ミャンマ−・バガンにおける文化的景観の変遷
ミャンマ−・バガンにおける文化的景観の変遷
Changingof Bagan Cultural Landscape in Myanmar
Changing of Bagan Cultural Landscape in Myanmar

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１.Introduction
1.Introduction

definition of cultural landscape is series of fields where

Most cultural landscapes have been changed by building

people interact with nature.

constructions, types of settlement, the arrangement andnew building of roads and paths and equipping theTable-1 Elements of Cultural landscape in Baganlandscapes. Cultural landscape is in the heart of theIntangible or BackroundTangible

people, as a result of the history of the landscape, and theLivelihood

Land use

living situation of the people of the specific area.

Hotels and Restaurants

UNESCO expresses how important it is for us to protect

Traditional belief ,Mounds, Mountainand safeguard our culture and nature. For protection andReligious

Temples ,Pagodas

safeguarding, we need to understand the actual conditionsof our heritage and what problems its sites are facing.
Changes of cultural landscapes have speeded up
considerably in developed and especially designated areasand there have been effects on habitats from the last
decades on the topography; including the Bagan culturallandscape in Myanmar. An understanding of the changing
patterns of the cultural regions as well as the factors that
impact on these changes is vital for the protection of theBagan cultural landscape. This research aims to be usefulfor the carrying out the protection of cultural landscapes
not only in the Bagan region but also in the culturallandscapes the whole Myanmar.
Bagan region is located, Nyaung Oo Township, Mandaly
Division in Myanmar. It is one of the tourist places inMyanmar. Nyaung Oo town, old Bagan area, new Bagan
area and 19 villages are in Bagan region. It is the locatedin the dry zone of Myanmar, center of the nation. It is a
spiritual desert area, sparsely forested area with thorny
bushes and strew, covering area of about 25squares miles
on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwddy river. There are
1745 stupas and pagodas, 431 monasteries, 891 ancientmounds and 54 caves and halls in Bagan region. Bagancultural landscape is composed of religious buildings,traditions, belief, livelihood of local people and naturalenvironment as a living cultural heritage. Thus, the

(Figure-1)Bagan Cultural landscape in 2014

(2)(1) Research Methodology
To define the cultural landscape, other researches andguidelines mainly from the World Heritage Committee
were studied. To understand the changes of culturallandscape, policies and laws form Ministry of Culure andMinistry of Hotels were studied by lecture review.
(3)Research(3)QuestionsandandObjectives(2) ResearchQuestions
andObjectives
Objectives
The propose of this study was to solve question:
1.Howhavethethe
CulturalLandscapechanged?
1.
How
have
CulturalLandscapechanged?
2.Whatthe2.
Whatfactors
factorsdid
did cause
cause thethe changes
changes inin thelandscapelandscapeof the culturalof theregion?
cultural region?
Summaries of Academic Theses 201473

3.Howis theculturallandscapeof theofBagan
region3.
How
is theculturallandscapethe Bagan

the tourism industry. Ministry of Hotels and Tourism has

being protected?
region being protected?

responsibilities to enhance the promotion of tourism for

The main objective of the research is to classify thethe development of the country. Responsibilities Tourism

changing pattern of cultural heritage in Bagan. This

Policy approach to manage tourism, aimed at maximizing

research objective was as follow;

economic,1.

socialandenvironment

benefitsandTo investigate the changes of each element ofminimizing costs to establish their destinations. Myanmar

Cultural Landscape by policies.

government prepared the Myanmar Tourism Master Plan,

2.

To investigate the policies concerning withit sets out strategic programs, priority projects, andCultural Landscape of Bagan.

activities in a long term implementation framework

3.

To recommend and give an appropriate way tocovering 2013-2020 and a short-term action planprotection the cultural region of Bagan.

2013-2015.The highest target of Master Plan is 3.01
million international visitors in 2015 and 7.48 million in

2.Policy in Myanmar

2020.Myanmar Tourism Vision lay downs in thegovernment`s responsibility policy, follow with a set of(1) Cultural Policy

guiding priciples.

Myanmar government preserves and promotes bothtangible and intangible heritage by holding the national

UrbanPlanning(3) Land
LandUseUseandandUrbanPlanninglevel. At present the conservation and protection ofMyanmar currently land legal laws have been used sincetangible cultural heritage have been carried out by theMyanmar
currently
land legal
laws havesincetheBirthishcolonialperiod
and beenpost usedcolonial

