Channeling agriculture innovation transfer from universities and research centre to
vocational high schools: Lesson learned from Indonesia
Irdika Mansur, Supriyanto, Harry Imantho, Slamet Widodo, Joner Situmorang
SEAMEO BIOTROP, Jl. Raya Tajur Km 6 Bogor, West Java Indonesia

ABSTRACTSEAMEO BIOTROP has been assigned by the Ministry of Education and Culture of
the Republic of Indonesia to revitalize secondary vocational high school in agriculture
for the last three years. There were three main programmes, i.e. fruit tree gardening,food security, and establishment of teaching factory. The activities include: training,
field implementation, and supervision. There were 46 schools have been selected forthe implementation of fruit tree gardening, and 80 schools have been involved in thefood security and teaching factory programmes. This has been a successfulprogramme, where the capacity of the head masters, teachers, and students have been
improved. SEAMEO BIOTROP has not only transferred innovation developed by theCentre, but also involved universities (IPB University) and agriculture research centre(Orange and Sub-tropical Fruit Research Centre under the Ministry of Agriculture) in
implementing the programme. Most of the partner schools have implemented thetechnology introduced by SEAMEO BIOTROP and partners institution in theirschools and the surrounding farms. SEAMEO BIOTROP scientists have developed
an application to monitor the progress of the schools and also to sustain long distanceconsultation. The programmes have shown that secondary vocational high schools inagriculture have potential to be developed as transfer technology hub in agriculture
for their surrounding communities/farmers. Skill development in industry 4.0 in thearea of agriculture could also be introduced to selected schools in the future.
Keywords: BIOTROP, Fruit, Garden, Industry 4.0, School, SEAMEO, Vocational
INTRODUCTION
SEAMEO BIOTROP has succeeded in establishing the School Garden Programme inIndonesia, which was initiated in March 2016 as part of SEAMEO College Research
6: A Participatory Action Research on School and Community-based Food andNutrition Programme for Literacy, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Developmentwith funding support from the Japan Fund for Poverty Alleviation through the AsianDevelopment Bank. Lesson learned from the programme, was that technology
transfer to schools from a research and development centre like SEAMEO BIOTROP,
is more effective compares to direct transfer to the community. Implementation of
the transferred technology to schools is more sustainable than to the community. If a
model is established in a school, operated by student and supervised by skillfulteachers, the model could become the learning object of not only students, but also thesurrounding community, especially parents of the students.

