2021

NO.

79

CSEAS Newsletter No.79 (2021)
Contents
004
006
009
012

Yoko Hayami
Word from the Director
Khmer Chronicle Manuscripts: Cambodian Historiography from the PreTheara Thuncolonial to Post-independence Periods
Conservation, Ecotourism, and the Extractive Anthropocene in Komodo
Cypri Jehan Paju Dale
National Park, Indonesia
A Parsi Community in Madagascar? Research on British Archival Sources
Matteo Miele

014
018
020
022

Monitoring Precipitation over the Peatlands of East Sumatra Mariko Ogawa
Thanyathip Sripana
Annamnikai Temples in Thailand
Tomohiro Machikita
Research on the Economy of Labor at CSEAS
Publications

CSEAS NEWSLETTER
No. 79Front Cover image: A Spirit Guardian on the Phnom Kulen Highland, Cambodia (photo by R. Michael Feener, 2009)002

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University003

Word from the Director
During the 2021 academic year, we have continued to be immobilized by COVID-19,
both in our ability to travel abroad and to receive scholars from overseas. It looks likethe end of the tunnel is drawing near, though, even if gradually. During the long incubation period, we have been sowing seeds for the future and making some progress,
despite the circumstances.
This academic year marks the end of the current term for our two MEXT-supported “joint-use joint-research programs,” IPCR and CIRAS. Through the IPCR program, we have built a strong inter-disciplinary scholarly community that ties us to thewider Southeast Asian region. Through CIRAS, we have developed informatics in areastudies as well as research beyond Southeast Asia, both of which allow scholars andstudents to conduct comparative research. In both programs, we are grateful for theparticipation and cooperation of members of the scholarly community both within
and outside of Japan. Following this term, the programs will be consolidated in 2022
under the new ‘Program for Global Collaborative Research’ (GCR) to further enhance
our presence in the region and beyond, and to make more resources available for research in related areas.
The Japan-ASEAN Platform for Transdisciplinary Studies will also come to an
end in March 2022. For the past six years, transdisciplinary teams have worked via
that platform on various projects across the region, such as tropical peatland conservation and community development, protecting health from mercury use in goldmines,
and a “community-based drone academy” focusing on the socioeconomic effects of soil
CSEAS NEWSLETTER No. 78

erosion in highland communities, to name just a few. The platform also promoted
joint research with concerned citizens, local administrations, and others, and as such,
not only enriched our findings, but also has led us to reconsider what area studies cancontribute in seeking solutions to problems we find in the field. We look forward to
the final research outputs from this project and where they may lead us in terms of
new research questions and collaborations.

004

Also building on existing efforts, the second phase of the all-campus unit forData Science-Led Area Studies was launched in 2020. As the organizer of this unit,
CSEAS strengthens our commitment to the future of informatics and data science inarea studies. Adding to this is the great progress that the Maritime Asia Heritage Survey team has made during the past year by setting up the Digital Heritage Documentation Lab in Kyoto and new field operations in Indonesia in addition to its ongoingwork in the Maldives. While expanding the scope of our research both geographicallyand across disciplines, such efforts embrace new approaches in research and data management for area studies in the digital era.
In March 2021 (at the end of the academic year 2020), we held our 44th annual
Southeast Asia Seminar online with young scholars from around the world as well as
our own post-doctoral researchers and junior faculty. Distinguished speakers from theregion were invited to speak on the social, medical, public health, economic, historical,
and civil society aspects of the effects of COVID-19 for the Seminar, titled “The Covid-19 Pandemic in Japanese and Southeast Asian Perspective: Histories, States, Markets, Societies.” Despite the limitations of the online format, participants enjoyed twodays of stimulating discussion and collegiality.
Recognizing the increasing importance of outreach, CSEAS re-furbished its website this year with enriched contents and new formats. These include several short films
introducing faculty research—some filmed in field sites—and a podcast on new books
on Asia. We hope these will introduce the latest research findings and approaches andfamiliarize especially younger would-be scholars with what we do as area studies specialists. In February, the world was shaken by the “coup” in Myanmar. Our multi-lingual online journal, the Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, released a special issue on theunfolding events, for the first time publishing a Burmese language version.
In March, as the cherry blossoms quietly marked the changing season, we marked
the retirement of Professor Wil de Jong—a scholar who uniquely connected Europe,Asia, and Latin America through his interests in environmental governance, natural resource governance, and policy. In October, we welcomed the young historian Kisho
Tsuchiya as an Assistant Professor and we look forward to hearing more about his
Although it is still difficult to foresee the near future, the experience of the past
twenty months has made us more aware of the potential of data available online, andat the same time made us ever more committed to field-based studies. I am hopefulthat the experience will bear fruit in the coming years. As we come to the end of a sixyear period of various projects and programs, I would like to thank all scholars andparticipants from the wider community both within Japan and abroad, and to seek
your continued cooperation and support.

005

Yoko Hayami, Director, CSEAS

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

field-based historical research in the Philippines and Timor.

Khmer Chronicle Manuscripts
Cambodian Historiography from the Pre-colonial
to Post-independence Periods
Theara Thun

The role of scholarship in Cambodia was significantly transformed over the colonial period, with printed texts serving as a catalyst for reframing the traditional manuscript culture of chronicle writing and local history-making in thisSoutheast Asian society. My research examines both the changing significances of Khmer monasterial and palacechronicle manuscripts and the changing nature of scholarly authority from the pre-colonial to the post-independence periods (1850s-1970s). Through extensive archival research in Asia, Europe, and North America, I havecollected and analyzed almost twenty manuscripts produced during 1700-1950.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER
No. 79006

A Khmer monasterial manuscript of 1855. (Courtesy of Khin Sok)

A Khmer palace chronicle manuscript of 1869. (Courtesy of EFEO in Paris)