Department of Archaeology and National Museum. It’stheBirthish periodcolonial
period ofand
post rule(1962colonialindependence
and decades
military

vision is to imbue Myanmar citizens with knowledge andindependence
and decadesof amendments,
military rule(1962present).There period
are 73 active
laws andorders

cherish of national heritage. The mission of that

present).There
73aactive
and amendments,
ordersand regulationsare
haddirectlaws
or indirect
bearing housing

department is to be a focal department that undertakes toand
had aright
directinorMyanmar.
indirect bearing
housingland regulations
and property
Protection
ofexplore, excavate and protect the prehistoric and historicallandand Heritage
property regions
right inlaw
Myanmar.
of
Culturalin 1998Protection
demarcatedsites, ancient monuments, antiquities, establish theCulturalregionszones.
law Therein 1998
protectionHeritage
cultural heritage
are 46demarcatedprotection

cultural museums and libraries, collect and preserve theprotectionculturalzones
heritagezones. country.
There areSometimes
46 protection
cultural heritage
the wholethetangible and intangible cultural heritage of Myanmar. The

culturalheritage
the whole country.
Sometimes
theDepartmentof zones
Archaeology
pronounces
necessaryroll of legal frame for the safeguarding of heritage in

Department
Archaeology
pronounces
necessary
regulations forofprotectionof ancientsites.

Myanmar, the 1957 Antiquities Act and the 1998

regulations for protection of ancient sites.

Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Regions

3.Study on Bagan Region

Law are major laws. The 1998 law is concerning with the3.Study on Bagan Region

protection of cultural heritage region. It is also has(1) Brief History of Bagan

approach based on the rationale of preserving the cultural

(1)
Brief
Historyhadof anBagan
Bagandynasty
existence of over three centuries.

heritageorBagandynasty namehad anis existenceof over three
The originally
Arimaddanapura.
Bagancenturies.
dynastyorganizations other than the government it is notand

disqualifying

eitherindividuals

The
originallyis Arimaddanapura.
was started
withname
19 villages.
Bagan was theBagan
capitaldynastyof firstexpressed the definition.

wasstartedEmpirewith 19 invillages.
Baganthe capital 1044
of firstMyanmar
time ofKingwas
Anawrahta(
MyanmarEmpirein timeof King77).Myanmar
area wasthe more
wideAnawrahta(and became 1044
empire-(2) Tourism Policy77).Myanmar
area wasthe morewide and The
becameempire
during the regimeof King
Anawrahta.
regimeof

Myanmar has become emerging and the fast growing

duringthe regime wasof King
Anawrahta.
Theshortest
regimewasofKing Alaungsithu
for fiftyyears. The

tourism destination in South East Asia. The tourismKingAlaungsithu
fifty years. The shortest was
the regimeof King wasMin forYanm.

sector of Myanmar has operated for over 50 years old.

the regime of King Min Yanm.

The government acted the Myanmar Tourism Law in1990 and stimulated Myanmar Hotels and Tourism Laws
in 1993 by founding the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism
in 1992, government have expended economic based on74

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(2) Social and Religious Culture of Bagan
Social culture of Bagan dynasty can be seen in the muralpainting, stone carvings and stone inscriptions in culturalbuildings. The cultural buildings show the technique levelof Bagan period. Stone inscriptions show that farming
work was the vital and main of livelihood. Some muralpaintings show that maritime trade was part ofsocio-economic of Bagan period. In Bagan period,
pagodas, temples, some monasteries and city wall weremade of bricks and residential buildings were made ofbamboo and timber. Therefore, we cannot see residentialbuildings because these buildings were destroyed byweather. Mural paintings in cultural buildings show thatthe empire of Bagan was the prosperous. Thus, the Bagancultural landscape was flourishing in unity of kings andpublic with the agricultural land surrounding.
Buddhism was on the wane everywhere in Myanmar
before the Bagan dynasty. Religious was the workship ofNat(gods) and Naga(dragons) in Bagan period. The mainNats is the Mahargi Nats who at the main gateway ofBagan. Some of Nats are connecting with the Bagandynasty who became Nats in Bagan period.
During King Anawrahta time, Theravada Buddhism
began to flourish exceedingly religious fervor, which wasbrought by the flourishing of Thervada Buddhism.
Anawrahta became a Buddhist convert after the conquestof Thatone region in A.D 1057, it is situated in lower
Myanmar.

Baganbecame

oneofthe(Figure-2) Sites of Tooth Relic Pagodas(3) Protection
Protection ofof Cultural
Cultural LandscapeLandscape in BaganBaganRegion
In Myanmar, one of cultural heritage laws concerned withthe heritage land is the Protecion and Preservation ofCultural Heritage Region Law (1998). As that law,monuments zone, archaeological zone , protection zones
and urban zone were appeared in Bagan region(Table-2,Figure-2). The land use is different conformity with kindof zone in Bagan region.
(Table-2) Protection Zones of BaganNo

Protection Zones

Area

Incluidng Items

1

Monument Zone

7685

SignificanceAcresmonuments,richestvillages, old Baganarchaeological sites in Asia. Most of Myanmar people
dedicated to Buddhism as we still use Bagan as a place ofworship. The pagodas and temples were ornamented witharea
2most proficient images of the Buddha, including theArchaeological6417

CulturalZone

Acres

and excavated sites,
ancient

originally buildings during the height of the kingdomthBuddhism and Therevada Buddhism reflect a mixture of3

