International Hybrid Session
Short Oral Presentation

FA: 3R/ Waste management

FA-1

Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
Accounting on CO2 emissions contribution
Jang Yuna, Amin Kalantarifard, Jang Jihoon, Byeon Eunsong, Jo Gwanggon, Yang Gosu
INTRODUCTION
Population growth, industries development, change lifestyle, caused
increase the generation municipal solid waste. CO2 emission from municipal
solid waste is one of the main cause of global warming in developing
countries. In this study, CO2 emissions from the incineration of municipal
waste in Jeollabuk-do regions calculated based on each type of solid waste.
These dates can be used to estimate the total CO2 emission based onreported equation which help to determine the suitable waste management
option.

METHODOLOGY
𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝑴𝑺𝑾 ×

𝑾𝑭𝒋 ∙ 𝒅𝒎𝒋 ∙ 𝑪𝑭𝒋 ∙ 𝑭𝑪𝑭𝒋 ∙ 𝑶𝑭𝒋 ×

𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟐

MSW = municipal solid waste, Gg/yr
WFj = ingredient J of waste type of MSW / proportion of material( 𝑊𝐹𝑗 = 1)
Dmj = dry matter content in the waste (wet weight)
CFj = fraction of carbon in the dry matter (total carbon content), (fraction)
FCFj = fraction of fossil carbon in the total carbon, (fraction)
OFj = oxidation factor, (fraction)
44/12 = conversion factor from C to CO2
j = type of waste incinerated specified as follows: paper /cardboard, textiles,
food waste, wood, garden and park waste, disposable diapers, rubber,leather, plastic, metal, glass and other waste

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As a result, the contribution of collected municipal solid waste from rural and urban areas in Jeollabuk-do showedthat plastic with more than 90% has a highest contribution in CO2 emission. Although the ratio of plastics accounted
waste emissions are small, contribution of CO2 emissions has been identified to be very large compared to otherwaste. in order to reduce CO2 emissions during incineration, removal of plastics before incineration should beconsidered by sorting and recycling process.

Air & Greenhouse Gas Management Center

FA-2

The Effects of Malodorous Substances from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)Jo Gwanggon, Amin Kalantarifard, Byeon Eunsong, Jang yuna, Yang Gosu
In countries that implemented the 'Emissions
Trading', the rate of greenhouse-gas emissions as‘energy’ is much larger than other parts. Among‘energy’ parts, ‘incineration power station’ is known
to a lots of CO2 emissions because characteristic offossils fuel. This study aimed to research Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)’s capacity of main incinerator atJeollabuk-do, calculate to GWP of H2S asmalodorous substances that didn’t calculated by
IPCC 5th guideline and finally convert to H2Sgreenhouse effect by using equation of its physicaland chemical characteristic functions.

2. Material and Method
To calculate total greenhouse effect of emitted H2S
as CO2 during MSW treatment, we need totaltreatment capacity of MSW, H2S emissions factor
and GWP. This function consist with following
equations,
𝑇𝐺𝐸𝐻2 𝑆 = 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐻2 𝑆 ×

𝑇𝑊 × 𝐸𝐼𝑝 + 𝐸𝑆𝑓 + 𝐸𝑆𝑡
103• 𝐸𝐼𝑝 , 𝐸𝑆𝑓, 𝐸𝑆𝑡 indicate H2S emission factor emitted from waste
input, storage facility, stack(kg/activity-ton)• TW is MSW’s total capacity (ton/year) to import into
incinerator
GWP, calculated by Elrod’s spread sheet on his paper, isparameterized in 10 cm-1 intervals for a ppbv and adjusted that
100 sections (500~1500 cm-1) compared divided H2S’s substancespectrum from experimented FT-IR.
Radiative Forcing(10-3 Wm-2(cm-1)-1(10-18 cm2 molecule-1)-1

1. Instruction

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

CO2
H2S
H2O

500

600

O3

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

3. Result and Conclusion
We illustrated import volume of MSW to incineration,
H2S Emission factor (Waste input, Storage facility, Stack),
except to ‘landfill’, ‘recycle’ at Jeollabuk-do fromgovernment report research on next Table
Area
Jeonju
Iksan
Jeongup
NamwonGimje
Wanju

Air & Greenhouse Gas Management Center

emitted (ton/year)
49530.50
32923.00
12191.00
36.50
7300.00
5365.50

H2S Emissions(kg/year)
Waste
StorageStack
input
facility
3.46
1.59
64.39
2.30
1.05
42.80
0.85
0.39
15.85
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.51
0.23
9.49
0.38
0.17
6.98

Finally we got a result from equation(𝑇𝐺𝐸𝐻2 𝑆 )Area

Total Emissionsof H2S (kg/year)

Jeonju
Iksan
Jeongup
NamwonGimje
Wanju

69.44846.15617.091
0.051
10.234
7.522

Wavenumber(cm-1)

We got a RF data 3.77E-05 Wm-2 of H2S from FT-IR, also
realized final H2S GWP is each 22.8, 5.8 with used basic gas
characteristic of H2S(Time Horizon 20, 100, Lifetime 0.12,
adjust temperature, concentration by using Ideal Gas Equation,
number density 9.70E+15 n/cm-3).

Incinerated MSW in mixed

Converted H2S-CO2 Emissions
from incinerator(ton/year)
1.583
1.052
0.390
0.001
0.233
0.172

FA-3

FA-4

FA-4 Status and Challenges on the Application of Disposer in S. Korea○Munsol Ju, Jae Young Kim, Seoul National University
Innovative
way isnecessary!

Disposerperformance

Plumbing
design

Disposer wastewater
treatment

Link to the organic waste
recycling

Authority’s management:
Individual level or Building levelWe aims to discuss considerations for the application of food waste disposer in S.
Korea as one of the alternative way to present food waste management system.

