ⏋ɗɹଁʱ᝔ȷˁਖ਼
ˁʁɗʠɩឿࡪɤɩȦɛ⏏ɄɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻΥՖɹҙჿᇕᓒૅɭɻံᑉɲณ֐ɹࠒɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ʚɛɗʶɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹ᝛ዺɴʭɤɩ༑ɇʶɛ߁ɌȦᝐ̆̆ɗɹ႞႓
ᓔɹధɻ 2,000 ‫ؿ‬ˁᣳȭʳɭ஠ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ̆̆ɴံ᯽መɴ⏋ಮ֐ˁɻɽȴʳɄɭɲȼঃៜ
ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ɹࢪෑɴеᒞɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴɗʶɻ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹʢɹɭᅵᣒɲక໠ࠒֳɫʢȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ 1998 ॷɴకณˁკ਄ɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹకፑɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ̶ˎ̠̘ˑ̒˪
ɲʢɹɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻΥɦɴɻ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦ӾȵΥӾɫɻ᧌‫ץ‬ధˁըɐʳɴӱՕɲᡴफ़ˁკ਄
Ɍ਄ɑ⏋޽ȼɹ‫౅ܩ‬కӾɭᦹጓɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢᦹጓɹሂଝ
౅ȵ߂ᨆՕ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɭɻံᑉɲకӾɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹያҫ‫׋‬ɴɻʭʱΥࣝɹ୑᥂ȵȴȴʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋కณკ਄Гմɴɻ⏋ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳࢩ᭏ল៯⏋ૠ໬ 370 ೼̆̆ɗʶɻ˻͑͌ͻ͹ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɴࢪɐʳ႕աɲ‫؜‬ʱ଩Ȧˁࡴʠɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ɹঘ๬ɭ˻͑͌ͻ͹ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˓Ͳ̝ʍɹᐏ‫̯⏋غ‬Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶɴʢ߹য়ɐʳᐏΥᇕɲ຦໬Ԏɹըࡴˁ⏋కፑᠩᰍɭɌɩȴȴɁɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋కณɹএɴɦȦɩГᭇ⏋ɗɹࡸేˁযೝɌ⏋ȋᖪȷᐏ໠ȍ(Good Governance)ɹተጓˁɗɹకፑᠩᰍɭɌɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗɹɲɴʭʱɹ៷୞ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Jaffrelot 2001:
315-356␭⏏
ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻȵ⏋ʚȵʱɲʱɴʢࡴመɌɛɄɭɹ៷ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɗʶɴ֓ȭɩɄɄɫɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵкჼɐʳณ֐ɹкᣒɹȩɠɴʢ⏋ɗȩɌɛያҫ‫׋‬ˁʢɛʰɐߕลȵԒ‫ܧ‬ɇʶɩȦɛɄɭˁ৔ᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹณ֐ɴ࿃ʞγѯςᒶᇕɲߕลɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɍɍɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ቑ‫ޙ‬ˁʠȽɤɩ߂ᝓ᧊֪ȵࣙᬖɇʶɛɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹ߂ጓᓔ L. K. ˏ̝ʹˎ̢ȵ⏋ূሼˁଝɴɌɩᕶʰˁ͞ͻ͇ኜʍɭЇጓɩΫɁɩ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ɹᓩ‫̜ͻ̠͌ͻ̅ܩ‬ȴʰ᥂ɫՏᇍɌ⏋‫ܩع‬ˁी঳Ɍɦɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ˁᇿ୭Ɍɛɭ
ȷ⏋ɗɄɴɻኜᓩక໠ˁปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳઝ‫ܒ‬ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ᧊֪ɻ‫ܩع‬ɫၖႨᇕɲ‫ؙ‬ᯱˁॎȷᣱɄɌɛ␩ࢸᢆ 1993: 31-33; Davis 1996: 27-54␭ɴʢȴȴʼɑ⏋ɗɄɴɻࡱఠᇕ˹Ͳ
̓͡ɹॄʛɲգᅎГΫɹઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɹณ֐ɴʛʰʶʳɄȩɌɛкᣒɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹక໠య‫׋‬ᇕᔘಕˁՕഓɌɛ B. ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɹଘᠦˁද២
