International Conference

EHESS, Paris
16 -17 October
2014
Organized with the support of:
L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
Fondation France Japon de l'EHESS
Center for the Study of the Creative Economy
at Doshisha University
Life Risk Research Center at Doshisha University
Panel Data Research Center at Keio University
Toshiba International Foundation

Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

About the Conference ....................................................................................... 1
Purpose of the comparative study on happiness............................................... 1
Conference Program ......................................................................................... 2
Venue ................................................................................................................ 4
Information for authors ...................................................................................... 5
Information for editors ....................................................................................... 5Contact Information ........................................................................................... 6
Abstracts and Biographies ................................................................................ 7
Session 1................................................................................................................. 8
Session 2............................................................................................................... 12
Session 3............................................................................................................... 18
Session 4............................................................................................................... 23
Session 5............................................................................................................... 28
Session 6............................................................................................................... 33
9.
References on Comparative Study on Happiness ........................................... 39

1. About the Conference
The “International Conference—Comparative Study on Happiness” will be a major outcomeof the international research project entitled “Creating a Welfare Society-Happiness and aStronger Economy” at Doshisha University, Japan in collaboration with EHESS and othercooperating universities in Europe. The purpose of the project is described under “2. Purposeof the comparative study on happiness”.
Researchers in the field of Economics, Public Policies, and Sociology will come together todiscuss and propose policies to enable national economies of advanced countries to regain
their competitiveness wherein people would live feeling more secure and happier. Specifically,
areas of concern such as social security, work-life balance and employment system, educationand economic inequality, and culture and creativity will be studied to analyze how they affectthe people’s happiness. Papers with wider focus (not particularly drawing on the surveys
internationally conducted) will also be presented at the Conference.
The Editorial Committee will meet during the workshop to discuss the publication of thepapers presented for the Conference.
This workshop is sponsored by Life Risk Research Center at Doshisha University (Director,
Tadashi Yagi), Center for the Study of the Creative Economy at Doshisha University (Director,
Nobuko Kawashima), Fondation France Japon de l'EHESS (President, Sebastien Lechevalier),
and Panel Data Research Center at Keio University (Director, Yoshio Higuchi)1.
2. Purpose of the comparative study on happiness
The fiscal crisis of many governments amongst advanced nations over the last two to three
decades has led to the decline of the welfare state and simultaneously an increase in income
gaps between different groups, as well as in anxiety and unhappiness generally shared
amongst people. It has become an urgent issue in Japan, too, for researchers in the social
sciences to investigate the causes of the problems and propose policies so that the national
economy would regain its competitiveness where people would live feeling more secure andhappier. Whilst there are numerous academic approaches to this issue, we aim to address itwith the use of surveys to identify the correlations between exogenous factors that affect livesof people such as the system of social security, education, employment, family and friends,
the existence of social capital and the degree of happiness and well-being as perceived bythem. The primary methodology, thus, is similar to the one described by Easterlin (2002) andHills and Argyle (2002), but we welcome other approaches from diverse disciplines such associology.
With this overall goal, the study has four specific areas of concern for cross-national research:
1) Influence of social security on happiness.
2) Effects of work-life balance and employment system on happiness.
3) Effects of education system and economic inequality on happiness.
4) Influence of culture and creativity on happiness.

1

This international workshop is partly sponsored by the “Multi-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of Gender
Equality and the Role of the Family in Internationally Comparable Data” project, which is carried out by
Keio University under the Topic-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social
Sciences Research of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
1

3. Conference Program
Thursday, 16 October 2014
9:15
Registration open
9:45
Session 1
10:00-10:30

10:30-11:00
11:00-11:30

Welcoming remarks by Sébastien Lechevalier & Christian Sautter, president
and vice-president of Fondation France-Japon de l'EHESS
Chair: Sébastien Lechevalier, L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
Why do Japanese Parents and Their Young Adult Children Live
Together?
Kei Sakata, Ritsumeikan University
C.R. McKenzie, Keio University
Adaptation and the Easterlin Paradox
Andrew Clark, Paris School of Economics
Does City Size affect Happiness?
Yoshio Itaba, Doshisha University

11:30-13:00
Lunch
Session 2 Chair: Victor Ginsburgh, European Center for Advanced Research on Economic
and Statistics (ECARES)
13:00-13:30
Happiness: Research and Policy Considerations
Bruno Frey, University of Zurich, Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen and
CREMAJana Gallus, University of Zurich
13:30-14:00
A comparative study on happiness and inequality: five countries' caseToshiaki Tachibanaki, Doshisha University
Sayaka Sakoda , Doshisha University
14:00-14:30

Happiness, social cohesion and income inequalities in Britain and Japan
Dimitris Ballas, The University of Sheffield

14:30-15:30

Coffee BreakSession 3

Chair: Seiichi Kondo, Doshisha University

15:30-16:00

Impact of the arts and culture on happiness--Beyond methodologicalissuesNobuko Kawashima, Doshisha University

16:00-16:30

Observing unobserved effect heterogeneity: The importance of domain
importance for happiness economics
Tim Tiefenbach, German Institute for Japanese Studies
Florian Kohlbacher, German Institute for Japanese Studies
Anticipation of Life Satisfaction before Emigration
Evidence from German Panel Data
Marcel Erlinghagen, University of Duisburg-Essen

16:30-17:00

2

Friday, 17 October 2014
Session 4 Chair: Toshiaki Tachibanaki, Doshisha University
10:00-10:30 Accessing Suicidal Ideation from Responses to Queries on Subjective
Well-Being
Susumu Kuwahara, Japan Center for Economic Research and ESRI
Teruyuki Tamura, Sophia University
Akiko Kamesaka, Aoyama Gakuin University and ESRI
Toshiya Murai, Kyoto University
10:30-11:00

Induced Transnational Preference Change: Fukushima and Nuclear
Power in Europe
Heinz Welsch, University of Oldenburg
Philipp Biermann, University of Oldenburg

10:30-11:00

Effects of Paid and Unpaid Overtime Work on Stress, Earnings, andHappiness
Akira Kawaguchi, Doshisha University
Takato Kasai, Doshisha University

11:30-13:15

Lunch

12:00-12:45

Editorial Committee Meeting (Editors only)

Session 5

Chair: Bruno Frey, University of Zurich , Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen
and CREMA
13:15-13:45 Dislike of inequalities, social beliefs, social mobility, and attitudes toredistribution
A comparison between the United States, France, and Japan
Sebastien Lechevalier, L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
Maria Roubtsova, ENS Cachan and Paris-13 university
13:45-14:15 Raising wellbeing through economic policy reform: Issues of politicalentrepreneurship and communication
Werner Pascha, University of Duisburg-Essen
14:15-14:45 An overview of intertemporal measures of individual well-being: Do
they explain life satisfaction better?
Conchita D'Ambrosio, University of Luxembourg
14:45-15:30 Coffee BreakSession 6
15:30-16:00

16:00-16:30

16:30-17:00

Chair: Werner Pascha, University of Duisburg-Essen

Happiness and Employment Status
Tadashi Yagi, Doshisha University
Katsuhiko Yonezaki, Doshisha University
Kunio Urakawa, Kyushu University
Can Work-Life Balance Policies Foster Happiness within the Family?
A Comparison of New versus Old Family ArrangementsÁlvaro Martínez-Pérez, The University of Sheffield
The Impact of Employment System on Feeling of Happiness in Germany
and Japan
Toshiyuki Shirakawa, Doshisha University
34. Vennue
École des hautes éttudes en sciences sociaales (EHESSS), bâtimentt le France""th
Room 6638-640-6411 (6 floor)
Addresss: 190 avenuue de Francce, 75013 Paaris, Francee
Websitee: http://ffj.eehess.fr/

Nearestt subway stattion to thevenuue, Quai de laa Gare.

The buuilding of EHE
ESS isin frontt of Quai de laa Gare.

Entrance to the building..

The venue iss on the 6th flloor of Build
ding A.