FA-5

The University of Seoul

FA5

A feasibility study on the pre-treatment
for the recycling bottom ash of incineration in S city
Hyeong-Wook Kim1), Hoon-Sang Lee1), Seung-Jin Oh1), Minah Oh1), Joon-Ha Kim1), Jai-Young Lee1), Myungho Lee2)
1)
Dept, Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul
2)
Dept Department of civil & Environmental Engineering, University of IndukDue to rapid industrialization and population growth,
the amount of municipal solid waste increase.

Resource recovery
facilities in four(A, B, C, D)

The landfill reduces the efficiency of land use, such as
the lack of landfill.
Promoting measures to increase the ratio of
municipal solid waste incineration and recycling.

Pre-treatment measures√ Weathering
Condition

Bottom ash samples
collected

Weathering
place

Where the rainfall can be prevented in awell-ventilated

Weathering
periodAnalysis ofsampleAfter weathering completed 30, 60, 90, 120days

120 days (Four month)√ CO2 Aging
The amount of incineration bottom ash increases because theamount of incineration increases√ Reduction of the landfill through recycling of theincineration Bottom ash.

Sieving
Flow rate of
injection

Three of Pre-treatment(Weathering, CO2 Aging,
Washing)√ Based building data for Bottom ash recycling in“S” city√ Economical and effective provision of pre-treatment
methods for recycling of bottom ash in the cement
industry

Condition
Where the rainfall can be prevented in awell-ventilated

Period of
injection

30 days (one month)

Analysis ofsampleAfter weathering completed 1,3, 6, 10, 15,
20, 30 days

√ Washing
Condition

Analysis of pH, chloride,leaching test were
perform

Stirring rate

200 rpm

Solid-liquid ratio

1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 15

Stirring time

10, 20, 30, 60, 120 minuteFA-6

[FA6]The 26th Annual Conference of Japan Society of Material Cycle and Waste Management

Measurement of the Potential Heat and Ash content of the Residue
from Mechanical Biological Treatment in Thailand
Satoru Ochiai, Tomonori Ishigaki, Komsilp Wangyao, Masato Yamada

MBT process + Additional sieving

MBT process
House waste

Further treatment of
MBT residue must benecessary to reduce theamount of the waste to
be landfilled

Shredding
Biodrying∮> 40mm

Separation∮<40mm

MBT Residue

RDF productHouse waste <Objective>✓To clarify the feature of potential
Shredding heat, ash content and components
of MBT Residue✓To estimate the possibility of the
Biodrying reduction of the amount of thewaste to be landfilled by additional
sieving
Separation∮<40mm
MBT Residue
RDF product

Additional sieving
Remaining thehigh calorificitems in Residue

・High potential heat fraction
・Low ash content fraction

Mixed RDF
Cement kiln

Landfill

Cement kiln

Non-recyclable fraction

Landfill

FA-7

Substance Flow Analysis of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps in Korea
Jonghyun Choi, Yeonjung Hwang, Yong-Chul Jang*
Chungnam National University

 Main Focus

 Main Results

1.

With Minamata Convention agreed in 2013,
mercury is gaining global concerns owing to
its persistence in the environment and its
significant negative effects on human healthand the environment.

1.

2.

In Korea, the collection rate of mercury containing fluor
escent lamps is about 25% of the total amount of thelamp manufactured. It is difficult to determine the
distribution channels and disposal pathways of usedfluorescent lamps in Korea.

3.

Therefore, this study focused on the mass flow of
mercury in fluorescent lamps in the extended producer
responsibility (EPR) system in Korea by using substance flow analysis (SFA).

4.

The system boundary for this study was defined in household sector from product manufacturing to waste recyc
ling. And time boundary was limited to 1 year in 2013.
Linear shape(LFL)

Round shape(FCL)

U-tube shape(FPL)

Contains
inverter (CFL)<Fig 1. Recycling targets of fluorescent lmaps in Korea EPR system>

Fig 2. shows mass flow of mercury in fluorescent lamps
in Korea based on result of MFA of fluorescent lamps(25mg Hg/tube).

<Fig 2. Substance flow of mercury in fluorescent lamps in Korea>

2.

Total household demands of mercury(FL) : 470 kg
Stock of mercury(FL) in household : 11,542 kg
Collected mercury(FL) by municipalities : 406 kg- Recovered by carbon filter : 250 kg- Remaining in condensate : 55 kg- Remaining in scrap : 52 kg- Remaining in powder : 30 kg
Incinerated mercury(FL) : 38 kg
Landfilled mercury(FL) : 26 kg

FA-8

Unwillingness we feel when we complete serial recycle-friendly
actions for PET bottle disposal

Q. H. Jiang*,T. Izumi*,S. Suzuki**, F. takahashi**Department of Environmental Science and Technology,Tokyo Institute of Technology**Department of Civil Engineering, Fukuoka University

Quantify the degree of unwillingness

1

!

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Thurston’s pairwise comparison
Cumulative Gaussian distribution

Collected PET bottles from
Encourage way of PET bottles
municipal waste collection sites
disposal (Yamato city)

2

Monetary transform based onoutsourcing costs

Unwillingness

Evaluate how much people feel unwillingness
to dispose of PET bottles correctly.

Outsourcing cost (Market
price) (JPN yen) .

Main reason
10000

A-B-C-D
B-C-D
A-C-D
A-B-D
A-B-C
C-D
B-D
B-C
A-D
A-C
A-B
D
C
B
A

1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.00

1.00

2.00

Adjusted Z values (-)

020

Unwillingess (JPN yen)

40

FA-9

The Republic Act (RA) 9003 in the Philippines: Factors for
Successful Policy Implementation(D.G.J.Premakumara, Simon Gilby, and Kyungsun Lee)

(1) Background•••

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of
the serious environmental issues in the Philippines
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (theRepublic Act - RA 9003) provides a national policy andlegal framework to establish ISWM plans in Philippine
Local Government Units (LGUs)
However, its implementation and enforcement at LGUs ischallenging with a limited number of success stories(2) Objectives•

Identifies and discusses key challenges and factors thatare required for successful national policy
implementation at in LGUs.