ɐʳɭȷ⏋ՠးɭɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɴʭʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵ⏋ᮊ޽ɲ˓̚
ˠͦ˧ͻɫᕶʰɹкըˁᓩ‫׋‬Ɍ⏋ɇʰɴᢔᘠɲࡾຒˁলɩ⏋ɗɄɴᒭߨˁɻʏʰɓɛɹʢ⏋ໆɌɩณ֐ɹᔼఞˁᝠɐʢɹɫɲȼ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹШᐏᇕɲయ‫׋‬ɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɻΥՖɹჼᢒɹᔘ৿ɴ‫܋‬๖ӯᇕɫኜዃᇕɲ֐⏮͇̠ɹӈȷˁឿՏɇ˃ɭɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɹక໠ᇕᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵᕶʰɹٞʱɴநȷᮃʠɛ႒ਕθᯆɹᮊ޽ɹឹᏬ
ɻ⏋˽ˡ̨͡ᕶ᤹Ʉɹ‫܋‬๖ӯᇕγᅠɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠኜዃᇕɲٟ֐ˁԏɷ
14ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ҺȭɩȦʳɄɭˁᝠჼɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Anderson 1972␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ౛ȼȴʰᓩѯθณȵՕᮐɌɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻɄȩɌɛక໠ɻᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȼʳо‫ܩ‬ȵɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ɍɍɦˏ̝ʹˎ̢ᕶ᤹⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵณ֐ɹএɴɦȦɩʓɰɲȼɌɩȋకঌȵȴȴʼʳ޽ȼɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫɻ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ᇕգᇰɭȦȩ೎ӦӴɹ؅հˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ̆̆Ȧȴɲʳ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻʢ̆̆ʓɭ˃ɰᬠѥˁ୫ɛɲȦ⏏ɍɤɇȦ‫ܕ‬຦ɹᅊ༎ɹʓɭ˃ɰԃɩɹՕᩃɫ⏋ᖪȷᐏ໠(Good Governance) ɻ⏋ᔵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ‫⏋׋‬ᔵక໠‫׋‬ɇʶɩɄɗ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴ⏋ɗɹೣഀᇕɲᩂឹਸɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ʢɌɲ˃ʰȴɹϝဣȵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕਸൔˁय़ʃ⏋ᦹጓకณ⏋Ɍɛȵɤɩ࡫ࡴɌɛక໠ˁ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲʰɌʠʳʓɰ৔ȼɲʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁɲȦɄɭȵ᧟Ֆɫȡʳȍ␩Jaffrelot 2001: 340-341␭ɭᦚʏ⏋Ȧɠɻʦȼര᥉ɲࠒֳʍɭ᥊ழɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝క໠ȵ߂ᝓక໠ʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋క໠ɹᖏ‫د‬ʍɭᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛ޽ȼɹˏ˪̊ͻɛɠɴʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛγѯςᒶᇕɲక໠៎ɻԊ೑ɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɭ̫͐͞Ͳɭɹᬠѥɻ⏋೴ᘺԒᨆɫɻ೴ᘺɹఌᨗˡͻ̜ɭɗɹࢃЊȷ‫ص‬ኢɭɹᬠѥɭ̮ͤ͞͡ɫȡʳ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 143␭⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹტȵγѯᇕਸൔˁय़ʃɩȦɛɹɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋ఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ȵ೴ᘺԒᨆɫ᝔ьɐʳณ֐ʢɐȽʶɩγѯᇕɲʢɹɫ
ȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ߂ᝓక໠‫׋‬ɴɭʢɲɤɩక໠ɹ᬴ϝ‫ݭ‬គʍɭᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɛɹȵɄȩɌɛఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ɫȡɤɛɭɌɛɲʰɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ȵႶጓГᭇ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ȴʰ๖ፀɴᣧថǾɲգࢀ᬴ϝʍɭው᝔Ɍ⏋ȋᓩᓔɹక໠ȍȴʰȋతయᇕɲక໠ȍʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼ
Ʉɭɭɲɤɛɹʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛ෯ᦶ޴‫׋‬ɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢక໠ɹ߂ᝓ‫׋‬ɹɇʰɲʳᦽࣙɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ̾˪̜͡ȵ೴ᘺ኏Цɹঈᦇʍɭ༡ᦩɌɩʪȼɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫ࢃܕ‬ˁল៯ɓ˃ɭɐʳ߂ᒶɻ⏋౗।ᇕɫతయᇕɲక໠ɴʭɤɩέుɴழᲓߥᔙɇʶɩʪ
ȼ‫׶‬᭝ɴɇʰɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄʶʰɹక໠ֳ֐ȵᇿӴɹգᇰࡸჼɴਸਸ਼ɫ⏋ఌ୫కӾˁᰈᑢɴ‫؜‬ʱ್ȭʳɭȷ⏋ᦹጓˁᐣ୫ࡔᐚɇɓʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ȦȷȲȦ໬޺ɲ֗֐ȵឹᠱɇʶʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ‫׬‬ႶɫिకঌˁɴȹɤɩȦɛ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िɫɻ⏋Ȧɇɇȴϟ੻ȵᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏C. ˻̶͑ͦͻȵ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɗɄɫɻ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿʓ˃ʰȦɹ˓̚ˠͦ
˧ͻᖬȵ࿣؄ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻिጓ࡝ോɫɹఠዀೆఒ៝ʍɭᐄࡸɌ⏋ɇʰɴिకঌ৲Ϻɹ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ʍɹ֓ᇸ‫ک‬ᰍȵ߂ȷɲక໠‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩ༝ΫɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ 1986 ॷɴఒࡴɇʶɛ໬৾ɫ
຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɻకঌ৲Ϻɹ֓ᇸȵ៰ɇʶɲȦ 32 ܎кɹ 1 ɦɴ୭ࡴɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Ʉɹ໬৾ˁѹ๭ɓ˃ɭɐʳ֪ȷȵয়‫ܩ‬ɹ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ȴʰՏɇʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻᐄ࣌⏋຦౏ᒶ֦܎ȵឹິˁ‫؜‬ʱάɁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩໆመɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻɄʶʚɫឿ
ɩȷɛμ߈ɫɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɭɻᅵᣒɲక໠ɫȡʳ␩Jaffrelot 2001: 356-363␭⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹఌ୫ᓔȵᲞˡͻ˽̜ɴ޽ȼ⏋ɗɹΥ౅ɫжˡͻ˽̜ȵక໠ᇕɴៅᨮɐʳɹɴЫɤɩɗɹఌ୫‫ݜ‬ᇻȵѢ᜙ɇʶɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋ɗɄɴɻ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ᖬˁ৔
15ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ʠɩʪȼߕลȵ̲̜͡͹˓ͲɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɍɍɦ 1990 ॷБɴˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍȵɴʼȴɴ˪ͦͻ̀͹ˏ̺̒ɇʶɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋ˡͻ˽̜ˁʠȽɤɩᅊᣱɌɛᐳᦗɌɛႥ໥ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ⏋য়ಁɹ᱔ሂ V. P. ˹Ͳȵ‫د‬ᰄɐʳάࣝˡͻ˽̜ɹఌ୫ˁკ਄ɓ˃ɭɌɩ⏋࡝ോʦకঌᓷʍɹӦӴᇕȋւʱয়ɩങȍˁɄʶʚɫɹ୭ࡴˡͻ˽̜⏋୭ࡴᨆ౏ȴʰʭʱΫеɹˡͻ˽̜⏮ȋЈɹ৿ᦽˡͻ˽̜ȍʍɭୟ߂ɓ˃ɭɌɛɭȷ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ᭐‫ۊ‬ɻሎɤϠɦɴՕ᝾Ɍɛ⏏ழៜɐʶɽˏ̚͜ˑ͓ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋ɗɹሺӴˁ͌˽͌͠ʍɭ‫ك‬ȿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ̯
Ͳ̝˕ͻ᭐‫ۊ‬ɹᐄ೺ˁɻȴʰ˃ɭɌɛక໠፤᝗ɹᐄഗɫȡʳ␩Malik and Singh 1994: 86-87;