Inside, tuurn left to thee Building A .

http://wwww.ratp.fr

4

5. Information for authors
Information on Presentation:
Each presenter will have 15 minutes for presentation, followed by comments from editors andfloor discussion for 15 minutes.
Important Dates:
26 September, 2014: Submission of full manuscripts to the Conference secretariat(rc-risk@mail.doshisha.ac.jp) Each manuscript should be 6,000-8,000 words. Please counteach figure or table as 200 words. This will be the length of a book chapter).
3 October, 2014: Submission of presentation file (powerpoint data) to the secretariat(rc-risk@mail.doshisha.ac.jp)
16-17 October, 2014: Paris Conference. Final papers for the publication will be selected by
the editorial committee.
The following schedule will be discussed by the editorial committee during the Conference.
15 January 2015: Deadline for final manuscripts. Authors can proofread but cannot change
their papers after this date.
February to May 2015: Three month period for final reviewing papers by editors.
December 2015: Publication of the book.
6. Information for editors
Editorial committee members
1) Chair, Toshiaki Tachibanaki (Doshisha University, Japan)
2) Victor Ginsburgh (European Center for Advanced Research on Economic and Statistics(ECARES), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium)3) Bruno Frey (The University of Zurich, Switzerland)4) Werner Pascha (Mercator School of Management and Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)5) Aki Tsuchiya (Department of Economics, The University of Sheffield, UK )6) Sebastien Lechevalier (L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS),France.)7) Nobuko Kawashima (Doshisha University, Japan)
8) Tadashi Yagi (Doshisha University, Japan)
Meeting of Editorial Committee
All editorial committee members are asked to attend the lunch meeting which will be held
on Friday, 17 October from 12:00-12:45.
During the meeting, the publisher of the book, book chapters, publication schedule, and thespecific tasks for each editor will be explained.

57. Contact Information
For registration, please contact:
ffj@ehess.fr (located inside EHESS)※All authors, chairs, and editors, and project members from cooperating universities
have been registered.
Secretariat of the international workshop(located inside the Life Risk Research Center and Center for the Study of the Creative
Economy)Telephone: +81-75-251-3728 (international)
Fax: +81-75-251-3727 (international)
E-mail: rc-risk@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
Address: Imadegawa Karasuma Higashi iru Kamigyo, Kyoto, 602-8580, JAPAN
Secretariat during the Conference (only available during 16-17 October, 2014)(located inside EHESS)
Telephone: +33-1-49-54-83-29
Address:
190 avenue de France 75013 Paris FRANCE

6

8.

Abstracts and Biographies

7Session 1
Chair
Sébastien Lechevalier
L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
Sébastien Lechevalier is Associate Professor at L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences
Sociales (EHESS, Paris). He is also President of Fondation France Japon de l’EHESS(EHESS Paris 日仏財団). His research focuses on the Japanese economy, corporate diversity,
evolution of welfare systems in Asia, and inequalities. His recent publications include: The
Great Transformation of the Japanese Capitalism (Routledge, 2014), “Bringing Asia into theComparative Capitalism Perspective”, special issue of Socio Economic Review (co-editedwith B. Amable, S. Casper & C. Storz, 2013), “Wage and Productivity Differentials in Japan.
The role of Labor Market Mechanisms” (with Y. Kalantzis, & R. Kambayashi; Labour:
Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2012). He will also edit a special issueof Review of World Economics on “Globalization and labor market outcomes:
de-industrialization, job security, and wage inequalities” in 2015.

8

Session1 Thursday, 16 Oct

Kei Sakata, Ph.D., C.R. McKenzie, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Why Do Japanese Parents and Their Young Adult Children Live Together?
Abstract
This paper examines how the co-residency of parents and young adult children affects
the levels of parents’ satisfaction and the level of their financial distress. We extend theanalysis to examine whether or not there are any gender effects related to co-residence.
In order to estimate the impact of co-residence, we estimate the average treatment
effects of the treated by the propensity score matching method. It is found thatco-residence with their young adult child reduces both the level of life satisfaction andmarital satisfaction of Japanese parents. In particular, mothers are more likely to bedissatisfied with co-residing with an adult son, but fathers are less dissatisfied. In
contrast, co-residence with an adult daughter does not reduce the satisfaction of mothers,
but reduces that of fathers. This may be the reflection of the fact that Japanese fathers
want their daughter to get married earlier than their son. The results suggest two
interpretations: 1) parents help their single adult child and the parents are financiallydistressed; and 2) single adult children live with their parents to help their financiallydistressed parents. Under either interpretation, co-residency plays a role similar to social
security.
Biographies
Kei Sakata is Professor in Graduate School of Economics at Ritsumeikan University.
He holds a PhD in Economics awarded from Osaka School of International Public
Policy at Osaka University. His research field includes labour economics, family
economics, and applied econometrics. His recent publication includes Occupation,
Retirement and Cognitive Functioning (2014) and Does the Definition of Retirement
Matter in Estimating the Effects of Retirement on Cognitive Functioning? (2013).
Colin McKenzie was educated at the Australian National University, and has heldfull-time teaching positions at the Australian National University, Osaka University and
Keio University. His current research focuses on: the role of underwriters in theJapanese bond market; why young adults live with their parents; the effect of changes inworking hours and retirement on cognitive ability; and the effect of the gender ofchildren on their parent’s participation in the labor market. He has published in the
Economic Journal, the Review of Economics and Statistics, Econometric Reviews, theJournal of Time Series Analysis, and the Journal of Banking and Finance, and iscurrently the Managing Editor of the Asian Economic Policy Review and an Associate
Editor of the Asian Economic Journal.

9

Session1 Thursday, 16 Oct

Andrew E. Clark, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Adaptation and the Easterlin Paradox
Abstract
Two behavioural explanations of the Easterlin Paradox are commonly advanced. The
first appeals to social comparisons, whereby individual i compares her income (Yit) to acomparison income level earned by some other individual or group j (Y*jt). The second
explanation is that of adaptation to higher levels of income. This is of the same nature,but here the individual’s current income is compared to her own income in the past (i.e.
Yit is compared to Yit-τ, for some positive value or values of τ). The first of these
explanations has attracted far more empirical attention than has the second. This isprobably for data-availability reasons, as the latter requires panel information.
There is also a suspicion that large changes in Yit are probably accompanied by amovement in some other variable that is also correlated with subjective well-being.
This paper will review the empirical evidence that individuals do indeed compare
current to past income, and will then ask whether adaptation is in fact a viable
explanation of the Easterlin Paradox. By doing so, it will underline areas where ourknowledge is lacking despite the remarkable growth in work on well-being over the past
two decades.

Biography
Andrew Clark holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. He is currently a
CNRS Research Professor at the Paris School of Economics (PSE), and previously held
posts at Dartmouth, Essex, CEPREMAP, DELTA, the OECD and the University of
Orléans.
His work has largely focussed on the interface between psychology, sociology andeconomics; in particular, using job and life satisfaction scores, and other psychologicalindices, as proxy measures of utility. One particular research question has been that ofrelative utility or comparisons (to others like you, to others in the same household, andto yourself in the past), finding evidence of such comparisons with respect to bothincome and unemployment. This work has spilled over into theoretical and empirical
work on following behaviour and learning from others' actions. Recent work has
involved collaboration with psychologists to map out habituation to life events (such as
job loss, marriage, and divorce) using long-run panel data.
In addition to his Paris position, he holds research associate positions at the London
School of Economics, IZA (Bonn) and Kingston University. He is on the Editorial
Board of ten journals, and has acted as referee for over 160 different journals across theSocial Sciences.