(3) Methodology••

Reviews and discusses the current nationalframework and the experience of three case study
cities in the Philippines
Interviews with key stakeholders

Santiago City, Luzon• Population: 132,804(2010)• Daily MSW generation:
24 tonnes (2014)• 10 Year SWM plan
prepared in 2005 (inrevision)

Cebu City, Visayas• Population: 866,171 (2010)• Daily MSW generation: 420
tonnes (2014)• 10 Year SWM plan preparedin 2013(4) Lessons Learned•••

Establishment of national SWM policies and strategies
does not guarantee their automatic implementation in
LGUs
A lack of awareness and management, financial andtechnical capacities of the LGUs is generally deemed
responsible for the low enforcement of national policies.
There is a need of political support and locally relevant
solutions which integrate technical, social/cultural,institutional and legal aspects while building on existing
actors and assets.

(c) Google Maps

San Carlos City, Visayas• Population: 133,000 (2010)• Daily MSW generation: 17
tonnes (2014)• 10 Year SWM plan preparedin 2010

FA-10FA10: Weathering mechanisms of municipal solid waste incineration
air pollution control residues: A state of the art review
Angelica Naka, Hirofumi Sakanakura
National Institute for Environmental Studies

Hydrolysis:
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2

Secondary minerals formation (ettringite):
6Ca2+ + 2Al3+ + 3SO42- + 38H2O 
12H+ + Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12・26H2O

Formation of calcite (carbonation):
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2OMSWI fly ash+
Air pollution
control(APC)
residues

Weatheringor Aging

Suitable for
landfilling or
reusing?

Hazardous waste:
High level of soluble salts (e.g.
chlorides), heavy metals (e.g.
Pb, Cd) and persistent organic
pollutants (e.g. PHAs)

Mineralogicalalteration+
Metal
immobilization
Decreasing in pH (e.g. due
to carbonation) lead to newmineral formation; heavy
metals can be immobilized
in these minerals

FA-11

Capacity Development for Flood Waste Management in Vulnerable Asian Cities

Ishigaki T., Tajima R., Kawai K., Kubota R., Lieu P.K., Yamada M., Towprayoon, S., Chiemchaisri C.
Guideline
for appropriate
management
住民協力
分別排出
Flood damage in Tropical Asiaof flood waste for BMA

 Prediction of waste amount from flood damage
 Prevention of transfer station/ landfill damage
 Command system, Budget preparation
 Temporary storage site Collaboration with industries/ municipalities
 Dissemination

Prolonged inundation(Thailand 2011)
Tsunami (earthquakeof Sumatra)

水害ごみの
路上排出

Typhoon (2013)
Waste generated during Flood

Wooden furniture/ home
appliance damaged byinundation

Flowout households
Disposal of daily waste bydelaying of collection work

Capacity development workshop in Hue
Group discussion by officer/practitioner in local gov.
Prioriti
Resilience Raising Preparedness-zationevaluation Action/ Categorization
Resourcesindustry,-Finance
association,
local forces-Vehicle-Treatment-Traffic infrastructure-Urban discharge

Planning- Flood risk zoning-Respond plan
-Training-FW database- Warning system
Dissemination- Cooperation to FWM-damage prevention

FA-12

FA-12 Monitoring source separation of household organic waste in Hanoi, Vietnam○ Kosuke Kawai1), Luong Thi Mai Huong2)
1) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

2) Institute for Urban Environment and Industry of Vietnam

13.8%
Inorganic,
33.3

Organic,
34.6
Organic,
66.7

Inorganic,
44.0

Inorganic,
65.4

Organic,
56.0

Inorganic,
49.6

Organic,
50.4

53.2%

33.0%

Inorganic,
41.5

Organic,
58.5

Inorganic,
52.0

Organic,
48.0

FA-13

Solid Waste Management and Public Private Partnership(PPP) in Palestine
Ministry of local government1)

The objective of thisstudy is?
To conduct a survey of existing (PPP)
practices and models at Palestinian
local level (Joint service councils ) inorder to provide a descriptive
background and real information to be
used for further
development of the PPP concept andframework.

Methodology(MoLG) and (JICA), had conducted asurvey for all 12 JSCs for SWM in WestBank area, Palestine; Hebron,
Bethlehem, NW+N Jerusalem, NE+SE
Jerusalem, Jericho, Ramallah-Albireh,
Nablus, Salfeet, Qalquiliya, Tubas,
Tulkarem and Jenin JSCs

1)
2)
Ziad Tawafsheh ,正）Mitsuo Yoshida

Result(PPP) activities in solid waste
management in joint service
councils

1- 75% of the councils believe that

(LGUs) in Palestine are lacking thenecessary financial capacities andresources to promote partnerships
with the private sector

3- 46% of the JSCs did not have any
kind of partnership agreements withthe private sector

Recommendation
1- The laws should be revised or0%

the existing laws (Investment Law, Tax
Law) in Palestine are discouraging any
kind of investment in public service

2- 80% of local government units

Japan International Cooperation Agency2)

6%7%developed new laws under theconsideration of PPP promotion
strategy.

2- Improvement of financial state of

46%

27%

7%

7%

Street sweeping and conservancy related business
Waste collection and transportation businessPicking and sorting of recyclables
Material Recycling business
Intermediate treatment business
Dumpsite related businessNO

LGUs and/or JSCs is key issue topromote PPP.

3-International Presses on Israel toimmediately transfer to the Palestinian
Authority all the value added tax andcustoms duties that it has collected onbehalf of the Palestinians in order topayments progress to investors.

FA-14

Reduce-Reuse-Recycle: Technology and Policy as a driving force for economic
development in waste management system
Business opportunity: Recycling of plastic waste in Bangladesh
Plastic waste
disposed
130 tons/day
47,450tons/year

70% Recycled
and used in the
country (Except
PET)
33,215
tons/year Generating 21,000 jobs
 Saving expenditure of Tk3.08 crore by
avoiding plastic waste Saving Foreign currency of US $51 million/
year by avoiding import of virgin plastic.

