Family
Advocacy
Research
Digests

RESEARCH REVIEWCURRENT RESEARCH FOR FAMILY ADVOCACY PROGRAMS • VOL. 5, NO. 1 FALL 2020
In this Issue

We present Research Review (RR), a publication of the Joining Forces Joining Families (JFJF) group.
RR consists of summaries of research on intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment.
IPV-related summaries include two papers on IPV and coercive control: coerced debt and non-sexual
coercive control. The additional summaries describe aspects of parenting that can affect child development as well as child maltreatment. These include the effects of parental aggravation on children’s
adjustment, the importance of positive parenting in high risk families, and ways that parents may
deal with infant crying. Two final articles describe how child neglect can lead to unintentional childhood injuries and be associated with suicidal behavior of adults.
CHILD MALTREATMENT

Child Supervisory Neglect and Unintentional InjuriesChild neglect is a substantial problem in the U.S. In 2018,neglect accounted for 60.8% of all child maltreatment and
80.9% of child maltreatment fatalities (72.8% neglect and8.1% medical neglect) (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2020). There are many types of child neglect
including the major subcategories of physical, supervisory,and emotional (Coohey, 2003). However, the most common
and the most studied is supervisory neglect.
Unintentional injuries — often due to lack of supervision— are commonly seen in children brought to emergency
departments. The type of supervisory neglect and its association with the mechanism (type) of injury were recently
studied in 553 unintentionally injured children who wereidentified from a hospital forensic registry of the Phoenix
Children’s Hospital from 2010-2016 (Notrica et al., 2020).
Children under four years of age were 93.2% of the forensic
population, but only 37.7% of the trauma population. About
80% of the children had neglect-associated injuries. Fourtypes of supervisory neglect were found for 376 children

Contents

Child Supervisory Neglect and Unintentional Injuries………… 1
Childhood Neglect and Later Suicidal Behavior……………… 2
Coerced Debt is Coercive Control…………………………… 3
Nonviolent Sexual Coercion is Intimate Partner Abuse……… 4
How do New Parents Perceive Infant Crying? Pathways toPrevention………………………………………………… 5

who suffered falls: (1) interrupted supervision in which thechild fell or rolled off of furniture (53.4%); (2) failure toadapt the home environment such as not having a non-slip
bathtub or household clutter resulting in a fall (26.7%); (3)non-compliance with child seat, carrier, or other child safety
equipment (12.8%); and (4) inadequate care by a sibling orother adult (7.0%). In addition to falls, 62 (11.2%) of cases
were involved non-fall-related injuries, such as burns andrough handling.
This study describes injury patterns that have not been
identified as maltreatment, but shows a common pattern inwhich supervisory neglect occurs to very young children —negligent supervision. Many of these unintentional injuries
associated with negligent supervision were serious. Headinjuries were found in 62.2% of 553 cases and 20% had evidence of prior head injury, bleeds, or fractures from previous
serious falls..
The authors suggested that identification of supervisory
Continued on page 8

In Addition to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Parental
Aggravations Have an Effect on Children’s Adjustment…… 6
Positive Parenting Attitudes in High-Risk Families:
Appropriate Expectations, Empathy, and Valuing NonPhysical Discipline………………………………………… 7

CHILD MALTREATMENT

Childhood Neglect and Later Suicidal Behavior
In spite of the prominence of reports of child physicaland sexual abuse, child neglect remains the most prevalentand lethal form of child maltreatment. In 2018, 60.8% of
the 678,000 substantiated cases of child maltreatment in
the United States involved neglect. (U.S. Department of
Health & Human Services, 2020). While these numbers are
truly only an estimate since they are reported cases, it is still
important to consider the effects of neglect on the lives ofchildren and how it echoes into adulthood.
Suicidal behavior and child neglect were examined in a
psychiatric epidemiologic study of a sample of 5,665 respondents who were representative of the U.S. population (Kessler
et al., 2004; Kessler & Merikangas, 2004; Stickley et al., 2020).
The mean age of the sample was 45 years and 53% werefemale. Three types of lifetime suicidal behavior were examined: suicide ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts.
Respondents were classified as neglected if they reported
sometimes or often having experienced any of three different
types of neglect: care neglect (e. g., lack of food, going without things), supervisory neglect (e.g., left alone, made to dochores that were too difficult or too dangerous), and medical