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

My collection also includes history books, Khmer language journals like Kampuchèa Sauriya, andFrench, Khmer, and Thai novels printed from the 1920s to 1970s. I also investigate how state-sponsoredinstitutions and local scholars, including palace astronomers, translators, and Buddhist monks, strategically made use of the colonial influence to produce new social and cultural values that profoundly shaped
the Cambodian intellectual landscape during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
My current work is based on my PhD thesis (National University of Singapore, 2017). The results ofsome of that research have recently been published in two peer-reviewed journal articles (See Thun 2021;
Thun 2020). and I am working the larger study into a monograph at present. This work-in-progress explores
changing conceptions of textual authority in Cambodian historical writing in contexts of Western colonialism. As in many Southeast Asian societies, Cambodia experienced a period of epistemological ‘interface’
between perceptions of the past presented in pre-colonial chronicle manuscript traditions and those thatwere framed and conveyed in new ways in colonial-era historical writings. This interface precipitated thedecline and transformation of the long-held chronicle manuscript culture as new printed historical texts
were introduced by colonial governments. These transformations ushered in an expanding print culturethat shaped the emergence of new historiographies and genres of writing among local scholars. Their workin turn came to inform the development of Cambodian nationalist thought and collective culture in thetwentieth century.
Through close textual analyses, the research hopes to open up avenues for thinking about the transformation of pre-colonial chronicle scholarship and the substantial impacts of that transformation on collective memory and culture during the colonial and post-independence periods. My work also demonstrates
that as printing strengthened the authority of secular texts, we can track a waning in the resonance of
spiritual meanings and modalities of supernatural power that the physical objects of chronicle texts had
earlier conveyed in Khmer scholarly traditions. This research therefore allows us to think more critically andwidely about the role of printing apart from its function in the mass production of texts and images. By ad-

007

A Khmer palace chronicle manuscript of 1904. (Courtesy of EFEO in Paris)

dressing these important yet understudied areas,
this research will contribute to an understanding of
textual cultures as well as cross-cultural and intellectual interactions between Southeast Asian societies and the West during modernizing transformations of the colonial and post-independence
periods.
References
BKhin, S. 2002. L’Annexion du Cambodge par les Vietnamiens au XIX° siècle: D’Après les Deux Poèmes duVénérable Bâtum Baramey Pich [The annexation of Cambodia by the Vietnamese in the nineteenth century: Basedon two poems by the Venerable Bâtum Baramey Pich].
Paris: You-Feng.
Thun, T. 2021. Treason and Loyalty to the Royal Court: The
Kan Narrative in 19th and early 20th-century Khmer
Chronicle Manuscripts. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 31(2): 343-362.
Thun, T. 2020. An Epistemological Shift from Palace Chronicles to Scholarly Khmer Historiography under French
Colonial Rule. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51(1-2):
132-153.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER

Thun, T. 2017. Bangsāvatār: The Evolution of Historiographical Genres in Colonial Cambodia. PhD thesis, National
University of Singapore, Singapore. Available from http://
scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/141246

Cover page of the Kampuchèa Sauriya. The first issue waspublished in 1927. (Courtesy of the Buddhist Institute)

No. 79008

Conservation, Ecotourism,
and the Extractive Anthropocene
in Komodo National Park, Indonesia
Cypri Jehan Paju Dale
Photo 1009

high-end resorts inside the park. To establish a safari-type conservation and tourism zone, the government plans to relocate the islands’ indigenous
population, who have been living together and contributing to the protection of the dragon for generations, and who—as expressed in their cosmologies
and everyday practices—consider the Komodo atwin brother or sister of humans.
With a case of Komodo National Park, my current research investigates the ways in which conservation and ecotourism contribute to the extractive shape of the Anthropocene. While Komodo
dragons and indigenous people have lived side byside in these islands for a very long time in whatanthropologists have called interspecies companionship (Haraway 2003; Tsing 2012), the advent ofconservation and ecotourism has brought about adramatic transformation to the landscape and endogenous patterns of human-animal relationships
in Komodo. There I have witnessed how humans
conquer and forcefully change nature, often in thename of preserving or protecting it.
In studying these critical contemporary issues,
my work combines ethnography, historical study,
and policy analysis in two tracks of inquiry. The firstinvestigates how conservation and ecotourism—
from colonial times to the present—have shaped
human-animal relationships on the islands of Flores.
Here I study conservation and ecotourism as setsof ideologies, norms, institutions, projects, andpractices imposed by state, corporate, and nongovernmental actors in Komodo. The second trac-

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

Komodo National Park is a terrestrial and marine
nature reserve in the islands of Flores, eastern
Indonesia. The Park is home to the world’s largest
surviving ancient lizard species known as the‘Komodo Dragon’ (varanus komodoensis), which isreferred to by indigenous people on the native islands as ata modo. As part of efforts to intensify the
tourism industry, the government of Indonesia has
been converting this conservation area into an ecotourism site. Due to the subsequent dramatic transformations unfolding there, Komodo National Parkis an apt research site to probe the extractive nature of the conservation-ecotourism confluence.
Often paired with conservation endeavors,
ecotourism is claimed to be a form of sustainable
development and a pillar of a green economy, contributing not only to sustainable livelihoods for local
communities and opening new investment opportunities, but also preserving nature so that it can generate revenue to finance parks and conservation
projects (UNWTO 2002; Wearing and Neil 2009;
Bradon 1996; Spergel 2001). Despite these claims,
however, in my study of Komodo National Park, I
have witnessed the ways in which conservation andecotourism have instigated practices of exploitationand produced results similar to those of extractive
industries, such as land grabbing, deforestation,
eviction, and other threats to humans and non-humans alike. Under the banner of ecotourism, facilities for mass-scale “Jurassic tourism” have beendeveloped and private and state-owned companies have been granted concessions to construct

Photo 2

CSEAS NEWSLETTER
No. 79es local knowledge and practices that have regulated human-animal-environment relationships bothprior to the advent of the conservation and ecotourism regime and during external interventions. I specifically examine the ways that local communities
and activists have articulated that knowledge andpractice in their engagement or disengagementwith conservation and ecotourism projects.
Through these parallel tracks, I will 1) critically evaluate current practices of conservation and ecotourism and 2) elucidate creative imaginations and actions that challenge the ongoing extractive
approaches in Komodo.
I begin with critical observation of the logic
and the implementation of large-scale conservationand ecotourism projects involving state, corporate,and NGO actors. I then proceed to investigate local
practices of interspecies co-existence and companionship in Komodo and how these practices
have been transformed in recent years due to externally induced conservation and tourism projects.

