パキスタンにおける防災知識の伝承と普及活動報告
小長井一男

Balakot

Max VS=~7m

Baa-Bgh

Muzaffarabad

klaFotlt
auBaghThe UNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY (USGS)
reported its
epicentre at
34°29′35″N,73°37′44″E, about
19 km (11.8 miles)
northeast ofMuzaffarabad

Balakot

Muzaffarabad

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

Bird’s eye view of the affected area

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

Geomorphology can tell where an active
fault is!
We know the consequence

Balakot Tectonic Hill

ActiveFault

Photo by Aamir RashidBird’s eye view of the affected area

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

Debris sources behindthe city

Even in Muzaffarabad

Bird’s eye view of the affected area

Satellite candidates

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

Feasible Plan of developing
satellite cities

Long-lasting issues

Conservation of land starts immediately after a massive
earthquake and can last for a long time.

Feasible Plan of developing
satellite cities

Remaining front of debris flow

8-10m

(N34º20’ 37.8”, E73º30’ 57.6”)

Bird’s eye view of the affected area

Hattian Bala

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

Hattian Bala rock-avalanche depositPhoto by Prof. Mizra

Hattian landslide mass

Nov. 15, 2006

WPDA report says…
51320

discharge into small lake
discharge into large lake
discharge through landslide mass

31300

Elevation (m)3Discharges (m /s)

4

2

1280

small lake elevation
large lake elevation

1260

1240

1
1220

0
6/200

1/3

6/200

2/1

2

6/200

3/2

4

6/200

5/3

6/
200

2
6/1

Date (Year/ month/ date)

Permeability is changing??

200

6/1/

3
200

6/2/

12200

24
6/3/200

6/5/Date (year/ month/ date)3200

6/6/12

18

O Ratios indicate…

Location

δ18O ratio (average)

Large lake
Spillway of large lake

-4.88
-5.09

Small lake
Spillway of small lake

-5.95
-6.39

Water from toe-5.70

Muzaffarabad

Landslide

Dana Hill

Hattjan

Jhe

53%

47%

lumRiverBird’s eye view of the affected area

Hattian Bala
Satellite candidates
EWBJ activities

国土地理院ウェブサイトより

EWB-Jの支援内容
2006.11.12-16,
2006.11.12-16,
2007.8.16-26
2007.8.16-26

2007.8.19-20、22
2007.8.19-20、22
2007.10.25
2007.10.25

Muzaffarabad

Satellite town candidates

2006.11.15,
2006.11.15,
2007.8.20-21
2007.8.20-21+防災教育+防災教育
2007.10.25
2007.10.25

Hattian-Balla Landslide
4km

・各機関への報告（2007.11.17）

GSP

ERRA

クイックレポートの表紙

GSP、MOC、ERRA、大使館、JICA
MOC

技術セミナーの実施（10/23・24）
Islamabad（10/23）

Muzaffarabad（10/24）

鉄砲玉がない！
Shamshad氏の講演で使われたスライド

TAHIR SHAMSHAD
General Manager/HeadEarthquake Reconstruction DivisionNESPAKHISTORY OF BUILDING CODESIN PAKISTAN
1947 TO SEVENTIESBRITISH CODES PREVAILEDLATE SEVENTIES TO DATEAMERICAN CODES TOOK OVER GRADUALLY. ATPRESENT THESE ARE TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIES AND
PRACTISED BY ENGINEERS.
1986
A BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN WAS DEVELOPED;BUT NOT ENFORCEDREVISION AND UP-DATING OF
1986 CODEOCTOBER 2005 EARTHQUAKE MADE OBVIOUSTHE POOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONPRACTICES IN PAKISTAN2005 (AFTER EARTHQUAKE)
WORK STARTED ON UPGRADING THE CODE,WITH PRIORITY GIVEN TO SEISMIC PROVISIONS.
NEED FOR UPGRADATION OF THE BUILDINGCODE WAS REALIZEDTASK ASSIGNED TO NESPAK INNOVEMBER 2005

SCOPE OF WORKWORK DIVIDED INTO TWO STAGESSTAGE-IRECOMMENDATIONS OF PRELIMINARYSEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS ANDCRITERIA FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGSIN ISLAMABAD – RAWALPINDI AREASTAGE-IISEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION AND SEISMICPROVISIONS FOR BUILDINGS, COVERINGWHOLE COUNTRYSTEPS IN CODE DEVELOPEMNTSEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATIONREVIEW OF CODES WORLDWIDEASSESSMENT OF PREVALENT CONSTRUCTIONMETHODS IN PAKISTANSELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BASE
DOCUMENTSFORMULATION OF CODE PROVISIONS FORPAKISTANREVIEW BY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALEXPERTS

REFERENCE DOCUMENTSUBC-97:UNIFORM BUILDING CODEACI-2005: AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE:BUILDING DESIGN REQUIREMENTSAISC-2005: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEELCONSTRUCTION, PROVISIONS FOR
STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGSASCE-2005: AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS:MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGSNGO Projects in 1999
sponsored by UNHCR
Japan: 2

USA: 153

Australia
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
CanadaDenmark
DRC
Egypt
FranceFranceGermany
Germany
International
Italy
Japan
NorwayUK: 26Smithland : 26

RussiaSwitzerland
UK

USA

Where is Japan?

Donors for UNHCR, 1999
USA
Japan

USA: 293
million US$EU
NorwaySwedenJapan: 137
million US$Denmark
Netherland
UK
Switzerland
Germany