Jaffrelot 1996: 412-424␭⏏ɇʰɴ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ⏋ɗɹӾᏼᑩɹ᣸ᕆɭɌɩ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɴћࡔɌ⏋ɌȴʢɄɹ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ȵᏺࠃΥ᢭ᮮᲓɲ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬కፑˁȴȴɁɩȦʳɭȷ␩Basu
2001: 163-169␭⏋ɗȩɌɛ‫׶‬᭝ɻћးɭɌɩံែɌȭɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏

м̙ҁ̙Ѽ̙ѝɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɻȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴ‫ك‬ȴȩɹȴ⏏ʢɭʭʱɄȩɌɛ‫ک‬ᰍɴተɛʳፐȭˁՏɐɄɭɻʞɑȴɌȦ⏏ᇿάɹɭɄʸ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋жˡͻ˽̜ɹఌ୫ˁკ਄ɐʳɛʠɴ‫౅ܩ‬కӾ̆̆ɗɹ޽ȼɻఌ୫‫ݜ‬ᇻˁжˡͻ˽̜ɴЖȦɫȦʳ̆̆ɭɹᦹጓɴћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲȦȵ⏋ɗɹಁǾɹႥ໥ɴਝɍɩఌ୫కӾˁʠʚȽʳɌȼ޴ȭ⏋ɇʰɴᮐӾ⏋ᔵӾȵᰈᇍɌ⏋కӾሂϣᬚɹ‫غ‬ਃᦹ᝝ʢᐓȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɐʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ˁᓒȭʳɭ⏋ɄȩɌɛక໠଍ᅭɻέ࡫ࡴɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɗɹ‫̠͖͊͡˱⏮͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ᇕкᣒɴ֓ȭʳɴ߂‫̝Ͳ˓ܕ‬ˁਚ‫ك‬Ɍ⏋৔ณᇕɲక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɴӃహɐʳɄɹకӾɹɄʶʚɫɹ᥄ᤄˁᓒૅɐʳɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦ӾɻћးɭɌɩ˓Ͳ̝కᅠɹȋ‫د‬ᰟɹᇿȍɇɲȵʰɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝ԃкɫ͌˽͌͠Ϻ‫ؤ‬ȵɌʠʳւ‫غ‬ɻ 12 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɫȡʳɭɐʳɲʰɽ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ઢ੻ɹၱᇍȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɻ‫ؚ‬୩ɹɦȴɲȦཌྷϕɴॎȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹࢪጓɹ؅‫܍‬ˁ⏋‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ȵ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɌɩ᧌঎ɹࡼ‫ٮ‬కፑˁɭɤɛɄɭɴឿՏɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌჼࡸɹ˱͖̠͊͡Ꮺϝɹᔘಕɻʭʱភᮊɫȡʳ⏏A. ʹˎ͡˹̢͖ˑɴʭʶɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɫ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝȵᰈᇍɐʳɭɄʸɻ⏋ςɭɌɩᨊ॑ɴᭉʰʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌȦɑʶɹᨊ॑ʢ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝɴນɇʶɩȦɛʼȿɫɲȴɤɛ⏏ɍɍɦ˱̢͖̘͊ˑሂϣᬚɴࢌஞɲ᏾̆̆‫ूڧ⏋ݖܩ‬ᅠ⏋֝ӈᏼ‫⏋غ‬኏Ц༎֪⏋కӾ⏋ˁЂɐʳ᏾̆̆ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɫɻ⏋˱ֳ͖̠͊͡֐ɹӈȷȴȿɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ಮ֪ȵ֤ᇍɌɩɄɲȴɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛ᏾ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦᨊ॑ɫɻ⏋ᑵʱᦐɇʶʳಮ֪ɴʭɤɩ޽ȼɹϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹᬚɴ৓
ʱीʰɇʶɩȦʳ኏Цᇕ⏋క໠ᇕɲ᏾Ʉɗȵ⏋๷༎ᇕɴᩂឹɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛ᏾ɻ⏋ɗʶˁᐣ୫ɓ˃ɭɐʳ֗֐ȵɲȦȵɌʸɴɇʶʳɭȷ⏋޽ȼɹɭɄʸɫՖుɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
16ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

Ʉɹဣɫˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɲ᥄ᤄˁயȦɩȦʳ⏏ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻ⏋᧿޺ɹ˵ͻ̫͇̘͡ˑɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹˏ˹͖͌͞ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȲʱ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ༎֪୞ဣˁɲɐʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ɍɛȵɤɩ‫׵‬͹̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ᦹᇸɻয়‫ܩ‬ˁఓ௖ɹฌᇕɭɌ⏋ɄɄɫ˱͖̠͊
͡ಮ֪ˁᣱɄɗȩɭᅙፑɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌɄɹɭȷ⏋Ʉɹᨊ॑ɫ৔Ȧֳ֐ˁ᠔ɤɩȦɛˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɹ኏Ц༎֪܎к⏋֝ӈᏼ‫⏋غ‬ɗʶɴ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɻ⏋ಮ֪ˁ೎ࢸᭉɴଵȭᦉʞɄɭɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏ɗʶɻɄʶʰɹ܎к͹ᏼᑩȵ˓Ͳ̊ͻ͹˱͖̠͊͡ɲ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛ᏾ɴћ୞Ɍɩ՟ೝɹຍ᭥ɫϝȦɹတˁ༥Ɍ਄ɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ 80 ॷБГᭇɄʶʰɹᏼᑩȵȴɦɩɹ༎֐ˁ߉ɤɩʪȼɭȷ⏋ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻ঎ᩂɲʳ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴॎ
ȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻႶጓГᭇᅊᣱɌɛঀ޽ɹ኏Цᐁཕᇕ⏋క໠ᇕ޴‫׋‬ɹភ‫غ‬ᇕɲᅋ႒ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɫᇵ˃ɫȡɤɛᐱू෌ɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇᝢᦡɌ⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩɇʚɊʚɲᅋ෌Օᩃɫμࢸɹू‫ݭ‬ȵ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛȵ⏋ɗɄɴӈȼᓔɻೡᏼᑩ֝ӈᓔɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ౗Ǿɹ؏ɌȦᅊ༎ɹɲȴɫȴɦɩɹႶጓ᧊֪ɹെӵȵᰟ‫׋‬Ɍɩʪȼɭ
ȷ⏋ɄɄˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɴȲȦɩʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɹࠓӵȵᖬឡɓɩʪȷ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɹ኏Ц༎֪ɴʢਸ਼ᦵɲᓌʱȵᅊɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ʢ⏋ᬏॷɹը঎ᆌ
֝ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋˓Ͳ̚ˑ͞͹ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ৔ณᇕɲ̴͖͠ͅ˽̜ᇕଝ໬̆̆ɗʶɻӾᏼᑩˁᰧ
ʃᣴȭɩሁஞɴ຦ᝓɴ៲ȭȴȿʳΥ౅⏋‫౅ܩ‬ӾᏼᑩɴᕶʰɹࡎᰲȦˁᨗɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ̆̆ɴ៲ȭȴȿɛɭȷ⏋ɗɹ᣸ᕆɻਸ਼ᦵɴ৑к‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ␩Varshney
2002: 219-261␭⏏
ȦɑʶɴɓʭГΫɹႥ໥ȵఠȭʳʢɹɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹᐏ‫غ‬ɴɭɤɩਖឹɭɇʶɩȦʳɹȵ⏋Ϋȴʰɹ৔ณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ⏋͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴћ୞Ɍɛάȴʰɹ‫᧑ܩ‬ɲ֗֐ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴ෯፷ɇʶʳ኏Цᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɫȡʳɄɭ⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ޽຦౏‫ࢃܕ‬˓Ͳ̝ɹჼࡸˁሁែɐʳɭȷ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ᧟‫غ‬ᇕɫɻɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫ܔ‬೑ɹШᐏɴћ୞Ɍɛ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ˁฌ෡
Ɍɦɦʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫ܕ‬຦ˁࡴᒶɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ᯿‫ܤ‬ˁմᯆɴେɌՏɌ⏋ɗɄɴзʞϺǾɹ‫ؾ‬ᣒ‫׋‬ˁ့ሉɹਸ਼֭ɭ୼ȭʳဣɫ⏋ɗɹࡸ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒༑ɹ‫ܕ‬຦‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ္ȷሁɌɴɐȹɲȦɭుɑʳ S.