Apart from ethnographic fieldwork, I also pursue
archival work, exploring the history of a number of
expeditions and projects to Komodo since the colonial period.
This research is part of my postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies(CSEAS), Kyoto University, where I am a member of
the Global-Humanosphere research group. The
Center’s interdisciplinary research tradition and holistic approach to the human-environment interface
offer an ideal setting to critically reflect on the complex human-animal-relationships of places like
Komodo. As a researcher born and raised in Flores
with extensive research and social experiences in
the area, I am familiar with local forms of knowledge
and relating to the more-than-human world.
Learning from such oppressed knowledge andpractice, this research aims to uncover human-animal-environmental relationships that—in the context of planetary survival—might inspire a less—or
non—extractive Anthropocene.

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Photo 3

Photo 4

References
Brandon, K. 1996. “Ecotourism and Conservation: A Review
of Key Issues” in World Bank Environment Department
Paper No. 033. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Haraway, D. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs,
People, and Significant Others. Chicago: Prickly
Paradigm.
Spergel, B. 2001. Raising Revenues for Protected Areas.
Washington DC: WWF and Center for Conservation
Finance.

UNWTO. 2002. UN Declaration on Sustainable Tourism. New
York: The United Nations.
Wearing, S. and Neil, J. 2009. Ecotourism: Impacts, potentials and possibilities (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK:
Butterworth-Heinemann.

Photo 1 Varanus komodoensis, the ancient and the world’s
largest living lizard survived nowhere with in several
spots in the islands of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara
province. Often called “Komodo Dragon”; known invernacular as Sebae or Ora.
Photo 2 A Komodo dragon confronts a truck in the Island of
Rinca. It is for the first time the dragon in thisconservation area met a truck. The truck is part of
the “Jurassic tourism center” project. (Photo:
Kawan Baik Komodo)
Photo 3 The author had a group discussion with the
Komodo community, with the background of
Komodo village and the national park landscape.
Photo 4 The design of Jurassic Tourism visitors center in the
Island of Rinca.
Photo 5 Komodo village, 2000 population in 2020.

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

Tsing, A. 2012. Unruly Edges: Mushrooms as Companion
Species: For Donna Haraway. Environmental Humanities
1 (1): 141–154.

Photo 5011

A Parsi Community
in Madagascar?

Research on British Archival Sources
Matteo Miele

Fig.1 Tamatave, vue de la mer by Évremond de Bérard. Source: Charton, É. (ed.) 1861. Le tour du monde: Nouveau journal des voyages, Quatrième volume.
Paris: L. Hachette et Cie, 325 (digitized by Google, https://books.google.com/), recolored.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER
No. 79Today, the Parsis of Iran and India are the world’s
largest communities of Zoroastrians. Zoroastrianism
is based on the teachings of Zarathushtra, who isthought to have lived between 1700 and 1500 BCE(Boyce 2001: 18). The religion has been the most significant spiritual tradition of Persia for millennia, defining her identity, shaping the history of the ancientworld, and inspiring historical developments in otherreligious traditions (Boyce and Grenet 1991: 361490). Although the Arab invasion of the Sassanid
Empire in the seventh century led to a slow decline of
Zoroastrianism, like an underground river, the tradition continued to nourish the poetry, art, and social
life of Persia and Central Asia. Many Zoroastrians left
Iran during the early centuries of Muslim rule and took
refuge on the coast of Gujarat (Williams 2009: 7).
With some notable exceptions, the Parsis remained adiscreet presence until the arrival of the East India
Company in the seventeenth century, when they
seized upon new opportunities to become part of theeconomic and cultural elite of India (Menant 1898: 360477; Guha 1970; Dadabhoy 2008). Later, Parsi communities
emerged outside the subcontinent following the contours of an expanding map of British imperial interests. Hong Kong, for example, became a preferred
destination for many Parsis, who contributed significantly to the growth of the city (Hinnells 2005: 173188).
A widow’s letter