10Session1 Thursday, 16 Oct

Yoshio Itaba, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Does City Size affect Happiness?
Abstract
Easterlin Paradox states that growth in per capita income is not reflected in increasing
subjective happiness. In other words, the macro-level(or regional-level) variable doesn’t
give an effect on the micro-level variable (subjective happiness). Many works havebeen done about this problem. This article focuses on the relationship between andsubjective happiness (at micro-level) and city size(at regional-level). There are benefits
and costs of big cities. Given these trade-off, we ask whether the city size affects thehappiness of residents within a country. Firstly, the relationship between happiness andcity size are estimated in japan using survey data which were collected by Internet
Survey in 2011. Our results show a certain relationship among these two under someconditions. Secondly, the article tries to find the mechanism which city size affects
happiness. Finally, policy implications are mentioned.

Biography
Itaba Yoshio is Professor in Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University. He holds a
PhD in Economics awarded from Doshisha University. His research field includes
Economic Analysis of Decentralization and Policy Evaluation. Some of his current
publication are “What do People think about Basic Income in Japan?” in Basic
Income in Japan,Vanderborght and Yamamori(eds.)(forthcoming), Poverty and Social
Security System- Basic Income and Negative Income Tax(2011,in Japanese) andSports Economics and Policy (2011 in Japanese).

11Session 2
Chair
Victor Ginsburgh
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Victor Ginsburgh is honorary Professor of Economics at Université Libre de Bruxelles,
and former co-director of the European Center for Advanced Research in Economics
and Statistics. He was visitor at Yale University, University of Chicago, University ofVirginia, University of Louvain, as well as in Marseilles, Paris, Strasbourg andAlexandria. He wrote and edited a dozen of books (among which The Structure ofApplied General Equilibrium, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997, with M. Keyzer) andis the author or coauthor of some 190 papers on topics in applied and theoretical
economics, including industrial organization and general equilibrium analysis. His more
recent interests go to the economics of languages, as well as to to art history and art
philosophy, two fields in which he tries to put to use his knowledge of economics. He
has published over 50 papers on these topics, some of which appeared in the American
Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, Games and Economic Behavior,
the Journal of Economic Perspectives and the European Economic Review. He is
coeditor (with D. Throsby) of the two volumes of the Handbook of the Economics of Art
and Culture (Elsevier-North Holland, 2006 and 2013). He also coauthored (with S.
Weber) of How Many Languages Do We need; The Economics of Linguistic Diversity,
Princeton University Press, 2011 and is now working (with S. Weber) on a Handbook of
Economics and Language to be published by Palgrave.
Webpage:
http://www.ecares.org/index.php?option=com_comprofiler&task=userProfile&user=112&Itemid=263

12Session 2 Thursday, 16 Oct

Bruno Frey, Ph.D., Jana Gallus, M.A.
Title of Presentation
Happiness: Research and Policy Considerations
Abstract
Happiness research has provided us with substantial and useful insights into thedeterminants of the subjective well-being of individuals. In contrast to indirect material
measures such as national income, the determinants of well-being form a welcome basis
for public policy more orientated towards the welfare of the citizens. This contribution
points out that the knowledge gained should not induce governments to try to directly
maximize individuals’ utility. Rather, governments should provide the conditions thatallow individuals to choose their own way to happiness.
Biographies
Bruno Frey
University of Zurich, Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen (Germany) and CREMA(Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (Switzerland))
Bruno S. Frey was born in Basle, Switzerland in 1941. He studied economics at the
Universities Basle (CH) and Cambridge (UK); Ph.D. in Economics 1965 and 1969
Habilitation at the University Basle. He was Associate Professor at the University ofBasle (1969-2006), Professor of Economics at the University of Constance (1970-1977),
Professor of Economics at the University of Zurich (1977-2012), and Distinguished
Professor of Behavioural Science at the Warwick Business School at the University of
Warwick, UK (2010-2013). Since August 2012 he was Guest Professor and since 2014
he is Senior Professor at the Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen (DE).
He has received honorary doctorates in economics of the Universities of St. Gallen(Switzerland, 1998) and Goeteborg (Sweden, 1998), of the Free University of Brussels(Belgium, 2009), the University of Aix-en-Provence/Marseille (France, 2010), and the
University of Innsbruck (Austria, 2011).
He is the author of numerous articles in professional journals and books, including
Happiness and Economics (with Alois Stutzer, 2002), Economics and Psychology(co-edited with Alois Stutzer, 2007), Happiness: A Revolution in Economics (2008).
His main research activity is the application of economics in non-economic fields suchas politics, art, history, conflict, family and the extension of the model of humanbehaviour by integrating psychological and sociological elements.

13

Jana Gallus
Jana Gallus is an economics PhD student at the University of Zurich (expectedgraduation in October 2014), where she is supervised by Professor Bruno S. Frey. Her
main research interests lie in the economic analysis of non-monetary incentives, inparticular awards and prizes, as well as in the economics of happiness. She holds a
double Master's degree in Finance and in International Affairs and Governance from
Sciences Po Paris (France) and the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland). She
completed her Bachelor studies at Sciences Po Paris and the University of California,
Santa Barbara (US), and was a scholarship holder of the German National MeritFoundation during her studies.

14Session 2 Thursday, 16 Oct

Toshiaki Tachibanaki, Ph.D., Sayaka Sakoda, M.A.
Title of Presentation
A comparative study on happiness and inequality: five countries' case
Abstract
The purpose of international comparison research is to analyze and clarify the factorsthat affect the degree of happiness, unhappiness and inequality. The empirical analysis
will focus on how the degree of happiness, unhappiness, and inequality is affected by
the factors such as the culture and nationality of each country.

Biographies
Toshiaki Tachibanaki is a professor in Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University
and the Director of the Life Risk Research Center. He holds a PhD in Economics,
awarded by The Johns Hopkins University in 1973. He has held teaching and research
positions at INSEE, OECD, Osaka University, Kyoto University, Stanford University,
University of Essex, London School of Economics. He has also served as a director of
research groups in the Economic Planning Agency, Bank of Japan, Ministry for Posts
and Telecommunication, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of International Trade andIndustry. His research interests cover labor economics, public and financial economics,
applied econometrics, economic theory and the Japanese economy.
He is the author of many books including those written in English such as “Capital andLabour in Japan: The Functions of Two Factor Markets” (2012), “The New Paradox forJapanese Women: Greater Choice, Greater Inequality” (2010), “Confronting Income
Inequality in Japan: A Comparative Analysis of Causes, Consequences, and Reform”(2009). He has published extensively in journals such as International Economic
Review, Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Public Economics, Nihon Rodo
Kyokai Zasshi, European Economic Review and Financial Review.
Sayaka Sakoda is a graduate of the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University. She isa Research Fellow at the Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha University, Ph.D
Research Fellow at La Fondation France Japon de l’EHESS and Visiting Fellow at
École des hautes études en sciences sociales. She has co-authored the book, “Inequal
Society in Married Couples” (2013) (in Japanese) with Toshiaki Tachibanaki.

15

Session 2 Thursday, 16 Oct

Dimitris Ballas, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Happiness, social cohesion and income inequalities in Britain and Japan
Co-authored by Danny Dorling (University of Oxford), Tomoki Nakaya (Ritsumeikan
University), Helena Tunstall (University of Edinburgh), Kazumasa Hanaoka (Tohoku
University) and Tomoya Hanibuchi (Chukyo University)
Abstract“Politics was once seen as a way of improving people’s social and emotional well-being bychanging their economic circumstances. But over the last few decades the bigger picture has
been lost. People are now more likely to see psychosocial well-being as dependent on what
can be done at the individual level, using cognitive behavioural therapy – one person at a time
– or on providing support in early childhood, or on the reassertion of religious or family
values. However, it is now clear that income distribution provides policy makers with away of improving the psychosocial wellbeing of whole populations. Politicians have an
opportunity to do genuine good.”(Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009: 233; our emphasis)