Protection Zone

influence of Hindu deities presented in paintings for

A few of cultural

Acres

buildings,
surrounding region, 7villages

obviously as having enshrined the Buddha’s tooth relic in
4Hotels Zoneo’clock in a day, that one of wished will get soon. Bagancultural landscape is the living heritage with its
connections with the religious, its traditions, its culture
and the birth of Myanmar.
616.75

4 Hotels zones

Acres

Myanmar people believe that when we pary to fourth
tooth relic pagodas for one of our wishes before 12mounds,

13868followers of Hinduism. Some of four pagodas areBagan. According to traditional believing, most ofbuildings

6villages

thbetween the 11 and 13 Century. The images of Mahaya

55

Urban Zone

2093

Nyaung Oo area,

Acres

New Bagan area

In these zones, building constructions and land uses wereSummaries of Academic Theses 201475

controlled by rules and regulations of responsibility

proverbially,4446733 religious buildings were in duringorganizations.

Bagan dynasty.
Some of inscriptions mentioned the occurrences ofearthquake during 12 A.D-13A.D and 15- 16A.D. Many

religious buildings would be destroyed and damaged
and Bagan landscape was remained in ruinous
situation for many centuries.
When the viceroy of India visited to Bagan area in1901,after returning to India, he ordered to establish
museum and to take preservation and to make accessof roads to prominent stupas and temples. According
to that order, some of roads and street have been
appeared since in 1901. After independence 1948, theannual preservation was for Bagan’s buildings but
there was not special plan to impact on landscape.
(2)
Changes ofof Culturallandscape due
due to(2)Changes
Cultural landscapeto(Figure-2) Protection Zones

government policies
In monument zone, new developments for commercialand business are prohibited for cases that are essential inpublic.
In archaeological zone, the building construction has
permitted and controlled height and color. Building heightless than 30 feet. It is necessary from responsibility
organizations

forbuildingandreconstructionofMany historical buildings including temples and stupas
were destroyed in Bagan area after 1975 earthquake.
Some of reconstructions were not certain that same or
not same as original design in Bagan region. Thisoccurrence impacted on ancient cultural landscape andweak archeological landscape of Bagan region.
In 1989 July, the government made a plan to moveresidential buildings and hotels in Bagan region. In
protection zone, changes of land use and new building arealso permitted but the extension of villages and urban area
is prohibited. So it can be said that the protection zone islike buffer zone. Only in protection zone distinctive

Old Bagan

cultural landscape is expressed, but the definition of it is
not expressed. Cultivations are not allowed in boundaryof monuments.

New Bagan

4.Impacts on Cultural Landscape and Livelihood
Cause and Consequences
Considering thethe Bagan
Bagan Cultural
Cultural LandscapeLandscape(1) Considering
before 1975
There were 5 palace sites in Bagan period. The kings,
royal families , ministers, royal attends, monks citizen andpeople of villages donated to build temples and stupas,pagodas and monastic complex. The numbers of religious
buildings would be increased year by year due to the heartand soul of Bagan people. Therefore according to the76

学位論文梗概集 2014

(Figure-3) From Old Bagan to New Bagan

residential buildings form old Bagan to new Bagan
because the government wanted to do tourist attraction
for tourism development with the ancientarchaeological zone. Old Bagan is the main area ofBagan dynasty so this area can be found prominent   

Summaries of Academic Theses 2014

77

The development of tourism factory and developmentof region can have negative on the sustainability of thecultural landscape. Thus, this research suggests sharing
the knowledge to the local people for the protection ofcultural landscape as well as sustainable of tourismfactory.
Recommendations should be implement as thefundamental ways for the protection of cultural landscape.
The collaboration of responsibility organizations andlocal peoples to success the protection of culturallandscape. The local peoples should participate forprotection of their land.
Bibliography	  	  1)Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of theWorld Heritage Convention of 2008.
2)PAUL STRACHAN,1996, The Western Discovery ofPagan.
3)Department of Administration (Nyaung Oo District)4)Cultural Heritage in Asia(4),STUDY ON PAGAN,
Instiute of Asian Cultures Sophia University,
Tokyo,1989,The role of Pagan in the History of Southeast
Asia by U Khin Myaung Nyunt.
5)Department of Archaeological and National Museum inMyanmar6)Ministry of Hotels and Tourism7)Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, Responsibility Tourism
Policy8)Tourism Master Plan ,Myanmar
9)Housing ,Land and property Rights in Burma:TheCurrent Legal Framework(2009)10)The protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Regions Law (1998)
11)The origins of BaganBob Hudson,2004, The origins ofBagan,The Brief History of Bagan12)Bagan Images of Mural Paintings by Sanda
Khin,2009, Fine Arts
13)The Old Burma Early Bagan (Volume-1) by Gordon
H,196914)Master Plan For the Preservation of the Historic Areaof PAGAN(Draft)199615)Ministry of Construction of Mynmar

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