012

Among the far-flung Parsi communities establishedduring the colonial period, those in Zanzibar andpresent-day Kenya are perhaps the most wellknown (Hinnells 2005: 245-313). By comparison,
we know almost nothing about a presence of Parsis
in Madagascar. Indeed, John R. Hinnells’s essential
text on Zoroastrian communities in the world(Hinnells 2005) does not discuss them. Yet, in 1898,
Delphine Menant mentions the presence in
Madagascar of two partners of Dadabhoy & Co.,the largest Parsi firm in London (Menant 1898: 404).
My current work on Foreign Office documents kept
at The National Archives in Kew, London has revealed two possibly earlier Parsi arrivals to the island. Letters from the widow and daughter ofPestonjee Manekjee Tatee, a Parsi priest from
Surat, indicate that he died in Tamatave in February
1880. In March 1882 the women wrote a letter toJames Braithwaite Peile, former acting municipal
commissioner in Bombay,1 seeking his help to secure their inheritance. Other letters followed, butthat first missive provides interesting information
about Pestonjee Manekjee Tatee’s migration andhis activities in Tamatave, as well as the arrival of
the widow’s brother on the island:
A Parsee priest, named Pestonjee Manekjee, anative subject of Her Majesty and an inhabitantof Surat, went to the Island of Mauritius, in thefirst instance, and afterwards to Madagascar,for purposes of trade in a small way. […] Hislast letter was dated only a few months before
his death, which, we have been given to understand, took place on or about the 12th February,1880.
3. Understanding that he had left some property, consisting among other sundry things ofabout four or six houses or bungalows, worth
between 2,000 and 3,000 rupees, in Tamatave,
which he used to rent out to European gentlemen, and in the absence of any testamentary
disposition of his property by the deceased under his hand, such as is recognized by theParsee Act of Succession No. 21 of 1865, or
the Indian Succession Act No. 10 of 1865, or by
the general law of nations. We, the Undersigned,
who are respectively the widow and daughter(the only child) of the deceased, were much exercised in our minds as to the way in which, as
the only rightful heirs, under the Parsee Act No.
21 of 1865, section 6, and the Indian Succession
Act No. 10 of 1865, we should secure to ourselves the said property of our deceased relative. The Island of Madagascar being such an
out-of-the-way and far-distant place, having little or no intercourse with persons residing in
Surat, aggravated as our position was, in consequence of our being solitary, helpless, poor
widows, ignorant of the world and its ways, wewere reduced to utter despair, when fortunately
the full brother of one of us, Koonverbai, wentout, as the servant of some other persons, tothis very place of Tamatave.”2
A Zoroastrian community in Madagascar?
The purpose of this short piece is not to follow thedramatic legal story of the Tatee family. Although
the letters do not indicate a resolution to their case,they do allow us to hypothesize regarding a
Zoroastrian community in Madagascar. The presence of Parsis in Tamatave was certainly not as significant and numerous as that of other Indian Ocean
settlements. Pestonjee Manekjee Tatee’s widow
and daughter wrote of “little or no intercourse withpersons residing in Surat,” but we cannot exclude
the presence of other Parsis. Yet, with the unearth-ing of these letters, we can now document the presence of a Parsi priest in Tamatave at least as early as
the 1870s and the arrival of Koonverbai’s brother (“asthe servant of some other persons,” presumably other Parsis) at the beginning of the following decade.
These facts, coupled with Delphine Menant’s account of Parsis in Madagascar at the end of the nineteenth century, lead us to think that these were perhaps not isolated cases. More research is required toconfirm the history, scale, and nature of Parsi presence in Madagascar. Such work could, moreover, be
illuminatingly situated within the broader context ofBritish imperial interests across the broader Indian
Ocean world.
Notes
1

The India List and India Office List for 1905, compiled fromofficial records by direction of the Secretary of State for
India in Council, London 1905, p. 585.

2

The National Archives, Kew, London, FO 403/28, Enclosure
3 in No. 64, Koonverbai, Widow, and Nawazbai, Daughter,of the late Pestonjee Manekjee Tatee, to Mr. Peile, March
23, 1882, p. 55.

Archival Sources
This article is based on my work on Foreign Office documents
kept at The National Archives, Kew, London. A more detailed
paper will be published in the coming months in an academic
journal.
References
Boyce, M. and F. Grenet. 1991. A History of Zoroastrianism,
Volume Three: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian andRoman Rule. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Boyce, M. 2001. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London – Boston – Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Dadabhoy, B. 2008. Sugar in Milk: Lives of Eminent Parsis.
New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
Guha, A. 1970. The Comprador Role of Parsi Seths, 1750-1850.
Economic and Political Weekly 5(48), 1933–1936.
Hinnells, J.R. 2005. The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and
Migration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Menant, D. 1898. Les parsis: histoire des communautés zoroastriennes de l’Inde. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Williams, A. 2009. The Zoroastrian Myth of Migration from Iranand Settlement in the Indian Diaspora: Text, Translation andAnalysis of the 16th Century Qeṣṣe-ye Sanjān ‘The Story ofSanjan.’ Leiden: Brill.

Fig.2 Une case de chef, à Tamatave, port de Madagascar by Évremond de Bérard. Source: Charton, É. (ed.) 1861. Le tour du monde: Nouveau
journal des voyages.Quatrième volume. Paris: L. Hachette et Cie, 321. (Digitized by Google, https://books.google.com/, and recolored).

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University013

Monitoring Precipitation over the Peatlandsof East Sumatra
Mariko Ogawa

A plantation located about 20 km east of Pekanbaru city, Riau Province, Indonesia. It is located on an inland hill with anelevation of approximately 20-50 m (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model. Photo by Mariko Ogawa, May 21, 2019)

CSEAS NEWSLETTER
No. 79Tropical peatlands are globally significant for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and climate regulation. Located in more than 80 countries, including the lowlands of Southeast Asia, they remainamong the least understood and monitored ecosystems in the world. Plantation development since1970 has dried out peatlands in Indonesia. Forest
fires often occur in the peatlands during the dry
seasons of El Nino years (Photo 2). During the forest fires and subsequent haze of 1997, almost no
rain fell for some months and groundwater levels
dropped by about 50 cm (Takahashi 1999).
In flat areas of tropical peatlands with almost
no water table gradient, the fluctuation of thegroundwater level is mostly due to evapotranspiration except the rise during heavy rain. Annual values of evapotranspiration for four years (July 2004July 2008) accounted for 56-67% of the
precipitation in peat swamp forests (PSF) with little
drainage, heavily drained PSFs, and a drained andburnt former PSF area (Hirano et al. 2014). Precipitation is a major factor that can raise groundwaterlevels and may potentially facilitate the prevention

and mitigation of forest fires.
In the lowland islands of Indonesia (Map 1),
flood risk and forest fire risk are linked, and bothare impacted by precipitation patterns and levels.
The Indonesian Maritime Continent is characterized by a regular diurnal cycle of rain caused byland–sea breeze circulation (Yamanaka 2016; Yamanaka et al. 2018). Rain gauge measurements
indicate that in East Sumatra, where peatlands are
distributed, heavy rains fall after midnight (Kozan
2012). Furthermore, satellite data reveal that rainfall moves from the central mountains to the coastal areas on either side of Sumatra Island (Mori etal. 2004).
Information about the groundwater levels ofeach region is critical to effectively manage firerisk. Recognizing this, by 2020, the Peatland Restoration Agency of Indonesia (BRG) had installed
173 stations to measure groundwater levels, rainfall, and soil moisture in peat areas such as East
Sumatra and Kalimantan.1 Understanding the distribution of rainfall on the ground surface is alsoessential to comprehending groundwater condi-

014

Photo 1 A man-made waterway cuts through a peatland near Tanjung
Leban village in Riau province, Indonesia. In some peatland
managed by a company, water gates are operated to maintain aconsistent groundwater level. (Photo by Mariko Ogawa, May 19,
2019)