Following the successful implementation of the School Garden Programme,
SEAMEO BIOTROP also launched another programme called Establishment of
School Fruit Garden for Education, Production, Genetic Conservation, andEntrepreneurship in Agriculture Vocational School in Indonesia (SMARTS-BE) in
February 2018 during its 50th-anniversary celebration. The SMARTS-BE Programme(also known as Non-Seasonal-Fruit Garden Programme) was an initiative of theSecretary-General, Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) of Indonesia, Dr Didik
Suhardi, who has a deep concern on the low rate of fruits consumption by Indonesians
and the high amount of imported fruits can be found easily in Indonesian markets. He
instructed SEAMEO BIOTROP to collaborate with schools, especially the
Agricultural Vocational Senior High Schools to establish a non-seasonal-fruit garden
in the schools' areas. The programme is aimed to support the learning process toimprove knowledge of students on fruit and proper fruit tree cultivation in theschools. The selected schools should have enough land to produce fruits on acommercial scale, in order to allow students to manage fruit production commercially(maintaining quality, harvesting, grading, packaging, and marketing). Vocational
Senior High Schools in Agriculture joining this programme are distributed acrossIndonesia up to sub-district level; therefore, the schools could be encouraged toconserve and cultivate their local fruit species and varieties. Another objective of the
programme is also to develop entrepreneurship atmosphere in the schools (production
and selling of fresh fruits, processed products, and high-quality seedlings).
SEAMEO BIOTROP's SMARTS-BE programme is part of the implementation of theCenter's programme thrust number two, i.e., Sustainable Management of Intensively
Used Ecosystems/Landscapes and the commitment of the Centre to implement
priority 4 of the SEAMEO 7 priority areas, i.e., Promoting Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET). The Agricultural Vocational Senior High Schools
could play a significant role in disseminating knowledge and mature technology on
fruit trees cultivation, production, and processing to the surrounding
communities/farmers. The schools could also become the hubs for technology transferfrom SEAMEO BIOTROP (i.e., together with its partner universities and research
centres) to the community. Once established, the school fruit gardens programme
could become a demonstration or reference model for communities to learn bestpractices on fruit gardening at their convenient time guided by students andsupervised by well-trained teachers. In the long run, the programme is expected toincrease fruit production in Indonesia.
Besides SMARTS-BE programme, SEAMEO BIOTROP has also be assigned by the
Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education to train and supervised Vocational
Senior High Schools in Agriculture in Indonesia to support food security and teaching
factory programmes. With this programme, SEAMEO BIOTROP could transfer
more expertise to the vocational schools, not only limited to fruit gardening.
This paper would present the transfer technology from SEAMEO BIOTROP, as a
research and development centre, to Vocational Senior High Schools in Agriculture inIndonesia and other SEAMEO member countries. The paper also present skill
development in industry 4.0 in the area of agriculture that has been introduced toselected schools, smart agriculture technology development at SEAMEO BIOTROP
that later could also be transferred to the vocational schools in the future.
FRUIT TREE GARDEN PROGRAMME (SMARTS-BE PROGRAMME)
Overall planning of the programme has been conducted by SEAMEO BIOTROP's
scientist, supported by experts from IPB University in early 2018, and subsequently, a
SMARTS-BE team was set up. The working area for implementing the programme
was divided into six clustered areas that cover region across Indonesia, from Sumaterain the West to Papua in the East. One coordinator was assigned for each cluster area,
and they were responsible for preparing the proposal for activities in their respective
regions.
There are several activities conducted in all areas, including 1) selection of target
schools in each cluster; 2) setup coordination with the selected schools; 3) capacity
building training for Head Masters, Teachers, and Student representatives from eachschool on fruit trees cultivation and fruit processing; 4) identification of the source ofseeds and seedlings; 5) distribution of seeds and seedlings to schools; 6) planting; and7) monitoring and evaluation.
FOOD SECURITY AND TEACHING FACTORY PROGRAMME
Different from SMARTS-BE programme, in the Food Security and Teaching Factory
programmes, SEAMEO BIOTROP planned and offered training programmes that
could be delivered to Vocational Senior High Schools in Agriculture. The Directorateof Technical and Vocational Education facilitated the communication between
SEAMEO BIOTROP and the vocational schools. Skills that were agreed to betransferred to the vocational school teachers are: tissue culture technique, production
and processing of edible mushrooms, hydroponic, aquaponic, cultivation andprocessing of lemon, cultivation and extraction of plant essential oils, processing ofessential oil to become various products, and soymilk production.
The mechanism was that vocational schools free to choose what skills they want ed to
be trained at SEAMEO BIOTROP. After attending the training for several days, theteachers would return to their respective vocational schools to implement their skills.
Later, experts from SEAMEO BIOTROP visited the vocational schools to supervise
and evaluate the implementation of the technology transfer. The experts helped theteachers to solve the problems so that the technology could be applied successfully.
SELECTION OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
SEAMEO BIOTROP has collaborated with the Directorate of Technical andVocational Educationl of MoEC to select priority schools across Indonesia. Of the 36
schools recommended by the Directorate, only 30 schools were finally selected astarget schools in 2018. Six more vocational schools were selected to join the
programme in 2019, while continuously monitoring and supervising the old group of
vocational schools. Those vocational schools were chosen based on the availability ofhorticulture teaching activity, land for cultivation, fruit processing unit, competence
teachers, the experience of the schools on fruit gardening, and school location.
The schools joining the Food Security and Teaching Factory programmes, weredirectly selected by Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education. There were
40 schools selected in 2018 and attend the training at SEAMEO BIOTROP. In 2019the number was double to become 80 vocational schools. The vocational schools
came from 27 provinces in Indonesia.
TRAINING PROGRAMMESEAMEO BIOTROP in collaboration with the Research Centre for Orange and Subtropical Fruits (Balitjestro), in Batu-Malang, East Java, Indonesia had successfully
conducted a training course for Head Masters, Teachers, and Students representatives
from each vocational school from 31 July to 3 August 2018. This activity was
officially opened by HE Prof. Dr Muhajir Effendy, MAP the former Minister of
Education and Culture of Indonesia, who was also the President of the SEAMEO
Council. The training was followed by training on fruit processing in collaboration
with IPB University in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
Training programmes on tissue culture technique, production and processing of edible
mushrooms, hydroponic, aquaponic, cultivation and processing of lemon, cultivationand extraction of plant essential oils, processing of essential oil to become various
products, and soymilk production have been conducted at the laboratories and units of
SEAMEO BIOTROP.
FIELD IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA
Following the completion of soil sampling and analyses obtained from the target
schools, a total number of 13,500 fruit tree seedlings from various species andvarieties had already been distributed to those schools and several other vocational
schools nearby SEAMEO BIOTROP. With guidance from their respective SMARTBE area coordinator, teachers who had learned and practiced from the training course
started to cultivate the seedlings in their school's yard. The respective coordinator foreach clustered area then conducted supervision, monitoring and evaluation by actively
visiting each school to ensure the schools have planted and maintained the seedlings
correctly. As part of the programme, each school was obliged to write a manual toplant a specific species of fruit trees thrive in their field. These manuals were thencompiled and documented by SEAMEO BIOTROP's SMART-BE team.
As part of the SMART-BE programme, SEAMEO BIOTROP through its tissue
culture laboratory has studied the mass propagation of wild edible fruits fromIndonesian forests, namely matoa (Pometia pinnata) and tropical chestnut(Castanopsis argentea). These species have been successfully propagated using tissue
culture technique. The seedlings produced through tissue culture would be distributed
to the schools when ready.
To implement this SMART-BE programme, SEAMEO BIOTROP has received
additional funding from the MoEC on top of its regular funding to run programmes