neglect (i.e. failure to get treatment when sick or hurt).
Having had thoughts of killing oneself at some time inone’s lifetime was reported by 15.54%, of making a suicide
plan by 5.42%, and of having attempted suicide by 5.00%.
Any childhood neglect was reported by 13.99%. Supervisory
neglect was reported at a higher level than the other types:
being unsupervised was 7.66% and chores too difficult or
dangerous was 7.33%. Care neglect (going without things)
was reported by 3.87% and going hungry by 2.50%. Medical
neglect was reported by 2.28%.
After adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, mental
health and childhood physical abuse variables, neglect of any
type was associated with a more than two-fold increase in
the odds of suicide attempt (adjusted odds ratio = 2.05) andsuicide plan (AOR = 2.37), while suicidal ideation odds increased by 80% (AOR = 1.80). Overall, this means those whoreported neglect were nearly twice as likely to have some typeof suicidality. When all five forms of neglect were consideredsimultaneously, supervisory neglect was associated with all
three suicidal behaviors (ideation AOR = 1.85; plan AOR =Continued on page 8

Consideration of the types of neglect that an adult experienced as a child areimportant in understanding the relationships affecting adult suicidality.

JOINING FORCES
Joining Families

RESEARCH REVIEW
EditorRonald J. Whalen, PhD, LMSW
Research Assistant Professor
Department of Psychiatry, USU
e-mail to ronald.whalen.ctr@usuhs.edu(301) 319-8003

Editorial Consultants
Joshua C. Morganstein, MD
Captain, US Public Health Service
Assistant Director, CSTS
Associate Professor and Assistant Chair
Department of Psychiatry, USU

Joining Forces Joining Families—Research Review isa publication of the Family Violence and Trauma
Project, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress,
Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services
University, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, and the U.S.
Army Installation Management Command, Fort
Sam Houston, TX 78234.

James E. McCarroll, PhD, MPH
Research Professor
Department of Psychiatry, USU

2 • RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families

Assistants to the Editors
Alexandra Burris, BA
Britany Mullins-Husain, BA

Fall 2020

IN T I MATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Coerced Debt is Coercive Control
Coercive control is a component of domestic abuse. It
includes behaviors by one partner in a relationship to control
the other. Many forms of coercive control exist, including
isolation, emotional harm, manipulation, coercion, andthreats of harm (Brennan, Burton, Gormally, & O’Leary,2019). Limiting a partner’s access to finances is a common
means of coercive control. A more severe form of manipulation and control is coerced debt (Adams, Littwin, & Javorka,2019).
A sample of 1,823 women who had experienced intimate
partner violence (IPV) and called the National Domestic
Violence Hotline in summer 2014 were asked to take a survey to assess if they had been a victim of coerced debt. The
women were first asked if an intimate partner had convincedor pressured them to borrow money or buy something on
credit when they did not want to. If the answer was positive
they were asked what they thought would happen if theysaid “no.” The second question was if she had ever foundout about bills or debts that a partner had put in her namewithout her knowing. Coerced debt occurred if the womenanswered positive to either question (a coercive or fraudulant transaction).
Fifty-two percent of the total sample of respondents reported that debt had been put in their name. A coercive transaction
was reported by 43%. Sixty-six percent of respondents who
disclosed a consequence (What they thought would happen if
they said “no”) described fearing psychological consequencessuch as name calling, yelling, and threatening to end therelationship. Others (38%) cited fear of physical consequences
including being beaten or killed and 10% cited some form of
economic consequence such as loss of job, money, or property.
Twenty-two percent of all respondents and 46% of those
who experienced any coerced debt reported a fraudulent transaction. Discovery of the fraud came through the mail, creditor
or bill collector-initiated contact, finding bills in the trash,after a move, or when the abuser failed to intercept them or
was away. Callers also learned of the debt through a variety ofother means: reviewing their credit report, applying for a loan,
notification of the debt, seeing unauthorized activity on credit