Plastic waste recycling follows direct economic benefit(a) Less landfilling requirement; (b) Large recycling industry jobs and economic output;(c)Direct savings of foreign currency

3R Developments in Asia: Informal Resource recovery and recycling Nearly 80 percent of the river's pollution is the result of raw sewage. The riverreceives more than three billion liters of waste per day.
 Highly contaminated leachate seeps untreated into groundwater, a source ofdrinking water….

Need for change and attitudes to view “Waste” as “Resource”

FB: Recycling

FB-1

Study on N2O and CO2 emission characteristic
in accordance with the incineration of wood waste
Byeon EunSong, Park BiO, Jo GwangGon, Kalantarifard Amin, Yang GoSu
This study is focused on emission characteristic of CO2 and N2O that converted from NOx as basic research for estimating the emission factors of thebiomass through the analysis of wood waste from domestic power plant.
The NOx emission was calculated in two ways to estimate the N2O.
- Based on obtained NO2 concentration using TMS data.
- Based on the percentage of nitrogen content in the fuel andincineration temperature.

In order to analyze the degree of oxidation of waste wood, TMS measurements
used to analysis the component.
- CO2 generation rate and the data from the O2 value measured by the TMS
calculate the CO2 maximum(CO2max), which was based on degree ofoxidation of CO to CO2

Result- TMS data showed the N2O concentration with 221.5 ppm and 239.1 ppm while the theoretical analysis for these samples showed the relatively
lower N2O production with about 34.7 ppm and 51.9 ppm.
- Oxidation of waste wood is finally determined by using the previously obtained data and calculated values were more 99.9% for all samples.

(unit : ppm)

Air & Greenhouse Gas Management Center

FB-2

High CO2 Adsorption on Improved ZSM-5 Zeolite Porous Structure Modified with
Ethylenediamine and Desorption Characteristics with Microwave
Amin Kalantarifard, Jo Gwanggon, Jang Jihoon, Byeon Eunsong, Jang yuna, Yang Go Su
Introduction:
The effect of alkali earth metals, granite, bentonite
and starch on the porosity and crystallinity ofzeolite has been studied.
The maximum amine adsorption in synthesizedzeolite obtained was 450 mg/g of zeolite.
CO2 + R1NH2
R1NHCOO- + H+
CO2 + 2R1R2NH
R1R2NCOO- + R1R2NH2+

Results:

FT-IR spectra of S-ZSM-5 modified with EDA

Components

SBET (m2/g)

S-ZSM-5705-762

Pore volume (cm3/g)
V totalV micro
V meso
0.662
0.378
0.26
The variations of adsorbent bed temperatures curves

The break through curves at 75 oC and normal pressure

Air & Greenhouse Gas Management Center

CO2 desorption efficiency from S-ZSM-5 zeolites

FB-3

Calcium carbonate production from MSWI fly ash byindirect carbonation
Speaker : Hoyong Jo
Introduction
In Korea, the average output of MSWI fly ash is about 150Kton per year and it is expected to increase.
Most of MSWI fly ash disposed in a landfill, 2nd environment problem and lack of landfill site can be occur.
MSWI fly ash contain calcium and therefore it can be use as feedstock of mineral carbonation. vestigated.

Methodology

Results
Table 1. The composition of MSWI fly ach as oxide form(by XRF)
CaO

Cl

Na2O

K2O

SO3

SiO2

MgO

Al2O3

Fe2O3

Others

48.10

20.50

9.25

6.34

5.13

3.60

1.62

1.40

1.03

3.04

Table 2. The concentration of extracted solution from fly ash by ICP-OES
S/L

Concentration(ppm)

Ca
Fe
Al
K
30g/L
7415.86
35.52
57.22
6131.1450g/L11495.24
57.16
98.27
9803.7170g/L
12572.43
10744.49a) amount of dissolved Ca in sample (g) / amount of Ca in fly ashb)dissolved Ca in sample(mol) ⅹ 2 / HCl (mol)Mg
266.27427.41
248.12

Dissoution
Ratea)

Extraction
Efficiency)

0.98
0.92
0.71

0.74
1.15
1.26

Figure 1. SEM image of fly ash and obtained CaCO3. a)FA, b)30g/L, c)50g/L, c)70g/L

FB-4

YONSEI UNIVERSITY. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICALENGINEERING

Energy & Environment Engineering Lab

Production of calcium carbonate
from desulfurization gypsum using MEA absorbent
Speaker : Min-Gu Lee
Introduction
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the best technology for carbon dioxide reduction. MEA(Monoethanolamine) is widely used absorbent in chemical absorption. We are trying to convert carbon dioxide
into calcium carbonate using MEA absorbent and industrial waste which is desulfurization gypsum. The main
objective of this research is to investigate possibility of calcium carbonate salts formation by converting
carbon dioxide into ionic state and using metal cation extracted from desulfurization gypsum

Methodology

Fig 1. Mechanism of metal carbonate formation

Fig 2. Schematics diagram of experiment apparatus

ResultFig 3. Carbon dioxide loading curve

Fig 5. SEM image of produced calcium carbonate
salt (CaO)

Fig 4. XRD data of generated products

Fig 6. SEM image of produced calcium
carbonate salt (Gypsum)

FB-5

2015.9.2 JSMCWM

Comparing the Performance of WEEE
Recycling Systems in East Asia
Aya Yoshida, NIES (Japan), ayoshida@ies.go.jp







We reviewed WEEE recycling systems in East Asian
countries (China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan)
Four systems are compared from the following aspects
 Roles of actors: Financial, Physical responsibility
 Performance Convenience
Although our study is still on-going, preliminary results are Japanese and Taiwanese system achieve high volume
of collection for large appliances, but not for smaller
devices. Korean system achieves high collection rate forsmaller devices.
 Common issues (competition with informal recyclers) 1

FB-6

Recycling and Current Management Practices of Used Batteries in Korea
Yeonjung Hwang, Yong-Chul Jang*
Chungnam National University

 Main Focus
1.

