CCSにおける微小振動観測技術開発
CCSにおける微小振動観測技術開発

Microseismic Monitoring at the CCS fields

薛 自求 (Ziqiu XueXue))
Research Institute of Innovative Tech for the Earth

Contents
PreviousPistudies
t di off fluid
fl id injection
i j tiGeothermal and oil fields

Seismicity
y at CO2 injection
jfields
Weyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)Microseismic monitoring techdevelopments
Offshore potential CO2 storage sites

Fluid Injections:
Stimulation & Production at geothermal and oil fields
S SiteActivity

RockSensors

Wells

Unconsolidated
sandstone

Low porosity
carbonate
Hot-Dry RockGranite

Phillips et alal, 2001

Examples of Seismogram Recorded
at Fenton Hill, New Mexico

Over 21,000 m3 of water were injected into deep HDR in 61 hours.

Lessons from Previous Fluid Injections
Microseismic monitoring must be performed bydownhole instruments
i t
t due
d tot theth smallll sizeiMost events fall in the magnitude - 4 to -2
2 range,formed surrounding the injection point.
Microseismic techniques equally usefulf l iff sufficient
ffevents observed in sedimentary reservoirs.
Lower Frio: 54 located from 2900 events (too small for location).
Clinton Co.:
Co : 3200 events recorded clearly associated withproduction rate, with time lag.
Fenton Hill: over 11,000
11 000 locatable events recorded in a volumeof 1 km x 1 km x 300m.

Contents
PreviousP
istudiest di off fluid
fl id injection
i j tiGeothermal and oil fields

Seismicity
y at CO2 injection
jfields
Weyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)Microseismic monitoring techdevelopments
Offshore potential CO2 storage sites

Microseismic Monitoringg at WeyburnyCO2--EOR fieldCO2Verdon, 20108-level, 3-components geophones installed in well 101/06-08, about 50 m awayfrom injection well 121/06-08, CO2 injection rate 100-500 ton/day, 2003.8 – 2004.11

Monthlyy event rates duringg CO2 & water injectionj

Most days have no events, sometimes as many as 7 events and no events at all for
O er 2 years
Overears from 2006 (Verdon(Verdon, 2010)2010).

Mapp (a)( ) and East
East--West cross
cross--section ((b)) view ofPhase 1B events plotted by ESG

This plot includes some events caused by completion and drill activities pointed outb Verdon (2010)
by(2010).

Mapp (a)( ) and East
East--West cross
cross--section ((b)) view ofPhase 1B events plotted by Verdon (2010)

Yellow: pre-injection (Aug-Dec 2003); Magenta: initial injection period (Jan-Apr 2004);
Red dRed:
duringring ele
elevated
ated injection rate period (J(Jul-Novl No 2004) bby Verdon (2010)(2010).

Event magnitudes plotted as a function ofdidistancefromftheh array byb Verdon
V d (2010)

the limit of detectabilitySummary of Microseismic Monitoringat Weyburn CO2
CO2--EOR fieldEventt magnitudesE
it d ranged
d betweenb t-3
3 tto -1,1 eventt
magnitudes of -2 are still detectable over 400 m away.
Comparison with production data, the timing of events
located in and just above the reservoir correlates withperiods temporarily stopped production.
Microseismicity
Mi
i i it occurs att theth onsett off CO2 injection,i j tiand also appears to correlate with periods of increasedinjection.
Events are characterized by a low dominant frequency(15 - 80 Hz) and poor signal-to-noise ratio.

Billiot (2011)

Billiot (2011)Billiot (2011)

Billiot (2011)

Contents
PreviousP
istudiest di off fluid
fl id injection
i j tiGeothermal and oil fields

Seismicity
y at CO2 injection
jfields
Weyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)Microseismic monitoring techdevelopments
Offshore potential CO2 storage sites

Microseismic Monitoring at Nagaoka Site
Protective case
100m

Seismic sensor(3C)

GPS Antenna
A t

3C Seismicsensor→To Recorder
Concrete baseSeisimic sensor specifications
Itemspecification

Seismic Sensor(ALTUS Enta; Kinemetrics)

Sensor type: triaxial EpiSensor force balance accelerometer
Full scale: ±2G
Frequency range: DC～100Hz
Dynamic range: 135dB

Seismic Recorder(ALTUS –K2; Kinemetrics)

Number of channels: 6ch
Sampling time: 20, 40, 50, 100, 200, 250Hz
Frequency range: DC～40Hz（in 100Hz sampling case）
Dynamic range: 114dB（19Bit）
Power supply: Internal battery 12V, 12Ah

PavementGeophysical Monitoring (incl. earthquake safety surveys)

Pressure Changes at Injection and Observation Wells

Formation Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressurehypocenter

The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004
NSN-SEWE-W

Nuumber of EveentsEarthquake

U-D
Date

Histogram of microseismic events by theseismic sensor of Nagaoka site.
site Injection period
is July 2003 to January 2005.