cards or bank statements, abuser confession, and through the
divorce process. In total, women who had a partner who hid
financial information from them were 3.6 times more likely tohave debt in their name due to coercive or fraudulent transactions perpetuated by their intimate partner.
Among the findings of this study was that coerced debt iscommon for women seeking help for intimate partner violence.
Additionally, hiding financial information is a control tactic
that creates partner vulnerabilities. That is, they create partner
vulnerabilities. Financial dependence is a likely consequenceof coerced debt making it hard or impossible for women to pay
debts and making it harder to leave the relationship and support themselves or their children.
The authors suggested several practice implications of
this study including the ability of service providers (hotlines,
shelters, advocacy programs, and legal services) to identify andaddress the coerced debt, damaged credit and financial dependence of women seeking help for IPV. There are also intensive
services for victims disputing fraudulent charges, changing
financial security information, such as account numbers andpasswords, and contacting attorneys with expertise in consumer and family law to discuss legal options although there may
be no remedy for debt incurred through coercion.
The military has programs for financial assistance as well as
legal aid for victims. It is important that advocates be familiar
with coerced debt and possible remedies through financial anddebt assistance resources, state and federal law, and the policies
of lending institutions and credit bureaus.

References

Adams, A. E., Littwin, A. K., & Javorka, M. (2019). The
frequency, nature, and effects of coerced debt among a national sample of women seeking help for intimate partner
violence. Violence Against Women, 26(11), 1324-1342.
Brennan, I. R., Burton, V., Gormally, S., & O’Leary, N.
(2019). Service provider difficulties in operationalizing
coercive control. Violence Against Women, 25(6), 635-653.

Coerced debt includes non-consensual financial transactions, such as pressure tobuy something unwanted, and fraudulent financial transactions damaging the victim’s
financial and credit status.

http://www.CSTSonline.org

RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families • 3

IN T I MATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Nonviolent Sexual Coercion is Intimate Partner Abuse
Coercive control, a form of intimate partner violence,
consists of perpetrator behaviors that assert power throughrestriction of freedom such as isolation from friends, intimidation, surveillance and monitoring, withholding money,
threats, and physical and psychological abuse of the victim,
the victim’s children, and pets (Dutton & Goodman, 2005;
Mitchell & Raghavan, 2019). Sexual coercion involves persuading an unwilling partner to comply with nonconsensual
sex through nonviolent means.
In a study of 136 men recruited from a batterers’ treatment group, 20.6% reported regular use of coercive controlling behavior of their partner including sexual coercion(Mitchell & Raghavan, 2019). Coercive control was measured
using the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale-Coercive
Control Subscale (IRRS) (Beck, Menke, Brewster, & Figueredo, 2009). The IRRS is an 11-item self-report scale thatmeasures the frequency of controlling behavior over the current or most recent partner. Examples are: “I demanded thatmy partner obey me,” and “I controlled my partner’s coming
and going.” A three-level variable of coercive control use(low, moderate, high) was used to predict the use of sexual
coercion tactics.
Sexual coercion was measured by the Multidimensional
Sexual Coercion Questionnaire (MSCQ) (Raghavan, Cohen,& Tamborra, 2014). The MSCQ is a 42-item scale that contains eight sexual coercion tactics subscales: threats of physical force, exploitation, humiliation/intimidation, pressure,
relational threats, hopelessness, helplessness, and bullying.
Items begin “My partner had sexual intercourse even though
she did not want to because …” An example of helplessness is“I ignored her verbal requests to stop.” An example of bullying is “I accused her of being a prude or not being feminine
enough.” An example of exploitation is “I made her false
promises.” The original 7-point Likert scale ranging from“none” to “twenty times or more” was dichotomized such thatany use of a given tactic was equal to 1 and no use was equal
to zero.
Results were that higher levels of overall coercive control
were associated with increased likelihood of overall sexual
coercion: all of the MSCQ subscales, except humiliation/
intimidation and physical violence, were statistically significant. Perpetrators who used moderate amounts of coercive