Photo 3 A signboard near Tanjung Leban village, Riau province rates thedanger of forest fire. As an indicator of high-risk, the red color
indicates that it has not rained for eight consecutive days. (Photo by
Mariko Ogawa, May 19, 2019)

Photo 4 A weather radar device was installed in STAIN
Bengkalis with the cooperation of both Furuno
Electric engineers and the Agency for theAssessment and Application of Technology (BPPT).
According to the facility staff, a forest fire occurredin the peatland behind the radar site in 2018.
(Photo by Awaluddin, February 13, 2020)

visible in the sky, because strong winds carry rainfrom distant clouds.
The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the regional characteristics of precipitation over the peatlands of East Sumatra. By using
weather radar, we can better understand the precipitation process, which in turn leads to more accurate estimates of ground rainfall. We therefore
installed a weather radar device with high spatiotemporal resolution at Bengkalis State Islamic College (STAIN Bengkalis) on Bengkalis Island, Riau
Province in February 2020. BRG rain gauge stations are used to verify estimated rainfall from theCenter for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

tions. A combination of satellite and ground-based
observation is currently used to track and verify
this distribution. However, three factors are impeding a full understanding of the regional characteristics of the diurnal rainfall cycle and land-surface
precipitation. These factors are: 1) the complex topography of the east coast of Sumatra, 2) the low
spatial resolution of satellite images, and 3) the low
density of the Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG)’s
ground-based observation network in East Sumatra. Rainfall patterns are unique in Indonesia,
where it often rains even when there is not a cloud

Photo 2 Haze from forest fires in Riau Province, Indonesia in
September 2019 (The Leaders Online, September
13, 2019).

015

Fig.1 Hourly rainfall rate at 01:00 local time near Bukit Batu village (located in thearea surrounded by the black dotted line) of East Sumatra. Data derived fromweather radar during the observation period of February 15, 2020 to June 3,
2021 (modified from Ogawa et al. 2021). According to the weather radar device, heavy rains of more than 50 mm/hr fall across Bengkalis Island from west
to east after midnight (Ogawa et al. 2021). measured in meters above meansea level (MSL).

Map 1 Elevation of lowland areas in Riau Province, Indonesia, calculated using LiDAR
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) at 500 m spatial resolution (Vernimmen et al. 2019).
Heights are measured in meters above mean sea level (MSL).

weather radar. In addition, Rahman et al. (2021)
found that BMKG’s weather radar observation
stations are capable of monitoring the upperbounds of smoke layers when there is no precipitation. Thus, information from the radar device and/or observation stations will allow us to:・Monitor precipitation and thus better understand to determine the optimal balance of precipitation and groundwaterlevels to minimize flood and fire risk
・Monitor haze from peat fires
・Share real-time disaster prevention information with citizens
Based on a digital terrain model of opensource datasets measured by LiDAR sensors(Map 1), we are also currently analyzing the relationship between the groundwater level andrainfall at each BRG station. If we can accurately measure this relationship, it will allow us
to estimate groundwater levels by using rainfall
information in areas where the groundwaterlevel cannot be measured. Furthermore, we aredeveloping a database application for hydrometeorological information with the ResearchCenter for Physics, at the Indonesian Instituteof Sciences (LIPI) and BPPT, in addition to reg-ularly communicating with local institutions about
local conditions and the need to establish more
precipitation monitoring systems. We recognize
the need to collaborate with a wide range of actors
when discussing effective disaster risk reduction inpeatlands and applying our research results to thefield. To that end, we plan to share hydrometeorological information not only with citizens, but alsowith companies that control water gates in peatlands as part of the contribution that CSEAS research can make to the improvement of conditions
for local communities, and the broader region.

Notes
1

To see the latest data from the Peatland Restoration
Agency of Indonesia (BRG) stations, visit https://sipalaga.brg.go.id.

References
Hirano, T., K. Kusin, S. Limin, and M. Osaki. 2014. Evapotranspiration of tropical peat swamp forests. Global
Change Biology, 21.5: 1914-1927. https://doi.
org/10.1111/gcb.12653
Kozan, O. 2012. Precipitation and groundwater variations inpeat swamps. Studies on Sustainable Humanosphere, 4:271-287. (in Japanese)Mori, S. et al. 2004. Diurnal land-sea rainfall peak migration
over Sumatra Island, Indonesian maritime continent

observed by TRMM satellite and intensive rawinsonde
soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132.8: 2021-2039. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2021:DLRPMO>2.
0.CO;2
Ogawa, M. et al. 2021. X-band weather radar observations in
the east coast of Sumatra: Statistical analysis of diurnal
cycle of rainfall. In Proceedings of the 15th Symposium
on MU Radar and Equatorial Atmosphere Radar, Online,
9-10 September 2021.
Rahman, M.A. et al. 2021. Weather radar detection of planetary boundary layer and smoke layer top of peatland firein Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11.
367: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79486-6
Takahashi, H. 1999. Hydrological and Meteorological Environments of Inland Peat Swamp Forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia with Special Reference to the Effectsof Forest Fire. Journal of Japan Society of Tropical Ecology, 9.1: 17-25. (in Japanese)
The Leaders Online. 2019. Indonesia seals off M’sian owned
plantation in Riau over haze issue. September 13. https://theleaders-online.com/indonesia-seals-off-msian-ownedplantation-in-riau-over-haze-issue/ (Accessed on October
21, 2021)
Vernimmen, R. et al. 2019. Creating a Lowland and Peatland
Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated
Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan andEast Sumatra, Indonesia. Remote Sensing, 11.10: 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101152
Yamanaka, M.D. 2016. Physical climatology of Indonesian
maritime continent: An outline to comprehend observational studies. Atmospheric Research, 178-179: 231-259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.017
Yamanaka, M.D. et al. 2018. Maritime continent coastlines
controlling Earth’s climate. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5.21: 1-28.

