JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZILTHE STUDY FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN
INTEGRATEDSOLUTION RELATEDTO INDUSTRIAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN THE
INDUSTRIAL POLE OF
MANAUSFINAL REPORT
MAIN REPORT

August 2010

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
EX CORPORATION

GE
JR
10-088JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZILTHE STUDY FOR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION RELATED TO
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE INDUSTRIAL POLE OF MANAUS

FINAL REPORT
MAIN REPORT
August 2010

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
EX CORPORATION

THE STUDY FOR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION RELATED TO
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE INDUSTRIAL POLE OF MANAUS

List of Volumes
Volume I

Summary

Volume II

Main Report

Volume III

Supporting Report

Volume IV

Data Book

This is the Main Report.

The exchange rate used in this report is as follows.
US$ 1.0 ＝ 89.25 Yen, 1 BRL ＝ 48.784 Yen(March 2010)

A network of igarapé runs through the region and in
Manaus. Here, illegal housing is built above igarapé
40.

There are a number of illegal settlements located in
Manaus, including in the Industrial District.

The watershed of Igarapé 40 includes much ofIndustrial District I. (Igarapé means tributaries of the
Amazon River, narrow streams and canals)

Street vendors sell various items to passersby indowntown Manaus.

The busy port in Manaus, where tourist boats departfrequently, has a food court and market nearby.

Tourist activities also make up a large portion of
Manaus’ appeal as people come to explore theriches of the Amazon forest.

Plate 1: Natural and Social Conditionsi

SUFRAMA administrates the tax incentives for
hundreds of companies, most of which are located in
the two Industrial Districts, as shown here.

The SUFRAMA facility complex

Database equipment at the Industries Federation of
Amazonas State (FIEAM) office in Manaus

A water treatment facility at a PIM factory. There is
no wastewater treatment facility in Manaus, so
factories must treat industrial effluent as well as
domestic (non-industrial) wastewater themselves.

Erosion in the area is a major concern.

Billboards like this one, promoting the PROSAMIM
igarapé program, are a common sight in Manaus.

Plate 2: State of Environmental ManagementiiIllegal dumping can be found in forested areas
where it is difficult to monitor conditions.

A view of the landfill in the city of Manaus

Illegal dumping of plastic containers with thePortuguese “atenção cuidado”, indicating thatspecial care is needed when handling them.

A collection truck on its way to the Manaus
municipal landfill stops at the weigh bridge.

View of a private landfill

The rotary sieving machine for composting
located at the Manaus municipal landfill.

Plate 3: State of Waste Managementiii

A scrap metal recycler in Manaus compacts
material for processing.

The scrap metal factory sorts materials forrecycling.

The paper factory in Manaus produces a large
amount of cardboard.

Workers process bundles of cardboard at the
paper factory.

A cement factory in Manaus.

Materials are prepared for recycling at the
SEMULSP recycling facility.

Plate 4: Supplement Studies on Current Conditions

iv

JICA Team Leader, Susumu Shimura, and
Deputy Superintendent of Projects, Oldemar
Ianck, at the signing ceremony after reviewing
the study Inception Report.

The kick-off meeting was attended by anextensive number of staff from SUFRAMA andother organizations involved in the study.

Regular weekly meetings at SUFRAMA are
consistently attended by twenty or more
stakeholders from various offices.

The first Workshop was held on September
11th, 2009 in the large SUFRAMA auditorium.

The study team and the SUFRAMA planninggroup discuss the schedule for workshops andthe seminar that will be held.

IPAAM, the state environmental agency, isalso actively involved in the study as a main
counterpart.

Plate 5: Capacity Developmentv

Nearly 200 people attended the 1st Workshop
on September 11th, 2009 in the large
SUFRAMA auditorium.

Participants of the 1st Workshop divided into
three smaller groups (about 25 people each)to discuss relevant issues

The 2nd Workshop was held on November 27th,
2009 at the Comfort Inn as part of theInternational Fair (FIAM 2009) and attended bynearly 150 people.

Participants of the 2nd Workshop divided into
two smaller discussion groups, of about 20
people each, at the end of the afternoon.

The 3rd Workshop was a full-day event held on
April 6, 2010 at the SUFRAMA Auditorium andattended by nearly 150 people.

The 3rd Workshop offered afternoon small
group discussions on the issues of on-site,
off-site and administration of industrial waste
management.

Plate 6: Workshopsvi

A half-day seminar was held on the morning ofApril 7, 2010 on how to complete the waste
inventory using the proposed database.

In the afternoon of April 7, 2010, IPAAM
instructed waste service companies on the
proposed licensing system using separate
codes for municipal and industrial services.

The seminar to announce the study results washosted by SUFRAMA on May 27, 2010. It was
attended by 112 participants and featured a
lively question-and-answer session.

Speakers at the seminar presented the
proposed M/P based on previous

Television and newspaper media also attended
the seminar on May 27, 2010 to publicize thestudy results and conduct interviews.

Representatives from SUFRAMA and IPAAM
in Amazonas went to Brasilia to explain plans
to use databases for IWM to representatives
from federal organizations and discussed
extending the results elsewhere in Brazil.

Plate 7: Seminars

vii

viii

PagesPlate:iContent:

ix

List of Table:

xiii

List of Figures:

xviii

List of Abbreviations:xx

Classification of Industries (Factories) and Industrial Wastes used in the Study: xxiii

Contents
1

Outline of the Study ......................................................1-1
1.1
Background and Objectives of the Study................................................ 1-1
1.1.1 Background of the Study..................................................................... 1-1
1.1.2 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................... 1-2
1.1.3 Study Area........................................................................................... 1-2
1.1.4 Target Waste........................................................................................ 1-4
1.2
Outline of the Study ................................................................................ 1-5
1.2.1 Basic Policy of the Study .................................................................... 1-5
1.2.2 Approach of the Study......................................................................... 1-6
1.2.3 Organizations of the Study ................................................................ 1-10
1.2.4 Study Schedule .................................................................................. 1-13
1.2.5 Overview of the Study....................................................................... 1-17
1.2.6 Reports............................................................................................... 1-19

2

Profile of the Study Area...............................................2-1
2.1
Natural, Social and Economic Conditions .............................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Natural Conditions .............................................................................. 2-1
2.1.2 Social Conditions ................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.3 Economic Conditions .......................................................................... 2-5
2.1.4 Superintendency of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (SUFRAMA)........ 2-8
2.1.5 Socio-Economic Issues...................................................................... 2-11
2.2
State of Environmental Management.................................................... 2-12
2.2.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations............................................... 2-12
2.2.2 Environmental Organizations............................................................ 2-13
2.2.3 Environmental Licensing System...................................................... 2-18
2.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System ............................ 2-25
2.2.5 Management of Hazardous Materials................................................ 2-32
2.2.6 Current Effects on the Environment.................................................. 2-33ix

3Supplement Studies on Current Conditions..................3-1
3.1
Contents of Supplement Studies..............................................................3-1
3.1.1 Contents of Supplement Studies..........................................................3-1
3.1.2 Waste Categories applied to the Study ................................................3-2
3.2
Study of Waste Service Companies ........................................................3-2
3.2.1 Outline of the Study.............................................................................3-2
3.2.2 Selection of Target Waste Service Companies....................................3-3
3.2.3 Execution of the Survey ......................................................................3-5
3.2.4 Results of the Survey...........................................................................3-6
3.3
Study of Waste Management in Factories.............................................3-17
3.3.1 Outline of the Study...........................................................................3-17
3.3.2 Target Wastes ....................................................................................3-18
3.3.3 Selection of Target Factories.............................................................3-20
3.3.4 Execution of the Survey ....................................................................3-22
3.3.5 Results of the Survey.........................................................................3-24
3.4
Study of Health-care Waste Management in Medical Institutions........3-42
3.4.1 Outline of the Study...........................................................................3-42
3.4.2 Health-care Waste Categories ...........................................................3-43
3.4.3 Selection of Target Medical Institutions ...........................................3-44
3.4.4 Execution of the Survey ....................................................................3-45
3.4.5 Results of the Survey.........................................................................3-45
3.5
Study of Construction Waste Management...........................................3-53
3.5.1 Outline of the Study...........................................................................3-53
3.5.2 Construction Waste Categories .........................................................3-53
3.5.3 Selection of Target Factories.............................................................3-55
3.5.4 Execution of the Survey ....................................................................3-55
3.5.5 Results of the Survey.........................................................................3-55
3.6
Study of Radioactive Waste Management ............................................3-61
3.6.1 Outline of the Study...........................................................................3-61
3.6.2 Legislation and Administration related to Radioactive Waste ..........3-63
3.6.3 Selection of Target Facilities and Execution of the Survey ..............3-63
3.6.4 Results of the Survey and Findings ...................................................3-64

4

Current Industrial Waste Management and Issues.......4-1
4.1
Administration of Industrial Waste Management ...................................4-1
4.1.1 Industrial Waste-related Policies .........................................................4-1
4.1.2 Factory Classification and IW Classification ......................................4-7
4.1.3 Administration of Industrial Waste Management .............................4-13
4.1.4 Administration of Waste Service Companies....................................4-16
4.2
Present Generation of Industrial Waste.................................................4-18
4.2.1 Previous Studies ................................................................................4-18
4.2.2 Current IW Generation Amount ........................................................4-19
4.2.3 Flowcharts Depicting Industrial Waste Management .......................4-25
4.3
Current IWM in PIM.............................................................................4-34
4.3.1 Current Conditions of Factories in PIM ............................................4-34
4.3.2 Industrial Waste Generation ..............................................................4-35
x4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6

Factory Awareness of Waste Management ....................................... 4-35
On-Site Waste Management.............................................................. 4-36
Off-Site Waste Management identified by Generation Sources Survey4-40
Off-Site Waste Management identified by Waste Service Company
Survey................................................................................................ 4-43

4.4
Current IWM Issues in PIM.................................................................. 4-48
4.4.1 IWM Issues at Factories (Generation Sources)................................. 4-48
4.4.2 Off-Site IWM Issues ......................................................................... 4-51
4.4.3 Administration of IWM..................................................................... 4-55

5

Master Plan on Industrial Waste Management.............5-1
5.1
Future Socio-Economic Framework ....................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Population............................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.2 Economy.............................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.3 Estimation of the Future Industrial Growth ........................................ 5-2
5.2
Projection of Future IW Generation........................................................ 5-5
5.2.1 Scope of Projection ............................................................................. 5-5
5.2.2 Methodology of Estimating Future IW Generation ............................ 5-6
5.2.3 Estimation of Future IW Generation Amount................................... 5-12
5.3
Background, Vision and Targets of M/P............................................... 5-19
5.3.1 Background of M/P ........................................................................... 5-19
5.3.2 Goal ................................................................................................... 5-20
5.3.3 Issues to Overcome in order to Achieve Objectives ......................... 5-21
5.4
Master Plan............................................................................................ 5-22
5.4.1 Summary of Industrial Waste Management Master Plan.................. 5-22
5.4.2 Understand Actual Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Waste ...... 5-27
5.4.3 Secure Industrial Waste Final Destination ........................................ 5-31
5.4.4 Strengthen Administration of Industrial Waste Management........... 5-45
5.4.5 Improve Business Environment for WSCs ....................................... 5-53
5.5
Project Evaluation ................................................................................. 5-56
5.5.1 Implementation Plan.......................................................................... 5-56
5.5.2 Project Evaluation ............................................................................. 5-61

6

Guidelines to Improve Industrial Waste Management in
PIM ...............................................................................6-1
6.1
Guideline Objectives and Composition .................................................. 6-1
6.1.1 Guideline Objectives ........................................................................... 6-1
6.1.2 Composition of the Guidelines............................................................ 6-1
6.2
Common Items ........................................................................................ 6-2
6.2.1 Waste Definition and Categorization of Wastes and How to Determine
Them.................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.2 Non-IW Common Items...................................................................... 6-5
6.3

Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers(Factories) ............................................................................................... 6-6
6.3.1 Requirements for Making the Waste Inventory .................................. 6-6
6.3.2 Requirements for Preparation of Waste Manifest ............................... 6-9
xi

6.3.3 Good Examples of Industrial Waste Management at Generation
Sources (Factories) ............................................................................6-14
6.4
Guidelines for WSCs to Improve Waste Management .........................6-16
6.4.1 Requirement for Application of Operation Licence ..........................6-16
6.4.2 Requirements for the Issuance of the Waste Manifest (WM) ...........6-18
6.5
Guidelines for Administration to Improve Waste Management ...........6-19
6.5.1 Requirements for Management of Waste Dischargers ......................6-19
6.5.2 Requirements for WSC Management................................................6-20
6.5.3 Good Example of Off-site IWM........................................................6-21

7

Recommendations........................................................7-1
7.1.1 Use of Waste Inventory .......................................................................7-1
7.1.2 Construct a System to Manage the Licenses of Waste Service
Companies ...........................................................................................7-4
7.1.3 Other ....................................................................................................7-5

xii

List of Tables
Page:
Table 1-1: Municipal Areas of MFZ.......................................................................... 1-2
Table 1-2: Target Wastes’ Definition, Criteria and Corresponding Entities ............. 1-4
Table 1-3: Weekly Meeting Attendee Breakdown .................................................... 1-7
Table 1-4: Workshops and Seminar Overview .......................................................... 1-7
Table 1-5: Workshops and Seminar Attendee Breakdown........................................ 1-9
Table 1-6: Content of the Information Posted on the SUFRAMA website ............... 1-9
Table 1-7: Japan Training Participants .................................................................... 1-10
Table 1-8: Members of Counterpart (C/P) Team..................................................... 1-11
Table 1-9: Members of the Steering Committee (St/C)........................................... 1-12
Table 1-10: Members of Technical Consultative Subcommittee (TCSC)............... 1-12
Table 1-11: Members of the JICA Advisory Committee......................................... 1-13
Table 1-12: Reports Submitted ................................................................................ 1-19
Table 2-1: Area, Population and Pop. Density of Amazonas State, Manaus, Itacoatiara
and Rio Preto da Eva (2008) .............................................................................. 2-1
Table 2-2: Change in Manaus City Population.......................................................... 2-2
Table 2-3: Enterprises Approved by SUFRAMA (July 2009) .................................. 2-6
Table 2-4: Trade Balance of the Industrial Pole of Manaus (2004-2008) ................. 2-7
Table 2-5: Expenditure and Number of Personnel at SUFRAMA (2008)................. 2-9
Table 2-6: Trend of SUFRAMA’s Investment in PIM Development by State(2003-2008)...................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 2-7: Trend in SUFRAMA’s Investment in PIM Development by Sector(2003-2008)...................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 2-8: Summary of Federal Organizations related with Environmental
Management..................................................................................................... 2-14
Table 2-9: Summary of Amazonas State Organizations related with Environmental
Management..................................................................................................... 2-15
Table 2-10: Summary of Manaus City Organizations related with Environmental
Management..................................................................................................... 2-18
Table 2-11: CONAMA Resolution 237/97 Environmental Licenses Description andValidity ............................................................................................................ 2-18
Table 2-12: Major classification code of activities with possibility of environmental
impact............................................................................................................... 2-20
Table 2-13: Detailed code of activities with potential environmental impact related towaste management ........................................................................................... 2-21
Table 2-14: Major classification code of activities with possibility of environmental
impact............................................................................................................... 2-21
Table 2-15: Environmental Licensing Documents necessary for Storage, Treatment
and Final Disposal of Wastes........................................................................... 2-22
Table 2-16: Major Laws and Ordinances related to the EIA System in Brazil ....... 2-25
Table 2-17: Major Laws and Ordinances related to the EIA System in Amazonas
State.................................................................................................................. 2-25
Table 2-18: Projects which require EIA at the Federal Level.................................. 2-26
Table 2-19: Projects which Require EIA at the State Level .................................... 2-27
Table 2-20: Stipulation of Organizations responsible for EIA................................. 2-32
Table 3-1: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental Licensing... 3-3
Table 3-2: Results of Survey Participation using IPAAM WSC List........................ 3-4
Table 3-3: Operating License Ownership (of 90 Waste Service Companies) ........... 3-5
xiiiTable 3-4: Responses from WSCs according to business sector ...............................3-6
Table 3-5: Responses from WSCs by business sector and business conducted(management amount)........................................................................................3-6
Table 3-6: 67 WSC Environmental License Owners by business sector...................3-7
Table 3-7: WSCs by business sector and business conducted as Examined by the
Study Team ........................................................................................................3-8
Table 3-8: Location of WSCs.....................................................................................3-8
Table 3-9: Size of WSCs and License Ownership .....................................................3-9
Table 3-10: Detailed Breakdown by Scale of Business Conducted (Collection andTransportation) of Collection and Transportation Companies...........................3-9
Table 3-11: Comparison of Off-Site Survey and On-Site Survey Results forCollection and Transportation Amount............................................................3-10
Table 3-12: Business Practices based on the Licenses of 67 WSCs with Env Licenses
and the Business Practices of 90 WSC Respondents .......................................3-11
Table 3-13: Breakdown according to Scale of Intermediate Treatment Companies
based on the Responses of Waste service companies (7 companies *1)*2 ........3-11
Table 3-14: Comparison of intermediate treatment amount for the Off-site Survey andthe On-site Survey............................................................................................3-12
Table 3-15: Breakdown of Reuse/Recycle Amount by Scale of Company according to
WSC Respondents (49 companies *1) ..............................................................3-12
Table 3-16: Comparison of Survey Results (Reuse/Recycle Amount) for WSCs and
PIM Generation Sources (factories, medical institutions, construction projects)3-13
Table 3-17: Waste Treatment and Recycling Activities for (Industrial) Activities withPotential Environmental Impact.......................................................................3-13
Table 3-18: Breakdown of the Scale of Final Disposal Amount based on the WSC
respondents (6 companies *1) ...........................................................................3-14
Table 3-19: Type of Final Disposal Operation by WSC Respondents (9 WSCs)....3-14
Table 3-20: Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study...........3-19
Table 3-21: Hazardous Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study ...................3-19
Table 3-22: Number of PIM Factories and Number of Samples for Factory Survey3-21
Table 3-23: Detail on Factories Surveyed................................................................3-24
Table 3-24: Responses for General Industrial Waste Generation Amount..............3-25
Table 3-25: Number of Employees from Responding Factories and All Factories inStudy Area........................................................................................................3-26
Table 3-26: Tabulation of Responses for General Industrial Waste Generation
Amount (Non-PP / Non-HIW) of 170 Factories Surveyed ..............................3-28
Table 3-27: General Industrial Waste Generation Rate (Non-PP / Non-HIW)........3-29
Table 3-28: Amount of General Industrial Waste Generated from PIM/MFZ ........3-30
Table 3-29: Use of Pollution Control Facilities .......................................................3-38
Table 3-30: Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Management .........................................3-39
Table 3-31: Type of On-Site Management ..............................................................3-40
Table 3-32: Breakdown of Collection Service Providers.........................................3-41
Table 3-33: Breakdown of Off-Site Management....................................................3-41
Table 3-34: Content of the Medical Institution Survey............................................3-43
Table 3-35: Conversion of Health-care Waste Categories between ........................3-44
Table 3-36: Summary of Medical Facilities.............................................................3-45
Table 3-37: Amount of Health-care Waste (in ABNT NBR 12809 Category)
Generated by Target Medical Institutions........................................................3-45
Table 3-38: Amount of Health-care Waste (in RDC 306/2004-ANVISA Category)
Generated by Target Medical Institutions........................................................3-46
xiv

Table 3-39: Generation Rate and Amount of Health-care Waste Generated from
Factories in PIM............................................................................................... 3-47
Table 3-40: Amount of Health-care Waste Generated in PIM ................................ 3-47
Table 3-41: Hazardous Health-care (Medical) Waste Generation Rate in Other Cities3-52
Table 3-42: Common Health-care Waste Generation Rate in Other Cities............. 3-53
Table 3-43: Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307 ............ 3-54
Table 3-44: Summary of Construction Projects....................................................... 3-55
Table 3-45: Generation Amount of Construction Waste from Survey of 10 Factories3-56
Table 3-46: Generation Rate and Amount of Factories in PIM............................... 3-56
Table 3-47: Use of Manifest for Discharged Wastes............................................... 3-59
Table 3-48: Disposal of Construction Wastes.......................................................... 3-60
Table 3-49: Institutions in PIM that use radioactive material.................................. 3-62
Table 3-50: Categorization of Radioactive Waste ................................................... 3-63
Table 3-51: Institutions using Radioactive Materials in Manaus ............................ 3-63
Table 4-1: SUFRAMA’s Factory Classification........................................................ 4-8
Table 4-2: Factories in Operation on the SUFRAMA Factory List........................... 4-9
Table 4-3: List of PIM/MFZ Factories in Operation ............................................... 4-10
Table 4-4: Items included on the SUFRAMA Factory List (from Part 1)............... 4-11
Table 4-5: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental Licensing. 4-17
Table 4-6: Categorization of Waste Services of 67 Companies with Environmental
Licenses............................................................................................................ 4-18
Table 4-7: Inquiries and Answers for Waste Inventory........................................... 4-19
Table 4-8: Generation Rate from Responding Factories ......................................... 4-19
Table 4-9: Summary of 440 PIM Factories ............................................................. 4-21
Table 4-10: IW Generation Amount in 2009 ........................................................... 4-22
Table 4-11: General industrial Waste Generation Amount per Sector (2009) ........ 4-22
Table 4-12: General Industrial Waste Generation Amount for the Separate
Non-Production and Production Processes (2009) .......................................... 4-23
Table 4-13: Non-HIW Generation Amount by Sector............................................. 4-24
Table 4-14: HIW Generation Amount by Sector ..................................................... 4-24
Table 4-15: Installation Rate of Pollution Control Facility ..................................... 4-34
Table 4-16: Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Disposal................................................ 4-37
Table 4-17: Type of On-Site Management .............................................................. 4-37
Table 4-18: Breakdown of Collection Service Providers ........................................ 4-41
Table 4-19: Breakdown of Off-Site Management ................................................... 4-41
Table 4-20: Responses from WSCs according to business sector ........................... 4-43
Table 4-21: 67 WSC Environmental License Owners by business sector............... 4-43
Table 4-22: Comparison of Off-Site Survey and On-Site Survey Results forCollection and Transportation Amount ........................................................... 4-44
Table 4-23: Breakdown according to Scale of Intermediate Treatment Companies
based on the Responses of Waste service companies (7 companies *1)*2 ........ 4-45
Table 4-24: Comparison of intermediate treatment amount for the Off-site Survey andthe On-site Survey............................................................................................ 4-45
Table 4-25: Comparison of Survey Results (Reuse/Recycle Amount) for WSCs and
PIM Generation Sources (factories, medical institutions, construction projects)4-46
Table 4-26: Breakdown of the Scale of Final Disposal Amount based on the WSC
respondents (6 companies *1) ........................................................................... 4-47
Table 4-27: Type of Final Disposal Operation by WSC Respondents (9 WSCs) ... 4-47
Table 4-28: Comparison of On-site and Off-site IW Disposal Ratio ...................... 4-48

xv

Table 4-29: Possession of Environmental (Operation) License among 90 WSCs
Surveyed...........................................................................................................4-52
Table 4-30: WSC Replies concerning Type of Operation .......................................4-52
Table 4-31: Categorization of Waste Services of 67 Companies with Environmental
Licenses............................................................................................................4-52
Table 5-1: Population Projection in Manaus (2009-2030).........................................5-1
Table 5-2: Recent GDP growth in Brazil and Manaus...............................................5-1
Table 5-3: Estimated Economic Growth of Brazil.....................................................5-2
Table 5-4: Estimated Economic Growth of Manaus..................................................5-2
Table 5-5: Trend of Industrial Production Value during 2004-2008 .........................5-3
Table 5-6: Trend of Industrial Output Value during 2004-2008 at 2004 Price..........5-4
Table 5-7: Estimation of the Future Industrial Growth (2008-2030).........................5-4
Table 5-8: SUFRAMA’s Factory Classification........................................................5-5
Table 5-9: Explanation of Items of Estimation Formula for Future IW Generation
Amount...............................................................................................................5-7
Table 5-10: Generation Rate for General Industrial Waste by Industry Type ...........5-7
Table 5-11: Generation Rate of General Industrial Waste by Waste Type................5-8
Table 5-12: Generation Rate of Health-care Waste ...................................................5-9
Table 5-13: Generation Rate of CONAMA Resolution 307 Construction Wastes....5-9
Table 5-14: Generation Rate of Construction Waste .................................................5-9
Table 5-15: Estimated Forecast for Number of Employees.....................................5-11
Table 5-16: Forecast Generation Amount of General IW by Factory Category (2015)5-13
Table 5-17: Forecast Generation Amount of General Non-HIW by Type of Waste(2015) ...............................................................................................................5-14
Table 5-18: Forecast Generation Amount of General HIW by Type of Waste (2015)5-14
Table 5-19: Forecast Amount of Health-care Waste................................................5-15
Table 5-20: Generation Amount of Construction Waste according to CONAMA
Resolution 307 .................................................................................................5-16
Table 5-21: Forecast Amount of Construction Waste..............................................5-16
Table 5-22: The Industrial Waste Generation Amount for 2009 and 2015 .............5-17
Table 5-23: Area of Forest Preserve in the Amazon Region ...................................5-19
Table 5-24: Summary of Master Plan ......................................................................5-23
Table 5-25: Waste types and landfills in Brazil .......................................................5-32
Table 5-26: Types of Co-processing ........................................................................5-38
Table 5-27: Example of constituents of the Portland cement product, raw material andwastes ...............................................................................................................5-40
Table 5-28: Emission standards of exhaust gas from cement kiln in co-processing ofwastes ...............................................................................................................5-41
Table 5-29: Historical record of amount of products and wastes utilized in theJapanese cement industry .................................................................................5-42
Table 5-30: New Waste-related License Codes .......................................................5-47
Table 5-31: Implementation Plan.............................................................................5-60
Table 5-32: Conditions of Treatment and Disposal of PIM Industrial Waste (2009)5-61
Table 5-33: Amount of PIM IW Generated, Treated and Disposed of in 2015.......5-62
Table 5-34: PIM 2015 Market Scale for IW Disposal .............................................5-62
Table 6-1: Non-Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study .6-2
Table 6-2: Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study .........6-3
Table 6-3: Conversion of Health-care Waste Categories between RDC
306/2004-ANVISA and ABNT NBR 12809 .....................................................6-4
Table 6-4: Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307 ................6-4
xvi

Table 6-5: Waste Service Company Categorization Codes (Draft)........................... 6-5
Table 6-6: Application Form for Collection and Transportation Activities ............ 6-17
Table 6-7: Types of Activities and Definitions for WSCs Licensing Application .. 6-18

xvii

List of Figures
Page:
Figure 1-1: Map of the study area ..............................................................................1-3
Figure 1-2: Formulation of the Master Plan through Workshops and Seminar .........1-8
Figure 1-3: Organizational Structure of the Study ...................................................1-11
Figure 1-4: Overview of study work schedule .........................................................1-14
Figure 1-5: Detailed Work Schedule........................................................................1-16
Figure 2-1: Location Map of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFZ) ...........................2-3
Figure 2-2: Manaus Industrial Districts (DI)..............................................................2-4
Figure 2-3: Changes in Industrial Production Value in PIM/MFZ (2004-2008) .......2-7
Figure 2-4: Organizational Structure of SUFRAMA.................................................2-9
Figure 2-5: Organization Chart of SDS....................................................................2-16
Figure 2-6: Organization Chart of IPAAM ..............................................................2-17
Figure 2-7: Flowchart showing Acquisition of Environmental License in Federal
Level.................................................................................................................2-29
Figure 2-8: Flowchart showing EIA and Acquisition of Environmental License inAmazonas State ................................................................................................2-30
Figure 2-9: Industrial Districts (DI) 1 & 2 and Igarape 40 ......................................2-34
Figure 3-1: Waste Treatment Stream .........................................................................3-1
Figure 3-2: Work Flow of the Factory Survey.........................................................3-23
Figure 3-3: Waste Stream for all General industrial wastes generated from PIM ...3-31
Figure 3-4: Waste Stream for General Non-HIW generated from PIM...................3-32
Figure 3-5: Waste Stream for General HIW generated from PIM...........................3-33
Figure 3-6: General Industrial Waste Stream (Non production process – Non HIW)3-34
Figure 3-7: General Industrial Waste Stream (Non production process – HIW).....3-35
Figure 3-8: General Industrial Waste Stream (Production process – Non HIW).....3-36
Figure 3-9: General Industrial Waste Stream (Production process – HIW) ............3-37
Figure 3-10: Health-care Waste Management Stream in PIM including General
Hospital ............................................................................................................3-48
Figure 3-11: Health-care Waste Management Stream in PIM excluding General
Hospital ............................................................................................................3-49
Figure 3-12: Construction Waste Management Stream in PIM ...............................3-58
Figure 4-1: Classification of Waste in ABNT NBR 10004 .....................................4-12
Figure 4-2: All Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009) .......................4-26
Figure 4-3: All General Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009) .........4-27
Figure 4-4: General Non-HIW generated from PIM (2009) ....................................4-28
Figure 4-5: General HIW generated from PIM (2009) ............................................4-29
Figure 4-6: All Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009) ..............................4-30
Figure 4-7: Non Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009) ..........4-31
Figure 4-8: Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009) ..................4-32
Figure 4-9: Construction generated from PIM (2009) .............................................4-33
Figure 5-1: Estimated Results for Total Industrial Growth and Total Number of
Employees (Forecast).......................................................................................5-12
Figure 5-2: Estimated Results for Total Industrial Growth and Total Number of
Employees (Rate) .............................................................................................5-12
Figure 5-3: Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Stream in 2015 ....................5-18
Figure 5-4: Relationship between PIM and Amazon Forest Preservation (Before M/P)5-19
Figure 5-5: Relationship between PIM and Preservation of the Amazon Forest (After
M/P)..................................................................................................................5-20
xviii

Figure 5-6: Summary of Master Plan Approach and Measure ................................ 5-23
Figure 5-7: Proposed Waste Manifest System......................................................... 5-28
Figure 5-8: Waste Manifest form (FEEMA - Rio de Janeiro) ................................. 5-29
Figure 5-9: Final Destination Reporting and Application ....................................... 5-30
Figure 5-10: Waste Inventory Management Structure............................................. 5-31
Figure 5-11: Conceptual Drawing of the Dedicated Site for Non-HIW and Non-inert
IW..................................................................................................................... 5-36
Figure 5-12: Industrial Waste Final Destination (FD) ............................................. 5-37
Figure 5-13: Waste Management Hierarchy............................................................ 5-39
Figure 5-14: Types and feeding places of waste in the cement plant ...................... 5-43
Figure 5-15: Type and feeding places of waste in the cement kiln (detail) ............. 5-44
Figure 5-16: Cement plant and blender of wastes.................................................... 5-44
Figure 5-17: Waste Service Company Database (WSC-DB) .................................. 5-48
Figure 5-18: Relationship between the Coordination Committee for Proper IWM
Promotion (CCPIWMP, tentative) and Proper IWM Promotion Committee(PIWMPC, tentative) ....................................................................................... 5-53
Figure 6-1: Flow of Waste Treatment and Disposal .................................................. 6-7
Figure 6-2: Scheme of the Information required by CONAMA resolution 313........ 6-8
Figure 6-3: General Scheme for Implementation of the WI_DB............................... 6-9
Figure 6-4: Concept of the Proposed Waste Manifest system ................................. 6-10
Figure 6-5: Waste Manifest Form (FEEMA - Rio de Janeiro) ................................ 6-12
Figure 6-6: Kokubo Industrial Estate efforts for Zero Emission ............................. 6-15
Figure 6-7: Green Factory Project of Honda Suzuka Factory ................................. 6-16
Figure 6-8: Waste flow using database .................................................................... 6-20
Figure 7-1: Using the WI_DB system and its relationship to understanding waste
management at the factory, industrial park, state and national levels................ 7-3
Figure 7-2: Promotion of Appropriate Disposal and 3R............................................ 7-7xixList of Abbreviations
Abbreviation
ABC
ABNT

ANA
ANEEL
ANVISA

EnglishBrazilian Cooperation Agency
Brazilian Association for Technical
Specs
National Water Agency

PortugueseAgência Brasileira de Cooperação
Associação Brasileira de Normas
TécnicasAgência Nacional de Aguas

Brazilian Electricity Regulatory
AgencyNational Health Surveillance AgencyAgência Nacional de Energia
ElétricaAgência Nacional de Vigilância
Sanitária
Agência Reguladora dos Serviços
Públicos Concedidos do Estado do
Amazonas
Aterro Temporário de Resíduos
Industriais Não-Inertes
Comité das Atividades de Pesquisae Desenvolvimento na Amazonia
Conseho Administração da
SUFRAMA

ARSAM

Amazonas Regulatory Agency of
Public Services

ATRINI

Non-hazardous & non-inert industrial
waste temporary disposal site
Committee for Research andDevelopment Activities in Amazonas
Administration Council of SUFRAMA

CAPDA
CAS
CCINB-AM
CD
CIEAM
CNEN

Japanese-Brazilian Chamber ofCommerce and Industry of
Amazonas
Capacity Development
Industries Center of Amazonas StateCONAMA

National Commission of Nuclear
EnergyNational Confederation of Industies
General Coordinator of Economic
and Business Studies
National Council for Environment

COSAMA

Amazonas Sanitation Company

C/P
DF/R
DG/L
DI
EIA
ERENOR

GEA
GIS
GOB

Counterpart
Draft Final Report
Draft Guidelines
Industrial District
Environmental Impact Assessment
Representative Office of the Ministryof External Relations in the Northern
RegionIndustries Federation of Amazonas
State
Final Report
The Technological Analysis,
Research, Innovation Center
Foundation
Government of Amazonas State
Geographical Information System
Federative Republic of Brazil

GOJ

Government of Japan

CNI
COGEC

FIEAM
F/R
FUCAPI

Câmara de Comércio e Indústria
Nipo-Brasileira do Amazonas
Desenvolvimento de Capacidade
Centro da Industria do Estado do
Amazonas
Comissão Nacional de Energia
Nuclear
Confederação Nacional da Indústria
Coordenação Geral de Estudos
Economicos e Empresariais
Conselho Nacional de Meio
Ambiente
Companhia de Saneamento do
Amazonas
Contraparte
Minuta do Relatório Final
Esboço das Diretrizes
Distrito Industrial
Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental
Escritório de Representação do
Ministério das Relações Exteriores
na Região Norte
Federação das Indústrias do Estado
do Amazonas
Relatório Final
Fundacão do Centro de Analise,
Pesquisa e Inovacão
Governo do Estado do Amazonas
Sistema de Informação Geográfica
República Federativa do Brasil
Governo do Japão

xx

IBAMAIC/R
IDB

Inception Report
Inter-American Development Bank

IEE
INMET
INPA

Initial Environmental Evaluation
National Institute of Meteorology
National Amazon Research Institute

INPAE

National Institute for Environmental
Preservation
Institute of Amazonas Environmental
Protection
Interim Report

Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente
e dos Recursos Naturais
Renováveis
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia eEstatística
Banco Internacional para
Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento(BIRD)
Relatório Introdutório
Banco Interamericano de
Desenvolvimento (BID)
Avaliação Ambiental Inicial
Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
Amazônia
Instituto Nacional de Preservação
Ambiental
Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do
Amazonas
Relatório Intermediário

Japan International Cooperation
AgencyMinistry of the Cities
Ministry of Development, Industry
and Foreign Trade
Manaus Free ZoneAgência de Cooperação
Internacional do Japão
Ministério das Cidades
Ministério do Desenvolvimento,
Industria e Comercio Exterior
Zona Franca de Manaus

Minutes of Meeting
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Mine and Energy
Master Plan
Ministry of HealthTechnical Rules
Non-Governmental Organization
On the Job Training
Industrial Pole of Manaus
Program for the Modernization of
Sanitation Sector
Socio- Environmental Program of
Manaus Igarapes River BankCONAMA Resolution
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Municipal Secretariat ofDevelopment and EnvironmentState Secretariat of Infrastructure
Municipal Secretariat of theEnvironment
Municipal Secretariat of Urban
Cleaning and Public Services
Steering Committee

Minutas da Reunião
Ministério do Meio Ambiente
Ministério de Minas e Energia
Plano Diretor
Ministério de Saúde
Normas Brasiliras
Organização Não Governamental
Treinamento em Trabalho
Polo Industrial de Manaus
Programa da Modernizacao do
Setor de Saneamento
Programa Social e Ambiental dos
Igarapes de Manaus
Resolução do CONAMA
Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica
Secretaria Municipal de
Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente
Secretaria de Estado deInfra-Estrutura
Secretaria Municipal de Meio
Ambiente
Secretaria Municipal de Limpeza eServiços Públicos
Comité de Direcção

Superintendency of the Manaus
Free Trade Zone
Superintendency for theDevelopment of Amazon Region
Scope of Works
Terms of Reference

Superintendência da Zona Franca
de Manaus
Superintencia do Desenvolvimento
da Amazonia
Escopo de Trabalho
Termos de Referência

IBGE
IBRD

IPAAM
IT/R
JICA
MCIDADES
MDIC
MFZ
M/M
MMA
MME
M/P
MS
NBR
NGO
OJT
PIM
PMSS
PROSAMIM
RDC
SEA
SEDEMA
SEINF
SEMMA
SEMULSPSt/C
SUFRAMA
SUDAM
S/W
TOR

Brazilian Institute for theenvironment and Renewable Natural
Resources
Brazilian Institute of Geography andStatistics
International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development

xxi

TCSC

WB
WI_DB

Technical Consultive Sub
Committee
Unit of Management of the Igarapes
Program
The World Bank
Waste Inventory Database

WM
WSC_DB

waste manifest
Waste Service Company Database

W/S

Workshop

UGPI

xxii

Subcomitê Consultivo Técnico
Programa Social e Ambiental dos
IgarapésBanco Mundial
Banco de Dados dos Inventários de
Resíduosmanifesto de resíduos
Banco de Dados das Empresas deServiço de Resíduos
WorkshopClassification of Industries (Factories) and Industrial Wastes used in theStudy
The following is the classification of the target industries (in the study, only factories) andindustrial waste categorization used in the study, which served as the premise to conduct the
study to improve industrial waste management.
1.
2.

Classification of Industries (SUFRAMA’s factories)
Industrial Waste Categories
2-1
General Industrial Waste
2-1(a) Non-hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the study
2-1(b) Comparison of Study Code and CONAMA Code for Non-Hazardous
General Industrial Wastes
2-1(c) Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study2-1(d) Comparison of Study Code and CONAMA Code for Hazardous GeneralIndustrial Waste
2-2
Health-care Waste
2-3
Construction Waste
2-4Radioactive Waste

xxiii

1. Classification of Industries (SUFRAMA’s Factories)
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04

F05
F06

F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17

F18
F19

Main Category
Beverages
Leather
Printing
Electrical
4-1
4-2
4-3
LumberMachinery
6-1
6-2
Metal
Nonferrous
Furniture
Paper
RubberFood
ChemicalPlastic
TextilesClothing
Transportation
17-1
17-2
17-3
Construction
Other
19-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
19-5

SectorSub-category

Parts
Products (except copy machines)
Copy machines

Clock/watch
Other machinery industry

Two-wheelers
Ships
Other transportation

OpticsToys
Small instruments
Writing utensils, razor blades
Other

Source: CGPRI & CGMER/COCAD SUFRAMA, up to 8/2008 “Industries (companies) established andproducing in western Amazon with full projects approved by SUFRAMA “xxiv

2. Industrial Waste Categories
The study targeted industrial waste that factories must report upon making a waste inventory
as required by CONAMA Resolution 313. Those wastes can be classified into 4 maincategories, as shown below. Due to differences in the generation source and characteristics ofeach of these wastes, they were each surveyed individually in this study.
General Industrial Waste: waste generated from factories other than 2, 3, and 4
below.



Health-Care Waste: waste generated from medical facilities attached to factories.



Construction Waste: waste generated from renovation and expansion construction atfactories

Radioactive Waste: waste generated from radioactive material used by the factory.

xxv

2-1 General Industrial Waste
In this Study, the general industrial waste generated from 187 factories of PIM was surveyed.
Given the limited period of time for the study, a survey to gain an understanding of theoverall management of general industrial waste in PIM was carried out using a simplified
version of the complex industrial waste categories required by CONAMA Resolution 313.
Namely, the study looked at 13 types of non-hazardous general industrial waste, and 16 typesof hazardous industrial waste, and then clarified the management of each in terms of waste
generation management (by creating “waste stream” diagrams and such). However, a user
manual was put together for completing the waste inventory, which the factories are legallyrequired to submit, according to the categories required by CONAMA Resolution 313. Tables
comparing the JICA Study Team Code and the CONAMA Code are provided in order toclarify the factory survey results from the study and to facilitate cross-checks of the results ofwaste inventories made according to the manual after they are compiled and analyzed.
2-1(a). Non-Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of Non-Hazardous, Non-Inert Industrial Waste (Non-HGIW)Kitchen waste (include waste from animal such as bone, skin, hair)
Wood
Paper
Plastic or polymers and resins
Textile and fiber
Animal oil, Vegetable oil
Rubber and Leather
Ash/dust from coal-fired power plants, etc.
Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, copper, bronze
Ceramic & Glasses
Stone, sand or material that have composition of soil such as tile, brick,gypsum, cement
Mixed waste (This code shall be applied in case wastes are discharged
without separation.)
Others
Source: JICA Study Teamxxvi

Non-HGIW
Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11
NH12
NH13

2-1(b). Comparison of Study Code and CONAMA Code for Non-Hazardous GeneralIndustrial Waste
Study Code
NH01

CONAMA Code
A001
A024
A499
A599

NH02
NH03
NH04

NH05
NH06
NH07

NH08
NH09

NH10

NH11
NH12
NH13

A699
A999
A009
A006
A007
A107
A108
A207
A208
A010
*1
--A008
A299
A399
A111
A004
A005
A011
A012
A013
A014
A015
A016
A104
A105
A204
A017
A025
A117
A799
---*1
A002
A003
A018
A019
A021
A022
A023
A026
A027
A028

A029
A099
A199
A308
A899

Description of Non-HGIW
Residues of restaurant (food remaining portions)
Bagasse of sugar cane
Carnaça
Residues organic of process (tallow, serum, bones, blood, others of thenourishing industry, etc)
Rind of rice
Residues of fruits (bagasse, must, rind, etc.)
Residues wooden I contend not toxic substances
Residues of paper and cardboard
Polymerized plastic residues of process
Bombonas of plastic not contaminatedEtil acetate residues vinila (EVA)
Plastic films and small packings
Polyurethane residues (PU)Residues of têxteis materials--Rubber residues
Caleadas shavings of skins
Atanado leather shavings, remnants
Leached ashes of boiler
Ferrous metal scrap ironNot ferrous metal scrap iron (brass, etc.)
Not metallic mineral residues
Slag of aluminum casting
Slag of iron production and steel
Slag of brass casting
Slag of zinc casting
Sand of casting
Metallic packings (empty cans)
Not ferrous metal packings (empty cans)
Tambores metallic
Refractory ceramic residues and material
Fibre glass
Glass residues
Atanado leather Serragem, bran and dust--Generated residues outside of the industrial process (office, packings, etc.)
Residues of varrição of plant
Solid residues not toxic metal composites
Solid residues of stations of treatment of effluent I contend material
biological not toxic
Solid residues of stations of treatment of effluent I contend not toxic
substances
Pastosos residues of stations of treatment of effluent I contend not toxic
substances
Pastosos residues I contend limy
Slag of jateamento I contend not toxic substances
Used catalysers I contend not toxic substances
Residues of system of control of not toxic gaseous emission I contend
substance (sleeve precipitadores, filters, among others)
Products are of the specification or are of the validity stated period contend
not dangerous substances
Other not dangerous residues
Salty shavings
Foam
Silt of the caleiro
Generated residues outside of the industrial process (office, packings, etc.)

Source: JICA Study Team
*1 : There is no Study code where the corresponding CONAMA code is indicated.

xxvii

2-1(c): Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of Hazardous
General Industrial Waste(HGIW)HGIW
Code

Inorganic acid

HW01

Organic acid

HW02

Alkalis

HW03

Toxic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Other Inorganic

HW04
HW05
HW06

Organic Compounds

HW07

Polymeric Materials

HW08

Fuel, Oil and Grease

HW09

Fine Chemicals
Biocides

and

HW10

Treatment Sludge

HW11

Ash from incinerator
Dust and Air pollution
control (APC) products
Other
Hazardous
substance(besidesHW01-HW13)
Mixed Waste
Hazardous
materials
fromNon-production
process

HW12
HW13

Example of Hazardous General Industrial Waste(HGIW)
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
Nitric acid (HNO3), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4),
Other inorganic acids
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Formic acid (HCOOH),
Other organic acids
Caustic soda (NaOH), Ammonia (NH3), Sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), Other alkaline materials
including Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, CN
Plating wastes, Picking waste, Sulphides, etc.
Asbestos, Slug, etc.
Reactive chemical wastes (Oxidizing agents,
Reducing agents, etc), Solvents etc.
Epoxy resin, Chelate resin, Polyurethan resin,
Latex rubber etc.
Fats, Waxes, Kerosene, Lubricating oil, Engine
oil, Grease etc
Pesticides, Medicine, Cosmetic, Drugs, etc.
Inorganic sludge, Organic sludge, Septic tanksludge, etc.
--Soot and dust waste from incineration facilities,
treating exhaust gas

HW14

HIWs other than the above

HW15

---

HW16

Fluorescent tubes, Thermometer (use mercury),Batteries, Pesticides (Household use), etc.

Source: JICA Study Teamxxviii2-1(d): Comparison of Study Code and CONAMA Code for Hazardous General Industrial
Waste
CONAMA
code

D001
D002
D003
D004
D005 to
D029

Description of Hazardous General Industrial Waste(HGIW)
Listing 10 - dangerous residues for containing volatilecomponents, of which do not apply solubility and/or
leaching tests, presenting superior concentrations to
the indicated ones in listing 10 of Norm NBR 10004
Dangerous residues for presenting inflammability
Dangerous residues for presenting corrosively
Dangerous residues for presenting reactivity
Dangerous residues for presenting pathogenicity
Listing 7 of Norm NBR 10004: dangerous residues
characterized by the leaching test

HW04

K193

Shavings of leather tanned with chromium

HW04

K194

Leather Serragem and dust containing chromium

HW04

K195

Silt of effluent treatment stations for chromium tanning

HW14

F102

Study code

C001 to
C009

HW14
HW10
HW01
HW01
HW10

HW08
HW02
HW02
HW14

HW09
HW03
HW03

HW14

HW05

HW06

HW10

HW11

HW04

HW10

HW07

F103

Residue of catalysers not specified in Norm NBR
10.004
Deriving residue of industrial laboratories (chemical
products) not specified in Norm NBR 10.004
Not specified contaminated empty packings in NormNBR 10.004
Solvent contaminated (to specify solvent and the maincontaminant)

HW14

F104

HW07

F105

HW14

D099

Other dangerous residues - to specify

F001
F0301

K001 toK209

Listing 1 of Norm NBR 10004- admittedly dangerous
residues - Classroom 1, of not-specific sources
Bifenilas Policloradas - PCB`s. Packings contaminatedwith PCBs also transforming and capacitors
Listing 5 of Norm NBR 10004 - dangerous residues forcontaining toxic substances acutely (remaining portionsof packings contaminated with substances of listing 5;
contaminated residues of spilling or ground, andproducts are of specification or products ofcommercialization forbidden of any constant substancein listing 5 of Norm NBR 10.004
Listing 2 of Norm NBR 10004- admittedly dangerous
residues of specific sources

HW07

K053

Remaining portions and spots of inks and pigments

HW07

K078

HW04

HW07

HW07

F100

HW07

P001 to
P123

HW04

HW07

HW07

HW11

HW10
HW01

K081
K203

HW09

HW14

K207
U001 toU246

Residue of cleanness with solvent in the manufactureof inks
Silt of ETE of the production of inks
Residues of illness research laboratories
Residue the used oil re-refining (containing acid)
Listing 6 of Norm NBR 10004- dangerous residues forcontaining toxic substances (contaminated residues ofspilling or ground; products are of specification or
products of commercialization forbidden of any
constant substance in listing 6 of Norm NBR 10.004

Source: JICA Study Teamxxix

2-2: Health-care Waste
Health-care waste categorization is regulated by the Brazilian Association for Technical
Specifications (ABNT) according to ABNT NBR 12808. Moreover, Handling of health-carewaste is done according to RDC 306/2004-ANVISA and CONAMA Resolution 358/2005.
In this study, a medical institutions survey was conducted using a questionnaire based on
ABNT NBR 12808. After the survey, it was revealed that at present, RDC
306/2004-AVNISA is being used, so the results of the survey were converted accordingly.
The following table shows conversion of health-care waste categories of the RDC
306/2004-ANVISA and ABNT NBR 12808.
Conversion of Health-care Waste Categories between RDC 306/2004-ANVISA andABNT NBR 12808
RDC 306/2004-ANVISA
Group
Description

1. Group A

A.1

Biologic

A.2

Animals

A.3

Body part

A.4
A.5

Patient care etc.
Prions2. Group B

Chemical etc.

3. Group C
4. Group D
5. Group ERadioactive waste
Common waste
Piercing or Cutting

ABNT NBR 12808
Class, Type
Description
Class A, Type A.1
Biologic
Class A, Type A.2
Blood and Derivates
Class A, Type A.5
Contaminated animal
Surgical, anatomopatologic
Class A, Type A.3
and exudates
Class A, Type A.6
Patient care
Not applicable--Class B, Type B.2
Pharmaceutical waste
Class B, Type B.3
Hazardous chemical waste
Class B, Type B.1
Radioactive waste
Class C
Common waste
Class A, Type A.4
Piercing or Cuttingxxx

2-3: Construction Waste
Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307
Class
Class A:Class BClass CClass D

Description
The reusable or recyclable waste as aggregates, such as:a) from construction, demolition, refitting and repair of pavement and otherinfrastructure constructions, including land preparation;b) from the construction, demolition refitting and repair of edifications:ceramic components (bricks, blocks, tiles, insulation planks, etc.),
cement and concrete;c) from manufacturing and/or demolition process of concrete
pre-modulated pieces (blocks, pipes, gutter, etc.) produced in theconstruction sites.
The recyclable waste for other purposes, such as: plastics, paper/carton,
metals, glass, wood and others.
Waste which has no economically feasible technology or applications which
may allow it to be recycled/recovered, such as the products arisen fromplaster.
Hazardous waste arisen from construction process, such as paints, solvents,
oils and so forth, or those contaminated or harmful to health arisen fromdemolitions, refitting and repairs of radiology clinics, industrial facilities andothers, as well as tiles and other objects and materials containing asbestos
or other products harmful to health. (new text given by Resolution n. 348/04).

2-4: Radioactive Waste
Categorization of Radioactive Waste
Class
1. Waste containing beta or
gamma emitters

Type
1.1 Liquid Waste

1.2 Solid Waste

1.3 Gaseous Waste

2. Waste containing alphaemitters

2.1 Liquid Waste

2.2 Solid Waste

Level
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste

Source: Management of Radioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05 – December 1985

The generation of the radioactive waste is not informed by the user of radioactive materials inthe study area.

xxxi

1．Outline of the Study

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study

1

Outline of the Study

1.1

Background and Objectives of the Study

1.1.1

Background of the StudyJICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

The aim of the Manaus Free Zone (MFZ), an economic development model put forth by theBrazilian government, is not to exploit the valuable natural resources of the Amazon which
are recognized the world over, but to realize sustainability of the western Amazon. The
primary infrastructure of the MFZ is the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM1), which is one of
the most preeminent industrial parks in Latin America. Presently, there are roughly as manyas 550 domestic and multinational factories, mainly assembly production, operating in the
PIM, indirectly responsible for creating 500,000 jobs and directly employing 100,000 people.
In order to further promote the sustainable development of the western Amazon, the Ministryof Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) hopes to entice production of raw
materials, increase its added value as an industrial complex and promote the overseas exportof its products.
PIM factories are required to submit waste inventories based on CONAMA Resolution 313;
however, despite the clear interest in environmental conservation and industrial waste
management, the PIM as a whole displays a lack of knowledge in these areas, and althoughforeign-capital and large corporations have been sure to comply, the number of inventories
received is largely insufficient.
Also, due to delays in the administration’s construction of a database and conducting
analysis, the inventories that have been received do not clarify the amount or composition of
the wastes disposed of from PIM or basic waste management conditions such as thepercentage of PIM factories that conduct at-source wastewater treatment. Furthermore, eventhough the basic legal system is in place, research is lacking on the conditions of industrial
waste treatment, and the state and municipal environmental offices in charge of regulationmust improve their structure and capacity to do so, thus it remains unclear as to how
industrial waste from factories is actually being treated. As a result, there have been
indications of Igarapé water pollution from factory effluent and environmental problems
caused by illegal dumping of industrial wastes.
It is under these circumstances that the Superintendency of the Manaus Free Trade Zone
(hereinafter, SUFRAMA) hopes to attract more industry to the MFZ/PIM and invite
economic development of the MFZ with consideration for the environment. This has pushed
toward the necessity to formulate a plan for industrial waste management for the entire PIM
which could then be used to coordinate industries located there, construct an appropriate
industrial waste management system and promote infrastructure provisions. For thesereasons, SUFRAMA has sought assistance to obtain an accurate view of the current state ofindustrial waste management in the PIM and to formulate an appropriate master plan forindustrial waste management.
In response to a request from the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil(hereinafter, GOB), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter, JICA)
1This indicates a group of factories located in the MFZ that receive tax benefits, including factories
located both within and outside of the two industrial districts.

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JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study

dispatched the second preparatory study team to clarify the framework of “The Study for theDevelopment of an Integrated Solution related to Industrial Waste Management in the
Industrial Pole of Manaus” (hereinafter, “the study”). The Minutes of Meeting (M/M) on thesecond preparatory study was signed on September 24th, 2008 and the Scope of Works (S/W)
was signed on November 26th the same year.
To conduct the study, JICA selected Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. and Ex Corporation in a joint
venture as the consultants consigned to carry out the study operations. The joint venture
began operations in February 2009, and the study is planned for completion in August 2010.
1.1.2

Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:

To review the current conditions of industrial waste management in the MFZ PIM
and the surrounding area and compile the results into a report.



To formulate a master plan for industrial waste management (five-year plan from2011 to 2015) in PIM and guidelines for the improvement of industrial waste
management in PIM.

Also, by achieving these study objectives, the following end goals are pursued.

1.1.3



To establish appropriate industrial waste disposal and the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle) based on the master plan for industrial waste management in the target study
area.



With the establishment of appropriate industrial waste disposal and 3Rs, reduce
improper disposal of industrial wastes and minimize environmental impact.

To realize the above conditions, companies both domestic and foreign will be
encouraged to enter PIM and create new employment opportunities.

Study Area
The study area is the Manaus Free Zone (MFZ), where the PIM is located; at its heart, theCity of Manaus, State of Amazonas (see map below). The MFZ, as detailed in the tablebelow, is an area that enters three municipalities.
Table 1-1: Municipal Areas of MFZName of Municipality
Manaus
Itacoatiara
Rio Preto da Eva
MFZ

A. Municipal Area
(km2)
11,458
8,600
5,813
-

B. Area in MFZ
(km2)
4,950
1,250
3,800
10,000Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and SUFRAMA

1-2

Percentage of MFZ Area
(B/A x 100 (%))
43.2
14.5
65.3
-

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study

ManausState ofAmazonas
R.Amazon
ManausBrazilBrasilia

Rio de Janeiro

Rio Preto da
Eva

Manaus

Project Area
(Manaus Free-Trade Zone :MFZ)City Zone
Itacoatiara

Source: PERSPECTIVA, Amazonas Map

Figure 1-1: Map of the study area

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JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study

1.1.4

Target Waste
The target waste in the study was industrial waste factories are required by CONAMA
Resolution 313 to report upon making a waste inventory. Those wastes can be classified into
4 main categories, as shown below. Due to differences in the generation source andcharacteristics of each of these wastes, they were each surveyed individually in this study.
General Industrial Waste



Health-care WasteConstruction WasteRadioactive Waste

The target waste of the study was the general industrial waste generated in the Industrial Poleof Manaus (PIM), but this also included waste such as health-care waste generated frommedical institutions2 linked to PIM factories and construction waste discharged from PIM
construction sites. Improvement recommendations are not included in the master plan forradioactive waste, but a fact finding study of current conditions was conducted.
Each country has its own specific definitions and criteria for wastes. Each target waste in
Brazil in this study, its definition, criterion and the entities which it targets are outlined in thetable below.
Table 1-2: Target Wastes’ Definition, Criteria and Corresponding Entities
Waste
GeneralIndustrial
Waste
Health-care
Waste

Construction
Waste

Radioactive
Waste

Definition
Defined as factory-generated waste,roughly categorized as production
process
andnon-production
process waste.
Health-care waste is defined aswaste generated from medical
institutions and is largely divided
into the following 5 groups:
Infectious (Group A: institutions,etc), Infectious (Group E: syringes,etc), Chemical (Group B) etc,
Radioactive Waste (Group C), andCommon (Group D) waste.
Defined as construction-generated
waste, roughly categorized asreusableor
recyclable
asaggregate,
recyclableasnon-aggregate,
uneconomical
recyclables, and hazardous waste.
Material created through humanactivity,
containing
radioactive
material at or above the limit set forradioactive
licensingin
CNEN-NE-6.02, defined as items
unsuitable for, or impossible to,reuse.

2

Criterion
CONAMA
Resolution 313

Target Entities
All PIM factories

RDC 306/2004 –ANVISA(On-site),
Resolution
358/2005 –CONAMA(Offsite)

Medicalinstitutions (clinics)
located at PIM
factories and a
SUFRAMA-approved
hospital.

CONAMA
Resolution 307

Construction
performed at all PIM
factories.

CNEN-NE-6.05

All factories andorganizations
licensedbytheMinistry of Scienceand Technology or
the National Nuclear
Energy Commission

The term “medical institutions” is used in the study in place of “hospitals”, indicated in the Scope ofWorks (S/W).

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.2 Outline of the StudyJICA
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Waste which (1) emits beta or
gamma rays, and (2) emits alpharays, further categorized as liquid
waste and solid waste. Also, each isregulated according to a low-level,
mid-level and high level numerical
range. Regulation is in place forallowable limits of alpha rays,
although there is no such regulation
for beta and gamma rays.

1.2

Outline of the Study

1.2.1

Basic Policy of the Studyfor Radioactive
touseradioactive
material in the study
area.

The study was implemented in accordance to the basic policy as follows.
The study team will implement the study according to the basic policy set forth below, as
proposed in the IC/R and approved by the C/P.
The industrial waste management plan formulated in this study shall:

1.

1.

be considerate of environmental protection wherever possible2.

be practicable3.

be understood by and obtain the cooperation of members of society

4.

be formulated on the initiative of the Brazilian counterpart
Consideration for environmental protection

The target area for the industrial waste management plan is the Amazon, a place whereenvironmental protection has attracted global attention, and simply promoting appropriate
treatment and disposal is not enough. Instead, it will be necessary to produce a plan thatbalances environmental protection and development (industrial activity). Such a plan will
have to promote the 3Rs at the generation sources, preventing waste from being generated asmuch as possible, and stopping the illegal disposal through maximum reuse and recycling or
energy conversion. In particular, the plan shall establish a material recovery network within
the MFZ and aim for zero environmental impact from industrial waste generated in the area.
2.

Practicability

It can not be overstated that establishing an adequate management system for industrial waste
has great influence on further attracting industry and the continuation of development in
MFZ. Nevertheless, no matter what the plan, it would be meaningless if not adhered to.
Waste reflects the character of a society; regional differences are apparent in both thecharacteristics and amount of that waste. This means it is not possible to simply apply the
economic and technical mechanisms used in Japan and other developed countries, but that afeasible master plan (M/P) must be formulated according to the circumstances of the study
target area. In order to do so, there must be a proper understanding of the current waste
management practices by the companies in PIM, the conditions concerning disposal of wastes
generated by them, and the capability and capacity of related organizations and institutions.

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1.2 Outline of the Study

3.

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Social understanding and cooperation

Industry raises their profits through production output, while at the same time society
acquires the materials they need and enjoy wealth. Thus, the problem of industrial waste
emerging from factory output is not solely the problem of industry, but an issue all membersof society must bear. Society bears the expense through the cost of goods or taxes regardlessof whether treatment and disposal is done by the industries that generate waste, or if thegovernment has a hand in it. Without social understanding and cooperation, there will beobstacles to industrial waste management.
4.

Brazil’s initiative

As expected, the formulation and smooth implementation of the M/P will happen throughclose cooperation between the Brazilian counterpart and the study team. The Brazilian side,
however, must take the initiative to conduct the study on its own. Also, part of the process toformulate a plan to improve industrial waste management in which “a study is carried out tograsp the current conditions and formulate a master plan based on the results” will not only
serve PIM, but by formulating a model plan that can be applied to other industrial hubs, thisshould have a multiplied effect nation-wide. However, in order to actualize this effect, theBrazilian side will have to be proactive in their approach and take the initiative in conducting
this study.
1.2.2

Approach of the Study
The study has been implemented according to the basic policies above, specifically, by
carrying out the following central activities.

a.



Study development through weekly meetingsHolding workshops and a seminarPublicizing activities on the SUFRAMA website

Provide Japan Training to C/PStudy development through weekly meetings

There are a great number of different parties engaged in the study which deal with the
management of the target wastes--industrial, health-care, construction and radioactive
wastes--in the study. Also, the administrative authority of these parties may be redundant or
unclear in some cases. Furthermore, to come to a proper understanding of the actual waste
management practices carried out in PIM, the study has carried out a survey on generation
sources such as factories, medical institutions, and construction sites, and a survey of waste
service companies and related organizations. In order to implement these surveys properly inthe limited study period, it was necessary to begin with a proper understanding of whichorganizations had existing data related to the study, how they have been managing it, and soforth. To do so, the concerned parties were called together for weekly meetings to discuss the
progress of the study. These meetings allowed the concerned parties to discuss at least theforthcoming week’s schedule, what other parties, if any, should be invited, and deliberate
about the progress of the study. Namely, the meeting sought to involve not only dischargers
of waste, but also participation from administrative organizations and waste service
companies or NGOs and other related parties should their participation be necessary to theprogress of the study.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.2 Outline of the StudyJICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONIn the weekly meetings, the counterpart (C/P) was the driving force behind formulating the
M/P and promoting its implementation. Each week, about 26 participants in average attended
and spent a couple hours to discuss the contents of the study and how it should proceed, in
addition to why the study was necessary, and who put the results into practice and how.
Through the discussions that took place during the weekly meetings, the participants fromvarying organizations came to understand each other’s roles and were able plot out any
necessary adjustments. Basically, this has formed a network of each party’s information andpersonnel, and a network like this would likely be influential, particularly in promoting theimplementation of the industrial waste master plan (M/P) formulated.
For each weekly meeting, the study team prepared discussion materials (hereafter, theagenda), SUFRAMA recorded the Minutes of Meeting (M/M), and these were thendistributed to the Ministry of Environment, JICA Brazil Office and other relatedorganizations. These agenda and M/M covered not only the progress of the study, but also all
discussion items such as industrial waste management issues and policies for improvement.
These are provided in the Data Book.
A total of 26 weekly meetings were held from March 3, 2009 to May 26, 2010, and wereattended by a total of 646 related persons. The following table shows the breakdown of thoseattendees.
Table 1-3: Weekly Meeting Attendee Breakdown
Affiliation
1. SUFRAMA (C/P)
2. Amazonas State Government Affiliate other than
SUFRAMA (C/P)

Total Attendees
278
127

3. Local Consultant
4. Generator (Industry)
5. Waste Service Company
6. JICA Study Team
7. Other
Total

b.

77
2
10
150
2
646

Holding workshops and seminars

The weekly meetings are limited to participant organizations and their delegates. However, inorder to achieve the understanding and hear the opinions of a wide range of stakeholders tounderstand the current conditions of industrial waste management and to formulate the masterplan for industrial waste management, a series of workshops and a seminar were held to offer
an opportunity for discussion, as outlined below.
Table 1-4: Workshops and Seminar Overview
Workshops
and Seminars

Date

1st Workshop

11 September 2009

2nd Workshop

27 November 2009

PurposeOpinion gathering from stakeholders on the current conditionsof industrial waste management and policy for improvement
Present the concept of the Industrial Waste Management
Master Plan, to explain the content to stakeholders and seek
their opinions

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1.2 Outline of the Study

3rd Workshop

6 April 2010

Waste
Inventory
Database(WI_DB)
SeminarWaste Service
Company
Database(WSC_DB)
SeminarSeminar(in Manaus)
Seminar(in Brasilia)

7 April 2010

Plan for Industrial Waste Management M/P including selectionof alternative plan, and exchange with stakeholders.
Present a summary of the WI_DB developed in the study tothose responsible for completing the waste inventory on behalf
of factories and actively seek their cooperation. Also, to receive
any recommendations to improve database input methods andso forth.

7 April 2010

Present a summary of the WSC_DB developed in the study towaste service companies and seek their understanding of its
intent. Also, to receive any recommendations to improvedatabase input methods and so forth.

27 May 2010

Disclosure of all study results, including M/P, and forming
consensus with stakeholders on spreading results and plan.

28 May 2010

Present a summary of the WI_DB and WSC_DB developed in
the study to federal government representatives and seek theirunderstanding, as well as opinion concerning dissemination toother parts of the country.

Furthermore, it is ideal to reflect the opinions of as many stakeholders as possible in the
Industrial Waste Management Master Plan (M/P). To do so, when formulating the M/P, threeworkshops and a seminar will be held, seeking the opinions of stakeholders, and reflecting
them in the M/P upon analysis, as the following chart illustrates.

Mar 2009
Aug 2009

Sept
2009

Baseline Surveys on Waste Generation Sources andWaste Management Companies, etc.
Current IWM andIssuesEXPLANATIONCOMMENTS

1stWorkshop

Review & Modify
Nov 2009

Framework of IWM
M/P

EXPLANATIONCOMMENTS

2nd
Workshop

Review & Modify
April
2010

Draft Final IWM M/P

EXPLANATIONCOMMENTS

3rd
Workshop

Review & Modify
May
2010

Presentation of IWM
M/P

EXPLANATIONCOMMENTS

SeminarFigure 1-2: Formulation of the Master Plan through Workshops and Seminar

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1.2 Outline of the Study

Based on this process, as mentioned in the basic policies earlier, this served to gain
cooperation and understanding from society in formulating the plan, to promote disclosure of
information and include environmental considerations in the plan.
At the three workshops and main seminar in Manaus, there were a total of 573 attendees. The
breakdown of attendees is shown below.
Table 1-5: Workshops and Seminar Attendee Breakdown
Affiliation
1. SUFRAMA (C/P)
2. Amazonas State Government
Affiliate other than SUFRAMA (C/P)
3. Local Consultant
4. Generator (Industry)
5. Waste Service Company
6. JICA & JICA Study Team
7. OtherTotal

1stWorkshop34

2ndWorkshop13

3rdWorkshop32

ManausSeminar
32

19

13

12

13

12
65
22
8
21

3
72
12
9
16

4
54
10
6
24

2
28
8
5
24

181

138

142

112

Moreover, additional seminars were held to explain the waste inventory database (WI_DB)
and waste service company database (WSC_DB), which attracted 46 and 36 participants,
respectively. Another seminar was held in Brasilia with 10 participants.
c.

Publicizing activities on the SUFRAMA website

Progress of the study and reference information on industrial waste has been put on the
SUFRAMA website. The following information, mainly in the form of newsletters, wasposted, as of the end of July.
Table 1-6: Content of the Information Posted on the SUFRAMA website
Type of Information
Newsletter 1
Newsletter 2

Date Posted
Late April 2009
Late June 2009

Workshop (1)Newsletter 3

Mid September 2009
Mid October 2009

Newsletter 4
Workshop (2)Newsletter 5
Workshop (3)Newsletter 6

Mid November 2009
Early December 2009
Mid February 2010
Early April 2010
Mid June 2010

Seminar in Manaus
Newsletter 7

Mid June 2010
Late July 2010

1-9

Contents
Overview of the study
Purpose and overview of the generation
sources survey and survey of waste
management companies
Workshop (1) Presentation Materials
Results of Waste Generation Source Survey,
Waste Service Company Survey
Overview of Workshop (1)Workshop (2) Presentation Materials
Overview of Workshop (2)Workshop (3) Presentation Materials
Overview of Workshop (3) and explanatory
meetings on the Waste Inventory and Waste
Service Company databases.
Seminar Presentations Materials
Overview of the Seminar

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
1.2 Outline of the Studyd.