control were about 3-6 times more likely to use sexuallycoercing behaviors to obtain sex from an unwilling partner;
perpetrators who used high levels of overall coercive control
were 6-12 times more likely to use sexually coercion tactics.
The odds ratio of sexual coercion tactics was highest for bullying (OR=6.17) followed by exploitation (OR=4.53) hopelessness (OR=3.85) and pressure (OR=3.28) among perpetrator using moderate levels of coercive control. The lowest wasfor relational threats (OR=2.77).
The authors noted that the type of tactic used for sexual
coercion can contribute to different types of relational environments. For example, bullying, exploitation, and hopelessness attack victims’ sense of self-worth whereas relational
threats increase the victims’ fear they will lose the relationship. In response to many of these coercive tactics, victims
may feel that they have more to lose by saying “no” than complying with demands or threats or may have difficulty engaging in protective behaviors due to feelings of fear, distress, orother intense emotions.
Clinical and forensic implications of these results arethat nonphysical sexual coercion requires a different levelof understanding of the plight of the victim compared toforced sex and an awareness that both coercion and physicalforce may be both be employed by perpetrators. Nonviolent
tactics may not be seen by those outside the relationship as
either evident or detrimental. This may also put the burdenof proof on the victim to explain how she communicatedthat sex was not wanted and result in self-blame as well as amore difficult path to obtaining social or formal support. The
authors recommended educating providers in legal and clinical practices about the types of nonphysical sexual coercion
to help victims that struggle with emotional and cognitive
consequences of the abuse and blame themselves. There arealso implications for interventions with perpetrators such as
working on communication regarding sex and learning new
ways of communicating feelings such as tolerating rejection
by the partner and empathy-building activities to understandthe destructive effects of sexual coercion. For perpetratorswith high usage of overall coercive control, exploring sexual
coercion may lead to better understanding of it destructiverole in relationships.
Continued on page 8

Tactics of nonphysical sexual coercion include threats of physicalforce, exploitation, humiliation/intimidation, pressure, relational
threats, hopelessness, helplessness, and bullying.

4 • RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families

Fall 2020

C HILD MALTREATMENT

How do New Parents Perceive Infant Crying? Pathways to Prevention
Inconsolable infant crying can be a trigger for parental
frustration resulting in abusive head trauma (AHT) of infants(Barr, 2014). AHT is a frequent cause of death as well as lifelong disability (Choudhary et al., 2018). In order to develop
prevention strategies to decrease parental frustration with
infant crying, a qualitative study explored first-time parents’beliefs, emotions, and experiences of infant crying (Wiley etal., 2019). Anticipation of strategies to manage infant crying can prevent parental frustration and possible harm tochildren as well as harm to the relationship of parents to theirinfant.
New parents (25 mothers and fathers) listened to a oneminute audio tape of infant crying followed by a preventive
message about AHT, the content of which included nevershaking a baby (Alexander, Alexander, Esernio-Jensen, & al.,2017). The mothers and fathers were interviewed separately
immediately after listening to the audio tape and preventive
message. Interviews were semi-structured with seven openended questions to elicit parents’ perceptions of infant crying
and its relationship to AHT. For example, “Did you ever heara baby cry like that?”, “What have you done/can you do tohelp a baby stop crying?”
Four themes emerged from the initial interviews.
1. Parents believe that personal experience is helpful tomanage infant crying.
2. Parents believe their infants cry for a reason.
3. Parents cannot understand why someone would shake an
infant.
4. Parents use safety planning to manage frustration with
infant crying.
Subsequent interviews were conducted with 16 participants at 8 and 12 weeks following the initial interviews. Nine
questions inquired what they thought and did when theirbaby cried. For example, “Did you think about the audio
recording of the infant crying since your first interview? If so,
what were your thoughts?” Two additional themes emerged
from the subsequent interviews.
1. Parents use supports to manage infant crying.
2. The audio clip had an impact on infant crying
consequences.
Many examples were given of thoughts and feelings
described by parents. The methodology of this study could
be easily adapted to clinical and teaching settings and offers
providers an opportunity to elicit information from parents
in order to more effectively work with them.