The above quotation is from the popular book entitled “The Spirit Level: Why More
Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better”. This text describes the relationship between
income distribution and well-being in affluent countries suggesting it is mediatedthrough psychosocial pathways shaping the impacts of economic structure upon social
relationships. In this model lower income inequality is seen to result in societies withmore cohesion, greater trust and cooperation and lower social stress. Wilkinson andPickett (2009) present evidence suggesting that social and economic policies affecting
the income distribution of a society can make a huge difference to the psychosocial
well-being of the whole populations of this society. For instance, according to theevidence used in this book if income inequality were halved in the UK then the murder
rates in the country and obesity rates would also halve, mental illness could be reducedby two thirds, imprisonment could reduce by 80%, teen births could reduce by 80% andlevels of trust could increase by 85% (The Equality Trust, 2011).
According to the “Spirit Level” research Japan is more equitable and hence harmonious
than other industrialised affluent countries, whereas Britain one of the most unequal andhence disharmonious. In this paper we present on-going research, building on the“Spirit Level” work, aimed at exploring issues of income inequality, social cohesion,
happiness and well-being in Britain and Japan. In particular, the key aim of our research
project is to address the subjects that have been central to recent controversies regarding
health, happiness and social wellbeing in Japan and Britain.
This paper presents on-going research exploring social cohesion and happiness in Japanand Britain, building on recently completed work comparing income inequalities in thetwo countries. A key aim of this project is to build on recent work entitled ‘The Spirit

16

Level’ by Professors Pickett and Wilkinson suggesting that Japan is one of the most
harmonious of affluent countries in the world, whereas Britain one of the most unequaland hence disharmonious. The paper revisits the ‘Spirit Level’ evidence according towhich Japan is a more equitable and thus socially cohesive society than is any otherindustrialised country, but especially in contrast with a country such as Britain. It
presents a review of relevant literature and a discussion of the key arguments in relation
to the links between income inequality, social cohesion and happiness. It also presents acomparison of income inequality measures in Britain and Japan over the past 20 years,
followed by comparisons of subjective happiness and well-being measures and theirdeterminants in the two countries. Finally, the paper spells out a research agenda
regarding the next steps and on ways of adding a geographical dimension to the study ofsubjective happiness and well-being in Britain and Japan.
References:
Ballas, D, Dorling, D, Nakaya, T, Tunstall, H, Hanaoka, K (2013), Income inequalities
in Britain and Japan: a comparative study of two island economies, Social Policy andSociety, (in press, published online before print, 13 March 2013;
doi:10.1017/S1474746413000043).
The Equality Trust (2011), About Inequality, http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Wilkinson R and Pickett K (2009) The Spirit Level: Why equality is better for everyone,
Allen Lane.

Biography
Dimitris Ballas is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the Universityof Sheffield and Deputy Director of the University of Sheffield research Centre for
Health and Well-being in Public Policy (CWiPP). He is an economist by training (1996,
University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece) and also has a Master of Arts (withdistinction) in Geographical Information Systems (1997, University of Leeds, UK) anda PhD in Geography (2001, University of Leeds, UK). He has significant experienceand expertise in the use of Geonformatics and GIS in the Social Sciences and especiallyin the development and application of spatial microsimulation models. His current
research interests include economic geography, social and spatial inequalities, social
justice, exploring geographies of happiness and well-being and socio-economic
applications of GIS. He has co-authored and co-edited five books and he has publishedwidely on applications of GIS and spatial modelling on a wide range of subjects
including local labour market policies, social policy, spatial planning, health, rural
policy analysis and human cartography. His most recent work includes a book entitled‘The Social Atlas of Europe’ published in June 2014 (Policy Press, Bristol).

17

Session 3
Chair

Seiichi Kondo
Doshisha University
Seiichi Kondo is Visiting Professor of the Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University.
He is a graduate from the University of Tokyo. He specializes in public
diplomacy,,cultural economics and soft power. His key publications include “A Major
Stride for Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy” (Japan Echo, 2005), “WTO Negotiations Under
the Impact of Globalization: The Opportunity and Challenge of Multilateralism in the
Twenty-first Century” (The WTO: Governance, Dispute Settlement & Developing
Countries, 2008), “Wielding Soft Power: The key Stages of Transmission and
Reception” (Soft Power Superpowers, 2008) and .The Owl of Minerva and the Future ofJapan (2013)
He has served as Minister of the Embassy of Japan in the U.S.; Deputy
Director-General of the Economic Affairs Bureau; Deputy Secretary General of theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris;
Director-General of the Public Diplomacy Department, Ambassador Extraordinary andPlenipotentiary, Permanent Delegate of Japan to UNESCO; Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to Denmark, and Commissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs.

18Session 3 Thursday, 16 Oct

Nobuko Kawashima, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Impact of the arts and culture on happiness--Beyond methodological issues
Abstract
It has been an unstated assumption of cultural policy, generally aiming for helping
excellence in the arts, preservation of heritage and dissemination of culture widely tothe public, contributes to happiness of the people. Such an understanding, however, isquestionable: both theory and evidence to support this seems to be weak. Cultural
policy that particularly addresses the issue of social inclusion apparently has a stronger
case for connecting the enrichment of culture and increase in happiness felt at
community or individual level. This paper will cast doubt on this simplistic
assumption by discussing the pernicious role played by Culture in creating andinstitutionalising differences and inequality between different groups of people insociety. The paper will argue the importance for cultural organizations such as
museums to become culturally inclusive.
Biography
Nobuko Kawashima is Professor at the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University in
Kyoto, Japan, teaching cultural economics and cultural policy. Prior to theappointment at Doshisha, she was a Research Fellow at the Centre for Cultural Policy
Studies, the University of Warwick in England, from 1995 to 1999, where she received
her PhD in Cultural Policy in 1999. She holds MSc in Social Policy and
Administration and LLM, both from the London School of Economics. She has
written widely on cultural policy and management, including issues of copyright,
drawing on theories from cultural economics, public administration, law and sociology.
She has published many articles and books both in English and in Japanese. Recent
papers in the English language include ‘Copyright as an Incentive System for
Creativity? The Case of Contemporary Visual Arts’ in K. Thomas and J. Chan (eds)
Handbook of Research on Creativity, Edward Elgar, 2013 and ‘Corporate Support for
the Arts in Japan—Beyond Emulation of Western Models’ International Journal of
Cultural Policy, 2012. She is currently Vice President of the Japan Association for
Cultural Economics. Internationally, she has served the Scientific Committee of theInternational Conference on Cultural Policy Research since 2000.

19

Session 3 Thursday, 16 Oct

Tim Tiefenbach, Ph.D, Florian Kohlbacher, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Observing unobserved effect heterogeneity: The importance of domain importancefor happiness economics
Abstract
Background:
In happiness economics subjective well-being is usually modeled as a uni-dimensional
construct measuring global life satisfaction or global happiness. Most studies do notaccount for the fact that global life satisfaction or happiness are an aggregate ofsatisfaction/happiness with different life domains. While there is a small number ofstudies that have analyzed the relationship between the overall level of subjective
well-being and the satisfaction level in different life domains (e.g. van Praag et al. 2003),
the underlying assumption is that the importance ranking of different life domains is thesame across all individuals. However, this assumption is not realistic as the importanceof life domains may differ greatly among individuals. There is preliminary evidence tothis effect (Hsieh 2004, 2012), but the existing studies suffer from severe limitations,such as non-representative samples of limited size.
Our study:
To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to control for domain importance inanalyzing the relationship between domain satisfaction and the overall subjective
well-being level based on a national probability sample. Using the 2010 National
Survey on Lifestyle Preferences commissioned by the Japanese Cabinet Office, thispaper shows how and to what extent the importance of and the satisfaction withdifferent life domains (such as health, income, family etc.) affect the overall happinesslevel. Our main findings are threefold: (1) Domain importance contributes significantly
to the variance explained by the overall happiness regression model. (2) Depending on
the respective domain, we find significant interaction effects between satisfaction andimportance. This allows us to identify different types of domains based on theirinteraction patterns. (3) Further, we show that there is substantial effect heterogeneity
among individuals with different importance configurations. Taking account of theeffect heterogeneity, we find that the coefficients of standard socio-demographic
variables vary greatly among the different groups.
Implication for research and practice:
Our findings contribute to happiness research in general by showing that includingdomain importance in the regression model increases its estimation precision. Our study
lends further evidence to findings in happiness research that people tend to mispredict
their utility. While this was previously shown to be the case for TV consumption (Freyet al. 2007) and commuting (Stutzer, Frey 2008), our study confirms these findings on ameta-level by demonstrating that some life domains are not considered as important
although their satisfaction significantly contributes to the overall happiness level.
20