and activities. Simultaneously, MoEC via the Directorate of Vocational Senior HighSchool has also provided funding directly to the schools that participated in the
programme. With the presence of fruit garden as a teaching model and as a teaching
factory for fruit processing and entrepreneurship classes, this programme may havesignificant impacts on improving teaching programmes in the schools, both forteachers and students to enhance their knowledge and skills in horticulture;
particularly, in subjects related to fruits production and processing.
SMARTS-BE programme potentially could be implemented in other SEAMEOMember countries facilitated by SEAMES, SEAMEO Centers in the respective
countries, and respective government. SEAMES could assist in promoting the idea tothe Ministry of Education of the SEAMEO Member countries, while SEAMEO
Centers as partners could facilitate SEAMEO BIOTROP to explore potential
collaboration with relevant ministries, universities, research centres, and privatecompanies to jointly conduct the planning, training course, implementation, andsupervision of the programme.
To ensure the sustainability of the programme, SEAMEO BIOTROP will allocate
budget to maintain communication, and frequent visits to the participating schools.
SEAMEO BIOTROP would also promote the schools to become a reference school in
the province to extend the programme to other schools and community, and also to
support corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes of nearby state and privatecompanies.
Since the beginning, SMARTS-BE programme has been a bridge of communicationand collaboration among the participated Agricultural Vocational Senior HighSchools. Communication among schools and with SMARTS-BE team was done using
a social media group. Exchange visits and knowledge sharing among schools had also
been accelerated since the establishment of the programme.
Through the corporate social responsibility (CSR) programme, two schools had
successfully established a link to support their SMARTS-BE programme
implementation, the first one is from a state forestry company based in East Java
Province, and the second one is from a gold mining company based in Papua
Province, respectively. With those supports, the schools could plant more fruit tree
seedlings.
The vocational schools teachers attending various training course at SEAMEO
BIOTROP have implemented their skills. A WhatsApp group was established tofacilitate communication between participants and instructors, and also SEAMEO
BIOTROP Board of Directors. This communication platform is important to monitor
the progress of the implementation of technology at schools and to help the teachers
should there is any problems.
TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY TO OTHER SEAMEO COUNTRY
Technology transfer has also been conducted by SEAMEO BIOTROP to other
SEAMEO member countries, especially Cambodia for hydroponic and edible
mushroom production, and Brunei Darussalam for hydroponic and food processing