References

Alexander, R., Alexander, S., Esernio-Jensen, D., & al., e.
(2017). Non-programmatic approaches to child maltreatment prevention. In R. Alexander (Ed.), Child Maltreatment Prevention (pp. 253-273). St. Louis, MO: STM
Learning.
Barr, R. G. (2014). Crying as a trigger for abusive headtrauma: a key to prevention. Pediatric Radiology, 44 Suppl
4, S559-564.
Choudhary, A. K., Servaes, S., Slovis, T. L., Palusci, V. J.,
Hedlund, G. L., Narang, S. K., . . . Offiah, A. C. (2018).
Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants
and young children. Pediatric Radiology, 48(8), 1048-1065.
Wiley, M., Schultheis, A., Francis, B., Tiyyagura, G., Leventhal, J. M., Rutherford, H. J. V.,… Bechtel, K. (2019).
Parents’ perceptions of infant crying: A possible path topreventing abusive head trauma. Academic Pediatrics,
20(4), 448-454.

Anticipation of strategies to manage infant crying can prevent parental
frustration and possible harm to children as well as harm to the relationshipof parents to their infant.

http://www.CSTSonline.org

RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families • 5

C HILD MALTREATMENTIn Addition to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Parental
Aggravations Have an Effect on Children’s Adjustment
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like parental
divorce or witnessing domestic violence are associatedwith negative physical and psychosocial health (Hughes
et al., 2017) as well as with many causes of death in adults(Felitti et al., 1998). In addition to their effects on adult
health, ACEs also have direct effects on the children. A
cross-sectional study of 499 children 5-11 years old who
were evaluated for ACEs during well-child visits reported
that children with two or more ACEs were more likely toexperience sadness, anger, sleep problems, bullying, school
problems, and enuresis (Marie-Mitchell, Watkins, Copado,& Distelberg, 2020).
Although ACEs can be a major factor in the healthand development of children and adults, it is important
to consider other influences such as how any ACE’s areaffecting current relationships between parents and theirchildren. National Survey of Children’s Health data from35,718 adults with children 6-17 years old were used toassess the relative contributions of ACEs and parent’s feelings of aggression when predicting child internalizing andexternalizing problems (Suh & Luthar, 2020). Findings
were also broken out by the child’s sex (18,226 males and17,492 females). Nine ACE items of household dysfunction
included finances, divorces, death, incarceration, domestic and neighborhood violence, mental illness, substanceabuse, and race/ethnicity discrimination. Positive responses
were summed for a total ACE score.
Parental aggravation was measured by three items:
child hard to care for, child does things that really bothercaregiver, and anger with the child. If any of the three wereanswered usually or always, the parent was identified as
experiencing parental aggravation. Personal support forparenting (i.e., having a spouse or other family member/close friend a parent could turn to for emotional support
for parenting) and external resources (e.g., health care provider, religious leader a parent could turn to for emotional
support for parenting) were examined for possible moderating effects on the relationship between the child problems
and ACEs and parental aggravation.

Twenty-three percent of children (23.2% of males, 22.6%of females) experienced at least one ACEs, with parental
divorce/separation being the most common. Both ACEs
and parental aggravation significantly and independently
predicted child internalizing and externalizing problems, but
the relative magnitude of parental aggravation compared to
ACEs was generally 1.5 to 2 times stronger. However, moreparental support for parents from family and close friends
decreased the negative effects of ACEs and parental aggravation on children’s outcomes. Conversely, child problems weremore likely when external resources were involved.
Interventions which focus on reducing parental aggravation are indicated by this study as an important part of caring for children. Interventions that directly address parental
aggravation and associated negative parenting behaviors
are likely to have a broad impact on the home environment
relative to interventions which target a specific ACE (e.g.,
support groups for children of divorce).