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

Photo 5 BRG station BRG_150710_01 located in Jambi Province, Sumatra Island. The station was flooded after heavy rain in
November 2018. Jambi1 station, located 10 km away, recorded 202 mm of weekly rainfall from November 12-18, 2018. (Photo by
Awaluddin, November 23, 2018)017

Annamnikai Temples in Thailand
Thanyathip Sripana*

CSEAS NEWSLETTER No. 79

018

The term Annamnikai, or Annamnikaya (อนัมนิกาย)refers to a Vietnamese sect of Mahayana Buddhism
that was introduced to Thailand by Vietnamesemonks during the eighteenth century. Thai people
refer to Annamnikai temples as Wat Yuan (วัดญวน),or “Vietnamese temples.” Annamnikai temples werelargely established during the Thonburi and early
Rattanakosin periods, but new temples continued
to be founded through the reign of King Rama IX(King Bhumipol). This was initially—and substantially—supported by Siam’s Royal Court andVietnamese residents in Thailand, and by someSino-Thais as well. The temples are scatteredacross many provinces in Thailand.

day, and to perform the Kong Tek, or funeral ceremony, for royal family members during his reign(1851-1868). Vietnamese monks continue to participate in these and other ceremonies to this day.
King Rama V (King Chulalongkorn) (18681910) in particular supported Annamnikai, officiallyrecognizing it as a part of Buddhism in Siam in
1899. Following this official recognition, Annamnikai
terminology and the ecclesiastical orders ofAnnamnikai monks were formed and registered,and it was during his reign that for the first time all
Vietnamese temples in the kingdom were given
Thai names.

Establishment of Annamnikai Buddhism inThailand during the early-Rattanakosin Period

This short paper introduces a larger research project on “The Arrival of the Vietnamese, Annamnikaya
Buddhism and the Formation of Samananam
Borihan Temple in Thailand in the Early Rattanakosin
Period,” which is supported by CSEAS. Given thedearth of studies on Annamnikai Buddhism andtemples in Thailand, the project attempts to document and contextualize the introduction and spreadof Annamnikai Buddhism and its institutions into
Thailand. Toward this end, I conducted documentary research, interviews, and a field survey frommid-2020 to mid-2021. Although Royal chronicles
do provide information on the arrival of Vietnamesemonks in the Thonburi and the early Rattanakosin
periods, and of the founding of some Annamnikai
temples, very few sources on Annamnikai Buddhismin Thailand and Annamnikai temples in particularremain, as many such documents were destroyedin temple fires. Oral history is therefore also criticalto consider here. I thus conducted a number oflong interview and discussion sessions with theChief Abbot of Annamnikai Buddhism of Thailand,
the Abbots of Wat Samananam Borihan, Wat
Annamnikayaram (วัดอนัมนิกายาราม, or Chùa Quảng
Phước), and other high-ranking Annamnikai monks.
In order to observe the rites and search for rare
documents, I also visited Annamnikai temples in
Bangkok, including Wat Samananam Borihan, Wat
Annamnikayaram, Wat Kusolsamakhon (วัดกุศลสมา

Vietnamese are believed to have first arrived in
Thailand during the Ayutthaya Period, particularly
during the reign of King Narai (1656-1688).
Vietnamese monks, however, arrived in Thailand forthe first time during the reign of King Taksin in theThonburi Period (1767-1782), and then in a second
wave during the reign of King Rama I (King Phra
Buddha Yodfa) (1782-1809). They were invited to
Bangkok by Vietnamese residents there and traveled with Vietnamese people fleeing to Siam due to,among other reasons, internal political conflict andreligious repression.
When Prince Mongkut joined the monkhood,
he became interested in the practices of both
Theravada Buddhism and Vietnamese Mahayana
Buddhism. He discussed Mahayana Buddhism
with the Vietnamese monk Ong Trần Hưng. Afterascending the throne as King Rama IV in 1851,
Mongkut patronized Vietnamese temples, renovating Chùa Khánh Vân (today’s Wat Upairajbamrung,วัดอุภัยราชบํารุง) and appointing Ong Trần Hưng as
its Abbot, and building a viharn, or chapel, in ChùaCảnh Phước (today’s Wat Samananam Borihan, วัดสมณานัมบริหาร).1 King Mongkut also demonstrated
his high esteem for Vietnamese monks by inviting
them, for the first time in Thai history, to participate
in the royal blessing ceremony of the king’s birth-

Research questions and methodologyคร, or Chùa Phổ Phước), and Wat Lokanuklor (วัดโลกานุเคราะห, or Chùa Tự Tế).
Preliminary findings
According to my research, Annamnikai Buddhism
was introduced into Thailand more than 240 years
ago during the reign of King Taksin. The first
Annamnikai
templeinThailand,Wat
Monkolsamakhom (วัดมงคลสมาคม in Thai, or ChùaHội Khánh in Vietnamese), was founded in 1776 in
Bangkok. Although another Annamnikai temple,
Wat Thipayawariviharn (วัดทิพยวารีวิหาร, or ChùaCam Lộ), was also built during the same reign, it
later became a Chinese Nikai temple and thus,
while still Mahayahna in general orientation, it istherefore not considered Annamnikai.
Annamnikai Buddhism developed significantly
during the early Rattanakosin Period. By the time
King Rama V ascended the throne, eleven temples
had been founded in Bangkok, Kanchanaburi,
Chantaburi, and Chachoensao provinces. Apartfrom support from the Siamese Royal Court, theVietnamese who settled in Thailand also played an
important role in founding these temples after es-

tablishing their communities. This is evident in thefounding of Wat Annamnikayaram in Bangkok in
1787 during the reign of King Rama I, Wat
Thavonwararam (วัดถาวรวราราม, or Chùa KhánhThọ) in 1834 in Kanchanaburi province, and Wat
Samananam Borihan in Bangkok, founded during
the reign of King Rama III. Chinese communities inThailand also supported the founding of Annamnikai
temples. During King Rama IX’s reign (1946-2016),
eleven additional temples were founded, bringing
the total number of Annamnikai temples in Thailand
to twenty-two. More Annamnikai temples are expected to be founded during the current reign.
Given such continuing relevance, historical documentation of the establishment and spread of thesetemples helps us to better appreciate the diversityof Buddhist institutions in modern Thailand.
Notes* Former researcher and lecturer, Chulalongkorn University, and former visiting fellow, CSEAS, Kyoto University,
2011 and 2019.