Finally, our study highlights that previous results from happiness research have to beinterpreted with caution, since those findings may differ depending on the individual’s
importance ratings. Policy makers should thus avoid a one-size-fits-all approach tohappiness policy and beware of effect heterogeneity–which is in the case of importance
ratings unobserved in most surveys
Biography
Tim Tiefenbach is a Senior Research Fellow at the German Institute for JapaneseStudies (DIJ). He holds a doctorate degree in economics from the University of
Bayreuth. In his current research project he uses large-scale survey data to analyze
happiness in Japan from the view point of economics. He has published first results of
his empirical analysis of happiness in Japan in the Journal of Happiness Studies(Happiness in Japan in Times of Upheaval: Empirical Evidence from the National
Survey on Lifestyle Preferences, DOI: 10.1007/s10902-014-9512-9).

21

Session 3 Thursday, 16 Oct

Marcel Erlinghagen, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Anticipation of Life Satisfaction before Emigration
Evidence from German Panel Data
Abstract
Sociological as well as economic research stresses the impact of so called ‘push andpull factors’ on individual migration decisions. These push and pull factors are often
under-stood as a combination of individual socio-economic and socio-demographic
determi-nants and institutional contexts in home and (possible) destination countries.
However, within this framework there is only little research on the correlation between
life satisfac-tion and individual migration processes up to now. The paper provides ananalysis that aims on investigating the development of individual life satisfaction before
emigration from a highly industrialized country under a life course perspective by using
longitudinal data from the German Socio Economic Panel (SOEP). The estimated fixed
effects models show a significant decrease of life satisfaction between three to two
years before the final emigration event. This overall pattern can also be observed inalmost all analyzed sub-groups.

Biography
Marcel Erlinghagen (*1971) is Professor for Sociology at the University ofDuisburg-Essen (Germany). In addition he is Research Professor at the German Institutefor Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin. Erlinghagen is a labour market and economic
sociologist and his research is especially characterised by its interdisciplinary
theoretical orientation. He has a broad methodological knowledge in the field of
quantitative empirical sociological and economic research. Beside his research on
labour market mobility, job security and volunteering he particularly investigates indeterminants and development of migration.
Selected Publications- (2011): Nowhere Better Than Here? The Subjective Well ‐ Being of German
Emigrants and Remigrants. Comparative Population Studies 36 (4), 899-926.
- (2010): Volunteering after Retirement. Evidence from German Panel Data. European
Societies 12, pp. 603-625.
- (2010) (with Karsten Hank): Dynamics of Volunteering in Older Europeans. The
Gerontologist 50, pp. 170-178.
- (2010) (with Matthias Knuth): Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural
Differences in Non-Employment in Selected European Countries and the United States.
Journal of Social Policy 39, pp. 71-94.
- (2008) Self-Perceived Job Insecurity and Social Context. A Multi-Level Analysis of 17
European Countries. European Sociological Review 24, pp. 183-197.

22

Session 4
Chair

Toshiaki Tachibanaki
Doshisha University
Toshiaki Tachibanaki is a professor in Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University andthe Director of the Life Risk Research Center. He holds a PhD in Economics, awardedby The Johns Hopkins University in 1973. He has held teaching and research positionsat INSEE, OECD, Osaka University, Kyoto University, Stanford University, Universityof Essex, London School of Economics. He has also served as a director of researchgroups in the Economic Planning Agency, Bank of Japan, Ministry for Posts andTelecommunication, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of International Trade andIndustry. His research interests cover labor economics, public and financial economics,
applied econometrics, economic theory and the Japanese economy.
He is the author of many books including those written in English such as “Capital andLabour in Japan: The Functions of Two Factor Markets” (2012), “The New Paradox forJapanese Women: Greater Choice, Greater Inequality” (2010), “Confronting Income
Inequality in Japan: A Comparative Analysis of Causes, Consequences, and Reform”(2009). He has published extensively in journals such as International Economic
Review, Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Public Economics, Nihon Rodo
Kyokai Zasshi, European Economic Review and Financial Review.

23Session 4 Friday, 17 Oct

Susumu Kuwahara1, M.Phil., Teruyuki Tamura , M.A.
Akiko Kamesaka, Ph.D., Toshiya Murai2, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Accessing Suicidal Ideation from Responses to Queries on Subjective Well-Being
Abstract
Japan’s suicide rate rose after the Asian Crisis and the subsequent economic downturn,and has remained high since. In 2009, the male suicide rate was the third highest among
OECD countries, and the female suicide rate was the second highest. According to the
National Police Agency, more than 30,000 people committed suicide on average in eachyear from 1998 to 2011; in 2013, 27,283 people killed themselves in Japan. However,
because of the lack of available individual-level data, little is known about the risk
factors driving Japanese people to commit suicide. We use Japanese internet survey datacollected in 2012 by the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), a Cabinet
Office of Japan, which includes a question on “suicidal ideation.” We try to show arelationship between the responses to the queries on general subjective well-being andthe respondents’ suicidal ideation. Since we sometimes need to take considerable care inasking questions that are directly related to suicidal ideation, understanding therelationship between responses to queries on subjective well-being and suicidal ideation
has practical value, because it allows us to infer suicidal ideation from replies on
subjective well-being. The wording of the “Suicidal ideation” question in this study is:“Have you ever thought of committing suicide?” Out of a sample size of 10,469, 510(4.9%) answered yes to this question.
We also aim to examine the relationship between “suicidal ideation” and individual
characteristics such as gender, age, education, income, marital status, employment
status, subjective well-being, social support and receipt of social welfare benefits (e.g.
Public assistant benefit). We conduct a factor analysis using questions on three aspects
of well-being: (1) Life evaluation, (2) Affect, and (3) Eudaimonic Well-Being (OECD
Guidelines, 2013).
We found that 16.2% of young respondents aged 15-19 thought about committing
suicide within the last year, although only 1.7% of elderly respondents (aged 60-69) had
suicidal thoughts. These results are consistent with the fact that there are more young
suicide victims; this number has increased in recent years in Japan. With regard toincome, having higher household income plays a role in preventing suicide. Recent
studies report a positive relationship between the suicide rate and unemployment inmany countries; we also found that unemployed respondents tend to think more aboutcommitting suicide. Regarding social welfare, we found that more than 25%
respondents who are receiving public assistance benefits or disability benefits had
1