Japan Training for C/P

The Industrial Waste Management Master Plan (M/P) formulated in the study will be
implemented by related organizations on the Brazilian side, starting with the C/P. In the M/P,
various improvement plans were proposed, given actual conditions in Manaus, some of thematters in the proposal required further comprehension. Thus, the decision was made that itwas necessary for the C/P to acquire knowledge related to the following items in order tobring about the smooth implementation of the M/P, and to understand conditions in Japan,
training was carried out in Japan.
The background and state of implementation of zero emission factories and industrial
complexes

Necessities to promote 3R

Proper operation of various types of industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

The established state of a material cycle network centered around a cement factory

The training took place over an 18-day period from January 24 to February 10, 2010,attended by 5 C/P members who will be central to implementing the M/P.
Table 1-7: Japan Training Participants

1.2.3

Name
David Rocha Silva

Affiliation
SUFRAMA

Armando Bandeira dos
Santos Jr
Rita de Cássia de
Vasconcelos Dias Mariê
António Ademir Stroski
Alexandre Kadota

SUFRAMASUFRAMAIPAAM
FIEAM/CIEAM/CCINB-AM

Post
Waste Management
establish 2010
Waste Management
establish 2010
Waste Management
establish 2010
Assessor
Co-Director

Unit

will

Unit

will

Unit

will

Organizations of the Studya.

Organization Structure of the StudySUFRAMA has designated members that make up the counterpart (C/P), steering committee(St/C) and technical consultative sub-committee (TCSC) to encourage smooth
implementation of the study. At the same time, JICA has established an advisory committee
in Japan to support the study team. The structure of these organizations in relation to thestudy is shown in the figure below.

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1.2 Outline of the Study

Brazilian SideJapanese Side

Steering Committee(St/C)・SUFRAMA
・FIEAM
・CIEAM・CCINB-AM
・ERENOR/MRE
・JICA Brazil

JICA

OfficeAdvisory
Committee

JICA Study TeamTechnical Consultative
Subcommittee (TCSC)
・Member of C/P・SUFRAMA
・IPAAM・SEMMA・SEMULSP
・UGPI/PROSAMIMCounterpart (C/P)

Figure 1-3: Organizational Structure of the Studyb.

Brazilian Side

b.1

Members of Counterpart (C/P) Team

Members of Counterpart (C/P) Team are as follows:
Table 1-8: Members of Counterpart (C/P) Team
No.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11

Name
Keithy Garcia
Mônica E. C. Barros
Armando Bandeira Jr.
Armando Rubens Lima
Neyla Saraiva
Adamilton Mourão
Maria Helena P. Roza
Diego Alves Amoêdo
Márcia Ribeiro
Miber Jucá
Érica Lira

Position
Technical Advisor
Attorney
Technician
Technician
Fishing Engineer
Administrator / Architect
Engineer
Electronic Engineer
Administrator
Technician
Secretary

1-11

Organization
SUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMA

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1.2 Outline of the Study

12
13
14

b.2

Anita Zambrano Acuña
David Rocha Silva
Rita de Cássia de
Vasconcelos Dias MariêAssessor
Electronic Engineer

ERENORSUFRAMA

Engineer

SUFRAMA

Members of the Steering Committee (St/C)

Members of the Steering Committee (St/C) are shown in the following table.
Table 1-9: Members of the Steering Committee (St/C)
No.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

b.3

Name
Maria Gracilene Roberto Belota
Luis Flávio Simões
Carlito Holanda
Flávio José Dutra
Alexandre Kadota
Ronaldo Mota
Mário Susumu Okubo
Iuquio Ashibe
Gustavo Resende Mendonça
Wófsi Yuri G. de Souza
Henrique Jenné
Mauro Inoue

Position
General Coordinator
Project Coordinator
Coordinator
Executive Director
Adjunct Director
Executive Director
Vice-President
Vice-President
Cooperation Technician
Cooperation Technician
Chief
Project Coordinator

Organization
SUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMA
FIEAM
FIEAM
CIEAM
CCINB-AM
CCINB-AM
ABC/MRE
ABC/MREERENOR
JICA Brazil OfficeMembers of Technical Consultative Subcommittee (TCSC)

Members of Technical Consultative Subcommittee (TCSC) are as follows:
Table 1-10: Members of Technical Consultative Subcommittee (TCSC)
No.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

Name
Maria Gracilene Roberto Belota
Luís Flávio Simões
Carlito de Holanda Sobrinho
Neliton Marques da Silva
Antonio Ademir Stroski
Marcelo Dutra
Clive Reis do Nascimento

08

Jane Crespo

09

José Lúcio Rabelo

Position
General Coordinator
Project Coordinator
Coordinator
President-Director
Assessor
Secretary
Assessor
Environmental Sector
Coordinator
Institutional Sectorial
Coordinator

1-12

Organization
SUFRAMASUFRAMASUFRAMAIPAAM
IPAAM
SEMMA;SEMULSPSEMULSPUGPI/PROSAMIM
UGPI/PROSAMIM

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1.2 Outline of the Studyc.

Japanese Side

c.1

Members of the JICA Advisory Committee

The members of the JICA Advisory Committee are as follows:
Table 1-11: Members of the JICA Advisory Committee
Role
ChairmanName
Dr. Mitsuo YoshidaCommittee
MemberDr. Haruo Matsumurac.2

Affiliation
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
Senior Advisor (Environment, Waste, Geology)
Japan Industrial Waste Technology Center,
International Cooperation, Director

Members of the Study TeamThe members of the Study Team are as follows:
Assignment
Leader / Institutional Development
Waste Generation Source Management (1)Waste Generation Source Management (2)Industrial Waste Disposal Planning
Economic and Financial Analysis
Environmental / Social Consideration
Promotion of Waste Management Industry
Promotion of Waste Management Industry
Administrative Coordinator

1.2.4

Name
Susumu Shimura
Tamotsu Suzuki
Ichiro Kono
Jose Felicio Haddad
Satoshi Sugimoto
Masaharu Kina
Shoji Nakamura
Minoru Sawachi
Steven Sundstrom

Study Schedulea.

Overview of study work schedule

The study is divided into two phases, starting in February 2009, and concluding in August
2010:
Phase 1:

Study of current conditions (February 2009 - September 2009)

Phase 2:

Formulation of the industrial waste management master plan and guidelines(October 2009 – August 2010)

An overview of the work schedule is illustrated below.

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1.2 Outline of the Study

Year
Month
1
Phase
Study
in
Brazil
Study
in
Japan
Workshop/Seminar
Report2

3

2009
4 5 6 7
Phase 18

9 10 11 12 1

1st W/S▲2ndW/S▲

IC/R▲

2010
2 3 4 5Phase 2

3rd W/S▲

IT/R▲

6

7

8

▲Seminar

DF/R▲

F/R▲

Figure 1-4: Overview of study work scheduleb.

Plan of Operation

The primary work items to be carried out in the study, as aligned with the above work
schedule, are given below.
Phase 1: Study of Current Conditions
A.

Preparatory Work (Feb 2009)

A.1

Collection and Analysis of Data and Information

A.2

Overall Examination of Basic Policies, Content and Methods of Study

A.3

Preparation of Inception Report

A.4

Preparation for First Works in Brazil

B.

First Works in Brazil (Feb – Sept 2009)

B.1

Presentation of IC/R and Discussion of Study Plan

B.2

Conduct Study on Current Conditions

B.2.1 State of Study Area (PIM, Manaus, Amazonas)
B.2.2 State of Environmental Management
B.2.3 State of Waste Management and Issues to be Solved
B.3

Supplement Studies on Current Conditions

B.3.1 Survey of Waste Management Companies
B.3.2 Survey on Generation Sources
B.3.3 Conducting the Survey on Environmental and Social Considerations
B.3.4 Development of a Waste Management Database
B.4

Preparation, Submission and Discussion of Interim Report

B.5

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Phase 2: Formulation of the Industrial Waste Management Master Plan and Guidelines
C.

Second Works in Brazil (October – December 2009)

C.1

Formulating the Master Plan

C.1.1 Estimating Amount of Industrial Waste Generated
C.1.2 Goal Setting
C.1.3 Basic Strategy Formulation
C.1.4 Formulating a Draft Master Plan
C.2

Development of a Waste Exchange Database

C.3

Workshop (2)C.4

Conducting IEE

C.５

Creation of Framework for Draft Guidelines

D.

First Works in Japan (December 2009)

D.1

Submission of 1st Draft Final Report and 1st Draft Guidelines

E.

Third Works in Brazil (March – April 2010)

E.1

Follow-up Study on the Master Plan

E.2

Follow-up Study on Draft Guidelines (DG/L)

E.3

Submission of 2nd Draft Final Report (DF/R) and 2nd Draft Guidelines

E.4

Workshop (3)F.

Second Works in Japan (April 2010)

F.1

Completion of Draft Final ReportG.

Fourth Works in Brazil (May 2010)

G.1

Discussion on Draft Final Report and Draft Guidelines

G.2

SeminarH.

Third Works in Japan (June 2010)

H.1

Submission of Final Report and Proposed Guidelines

The work schedule is detailed in the following figure.

1-15

Work Items

B.1 Discussion on theoverall study plan

3

4

6

7

IT/R ▲
ST/C ★

89

2009

2nd Site Study

11

C.5
Createframeworkof the DG/L

C.4 Conduct
IEE

C.3
The
secondworkshop

C.2
Database for wastes
exchange

C1.4
Draft M/P

C1.3
Basic Strategy

C1.2
Goal setting

C.1
Formulate M/P
C1.1
Estimate
industrial waste
amount10

12

1
Works in Japan (1st)Figure 1-5: Detailed Work Schedule

B.5
The first
workshop

B.4
Prepare,Submit andDiscuss IT/R

B3.4
Formulate waste management database

B3.3
Environmental and social consideration survey

B3.2
Survey of generation sources

B.3
Supplement studies on current conditions
B3.1
Survey of waste management companies

B2.3
State of waste management and issues to be solved

Phase I

1st Site Study

5

B2.2
State of environmental management

B.2
Study on Current Conditions
B2.1
State of study area

IC/R ▲
ST/C ★

Work Preparation

2008
2
3

E.4
The 3rdworkshop

E.3
SubmitsecondDF/R, DG/L

E.2
Follow-up
study onGuidelines

E.1
Followup study
on M/P

4

5

ST/C ★

4th Site Study

Works in Japan (2nd)
3rd Site Study
DF/R ▲

ST/C ★

Phase II

2

D.1
Submit first DF/R and DG/L

Work Periods

1

F.1 Complete DF/R

Fiscal Year
Month

G.1
Discuss DF/R, DG/L
G.2
Seminar

A.1 Collection & analysisof data and information

A.2 Examine overall
study plan

A.3 Preparation of
Inception Report (IC/R)

A.4 Preparation for firstsite study

1-16

7

F/R ▲

IC/R: Inception Report
St/C: Steering Committee
IT/R: Interim Rep@ort
DF/R: Draft Final Report
F/R: Final Report
DG/L: Draft Guideline
G/L: Guideline
M/P: Master Plan

Works in Japan (3rd)

2010
6

H.1
Submit F/R and proposed

8

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1.2 Outline of the Study

1.2.5

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Overview of the Study
The study is summarized as follows.
a.

Phase 1: Study of Current Conditions (February 2009-September 2009)First, in order to comprehend the current conditions of industrial waste management in the
study target area, the following supplemental studies were carried out.
1.

Waste Generation Source Survey

Survey of 187 PIM factories which generate industrial wasteSurvey of 10 PIM medical institutions which generate medical wasteSurvey of 10 PIM factories which performed construction projects over the past
one-year period which generated construction waste.

Survey of 8 PIM institutions which use radioactive materials and generate radioactive
waste

2.

Study of current waste management conditions for 90 waste service companies

Prior to implementing the studies, the current conditions of industrial waste management in
the State of Amazonas, and particularly the legal system related to the types of waste andwhat organizations manage them, was investigated through cooperation with the C/P. Then,each of the survey items, target factories and companies were discussed with those concerned
at weekly meetings and questionnaires for each survey were produced. Based on these, withthe exception of radioactive wastes, a tender was carried out for each of the 4 surveys andlocal consultants were consigned accordingly. The radioactive waste survey was done by thestudy team and in cooperation with a survey assistant.

b.

For each survey, the local consultant visited a sample group to carry out the survey
based on the questionnaire, then summarized the results. The study team analyzed
these results and created a waste stream diagram for general industrial waste,
health-care waste and construction waste, and outlined the conditions and issues
related to waste management. Concerning radioactive waste, it was discovered that
there is no radioactive waste generated.

Upon discussion with those concerned at the weekly meetings, the current conditions
and issues of industrial waste management in PIM were organized. Workshop (1) was
held on September 11, 2009 to present this to stakeholders and solicit their opinions.
A total of 181 people participated in Workshop (1), and after the above was presented
by the C/P, attendees were divided into three groups where they proceeded to discussthese. Afterwards, a representative from each group presented the issues of industrial
waste management and policies for improvements as discussed in their groups.



Based on the conclusions and suggestions from Workshop (1), the study team and C/Psummarized the output of Phase 1 in an Interim Report (IT/R).
Phase 2: Formulation of the industrial waste management master plan andguidelines (October 2009-August 2010)

Phase 2 of the study started at the end of October 2009, beginning with discussion of in whatways the issues of industrial waste management in PIM, as found in phase 1 of the study,
should be approached for improvement. Discussing with related stakeholders in weekly

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meetings, a policy was produced for improving these issues by conceiving of the concept foran Industrial Waste Management Master Plan (M/P). On November 27, 2009, Workshop (2)was held, attended by 137 stakeholders. After the C/P presented the concept of the Industrial
Waste Management M/P, participants divided into two groups for active discussion on the
topic. Afterward, a representative from each group presented the conclusions related to the
IWM M/P as discussed in the groups.
It was planned, during this time, to carry out an Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE), but
was it was ultimately decided to forego the IEE after it was confirmed that the preparation ofwaste related facilities required in the M/P were basically left to the hand of privatecompanies and the government side is not involved.
From the end of October 2009 to early December, along with the formulation of the M/Pconcept, the following two databases, which are extremely significant toward improving
upon issues of industrial waste management, were developed through discussion withSUFRAMA and IPAAM related staff.
1. Industrial Waste Inventory Database (WI_DB)
2. Waste Service Companies Database (WSC_DB)
In January and February 2010, in Japan, the study team arranged the details based on theconcept of the M/P. Also, from late January to mid-February, spanning approximately 3
weeks, support was given for Japan training for the five members of the C/P. Through theJapan training, the C/P member’s understanding of the improvements recommended in the
M/P was greatly strengthened.
The third study period in Brazil was carried out from early March to early April 2010. Duringthat time, 4 weekly meetings were held, at which participants discussed the details of the M/Pand the content of the (draft) guidelines to improve industrial waste management in PIM, onwhich the Draft Final Report (DF/R) was based. Agreement was sought with as many
stakeholders as possible over the content of the proposed M/P in the DF/R by holding
Workshop (3) on April 6, 2010. At the workshop, the five members of the C/P who hadreceived training in Japan presented three themes, on-site and off-site industrial waste
management as well as IWM administration in Japan, so that participants could comprehend
the content of the proposed M/P. In addition, a representative of the C/P explained the
proposed M/P and then took comments and suggestions from the audience. There were 142
participants at Workshop (3), and following the presentation on the proposed M/P,
participants were divided into small groups where they proceeded to actively discuss the
topics. Then, a representative of each group gave a summary of what was discussed in theirgroup concerning the proposed Industrial Waste Management Master Plan.
In the third study period in Brazil, a user guide was made concerning data input andmanagement of the industrial waste inventory database (WI_DB) and waste service company
database (WSC_DB) which is the framework to the (draft) guidelines to improve industrial
waste management in PIM. Then, in order to ensure the effective use of these databases andfacilitate IWM improvements, those related to these databases (the factory employees incharge of making the WI at factories for the WI_DB, and waste service company (WSC)
applicants for operation licenses (OL)) were invited to respective seminars to give an
overview of the databases, explain the user functions and garner opinion. The seminars for
the WI_DB and WSC_DB attracted 46 and 36 participants respectively, who discussed the
databases and content of the user manuals.

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From mid-April to mid-May 2010, based on the results of group discussions at Workshop (3),the Study Team discussed the content of the DF/R with related parties at JICA headquarters
and made the suggested improvements to the DF/R while in Japan.
Starting in mid-May 2010, until the end of the month, the Team carried out the fourth study
period in Brazil. A Steering Committee (St/C) meeting was held on May 24th, as well as two
weekly meetings, to discuss improvements to the DF/R, all of which was recorded in meeting
minutes. Then, in order to form agreement on the M/P, a seminar was held in Manaus on May
27, 2010 to disclose and publicize the Study results. A total of 112 stakeholders attended theseminar and actively participated in opportunities to offer comments and ask questions.
Also during the fourth study period, the Team assisted the C/P to enter the 2010 waste
inventory (WI) data received into the WI_DB developed in the study. Through this process,the C/P understood the need to work closely with those who would complete the WI atfactories and gain their support in order to effectively operate the WI_DB, as well as thevalue in providing training to factory officers and making them aware of the WI_DB user
guide. Given the results, and the importance of the 2 databases, the WI_DB and WSC_DB, aseminar was held in Brasilia on May 28 for the purpose of disseminating these beyond
Amazonas State to other states in Brazil. Ten participants gathered at the seminar in Brasilia
and the officers in charge of managing the respective databases from IPAAM and
SUFRAMA explained issues pertaining to their purpose and functionality.
The Team finalized the Final Report (F/R) in Japan from June to early August 2010 based on
the results of group discussions at Workshop (3) and suggestions received at the seminars, inaddition to comments from Brazilian counterparts and JICA headquarters, and submitted thereport to JICA headquarters.
1.2.6

Reports
The following reports were prepared, presented, discussed and submitted to the Brazilian
side:
Table 1-12: Reports Submitted
ReportInception Report＜IC/R＞
Interim Report＜IT/R＞

Draft Final Report＜DF/R＞

Final Report

Language/Format
EnglishPortuguese
CD-ROM
English summary
English main report
Portuguese summary
Portuguese main report
CD-ROM
English summary
English main report
English supporting materials
English databook
Portuguese summary
Portuguese main report
Portuguese supporting materials
CD-ROM
English summary

1-19

No. of Copies
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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1.2 Outline of the Study＜F/R＞

English main report
English supporting materials
English databook
Portuguese summary
Portuguese main report
Portuguese supporting materials
CD-ROM

1-20

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20
20
20
40
40
40
1

2.

Profile of the Study Area

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2

Profile of the Study Area

2.1

Natural, Social and Economic Conditions

2.1.1

Natural Conditions
Brazil has a total area of 8,514,877 sq km (about 23 times the size of Japan) and a populationof 184 million (2005). The study area is the Manaus Free Trade Zone (hereafter, MFZ),
which is located in northwest Brazil in the eastern part of Amazonas State. Amazonas State is
the largest of nine states that constitute the Legal Amazon. Of those, the states of Amazonas,
Acre, Rondonia, and Roraima make up what is known as the Occidental Amazon, which
covers an area of 2,195,000 sq km, which is 25.7% of Brazil’s total area. Amazonas State
itself is an expansive 1,577,820 sq km, more than four times the size of Japan, yet with apopulation of merely 3.3 million (2008), only 2.7% the population of Japan’s. The Amazon
forest, the world’s largest rainforest, covers most of the state.
The MFZ is located at 3 degrees southern latitude, 60 meters from the sea, in the world’s
largest basin area along the Amazon River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean and whichis the source of 20% of the world’s river water. On the left bank of the MFZ is the Rio Negro,
the largest tributary of the Amazon, which comes together with the Rio Solimões in theeastern area of Manaus to form the Amazon. Rainforest is located in the northern area of the
MFZ, with an average annual rainfall of 2,087.5mm, an average temperature of 28.7°C(83.6°F), and extremely high average humidity of 82%. The rainforest is a dense collection oftall evergreen broad-leafed trees, and the largest collection of plant variety with several
hundred different types per hectare. Likewise, the rainforest is home to various insects andfish, a diverse collection of fauna said to be a cornucopia of genetic resources.

2.1.2

Social Conditionsa.

Administration and Population

MFZ is located across three different municipalities, as shown in the map below: Manaus,
Itacoatiara, and Rio Preto da Eva. The total area of MFZ is 10,000 sq km, over half of whichis the city of Manaus at 4,950 sq km. The area and population of these three local
governments is as follows.
Table 2-1: Area, Population and Pop. Density of Amazonas State, Manaus, Itacoatiara
and Rio Preto da Eva (2008)
Name of Municipality
Manaus
Itacoatiara
Rio Preto da Eva
A. Total (of 3 cities)
B. Amazonas State
Ratio of three cities
area of Amazonas
State (A/B)

11,401
8,600
5,813
25,814
1,577,820

MFZ
Area(km2)
4,950
1,250
3,800
10,000
-

1.64%

0.63%

Area (km2)

1,709,010
87,89626,004
1,822,910
3,341,096

Pop. Density(per/km2)
149.90
10.22
4.47
70.62
2.12

54.6%

-

Population

Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics): population estimates, July 2008

2-1

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As shown in the above table, the area of the three cities where the MFZ is located is only
1.64% of Amazonas State, yet it contains over half (54.6%) of the population. This is a clear
indication that industry in the state is centralized in PIM/MFZ.
Further, looking at the shift in population of Manaus, the capital city of Amazonas State andthe heart of PIM/MFZ, the 1967 presidential order to establish MFZ shows a striking increasein the city’s population (an influx of people from other regions and so on). At present,
Manaus is Brazil’s seventh largest city by population.
Table 2-2: Change in Manaus City Population
Year
Population
Year
Population

1920
75,704
1980
633,833

1940
106,399
1991
1,011,501

Source: IBGE

2-2

1950
139,620
1996
1,157,357

1960
175,343
2000
1,405,835

1970
311,6222008
1,709,010

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MANAUS

MFZ
10,000 km2

RIO PRETODA EVAITACOATIARA

Area of Manaus Free Zone (MFZ): 10,000 km2
MFZ area: 4,950 km2
Area of Manaus Municipality (11,458 km2)
MFZ area: 1,250 km2
Area of Itacoatiara Municipality (8,600 km2)
Area of Rio Preto da Eva Municipality (5,813 km2) MFZ area: 3,800 km2

Source: SUFRAMA

Figure 2-1: Location Map of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFZ)

SUFRAMA’s jurisdiction has increased from the development of four states to five with theaddition of the State of Amapa. The Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM), where SUFRAMA is
headquartered, is the most developed region.
PIM refers to a group of factories that receive tax benefits by being located in the MFZ. Mostof these PIM factories are located in Manaus. As shown in the map below (Figure 2-2:
Manaus Industrial Districts (DI)), two industrial districts (DI) have been set up in Manaus,
where SUFRAMA has laid roads, electrical lines and other infrastructure. The areas of

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Industrial District 1 (DI I) and Industrial District 2 (DI II) are 1,712 ha and 5,712 ha,respectively.

DIIIIID

5,712 ha.

DI
D II

1,741haFigure 2-2: Manaus Industrial Districts (DI)b.

Infrastructure

The large river port and harbor serve as the transportation infrastructure of MFZ, where large
ships can dock to unload their cargo. A transportation network has been developed upstream
by the small and larger ports along the Amazon tributaries, the Rio Negro and Rio Solimões.
For air transport, Manaus is connected to a domestic and international network through
Eduardo Gomes International Airport.
There is no railroad, so land transportation depends on delivery by road. Although plans for amono-rail are in the works as part of preparations to host the World Cup in 2014, the mainmode of transportation is bus. There is a road network of national, state and municipal roads,
with an expressway pending completion. Also, a bridge is currently being constructed overthe Rio Negro, but at present there is no land crossing over the Rio Solimões, where the
Negro meets the Amazon.
The utilities in the city area of the MFZ are electricity, communications (telephone), waterand sewer systems. However, only a combined sewer network is in place with no treatment
facility, so untreated sewage is released through the Igarapé into the Amazon.
In the two industrial districts, SUFRAMA has built the trunk roads along which electricallines have been laid, but water and sewer systems are only present at the more advanced
factories.

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Economic Conditionsa.

National Economy

In Real (Brazilian currency), the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the country according to
the latest data from the Central Bank of Brazil in 2008 at current price is R$ 2.9 trillion,(US$1.6 trillion). The Brazilian economy has been showing 4.7% annual growth on averagefor the past five years (2004 ~ 2008) and a per capita GDP of R$ 15,240 (US$8,230) in 2008.
By economic sector, the highest rate of GDP in 2006 was for the tertiary (service) sector at
69.6％, followed by the secondary sector (mining, manufacturing and construction) at 25.0%
and the primary sector (agriculture, forestry and fisheries) at 5.4%.
b.

Regional Economy

b.1

State of Amazonas

The regional GDP of Amazonas State for 2006 was approximately R$ 39.2 billion. Per capita
GDP for that year was R$ 11,829, the highest in northern Brazil.
The tertiary sector is the largest component of the regional GDP at 50.4%, followed by thesecondary sector at 44.6%, nearly twice that of the national average. In particular, theproportion of manufacturing in the region is high at 36.8%, a unique aspect of the economyof the State of Amazonas.
b.2

Manaus City

The regional GDP in the City of Manaus for 2006 at current price was approximately R$ 32
billion, central to the state’s economy at approximately 86% of Amazonas’ GDP.
Manufacturing from the secondary sector is about 53% of the city’s GDP, while the service
sector is around 47%. The primary sector, on the other hand, accounts for only 0.2% of thetotal GDP in Manaus. In 2006, per capita GDP in Manaus was R$ 18,902, outweighing
national per capita GDP.
Development of Manaus in the past few decades has been centred on the Manaus Free Trade
Zone (MFZ), which was introduced through federal government investment incentives andvarious tax benefit schemes. Today most major electronics manufacturing is located here,
such as the world’s premier cell phone company Nokia.
c.

Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFZ)

c.1

Background of MFZ

The MFZ was created in 1967 by the Federal Government of Brazil through Decree-Law No.
288 with the objective of creating employment and stimulating manufacturing activities, as atool of promoting socio-economic development in the Western Amazon Region.
This development model was introduced to achieve the social and economic development of
the region by offering various investment incentives to encourage manufacturing andindustry, as well as agro-industry and commercial investment, while also sustaining the richbiodiversity in the area.
The fiscal incentive policy is administered by the Superintendence of the Manaus Free Trade
Zone (hereafter, SUFRAMA), a Federal Government body attached to the Ministry for
Development, Industry and Foreign Trade.

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c.2

Investment Incentives in MFZThere are various special incentives available for investment in the Manaus Free Trade Zone.
An applicant company must fill out and submit detailed information sheets about theirbusiness activities and production processes to SUFRAMA in order to be approved andreceive these incentive benefits. This policy also helps to ensure that the applicant companies
are not simply limited to bottling, wrapping or conditioning operations, so-called free-riders.
Once an enterprise is approved by SUFRAMA, it becomes eligible to receive various federal,state and municipal tax and tariff incentives.
c.3

Industry in the SUFRAMA (PIM) Area

As of June 2009, 736 companies have been approved by SUFRAMA, of which 494 havealready begun operations, whereas the remaining 242 are currently preparing to begin fulloperations. The total number of workers employed by the above projects is estimated at
138,000 workers, with a total investment of some 14.2 billion US dollars.
Table 2-3: Enterprises Approved by SUFRAMA (July 2009)
Projects

LEs

*1

SMEs

*2

Total

Enterprises in Operation

Enterprises in Preparation

Total

No.
Enterprises

No.
Workers

Total
Investment(million US)

No.
Enterprises

No.
Workers

Total
Investment(million US)

No.
Enterprises

No.
Workers

Total
Investment(million US)

416

118,427

12,914190

16,8081,222

606

135,235

14,136

78

2,072

40

52

1,158

30

130

3,230

70

494

120,439

12,954242

17,966

1,252

736

138,465

14,206

Source: SUFRAMA
Note:*1: LEs: Large enterprises (Part 1 of the SUFRAMA factory list, see Main report 3.3.3)*2: SMEs: Small and medium enterprises (Part 2 of the SUFRAMA factory list, see Main report 3.3.3)

Most of the industry located in the MFZ is: manufacturing electro-electronic andcommunication appliances, machinery, metallurgy, chemical, plastics, and transportmachinery.
c.4

Industrial Production and Trade in the SUFRAMA Area

Industrial production value in the Manaus Free Trade Zone has increased 31% over the past
five years (2004 to 2008) to R$ 54.4 million (US$29.4 million). Within the zone, the largest
contributors to this are electro-electronics, two-wheel production (motorbikes and bicycles),and chemical industries, which in 2008 were 65% of the total industrial production value.

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2008

Year

2007
Electric/electronics
Motorbikes/bicycles
Chemical
Metallurgy
Thermoplastic
Others

2006

2005

2004
0

10,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000Million RealSource: SUFRAMA

Figure 2-3: Changes in Industrial Production Value in PIM/MFZ (2004-2008)

The following table shows the trade balance of the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM) in termsof overseas and domestic markets. Although the MFZ recorded a trade deficit for theoverseas market, it gained enough trade surpluses in the domestic market to gain net tradeprofit.
Table 2-4: Trade Balance of the Industrial Pole of Manaus (2004-2008)(Unit: 1,000 Real)
ExportImportBalance

ExportImportBalance

Total
Balance(A)(B)(C=A-B)(D)(E)(F=D-E)(G=C+F)2004

3,162,613

10,984,923-7,822,310

38,242,181

11,153,510

27,088,671

19,266,361

2005

4,922,147

11,520,976-6,598,829

40,741,403

12,447,164

28,294,239

21,695,410

2006

3,227,608

12,871,664-9,644,056

46,213,521

13,070,188

33,143,333

23,499,277

2007

2,017,806

12,229,762-10,221,956

47,664,327

12,812,249

34,852,078

24,640,122

2008

2,176,119

15,602,186-13,426,067

52,194,955

14,216,217

37,978,738

24,552,671

International Trade
Year

Domestic (Interregional) Trade

Source: SUFRAMAIn the MFZ, the major contributors to foreign currency earnings through overseas export are
the top-ranking industries in production value: the electro-electronics, two-wheel, andchemical industries. However, the ratio of export to the total industrial production output wasless than 10% for all those industries in 2008. The industries with a high percentage of
product export are: the timber/lumber industry (45%) and manufacturers of articles for dailyuse (15%), such as lighters, pens, shavers, etc.

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2.1 Natural, Social and Economic Conditions

2.1.4

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Area of Supervision

SUFRAMA is vitalizing the regional economy through creating employment opportunities
and stimulating production toward socio-economic development not only in the MFZ in theState of Amazonas, but also in the other four states of the Occidental Amazon (Acre, Amapa,
Rondonia, and Roraima).
b.

Structure

As the figure below illustrates, there are four deputies under the Superintendent, each in
charge of its own department: Administration Adjunct Superintendence (SAD), Planning andRegional Development Deputy Superintendence (SAP), Projects Deputy Superintendence(SPR), and Operations Deputy Superintendence (SAO), respectively. In addition to these four
departments, there are nine coordinations and offices, such as Social Communication and
Judicial Administration, directly below the Superintendent.
There was no unit at SUFRAMA in charge of industrial waste management, and therefore,
the primary counterpart for this study is COGEX (Foreign Trade General Coordination)--oneof the nine coordinations and offices directly under the Superintendent--which generally
deals with all overseas technical cooperation and international cooperation.
However, as an output of this study, SUFRAMA has formed an Industrial Waste
Management Group (IWM Group) dedicated to industrial waste management at SUFRAMAand three SUFRAMA officers have been assigned the group. As of May 2010, no decision

has been made as to which department the group will be attached, however, it will be
officially established within the 2010 fiscal year in order to put into effect the master plan
(M/P) that has been formulated for the improvement of industrial waste management.

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Source: SUFRAMA

Figure 2-4: Organizational Structure of SUFRAMAc.

Personnel

SUFRAMA has a total of 1,354 officers and workers as of 2008, of which 356 are officiallyhired permanent public servants. SUFRAMA also outsources 936 administration officers,
security and sanitation services, and other workers. There are also 40 trainees employed at
SUFRAMA. In 2008, the total personnel expenditure at SUFRAMA for the above officers
and workers amounted to R$ 77.5 million.
Table 2-5: Expenditure and Number of Personnel at SUFRAMA (2008)
Number of
Persons

Description

2-9Personnel
Expenditure(Real)

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Public servants working in the units
Temporarily hired public servantsOutsourced workers (security guards and janitors)
Outsourced administrative workers
Other outsourced workers
Trainees
Public servants borrowed from other organizations
Public servants loaned to other organizations
Total

356
16
273
523
140
40
3
3
1,354

21,869,733.95
1,314,295.45
5,362,162,.81
46,453,864.44
1,762,820.17
137,298.47
238,915.77
325,522.51
77,464,613.59

Source: CGDER, SAP, SUFRAMA (2008)d.

Fiscal Expenditures of SUFRAMAThe fiscal expenditure of SUFRAMA for six years, from 2003 to 2008, for development of
the five states of the Occidental Amazon, including MFZ, as well as stimulus of various
industrial sectors, was R$ 440 million. The following tables show the allocation of fiscal
expenditure for each state and by sector. The largest expenditure went toward infrastructuredevelopment, accounting for some 73% of total expenditure for that period (2003~2008).
Table 2-6: Trend of SUFRAMA’s Investment in PIM Development by State (2003-2008)
States

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Unit: 1,000 real
2008
Total

Acre
Amapa
Amazonas
Rondonia
Roraima
Entities

3,147
0
3,410
0
1,000
12,14813,5438,400
35,964
18,45011,16019,797

11,295415
10,547
11,053
10,547
17,9239,500
016,123
4,900
0
3,421

58,1292,300
28,19225,14522,42556,008

2,220
9,000
1,800
3,870
2,800
5,704

97,834
20,11596,03763,41847,932
115,002

Total

19,704

107,315

61,78233,944

192,200

25,394440,339

Source: CGDER, SAP, SUFRAMA (2008)

Table 2-7: Trend in SUFRAMA’s Investment in PIM Development by Sector (2003-2008)
Types

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Unit: 1,000 real
2008
Total

Production
Infrastructure
Investment
Promotion
R&D
Human
Resources
Capacity
Dept.

0
7,807
1,382

1,939
88,163910

2,135
43,057
1,818

4,191
18,006281

5,562
150,675
3,525

5,200
14,740018,628323,447
7,917

10,48514,008

11,465

11,114

16,057

5,454

68,584

30

2,295

3,306

352

16,3810

22,363

Total

19,704

107,315

61,78233,944

192,200

25,394440,339

Source: CGDER, SAP, SUFRAMA (2008)

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2.1.5

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Socio-Economic Issues
It will be necessary to resolve the following issues in order to secure the future developmentof MFZ.
a.

Acquisition of Environmental License of PIM

Although SUFRAMA has invested basic infrastructure such as roads and electricity, PIM wasdeveloped on the premise that individual enterprises are responsible for obtaining
environmental licenses to develop factory sites, construct buildings, effluent treatment
facilities and other environmental protection measures before entering MFZ. Thus, with the
exception basic infrastructure such as roads and electricity, there is no overall development
plan for PIM. Such development measures were used for both industrial districts, so that withthe exception of construction plans for roadways and electrical supply facilities, PIM and thetwo industrial districts (DIs) were developed without the necessary environmental protectionplans to conduct environmental impact assessment (EIA).Thus, in order to understand theenvironmental protection plan of the DIs and PIM overall, it is necessary to combine theenvironmental licenses obtained when individual factories were constructed. Moreover,understanding the current environmental conditions of the DIs and PIM requires that eachfactory plan and their actual operation conditions be surveyed and the results synthesized.
Such work is extremely labor intensive and SUFRAMA cannot perform it unassisted. Rather,the bulk of such analysis must be done by IPAAM, which issues the environmental licenses
and rights for operation. Nevertheless, SUFRAMA must have a firm grasp of the structure forenvironmental protection of PIM/MFZ if it is to promote PIM to potential investors. Even if
an individual business takes the necessary precautions for environmental protection, in thecase that pollution of the overall PIM area is indicated, great damage is done to thatcompany’s activities. Furthermore, SUFRAMA has the right to withhold the special tax
benefits to companies pointed out by IPAAM that they do not carry out sufficientenvironmental protection measures.
As shown above, in order to obtain the environmental licenses for PIM, SUFRAMA and
IPAAM--given their respective responsibilities--must work together to formulate anenvironmental protection plan for the DIs and entire PIM and conduct an environmental
impact assessment (EIA). In order to carry out such work, the data and information obtainedin this study will serve as an important base.
b.

Changes in the Industrial Structure of MFZ

Presently, assembly production is the central activity of the PIM factories, which import partsfor products largely consumed in the domestic market. Thus, the trade balance of MFZ isrunning at a deficit. In order to improve the situation, the Ministry for Development, Industry
and Foreign Trade and SUFRAMA are working to entice the parts industry, and moreover,are considering attracting the materials industry and others to further raise the added value ofthe area. An increase in the parts and materials industries will provide more economic benefit
to the MFZ than by reducing the trade deficit and increasing added value. On the other hand,in contrast to the assembly industry, parts and materials include a large number of processes
which impact the environment, such as materials processing, surface treatment, and exhaustand effluent treatment.
It is likely that changes to the industrial structure of MFZ will bring about significant changes
in accordance with production to the type and quantity of industrial waste that is generated.
That is, due to the fact that packaging waste, the current primary waste, is relatively easy to

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2.2 State of Environmental Management

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recycle, one should expect higher environmental impact, difficulty in recycling, and more
complicated treatment measures to arise.
c.

Infrastructure Preparation

There are a number of infrastructure-related issues, as follows, in order to guarantee thefuture development of MFZ.
Manaus is currently independent of the Brazilian national electricity grid, using
thermal- and hydro-electric generation; however the generation cost for these isconsiderably higher than the national average. Presently, the federal government isproviding compensation for this cost difference. Moreover, given the current power
supply structure, there are frequent power outages in the dry season when power
demand is high. Thus, there is a constraint apparent in introducing industries that
consume a great deal of electricity, such as the materials industry.

On-land public transportation is limited to roads, resulting in heavy traffic jams in
Manaus City during the morning and evening rush times. For a large municipality
with a population of over 1.7 million, dependence on a road network alone for on-landpublic transport indicates a significant restriction.



Manaus City does not have a wastewater treatment facility and untreated effluent isreleased into the Amazon River. In order to attract tourism and sustain and improve
the waterfront, a sewerage treatment facility is needed.

2.2

State of Environmental Management

2.2.1

Environmental Laws and Regulationsa.

Federal Level

Environmental policy in Brazil and the current legal framework were established by the
National Environmental Policy Law No. 6938/81 on 31 August 1981. With this National
Environmental Policy Law, the revision of the Federal Constitution of 1988, Article 225,
states that environmental conservation is the responsibility of both the government andsociety. Moreover, Article 23 states the joint competence of the Federal government, Statesand Federal Districts and Municipalities—three levels of government—to protect theenvironment and combat pollution. Article 24 establishes the competence of the Federal
government, States and Federal Districts to jointly legislate the responsibility for damage tothe environment.
The national government prepares common federal laws dealing with the environment, andbased on these, each state establishes laws which are more stringent than the constitutional
requirement. In addition to the National Environmental Policy Law (No. 6938/81) and theBrazilian Federal Constitution (1988), already mentioned, the major federal laws are:

Environmental Crimes and Administrative Sanctions Act (Law No. 9605/98)

Administrative Liability Act (Decree No. 3179/99)b.

State Level (Amazonas)

The main environmental management laws of the State of Amazonas are as follows:

Amazonas State Constitution—chapter 11—Environment

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Fundamental State Environment Law (Law n. 1,532/82): State Policy for thePrevention and Control of Pollution, Improvement and Recovery of the Environment
and Protection of the Natural Resources

Decree n. 10,028/87: On the State Licensing System of Activities with Potential
Environmental Impact and Application of Penalties and other Measures

Law n. 2.513/98: Obligation for the registration of companies responsible for thetransportation of hazardous cargoes or products in the State Environmental
Organization

Ordinance n. 1/2004: Environmental Licensing for Waste Generation Sources

Law n. 3,135/07: Climate Change State Policy, Environmental Conservation andSustainable Development of the State of Amazonas

Law n. 1991, August 21, 2007: Establishes the National Policy on Solid Wastes andother Measuresc.

Municipal Level (Manaus)

The main environmental management laws of Manaus City are as follows:

2.2.2



Organizational Law of the Municipality of Manaus

Law n. 605, 24 July 2001: environmental code of the municipality of Manaus

Law n. 671, November 4, 2002: Regulates the Master and Environmental Plan,
Establishes Guidelines for the Development of the City and other matters relating toPlanning and Management in the Municipality

Environmental Organizationsa.

National System of Environment

The National System of Environment (SISNAMA) is based on the National Environmental
Policy Law and acts as the framework for implementing policy and regulation related to theenvironment in Brazil. The SISNAMA system is composed of the Ministry of Environment(MMA), National Council for Environment (CONAMA), Brazilian Institute for theEnvironment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), and other environmental federal,state and municipal agencies which cooperate and complement each other to implement thenational environment program.
b.

Federal Level

Since Brazil is a federal republic, it has independent environmental organizations at thefederal, state and municipal government levels which function to complement and cooperatewith each other.
The following table summarizes the federal government organizations which establish andenforce environment related laws at the national level. A branch of the federal environment
ministry exists in each state, which is responsible to implement environmental regulationaccording to federally established environmental policy guidelines and in charge ofenvironmental concerns which are outside federal jurisdiction.

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Table 2-8: Summary of Federal Organizations related with Environmental Management
Organization
MMA: Ministry ofEnvironment

IBAMA: Brazilian Institutefor the Environment andRenewable Natural
Resources

CONAMA: National
Council for theEnvironment

Public Attorneys’ OfficeEnvironment Police
Precinctsc.

Description
An environmental agency was established in 1990 which in1992 became the Ministry of Environment, the central federal
organization dealing with the environment. Responsible for theformulation of environmental policy and guidelines at thenational level. Similarly, it carries out planning, coordination andmonitoring of national environmental policy.
The Ministry of Environment (MMA) is composed of 5
secretariats at present: (1) Secretariat of Climate Change andEnvironmental Quality, (2) Secretariat of Biodiversity andForests, (3) Secretariat of Water Resources and Urban
Environment, (4) Secretariat of Extractivism and Sustainable
Rural Development, and (5) Secretariat of Institutional
Coordination and Environmental Citizenship.
Also, related organizations are: (1) National Council for
Environment (CONAMA), (2) National Council for Legal
Amazon (CONAMAZ), (3) National Council for Water
Resources, (4) Deliberative Council for the National
Environment Fund, (5) Genetic Heritage Management Council,
and others.
Established as a combination of four organizations in
1989—SEMA (the Special Secretariat of the Environment),
SUDHEVEA (Superintendency of Rubber Development),
SUDEPE (Superintendency of Fisheries Development), andIBDF (Brazilian Institute of Forestry Development)—responsible
for the inspection and approval of environmental assessments
and such, as well as the enforcement of environment related
federal policy and regulation. With 6800 employees, offices arelocated throughout the country, but it does not deal withenvironmental administration at the state level.
The paramount organization for national environment policy,
established in 1981, which deals with the formulation of federal
environmental standards. The council is made up of 108
members, presided over by the Environment Ministry and its
Executive Secretariat is managed by the Environment Minister
Executive Secretary. CONAMA examines environmental
standards, guidelines and laws and issues resolutions therein.
In charge of the investigation and prosecution of civil andcriminal cases dealing with the rectification or compensation forenvironmental pollution.
Works in parallel with the Public Attorneys’ Office andcooperates to investigate environmental crimes.

Amazonas StateThe following table summarizes the State government organizations which establish andenforce environment related laws of the State of Amazonas.

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Table 2-9: Summary of Amazonas State Organizations related with Environmental
Management
Organization
SDS: Secretariat forEnvironment andSustainable Development

IPAAM: Institute ofEnvironmental Protectionof the State of Amazon

Regional Public Attorneys’
Office for the State of
Amazonas

Amazonas State
Environmental Police

Description
The central Amazonian State organization, dealing withenvironment, is responsible for the formulation and managing
the execution of environmental policy and conservation
planning at the State level.
The Secretariat has four Deputy Executive Secretariats, eachof whom governs one of four departments. The Department ofGeographic Diversity and Water Sources is in charge of theState’s waste management policy.
There are also five Autonomous Entities, of which IPAAM isone. This organization structure is shown in the Figure 2-5.
The organization which enforces environmental policy in theState of Amazonas, established in 1995 after the reorganizationof IMA/AM (The Amazonas State Environmental Protection andNatural Resources Development Institute (est. 1989)).
The major environmental administrative powers of IPAAM areenvironmental licensing approval, environmental monitoringand inspection. Its mission is to enforce environmental policy
for the sustainable development of the State of Amazonas. The
director is supported by a management department, technicaldepartment and law department, with a total of 183 employees,of which 59 are engineers in charge of actual operations.
IPAAM carries out all factory management affairs, frommonitoring to environmental licensing to on-site inspections.
There are 6 technical staff in the industrial licensing department
in charge of issuing licenses. The organizational structure isshown in the Figure 2-6.
In charge of the investigation and prosecution of civil andcriminal cases dealing with the rectification or compensation forenvironmental pollution. The Environmental and Cultural Assets
Department is also the unit which specializes in environmental
affairs.
Works in parallel with the Public Attorneys’ Office andcooperates to investigate environmental crimes.

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2-16
Figure 2-5: Organization Chart of SDS

2-17

ENVIRONMENTALSURVEILLANCEMANAGEMENT(GMAM)FISHINGCONTROLMANAGEMEN
T(GECP)HYDRO ANDMINERALRESOURCESMANAGEMENT(GRHM)TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT(DTE)

INDUSTRIAL
LICENSING
MANAGEMENT(GELI)ENVIRONMENTALEDUCATION
MANAGEMEN
T(GEAM)GEOPROCESSINGMANAGEMENT(GGEO)FOREST AND
AGRICULTURE
CONTROLMANAGEMENT(GCFA)INFORMATICSMANAGEMENT(GEIN)ENVIRONMENTAL
PROCURACY(PMA)

ENVIRONMENTALSURVEILLANC
EMANAGEMENT(GEFA)

CONTRACTS AND
COVENANTSMANAGEMENT(GECC)PLANNING ANDENVIRONMENTAL RULESMANAGEMENT(GPNA)

PURCHASINGAND
WAREHOUSEMANAGEMENT(GECA)

REMOTESENSOR
MANAGEMENT(GESR)PERSONNEL AND
RECORDSMANAGEMENT(GEPC)

Figure 2-6: Organization Chart of IPAAM

SPECIAL
PROJECTSMANAGEMEN
T(GEPE)BUDGET AND
FINANCIALMANAGEMENT(GEOF)JUDICIAL
PROCURACY(PJU)

JURIDICAL MANAGEMENT(DJ)ADMINISTRATIVEPROCURACY(PAD)

SUPERINTENDENT’S
OFFICE(GP)

FINANCIAL-ADMINISTRATIVEMANAGEMENT(DAF)

INFORMATICSANALYSISMANAGEMENT(GEAI)ADVISEMENT(ASS)DIRECTORPRESIDENT(DP)The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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2.2 State of Environmental Management

d.

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Manaus City

The following table summarizes the municipal government organizations which establish andenforce the environment related laws of Manaus City.
Table 2-10: Summary of Manaus City Organizations related with Environmental
Management
Organization
SEMMA: Municipal
Secretariat of theEnvironment

SEMULSP: Municipal
Secretariat of Urban
Cleaning and PublicServices

2.2.3

Description
SEMMA was established in 1989, and restructured in April
2006, to carry out the environmental regulations of Manaus
City. There are 323 employees with an additional 195 interns.
There are four departments: Land Management Department,
Environmental Quality Management Department, Plant andAfforestation Department, and Environmental Preservation
Zones Department. The Environmental Quality Management
Department is monitoring factories, but it is unclear how thistask is shared with IPAAM. Basically, this department has beenhandling small factories within the municipality.
SEMULSP is in charge of waste management and cleaning
services of Manaus City. There are 2100 employees, in addition
to 1200 staff outsourced from an agency. The operating budget
for the 2006 fiscal year was R$ 75 million.

Environmental Licensing Systema.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental License System

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in Brazil is included in the procedures
to obtain an environmental license. The inclusion of EIA in the procedures to obtain anenvironmental license is true for the State of Amazonas and other States in Brazil as well.
b.

Environmental Licensing System at the Federal Level

There are three environmental licenses that a proponent must acquire when conducting a
project, starting with the Previous License (PL) from the planning stage to theimplementation stage, and then an Installation License (IL) and Operation License (OL),according to the provisions put forth in CONAMA Resolutions 01/86 and 237/97. CONAMA
Resolution 237/97 provides a summary of each license and the effective period of validity. In
cases where state regulations differ from the said resolution, the state regulation takes
precedent.
Table 2-11:

CONAMA Resolution 237/97 Environmental Licenses Description andValidity

Environmental
LicensePrevious
License (PL)Installation
License (IL)

Description

Period ofValidity

Granted in the planning phase of the enterprise or activity,
approving its location and conception. It is not possible tostart construction with the PL; must clear the PL
requirements and then obtain an installation license (IL)

5 years

Authorizes the installation of an enterprise or activity
according to the specifications of the approved plans,
programs and projects, including the environmental
control measures and other conditions, of which new
determinations are constituted

6 years

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Operation
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Authorizes the operation of the activity or enterprise after
the verification of the effective fulfillment of the content ofprior licenses, with the environmental control measuresand conditions determined for the operation

4~10
years

CONAMA Resolution 237/97, Article 10 states, “to start the process in accordance with therequired license, upon discussion with the proponent, the environmental monitoring body
(IBAMA, State, Municipal environmental agency) will determine the forms, environmental
plans and environmental studies required. Based on this same resolution, the proponent willmeet with the relevant environmental monitoring body at the first stage in acquiring anenvironmental license.
Through this preliminary discussion, the governing body will determine the environmental
license needed for the project1, and may determine that the project is partially exempt fromthe process, when deciding the type of license (PL, IL, OL) required.
c.

Environmental Licensing System in Amazonas Statec.1

Industrial Activities which require Environmental License

Environmental licensing in the State of Amazonas was established by the first Stateenvironmental law No. 1532 of 6 July 1982. The details are given in Regulation No 10028.
According to Law No.1532, stipulates that CODEAMA (The Center for Development,
Research and Technology of the State of Amazonas) will issue environmental licenses inAmazonas State, but CODEAMA was abolished and now the rights for this were transferred
to IPAAM. Provisions in Act 8 state that industrial activities, as shown below, that could
potentially impact the environment require an environmental license2.
Mineral excavation, treatment

Tree harvesting

Agriculture, cattle breeding

Hunting, fisheries

ManufacturingEngineering, construction, land creation/zoningCollection, storage, treatment and final disposal of products, raw materials and wastes



Infrastructure (dams, airports, ports, roads, etc.)



Hospitals, clinics, laboratories



Activities with commercial- or service-oriented use of fuel (solid/liquid/gaseous)Incineration of waste or materials

Activities that change igarape and other aquatic ecology

Use or stowage of agrochemicals



Activities with potential environmental impact to landscape or nature

1

The governing body may take into consideration the details and scale of a given project, as
stipulated in Federal Law 7,804/90 and CONAMA Resolution 237/97, and alter therequirements at the preliminary discussion stage.

2

Decree No 10028 of February 1987

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

Activities with potential environmental impact to cultural assets, historical artifacts,etc.

Activities IPAAM deems may have potential impact to the environment

As shown above, most industrial activities require a license. These activities are divided into
categories according to 32 codes, and further into sub-category codes. The following tableshows the major classification codes of activities with potential environmental impact underwhich are the detailed classification codes.
Table 2-12: Major classification code of activities with possibility of environmental impact
Code
01＊＊
02＊＊
03＊＊
04＊＊
05＊＊
06＊＊
07＊＊
08＊＊
09＊＊

Activities with potential
environmental impact
Extraction and treatment ofminerals
Non-metallic
material
andproduct manufacturing
Metallurgy (ferrous, nonferrous)
Mechanicalproducts
manufacturing
Electric & electronic products
manufacturing
Transportmachinemanufacturing
Lumber&wood
product
manufacturing
Furniture manufacturing

18＊＊

Activities with potential
environmental impact
Clothing, shoes, fabric andleather items manufacturing
Food manufacturing

19＊＊
20＊＊

Beverage production
Tobacco manufacturing

21＊＊

Printing

22＊＊

Commerce and services

23＊＊

Construction and infrastructure

24＊＊

Auxiliary services including
provision of electricity and water
Wholesale

Code
17＊＊

10＊＊
11＊＊

Paper
and
cardboard 25＊＊
manufacturing
Rubber manufacturing
26＊＊
Leather products manufacturing
27＊＊

12＊＊

Chemical product manufacturing

13＊＊

Pharmaceuticalmanufacturing

14＊＊

Perfume, soaps and candles 30＊＊
manufacturing
Plastic material and product 31＊＊
manufacturing
Textile product manufacturing
32＊＊

15＊＊
16＊＊

28＊＊

products 29＊＊

Transportation and terminals
Economicanddomestic
activities services
Medical and veterinary services
including laboratory
Stock-breeding, fishing andwater-farming and vivariums andwild fauna stewardships
Waste treatment and recycle
Components and electronic
devices manufacturing
Vegetable oil extraction

Source: Classification of pollution sources IN 001/06, published on 3/12/2007

c.2

Environmental Licenses related to Waste Management

The following table shows detailed codes in terms of waste management.

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Table 2-13: Detailed code of activities with potential environmental impact related towaste management
Code

Activities with potential
environmental impact（majorclassification）

22＊＊

Commerce and services

24＊＊

Auxiliary services including
provision of electricity and
water

Code
2217
2218
2219
2407
2408
2410
2411
2412

26＊＊

Transportation and terminals

2417
2615

30＊＊

Waste treatment

3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006

Activities with potential environmental impact（detailed classification）
ImpactIncineration service
Large
Co-Processing service of waste
Large
Collection center of pesticides
MediumCollection and/or treatment of
Large
industrial solid wastes
Final destination of municipality
Large
wastesCollection and transportation of inert
Microsolid wastes
Collection and/or storage and/or Medium
commercialization of sold wastes
Collection and/or treatment of
Large
industrial hazardous liquid wastes
Disposal of industrial waste in landfill
Large
Transportation and storage of
Large
industrial hazardous solid wastes
Treatment of solid industrial waste Medium
without chemicals
Treatment of liquid industrial waste
MediumTreatment and solid industrial waste
Largewith chemicals
Treatment of pallet
MediumRecycle of paper and cardboard
MediumTreatmentofmineralwastes Medium(Re-processing of wastes)

Source: Classification of pollution sources IN 001/06, published on 3/12/2007

Only recently has the reuse and recycling of wastes become prevalent in the state of
Amazonas, and thus the only codes which have been set are for recycling paper andcardboard. According to the survey of waste service companies, the following codes are also
used for the environmental license of companies engaged in reuse and recycling activities. As
stated above, the current environmental licensing code system in terms of waste management
does not identify all the waste service companies and improvement is needed in some areas.
Table 2-14: Major classification code of activities with possibility of environmental impact
Code
02＊＊
03＊＊

Activities with potential
environmental
impact Code（major classification）
Production of non-metal 0213
products and material
Smelting (Iron and steel 0301
making,non-ferrous

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Activities with potential environmental impact（detailed classification）
ImpactProduction of tile, block and other Medium
material
Production of iron by reduction ofLargeiron ores (iron making)

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metal production)

0315

0326
07＊＊

Manufacturing
wooden 0711
products
Manufacturing of paper 0903
and cardboard product
Manufacturing of plastics 1502
product
1503

09＊＊
15＊＊

1505
1506
1507

c.3

Production of non-ferrous metal byprimary smelting (non-ferrous metalsmelting)
Production of solder and othermaterials
Manufacturing of wooden products
for home and industrial use
Manufacturing of general paper
products
Manufacturing of industrial plastic
products
Manufacturing of plastic products forhome and individual use
Manufacturing of plastic products for
package and printing use
Manufacturing of plastic pipes, tubes
and connecting parts
Manufacturing of several types ofplastic products

Large

MediumSmall
Large
MediumMediumMediumMediumMediumLicense Types and Fulfillment of Conditions

There are three types of environmental licenses, as shown below. Business activities require
three types of license be obtained.
1.

Previous License (PL): Granted at the preliminary stage of the enterprise or activity. It is
granted for up to one year, after which the license must be reissued. In order to obtain
the PL license, the place and activity must be approved in accordance with local
government guidelines.

2.

Installation License (IL): Authorizes the construction of a factory and installation of a
facility, with a maximum term of 2 years; it is necessary to extend the license prior to
expiration.

3.

Operation License (OL): Authorizes the operation of the activity or enterprise, with amaximum term of 2 years; it is necessary to extend the license prior to expiration.

c.4

Documents Required for Waste Management

The required documents and conditions are given in articles No.10 to No.13 of “Regulation
No 10028. According to Lei No.1532”; these documents and conditions vary according to theparticular activities. The following table shows the necessary documents and conditions in
the case of storage, treatment and final disposal of wastes.
Table 2-15: Environmental Licensing Documents necessary for Storage, Treatment and
Final Disposal of Wastes
Type ofLicensePrevious
License

No
1
2
3

Type
(B/C*)
B
B
B

Requirements
Application for SELAPI and Previous License (IPAAM Form)
Payment receipt of administration fee (IPAAM Form)
Company contract or similar document in case of juridical person

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Installation
LicenseOperational
License

4

B

5

B

6

B

7

B

8
9

B
B

10

B

11
12
13
14
15
16

B
C
C
B
B
B

17

B

18

B

19

B

20

B

21

B

22

B

23
24
25

C
B
B

26

B

27

B

28

C

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Copy of ID (identification) and CPF (registration) of the legal
representative
Permit by the Municipality informing that proposed location andactivity are in accordance with the Municipal guidelines
Certificate of possession of property sent by SUFRAMA, incase thatthe property is located in industrial district
Certificate of possession of property, in case that the property is
located in rural area
Certificate of registration of land, plant and building
Location map of the enterprise
Report of process of the activity development which is signed by the
responsible person of the company
Location, installation floor plans of the facilities
Environmental studies
Others (specify)
Application of installation license (IPAAM Form)
Payment receipt of administration fee (IPAAM Form)
Registration of activities: sanitary and industrial landfill (IPAAM form)
Debts Clearance Certificate issue by Ministry of Finance of
Amazonas, in case of enterprise
Details of storage, treatment and final disposal including monitoring
points
Project plan approved by competent authority
Detail drawing of installation of facilities and plants, including effluent
discharge and exhaust gas emission points.
Domestic and industrial wastewater treatment system approved bycompetent authority
Preliminary license which satisfied all the requirement and restriction
clauses
Others (specify)
Application of operation license (IPAAM Form)
Payment receipt of administration fee (IPAAM Form)
Registration of activities: storage, transportation of products andwaste (IPAAM form)
Previous License and Installation License which satisfied all therequirement and restriction clauses
Others (specify)

Note: B: Basic requirement, C; Complementary requirement
Source: IPAAM homepage

The environmental studies necessary for the Previous License (item No 12) are simple
compare to environmental impact previous studies (EPIA). Those who apply for anenvironmental license for activities of storage, treatment and final disposal of waste submit
the documents from No 14 to No 23. Then, when IPAAM determines an EPIA is necessary,
they must carry this out and submit it to IPAAM. A summary report of EPIA is anenvironmental impact report (Relatorio de Impacto Ambiental, RIMA). The RIMA is shown
to the public, for example, on the IPAAM website. An EPIA is a detailed and lengthy reportwhich includes all the data of the studies, whereas, on the other hand, the RIMA report will
total approximately one hundred pages. In the case of the hazardous industrial waste landfill

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project in Manaus, IPAAM judged that an EPIA was necessary, which was conducted, andthe RIMA made available at the IPAAM website.
d.

Environmental License Fee in Amazonas State

Normative Instructions 01/06 and 01/07 of IPAAM were substituted by Law no. 3219 of
28/12/2007, which regulates the granting of environmental licenses in the State of Amazonas
and other measures. Through this law, the Government of Amazonas State establishes
Environmental Licensing Fees in the State of Amazonas. Individuals or legal entities
performing activities should pay environmental licensing fees to IPAAM. Only the State
Executive Bodies and Agencies are exempt from environmental licensing fees.
The following activities are subject to PL: construction, installation, expansion, enlargement,
alteration, rehabilitation, operation and operation of polluting activities, users ofenvironmental resources, and companies that cause environmental degradation.
IPAAM provides basic criteria, by which studies will be required environmental impact
assessment for environmental licensing, subject to federal and state laws. The Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) will be prepared by qualified technicians; the costs shall be borneby the project proponent. The environmental impact assessment and other studies will beaccessible to the public. The activities mentioned in this article that do not comply withenvironmental regulations will be sanctioned according to provisions of Law 1532 of 6 July
1982 and Decree No. 10028, of 4 February 1987.
The environmental licensing fees, subject to the provisions of Decree 10,028, of 4 February
1987 are as follows:
1) Previous License fee;
2) Installation License fee;3) Operation License fee.
Exempt from environmental licensing fee in the State of Amazonas, are nonprofit
associations operating in the field of solid waste recycling or committed to reducing
pollution. The amounts of the prescribed fees for licensing can be charged in proportion to
the duration of the environmental license.
e.

Role of IPAAM

IPAAM may prosecute a polluter that has obtained an environmental license in the case ofillegal activity. When IPAAM issues the environmental license, they check the application
forms and the site. Also, when the licenses are renewed after one or two years, they monitor
by checking the forms and site. Moreover, should there be protest or reports from residents ofthe surrounding area, IPAAM may carry out a check even during the license period, and if
there is any illegal activity found, may revoke the license or impose a fine.
According to the 2008 Annual Report of IPAAM, there were 2,806 licenses (new andrenewals) for 2008, of which 1,041 were for the rural area outside of city boundaries and1,765 within city boundaries. According to issue, about 70% were related to PIM andmunicipal (Brown Issue), 413 were related to aqua farming, aquatic or mineral resources(Blue Issue), and 436 were for forestry resources and agriculture (Green Issue). Furthermore,
44% of the licenses were for 861 projects within PIM. IPAAM earns 6 to 7 million Real
(Brazil currency) for the issuance and renewal of environmental licenses.

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2.2.4

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System1a.

EIA-related Laws and Ordinances at the Federal Level

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) system in Brazil was introduced with the Basic
Environmental Law (Federal Law n. 6,938/81). The CONAMA Resolution 01/86 (1986) and
CONAMA Resolution 237/97 (1997) define the detailed provisions for EIA requirements,
evaluation and approval process. The following table presents major laws and ordinances
related to the EIA system in Brazil.
Table 2-16: Major Laws and Ordinances related to the EIA System in Brazil
Regulation

Year
EnactedDescription

1. Federal
Constitution, Art. 225

1988

Ch 1, Art 225 concerning the environment, establishes
guidelines for environmental conservation and protectionof natural resources.

2. Federal Law
2.1 Basic
Environmental Law(n. 6,938/81)
2.2 Environmental
Crimes Law (n.
9605/98)
3. CONAMA Resolutions
3.1 CONAMA
Resolution 01/86
3.2 CONAMA
Resolution 06/86
3.3 CONAMA
Resolution 09/87
3.4 CONAMA
Resolution 237/97

b.

1981

1998

1986
1986
1987
1997

Prescribes national policy on environment, introducing
environmental licensing system and the EIA system
Provides a definition for environmental crime, the law
rearranges violations and penal provision sections of theenvironment law.
Contains an important provision which provides an
overview of the environmental assessment system
Provision of guidelines and forms to obtainenvironmental licenses
Provision for involvement of private citizens and public
consultation in the EIA process
Revision of the environmental licensing system and EIA
guidelines

Laws and Regulation pertaining to EIA in Amazonas State

Similar to other states in Brazil, in Amazonas State EIA is included in the process to obtainenvironmental licensing. The major laws and regulations in Amazonas State pertaining toenvironmental licenses and the EIA system are given below.
Table 2-17: Major Laws and Ordinances related to the EIA System in Amazonas State
Regulation
1. State Basic
Environmental
Law (n.
1,532/82)
2. State
Environmental

Year
Enacted
1982

1987

Description
Provision for basic policy of Amazonas State related topollution control and management, environmental
improvement and restoration, and natural resource
conservation
Provision for the license system in Amazonas State
pertaining to activities which have potential impact on the1

This paragraph contains reference to the following, particularly in regards to federal regulations:“Report on Trade Protections of OECD Member Countries Concerning Environmental Problems PartII Environmental Regulations in Implementing Countries, February 2007, Global Environmental
Forum

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environment

License Decree(n. 10,028/87)c.

Requisites for Projects which require EIA

In Brazil, there is some difference in the projects which require EIA at the federal and statelevels. Also, there is no standardized or uniform system between the two since therequirements (EIA/RIMA, EAS/RAS, AR, etc) vary greatly depending on the jurisdiction of
the body overseeing the environmental licensing process.
When a proponent applies for an environmental license, IPAAM in Amazonas requires thatan environmental impact assessment (EIA), simplified environmental study (EAS) or Risk
Assessment (AR) is conducted, depending on the environmental impact of the project. After
conducting EIA or EAS, the proponent must submit an Environmental Impact Report(RIMA) or Simplified Environmental Report (RAS), respectively, in order to obtain a license.
d.

Projects which require EIA

d.1

The Federal Level

The projects which require EIA at the federal level are listed in the table below. These
projects are listed in CONAMA Resolutions 01/86 and 05/87. However, a provision in
CONAMA Resolution 237/97, Article 10, states that a business operator and theenvironmental agency will discuss the necessity of conducting EIA at a preliminary stage, so
it is possible that the environmental agency could require EIA for projects other than thoseshown in the table below.
Table 2-18: Projects which require EIA at the Federal Level
SectorRoads
Railways
Ports
Airports
Pipelines
Power
Transmission
Hydraulic
Works

Fossil Fuel
Extraction
MineralExtraction
Waste
Power Plants
Factories

Industrial
Districts
LumberActivity
Two-lane or above
Mineral, petroleum and chemical products ports and terminals
Airports
Oil-pipelines, gas-pipelines, mine-ducts, sewerage systems
Power transmission lines over 230KV
Development of hydraulic works (hydroelectric dam of 10MW or
greater, portable waters, irrigation, opening of ship passages, water
source rectification, dredging rifts and estuaries, conversion of basins,
embankments, etc;)
petroleum, coal, etc

Sanitary landfills, processing and final destination of toxic orhazardous wastes
Primary energy source; 10MW or greater
Industrial and agro-industrial facilities (petro-chemicals, metallurgical,
chlorine chemicals, alcohol distilleries, coal, extraction and cultivationof water sources)
Industrial districts and zones
Forest stewardship activities, economic exploration of wood or

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Urban
Projects
Fuel
Agriculture
Archeological
Sites

d.2

firewood, in areas larger or smaller than 100 hectares, when it
reaches significant areas in percentage terms or important from theenvironmental point of view.
Above 100 hectares or in smaller areas holding relevant
environmental interest, at the discretion of SEMA and competentmunicipal and state organizations;
Any activity which uses or produces wood coal, in amount of 10 tonsa day or greater
Agriculture or dairy projects 1,000 hectares or greater, or less whensignificant from the environmental point of view.
Projects with potential environmental impact in areas with ruins orrelicsAmazonas State

The projects which require EIA in Amazonas State are listed in the table below. Those
projects are defined in Decree No. 10,028/87.
Table 2-19: Projects which Require EIA at the State Level
No.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV

XV

XVI

Activity
Roads
Railways
Mineral, petroleum and chemical products ports and terminals
Airports, as defined by incise 1, article 48, of Law-Decree n. 32, of 18.11.66
Oil-pipelines, gas-pipelines, mine-ducts, collecting trunks and wastewater
discharging systems
Power transmission lines over 230KV
Hydraulic works for the exploration of hydro resources such as: dam forhydroelectric, sanitation or irrigation purposes, opening of channels fornavigation, drainage and irrigation, rectification of water sources, opening ofbedsteads and passages, conversion of basins, embankments;
Extraction of fossil fuel (petroleum, schist, coal)
Minerals extraction, including Class II, defined in the Mining Code;Sanitary landfills, processing and final destination of toxic or hazardous wastes
Power plants, any primary energy source
Industrial and agro-industrial facilities (petro-chemicals, metallurgical, chlorine
chemicals, alcohol distilleries, coal, extraction and cultivation of water sources)
Industrial districts and strictly industrial zones - ZEI
Forest stewardship activities, economic exploration of wood or firewood, inareas larger or smaller than 100 hectares, when it reaches significant areas inpercentage terms or important from the environmental point of view.
Urban projects, above 100 hectares or in smaller areas holding relevant
environmental interest, at the discretion of SEMA and competent municipal andstate organizations;
Any activity which uses or produces vegetable coal, in amount superior to two
tons a day

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2.2 State of Environmental Managemente.