2.
3.

In Korea, used batteries (e.g., manganese/alkaline manganese batteries, lithium battery, nickel-cadmium battery, silveroxide cell, nickel metal hydride battery) have been managed by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy
since 2003(Manganese/Alkaline manganese batteries, Nickel metal hydride battery have been included in the EPR in2008) to effectively collect and recycle them from consumers and to reduce of their negative effects on the environment.
This study presents the recycling and management practices of used batteries, especially focusing on material flow,
physical and financial responsibility of used batteries in Korea.
The data required for this study was collected from the literature review, statistical data provided by the ministry ofenvironment (MOE), discussion with the experts, survey and field visits to the local government office, MOE,
recycling facilities.
Silver Oxide Cell

 Main Results

Lithium battery

Ni-Cd Battery

Carbon-Zinc,
Alkaline MnO₂battery

Ni-MH Battery<Fig. Recycling targets of batteries in Korea EPR system>

1. Considering the present management status (physical, financial and end-of-life management) of batteries in Korea, thestudy proposes the need of stringent policy and awareness program for a better collection system.
2. The study also suggests the need of a better recycling methodology with highly advanced technologies to recover thevarious heavy metals and precious elements(e.g. Au, Ag and Li).
3. This study would further help decision makers to come up with an innovative policy for an effective management of

FB-7

Material Flow Analysis(MFA) and Actual Recycling Rateof Construction and Demolition Waste in Korea
Youngjae Ko, Yong-Chul Jang*, Jonghyun Choi
Chungnam National University

 Main Focus
1.

Estimate and analyze of the mass flow of C&D
waste by life cycle stages(generation-recyclingdisposal).

2.

Data collection from surveys of site visit to C&D
waste recycling facilities, National statistics
published by the Korea Ministry of Environment
and available literature.

 Result
1.

In 2011, approximately 67,000 thousand tons of
C&D waste were generated and approximately
65,000 thousand tons came into the C&D recycling
facilities.

2.

About 88% of C&D waste materials were recycled as aggregate; about 12% were separated as foreignmaterials.

3.

About 74% of the foreign materials weretransported to other recycling facilities, while theremaining fraction (36%) was landfilled andincinerated.

Fig.1 Material Flow of C&D waste in Korea

FB-8

soil particle size dependency of water holding capacity of soils amended with/without fly ash
Mengzhu SONG 1

shenglei lin 2

fumitake takahashi 3

tokyo Institute of Technology

Size dependency

Fly ash is a major solid
waste by-products fromthe combustion
processes of coal fired
power generation.

Desertification is also a severe problem in arid areas.
Some ameliorants to keep soil moisture is useful toincrease soil productivity.

DRY EXPERIMENT

40℃

WHC of samples with different FA ratio have the same variation as the function of the same
particle size range.

The Welch’s t-test with 5 % significance level suggests that the difference of WHC between
different particle size ranges is regarded as significant.

FB-9

Effect of Eggshell Membrane on Limiting Food Discoloration
N.I.T., Yonago College
Nana KONISHI (小西那奈)
FB-9
Our Study: Food Waste-Recycling

Exp.1:Suppression of Food Deterioration
１

0h

４

a

b
２

3h

Egg Shell

Egg Shell
Membrane

ESM has several functions
Exp.2: Enzyme Activity Inhibition① Sample Solution

Paper

ESM suppressed Browningbabrowningcbrowning

Exp.3: Application②Tyrosinase Activity(i) 0.1M phosphate buffer(ii) 2.5mM L-DOPA(iii) DMSO
(iv) Sample solution

After setting introduced
it into a cell whose light
optical pass has 1cm (25ºC) to leave it at rest for
15 minute.

c

ESM

３

blank

③ DataCollection

BeforeThin Film<Target：Apple>

Liquid. N2 pulverization4h

FB-10Fabrication of Nano-sized Copper Powders in Liquid Media Via High-Energy
Electrical Explosion Method: Use of High Purity Copper Recovered from
Waste Jelly-filled Cable as a Raw Material
Sungkyu Lee*, Dukhee Lee, Soo-Young Lee, Sung-Su Cho, Sunghyun Uhm
Plant Engineering & Advanced materials & Processing center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin449-863, Korea
TEL : + 82-31-330-7318

E-mail : sklee@iae.re.kr

Fabrication process

Outline Estimate of Korean Domestic Waste Jelly-filled Cable
Wastes Accumulated to 6,500 Tons in 2008
4,000 Tons of High Purity Copper Resources.

Synthesis mechanism
Commercial wire
 = 0.2 mm
i

Fe

Cu

Heating & melting
i

Ni

Ti

Vaporization

Condensation

 Copper nano-powders are highly promising form ofrecycling copper-based jelly-filled communication cables via
novel wire explosion in liquid media.

Synthesis conditions

Results

Wire diameter

0.8 mmSolution

Oleic acidFeeding distance

40 mm

Voltage

320 V

Intensity / arb. unit

Cu

High purity cubic
structured copperwith nosecondary (oxide)
phases were
fabricated.

50 nm-sized copper
powders were
fabricated without
agglomeration.

1㎛

500 nm

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

2θ CuKαVα/cm3 (STP)g-1

120
ADS
DES

100

Highly porous(58m2/g of BET
porosity) copper
nano-sized
powders weresynthesized.

80
60
40

BET: 58 m2g-1

20
0
0.0

5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

10 nm

nm
10 5nmColloidal
suspension ofcopper nanopowders were welldispersed and of
spherical
contour
10 nm

1.0

P/P0

ConclusionsElectrical explosion in oleic acid medium was optimized to synthesize nano-sized copper powders of lessthan 50 nm particle size.
Spherical particles of nano-sized copper powders were not agglomerated and the X-ray diffraction revealed
peaks peculiar to cubic copper structure without any oxide phases.
2
The BET porosity of 58m /g was regarded as superior to similarly synthesized copper powders in deionizedwater or ethyl alcohol medium.