3)ɻ⏋ኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩȋਲ਼઎ɭ߀˥̠͡ͻ̢ɹ୭௎␩Khilnani 1997: 188-189␭઎ȵঀࣝɴʢʼɛɤɩೆȷᦉʚʶɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Гմɴೆȷᦉʚʶɛʢɹȵ࡭ԃɴ᭯ʶʳɄɭʢɲȿʶɽ༥ɌؑʰʶɩʢȦɲȦ⏋‫إ‬ȷᒫᇤᏨȍ␩Khilnani 1997: 169␭ɇɲȵʰɹ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋޽෵ਸɹ᠗ᡫɻȡʰʪʳకፑɹέ‫خ‬๕ɹմரɫɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˛˽̨͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵγᅠɹ‫ܩع‬ɫᗷʶႨȩЁ౗ɹႥ໥ˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋޽3) ɲȲᦏБɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ȵ᯿‫ܤ‬ˁᩂែɌ⏋ɗɄɴȲȿʳ‫ؾ‬ᣒᇕɲ‫ܕ‬຦ɹ০ଁˁ৔ᠭɌɛɄɭɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋cf.,␩Parekh
2000: 179-195␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩմᦏБ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴȲȦɩᩂែɇʶɛɹɻ⏋̮ͤͻ˪ɴʭʶɽᅊ༎෵িɫȡʳ⏏

17ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬య‫׋‬ɲȦɌ޽຦౏‫ࢃܕ‬ɹࢰഀɴɻ⏋ঀ޽ɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑȵ৺ɠȩȿɩȦʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ޽຦౏ɹԊࡔˁ‫ܒ‬ʳȩȭɫ৔ณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ͐̚˪͞˹ͻɄɗȵ⏋᧟‫غ‬ᇕɲక໠˹˽̘͌ɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋য়ɹ˛˽̨͹̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɹ଍᝗ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̊ͻ͹˛˽̢̒˪ɲ᏾ˁಮ֐ɴʭɤɩՖు
Ɍ⏋᭰Ϻ‫ަؾ‬ˁέҜଔ߃ɹపɴЇጓɩΫɁʳɄɭɴȡɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ␩˓˫̠̘ˑ˛̶ 1999:
47-90␭⏏ɗȩɌɛႥ໥ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ʁɭɛʃ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ȵ࿠ɌȼᗷʶႨȩʦ⏋޽ȼɹଘɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻςɭɌɩ޺ȴʰʦɤɩȷɛႢᒜᓔᮃ܎ɹЇ෌ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌ৳ʰɴʭɤɩзʞࢃˁቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶ⏋ࢃϺȵ᭙ᦄ⏋ຏࢀɇʶɛ͌˽͌͠⏃ȡʳȦɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏆ɴɭɤɩ⏋ʢɻʦ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ͌˽͌͠⏆ɹ᭰Ϻɻ⏋ȴɦɩɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ͌˽͌͠⏆ɫȡʱ਄ɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱɄȩɌɛಮ֐ɴɻɗɄɴ৓ʱीʰɇʶɛ኏Цᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ˁՖుɌ⏋ୡȦؑʱᮑȦӂᤄˁਕɴխʛᦉ˃ɫʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ˡͻ̸́͡ˎ˪

ȋЁ‫⏋܌‬༎֪ࢃȵȡɛȴʢ᧧୲Ϻ‫ؿ‬᎗ˁଝɴ୫ɤɩ๰ȷʚʼɤɛȴɹɅɭȼ⏋͌˽͌͠ɭ৳
ʰɹᢧᅋȵᏼᑩᇕɭȦɤɩʭȦᰟɴఓ௖ɇʶɛɭȦȩϟࡸȵ⏋ɄɹᅘȚˏ̚͜ˑ͓țˁɻɍʠɩࡱఠɹᐻɴ໤ɤɩՕ᝾ɇɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏8 ॷᬚɴʢʼɛʳࡺШ༎֪ȵɲɌ਄ɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ⏋ɄɹᅘɫᣱɄɤɛ೎՟ɹಮ֪ȵɲɌᧅɁɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ŔΥɦɹԊ‫ؾ‬кɭɌɩɹˏ͜
̚ˑ͓̆̆ᩂភɌɛኜ᠌⏋Шᠦ⏋ᅊ༎෵ি⏋ɄʶʚɫɹԊ‫ؾ‬ᅊ༎ȵᔒ˃ɫȷɛԊᦲɹᐁᱻˁᔘ
ಕɭɌɩ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶʢȵɗɄɴΥɦɹȚᅊ༎ɹț‫⏋ݭ‬Ȳɗʰȼɻᓩ‫׋‬ɇʶɛ‫ݭ‬ˁԊ೑ɌɩȦɛᓩɲʳᨊ॑ɭɌɩɹˏ̚͜ˑ͓̆̆ɻ⏋Ȧʚɞ࡭ԃɴȩɠɄʼɇʶɩɻ
ȦɲȦȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ተࡸɴᝢᦡɌɦɦȡʳ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳԊ‫ؾ‬኏Цɻ⏋।ɴέ࡭ԃɲʢɹɫȡɤɛȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢԊ‫ؾ‬кɫȡɤɛɄɭɻʚɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɭɄʸȵȦʚʦϣȦɴȲɗʶ⏋ᆄȦ⏋ɗɌɩ᤹෯ȭɛ⏋Ϡɦɹሂᅵɲʳᮃ܎ɴաǾɹ̚ͻ͐ͲȵɭʱɦȦɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɭɲɤɩɌʚɤɛ⏏̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɭɗɹԋަɛɠɻ⏋ʛɑȴʰɹЇϟˁɲɌᧅɁɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ⏋ˏ˹˹͖͹̠Ͳ̚ˑɛɠɹᠭീ˫͡ͻ̺ɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Nandy et al.