EIA Approval Procedures

e.1

Federal LevelJICA
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Once the required environmental licenses are determined, the required studies are decided,such as EIA/RIMA, EAS/RAS and so on. Basically, for projects that require EIA are thosegiven in CONAMA Resolutions 01/86 and 05/87, but as stated in CONAMA Resolution
237/97, Article 10, the governing body has the authority to stipulate the required studies andreports, so that body will determine the type of reporting required. The process to acquire an
environmental license is stipulated in CONAMA Resolution 237/97, Article 10. This process
is shown in the flowchart below.

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Project planning

Preliminary cooperation withEnvironmental Authority

Application containing
project overview

Environmental Authority meets withproject proponent to determine thenecessary license

Determine the necessary environmental surveys and reporting

Proponent conducts environmental studies and reports

Hold public consultation

Decision made by Environmental
Authority

Project rejected

Environmental Authority
provides comments on
EIA/RIMA, EAS/RAS or
other

Environmental license
issuedFigure 2-7: Flowchart showing Acquisition of Environmental License in Federal Levele.2

Amazonas StateThe environmental licensing system of Amazonas State significantly differs from it ofFederal level in the period of validity of each license. It is much shorter than the federal one
and the periods of validity of Previous License (PL), Installation License (IL) and Operation
License (OL) are one, two and two respectively.
The process of EIA and acquisition of environmental license is shown in the flowchart below.

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1) Start

2) Protocol

3) GEPE

4) Conference5) LP(Previous Licence)

6) TOR
Executive Project
EIA/RIMA

7) GEPE

8) Distribute 10 copies
Public Minister
City Hall
Universityetc9) Hold Public
consultation

Project RejectedNo10) Decision madeBy IPAAM

No

Project Cancelled

Ok
Environmental license issue
LI (Installation License)
LO (Operation license)

Abbreviations:
GEPE - SPECIAL PROJECTS MANAGEMENTRIMA – Summary report of Project for Public consultation

Figure 2-8: Flowchart showing EIA and Acquisition of Environmental License inAmazonas State

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f.

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Publication of EIA Report

Release of project data and EIA reporting is stipulated in CONAMA Resolution 09/87, whichstates, “IBAMA will issue the previous license after the EIA/RIMA is published in theofficial daily gazette or newspaper for 30 days, should there be no comment from local
residents.”
The process of public announcement of the EIA report and each environmental study report isalso the same in Amazonas State.
g.

EIA Public Consultation

Public consultation for a project is stipulated in CONAMA Resolution 09/87 as follows:
The proponent will hold public consultation concerning the impact of the project before the
EIA is concluded
To hold a public consultation, it will be implemented upon application by a publicorganization, agency or body of 50 members or greater.
In the event public comment is offered, IBAMA will hold a public consultation after thedisclosure period is over, after the 15th day, and append the PL with advisory based on the
results of the discussion.
The procedures for the public consultation conducted by IBAMA (federal) or IPAAM(Amazonas State) are the same as contained in the CONAMA Resolutions.
In Amazonas State, there is no additional legislation to address this issue.
The public participation is set in the environmental licensing process with the objective of:

Guaranteeing the divulgation of information about the projects to be licensed,
specially about the possible risks towards the environmental quality of the influence
areas of the project or activity and the mitigating measures meant to reduce such
effects;Collect the expectations and concerns of the affected populations and allow the
managing organization to collect the manifestations and interests of different socialgroups.

IPAAM, when determining the accomplishment of the Environmental Impact Study andpresentation of the RIMA, will set the period to receive the comments to be made by the
public organizations and other interested stakeholders and, whenever it is judged asnecessary, it will promote the celebration of public information meetings on the project, theimpact and discussion of the RIMA.
h.

Relevant Agencies and Organizations (Application Structure)

The body that will inspect and approve the environmental license, based on the scale, sector
and potential environmental impact of the project, will be the federal (IBAMA), state ormunicipal agency.
The body responsible for EIA is stipulated in the corresponding sections of Federal Law
7,804/90 and CONAMA Resolution 237/97 as shown in the following table.

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Table 2-20: Stipulation of Organizations responsible for EIA
Related Orgs






IBAMA






State
Organizations
Municipal
Environmental
Office2.2.5

Projects targeted for Review and Approval
A project located in any of the following: (1) both Brazil and neighboring
countries, (2) within Brazil’s territorial waters, (3) within the continental
shelf or special economic zone, (4) within a Indio reservation or federal
conservation area.
A project is located in two or more states.
Environmental impact of a project affects outside of Brazil or out of State.
A project is related to research, development, production, processing,transportation, storage of radioactive material, or is intended for theapplication/utilization of nuclear energy (in such cases, it is necessary toseek advice from the Brazilian National Commission for Nuclear Energy(CNEN))A project that has been considered for application to military baseconstruction or military use (in such cases, it must in principal comply withspecial military regulation)
A project that takes place in one state
A project that takes place in two or more municipalities (including villages
and towns), or in an area under federal protection
A project that takes place in a forest designated under Law 4,771/ 65 orother related ordinance, or in a Permanent Preservation Natural
Vegetation zone
Environmental impact of a project affects two or more municipalities(including villages or towns)
The Federal government (i.e. Union) has delegated authority to a State orFederal Territory
The Federal or State government has granted authority for approval by law
or contract, or by the Federal Territory environmental authority

Management of Hazardous Materials
The Ministry of Environment (MMA) is implementing a project in preparation to introduce
PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register)1 with technical assistance by the World
Bank.2 The World Bank project for hazardous chemical material risk management as part oftheir “Environmental Sustainability Agenda” is a component of this project, which includes
the following activities.


Definition of the types of information and data of the emissions of correlate elements.



Identification of criteria for the selection of priority pollutants

Proposal of guidelines for the companies and factories obligated to report using PRTR



Proposal of guidelines for the declaration of emissions and transfers using PRTR.

This project to implement a PRTR system was initiated in 2008, and the proposal for thesystem was set for March 2009. In the project, the PRTR system will be used mainly by thechemical industries to manage harmful chemical substances. The chemical industry in Brazil
is composed mainly of inorganic chemical manufacturing (soda manufacturing, nitric acid1

In Brazil, this is referred to as, Registro de Emissão e Transferência de Poluentes (RETP).
According to the Brazil Ministry of Environment homepage and “Kick –off Workshop to launch a
PRTR Projects for Latin America and the Caribbean NCPCs, June 2008”.

2

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production, phosphorus, fertilizer manufacturing, and industrial gas manufacturing), andorganic chemical goods manufacturing (petrochemical and plastic resin manufacturing),
agrochemical manufacturing, paints, solvents, ink manufacturing, catalyst agents, additive
manufacturing, and so on, with 7,263 offices throughout the country in 2005 (about 13% of
the total number of offices in Brazil).

2.2.6

Current Effects on the Environment
Based on available data the following effects of industrial waste on the environment are
identified.
a.

Water Pollution

Social and Environmental Program for the Igarapes in Manaus (PROSAMIM) financed byInter-American Development Bank (IDB) is being carried out in the Study Area. “Industrial
Pollution Prevention and Control Plan (PCCI)” is conducted as one of the components of
PROSAMIM project. PCCI described the water quality of Igarape 40 of which catchment
area covers Industrial District (DI) 1 and 2, as follows:

The water quality of Igarape 40 is very bad due to domestic wastewater from
population in the catchment area as well as industrial waste water from DI 1 and 2.

Coliform index ranges from 250,000/100ml to 1,400,000/100ml. (Concremat, 2004)



Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ranges from 0.4 to 3.0 mg/l. (Concremat, 2004)



The water quality of Igarape 40 is contaminated by heavy metals of industrial
wastewater such as copper, manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, cadmium, chromium andLead. Its concentration is above the discharge standard established by the CONAMA
Resolution 20/86.

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5 km

Figure 2-9: Industrial Districts (DI) 1 & 2 and Igarape 40b.

Illegal Dumping of Industrial Waste

In order to understand the situation concerning the illegal dumping of industrial waste, theStudy Team investigated 16 illegal dumping sites in DI 1 & 2 in the beginning of April 2009.
15 sites, except one site located in DI 2, are cleaned and restored by SEMULSP. The waste
illegally dumped at the site was health-care waste. It is doubtful that a collection company
dumped the waste because of health-care waste and the dump site location, i.e. far inside of
the DI 2.

Cleaned and Restored Dump Site in DI 1

2-34

Illegally Dumped Health-care Waste in DI 2

3.

Supplement Studies on Current
Conditions

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.1 Contents of Supplement Studies

3

Supplement Studies on Current Conditions

3.1

Contents of Supplement Studies

3.1.1

Contents of Supplement Studies
The first step in formulating the master plan for waste generated in the Industrial Pole ofManaus (PIM) is to gauge the characteristics and amount of that waste. An essential and mostfundamental method to grasp the actual conditions of waste management is to produce a
flowchart diagram, such as the one shown below. The key to producing this flowchart is to
first divide the waste stream into two large categories: “on-site” management at the source ofgeneration, and “off-site” management handled by waste service companies (WSCs).
Understanding Actual Conditions at Generation Sources
Reuse

Total Reuse
amountStorage

Generation

Reduction

Intermediate
treatmentaRecycling

Total
ReductionamountDisposal

Total
RecyclingamountTotal
DisposalamountReuse
Reduction
Collection

Recycling
Intermediate
treatment

Disposal

Understanding Actual Conditions at Waste Management Companies

Figure 3-1: Waste Treatment Stream

The following supplemental studies were carried out in order to understand the current waste
management conditions at the PIM generation sources, i.e. on-site management.


Factory Survey

Medical Institutions Survey

Construction Waste SurveyRadioactive Waste Survey

Furthermore, a supplemental study to survey waste service companies was conducted tograsp the current conditions of off-site management.

3-1

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

3.1.2

Waste Categories applied to the Study
Target waste of the Study is the waste which CONAMA Resolution 313 requests factories toreport an inventory to the environmental authority. The waste requested by CONAMA
Resolution 313 is broadly classified into the following four categories. Since each waste
differs in its generation source and characteristics, the following surveys has been conducted
to identify management of each waste:General industrial waste=>

Factory Survey



Health-care waste=>

Medical Institutions Survey

Construction waste=>

Construction Waste SurveyRadioactive waste=>

Radioactive Waste Survey

The waste category applied to each study is described in each study report.

3.2

Study of Waste Service Companies

3.2.1

Outline of the Studya.

Study Objective

The study aims to survey the flow of PIM generated waste which is outsourced to waste
service companies for collection and transport, treatment (reuse, recycle, rendering waste
harmless, etc.) and final disposal. These results will be checked against the survey ofgeneration sources, mentioned below, in order to clarify the waste stream after it isdischarged from the PIM.
b.

Study Method

A local consultant (OPCA: Olavo Branga & Paulo Farias Consultores Ambientais Ltda) was
consigned to conduct the study. The local consultant visited and conducted interviews with
waste service companies using a questionnaire form made by the study team.
The study team produced a draft of the questionnaire form to use as the basis for discussion
with the C/P. Revisions were made based on that discussion, and then members of the study
team accompanied the local consultant initially on a trial basis to further modify thequestionnaire that was used in the full-scale survey. The following items were included in thequestionnaire:

General company information, number of employees, annual sales amountTypes and amount of industrial waste handledCondition of equipment and facilities for collection and transportation, treatment(reuse, recycle, making harmless, etc.) and final disposalIndustrial waste clients

Approach toward and actual conditions of system and equipment for appropriate
waste management



Operational and environmental problems waste service companies are facing

Demands related to government administration

3-2

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies


c.

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Other
Study Schedule

A local consultant (OPCA) was consigned to conduct the study on 6 April 2009. Beginning inlate April, after preparations for the survey were made, the local consultant began the survey
and completed interviews with 90 companies by the end of July. This data was to becompiled by the end of August, however, there were delays due to a necessity to clarify andadd a number of companies not contained on the list received from IPAAM. Consequently,
the interview survey has been conducted by the end of September and compilation of theresults has been completed in November 2009.

3.2.2

Selection of Target Waste Service Companiesa.

Registration System for Waste service companies in the State of Amazonas

Registration of waste service companies is handled by the Institute of Amazonas
Environmental Protection (IPAAM). However, IPAAM does not register the companies
themselves, but instead registers the environmental license of the waste service companies.
The primary activity of IPAAM for environmental administration is to issue and manage
environmental licenses, monitoring, and inspection; in this way, waste service companies aremanaged through the approval and issuance of environmental licenses.
b.

Environmental Licensing

In the State of Amazonas, an environmental license must be obtained for any activity(industry) that could potentially impact the environment (Derecto No 10028 de 04 deFebreiro de 1987). These licenses are required not only for the installation and operation offactories, but for most activities where environmental impact is likely, including construction
projects, agricultural, medical and so on. There are three environmental licenses, as follows:
previous license, installation license and operation license.
c.

IPAAM List of Waste Service Companies (WSCs)

IPAAM environmental licensing covers all industry that impacts the environment using a
4-digit code (01**). The first two digits designate the major division of industries into 32
classes, and the last two digits further divide these into sub-classes. The study team used thisclassification system to compile a list of waste related activities, as shown in the table below.
Table 3-1: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental Licensing
Code

Class

22＊＊

Commerce
Services24＊＊

Other Services(including
provisionofelectricity
andwater)

Sub-Class

Code
and

2217
2218
2219
2407
2408
2410

Incineration
Co-processing of wastes
Agrochemical Collection Center
Solid Industrial Waste Collection
and/or Treatment
Municipal Waste Final Destination
Collection and Transport of Inert
Solid Waste

3-3

ImpactHigh
High
ModerateHigh
High
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2411
2412
2417
26＊＊

Transportation

30＊＊

Waste Treatment
and Recycling

2615
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006

Collection and/or Storage and/orCommercialization of Solid Waste(e.g. recycling)
Collection and/or Treatment ofHazardous Liquid Industrial Waste
Industrial Waste Disposal in Landfill
Transport and Storage of Hazardous
Solid Industrial Waste
Treatment and Recycling of Solid
Industrial Waste without chemicals
Treatment
andRecyclingofIndustrial Liquid Waste
Treatment and Recycling of Solid
Industrial Waste without Chemicals
Treatment and Recycling of Palettes
Paper and Cardboard Recycling
Treatment and Recycling of Mineral
Waste (Waste Re-processing)

Source: Classificacao das Fontes Poliudoras IN 001;06

Moderate
High
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate

Publicada em (3/12/2007)

IPAAM and the study team agreed that the companies with the above sub-class codes would
be the targets for the survey of waste service companies. As a result, IPAAM supplied a listof 84 companies (below, IPAAM WSC List) that had obtained environmental licenses for
operation, as well as a 2-page summary for each company’s environmental license.
d.

Selection of Target Companies for the Survey

A local consultant (OPCA) was hired to conduct the study using the IPAAM list of waste
service companies to contact the companies and ask them to participate in the survey. As
shown in the table below, the survey was carried out with 35 companies.
Table 3-2: Results of Survey Participation using IPAAM WSC List
1
2
3
4
5
6
Note:

Survey Results
Conducted survey
Companies with multiple environmental licenses
Target companies that could not be identified *1
Declined to participate
Target company does not exist, or ceased
management operations
Target company not involved in waste management
Total*

No. of Companies
35
8
17
18
waste
4
2
84

1: These companies could not be found when visiting the location as indicated on the environmental

license, nor could it be identified via the phonebook, Internet, etc.

3-4

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

3.2.3

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Execution of the Surveya.

Execution of the Survey

Of the companies on the IPAAM WSC List, only 35 could be surveyed. Then, the local
consultant identified 55 waste service companies based on interviews with factories andwaste service companies so that, as of September 30, 90 waste service companies weresurveyed. The table below shows which of these companies currently has an environmental
license for operation.
Table 3-3: Operating License Ownership (of 90 Waste Service Companies)
Operating License OwnershipHas license
Does not have license
Total
Note

No. of Companies
67*1
23*2
90

*1: Of these 67 companies, 35 were identified on the IPAAM WSC List, and 25 wereidentified by the local consultant.
*2: These 23 companies were identified by the local consultantb.

Issues Identified from the Survey

Although the IPAAM environmental licenses have been digitized, the following issues wereidentified:The database server is old and does not function sufficiently. Furthermore, thedatabase system is used for file management (to track where certain files are located),
and thus is not set up for license management.



Other information about IPAAM activities is mixed with the environmental license
data and managed in the same database, making it extremely difficult to extract thelicense information needed.



As shown in Table 3-1: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental
Licensing, waste service companies are registered by codes for various related
activities.

It became evident that not all of the waste service companies were shown in the IPAAM
WSC List because it only lists those companies which have a code for waste management
related activities. Also, once a list was compiled of the companies that are no longer inbusiness or ceased their waste management related activities, it was not possible to identify
them in the IPAAM WSC List, suggesting that licenses are not properly renewed andpointing to the need for a series of improvements to be made.
IPAAM indicated that improvements will be made to their registration system for waste
service companies so it will be more effective. Furthermore, those companies without
environmental licenses will be encouraged to register, and the system reinforced by updating
the database of IPAAM waste service companies—which will be constructed during thisstudy.

3-5

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

3.2.4

Results of the Surveya.

Waste Service Company Survey and Environmental Licensing

a.1

Environmental License Owners

There were 90 waste service companies (WSCs) surveyed from which the following results
were found.
Companies that have obtained environmental licenses:

67Companies that have not yet obtained environmental licenses:

23

a.2

Responses from WSCs by business sector and business conducted

The following table is based on the responses from 90 WSCs surveyed showing the businesssectors divided into 4 categories of 1) collection and transportation, 2) intermediate treatment,3) final disposal, and 4) reuse and recycling. Some companies were engaged in multiple
practices, so the total number amounts to 127.
Table 3-4: Responses from WSCs according to business sector
Environmental
LicenseOwnership
Yes
No
Total

1) Collection
andtransportation
417482) Intermediate
treatment

3) Final
disposal

4) Reuse andrecycling

9
0

10
0

42
18

9

10

60

Total
102
25
127

The above results were summarized according to amount of business conducted(management amount) into four categories, based on the answers of 90 companies, as
follows.
Table 3-5: Responses from WSCs by business sector and business conducted(management amount)
Unit: ton/Day
Business Sector

Waste Division

Env. License
Owner

No Env. License

Total

Collection andTransportation

Hazardous

97

0

97

Non-Hazardous

3,240

6

3,246

Sub-total

3,337

6

3,343

Intermediate
Treatment

Hazardous

42

0

42

Non-hazardous

266

0

266

Sub-total

308

0

308

Hazardous

808Non-Hazardous

2,250

0

2,250

Sub-total

2,258

0

2,258

Hazardous

11

0

11

Non-Hazardous

166

1

168

Sub-total

177

2

179

Final Disposal

Reuse andRecycling

3-6

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

a.3

Business Sector and Business Conducted (Management Amount) as analyzed by
the Study TeamThe following table shows the business sector of 67 waste service companies that haveenvironmental licenses based on an examination by the study team with support from thelocal consultant.
Table 3-6: 67 WSC Environmental License Owners by business sector
Env.
LicenseOwnership
Yes
Note

*1:

Collection and Intermediate
Transportation Treatment
26

24

Final
Disposal
0

Reuse
Not
and
*1
Classified
Recycling
21
4

Total
75

The business sector could not be identified on the license. The licenses indicated the following: 1.
Distribution and supply of water (2 companies), 2. Spray and cleaning with insecticide (1 comp.), 3.
Retailer of wood products (1 comp.)

As shown in the table above, waste service companies that responded they own the final
disposal operation license, but the result of checking the 67 companies revealed that none ofthem owns the license. In the State of Amazonas, and including Manaus City, there is no final
disposal site which owns an environmental license, so it is reasonable that the findings of thestudy team pertaining to final disposal are valid. In addition, problems with the licensing ofother waste service companies have been confirmed as follows. A description of the abovetable is given as follows:

Not classified: Case where a WSC is conducting incineration treatment with anenvironmental license for water supply, not waste disposal. In this case, a license
should clearly be obtained for waste disposal activities.



Reuse and Recycling: Of the 17 companies classified for reuse and recycling, 11
companies have an environmental license code for that other than waste-related
activity. Paper or aluminum processing plants are using their primary businesslicenses to conduct reuse or recycling of waste as part of their operations. In this case,in addition to their primary business license, it is necessary to investigate theframework for a new license, such as obtaining a license for the reuse and recycling ofwaste.

Intermediate treatment: There are many businesses that should be categorized notunder intermediate treatment, but under reuse and recycling.

Solutions to the above challenges are closely related to how the database to manage WSCs at
IPAAM is constructed and the policy used to manage it.
Table 3-5: Responses from WSCs by business sector and business conducted (management
amount), was reorganized according to Table 3-6: 67 WSC Environmental License Owners
by business sector. The findings show the waste service amount by 90 WSCs according totheir ownership of environmental licenses at present.

3-7

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

Table 3-7: WSCs by business sector and business conducted as Examined by the StudyTeam
Unit: ton/Day
Business Sector
Collection andTransportation
Intermediate
Treatment

Final Disposal

Reuse and Recycle

a.4

Waste Type

Env License
Owner

HIW

No Env
License

Total

52

45

97

Non-HIW

2,895

350

3,246

Sub-total

2,948

395

3,343

HIW

42

0

42

Non-HIW

265

1

266

Sub-total

307

1

308

HIW

0

8

8

Non-HIW

0

2,250

2,250

Sub-total

0

2,258

2,258

HIW

10

1

11

Non-HIW

13

155

168

Sub-total

23

156

179

Location of WSCs

The location of the 90 companies is shown in the table below. Of these, 87 are located in theindustrial district or in the city of Manaus.
Table 3-8: Location of WSCs
Location

LicenseOwner

No License

85
Companies

1. Industrial District 1

9

6

15

17%

2. Industrial District 2

12

1

13

14%

3. Outside of Industrial District, but
inside of Manaus City Zone

43

16

59

66%

4. Outside of Manaus City Zone

3

0

3

3%

67

23

90

100%

Total

a.5

Ratio

Size of WSCs (Number of Employees)

The number of employees at waste service companies was sought according to theirpossession of an environmental license.
This survey revealed that number of (managerial and operational) employees at small or verysmall enterprises with less than 10 employees was 36% (i.e. 32 of 90 companies), but for the
21 enterprises without an environmental license, it was found that 21 were small or verysmall enterprises. On the other hand, of the 9 large enterprises with over 100 employees, thenumber of businesses that specialize in industrial waste management—thus excluding cement
production, sale of construction materials and collection or disposal of municipal waste—was
three. Presently, these large waste service companies are made up of three central groups.

3-8

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

Table 3-9: Size of WSCs and License Ownership
No. of Employees

90 Companies

Env License
Owner

Ratio

No Env
License1.

Less than 10

32

36%

11

21

2.

10 – 50

39

43%

38

1

3.

50 – 100

7

8%

7

0

4.

More than 100

9

10%

8

1*1

5.

No answer

3

3%

3

0

Total
Note *1:

90

100%

67

23

There was one company with over 100 employees and no environmental license which sells
construction materials as its primary business.

b.

Collection and Transportationb.1

Amount Collected/Transported

Of the 90 WSCs surveyed, the total amount collected and transported, as shown in thefollowing table, is 3,343 ton/day. This amount is some five times the total amount of 628.9
ton/day of industrial waste discharged from PIM according to the factory survey.
Thus, a detailed analysis of the collection companies from the results of the survey of 90
WSCs is as follows.
Table 3-10: Detailed Breakdown by Scale of Business Conducted (Collection andTransportation) of Collection and Transportation Companies
WSCs forCollection andTransportation

Hazardous
Waste

Non-Hazardous
Waste

Without License

20*1

44.7

350.3

395.0

1. less than 100 ton/day

19

4.1

148.5

152.6

2. 100 to 300 ton/day

1

40.6

201.8

242.4

With License

19

*2

52.4

2,895.4

2,947.9

1. less than 100 ton/day

14

27.4

160.9

188.3

2. 100 to 300 ton/day

3

17.1

471.2

488.3

3. more than 300 ton/day

2

8.0

2,263.3

2,271.3

Grand Total

39

97.1

3,245.7

3,342.8

Scale (collection amount)

Note

*1:

20 of the 22 companies responded with their collection amounts*2:

19 of the 26 companies responded with their collection amounts

Total

According to the table above, the two companies which are collecting over 300 ton/day are
the two companies contracted to collect the municipal solid waste (MSW) of Manaus City.
Thus, if this collection amount is taken to be MSW, the remaining collection andtransportation amount is 1,071.5 ton/day. The following table summarizes the collection andtransportation amount information obtained in the Off-site Survey (Survey of WSCs) andOn-site Survey (survey of PIM generation sources: factories, medical institutions,construction). With the exception of the two companies that are clearly collecting MSW, thecollection and transportation amount from the Off-Site Survey resembles that which was

3-9

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

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found for the On-Site Survey (Survey of generation sources) of PIM manufacturing,
construction, and health-care waste.
Table 3-11: Comparison of Off-Site Survey and On-Site Survey Results for Collection
and Transportation Amount
Unit: ton/day
Waste
1. Total AmountCollected/Transported
2. Municipal Waste (2companies)
3. Industrial Waste
4. Construction Waste
5. Health-care Waste
3+4+5

b.2

Off-site Survey Results

On-site Survey Results

3,342.8NA2,271.3

NA

NA
NA
NA
1,071.5

591.5
37
0.4
628.9

Conditions of Collection and Transportation

A large amount of recyclable material, such as plastic, paper and cardboard, and metals
collected from MFZ is handled by large companies. In other words, the three major waste
collection and transportation companies send their employees to waste centers located in thefactories of large waste generating companies and have exclusive access to conduct separate
collection of their recyclable materials. Based on this study, most used paper and 80% of
scrap metal is collected by the three large collection and transportation companies. One ofthese large companies collects most of the waste plastic, and after separation and removal offoreign material, melts it will an extruder, cools it and makes pellets which are then used as
raw material to make recycled plastic resin, and finally plastic products which are sold tomanufacturing companies.
There is a factory that reuses waste paper in the study area, but no factory that reuses scrap
metal, so with the exception of aluminum, most of the scrap metal is sent to companies in Sao
Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other places.
c.

Intermediate Treatmentc.1

Intermediate Treatment, Reuse and Recycling

Since intermediate treatment has the function of producing valuable by-products such ascompost, electricity, etc. the difference between intermediate treatment and reuse/recycling is
generally a difficult issue. It is necessary to clearly regulate these in order to separate them.
The difference between the environmental licenses (EL) needed for intermediate treatment
and reuse/recycling is unclear, and company declaration is also ambiguous. The following
table shows the differences of the business practices based on the license of the 67 WSCs as
well as the business practices as declared in their responses.

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JICA
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Table 3-12: Business Practices based on the Licenses of 67 WSCs with Env Licenses
and the Business Practices of 90 WSC Respondents
Env License
Ownership1) Collection
andTransportation

2)
Intermediate
Treatment

3) Final
Disposal

4)
Reuse/Recycling

Total

48

9

10

60

127

1. Total WSC
Respondents
Those without anEL
Those with an EL
2. Business practices
based
on
the
licenses
of
62
WSCs

c.2

7

0

0

18

25

41

9

10

42

102

26

24

0

21

71

Intermediate Treatment AmountAs can be seen in the table above, there is a large difference concerning intermediate waste
treatment between the WSC respondents (9 companies) and the business practices based on
environmental licenses (24 companies). Thus, the amount of intermediate treatment wassummarized based on the answers from companies as shown below. This table indicates only
one WSC treats 90% of wastes for intermediate treatment.
Table 3-13: Breakdown according to Scale of Intermediate Treatment Companies basedon the Responses of Waste service companies (7 companies *1)*2
Unit: ton/day
Intermediate
Treatment
Companies

Hazardous
Waste

Non-Hazardous
Waste

Total

Without License

2

0.2

0.7

0.9

1. less than 100ton/day

2

0.2

0.7

0.9

With License

5

41.9

265.6

307.5

1. less than 100ton/day

4

1.3

29.0

30.3

2. 100 to 300 ton/day

1

40.6

236.6

277.2

7

42.1

266.3

308.4

Scale (Intermediate
Treatment Amount)

Grand Total
Note*1: 7 out of 9 companies responded with their intermediate treatment amount*2: In this study, the largest treatment company of health-care wastes was not included.

The results for intermediate treatment were summarized for the off-site (survey of WSCs)
and the on-site (PIM generation sources: factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
survey results. The result shows similar values.

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Table 3-14: Comparison of intermediate treatment amount for the Off-site Survey and theOn-site Survey
Unit: ton/day
Waste
1. Total Amount of Intermediate
Treatment
2. Non-HIW of the 1. (above)
3. HIW of 1. (above)c.3

Off-site Survey Results

On-site Survey Results

308.4

246.5

266.3
42.1

175.4
71.1

Conditions of Intermediate Treatment

There are 25 companies that have environmental licenses for intermediate treatment, but of
those, many are actually conducting recycling operations. One waste treatment company isconducting incineration service, and is treating a large amount of waste. The only cement
factory in Amazonas State is conducting co-processing in its cement kiln. Based on the study
data, the waste primarily being treated/used is waste tires (300 ton/month), waste molding
sand (95 ton/month), and sludge from plating (30 ton/month). Mixing in the materials yard,
they also input waste to the kiln (into a suspension pre-heater hatch), but the waste is brought
up by a conveyor not an elevator and also requires manpower. Also, there is a little
substitution of fuel with waste oil, the authentic treatment/reuse is happen from now.
d.

Reuse/Recycle

d.1

Reuse/Recycle Amount

Similar to intermediate treatment, there is a large difference for reuse and recycling claimedby the WSC respondents (60 companies) and the business practices based on environmental
licenses (21 companies). Thus, the reuse/recycle amount was based on the response fromcompanies and summarized in the table below. This table indicates 82% (14 of 17 WSCs) aresmall companies which manage less than several ton of waste per day.
Table 3-15: Breakdown of Reuse/Recycle Amount by Scale of Company according to
WSC Respondents (49 companies *1)
Unit: ton/day
Scale (Reuse/Recycle
Amount)Reuse/Recycle
Companies
32

Hazardous
Waste
10.3

Non-Hazardous
Waste
22.2

1. less than 100ton/day

32

10.3

22.2

32.5

With License

17

0.8

145.7

146.5

1. less than 10ton/day

14

0.8

17.3

18.1

2. 10 to 50ton/day

2

61.7

61.7

3. more than 50ton/day

1

66.7

66.7

Grand Total

49

167.8

178.9

Without License

Note

*1:

11.1

Total
32.5

49 of 60 companies responded with their reuse/recycle amountThe results for reuse and recycle amount were summarized for the off-site (survey of WSCs)
and the on-site (PIM generation sources: factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
survey results. The off-site survey and the on-site survey results show similar values.

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Table 3-16: Comparison of Survey Results (Reuse/Recycle Amount) for WSCs and PIM
Generation Sources (factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
Unit: ton/day
Waste

Survey Results of WSCs

Survey Results of PIM
Generation Sources

178.9 (487.3)

220.2 (466.7)

167.8 (434.1)
11.1 (53.2)

200.2 (375.6)
20.0 (91.1)

1. Total Amount of Reuse
Recycle2. Non-HIW of 1. (above)
3. HIW of 1. (above)Note*1: The number in parentheses are the total of intermediate treatment amount and reuse/recycle amountd.2

Conditions of Reuse/Recycle

There are 60 companies that are conducting the reuse and recycling of waste, including thosewhich do not possess an environmental license. However, upon examination of theenvironmental licenses themselves, there were 17 companies. Of these 17, there were 11 that
had an environmental license code other than for waste management. All of them wereconducting the reuse and recycling of industrial waste. As above, time is being given to checkthe activities of reuse and recycling activities. Even for those companies that do havelicenses, there are many uncertainties concerning their activities. The reason for this is thatthe environmental license is only specified under “(industrial) activities that have potential
environmental impact” for waste treatment and recycle (30＊＊) subcategory 3004 fortreatment and recycling of palettes, and 3005 for recycling waste paper products andcardboard, whereas the other activities are ambiguous concerning this point.
Table 3-17: Waste Treatment and Recycling Activities for (Industrial) Activities withPotential Environmental Impact
Category
Code30＊＊

Category
Description
Waste
Treatment
RecyclingandSubcategory
Code

Subcategory Description

Potential
Impact3001

Solid Industrial Waste Treatment
and Recycling without the use ofchemicals

Mid

3002

Treatment and Recycling
Liquid Industrial Waste

Mid

3003

Solid Industrial Waste Treatment
and Recycling with the use ofchemicals

High

3004

Treatment
Palettes

Mid

3005

Recycling of Waste
Products and Cardboard

3006

Treatment and Recycling of
Metal
Waste
(WasteReprocessing）

andRecycling

of

Paper

Source: Classificacao das Fontes Poliudoras IN 001;06 Publicada em (3/12/2007)

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Mid

Mid

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The types of waste that are reused/recycled in the study area are limited to: used lubricating
oil, used molding sand, aluminum scrap, waste paper, used paint, and used ink cartridges
from printers, etc.
e.

Final Disposal

e.1

Final Disposal AmountOut of the WSCs surveyed, nine responded that they conduct final disposal activities.
However, the results of examining the environmental licenses of the companies that
responded revealed that none of them have environmental licenses for final disposal. Also,
IPAAM reported that there is no landfill in MFZ, including the Manaus city landfill, which is
not licensed for final disposal. Therefore, the following table summarizes the amount of final
disposal based on the respondents.
Table 3-18: Breakdown of the Scale of Final Disposal Amount based on the WSC
respondents (6 companies *1)

Unit: ton/day
Final
DisposalCompany

Hazardous
Waste

Non-Hazardo
us Waste68.0

2250.1

1. less than 100 ton/day

4

0.0

3.0

3.0

2. more than 300 ton/day

2

8.0

2247.02255.0Grand Total

68.0

2250.12258.1

Scale (Final Disposal Amount)
Without License

Note

*1:

Total
2258.16 of 9 companies responded their collection amountIn the above table, the 2 companies that conduct final disposal of more than 300 tons/day are
the two disposal companies contracted to collect municipal waste in Manaus City and disposeof it using the city landfill. The amount collected and transported by these two companies is2,271.3 ton/day, which is largely consistent with the final disposal amount. Therefore, thetable above does not include the final disposal amount revealed in the On-site Survey of
manufacturing (industrial), construction and health-care waste from PIM, which is 135.8
ton/day (98.5 + 37.0 + 0.3, respectively).
It is assumed that this amount of waste is being disposed of in landfill sites other than the
Manaus city landfill.
e.2

Conditions of Final Disposal

Final disposal operation of the WSC respondents (9 WSCs) is categorized into the following
categories.
Table 3-19: Type of Final Disposal Operation by WSC Respondents (9 WSCs)
Industrial + Health-care+ Construction Waste

Construction
Waste

Municipal
Solid Waste

Wastewater
Disposal

Total

1

3

2

3

9

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

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There are two companies which are contracted by Manaus City that collect and dispose
common waste. These two companies also collect and dispose medical and constructionwaste from factories in the industrial districts, etc. However, without their own final disposalsites, they must use the Manaus City final disposal site. There are three companies that
dispose of construction waste which also use the Manaus final disposal site. Only one
company has its own final disposal site for industrial waste, but the problem is that it beganpart of its operations before receiving approval for an (operation) environmental license from
IPAAM. The EIA for this facility was not approved in a public hearing and has been orderedto suspend operations by the Amazonas State Attorney’s Office.
f.

Off-Site Industrial Waste Management Issues

Interviews during the survey of WSCs and related companies raised the following issues.
f.1

Issues Revealed in the Survey of WSCs

f.1.1 Enforcement of Laws and Regulations
The government policy on industrial waste management is unclear and ambiguous (52of 85 respondents)Insufficient industrial waste management system, monitoring (55 of 85 respondents)

In the study area, not all of the companies are using a manifest (29 of 89 respondents
are using a manifest)Illegal dumping is a problem (77 of 88 respondents)

Overall social awareness of waste management is low (79 of 88 respondents)



The capacity of organizations regulating and controlling waste management need to
be strengthened (64 of 85 respondents)

f.1.2 Business Environment of WSCs


There is no system of financial support (tax exemption, etc) from public organizations
for waste management equipment or pollution control equipment. Companies would
like to see such support. (60 of 66 respondents)



A database for waste discharge is needed (72 of 79 respondents)



Instruction and training on waste management is needed (73 of 79 respondents)

High cost of electricity contribute to high costs (63 of 79 respondents)



There is no wastewater treatment system that covers all of the industrial districts or
Manaus city area (54 of 83 respondents)

f.2

Issues Revealed through Interviews with Stakeholder Organizations and Site
Visits to WSCs

f.2.1 Environmental Licensing
These issues are from analysis of the environmental licenses offered by the Institute of
Amazonas Environmental Protection (IPAAM) and related documents, as well as interviews
with IPAAM.


IPAAM has entered information on environmental licenses into a database, but theserver is old and does not function sufficiently. Furthermore, the database system
serves to support document management, not a system to manage the licenses.

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

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Companies also feel that the approval and renewal process for licenses from IPAAM
is slow.
Of the activities that require environmental licenses because of potential
environmental impact, the activities related to waste management are distributed tomore than one classification, so it is necessary to integrate and restructure them.

The activities listed on the environmental licenses are too common. Also, theactivities that companies have been approved for often differ from the actual activities
they are engaged in, and it is necessary for them to obtain licenses for those activities.



There seem to be many cases where recycling activities have been granted
environmental licenses with the code for treatment. Also, some companies are using
waste has raw material (companies that are recycling waste) and have environmental
licenses for the production of those products, so it is necessary to investigate therecycling activity code.



IPAAM needs to strengthen its monitoring of approval conditions and regulatory
requirements written on the environmental licenses.

f.2.2 ManifestDischargers are not obligated to the manifest (industrial waste management sheets) by
law or regulation. Also, the forms used for the manifest are from companies, notuniform.

f.2.3 Enforcement of Laws and Regulations


The rights and responsibilities of the Municipal Secretariat of the Environment(SEMMA) and IPAAM for the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations
are unclear. WSCs are dissatisfied with this.



The Brazilian Association for Technical Specifications of waste categories, regulation
ABNT 10004 is too detailed and difficult to utilize because it is impractical. Also, it is
not generally understood.



There are very few staff members or engineers with knowledge and experience with
waste management at IPAAM, and SUFRAMA.

f.2.4 Lack of Companies with Appropriate Equipment and Skills, and Lack ofInfrastructure (Facility)

Only one company has its own final disposal site for industrial waste, but the problem
is that it began part of its operations before receiving approval for an (operation)
environmental license from IPAAM. The EIA for this facility was not approved in a
public hearing and has been ordered to suspend operations by the Amazonas State
Attorney’s Office.

In the study area, there are almost no companies dealing in the reuse of iron andnon-ferrous metal scrap (except aluminum). Such waste is collected and sent tocompanies in places like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

f.2.5 Unclear Treatment and Disposal Stream of Hazardous Waste

One company that refused to cooperate with the survey of WSCs has been indicated todeal with a large amount of waste, and is manufacturing and selling asphalt filler
made of a mixture of 5% waste. It is unclear whether this company is dealing withhazardous wastes.

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies



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Non-hazardous waste and health-care waste from factories in the Industrial Districts
are being disposed of in the Manaus City municipal landfill. However, in the cases
where factory hazardous waste and health-care waste is not well separated from
non-hazardous waste, it ends up being disposed of in the municipal landfill.

f.2.6 Business Environment of WSCs

Co-processing of wastes in a cement kiln has begun, but the amount of waste in the
study area is unclear so this has not been fully developed. The cost of co-processing iscompetitive with the cost of incinerating waste and final disposal.

3.3

Study of Waste Management in Factories

3.3.1

Outline of the Studya.

Study Objective

The study aims to clarify the current conditions of industrial waste management at the sourceof generation by visiting the PIM factories where waste is generated and conducting aninterview survey to assess operation conditions, the types and amounts of wastes generated
and the conditions of industrial waste management.
b.

Study Method

A local consultant (SEA LTD.) was consigned to conduct the study. The local consultant
visited and conducted interviews with target factories using a questionnaire made by thestudy team.
The study team produced a draft of the questionnaire to use as the basis for discussion with
the C/P. Revisions were made based on that discussion, and then members of the study teamaccompanied the local consultant initially on a trial basis to further modify the questionnairethat was used in the full-scale survey. The following items were included in thequestionnaire:

General factory information, factory name, type of industry, number of employees,
scale of production, value of annual shipment

Kinds of industrial wastes, amount generated and amount discharged

Storage, treatment and reuse/recycle methods for industrial wastes, and related costs(on- and off-site information)

Needs for government administrative supportProblems faced with management of industrial wastes



Needs for a waste exchange databaseFuture production plans, process improvements, environmental measures, etc. to be
taken



Existence of a clinic on premises

Discharge of radioactive and construction waste



Other

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

c.

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Study Schedule

A local consultant (SEA LTD.) was consigned to conduct the study on 27 March 2009.
Immediately after the contract was signed, the trial survey was implemented, and upon
appropriate revisions and additions to the draft questionnaire sheet, a full-scale survey was
begun in late April, and the direct interviews were to be completed by late July. The results
were to be compiled into a report in August, but delays in the interview process led to an
extension into September. Therefore, the first analysis report was made based on the datafrom 134 factories obtained by August 17th. When the direct interviews were completed at theend of September, the additional data from the 53 factories were included and the first
analysis report was modified to reflect those additions.
The primary causes for the delay in the factory survey were as follows:

3.3.2



Although a draft of the questionnaire sheet was sent in mid-May to 339 factories, by
the end of July, only 106 factories, at most, had returned the completed
questionnaires.

Furthermore, direct interviews were to be conducted based on the returned
questionnaires, but the time required to obtain permission to visit the factories weregreater than expected.

Target Wastesa.

Categories of Industrial Waste in CONAMA Resolution 313

The National Environment Council (CONAMA) issued their Resolution 313 on 29 October
2002. CONAMA Resolution 313 requires specified industries to report (using a waste
inventory) on management conditions for industrial waste generated through industrial
activity. CONAMA Resolution 313 designates that the inventory is produced in accordancewith the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) NBR 10004, which stipulates
the categorization of wastes.
b.

Target Wastes

The target wastes are those generated by PIM which are designated in CONAMA Resolution
313 for inventory formulation.
c.

Categories of Target Wastes

CONAMA Resolution 313 was issued and went into effect on 29 October 2002. Despite thefact that SUFRAMA also began to receive a number of waste inventories from PIM factories
in 20011, neither the types and amounts of PIM generated wastes nor the actual management
practices were understood at the start of this study. This indicates an inadequate system tomanage this at SUFRAMA; however, the failure to grasp actual conditions of waste
management in most cases is the immense and complicated categorization of waste thatmakes it exceedingly difficult to identify.

1

In 2001, the Public Ministry of the State of Amazonas, through Recommendation No. 003/2001,
advised SUFRAMA to obtain an operation license for PIM and for each PIM factory to submit a waste
inventory. In response, SUFRAMA appealed to the PIM factories to submit their waste inventories,
which a number of factories, in turn, submitted.

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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

JICA
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EX CORPORATIONCONAMA Resolution 313 condensed waste categorization in ABNT NBR 10004 in order forfactories to make their waste inventories; however, it remained difficult to identify to which
category the generated wastes would be attributed. Thus, the study team held repeateddiscussions with the C/P to categorize wastes as follows in order to conduct the present study:
1.

Industrial Waste will be broadly divided into the following categories.



Non-HIW (Non Hazardous Industrial Waste) generated from Non-production processHIW (Hazardous Industrial Waste) generated from Non-production process

Non-HIW generated from Production process

HIW generated from Production process2.

Given the above, it was reasoned that making it easier for the creators of the waste
inventory--i.e. the factories--to identify the wastes generated, that it would in turn
become easier for those receiving the waste inventory to compile and manage that
information. To do so, wastes were grouped to the greatest extent possible into 13
non-hazardous and 16 hazardous categories, each with their own respective code, as
shown in the table below.
Table 3-20: Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of Non-HIW
Kitchen waste (include waste from animal such as bone, skin, hair)
Wood
Paper
Plastic or polymers and resins
Textile and fiber
Animal oil, Vegetable oil
Rubbers and Leather
Ash/dust from coal-fired power plants, etc.
Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, copper, bronze
Ceramic & Glasses
Stone, sand or material that have composition of soil such as tile,brick, gypsum, cement
Mixed waste (This code shall be applied in case wastes aredischarged without separation.)
Others

Non-HIW Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11
NH12
NH13

Source: JICA Study Team

Table 3-21: Hazardous Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of HIWHIW Code

Inorganic acid

HW01

Organic acid

HW02

Alkalis

HW03

Toxic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds

HW04
HW05

Example of HIW
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
Nitric acid (HNO3), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4),
Other inorganic acids
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Formic acid (HCOOH),
Other organic acids
Caustic soda (NaOH), Ammonia (NH3), Sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), Other alkaline materials
including Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, CN
Plating wastes, Picking waste, Sulphides, etc.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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3.2 Study of Waste Service Companies

Other Inorganic

HW06

Organic Compounds

HW07

Polymeric Materials

HW08

Fuel, Oil and Grease

HW09

Fine Chemicals
Biocides

and

HW10

Treatment Sludge

HW11

Ash from incinerator
Dust and Air pollution
control (APC) products
Other
Hazardous
substance(besidesHW01-HW13)
Mixed Waste
Hazardous
materials
fromNon-production
process

HW12
HW13

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Asbestos, Slug, etc.
Reactive chemical wastes (Oxidizing agents,
Reducing agents, etc), Solvents etc.
Epoxy resin, Chelate resin, Polyurethan resin,
Latex rubber etc.
Fats, Waxes, Kerosene, Lubricating oil, Engine
oil, Grease etc
Pesticides, Medicine, Cosmetic, Drugs, etc.
Inorganic sludge, Organic sludge, Septic tanksludge, etc.
--Soot and dust waste from incineration facilities,
treating exhaust gas

HW14

HIWs other than the above

HW15

---

HW16

Fluorescent tubes, Thermometer (use mercury),Batteries, Pesticides (Household use), etc.

Source: JICA Study Team

3.3.3

Selection of Target Factoriesa.

Basic Considerations

At the beginning of the study, the Study Team planned to select 200 factories1 located in
PIM and it was planned to select 180 PIM factories and 20 PIM subcontractors and non-PIM
factories. However, upon discussion with the C/P, it was decided to abandon non-PIM
factories for the following reasons:b.

The majority of PIM subcontracted factories are licensed by SUFRAMA and PIM
factories are the ones receiving tax benefits.

The non-PIM factories are non-registered cottage industries, and the C/P was not inpossession of the locations and other such basic data that would be required for the
study, making it impossible for the C/P to conclude which factories would be targeted.
Factory Industrial Sectors for Conducting Survey of Generation Sources

The 19 industrial sectors, as reported in “Industries (companies) established and producing inwestern Amazon with full projects approved by SUFRAMA” (Source: CGPRI &CGMER/COCAD SUFRAMA, up to 8/2008), were used when conducting the survey ofgeneration sources.

1

It is preferable to survey as many factories as possible. However, considering limited time of thesurvey and experience of the previous similar study, it was decided as 200.

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JICA
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3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factoriesc.

Factory List

SUFRAMA formulates a list of PIM factories 1 , hereafter referred to simply as the
SUFRAMA factory list. In this list, the PIM factories are divided into four categories, orparts.
1.

Part 1: Complete Projects Approved and Installed in PIM

2.

Part 2: Simplified Projects Approved and Installed in PIM

3.

Part 3: Complete Projects Approved and Under Installation in PIM

4.

Part 4: Simplified Projects Approved and Under Installation in PIM

Here, the division between complete and simplified depends on criterion such as production
output—complete projects are 2 million USD and above.
d.

Selection of Target Factories

The target factories for the study were chosen by selecting 200 from the total 457 listed inPart 1 and 2 of the SUFRAMA Factory List. The following criteria were used to make theselection:
1.

The PIM is divided largely into two Industrial Districts (DIs), as well as those outside
the DIs, and target factories were to be selected from each.

2.

A minimum number of factories to be surveyed in each industrial sector were
established in order to grasp the waste management conditions in as many of the 19
sectors as possible.

Based on the above criteria, the C/P and Study Team established the minimum number offactories to be surveyed in each sector. A local consultant (SEA LTD.) was consigned tocarry out the survey.
Although the Study Team intended to 200 factories, due to the following difficulties, the local
consultant has completed 187 factories. This report, therefore, was based on the analysis ofdata completed for 187 factories.
Time limitation;Insufficient cooperation of factories selected; andSome information of the factories provided to the study team was not updated.

SectorF01

Beverages

F02

Leathers

F03

Printing

Outside Industrial
District

Factory

3

3

12

6

6

3

Part 1

Part 2

No. ofNo. of

Factory

Factory

Part 1

Part 2

No. ofNo. of
Factory

1

7

Sub-total

Inside Industrial
District
Sub-total

Factory Code

Table 3-22: Number of PIM Factories and Number of Samples for Factory Survey
Total
No. of
Factories(A)

Target Factories
No.
Surveyed

Ratio
(%)

(B)

(B/A)

12

15

5

33.3

10

16

6

37.5

Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA, December 2008 (Perfil Das
Empresas Com Projetos Aprovados Pela SUFRAMA Dez/2008)

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3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories
64

1

65

51

56

121
2

0

0.0

9

28

17

60.7

3

22

47

19

40.4

2

3

5

6

1

16.7

1

F04

Electric/-tronic

F05

Wood

2

2

F06

Mechanical

19

19

9

F07

Metallurgy

23

2

25

19

1

1

F08

Non-metallic
Minerals

5

65

53.7

Furniture

1

1

3

4

5

2

40.0

F10

Paper

7

7

6

6

13

7

53.8

F11

Rubber

2

2

1

1

3

0

0.0

F12

Food Products

4

9

13

13

3

23.1

F13

Chemical

13

2

15

15

4

19

34

12

35.3

F14

Plastic

31

2

33

35

7

42

75

24

32.0

F15

Textile

1

1

1

0

0.0

F16

Fabric

2

2

2

0

0.0

F17

Transport mat.

F09

F18

Construction

F19

Others
Total

Source:

15
1
7
193

9

15

16

2

18

33

19

57.6

1

2

3

5

6

0

0.0

7

5

8

13

20

7

35.0

202

186

52

238

440

187

42.5

Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA, December 2008 (Perfil Das
Empresas Com Projetos Aprovados Pela SUFRAMA Dez/2008), and JICA Study Team

3.3.4

Execution of the Surveya.

Survey Procedures

The procedures which were carried out for the survey are shown in the following figure.
First, a trial survey was conducted in order to complete the draft questionnaire. Next, themodified questionnaire was to be sent to all 457 target factories accompanied by a letter fromSUFRAMA requesting their cooperation for the study. Then, when the questionnaires werereturned, upon looking over the responses, direct interviews were conducted at the factories
to complete the questionnaires.
The questionnaire sent to target factories is shown in the Supporting Report, sub-section 2.2.

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3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

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Figure 3-2: Work Flow of the Factory Surveyb.

Survey Implementation Issues

Initially it was planned to send the questionnaire along with a letter of request fromSUFRAMA to all 457 factories in Part 1 and 2 of the SUFRAMA factory list. However,
because some of these factories were no longer located as indicated on the factory list, andothers were no longer operating, the actual number of factories to which the questionnaire
was distributed was 339. Furthermore, by the end of July, the number of factories that had
returned the questionnaire with their answers was at most 106. As a result, the procedures forthe factory survey were greatly delayed.

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JICA
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3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

Given the above results, it is necessary to resolve the following issues so that when
SUFRAMA conducts factory surveys at regular intervals in the future it will be possible tograsp any change in the condition of waste and environmental management in the PIM.

3.3.5



Increase the reliability and accuracy of the SUFRAMA factory list



Explore and execute measures to promote PIM factories to comply with the factory
survey.

Results of the Survey
In this section industrial waste (IW) means general industrial waste (GIW). It should notinclude health-care, construction and radioactive wastes.
a.

Generation Amounta.1

Factories Surveyed

The following table shows the 187 factories that were surveyed in order to create this report.
At present, this is 42.5% of the total number of factories (440) operating in PIM/MFZ.
Table 3-23: Detail on Factories Surveyed

Factory
code

F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
Total

Industrial District(DI)

Outside DI

Number of Factory

Number of Factory

Part
1

Part
2

3
6
64
2
19
23

1

2
1

1
7
2
13
31

2
2

15
1
7
193

9

Subtotal

Part
1

3

12

6
65
2
19
25
1
1
7
2

3
51

15
33

15
1
7
202

Part
2

9
19
2
3
6
1
4
15
35
1
2
16
2
5
186

3-24

7
5

3
3
1

9
4
7

2
3
8
52

Subtotal

Total
numberoffactory
(A)

12

15

10
56

16
121
2
28
47
6
5
13
3
13
34
75
1
2
33
6
20
440

9
22
5
4
6
1
13
19
42
1
2
18
5
13
238

Surveyed
number of factories
Number
(B)
5

%
(B/A)
33.3

6
66

37.5
54.5
0.0
60.7
40.4
16.7
40.0
53.8
0.0
23.1
35.3
30.7
0.0
0.0
57.6
0.0
35.0
42.5

17
19
1
2
7
3
12
23

19
7
187

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

a.2

Responses on the Generation Amount of Industrial Waste

Of the 187 factories surveyed, 170 supplied valid answers to their amount of industrial waste
generated (17 factories only answered the general items). The following table shows theanswers of 170 factories indicating a total of 1,876 wastes. However, of this number,estimations for the amount of Item B: Health-care Waste and Construction Waste were donein separate surveys, and are therefore excluded. Since the effluent is not included in waste
categories in this study, it is also excluded. The amount of effluent generated is as follow:


Generation amount for target factories: 13,256 m3 per year/36.3 m3 per dayGeneration amount for all PIM factories: 22,960.7 m3 per year/62.9 m3 per day

Here, items indicated “m3 per year” were converted to 1 ton/m3.
Table 3-24: Responses for General Industrial Waste Generation Amount

Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
Total

a.3

40

B. EliminatedWaste Items(Health-care,
Construction,
Effluent)
1

54
771

1
34

53
737

50
677

3
60

173
136
23
2
53

8
2
1
0
7

165
134
22
2
46

154
118
22
2
42

11
16
0
0
4

13
88
203

0
1
10

13
87
193

12
79
173

1
8
20

221

7

214

197

17

99
1,876

3
75

96
1,801

92
1,656

4
145

A. Number ofWastes by
Responding
Factories

C. No. ofWastes used
to estimate
waste amount

D. Items
showing
ton/year from
Items in C

39

38

1

E. Items
showingm3/yearNumber of Employees

The number of employees among the 170 factories that provided answers to the amount ofindustrial waste generated are given, along with the total number of employees at all factories
in the study area.

3-25

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

Table 3-25: Number of Employees from Responding Factories and All Factories in Study
Area
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
Total

a.4

Factory survey
All factories in study area
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number ofWorkers
Workers
Factories
Factories
(A)
(B)
5
2,127
15
2,975
0
0
6
342
16
843
60
22,269121
37,765
2
348
17
4,250
28
5,464
18
3,651
47
6,003
1
519
6
698
2
208
5
445
6
612
13
1,789
3
133
3
253
13
538
12
335
34
1,355
18
5,555
75
9,625
1
20
2
589
16
32,38333
43,937
6
440
6
1,458
20
3,225
170
73,962
440
116,192

Rate(C=A/B x
100)
71.5
40.6
59.0
77.8
60.8
74.4
46.7
34.2
47.0
24.7
57.7

73.7
45.2
63.7

Tabulating the Amount of General Industrial Wastes Generated

Responses from 170 factories were used to estimate the total generation amount of generalindustrial waste, and divided into 4 major categories of waste, were then tabulated according
to the 19 factory codes and different waste codes.
General industrial waste generated from a Non-Production Process which is
Non-Hazardous: Non-PP / Non-HIWGeneral industrial waste generated from a Non-Production Process which isHazardous: Non-PP / HIWGeneral industrial waste generated from a Production Process which is
Non-Hazardous:
PP / Non-HIWGeneral industrial waste generated from a Non-Production Process which is
Non-Hazardous: PP / HIWThe Table 3-26 shows the tabulated results of general industrial waste from a non-production
process which is non-hazardous (Non-PP / Non-HIW).
a.5

Generation Rate

Using the employees as the base, the generation rate (kg/year/employee), as mentioned abovein the tabulation of generation amount for general industrial waste of 170 factories, was

3-26

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

classified into 4 categories, 19 factory codes and general individual waste codes to calculate
using Table 3-25: Number of Employees. Table 3-27 shows the generation rate fornon-production process, non-hazardous wastes (Non-PP / Non-HIW).
As for the generation rate of the factory code, of which rate this survey could not get, theaverage generation rate for factory code obtained from all factories was applied.
a.6

Generation AmountThe generation amount of industrial wastes from PIM/MFZ was calculated by multiplying thenumber of employees from each factory code by the above mentioned generation rate fromgeneral industrial wastes generated. The resulting estimation of industrial waste generated
from PIM/MFZ is as follows. The details are given in Table 3-28.
1.

Non-PP / Non-HIW:

61,479.0 ton/year, or 168.4 ton/day

2.

Non-PP / HIW:

13,970.0 ton/year, or

3.

PP / Non-HIW:

110,751.6 ton/year, or 303.4 ton/day

4.

PP / HIW:

29,724.9 ton/year, or

81.4 ton/day

215,925.5 ton/year,

591.5 ton/day

Total

38.3 ton/day

This generation amount does not greatly conflict with the tabulated results from the
SUFRAMA waste inventory.

3-27

3-28
55.9

6,627.5

4,948.1

428.8

27.0

3,395.3

23.5

F19

1,605.4

Total

F18

F17

F16

F15

5.7
593.8

254.4

18.0

101.4

F14

0.1

60.1

F13

F12

F11

F10

227.7

57.9

F09

1,128.1

2.6

44.0

224.1

F07

F08

769.0

556.5

187.1

F06

832.6

3,648.6

1,570.7

F05

F04

226.0

NH03

4.3

1,192.3

1,039.0

NH02

3.7

82.6

NH01

F03

F02

F01

Factory code

1,626.2

140.2

406.1

24.4

5.3

44.2

9.9

201.2

131.8

581.2

0.9

81.0

NH04

3.6

0.1

7.0

221.2

38.0

2.0

4.5

166.0

NH05

0.1

24.2

2.0

0.3

3.3

0.3

0.7

17.5

NH06

NH07

0.1

0.1

Non-Production Process – Non HIW
NH08

-

2.2

-

6,115.0

96.7

0.1

5,412.3

243.6

23.0

337.1

NH09

(Unit : ton/year)

1,829.3

0.1

3.0

-

0.4

820.6

0.8

83.4

921.0

NH10

129.1

29.4

12.0

28.7

59.0

NH11

340.3

39.0

0.6

67.7

233.0

NH12

7,250.9

102.4

1,952.3

501.1

14.9

-

153.9

20.2

417.3

458.4

3,390.9

17.5

222.0

NH!3

Table 3-26: Tabulation of Responses for General Industrial Waste Generation Amount (Non-PP / Non-HIW) of 170 Factories Surveyed

32,507.2

365.5

4,448.0

1,617.1

44.6

0.1

7,026.6

95.5

2,720.5

2,368.2

10,921.7

28.8

2,870.6

Total

3-29

Note:

*1:

89.6

106.3
--12.6
163.8
89.6
195.9
210.6
5.0
89.6
98.2
89.6
0.4
17.0
106.9
89.6
89.6
13.2
89.6
38.3

NH03
---

22.0

15.8
4.4
22.0
22.0
12.5
22.0
96.2

2.6
26.1
22.0
31.0
55.1
19.1
22.0
72.2
22.0

38.1

NH04
---

3.0

3.0
3.0
0.1
3.0
26.1

3.0

8.7
3.0

0.3
0.2
3.0
39.1

3.3

NH05
---

0.3

0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.3
1.4

0.3
0.5
0.3

0.3
0.8
0.3

NH06
---

0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

NH07
---

NH08

6.4
15.1
82.7
5.4
66.7

0.0

82.7

82.7

0.3
17.4
82.7
82.7

82.7
8,843.6
82.7

---

NH09

24.7

0.0
0.5
24.7
24.7
0.0
24.7

24.7

3.7
24.7
0.2
224.8
0.8
24.7

433.0
---

NH10

(Unit: kg/year/person)

---

1.7

1.7
1.7
0.9
1.7

1.7

1.7

1.3
1.7
2.8

27.7

NH11

4.6

4.6

1.8
7.0
4.6
4.6

4.6

4.6

3.0
4.6

109.5
---

NH12

98.0

104.4
--51.2
152.3
98.0
107.9
114.3
38.9
98.0
251.5
98.0
0.0
44.5
90.2
98.0
98.0
60.3
98.0
70.2

NH13

439.4

1,349.6--84.2
490.3
439.4
557.2
745.0
184.1
439.4
11,481.4
439.4
0.4
133.1
291.1
439.4
439.4
137.3
439.4
250.7

Total

it is shown as 0.0.

employees of 170 factories which gave the answers). Also, some items show 0.0 even though there were generation amounts reported, but the generation rate was so small thatof waste in this table. Therefore, generation rate of these factory codes are calculated by dividing A (total generation amount of each 13 category of waste) by B (number of

There are few factories with this factory code, so it was not possible in this study to obtain the generation rate for the amount generated from the Non-PP / Non-HIW category

45.9

66.9

53.5
45.9
130.9
12.1
111.6
45.9
372.1
45.9

488.5
---

45.8
45.9
45.9
0.7
45.9

38.8
--10.8
70.5
66.9
44.0
61.4
0.0
66.9
1,843.3
66.9

F01
F02
F03
F04
F05*1
F06
F07
F08
F09*1
F10
F11*1
F12*1
F13
F14
F15*1
F16*1
F17
F18*1
F19
Avg. rate: 170
factories

NH02

53.7
18.3
66.9
66.9
49.6
66.9
18.5

NH01

Factory code

Generation rate (Non-Production Process – Non HIW)

Table 3-27: General Industrial Waste Generation Rate (Non-PP / Non-HIW)

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factories

Table 3-28: Amount of General Industrial Waste Generated from PIM/MFZ

Unit: ton/year
Factory

Non production process

Code

Non-HIW
4,015.0

F01

Production process

HIW

Non-HIW
56.5

Total

HIW

332.6

62.8

4,466.9

F02

-

-

-

-

-

F03

71.1

5.4

1,421.4757.9

2,255.8

F04

18,516.2

3,274.3

34,396.2

7,383.1

63,569.8

F05

153.0

38.9

308.2

91.2

591.3

F06

3,044.5

1,247.4

9,286.0

1,327.3

14,905.2

F074,472.2

848.4

17,887.8

1,245.6

24,454.0

F08

128.6

1.2

587.3

2.2

719.3

F09

195.5

49.9

32.1

109.1

386.6

F10

20,540.3

125.1

8,957.0801.8

30,424.2

F11

58.3

14.9

118.0

34.8

226.0

F12

0.2

60.4

7,599.5

129.7

7,789.8

F13

180.3

1.2

1,475.9

135.4

1,792.8F142,801.9

7,506.9

4,475.7

688.2

15,472.7

F15

8.8

2.2

17.6

5.2

33.8

F16

258.8

66.0

521.8

154.7

1,001.3

F176,032.6

606.3

20,712.0

15,975.3

43,326.2

F18

193.2

49.3

389.8

115.6

747.9

F19

808.5

2.6

2,232.7705.0

3,748.8

Total

61,479.0

13,956.9

110,751.6

29,724.9

215,912.4

ton/day

168.4

38.3

303.4

81.4

591.5

b.

Flowcharts of General Industrial Waste Management

The waste streams for seven types of general industrial waste are given below for:1.

All industrial wastes generated from PIM

Figure 3-3

2.

Non-HIW generated from PIM

Figure 3-4

3.

HIW generated from PIM

Figure 3-5

4.

Non-Production Process, Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste:

Figure 3-6

5.

Non-Production Process, Hazardous Industrial Waste:

Figure 3-7

6.

Production Process, Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste:

Figure 3-8

7.

Production Process, Hazardous Industrial Waste:

Figure 3-9

3-30

3-31
Off-site

On-site4.5%

565.1 95.5%

26.4

13.4%

485.4

82.1%

Private Collection

79.7

Own/MC Collection

Transport

2.9

1.9%

0.5%

235.0 39.7%

Treatment

11.4

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment?

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

5.3%

0.0%

1.5%

0.1%

?

188.8 32.0%

31.4

0.0

8.2

0.7

RecycleStorage
3.2

0.5%

Figure 3-3: Waste Stream for all General industrial wastes generated from PIM

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

591.5 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

61.6

36.9

11.4

2.9

Disposal

10.4%

6.2%

1.9%

0.5%

3-32
Off-site

On-site4.7%

449.6 95.3%

22.2

400.9 85.0%

Private Collection

48.7 10.3%

Own Collection

Transport

0.3

2.9

0.1%

0.6%

175.1 37.1%

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

3.0%

0.0%

1.3%

0.1%

150.5 31.9%

186.0 39.4%

14.2

0.0

5.9

0.5

RecycleStorage
2.8

Figure 3-4: Waste Stream for General Non-HIW generated from PIM

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

471.8 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

0.6%

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

39.8

34.2

10.1

2.9

Disposal

8.5%

7.2%

2.1%

0.6%

3-33
Off-site

On-site
4.2

3.5%

115.5 96.5%

84.5 70.6%

Private Collection

31.0 25.9%

Own Collection

Transport

0.0

9.3%

0.0%

59.9 50.0%

Treatment

11.1

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment?

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

0.0%

2.0%

0.1%

2.8

?

2.4%

17.2 14.4%

0.0

2.3

0.2

RecycleStorage

Figure 3-5: Waste Stream for General HIW generated from PIM

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

119.7 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

0.4

0.3%

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

21.8

2.7

1.3

-

Disposal

18.2%

2.2%

1.1%

0.0%

3-34

Off-site

On-site4.8%

160.3 95.2%

8.1

123.9 73.6%

Private Collection

36.4 21.6%

Own Collection

Transport

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

0.1%

0.8%

33.0 19.6%

0.1

1.4

Treatment

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

4.1%

0.0%

0.5%

0.2%

25.6 15.2%

66.5 39.5%

7.0

0.0

0.9

0.3

RecycleStorage
0.6

0.3%

Figure 3-6: General Industrial Waste Stream (Non production process – Non HIW)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

168.4 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

24.4

29.3

4.9

1.4

Disposal

14.5%

17.4%

2.9%

0.8%

3-35
Off-site

On-site
1.1

2.9%

37.2 97.1%

0.1%

37.1 97.0%

Private Collection

0.1

Own Collection

Transport

0.0

0.0

0.0%

0.0%

20.9 54.6%

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment?

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Recycle

?

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

Storage
0.1

0.3%

Figure 3-7: General Industrial Waste Stream (Non production process – HIW)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

38.3 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

16.2

0.1

1.0

0.0

Disposal

42.3%

0.1%

2.6%

0.0%

3-36
Off-site

On-site4.7%

289.3 95.3%

14.1

4.1%

277.0 91.3%

Private Collection

12.3

Own Collection

Transport

0.2

1.5

0.1%

0.5%

142.1 46.8%

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

2.4%

0.0%

1.6%

0.1%

124.9 41.2%

119.5 39.4%

7.2

0.0

5.0

0.2

RecycleStorage
2.2

0.8%

Figure 3-8: General Industrial Waste Stream (Production process – Non HIW)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

303.4 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

15.4

4.9

5.2

1.5

Disposal

5.1%

1.6%

1.7%

0.5%

3-37
Off-site

On-site
3.1
3.9%

78.3 96.1%

47.4 58.2%

Private Collection

30.9 37.9%

Own Collection

Transport

0.0
0.0%

39.0 47.9%

Treatment

11.1 13.7%

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment?

RecycleRecycleRecycleRecycleRecycle

Reuse

0.0%

2.9%

0.2%

2.8

?

3.5%

17.2 21.1%

0.0

2.3

0.2

RecycleStorage
0.3

0.3%

Figure 3-9: General Industrial Waste Stream (Production process – HIW)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

81.4 100.0%

Generation

Unit: ton/day

2009

Generation

Disposal?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue?

Residue

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

5.6

2.6

0.3

0.0

Disposal

6.9%

3.2%

0.4%

0.0%

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3.3 Study of Waste Management in Factoriesc.

Overview of PIM/MFZ Factories

c.1

General Conditions

The following general observations can be made given the survey results of 187 factories.


62.0 % of the factories (i.e. 116 of 187) are relatively new, having begun operations
sometime since 1991.



The average lot size (159 factories) and construction area (154 factories) was 55,800
sq meters and 15,300 sq meters, respectively.