1Chùa means temple in Vietnamese; wat means temple inThai.

The viharn of Wat Samananam Borihan, or Chùa Cảnh Phước,one of the Annamnikai temples in Bangkok

Photo taken by Thanyathip Sripana, July 28, 2020

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

019

Research on the Economy of Labor
at CSEAS
Tomohiro Machikita
Since taking up my post here at CSEAS in 2019,
my work on the economy of labor has focused ona range of interrelated issues around the geography of economic activity, temporalities of production and distribution, and the factors that contribute to workplace hazards. The integrated approachto Southeast Asia as a region, and the rich transdisciplinarity of my colleagues here have helped tosupport the development of my work in several
new directions.
Space and time in the economics of labor
The first is an historical exploration of economicchange in Japan during the Industrial Revolutionthat is linked to the dynamics of globalization.
Southeast Asia, with its rapid economic development, has much in common with Japan of thattime, experiencing not only economic prosperity,

but also occupational health and safety hazards.
At the end of the nineteenth century, Japan experienced a rise in new industries and a growth in thenumber of factories following the opening of thecountry. In the paper “Transition to a Modern
Regime and Change in Plant Lifecycles: A Natural
Experiment from Meiji Japan,” my coauthor Tetsuji
Okazaki and I examine how political, social, andeconomic regime changes affect the lifecycles ofmanufacturing plants, using Japan’s transition
from a feudal to a modern regime in the late nineteenth century as a case study. The motivation behind this research comes from Figure 1, which depicts the annual export values of major
manufactured goods during 1874-1910. As seenin the Figure, the value of textile exports grew faster and was worth far more than other major export
goods during the period.

Fig 1 Export values of manufactured goods from Japan (in million Yen), 1874-1910

E xport val ue (i n mi l l i on Yen)

300

200

TextilesextilesC hemical
h emical products
Processed f oods
produ
u cts
M etal an d metal products
o od products
W ood
eram
er
amic
icss
C eramicsac
M achinery

100

CSEAS NEWSLETTER

0
1874

1880

1890
Year

1900

No. 79Note: The value in each year is based on the price of 1934.
Source: Machikita and Okazaki (2019).

1910

020

Using plant-level data from the early twentieth century, we found that manufacturing plants
grew much faster after a regime change, and theacceleration of growth after a regime change wasmuch greater for plants producing goods for export and in industries intensively using steam
power. These findings suggest that access to export markets and modern technologies were thechannels through which regime change affected
the experience and size profiles of the plants.
While opening the country to the rest of the world
was a regime change in itself, the opening also
marked the beginning of a broader transition froma feudal regime under the Tokugawa government
to a modern regime under the Meiji government.
Our findings relate to the vast literature on the relationship between institutions and growth, whichconclude that the quality of institutions affects
comparative advantage, industrial structure, andthe quality of the legal system. Studying thecauses and consequences of the “compresseddevelopment” that occurred in Japan during the
150 years since its opening illuminates the nexus
between labor, development, organization, globalization, urbanization, and agglomeration, andmay contain important lessons for the developing
and emerging economies of Southeast Asia.
The labor economics of workplace hazards

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

Related to such lessons is another major area of
my current research: labor and workplace hazards. I have been studying occupational healthand safety in contemporary Southeast Asia withreference to both the fishing sector in Thailand
and the employment of illegal maritime labor inSoutheast Asian waters. Cases of serious laborabuse and the harsh working conditions inThailand’s fishing sector have received international attention as so-called modern slavery. My
research “Forced Labor and Risk Factors forInferior Working Conditions: Irregular Migrants
and Fishing Sector in Thailand” with Yutaka
Arimoto and Kenmei Tsubota studies specific elements of labor coercion. Using a survey of fishermen on Thai fishing boats conducted by theInternational Labor Organization in 2012, we demonstrate the degree of labor coercion using multidimensional criteria. Analyzing dimensions of supply and demand, as well as institutional dimensionsof working conditions on fishing vessels, we findthat compared to non-forced laborers who havelegal documents, those who are either identified
as forced or considered to be potentially forcedlaborers are more likely to experience inferior
working conditions and be underpaid, overworked, beaten, and threatened with violence.
Our findings suggest that physical, scheduling,and human hazards are considerable in the industry, particularly for workers without recognized
contracts and industry safeguards.
For the past several years, I have also studied traffic accidents in Southeast Asia. Applying
the insights of organizational economics, we consider how employment contracts and management practices can mitigate the trade-offs between productivity and safety. My paper“Incentives on the Road: Multitask Principal-Agent
Problem and Accidents in the Trucking Industry,”
written together with Chawalit Jeenanunta,
Masatsugu Tsuji, and Yasushi Ueki, examines theeffects of traffic accidents involving trucking firms
on developing economies. It investigates the influence of pay-for-performance (PFP) incentives on
accidents and production efficiencies in the trucking industry in Thailand by using a multi-task principal-agent model. There are many trucking service companies which offer higher pay rates
based on the number of trips completed. Throughin-depth interviews and a firm-level survey, we
found that production efficiencies are associatedwith such PFP incentives. We also identified thedegree to which PFP incentives accelerate shipping speeds correlated to increases in the number of accidents and in costs associated with thedamage and loss of cargo. Furthermore, we analyze whether a trucking company’s client make-up
influences whether or not it implements driver performance pay. Specifically, we investigate whether trucking service companies are more likely to
use PFP if they have more foreign and larger manufacturing clients that produce high quality partsand components under lean production and “justin-time” manufacturing systems.
Looking ahead, I plan to build upon this workin Thailand with a comparative study of the same
issue in Indonesia, and I am looking forward to
new collaborations on this with the institutionaland collegial support of CSEAS.

021

PUBLICATIONS

Koichi Fujita &Tsukasa Mizushima (Eds.)