Earthquake Wave-forms observed by theseismic sensor of Nagaoka site

Natural earthquakes and surface noises areincluded in these events.

Likelyy Events Recorded at Nagaoka
gSite(2004.10.23-2006.3.6)

ト数
E イベントEventCo
ounts

1000

total events
likely events
地震類似波形のイベント
event
count

イ ントの累積数
イベントの累積数
地震類似波形のイベントの累積数

100

10

Likely events appeared just after the earthquake

Date06500

200
6/03/262005/11/400

1810200
5/05/3002005/08/29200005/01/EnddedInjeection
2100

Re-staarted

200
4/10/230Term
minatedMoniitoring1

Likelyy Events Observed from startingginjection to Mid
Mid--Niigata Earthquake

24Comparison with HiHi-net data
IY087
2004/05/03（injection）

JK005
2004/10/06/ /JJ005の記録開始時刻

JL009
2004/10/17

JJ017
2004/09/10（i j i ）（injection）

IY087の記録開始時刻

JJ013
2004/09/09

JJ017の記録開始時刻（injection）: matched event
IY065
2004/04/17

JL009の記録開始時刻

JJ013の記録開始時刻

JJ016
2004/09/10（injection）（suspended）

IY065の記録開始時刻

JJ016の記録開始時刻

Comparison withith Hydrophone
H drophone data

: matched with Hydrophone record，phaserecord phase lag in P，S-waves
P S-waves→ possibly seismic event: no record in Hydrophone data，no phase lag in P，SP，S-waves
waves→ NoiseJapan-US Collaboration with LBNL-SECARB
on Microseismic Monitoring at Cranfield
Red：Injectors
Green：Producers○ ：Old Wells

Depleted Oil Field
Phase Ⅲ

Tuscaloosa formation(3100 m depth)
Large-scale Injection

PhaseⅡ

Low Seismic Activity

Denbury Resource Int.

約4km

Locations of RITE Seismometer at Cranfield：：Seismometer▲： Injector
断層●： Producer△： Injector (pln)○： Producer (pln)②24-3③ELG #7①44-6①446Cranfield UnitCircle Radius
3k3km④31 DAS⑤45 F2 & F3
⑥68-3
⑥68
3
Denbury Resource Int.

Microseismic Monitoring at the Offshore
Potential Storage Sites in Japan
Observation Well

OBSInjection
jWell

CO2Seismometer
OBC
Seismographg p

Hi net Seismograph
Hi-netCaprock
CO2 plume
Saline Aquifer

Downhole Geophones(Cemented or Clamped)

Natural Seismicity

Waveforms of a Natural Seismicity by OBC
Vertical (Z）M=0.6(depth: 100km)

Sea sideP

Horizontal （Y1）S

Horizontal （Y2）S

Induced Microseismic Measurement at Valhall Using OBC

Permenent OBC(2008-2048)
120 km length, 45 km2(2500 4C Sensors)
4D S
Seismici i Survey
S
Microseismic Monitoring(h d(hydraulicli fracturing)ft i )
Magnitude: -3.0

Chambers et al., 2010

Event Locations for the Major Cluster in Hydro
Hydro--fracturing

Chambers et al., 2010

Summary of Microseismic MonitoringEvents with low signal
signal-to-noise
to noise ratio can be groupedand stacked to enhance these signals in OBC system.
Integrating OBC with OBS and Hi-net systems to remove
events not correlating with CO2 injection at the offshore
storage sites.
Building geomechanical models to interpret events
outside of reservoir (fluid migration or stress transfer).
Field survey results after the Mid-Niigata Earthquake
confirmed the safety of CO2 storage at Nagaoka site.

Acknowledgements• This project is funded by Ministry ofEconomy Trade and Industry (METI) ofEconomy,
Japan.
• We thank staff of LBNL,
LBNL BEG(SECARB),
BEG(SECARB)
Denbury Resource International and RITEinvolved in this project.