The total number of employees from all responding factories (187 factories) is 58,470,
giving an average of 350.

c.2

Attached Medical Facilities (Clinics)

44.3 % of the factories (i.e. 78 of 176) have clinics attached. This is the result of the medical
institution survey of 334 factories where 37.1% factories (i.e. 124 of 334) replied that they
have medical facilities within the factory.
c.3

Radioactive Waste

Of all respondents, none of the factories indicated generation of radioactive waste. This fits in
the result of responses from 7 factories surveyed in the radioactive waste survey.
c.4

Use of Pollution Control Facilities

The following table gives the responses of the use of pollution control facilities.
Table 3-29: Use of Pollution Control Facilities
Valid
answer (A)Pollution control facilities
a. Boiler
b. Incineratorc. Industrial wastewater treatment facilities
d. Domestic wastewater treatment facilities
e. Dust collector
f. Air control facilities
g. Plating process
h. Powder Painting process
i. Water Painting process
j. Metal coating process
k. Storage space of Dangerous substance(Underground: Oils, Volatile substance, etc.)
l. Storage space of Dangerous substance (Abovesurface: Oils, Volatile substance, etc.)

172
171
171
175
172
169
168
170
170
173

1. Yes
(B)
22
3
47
95
20
21
5
15
22
13

%
(B/Ax100)
12.8
1.8
27.5
54.3
11.6
12.4
3.0
8.8
12.9
7.5

145

29

20.0

167

96

57.5

The table above gives the following results.


The rate of industrial wastewater (effluent) treatment facilities installed is somewhat
low at 27.5 %. However, this rate should be qualified for those cases where industrial
wastewater treatment is necessary and evaluated after a study of the production
processes at the plant, etc.

On the other hand, the rate of treatment facilities installed for domestic wastewater

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from non-production processes is 54.3 %, which is relatively high in comparison tothat for industrial wastewater facilities. Nevertheless, a Manaus City regulation (Law
No. 1,192/2007) established 31 December 2007, requires the installation of domestic
wastewater treatment facilities for enterprises that have at least 40 employees. Even
with a one-year grace period, this will obligate over half of factories to install
facilities from 2009.
d.

On-Site Waste Management

d.1

Waste Inventory

In response to the question of whether it was required to submit a waste inventory, 27.5 %(i.e. 49 of 178 factories) responded that it was not. Of those factories that responded that it isrequired (i.e. 129 of 178), 11.6 % (i.e. 15 of the 129) responded that they had not submitted a
waste inventory. Therefore, despite the requirement for all factories to submit a waste
inventory, 36.0 % of factories surveyed (i.e. 64 of 178) said that they do not. This data
indicates that there is a lack of awareness at factories concerning waste management.
d.2

Separation

86.0 % of factories (i.e. 154 of 179) separate their non-production process waste from theirproduction process waste before discharge.
In relation, 18.8 % of factories (i.e. 33 of 176) reported that they mix their non-HIW andHIW for discharge. The reasons for this were given in the following order:
1.

The amount is extremely small – 41.9 % (13 of 31 respondents)2.

Difficulties to separate PP / HIW and PP / Non-HIW – 12.9 % (4 of 31 respondents)

3.

Collection service does not require the separation of HIW and Non-HIW – 9.7 % (3 of
31 respondents)d.3

Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Management

The following table clearly shows that the ratio of on-site management in PIM is extremely
low at 4.5 %. Furthermore, the difference between non-hazardous industrial waste andhazardous industrial waste is practically negligent.
Table 3-30: Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Management
Study Area
PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan Area*1
Source *1:

Ratio of On-Site
Disposal
4.5 %
4.7 %
3.5 %
29.9%
56.3%

Waste
Industrial Waste
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW
HIW

Ratio of Off-Site
Disposal
95.5 %
95.3 %
96.5 %
70.1%
43.7%

The Study on Master Plan on Industrial Waste Management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area
and its Vicinity in the Kingdom of Thailand, November 2002 (Hereafter, Bangkok Industrial
Waste Study)d.4Type of On-Site Management

The following table shows a comparison of types of on-site management at PIM factories.

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Table 3-31: Type of On-Site Management
Study Area

PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan
Area*1
SourceNote

Waste

Intermediate
Treatment
Ratio

Reuse andRecycle Ratio

Storage
Ratio

Final
Disposal
Ratio

Industrial
Waste
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW

0.5 %

1.6 %

0.5 %

1.9 (2.4*2)%

0.6 %
0.0 %
0.9%

1.4 %
2.1 %
13.1%

0.6 %
0.3 %
1.8%

2.1 (2.7*2)%
1.1 %
14.1%

HIW

32.8%

1.6%

0.4%

21.5%

*1: Bangkok Industrial Waste Study*2:

This ratio includes residue disposed after intermediate treatment

There is almost no difference between on-site management in PIM (ratio of quantitative
generation rate) of non-hazardous industrial waste and hazardous industrial waste.
In comparison, the Bangkok study results show high prominence between non-HIW and HIW
due to the high cost of off-site management, they reduce HIW by treating HIW as much as
possible on-site (32.8% of the quantitative generation rate). In addition, Non-HIW was reusedor recycled as much as possible (13.1% of the quantitative generation rate).
d.5

On-Site Final Disposal

The detailed descriptions of this in descending order are: hazardous wastes are sludge,
contaminated plastics and ink residue. In addition, fluorescent lights and batteries were also
reported, but done so individually so the weight is unknown. Reports for non-hazardous, indescending order, are cardboard, non-recyclable wastes, and plastic lids. The results suggest
these items are for storage waiting for off-site management.

e.

Off-Site Waste Management

Below are the responses from dischargers of waste concerning the conditions of off-sitewaste management. These must be analyzed in comparison with responses from waste
service companies.
e.1

Collection

The following table shows the breakdown of the ratio of the amount of waste discharged
from factories which is collected and transported by collection service providers.

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Table 3-32: Breakdown of Collection Service Providers
Study Area

Waste

PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan Area *1
SourceNote

Industrial
Waste
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW
HIW

Factory (City) Ratio andAmount*2
Ratio
Ton/Day

Ratio of Private
Enterprise and Amount
Ratio
Ton/Day

13.4 %

79.7

82.1 %

485.4

10.3 %
9.3 %
1.5%
0.1%

48.7
31.0
95.8
1.9

85.0 %
70.6 %
68.6%
43.6%

400.9
84.5
4,444.5
665.4*1: Bangkok Industrial Waste Study*2: In PIM, only a very small amount is collected by the city (0.4%). In contrast, 100% was collected by
the city in the Bangkok Industrial Waste Study.

From this table it is possible to see the distinct difference between Non-HIW and HIW wheremost of Non-HIW is collected by private enterprise (WSCs). In contrast, a large amount of
HIW is transported by the factory itself. In the Bangkok study, the factory itself transported
almost none.
e.2

Breakdown of Off-Site Management

The following table shows the breakdown (generation ratio) of off-site management based on
answers from PIM factories.
Table 3-33: Breakdown of Off-Site Management

Target Area

PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan
Area *1
Source

Waste

Intermediate
Treatment Ratio
and Amount
Ratio
Ton/Day

Reuse andRecycling Ratio
and Amount
Ratio
Ton/Day

Direct Final
Disposal Ratio andAmountRatio
Ton/Day

Industrial
Waste
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW

41.6 %

246.4

37.3 %

220.2

16.6 %

98.5

37.2 %
59.3 %
2.5%

175.4
71.0
159.5

42.4 %
16.8 %
64.8%

200.2
20.0
4,198.8

15.7 %
28.4 %
2.8%

74.0
24.5
95.8

HIW

28.9%

444.1

14.2%

216.1

0.6%

1.9

*1: Bangkok Industrial Waste Study

There is some difference between the off-site management (proportion of generation ratio) in
PIM of Non-HIW and HIW. It is reasonable that rate of treatment of HIW is higher than
Non-HIW and it of reuse/recycle of HIW is much lower than Non-HIW. It is, however, therate of direct final disposal of HIW is two times more than it of Non-HIW. It is a serious
issue that rate of direct final disposal of HIW is quite high, 28.4%.
In comparison, the findings from Bangkok show a very noticeable difference between the
HIW and Non-HIW, where most of the Non-HIW discharged off-site (generation ratio of
64.8%) is reused or recycled. In contrast, much of the hazardous waste is put throughintermediate treatment (28.9% of the generation ratio) in an attempt to render it harmless or
reduce the amount. In addition, the rate of direct final disposal of industrial waste is much

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lower than it in PIM, 0.6% for HIW and 2.8% for Non-HIW, especially HIW. In addition, theamount of residue after intermediate treatment and recycling could not be identified.
f.

Plans and Intentions

f.1

Future Generation Amount of Industrial Waste

Respondents stated that future generation amounts would: remain at the current amount(31.8 %, or 54 of 170 factories); increase (37.6 %, or 64 of 170 factories); or reduce (21.2 %,36 of 170 factories). Given these responses, it is likely that the generation amount will
increase slightly in the future.
f.2

Plans to Promote 3R and IWM Improvement Plans

Most factories have no plans to promote 3R (70.2 %, or 120 of 171 factories). Also, themajority of factories have no intention to formulate an industrial waste management
improvement plan (78.8 %, or 134 or 170 factories).
f.3

Waste Exchange

The majority of factories had some knowledge of waste exchange (73.4 %, or 127 of 173
factories). Presently, 36.2 % (i.e. 63 of 174) of factories are engaged in waste exchange, butthere was a high rate of 67.8 % (i.e. 116 of 171) of those factories with an interest in this.
f.4

Disposal Fee

Payment to transporters of discharged industrial waste was indicated by 60 respondents at
R$ 563,000 annually on average. On the other hand, the on-site waste management fee
indicated by 20 respondents was R$ 769,000 annually on average.
f.5

Problems with Industrial Waste Management

62.6 % (i.e. 109 of 174 factories) said there were currently problems with industrial waste
management. The reasons given are as follows, in descending order.
1.

High cost of industrial waste disposal:

57.8 % (63 of 109 respondents)

2.

No facilities, or insufficient facilities, for the reuse or recycling of industrial waste:
48.6 % (53 of 109 respondents)

3.

No service, or insufficient service, for industrial waste treatment:
37.6 % (41 of 109 respondents)

4.

No trustworthy treatment and disposal contractors in Manaus:
34.9 % (38 of 109 respondents)

3.4

Study of Health-care Waste Management in Medical
Institutions

3.4.1

Outline of the Studya.

Study Objective

The study aims to clarify the current conditions of health-care waste management at
generation sources in the PIM by visiting those hospitals (one location) and clinics on factory

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3.4 Study of Health-care Waste Management in Medical Institutions

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premises (nine locations) and conducting direct interviews to survey the types of waste
generated, amount discharged and conditions of health-care waste management, etc.
b.

Study Method

A local consultant (OPCA) was consigned to conduct the study. The local consultant visitedand conducted interviews with medical institutions using a questionnaire form made by thestudy team.
The study team produced a draft of the questionnaire form to use as the basis for discussion
with the C/P, and then revisions were made based on that discussion. The following items
were included in the questionnaire:

Table 3-34: Content of the Medical Institution Survey
1. Basic Items
2. Current Waste Management
3. Comment/Notes
・ Location of Medical The following items are surveyed, ・ Management
systemof
Institution
infectious/hazardous waste
making a division between
・ Medical
Services infectious/hazardous waste and ・ Knowledgeofancommon waste.
Provided
implementation of regulations
・ Generation amountfor
health-carewaste
・ No. of Employees
management
・
Separation
atSource・ No. of Beds
on
Methods
and ・ Reporting・ Numberof ・ Storage
infectious/hazardous
waste
Containers Used
Inpatients/Outpatien
management conditions, if
ts
・ Discharge
Methods
andany, and who is reported to.
Containers Used・ Othersany,and・ Treatment
Methods(e.g. ・ Education, if
methodsforemployees
toIncineration, Sterilization), if any,
handleinfectious/hazardous
and other Methods
waste・ Contracted Collection Company
・
Fees
for
Collection,
and Collection Method
Treatment,
Disposalof・ Location and Methods ofinfectious/hazardous waste
Disposal・ Awareness of environmental
・ Others
consideration
・ Others

3.4.2

Health-care Waste Categoriesa.

ABNT NBR 12808 (1993) and RDC 306/2004-ANVISA

Health-care waste (i.e. Health Service Waste) is regulated by the Brazilian Association ofTechnical Standards (ABNT) NBR 12808 and the National Health Surveillance Agency(ANVISA). Handling health-care waste is prescribed by both the ABNT NBR 12809 and the
RDC 306/2004-ANVISA.
In this study the questionnaire for the medical institutions survey has been prepared based on
the health-care waste categories described in the ABNT NBR 12809 and the survey was
conducted using the questionnaire. After the questionnaire survey was completed, it waspointed out that the RDC 306/2004-ANVISA is being used at present. The results of thesurvey were, therefore, converted into the health-care waste categories described in the RDC

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3.4 Study of Health-care Waste Management in Medical Institutions

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306/2004-ANVISA. The following table shows conversion of health-care waste categories of
the RDC 306/2004-ANVISA and the ABNT NBR 12809.
Table 3-35: Conversion of Health-care Waste Categories between
RDC 306/2004-ANVISA
Group
Description

1. Group A

A.1

Biologic

A.2

Animals

A.3

Body part

A.4
A.5

Patient care etc.
Prions2. Group B

Chemical etc.

3. Group C
4. Group D
5. Group ERadioactive waste
Common waste
Piercing or Cuttingb.

ABNT NBR 12809
Class, Type
Description
Class A, Type A.1
Biologic
Class A, Type A.2
Blood and Derivates
Class A, Type A.5
Contaminated animal
Surgical, anatomopatologic
Class A, Type A.3
and exudates
Class A, Type A.6
Patient care
Not applicable--Class B, Type B.2
Pharmaceutical waste
Class B, Type B.3
Hazardous chemical waste
Class B, Type B.1
Radioactive waste
Class C
Common waste
Class A, Type A.4
Piercing or Cutting

Health-care Waste Categories used in the StudyIn this study, health-care waste was divided into five large groups according to RDC
306/2004-ANVISA. The details of each group are explained in the Supporting Report
Chapter 2.

3.4.3

Selection of Target Medical Institutions
There are 475 factories in the factory list provided by SUFRAMA, and of those, 18 factories
are located outside the target area, the MFZ. A total of 457 PIM factories in the MFZ area
were contacted to confirm whether they had an attached clinic. The following results were
found according to their responses.


Factories that responded by telephone:334



Factories that have closed:17

Factories that refused to reply:25

Factories that could not be reached by telephone:81

In this survey, it was revealed that 440 factories are PIM factories operating in the MFZ,
including those which could not be reached by telephone (which was likely due to a changed
phone number, etc.) and excluding the 17 which have closed.
It was found that at least 1/3 of the total (35.3%), or 124 factories, have an attached clinic. Of
those 124, nine within the PIM were chosen for direct interview using the prepared survey
questionnaire. A summary of these medical facilities, including one general hospital in the
PIM, is given below.

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Table 3-36: Summary of Medical Facilities
Type
GeneralHospital
Attached
factory clinic
Notes

3.4.4

No.
Surveyed

No. of
Employees*1

No. of Beds

Avg No. of
Inpatients/Day

Avg No. of
Outpatients/Day

1

439

70

48

900 (*3)9

4.1 (*2)

1.2 (*2)

No reply

19 (*2)*1:

Including part-time employees*2:

Average of 9 clinics*3:

Of this number, 22 were emergency room outpatients

Execution of the Survey
A local consultant (OPCA) was consigned to conduct the study on 19 June 2009.
Immediately after the contract was signed, the local consultant contacted all PIM factories
approved by SUFRAMA by telephone, etc., and inquired about the existence of a clinic onpremises, then selected the target medical facilities before beginning the direct interview
process. Finally, working with the study team, the survey results were compiled by the end of
August. The interview survey and summary of results was completed by the end of July, as
planned, and the results were analyzed together with the study team in August before beingsummarized into a report.
Although questionnaire survey and analysis of the survey results were done base on the waste
categories of ABNT NBR 12809, those have been revised based on the waste categories thedesignated by the RDC 306/2004-ANVISA.

3.4.5

Results of the Surveya.

Results of Waste Amount, Generation Rate and Waste Streams

a.1

Generation Amount of Health-care Waste in ABNT NBR 12809 Category

The generation amount of health-care waste in ABNT NBR 12809 Category for the 10
medical institutions is given below.
Table 3-37: Amount of Health-care Waste (in ABNT NBR 12809 Category) Generated byTarget Medical Institutions
Unit: kg/day
Category of Health-care Waste
Class A: Infectious Waste
A.1. Infectious waste
A.2. Blood and derivates
A.3 Surgical, anatomo-pathologic and exudates
A.4 Piercing or cutting
A.5 Contaminated animal
A.6 Patient care
Class B: Special Waste

3-45

GeneralHospital
26.16
4.19
1.83
8.11
3.40
--8.63
1.67

Clinics (*1)
0.96
0.16
0.01
0.10
0.43
--0.260.27

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B.1 Radioactive waste
B.2 Pharmaceutical waste
B.3 Hazardous chemical waste
Total of Class A and B (Hazardous Waste)
Class C: Common Waste
Total
Note

a.2

--1.00
0.67
27.83
94.0
121.83--0.110.16
1.22
1.17 (*2)
2.40

*1:

Average number for 9 clinics*2:

This number is less than the amount of hazardous health-care waste generated. The reason beingthat it is discharged as non-process, non-hazardous waste from another place within the factory,
and the clinic does not that this discharge into consideration. One clinic did not respond.

Generation Amount of Health-care Waste in RDC 306/2004-ANVISA Category

The generation amount of health-care waste in RDC 306/2004-ANVISA Category for the 10
medical institutions is given below.
Table 3-38: Amount of Health-care Waste (in RDC 306/2004-ANVISA Category)
Generated by Target Medical Institutions
Unit: kg/day
Category of Health-care Waste
Group A
A.1. Biologic
A.2. Animals
A.3 Body part
A.4 Patient care etc.
A.5 Prions
Group B: Chemical etc.
Group C: Radioactive
Group E: Piercing or Cutting
Total of Group A, B, C and E (Hazardous Waste)
Group D: Common waste
Total

a.3

GeneralHospital

Clinics

22.76

0.52
6.01
--8.11
8.64
---

1.67
--3.4027.83
94.00
121.830.16--0.100.26--0.27--0.44
1.22
1.17
2.40

Number of Factories with a Clinic

124 factories of 334 surveyed have a clinic within their compound. It is estimated 163 (= 124
x 440/334) factories have a clinic in PIM in total.
a.4

Generation Rate and Amount of Health-care Waste Generated from Factories in
PIM

As 163 factories have a clinic in PIM in total, the generation amount of health-care waste
generated from factories in PIM and generation rate per an employee is calculated as follows:
Generation Amount of Factories in PIM = Generation Rate per a Clinic x 163
Generation Rate per an Employee = Generation Amount of Factories in PIM / Number of
Employees in PIM (116,192)

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Table 3-39: Generation Rate and Amount of Health-care Waste Generated from
Factories in PIM

Group

0.16
0.00
0.10
0.26
--0.270.00
0.44

Generation
Amount ofFactories in
PIM(kg/day)
26.1
0.00
16.3
42.4
--44.1
0.00
71.9

1.23

200.8

1.73

1.17
2.40

191.1
391.9

1.64
3.36

Generation
Rate per a
Clinic(kg/clinic/day)

Description

A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5

Biologic
Animals
1.Group A
Body part
Patient care etc.
Prions2. Group B
Chemical etc.
3. Group C
Radioactive waste
4. Group E
Piercing or Cutting
Hazardous Health-care Waste
Sub-total
5. Group D
Common waste
Total

Generation Rate
per an Employee(g/employee/day)
0.22
0.00
0.14
0.36
--0.380.00
0.62

The amount of health-care waste generated in PIM including a general hospital is shown in
the table below.
Table 3-40: Amount of Health-care Waste Generated in PIM

Unit: kg/day

Category
Group AGroup B
Group CGroup E
Hazardous
Health-care Waste Total
Class D
Health-care Waste
Total

a.5

Whole Factories
in PIM(B x 440 /334)(kg/day)
84.8
44.0
0.0
71.7

General Hospital(kg/day)

Whole PIM
(E = C + D)
(kg/day)

22.7
1.7
0.0
3.4

107.5
45.7
0.00
75.1

200.5

27.8

228.3

190.7

94.0

284.7

391.2

121.8

513.0

Health-care Waste Generation

Health-care waste generation from factories in PIM excluding a general hospital is asfollows:Hazardous Health-care Waste:

200.5 kg/day

Non-hazardous Health-care Waste:

190.7 kg/dayTotal Health-care Waste:

391.2 kg/day

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Given the above information, the daily generation amount from the target area (PIM),
including the one general hospital, of hazardous and non-hazardous health-care waste isestimated as follows:

Hazardous Health-care Waste:

228.3 kg/day

Non-hazardous Health-care Waste:

284.7 kg/dayTotal Health-care Waste:

513.0 kg/day

a.6

Present Health-care Waste Management Stream

The present health-care waste management stream in PIM, according to the survey of medical
institutions, is shown in the following figures.

Generation

Recycling

Intermediate
treatment

Disposal

Incineration
120.9 kg/day(23.6 %)
Unknown
79.6 kg/day(15.5 %)

Group
A, B, C & E
228.3 kg/day(44.5 %)

Disposal

Total amount of
Health-carewaste

27.8 kg/day(5.4 %)

513.0 kg/day(100.0 %)Group D
(Common waste)

Disposal

284.7 kg/day(55.5 %)

260.8 kg/day(50.8 %)

Total Disposal
288.6 kg/day(56.2 %)

Recycling(Paper, Cardboard)
23.9 kg/day(4.7 %)

Figure 3-10: Health-care Waste Management Stream in PIM including General Hospital

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Generation

Recycling

Intermediate
treatment

Disposal

Incineration
120.9 kg/day(30.9 %)
Unknown
79.6 kg/day(20.4 %)

Group
A, B, C & E
200.5 kg/day(51.3 %)

Disposal

Total amount of
Health-care
waste

0.0 kg/day(0.0 %)

391.2 kg/day(100.0 %)Group D
(Common waste)

Disposal

190.7 kg/day(48.7 %)

173.2 kg/day(44.2 %)

Total Disposal
173.2 kg/day(44.2 %)

Recycling(Paper, Cardboard)
17.5 kg/day(4.5 %)

Figure 3-11: Health-care Waste Management Stream in PIM excluding General Hospitalb.

On-Site Health-care Waste Management

b.1

Discharge Containers

RDC 306/2004-ANVISA regulates discharge containers according to different waste
categories. The general hospital utilizes the categorization put forth in RDC
306/2004-ANVISA. For attached clinics at factories, the ratio which is observed is no morethan half of this.
b.2

Storage

Of the facilities surveyed, one responded that the hazardous health-care waste and common
waste they stored was mixed. Also, concerning storage containers, excluding Group E (e.g.
needles, scalpels), the general hospital stores hazardous health-care waste in plastic bags
inside a plastic container with lid. Waste is stored in covered containers at 61% of the clinics.
Also, the hospital and one-third of the clinics used cardboard boxes to store Group E(needles, scalpels, etc.).
All of the facilities surveyed responded that that did not have cool storage facilities forcertain Group A.3 (Body part) waste.
b.3

Intermediate Treatment and Disposal

Intermediate treatment and disposal is not carried out, with the exception of treatment ofGroup A.1 (Biologic) using an autoclave in the general hospital.

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Recycling

Forty percent of the medical institutions, including the general hospital, recycle common
waste valuables, such as paper and cardboard. Recyclers collect these valuables from each
medical institution on a regular basis.
b.5

Discharge

Waste is discharged from attached clinics according to prescribed categories.
Hazardous health-care waste and non-hazardous health-care waste are not mixed when
discharged. Nevertheless, even though Group A, B and E and each class type, are stored
separately, 20% of the facilities reported mixed discharge; the medical institutions’employees are the likely reason for this.
b.6

Training and Instructions

All of the facilities reported having written instructions concerning the handling of hazardous
health-care waste within the medical institution. Also, 100% said there is training/instruction
for waste workers for handling hazardous health-care waste. Furthermore, 50% said that
this training takes place once a year.
Employees at 80% of the medical institutions report receiving environmental educational
training or information concerning hazardous health-care waste. At attached clinics, 242
people attend the classes on average.
b.7

Cooperation for Waste Management Improvements

All ten of the medical institutions surveyed replied that they are able to cooperate on waste
management improvement. Concerning efforts they would be willing to make for
improvements, all replied “raising the environmental awareness of the public”, eight (8)replied they could “minimize waste generation” and seven (7) said through “discharging
wastes neatly”. Also, all replies confirmed that they would cooperate with national andmunicipal authorities toward waste management improvement.
b.8

Priority of Waste Management Improvements

A rise in waste management fees was indicated by 60% of medical institutions. 70% repliedthat waste management was a very high priority. Furthermore, 50% said they would welcome
technical support from a government organization, whereas 30% were hopeful for financial
support.
b.9

Intention to Improve Conditions for Collection and Disposal of Hazardous
Health-care Waste

In order to improve the current conditions of collection and disposal of hazardous health-carewaste, 3 (of 8 respondents) answered “education to change people’s bad habits”, and 2 (of 8)
indicated “improvement of landfill operation”.
Concerning who should bear the rise in cost for improvement of current collection anddisposal conditions for hazardous health-care waste, respondents indicated the following: theState of Amazonas (30%), the City of Manaus (20%), and others (20%). Further, five
facilities indicated that the greatest amount they would be willing to pay for collection anddisposal was, on average, 145R$/month.

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3.4 Study of Health-care Waste Management in Medical Institutionsc.

Off-Site Health-care Waste Managementc.1

Collection

JICA
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from SEMMA/SEMULSP, all institutions receive collection service of hazardous waste fromprivate companies. 40% of medical institutions, however, do not pay fee for hazardous
health-care waste. 60% indicated that they set the collection fee, although it varied from place
to place.
Despite the fact that 30% of medical institutions indicated dissatisfaction with current
collection service, there were no complaints from medical institutions in the past year
received by collection service providers.
c.2

Monitoring of Hazardous Health-care Waste Disposal

All of the medical institutions indicated that a person has been assigned to be in charge ofappropriate collection and disposal of hazardous health-care waste.
c.3

Disposal of Hazardous Waste

The general hospital replied that its hazardous health-care waste was sent, according to waste
category, to a prescribed location in a landfill, or other. In the case of attached clinics,
two-thirds of respondents said that their waste went to an incinerator, whereas the remaining
one-third provided no answer.
d.

Issues on Health-care Waste Management

The following results were revealed in the survey of medical institutions.
d.1

Health-care Waste Management System Provisions

Over one-third (37.1%) of PIM factories have an attached medical clinic. These attachedclinics are also equipped with beds where medical treatments can take place. For this reason,
not only Group D: Common waste, but also Group A, B, C and E hazardous wastes are
generated. The amount of hazardous health-care waste solely at attached clinics is estimatedat 200.8 kilograms per day, and estimated at 228.6 kg/day when combined with the general
hospital. The problem is that this amount of hazardous health-care waste is generated was notknown. It is necessary, from here on, using these results as the basis, to prepare amanagement structure to grasp the actual conditions of health-care waste, and particularly
hazardous health-care waste, to implement more appropriate methods.
d.2

On-Site Management

Appropriate waste management has been set to a certain level at medical institutions which
produce health-care waste. Also, awareness of appropriate management is high. In particular,
there are no identifiable problems at the general hospital, according to their response to thesurvey. However, the following problems were identified at the clinics.
Less than half use the designated container for discharge set by RDC
306/2004-ANVISA

Although hazardous health-care waste is stored according to Group A, B, C and E,
mixed discharge takes place at two clinics (2 of 8 respondents).

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d.3

Understanding Current Conditions of Off-Site Disposal

On the other hand, the replies from medical institutions concerning off-site waste
management after discharge were insufficient to understand actual conditions. On this point,
it may be inferred that the waste manifest system is insufficient, and responsibility of thedischarger remains unclear for appropriate management after discharge.
Non-hazardous, Group D (common waste) is collected by Manaus City and disposed of in thecity’s landfill. Nevertheless, questions as to hazardous health-care waste were revealed, as
follows.
1.

Replies indicated that treatment and disposal of hazardous waste was outsourced;
however, three medical institutions (of 9 respondents) were unable to elaborate on theactual conditions therein. The amount is 79.9 kg per day, which indicates 35% of thetotal generation amount of hazardous health-care waste.

2.

Replies indicated that some hazardous health-care wastes (12.1% of the total amountof hazardous health-care waste generated) were disposed of in a dedicated landfill
area, but there is no landfill in Manaus sanctioned to receive hazardous waste.

3.

40% of medical institutions, however, replied that they do not pay fee for hazardous
health-care waste.

4.

Many medical institutions indicated using incineration (52.9% of the total amount of
hazardous health-care waste generated); however, it will be necessary to check that
this is being done properly by referencing the results of the survey of waste service
companies and so on.

d.4

Hazardous Health-care Waste Generation AmountAs shown in the following table, survey results show that the generation amount and unit
generation of hazardous health-care waste are comparable to other JICA surveys. The results
show that the amount of hazardous waste produced by PIM factories differs from surgical
hospitals and the like; a comparison of the unit generation amount (1.95 g/person/day)revealed a much higher amount than expected.

Table 3-41: Hazardous Health-care (Medical) Waste Generation Rate in Other Cities
Country/City

Study Year

Population

Generation
Amount (kg/day)

Unit Generation(g/person/day)

Chile / Santiago

1995

5,642,000

20,000

3.54

Turkey / Adana

1998

1,196,620

4,401

3.68

Turkey / Mersin

1998

643,850

1,539

2.39

Azerbaijan / Baku

2000

2,051,200

12,892

6.28

Cambodia / Phnom Penh

2003

1,199,414

961

0.80

Sri Lanka / Kandy

2002

110,049

530

4.81

Mongol / Ulaanbaatar

2005

866,591

1,600

1.85

2009

*1

229

1.97

PIM in Manaus
Source:Note

116,192( )JICA solid waste management study reports*1: The number of employees at 440 operating factories, as of August 2009

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Table 3-42: Common Health-care Waste Generation Rate in Other Cities
Country/City

Study Year

Population

Generation
Amount (kg/day)

Unit Generation(g/person/day)

Chile / Santiago

1995

5,642,000

44,658

7.92

Turkey / Adana

1998

1,196,620

11,805

9.87

Turkey / Mersin

1998

643,850

4,663

7.24

Azerbaijan / Baku

2000

2,051,200

20,588

10.04

Cambodia / Phnom Penh

2003

1,199,414

9,719

8.10

Sri Lanka / Kandy

2002

110,049

4,734

43.02

Mongol / Ulaanbaatar

2005

866,591

14,800

17.08

2009

*1

239

2.06

PIM in Manaus
Source:Note

116,192( )JICA solid waste management study reports*1: The number of employees at 440 operating factories, as of August 2009

3.5

Study of Construction Waste Management

3.5.1

Outline of the Studya.

Study Objective

The study aims to clarify the generation of construction waste, its disposal and management
at PIM factories (including those outside of the DI) where construction projects exist.
b.

Study Method

A local consultant (OPCA.) was consigned to conduct the study. The local consultant used aquestionnaire produced by the Japanese study team and conducted interviews with those incharge of construction at factories.
The study team produced a draft questionnaire, which was discussed with the C/P and thenrevisions were made as necessary. The questionnaire contained the following items

3.5.2



Overview of construction work, contract amount for work, type of work, number ofworkersGeneration amount of construction waste

Type of construction wasteFinal disposal aspects



Recycling aspects



OthersConstruction Waste Categoriesa.

Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307

The National Environment Council (CONAMA) issued Resolution 307 in the form ofguidelines for construction waste management on 5 July 2002. Construction wastes are
categorized in CONAMA Resolution 307 as shown in the following table.

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Table 3-43: Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307
Class
Class AClass BClass CClass Db.

Description
The reusable or recyclable waste as aggregates, such as:a)from construction, demolition, refitting and repair of pavement andother infrastructure constructions, including land preparation;b)from the construction, demolition refitting and repair of edifications:ceramic components (bricks, blocks, tiles, insulation planks, etc.),
cement and concrete;c)from manufacturing and/or demolition process of concrete
pre-modulated pieces (blocks, pipes, gutter, etc.) produced in theconstruction sites.
The recyclable waste for other purposes, such as: plastics, paper/carton,
metals, glass, wood and others.
Waste which has no economically feasible technology or applications which
may allow it to be recycled/recovered, such as the products arisen fromplaster.
Hazardous waste arisen from construction process, such as paints, solvents,
oils and so forth, or those contaminated or harmful to health arisen fromdemolitions, refitting and repairs of radiology clinics, industrial facilities andothers, as well as tiles and other objects and materials containing asbestos orother products harmful to health. (new text given by Resolution n. 348/04).

Target Wastes

The target wastes are construction wastes generated by works at PIM factories which aredesignated in CONAMA Resolution 307.
c.

Construction Waste Categories used in the Study

The waste categories in CONAMA Resolution 307 identify criterion for whether or notcertain construction waste is recyclable. Thus, it would be difficult to get a detailed picture
what kinds of waste were being generated if the survey were conducted based on thesecategories. The study team discussed the matter with the C/P and decided upon 44 materials(see below) into which construction waste could be categorized and used for the survey. In
addition, it was determined in which of the 4 classes given in CONAMA Resolution 307
these 44 wastes would be placed.
Excavated soil, concrete debris, asphalt debris, brick debris, glass tile and ceramicmaterials, foam polystyrene, vinyl materials, synthetic rubber, used tires, plastic sheet,
vinyl sheet, iron-bar, steel materials, small metal waste, old temporary scaffoldings
and fences, natural rubber waste, sludge, mud, plaster boards, packaging material
which organic materials stick to, lead battery, wood debris of demolish waste, timberform for concreting, scaffolding material, interior timber materials, packing materials(such as cardboard), wall paper, cloth and old rags, rope, carpet, machine oil, heavy
oil, asphalt, waterproof sheet, ash of materials used for construction (such as old rags,
cardboard, timber), materials containing asbestos, materials which are sprayed withasbestos, transformer, condenser, stabilizer for fluorescent light, sulfuric acid, coolant
for a freezer, volatile oil, kerosene, diesel oil, mixed waste.

The 44 construction waste categories and the questions asked are presented in the Section
2.4.6 of the Supporting Report.

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3.5.3

Selection of Target Factories
The 457 factories located in the MFZ in the factory list provided by SUFRAMA, were
contacted to confirm whether they had conducted any construction projects in the past year,
from June 2008 to May 2009. The following results were found according to their responses.


Factories that responded by telephone:334



Factories that have closed:17

Factories that refused to reply:25

Factories that could not be reached by telephone:81

In this survey, it was revealed that 440 factories are PIM factories operating in the MFZ,
including those which could not be reached by telephone (which was likely due to a changed
phone number, etc.) and excluding the 17 which have closed.
It was found that, of the 334 factories, 123 factories, over one-third (36.8%), have conducted
construction projects between June 2008 and May 2009. Ten of the 123 factories were chosen
at random for direct interview using the prepared survey questionnaire. A summary of thesefactory construction projects is given below.
Table 3-44: Summary of Construction Projects
Type of Construction Project
1. New construction
2. Additional construction
3. Demolition
4. Renovation
5. Others*1
Total
Note

3.5.4

No. of Respondents
2
0
0
6
2
10

Ratio (%)
20.0
0.0
0.0
60.0
20.0
100.0

*1: In detail,1. Installation of a waste water treatment facility (WWTF)
2. Construction of a retaining wall and drainage of the rain water.

Execution of the Survey
A local consultant (OPCA) was consigned to conduct the study on 19 June 2009.
Immediately after the contract was signed, the local consultant contacted all PIM factories
approved by SUFRAMA by telephone, etc., and inquired about any construction works thattook place over the past year, before selecting the target factories and beginning the directinterview process. The direct interview survey and compiling the survey result werecompleted as planned by the end of July, and then, working with the study team, the survey
results were analyzed in August before being summarized into a report.

3.5.5

Results of the Surveya.

Generation Amount of Construction Waste

In the year from June 2008 to May 2009, the amount of construction waste generated fromconstruction projects at the 10 factories came to a total of 832.7 tons, as shown in column A
in the following table. Moreover, the amount generated per day is shown in column B (B =A/365).

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Table 3-45: Generation Amount of Construction Waste from Survey of 10 Factories

Waste
No

Total
Number ofAnswerDescription of Waste

A.

B.

Generation

Generation

AmountAmount（kg）(kg/day)

Classification & Generation of Waste
by
CONAMA Resolution 307 (kg/day)
Class
A

Class
B

01

Excavated soil

532,985

90.4

90.4

02

Concrete debris

753,830

147.5

147.5

03

Asphalt debris

162,500

171.2

171.2

04

Brick debris

5

3,015

8.3

8.3

06

Tile and ceramic

1

10

0.0

0.0

11

Plastic/vinyl sheet

1

430

1.2

12

Iron-bar, steel materials

5

250

0.7

0.4

0.3

13

Small metal waste

5

571

1.6

0.1

1.5

17

Plaster boards

1

20

0.1

0.1

20

Wood debris

3

1,335

3.7

2.8

21

Timber form

1

200

0.6

0.6

22

Scaffolding material

1

1,230

3.4

3.4

23

Interior timber

3

1,150

3.2

2.9

0.3

24

Packing (cardboard)

4

960

2.6

0.3

2.3

29

Machine oil

1

74

0.2

0.2

33

Ash

2

165

0.5

0.5

2

674,000

1,846.6

1,846.6

48

832,725

2,281.4

2,271.2

44

Mixed construction waste
Total

*1

Class
C

Class
D

0.0

0.0

1.2

0.8

10.3

Note *1: Large-scale construction projects were confirmed at two factories which took place over the course of 6months and 1 year produced a large amount of construction waste.

b.

Number of Factories in PIM

123 factories of 334 surveyed have a construction works within their compound. It isestimated 162 (= 123x 440/334) factories have a construction works in PIM in total.
c.

Generation Rate and Amount of Factories in PIM

As 162 factories have a construction works in PIM in total, the generation amount ofconstruction waste from factories in PIM and generation rate per employee is calculated asfollows:
Generation Amount of Factories in PIM= Generation Rate per a factory with construction works x 162
Generation Rate per an Employee= Generation Amount of Factories in PIM / Number of Employee in PIM(116,192)
Table 3-46: Generation Rate and Amount of Factories in PIM
Generation
Amount ofGeneration
Waste
No

Description of
Waste

Rate per afactory

Portion (%)(kg/factory/day)
1

Excavated soil

9.04

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Factories in PIM

Generation Rate
per an Employee(C=Bx440/334)(kg/employee/day)(ton/day)
4.0

1.46

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2

Concrete debris

14.75

3

Asphalt debris

17.12

7.5

2.77

0.024

4

Brick debris

0.83

0.4

0.13

0.001

6

Tile and ceramic

0.003

0.0

0.00

0.000

11

Plastic/vinyl sheet

0.12

0.1

0.02

0.000

12

Iron-bar,materials

0.07

0.0

0.01

0.000

13

Small metal waste

0.16

0.1

0.03

0.000

17

Plaster boards

0.01

0.0

0.00

0.000

20

Wood debris

0.37

0.2

0.06

0.001

21

Timber form

0.06

0.0

0.01

0.000

22

Scaffolding material

0.34

0.1

0.06

0.001

23

Interior timber

0.32

0.1

0.05

0.000

24

Packing (cardboard)

0.26

0.1

0.04

0.000

29

Machine oil

0.02

0.0

0.00

0.000

33

Ash

0.05

0.0

0.01

0.000

184.66

80.9

29.92

0.258

44

Mixed

steel

construction

waste
Total

228.18

2.39

6.5

100.0

36.96

0.020

0.318

From the above, it was estimated that the daily generation amount of construction waste in
the target area (PIM/MFZ) is 37.0 ton/day. The categorization according to CONAMA
Resolution 307 for construction waste which is generated is as follows. Note that there wasno hazardous construction waste confirmed in this study.

d.

Class A (reusable or recyclable as aggregate):

36.8 ton/dayClass B (recyclable as material other than aggregate):

0.2 ton/dayClass C (not economically feasible for recycling):

0.0 ton/dayClass D (hazardous):

0.0 ton/day

Present Construction Waste Management Stream

The present construction waste management stream in PIM, according to the survey of
construction works, is shown in the following figure.

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Generation

Recycling

DisposalManaus city
Disposal site
35.81 ton/day(96.9 %)

Total amount ofConstruction waste

PrivateDisposal site

36.96 ton/day(100.0 %)0.84 ton/day(2.3 %)
Other
0.27 ton/day(0.7 %)
Recycling
0.04 ton/day(0.1 %)

Figure 3-12: Construction Waste Management Stream in PIM

e.

On-Site Construction Waste Management

e.1

Environmental License for Construction Projects

Of the total number of factories, about 60% had obtained environmental licensing toundertake a construction project.
e.2

Integrated Management Plan for Construction Waste

Of the total number of factories, about 60% had formulated a construction waste management
plan as outlined in CONAMA Resolution 307.
e.3

Recycling

Of the 10 factories surveyed, only one factory replied that it resold the following five items.
Iron-bar, steel materials

Small metal waste

Wood debrisInterior timberPacking (cardboard)This amounted to a total amount of 900kg, which, when calculated for the generation rate(GR) amounts to 0.247kg/day (GR = 900/365/10). Accordingly, the total recycling amount(TRA) for the entire PIM/MFZ was estimated to be 40 kg/day (TRA = 0.247 x 440 x 123 /334), which is less than 0.1% of the generation amount.

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e.4

Discharge

The responses concerning off-site discharge of construction waste that was generated
revealed that 44 of the 48 items surveyed, or 91.7%, was collected by private collection
companies that had been contracted for their services. Two items, or 4.2%, were offloaded to
the Manaus City collection service.
f.

Off-Site Construction Waste Management

f.1

Manifest (Monitoring the Disposal of Construction Waste)

In Brazil, there is no mandate for the use of a manifest for construction waste. It is left to the
judgment of each state whether or not use of a manifest is required. In contrast with industrial(manufacturing) waste, Amazonas State does not require the use of a manifest in thisinstance. As such, respondents indicated that a manifest was used for only 11 of the 48 items
which are discharged, or 22.9%.
Table 3-47: Use of Manifest for Discharged Wastes
Waste
No

01
02
03
04
06
11
12
13
17
20
21
22
23
24
29
33
44

f.2

Description of Waste
Excavated soil
Concrete debris
Asphalt debris
Brick debris
Tile and ceramic
Plastic/vinyl sheet
Iron-bar, steel materials
Small metal waste
Plaster boards
Wood debris
Timber form
Scaffolding materialInterior timber
Packing (cardboard)
Machine oil
Ash
Mixed
construction
waste
Total

Total
Number ofAnswer
5
7
1
5
1
1
5
5
1
3
1
1
3
4
1
2

Answera. Yes

b. No

1
2

4
4
1
2

2

2

1
1
1

1
2
4

1
1

2

1

1
2
2
1
2

1

1
1
1
1

2
48

c. I don’t
know.

2
11

30

7

Construction Waste Disposal

According to respondents, 26 of the 48 wastes discharged, 54.2%, are disposed of at the
Manaus City landfill, as shown in the table below. This accounts for 54.2% of the items, yetin actuality, in terms of the amount disposed, 96.9 % of construction waste is disposed in the
Manaus City landfill.

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Table 3-48: Disposal of Construction Wastes
Waste
No

Waste materials
generated in your site

01
02
03
04
06
11
12
13
17
20
21
22
23
24
29
33

Excavated soil
Concrete debris
Asphalt debris
Brick debris
Tile and ceramic
Plastic/vinyl sheet
Iron-bar, steel materials
Small metal waste
Plaster boards
Wood debris
Timber form
Scaffolding materialInterior timber
Packing (cardboard)
Machine oil
Ash
Mixed
construction
44
waste
Total
Disposal amount by (kg/day)the Survey(%)
PIM disposal amount (ton/day)

g.

Total
NumberofAnswer
5
7
1
5
1
1
5
5
1
3
1
1
3
4
1
2

AnswerManausCity
Landfill
35
1
3PrivateLandfill

1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

1
1

Other

Do not
know

1
1

1

1
1

1
1

1
2

1
1

1

1

1

1

1
1

1

1
2

2

2

48
2,281.4
100.0
36.97

26
2,211.1
96.9
35.82

8
51.0
2.3
0.85

7
18.9
0.8
0.30

7
0.5
0.0
0.0

Issues on Construction Waste Management

The following issues were identified from the construction waste survey.
g.1

Construction Waste Management System Provisions

Over 1/3 of PIM factories (36.8%) carried out construction projects over the course of one
year, from June 2008 to May 2009. The generation amount of the 10 factories surveyed
estimated for all of the PIM factories is calculated as 37 tons per day, or an annual amount of
13,500 tons of construction waste generated. Although in this study there is no report ofhazardous waste discharge, the hazardous waste asbestos is used in various construction
materials. Therefore, based on the results of this survey, it is necessary to provide amanagement system to grasp a more accurate picture of construction waste, and particularly
hazardous waste.
g.2

On-Site Management

Waste management at construction sites for on-site construction waste is judged to beestablished to a certain level according to the following facts.
Construction waste is divided into 44 categories, according to respondents.



Approximately 60% of factories have formulated a construction waste management
plan as outlined in CONAMA Resolution 307.

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Nevertheless, two factories that discharged a large amount of waste confirmed that it was
mixed. Thus, from a quantitative standpoint, the mixed discharge rate is 80%.
g.3

Recycling

Contrary to the designs of CONAMA Resolution 307, the present recycling rate ofconstruction waste is extremely low at 0.1%. Also, over 80% of the quantity is discharged as
non-separated waste and disposed of at the Manaus City landfill. The cause for this is that
motivation needed to encourage dischargers to separate and recycle to reduce their disposal
expenses is lost, (i.e. the Manaus City landfill does not collect a disposal fee).
g.4

Hazardous Construction Waste

Class D hazardous waste, as defined in CONAMA Resolution 307, was not reported in thisstudy. However, renovations account for 60% and asbestos, a hazardous waste material, isused in ceiling and roofing materials as well as water storage tanks and so forth. In addition,
construction generally generates waste oil and organic solvents, so it is necessary to confirm
whether there are truly no hazardous wastes generated. Furthermore, if they are generated, it
will be necessary to confirm the treatment and disposal methods used in a future study.
g.5

Understanding Current Conditions of Off-Site Disposal

After discharge, the final disposal of most construction waste (96.9%) is done at the Manaus
City landfill. If this waste does not contain hazardous substances, such final disposal is not a
problem, however the actual situation remains unclear. It is necessary to work with the Cityof Manaus to confirm that appropriate disposal methods are being followed.

3.6

Study of Radioactive Waste Management

3.6.1

Outline of the Studya.

Study Objective

The study aims to clarify the current management practices of radioactive waste managementby visiting PIM factories where radioactive materials are used and there is a possibility thatwastes will be generated, and conducting interviews to assess the types of radioactive
materials used, the management conditions, and whether or not radioactive waste is
generated.
b.

Study Method

The management of radioactive waste was confirmed with stakeholders that attended the firstweekly meeting in the study. There it was revealed that a single entity, the National
Commission of Nuclear Energy, Ministry of Science and Technology (CNEN), manages
radioactive waste, with the exception of small-scale businesses in the medical sector. Still, it
became apparent that the management practices of radioactive materials used by businesses
in the target area (MFZ) are unclear.
Thus, members of the study team visited the CNEN headquarters in Rio de Janeiro to conduct
an interview. There it was discovered that there are 14 institutions using radioactive materials
in Manaus, as shown in the table below.

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Table 3-49: Institutions in PIM that use radioactive material
No

Reg
No.
14522

Purpose of Use

1

Large-sized irradiators

2

Nuclear medicine (with non-sealed
sources)

3

11649
14234

Nuclear measurers - Process control

4
5
6

13686
14606
14386

7

14569

8

14579

9

Research

12546

10

Prospection of Oil

10571

11

Radiotherapy

11457

12
13
14
Note

14886
13760
14932

Analytical techniques

Institution
Amazonas State Hematology andHemotherapy Foundation
Amazonas State Nuclear Medicine
and Ultrasonography Center
Rio Solimões Institutional Support
Foundation - UNISOL
Amapoly Industria e Comercio Ltda
Brasil Norte Bebidas Ltda
Cervejarias Kaiser Brasil S/A Manaus/Am
Cia de Bebidas das Americas - Ambev- Filial Manaus
Microservice Tecnologia Digital daAmazônia Ltda
Amazon National Research Institute –INPA
Schlumberger Servicos de Petroleo
Ltda - Urucu
FCECON - Oncology Control Center
Foundation
IMAM - Instituto de Mama do
Amazonas Ltda
COIMPA Industrial Ltda
Instituto Nokia de Tecnologia*1: Listed in the “Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA - Dez/2008”

Eight of the 14 facilities listed above were selected and visited for direct interviews. The
study team provided a draft questionnaire form, which was used as the basis for discussion
with the C/P, and then revised. The questionnaire contained the following items:

Existence of usage permit and management standards

Intended purpose for radioactive materials

Types and management of radioactive materials



Whether or not radioactive waste is generated

Types of radioactive waste and generation amount

Treatment and disposal methods of radioactive wastes



Other

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3.6.2

Legislation and Administration related to Radioactive Wastea.

Management of Radioactive Materials

Radioactive materials are managed by a single institution: the National Commission of
Nuclear Energy, Ministry of Science and Technology (CNEN). CNEN has established thefollowing regulations concerning the management of radioactive materials.
1.

Licensing of Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.02 – September 1984

2.

Management of Radioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05 –December 1985

Licensing regulations divide radioactive facilities into 3 classes and 10 groups, withstipulations for each group to acquire the necessary license.
b.

Management of Radioactive Waste

Regulation for the management at radioactive facilities of radioactive waste purports that thewaste is categorized as shown below and managed accordingly for each category.
Table 3-50: Categorization of Radioactive Waste
Class
1. Waste containing beta or
gamma emitters

Type
1.1 Liquid Waste

1.2 Solid Waste

1.3 Gaseous Waste

2. Waste containing alphaemitters

2.1 Liquid Waste

2.2 Solid Waste

Source:

3.6.3

Level
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste
・Low Level Radioactive Waste
・Mid Level Radioactive Waste
・High Level Radioactive Waste

Management of Radioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05 – December 1985

Selection of Target Facilities and Execution of the Survey
Of the following 14 institutions using radioactive materials in Manaus, eight were selected
and then visited to conduct direct interviews. The study team directly hired an aid to assist in
the survey. The interviews and compiling the results was completed as planned by late July,and the study team prepared the report in August 2009.
Table 3-51: Institutions using Radioactive Materials in Manaus
Number of
Factories/Institutions

Type
Large-sized Irradiators

1

Nuclear Medicine (with non-sealed sources)

2

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Nuclear Measurers - Process Control

5

Research

1

Oil Prospection

1

Radiotherapy

2Analytical Techniques

2

Total

3.6.4

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14

Results of the Survey and Findingsa.

Administration on Radioactive Waste Management

The National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN), under direct control of the Ministry of
Science and Technology, is solely responsible for the management of radioactive substances
through activities such as issuing guidelines for handling radioactive material andradioactive-contaminated material, granting licenses, monitoring, and construction offacilities to handle radioactive materials. CNEN issues regulation of radioactive materials(Management of Radioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05—December1985).
Based on CNEN-NE-6.05, standards for the handling of health-care radioactive waste areestablished by the National Environment Council (CONAMA) and the National Health
Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), respectively, as shown below:Treatment and Final Disposal of Health-care Waste: CONAMA Resolution 358/2005

Appropriate Management Criteria for Health-care Waste: RDC 306/2004-ANVISAb.

Generation Amount of Radioactive

b.1

Selection of Target Factories/Organizations

According to CNEN, they have issued licenses for the use of radioactive materials to 14
factories and organizations in the target study area. During the survey, 8 factories andmedical institutions of these 14 were selected for direct interviews.


Factories located in the Industrial District (DI) which use these materials for
manufacturing process control, etc.:
Five (5)

Factories located in DI which use these materials for analytical techniques, etc. of
those manufactured goods:
Two (2)

Organizations located outside of DI which use these materials for nuclear medicine
diagnosis:
One (1)

b.2

Generation Amount of Radioactive Waste

According to survey responses from the 8 factories and organizations on their use ofradioactive materials, neither claimed to generate radioactive waste. It is therefore assumed,
given that the facilities and equipment are relatively new, that radioactive waste is not
generated.
c.

Radioactive Materials Management in PIM

As mentioned above, according to the response of the 8 factories and organizations surveyed,
there are no radioactive wastes presently generated in the target study area. Based on the
response from 7 factories, the current conditions of radioactive materials management at PIM
factories is give below.

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LicensingAll seven of the factories have obtained licensing for the use of radioactive materials.
c.2

Intended Use of Radioactive Materials

The intended use of radioactive materials is given in the table below, including processcontrol, quality control and the like.
Intended Use
Filling level inspection/measurement
Measurement of the PVC sailcloth in the process
Products dimension control
Verification of the solder
Total

c.3

No. of Respondents
4
1
1
1
7

Ratio (%)
57.1
14.3
14.3
14.3
100.0

Shield against Radiation Sources

Radiation sources are all shielded, with the exception of one location. At one location
radioactive light is used as an irradiation lamp.
c.4

Containment of Radiation Sources

Containment of radiation sources is as follows.
Conditions of Radiation Source Containment
It is stored inside of the controlled area withspecial container
It is stored inside of the controlled area andinstalled inside of the X-ray equipment
It is installed in a level measurement device
It is installed in a device within a controlled area
Total

c.5

No. of Respondents

Ratio (%)

2

28.6

3

42.8

1
1
7

14.3
14.3
100.0

Location of radioactive light emitting equipment

All seven factories use radioactive light emitting equipment in controlled localities.

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Current Industrial Waste
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4

Current Industrial Waste Management andIssues4.1

Administration of Industrial Waste Management

4.1.1

Industrial Waste-related Policiesa.

National and Regional Plans

a.1

National Sustainable Development Strategy

Brazil is organized into a federative system of 26 states and 5,507 municipalities, plus theFederal District, where is located the three Powers of the Republic. Social, cultural andeconomic diversity is great and is reflected in the production and consumption of goods, withthe resulting of industrial waste.
The Brazilian Agenda 21 was signed in July 2002 by the president Fernando Henrique
Cardoso, in preparation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development. This
comprehensive strategy is not classified as an official government document. Rather, it was
created through years of extensive consultation across all sectors of society, and isconsequently classified as a “social pact”. The extent to which the government is bound by
this pact is unclear.
The Brazilian Agenda 21 provides an overview of the development process of this strategy,
acknowledging the challenges, lessons learned and actors involved. The Agenda expands
upon the concept of sustainable development, and how Brazil’s situation fits into theinternational context. The bulk of the Agenda outlines several objectives, including actions
and recommendations. The objectives are organized under the following five priority areas:The economy of savings in the society of knowledgeSocial inclusion for a solidarity societyStrategy for the urban and rural sustainability

Strategic natural resources: water, biodiversity and forests



Governability and ethics for the promotion of sustainability

The final components of the Agenda include a discussion on implementation mechanisms andinstruments, accompanied by an overview of accomplishments already undertaken in thiscountry.
Under the Brazilian Constitution, the government’s Multi-Year Plan (Plano Plurianual - PPA)
must be prepared every four years and approved by the National Congress. The PPA includes
the programs that are to receive funding. In 1999, when the 2000-2003 PPA was prepared, it
incorporated information on consultations undertaken and documents written to date whichpertained to the basic themes of the Brazilian Agenda 21. It was hoped that by incorporatingthese themes at the national planning level they would, in turn, eventually be incorporated
into public policies.
The 2004-2007 PPA, created under President Lula resulted in a major budget cut for theenvironmental sector. However, “the great innovation of the new PPA is the insertion of theenvironmental dimension on the National Development Strategy. The government wants to

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integrate environmental questions with Brazil’s development policy. The other four
dimensions of the Plan are: social, economic, regional and democratic”.
Although the Brazilian Agenda 21 is not named clearly as a national sustainable development
strategy, the Agenda notes that “the common objective to be achieved is not restricted to thepreservation of the environment alone, but to a progressive and expanded sustainable
development, which brings into discussion the search for balance between economic growth,social equity and environmental preservation”. Further the three target dimensions ofsustainability are embedded in the objectives addressed in the Agenda, ranging from natural
resource management and conservation issues, to social inclusion and income distribution,
through to economic mechanisms, governance and international relations.
a.2

Priorities of 2008/2011 PPA (Federal Government)

The 2008-2011 Multi-Year Plan (Plurianual Plan - PPA) contains all the goals and guidelinesof the federal government, in addition to the forecast of public expenses for that period. This
PPA was sent on August 31 of 2007 by the government of President Lula da Silva, in order tobe submitted to the consideration of the National Congress.
The PPA is always elaborated in the first year of the mandate of the elected president. Thus,
those years are characterized by an intense mobilization in the social field, sinceorganizations articulate and are mobilized with the intention of intervening in the budget,
particularly to extend the resources destined to social policies.
The PPA defines, by regions, the directives, objectives and goals of the federal public
administration for capital expenses, derived expenses of these objectives and goals and theexpenses of programs of continued duration.
The 2008/2011 PPA is based on three axes: "economic growth", "quality education" and the"social agenda". The contents of these axis correspond, respectively: (i) to the Growth
Acceleration Program (PAC), that orients the infrastructure policy of the second mandate of
the federal government, with special emphasis in works related to the power andtransportation sectors; (ii) to the Plan for the Development of Education (PDE), that has theobjective to improve the quality of Brazilian education; and (iii) to the Social Agenda, whose
main policy is the continuity of focused programs of "transference of income", such as the
program "Family Stipend" (Bolsa Família), and the investments in the area of public security.
a.3

Strategic Plan of Amazonas State Government

The government’s strategic plan defines the top-objectives of the State and establish
government frameworks, the territorial dimension, challenges and orientation that guide theplanning of actions to be developed, and the evaluation of its implementation1.
It is intended, therefore, from the challenges, guiding every State Secretariat in the definitionof the whole program.
The frameworks of the government express a vision of the future and say how thegovernment wants to be known at the end of the Plan period. The frameworks proposed for
the PPA are:


1

The government will prioritize the socioeconomic development, on a sustainablebasis, the use of regional potentials, building the human resources development of
citizens.

Source: Project of Law (Volume II), Pluriannual Plan 2008-2011, Government of Amazonas State

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The government will ensure the economic sustainability of the State, the Interior andthe Capital.

The government will modernize the public services management for service quality of social
demands.
The top-objectives are represented by actions to be developed in following segments:


Sustainable socioeconomic development;Enhancement of human development, with emphasis on education;Improvement of public service and operational management of the government
Administration.

As regards the territorial dimension, this expresses the need to observe local demands andhave policies that guide the actions of the government taking into of differences, needs andopportunities between the various regions of State. The territorial dimension is thus marked
by internalization of Development and Ensuring the Sustainability of the Capital (Manaus).
Regarding environmental issues, the Environmental Program of the Amazon 3111 of the PPA
2008-2011, mentions the objective: to reduce environmental impact of potentially polluting
activities and/or harmful to the environment in the State of Amazonas, to promote anddisseminate education.
The target audience is individuals and companies that develop activities with a potential
impact or environmental degradation in the Amazon and the public and private institutions
working in the field of environmental education.
However, as the federal PPA, the state PPA focuses on economic development, education andpublic services, and the insertion of environmental issues is very general, and considerations
on industrial waste is almost null.
b.

Policies on Environmental Protection and Waste Management

b.1

Agenda 21

Agenda 21 was one the main results of the Eco-92 or Rio-92. The principles of Agenda 21
are consolidated into specific agendas, such as green (forest, biodiversity and genetic
resources), the blue (water resources) and brown (urban ecosystem).
Brasil, as a signatory of agreements signed at Rio-92, undertook to develop its own Agenda
21.
In 2007, the Brazilian Agenda 21 was transformed into Agenda 21 program that aims to
implement the Brazilian Agenda 21, to develop and implement Local Agenda 21 and toprovide continuing education in Agenda 21.
The Brown Agenda, drawn up in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2003, among the subjects is
also the management of waste.
The address issues of environmental quality also present in the Brown Agenda in 2006, theBrazilian government issued Decree 5718/March 2006 (later repealed by Decree 6099/2007),
in which IBAMA reform its structure and establishing a Department of Environmental
Quality (DIQUA) to implement policies for preventing environmental emergency situation orminimizing their impacts.

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b.2

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A Draft Bill was built on a proposal approved by CONAMA in July 1999 and discussed in
the National Seminar for National Policy on Solid Waste, sponsored by the Council in 2004.
The suggestions made in the event were systematized and consolidated by the Working
Group of the Department of Urban and Regional Environmental Management of theSecretariat of Environmental Quality of MMA1.
The proposal of the National Policy on Solid Waste, and preventive measures regarding
waste generation, seeking to encourage reuse, recycling and use of alternative materials to theenvironment. The proposal is based on the participation of society in planning, formulationand implementation of public policies on regulation, monitoring, evaluation and provision ofservices. The text will also serve to protect public health and environmental quality, andpreserve and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.
b.3

National Solid Waste Policy

b.3.1. Outline of NSWPOn March 2010, the federal government presented the Substitute of Draft Bill No. 203(Substitutivo Projeto de Lei No. 203) and its Annexes, which establishes the national solid
waste policy and other measures.
After 19 years of discussion, the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) was approved by theHouse of Commons (Camara de Deputados) Representatives on 10 March 2010 and covers
all the principles, objectives, tools, guidelines, goals and actions adopted by the federal
government, either alone or in cooperation with States, Federal District, Municipalities andprivate, with a view to integrated and environmentally sound management of solid waste.
It sets 15 goals; among them: the protection of public health and environmental quality,
implementation of the 3Rs; adoption of sustainability standards and encouraging therecycling industry, adoption, development and improvement of clean technologies, andintegrated waste management.
b.3.2. SWM Plans
Article 14 of NSWP presents the following solid waste plans:
1) The National Plan for Solid Waste,2) Solid waste plan of the State,
3) Plans for integrated municipal solid waste,4) Micro-regional plans for solid waste and solid waste plans for metropolitan areas or
urban areas,5) Inter-municipal integrated management of solid waste plans.
Next, main issues (1), (2) and (3) of the National Solid Waste Plan are described.
(1) The National Plan of Solid Waste:
The Article 14, Section 2 of NSWP describes items of the National Plan for Solid Waste,under the coordination of the MMA. The most important items are the following:1

Diagnosis of the current situation of solid waste;

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Goals for reducing, reusing and recycling, among others, in order to reduce theamount of waste and waste sent for environmentally appropriate disposal;Goals for the energy use of gas generated in units of final disposal of solid waste;

Targets for recovery and disposal of garbage, the inclusion of social and economic
emancipation of recyclable materials are reusable and recyclable;Measures to encourage and facilitate the regionalized management of solid waste;Guidelines for planning and other activities of solid waste management regional
integrated development imposed by a complementary as well as areas of special
interest tourism;Standards and guidelines for the disposal of waste and, where applicable, of waste;Means to be used for the control and monitoring at the national level, theimplementation and operation, ensured social control.

(2) Solid Waste Plan of the State
According to Article 14, Section 3 of NSWP, some items are defined as minimum content,
the most important of which are the following:Diagnosis, including identification of key waste streams in the state and theirsocioeconomic and environmental impacts;



Goals for reduction, reuse, recycling, among others, in order to reduce amount ofwaste and waste sent for disposal environmentally appropriate;Goals for the energy use of gas generated in units of final disposal of solid waste;

Targets for recovery and disposal of garbage, the inclusion of social and economic
emancipation of recyclable materials are reusable and recyclable;Measures to encourage and enable the consortium or shared management of solid
waste;



Guidelines for planning and other activities of solid waste management inmetropolitan areas, urban and micro;Standards and guidelines for the disposal of waste and, where applicable, waste,compliance with the provisions laid down nationally.

(3) Plan for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste
The plan for integrated municipal solid waste has items defined as minimum content
according to Article 14, Section 4 of NSWP. The most important items are the following:Diagnosis of the situation of solid waste generated in their territory containing theorigin, volume, waste characterization and disposal and ways of disposal adopted;



Identify favorable areas for environmentally sound disposal of waste,

Identification of solid waste generators subject to specific management plan or systemof reverse logistics.



Definition of responsibilities for implementation and operation, including the steps ofthe plan for solid waste management.

Programs and environmental education activities that promote non-generation,
reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste;

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Preventive and corrective actions to be taken, including monitoring program;

Identification of environmental liabilities related to solid waste, including
contaminated areas and their remedial measures;b.3.3. Other Important Issues(1)

Responsibilities

Establishing the shared responsibility for the lifecycle of the product, manufacturers,
importers, distributors and marketers will have to invest to market recyclable items thatgenerate the least amount of solid waste. Sets the packaging shall be manufactured frommaterials that are conducive to reuse or recycling. Measures should be implemented toreceive packages and products after use by the consumer (Reverse Logistics) for: pesticides,
waste and packaging, batteries, tires, lubricating oils, waste and packaging, fluorescentlamps, and electronic products and components.
In the municipalities that establish waste collection customers are required to be packaged
properly and separately with the waste generated and to provide adequate solid waste toreusable and recyclable collection and return to the Government should establish a separate
collection, composting system set up (waste processing solid organic fertilizer) and to finaldestination environmentally sound waste from street cleaning (street sweeping).
The urban sanitation companies should give priority to the work of collection cooperatives
formed by low-income people, according to standards of a future regulation.
Municipalities that deploy the collection with the participation of associations andcooperatives of pickers will have priority access to resources in the credit lines under the
National Plan for Solid Waste.
(2)

Hazardous Waste

Sets the facility or enterprise that manages or operates with hazardous waste may be
authorized or licensed to prove their charge capacity and conditions to provide the careneeded to manage such waste. However, does not define what characterizes the person as
capable and able to provide care. Further stipulates that legal entities that operate withhazardous waste are required to register the National Registry of Operators of Hazardous
Waste. The environmental licensing of projects or activities that operate with hazardous
wastes, the licensing body of SISNAMA may require placement of insurance against liability
for damage caused to the environment or public health.
(3)

Prohibitions

The following are prohibited forms of appropriation or disposal of solid waste:Released on beaches, at sea or any water bodies;Outdoor littering, except for mineral waste;Burning practices or open container, plant or equipment not licensed for this purpose;

Other forms vetoed by the Government.

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The provision of waste disposal, including the installation of sanitary landfills and industrial
areas, in conservation areas and in areas of environmental conservation or permanent
protection of water sources are prohibited in final disposal sites, scavenging activities, animalhusbandry, settlements of temporary and permanent residents and others vetoed by theGovernment.
It prohibited the importation of waste and solid waste characteristics damaging to theenvironment and public health, animal and plant, even for treatment, renovation, reuse or
recovery.
The rule on the final disposal of waste should be implemented within four years after the
publication of the law, but state and local plans may set different deadlines, in order to tailor
them to local conditions and needs.
c.

IWM - related National and Regional Plans

With regard to IWM, CONAMA Resolution No.313/02 establishes the following:
Article 7. In three years from 2002, it shall prepare the State Programs for Industrial
Management, and in four years, the National Plan for Industrial Waste Management.
Article 8. Industries, after sixty days from the date of publication of this resolution(21/11/02), must register monthly and keep in the industrial unit the generation and disposal
data of waste generated in order to obtain data for the national inventory of industrial waste.
Article 9. Noncompliance with the provisions of this resolution shall be subject to penalties
and sanctions for offenders under Law No. 9605 of 12 February 1998 and Decree No. 3179
of 21 September 1999.
CONAMA Resolution Nº 313, of October 29, 2002, discusses the National Inventory of Solid
Industrial Wastes.
Considering the absence of precise information concerning the quantity, types anddestinations of the solid wastes generated in the industrial park of the country;
Art. 1. The waste existent or generated by industrial activities will be the object of specificcontrol, as an integrated part of the environmental licensing process.
Art. 3. The electric energy concessionaires and businesses that possess materials andequipment containing PCBs will have to present to the state agency of the environment theinventory of these stocks, in the form and place to be defined by the Brazilian Institute of theEnvironment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA).
Art. 4. The industries of the types anticipated in the National Classification of Economic
Activities of “IBGE”, will have to, within the maximum period of one year after the
publication of this Resolution, or in accordance with the period established by the state
environmental agency, present to it, information concerning generation, characteristics,
storage, transport and destination of its solid wastes.

4.1.2

Factory Classification and IW Classificationa.

