生物圏保存地区における NPO に着目したステークホルダーの関係‐白峰地区を事例に‐

A Study on Stakeholder Relationships in Biosphere Reserves Focusing on NPO:A Case Study of the Shiramine area
胥懿窈XU YIYAO
１． Introduction
In Japan, a number of studies have shown that biospherereserves face management disruptions that require attention from multiple agencies, and that efforts to promoteconservation at the international level emphasize the needfor stakeholder participation in decision-making and theequitable distribution of economic benefits. According tothe IUCN classification of governance systems, biosphere reserves require a 'shared governance' approach
According to UNESCO's objectives, BRs should promote equitably distributed economic development at regional and local levels Therefore, this study aims to generalize the stakeholder analysis methodology based on
the protected area management structure, theory of coupled human-nature systems and social network analysis
by analyzing the current relationships among the various
stakeholders in the management of the Hakusan Biosphere Reserve. It also attempts to provide a new perspective on co-management by highlighting the significance of the NPO organization to the overall management network. This area has nurtured the life and cultureof mountain villages, and NPO is expected to play animportant role in the management of the biosphere reserve with any stakeholders. At the same time, when thelocal population is aging gradually, the income types ofresidents in mountain villages are single, and theCOVID-19 has brought about a sharp decline in the tourism industry, it is important to investigate the role ofNPO in management with any stakeholders. Although theHakusan Biosphere Reserve is one of the first areas selected for the Japanese Biosphere Reserve Program, it
has high ecological value and unique local culture, thevillage of Hakusan is facing the problem. This paper uses
literature analysis, stakeholder analysis, social network
analysis and social survey methods, studied the stakeholders in the human ecosystem in the Shiramine area,
especially investigated the local activities of non-profit
organizations, in order to establish a stakeholder-based
joint management model of nature reserves and mitigation the problems existing in the management of nature
reserves provide a theoretical basis.
This study aims to investigate the gap between plan
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ned role of NPO in some policies and the actual quo of NPO’s activities in the management of biospher
e reserve area, and discussing effective government and NPO approaches to co-management of nature res
erves and stakeholder participation.
２． Issues in the Shiramine Area
The authors' objectives in conducting the Non-Participant
Observation were twofold. Firstly, to understand throughpersonal experiences and conversations how the various
agencies operate in the local area and to collect and organize the conflicts that arise in the management. Thesecond is to clarify the real demands of local government
agencies and active NPO managers by communicatingwith them. In conducting the Non-Participant Observation, the author has compiled some specific questions
based on the analysis of the literature and has obtainedsome of the answers in the World Heritage Practice organized by the University of Tsukuba and conducted byProfessor IIDA. By participating in the World Heritage
Practice, the main local issues were compiled from theHakusan National Park, the Hakusan Biosphere Reserve,
and the local NPOs and concluded that the most immediate impact of a declining population is the loss of laborand the decline of industry, with fewer work opportunities, which leads to a reduction in consumption, the closure of shops, and the idleness of land and housing, thus
exacerbating the rate of population decline and trapping it
in a vicious circle. Even though there are a variety ofresearchers, and government personnel from research
institutes, universities, and non-profit groups actively
contributing to the conservation efforts in Mount Hakusan, many of these programs and activities will notachieve their intended results if the underlying issues ofthe population are not addressed. However, Mount Hakusan is blessed with a natural and cultural backgroundthat offers a wealth of opportunities for conservation andrural revitalization in both short-term and long term.
３． Stakeholder Analysis（１） Defining Stakeholders
To gain a clearer understanding of the functioning of
human ecosystems in nature reserves, it is necessary toanalyze the actors that contribute to the changes in thevarious components of the system - the stakeholders. The
main and direct stakeholders involved in the complex
operation of the system are natural resources, local residents, local enterprises and NPO organizations, and theindirect stakeholders are local government, higher management, local universities and researchers.
（２） Stakeholder Categorization
In order to analyze stakeholders in the human ecosystem
in Shiramine, Hakusan Biosphere Reserve, this paper
uses a "top-down" analytical classification. According totheir potential level of cooperation and support for important objectives, or potential level of opposition, different stakeholder groups are categorized using this approach. Based on the analysis of the various stakeholders
in section of this paper, and considering the top-down
model of nature conservation decision-making in Japan,
according to their potential to improve the conservationof natural resources and species as well as their potential
to influence the decision-making process, the groups ofstakeholders in the human ecosystem of this protectedarea were listed in this study in a two-dimensional matrix.
（３） Inter-relationship Analysis on Stakeholders
In order to clarify the relationships among stakeholders in
the human ecosystem in Shiramine, it is necessary to sortout the interrelationships among the stakeholders before
establishing the stakeholder social network analysis.
（４） Social Network Analysis on Stakeholders
In the Shiramine area stakeholder network, relationships
between stakeholders are strong and linkages are easily
created. Among the stakeholders, NPOs are shown tohave relationships with all other stakeholders, and basedon the results of Density Analysis (0.811), Degree centrality analysis (17.00) and Betweenness centrality analysis (2.117), it can be said that NPOs are expected to be
the center of the stakeholder group.
４． Analysis of NPOs activities
At the institutional level, the establishment of a legal
entity system for specific nonprofit activities and the reform of the public interest legal entity system have pro-vided an external environment to support the active participation of nonprofit organizations in the Japanese public welfare arena, and have built an interactive and cooperative relationship between the government and nonprofit organizations from an institutional perspective;
through the formulation of local government regulations
and incentive policies to support nonprofit organizations,the government has provided a relaxed environment andIn practice, the government has provided a relaxed environment and diversified channels for the development of
nonprofit organizations through nurturing and supporting,and encouraging policies. At the practical level, a network of cooperative governance among the government,
businesses, citizens, and nonprofit organizations has been
formed through various forms of interaction, such as fostering support, administrative delegation, and collaborative provision.
５． Discussion and Conclusion
Local enterprises and NPOs are closely allied in theShiramine area stakeholder network. On the contrary,NPOs have distant links with researchers, higher management, and local government, and few stakeholders
anticipate working with them. Natural resources and local
government have a close association, which suggests that
local government is where natural resources are mostinterested in building relationships. It is challenging toattain full parity in the collaborative model since NPOs
still use the commissioning model while having a significant weight in the social network of locally co-managed
stakeholders. In order to encourage motivation, the government must in the future grant non-profit groups moreautonomy and lessen its administrative authority overthem.
Reference: Yoshihiko Iida ed. (2022) A course progr
ess report on Project Practice in World Heritage 202
1, Heritage Studies Degree Program, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, and Certificate
Programme on Nature Conservation, University ofTsukuba, 46pp+Appendix.

Abstract: Hakusan Biosphere Reserve, as one of the first batch of protected areas in Japan selected as UNESCO's MAB
program, has extremely high ecological and humanistic values. Due to the top-down decision-making model of nature
protection in Japan, there is little room for public participation, leading to the status quo of multi-agency co-management,
and with the trend of population aging, these contradictions in management have brought great impact on the ecologicalenvironment. At the same time, local non-profit organizations seem to be an effective organization to resolve the contradictions in the co-management system. This paper uses literature analysis, stakeholder analysis, social network analysis
and social survey methods, studied the stakeholders in the human ecosystem in the Shiramine area, especially investigated the local activities of non-profit organizations, in order to establish a stakeholder-based joint management model.
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