(soymilk production, mungbean juice, and ginger sweet). While hydroponic has
become a skill to teach at the university (Royal University of Phnom Penh) in
Cambodia, in Brunei Darussalam it has generated entrepreneurship among students
and help the spread of hydroponic practices in the country.
SMART MONITORINGThe SMARTS BE Monitoring System is the applications based spatial technology,
developed and used to monitor and evaluate the SMARTS BE program withvocational schools throughout Indonesia as members of the programme. Utilization of
geo-location information be able to represent objects comprehensively to answer
rapid and accurate of the data needs.
The SMARTS BE Monitoring System application was developed in webgis andmobile (android) based platforms. Objectives of the SMARTS BE Monitoring System
consist of build a geodatabase network between schools that are members of the
SMARTS BE, Implemented precision agriculture mastermind in order to improve thecompetence of educational staff in perfecting and aligning the curriculum towards theindustrial revolution 4.0 and Integration of fruitless agricultural crops withindependent learning systems and oriented towards local fruit resources.
The architecture of the SMARTS BE Monitoring System consists of 3 (three) mainparts of the application, database and connections between the two applications.
Detailsofarchitecture

of

the

system,presented in the image

below.

Figure 1. Architecture of SMARTS BE Monitoring System
The next stage of developing the SMARTS BE Monitoring System is expert system
based on data and information that is collected from all members of the SMARTS BE.