Economic Research Department, Japan Center for Economic Research. Economic and Social
Research Institute (ESRI), Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.
2
Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University.
24

suicidal ideation. We also analysed the relationship between suicidal ideation and“social support.” To measure social support, we use the question: “How many friends orneighbours do you have who would help you when you are in trouble?” The
respondents who have no friends or no neighbours tend to have higher suicidal ideation.
Replies on subjective well-being did correlate to some extent with suicidal ideation.
Respondents who answered 0, 1, or 2 on the happiness question had suicidal ideation
percentages of 42.6%, 31.6% and 26.2%, respectively.
For our factor analysis, we used 40 questions and found 4 underlying factors using
Principal Factor Method and Promax rotation. Factors 1, 3 and 4 capture positive
emotions and Factor 2 captures negative emotions. The group having suicidal thoughts
exhibited fewer positive emotions and higher negative emotions. We can also divide
suicidal thoughts group into three categories using the question “When have you
thought of committing suicide?” 1 (at present), 2 (within three months) and 3 (threemonths to a year). When we compare these three groups, the mean of factor scores forrespondents who have suicidal thoughts at present exhibits the least positive emotions
and the highest negative emotions.
Biographies
Akiko Kamesaka is a Professor at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo Japan, Schoolof Business Administration. She is also a visiting research fellow at the Economic andSocial Research Institute, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, and a temporary
member of the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and Other Transactions inJapan. She has worked as an accountant at a large accounting firm in Tokyo, and hasstudied at the University of Tokyo graduate school of economics. She has served as amember of Osaka City Council, Kyoto City Council and several other institutions. Her
interests include analysis on well-being, worldview, and investor behavior, and she has
many publications in economics and finance. She received the Ibbotson Associates
Japan Research Award at the Asia-Pacific Finance Association / Pacific-Basin Financial
Management Society / Financial Management Association joint conference for her
research on investor behavior in Japan. She currently works on several household panel
data sets constructed in Japan and analyses the changes in Japanese people’s subjective
well-being. She was invited to speak at a panel on subjective well-being andsustainability at the 4th OECD World Forum, and has presented her work at many otherlarge conferences and meetings.
Teruyuki Tamura is a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Graduate School of Economics at
Sophia University in Japan. His research interests include the study of subject
well-being, job satisfaction, poverty and suicide. He has co-authored thepaper, ”Investor Response to a Natural Disaster: Evidence from Japan’s 2011
Earthquake” (with M. Hood, A. Kamesaka and J. Nofsinger; Pacific-Basin Finance
Journal, 2013).

25

Session 4 Friday, 17 Oct

Heinz Welsch, Ph.D., Philipp Biermann, M.A.
(University of Oldenburg)

Title of Presentation
Induced Transnational Preference Change: Fukushima andNuclear Power in Europe
Abstract
We test whether the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) of European
citizens and the structure of electricity supply has changed after the Fukushima nuclear
accident of March 11, 2011. Survey data for about 124,000 individuals in 23 European
countries reveal that while European citizens’ SWB was statistically unrelated to theshare of nuclear power before the Fukushima disaster, it was negatively related to the
nuclear share after the disaster. Taking the relationship between SWB and the electricity
supply structure as an indicator of preference, this suggests the existence of an induced
transnational preference change.

Biography of Co-author
Philipp Biermann is Research Assistant at the Chair of Economic Theory in Oldenburg(Germany) since 2012. He has studied in International Economics at the University
of Göttingen (Germany) from 2007-2012. His publications include Heinz Welsch andPhilipp Biermann (2013) "Induced Transnational Preference Change: Fukushima andNuclear Power in Europe"- Heinz Welsch and Philipp Biermann (2013) "Electricity Supply Preferences in Europe:
Evidence from Subjective Well-Being Data"

26

Session 4 Friday, 17 Oct

Akira Kawaguchi, Ph.D., Takato Kasai, M.A.
Title of Presentation
Effects of Paid and Unpaid Overtime Work on Stress, Earnings, and Happiness
Abstract
This paper compares the effects of paid and unpaid overtime work on stress,
earnings, and happiness. Applying a mediation analysis to Japanese data reveals thefollowing facts: 1) Working time does not cause much stress as far as it is paid; 2)
unpaid overtime work significantly increases stress; and 3) stress has a negative effectand earnings has a positive effect on happiness. We also find that there are differences
between the sexes as follows: 1) female workers’ ‘unpaid overtime work’ is, in fact,compensated; 2) an effect of unpaid overtime work on stress is larger for females thanmales; and 3) the total effect of unpaid overtime work on happiness is negative, and islarger for females than males. Thus whether workers recognize overtime work as paid
work or unpaid work has a decisive influence on stress and happiness.
Biographies
Akira Kawaguchi is Professor at the Faculty of Policy Studies, Doshisha University in
Kyoto, Japan. His research field is economic policy, especially policies related to genderequality. He received his PhD in Economics from the Australian National University.
Prior to the appointment at Doshisha University, he has been a Professor at the Facultyof Economics, Otemon Gakuin University, Japan. He has published articles and books
in Japanese which include: Kawaguchi, A. and K. Mizuno (2011) “Deregulation andLabour Earnings: Three Motor Carrier Industries in Japan,” Laour Economics, Vol.18,
No.4, pp.441-452, and Kawaguchi A. (2013) Discussing Gender in Japan, Yuhikaku.
Takato Kasai is a Ph.D student of the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University. He
also is a Research Fellow at the Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha University. His
research field is history of economic thought and history of economic theory, especially
Karl Polanyi’s welfare theory. He received MA degree in Economics from Doshisha
University, 2012. He has published papers on both history of economic thought andlabor economics, in Japanese, which include: Takato Kasai (2013) “A Criticism of‘Nineteenth-century Civilization’ and ‘Double Movement’ by Karl Polanyi: Economic
Liberalism and Social Policy,” Doshisha Economic Review, Vol65, No1, pp.321-347,
and Akira Kawaguchi and Takato Kasai (2013) “Measures to promote the use of female
workers' abilities and corporate performance: analysis of small and medium-sized firms
in Osaka Prefecture,” Doshisha Policy Study, Vol.15, No.1, pp.85-97.

27

Session 5
Chair

Bruno Frey
University of Zurich, Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen and CREMA
Bruno S. Frey was born in Basle, Switzerland in 1941. He studied economics at the
Universities Basle (CH) and Cambridge (UK); Ph.D. in Economics 1965 and 1969
Habilitation at the University Basle. He was Associate Professor at the University ofBasle (1969-2006), Professor of Economics at the University of Constance (1970-1977),
Professor of Economics at the University of Zurich (1977-2012), and Distinguished
Professor of Behavioural Science at the Warwick Business School at the University of
Warwick, UK (2010-2013). Since August 2012 he was Guest Professor and since 2014
he is Senior Professor at the Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen (DE).
He has received honorary doctorates in economics of the Universities of St. Gallen(Switzerland, 1998) and Goeteborg (Sweden, 1998), of the Free University of Brussels(Belgium, 2009), the University of Aix-en-Provence/Marseille (France, 2010), and the
University of Innsbruck (Austria, 2011).
He is the author of numerous articles in professional journals and books, including
Happiness and Economics (with Alois Stutzer, 2002), Economics and Psychology(co-edited with Alois Stutzer, 2007), Happiness: A Revolution in Economics (2008).
His main research activity is the application of economics in non-economic fields suchas politics, art, history, conflict, family and the extension of the model of humanbehaviour by integrating psychological and sociological elements.

28

Session 5 Friday, 17

Sebastien Lechevalier, Ph.D., Maria Roubtsova
Title of Presentation
Dislike of inequalities, social beliefs, social mobility, and attitudes to redistribution
A comparison between the United States, France, and Japan
Abstract
There are significant differences across countries in terms of redistribution by thegovernment and they may correspond to underlying dissimilarities in preference forredistribution across the population of these countries. In particular, previous literature
has compared the US and Europe from this viewpoint and proposed several
explanations of these differences, from aggregation of individual determinants (e.g.
one’s income) to more holistic ones such as shared values at the national level (Alesina& Giulano, 2009; Alesina & La Ferrara, 2004; Alesina et al., 2004).
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this literature by testing threehypotheses regarding the dislike of inequalities, social beliefs and social mobility, andby trying to extend the comparison between Europe and the US by including the case of
a developed Asian country, Japan. More precisely, by relying on the 2009 issue of theInternational Social Survey Program, our aim is to explain different preferences forredistribution across the US, France and Japan.
While there are clear differences between France and the US regarding both thelevel of unhappiness due to the level of inequalities and preference for redistribution,
Japan stands in the middle. Moreover, different social beliefs related to the relative
importance of luck and effort in social outcomes have been emphasized by the literature
to explain the different patterns in Europe and in the US. However, the rationale behindJapanese patterns is unclear and a purpose of this paper is to provide some explanations
that make possible a generalization of previous literature on the topic.