.

FC: Thermal Treatment

FC1: Cancelled

FC-2

CONDENSATION PERFORMANCE OF TWO DIFFERENT HEATEXCHANGERS FOR COLLECTING PYROLYZED OIL○ Jae Gyu Hwang, Hang Seok Choi*, Hoon Chae Park
Fast Pyrolysis Process

Yield of products with reaction temperature Biomass can be converted to more valuable forms via thermochemical conversion process During fast pyrolysis, biomass is rapidly heated in anaerobic
condition and is decomposed into biocrude-oil, char and gas.

Experimental apparatus

Conclusions
 The yield of products and properties of biocrude-oil were affected by
the type of heat exchanger.

 Experimental apparatus consist of silo, screw feeder, bubbling
fluidized bed reactor, cyclone, heat exchanger and electrostatic
precipitator.
 Fast pyrolysis temperature was changed from 400 ℃ to 550 ℃.

 The biocrude-oil yield of direct contact heat exchanger was higher
than those of indirect type over all reaction temperatures. (about 3-4
wt. %)
 Compared to indirect contact condenser, direct contact condenser
shown high quantity of biocrude-oil yield, and it shown high qualityof biocrude-oil such as higher HHV, carbon content and viscosity.

FC-3

YONSEI UNIVERSITY. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICALENGINEERING

Energy & Environment Engineering Lab

Characteristics of bio-oil, bio-char production from lignocellulosic
biomass under slow pyrolysis
Speaker : Dongwoo KangIntroduction
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion technology to produce bio-char, bio-oil and bio-gas through the thermal
decomposition of biomass under anoxic conditions. The aim of this study is investigated producing the bio-oil, bio-char, andnon-condensable gas from lignocellulosic biomass via slow pyrolysis at different temperatures. Chemical composition of biooil is analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Methodology

Fig 1. Mechanism of metal carbonate formation

ResultTable 2. Ultimate analysis of bio-char.

Table 1. Mechanism of metal carbonate formation
Fig 2. Main compound identified in bio0oil analyzed by GC/MS

FC-4

WonDuck Chung1）, Woo Ri Jo1）, Minah Oh1）, Sung-Yeol Yun1）,Seong-Kyu Park2) , Jai-Young Lee1）
1) Dept. of Environmental Engineering, The University of Seoul, Korea
2) KofirstR&D center, KF E&E Co.Ltd, Korea[ The HTC reactor condition ]Collecting food wastes at K company
cafeteria

Food waste was grinded about 10mm
and non-grinded food wastes usedwithout any pre-treatment【Food waste】
Generation amount of food waste
in Korea (2012): 4.3 million ton/year
Treatment of food waste①②③④(unit : ton/year)

Recycling : 881,000
Landfilling : 469,000
Incineration : 756,000
4Ocean dumping : 1,823,000 Prohibition of ocean dumping
in Korea by London Dumping
Convention (after 2012) Need the alternative treatmentof ocean dumping → Biochar

Food wastes Reacting with conditionsof 220 ℃ heating temperature, 4hr
reacting time, 2.2Mpa Inner pressure

Analysis each samples with [Official
waste test method, 2015] and [Solidfuel product quality testing andanalysis methods,2013][ Research procedure ][ The weight of samples # ][The comparison of standards for SRF]

FC-5

The University of Seoul

A study on the characteristics of the bio-coal using agricultural by-products
Jin Gwan Kim1, Min-Jung Kim1,3, Kyoung-Joo Park1, Jong Bin Kim1, Seong-Kyu Park2, Jai-Young Lee1
1Dept. of Environmental Engineering, The University of Seoul
2Kofirst R&D center, KF E&E Co.Ltd
3Resource Recirculation Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research

Bio-fuels can beproduced using
waste fuels, so
it eco-friendly

We chose
agricultural byproducts into
bio-fuels

The method
used in thisstudy wasHTC(Hydrothermalcarbonization)

Contribute tothedevelopmentof alternative
energy

100

100

80

80

Three components(%)

The rapid
industrial
development isfacing problems
due to the energy
depletion

Three components(%)

ResultIntroduction

60

40

20

40

20

0

0
Moisture

The purpose ofthis study was
the energy
assessment of
bio-coal

60

Combustion

Ash

Moisture

Combustion

Ash

Three components of agricultural by-productThree components of agricultural of bio-coal

Results of element analysis of agricultural by-productResults of element analysis of bio-coal

60
210℃
220℃
230℃

55

45

40

35

30

25
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Time(hr)

The yield of bio-coal in this study

The yield of bio-coal, bio-liquid, bio-gas

4200

3800

4000

3600

3800

3400

LHV(kcal/kg)

HHV(kcal/kg)

Material and Method

Bio-coal yield(%)

50

3600

3400

3200

3000

3200

210℃
220℃
230℃

3000

2800

210℃
220℃
230℃

2600
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Time(hr)

The results of HHV of bio-coal

3.0

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Time(hr)

The results of LHV of bio-coal

3.0

FC-6

Study on a Fixed Bed Gasificationof Polyurethane SRF from Electronic Waste
Jae-Jun Kang Yong-Chil Seo*, Jang-Soo Lee, Won-Seok Yang, Se-Won Park, Md. Tanvir Alam

 Feedstock Dry gas composition and HHV with ER

Moisture

1.86

Volatile

82.91

Fixed-C(carbon)

10.18

Ash

5.05

Higher heating value(kcal/kg)

6,128 – 7,542

 Schematic diagram[1. air supply, 2. air controller, 3. MFC(Mass flow

100

controller, 4. feeder, 5. feeding pipe, 6. furnace,

H2+CO
CO
CH4

80

H2
CO2
HHV

2,500

60

2,000
40

1,500
1,000

20
500
0

fabric filter, 11. water pump, 12. filtering system

00.3(1), 13. filtering system (2), 14. gas vacuum

0.4

0.5

 Gaseous pollutant(N) with ER

thermocouple]

Polyurethane SRF
1000 oC
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6
10 g/min< 1 mmAir* Equivalent ratio was calculated as the ratio of air supplied to air required forcomplete stoichiometric combustion of feedstock

200.00Concentration, ppm

Feedstock
TemperatureER(Equivalent Ratio)*
Feeding rate
Particle size of feedstock
Gasification agent

0.6

ER

pump, 15. syngas controller, 16. micro GC, 17.