So that the SMARTS BE Monitoring System will become an integrated application
and become a one stop system in fruitless season development in Indonesia.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF SMART AGRICULTURE
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), global demand forprimary food (staple foods) will grow by 60% in 2050 as a result of demographic
growth and changes in welfare and income levels (FAO, WFP and IFAD, 2012).
This increasing global demand is confronted with the uncertainty of sufficient
food supply mainly due to global climate change which also correlates with thedevelopment/change of biological enemies such as plant pest and diseases. In
response to this problem, there is a need to increase agricultural production,
efficiency in farming inputs, and proper use of technology and agricultural
management systems that are designed towards sustainable agriculture. Hence,
the adoption of information technology and mechanization in agriculture in theform of climate smart agriculture is a mandatory since it allows cultivation
activities and agricultural inputs to be adequately managed following the needsof plants, soil conditions and the environment. Smart agricultural technology
combined with data-based precision agriculture will elevate more productive
and resilient agriculture (Ryu, Yun, Miao, Ahn, Choi, & Kim, 2015).
Currently, the terms smart agriculture and precision agriculture have been usedinterchangeably (Fiehn, Schiebel, Avila, Miller, & Mickelson, 2018); (Suakanto,
Engel, Hutagalung, & Angela, 2016). Precision agriculture is a combination ofstrategy, methodology, and technology for cultivating land with crops. The
development and implementation of precision agriculture technology enable
farmers to handle and manage the spatial variability of agricultural land
efficiently. It can be achieved by utilizing information and communication
technology, remote sensing, geographic information systems and navigation
systems (GPS applications) that have developed rapidly to support agriculturalactivities (Aubert, Schroeder, & Grimaudo, 2012); (Fountas, Wulfsohn,Blackmore, Jacobsen, & Pedersen, 2006). Precision agriculture includes studies
and efforts to manage spatial and temporal variability of land that can affect crop
production (yields). This definition is coherence with the opinion of (Zhang, Shi,
Jia, Seielstad, & Helgason, 2010) that precision agriculture focuses on efforts toregulate amount and accuracy of input in line with land conditions and the actual
needs of plants. Precision agriculture includes on-farm activities such as land
management and crop cultivation, and off-farm, such as the provision of superior
seeds, transportation of products and warehousing. Precision agriculture
requires that every agricultural activity, both on-farm and off-farm, is carried out
correctly, in the right location, on time, in the right amount and the proper
method (Gebbers & Adamchuk, 2010).
Precision agriculture is a revolution in agriculture field that was driven by world
food needs that continue to rise due to human population growth, improving
welfare and income of the people. It is also driven by the scarcity of agriculturalland because it competes with the need for space for housing and humanactivities, which in turn triggers more studies and efforts to improve the qualityof the agricultural system to be more efficient, more profitable and sustainable(Zhang, Hao, & Sun, 2017). In implementing the precision agriculture system, it
requires a systematic monitoring of agricultural activities and efficienttechniques so that it can be done intensively to monitor any changes that occur
in crops. Managing agricultural inputs through sustainable management systemsuch as using the right size and quantity of materials and tools/facilities, on-timehandling, proper location and methods includes processing, planting, fertilizing,pest and disease handling and fuel uses, will guarantee not only thesustainability of agricultural activities but also environment (Mulla, 2013);(Gebbers & Adamchuk, 2010); (Khanal, Fulton, & Shearer, 2017).
Integration of GIS Technology, Remote Sensing and Information Technology canbe used to monitor agricultural activities in a landscape through spatialtemporal computing models. With this model, monitoring of sub-unit scale offield activities can be carried out and can provide appropriate recommendations
at each location depicted on the map/image. As the evolution of remote sensing,many models have been developed and used in agriculture. Several models haveshown their capability to map and monitor spatial distribution of crop yields
based on spectral information and topographic characteristics, soil
characteristics, and meteorological data (Kersebaum, Lorenz, Reuter, Schwarz,
Wegehenkel, & Wendroth, 2005). Some other monitoring models come up withthe ability to map of the physiology of vegetation due to water stress (Moran,
Inoue, & Barnes, 1997); (Gago, et al., 2015); (Veysi, Naseri, Hamzeh, &Bartholomeus, 2017), to map of nitrogen deficiency (Schlemmer, et al., 2013), to
map of potential biomass (Machwitz, et al., 2014); (Bendig, et al., 2015), to mapof pest and disease attacks (Sankaran, Mishra, Ehsani, & Davis, 2010) and to mapof weed distribution within horticultural plants (Usha & Singh, 2013).
Another application of remote sensing in agriculture perspective is create a yieldprediction map by using spectral formulas (Lobell, 2013) which led to further
research to integrate those above mentioned models into spatially-explicit
dynamic model which allows monitoring of agriculture using remote sensing
data.
1.

Assimilation of remote sensed data into spatially explicit dynamics model
for rice yield and food sufficiency prediction

Real-time information on the status of rice production is one of important factors
in the formulation of strategic decisions by farmers (producers), private sector,
and government. For instance, timely information and accurate estimation of the
distribution and development phases of rice plants, yield potential and harvest
area are very crucial in the management of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer
and irrigation, supply chain strategies, including import and export (Mosleh &Hassan, 2014); (Sakamoto, Van Nguyen, Ohno, Ishitsuka, & Yokozawa, 2006);(Gumma, Nelson, Thenkabail, & Singh, 2011). In addition, spatial planting lag is

influenced by differences in paddy field types, geographical factors, and weather
conditions. Those factors will cause variation in harvesting time and harvested
area, which ultimately determines the dynamics of food supply and foodsufficiency in certain districts, cities and throughout the country (Hartrisari,
Imantho, & Suyamto, 2013); (Sari, Ismullah, Sulasdi, & Harto, 2010).
The interaction of soil plants and the environment, including weather, is a
dynamic process and may not be explained by simple regression analysis.
(Hartrisari, Imantho, & Suyamto, 2013) had integrated remoted sensed data withspatially explicit crop dynamics model to predict harvest time and riceproduction by regencies in West Java (Figure 1). Other significant research
output by this study was a prospect of food sufficiency per district as one critical
input in determining rice import’s policy and its distribution (Figure 2, 3).