References
Alesina A. & La Ferrara E. (2005), Preferences for redistribution in the land ofopportunities, Journal of Public Economics, 89 (5-6): 897-931
Alesina R. Di Tella R. & R. MacCulloch (2004), Inequality and Happiness: areEuropeans and Americans Different? Journal of Public Economics, 88: 2009-2042.
Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2009), Preferences for redistribution. NBER Working
Papers 14825.
Fong, C. (2001), Social Preferences, Self-Interest, and the Demand for Redistribution.
Journal of Public Economics 82(2): 225-246.
Fong, C. (2006), Prospective mobility, fairness and the demand for redistribution.
mimeo.
Lefranc A., N.Pistolesi and A.Trannoy (2009), “Equality of opportunity and luck:
Definitions and testable conditions, with an application to income in France" Journal of
Public Economics, 93 (11-12): 1189-120829

Linos K. & M. West (2003), Self-interest, Social Beliefs, and attitudes to redistribution.
Re-addressing the issue of Cross-national variation, European Sociological Review 19(4): 393-409.
Neher F. (2012), “Preferences for redistribution around the world”, Discussion Papers
from Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics No 2012/2
Piketty T. (1995), Social mobility and redistributive politics, Quarterly journal of
economics, vol. 110, no 3, p. 551-584.

Biographies
Sébastien Lechevalier is Associate Professor at L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences
Sociales (EHESS, Paris). He is also President of Fondation France Japon de l’EHESS(EHESS Paris 日仏財団). His research focuses on the Japanese economy, corporate
diversity, evolution of welfare systems in Asia, and inequalities. His recent publications
include: The Great Transformation of the Japanese Capitalism (Routledge, 2014),“Bringing Asia into the Comparative Capitalism Perspective”, special issue of Socio
Economic Review (co-edited with B. Amable, S. Casper & C. Storz, 2013), “Wage andProductivity Differentials in Japan. The role of Labor Market Mechanisms” (with Y.
Kalantzis, & R. Kambayashi; Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial
Relations, 2012). He will also edit a special issue of Review of World Economics on“Globalization and labor market outcomes: de-industrialization, job security, and wage
inequalities” in 2015.
Maria Roubstova is a Master student in economics and social sciences, from ENS
Cachan (social sciences) and Paris-13 university (Economic Policies in the age of
Globalization program). In 2013, she conducted a research internship in the Life Risk
Research Center of Doshisha University in Kyoto.

30

Session 5 Friday, 17 Oct

Werner Pascha, Ph.D
Title of Presentation
Raising wellbeing through economic
entrepreneurship and communication

policyreform:Issuesofpolitical

Abstract
Trying to raise the general wellbeing or “happiness” through non-incremental public
policy measures will usually involve significant institutional reform. Limiting thediscussion to parliamentary democracies, the political economy of reform demonstrates
that under realistic scenarios such change is often quite unlikely (time inconsistency
problem of political promises, status-quo orientation, war of attrition, role of vetoplayers, etc.). This has led to a renewed interest in political entrepreneurship that might
be helpful or even necessary to overcome such situations. The paper looks at this
discussion and stresses the role of “ideas” and political communication in this context.
The arguments are exemplified with respect to the recent Japanese experiences with
so-called Abenomics, which can be interpreted as an attempt to break out of a
low-growth scenario through an unconventional policy mix that was unavailable topolicy makers before.

Biography
Werner Pascha is Full Professor of East Asian Economic Studies/Japan and Korea at the
University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Germany; assigned to the Mercator School ofManagement and to the (university-level) Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST). He
is a member of the Graduate Training School on “Risk and East Asia”, funded by theGerman Research Foundation (DFG), and of the IN-EAST School of Advanced Studies
on Innovation in East Asia, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education andResearch (BMBF).
He has studied economics at the University of Freiburg, Germany, at the London
School of Economics and Political Science and at Nagoya University, Japan.
Recent visiting positions include Doshisha University, Kyoto (JSPS Invitation
Fellowship) in 2011 and Busan National University in the Republic of Korea in 2013.
Among honorary activities, he is a member of the Steering Group and of the
Executive Board of EastAsiaNet (European Research School Network of Contemporary
East Asian Studies) and co-editor in chief of the Asia Europe Journal, published by
Springer.
His research interest includes the political economy of institutional change in East
Asia, particularly Japan and Korea, and international economic relations of the East
Asian region and between Europe and the region.

31Session 5 Friday, 17 Oct

Conchita D'Ambrosio, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
An overview of intertemporal measures of individual well-being: Can they explain
life satisfaction better?
Abstract
Traditional economic modeling has neglected the basic fact that individual well-being
depends on one’s own life course. This assumption has been challenged by anincreasing number of contributions in the income-distribution literature on themeasurement of individual well-being. These have proposed various indices whichallow different aspects of past experiences to be brought into the analysis of thephenomenon under consideration.
This article is a review of these measures with the aim of offering some guidance to therecent developments of the parallel literature on happiness. These two literatures have acommon object of analysis - individual well-being - but differ with respect to theapproach, with the former appealing to objective indicators, such as income,functionings and wealth, and the latter mainly relying on self-reported measures.
The article starts by reviewing indices of social exclusion and intertemporal material
deprivation, which are key concepts for European social policy. We then move to themeasurement of poverty over time, and conclude with the very new literature on themeasurement of economic insecurity.
Biography
Conchita D’Ambrosio is Professor of Economics at Université du Luxembourg. She isan economist, with a Ph.D. from New York University (2000). Her research interests
have revolved around the study of individual and social well-being and the proposal ofvarious measures that are able to capture its different aspects. Two main points were
stressed: Individual well-being depends on comparisons with a reference situation;
Individual well-being depends both on one’s own life course and on the histories ofothers. Towards this aim, she has proposed a number of different indices, which havebeen axiomatically characterized. She has applied these to the study of different
societies and analyzed their empirical links with subjective well-being, via theircorrelations with self-reported levels of satisfaction with income and life overall.
She has published in Economica, Economics Letters, International Economic Review,
Social Choice and Welfare, the Review of Income and Wealth among other academic
journals. She has been member of the editorial board of the Review of Income and
Wealth since 2001 and managing editor of the same journal since 2007. She has recently
joined the editorial board of the Journal of Economic Inequality.

32

Session 6

Chair
Werner Pascha
University of Duisburg-Essen
Werner Pascha is Full Professor of East Asian Economic Studies/Japan and Korea at the
University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Germany; assigned to the Mercator School ofManagement and to the (university-level) Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST). He
is a member of the Graduate Training School on “Risk and East Asia”, funded by theGerman Research Foundation (DFG), and of the IN-EAST School of Advanced Studies
on Innovation in East Asia, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education andResearch (BMBF).
He has studied economics at the University of Freiburg, Germany, at the London
School of Economics and Political Science and at Nagoya University, Japan.
Recent visiting positions include Doshisha University, Kyoto (JSPS Invitation
Fellowship) in 2011 and Busan National University in the Republic of Korea in 2013.
Among honorary activities, he is a member of the Steering Group and of the
Executive Board of EastAsiaNet (European Research School Network of Contemporary
East Asian Studies) and co-editor in chief of the Asia Europe Journal, published by
Springer.
His research interest includes the political economy of institutional change in East
Asia, particularly Japan and Korea, and international economic relations of the East
Asian region and between Europe and the region.