 Operating condition

3,500
3,000

7. cyclone, 8. residue collector, 9. scrubber, 10.

peristaltic pump, 18. steam generator, TC-

4,000

Higher heating value, kcal/m3

Proximate analysis(wt. %)Gas composition, vol.%Elemental analysis(wt. %)
C
63.88
H
6.34
O
15.21
N
6.59
S
ND
Cl(ppm)1350

 Results

150.00HCN

100.00

NH3
50.00

0.00
0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

ER

YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory

FC-7

Environmental Assessment of Polyurethane
Gasification Residue
Md. Md. Tanvir Alam, Jang-Soo Lee, Won-Seok Yang, Se-Won Park, Jae-Jun Kang, Yong-Chil Seo* Sample (bottom ash) Results
 Result of Leaching Test

ER 0.3

ER 0.4

ER 0.5

ER 0.6

 Experimental Method

Heavy Metal

Standard

ER 0.3

ER 0.4

ER 0.5

ER 0.6

As

< 1.5

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

Cd

< 0.3

ND

ND

ND

ND

Cr

< 1.5

ND

ND

ND

ND

Cu

<3

ND

ND

ND

ND

Hg

< 0.005

ND

ND

ND

ND

Pb

<3

ND

ND

ND

ND

 Loss on iginition

Weight the sample accurately (g)↓Parameter

Unit

Value

Add solution of D.W. + HCl (pH range 5.8~6.3)↓

Heating rate

℃/
min

10

Weight : Volume ratio = 1 : 10
(total volume above 500ml)↓

Temperature℃

600

Initial
mass

g

About
1

Samples-

Bottomash

Mixing & Shaking for 6 hours(stroke 4~5cm, 200rpm,
normal temperature & pressure)↓
Filtering (glass fiber 1.0㎛)
or centrifuging (3000rpm, 20min)↓
Weight : Volume ratio = 1 : 10
(total volume above 500ml)↓
Sample (leachate) Result of loss on ignition
100

Loss on ignition, % Leaching Test

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

Atmosphere

-

Air

13.4

10.98

0.3

0.4

12.88

10.2

0.5

0.6

10

0

ER

YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory

FC-8

A study on pyrolysis characteristics of torrefied
biomass○ Ho Seong Yoo, Hang Seok Choi*, Byeong Kyu Lee

Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University

Biomass Torrefaction and Pyrolysis•

Results

Biomass is eco-friendly and carbon neutral fuel, but it has high moistureRawmaterial

56
54

30

Raw
material28

and volatile matter.

moisture and volatile matter of biomass.

Moisture content (wt.%)

Torrefaction is pre-treatment process of pyrolysis or gasification. It can

Yield (wt.%)

•

52
50
48
46
44

26

24

22

20
42

Torrefaction were perfromed with changing temperature range

18

40
200

220~300 ℃. After torrefaction, torrefied biomass was pyrolyzed.

220

240

260

280

300

200

320

220

240

260

280

300

320

Torrefaction temperautre (¡É)

Torrefaction temperature (¡É)

Fig. 1 Yield of bio-oil

Fig. 2 Moisture content of bio-oil

4800

Torrefacti
on200-300℃

Dry biomass

4700

Pyrolysis
400~600℃

4600

HHV (kcal/kg)•

Torrefiedbiomass

4500

4400

4300

Raw
material

4200

Experiments

4100
200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Torrefaction temperature (¡É)

Fig. 3 HHV of bio-oil

Pyrolysis condition

Conclusion

Temperature

500℃

Inner gas

Nitrogen•Torrefaction decreases yield of bio-oil.

Time

2 sec

•

Torrefaction increases HHV and decreases moisture content of bio-oil

Material

Raw Sawdust,
Torrefied sawdust•

The fuel quality of pyrolyzed bio-oil is remarkably improved by torrefaction.

Feeding rate

1kg/hr

FC-9

For Waste to Energy, Assessment of Fluff TypeSRF (Solid Refuse Fuel) by Thermal Characteristics Analaysis
Se-Won Park 1, Yong-Chil Seo1, Jang-Soo Lee1, Won-SeokYang1, Jae-Jun Kang1 , Md. Tanvir Alam1

Figure of Feedstock[1]

Result and Discussion

[3]

[2]

Classification

Samples

[1]

EFB

[2]

Coal

[3]

SRF

[4]

SRF
(aftercrushing)[4]

Method of analysis[SRF (Fluff)]

Analysis

Instrument

MethodElemental

EA 1112/EA 1110,
Thermofinnigan
co.

ASTM D
5379

Heating Value

AC - 600, LECOASTM D
4809

Thermogravimetric

TGA – 701,
LECO

ASTM E
1131

Proximate

TGA – 701,
LECO

ASTM D
3172

Yonsei University[EFB][Coal]

In results o f T G analys is, weigh t lo ss o f EFB was almo st co mp leted
at 9 5 0 ℃. B ut, weig h t lo ss o f co al was no t co mp leted b ecause o f
lo w reactivit y.



Co mp ariso n with b io mass and co al, SRF sho ws vario us p eakb ecause o f vario us co mp o ne nt s in SRF.

So , SRF have limitatio n fo r fuel b ecause o f o p timu m co nd itio n
co ntro l

B ut, SRF sho ws p o ssib ility fo r auxiliar y fuel in result o f heatin gvalue. If we so lve the p ro b lem ab o ut eq ualizatio n , SRF is go o d fuelb y main fuel and sub stitute fo r fo ssil fuel includ in g co al used inthis stud y.

Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory

FD: Treatment Technology andLandfill

FD-1

Estimation of oxidation factor of methane using landfill
gas concentrations from vent pipes and surfaces in the
W landfill, Korea
Sangjae Jeong1), Anwoo Nam2), Tae Hoon Kim2) and Jae Young Kimǂ, 1)
1)Seoul National University 2) Korea Environment Corporation

Purpose
Evaluating methane oxidation factor by comparison of landfill gas composition
between landfill surfaces and vent pipes

Materials and Methods•••

Results

CH4 and CO2 fluxes are observed in the W
landfill
Spatial interpolation is conducted on surface
measurement results
OX is evaluated with Eq. (1)OX = 𝑅𝑣 −𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑣 × 1+𝑅𝑠••

The oxidation factor was 4.8 to 7.3 times higher
than the default value of IPCC guidelines
Oxidation factor is varied depend on thestatistics which we use

Eq. (1)

Where,OX = Oxidation factor (fraction), 𝑅𝑣 = 𝐶𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝑂 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (fraction),2
𝑅𝑠 = 𝐶𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝑂 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (fraction)
2

Laboratory of Waste Management and Resource Recirculation, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University

FD-2

Depth characteristic of mercury in a landfill site of Japan
Mercury (Hg) is a persistent environmental pollutant of hightoxicity. Hg can be transported long distances within theenvironment, and methyl mercury is so neurotoxic that can be bio
accumulated by animals like fish via food chain.

Anaerobic
pouch

In this study, we sampled in a landfill site in Japan and plan tounderstand what happens in old Hg containing waste inside thelandfill site, which will suggest useful information on long-term
disposal of Hg waste in the future.
hgcA

merA

merB

0.10

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

Position 1

0.30-0.38
1.83-1.87
2.62-2.68
3.23-3.35
4.75-4.85
5.00-5.10
6.55-6.65
7.54-7.68
8.55-8.73
9.40-9.55
10.38-10.55
11.42-11.55
12.55-12.65
13.22-13.38
14.24-14.36
15.20-15.30
15.50-15.60

Ratios of particular gene tocommonly gene [-]0.12

Total Hg concentration
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Depth [m]Summaries
Total Hg concentration [ng/g]

Results

In the three positions, the total mercury
concentration is presented to be lower thanthat in deeper places approaching the
ground surface, and shows a highconcentration between 5-15m.
hgcA gene was detected highly at 0.300.38 m. This result indicates that surface
layer in landfill becomes anaerobic
condition. Gene of merB was not detected
at all samples which indicates thatdemethylation is difficult to occur.

○Jing YANG 1), Akira Sano2), Ryuji Yanase3), Masaki TAKAOKA1), 2)
1) Graduate School of Eng., Kyoto University； 2) Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University；3) Environmental Protection Center, Fukuoka University

FD-3

Development of landfill management system using 3D measurement systemJong-Yun Kang, Jin-Kyu Park , Sung-Youn Cho, Kyung Kim , Nam-Hoon Lee

This study presents the waste volume calculation method using the point cloud of
the surface of 3 dimensional objects based on 3 dimensional laser scanner.
The system has been installed a landfill facility in Ansung city in Korea.
The calculation method of the waste volume
At first, laser scanners collect the point clouds of landfill facility by the commandof the P.C. server.
Second, the laser scanners send them to the P.C. server, which aligns the coordinateof the point clouds to have the same coordinate and it merges them to be one point
cloud file. The uniform grid meshing is applied to the merged point cloud andthe calculation of the volume is performed referring the initial shape of the landfill
facility.
Finally, the calculated volume is sent to the GIS server, which records periodicallythe volume history of the waste.
The proposed system periodically collects the volume of the waste from the landfill
facility and sends it to the GIS in the landfill facility.

FD-4

Park Jin-Kyu, Kang Jong-Yun, Lee Nam-Hoon

FD-4

The aim of this study

MethodResults

Surface methane concentration (ppmv)

70

Conclusion

60
50
40
30
20

y = 0.8079x + 15.7542
R2 = 0.85

10p-value < 0.0001

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CH4 flux (g/m2/d)

𝐾

𝑃𝑔

𝐹𝑣 = 𝑢𝑧 ( ∆z )Fig. 1 Correlation between methane emission flux
and surface methane concentration

(1)

60

Where, Fv: Volumetric methane emission flux (m3/m2/s)

50

Gauge pressure (Pa)Pg: the gauge pressure (Pa)u: the viscosity of methane (Pa∙S),∆z: the thickness of surface coverage of landfill (m),Kz: the vertical permeability of surface landfill (m2).

40
30
20
y = 0.7862x + 2.9721
R2 = 0.90

10F = Fv × Cs
Where, F: Methane emission flux (g/m2/d)
Cs: Surface methane concentration (mg/m3)(2)p-value < 0.0001

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CH4 flux (g/m2/d)Fig. 2 Correlation between methane emission flux
and gauge pressure

FE: Hazardous Waste

FE-1

Mercury immobilization for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash
by chelate treatment
Fong, Cheng Lip (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Background/Objective

K

Material/Method
Ca

Cd
Al
Fe





Na

incineration of MSW is the main
method of disposal in Japan
Residues in the form of ashes
Fly ashes more toxic

ChelateHg

In 2011, post chelate-treated fly
ash from a Nagano incinerator
found to have leached Hg
exceeding 0.005mg/L!

Discussion
Detected Free Hg vs Chelate-Mercury Ratio

Detected Free Hg vs Chelate Storage Time
Detected Mercury (μg/L)

Detected Mercury (μg/L)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Chelate-Mercury Molar Ratio (-)

10

The Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry- reduction vaporization using Tin(II) Chloride as a reducing agent- C2H5)2NCS2Na · 3H2O aschelate- HgCl2 in 0.1mol/L HNO330
25

0 days20

5 days15

10 days10

20 days
50 days5
00

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Chelate-Mercury Molar Ratio (-)

10