References

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F.,
Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V.,… Marks, J. E. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to
many of the leading causes of death in adults. American
Journal of Public Health, 14(4), 245-258.
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D.,
Butchart, A., Mikton, C., …Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health:a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public
Health, 2(8), e356-e366.
Marie-Mitchell, A., Watkins, H. B. R., Copado, I. A., & Distelberg, B. (2020). Use of the Whole Child Assessment to
identify children at risk of poor outcomes. Child Abuse &Neglect, 104, 104489. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104489
Suh, B., & Luthar, S. S. (2020). Parental aggravation may
tell more about a child’s mental/behavioral health thanadverse childhood experiences: Using the 2016 National
Survey of Children’s Health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101,
104330. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104330

The effects of parental aggravation and anger on child maladjustment were larger than thoseeffects for ACEs. Rather than focusing only on cumulative ACEs, it could be more useful tofocus on parents’ struggles with their aggravation and anger toward the child.

6 • RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families

Fall 2020

CHILD MALTREATMENT

Positive Parenting Attitudes in High-Risk Families:
Appropriate Expectations, Empathy, and Valuing
Non-Physical Discipline
Parenting is a complex behavior driven by many factors that operate in interacting systems involving the child,the family, and the environment. Parenting attitudes typically precede and are associated with parenting behaviors,
but little is known about how interacting systems influenceparenting attitudes. The study described here investigatedchild, caregiver, family and neighborhood correlates ofparenting attitudes thought to lead to caretaker behaviors
toward children (Wamser-Nanney & Campbell, 2020). Better
understanding of how parental attitudes develop can help toidentify caretakers who are at risk for negative, problematicparenting behaviors that can be the subject of interventions.
This study utilized data from the Longitudinal Studies ofChild Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) project, a consortium of longitudinal studies at five U.S. sites investigating
predictors and consequences of child maltreatment (Runyan et al., 1998). The sample consisted of 1,071 4-year-old
children (48.8% female, 55.7% Black and 24.3% White) andtheir caregivers from a high-risk sample. Most caregivers
were mothers with an average education of 11.45 years. The
average family income was $15,000-$20,000; 52% of families
had income below the poverty line.
Predictors of parenting attitudes included measures ofchild, caregiver, family, and environmental characteristics,
to include child maltreatment histories of the child and the
caregiver. Parental attitudes were measured with the AdultAdolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), validated to distinguish between the attitudes of maltreating and non-maltreating parents (Bavolek, 1984). Three of four AAPI subscales
used in this study include: (a) appropriate developmental
expectations, (b) empathy toward children and their needs
and an interest in the child’s perspective, and (c) rejection ofphysical punishment as a means of discipline.
Parenting attitudes were associated with factors at
multiple levels (i.e., caregiver, child, family, and child maltreatment). Variables that were positively related to all threeparental attitudes (expectations, empathy, and non-physicaldiscipline) were greater caregiver educational attainment,
lower depressive symptoms, non-violent discipline, and family income. A counterintuitive finding was that a caregiverhistory of physical and sexual abuse was also associated withmore appropriate caregiver expectations. Psychological aggression was negatively related to parental attitudes toward
the child. Minority child status was associated with greater
parenting empathy, but more negative parenting expectations.
This study provided an ecological model of the relationships between caregiver, child, and family behaviors andcharacteristics affecting parenting attitudes in this high-risksample. Since the study was cross-sectional, directions ofeffects cannot be reported. However, findings may be usefulfor interventions in such families. Particularly important forproviders is to help caregivers understand the interplay of thecharacteristics of the child, the caregiver, and the family upon
the caregiver’s expectations of the child, empathy in termsof the caregiver’s ability to see the world through the child’seyes, and the value of non-physical discipline.