33

Session 6 Friday, 17 Oct

Tadashi Yagi, Ph.D., Kunio Urakawa, PhD.,
Katsuhiko Yonezaki, PhD
Title of Presentation
Happiness and Employment Status
Abstract
Throughout the depression period of Japanese economy during 1990s and 2000s,
regular workers are replaced by non-regular workers from the cost reduction reasons inJapan. The ratio of non-regular worker has been gradually increasing since 1990, and it
exceeded around 30% in 2013. Especially, the ratio of non-regular workers in age class
15-24 increased drastically during the end of 1990s, and exceeded 50% (including
part-time worker of students). This ratio remains roughly constant after 2000 until now.
According to the “2013 Labor Force Survey” compiled by the Ministry of Internal
Affair, 14.8% of female non-regular workers and 31.1% of male non-regular workers
choose non-regular status involuntarily from the reason that they couldn’t find the job
with regular status.
The purpose of the paper is to examine the possibility of cooperation among regular
workers and non-regular workers theoretically, and analyze the effects of employment
status on the state of happiness in detail by using the Japanese panel data. Then, we
compare the mechanisms of affecting the happiness by the employment status among 5
countries (Japan, US, UK, France, Germany) by using the international comparative
survey on happiness.
The incentive of cooperation with non-regular workers for regular workers stems on
the efficiency wage effect. By redistributing income from regular workers to
non-regular workers, it might be possible to increase the income amount of regular
workers through the increase in productivity of non-regular workers. We will analyze
the conditions for this mechanism to lead to the increase in distribution share of
non-regular workers.
The empirical analysis focuses on the effects of working environment andcompensation system on happiness by employment status. This analysis is conducted byusing Japanese panel data and international comparative survey data.
The results of the analysis show that the sources of happiness differ much between
the regular workers and non-regular workers. There are many differences in the effectof employment status among countries, which reflect the incentives for working andworking environments.
Biographies
Tadashi Yagi is Professor of the Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University. He
holds PhD in Economics, awarded by Nagoya University in 1996. His research areas
are wide-ranging, including public economics, human resources management, income
distribution, welfare economics and cultural economics. He has written many papers

34

in refereed academic journals and chapters in edited volumes. Recent works include‘The Income Security System in Japanese Traditional Performing Arts: A strategy for
utilizing the nation’s traditional arts resources’, (co-authored with C. Takashima and Y.
Ushi) Journal of Modern Auditing and Accounting (2013), ‘Economic Growth and the
Riskiness of Investment in Firm-Specific Skills’ (co-authored with Taichi Maki and
Koichi Yotsuya), European Economic Review (2005).
Katsuhiko Yonezaki is a Research Fellow of Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha
University and also a Researcher at the Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto
University. His main research areas is game theory.
His publications :‘Does ICT Promote The Private Provision of Local Public Goods?’ (with Y. Shiozu,
Koya Kimura, K. Shimohara), Human Interface and the Management of Information.
Information and Interaction Design. (16th International Conference, HCIInternational 2014 Proceedings), Part I, pp.629-640, 2014.
‘Incentive structure of Participation in community activity’ (with Y. Shiozu, K.
Shimohara), Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information andInteraction Design. (15th International Conference, HCI International 2013
Proceedings), Part I, pp.259-268, 2013.
‘Fragmented Society and Provision of Meeting Places to Foster Social Preferences’(with H. Imai), Kyoto Economic Review, vol.78, no.2, pp.115-126, 2009.
Kunio Urakawa is an Associate Professor in Faculty of Economics at Kyushu
University. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from Kyoto University. His researchinterests are economics of redistribution and poverty. He has published Study on
Poverty, University of Tokyo Press (in Japanese) with Professor Toshiaki Tachibanaki.
His recent academic articles include :・ “The association between perceived income inequality and subjective well-being:
Evidence from a social survey in Japan," Social Indicators Research, in press, 2014.
(with Prof. Oshio, T.)・ “Neighbourhood satisfaction, self-rated health, and psychological attributes: A
multilevel analysis in Japan,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.32,
Issue.4, pp.410-417, 2012. (with Prof. Oshio, T.)・ “The welfare impact of marginal consumption tax reforms on young households inJapan,” Keizaigaku Kenkyu, Kyushu University, Vol.78, No.5-6, pp.89-106, 2012.
・ “Comparing marginal commodity tax reforms in Japan and Korea,” Journal of
Asian Economics, Vol.21, No.2, pp.579-592, 2010. (with Prof. Oshio, T.)・ “Trends in Poverty among Low-income Workers in Japan since the Nineties,”
Japan Labor Review,Vol.5, No.4, pp.21-48, 2008. (with Prof. Tachibanaki, T.)

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Session 6 Friday, 17 OctÁlvaro Martínez-Pérez, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Can Work-Life Balance Policies Foster Happiness within the Family?
A Comparison of New versus Old Family Arrangements
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of childcare policies in the life satisfaction offamilies with dependant children. The focus of the inquiry lies in the comparison offamilies living in ‘old’ family arrangements (couples with dependant children) versus
those living in new family arrangements (lone mothers and fathers with dependant
children). Hence, this paper aims to offer novel evidence on the relationship between
family structure and life satisfaction in a context of increasing fluidity of the family
structure as a result of the changing process of coupledom and the importance of marital
instability and divorce risks. Altogether, these two phenomena have spurred a growing
number of individuals to opt for new family arrangements. Yet, despite the appearanceof new, more unstable, living arrangements there is consistent evidence found incross-country comparative research that the family remains as the key institution for theprovision of care and wellbeing and where the life chance of individuals over their life
course are shaped. Within this context of transformations of the family policies tosupport the care and wellbeing needs of its members play a key role for a better
understanding of the extent of social inequalities. Particularly, the paper argues that theexistence and type of childcare policies available to help families reconcile work andfamily responsibilities maybe especially relevant for the new family forms where timepressures, and social risks (e.g. poverty and exclusion) are more demanding. Instead oflooking at the influence of these policies on the individual and social risks of families
living in ‘old’ and ‘new’ family arrangements, the paper concentrates in life satisfaction.
Life satisfaction as an overall measure of wellbeing provides a comprehensive
subjective evaluation of family happiness where the different social and individual risks
families face are collated. Finally, the paper pays special attention to unravelling the
motives for the gender inequalities in life satisfaction within and between the various
family arrangements analysed. The empirical analysis is based on the British Household
Panel Survey. The use of econometric panel methods allows controlling for the impactof unmeasured individual characteristics on life satisfaction and, therefore, isolatesbetter the causal relationship between childcare policies and life satisfaction for families
with dependant children in ‘new’ and ‘old family arrangements.

BiographyÁlvaro Martínez-Pérez joined the Sheffield University Management School (SUMS) as
Research Associate in October 2014. He has a PhD in Applied Social and Economic
Research (ISER, University of Essex) and is a Doctor-Member of the Juan March

36

Institute (CEACS). He also holds a Masters in Social Sciences (Juan March Institute), a
MSc in Political Science and International Relations (UAM), and a BA in Political
Science and Public Administration (UCM).
Prior to joining SUMS he was Research Associate at the Interdisciplinary Centre inSocial Science (University of Sheffield). Previously, he was Postdoctoral Fellow at the
Department of Sociology and Organisational Analysis (Universitat de Barcelona) andResearch Fellow at the Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies (IRVAPP,
Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy). During his postgraduate studies he was avisiting student at Nuffield College (University of Oxford) and the European University
Institute.
His research interests include family sociology, economics of the family, social
stratification, electoral behaviour and management. He has specialised in econometricand quantitative methods for the analysis of large scale and complex datasets. He has
published on these topics several articles, monographs and book chapters.

37

Session 6 Friday, 17 Oct

Toshiyuki Shirakawa, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
The Impact of Employment System on Feeling of Happiness in Germany andJapan
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to reveal an effect of the characteristics of the employment
opportunity on the levels of a feeling of happiness and to compare that process between
Germany and Japan. We discuss recent employment environment in these twocountries. And then, we construct hypotheses about the mechanism that influences thelevels of a feeling of happiness of people in the labor market. Quantitative data are
analyzed to unveil how the labor market integration, i.e. opportunity to get a job andinstability in employment in two countries, affects a feeling of happiness and to present
some political implications.
Biography
Toshiyuki Shirakawa has completed the course of Graduate School of Social Studies,
Doshisha University. He is a Research Fellow at the Japan Society for the Promotionof Science. His research interests are social stratification and social mobility,
inequality of educational opportunity. He is the author of the paper, “Educational
Expectations and Gender in Contemporary Japanese High Schools: Analyzing
Interaction Effects between School Type and Educational Level,” Journal of
Educational Sociology (2011) (in Japanese).
.

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