Factory Classification and Factory List

a.1

SUFRAMA’s Classification of Factories

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SUFRAMA classifies factories as shown below into 19 main categories, which, together with
sub-categories, total 28 types by sector. In this study, SUFRAMA’s 19 main categories wereused to summarize the current conditions and issues dealing with industrial waste
management in PIM/MFZ.
Table 4-1: SUFRAMA’s Factory Classification
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04

F05
F06

F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17

F18
F19

Main Category
Beverages
Leather
Printing
Electrical
4-1
4-2
4-3
LumberMachinery
6-1
6-2
Metal
Nonferrous
Furniture
Paper
RubberFood
ChemicalPlastic
TextilesClothing
Transportation
17-1
17-2
17-3
Construction
Other
19-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
19-5

SectorSub-category

Parts
Products (except copy machines)
Copy machines

Clock/watch
Other machinery industry

Two-wheelers
Ships
Other transportation

OpticsToys
Small instruments
Writing utensils, razor blades
Other

Source: CGPRI & CGMER/COCAD SUFRAMA, up to 8/2008 “Industries (companies) established andproducing in western Amazon with full projects approved by SUFRAMA “

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a.2

SUFRAMA’s Factory List

SUFRAMA has created a list of PIM factories (hereafter, SUFRAMA factory list)1. The PIM
factories on this list are divided into 4 categories.
１ Part 1: Complete Projects (Large Factories) Approved and Installed in PIM
２ Part 2: Simplified Projects (Small Factories) Approved and Installed in PIM
３ Part 3: Complete Projects (Large Factories) Approved and Under Installation in PIM
４ Part 4: Simplified Projects (Small Factories) Approved and Under Installation in PIM
There are a total of 475 factories on the SUFRAMA factory list under Part 1 and Part 2 forlarge and small factories currently in operation in PIM.
Table 4-2: Factories in Operation on the SUFRAMA Factory List
Inside the DI
Factory
CodePart 1

F01

4Part 2

Outside the DI

Subtotal
4

Part 1

Part 2

12

Outside the MFZSub-Part 1

Part 2

12

2

1

1

Total

SubTotal
3

Total
numberof factory
(A)
19

F02
F03

6

6

3

7

10

F04

73

1

74

52

5

57

F05

2

1

3

1

F06

19

F07

23

F08

2
1

19

9

25

20

2

8

10

1

1

1

2

3

5

1

3

1

4

2

2

F10

7

7

6

F11

2

2

1

14

7
13

1
9

49
6

6

5

14
28

23

1

17
131

9
3

F09

F12

3
1

1

15

F13

13

2

15

15

4

19

34

F14

32

2

34

35

7

42

76

1

1

F15

1

F16
F17

2

2

15

16

2
2

18

33

1

1

3

3

6

7

7

5

8

13

10

214

191

52

243

15

F18

a.3

1

1

F19

7

Total

204

20
6

12

18

475

List of PIM/MFZ Factories in Operation

A list of PIM/MFZ factories in operation was compiled, based on the previously mentioned
SUFRAMA factory list, according to the following:Excluding PIM outside the study target area, MFZ.



Excluding factories that have been closed, of the 334 factories contacted by telephone

1

Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA, December 2008 (Perfil Das
Empresas Com Projetos Aprovados Pela SUFRAMA Dez/2008)

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during the Medical Institution and construction waste survey.
The current conditions and issues of PIM/MFZ industrial waste management weresummarized based on the above results of 440 factories, as shown in the following table.
Table 4-3: List of PIM/MFZ Factories in Operation
Inside the DIs
Factory
Code

No of Part
1
Factories

No ofPart 2
Factories

Subtotal

No of Part
1
Factories

3

3

12

F03

6

6

3

F04

64

65

51

F05

2

F06

19

F07

23

F01

Total No.
of
Factories

Outside the DIs
No ofPart 2
Factories

Subtotal

(A)

12

15

7

10

16

5

56

121

F02

F08

1

2
19

9

9

28

2

25

19

3

22

47

1

1

2

3

5

6

1

F09

1

1

3

4

5

F10

7

7

6

6

13

F11

2

2

1

1

3

F12

4

9

13

13

F13

13

2

15

15

4

19

34

F14

31

2

33

35

7

42

75

F15

1

1

1

F16

2

2

2

F17

15

F18

a.4

2

1

F19

7

Total

193

9

15

16

2

18

33

1

2

3

5

6

7

5

8

13

20

202

186

52

238

440

Factory Registry Database

SUFRAMA releases a monthly report of industrial statistics termed “Performance Indicatorsof Manaus Industrial Pole”. Factories use an “online performance index system” introduced
in 2004 to report these statistical results to SUFRAMA (COISE/CGPRO/SAP) based on
actual performance. The results reported by these companies are entrusted to FUCAPI by
SUFRAMA and managed in a database.
Meanwhile, SUFRAMA’s CGPRI department issues a “Profile of Companies with Projects
Approved by SUFRAMA” (hereafter, the SUFRAMA factory list) on a quarterly basis, which
encapsulates the registered factories receiving tax benefits. This factory profile is made in MS
Word format, not in database format, but the basic data is taken from the database made by
COISE/CGPRO/SAP.

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The study team used the SUFRAMA factory list1 of December 2008 as the basis for the
study, but contacted all of the Part 1 & 2 factories on the list (which are supposed to be
operating.) to conduct interviews for health-care waste and construction waste. However, it
seemed that the SUFRAMA factory list had not been updated because it was found that 17
factories that were no longer operating.
The profile in the factory list is divided into 4 parts, as shown below, which are alreadycategorized into 19 industrial sectors (28, including sub-classes).
Part 1: Complete Projects Approved and Installed in PIM
Part 2: Simplified Projects Approved and Installed in PIM
Part 3: Complete Projects Approved and Under Installation in PIM
Part 4: Simplified Projects Approved and Under Installation in PIM
The categories in the SUFRAMA factory list for registered factories has some variation, but
the more detailed list of 18 items from Part 1 are given here. These correspond to a portion of
the items contained in the database managed by FUCAPI.
Table 4-4: Items included on the SUFRAMA Factory List (from Part 1)
SUFRAMA Factory List Items
1

Registration of theCompany Records

2

National

10

Long Distance Call / Fax

SUFRAMA Registration Number

11

E-mail3

Situation of Factory

12

Director

4

Company

13

Production Start-up

5

City

14

Facilities area

6

Address

15

Land area

7

Zip code16

Number of Employee

8

Telephone17

Share capital

9

Telex

18

Description
AccordingtotheStandard Code (Name of Products)b.

Industrial Waste Categories

b.1

Classification of Waste in ABNT NBR 10004

Brazilian federal law does not specify the definitions for “waste” or “hazardous waste”, but
for the purpose of listing hazardous wastes in a manifest, uses waste categorization from theBrazilian Association for Technical Specifications ABNT NBR 10004 as a reference forthose categorized in CONAMA Resolution 6/88 for the categorization of wastes. Although
ABNT NBR 10004 and other ABNT specifications have no legal binding authority, ABNTNBR 10004 is used as a reference for a large number of federal and state laws giving it
substantial requisite standing. The latest version of NBR 10.004 was established 30
1Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA, December 2008 (Perfil Das
Empresas Com Projetos Aprovados Pela SUFRAMA Dez/2008)

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November 2004 to replace the 1987 version. This new standard is based on the American
hazardous waste standard CFR－Title 40－Environmental Conservation－Part 260-265－
Transfer of Hazardous Wastes.
ABNT NBR 10004 classifies wastes in the following categories.
Class I
Hazardous Waste
Waste
Class II A
－ Non-Inert Waste

Class II
Non-Hazardous
Waste

Class II B
－ Inert Waste

Figure 4-1: Classification of Waste in ABNT NBR 10004

Class I (Hazardous) wastes fall either under the accessory specifications A and B in ABNTNBR 10004 or that for standard hazardous characteristics (ignitable, corrosive, reactive,
toxic, pathogenic, etc.). ABNT NBR 10004 Annex A indicates wastes from non-specified
sources, whereas Annex B indicates those from specified sources. The material consistency
used the standard set out in the 1987 version of ABNT NBR 10004, making it necessary toanalyze all wastes, and since this became a great financial burden to dischargers of waste, achange was made in the 2004 version to indicate the generation source.
b.2

CONAMA Resolution 313

CONAMA (the National Council for Environment) issued CONAMA Resolution 313 on
October 29, 2002, obligating specific manufacturing industries (factories) to report (i.e. via an
industrial solid waste inventory) all waste generated from their activities. Furthermore, using
this inventory, CONAMA Resolution 313 sought to have each state environmental agency
submit data garnered from the inventory in a set format to IBAMA and formulate astate-level industrial waste management plan.
In the State of Amazonas, all factories are required to create and submit an inventory of thewastes they generated, in accordance with CONAMA Resolution 313.
b.3

Industrial Waste Classification used in this Study

CONAMA Resolution 313 specifies the creation of a waste inventory according to ABNTNBR 10004. ABNT NBR 10004 classifies waste into 3 major groups, as shown in Figure 4-1:
Classification of Waste in ABNT NBR 10004.
Class I:

Hazardous Waste

Class II-A:

Non-Hazardous Waste and Non-Inert Waste

Class II-B:

Non-Hazardous Waste and Inert Waste

Although the above classification was used as the basis for this study, the following 4 groups
were used for the survey of waste generation sources, composition and management methodof waste generated from factories.

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1.

General Industrial Waste

2.

Health-care Waste

3.

Construction Waste

4.

Radioactive Waste

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Although CONAMA Resolution 313 simplified the waste categorization of ABNT NBR
10004 to make it easier for factories to make the waste inventories, it is still difficult for themto identify to which category the waste generated is attributed. Thus, upon discussion with thecounterpart, this study used the categorization for the above 4 wastes as shown in the Tables
for Classification of Factory and Industrial Waste on the first page of text.

4.1.3

Administration of Industrial Waste Managementa.

IWM-related Laws and Regulations

a.1

Federal Levela.1.1. CONAMA Resolution
There is no basic waste disposal law in Brazil as there is in Japan. At present, the Brazilian
Ministry of Environment (MMA) has submitted a comprehensive law dealing with solid
waste management (National Solid Waste Policy Bill) PL203/91, which is now underdeliberation in the legislature.
However, CONAMA formulates various resolutions dealing with the regulation of industrial
waste management. Thus, industrial waste management is basically carried out according to
the various resolutions put forth by CONAMA. The following resolutions are those which areprimarily related to this study.


Resolution CONAMA no. 237/1997 that seeks for the need of revision of theprocedures and criteria used in environmental licensing, in order to execute the useof the licensing system as an instrument of environmental management, instituted by
the Environmental National Policies;

Resolution CONAMA no. 307/2002 that establishes guidelines, criteria andprocedures for the administration of construction wastes;

Resolution CONAMA no. 313, of October 29, 2002, on the national inventory ofindustrial solid wastes; andResolution CONAMA no. 358, of April 29, 2005, on treatment and final disposalof health-care waste and other measures.

a.1.2. Others
The National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), an independent agency under the
Ministry of Health, has established an appropriate management standard, called RDC
306/2004-ANVISA, for the medical institutions which are the source of these wastes.
The National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN), under direct control of the Ministry of
Science and Technology, issues regulation of radioactive materials (Management ofRadioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05—December 1985).

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a.2

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In the extent of state legislation, Law n. 2.712, from December 28, 2001, establishes theWater Sources State Policy and the Water Sources System and the State System of Resources
Management.
a.3

Municipal Level

The Municipality of Manaus presents legislation on solid wastes. In general, the legislationacts to forecast urban cleaning public services, postures and the precautions whereappropriate in order not to jeopardize the water resources and the environment.
The main legal instrument is the Organizational Law, promulgated on April 05, 1990 which,in Article 80, paragraph f, establishes that the Municipality is in charge of public cleansing,collection, treatment and disposal of waste. Clause VI of Article 229, establishes the items
which are mandatory to be taken into account: definition and maintenance of public cleansing
systems, including the collection, treatment and final disposal aspects of the waste.
The Municipal Master Plan of November 04, 2002 Law no. 671, regulated the Urban andEnvironmental Master Plan, establishing guidelines for the development of the city of
Manaus. The issue of solid waste is described in Article 7, Paragraphs f) and g); articles 52,
53 and 126.
b.

IWM-related Organizations

b.1

General Industrial Waste

Industrial waste management in the State of Amazonas is the jurisdiction of the Institute ofEnvironmental Protection of the State of Amazon (IPAAM); IPAAM does this based on anenvironmental licensing system.
Waste management in the city of Manaus is the jurisdiction of Municipal Secretariat of Urban
Cleaning and Public Services (SEMULSP). This organization owns and operates its own final
disposal site, which in addition to municipal solid waste (MSW), also accepts industrial(manufacturing) waste, health-care waste, and construction waste.
b.2

Health-care Waste

In Brazil, a National System of Sanitary Surveillance (SNVS) has been established.
According to this SNVS, administration on health-care waste at the federal, state andmunicipal levels is as follows.
b.2.1. Federal Level
Health-care waste management at the federal level is controlled by the National Health
Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), an independent agency under the Ministry of Health.
ANVISA has established an appropriate management standard, called RDC
306/2004-ANVISA, for the medical institutions which are the source of these wastes.
Appropriate management of health-care waste under the RDC 306/2004-ANVISA standard
means that each medical institution which produces waste is required to formulate ahealth-care waste management plan.
Also, the National Environment Council (CONAMA) has issued regulation for handling
health-care waste according to Resolution 358/2005.

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b.2.2. State Level
DEVISA/AM (Sanitation Surveillance Department of Amazonas State) is a state-level
department under SUSAM, the Health Secretariats of Amazonas State; the structure
corresponds to ANVISA under the federal Health Ministry. DEVISA/AM works with the
Amazonas State Environmental Protection Institute, IPAAM, to license medical institutions
and waste management companies to carry out appropriate management and monitoring ofhealth-care waste at the state level.
b.2.3. Municipal Level
At the municipal level, the Municipal Secretariat of Health (SEMSA) works in a similarcapacity as the Ministry of Health at the federal level. Furthermore, Sanitation Surveillance
Coordination, a unit in the Municipal Secretariat of the Environment (SEMMA), is the
responsible municipal unit for the management and monitoring of health-care waste.
b.3

Construction Waste

In Brazil, administration on construction waste management is as follows:

Those undertaking construction projects must obtain a construction permit from thecity where the construction is to take place.

Also, depending on the size and substance of a construction project, in the case of any
environmental impact, an environmental license must be obtained accordingly.

Municipalities must formulate a Construction Waste Management Municipal
Program, according to CONAMA Resolution 307, and issue guidelines forconstruction waste management and management standards.



Those undertaking construction projects must formulate a Construction Waste
Management Project, according to the Construction Waste Management Municipal
Program, and submit it to the municipality.

b.4

Radioactive Waste

The National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN), under direct control of the Ministry of
Science and Technology, is solely responsible for the management of radioactive substances
through activities such as issuing guidelines for handling radioactive material andradioactive-contaminated material, granting licenses, monitoring, and construction offacilities to handle radioactive materials. CNEN issues regulation of radioactive materials(Management of Radioactive Wastes in Radioactive Facilities CNEN-NE-6.05—December1985).
Based on CNEN-NE-6.05, standards for the handling of health-care radioactive waste areestablished by the National Environment Council (CONAMA) and the National Health
Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), respectively, as shown below:c.

Treatment and Final Disposal of Health-care Waste: CONAMA Resolution 358/2005

Appropriate Management Criteria for Health-care Waste: RDC 306/2004-ANVISA
Waste Manifest System

Regardless of the fact that Brazil has no systematic standard at the national level, most states
have introduced a Waste Manifest System (WMS).

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In 2009, the Brazilian Institute for Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA)
proposed the Terms of Reference for the Elaboration of Wastes Manifest wherein the waste
manifest system was regulated as follows, along with proposed provision requirements.
“WASTES MANIFEST SYSTEM – wastes control system which, using its own form,
the so called WASTES MANIFEST, allows one to know and control the destination
given by the generator, transporter and receptor of the wastes.”
In general, a waste manifest is usually required for industrial (manufacturing) and health-carewaste, but not for municipal waste. Recently, obligation for construction waste has also
appeared.
The State of Amazonas requires an operational license to be issued to create and submit theforms needed for a waste manifest. Regardless of this, the Institute of Amazonas
Environmental Protection (IPAAM), which issues operational licenses, has not established awaste manifest system. In other words, there has been no official recommendation of forms
which should be used for the waste manifest. Therefore, dischargers, transporters and those
who receive the waste each use their own waste manifest forms.

4.1.4

Administration of Waste Service Companiesa.

Registration Systema.1

Registration System for Waste Service Companies in the State of Amazonas

Registration of waste service companies is handled by the Institute of Amazonas
Environmental Protection (IPAAM). However, IPAAM does not register the companies
themselves, but instead registers the environmental license of the waste service companies.
The primary activity of IPAAM for environmental administration is to issue and manage
environmental licenses, monitoring, and inspection; in this way, waste service companies aremanaged through the approval and issuance of environmental licenses.
a.2

Environmental Licensing

In the State of Amazonas, an environmental license must be obtained for any activity(industry) that could potentially impact the environment (Derecto No 10028 de 04 deFebreiro de 1987). These licenses are required not only for the installation and operation offactories, but for most activities where environmental impact is likely, including construction
projects, agricultural, medical and so on.
There are three types of environmental licenses, as shown below. Business activities require
three types of license be obtained.
Previous License (PL): Granted at the preliminary stage of the enterprise or activity. It
is granted for up to one year, after which the license must be reissued. In order toobtain the PL license, the place and activity must be approved in accordance withlocal government guidelines.

Installation License (IL): Authorizes the construction of a factory and installation of a
facility, with a maximum term of 2 years; it is necessary to extend the license prior to
expiration.



Operation License (OL): Authorizes the operation of the activity or enterprise, with amaximum term of 2 years; it is necessary to extend the license prior to expiration.

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a.3

IPAAM List of Waste Service Companies (WSCs)

IPAAM environmental licensing covers all industries that impact the environment using a
4-digit code (01**). The first two digits designate the major division of industries into 32
classes, and the last two digits further divide these into sub-classes. The study team used thisclassification system to compile a list of waste related activities, as shown in the table below.
Table 4-5: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental Licensing
Code

Class

22＊＊

Commerce andServices24＊＊

Other Services(including provisionof electricity andwater)

2217
2218
2219
2407
2408
2410
2411
2412
2417

26＊＊

Transportation

30＊＊

Waste Treatment
and Recycling

Sub-Class

Code

2615
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006

Incineration
Co-processing of wastes
Agrochemical Collection Center
Solid Industrial Waste Collection
and/or Treatment
Municipal Waste Final Destination
Collection and Transport of Inert Solid
Waste
Collection and/or Storage and/orCommercialization of Solid Waste(e.g. recycling)
Collection and/or Treatment ofHazardous Liquid Industrial Waste
Industrial Waste Disposal in Landfill
Transport and Storage of Hazardous
Solid Industrial Waste
Treatment and Recycling of Solid
Industrial Waste without chemicals
Treatment and Recycling of Industrial
Liquid Waste
Treatment and Recycling of Solid
Industrial Waste without Chemicals
Treatment and Recycling of Palettes
Paper and Cardboard Recycling
Treatment and Recycling of Mineral
Waste (Waste Re-processing)

Source: Classificacao das Fontes Poliudoras IN 001;06b.

ImpactHigh
High
ModerateHigh
High
MinimalModerate
High
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate

Publicada em (3/12/2007)

Current Administration Conditions

In the same way that other industrial activities that must obtain environmental licenses,
IPAAM manages waste service companies through the renewal of maximum 2-year
Operational Licenses. Although the IPAAM environmental licenses have been digitized, thefollowing issues were identified:
The database server is old and does not function sufficiently. Furthermore, the databasesystem is used for file management (to track where certain files are located), and thus is not
set up for license management.

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4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

Other information about IPAAM activities is mixed with the environmental license data andmanaged in the same database, making it extremely difficult to extract the license informationneeded.
As shown in Table 4-5: Waste Service related Codes of IPAAM for Environmental
Licensing, waste service companies are registered by codes for various related activities.
It became evident that not all of the waste service companies were shown in the IPAAM
WSC List because it only lists those companies which have a code for waste service related
activities. Also, once a list was compiled of the companies that are no longer in business orceased their waste service related activities, it was not possible to identify them in the
IPAAM WSC List, suggesting that licenses are not properly renewed and pointing to the needfor a series of improvements to be made.
IPAAM indicated that improvements will be made to their registration system for waste
service companies so it will be more effective. Furthermore, those companies without
environmental licenses will be encouraged to register, and the system reinforced by updating
the database of IPAAM waste service companies—which will be constructed during thisstudy.
c.

Current Condition of Waste Service Companies

Present conditions are similar to those mentioned above in that it is not possible to clarify the
number of waste service companies in the study area or in what activities they are engaged.
Moreover, it is reasonable to say that there are a number of parties engaged in waste services
without having obtained the appropriate environmental license. In the very least, this study
was able to recognize 23 companies after carrying out a survey of waste service companies.
The following table shows the business sector of companies that have environmental licenses
based on an examination by the study team with support from the local consultant of thelicenses of 67 waste service companies.
Table 4-6: Categorization of Waste Services of 67 Companies with Environmental
LicensesPossession ofEnvironmental
LicenseCollection /Intermediate
Transportation Treatment

With EL

26

Note *1:

24

Final
Disposal0

Reuse /
Recycling

Unable tocategorize
*1

Total

21

4

75

An actual visual check of the licenses was unable to confirm the corresponding work conducted by
the WSCs; the content of the licenses were as follows: 1. Distribution and supply of water (2companies), 2. Spray and cleaning with insecticide, 3. Retailer of wood products

4.2

Present Generation of Industrial Waste

4.2.1

Previous Studies
A number of PIM factories have been submitting a waste inventory (WI) to SUFRAMA since
2002. SUFRAMA subsequently has compiled the WI from 2005 to 2008 as shown in thefollowing table.

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4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

Table 4-7: Inquiries and Answers for Waste Inventory
Item

2005

2006

2007

2008

Questionnaires Sent

186

223

229

229

No. of Respondents

102

94

126

110

Ratio of Response (%)
Did not answer

54.8
84

42.2
129

55.0
103

48.0
129

Table 4-8: Generation Rate from Responding Factories
Unit: ton/year
Waste Type

2005

2006

2007

2008

Factories that responded

102

94

126

110

1. Non Industrial Waste

4,286.6

5,950.4

6,581.0

5,268.3

2. Various

37,565.6

35,226.4

38,250.9

41,058.4

3. Rubber and sludge

1,847.2

8,742.4

4,292.0

4,852.2

4. Contaminated waste

338.0

291.3

17,195.0

2,935.7

5. Dangerous residues

6,858.5

2,583.5

2,093.8

2,112.9

6. Metallic waste

9,432.7

43,769.1

33,913.3

30,351.8

7. Liquid waste

1,549.0

6,856.5662.1

5,658.7

Total

61,877.7

103,419.5

102,988.0

92,238.0

The above attempt to analyze the WI received, shown above, did not clarify the overall
generation of waste in PIM in terms of characteristics and quantity, nor the actual conditionsof management of those wastes.
Based on the table above, the study team estimated the IW generation amount from all PIM
as follows:

The number of factories that submitted the WI in 2008 is 110 and total number of
employees of the 110 factories 40,007.

The IW generation rate per employee, per day is calculated as follows:
Generation unit kg / employee / day  92,238.0
1,000  6.3
40,007  365Total IW generation amount is calculated at 732.0 ton/day by multiplying thegeneration rate with number of employees (116,192) of PIM.

Total IW generation amount of 732.0 ton/day seems to be quite similar to the study team’s
estimate 628.9 ton/day if we consider the inclusion of wastewater treatment amount, etc.

4.2.2

Current IW Generation Amounta.

Estimation Method

a.1

Generation Rate Method

The current amount of industrial waste being generated was estimated using a generation rate
method. This method requires the following indicators.

4-19

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONGeneration rates of factories by sector and type of waste.

Activity indicators such as number of employees, shipment values, etc. In this study,
the former was given that factories would be more forthcoming with their number of
employees rather than shipment values.

a.2

Estimation of General Industrial Waste

The generation amount for general industrial waste was estimated using Formula A, as shown
below. This formula uses the amount of each waste generated per employee in each industrial
sector (See Main Report, Chapter 3.3.5 a6). The generation rate was calculated using datafrom the factory survey with Formula B.
Formula A:ij
IWG ijMi
Gij

IWGij = Gij x Mi
Code i sector from the 19 factory sectors
Type j waste from 29 types of waste (13 non-hazardous + 16
hazardous = 29 types)
Generation amount (ton/day) of wastes generated j from theindustrial sector i in the target study area
Number of employees in sector i in the target study area
Generation amount (ton/day) per employee of waste j per
sector i

The industrial waste generation amount G is calculated as shown in Formula B by the total
amount of different industrial wastes in the sectors from the factory survey, using the total
number of employees in that sector.
Formula B: Gij = GAF ij / Mi
GAF ijMi
a.3

Total amount of waste j (ton/day) from the factories surveyed
by industrial sector i
Total number of employees (per person) in the sector i

Health-care Waste and Construction Waste

Health-care waste and construction waste was calculated as follows.


The number of factories with attached clinics and the number of construction projects
in the past 1 year were confirmed by contacting all PIM factories, as listed in part 1
and II of the SUFRAMA factory list, by telephone.



The response by telephone from all the factories (334), revealed the ratio (37.1%) offactories with attached clinics (124), and the ratio (36.8%) of factories that carried out
construction projects in the past 1 year (123).

Based on each of these ratios, for all 440 factories currently in operation, the number
with attached clinics (163 factories) and construction in the past year (162 factories)
was determined.

Of these, 9 factories with attached clinics and 10 factories with construction in thepast year were visited to conduct a face-to-face survey of the generation amountaccording to 9 types of health-care waste and 4 types of construction waste.



From the generation amount of each of these, the generation rates per factory with
attached clinic and construction in the past year were calculated for each of the 9types of health-care waste and 4 types of construction waste.

4-20

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

The total amount of health-care waste and construction waste generated in PIM wascalculated by multiplying each generation rate with the number of factories with
attached clinic (163) and construction in the past year (162).

The generation rate per employee is found by dividing the total amount of health-carewaste and construction waste by the total number of employees at all 440 PIM
factories in operation (which is 116,192 persons), which was used to estimate thefuture generation amount.

b.

Current IW Generation Amountb.1

Number of Factories and Employees

The following table is a summary of the 440 PIM factories in operation (in 2009) showing thenumber of factories and employees by sector, number of employees per factory, industrial
output (2008) and industrial output per factory (2008).
Table 4-9: Summary of 440 PIM Factories
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19

Description of Sector
Beverage (soft drink, alcoholic)and vinegars
Leathers, skins and similar
Printing and graphical company
Electric, electronic andcommunication materials
Wood
Mechanical
Metallurgy
Non metallic minerals
Furniture
Paper, cardboard, cellulose
RubberFood products
ChemicalPlastic material products
TextileClothing, fabric and travel
goods
Transport material
Construction
OthersTotal

b.2

Nos. of
Factories

Nos. of
EmployeesNos. of
Employees
per Factory

Industrial
Output(IO) in mil.
Real

15

2,975

198

178

60

0
16

0
843

0
53

0
70

0
83

121

37,765

312

15,974

423

2
28
47
6
5
13
3
13
34
75
1

348
5,464
6,003
698
445
1,789
133
538
1,355
9,625
20

174
195
128
116
89
138
44
41
40
128
20

41
1,399
3,712
269
48
333
3
111
5,305
3,138
14

118
256
618
385
108
186
23
206
3,915
326
700

2

589

295

38

65

33
6
20

43,937440
3,225
116,192

1,331
73
161
264

13,620NA
9,347
53,600

310
NA
2,898
463

440

IO per
Employeein 1,000
Real

Current IW Generation AmountIn accordance with the above estimation method, the IW generation amount from PIM
factories in 2009 was estimated at 628.9 tons per day, based on this study’s results of fourtypes of generation sources. The detailed breakdown of this is shown in the table below.

4-21

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

Table 4-10: IW Generation Amount in 2009
Industrial Waste(Name ofgeneration source
survey) *1
General Industrial
Waste(Factory
Survey)Health-care Waste(Medical Institution
Survey) *2
Construction Waste(Construction
Waste Survey)
Radioactive Waste(Radioactive Waste
Survey)Total Industrial
Waste
Note

b.3

Total
Generation
Amount(ton/day)

Generation
SourcesSurveyed
Generation
Sources

Non-HIW(ton/day)

HIW(ton/day)

440

187

471.8

119.7

591.5

163

9

0.2

0.2

0.4

162

10

37.0

0.0

37.0

9

7

0.0

0.0

0.0

-

213

509.0

119.9

628.9

*1:

Only in reference to PIM factories targeted in this survey*2:

Does not include the generation amount of the one General Hospital surveyed

General Industrial Waste Generation AmountIn accordance with the above estimation method, the generation amount of general industrial
waste per sector is estimated as shown in the table below.
Table 4-11: General industrial Waste Generation Amount per Sector (2009)

Unit:
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15

Description of Sector

ton/dayNos. of
Factories

Nos. of
Employees

Non-HIWHIWAll IW

15

2,975

11.9

0.3

12.2

0

0

0.0

0.0

0.0

16

843

4.1

2.1

6.2

121

37,765

144.9

29.2

174.1

2
28
47
6
5
13
3
13
34
75
1

348
5,464
6,003
698
445
1,789
133
538
1,355
9,625
20

1.3
33.8
61.3
2.0
0.6
80.8
0.5
20.8
4.5
19.9
0.1

0.4
7.1
5.7
0.0
0.4
2.5
0.1
0.5
0.4
22.5
0.0

1.7
40.9
67.0
2.0
1.0
83.3
0.6
21.3
4.9
42.4
0.1

Beverage (soft drink, alcoholic)and vinegars
Leathers, skins and similar
Printing and graphicalcompany
Electric, electronic andcommunication materials
Wood
Mechanical
Metallurgy
Non metallic minerals
Furniture
Paper, cardboard, cellulose
RubberFood products
ChemicalPlastic material products
Textile

4-22

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

F16
F17
F18
F19

Clothing, fabric and travel
goods
Transport material
Construction
Others
Total

2

589

2.1

0.6

2.7

33
6
20

43,937440
3,225
116,192

73.3
1.6
8.3
471.8

45.5
0.5
1.9
119.7

118.8
2.1
10.2
591.5

440

Also, the general industrial waste generation amount for the separate non-production andproduction processes are shown in the following table.
Table 4-12: General Industrial Waste Generation Amount for the Separate
Non-Production and Production Processes (2009)

Unit:
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19

Description of Sector
Beverage (soft drink, alcoholic)and vinegars
Leathers, skins and similar
Printing and graphical company
Electric, electronic andcommunication materials
Wood
Mechanical
Metallurgy
Non metallic minerals
Furniture
Paper, cardboard, cellulose
RubberFood products
ChemicalPlastic material products
TextileClothing, fabric and travel goods
Transport material
Construction
OthersTotal

Non production process

Non-HIW

ton/day

Production process

HIW

Non-HIWHIWAll IW

11.0

0.1

0.9

0.2

12.2

0.2

-

3.9

2.1

6.2

50.7

9.0

94.2

20.2

174.1

0.4
8.3
12.3
0.4
0.5
56.3
0.2
0.5
7.7
0.7
16.5
0.5
2.2
168.4

0.2
3.4
2.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
20.6
0.2
1.7
0.2
38.3

0.9
25.5
49.0
1.6
0.1
24.5
0.3
20.8
4.0
12.2
0.1
1.4
56.8
1.1
6.1
303.4

0.2
3.7
3.4
0.3
2.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
1.9
0.4
43.8
0.3
1.9
81.4

1.7
40.9
67.0
2.0
1.0
83.3
0.6
21.3
4.9
42.4
0.1
2.7
118.8
2.1
10.2
591.5

The generation amount of the 29 general industrial waste types classified into 13
non-hazardous (Non-HIW) and 16 hazardous (HIW) are given in the tables below.

4-23

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

Table 4-13: Non-HIW Generation Amount by Sector

Unit:
Waste
Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11
NH12
NH13

Description of Non-HIW
Kitchen waste (include waste from animal such as bone,skin, hair)
Wood
Paper
Plastic or polymers and resins
Textile and fiber
Animal oil, Vegetable oil
Rubbers and Leather
Ash/dust from coal-fired power plants, etc.
Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, copper, bronze
Ceramic & Glasses
Stone, sand or material that have composition of soil suchas tile, brick, gypsum, cement
Mixed waste (This code shall be applied in case wastes aredischarged without separation.)
OthersTotal

ton/day

Generation
Amount
26.0
29.2
120.0
54.5
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.7
163.6
13.4
1.7
1.5
59.9
471.8

Table 4-14: HIW Generation Amount by Sector
Waste
Code

Type of HIW

HW01

Inorganic acid

HW02

Organic acid

HW03

Alkalis

HW04
HW05
HW06
HW07
HW08
HW09
HW10
HW11
HW12

Toxic
Compounds
Inorganic
Compounds
Other Inorganic
Organic
Compounds
PolymericMaterials
Fuel, Oil andGreaseFine Chemicals
and Biocides
Treatment
SludgeAsh from

Description of HIW
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid(HCl), Nitric acid (HNO3), Phosphoric acid
(H3PO4), Other inorganic acids
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Formic acid(HCOOH), Other organic acids
Caustic soda (NaOH), Ammonia (NH3),
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Other alkalinematerials
including Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, CN
Plating wastes, Picking waste, Sulphides,
etc.
Asbestos, Slug, etc.
Reactive chemical wastes (Oxidizing
agents, Reducing agents, etc), Solvents etc.
Epoxy resin, Chelate resin, Polyurethan
resin, Latex rubber etc.
Fats, Waxes, Kerosene, Lubricating oil,Engine oil, Grease etc
Pesticides, Medicine, Cosmetic, Drugs, etc.
Inorganic sludge, Organic sludge, Septictank sludge, etc.
---

4-24

Unit: ton/day
Generation
Amount
0.2
2.8
0.2
18.9
1.0
20.0
20.6
0.2

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.2 Present Generation of Industrial Waste

HW13

HW14

HW15
HW16

incinerator
Dust and Air
pollution control(APC) products
Other
Hazardous
substance(besidesHW01-HW13)
Mixed Waste
Hazardous
materials from
Non-production
process

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

Soot and dust waste from incineration
facilities, treating exhaust gas

1.0

HIWs other than the above

34.4

---

14.7

Fluorescent tubes, Thermometer (usemercury), Batteries, Pesticides (Householduse), etc.

5.7

Total

4.2.3

119.7

Flowcharts Depicting Industrial Waste Management
The following management flowcharts of industrial wastes were estimated using the surveyof generation sources (factory, medical institutions and construction waste surveys) andsurvey of waste service companies:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

All Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009)
All General Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009)
General Non-HIW generated from PIM (2009)
General HIW generated from PIM (2009)
All Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)
Non Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)
Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)
Construction Waste generated from PIM (2009)

4-25

Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9

4-26

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

21.7%

ton/day%

ton/day

135.8

Disposal

11.4
1.8

Disposal

8.9
1.5

Reuse/Recycle

39.2

246.5

Treatment

2.9
0.5

Treatment%

ton/day%

ton/day

0.0 ton/day

Treatment%

ton/day%

ton/day

2.9 ton/day

8.9
1.5

%

35.0

?

ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

ton/day

220.2

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction

?

3.2
0.5
Reuse/Recycle

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-2: All Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009)

ton/day

95.8%

ton/day602.5

Off-site

26.4
4.2

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

628.9
100.0

Generation

2009

Generation

?

?

?

Final disposal?

?

Residue

14.3
2.3

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

4-27

%

100.0

%

4.5

ton/day
%

565.1

95.5

Off-siteton/day

26.4

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

ton/day%

16.6%

ton/day%

ton/day

98.5

Disposal

1.9

11.4

Disposal

1.6

8.9

Reuse/Recycle

41.6

246.4

%

ton/day%

0.5

Treatment

ton/day

2.9

Treatment

0.0 ton/day

Treatment%

ton/day

2.9 ton/day

1.6

8.9

%

37.3

?

ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

ton/day

220.2

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction

?

%

0.5
Reuse/Recycle

ton/day

3.2

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-3: All General Industrial Wastes (IW) generated from PIM (2009)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

ton/day591.5

Generation

2009

Generation

?

?

?

Final disposal?

?

Residue

2.4

14.3

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

4-28

%

100.0

%

4.7

ton/day
%

449.6

95.3

Off-siteton/day

22.2

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

ton/day

471.8

Generation

2009

Generation

%

37.2

175.4

%

ton/day%

0.6

Treatment

ton/day

2.9

Treatment

0.0 ton/day

6.4%

ton/day

2.9 ton/day

1.4

%

42.4

150.5 ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

ton/day

200.2

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction

?

%

0.6
Reuse/Recycle

ton/day

2.8

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-4: General Non-HIW generated from PIM (2009)

ton/day

15.7%

ton/day%

ton/day

74.0

Disposal

2.1

10.1

Disposal

1.4

6.4

Reuse/Recycle

Treatment?

?

?

Final disposal?

?

Residue

2.7

13.0

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

4-29

%

100.0

%

4.2

3.5

%

0.0

%

ton/day
%

20.0
16.8

?

ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction?

%

0 ton/day

2.1

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction

Figure 4-5: General HIW generated from PIM (2009)

ton/day

59.3

96.5

20.4

%

%

24.5

ton/day

Treatment

ton/day

0.0

Treatment

71.0%

ton/day%

ton/day

Disposal

1.1

1.3

Disposal

2.1

ton/day

2.5

ton/day

2.5

%

0.3
Reuse/Recycle

ton/day

0.4

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Reuse/Recycle

0.0 ton/day

Treatment

115.5

Off-siteton/day

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

ton/day

119.7

Generation

2009

Generation

?

?

?

Final disposal?

?

Residue

1.1

1.3

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

4-30

kg/day
%

391.2
100.0

Off-site

0.0
0.0

On-site

252.8
64.6

Disposal

0.0
0.0

Disposal

kg/day%kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

120.9
30.9

Treatment

0.0
0.0

Treatment

kg/day%kg/day%0.0 kg/day

Treatment

0 kg/day

0.0 kg/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

Reuse/Recycle
17.5 kg/day%
4.5

Reduction?

kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

0.0
0.0

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-6: All Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)

kg/day%kg/day%On-site/Off-site

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

391.2
100.0

Generation

2009

Generation?

kg/day%Final disposal
kg/day?
%?

?
?

Residue

On-site disposal
0.0 kg/day%
0.0

Disposal

4-31

kg/day
%

190.7
100.0

Off-site

0.0
0.0

On-sitekg/day%kg/day%On-site/Off-site

173.2
90.8

Disposal

0.0
0.0

Disposal

kg/day%kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

0.0
0.0

Treatment

0.0
0.0

Treatment

kg/day%kg/day%0.0 kg/day

Treatment

0 kg/day

0.0 kg/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

Reuse/Recycle
17.5 kg/day%
9.2

Reduction?

kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

0.0
0.0

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-7: Non Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

190.7
100.0

Generation

2009

Generation?

kg/day%Final disposal
kg/day?
%?

?
?

Residue

On-site disposal
0.0 kg/day%
0.0

Disposal

4-32

kg/day
%

200.5
100.0

Off-site

0.0
0.0

On-sitekg/day%kg/day%On-site/Off-site

79.6
39.7

Disposal

0.0
0.0

Disposal

kg/day%kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

120.9
60.3

Treatment

0.0
0.0

Treatment

kg/day%kg/day%0.0 kg/day

Treatment

0 kg/day

0.0 kg/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day%
0.0

Reduction?

kg/day%Reuse/Recycle
0.0 kg/day
%
0.0

0.0
0.0

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-8: Hazardous Health-care Waste generated from PIM (2009)

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

200.5
100.0

Generation

2009

Generation?

kg/day%Final disposal
kg/day?
%?

?
?

Residue

On-site disposal
0.0 kg/day%
0.0

Disposal

4-33

37.0
100.0

Generation

2009

Generation%

ton/day

ton/day
%

100.0

%

ton/day37.0

Off-site

0.0
0.0

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

%

100.0

0.0

0.0

Treatment

0.0
0.0

Treatment%

ton/day%

ton/day

0.0 ton/day%

ton/day

0.0 ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

0.0
0.0

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction%

ton/day

0.0 ton/day

0.0
0.0

%

ton/day

Reuse/Recycle

0.0
0.0

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 4-9: Construction generated from PIM (2009)

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

37.0

Disposal

0.0
0.0

Disposal

0.0
0.0

Reuse/Recycle

Treatment

100.0

37.0

Final disposal

0.0

0.0

Residue

0.0
0.0

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
4.3 Current IWM in PIM

4.3

Current IWM in PIM

4.3.1

Current Conditions of Factories in PIM
a.

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Industry Scale

There are 475 factories in the factory list provided by SUFRAMA, and of those, 18 factories
are located outside the target area, the MFZ. Since 17 of 457 PIM factories in the MFZ area
were confirmed closed by the study, 440 factories are PIM factories operating in the MFZ.
There are a total of 116,192 people working in the 440 factories, which constitutes 6.8% of
the population of Manaus in 2009. Also, the total production for the 440 factories in 2008
was 53.6 billion BRL (Brazilian Real). Accordingly, there is an average of 264 people
working at each factory, so that yearly production per employee is 463,000 BRL.
The industry with the most number of factories is identified by Factory Code F04: Electric,
electronic and communication materials, which makes up 27.5% of the total number. That isfollowed by F14: Plastic material products, which is 17% of the total. The industry with thehighest number of employees is F17: Transport material, which is 37.8% of the total. Next is
F04: Electric, electronic and communication materials, with 32.5% of the total. Accordingly,
over 70% of all employees in PIM work in these two industries. Also, projecting from theproduction amount, these two industries account for 55.2% of the total amount in PIM.
According to the factory survey, the average lot size and building area at factories is 55,800
sq. meters and 15,300 sq. meters, respectively. Also, over one-third of the factories havemedical clinics attached to them.
As shown above, the PIM factories are relatively large and mainly engaged in assembly
production.
b.

Pollution Control Facility

According to the factory survey, the installation rate of pollution control facilities is asfollows.
Table 4-15: Installation Rate of Pollution Control Facility
Type of Facility
Incinerator
Industrial wastewater treatment facilities
Domestic wastewater treatment facilities
Dust collector
Air control facilities

Installation Rate (%)
1.8
27.5
54.3
11.6
12.4

As this chart shows, the rate of installation is not very high. However, these rates should be
qualified for those cases where pollution control facilities, except for domestic wastewater
treatment facility, are necessary and evaluated after a study of the production processes at theplant, etc. The rate of treatment facilities installed for domestic wastewater from
non-production processes is 54.3%, which is relatively high in comparison to the otherfacilities. Nevertheless, a Manaus City regulation (Law No. 1,192/2007) established 31
December 2007, requires the installation of domestic wastewater treatment facilities forenterprises that have at least 40 employees. Even with a one-year grace period, this will
obligate most factories to install facilities from 2009.

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4.3.2

Industrial Waste Generationa.

Generation AmountThe total generation amount of industrial waste is 628.9 ton/day, of which 94.05% is generalIW, followed by 5.88% of construction waste. Health-care waste was minimal at 0.06%.
Also, no radioactive waste was generated.
The industrial sector with the largest amount of general industrial waste generated is F04:
Electric, electronic and communication materials with 29.4% of the overall total or 174.1
ton/day. That is followed by F17: Transport material with 20.1% of the overall total or 118.8
ton/day generated. These two sectors make up about half of the general IW generated in PIM.
The sector with the most HIW generated is F17: Transport material with 38.0% of the total or
45.5 ton/day generated. This is followed by F04: Electric, electronic and communicationmaterials with 24.4% of the total or 29.2 ton/day generated. These two sectors account for
62.4% of the HIW generated in PIM. Furthermore, 65.1% of general IW is generated byproduction processes.
b.

Waste Composition

Approximately 80% of all general IW is composed of Non-HIW. Of this non-HIW, thelargest amount of waste generated is under waste code NH09: Metals and metal alloys suchas aluminum, copper, bronze at 163.5 ton/day, which is 34.7% of all non-HIW. This isfollowed by NH03: Paper, at 25.4% of all non-HIW at 119.9 ton/day generated. On the other
hand, for hazardous industrial wastes, those under waste code HW14: Other hazardous
substances (besides HW01-HW13) were generated the most at 34.5 ton/day, which is 28.8%of the total HIW generated. This is followed by HW11: Treatment sludge, HW09: Fuel, Oiland Grease, and HW07: Organic Compounds, which are generated at 17.0% 16.7% and15.8% of all HIW, respectively.

4.3.3

Factory Awareness of Waste Managementa.

Industrial Waste Management Improvement Plan

According to the factory survey, in the future there will likely be a slight increase in theamount of industrial waste generated. Also, 62.6% (i.e. 109 of 174 factories) said there werecurrently problems with industrial waste management. The reasons given are as follows, indescending order.
1.

High cost of industrial waste disposal:

57.8 % (63 of 109 respondents)

2.

No facilities, or insufficient facilities, for the reuse or recycling of industrial waste:
48.6 % (53 of 109 respondents)

3.

No service, or insufficient service, for industrial waste treatment:
37.6 % (41 of 109 respondents)

However, the majority of factories (78.8%) have not formulated a plan to improve
management of industrial waste generated. Furthermore, a number of factories (70.2%)
responded that they have no plan to promote 3R. From this it can be assumed that factories do
not place a high value on controlling the wastes generated or recycling and reducing what
they do generate.

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4.3 Current IWM in PIM

b.

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Waste Inventory

All factories in PIM are obligated to submit a waste inventory. IPAAM has the legal right toinstruct generators (factories) on the submission of the waste inventory (WI), and the legal
obligation to aggregate, analyze and report the submitted WI to the federal government(IBAMA). Therefore, SUFRAMA has neither the right nor the obligation to engage on behalfof the government in dealing with WI. However, when SUFRAMA voluntarily requested theinventories from some factories, only about half complied—which is about 1/4 of the total
number of factories. Again during the factory survey, 36.0% of factories replied that they do
not submit the waste inventory. This infers that conditions for submitting the waste
inventories need strengthening.
In addition, 27.5% of the factories replied that they were not required to submit a waste
inventory, which points to a lack of recognition among the PIM factories regarding the waste
inventories.
c.

Separation

According to the factory survey, 14.0 % of factories do not separate their non-production
process waste from their production process waste before discharge.
In relation, 18.8 % of factories reported that they mix their non-HIW and HIW for discharge.
The reasons for this were given in the following order:

4.3.4

1.

The amount is extremely small– 41.9 %2.

Difficulties to separate PP / HIW and PP / Non-HIW– 12.9 %On-Site Waste Managementa.

General Industrial Waste

a.1

Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Management

The following table clearly shows that the ratio of on-site management in PIM is extremely
low at 4.5% for all general IW, 4.7% for general Non-HIW and 3.5% for general HIW.
Furthermore, the survey results of the 187 factories show that the difference between general
Non-HIW and general HIW is practically negligent.
In comparison, the “Bangkok Industrial Waste Study” found that the proportion of on-sitemanagement was 29.9% for general Non-HIW and 56.3% for general HIW. Also, in Japan,
the value for on-site management of IW (in Mie Prefecture, 2000) was 53.9%.
Accordingly, it can be said that the proportion of on-site management in PIM is extremely
low. A large factor for this is quite likely the extremely low cost of off-site management.

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Table 4-16: Ratio of On-Site and Off-Site Disposal
Study Area

Waste

Bangkok
Metropolitan Area*1

General IW
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW
HIW

PIM

Source: *1:

Ratio of On-Site
Disposal
4.5 %
4.7 %
3.5 %
29.9%
56.3%

Ratio of Off-Site
Disposal
95.5 %
95.3 %
96.5 %
70.1%
43.7%

The Study on Master Plan on Industrial Waste Management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area
and its Vicinity in the Kingdom of Thailand, November 2002 (Hereafter, Bangkok Industrial
Waste Study)

a.2Type of On-Site Managementa.2.1. Intermediate Treatment
As mentioned above, the proportion of on-site management in PIM is extremely low.
Furthermore, there is almost no difference between on-site management in PIM (ratio of
quantitative generation rate) of general Non-HIW and general HIW. An obvious
characteristic of on-site management in PIM is that almost none of the factories are
conduction intermediate treatment on premises. In particular, there is no treatment
whatsoever of general HIW in the 187 factories of the Factory Survey.
As shown in the following table, the Bangkok study results show high prominence between
non-HIW and HIW due to the high cost of off-site management, they reduce HIW by treating
HIW as much as possible on-site (32.8% of the quantitative generation rate). In addition,
Non-HIW was reused or recycled as much as possible (13.1% of the quantitative generationrate).
Table 4-17: Type of On-Site Management
Study Area

PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan
Area*1

Waste
General IW
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIWHIWIntermediate
Treatment
Ratio
0.5 %
0.6 %
0.0 %
0.9 %
32.8 %

Reuse andRecycle Ratio

Storage
Ratio

1.6 %
1.4 %
2.1 %
13.1%

0.5 %
0.6 %
0.3 %
1.8 %

Final
DisposalRatio
1.9 (2.4*2)%
2.1 (2.7*2)%
1.1 %
14.1 %

1.6 %

0.4 %

21.5 %

Source: *1: Bangkok Industrial Waste Study
Note:

*2:

This ratio includes residue disposed after intermediate treatmenta.2.2. Reuse and Recycle
Although the proportion of on-site management is 4.5% of the generation amount, which isextremely low, the ratio of reuse and recycle in comparison to other on-site management
methods is high at 1.6%. In particular, for on-site management of general HIW, only 3.5% isconducted of the total, but 2.1% of 60% of that goes toward reuse and recycle.

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The Bangkok study results show the opposite, with a high ratio of reuse and recycle forgeneral Non-HIW, and a very low ratio for general HIW.
a.2.3. Storage Ratio
The storage ratio, like that for intermediate treatment, is extremely low and hardly done. This
fact is likely due to no generation of waste difficult to treat on- or off-site.
a.2.4. On-Site Final Disposal
Although the ratio for on-site management is extremely low, at 4.5% of the generation
amount, the final disposal ratio is very high when compared to other on-site management
methods, at 1.9%; this becomes 2.4% when residues from intermediate treatment areincluded. In particular, even though only 4.7% of all general Non-HIW is managed on-site,
2.1%--which is nearly half--is for final disposal.
In comparison to the Bangkok study results, those results showed the opposite with a highfinal disposal ratio of general HIW and comparatively low for general Non-HIW.
The detailed descriptions of this in descending order are: hazardous wastes are sludge,
contaminated plastics and ink residue. In addition, fluorescent lights and batteries were also
reported, but done so individually so the weight is unknown. Reports for non-hazardous, indescending order, are cardboard, non-recyclable wastes, and plastic lids. The results suggest
these items are for storage waiting for off-site management.
b.

Other Industrial Wastes

b.1

Health-care Waste

b.1.1. Condition of Clinics
The conditions of clinics attached to factories, as found in the medical institution survey, areas follows. None of the facilities were very large.
Average number of clinic employees:

4.1 employees



Average number of beds:

1.2 beds



Average daily number of (out-)patients:

19 patientsb.1.2. Discharge Containers
RDC 306/2004-ANVISA regulates discharge containers according to different waste
categories. For attached clinics at factories, the ratio which is observed is no more than halfof this.
b.1.3. Storage
Of the facilities surveyed, one responded that the hazardous health-care waste and common
waste they stored was mixed. Waste is stored in covered containers at 61% of the clinics.
One-third of the clinics used cardboard boxes to store Group E (needles, scalpels, etc.) waste.
All of the facilities surveyed responded that they did not have cool storage facilities forcertain Group A.3 (Body part) waste.
b.1.4. Intermediate Treatment and Disposal
Intermediate treatment and disposal of at the factories is not carried out.

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4.3 Current IWM in PIM

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b.1.5. Recycling
1/3 of the clinics recycle common waste valuables, such as paper and cardboard. Recyclers
collect these valuables from each clinic on a regular basis.
b.1.6. Discharge
Waste is discharged from attached clinics according to prescribed categories.
Hazardous health-care waste and non-hazardous health-care waste are not mixed when
discharged. Nevertheless, even though Group A, B and E and each class type, are stored
separately, 22% of the clinics reported mixed discharge; the clinics’ employees are the likely
reason for this.
b.1.7. Training and Instructions
All of the clinics reported having written instructions concerning the handling of hazardous
health-care waste within the clinic. Also, 100% said there is training/instruction for waste
workers for handling hazardous health-care waste. Furthermore, 55% said that this training
takes place once a year.
Employees at 88% of the clinics report receiving environmental educational training or
information concerning hazardous health-care waste. At attached clinics, 242 people attend
the classes on average.
b.1.8. Cooperation for Waste Management Improvements
All nine of clinics surveyed replied that they are able to cooperate on waste management
improvement. Concerning efforts they would be willing to make for improvements, allreplied “raising the environmental awareness of the public”, seven (7) replied they could“minimize waste generation” and six (6) said through “discharging wastes neatly”. Also, allreplies confirmed that they would cooperate with national and municipal authorities toward
waste management improvement.
b.1.9. Priority of Waste Management Improvements
A rise in waste management fees was indicated by 66% of clinics. 78% replied that waste
management was a very high priority. Furthermore, 55% said they would welcome technicalsupport from a government organization, whereas 33% were hopeful for financial support.
b.1.10. Intention to Improve Conditions for Collection and Disposal of Hazardous
Health-care Waste
In order to improve the current conditions of collection and disposal of hazardous health-carewaste, 38% of clinics answered “education to change people’s bad habits”, and 25%
indicated “improvement of landfill operation”.
Concerning who should bear the rise in cost for improvement of current collection anddisposal conditions for hazardous health-care waste, clinics indicated the following: the Stateof Amazonas (22%), the City of Manaus (22%), and others (22%). Further, five clinics
indicated that the greatest amount they would be willing to pay for collection and disposal
was, on average, 145R$/month.
b.2

Construction Waste

b.2.1. Environmental License for Construction Projects
Of the total number of factories, about 60% had obtained environmental licensing toundertake a construction project.

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4.3 Current IWM in PIM

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b.2.2. Integrated Management Plan for Construction Waste
Of the total number of factories, about 60% had formulated a construction waste management
plan as outlined in CONAMA Resolution 307.
b.2.3. Manifest (Monitoring the Disposal of Construction Waste)
Since Amazonas State does not require the use of a manifest for construction waste, it wasused for only 22.9% (in item) of the discharged waste according to the construction waste
survey.
b.3

Radioactive Waste

b.3.1. Generation of Radioactive Waste
According to radioactive waste survey and medical institution survey, responses from thefactories on their use of radioactive materials, neither claimed to generate radioactive waste.
It is therefore assumed, given that the facilities and equipment are relatively new, thatradioactive waste is not generated from PIM.
b.3.2. Radioactive Materials Management in PIM
According to radioactive waste survey on 7 factories, the current conditions of radioactive
materials management at PIM factories is give below.

4.3.5



All seven of the factories have obtained licensing for the use of radioactive materials.



The intended use of radioactive materials is process control, quality control and the
like.



Radiation sources are all shielded, with the exception of one location. At one location
radioactive light is used as an irradiation lamp.

All seven factories use radioactive light emitting equipment in controlled localities.

Off-Site Waste Management identified by Generation Sources Survey
The off-site waste managements are identified by the following generation surveys:


General industrial waste by the factory survey;



Health-care waste by the medical institution survey;

Construction waste by the construction waste survey; andRadioactive waste by the radioactive waste survey.

a.

General Industrial Waste

a.1

Collection

The following table shows the breakdown of the ratio of the amount of waste discharged
from factories which is collected and transported by collection service providers.

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Table 4-18: Breakdown of Collection Service Providers
Study Area

Waste

Bangkok
Metropolitan Area *1

General IW
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW
HIW

PIM

Source: *1:
Note:

*2:

Factory (City) Ratio andAmount*2
Ratio
ton/day
13.4 %
79.7
10.3 %
48.7
9.3 %
31.0
1.5%
95.8
0.1%
1.9

Ratio of Private
Enterprise and AmountRatio
ton/day
82.1 %
485.4
85.0 %
400.9
70.6 %
84.5
68.6%
4,444.5
43.6%
665.4

Bangkok Industrial Waste Study
In PIM, only a very small amount is collected by the city (0.4%). In contrast, 100% wascollected by the city in the Bangkok Industrial Waste Study.

From this table, the majority of general IW discharged from PIM factories is collected byprivate enterprise (WSCs: Waste Service Companies). It is possible to see the distinct
difference between Non-HIW and HIW where most of Non-HIW is collected by WSCs. In
contrast, a large amount of HIW is transported by the factory itself. In the Bangkok study, thefactory itself transported almost none.
a.2

Type of Off-Site Managementa.2.1. Intermediate Treatment
The following table shows the breakdown (generation ratio) of off-site management based on
answers from PIM factories. It is reasonable that the rate of treatment of HIW is higher than
Non-HIW. However, the intermediate treatment rate of Non-HIW is extremely high whencompared to that of the Bangkok study, where much of the hazardous waste is put throughintermediate treatment (28.9% of the generation ratio) in an attempt to render it harmless or
reduce the amount.
Table 4-19: Breakdown of Off-Site Management

Target Area

PIM
Bangkok
Metropolitan
Area *1

Waste

Intermediate
Treatment Ratio
and AmountRatio
ton/day

Reuse andRecycling Ratio
and AmountRatio
ton/day

Direct Final
Disposal Ratio andAmountRatio
ton/day

Industrial
Waste
Non-HIWHIW
Non-HIW

41.6 %

246.4

37.3 %

220.2

16.6 %

98.5

37.2 %
59.3 %
2.5%

175.4
71.0
159.5

42.4 %
16.8 %
64.8%

200.2
20.0
4,198.8

15.7 %
28.4 %
2.8%

74.0
24.5
95.8

HIW

28.9%

444.1

14.2%

216.1

0.6%

1.9

Source: *1: Bangkok Industrial Waste Study

a.2.2. Reuse and Recycle
It is reasonable that rate of reuse/recycle of HIW is much lower (generation ratio of 16.8%)
than Non-HIW (generation ratio of 42.4%). The findings from Bangkok show a very

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noticeable difference between the HIW and Non-HIW, where most of the Non-HIW
discharged off-site (generation ratio of 64.8%) is reused or recycled.
a.2.3. Off-Site Final Disposal
The rate of direct final disposal of HIW is two times more than it of Non-HIW. It is a serious
issue that rate of direct final disposal of HIW is quite high, 28.4%.
In comparison, the findings from Bangkok show a very noticeable difference between the
HIW and Non-HIW, where the rate of direct final disposal of industrial waste is much lower
than it in PIM, 0.6% for HIW and 2.8% for Non-HIW, especially HIW. In addition, theamount of residue after intermediate treatment and recycling could not be identified.
b.

Other Industrial Wastes

b.1

Health-care Waste

b.1.1. Collection
All of the clinics receive collection service for both non-hazardous and hazardous health-carewaste. With the exception of one clinic which receives service from SEMMA/SEMULSP, allclinics receive collection service of hazardous waste from private companies. 44% of clinics,
however, do not pay fee for hazardous health-care waste. 55% indicated that they set thecollection fee, although it varied from place to place.
Despite the fact that 33% of clinics indicated dissatisfaction with current collection service,
there were no complaints from clinics in the past year received by collection service
providers.
b.1.2. Monitoring of Hazardous Health-care Waste Disposal
All of the clinics indicated that a person has been assigned to be in charge of appropriate
collection and disposal of hazardous health-care waste.
b.1.3. Disposal of Hazardous Waste
According to the medical institution survey two-thirds of clinics said that their waste went toan incinerator (120.9 kg/day in amount), whereas the remaining one-third provided no answer(79.6 kg/day in amount).
b.2

Construction Waste

b.2.1. Collection
99.3% (in weight) of construction waste generated was collected and transported by thecollection companies that had been contracted for their services.
b.2.2. Recycling
The recycling amount was estimated to be 40 kg/day, which is less than 0.1% of thegeneration amount of the construction waste generated in PIM.
b.2.3. Treatment and Final Disposal
There was no treatment of the construction waste reported. All of the construction waste
discharged was disposed of at the landfills. 96.9 % of construction waste is disposed of at the
Manaus City landfill and the remaining at private disposal sites.
b.3

Radioactive Waste

There is no radioactive waste generation from PIM factories.

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4.3.6

Off-Site Waste Management identified by Waste Service Company Surveya.

Waste Service Company Survey and Environmental Licensing

a.1

Environmental License Owners

There were 90 waste service companies (WSCs) surveyed from which the following results
were found.
Companies that have obtained environmental licenses:

67Companies that have not yet obtained environmental licenses:

23

a.2

Responses from WSCs by business sector and business conducted

The following table is based on the responses from 90 WSCs surveyed showing the businesssectors divided into 4 categories of 1) collection and transportation, 2) intermediate treatment,3) final disposal, and 4) reuse and recycling. Some companies were engaged in multiple
practices, so the total number amounts to 127.

Table 4-20: Responses from WSCs according to business sector
Environmental
LicenseOwnership
Yes
No
Total

a.3

1) Collection
andtransportation
417482) Intermediate
treatment

3) Final
disposal

4) Reuse
and recycling

9
0

10
0

42
18

9

10

60

Total
102
25
127

Business Sector and Business Conducted (Management Amount) as analyzed by
the Study TeamThe following table shows the business sector of 67 waste service companies that haveenvironmental licenses based on an examination by the study team with support from thelocal consultant.
Table 4-21: 67 WSC Environmental License Owners by business sector
Env.
LicenseOwnership
Yes
Note:

Collection and Intermediate
Transportation Treatment
26

24

Final
Disposal
0

Reuse
Not
and
Classified*1
Recycling
21
4

Total
75

*1: The business sector could not be identified on the license. The licenses indicated the following: 1.
Distribution and supply of water (2 companies), 2. Spray and cleaning with insecticide (1 comp.), 3.
Retailer of wood products (1 comp.)

a.4

Size of WSCs (Number of Employees)

This survey revealed that number of (managerial and operational) at small or very small
enterprises with less than 10 employees was 36% (i.e. 32 of 90 companies), but for the 23
enterprises without an environmental license, it was found that 21 were small or very small
enterprises. On the other hand, of the 9 large enterprises with over 100 employees, the

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number of businesses that specialize in industrial waste management—thus excluding cement
production, sale of construction materials and collection or disposal of municipal waste—was
three. Presently, these large waste service companies are made up of three central groups.
b.

Collection and Transportationb.1

Amount Collected/Transported

Of the 90 WSCs surveyed, the total amount collected and transported, as shown in thefollowing table, is 3,343 ton/day. This amount is some five times the total amount of 628.9
ton/day of industrial waste discharged from PIM according to the factory survey.
The two companies which are collecting over 300 ton/day are the two companies contracted
to collect the municipal solid waste (MSW) of Manaus City. Thus, if this collection amount istaken to be MSW, the remaining collection and transportation amount is 1,071.5 ton/day. The
following table summarizes the collection and transportation amount information obtained in
the Off-site Survey (Survey of WSCs) and On-site Survey (survey of PIM generation
sources: factories, medical institutions, construction). With the exception of the twocompanies that are clearly collecting MSW, the collection and transportation amount fromthe Off-Site Survey resembles that which was found for the On-Site Survey (Survey ofgeneration sources) of PIM manufacturing, construction, and health-care waste.
Table 4-22: Comparison of Off-Site Survey and On-Site Survey Results for Collection
and Transportation Amount
Unit: ton/day
Waste
1. Total AmountCollected/Transported
2. Municipal Waste (2companies)
3. Industrial Waste
4. Construction Waste
5. Health-care Waste
3+4+5

b.2

Off-site Survey Results

On-site Survey Results

3,342.8NA2,271.3

NA

NA
NA
NA
1,071.5

591.5
37
0.4
628.9

Conditions of Collection and Transportation

A large amount of recyclable material, such as plastic, paper and cardboard, and metals
collected from MFZ is handled by large companies. In other words, the three major waste
collection and transportation companies send their employees to waste centers located in thefactories of large waste generating companies and have exclusive access to conduct separate
collection of their recyclable materials. Based on this study, most used paper and 80% of
scrap metal is collected by the three large collection and transportation companies. One ofthese large companies collects most of the waste plastic, and after separation and removal offoreign material, melts it will an extruder, cools it and makes pellets which are then used as
raw material to make recycled plastic resin, and finally plastic products which are sold tomanufacturing companies.
There is a factory that reuses waste paper in the study area, but no factory that reuses scrap
metal, so with the exception of aluminum, most of the scrap metal is sent to companies in Sao
Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other places.

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c.

Intermediate Treatmentc.1

Intermediate Treatment Amount

There is a large difference concerning intermediate waste treatment between the WSC
respondents (9 companies) and the business practices based on environmental licenses (24companies). Thus, the amount of intermediate treatment was summarized based on theanswers from companies as shown below. This table indicates only one WSC treats 90% of
wastes for intermediate treatment.
Table 4-23: Breakdown according to Scale of Intermediate Treatment Companies basedon the Responses of Waste service companies (7 companies *1)*2
Unit: ton/day
Intermediate
Treatment
Companies

Hazardous
Waste

Without License

2

0.2

0.7

0.9

1. less than 100ton/day

2

0.2

0.7

0.9

With License

5

41.9

265.6

307.5

1. less than 100ton/day

4

1.3

29.0

30.3

2. 100 to 300 ton/day

1

40.6

236.6

277.2

7

42.1

266.3

308.4

Scale (Intermediate
Treatment Amount)

Grand Total

Non-Hazardous
Waste

Total

Note: *1: 7 out of 9 companies responded with their intermediate treatment amount*2: In this study, the largest treatment company of health-care wastes was not included.

The results for intermediate treatment were summarized for the off-site (survey of WSCs)
and the on-site (PIM generation sources: factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
survey results. The result shows similar values.
Table 4-24: Comparison of intermediate treatment amount for the Off-site Survey and theOn-site Survey
Unit: ton/day
Waste
1. Total Amount of Intermediate
Treatment
2. Non-HIW of the 1. (above)
3. HIW of 1. (above)c.2

Off-site Survey Results

On-site Survey Results

308.4

246.5

266.3
42.1

175.4
71.1

Conditions of Intermediate Treatment

There are 25 companies that have environmental licenses for intermediate treatment, but of
those, many are actually conducting recycling operations. One waste treatment company isconducting incineration service, and is treating a large amount of waste. The only cement
factory in Amazonas State is conducting co-processing in its cement kiln. Based on the study
data, the waste primarily being treated/used is waste tires (300 ton/month), waste molding
sand (95 ton/month), and sludge from plating (30 ton/month). Mixing in the materials yard,
they also input waste to the kiln (into a suspension pre-heater hatch), but the waste is brought

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up by a conveyor not an elevator and also requires manpower. Also, there is a little
substitution of fuel with waste oil, the authentic treatment/reuse is happen from now.
d.

Reuse/Recycle

d.1

Reuse/Recycle Amount

82% (14 of 17 WSCs replied) are small companies which manage less than several ton ofwaste per day.
The results for reuse and recycle amount were summarized for the off-site (survey of WSCs)
and the on-site (PIM generation sources: factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
survey results. The off-site survey and the on-site survey results show similar values.
Table 4-25: Comparison of Survey Results (Reuse/Recycle Amount) for WSCs and PIM
Generation Sources (factories, medical institutions, construction projects)
Unit: ton/day
Waste

Survey Results of WSCs

Survey Results of PIM
Generation Sources

178.9 (487.3)

220.2 (466.7)

167.8 (434.1)
11.1 (53.2)

200.2 (375.6)
20.0 (91.1)

1. Total Amount of Reuse
Recycle2. Non-HIW of 1. (above)
3. HIW of 1. (above)Note*1: The number in parentheses are the total of intermediate treatment amount and reuse/recycle amountd.2

Conditions of Reuse/Recycle

There are 60 companies that are conducting the reuse and recycling of waste, including thosewhich do not possess an environmental license. However, upon examination of theenvironmental licenses themselves, there were 17 companies. Of these 17, there were 11 that
had an environmental license code other than for waste management. All of them wereconducting the reuse and recycling of industrial waste. Even for those companies that do havelicenses, there are many uncertainties concerning their activities. The reason for this is thatthe environmental license is only specified under “(industrial) activities that have potential
environmental impact” for waste treatment and recycle (30＊＊) subcategory 3004 fortreatment and recycling of palettes, and 3005 for recycling waste paper products andcardboard, whereas the other activities are ambiguous concerning this point.
The types of waste that are reused/recycled in the study area are limited to: used lubricating
oil, used molding sand, aluminum scrap, waste paper, used paint, and used ink cartridges
from printers, etc.
e.

Final Disposal

e.1

Final Disposal AmountOut of the WSCs surveyed, nine responded that they conduct final disposal activities.
However, the results of examining the environmental licenses of the companies that
responded revealed that none of them have environmental licenses for final disposal. Also,
IPAAM reported that there is no landfill in MFZ, including the Manaus city landfill, which is
not licensed for final disposal. Therefore, the following table summarizes the amount of final
disposal based on the respondents.