1995: 203␭⏏
ʢɤɭʢ 1990 ॷБ՟ᰄɴᐁཕᕶᅓ‫׋‬కፑɴ᥊ழɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻ⏋ॷრ 3 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɹᐁཕଁᬏრ⏃Ȧʼʪʳ Hindu Rate of Economic Growth⏆ˁᔵɌɩ⏋6 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜մ৿ɹଁᬏ
რˁ᧒ଁɌɩȦʳɹɻϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛଁഗˁᇿ௖ɌɩԒ޺ȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ɹೡഀɴ
ූ៎ᇕɲೝ৺ȵࢊɓʰʶɻɍʠɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴʢਲ਼ʼɵᘺɭɌዴȵ᭯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɛɌȴɴᐁཕଁᬏɻ኏Цˁ༎ਸ‫׋‬Ɍ༑֪‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲʳʢɹɹ⏋зʛીʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬኏Цȴʰ༑ʶՏɛϺǾˁ‫؝‬ȿ๬ʠʳ኏Цը঎ɹল៯ȵᬚɴ‫غ‬ʼɲȦ‫̢̒˽˛⏋غݭ‬˪͹˫͡ͻ̺⏋ȡʳȦɻˡͻ˽̜ᬚʦࡱ༐ᬚɹ᥃᥶ˁ৔ʠʳɄɭɴɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ␩Connor
1994: 29-66␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɻɄʶȴʰʢঀ޽ɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑɴሁᯆɌɩʪȼʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁɴৄȷ᝾ȴʶ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕸʳଘɫ֤ᇍɐʳˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹࢪጓɴᗑ‫ن‬ɐʳɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɗʶɭʢԗʃˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ɹ༒‫֪᧊׋‬ȵȲɄʳɹȴ⏏
18ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘

ʢɭʭʱˤͲ̚ˑͻȵៗȷɻɲɤɛੇʳʏȷ˛̦͡˧ͻɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲˡ͠˽͇ɴћࡔɌɩɻȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᧊֪ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ɄȩɌɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢໆɌɩံែɌؑʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴʢɗɄɴɻգᇰɭณ֐ˁʠȽɤɩ࿠Ɍȼϝȩక໠ˁ༒‫׋‬Ɍ⏋క໠ࢃˁ‫ي‬ʠɩϺǾΥᖔˁᇿӴɹգᇰɹகЈᇕɲᦠິȴʰៗȷɻɲɦɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻɹ˓Ͳ̶͞˽̜͞˪͖̍ˏɹԗ෯፷ɴᣂɐʳߕลʢዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏

ǵೣዣˁᔵዣɌɛɹɻ⏋2003 ॷ 8 ೐ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋2004 ॷ 4 ೐ȴʰ 5 ೐ɴȴȿɩᐵ᧧୲ȵ୲᝔ɇʶЦᡴ༐ȵకณɴ਋ॠɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ਄ኡრɫឿʳᭉʱ 22.2 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜⏃‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɻ 26.7
̮ͻ́Ͳ̜⏆ɫ⏋ћးɭɌɩ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ‫د‬ᰟɹᇿɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛೣዣɻ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ႕ᣒˁ؅ჿᇕɴᓒ࢘
ɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȦʳɹɫȡȭɩ‫ݚ‬ፆয়ಁɹʚʚɴɌɩȲȦɛ⏏

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