References

Bavolek, SJ. (1984). Handbook for the adult-adolescent parenting inventory (AAPI). Family Development Associates.
Asheville, NC: Family Development Resources.
Runyan DK, Curtis PA, Hunter WM, Black M, Kotch J, Bangdiwala .,…Landsverk J. (1998). LONGSCAN: A consortium for longitudinal studies of maltreatment and the life
course of children. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(3),275-285.
Wamser-Nanney R, & Campbell CL. (2020). Predictors ofparenting attitudes in an at-risk sample: Results from the
LONGSCAN study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104282.
doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104282

Parental attitudes are shaped in a multi-determined fashion and include
the expectations of the caregiver, the empathy of the caretaker toward theperspective of the child, and valuing non-physical punishment of the child.

http://www.CSTSonline.org

RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families • 7

Child Supervisory Neglect, from page 1
neglect could be improved by the use of a checklist including the mechanism of injury (Notrica et al., 2020). Such achecklist could also be used as a screen to help differentiate
between inflicted trauma and other injuries due to supervisory neglect. Finally, a checklist that includes the typesof injuries resulting from supervisory neglect could also be
used in a variety of locations such as primary care, pediatric clinics, ED, and schools to inform parents of the risks ofsupervisory neglect to children of all ages.

Notrica, D. M., Sayrs, L. W., Kirsch, L., Kelly, C., Nickoles, T.,Greenberg, J., . . . Misra, S. (2020). Inflicted versus unintentional injury: towards improved detection and surveillance of supervisory neglect. Journal of Pediatric Surgery,55(2), 341-345.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). Child
Maltreatment 2018. In (pp. 258). https://www.acf.hhs.gov/
sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf: Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youthand Families, Children’s Bureau.

References

Coohey, C. (2003). Defining and classifying supervisory
neglect. Child Maltreatment, 8(2), 145-156.

Four types of supervisory neglect of children are: interrupted supervision,
failure to adapt the home environment, non-compliance with safety
equipment, and inadequate care by a sibling or other adult.

Childhood Neglect and Later Suicidal Behavior, from page 2
1.91; attempt AOR = 1.56). Importantly, medical neglect was
associated with a 67% increase in odds of suicide attempt(AOR = 1.67) and a more than two-fold increase in suicide
attempt odds (AOR = 2.22).
The authors concluded that child maltreatment, specifically child neglect, is a significant risk factor for suicidality inadulthood. In addition, the types of neglect are important inunderstanding the relationship of child neglect to suicidality.
Further research is necessary to better understand how neglect affected suicidality over the life span, previous attempts(if any) to receive help, and how the individual may see current forms of neglect in their daily life and relationships.

References

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Heeringa, S., Hiripi, E., . . . Zheng, H. (2004). The US National
Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): design andfield procedures. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 69-92.
Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2004). The National
Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): backgroundand aims. International Journal of Methods in PsychiatricResearch, 13(2), 60-68.
Stickley, A., Waldman, K., Ueda, M., Koyanagi, A., Sumiyoshi, T., Narita, Z.,… Oh, H. (2020). Childhood neglect
and suicidal behavior: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Child Abuse & Neglect, 103.
doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104400
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). Child
Maltreatment 2018. In (pp. 258). https://www.acf.hhs.gov/
sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf: Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youthand Families, Children’s Bureau.

Nonviolent Sexual Coercion, from page 4

References

Beck, C. J., Menke, J. M., Brewster, O. H., & Figueredo, A. J.
(2009). Validation of a measure of intimate partner abuse
with couples participating in divorce mediation. Journal of
Divorce & Remarriage, 50, 295-308.
Dutton, M. A., & Goodman, L. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization.
Sex Roles, 52(11-12), 743-756.
8 • RESEARCH REVIEW | Joining Forces/Joining Families

Mitchell, J. E., & Raghavan, C. (2019). The impact of coercive
control on use of specific sexual coercion tactics. Violence
Against Women. doi:10.1177/1077801219884127
Raghavan, C., Cohen, S., & Tamborra, T. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the Multidimensional
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Fall 2020