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Table 4-26: Breakdown of the Scale of Final Disposal Amount based on the WSC
respondents (6 companies *1)
Unit: ton/day
Final
DisposalCompany

Hazardous
Waste

Non-Hazardous
Waste

Total

6

8.0

2,250.1

2,258.1

1. less than 100 ton/day

4

0.0

3.0

3.0

2. more than 300 ton/day

2

8.0

2,247.0

2,255.0

Grand Total

68.0

2,250.1

2,258.1

Scale (Final Disposal Amount)
Without License

Note

*1:

6 of 9 companies responded their collection amountIn the above table, the 2 companies that conduct final disposal of more than 300 tons/day are
the two disposal companies contracted to collect municipal waste in Manaus City and disposeof it using the city landfill. The amount collected and transported by these two companies is2,271.3 ton/day, which is largely consistent with the final disposal amount. Therefore, thetable above does not include the final disposal amount revealed in the On-site Survey of
manufacturing (industrial), construction and health-care waste from PIM, which is 135.8
ton/day (98.5 + 37.0 + 0.3, respectively).
It is assumed that this amount of waste is being disposed of in landfill sites other than the
Manaus city landfill.
e.2

Conditions of Final Disposal

Final disposal operation of the WSC respondents (9 WSCs) is categorized into the following
categories.
Table 4-27: Type of Final Disposal Operation by WSC Respondents (9 WSCs)
Industrial + Health-care+ Construction Waste

Construction
Waste

Municipal
Solid Waste

Wastewater
Disposal

Total

1

3

2

3

9

There are two companies which are contracted by Manaus City that collect and dispose
common waste. These two companies also collect and dispose medical and constructionwaste from factories in the industrial districts, etc. However, without their own final disposalsites, they must use the Manaus City final disposal site. There are three companies that
dispose of construction waste which also use the Manaus final disposal site. Only one
company has its own final disposal site for industrial waste, but the problem is that it beganpart of its operations before receiving approval for an (operation) environmental license from
IPAAM. The EIA for this facility was not approved in a public hearing and has been orderedto suspend operations by the Amazonas State Attorney’s Office.

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4.4

Current IWM Issues in PIM
The current issues of industrial waste management in PIM from various perspectives, such as
management at waste generating factories, management of waste discharged from factories
and management by government administration of both, is given below.

4.4.1

IWM Issues at Factories (Generation Sources)a.

Extremely low on-site waste treatment at factories

A significant characteristic at present of IWM in PIM is that most wastes generated aredisposed of off-site, as shown in the table below. All health-care waste and constructionwaste generated is disposed of off-site.
Table 4-28: Comparison of On-site and Off-site IW Disposal Ratio
Study Area
1. PIM Industrial Waste
General Industrial Waste
Health-care Waste
Construction Waste
2. Bangkok Metropolitan Area,
Thailand (2002)
3. Mie Prefecture, Japan (2000)

On-site disposal
(%)
4.2
4.5
0.0
0.0

Off-site disposal
(%)
95.8
95.5
100.0
100.0

35.0

65.0

53.9

46.1

The reason for such a low rate of on-site waste disposal is the drastically low cost of off-site
disposal. In particular, it is probably due to the fact that the Manaus City final disposal site,where most IW is sent, does not charge a disposal fee. Accordingly, the conditions are notsuch that readily promote 3R activities in factories. As a result, the reuse/recycle rate is amere 1.4% of waste generated. Notably, the reuse/recycle rate of construction waste is only
0.1%, including off-site disposal, so that 96.9% of waste generated is disposed of free ofcharge at the Manaus city landfill.
In comparison, the disposal rate at a Japanese factory (in Mie Prefecture) at 53.9% is 13 times
that of PIM, and even the Bangkok metropolitan area was 35.0% or 8.3 times that of PIM.
The reason for the high on-site disposal rate is the high cost of off-site waste disposal, so thefactories use 3R measures as much as possible to reduce the off-site disposal of wastes asmuch as they can. In Japan, progressive factories are reducing waste generation, with someeven achieving Zero Emission, where no waste is discharged from the factory.
In order to dispel concerns of environmental pollution caused by industrial wastes generated
from production activities in PIM, the first step is promoting 3R in factories, which calls forconstructing a system so that wastes are discharged as little as possible from factories.
b.

Lack of incentive to construct a system for appropriate on-site waste management

According to the factory survey, it is assumed that there will be a slight increase in industrial
waste generated at PIM factories in the future. However, the majority of factories (78.8%)
have not formulated a management improvement plan for the wastes generated. Furthermore,
many factories (70.2%) are without a plan to promote 3R. In other words, from this it would
seem there is a lack of commitment toward improving on-site waste management andreducing waste discharge.

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In order to construct a system for appropriate industrial waste management, it is important to(1) reduce the generation of industrial waste as much as possible, (2) reuse and recycle IWthat is generated to the greatest extent possible, and (3) the waste that is generated despite theprevious two efforts is appropriately treated and disposed. Thus, the first measure is toestablish a system of appropriate on-site waste management by reducing waste generationand conducting reuse or recycle on-site, and then to establish an appropriate treatment anddisposal for IW that is discharged at off-site.
Nevertheless, under current conditions where most industrial waste that is discharged can bedisposed of free of charge at the landfill, there is no incentive to promote 3R of IW atfactories that generate waste or appropriate disposal of wastes generated.
c.

Insufficient understanding of off-site disposal of IW

The first step to “constructing an appropriate system of industrial waste management” is tocorrectly understand actual disposal of IW. As long as these conditions and the issues
surrounding them are left unclear, constructing such a system is not possible. However, due
to the following factors, the actual disposal of IW in PIM remains in need of clarification.
c.1

Factory lack of interest in off-site disposal

The responsibility for appropriate disposal of industrial waste lies not only with waste service
companies (WSCs) consigned to dispose of the discharged wastes, but also with thedischarging entity. Accordingly, if the residues from inappropriate disposal cause
environmental pollution, assumption of responsibility is extended to the factory which
discharged the waste. In fact, when large-scale illegal dumping was discovered in the state ofPara, next to Amazonas, in cases where the discharger could not be specified, the federal
government also placed liability on the discharger for the clean-up fee.
Not limited to such instances, as shown in Figure 4-2, a survey of waste service companies
was conducted in addition to the factory survey of dischargers, yet it was not possible toclarify the final destination of all wastes discharged. Notably, along with intermediate
treatment and reuse/recycle, it was not possible to clarify the final destination of residues.
Namely, this means that the factories which discharge the waste are not sufficiently aware
how waste they’ve discharged is treated or where it is taken for final disposal. It is suggested
that the cause for this is a lack of concern by the factories regarding off-site disposal.
It will be necessary for IPAAM to collaborate with SUFRAMA in raising the interest of thosedischarging waste in appropriate off-site disposal through guidance and education measures.
c.2

Lack of an established waste manifest system

A significant factor in the inability to clarify the final destination of all wastes discharged, in
addition to the apparent faltering interest in off-site disposal shown by factories as mentioned
above, is that the State of Amazonas has no established waste manifest system. Despite theobligation in the State of Amazonas to produce and submit waste manifest-related paperwork,
IPAAM has not specified a format that should be used for a waste manifest. As a result,generators and receptors each report to IPAAM using their own forms. For IPAAM, theyreceive these forms and file them for environmental (operation) licensing, but there is nodatabase set up for their original purpose of waste management. Thus, the waste manifests
which are submitted are hardly used for management or analysis.
IPAAM regards establishing a waste manifest system as an urgent issue.

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c.3

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Insufficient submission of waste inventories

The first imperative of CONAMA Resolution 313 is to understand the current conditions ofindustrial waste management in order to construct an appropriate IW management system for
the State environmental agencies in charge of IW administration. For that reason, factories
are requested to submit waste inventories. This calls for each State environmental agency tomanage and analyze these waste inventories, grasp the actual conditions of IWM, andformulate a plan to resolve particular problems that are revealed.
The State of Amazonas is enforcing CONAMA Resolution 313 by obligating all PIM
factories to submit a waste inventory. Nevertheless, it remains that only 1/4 of factories
submit one. Lack of compliance by factories is naturally the cause, but it is also due to alackluster administrative system of guidance and enforcement. Furthermore, as follows,
another factor is the inadequate system to manage and apply the waste inventories that arereceived.
c.4

Insufficient management of waste inventories

In the State of Amazonas, CONAMA Resolution 313 went into effect in October 2002,
obligating PIM factories to submit a waste inventory. In response, every year about 1/4 offactories submit the waste inventories to IPAAM, the State environmental agency, andSUFRAMA, the superintendent of the designated industrial area.
CONAMA Resolution 313 also calls for IPAAM, the State environmental agency which
manages and analyzes the submitted inventories, and IBAMA, the Brazilian Institute for theEnvironment and Renewable Natural Resources, to collaborate within 3 years (by October2005) to formulate a “State Industrial Waste Management Plan”. However, at IPAAM, thewaste inventories received are filed as is, and there is no database for analysis. Thus, thewaste inventories that have been submitted are, for the most part, left neither managed nor
analyzed. As a result, not only is there no state industrial waste management plan, but theactual conditions of industrial waste disposal remain unclear. Hence, IPAAM is hastening toprepare a system to manage and analyze the waste inventories.
SUFRAMA enters the waste inventories they receive, as shown in Table 4-8: Generation
Rate from Responding Factories, into a database and calculate the generation amount.
However, there is zero input concerning how to waste managed of on-site, how much isdischarged off-site or how it is disposed. In addition to a general need for SUFRAMA tostrengthen its ability to manage and analyze the inventories, the major reason for this is likelythat the elaborate reporting forms and procedures (such as the waste types, disposal method,units and so forth) prescribed by CONAMA Resolution 313 are exceedingly complex for
those expected to comply. For that reason, at least in the State of Amazonas, a system should
be set forth which establishes one specified waste inventory format, which, once submitted
from factory, is promptly entered into the database.
d.

Use of pollution control facilities

According to the factory survey, the use of preventive devices for air pollution and industrial
effluent treatment facilities is quite low at 13.5% and 26.6%, respectively. Nevertheless, thenecessity of such devices should be duly appraised and evaluated based on an investigation
into the manufacturing processes of the factories. Therefore, the current installation ratecannot be evaluated based on these figures alone.
On the other hand, the installation rate of treatment facilities for effluent (wastewater) from
non-manufacturing processes is 54.3%, which is relatively high in comparison to the rate forindustrial effluent treatment facilities. However, a Manaus City regulation established on

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December 31, 2007 (Law No. 1,192/2007) obligates any business with 40 or more employees
to install treatment facilities for general effluents. Taking into consideration a 1 year grace
period, over half of the factories have been obligated to install these devices since 2009. The
PIM factories are relatively large in scale with the average number of employees of 264
persons. Pursuant to this, there is no small number of factories that are operating in defianceof the city regulation and polluting the igarape with effluent.
In order to improve these circumstances, the Municipal Secretariat of the Environment(SEMMA) will need to collaborate with IPAAM to bring offending factories into compliancewith the regulation. Also, IPAAM will have to conduct monitoring at the factories,
investigate the manufacturing processes and so forth, and scrutinize the necessity forpollution control facilities other than those for general effluent treatment, giving advice on
countermeasures to carry forward regulation. In addition, it is necessary for SUFRAMA and
IPAAM to collaborate to gain an understanding factories’ current use of pollution control
facilities and proceed to obtain environmental licensing for PIM as called for by the State
Public Ministry.

4.4.2

Off-Site IWM Issuesa.

Insufficient understanding of actual conditions concerning waste service
companies

The most pressing issue to do with off-site industrial waste management is the fact that actual
conditions concerning waste service companies (WSCs) are largely unknown.
a.1

Uncertainty as to the number of WSCs

Waste service companies are required to obtain an environmental license from IPAAM inorder to carry out their operations. Therefore, IPAAM is managing WSCs through theissuance of operation licenses. According to the JICA preliminary study team dispatched to
set down the project specifications for the current study, the list given to them by IPAAM
listed 90 WSCs. Thus, based on that list, this study would carry out a survey of 90 WSCs.
However, at the start of the survey of waste service companies, the list of WSCs given by
IPAAM contained 84 companies. The local consultant (OPCA) consigned in the study
contacted all 84 companies on the IPAAM WSC list to request their cooperation with thestudy, but the number of companies actually carrying out these services was limited to 63%
of the total, or 53 companies. Furthermore, the number of companies the study was able tosurvey was 35.
Consequently, the local consultant (OPCA) met with factories and WSCs and, based on what
they learned, independently located 55 waste service companies and surveyed a total of 90
companies. The 90 companies that were surveyed are arranged in the table below to show
those which had obtained an environmental license for these operations.

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Table 4-29: Possession of Environmental (Operation) License among 90 WSCs
Surveyed
WSC Classification
With Environmental License
Without Environmental License
Total

Number of WSCs
67*1
23*2
90

Note *1: Of these 67 companies, 35 were on the IPAAM WSC list,and 32 were added by the local consultant*2:These 23 companies were found by the local consultant

As shown above, the survey of waste service companies showed that the number ofcompanies in the State of Amazonas working on waste services was not fully understood. It
also revealed that there were a number of entities conducting waste services without having
obtained the proper license.
a.2

Discord between WSC operations and environmental licenses

The replies received from WSCs concerning their operations are shown in the table below.
Multiple answers were allowed according to a company’s operations so that the total amounts
to 127.
Table 4-30: WSC Replies concerning Type of Operation
1) Collection /Transportation

2)
Intermediate
Treatment

With

41

9

10

42

102

Without

7

0

0

18

25

Possession ofEnvironmental
License

Total

48

9

3) Final
Disposal

4) Reuse /Recycling

10

Total

60

127

The study team worked with the local consultant regarding the 67 WSCs with licenses thatwere surveyed to look over the descriptive content of the environmental licenses. As a result,the following table shows the categorization of work conducted by those licensed WSCs
accordingly.
Table 4-31: Categorization of Waste Services of 67 Companies with Environmental
LicensesPossession ofEnvironmental
LicenseCollection /Intermediate
Transportation Treatment

With EL

26

24

Final
DisposalReuse /
Recycling

Unable tocategorize
*1

Total

0

21

4

75

Note: *1: An actual visual check of the licenses was unable to confirm the corresponding work conducted by
the WSCs; the content of the licenses were as follows: 1. Distribution and supply of water (2companies), 2. Spray and cleaning with insecticide, 3. Retailer of wood products

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It is clear from the 2 tables above that the description of work permitted in the environmental
license diverges greatly from work actually done. Furthermore, other problems as follows
were ascertained in relation to WSC licenses.


There is no final disposal site with an environmental license, including the Manaus
city landfill, in the State of Amazonas. There are 9 companies carrying out final
disposal operations regardless.



A case where waste treatment such as incineration are carried out although theenvironmental license permits waterworks but not other such waste treatment
activities. In this case, it is clear that the WSC should obtain a license.

Of the 17 companies in the reuse/recycle category, 11 companies are under anenvironmental license code other than waste services. Specifically, companies whose
main activities are paper or aluminum manufacturing are reusing or recycling waste aspart of their activities. In such a case, a license for the reuse/recycling of waste should
be obtained in addition to their current license, or a new licensing structure should be
looked into.

A large number of activities classified as intermediate treatment should be consideredreuse/recycling.

a.3

Presence of unregistered entities

As previously stated, there are a number of currently unregistered entities conducting waste
services without having obtained an environmental license. In this study, at least 23 were
found. Further, given that the number of companies that have obtained a license and areoperating waste services is unclear, conditions are not conducive for the government
administration responsible for managing waste services to sufficiently regulate these
unregistered entities. Moreover, the WSC users (i.e. factories) are not provided informationfrom the government not only about which companies are accountable, but also information
on which companies have obtained the proper environmental license.
As can be seen from this, there are at present various problems with the system to register
WSCs. A large part of the problem is that the current environmental licensing system has
waste services dispersed across a wide range of activities. As such, IPAAM must quickly
construct a uniform management structure for WSCs and develop a corresponding database.
b.

Secure Final Destination

b.1

Final disposal site without operation license

Based on the results from the survey of waste service companies, 9 companies are involved in
final disposal activities. However, there is no final disposal site in the State of Amazonas
which has obtained an environmental license, including the municipal landfill. At the end of
2009, there are 2 locations, one owned by Manaus city and another privately held location,
where industrial waste from PIM is brought for final disposal. Nevertheless, neither of thesepossesses an operation license for final disposal.
Regardless of this situation, as shown in Figure 4-2 the final destination of at least 21.7% ormore of the industrial waste generated is the landfill. Taking the unclear circumstances ofdisposal of residues generated from intermediate treatment and reuse/recycling into
consideration, a great amount of industrial waste is being disposed in a landfill without anenvironmental license. In other words, because a landfill without an environmental license is
the primary final destination of industrial waste generated in PIM, most of the PIM factories
do not satisfy the conditions required for ISO 14000.

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Meanwhile, even though the construction and operation of a licensed landfill site has been a
considered for PIM waste management for many years, little progress has been seen. In orderto build a robust IWM system for PIM, it is necessary for stakeholders to come together andproceed to construct a final disposal site with an operational license as soon as possible.
Construction of a final disposal site will become possible for the first time through a processthat includes site selection, environmental study, EIA, public hearing, and consensus building
with residents. Thereby, a considerable amount of time is required prior to construction. Until
then, the question of how to secure final destination is be a distinctly large issue for forming
an appropriate waste management system for PIM.
b.2

Promoting Co-processing

Co-processing is the use of waste as raw material, as a source of energy, or both to replacenatural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil fuels. Instances where no residues
are generated are regarded as Final Destination. In the target study area, co-processing
activities are undertaken where one company is manufacturing and selling asphalt filler
mixed with 5% waste in addition to the cement factory. That seller, however, did not agree tocomply with the WSC survey, so specifics are unclear.
Meanwhile, the amount of waste put toward co-processing by the sole cement factory locatedin the MFZ is considered extremely limited at 5,274 ton/year. Given that the production
volume at same cement factory in 2005 was 627,000 ton/year (Cement Factory 2005 Annual
Report: Sindicato Nacional da Industria do Cimento 2005), it can be deduced the ratio ofwaste treatment was no more than 0.84% of their production volume. In Japan, the ratio ofwaste treatment to production volume is 43.5%. In the State of Amazonas, the disposal
amount using co-processing where no residues are generated at the cement factory is greatly
limited.
Co-processing at a cement factory is a desirable form of final destination from anenvironmental conservation perspective. For IPAAM to make a breakthrough concerning thenon-licensed landfill problem, it must collaborate with SUFRAMA to promote co-processing.
c.

Poor Business Environment for Industrial Waste Disposal

As shown in Table 4-31: Categorization of Waste Services of 67 Companies withEnvironmental Licenses, putting aside the quality of services on offer, the structure forreceiving wastes discharged from factories is sufficient, apart from final disposal. With 440
factories operating in PIM, comparatively, the number is more than enough. However, basedon observations during the survey of waste service companies, it is hard to say the quality ofservice is ample. In particular, there were a number of problems observed concerning
pollution control devices such as countermeasures for incinerator gas emissions. Namely, theconditions observed are not conducive to attracting investment for waste service companies
to conduct sound waste treatment and disposal practices. The reason for this is that theenvironment, as pointed out below, is not suitable for industrial waste disposal business to
conduct treatment appropriately.


A large amount of industrial waste is being disposed of in the Manaus City landfill
which does not collect a disposal fee.



There are a large number of waste service companies that do not have anenvironmental license (i.e. unregistered entities) which are disposing waste for low
fees.

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Administration does not have a clear picture of actual waste service company
practices, including registered entities, so that regulation of unregistered and unsoundentities is greatly confined.



Under these conditions, competition between waste service companies is fierce, anddisposal fees are extremely low. Thus, attracting investment for the construction andoperation of appropriate treatment and disposal facilities is extremely limited.



Also, some entities which discharge waste lack concern for whether the waste isdisposed of properly.

In order for IPAAM to realize appropriate off-site treatment of factory waste, it must
collaborate with SUFRAMA to facilitate a good business environment for industrial waste
disposal.

4.4.3

Administration of IWM
As mentioned above, current conditions leave administration at risk, as it is responsible forthe instruction, education and regulation of stakeholders concerning management at IW
generation sources, and the monitoring and management of appropriate disposal ofdischarged waste. The primary issues are given below.
a.

Organizational Structurea.1

Legal System

In Brazil, the administration for industrial waste management in each State is under thejurisdiction of the State environmental authority. In Amazonas State, this is IPAAM, theInstitute of Amazonas Environmental Protection. The legal system for administration of
IWM, according to Federal law, follows State laws.
The Federal legal system serving the nation is quite elaborate and the National Solid Waste
Policy (NSWP) was approved by the House of Commons (Camara de Deputados)
Representatives on 10 March 2010 and covers all the principles, objectives, tools, guidelines,
goals and actions adopted by the federal government, either alone or in cooperation with
States, Federal District, Municipalities and private, with a view to integrated andenvironmentally sound management of solid waste. Also, the Amazonas State government
primarily follows the Federal legal system and prepares the necessary State laws, so therequired legal system to carry out IWM is prepared. The problem is development of the tools
and the organizational structure needed to enforce the law.
a.2

Organizational Structure

At the national level, the organizational structure responsible for IWM has been duly
developed. At the same time, strengthening is needed for the organizational structure at theState level which is responsible for actual administration of industrial waste management
according to the law. In particular, there are shortfalls in the number of staff concerningindustrial waste management.
In the State of Amazonas, the office responsible for IWM administration is theEnvironmental Monitoring Management Section (GMAM) of IPAAM. Although the officehas a staff of seven, the work in which they are engaging is not IWM, but such work as the
management of environmental licenses.

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Also, as of December 2009, there is neither a unit nor in-house staff in charge of IWM at
SUFRAMA, which manages the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM).1b.

Improvement and Upgrading of Management Tools

It is necessary for the administration to use a variety of tools in order to enforce sound waste
management. Based on the current situation, improvement and upgrading the following tools
will be vital.


Improvement of the database for factories, which are the generation source of IWImprovement of the database of waste inventories which show the amount andcomposition of IW generated at factories as well as management conditions

Improvement of the waste manifest system in order to track and monitor where andhow IW discharged from factories is being disposed.



Development of a database to register and manage industrial waste service companies

b.1

Improvement of Factory Database

SUFRAMA has developed a factory database for those that have entered PIM in order toaward various amenities as appropriate, and is updating this database as needed.
Nevertheless, a number of problems were identified, as follows, in this study when
conducting the surveys on medical institutions and construction waste.
Of the factories on the SUFRAMA Factory List2, 18 of the 475 in operation are locatedoutside of the MFZ, the target area of the study. Consequently, the study confirmed
whether any of the 457 factories located in PIM within the MFZ had medical facilities(i.e. clinics) or, in the past year, had had any construction works. The results are as
follows.


Factories which responded by telephone:334



Factory closures:17

Factories which declined to answer:

25

Factories which could not be contacted by telephone:81

Including the factories that could not be contacted by telephone (which assumes thatsome of these incidences were on account of number changes), the study reported that
440 PIM factories are operating in the MFZ area, excluding the 17 which had closed.
As shown above, the SUFRAMA factory database had not been updated to reflect the 17
factory closures. Furthermore, it is possible that the data was insufficient for the 81 factories
that were not reachable by telephone.
The most important data for management of the industrial area (PIM) is that on which
factories are operating, so it is necessary to keep that data as up-to-date as possible.
b.2

Improvement of Waste Inventory Database

Waste inventories are a critically important tool to understand the actual conditions ofindustrial waste management and formulate a plan for IW management. However, thefollowing problems were identified concerning the waste inventories.
1

At present in December 2009, an industrial waste management unit has not officially been launched.
It is planned for 2010 and 3 staff members will be assigned.
2
Profile of the Companies with Projects Approved by SUFRAMA, December 2008 (Perfil Das
Empresas Com Projetos Aprovados Pela SUFRAMA Dez/2008)

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Although all PIM factories are obligated to submit a waste inventory, the number offactories doing so stands at approximately one-forth.



IPAAM does not have a database to manage and analyze waste inventories which aresubmitted.



SUFRAMA is entering the submitted waste inventories into a database andcalculating the generation amount. However, there is no recognition of which
industrial wastes generated are disposed of on-site and which are discharged off-sitefor disposal, or how they are disposed. It is likely that the major cause for this is thecomplicated forms designated in CONAMA Resolution 313 and conflicting reporting
methods (e.g. waste type, disposal method, units, etc) used by those reporting.

In order to resolve the above issues, it is necessary for IPAAM and SUFRAMA to improvethe database of waste inventories as detailed below.


The first step is to establish an easily understandable reporting format (waste type,disposal method, units, etc) based on the factory survey undertaken in this study, by
refining the submittal of waste inventories into one unified method.

Forthrightly prepare a system in which the submitted waste inventories are promptly
entered into the database.

At the same time, instruct and train all PIM factories on the unified reporting methodand direct all factories to submit a waste inventory.

b.3

Improvement of Waste Manifest System

The waste manifest system is an indispensable administration tool used to monitor waste
treatment and disposal after factory discharge. In the State of Amazonas, the creation andsubmittal of waste manifest documents is mandatory. However, IPAAM has not designated a
specific waste manifest format that should be used. Thus, it is not possible to clarify the finaldestination of all wastes which are discharged. Improvement of the waste manifest system isa pressing issue for IPAAM, and it will be necessary to take the following steps.
Create a uniform waste manifest format to be used, taking into consideration
examples from States further along in development, such as Rio de Janeiro.

On that basis, collaborate with those States to put the waste manifests on-line.

Concurrently, arrange the data garnered from the waste manifest system into a
database.

b.4

Development of Registry and Management Database for WSCs

In the State of Amazonas, waste service companies (WSC) are registered and managed using
the environmental licensing system. However, the current system has a number of problems,and it is not possible to gauge the actual number of operators engaged in waste services. Also,
there are some entities operating which are not yet registered, but it is not possible to expose
those unsound operators. In order to improve this situation, it is necessary to forthrightly
develop a database to register and manage industrial waste service companies as follows.


Arrange the environmental licenses currently related to various waste services into
one large category for waste-related services.



Additionally, sub-divide waste-related service licenses into categories: collection andtransportation, intermediate treatment, reuse/recycle, and final disposal.

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
b.5

JICA
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Improvement of Data Management System

Simply constructing a database will not bring about its essential function. It is also necessary
to continuously maintain the database, and work to expand and develop the management
system. In particular, with the database at IPAAM serving as the seat for waste management,
the following improvements will need to be made.
Promptly develop a system in which it is possible to interface with the data containedin other organizations’ databases.

Provide the necessary personnel to manage the database and keep the data up-to-date.

Consolidate a process in which the data can be shared, such as creating waste codes.

c.

Strengthening Regulation

As mentioned above, the current organizational structure and management tools are notsufficiently developed, and thus regulations against illegal dumping, non-registered operators,
improper treatment and disposal and such fall short. In the State of Amazonas, it is assumed
that private-sector vitality will serve to bring about the facilities necessary for the appropriate
treatment and disposal of industrial waste. As this will take a considerable investment fromthe private sector to construct treatment and disposal facilities, it is important that thoseinvestors can gauge recovery on their investment. The most important factor in doing so is tostep up control of illegalities such as non-registered operators and illegal dumping as well as
unsound treatment and disposal routes and eliminate them. Along with development ofmanagement tools and organizational structure, it is necessary to strengthen the structure of
regulation implementation.
d.

Pending Need for Cooperative Framework for Administration, Dischargers andWaste Service Companies

d.1

Cooperation between Administrative Entities

Although administration of industrial waste management in the State of Amazonas is led by
IPAAM, a variety of administrative entities are involved. Therefore, IPAAM will need tocooperate with these other entities in order for them to establish an appropriate system forindustrial waste management. For SUFRAMA, which manages PIM, collaboration withrelated organizations, starting with IPAAM, is necessary if PIM is to acquire an
environmental license as requested by the State Public Ministry.
In particular, because the landfill in the State of Amazonas serving as the final destination forindustrial waste for much of the waste disposed does not possess an environmental license,much of the waste is not being disposed of properly in the strictest sense. Furthermore, alarge part of industrial waste final disposal is dependent on the city landfill run by the
Manaus Municipal government. In order to make a breakthrough in this area, it is desirable
that the related organizations, such as IPAAM (managing waste service companies),
SUFRAMA (managing factories), Manaus City (managing the landfill), State Public Ministry(exposing unsound disposal), and FIEAM (the State industrial federation), establish a close,collaborative relationship.
d.2

Cooperation between Administration and Dischargers of Waste

Despite the obligation of all PIM factories to submit a waste inventory, the rate of submittal
stands at one-forth. The cause is the factories’ poor awareness of compliance, but also a lack

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of promotional activities to train and instruct factories on the administration’s part. It isessential to form a collaborative structure between administration and the dischargers ofwaste if one hopes to expand the submittal rate of waste inventories and ensure that an
improved waste manifest system functions. In order to develop a cooperative structure, theadministrative parties should proactively carry out the following efforts on behalf of thefactories which discharge waste.
In order to facilitate the 3Rs and sound treatment on-site, encourage factories to form
industrial waste measures such as a system of comprehensive responsibility andtechnology management system. To do so, administration should take up instruction
and training of such personnel and be proactive in the provision of information about
front-runners amongst factories regarding the 3Rs and sound treatment and disposal.

Provide instruction and training on the method to create a waste inventory and waste
manifest.

Provide information on waste service companies that have acquired an environmental
license to facilitate sound off-site treatment and disposal.

d.3

Cooperation between Administration and WSCs

During the survey of waste service companies (WSCs) as part of this study, 18 of the 53
companies which hold environmental licenses declined to cooperate with the study, despite
encouragement by IPAAM. The reason may lie in a lack of awareness among the WSCs, butalso points to the tenuous nature of the relationship between administration and WSCs. Also,with the existence of non-registered entities, licensed operators may harbor a sense of distrust
regarding the poor business environment. In order make a newly developed registration
system for WSCs function and expunge the existence of non-registered entities, it is essential
for administration to form a collaborative relationship with licensed companies. To do so, thefollowing efforts should be sought proactively at the behest of the administration on behalf ofregistered companies.


Actively publicize a new WSC registration system to waste service companies. On
this basis, provide instruction and training on how to prepare the application form forregistration.

Support the establishment of a technical management system amongst waste service
companies in order to facilitate reuse/recycle and sound treatment and disposal. To doso, the administrative parties should provide opportunities for instruction and trainingof such personnel and actively promulgate information concerning reuse/recycle andsound treatment and disposal.

Develop a database to register and manage WSCs forthrightly and consolidate efforts
to regulate non-registered entities. Furthermore, publicize information on WSCs
which hold environmental licenses to the factories, their clients. Through these
activities, the business environment of WSCs will improve.

d.4

Cooperation between 3 Entities: Administration, Dischargers and WSCs

In order to establish a system of sound industrial waste management, it is essential that acollaborative relationship is formed between the three entities of factories, which discharge
waste; waste service companies, which properly manage the waste discharged; andadministration which monitors, guides, instructs, manages and regulates the previous two. At
present, one would be hard-pressed to say that this collaborative structure is satisfactory.
Thus, the related parties must make the above-mentioned improvements.

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Moreover, in order to further develop the collaborative structure as mentioned above, it isimportant that administration, dischargers and WSCs create a place where they are able toexchange opinions and information, etc.

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Master Plan on Industrial Waste
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5.1 Future Socio-Economic Framework

5

Master Plan on Industrial Waste Management

5.1

Future Socio-Economic Framework

5.1.1

Population
IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) conducted a long-term population
projection between 1980 and 2050 and revised the projected results periodically. Here, thelatest revised population projection of IBGE in 2004 is applied for projection of the
population in the city of Manaus. According to the latest population data in IBGE, thepopulation in Manaus is 1,738,641 in 2009. Based on this latest population data, the future
growth of population in Manaus is projected as follows:
Table 5-1: Population Projection in Manaus (2009-2030)

Unit: thousand
Year
Population (Brazil)
Population (Manaus)

2009
194,370
1,739

2010
196,834
1,761

2015
208,4681,865

2020
219,078
1,960

2025
228,874
2,047

2030
237,738
2,127

Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)

The average annual population growth in the city of Manaus is estimated as 1.09% per year
between 2009 and 2020 while it is 0.96% per year between 2009 and 2030.

5.1.2

EconomyAccording to the latest economic outlook available in the Central Bank of Brazil, the recent
trend of GDP growth of Brazil and Manaus is as shown in the table below.
Table 5-2: Recent GDP growth in Brazil and Manaus
Year

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Brazil GDP (billion Real)

2,376

2,512

2,591

2,694

2,858

3,005

Real Growth Rate (%)

1.1

5.7

3.2

4.0

6.1

5.1

28.85

32.96

33.30

36.29

NA

NA

NA

14.2

1.0

9.0

NA

NA

Manaus GRDP (billion Real)
Real Growth Rate (%)
Source: The Central Bank of Brazil

According to the announcement of the Finance Minister of Brazil, the real growth rate of
GDP in Brazil is estimated as 1.22% in 2009 while it is expected to increase up to 5.8% in
2010. Based on the past trend of economic growth in Brazil, the study estimated the future
economic growth with linear regressions model up until the year 2030. The result of
estimation is shown in the next table.

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Table 5-3: Estimated Economic Growth of Brazil
Year

2008

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Brazil GDP (billion Real)

3,005

3,218

3,794

4,386

4,978

5,570

-

3.5

3.3

2.9

2.6

2.3

Growth Rate (%/year)

Source: the Finance Minister of Brazil

On the other hand, the regional GDP of Manaus is only available between 2004 and 2006, byapplying the linear regression model, the future economic growth of Manaus is estimated asshown in the table below.
Table 5-4: Estimated Economic Growth of Manaus
Year

2006

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Manaus GRDP (billion Real)

36.29

44.17

52.50

60.82

69.15

77.47

-

5.0

3.5

3.0

2.6

2.3

Growth Rate (%/year)
Source: the Finance Minister of Brazil

5.1.3

Estimation of the Future Industrial Growth
As for the source of data for the estimation of the future industrial growth, “Trend in
Industrial Production Value by Type of Industry during 2004-2008, SUFRAMA” was used.
a.

Source of Data Used

The following baseline data were calculated to estimate the framework of future industry
growth of the Manaus Free Trade Zone.
1.

Trend in Industrial Output by Type of Industry

2.

Trend in Production Value by Type of Industry

3.

Number of Employees by Type of Industry

The industrial output data (first item above) contains the trends of only a very limited set of
products; with not enough data available to represent the entire SUFRAMA area, it waseliminated from the baseline data.
On the other hand, the production values (second item above) contain the industrial
classifications for major sectors from 2004 to 2008, which is approximate to the classification
used for the factory survey in this study and thus effective baseline data when used toestablish the framework of future industry growth.
The third item above, concerning number of employees, contains detailed data beyond thesector-based employee data used in the factory survey. However, trends over time are notcategorized by sector but only changes in the total number of employees in the SUFRAMA
region.
Based on these factors, the study chose to apply the production value data by industrial sector
in the SUFRAMA region, 2004 ~ 2008, to predict the framework of future industry growth.

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5.1 Future Socio-Economic Frameworkb.

Application of Production Value Data by Type of Industry

There is an inherent correlation between the industrial output in each sector and the amountof industrial waste generated. In turn, this underlines another correlation between industrial
output and production value. However, to calculate production value using the unit
generation amount (ton/real) requires taking into account trends in commodity prices andexchange rates. Therefore, estimating future industrial growth is done, first, by converting thecurrent value, which is given in the data provided by SUFRAMA in Dollars, and obtaining
the Brazilian currency value (Real) by using the yearly average exchange rate for each year.
Then, discounting the inflation rate based on the 2004 consumer price index, and calculating
the yearly production value for each type of industry. (Supporting Report: referencing theestimated value of production by type of industry, the 2004~2008 data is based on current
data converted to 2004 real price value of production.)c.

Estimation of the Future Industrial Growth (2008-2030)

The framework of future industry growth is the basis of estimating the future industrial waste
generation in PIM. The amount of industrial waste generation has the strongest correlation toindustrial production although it is not linear considering the improvement of productivity inrespective industries.
To estimate the future industrial growth in PIM, the study utilizes the data of industrial output
by types of industry during 2004-2008 available in SUFRAMA, as shown in the table below.
Table 5-5: Trend of Industrial Production Value during 2004-2008
Unit: million $US
Factory
Code
F01
F16
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F17
F19

SectorBeverage
Garment & Footwear
Printing
Electrical/Electronics
LumberMachinery (Mechanical)
Metals
Non-Ferrous Metals
Furniture
Paper & Packaging
RubberFood ProductChemicalPlastics
TextilesTransportation
Equipment
Others
Total

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

152
5
35
4,967
21
333
393
35
10
87
1.4
59
1,253
729
5
2,353

163
12
32
6,748
23
475
678
51
15
132
1.0
65
1,584
1,101
6
3,153

210
17
34
7,840
21
524
1,068
68
18
158
0.5
69
2,016
1,279
7
4,185

84
12
36
8,029
25
654
1,505
94
20
172
0.2
52
2,640
1,422
7
5,948

100
21
39
8,993
23
788
2,090
151
27
188
1.7
63
2,987
1,669
8
7,668

3,752
14,190

4,676
18,915

5,236
22,7504,995
25,695

5,359
30,176

Source: SUFRAMA

With the past industrial output data above, the future industrial growth in Manaus Free Zone
is estimated in accordance with the following steps:

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STEP 1: Conversion of the industrial output into real output value at 2004 price in RealThe industrial output value during 2004-2008 is converted into real output value at 2004 pricein Brazilian Real using deflators and the average currency exchange rate in respective years,
as shown in the table below.
Table 5-6: Trend of Industrial Output Value during 2004-2008 at 2004 Price
Unit: million Real
Factory
Code
F01
F16
F03
F04
F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F17
F19

SectorBeverage
Garment & Footwear
Printing
Electrical/Electronics
LumberMachinery (Mechanical)
Metals
Non-Ferrous Metals
Furniture
Paper & Packaging
RubberFood ProductChemicalPlastics
TextilesTransportation Equipment
Others
Total

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

445
15
104
14,536
62
976
1,150
103
31
255
4.0
172
3,667
2,134
15
6,886
10,972
41,527370
27
72
15,270
53
1,075
1,535
116
34
299
2.3
146
3,584
2,492
13
7,135
10,57842,801429
35
70
15,988
44
1,069
2,177
139
37
322
1.0
141
4,111
2,607
14
8,534
10,67546,393160
22
68
15,213
47
1,240
2,851
178
38
327
0.4
98
5,001
2,695
13
11,2709,465
48,686178
38
70
15,974
41
1,399
3,712
269
48
333
3.0
111
5,305
3,138
14
13,6209,347
53,600Source: SUFRAMASTEP 2: Estimation of the future industrial growth by approximate function analysis
for each type of industries
Based on the approximate function analysis of the past trend of industrial growth for eachtype of industries, the study estimated the future industrial growth as shown in the tablebelow up until the year 2030.
Table 5-7: Estimation of the Future Industrial Growth (2008-2030)
Unit: million Real
Factory
Code
F01
F16
F03
F04
F05
F06

SectorBeverage
Garment & Footwear
Printing
Electrical/Electronics
LumberMachinery (Mechanical)

2008

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

178
38
70
15,974
41
1,399

157
44
59
16,524
38
1,556

113
65
52
17,934
34
2,062

91
86
48
19,344
31
2,568

78
106
45
20,754
29
3,074

69
127
43
22,164
28
3,580

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5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

F07
F08
F09
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F17
F19

Metals
Non-Ferrous Metals
Furniture
Paper & Packaging
RubberFood ProductChemicalPlastics
TextilesTransportation Equipment
Others
Total

3,712
269
48
333
3.0
111
5,305
3,138
14
13,6209,347
53,600

4,860
318
53
381
0.8
96
6,211
3,325
13
16,531
8,636
58,803

8,079
515
72
473
0.5
81
8,558
4,257
11
25,334
6,625
74,265

11,299
712
92
565
0.4
73
10,9055,190
10
34,136
4,612
89,762

14,518
908
111
658
0.3
67
13,2516,123
842,9392,603
105,272

17,738
1,105
131
750
0.3
63
15,5987,055
651,742590
120,789

Source: SUFRAMAThe estimation above is based on a ‘Business-as-Usual’ scenario, assuming that past trends
revealed by statistical analysis will be reflected in future industrial growth. If SUFRAMA has
some plans on future industrial location and/or development of Manaus Free Zone, it should
be reflected to improve this estimation.

5.2

Projection of Future IW Generation

5.2.1

Scope of Projectiona.

Target Industry Types

In this report, the following 19 industry classifications used by SUFRAMA for PIM factories
were used as the targets for the future estimate of IW generation1
Table 5-8: SUFRAMA’s Factory Classification
Factory
Code
F01
F02
F03
F04

F05
F06
F07
F08
F09
F10

Description of subsector
Beverage (soft drink, alcoholic) and vinegars
Leathers, skins and similar
Printing and graphical company
Electric, electronic and communication materials
4.1 Components
4.2 Products (except copy machines)
4.3 Copy machines and similes
Wood
Mechanical
6.1 Watch
6.2 Other mechanical industries
Metallurgy
Non metallic minerals
Furniture
Paper, cardboard, cellulose

1

Industries (companies) established and producing in western Amazon with full projects approved by
SUFRAMA (CGPRI & CGMER/COCAD SUFRAMA , up to 8/2008)

5-5

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17

F18
F19

b.

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RubberFood products
ChemicalPlastic material products
TextileClothing, fabric and travel goods
Transport material
17.1 Two wheel
17.2 Naval
17.3 Other transport material industry
Construction
Others19.1 Optical
19.2 Toys
19.3 Devices, equipment, and fotogr. accessories
19.4 Pens and disposable razors
19.5 Other several industries

Targeted Industrial Waste

The industrial wastes targeted for generation estimates are those required by CONAMA
Resolution 313 to be included in a waste inventory. For this report, the following three maincategories were used to estimate generation amount.

c.

General Industrial Waste



Health-care WasteConstruction Waste
Estimation Period for Generation AmountThe estimation period for the generation amount will be until the Master Plan target year
2015.

5.2.2

Methodology of Estimating Future IW Generationa.

Formula used to Estimate the Generation Amount

Estimation of future IW generation amount was made based on the following equation.
nm

IWG (Mi Gij)i1 j1

Basically, the future IW generation amount is calculated using the generation rate (G) fromeach generation source, multiplied by the number of basic units (M) from each generation
source. The number of basic units (M) can be the production amount, production value,
etcetera, but in this study, number of employees was used for reasons given below.
The following table shows how each item of the above formula was established in terms of
the previously mentioned 3 types of industrial waste.

5-6

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

Table 5-9: Explanation of Items of Estimation Formula for Future IW Generation Amount
Formula Items

General IW

IWG

Generation Amount ofGeneral IW (ton/year)i

Factory typej

Type of general IW

M

Number of employees
Waste generation rate
(ton/year/person)
Factory type number (19types)
Waste type number (29types)

Gnmb.

Health-care Waste
Generation Amount of
Health-careWaste(ton/year)
Only one generation
rate (GR) is used for all
PIM factory
Type of health-carewaste
Number of employees
Waste generation rate
(ton/year/person)
Factory type number(only one type)
Waste type number (5types)

Construction Waste
Generation Amount ofConstruction
Waste(ton/year)
Only one generation
rate (GR) is used for all
PIM factory
Type of construction
waste
Number of employees
Waste generation rate
(ton/year/person)
Factory type number(only one type)
Waste type number (4types)

Setting the Waste Generation Rate (GR)The waste generation rate (GR) is given for each type of waste for all three types of industrial
waste1. The GR used is ton per year per person (ton/year/person). The GR was establishedbased on data that the study team gathered when carrying out three surveys: factories,
medical institutions, and construction waste. Here, to estimate waste generation amount, it isassumed that until 2015 there is no change in the GR. The table below shows the industry
type and generation amount of each type for general industrial waste.
b.1

General Industrial Waste

The tables below show the industry type and generation rate (GR) of each type for generalindustrial waste. However, Table 5-10 shows the Non-Hazardous and Hazardous industrial
waste (Non-HIW and HIW, respectively) according to Non-Production and Production
Process in each industry type, whereas Table 5-11 shows the waste generated from
Non-Production and Production Process according to Non-HIW and HIW in each industry
type. Namely, this is a selection of the generation rates found in the study; the GR of 29
waste types were calculated for each of the 19 types of industry, but the detailed results are
given in the Data Book.
Table 5-10: Generation Rate for General Industrial Waste by Industry Type
Unit : kg/person/year
Factory Code
F01
F02*1
F03
F04
F05*2

1

Non-Production Process

Non-HIW

Production Process

HIW

1,349.6--84.2

Non-HIW
19.0
--6.4
86.7

Given for 19 factory types for general IW.

5-7

111.8
--1,686.2
910.8

HIW
21.1
--899.1
195.5

JICA
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5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

F06
F07
F08
F09
F10
F11*2
F12
F13
F14
F15*2
F16*2
F17
F18*2
F19
All Category
Note :

557.2
745.0
184.1

228.3
141.3
1.7
69.9

1,699.5
2,979.8
841.4
72.1
5,006.7

242.9
207.5
3.1
245.2
448.2

11,481.4
0.4
133.1
291.1

0.9
781.3

14,125.3
1,089.2
465.0

241.1
100.0
71.5

137.3

13.8

471.4

363.6

250.7
439.4

0.8
112.0

692.3
885.8

218.6
262.4

*1 : No factory corresponded to category F02 on the SUFRAMA factory list.
*2 : Listed on the SURAMA factory list and requested for the factory survey, but none offactory of this category was surveyed in this study.

Table 5-11: Generation Rate of General Industrial Waste by Waste Type
Unit : kg/person/year
Waste
Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11
NH12
NH13
All CategoryNon- HIWNon Process
Process
66.9
1.5
45.9
42.9
89.6
241.3
22.0
136.7
3.0
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.5
*1
--1.9
82.7
360.2
24.7
16.5
1.7
4.9
4.6
0.1
98.0
78.9
439.4
885.8

Waste
Category
HW01
HW02
HW03
HW04
HW05
HW06
HW07
HW08
HW09
HW10
HW11
HW12
HW13
HW14
HW15
HW16
All Category

Note : *1: Indicates that corresponding waste was not generated.

5-8

HIW
Non Process
Process
0.0
0.8
---*1
---*1
0.0
0.1
0.0
9.1
0.0
0.6
*1
-----*1
0.7
56.4
*1
--3.0
33.2
30.2
0.0
0.0
51.9
8.4
*1
--0.8
2.7
0.4
1.8
115.2
14.5
7.2
112.0

26.5
10.9
262.4

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generationb.2

Health-care Waste

The generation amount of each group of health-care waste is given in the table below.
Table 5-12: Generation Rate of Health-care Waste
Clinics
Waste Category
Group AGroup B
Group CGroup EGroup D

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

General Hospital

kg/clinic/day

g/employee/day*1

kg/hospital/day

0.16
0.00
0.10
0.26
--0.27
0.00
0.44
1.17
2.40

0.22
0.00
0.14
0.36
--0.38
0.00
0.62
1.64
3.36

6.01
0.00
8.11
8.64
--1.7
0.0
3.4
94.0
121.8

Biologic
Animals
Body part
Patient care etc.
PrionsChemical etc.
Radioactive waste
Piercing or Cutting
Common waste
Total

Note

*1: In 2009, there were 116,192 employees.

b.3

Construction Waste

The generation rate was calculated for each class of construction waste, as listed in
CONAMA Resolution 307.
Table 5-13: Generation Rate of CONAMA Resolution 307 Construction Wastes
Class

Class AClass BClass CClass D

Generation unit (kg/factory/day)

227.14

1.04

0.00

0.00

Total
228.18In the survey, the 4 classes of waste as shown in CONAMA Resolution 307 were subdivided
into 44 types. The generation rates for those 44 types which were reported are given below.
For those waste codes not listed indicates that generation of such waste was not reported.
Table 5-14: Generation Rate of Construction Waste
Waste No.
01
02
03
04
06
11
12
13
17
20
21

Name of Waste
Excavated soil
Concrete debris
Asphalt debris
Brick debris
Tile and ceramic
Plastic/vinyl sheet
Iron-bar, steel materials
Small metal waste
Plaster boards
Wood debris
Timber form

5-9

kg/factory/day
9.04
14.75
17.12
0.83
0.003
0.12
0.07
0.16
0.01
0.37
0.06

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

22
23
24
29
33
44

c.

Scaffolding materialInterior timber
Packing (cardboard)
Machine oil
Ash
Mixed construction waste
Total

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0.34
0.32
0.26
0.02
0.05
184.66228.18Future estimation for number of employees

The future estimation of number of employees is an important variable when estimating thewaste generation amount. The variable for number of employees was selected, particularly,
for the following reasons.
1.

It is estimated that “the increase in waste generated from factories tends to be closer in
relation to growth in number of workers rather than growth in production.”

2.

Manufacturers and other industries will increase production according to a rise indemand to expand their profits, but they attempt to control production costs per item
as much as possible through improved productivity. These efforts include improving
worker productivity, economizing energy use and resources (raw materials).

3.

Economizing on energy and resources is, in due course, tied to the reduction of waste
generated through production activities. Therefore, assuming such efforts are made,the future amount of waste generated is estimated as a factor in improved productivity
included in "growth in number of employees" rather than output growth.

However, the only data available is that for the total number of employees in PIM overall, as
the corresponding data for the categories in each of the 19 types of industry does not exist.
Accordingly, analysis of the correlation between total number of employees in PIM, 2004 ~2008, and estimated industrial growth resulted in an average annual growth in overall PIM
production value of 6.6%, thus confirming that average annual growth of direct employment
in the same period will remain at 5%.
Based on these results, the forecast for employees in each type of industry was estimatedusing the following method.
1.

The correlation between the change in number of employees in PIM (annual averageof 5.0% growth, 2004 ～2008) and change in production value (annual average of
6.6% growth, 2004 ～2008) was estimated, showing that PIM labor productivity will
improve 1.5% annually on average.

2.

Based on the assumption above, using the 2009 data for number of employees in eachof the 19 industry types, and 2009 ~ 2015 estimated industry growth for each industry
type, the number of employees in each sector was estimated for 2015 using thefollowing formula:
Number of Employees (2015) = Number of Employees (2009)×｛2015 industrial
growth/(2009 industrial growth×1.0156)｝

3.

Results were similarly sought for each of the 19 types of industry.

The forecast for number of employees was estimated using the above conditions with theresults as shown in the following table.

5-10

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

Table 5-15: Estimated Forecast for Number of Employees
2009

2015

Industrial
growthNumber of
Employee

Unit
Industrial
growth(mil. Real)(employee)(mil. Real/employee)(mil. Real)(employee)(mil. Real/employee)

F01

173

2,975

0.058

113

1,794

0.063

F02

---

---

---

---

---

---

F03

62

843

0.074

52

642

0.081

F04

16,242

37,7650.430

17,934

38,157

0.470

F05

40

348

0.115

34

270

0.126

F06

1,455

5,464

0.266

2,062

7,086

0.291

F07

4,217

6,003

0.702

8,080

10,521

0.768

F08

279

698

0.400

515

1,178

0.437

Factory
Code

Industrial
growthNumber of
Employee

Unit
Industrial
growth

F09

49

445

0.110

72

600

0.120

F10

363

1,789

0.203

473

2,131

0.222

F11

0.9

133

0.007

0.5

63

0.008

F12

101

538

0.188

81

393

0.206

F13

5,742

1,355

4.238

8,558

1,847

4.634

F14

3,138

9,625

0.326

4,257

11,958

0.356

F15

13

20

0.650

11

15

0.711

F16

40

589

0.068

65

878

0.074

F17

14,771

43,9370.336

25,334

69,030

0.367

*1

440

21.261285

23.248

3,225

2.901

2,088

3.172

116,192

0.482

148,936

0.527

F18
F19
Total

9,355

56,041

6,623*1
74,265*1: Statistically, the type of industrial growth for F18 and F19 are the same. Here, in order to calculate the unit
industrial growth for each industry, the same industrial growth trends were used.

The value and rate of both total industrial growth and total number of employees were
estimated, as shown in the following graph.

5-11

JICA
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5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

170,000
Industrial output(mil.Real)
Number of Employee
Empolyee

70,000150,000

60,000130,000

50,000

Number of Employee

Industrial growth (mil. real)

80,000110,000
2009

2010

2011

2012
yera

2013

2014

2015

Figure 5-1: Estimated Results for Total Industrial Growth and Total Number of
Employees (Forecast)

140
Industrial grow th index

133

Number of Employee index

Index (2009=100)

130

128

127
121

120

116

124
119

115

110 110110

105 105
100 100

100

90
2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

year

Figure 5-2: Estimated Results for Total Industrial Growth and Total Number of
Employees (Rate)

5.2.3

Estimation of Future IW Generation Amount
Future IW generation rate is the product of the above-mentioned generation rate ofindustry/industrial waste by type (general IW, health-care waste, construction waste) and thenumber of employees by industry. The results are as follows.

5-12

JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generationa.

General Industrial Waste Generation

The generation amount of general industrial waste in the entire target area of the study may
be calculated by multiplying a GR of a general IW by the number of employees of each year.
Below, Non-HIW and HIW generated from Non-Production and Production Processes wascalculated for 2015.
The generation amount of general IW in 2009 was estimated at 591.5 ton/day. Further, the2015 general industrial waste amount generated was estimated by multiplying each type ofwaste in each sector (Factory Category) by the future index 737.7 ton/day. It is estimated thatin 2015 there will be about 1.3 times the present amount of general IW.
Table 5-16: Forecast Generation Amount of General IW by Factory Category (2015)
Factory Category

Non-Production
Non-HIW
HIW

Production Process
Non-HIW
HIW

F01
F02

Beverages
Leather

6.6
-

0.1
-

0.5
-

0.1
-

F03

Printing

0.1

-

3.0

F04

Electrical

51.3

9.1

F05

Lumber

0.3

0.1

F06

Machinery

10.8

F07
F08

Metal
Nonferrous Metal

F09

All Process
2009
2015
12.2
7.3

1.6

6.2

4.7

95.2

20.4

174.1

176.0

0.7

0.2

1.7

1.3

4.4

33.0

4.7

40.9

52.9

21.5
0.6

4.1
-

85.9
2.7

6.0
-

67.0
2.0

117.5
3.3

Furniture

0.7

0.2

0.1

0.4

1.0

1.4

F10

Paper

67.1

0.4

29.2

2.7

83.3

99.4

F11

Rubber

0.1

-

0.2

-

0.6

0.3

F12

Food

-

0.1

15.2

0.3

21.3

15.6

F13
F14

ChemicalPlastic

0.7
9.5

25.6

5.5
15.2

0.5
2.3

4.9
42.4

6.7
52.6

F15

Textiles

-

-

-

-

0.1

0.1

F16

Clothing

1.1

0.3

2.1

0.6

2.7

4.1
186.5

F17

Transportation

26.0

2.6

89.2

68.8

118.8

F18

Construction

0.3

0.1

0.7

0.2

2.1

1.3

F19

Other
Total

1.4
198.1

47.1

4.0
382.4

1.3
110.1

10.2

6.7
737.7

591.5

As shown in the table above, 93% of the total general IW will be generated in the following 6
factory’s categories:
Factory
Code
F04
F17
F10
F07
F14
F06

Type of Industry
Electrical industry
Transport Machinery
Paper industry
Metal industry
Plastic Industry
Machinery
Total

Waste Generation in2009 (ton/day)

Waste Generation in2015 (ton/day)

174.1
118.8
83.3
67.0
42.4
40.9

176.0
186.6
99.4
117.5
52.6
52.9

526.5

5-13

685.0

Increase Rate
(%)
1.1
57.0
19.3
75.3
24.1
29.3
30.1

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.2 Projection of Future IW GenerationJICA
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Among the 6 large generation sources the highest increase rate is F07: Metal Industry, 75.3%,
followed by F17: Transport Machinery, 57.0%.
The following two tables show forecast of generation amount of general Non-HIW and HIW
in 2015, respectively:
Table 5-17: Forecast Generation Amount of General Non-HIW by Type of Waste (2015)

Unit:
Waste
Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11
NH12
NH13

Description of Non-HIW
Kitchen waste (include waste from animal such as
bone, skin, hair)
Wood
Paper
Plastic or polymers and resins
Textile and fiber
Animal oil, Vegetable oil
Rubbers and Leather
Ash/dust from coal-fired power plants, etc.
Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, copper,
bronzeCeramic & Glasses
Stone, sand or material that have composition of soil
such as tile, brick, gypsum, cement
Mixed waste (This code shall be applied in casewastes are discharged without separation.)
OthersTotal

ton/day

Generation Amount
2009
2015
26.0

32.8

29.2
120.0
54.5
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.7

34.0
137.2
62.8
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.7

163.6

218.0

13.4

14.8

1.7

2.6

1.5

1.1

59.9
471.8

75.1
580.5

Table 5-18: Forecast Generation Amount of General HIW by Type of Waste (2015)

Unit:
Waste
Code
HW01
HW02
HW03
HW04
HW05
HW06
HW07
HW08
HW09
HW10
HW11
HW12
HW13
HW14
HW15
HW16

Description of Non-HIW
Inorganic acid
Organic acid
AlkalisToxic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Other Inorganic
Organic Compounds
Polymeric Materials
Fuel, Oil and Grease
Fine Chemicals and Biocides
Treatment Sludge
Ash from incinerator
Dust and Air pollution control (APC) products
Other Hazardous substance (besides HW01-HW13)
Mixed Waste
Hazardous materials from Non-production process
Total

5-14

ton/day

Generation Amount
2009
2015
0.2
0.3
2.8
3.6
0.2
0.3
18.9
22.5
1.0
1.4
20.0
27.0
20.6
24.9
0.2
0.3
1.0
1.8
34.4
50.7
14.7
16.9
5.7
7.5
119.7
157.2

JICA
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EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

As shown in the Table 5-17, 72% of the general Non-HIW will be main 3 types of waste, i.e.
NH09: Metal Scrap, NH03: Waste Papers and NH04: Waste Plastics. Among the 3 maintypes of general Non-HIW the highest increase rate is NH09: Metal Scrap, 33.3%, followedby NH04: Waste Plastics, 15.2%.
Factory
Code
NH09
NH03
NH04
-

Type of Industry
Metal Scrap
Waste Papers
Waste Plastics
Other than the above 3
Types of Waste
Total

Waste Generation in2009(ton/day)
163.6
120.0
54.5

Waste Generation in2015(ton/day)
218.0
137.2
62.8

133.7

162.5

471.8

Increase Rate
(%)
33.3
14.3
15.2
21.5

580.5

23.1

As shown in the Table 5-18, 47.3% of the general HIW will be main 3 types of waste, i.e.
HW09: Fuel, Oil and Grease, HW11: Treatment Sludge and HW07: Organic Compounds.
Among the 3 main types of general HIW the highest increase rate is HW09: Fuel, Oil andGrease, 353%, followed by HW11: Treatment Sludge, 20.9%.
Factory
Code
HW09
HW11
HW07
-

b.

Type of Industry
Fuel, Oil and Grease
Treatment Sludge
Organic Compounds
Other than the above 3
Types of Waste
Total

Waste Generation in2009(ton/day)
20.0
20.6
18.9

Waste Generation in2015(ton/day)
27.0
24.9
22.5

60.2

82.8

119.7

Increase Rate
(%)
35.0
20.9
19.0
37.5

157.2

31.3

Health-care Waste

The generation amount of health-care waste in the entire target study area is calculated bymultiplying the generation rate per employee by the number of employees in each year. The
results for each type of waste are shown below.
The generation amount of health-care waste in 2009 and 2015 is estimated at 391.2 kg/day
and 500.5 kg/day, respectively. Health-care waste in 2015 will be generated at 1.3 times thecurrent amount.
Table 5-19: Forecast Amount of Health-care Waste

Waste Category

Generation
Rate
g/employee/day

Group A

Generation amount
2009

2015

kg/daykg/day

A.1

0.22

26.1

32.8

A.2

0.00

0.0

0.0

A.3

0.14

16.3

20.9

A.4

0.36

42.4

53.6

5-15

JICA
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5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

---

---

0.0

Group B

0.38

44.0

56.6

Group C

0.00

0.0

0.0

Group E

0.62

71.7

92.3

Group D

1.64

190.7

244.3

3.36

391.2

500.5

A.5

Total

c.

Construction Waste

The amount of construction waste generated according to each class as shown in CONAMA
Resolution 307 is calculated by multiplying the generation rate per employee for each wasteby the number of employees each year. The results estimated for each type of waste areshown below.
The amount of construction waste generated in 2009 and 2015 is estimated at 36.96 ton/day
and 47.54 ton/day, respectively. The amount of construction waste generated in 2015 isestimated to be about 1.3 times the current amount.
Table 5-20: Generation Amount of Construction Waste according to CONAMA
Resolution 307
Class

Class AClass BClass CClass D

Total

36.79

0.17

0.00

0.00

36.96

47.28

0.26

0.00

0.00

47.54

Construction Waste Generationin 2009
Construction Waste Generationin 2015The study surveyed 44 types of waste according to the 4 classes as shown in CONAMA
Resolution 307. The generation rate of these 44 types of wastes is shown below. For those
waste codes not listed indicates that generation of such waste was not reported.

Table 5-21: Forecast Amount of Construction Waste
Waste No.

Name of Waste

Generation Rate

Generation amount
2009

2015

kg/employee/day

ton/day

ton/day

01

Excavated soil

0.013

1.46

1.94

02

Concrete debris

0.021

2.39

3.13

03

Asphalt debris

0.024

2.77

3.57

04

Brick debris

0.001

0.13

0.15

06

Tile and ceramic

0.000

0.00

0.00

11

Plastic/vinyl sheet

0.000

0.02

0.02

12

Iron-bar, steel materials

0.000

0.01

0.01

13

Small metal waste

0.000

0.03

0.03

17

Plaster boards

0.000

0.00

0.00

20

Wood debris

0.001

0.06

0.16

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JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.2 Projection of Future IW Generation

21

Timber form

0.000

0.01

0.01

22

Scaffolding material

0.001

0.06

0.15

23

Interior timber

0.000

0.05

0.04

24

Packing (cardboard)

0.000

0.04

0.04

29

Machine oil

0.000

0.00

0.00

33

Ash

0.000

0.01

0.01

44

Mixed construction
waste

0.257

29.92

38.28

0.318

36.96

47.54

Total

d.

Total Amount of Industrial Waste Generated and IWM Stream in 2015

The following table shows the industrial waste generation amount for 2009 and 2015.
Table 5-22: The Industrial Waste Generation Amount for 2009 and 2015

unit : ton/day
Waste

2009
591.5
471.8
119.7
0.4
37.0
628.9

GIW
Non-GHIW
GHIW
Health-care waste
Construction waste
Total

2015
737.7
580.5
157.2
0.5
47.5
785.7

From the above results, it is estimated that the total generation amount for industrial waste in
PIM in 2015 will be 785.7 ton/day.
If current IWM is continued in 2015, IWM flowchart will be shown in the following figure.

5-17

5-18

%

100.0

%

4.0

ton/day
%

754.1

96.0

Off-siteton/day

31.6

On-siteOn-site/Off-site

ton/day%

20.9%

ton/day%

ton/day

163.9

Disposal

1.5

11.6

Disposal

1.5

11.8

Reuse/Recycle

41.0

322.3

%

ton/day%

0.6

Treatment

ton/day

4.9

Treatment

0.1 ton/day

Treatment%

ton/day

4.8 ton/day

1.5

11.9

%

34.1

?

ton/day

Reuse/Recycle/Reduction

ton/day

267.9

Reuse/Recycle

Reduction

?

%

0.4
Reuse/Recycle

ton/day

3.3

Storage

Reuse/Recycle

Figure 5-3: Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Stream in 2015

Question mark ("?") indicatesthat the disposal amount for that section is unknown.

ton/day785.7

Generation

2015

Generation

?

?

?

Final disposal?

?

Residue

2.1

16.4

%

ton/day%

ton/day%

ton/day

On-site disposal

Disposal

JICA
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EX CORPORATIONThe Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.3 Background, Vision and Targets of M/P

5.3

Background, Vision and Targets of M/P

5.3.1

Background of M/P
According to “Economic Instruments for the Amazon Protection, The Experience ofIndustrial Pole of Manaus”, economic activity in PIM is a great contributor to thepreservation of rainforest in the Amazonas State. As the table below shows, the rate of
reduction in preserved forest area in Amazonas State from 2000-2005 was the lowest
amongst all in the Amazon region. Further, the area of forest preserve in ratio to that of theentire state is second highest after the State of Amapá.
Table 5-23: Area of Forest Preserve in the Amazon Region
State
Amapá
Amazonas
RoraimaAcre
Pará
Rondônia
Mato Grosso
Maranhão
Tocantins(Source)

Reduction
Rate
98.8%
98.6%
98.5%
98.2%
98.1%
98.0%
0.8%
98.3%
98.2%
98.1%
98.0%
97.9%
97.9%
0.4%
96.7%
96.1%
95.9%
95.6%
95.3%
95.2%
1.5%
90.3%
90.0%
89.4%
88.8%
88.2%
87.6%
2.7%
86.8%
84.6%
83.9%
82.9%
82.0%
81.3%
5.5%
70.6%
69.4%
68.0%
66.4%
64.1%
62.4%
8.2%
72.5%
71.2%
69.3%
67.3%
64.9%
63.3%
9.2%
54.9%
33.2%
32.1%
31.1%
29.8%
28.9%
26.0%
26.8%
26.1%
25.5%
25.1%
24.5%
23.5%
3.3%
Economic Instruments for the Amazon Protection, The Experience of Industrial Poleof Manaus
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

The same report also estimates that the amount of carbon credits in the seven years between
2000 and 2006 would be valued between 1 to 10 billion dollars.
As stated above, the measures by SUFRAMA to promote PIM have contributed greatly toforest preservation. Yet, the development of PIM has raised concern over environmental
degradation due to illegal dumping of industrial waste, etc. The graph below illustrates thesituation.

SocialConcern on
Improper
IWM

Figure 5-4: Relationship between PIM and Amazon Forest Preservation (Before M/P)

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.3 Background, Vision and Targets of M/P

JICA
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EX CORPORATIONAs the PIM developed, the Public Ministry of Amazonas State recognized the existence ofenvironmental deterioration from illegal dumping of industrial wastes, etc. and, on December
21, 2001, called for SUFRAMA to obtain an environmental license for PIM. This caused
SUFRAMA and IPAAM to join efforts in creating an environmental conservation plan for
PIM, including proper management of industrial wastes, needed to obtain such a license.
SUFRAMA, as the counterpart of this study, will play the central roll in implementing the
proposed M/P. As an organization, SUFRAMA is responsible for granting investment
incentives with the aim of realizing socio-economic development by promoting commercial
investment, starting with factories, agro-business and others, while also pursuing sustainable
management practices to preserve the biodiversity widely found in the Occidental Amazon
region.
Therefore, in addition to manufacturers, the M/P proposed in this study seeks to attract waste
service companies that will play a role in environmental preservation and promote proper
treatment of waste. The M/P was formulated keeping in mind the concept of further growthof PIM while continuing to promote the preservation of the State’s natural environment. This
principle is illustrated in the following figure.

Figure 5-5: Relationship between PIM and Preservation of the Amazon Forest (After
M/P)

5.3.2

Goal
The objective of the Master Plan (M/P) to be formulated in the study is to “Establish an
appropriate industrial waste management system” by the target year 2015 for the study area,
the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM).
Achieving this objective aims to meet the following overall objectives.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.3 Background, Vision and Targets of M/P

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

That appropriate treatment and disposal of industrial waste and 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle) will be implemented based on the industrial waste management master planin the study target area.



Through the appropriate treatment and disposal of industrial waste andimplementation of the 3Rs, improper treatment and disposal of industrial waste will
decrease and environmental impact will be reduced.

To realize the above conditions, companies both domestic and foreign will be encouraged toenter PIM and create new employment opportunities.

5.3.3

Issues to Overcome in order to Achieve Objectives
In order to achieve the M/P objectives, it will be necessary to solve the following issues
related to the present system of industrial waste management.
a.

Clarification of Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Practices


Further information is needed from dischargers (factories) as well as waste service
companies (WSCs) on the destination of residues after intermediate treatment, reuse
and recycling. Without such information, it is not possible to clarify all aspects ofindustrial waste management in PIM (from generation to final disposal).

The cause, despite the fact that IPAAM requires a waste manifest to be submitted inorder to obtain an environmental license, is often a need for clear rules on the
documents. Since the dischargers and the waste service companies each use andsubmit their own in-house forms, it is impossible for IPAAM to aggregate, analyze
and manage the information contained in the manifests.

Every PIM factory in the State of Amazonas must submit a waste inventory (WI).
However, nearly 3/4 of factories do not submit WI.

b.

Lack of a Landfill with Operation LicenseThe main final destination for industrial waste generated in PIM is, as of the end of
2009, two landfills; one owned by the municipality of Manaus and the other by a
private company. However, neither is in possession of an operation license for thelandfill. Since the landfills are the primary final destination for industrial waste
generated in PIM, most factories in PIM are unable to satisfy the requirements toobtain ISO 14000.

The construction and operation of a landfill which has obtained an operation license
has been a long-time issue for PIM industrial waste management, but little progresshas been made.