Figure 1. Framework of integration of remote sensed data into spatially explicit
rice dynamics model for prediction of harvest time and area, yield and foodsufficiency in West Java (Hartrisari, Imantho, & Suyamto, 2013).

Figure 2. Daily dynamics simulation of standing crop based on MODIS planting
lag for harvest time and area, yield and food sufficiency in West Java (Hartrisari,
Imantho, & Suyamto, 2013).
2.

Macro nutrient status retrieval by using Sentinel-2 data for oil palm
precision fertilizer dosage recommendation

Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producer and exporter. In accordance to
The Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia (BPS), in 2018, it’s production reachs
47,6 million tons Crude Palm Oil (CPO) or 12.5% increased compare last year
production. This increase was supported by about 12,76 million ha of oil palm
plantation (Indonesian Oil Palm Statistics, 2019). The production in the future ispredicted become higher, because the demand for source of fats and oil andbiofuel is still growing (Comte, Colin, Whalen, Grünberger, & Caliman, 2012).
However, this can lead to limitation of available land for oil palm plantation.
Fertilizer management and application highly affect oil palm productivity. Good
fertilization management benefited to the plantation environment, maintain crop
health and increase yields. Good fertilization management is also prerequisite forthe sustainability of oil palm (Goh & Teo, 1998). According to (Goh & Teo, 1998),
one of the steps of effective fertilizer management is to assess the nutrient
requirements for the growth and yields targets and prevent the deficiency occur.
The common method that has been used widely to detect the nutrient in oil palmis the Kjeldahl method. Although this method is simple, but it is time-consuming,
destructive and costly, especially for large area plantation (Rendana, Rahim,
Lihan, Idris, & Rahman, 2015).
Several studies were proven that integration of remote sensing and information
technology produced many models such as crop yields monitoring model basedon spectral information and topographic characteristics, soil characteristics, andmeteorological data (Kersebaum, Lorenz, Reuter, Schwarz, Wegehenkel, &Wendroth, 2005), nitrogen deficiency’s prediction model (Schlemmer, et al.,2013) and model for potential biomass (Machwitz, et al., 2014); (Bendig, et al.,2015). (Kaliana, Seminar, Sudradjat, & Rusiawan, 2019) had integrated Sentinel2A data and nutrient empirical model to retrieve near real time macro nutrient
status (Nitrogen, Phosphor and Kalium) with satisfying results. The
determination coefficient of developed models is 92% for N, 90% for P and 85%
for K. Figure 3 and 4 show the output of spatial decision support system for oilpalm precision fertilizer dosage recommendation.

Figure 3. Web-based spatial decision support system for oil palm precision
fertilizer dosage recommendation (Kaliana, Seminar, Sudradjat, & Rusiawan,2019).

Figure 4. Near real time nutrient status retrieval as another output of web-based
spatial decision support system for oil palm precision fertilizer dosage
recommendation (Kaliana, Seminar, Sudradjat, & Rusiawan, 2019).

POTENTIAL COLLABORATION WITH TSUKUBA UNIVERSITYSEAMEO BIOTROP could play a significant roles as technology transfer hub fromuniversities and research centres, especially those related to agriculture. Bestagricultural practices and new finding related to agriculture could be transferred from
Tsukuba University to SEAMEO BIOTROP through a collaboration. The technology
could then be transferred to schools in Indonesia and other SEAMEO member
countries.
CONCLUSION
Research centres and universities are source of innovation and new technology.
However, innovation and technology would not be useful for the community until it is
implemented. Research centres and universities are mostly located in the central cities
away from the users of the innovation and new technology, the farmers. In themeantime, Vocational Senior High Schools in Agriculture are mostly located up to
sub-district that are closer to the farm and the farmers. The students are mostly thechildren of the farmers living nearby the vocational schools. Hence, this would be aneffective way to transfer technology to the farmers. Transfer technology fromresearch centres and universities to the vocational schools would enable to upgrade
agricultural practices to adopt industrial 4.0 what is also called smart agriculture.
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