In regards to final destination, co-processing treatments that do not produce a residue
are extremely limited.1

1

The sole cement factory, Itautinga, in the Manaus Free Zone treats 5,274 tons of waste per year (ref:WSC Survey). Using the factory’s 2005 production output of 627,000 ton/year (Cement Factory
Annual Report 2005: Sindicato Nacional da Industria do Cimento 2005), waste treatment (use of waste
for cement production) is a mere 0.84% of production. In contrast, the percentage of waste treatment tocement production in Japan is 43.5%.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.4 Master Plan

c.

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Weak Administration for the Industrial Waste Management System
More staff is needed for industrial waste management since, as of December 2009,
there are no staff at SUFRAMA dedicated to this work1, and although there are 8 staff
at IPAAM, they are responsible not only for industrial waste management but also forenvironmental licensing management.



The waste service companies (WSC) registration management system is considered
the environmental license system, which needs to be more fully developed.

Administration is unable to expose non-registered or illegitimate companies so needs
a clearer picture of actual conditions related to waste service companies.



Waste inventories (WI) are submitted, but there is a need to strengthen abilities toanalyze and manage them.

d.

Poor Business Environment for Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal

The business environment is very poor to conduct proper industrial waste treatment/disposal
due to the following conditions:5.4

The landfill in Manaus City is used to dispose of a large amount of industrial waste
but the disposal fee is currently “free”.

Many WSC which have not obtained an environmental license (non-registered) aredisposing waste at extremely low cost.



The administration is extremely limited in its regulation of non-registered companies
and improper treatment and disposal.

Conditions are such that competition between WSC is fierce and the disposal costs are
extremely low. Thus, there are tremendous limits on investment for constructing andoperating a proper treatment and disposal facility.

Master Plan
An industrial waste management master plan (M/P) has been put together to address how theindustrial waste management issues presented in this chapter should be ameliorated.

5.4.1

Summary of Industrial Waste Management Master Plan
An approach and measures to resolve the above-mentioned 4 issues concerning industrial
waste management are summarized in the figure below. Each approach and measure in the
figure is then summarized in the table thereafter.

1

As of December 2009, the industrial waste management unit has not been officially launched. There
are plans to dispatch 3 staff to establish the unit in 2010.

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5.4 Master Plan

B. Secure Industrial Waste Final
Destination

A. Understand Actual Treatment andDisposal of Industrial Wastes

B1. Move Forward with Construction of New
Industrial Waste Landfill
B.2 Implement Provisional Measures
B2.１ Use Manaus Municipal Landfill
B2.2 Promote Appropriate Treatment ofHazardous Waste
B2.3 Promote Co-processing

A1. Establish Waste Manifest System
A2. Report Location of Final Destination
A3. Ensure Submission of All Waste
Inventories＜M/P Objective＞
Establish Appropriate Industrial Waste
Management System in PIM

C. Strengthen Administration ofIndustrial Waste Management
D1. Make Manaus Municipal Landfill Feebased
D2. Regulate Improper Waste Disposal
D3. Publicize, Educate and Train Generators
and WSCs
D4. Cultivate Preferred WSCs

C1. Strengthen Organizational Capacity of IWM
C2. Improve Management System of Waste
Service Companies (WSCs)
C3. Strengthen Regulations
C4. Strengthen Cooperation between
Administration, Generators and WSCs

Figure 5-6: Summary of Master Plan Approach and Measure

Table 5-24: Summary of Master Plan
Approach &Objective
Content
MeasuresApproach A. Understand Actual Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Waste
 CONAMA Resolution 313 looks toward IPAAM to clarify the full spectrum of treatment/disposal of industrial wastes in the state of Amazonas and formulate an improvement
plan. However, this has not yet been executed.
 Understanding the full spectrum of treatment and disposal of waste generated from PIM isnecessary /required for SUFRAMA to obtain an environmental license for DIs (Industrial
Districts) as requested by the Public Ministry (PM) of Amazonas State.
Measure 1.
 IPAAM understands
 IPAAM establishes a set format for a
waste
management
waste manifest in Amazonas State,
Establish Waste
conditions
fromfactory
collaborating with the INEA (State
Manifest Systemdischarge to final
Institute of Environment) of Rio deJaneiro and others.
destination andmanages it.
 At the same time, work toward putting
the waste manifest on-line.
Measure 2.
 Until the manifest
 IPAAM requires generators (factories) to
system is established,specify the final destination of industrial
Report Location of
IPAAM
will
understandwastes on the application for operational
Final Destination
license.
and manage the finaldestination of factory
 IPAAM requires all waste service
waste.
companies to specify the finaldestination of wastes they arecontracted to handle.
Measure 3.
 SUFRAMA raises the SUFRAMA constructs a system tomanage waste inventories (WI).
number of waste
Ensure5-23

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.4 Master PlanJICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION Develop a waste inventory database(WI_DB).
 Standardize WI reporting form in orderto standardize input into WI_DB, andprepare guidelines.
 Instruct factories to appoint a waste
management officer that will prepare thewaste inventory and submit to
SUFRAMA.
 Hold explanatory meetings for how to fillout waste inventories to ensure waste
management officers at all factories
understand the reporting forms.
 Furthermore, arrange on-line
preparation of WI and distribute thesame input format to each factory.
Approach B. Secure Industrial Waste Final Destination
 There are two landfills used as Final Destination for industrial waste generated in PIM,
however neither has the proper operation license. Deciding how to secure Final
Destinations is a major issue for PIM industrial waste management.
Measure 1.
 Construct a new Create a system where waste
industrial waste
generators bear the necessary disposal
Move Forward withdisposal site as thefee for the proper disposal of industrial
Construction ofwaste.
primary final
New IW Landfill
destination for Create an environment that promotes
industrial waste
proper treatment and disposal bygenerated in PIM as
implementing a policy to eliminate
soon as possible.
improper disposal and prevent illegal
dumping.
 In addition to beneficial policies in the
tax system, consider subsidies or otherfunding schemes for the construction of
the landfill.
 When planning the new industrial waste
disposal site, make sufficient social andenvironmental considerations.
Measure 2.
 Implement Provisional Measures until New Landfill is Operational
Measure 2.1.
 Use Manaus Municipal  Construct a dedicated site for Non-HIW
landfill as Final& Non-inert industrial waste at one
Use of Manaus
Destination until thesection of the Manaus Municipal landfill
Municipal Landfill
new landfill is(ATRINI: Non-HIW & Non-inert
operational.
Temporary Disposal Site).
 Generators will pay a disposal fee for
Non-HIW & Non-inert IW, which will be
used to cover costs for construction andsustainable operation and managementof ATRINI.
 To promote the construction of ATRINI,SUFRAMA will work with the State
Public Ministry (PM) to form a TAC(Terms of Agreement of Procedure) with
Manaus City, IPAAM and otherstakeholders.
Submission of All
Waste Inventories

inventories submitted
from 1/4th to 100%.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.4 Master PlanJICA
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EX CORPORATION After the Non-HIW & Non-inert
Temporary Disposal Site (ATRINI) is
constructed, Manaus City will only
dispose of IW at ATRINI, which isstrictly separate from the disposal site
for municipal waste.
Measure 2.2.
 Indicate measures and  Promote co-processing which utilizes
waste as fuel and /or raw material.
promotion methods for
Promotethe appropriate
 For hazardous industrial waste
Appropriate
treatment of hazardous
Treatment of
inappropriate for co-processing, detoxify
industrial wastes.
Hazardous Waste
at an IPAAM approved treatment facility
and disposal of residue in ATRINI.
 For HIW that cannot be treated, it will betaken to a treatment and disposal facility
in another state, or properly stored
on-site at the factory until a proper
facility is prepared in Amazonas State.
Measure 2.3.
 Indicate promotion
 Indicate cement factory treatment
methods formethods for industrial waste and thePromotemeasures necessary to do so.
co-processing,which
Co-processing
is ideal for appropriate  In order to promote cement factorytreatment /disposal of
co-processing, it is necessary to foster
industrial waste.
companies (blenders) that will be able toblend the several kinds of wastes to be
accepted by the cement factories.
Approach C. Strengthen Administration of Industrial Waste Management
 There are personnel and technical vulnerabilities in the current system for IWM centred on
IPAAM. Strengthening the administration of this system is a critical issue.
Measure 1.
 Indicate a measure to Appoint an officer in charge of IWM atstrengthen
IPAAM
and
the Environmental Monitoring
Strengthen
SUFRAMA,
which
areManagement Section (GMAM) at
Organizational
IPAAM.
responsible
for
IWM
in
Capacity of IW
Amazonas
State.
Management
 The IWM officer will work with
Information Analysis Management(GEAI) to develop and manage adatabase in which to enter and manage
licenses of waste service companies(WSC_DB).
 SUFRAMA will establish an Industrial
Waste Management Group (IWMGroup) and officially appoint IWM
officers.
 The IWM officers will work with the IT
engineer (CGMOI: Modernization andInformatics General Coordination/SAD:
Administration Deputy
Superintendence) and develop a waste
inventory database (WI_DB).
 Analyze the data in the WI_DB andwork with IPAAM to submit a PIM IWM
Report to IBAMA and the State Public
Ministry.
Measure 2.
 Know the WSCs
 Enter WSCs currently using various
holdingenvironmental
activity codes under the newly
Improvelicenses and theestablished standardized codes (33 - -)5-25

The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.4 Master PlanJICA
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EX CORPORATION

and manage these.
 Systemize conditions to obtain a license
to operate as waste treatment company.
 Instruct WSCs to obtain an operational
license for collection and transportation,intermediate treatment, reuse andrecycling, and final disposal as
appropriate with their actual activities.
 Develop a database of WSCs
(WSC_DB) and enter approved
companies. Make information on theseapproved WSCs available to waste
generators.
 Regulate both against generators
contracting non-licensed companies andlicensed companies conducting
inappropriate treatment and disposal
activities.
Measure 3.
 Indicate measure for Make use of the database and its
regulating
licensing and management system toStrengthen
inappropriate
promote regulation against improper
Regulations
treatment/disposal.
treatment/disposal by WSCs.
 Promote regulations against improper
treatment/disposal through securingcontractual agreements between waste
generators and only licensed
companies.
Measure 4.
 Make a measure for Promote cooperation between
administration bodies.
administration,
Strengthen
generators
and
waste
 Promote cooperation between
Cooperation
service companies toadministration and waste generators.
betweencollaborate in order toAdministration,
 Promote cooperation between
realize theGenerators andadministration and waste service“establishment of
WSCs
companies.
appropriate industrial
 Strengthen cooperation between
waste managementadministration, generators, and waste
system”.
service companies (WSCs).
Approach D. Improve Business Environment for Waste Service Companies
 It is necessary to promptly improve the business environment currently restricting waste
service companies and promote the proper treatment and disposal of industrial wastes.
Measure 1.
 Make the Manaus
 SUFRAMA in cooperation with IPAAM
Municipal landfill,
will work with Manaus Municipality so
Make Manaus
which accepts thethat a dedicated site for Non-HIW &Municipal Landfill
largest amount of
Non-inert IW can be constructed andFee-basedindustrial waste,make the necessary efforts to achieve
construction.
fee-based by collecting
a fee necessary for Once it is constructed, SUFRAMA andappropriate disposal.
IPAAM will work to ensure that Manaus
City strictly manages the site to keepmunicipal waste separate from
Non-HIW & Non-inert IW, and also sothat a fee is collected to recover thenecessary investment and operation
costs.
Management
System of Waste
ServiceCompanies

activities therein andindicate a plan toeliminate non-licensed
companies andactivities.

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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
5.4 Master Plan

Measure 2.
Regulate Improper
Waste Disposal

Measure 3.
Publicize, Educate
and Train
Generators and
WSCs

Measure 4.
Cultivate Preferred
Waste Service
Companies

5.4.2

 Once theadministration
prepares a system for
IWM, indicate aregulation measureagainst the improper
treatment/disposal forindustrial waste
generators and WSCs
to properly conduct
these services.
 Indicate measure to
publicize, educate andtrain waste generators
and WSCs.

 Indicate measure tocultivate preferredwaste service
companies.

 IPAAM will work with SUFRAMA forwaste generators to recognize the needfor costs corresponding with proper
treatment and disposal.
 IPAAM will strengthen its regulation
against non-licensed entities.
 IPAAM will strengthen its regulation
against improper treatment/disposal bylicensed companies.
 IPAAM will actively publicize information
on WSCs to waste generators(factories).
 IPAAM will also provide training andguidance on technical information topromote the 3Rs in factories.
 IPAAM will hold seminars for WSCs andprovide training and guidance ontechnical information for appropriate
treatment and disposal.
 Proactively inject good examples fromadvanced states such as Sao Paulo andimprove the business environment for
WSCs.
 Consider introducing the system now
used by many Prefectures in Japan for“Promotion of Preferred Waste Service
Companies”.

Understand Actual Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Waste
In order to obtain an environmental license for PIM requested by the Public Ministry of
Amazonas State, it is necessary to get a clear picture of treatment and disposal of industrial
waste generated from PIM. Surveys of 187 factories and 90 waste service companies werecompleted in this study to clarify the conditions and practices related to industrial waste;
however, it was not possible to reveal the destination of residues from intermediate treatment,
reuse and recycling activities. The following measures will be taken to resolve this point.

a.

Measure 1.

Establish waste manifest system

Measure 2.

Report location of final destination

Measure 3.

Ensure submission of all waste inventories

Establish Waste Manifest System

The waste manifest (WM) is the basic document used to facilitate the waste manifest system.
The WM provides information about the wastes and their origin, transport, and destination,and establishes joint responsibility between the generator, transporter and receptor, including
final destination of the waste. The diagram below visualizes the concept of the proposed
waste manifest system.

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The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related
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5.4 Master PlanJICA
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Figure 5-7: Proposed Waste Manifest System

The waste manifest (WM) is issued in four copies by the waste generator, who keeps one andsends the others to the transporter together with the waste. The transporter keeps one copy of
the WM and delivers the waste and remaining two copies to the waste receptor. Finally, thereceptor receives the waste, keeps one copy of the WM and returns the last one back to thegenerator, completing the cycle. IPAAM will indicate which sheet will remain with each
respective party.
Although the generator issues the original WM, a manager will be contracted to oversee theservice. The WM should be issued specifically for each type of waste, even when several
types are transported in a same load or when several loads of the same waste are transported
together. Furthermore, even when several loads are transported by the same transporter ordelivered to the same receptor, each load should be accompanied by a specific WM.
IPAAM will designate a unique serial number for each set of the waste manifest (4 copies)
which also identifies the waste generator. This is to prevent fraud, such as any deviation fromthe required protocol.
All generators, transporters and receptors, public or private, in the waste manifest system will
be linked to the IPAAM web page. Since the generator may receive the 4th copy of the WM,
and as such, will be show up twice, IPAAM will need to define the relationship of the four(4) copies each time to avoid confusion.
The protocol of transferring and receiving the wastes within the waste manifest system isestablished specifically in each case at the discretion of IPAAM depending on the hazard andthe amount of wastes generated by a factory’s activities. General and public solid wastes areusually excluded, so the system is applied to the industrial plants’ systems and their healthservices as well as the owners of construction sites, but excludes the domestic waste
generated in those plants.
IPAAM will supply the generator with instructions, together with the serial number, and theforms or a model to make the forms.
The waste manifest form used in Rio de Janeiro is shown in the following figure.

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Figure 5-8: Waste Manifest form (FEEMA - Rio de Janeiro)

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Reporting Location of Final Destination

The State of Amazonas requires an operational license to be issued to create and submit theforms needed for a waste manifest. During the period until a waste manifest system has been
established, IPAAM (administrator) shall demand both the Factory (generator) and the WSC(receptor) to report a final destination for their waste as follows:

The Final Destination for industrial waste generated from PIM in the State of
Amazonas will be one of the following.
1.

One of two final disposal sites in the area, although they are without
environmental licenses.

2.

Cement factory or co-processing which uses waste was construction material.

3.

Treatment and disposal outside of the State of Amazonas.



IPAAM will instruct the generator to require receptors of their waste, includingcollectors, recyclers and intermediate treatment operators, to report final destination.
Then require that the final destination of wastes be written on the application for
operational license.



IPAAM will instruct all waste service companies (receptors) to report the finaldestination of wastes to the factories where the wastes were generated. Then requirethat the final destination of wastes they were contracted to receive is written on theapplication for operational license.

The above framework is shown in the figure below. IPAAM will cooperate with SUFRAMA
to aggregate the final destinations reported by both the generator and receptor, check thisagainst the waste stream made in this study, and clarify any resulting issues.

Figure 5-9: Final Destination Reporting and Applicationc.

Ensure Submission of All Waste Inventories

The following measures will be taken to ensure that all PIM factories submit waste
inventories (WI).


At SUFRAMA, the “Industrial Waste Management Group (IWMG)” will cooperatewith CGMOI to construct a system to manage waste inventories.

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EX CORPORATIONEach factory will designate someone who is responsible for waste management, whowill prepare the WI and submit it to SUFRAMA.



Establish reporting forms needed for the database management system created in thisstudy.



Hold a seminar on the proper way to fill in the reporting forms so that the person
responsible for waste management at each factory can understand.

Furthermore, distribute an electronic format of the same form to each factory so thateach factory can enter and submit the waste inventory online.

Figure 5-10: Waste Inventory Management Structure

5.4.3

Secure Industrial Waste Final Destination
The following measures will be taken in order to ensure final destination for industrial wastefrom the PIM factories.
Measure 1.

Move forward with construction of new industrial waste landfill

Measure 2.

Implement provisional measures until new landfill is operational

During the period until a licensed final destination has been constructed, take the following
measures.
Measure 2.1 Use Manaus municipal landfill
Measure 2.2 Promote appropriate treatment of hazardous waste
Measure 2.3 Promote co-processing

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Move Forward with Construction of New Industrial Waste Landfill

a.1

Waste and Landfill Categories

The following table shows the categorization of wastes that are accepted in landfills in Brazil.
Table 5-25: Waste types and landfills in Brazil
Target Landfill
Type
1. Hazardous
Waste (Class I
waste)

Landfill/ABNT/NBR Guideline*1

Remarks Hazardous Waste Landfill
 NBR 10157/87 – Landfill for
Hazardous waste (Class I waste) Equivalent to a strictly controlled landfill
in Japan. As in Japan, Brazil has few ofthese authorized landfills. There aresome in Sao Paulo State and ParanáState.
 Presently, in more developed states like
Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro --and similar
to Japan -- direct disposal (without
treatment) of hazardous wastes is
discouraged.
 Equivalent to a controlled landfill inJapan.
 ABNT/NBR guidelines have only two
standards: hazardous andnon-hazardous. Therefore,
non-hazardous industrial waste andnon-hazardous municipal waste havethe same landfill standard. However,depending on the State, non-hazardous,
non-inert industrial waste landfills have a
different standard than municipal
landfills. It is recommended that themunicipal landfill be separate and strict
management and monitoring appropriate
to the standard be observed.
 Equivalent to a controlled landfill inJapan.
 The ABNT/NBR guidelines are the sameas non-hazardous wastes.
 In Brazil, there is no equivalent toJapan’s standard for stable landfill. It is
the same as non-hazardous andmunicipal garbage landfill.
 Even in strictly run states, if an item canbe verified to be inert, it is accepted at
the municipal landfill.

2. Class II-A/
non-inert
industrial waste Non-hazardous waste landfill
 NBR 13896/97 – Landfill for
Non-hazardous waste (Class II
waste)

3. Class II-A & B/
municipal waste Municipal Landfill
 NBR 13896/97 – Landfill for
Non-hazardous waste (Class II
waste)
 Non-hazardous waste landfill
 NBR 13896/97 – Landfill for
Non-hazardous waste (Class II
waste)

4. Class II-B/ inert
industrial waste

Note:

1

*1: Not CONAMA but a standard1 established by each state according to ABNT/NBR
guideline

In Rio De Janeiro State INEA (Ex-FEEMA) established the following standards for landfill:
DZ 1311 – Destination of IWIT 1304 – Licensing of industrial landfill
DZ 1313 – Impermeabilization (bottom and upper liner) of landfills

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Develop a Landfill on a Priority BasisAt present, the municipal landfill is operating even though it has not obtained anenvironmental license, yet it has accepted a large amount of industrial waste. It is essential tohave a place of final disposal responsible for municipal waste management and related
agencies are now working to move ahead with the construction of an municipal waste landfill
with a operation license and, separately, industrial waste management.
An industrial waste landfill differs from a municipal waste landfill in that the risk ofhazardous waste entering the site. To avoid hazardous waste the industrial waste landfill iscarefully chickening waste characteristics prior to accepting it for disposal. On the other
hand, the municipal waste landfill is not checking the incoming waste. In accordance, there isa considerable risk that the municipal landfill is receiving hazardous industrial waste for
disposal if it accepts industrial waste. In order to avoid such a risk, it is necessary to disposeof industrial waste in a dedicated landfill of its own.
Waste would be roughly divided into the following 3 categories for an industrial waste
landfill, using waste categories in Brazil.
1.

Hazardous Industrial Waste (HIW):Class I HIW

2.

Non-hazardous and non-inert industrial waste:

Class II-A: Non-HIW /Non-inert

3.

Non-hazardous and inert industrial wastes:

Class II-B: Non-HIW /Inert

Of these, if the waste can be proven to be non-hazardous, inert industrial waste, there is no
problem to dispose of it in the municipal waste landfill. For hazardous waste, it should betreated (detoxified) as much as possible before disposal, as is done in Japan and developed
States of Brazil. Also, according to estimates, generation amount of HIW is limited to 119.9
ton/day in 2009 and 157.5 ton/day in 2015; it should be reduced and treated throughco-processing and intermediate treatment as much as possible. For items that present
extraordinary challenges to treat, they should be transported to another State for treatment
and disposal.
Based on the above statements, a non-hazardous, non-inert (Class II A: Non-HIW /Non-inert)
industrial waste landfill should be prepared as soon as possible. A hazardous industrial waste
landfill is also of great importance, however dealing with any accidents that could happen
would create a significant challenge, it is necessary to make careful considerations andprepare a great deal of time to select the site, carry out environmental, natural and social
surveys, make the basic design, conduct an EIA, hold a public hearing, do the actual facility
design, and construct it.
For the planning and design of non-inert (Class II A: Non-HIW /Non-inert) industrial waste
landfill, the following standards made by CETESB/SP (Lo Companhia Ambiental Do Estado
De Sao Paulo, Environmental Company of State of Sao Paulo) could be referred due to thelack of a federal standard:

Rules for the environmental/geological evaluation of the site chosen for the landfill(Norma para avaliação geológica/ambiental do sítio escolhido para aterro de resíduos)Project standard for industrial waste landfill (Norma para projeto de aterro industrial)

As for the planning and design of a hazardous industrial waste landfill NBR 10157 Dec/1987(Hazardous Waste Landfills – Criteria for design, construction and operation) shall bereferred.

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Promote the Construction of a New Industrial Landfill

In Brazil as well as Amazonas State the government has a policy not to develop a new
industrial waste landfill by themselves. Instead they promote a private company to develop it.
The construction and operation of a new landfill will require a massive investment andoperation costs. A private company will have to collect an appropriate disposal fee from users
so that they can recover their investment and carry out proper disposal practices. In order tofacilitate the construction of a landfill by a private company, SUFRAMA and IPAAM should
cooperate with the Municipality of Manaus and FIEAM and others according to the following
measures.
The Manaus city landfill currently disposes industrial waste free of charge. As long as
these conditions persist, the environment is not welcoming to an investor that might
construct an industrial waste landfill that can properly dispose of such waste. This isalso important to encourage generators of waste to practice the 3Rs and reduce theirwaste. Therefore, a system to charge for disposal should be introduced, quickly
constructing the framework where dischargers bear the necessary cost to dispose ofwaste properly.

Appropriate treatment and disposal comes hand-in-hand with a reasonable costburden. In order to foster an environment that promotes appropriate treatment anddisposal, it is necessary to implement measures that eliminate improper disposal andprevent illegal dumping.

Upon implementing the above measures, to construct a new landfill, it is necessary to
explore tax benefits and financial aid schemes such as subsidies.

When planning the new industrial waste landfill, it will be necessary to make the following
social and environmental considerations.
Social Environment:

Does not require resident relocation. Furthermore, select an area apart from residential
areas to the greatest extent possible.



Locate the site in an area apart from the airport whilst minimizing the transportation
distance from PIM.



Select an area that will not affect public facilities or cultural sites.



Select an area that does not cause community severance, such as a naturalconservation area.



Select an area with minimal potential impact on natural disaster by avoiding steep
slopes.

Natural Environment:

Select an area with little impact on the ecosystem.



Avoid areas susceptible to soil erosion, and select an area with minimal potential
impact on geological features.



Select an area that will not affect groundwater, lakes or rivers (igarape).

Select an area that will not impact the local landscape.

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Pollution Countermeasures:

Take sufficient air pollution control measures such as dust prevention measures.



Make a thorough investigation into groundwater, lakes and river (igarape) waterpollution prevention measures.



Take sufficient measures against soil contamination.

In the construction stage, propose a plan to alleviate negative affect of construction,such as air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution.

b.

Implement Provisional Measures until New Landfill is Operationalb.1

Use Manaus Municipal Landfill

b.1.1. Construction of ATRINI: Non-HIW & Non-inert Temporary Disposal Site
Manaus City landfill is in principle non-hazardous and disposes of industrial waste
discharged from PIM along with municipal waste. Also, there is no disposal fee collected, so
there is little reason for dischargers to reduce their waste, and recyclable waste is disposed ofwithout recycling.
As mentioned above, in order to avoid the risk of mixing hazardous industrial waste for
disposal, it is necessary to carefully manage the characteristics of the wastes accepted
separately from municipal waste. Thus, it is necessary for IPAAM to work with SUFRAMA
and FIEAM to construct a special Non-HIW & Non-inert IW temporary disposal site
(ATRINI) in the municipal landfill, asking that non-HIW and non-inert waste be carefully
managed apart from municipal solid waste and non-HIW and inert waste, and provide support
for construction. The discharger will bear the disposal fee, an amount that will cover theconstruction and sustained operation of the site (ATRINI). The fee for appropriate disposal
will encourage dischargers to reduce their costs, increasing the necessity to reduce throughrecycling and thus contribute to the promotion of 3R. The concept of the non-HIW andnon-inert industrial waste disposal site is shown in the figure below.
Also, to promote its construction, IPAAM will have to work with the state’s Public Ministry
to make a Terms of Agreement Procedure (TAC) with the concerned parties such as theMunicipality of Manaus and SUFRAMA.

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Figure 5-11: Conceptual Drawing of the Dedicated Site for Non-HIW and Non-inert IW

Also, for the construction of a dedicated site for non-hazardous and non-inert industrial
waste, consideration is given to the following points.


Forecasting the amount of municipal waste and non-hazardous, non-inert industrial
waste that will enter the site, calculate the area of the landfill sections that will be
required for both.



Select a location to landfill non-hazardous, non-inert industrial waste that will
minimize any impact on the surrounding area and take any necessary environmental
countermeasures.

Design the ATRINI (Non-hazardous & non-inert industrial waste temporary disposalsite) according to the project standard 1 made by CETESB/SP (Lo Companhia
Ambiental Do Estado De Sao Paulo, Environmental Company of State of Sao Paulo)
due to the lack of a federal standard for the design of a non-hazardous & non-inert
industrial waste disposal site.

Construct an enclosure around the perimeter of the non-hazardous, non-inert industrial
waste to specify the section for final disposal.

Assign attendants to direct collection vehicles to the proper place to dump
non-hazardous, non-inert industrial waste separately from municipal waste.

Operate the ATRINI according to the operation standard2 made by CETESB/SP
because there is no federal standard for the operation of a non-hazardous & non-inert
industrial waste disposal site.

1

Project standard for industrial waste landfill: Norma para projeto de aterro industrial

2

Operation standard for industrial waste landfill: Norma para operação de aterro industrial

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Conduct regular surveillance of landfill section for non-hazardous, non-inert industrial
waste.

b.1.2. Ensured Industrial Waste Management
After constructing the non-HIW & non-inert temporary disposal site (ATRINI), the city of
Manaus will rigorously manage the disposal of industrial waste at that site as follows:1.

Prohibit the disposal of hazardous industrial waste (HIW), and keep strict restriction
on transportation.

2.

Non-HIW & Non-inert waste is disposed of at ATRINI, establish and collect the fees
needed for necessary costs (construction, operation, etc). The entrance to the haulingroads to the ATRINI and municipal waste sites will be separate and marked so theproper road is clear after weighing is completed.

3.

Non-HIW & Inert waste, if clearly marked by the IPAAM, will be disposed of at themunicipal waste site. A separate fee will be established from that for Non-HIW &Non-inert waste.

b.2

Promote Appropriate Treatment of Hazardous Waste

Until the new disposal site is operating, the following measures will be taken for a finaldestination for hazardous industrial waste.
1.

First, promote co-processing to use waste as fuel or raw materials.

2.

HIW that can not be co-processed will be treated at an IPAAM-approved facility andthe residue disposed of at ATRINI.

3.

For HIW that can not be disposed of by the above methods, they will be transported toa treatment/disposal facility in another state, or properly stored within the factory until
an appropriate treatment/disposal facility is constructed in the Amazonas State.

The above policies for hazardous industrial waste are shown in the figure below along with
non-HIW final destination (FD).

Figure 5-12: Industrial Waste Final Destination (FD)

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Promote Co-processing

Co-processing is the use of waste as raw material, as a source of energy, or both, to replacenatural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas(energy recovery) in industrial processes, mainly in energy intensive industries (EII) such as
cement, lime, steel, glass, and power generation. Waste materials used for Co-processing arereferred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR).
b.3.1. Concept of Co-processing
Co-processing is a proven sustainable development concept that reduces demands on natural
resources, reduces pollution and landfill space, and thus contributes to reducing
the environmental footprint. Co-processing is also based on the principles of industrial
ecology, which considers the best features of the flow of information, materials, and energyof biological ecosystems, with the aim of improving the exchange of these essential resourcesin the industrial world.
The following table presents types of co-processing:Table 5-26: Types of Co-processing
Types of Waste
Energy Content Waste(Carbon, hydrogen)Types of Recovery
EnergySubstitution
Fossil energy

Both Energy (Carbon,hydrogen) and Material
Content Waste (CaO,
Fe2O3, Al2O3, etc.)
Material Content Waste(CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3,
etc.)

Energy andMaterial

Fossil energy
Raw material

Material

Raw material






ExamplesPaint & Solvents
Waste oil
Waste plastics
Waste tire






SludgeBy-product gypsum
Molding sandSlagb.3.2. Benefits of Co-processing
In summary, the benefits of co-processing are:

to conserve natural (non-renewable) resources of energy and materials,

to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to slow global warming anddemonstrate a positive impact on integrated environmental indicators, such as theecological footprint,

to reduce the environmental impacts of the extraction (mining or quarrying),
transporting, and processing of raw materials,

to reduce dependence on primary resource markets,to save landfill space and reduce the pollution caused by the disposal of waste, andto destroy waste completely eliminating potential future liabilities.

b.3.3. Waste Management Hierarchy
Co-processing contributes to the industrial competitiveness, is a complementary technology
to concepts such as cleaner production or recycling and should be considered as a treatment

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alternative within an integrated waste management concept. Some energy intensive industries
offer co-processing as a sustainable waste management service. It is usually more costeffective to adapt existing facilities of energy intensive industries than building new waste
treatment capacities thereby reducing waste management cost to society.
The waste management hierarchy (see figure below) shows that Co-processing is a recovery
activity which should be considered after waste minimization and recycling; Co-processing
ranks higher in this hierarchy in comparison to disposal activities such as landfilling or
incineration.

Source: Guidelines on Co-processing Waste Materials in Cement Production (GTZ- Holcim Ltd,), March 2005

Figure 5-13: Waste Management Hierarchy

b.3.4. Co-processing Waste in Cement Production
Different types of wastes have been successfully co-processed as alternative fuels and raw
materials (AFR) in cement kilns in Europe, Japan, USA, Canada, and Australia since thebeginning of the 1980s.
Main destinations of wastes in co-processing in the cement factory are;

Organic substances: Thermal destruction in the kiln



Heavy metals: Incorporation in the clinker

Main constituents of the clinker, which is semi-fabricated material of the Portland cement,
are the following four components: CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Waste and/or by-products, which contain these four components to some extent, aretheoretically able to be utilized as raw material for Portland cement.
Normally cement kilns use coal as fuel. Wastes and or by-products having a certain level ofcalorific value can be used a substitute of fuel. In addition, ashes generated from these
combustible wastes and by-products are incorporated into the clinker. No new wastes

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generated characterize co-processing in the cement kiln. Furthermore, in the firing process inthe kiln, temperature and retention time at the main burner are generally more than 1,450 ℃
and more than 15 seconds respectively. Many types of hazardous wastes and products can besafely changed to non-hazardous material at this high temperature. However, in case, thesewastes and/or by-products contain chlorides, alkaline component and heavy metals, it isnecessary to correspond to these cases.
Table 5-27: Example of constituents of the Portland cement product, raw material andwastesStandard Portland Cement
Limestone
Natural raw
Claymaterial
Silica stone
Coal ash
Blast furnaces slag
Wastes andSludge (e.g. sewer
by-products
sludge)Molding sandMain chemical components (%)
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
20～23
3.8～5.8
2.5～3.6
63～65
～4
～2
～2
47～55
45～80
10～30
3～10
～5
70～95
2～10
～5
5～20
40～65
10～30
3～10
5～20
20～45
10～20
～5
30～60
20～50

20～50

5～15

5～30

50～60

5～15

5～15

～5

Source: Chiaki Sasaki, Taiheiyo Cement

According to the annual report in 2007 of the National Association of Cement Industry(SINDICATO NACIONAL DA INDUSTRIAL DO CIMENTO), the present status ofco-processing in the cement industry is mentioned as follows. In Brazil, the first practices
took place from the 90s on, and CONAMA Resolution 264/1999 was established in 1999 as
the legal framework for co-processing. Out of the existing 65 cement plants, 48 are integrated
factories, i.e., with kilns for the production of clinker, and another 17 plants have grinding
facilities of clinkers and mixing facilities of gypsum; however they don’t have kilns.
Out of the 48 integrated factories, 35 are properly skilled and licensed by the environmentalorganizations of the located states to co-process wastes The country generates around 2.7
million tons of hazardous waste a year, coming from the most varied industrial sectors, manyof those do not treat and dispose by any proper environmental treatment and thus, in the end
it is contaminating the soil, the air and both underground and surface waters. Current capacityof co-processing of hazardous wastes is two million and five hundred thousand tons per year
(2.5 million tons). The industry treated one million tons of hazardous wastes in 2007. It wasunder current capacity.
The main wastes co-processed by cement industry are as follows:










Waste plastics
Waste refractory products
Acid dusts
Waste paper and cardboard
Contaminated soil
Wooden wastes
Construction wastes
Waste oils and grease
Waste paints and solvents

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EX CORPORATION Petrochemical wastes
 Dust Waste tires
 Wastewater treatment sludge
One of the main wastes co-processed by the industry are waste tires, which are observed
dumped on the rivers banks and unused lands. Only in 2007, around 1.6 thousand tons ofwaste tires were utilized in cement kilns as a substitute of fuels; corresponding toapproximately 32 million tons per year.
As stated above, utilization of co-processing service of waste in cement kilns holds in
CONAMA Resolution 264/1999 as the federal government level. In addition, at the
Amazonas state level, the co-processing of wastes includes categorization of pollutant
sources in granting of the environmental licenses by IPAAM. Therefore the co-processing ofwastes is clearly defined by law and rule. In CONAMA Resolution 264/1999, the following
permits and licenses are required in order to acquire permit of co-processing operation.


Installation license of the kiln based on the federal regulation

Acceptance of combustion test of the kilnLicense or permit based on the state regulation where the kiln is locatedEmission standards of exhaust gas from cement kiln in co-processing of wastes should beapplied in the standard in the CONAMA Resolution No. 264/99.
Table 5-28: Emission standards of exhaust gas from cement kiln in co-processing ofwastesParameter
Maximum emission standardHCl
1.8kg/h or 99 % reduction
HF
5 mg/Nm3
CO
100 ppm (one hour value)
Particulate Matter
70 mg/Nm3
THC (as propane)
20 ppmHg
0.05 mg/Nm3
Pb0.35 mg/Nm3
Cd
0.10 mg/Nm3
TI
0.10 mg/Nm3
As+Be+Co+Ni+Se+Te
1.4 mg/Nm3
As+Be+Co+Cr+Mn+Ni+
7.0 mg/Nm3
Pb+Sb+Se+Sn+Te+Zn
Note: Oxygen concentration is 7% (dry base) except particulate matter. Oxygen concentrate of
maximum emission standard of particulate matter is 11% (dry base)
Source: CONAMA Resolution 264-1999

Mixing and pre-storage company for co-processing in the cement kiln is obliged to acquire an
environmental license from the competent authority of the state government. In this regard,
the company should provide the following information to the competent authority.
Name of company and address of plant
Main products and services
Location of acceptance of wastes, laboratory, storage and disposal facilities (includingplan hereafter)

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Description about procedure of acceptance of wastes, sampling & analysis, storage
and treatment of generated residues
 Classification, characteristics, amount and treatment method of in-coming wastes
 Physical and chemical analysis results of in-coming wastes, plan of analysis
 Facility and procedure of safety management
 Risks upon loading and unloading of wastes, risks upon opening of package, effect ofbreakdown of equipment and blackout, exposure of wastes
 Prevention measures for accidental firing and reaction of combustible, reactive andrejected wastes
 Transportation pathway of wastes in the plant Plan in case of closure of plant and plan after closure of plant Wastewater treatment systemb.3.5. Co-processing in the cement industry in Manaus
There is only one cement producer in the state of the Amazonas. This company commenced
operation in 1986. It is one of ten cement plants of the Joao Santos group which is the second
largest cement producer in Brazil. According the National Association of Cement Industry,
its production amount of Portland cement in 2007 was 683 thousand tons. They have one kiln
4.4m in diameter×74m in length. In the questionnaire survey, they answered that the waste
they accept is mainly waste tires, foundry sand and treatment sludge. At this moment, they
are unable to calculate how many tons of acceptable wastes are generated in this area andthey are not sure of the continuity of receiving acceptable wastes in the future. Therefore they
may not start full-scale co-processing business at this moment. In addition, co-processing
may face cost competition with incineration service and final landfill.
b.3.6. Situation of co-processing of wastes in the cement industry in JapanThe cement industry in Japan has been treating and utilizing several types of wastes. The
table below shows the amount of wastes and by-products co-processed in the industry. The
industry utilized approximately 31 million tons of wastes in 2007, which is equivalent to43.5 % of the amount of cement products. Japan is continuing with “3R which is Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle of wastes” to establish a recycling-oriented society. The concept ofindustrial clusters is drawing attention at this moment as one of the measures for establishing
the recycling-oriented society. The concept of industrial clusters is to reduce the wastes
through the linkage of industries. In this process, the generated wastes (output) from one
industry are converted to resources (input) of other industry.
Since the cement industry can utilize a variety of wastes from many industrial sectors, theindustry is recognized as an important industry and one of the core industries in a
recycling-oriented society. In addition, the industry currently accepts ash of municipal
wastes. Then the industry produces special cement of which incineration ashes of municipal
wastes and sewage sludge are the primary raw material.
Table 5-29: Historical record of amount of products and wastes utilized in theJapanese cement industry
Unit: thousand ton/year
Waste

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Blast furnace slag

12,162

11,915

10,474

10,173

9,231

9,214

9,711

9,304

Coal ashes

5,145

5,822

6,320

6,429

6,937

7,185

6,995

7,256

By-product gypsum

2,643

2,568

2,556

2,530

2,572

2,707

2,787

2,636

359

353

352

411

450

447

474

479

Waste oil

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Waste wood chips

2

20

149

271

305

340

372

319

Waste plastics

102

171

211

255

283

302

365

408

Waste tires

323

284

253

230

221

194

163

148

Others

6,623

6,928

6,923

7,265

8,781

9,124

10,181

10,170Total

27,35928,061

27,23827,56428,78029,51331,04830,720kg/ton-cement
CementProduction

Product

Rate(Waste/Cement)

332

355

361

375

401

400

423

436

82,373

78,11975,47973,50871,68273,93173,17070,600

33.2

35.9

36.1

37.5

40.1

39.9

42.4

43.5

Source: “Cement Sector Actions through the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate”,
Taiheiyo Cement Corporation, Japan Cement Association

The following figure shows the types and feeding places of waste in a cement plant. The
figure also illustrates the relationship of the cement plant and the blenders of the wastes.
Characteristics of each waste and sources are different so, in order to accept many kinds andsources of wastes, it is necessary to mix and regulate the constituents and convert them to be
acceptable for the cement plant. These blenders of wastes are taking active roles in the waste
management business.

Molding sand, sludge, coal ash, slag etc
Waste

tire,

waste plastic, etc

Waste plastic waste
oil etc

By product Gypsum

Source: Guidelines on Co-processing Waste Materials in Cement Production (GTZ- Holcim Ltd,)March 2005, Japan Cement Association

Figure 5-14: Types and feeding places of waste in the cement plant

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Raw material
・CaO/CaCO3・SiO2・Ｆｅ2Ｏ3・Ａｌ2Ｏ3included Waste
・Blast Furnace Slag
・Sludge・Casting sand etc.

Liquid, Solid,
Coarse particles

Large pieces

Liquid,Fine solid particles,
Readily combustible

Kiln

Source: JICA Preparatory Study of “The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related to
Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus”

Figure 5-15: Type and feeding places of waste in the cement kiln (detail)Neutralization
Tank

Tank lorry

Regulating

Sieve

Cement kiln

Tank
Drum

Pit

Drum

Receiving
Tank

Drum

Regulating
Tank

Production
Tank

Classifying
Tank

Production
Tank

CementFactory

Blending

Source: JICA Preparatory Study of “The Study for the Development of an Integrated Solution Related to
Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus”

Figure 5-16: Cement plant and blender of wastes

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5.4.4

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Strengthen Administration of Industrial Waste Management
The following measures will be taken to strengthen IW Administrative Capacity.
Measure 1.

Strengthen organizational capacity of IW management

Measure 2.

Improve management system of waste service companies (WSCs)

Measure 3.

Strengthen regulations

Measure 4.

Strengthen cooperation between administration, generators and waste service
companies (WSCs)a.

Strengthen Organizational Capacity of IW Management

Although there is a sufficient legal and regulatory mechanism for industrial waste
management at the federal level, the law enforcement capacity of the state government forindustrial waste management is weak and limited, particularly in terms of available humanresources. This section discusses the measures to strengthen organizational capacity of
IPAAM and SUFRAMA for industrial waste management in the State of Amazonas.
a.1

Strengthening Organizational Capacity of IPAAM

In the State of Amazonas, the Environmental Monitoring and Management Section (GMAM)
of IPAAM is responsible for IWM administration as a part of its duties as shown below:
Environmental monitoringPerformance evaluation of the activities with environmental licenses



Implement response measures to remedy improper activities against the environment

The personnel responsible for this wide range of environmental management activities are: 3
chemists, 2 biologists, 1 civil engineer, 1 economist and 1 fishing expert. There is no
personnel specifically assigned to industrial waste management. In this respect, IPAAM
should undertake the following measures to improve the current IWM administration.


Officially assign the officer responsible for IWM administration with the specified
duties of registration, licensing and supervision of WSCs and waste inventory
management and analysis.



The IWM officer will collaborate with the IT engineer of the Information Analysis
Management Section (GEAI) to develop the WSC Database (WSC_DB).

The IWM officer will be responsible for handling the inquiries from WSCs
concerning WSC registration/licensing, as well as the inquiries concerning theinformation on WSC available in the database.



The IWM officer will also be responsible for issuing and revoking WSC license incollaboration with the GMAM monitoring officer and the other relevant officers in
IPAAM



In cooperation with SUFRAMA, the IWM officer will analyze the waste inventory
database (WI_DB), which will be developed by SUFRAMA to identify the real time
status of industrial waste management at PIM.

The IWM officer will collaborate with the SUFRAMA officer in charge to improveand update the WI_DB and its guidelines.

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a.2

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Strengthening Organizational Capacity of SUFRAMASUFRAMA has formed an Industrial Waste Management Group (IWM Group) dedicated toindustrial waste management at SUFRAMA and three SUFRAMA officers, who have been
assigned as the counterpart members of this study since September 2009, joined the IWM
Group. As of May 2010, it has not yet been decided to which department the group will be
attached. It will be officially established within the fiscal year of 2010 to strengthen its IWM
system.
At this moment, the waste inventories submitted by factories are managed by only one
engineering officer belonging to the Division of Engineering and Architecture Projects
Analysis Coordination (COPEA) of SUFRAMA. This officer is currently assigned to handle
over 100 waste inventories from the factories while working on other tasks. Although he istrying his best to aggregate and analyze the enormous amount of waste inventory data, it is
not possible to sufficiently comply with the duties provided in CONAMA Resolution 313.
SUFRAMA was requested by the Public Ministry of Amazonas State in 2001 to obtain anenvironmental license for the Industrial Districts, so it is essential to identify and analyze thecurrent conditions of IWM in PIM. That is why SUFRMA requested the factories in PIM to
submit waste inventories since before enforcing CONAMA Resolution 313.
Considering these conditions, SUFRAMA should take the following actions in collaboration
with IPAAM to strengthen its organizational capacity of IWM.


Officially establish the Industrial Waste Management Group (IWM Group) with
official appointment of 3 staff members responsible for IWM in PIM.

The IWM officers will work with the IT engineer in the information management
group (CGMOI: Modernization and Informatics General Coordination) of the
Administration Deputy Superintendence (SAD) to develop the waste inventory
database (WI_DB).

The IWM officers will be responsible for handling the inquiries from waste generators(factories) concerning the waste inventories and the information in the database.

Working together with IPAAM in analyzing the data in the WI_DB, IWM officers
will prepare a “PIM Industrial Waste Management Report” for submission to IBAMA
and the State Public Ministry.



The IWM officers, in collaboration with IPAAM, will encourage and guide PIM
factories to submit waste inventories.



The IWM officers, working closely with IPAAM, improve and update the WI_DB
and its guidelines, as appropriate.

b.

Improve Management System of Waste Service Companies (WSCs)

b.1

Improvement on the Categorization of Waste Management Service Licenses andDevelopment of WSC Database

The fundamental method of properly supervising WSCs is to establish and strictly implement
a licensing/registration system that clearly specifies the requirements for providing waste
management services. However, due to the present WSC licensing/registration system’s
complicated categorization of waste management services over a variety of different fields, it
is not useful for regulators (e.g. IPAAM and SUFRAMA) themselves or for WSCs; therefore
it exists only in name and not fully in practice.

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To improve this situation, the current licensing/registration system has to be integrated andsimplified so that not only the regulators can easily manage it, but also so that the WSCs
themselves, as well as the factories, can easily understand it. To do so, the study recommends
a new integrated and simplified licensing system under the license categories shown in thetable below.
Table 5-30: New Waste-related License Codes
Code

33

Main
Category

Municipal
WasteManagement

Code

Sub-category

Classification (Types of Waste)

3301

Collection andTransportation

3302

Intermediate
Treatment

3303

Reuse andRecycle3304

Final Disposal

A (HW), B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
A (HW), B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
A (HIW), B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
A (HIW), B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)
B (Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C (Non-HW & Inert)

3401

34

Industrial
Waste
Management3402

Collection andTransportation
Intermediate
Treatment

3403

Reuse andRecycle3404

Final Disposal

Under this new license system, WSCs are primarily categorized into 2 (two) categories, i.e.
those who deal with municipal waste and industrial waste. Subsequently, they are further
categorized into 4 types according to what types of waste services they provide, i.e. (1)collection and transportation, (2) intermediate treatment, (3) reuse and recycling and (4) final
disposal. Furthermore, they are specified by the types of waste they handle, namely: A (HW),B (NON-HW, NON-INERT), and C (NON-HW, INERT). In applying for obtaining WSC
licenses, the applicants are required to specify the waste management services they provide inaccordance with this new category with the other required information while all suchinformation will be immediately entered into the WSC database.
This new license categorization system is user-friendly for both regulators and applicants.
The application procedure for WSC licensing will be simplified while the regulators caneasily supervise the WSCs. Furthermore, for waste generators who are obligated to contract
waste handling to licensed companies, it is easier to select the proper WSCs according to thetype of wastes they handle and the type of work they are licensed to conduct.

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Figure 5-17: Waste Service Company Database (WSC-DB)

b.2

License Application and Licensing/Registration Procedure

The license application will be made in accordance with “the Guidelines for WSC License
Application and Registration” (hereinafter, “Guidelines”), which is provided in the next
Chapter. A set of uniform application forms will be prepared for use by WSCs. To simplify
the application procedure, the application forms will be made available on the website in an
editable, electronic document format so that the applicants can apply via the Internet.
In granting the WSC licenses, every application will be examined in accordance with thelicensing criteria that will be specified by categories of services provided and types of wastes
handled. Every applicant is required to submit the necessary information and data required by
the criteria that will be available in the guidelines. In granting the licenses for intermediate
treatment, reuse/recycling, and final disposal services, the conditions of relevant facilities andequipment have to be strictly examined to ensure that they have enough capabilities ofproviding the waste services they apply for licensing. In this respect, a facility and its
operation standards should be determined for intermediate treatment, reuse and recycling, andfinal disposal of waste in accordance with the types of waste handled.

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EX CORPORATIONThe regulators (IPAAM and SUFRAMA) are also required to monitor and supervise theactivities of licensed WSCs by obligating them to submit annual activity reports, andconducting on-site inspection of their facilities.
b.3

Disclosure of the Information on Licensed WSCs to PIM Factories and Business
Entities

The information about licensed WSCs will be made publicly available by uploading to the
IPAAM website their key information, e.g. the company name, types of services provided,
types of wastes handled and so forth so that the factories and business entities can selectproper WSCs. SUFRAMA is also required to disclose this information actively to PIM
factories to raise their awareness of the WSCs.
c.

Strengthening Regulations

c.1

Overview

In order to properly manage industrial waste, the regulatory enforcement role of IPAAM isessential as the public entity primarily responsible for industrial waste managementadministration.
According to the relevant laws and regulations, IPAAM holds strong authority to control
WSCs as well as waste generators including the factories in PIM in relation to industrial
waste management, such as:Granting licenses for WSCs;



Monitoring and supervising WSCs’ compliance with license requirements;



Expiration and/or revoking of the license and order of halting waste service operationsin the case of non-compliance with the license requirements; andIssuance and expiration of environmental licenses of the factories in the case ofnon-compliance with the obligation to contract out industrial waste management tolicensed WSCs.

By utilizing the existing legal/regulatory authorities and the new licensing/registration system
for WSCs, IPAAM is able to further strengthen its direct law enforcement authority.
However, more effective results will come from providing guidance and support to WSCs
and factories so that both of them will voluntarily make their best efforts of proper industrial
management.
c.2

Supervision of Waste Service Companies

c.2.1. Administrative Guidance and Strengthened Law Enforcement by IPAAM upon
WSCs
IPAAM will promote license renewal of WSCs with the development of a complete WSC
database while, in collaboration with SUFRAMA, confirming with PIM factories on whether
they contract out industrial waste management to licensed WSCs through checking the waste
inventory database. If they use non-licensed WSCs, IPAAM will instruct them to use licensed
ones. Also, IPAAM must diligently keep the WSC database reliant through regular data entry
and updating.
As for the licensed WSCs, IPAAM will investigate their service operations by the following
measures, respectively:

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Operations of waste collection and transportation service companies will be reviewed
at the time of license renewal, which will be determined in the new license system.

Operations of intermediate treatment, reuse and recycling, and final disposal service
companies will be reviewed annually based on the business operation report to besubmitted by WSCs. On-site inspection will also be regularly carried out without priornotice to WSCs to confirm their proper service operations. In conducting on-site
inspections, waste and final product samples from the treatment and recycling
processes may be collected for laboratory analysis to investigate the compliance of
WSCs with the relevant license requirements.

When improper waste handling practices are discovered during the inspections, theactual conditions will be further investigated and provide specific instructions forcorrective actions required in accordance with the license requirements.

In case that IPAAM finds any illegal dumping or improper disposal activities by thereports from citizens or other information sources, it will immediately conduct site
investigations. Once the perpetrator is identified, IPAAM will give administrative
guidance or a restoration order. In the case that the perpetrator is a licensed WSC,
strict administrative sanctions will be given to avoid any reoccurrence. In the case
an offence is committed by a non-licensed company, they will be forced to halt theirservice operations. If it is a minor infraction, they will be encouraged to apply forlicensing. But if it is a serious offence, the strict legal sanctions will be taken tostrictly prohibit such activities.

c.2.2. Effective Utilization of License Renewal System for Assessment of the Operationsof WSCs and Provision of Guidance
The current licensing/registration system requires WSCs to renew their licenses after a given
period of time in order to continue operations. This license renewal system provides a good
opportunity to review the operations of WSCs and provide guidance to them as needed.
Furthermore, it also provides that the license will be expired if the WSCs does not comply
with the license requirements at the time of its renewal. Such a provision should be utilized tostrictly control and correct waste management activities.
c.2.3. Establishment of Waste Acceptance Criteria by WSCs for Proper Screening ofWaste before its treatment, reuse, recycling, and final disposal
The WSCs engaged in intermediate treatment, reuse and recycling and final disposal areadvised to have their own waste acceptance criteria so that they can make contracts withthose who bring wastes based on the compliance with these criteria. At the time of waste
acceptance, they will visually confirm the types of waste or take some samples for laboratory
analysis to check compliance with the criteria. In the event that the content does not comply
with the criteria, they will ask those who bring the waste for corrective actions, or refuse
waste acceptance if no change in their practices. It should be well understood by the WSCs
that improper acceptance of waste leads to improper disposal of waste, which is a violation oflicensing requirements for WSCs.
c.3

Supervision of Waste Generators (Ensuring the use of licensed WSCs)

When waste generators contract a third party to handle their industrial waste, they are
obligated to contract it out to the licensed WSCs. In order for waste generators to selectappropriate licensed WSCs, IPAAM will disclose the necessary information on licensed
WSCs on its website. The necessary information includes company names, types of waste

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services, and the types of wastes they handle. SUFRAMA will also promote the use of thisinformation by factories in PIM for proper industrial waste management by conducting public
relations activities about the industrial waste management regulations in PIM areas.
To ensure that PIM factories contract with the licensed WSCs, SUFRAMA will require themto specify the name and license number of the WSCs they use throughout the entire waste
stream, ranging from collection to final disposal, when submitting the waste inventory.
Strict implementation of this rule will reduce and eliminate the activities of non-licensed
WSCs while encouraging their license applications.
d.

Strengthen Coordination between Administration, Waste Dischargers and Waste
Service Companies (WSC)

d.1

Promote Cooperation between Government Bodies

d.1.1. Establishing Collaborative Organizations
In order to achieve appropriate industrial waste management in the State of Amazonas, it isimportant to solve the issues concerning to various stakeholders. To do so IPAAM, which is
directly responsible for industrial waste countermeasures, needs to form a close relationshipwith the many other concerned government organizations.
In order to do so, the Technical Sub-Committee, which meets during the Weekly Meetings ofthis study, will be reorganized to establish a permanent standing (tentatively named)
Coordination Committee for Proper Industrial Waste Management Promotion (CCPIWMP)
headed by SUFRAMA and IPAAM.
d.1.2. Participating Members
The members of the CCCPIWMP committee will include IPAAM (which manages industrial
waste related companies), SUFRAMA (which manages PIM factories), SEMULSP (which
manages the Manaus city landfill), the State Public Ministry which brings charges against
improper waste disposal), FIEAM (the State industries federation), CIEAM (Industries
Center of Amazonas State), and CCINB-AM (Japanese-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce andIndustry of Amazonas), inviting other concerned organizations as necessary based on issues
that arise.
It is advisable to also establish the group structure, such as the Chairperson of Facilitatorwhen establishing the group, as well as regular reporting and meeting periods, and topics fordeliberation, and so forth.
d.2

Promote Collaboration between Administration and Waste Generators

The efforts of waste generators can not be underestimated in order to achieve proper IWM.
This involves a number of issues, such as requiring generators to contract industrial waste
treatment and disposal only to licensed WSCs, the submission of waste inventories, and, as
will be required hereafter, the use of waste manifests.
In order to achieve these things, it is important that the administration actively work with
waste generators in the following ways.


Administration should ask the generator to establish systems for comprehensive
responsibility and technical management on IW in the factory.

Administration should ask the generator to assign an IWM officer. The officer will be
responsible to deal with overall factory waste management such as on-site waste

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generation control and recycling, efforts to ensure waste separation and WSC
contracting, and inventory reporting and use of a manifest.
The administration will offer training and guidance to foster personnel that will work
toward establishing these systems and offer information about advanced factories thatare actively promoting proper treatment and disposal and the 3Rs.



Also, conduct training and offer guidance in key areas such as how to prepare and use
waste inventories and waste manifests.

Administration should establish a committee, as detailed below, where IWM officers
from different factories can discuss good management practices, and send a
representative to facilitate the exchange of information and offer support concerning
proper IWM practices.

d.3

Promote Collaboration between Administration and WSCs

A key point to proper IWM is to optimize WSC practices not only through regulation andadministrative guidance but through proactively supporting companies toward the appropriate
activities and working with them to eliminate non-licensed entities and correct improper
treatment and disposal practices.
To do so, the administration must be proactive in working with licensed companies in thefollowing ways.
Once the new licensing system for WSCs is publicized, efforts must be made toestablish this new system by educating and providing training on the new application
procedures.

Provide support to establish a technical management system for WSCs that willencourage reuse and recycling as well as proper treatment and disposal practices. To
do so will require making information on these practices widely available as well as
training personnel in these areas.



By using the WSC database, it will be possible to clamp down on non-licensed
companies. Furthermore, the business environment for WSCs will be greatly
improved through making information on licensed companies widely available togenerators (i.e. factories) in an easy-to-use format.

d.4

Strengthen Cooperation between Administration, Generators and WSCs

In addition to the collaboration between administration and generators or WSCs, it isadvisable to create a Proper Industrial Waste Management Promotion Committee (PIWMPC,
tentatively named) for discussion between the three sides led by the above-mentioned
CCCPIWMP. Establishing such a committee that meets regularly will facilitate the exchange
of information necessary for proper IWM and building consensus on various issues among
members of the committee.
To encourage this collaborative relationship, it is advisable to create a group that represents
the common interests of the waste service companies (WSCs). This will be difficult due tothe present competitive atmosphere, but once a new system to support licensed companies isfully established, the administration should provide support for the establishment of anindustry group for WSCs. In the future, such an industry group will voluntarily act on theirown behalf to introduce measures for proper IWM and to develop their activities further.

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Member of Committee- SUFRAMA- IPAAM- SEMMA- SEMULSP- UGP/PROSAMIM- FIEAM- CIEAM- CCINB-AM

CCPIWMPPIWMPC

GENERATOR

WSC

Figure 5-18: Relationship between the Coordination Committee for Proper IWM
Promotion (CCPIWMP, tentative) and Proper IWM Promotion Committee (PIWMPC,
tentative)d.5

Vision for a New System of Treatment and Disposal

The world’s manufacturing industry today is not only involved with the production of various
products, but is working toward new changes or variations to their processes to reduce theamount and kinds of waste produced and trying to promote the 3Rs through the efficient use
of waste as raw material or an efficient energy source. With a myriad of companies operatingin PIM, as waste generators and WSCs improve their relations, they will be able to cooperate
to construct a more intelligent system for treating waste as well as reuse and recycling. This
presents new business opportunities. Particularly in the case of certain hazardous wastes,
public-sector led initiatives could present more favorable conditions.

5.4.5

Improve Business Environment for WSCs
The following measures will be taken to improve the business environment to promote proper
treatment and disposal of industrial waste.
Measure 1.

Make Manaus municipal landfill fee-based

Measure 2.

Regulate improper waste disposal

Measure 3.

Publicize, educate and train generators and WSCs

Measure 4.

Cultivate preferred WSCs

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a.

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Make Manaus Municipal Landfill Fee-based

Industrial waste differs from municipal waste containing general waste from households inthat it is generated through economic activity in pursuit of profits, and thus the treatment anddisposal of industrial waste is fundamentally led by the polluter-pays-principal (PPP).
However, in Manaus, even though the city landfill accepts a great deal of industrial waste,
there is no fee charged for its disposal. This creates a number of problems which were foundin this study, as outlined below.
The on-site disposal rate is extremely low compared to that in other countries (4.2%1
of the generation rate) and most waste is treated and disposed off-site. Much of thatwaste is brought to the Manaus City landfill.

Despite the fact that the 3Rs are promoted as a national policy, the reuse and recycle
rate in factories is only 1.6%2 of the amount generated (of which, 1.4% is Non-HW
and 2.1% is HW).



The intermediate treatment facilities owned by WSCs use mostly used equipment and
few environmental measures in order to drastically cut investment costs. Also, one
private final disposal site was accepting waste without an environmental license andhad to cease operations.

Furthermore, cement factories are actively used for co-processing in other parts ofBrazil, but almost not at all in the target study area.3

To encourage a reduction in the amount, or the reuse and recycling, of industrial waste
generated, it is extremely important to introduce an incentive that will reduce treatment anddisposal costs. There is an inherent cost to the proper treatment of industrial waste, but thecost burden lies with the waste generators, and this needs to be a basic condition for WSCs tooperate. To do so, disposal of industrial waste brought to the Municipal landfill must be
cost-effective, which requires the collection of a disposal fee needed to dispose of it properly.
For this, IPAAM will have to cooperate with SUFRAMA to take the following measures.

b.



Make efforts to construct a dedicated landfill site for non-hazardous, non-inert
industrial waste in Manaus.

In order to bring about construction, work with the Amazonas State Public Ministry toform a TAC (Terms of Adjustment of Conduct) between the concerned parties andgain interim permission to operate a dedicated site for non-HW, non-inert IW.



The City of Manaus must work to keep the management of the dedicated site for
non-HW, non-inert IW separate from municipal waste, and collect the necessary fee torecover investment and operation costs.
Regulate Improper Waste Disposal

In order for WSCs in a healthy business environment to offer their services competitively, anenvironment must emerge in which they are able to charge an appropriate fee. First andforemost, there must be a transformation in thinking, namely amongst waste generators,
regarding the need to pay for relative costs to properly treat and dispose of the waste theygenerate.
1

Bangkok Metro Area, Thailand: 35.0% (2002 Study); Mie Prefecture, Japan: 53.9% (2000 Study).
Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand: 13.1% Non-HW, 1.6% HW (2002 Study).
3Study Team estimates the waste utilization rate for cement production is only 0.84%, whereas inJapan it is 43.5%.
2

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Meanwhile, it is essential to stamp out the flourishing practices of non-licensed waste service
companies that are able to charge unreasonably low fees by cutting corners and undermining
proper treatment and disposal, but also to monitor and direct licensed companies.
There are two types of non-licensed WSCs: those that never obtained a license at all, andthose whose activities are outside that which they are licensed to perform. However, putting
aside whether either of these is better than the other, such entities must recognize the need toobtain the proper license for their actual operations, and to do so, thereby resolving their
non-licensed status.
It is essential for licensed companies to collaborate in uncovering improper treatment anddisposal activities and bring it to the attention of authorities. Not only WSCs, but also
factories must cooperate to ensure that the WSCs they contract are licensed and be diligent intracking their waste to final destination through the use of the manifest system.
It will be possible to stamp out non-licensed companies and improper practices if factories
ensure they are contracting licensed WSCs. Also, it is possible to prevent illegal dumping byclarifying the collection and transportation companies and ensuring they are licensed.
For companies engaged in intermediate treatment, reuse and recycling and final disposal,
IPAAM will confirm that that their actual operations are in compliance with their licenses
through annual reports and on-site inspections.
Meanwhile, treatment and disposal companies need to check and ensure that the wastes theyreceive from transportation companies are in accordance with the original contract based on
their licenses.
If a company is discovered to be operating without a license, they must be immediatelyordered to cease operations in accordance with the law, and assisted to obtain the proper
license in the case of a minor infraction, or in the case of a serious offence, to cooperate withthe proper authorities.
Should a licensed company be found to have conducted improper activities, after a thoroughinvestigation of the facts, they will need to undertake actions to return conditions to their
original state and carry out disposal in accordance with the law.
c.

Publicize, educate and train generators and WSCs

Administration must collaborate with industrial groups and the person in charge of waste
issues in the newly formed coordinating committee to educate, train and communicate with
waste generators concerning the necessity of proper treatment and disposal, and also be surethey are aware of their responsibility for proper treatment and disposal as well as their
responsibility to bear the corresponding costs. Administration must also collaborate withindustrial groups to educate and train WSCs on proper operation practices and make sure they
are aware of the necessity of proper treatment and disposal technology and theirimplementation.
Administration will support established industry groups for waste services to encourage
voluntary activities such as publicizing and providing training for proper waste management.
d.

Cultivate Preferred WSCs

Improvements to correct IWM are led by efforts to raise the level of waste service companies
that are directly handling industrial waste. By cultivating preferred companies in that area, it
effectively brings about improvement of the whole.

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In order to encourage the emergence and cultivation of preferred companies, an effective
policy, such as a system to promote preferred companies, will be introduced. This policy will
select preferred companies as models which will raise the quality level of the overall industryof waste services. However, setting the selection requirements so high that the selection
process becomes too complicated will not function as an incentive, so introduce incentives
with the target in mind, such as advertising company names in a public venue or directly towaste generators or extending the validity of their licenses, or other preferential treatment
measures.
Should conditions permit, such as having a firm licensing system in place or a reliableindustry group, it may be effective to introduce a rating system, such as that used in Iwate
Prefecture, Japan (see “Good Practice” in Chapter 6).

5.5

Project Evaluation

5.5.1

Implementation Plan
The implementation plan for the Master Plan (M/P) formulated in this study is summarized in
the table at the end of this section.
SUFRAMA and IPAAM, as the counterpart organizations of this study which will implement
the M/P, will consign the technical system of industrial waste management, namely theprovision of facilities and equipment needed for treatment and disposal, to private interests.
Accordingly, the M/P notes the appropriate components for the technical system to beprovided by the private sector and puts the management system of the administration at theheart of providing guidance to correctly manage its operation and maintenance.
Based on this basic idea of the M/P, the implementation plan gives preference to theprovision of the administration’s management system. Furthermore, in this study, thefollowing tools, which are seen as essential to develop the management system, weredeveloped by the end of May 2010 and transferred to the appropriate organization:

Development of a Waste Service Company Database (WSC_DB) as a tool to organize
and manage waste service companies, as well as WSC_DB operation guidelines.



Development of a Waste Inventory Database (WI_DB) to grasp the actual conditionsof industrial waste management at generation sources (factories), as well as WI_DB
operation guidelines.

Therefore, the first step of preparing the administration’s management system has alreadybegun. Furthermore, other parts of the M/P have also been initiated already. Moreover,particular issues which will require extra attention in the implementation plan (as shown in
the figure below) are outlined, taking into consideration progress that has been made alreadyin some areas.
a.

(A) Understand Actual Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Waste

a.1

Measure 1) Establish Waste Manifest System

IPAAM will deal with the following based on the recommendations for the M/P

Establish a standard format and system for the waste manifest in Amazonas State by
the end of the year 2010.

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

a.2

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Plan the development of the online waste manifest, making use of the PROSAMIM
budget. With that, the online waste manifest system is to be developed in the year
2011.
Measure 2) Report Location of Final Destination

As above, after a waste manifest system (WMS) for Amazonas State is formulated in 2010,
the new system will make it possible to verify the site of final destination in 2011.
a.3

Measure 3) Obtain Complete Records of Submitted Waste Inventories

A trial test of the WI_DB system was conducted in May 2010. Based on the results of thistrial, IPAAM will work with SUFRAMA to improve the WI_DB system and users guidefrom early 2011 and finalize them. Then, all PIM factories will be asked to make their waste
inventories according to the WI_DB system and be submitted.
b.

(B) Secure Industrial Waste Final Destination

b.1

Measure 1) Move Forward with Construction of New Industrial Waste Landfill

In relation to the introduction of a fee-based system at Manaus City Landfill, In January 2010
the Municipality of Manaus established the Municipal Law on Urban Cleansing Services(No. 1411, January 20, 2010). This law makes it possible to charge a higher fee for mostindustrial wastes than for municipal waste1. Consequently, this prepares the conditions forprivate companies to invest in the construction of a new industrial waste landfill.
According to IPAAM, the environmental study for non-hazardous (Class II) waste has been
completed and private companies are now preparing to hold a public hearing. Therefore, this
implementation plan calls for the new industrial landfill plans to be approved in 2011,
complete construction in 2012 and begin operations in 2013.
b.2

Measure 2) Implement Provisional Measures until New Landfill is Operational

b.2.1. Measure 2.1) Use of Manaus Municipal Landfill
According to IPAAM, at the end of June 2010, a committee was established comprised of
IPAAM, SEMMA, the Municipal Urbanization Department of Manaus, the Airport
Authority, and others, to consider the possibility of constructing a dedicated section for
non-hazardous, non-inert industrial waste (ATRINI). ATRINI will be constructed based on
the decision of this committee.
The plan shows that ATRINI would begin operations in mid-2011, and once the private
landfill mentioned above begins operations, ATRINI would be closed in early 2013. It will benecessary to rectify these plans as fit according to their respective progress.
b.2.2. Measure 2.2) Promote Appropriate Treatment of Hazardous Waste
The measures to appropriately treat hazardous wastes were formulated by the study team withthe support of the C/P, taking into consideration current conditions of treating industrial
waste in Manaus. Based on these measures, IPAAM will formulate a plan for the appropriate
1This is an impressively large law containing 198 provisions and is primarily concerned with theoverall municipal cleansing services. The specifics of these provisions will take time before they are
finalized, but it has been decided that a fee-based system will be introduced for the collection anddisposal services of municipal waste. Furthermore, some wastes will be designated not as municipal
waste but as large volume or special waste: 50 liters or more per day of non-hazardous, inert (Class
2-B) waste, 200 liters/day or more of non-hazardous non-inert (Class 2-A) waste, and hazardous (ClassI) waste. In those cases, a city-approved waste service company will be able to charge a higher fee thanfor municipal waste.

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treatment of hazardous wastes with special attention to current conditions. However, toimplement the plan, first IPAAM must enforce the waste service companies (WSC) licensing
management system and ensure that all WSCs obtain the proper license, therefore bringing
sufficient transparency to what services are actually being performed.
b.2.3. Measure 2.3) Promote Co-processing
The process to promote co-processing is similar to the promotion of appropriate treatment of
hazardous waste, above.
c.

Strengthen Administration of Industrial Waste Managementc.1

Measure 1) Strengthen Industrial Waste Management Organizations

Measures to strengthen IPAAM and SUFRMA, the main organizations managing industrial
waste, is already underway, to be completed in 2010.
c.2

Measure 2) Improve Management System of Waste Service Companies

The most important item to improve the management system of waste service companies is tofirmly establish the system to register WSCs. This is best done as soon as possible, but theState Legislature will vote in October 2010, so the plan calls for this system to be establishedsometime in 2011. Once the system is in place, the WSC_DB will be constructed
immediately and certain information about the licensed companies will be made public.
c.3

Measure 3) Strengthen Regulations

Once the information on WSCs is made public, IPAAM will put regulations in place to deal
with non-licensed companies, as well as licensed companies which carry out improper waste
disposal. Furthermore, IPAAM will work with SUFRAMA, FIEAM and others to regulate
waste generators against outsourcing to non-licensed companies.
c.4

Measure 4) Strengthen Cooperation between Administration, Generators andWaste Service Companies

The measures recommended by the Study Team to strengthen cooperation between
administration, generators and WSCs were formulated with the counterpart, taking into
consideration the current conditions in Manaus. Based on this policy, IPAAM will discusswith related organizations the need to establish (1) a Coordination Committee for Proper
Industrial Waste Management Promotion and (2) a Proper Industrial Waste Management
Promotion Committee sometime in 2011 to act as the center for these relations.
d.

Improve Business Environment for Waste Service Companies

d.1

Measure 1) Make Manaus Municipal Landfill Fee-based

As mentioned above, based on the Municipal Law on Urban Cleansing Services, theMunicipality of Manaus is currently deciding the details supporting the provisions,establishing a city landfill fee, and selecting collection and disposal services for large volume
and special wastes which will be treated as industrial waste. It is assumed that these decisions
will be completed in 2010 and that the municipal landfill can introduce a fee-based system in2011. It will be necessary to rectify these plans as necessary based on the progress of otherplans, such as the construction of ATRINI.
d.2

Measure 2) Regulate Improper Waste Disposal

Until improper waste disposal is sufficiently regulated, both waste generators and waste
service companies will need to be informed and instructed on the necessity for proper

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disposal and the details of the WSC licensing management system. On that basis, improper
waste disposal will be regulated.
d.3

Measure 3) Inform, Educate and Train Generators and WSCs

IPAAM will need to develop itself as an organization to inform, educate and train generators
and WSCs on industrial waste management. On that basis, they will formulate a plan to carryout these tasks and develop the information, education and training tools needed, and thencarry out the plan.
d.4

Measure 4) Cultivate Preferred Waste Service Companies

The first step to cultivate preferred waste service companies is to properly understand thegood examples of waste management which currently exist in Brazil. On that basis, a plan tocultivate preferred WSCs will be formulated and carried out. When formulating the plan,consideration should be given to the good examples from Brazil and Japan introduced during
the study.

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Table 5-31: Implementation Plan

Construction planfor disposal site
(assumed)

Operation or
execution offacilities, systems,
etc.

Plan anddevelopment offacilities,
systems, etc.

Key

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5.5 Project Evaluation

5.5.2

Project Evaluation
The following section is analysis of the results expected with the implementation of the
Master Plan (M/P).
a.

Expansion of the Market for Industrial Waste Treatment

At present, the majority of industrial waste generated at factories and businesses located in
the “Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM)” is disposed of in a landfill free of charge. Such
conditions do not leave much room for industrial waste treatment /disposal businesses to be
introduced.
According to the results of this study, it is estimated that industrial waste from 230,000 tons
per year, or approximately 629 tons per day, of industrial waste are generated from PIM in
2009. The following table shows the present conditions of treatment and disposal of PIM
industrial waste as estimated based on the factory survey results.

Table 5-32: Conditions of Treatment and Disposal of PIM Industrial Waste (2009)-

All Industrial
Waste
Amount%(Ton/day)
628.9
-

4.2

3.5

26.4

4.2

1.3
0.6
2.6

2.5
0.4
1.3

2.1
0.3
1.1

8.9
3.2
14.3

1.4
0.5
2.3

486.8

95.6

115.7

96.5

602.5

95.8

200.2

39.3

20.0

16.7

220.2

35.0

175.4

34.5

71.1

59.3

246.5

39.2

111.2

21.8

24.6

20.5

135.8

21.6

Non-HIW
Item
Generation AmountOn-site Treatment
and Disposal
Reuse/Recycle
On-site Storage
On-site Disposal
Off-site Treatment
and Disposal
Reuse/Recycle byContractor
Intermediate
Treatment by
Contractor
Direct disposal of atlandfill

HIW-

Amount(Ton/day)
119.9

22.2

4.4

6.4
2.8
13.0

Amount(Ton/day)
509.0

%

%

This table shows that at least 135.8 tons/day, or approximately 50,000 tons/year, accounting
for some 21.6% of the industrial waste generated, is brought to the landfill untreated. Also, in
addition to this, there is believed to be a significant amount of untreated waste or the residues
from reuse /recycling and intermediate treatment contractors or other companies that end up
in the landfill.
Moreover, assuming these conditions continue, the Master Plan formulated in this study
estimates the following generation, treatment and disposal amounts for PIM industrial waste
in the year 2015.

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Table 5-33: Amount of PIM IW Generated, Treated and Disposed of in 2015
Item
Generation AmountOn-site Treatment andDisposalReuse/Recycle
On-site Storage
On-site Disposal
Off-site Treatment andDisposalReuse/Recycle byContractor
Intermediate Treatment by
Contractor
Direct disposal of at landfill

Non-HIW
Amount%(ton/Day)
628.2
-

HIW
Amount(ton/Day)
157.5

%
-

All Industrial Waste
Amount%(ton/Day)
785.7
-

26.2

4.2

5.4

3.4

31.6

4.0

8.1
2.9
15.2

1.3
0.5
2.4

3.8
0.4
1.2

2.4
0.3
0.8

11.9
3.3
16.4

1.5
0.4
2.1

602.0

95.8

152.1

96.6

754.1

96.0

238.3

37.9

29.6

18.8

267.9

34.1

227.8

36.3

94.5

60.0

322.3

41.0

135.9

21.6

28.0

17.8

163.9

20.9

Based on the results of future estimation, the amount of industrial waste taken to the landfill
in 2015 will be approximately 163.9 ton/day, or about 60,000 ton/year.
Meanwhile, the M/P proposes that Non-HIW & Non-inert IW is no longer brought to thelandfill for municipal waste. Also, it proposes that HIW is reduced or detoxified throughintermediate treatment, such as co-processing, or through reuse /recycling and intermediate
treatment, and the residues disposed of at Non-HIW & Non-inert IW landfill.
The M/P aims to build a system of appropriate regulation and management for IW treatment
and disposal, as is currently implemented in advanced states such as Sao Paulo, and in
addition to that, to cultivate waste service companies that will carry out appropriate treatment
and disposal of industrial wastes.
With that, the following table is an estimate of the industrial waste final disposal market in
PIM in 2015, based on the current final disposal fees (not including collection andtransportation costs) for Non-HIW and HIW at the industrial waste landfill in Sao Paulo State(not including intermediate treatment).
Table 5-34: PIM 2015 Market Scale for IW Disposal

135.9
28.0

49,603.5
10,220.0

100*1
250*2

Total Market
Size(Based on Fee)
(Real/Year)4,960,350
2,555,000

163.9

59,823.5-

7,515,350

Amount(ton/Day)
Non-HIW
HIW
Total Industrial
WastesAnnualDisposal(ton/Year)

Disposal Fee(Real/ton)*1

100 Real/ton is the median disposal fee of 80 – 120 Real/ton charged for Non-HIW in Sao Paulo State.

*2

250 Real/ton is applied for the HIW disposal fee in Sao Paulo State.

The market scale for industrial waste disposal in the Industrial Pole of Manaus in 2015, basedon fees, is estimated to be about 7.5 million Real per year.

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Actually, it is also possible that part of industrial waste (e.g. Residues from treatment)
currently contracted to reuse/recycling companies and intermediate treatment companies
could be taken to the new landfill (which is 215,423 tons/year, about 3.6 times the 59,824
tons/year of landfill waste), if management and regulation for the proper treatment anddisposal of industrial waste are strengthened, and companies conducting improper activities
are eliminated through careful implementation of the M/P.
b.

Expansion of Potential to Attract “High Value-Added Industry” and “Export
Industry” to the Industrial Pole of Manaus through Appropriate Industrial Waste
Management System and the Provision of Infrastructure for Treatment andDisposal

In order for the Industrial Pole of Manaus to be an important center of economical andindustrial activity that supports the social and economic development of the Amazonas State,
it must produce higher economic profits by providing industrial infrastructure that can attract“high value-added industries” such as high-tech/IT equipment, and form connections to theinternational market by attracting the “export industry”.
The high value-added “high-tech/IT industry”, symbolized by the semiconductor industry,
uses a number of chemical substances and rare metals in its manufacturing process andproduces wastes in the form of waste oil, solvents and sludge, which includes materials
containing hazardous properties. Thus, there is the possibility that preparing theenvironmental infrastructure to properly treat and disposal of these types of wastes is an
important condition in factory location for these high-tech industries.
The exporting industry, which targets the international market, particularly in industries
targeting export to advanced countries in the OECD, contains strict environmental policy
obligations based on bilateral free trade agreements, ISO14001 and so forth for the
production and manufacturing processes, which includes the proper treatment and disposal ofwastes. In these exporting industries, since locating a factory in a region that does notguarantee the proper treatment and disposal of industrial waste is a huge risk, it is a criticalrequirement for those who hope to attract these industries to prepare a proper waste
management system and the infrastructure for treatment and disposal.
This point was considered in the M/P formulated in this study by promoting a properindustrial waste management system and provisions for treatment and disposal infrastructure
in PIM. This will contribute to greatly increasing the potential to attract industry with greater
economic profit.
c.

Improvement of Production Efficiency through Waste Reduction Efforts(Efficiency of Resource and Energy Usage)

Implementing the M/P and reinforcing industrial waste management, waste generators,
starting with factories, will have to bear an additional cost for the proper treatment anddisposal of waste to act in accordance with standards prescribed in the regulations. In
Manaus, where the current cost burden is zero, it may be possible to implement a burden of
100 – 250 Real per ton as currently charged in Sao Paulo City. To do so, it is likely that waste
generators will have to be strongly motivated to reduce or minimize their wastes as much as
possible.
However, reducing or minimizing wastes produces the merits of raising material and energy
efficiency in the manufacturing process, improving production and reducing costs, so they
may make the efforts to this effect. Furthermore, it is possible to establish a stable operation

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foundation that can withstand price fluctuations in materials and energy, and changes in
product demand.
As the M/P recommends, if the factories and businesses located in PIM are strongly
motivated to control the generation of waste, this could lead to opportunities to increase
factory production. In this regard, as was historically proven in Japan in the past, when the
country’s industries improved their production efficiency and reduced production costs, it
was able to surpass the critical risk factors such as rising oil prices and currency appreciation.
As one of the BRIC emerging economies, Brazil is expected to lead the world’s economic
future and form a powerful industrial infrastructure based on resource and energy efficiency
on par with the developed countries, which is essential to ensure sustainable
future development.

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6.

Guidelines to Improve Industrial
Waste Management in PIM

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6.1 Guideline Objectives and Composition

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6

Guidelines to Improve Industrial Waste
Management in PIM

6.1

Guideline Objectives and Composition

6.1.1

Guideline Objectives
The aim of the guidelines is to support the Master Plan objective to “establish an appropriate
industrial waste management system in the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM)”. To achieve thisobjective, the guidelines shall serve to achieve the following three requirements.

6.1.2

1.

To establish an appropriate management system at generation sources (such as
factories) for dischargers of industrial waste.

2.

To establish an appropriate management system for industrial waste that has beendischarged for waste service companies.

3.

To establish the administrative system for industrial waste management to promote,guide, monitor and regulate proper management for dischargers of industrial waste
and waste service companies.

Composition of the Guidelines
The following three items in the Master Plan (see previous chapter) shall be used to thegreatest extent possible as tools to achieve the objectives of the above-mentioned guidelines.
1.

Waste inventory (WI) management system

2.

Waste service company licensing and registration management system

3.

Waste manifest system

These guidelines are meant to promote the improvement of industrial waste management
through the effective use of these tools by waste dischargers, waste service companies (WSC)
and administration. The guidelines are composed as shown below:
1.

Items common to the three tools

2.

Guidelines for waste dischargers

3.

Guidelines for WSCs

4.

Guidelines for administrative entities

These guidelines were formulated for the PIM factories that discharge industrial waste in thetarget study area, the waste service companies (WSCs) which handle the discharged waste,
and the administration that handles overall industrial waste management. However, they werecreated as much as possible so that they may serve as reference material for other industrial
complexes or areas where factories are concentrated. Accordingly, stakeholder organizations
such as SUFRAMA or the Ministry of Environment, are expected to share these results withrelated organizations, such as industrial groups and so forth, nationwide.

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6.2 Common Items

6.2

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Common Items
The key in putting the three systems--for waste inventory (WI) management, WSC
registration management, and waste manifest--to use is that each of these systems uses
common code and units of measurement. This section discusses the importance of eachsystem utilize these common items.

6.2.1

Waste Definition and Categorization of Wastes and How to Determine Them
In each of the three systems, industrial waste is divided into three major categories, based on
CONAMA Resolution 313.
General industrial waste

Health-care wasteConstruction waste

How each of the wastes are defined and categorized, as well as the methods to determine
these ends, is discussed below.
a.

General industrial waste

General industrial waste is defined as all waste generated in a factory, including
administrative and production units, but excluding health-care waste and construction waste(see below). This category will use both the waste category set forth in CONAMA Resolution
314 (hereafter, CONAMA code) and the waste code created by JICA Study Team through thediscussion and approval with IPAAM/SUFRAMA (hereafter, JICA Study code).
The conventional CONAMA code categorizes wastes in great detail based on the chemicalcomposition and physical properties. However, the code is overly detailed for practicalapplication, particularly for IPAAM/SUFRAMA to manage waste based on the actual
industrial waste management flow. In order to identify the general industrial waste flow
according to the waste the JICA Study Team set up the Study code that has 29 categories,
with 13 types of Non-HIW, and 16 types of HIW and identify the industrial waste flows of 29
categories of general IWs. In addition the JICA Study Team has prepared a chart comparing
both CONAMA and JICA codes so that it will be easy to enter the waste code.
The wastes categories are shown in the table below.
Table 6-1: Non-Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of Non-HIW
Kitchen waste (include waste from animal such as bone, skin, hair)
Wood
Paper
Plastic or polymers and resins
Textile and fiber
Animal oil, Vegetable oil
Rubbers and Leather
Ash/dust from coal-fired power plants, etc.
Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, copper, bronze
Ceramic & Glasses
Stone, sand or material that have composition of soil such as tile, brick,gypsum, cement

6-2

Non-HIW
Code
NH01
NH02
NH03
NH04
NH05
NH06
NH07
NH08
NH09
NH10
NH11

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6.2 Common Items

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Mixed waste (This code shall be applied in case wastes are discharged
without separation.)
Others

NH12
NH13

Source: JICA Study Team

Table 6-2: Hazardous General Industrial Waste Categories used in the Study
Type of HIWHIW Code

Inorganic acid

HW01

Organic acid

HW02

Alkalis

HW03

Toxic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Other Inorganic

HW04
HW05
HW06

Organic Compounds

HW07

Polymeric Materials

HW08

Fuel, Oil and Grease

HW09

Fine Chemicals
Biocides

and

HW10

Treatment Sludge

HW11

Ash from incinerator
Dust and Air pollution
control (APC) products
Other
Hazardous
substance(besidesHW01-HW13)
Mixed Waste
Hazardous
materials
fromNon-production
process

HW12
HW13

Example of HIW
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
Nitric acid (HNO3), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4),
Other inorganic acids
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Formic acid (HCOOH),
Other organic acids
Caustic soda (NaOH), Ammonia (NH3), Sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), Other alkaline materials
including Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, CN
Plating wastes, Picking waste, Sulphides, etc.
Asbestos, Slug, etc.
Reactive chemical wastes (Oxidizing agents,
Reducing agents, etc), Solvents etc.
Epoxy resin, Chelate resin, Polyurethan resin,
Latex rubber etc.
Fats, Waxes, Kerosene, Lubricating oil, Engine
oil, Grease etc
Pesticides, Medicine, Cosmetic, Drugs, etc.
Inorganic sludge, Organic sludge, Septic tanksludge, etc.
--Soot and dust waste from incineration facilities,
treating exhaust gas

HW14

HIWs other than the above

HW15

---

HW16

Fluorescent tubes, Thermometer (use mercury),Batteries, Pesticides (Household use), etc.

Source: JICA Study Teamb.

Health-care Waste

Health-care waste is defined as waste generated from clinics attached to factories. This
category uses the groups set forth in ROC 306/2004-ANVISA. It is not necessary forfactories that do not have attached clinics to answer this section.
The health-care waste category is shown in the table below.

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6.2 Common Items

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KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

Table 6-3: Conversion of Health-care Waste Categories between RDC
306/2004-ANVISA and ABNT NBR 12809
RDC 306/2004-ANVISA
Group
Description

1. Group A

A.1

Biologic

A.2

Animals

A.3

Body part

A.4
A.5

Patient care etc.
Prions2. Group B

Chemical etc.

3. Group C
4. Group D
5. Group ERadioactive waste
Common waste
Piercing or Cuttingc.

ABNT NBR 12809
Class, Type
Description
Class A, Type A.1
Biologic
Class A, Type A.2
Blood and Derivates
Class A, Type A.5
Contaminated animal
Surgical, anatomopatologic
Class A, Type A.3
and exudates
Class A, Type A.6
Patient care
Not applicable--Class B, Type B.2
Pharmaceutical waste
Class B, Type B.3
Hazardous chemical waste
Class B, Type B.1
Radioactive waste
Class C
Common waste
Class A, Type A.4
Piercing or Cutting

Construction Waste

Construction waste is defined as waste that was generated from construction at factories(from all departments, including administration and production) in the past one year. This
code utilizes the classes set forth in CONAMA Resolution 307.
The Construction wastes category is shown in the table below.
Table 6-4: Construction Waste Categories in CONAMA Resolution 307
Class
Class A:Class BClass CClass D

Description
The reusable or recyclable waste as aggregates, such as:a) from construction, demolition, refitting and repair of pavement and otherinfrastructure constructions, including land preparation;b) from the construction, demolition refitting and repair of edifications:ceramic components (bricks, blocks, tiles, insulation planks, etc.),
cement and concrete;c) from manufacturing and/or demolition process of concrete
pre-modulated pieces (blocks, pipes, gutter, etc.) produced in theconstruction sites.
The recyclable waste for other purposes, such as: plastics, paper/carton,
metals, glass, wood and others.
Waste which has no economically feasible technology or applications which
may allow it to be recycled/recovered, such as the products arisen fromplaster.
Hazardous waste arisen from construction process, such as paints, solvents,
oils and so forth, or those contaminated or harmful to health arisen fromdemolitions, refitting and repairs of radiology clinics, industrial facilities andothers, as well as tiles and other objects and materials containing asbestos
or other products harmful to health. (new text given by Resolution n. 348/04).

6-4

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EX CORPORATION

Estudo para o Desenvolvimento de uma Solução Integradada Gestão de Resíduos Industriais no Polo Industrial de Manaus
6.2 Common Items

6.2.2

Non-IW Common Itemsa.

Factory Categorization CodeThe factory categories utilize the categorization SUFRAMA uses for registered factories.
SUFRAMA uses 19 factory codes, and further subdivides 4 of the factory codes for a total of
28. However, only the large factories included in Part 1 of the SUFRAMA factory list use thesub-categories, so only the 19 primary categories are used for industrial waste management,such as when creating the waste flowcharts.
The Factory categorization code has been attached at the front of this report for the reader’sreference.
b.

Waste Service Company Categorization Code

IPAAM plans to use a new environmental license code dedicated only for waste service
companies (WSC). There are two main categories depending on the type of waste the WSC
handles: “Municipal Waste (code 33xx)” and “Industrial Waste (code 34xx)”, which are thensubdivided into categories for collection/transportation, intermediate treatment,
reuse/recycling, and final disposal. These codes are given in the table below.
If a company conducts more than one type of service, it must be licensed and registered under
all of the appropriate codes. For example, if a company collects and transports industrial
waste and also recycles it, then it will have to be registered under both code 3401 and 3403.
Table 6-5: Waste Service Company Categorization Codes (Draft)
Code

33

34

c.

Major
Classification

Municipal
WasteManagement

Industrial
Waste
Management

Code

Sub-classification

Class [types of Waste Handled]3301

Collection andTransportation

3302

Intermediate
treatment

3303

Reuse/Recycling

3304

Final disposal

3401

Collection andTransportation

3402

Intermediate
treatment

3403

Reuse/Recycling

3404

Final disposal

A(HW),B(Non-HW & Non-Inert),
C(Non-HW & Inert)
A(HW),B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
A(HIW),B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
A(HIW),B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)
B( Non-HW & Non-Inert),C( Non-HW & Inert)

Units of Measurement

The amount of general industrial waste, health-care waste and construction waste generated
in PIM is indicated in weight (tons) as a unit of measurement, which also served to create thePIM waste flow. Waste generated by volume or individually is to be converted to indicate

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6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

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weight before being entered. Also, in cases where the generation amount is extremely small,such as for health-care waste, it can be indicated in kilograms (kg) instead of tons.
(Note: measure by apparent density as a simple conversion method from volume (m3) toweight (ton))(1) Things to prepareSample (when weight is unknown)



Plastic bucket (about 20 litres)Scale (max. approx. 50kg)(2) Measure the weight of the plastic bucket (Basket weight (Bw): kg)(3) Measure the weight of the plastic bucket with 10 liters of water (the water ratio is 1.0 so
this is 10kg).
(4) Mark the water line of 10 liters of water in the bucket.
(5) Pour out the water and pack the sample into the bucket up to the line. (Gwb (kg) = Bw
+ Weight of 10 liter sample)(6) The sample’s apparent density AM (ton/m3) is calculated with the following formula.
 Bw )
10(7) Sample weight conversion: Multiply the known volume of the sample by AM andcalculate the weight.
AM ( ton / m 3 ) 

d.

( Gwb

Other

The databases for the waste inventory management system (WI_DB), waste service company
licensing and registry management system (WSC_DB), and waste manifest system (WMS)
are all managed using the National Corporate Tax Payer registration number (CNPJ) as their“Primary key” so that all the databases can be linked. Consequently, the format of the CNPJ
to be entered will be the officially registered CNPJ. If this is done online, a program will
confirm the number entered according to the following format.
CNPJ Format:

XX.XXX.XXX/0001-1

6.3

Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste
Dischargers (Factories)

6.3.1

Requirements for Making the Waste Inventorya.

Waste Flow

Understanding the waste flow is important in order to conduct appropriate industrial waste
management. The waste flow is made up of waste management (treatment /disposal) at thegeneration source (on-site) and waste management (treatment /disposal) by WSCs (off-site).
A conceptual diagram of this waste flow is shown in the figure below.
This study attempted to gauge the waste flow in all of PIM by conducting a factory survey foron-site management (treatment /disposal), and a survey of WSCs for off-site management(treatment /disposal). These results were analyzed and the outcome was used to make an

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overview of the waste flow. However, information concerning waste discharged fromfactories varied and some WSCs were unaware of the accurate figures, so there was someambiguity in the flow between on-site and off-site.
Information about to whom the waste was discharged and how it would be treated anddisposed is to be included on the waste inventory, but there is no uniform standard between
companies; with only one person in SUFRAMA managing the waste inventories, it is notpossible to aggregate the information.
IPAAM/SUFRAMA has created a standard waste inventory which will be filled out in a
uniform manner, which will then be integrated into a database. By doing so, it will bepossible to make effective use of this information to manage industrial waste in the future.

Figure 6-1: Flow of Waste Treatment and Disposalb.

Summary of On-site Waste Management

CONAMA Resolution 313 calls for highly detailed factory information to be included on thewaste inventory. The CONAMA Resolution 313 scheme is shown in the following figure.

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6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

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Figure 6-2: Scheme of the Information required by CONAMA resolution 313

It is possible to gauge the overall on-site management of waste by aggregating and analyzing
this waste inventory information. However, because only 1/4 of factories submit the WI andthe variation in the manner in which those received are filled out, there is no way at present toeasily aggregate and make use of the data.
This guideline provides detailed instructions to filling out the information necessary for the
WI and makes it possible for the factories to report using a single format. The detailed
instructions called for in CONAMA Resolution 313 are given in the Chapter 5.2.1 of the
Supporting report.
c.

Summary of Off-site Waste Management

The waste inventory also requires off-site treatment and disposal to be reported. However, thenumber of WSCs and what activities they are engaged in are uncear, so this can not be
accurately filled in. This guideline also provides information on the database for waste
service companies (WSC_DB), which will be made separately from WI_DB. By using thisdatabase, those discharging waste (factories) will be able to obtain accurate information on
WSCs. Using both of these databases, it will be possible to obtain highly reliable information
on off-site treatment and disposal.

d.

Summary of the Waste Inventory Database

Once factories use the same format to submit the waste inventory, and these are put into a
database, it will be possible to easily aggregate and analyze the data.
SUFRAMA will organize a new IWM group to assist factories and manage the WI database.

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EX CORPORATION

Estudo para o Desenvolvimento de uma Solução Integradada Gestão de Resíduos Industriais no Polo Industrial de Manaus
6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

Once a factory creates its WI for the WI_DB, form next year it will only need to update some
information such as amount of raw materials used and waste amounts generated, etc. The WI
submitted in the year 2008 (IWM data for 2007) has already been entered into the WI_DB. In
addition, the factory survey data conducted in 2009 (IWM data for 2008) also has been input
into the database.
The general scheme of the WB_DB is shown in the figure below.

Task for
WI_DB Data
Analysis
Contacts with the factories
Help IWM officer to fill the
WI_DB form
Check all the information of the
WI_DB (Type of waste, waste
code, waste amount etc)
Make waste inventory report

Rita Marie

WI_DB
OnlineSystem

WI_DB

Check data
& make report
ArmandoDavid Silva
Login
User
Password

Jory Filho

IWMG

SUFRMAWeb Page

Task for
IT Support
Development andmaintanance of
the DB System

Ivo Brasil Filho
System Administrator

Develop the DB system
Training to the factories to use
the system
Maintenece of the system

Update WI data annually
Make report

Wilson Rocha Neto
System Developer
CGMOI

SUFRAMA

WI_DB – Waste Inventory Database
IWMG – Industrial Waste Management GroupIWM – Industrial Waste Management
CGMOI - Modernization and Informatics General Coordination

Waste
Flow
RecordWI – Waste Inventory

IWM
Officer
Factory

Figure 6-3: General Scheme for Implementation of the WI_DB

6.3.2

Requirements for Preparation of Waste Manifest
The waste manifest system was not provided in the study in a concrete format, unlike thewaste inventory (WI) management system and waste service company registry management
system. However, in the study, it was proposed that IPAAM quickly prepare this system incooperation with advanced states, such as Rio de Janeiro. Subsequently, the requirements tocreate the waste manifest system were prepared as shown below, based on the assumptionthat IPAAM would introduce the method used in Rio de Janeiro.

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6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

a.

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General Information

The waste manifest (WM) is the basic document used to facilitate the waste manifest system.
The WM provides information about the wastes and their origin, transport, and destination,and establishes joint responsibility between the generator, transporter and receptor, including
final destination of the waste. The diagram below visualizes the concept of the proposed
waste manifest system.

Figure 6-4: Concept of the Proposed Waste Manifest system

The waste manifest (WM) is issued in four copies by the waste generator, who keeps one andsends the others to the transporter together with the waste. The transporter keeps one copy of
the WM and delivers the waste and remaining two copies to the waste receptor. Finally, thereceptor receives the waste, keeps one copy of the WM and returns the last one back to thegenerator, completing the cycle. IPAAM will indicate which sheet will remain with each
respective party.
Although the generator issues the original WM, a manager will be contracted to oversee theservice. The WM should be issued specifically for each type of waste, even when several
types are transported in a same load or when several loads of the same waste are transported
together. Furthermore, even when several loads are transported by the same transporter ordelivered to the same receptor, each load should be accompanied by a specific WM.
IPAAM will designate a unique serial number for each set of the waste manifest (4 copies)
which also identifies the waste generator. This is to prevent fraud, such as any deviation fromthe required protocol.
All generators, transporters and receptors, public or private, in the waste manifest system will
be linked to the IPAAM web page. Since the generator may receive the 4th copy of the WM,

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KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

and as such, will be show up twice, IPAAM will need to define the relationship of the four(4) copies each time to avoid confusion.
The protocol of transferring and receiving the wastes within the waste manifest system isestablished specifically in each case at the discretion of IPAAM depending on the hazard andthe amount of wastes generated by a factory’s activities. General and public solid wastes areusually excluded, so the system is applied to the industrial plants’ systems and their healthservices as well as the owners of construction sites, but excludes the domestic waste
generated in those plants.
IPAAM will supply the generator with instructions, together with the serial number, and theforms or a model to make the forms.
The waste manifest form used in Rio de Janeiro is shown in the following figure.

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Figure 6-5: Waste Manifest Form (FEEMA - Rio de Janeiro)Estudo para o Desenvolvimento de uma Solução Integradada Gestão de Resíduos Industriais no Polo Industrial de Manaus
6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

b.

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Procedures of the Generator

To consciously take his responsibilities, the Generator should:c.

Nominate the Wastes Manager of his company, whose attributions will include,
without restricting, the internal implementation of the Waste Manifest System, withthe due instructions and trainings, and the relationship with IPAAM concerning
everything about that System.



Make sure the Transporter and the Receptor are granted with the Operation Licensefrom IPAAM, and that their equipments and facilities are perfectly qualified to render
the service.

Issue manifests for each waste and cargo, filling out all the fields in the four sectionsof the form, except the fields regarding to date, signature and stamp of the Transporterand Receptor.



Write the date, sign and stamp the four sheets, in the field reserved to the Generator.



File his sheet, after it has been dated, signed and stamped by the Transporter, to whom
the other sheets will be handed in.

Strictly follow the sequential numbering provided by IPAAM, filing the unused sheets
and informing the fact to IPAAM, if requested.



Take into account the due signaling of the transportation vehicle, and provide theTransporter with the Emergency Plan1, in the case of hazardous wastes.



Keep the sheet received from the Receptor for 5 years, presenting or providing
IPAAM with a copy whenever requested.

Provide IPAAM with the Wastes Flow Report on monthly basis, which will
synthesize all the used and unused WM.
Infraction and Penalties

The non-fulfillment of the legal regulation (to be) established by IPAAM is regarded as
infraction subject to the penalties set therein.
d.

Completion of the Wastes Manifest

The WM is formed by 4 (four) sheets, filled out by the Generator and completed,successively, by the Transporter and the Receptor, under the previously mentioned step.
The form comprehends 4 (four) sections, with the following content:
1st Section: basic information on the waste, its generating source and destination.
2nd Section: information about the Generator and its responsibilities.
3rd Section: information about the Transporter its responsibilities.
4th Section: information about the Receptor and its responsibilities.

1

The EMERGENCY PLAN is the plan which defines the actions to be carried out in case offire, explosion, spilling, or emission of poisonous gases, describing the safety equipments
to be used and identifying the people responsible for the coordination and participation in
the emergency actions, and how to get in touch with these people.

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JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATIONThe completion of the WM form will be as simple as the project of that form, to be done by
IPAAM. The model used by INEA (former FEEMA), in the State of Rio de Janeiro, is simple
and self-explanatory, for that it is presented in the Figure 6-5, as an example.
The form comprehends 4 sections and 13 fields to be filled out: The first section informs on
the waste: name or sufficient identification, amount, physical state, unit, packaging, origin(plant), treatment, recycling or final disposal.
The second section informs on the Generator: company, address, municipality, telephone andthe number of the license (OL) supplied by IPAAM; it is completed with the name of theperson responsible for the outgoing and his position; the last field has the date of the delivery
to the Transporter and the signature and stamp of the person in charge.
The third section informs on the Transporter: company, address, municipality, telephone andthe number of the license (OL) supplied by IPAAM; name of the person responsible for thecompany and the driver, number of the plate and the certificate of INMETRO (Metrological
Instruction), for the vehicle; it is completed with the signature, stamp and date of thereception of the cargo, thus taking co-responsibility for the waste flow.
The fourth section informs on the Receiver: the data of the company mentioned above, plus
the name of the person responsible for the reception of the waste and his position; the last
field presents the date of the reception, signature and stamp of the person responsible for the
reception, thus taking co-responsibility for the waste flow.
e.

Waste Electronic Manifest

As soon as IPAAM is qualified, it will provide the members of the Waste Manifest System Generators, Transporters and licensed Receivers with an OL – with the option of filling out
the form on-line, in its own webpage.
The access will be granted through the registration of the member in that new modality, hewill receive a password from IPAAM, and his login will be the number of his registration in
CNPJ/MF. The registration can be done by electronic mail, finding out the data of thecompany: CNPJ/MF, company name, business name, complete address, phone number, fax
number, number of the license (OL) of IPAAM, the legal representative's name and the nameof the technician in charge.
The completion of the WM will be done with the same information needed for the paper
form, but in a faster way.

6.3.3

Good Examples of Industrial Waste Management at Generation Sources (Factories)
Since the 1990s, many factories in Japan have been aiming for “Zero Emission” from theirfactories due to the following reasons:

Since the off-site disposal cost is extremely expensive--especially the landfill disposalfee--they shall reduce, reuse and recycle waste in the factory as much as possible toreduce the cost of IWM.

The Japanese Government set up a waste management policy, “Recycling-based
Society ”, through the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society(enacted in 2000); and

Recently, consumers tend to support companies they consider to be environmentallyfriendly.

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6.3 Waste Management Improvement Guidelines for Waste Dischargers (Factories)

JICA
KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION“Zero Emission” is the concept that there is “zero” waste going to the landfill from a factory.
The Manaus municipal landfill takes waste at no charge so it is unlikely that most PIM
factories would enact waste management in the way that Japanese factories have.
Nevertheless, if the Manaus landfill becomes fee-based as proposed in the Master Plan andthings proceed similar to other Brazilian States, it should be possible for factories in PIM towork toward a similar situation as Japanese factories in the near future. As such, fivecounterpart personnel received training in Japan from the end of January to early February
2010, receiving training on efforts at the following two places.

a.



Kokubo Industrial Estate

Honda Suzuka Factory
Kokubo Industrial Estate

The Kokubo Industrial Estate is a 958,400 square meter area established in 1975 which now
has 28 factories (as of April 2009), and 5,041 employees. The total production value in 2008
was 363.7 billion yen. Kokubo Industrial Estate is located inland, away from the ocean, in
Yamanashi Prefecture, and a problem with the landfill was revealed in early 1990. As aresult, all 28 companies began working together so that the industrial estate generated zero
landfill waste.
A diagram of their activities to do so is shown below.
1st Step
Joint Operation of Waste Paper Recycling(November 1995)

1. Waste paper were collected from 23 factories.
2. Toilet paper was produced by the waste paper.
3. 23 factories purchased the toilet paper.

2nd Step
Joint Collection of Combustible Waste andsending to RDF Facility (January 1997)

1. Combustible waste (plastics, woods, etc.) werecollected from factories.
2. RDF (refuse derived fuel) was produced by the waste.
3. RDF was used as fuel of cement factories.

3rd Step
Joint Operation of Compost Plant of Kitchen
Garbage (November 1998)

1. Food wastes of canteens were collected and used forcompost production.
2. The compost was used as fertilizer for fruit production.
3. The fruits were purchased by the factories.

4th Step
Manufacturing of Paper Packaging Material
and Buffer Material from Waste Paper(October 2000)

1. Waste paper were collected from 23 factories.
2. Paper packaging material and buffer material were
produced by the waste paper.
3. 23 factories purchased those product for packaging.

At Present
Several Waste Reduction and Recycling
Activities

1. Condensing alkali wastewater for reduction.
2. Reduction of cutting oil consumption by strict control.
3. Recovery of copper from print circuit board incooperation with recycling companies.

Figure 6-6: Kokubo Industrial Estate efforts for Zero Emissionb.

Honda Suzuka Factory

Honda Suzuka Factory is one of the factories that achieved Zero-emission. Zero-emission is
one of targets of the “Green Factory Plan” presented in the following figure. A Zero-emission
team was created in the “Green Factory Project” in 1997. Zero-emission is defined as “NoIWM for final disposal shall be discharged outside the factory”. In 1999, Honda Suzuka
Factory became the first zero-emission automobile manufacturing company in Japan.

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6.4 Guidelines for WSCs to Improve Waste Management

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KOKUSAI KOGYO CO.,LTD
EX CORPORATION

Source： HONDA ECOLOGY (2000)

Figure 6-7: Green Factory Project of Honda Suzuka Factory

6.4

Guidelines for WSCs to Improve Waste Management

6.4.1

Requirement for Application of Operation Licencea.

Necessary Conditions for Database

The waste service company database is essential for appropriate industrial waste management
in PIM. The database is categorized based on the new WSC licensing code, which makes it
possible for IPAAM and waste dischargers (factories) to easily confirm the activities of thecompanies and select a company with which to contract according to the code.
Waste service companies are registered in the database according to code for the waste theyhandle, and further sub-categorized based on their activities (collection/transportation,intermediate treatment, reuse/recycle, final disposal). Accordingly, the application form will
also call for these activities to be filled in.
IPAAM will manage the companies’ applications into a database of waste service companies(WSC_DB). Furthermore, the WSC_DB will be made available online so that waste
dischargers, such as factories, will be able to access and view the information using apassword.
The application for WSCs conducting collection and transportation is shown below. The
forms for other activities are given in the Supporting Report.

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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
6.4 Guidelines for WSCs to Improve Waste Management

Table 6-6: Application Form for Collection and Transportation Activities

OPERATION LICENSE
TRANSPORT
1. General Information
Company / Interested party:
CNPJ / CPF:

State
Registration(SEFAZ-AM):

Mail address:
District:
Phone:
E-mail:Representative:
Employee number:

Administration

Area

Total (m2)Municipality:

NumberZIP:
Fax:
Title:
Operation
Maintenance
Plant (m2)and

2. TYPE OF LICENSE
Type:() Operation License – OL / () Renewal:
IPAAM
Process N.
License CodeRegistration n.:Business
Starting date:
Expiration date:
Validity of the license:
Polluting/Degrading Potential
Size:
This license has restrictions:
Location:
Geographic Coordinates:
Latitude:Longitude:
Name of the Representative
Phone:Name of the Technical Management Assessor(IPAAM):
Name of the President Director (IPAAM):

3. Type of Transport License Waste
A

Transportation of non-hazardous industrial wastes

4. List of restrictions and/or conditions for the validity of this license
1. Restrictions 1
2. Restrictions 2
3. Restrictions 3 etc.
4. Transportation vehicel list
N.
Plate
Brand
Model
1
2
3

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JICA
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to Industrial Waste Management in the Industrial Pole of Manaus
6.4 Guidelines for WSCs to Improve Waste Managementb.

Necessary Conditions for Approval through checking

It will be necessary for IPAAM to confirm that the information received from WSCs on theirapplication form is filled in correctly. If there is an error, IPAAM will have to indicate thisand instruct the applicant to correct the mistake.
An application will be need to be accepted for each activity. The requirements for license
approval are given in the Supporting Report.
The table below gives some simple definitions for the activities which WSCs will submit
applications.
Table 6-7: Types of Activities and Definitions for WSCs Licensing Application
Types of
Activity
Collection andTransportation

Intermediate
treatment
Reuse /Recycle

Final disposal

Definitions
This indicates the collection of waste from the place it is generated andtransporting it to a designated place.
The designated place will be an intermediate treatment facility,
reuse/recycling facility or final disposal site (landfill). However, this does
not cover temporary storage at a place owned by thecollection/transportation company.
This indicates waste treatment through a process such as incineration.
Residues leftover from this process will be recycled or taken for final
disposal site.
This indicates recovery of valuable materials (paper, metal, PET-plastic,etc.) through the treatment of waste. This also includes production of
products by using wastes as raw materials through some kind ofprocess. The co-processing, such as when all waste is used as fuel ormanufacturing raw materials at a cement factory, which does notproduce residue, is also considered as recycling, although theco-processing is considered as the final destination of waste.
This is the final acceptance of waste and a final disposal site such as
landfill.

A technical standard for the application of each licensing activity will be established by
IPAAM for the facilities used for each of these activities. A general technical standard inregards to the four activities is proposed by the JICA Study Team in the Supporting Report.
This technical standard will need to be duly reviewed within IPAAM to prepare regulation
for a final draft of the technical standard.
6.4.2

Requirements for the Issuance of the Waste Manifest (WM)
The WSCs (Transporter or Receptor) shall follow the sub-items “General Information” and“Infractions and Penalties” and “waste Electronic Manifest” presented in item 6.3.2 asrequirements for the issuance of the waste manifest (WM).
a.

Procedures of the Receptor -To consciously take his responsibilities, the WSCs (Transporter or Receptor) should:
Nominate the Wastes Manager of his company, whose attributions will include,
without restricting, the internal implementation of the Waste Manifest System, withthe due instructions and trainings, and the relationship with IPAAM concerning
everything about that System.

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Confirm the transporter have signed the three sheets of the WM.

Write the date, sign and stamp the three sheets, in the field reserved to the Receptor.

File his sheet and keep it for five years; and return the other sheet to the Generator
within two days after the reception of the waste.

Provide IPAAM with the Wastes Flow Report on monthly basis, which will
synthesize all the used and unused WM.
Completion of the Wastes Manifest

The WM is formed by 4 (four) sheets, filled out by the Generator and completed,successively, by the Transporter and the Receptor.
The Receptor receives the cargo, keeps a sheet of the WM for himself and delivers the last to
the Generator, closing the cycle of responsibilities. IPAAM will define which sheet is toremain with each of those agents.
The WM comprehends 4 (four) sections, and in the last one it informs on the Receptor:
name of the company, address, municipality, telephone number and the number of the license(OL) supplied by IPAAM; it is completed with the name of the person responsible for the
reception of the waste and his position; the last field presents the date of the reception,
signature and stamp of the person in charge, setting his responsibility for the waste flow.

6.5

Guidelines for Administration to Improve Waste Management

6.5.1

Requirements for Management of Waste Dischargersa.

Application and Management of Industrial Waste Inventory (WI)SUFRAMA/IPAAM will instruct waste dischargers (i.e. factories) to fill out the WI_DB
registration forms. These are being entered into a database, but SUFRAMA will be
responsible to manage these in the future.
The system is now in its trial period, but there are many items that will need to be improved
before it is used officially. It is not possible for SUFRAMA to make the improvements on its
own, and will require IPAAM and waste dischargers (factories) to cooperate and provide
information.
The system is an effective measure to establish an appropriate industrial waste management
system in PIM, so it is essential for SUFRAMA to assist all of the factories which constitutePIM so they are able to submit the waste inventory. The new IWM group of SUFRAMA
section will be responsible for carrying out a number of important activities such as theeffective application and management of waste inventories, and serving as the point ofcontact to work with IPAAM and factories.
b.

Application and Management of Industrial Waste Manifest System (WMS)

To establish appropriate industrial waste management, it is necessary to introduce a waste
manifest system (WMS). There is currently a WMS in Amazonas State, however, even withthe examples provided by advanced states such as Rio de Janeiro, it will not be easy to
improve this system into a practical, usable system.

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It is necessary to review the current WMS in Amazonas State and identify any points that willneed to be improved. An effective measure to do so will be inviting technicians from Rio deJaneiro State and so forth.
IPAAM should promptly establish an industrial waste manifest system suitable to Amazonas
State so it will be possible to conduct IWM accordingly.
c.

Requirements to Create the IWM Flow

One measure to industrial waste management is creating a waste flow. The waste
management (treatment/disposal) flow needs to be made based on accurate information
concerning both on-site and off-site waste. IPAAM/SUFRAMA will develop a waste
inventory database to improve waste management for waste dischargers (factories) as well asa waste service company database to improve waste management among WSCs.
Consequently, if these databases are properly managed and operated, it will be possible to usethat information to create an industrial waste flow. The following figure shows an example
waste flow which will be able to be made by the WI_DB if every required data are properly
input.

Figure 6-8: Waste flow using database

6.5.2

Requirements for WSC Managementa.

Application and Management of the WSC Registry and Management System

WSCs will have to cease their activities if they do not register with this system.
Consequently, this system will considerably ease IPAAM’s duty to manage these companies
if the data in the registry system is diligently updated. By putting this system on-line andmaking it possible to update the information once a year so that WSCs can be meticulously
managed, it will be possible to implement appropriate industrial waste management in thatadministrative area.
Using this system in cases of improper disposal, such as illegal dumping, will make itpossible to find the offending company.
b.

Application and Management of Industrial Waste Manifest System (WMS)

The role of WSCs is critical in the manifest system. If dischargers of waste (factories) are notable to reliably entrust the treatment and disposal of their waste, it is not possible to construct

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c.

Requirements to Create Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Flow

Once it is possible for waste dischargers (factories) to select the appropriate company forcollection and transportation, intermediate treatment, reuse/recycling, or final disposal using
the WSC database, it will be possible to realize proper off-site management of industrial
waste.
Having the information on WSCs available is extremely valuable to waste dischargers(factories) when making the waste inventory. If they do not have information regarding theoff-site management of waste, it is not possible to create the on-site and off-site waste flow.
In other words, this makes it possible for factories to clarify how their waste is being treated,recycled or disposed of by the WSC.
6.5.3

Good Example of Off-site IWM
a.

Good Example of IW Administration in Japan: Waste Service Company Rating
System and Environmental Fund in Iwate Prefecturea.1

Introduction

Industrial waste administration in Japan is legally entrusted to prefectural and dedicated(large population) city governments by the central government according to a nationwide
essentially uniform standard so that some regions are engaging in effort to promote
appropriate industrial waste administration.
a.2

Background

Iwate Prefecture is located in Japan’s northeast, with an area of approximately 15 thousandsquare kilometers and a population of around 1.4 million.
It is a picturesque prefecture largely dominated by primary industries such as agriculture, but
in recent years had been wrestling to get to the bottom of a large-scale illegal dumping casenear the border with Aomori Prefecture to the north, to prosecute those responsible and returnconditions to normal. The industrial waste was brought from the Tokyo metropolitan area anddumped illegally, but service contractors in Iwate accepted the waste, making this a major
case that required a great deal of time and resources to resolve.
a.3

System Summary

As detailed below, a company rating system and an environmental fund system were
established based on Iwate Prefecture’s “Ordinances for a Recycling-based Society”.
a.3.1. Rating System
The prefecture announced a system to approve waste disposal contractors (and rate them)according to a prescribed and fixed standard. Waste Service Companies (WSCs) that areapproved (and rated) can expect more social trust, and generators of waste have meaningful
information to select preferred WSCs. Those companies are rated into one of 3 levels that is
valid for 2 years.
a.3.2. The Fund
WSCs prepare a fund to be set aside for unforeseen incidents, which would be returned if it isnecessary to deal with urgent incidents. Each company contributes 1 million yen, or 500

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thousand yen for members of the Iwate Prefecture Industrial Waste Consortium, which
operates the fund. Thanks to this fund, WSCs are able to appeal to waste generators withmore reliable disposal qualification.
a.3.3. Public Announcement
The ratings and fund contributors are publicly announced on a website and in local
newspapers.
Number of Companies (F.Y. 2008)

a.4

Rated WSCs:

54

Fund Contributors:

81

Results

Waste generators are able to select preferred WSCs, fostering preferred operators andeliminating malicious ones.
WSCs raise their awareness through participating in the system and improve self
management and regulation.
a.5

Application to Improve Industrial Waste Management in Manaus

Fostering healthy WSCs is a key issue and lies at the heart of this study. Introduction of thissystem would further clarify and foster preferred operators, and the introduction of anenvironmental fund will enable reliable and assured service to waste generatorsb.

Sao Jose Dos Campos Landfill of Sao Paulo Stateb.1

Outline of the Landfill

The Sao Jose Dos Campos Landfill is the first HW landfill in Brazil, established in 1985. It isalso the first landfill in Brazil to have received ISO 14000. Now its area has been expanded
up to 756,000 m2. The HW landfill has been developed step-by-step and its operation area islimited. Each landfill is 120m (Length) x 30m (Width) x 8m (Height) with a roof. Each sitemust receive an operation license.

Current HW Landfillb.2

New HW Landfill under Construction

Good Example

In 2007, Sao Jose Dos Campos City refused to accept hazardous wastes as well as
non-hazardous industrial wastes. The factories requested that non-hazardous industrial waste

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be accepted at a private hazardous waste landfill, Sao Jose Dos Campos Landfill. Then, from2007, the HW landfill began operations to dispose the Class II-A waste (Non-HW) offactories. Accordingly, the municipal regulation has provided a new business opportunity forthe private entity, and has contributed to the city to avoid mixed disposal of low-risk
municipal waste with non-hazardous industrial waste that was at high risk of being mixed
with hazardous waste.

Current Non-HIW Landfill

Previous Non-HIW Landfill

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Recommendations
The purpose of the Master Plan (M/P) formulated in this study is to “establish an appropriate
industrial waste management system” for the target study area in 5 years, in the year 2015.
This is a highly ambitious timeframe to achieve this plan, and thus a number of difficult
issues will need to be solved in order to implement it. The JICA Study Team offers thefollowing recommendations concerning how related organizations should approach solving
those issues.

7.1.1

Use of Waste Inventorya.

Effectiveness in using the Waste Inventory

Through the proper completion of the waste inventory (WI), and aggregation, analysis andmanagement of the data, CONAMA Resolution 313 aims to effectuate the following
outcomes in relation to related stakeholders.
Generators (Factories):
Factories are able to grasp actual on-site management conditions of all waste generated
from factory activities and to bring to light any issues concerning the management
system. In addition, this also allows factories to grasp the management conditions ofoff-site waste disposal and prevent the occurrence of any improper treatment or
disposal.
WI Management (IPAAM):
By aggregating and analyzing the data contained in the waste inventories submitted byfactories, it is possible to understand the current conditions surrounding industrial waste
management in PIM and Amazonas State, as well as any issues that may exist. This
makes it possible to formulate an appropriate improvement plan to resolve those issues.
Supervisor of the Industrial Pole of Manaus / Industrial Districts (SUFRAMA):
Once the management conditions of industrial waste generated in the Industrial Pole ofManaus (PIM) and the Industrial Districts are understood, this will fulfil one of theconditions required by the Amazonas State Public Ministry in order for the Industrial
Districts (DIs) to acquire environmental licensing. Also, by clarifying the management
conditions of industrial waste, it is possible to offer the information required byinvestors planning to enter PIM.
b.

Aim of the Waste Inventory Database (WI_DB) System

The proper completion and use of waste inventories will bring about the above outcomes.
However, at present, almost none of the above outcomes have been realized. The reason for
this, as judged by the Study Team, is that concerned stakeholders do not have a strict
understanding of the intent of CONAMA Resolution 313. Therefore, the WI_DB system wasdeveloped in the Study in order to resolve the issues concerning waste inventory, as outlined
below:


By standardizing the measurement units used in the WI, generators are able to easily
process the report content as data, converting as much as possible into code andavoiding any discrepancies due to differences in measurement units.

By making it as easy as possible to compile the information sought by CONAMA
Resolution 313, it will eliminate differences in reporting methods and content.

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If generators correctly enter the data according to the WI_DB system user’s guide, itwill be possible for each factory to depict the on-site and off-site disposal of its waste.
In other words, the proper completion of the WI will contribute to some extent infactories establishing a waste management system.

Furthermore, this will allow those managing WI (i.e. IPAAM) to easily aggregate andanalyze the waste inventories submitted by each factory.

c.

Roles of IPAAM and SUFRAMA for the Effective Use of the WI_DB System

IPAAM has the legal right to instruct generators (factories) on the submission of thewaste inventory (WI), and the legal obligation to aggregate, analyze and report thesubmitted WI to the federal government (IBAMA). Therefore, SUFRAMA has
neither the right nor the obligation to engage on behalf of the government in dealing
with WI. Nevertheless, it is recommended that IPAAM and SUFRAMA take thefollowing measures given that IPAAM does not currently have sufficient capacity to
instruct or manage WI, and since SUFRAMA has voluntarily attempted to aggregate
and analyze the WI that have been submitted thus far. In addition, the results fromaggregating and analyzing the WI serve as important information to be used to
manage PIM/DI and acquire its environmental license.
1.

d.

Until IPAAM is competent to carry out instruction and management of the WI, it willenter into an agreement with SUFRAMA in which IPAAM will entrust part of theirright and obligation concerning the WI as follows. SUFRAMA will diligently carryout the work entrusted to them by IPAAM.


Factories (generators), which are responsible for completing the WI, will be
instructed on how to accurately prepare the data and report the results according to
WI_DB system user’s guide.

Responding to factories that have questions regarding preparation of the WI with
the necessary correspondence and instruction.



Distribute the file for the WI_DB system according to factory requests.



Aggregate and analyze the aggregated information on the WI submitted byfactories.



Analyze any issues concerning the current WI_DB system and user’s guiderevealed through the process of aggregating and analyzing the WI submitted byfactories, and make the necessary improvements.

2.

IPAAM will cooperate with SUFRAMA using the improved WI_DB system anduser’s guide to instruct and assist all PIM factories to submit their waste inventories.

3.

In addition, IPAAM and SUFRAMA will work together to analyze the aggregated
WI, and then IPAAM will prepare the report to submit to IBAMA.
Disseminating the WI_DB System to other States and Industrial Parks

As shown in the following image, the WI_DB system developed in the study will clarify thewaste management conditions at each factory (see a.1, below). This is made possible if eachfactory correctly fills out files on the system (if the factories complete the waste inventory).
Then, based on what is known about these conditions, it is possible for each factory to
formulate a management plan for industrial waste (see b.1).
Next, the factories will use the system files to prepare their WI, and if the individual results
are compiled for the industrial park, it is possible to know the waste management conditions

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for it (see a.2). Then, based on what is known about the waste management conditions of theindustrial park, it is possible to each industrial park to formulate their own industrial waste
management plan (see b.2).
If the same is done in each State, it is even possible to clarify the waste management
conditions for the country (see a.3, a.4), and formulate an industrial waste management plan(see b.3, b.4).
a.4
Collect/UnderstandIWM conditions for Brazil
nationwide
b.4 Formulate National
IWM plana.3
Collect/UnderstandIWM conditions of Statesb.3 Formulate IWM plans
for Statesa.2
Collect/UnderstandIWM conditions at industrialparks
b.2 Formulate IWM plans
a.1 Collect /Understand theIWM conditions of factories.
b.1 Formulate IWM plans
for factories

Figure 7-1: Using the WI_DB system and its relationship to understanding waste
management at the factory, industrial park, state and national levels

As shown above, the Study Team considers the WI_DB system developed in this study as ahighly effective tool to establish waste management systems in other States and industrial
parks in Brazil, as intended by CONAMA Resolution 313. Consequently, the concernedorganizations are recommended to promote dissemination of the WI_DB system andpromulgate the intent of CONAMA Resolution 313 nationwide, contributing to conditions
where industrial waste management systems can be established in each State.
1.

First, Amazonas State will demonstrate that, using the developed WI_DB system as
intended by the study team, it is possible to know the waste management conditions ofeach factory, related groups of factories and the State. In particular, this will confirm
whether or not the waste stream can be drawn up. If so, the system will be spread toother States as follows.

2.

The Ministry of Environment (MMA) collaborates with the Ministry of Development,
Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) and the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) to
hold a seminar for stakeholders in each State to disseminate the WI_DB system.

3.

When holding the seminars, seek cooperation with SUFRAMA and IPAAM which areexperienced in using the WI_DB system.

4.

SUFRAMA and IPAAM, in response to a request by the Ministry of Environment(MMA) will actively dispatch technicians with experience in using the WI_DB
system.

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7.1.2
a.

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Construct a System to Manage the Licenses of Waste Service
Companies
Aim of Waste Service Company License Management System

The background and aim of the waste service company license management systemrecommended in the Study are given below:
1.

Currently, operation licenses for waste service companies (WSCs) are registeredunder various licensing codes. Because of that, it is not easy for IPAAM, which
manages the licenses, or for generators (factories), which entrust the treatment anddisposal of their wastes to waste service companies, to know the exact number ofentities with licenses or what activities licensed entities are permitted to undertake.

2.

The recommended system to manage the licenses of waste service companies would
use a new environmental license code specifically for WSCs (four-digit codes startingwith 33**, for municipal waste, and 34**, for industrial waste), integrating WSCs
with two environmental license codes.

3.

Also, the content of the license are divided into 4 major categories: 1) collection andtransportation, 2) intermediate treatment, 3) recycling, and 4) final disposal. The
content of each of these activities are further specified and managed in the waste
service company database (WSC_DB).

4.

On that basis, the information generators (factories) need to select the companies towhich they will entrust disposal of their waste will be available on the IPAAM
website.

5.

Once the above is established, generators will be able to entrust the disposal of theirwastes to trusted companies, and IPAAM will be able to eliminate companies without
licenses and monitor that those which do have licenses are conducting appropriate
activities.

b.

Issues for the Use of a Waste Service Company License Management System andStrategy for Resolutions

As mentioned above, the waste service company license management system recommended
in the Study is of great importance to “establish an appropriate industrial waste management
system” in the target study area. However, it is not possible for the system to function unlesswaste service companies are required to obtain an operation license according to the proposedsystem. Therefore, it is suggested that the concerned organizations observe the following:
1.

IPAAM will quickly revise its current licensing system and undertake measures sothat the recommended license management system is part of the legal system. Thismeans that it is necessary to carry out the required steps to deliberate therecommended license management system in the State Legislature (such as
formulating a proposed revision of the law).

2.

IPAAM will cooperate with SUFRAMA to move ahead with activities to promote thenecessity of the recommended license management system to stakeholders.

3.

Once the recommended license management system has become integrated into thesystem, IPAAM will immediately proceed with registration, and construct the
WSC_DB.

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7.1.3

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Once the WSC_DB is constructed, IPAAM will make certain information about the
newly licensed waste service companies, such as contact information and what
licenses they hold, available on its website.

Other

Use of the Guidelines to Improve Industrial Waste Managementa.

The guidelines to improve industrial waste management in PIM were produced to support theaim of the M/P to “establish an appropriate system to manage industrial waste in the
Industrial Pole of Manaus.” The guidelines summarize the required actions to achieve theM/P objectives upon the understanding of waste generators, waste service companies andadministration. It is suggested that those three parties make effective use of the guidelines toimprove industrial waste management and establish an appropriate system of industrial waste
management in PIM.

Form a Memorandum of Understanding concerning Implementation of the
Master Planb.

The authority to enforce the laws necessary to implement the M/P lies primarily with
IPAAM. However, the various organizations will need to cooperate in a number of ways, as
outlined below, for stakeholders to comply with the law in accordance with instruction andguidance by IPAAM and fulfill their respective obligations.


SUFRAMA will grant various investment incentives to direct PIM factories tocomply with regulation. Also, for waste service companies, SUFRAMA will attract
the construction and operation of appropriate treatment and disposal facilities.



The City of Manaus will make the current landfill fee-based, and promote theconstruction of a new landfill that is able to obtain an environmental license.



The Public Ministry of Amazonas State will support IPAAM to enforce laws andregulation.

Generators and wastes service companies will comply with laws and regulation andconstruct the respective systems for industrial waste management.

It is recommended that IPAAM clarify the roles and responsibilities of the relatedorganizations and form a Memorandum of Understanding between those concerned with
implementing the M/P.
c.

Preparing the Electronic Waste Manifest System

An electronic waste manifest system is extremely effective to trace the route of waste after it
is discharged from a factory until its final destination. However, this requires not only
development of the system, but also various types of expertise in how to properly operate thesystem. Therefore, in order to prepare such a system, it is recommended that IPAAM explore
policy measures as follows.
1.

Cooperate with other states that have already prepared an on-line waste manifest
system, such as Rio de Janeiro State, and develop a system in Amazonas1.

1

Rio de Janeiro State Institute of Environment (INEA) has essentially already agreed to cooperate anddispatched an expert to present at the second workshop held on November 27, 2009.

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In order to use the on-line waste manifest system properly once it has been developed,
seek cooperation to dispatch engineers with actual operation experience.

Formulating an Environmental Management Plan for the Industrial Districts (DI)and Acquiring an Environmental License

At present, SUFRAMA has been advised by the Public Ministry of Amazonas State to obtainan environmental license for the Industrial Districts (DIs). In order to do so, it is necessary to
formulate an environmental management plan, including the proper management of industrial
wastes, for the DIs as a whole. SUFRAMA is recommended to cooperate with IPAAM toreach a policy as follows:e.

1.

In this study, the results of a factory survey of 187 factories have been compiled into a
database. That database is currently kept and managed by Modernization andInformatics General Coordination (CGMOI, under SAD) at SUFRAMA.

2.

The factory survey results for 187 factories contain data on factories outside of the DI.
The system engineer of CGMOI would extract only the DI survey results and compile
these in order to understand the IWM conditions of the industrial districts.

3.

Also in the factory survey, data was gathered not only on IWM, but also on pollution
control facilities. These survey results can also be extracted and compiled only for theDI.

4.

The environmental management conditions of DI will become clear through the above
steps. In addition, an environmental management improvement plan for DI can beformulated by making use of the industrial waste management plan produced in thisstudy.

5.

Collaborate with IPAAM to further refine the environmental management
improvement plan for DI and submit it to the Public Ministry of Amazonas State.

Promote Appropriate Treatment and Disposal and the 3Rs

In March 2010, the National Congress approved the Substitute of Draft Bill No. 203,
National Policy on Solid Waste, which stresses appropriate treatment and disposal, and the
3Rs. Regardless of on- or off-site disposal, strengthening regulation is the most effectivemeans to promote proper treatment and disposal, and the 3Rs.
Namely, if the administrative side (IPAAM) develops a management system and strengthens
control of appropriate treatment and disposal, the off-site disposal fee will be raised. By
raising the off-site disposal fee, it will not be possible for generation sources (i.e. factories) tocommission 95% or more of the waste generated, as it is now. The result is that PIM
factories, like those in Japan, will promote on-site 3R and reduce the amount disposed ofoff-site.
Also, in response to regulations and putting various environmental measures in place,disposal costs will rise even for off-site treatment and disposal. With that, waste service
companies will want to reduce the disposal costs by reducing the amount of residues after
treatment or by actively reusing or recycling residues. In states with more advanced
destination practices, such as Rio de Janeiro, co-processing is widely used, mainly by cement
factories which do not generate any waste after processing.

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In order to encourage co-processing at cement factories, in addition to introducing a disposalfee, waste blending techniques that do not affect product or cement quality will need to be
introduced. With that, to encourage even better treatment and disposal techniques and 3R
measures, IPAAM should be encouraged to not only strengthen regulation, but to actively
provide information to both waste generators and WSCs about appropriate treatment anddisposal and the 3Rs, and offer training and guidance where needed. Furthermore, ideally,
IPAAM would hold a training seminar for both waste generators and WSCs with thecooperation of stakeholders from states and countries with more advanced practices.
Finally, IPAAM should instruct the companies to elaborate their Wastes Management Plan,
the basic instrument used to devise rational and economic handling and destination, including
the procedures to minimize the wastes and costs they bear.

Figure 7-2: Promotion of Appropriate Disposal and 3R

f.

Improve Business Environment for Waste Service Companies

The Waste Service Companies (WSC) are responsible for the proper treatment anddestination of the wastes from the factories, and need to make satisfactory investments andbear the operational and maintenance costs to treat and dispose of industrial wastes entrusted
to them according to proper standards. However, due to the presence in the study target areaof non-licensed companies which conduct improper disposal to undercut actual costs, and thefact that the landfill accepts wastes at no charge, the conditions make it infeasible for the
WSC to bear the costs brought by good practices. In order to improve the current businessenvironment, IPAAM and SUFRAMA should cooperate and introduce the following
measures to encourage WSCs to engage in proper treatment and disposal:
1.

Secure demand for industrial waste services by eliminating the non-licensed
companies and controlling improper treatment and disposal. For that, IPAAM and
SUFRAMA should proactively publicize the information on the registration of WSCs
in the database of waste services companies (WSC_DB), and inform the generators(factories) that this information is available.

2.

Next, establish a sole and exclusive area at the Manaus City landfill for fee-based
disposal of Class II-A/Non-hazardous/Non-inert IW, and promote separate disposal of
Non-hazardous/ Non-inert IW and municipal waste in separate site.

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3.

Encourage the co-processing in clinker ovens as a good alternative for the destinationof hazardous IW, as well as the establishment of blending plants for the wastes to be
co-processed.

4.

Instruct waste generators to contract WSCs registered in the WSC_DB for disposal,
and provide technical information to promote on-site 3R, including training andguidance.

5.

Also, hold training seminars for WSCs to instruct and guide them with information an
appropriate treatment and disposal techniques.

6.

Furthermore, adopt the good examples1 from other advanced states such as Sao Paulo
to improve the business environment for related industries. In Japan, many prefectures
have recently introduced a “reward system for preferred waste service companies”
which has been effective. In Brazil, the examples of business award and promotion are
trophies and Green Stamps.

g.

Cooperation between Administration, Generators and Waste Service Companies

Finally, in order to attain the “establishment of an appropriate industrial waste management
system”, it is essential that administration, generators and waste service companies all
collaborate. In order to strengthen collaboration between these three sides, IPAAM isrecommended to take the following measures.
1.

Further strengthen the ties between related administrative organizations by
establishing a (tentatively named) Coordination Committee for Proper Industrial
Waste Management Promotion (hereafter referred to as the CCPIWMP). It is
presumed that the CCPIWMP would be developed by members of the Technical
Sub-Committee (TCSC) who participated in the weekly meetings during this study.
The CCPGRIA will discuss the duplicated licenses, inspection, surveillance andpunishment by IPAAM and SEMMA.

2.

The CCPIWMP would be central to encouraging cooperation amongst and reinforcing
ties between administration, waste generators, and waste service companies. To do so,
the administrative side would hold a (tentatively named) Proper Industrial Waste
Management Promotion Committee (hereafter simply referred to as the
PIWMPC).meeting of these entities for them to come to an understanding on various
issues and strengthen ties.

The administrative side would publicize, educate and train waste generators on thenecessity of appropriate disposal, making them aware of their responsibilities forappropriate disposal and ensuing expenses. Then, educate and train WSCs on appropriate
disposal methods, impressing upon them the necessity to implement appropriate disposal
techniques.

1

Sao Jose Dos Campos Landfill Example: In 2007, Sao Jose Dos Campos City refused to accept
hazardous wastes as well as non-hazardous industrial wastes. The factories requested that
non-hazardous industrial waste be accepted at a private hazardous waste landfill. Accordingly themunicipal regulation has provided a new business opportunity for the private entity, and has
contributed to the city to avoid mixed disposal of low-risk municipal waste with non-hazardous
industrial waste that was at high risk of being mixed with hazardous waste.

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