Yanagisawa Masayuki &Abe Kenichi (Eds.)

Sustainable Development in India:
Groundwater Irrigation, Energy Use,and Food Production.

No Life, No Forest: Nettairin no“kachimeidai” wo kurashi kara tou/ No Life, No Forest: Inquiring“Value proposition” of tropicalforest from people’s lives.

Routledge, 2021.

Kyoto University Press, 2021.

India’s food production is highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels
to access groundwater, yet the country faces groundwater depletionand bankruptcy in the power sector. The book investigates thisfood–water–energy nexus, focusing on the regional disparities within India and on the historical path dependency of each region toclarify the complex realities of today.

Mario Ivan Lopez &Jafar Suryomenggolo (Eds.)
Pancaroba Tropika: Perubahan
Lingkungan Hidup di Asia Tenggara/ Environmental Change in Southeast Asia.

Although the “Tropical Forest Problem” was one of the most important issues of the Rio Summit in 1992, tropical forests have continued
to decline. Why is that? Young researchers who have been close toforest peoples radically re-question the framework of “forest protection without life.”

Pavin Chachavalpongpun.
Love and Death of King Ananda
Mahidol of Thailand.
Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.

Insist Publishing, 2021.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER No. 79

This edited volume of Indonesian-language articles by field researchers who respond to environmental resource use in Southeast
Asia offers a comprehensive overview of issues facing the region as
climate change impacts become increasingly pressing. The volume
is an updated translation of Environmental Resources Use and Challenges in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Tropical Ecosystems in Transition (Springer 2018).

This book examines two aspects of the abbreviated reign of King
Ananda Mahidol (1935-1946), or King Rama VIII, of the current
Chakri dynasty of Thailand. First, it discusses the royal family’s plot
to thwart a romantic relationship between the young king, Ananda,
and his Swiss girlfriend, Marileine Ferrari, daughter of a famous pastor of Lausanne, Switzerland. Interracial marriage, particularly with
Westerners, has been strictly forbidden for Thai kings or heirs apparent. The second part investigates the mysterious death of King
Ananda. Although the two events were not specially related, both intheir own way served to unavoidably shake the position of the monarchy and hence threaten its existence. The palace’s reactions tothese events demonstrated its continuous search to maintain its
power and ultimately to warrant its survival.

022

Kristiana Siste, Chika Yamada,
Enjeline Hanafi, Ryota Sakamoto,Youdiil Ophinni, Fumi Imamura &Toshihiko Matsumoto (Eds.)
Wil de Jong, Pia Katila, Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Glenn Galloway,
Pablo Pacheco & Georg Winkel (Eds.)
Restoring Forests and Trees for Sustainable Development:
Policies, Practices and Impacts.

Indonesia Drug Addiction Relapse
Prevention Program (Indo-DARPP).
UI Publishing, 2021.

Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2022.

The book discusses different concepts, definitions and datasets, andperspectives and approaches related to forest restoration, and how
various understandings of forest restoration are linked to the ecological, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It reviews forest restoration paradigms, discourses, and policies, drivers of forest restoration, different restoration scenarios andtheir ecological, economic, cultural, and social feasibility. The bookconsiders short- and long-term costs and benefits of forest restoration, technological development, and advances in silvicultural andecological management.

Community-based care, rather than incarceration, is the preferredand humane way to promote recovery from drug addiction. IndoDARPP guides cognitive behavioral therapy within the Indonesiancontext. Through easy-to-read texts and reflective questions, IndoDARPP facilitates dialogue between therapists and patients, andserves as a self-help resource to cope with drug-related cravings.

Vol. 23

Takashi Shiraishi.
Kai Ostwald & Kyaw Yin Hlaing (Guest Editors),
Pavin Chachavalpongpun (Ed.)

The Phantom World of Digul: Policing as Politics in Colonial Indonesia, 1926-1941.

Myanmar’s Transition Stalled: From Opening to Coup.

Kyoto University Press/NUS Press, 2021.

Taiyodo Co. Ltd, 2021.
A sequel to An Age in Motion, the book examines how the Dutch Indies government in the post-communist revolt years of 1927-41 went
about shaping the terrain to isolate Indonesian popular politics andbuild its order, and what it was like to be political in the surveillancesystem it established.

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University“Myanmar’s Transition Stalled: From Opening to Coup” brings together scholars—including from within Myanmar—to critically assess
the successes and shortcomings of reform in key areas during thedecade of opening, as well as the implications of the 2021 coup.
Among the topics addressed by the articles are federalism and its
role in mobilizing Myanmar’s revolution; the effect of the coup on reimagining issues of identity and social inclusion; the various facets ofthe pro-democracy movement; the peace process from 2010 onwards; and Myanmar’s changing place in the world during the decade of opening and the post-coup period. How these areas are impacted by the coup will play a crucial role in shaping the country’s
future.

023

Vol. 24

Vol. 42

Justin Thomas McDaniel.

Hisashi Shimojo.

Wayward Distractions: Ornament,
Emotion, Zombies and the Study of
Buddhism in Thailand.

Kokka no “yohaku”: Mekonderuta
ikinokori no shakaishi / Intangible
Spaces: A Social History ofSurvival in the Mekong Delta.

Kyoto University Press/NUS Press, 2021.

Kyoto University Press, 2021.

From romance stories to amulet collecting, modern Buddhist installation art, and the education of Buddhist nuns, these collected articles span twenty years of studying Thai art, literature, and material
culture. While certainly an eclectic collection, it is not a disconnected one. The introduction describes specific theoretical threads andresearch itineraries, thus revealing how these articles speak to eachother and to major developments in the field since the turn of the
century. They also point to new directions toward which the field ofThai Studies can travel.

In this book, oral histories and ethnographic data from a multiethnicvillage in the Mekong Delta reveal experiences of ethnic hybridity,
undocumented transnational movements, military draft evasion at
Buddhist temples, and thriving black markets. These “intangible
spaces” have repeatedly shrunk and reappeared even in the modern
and contemporary eras.

Vol. 98
Vol. 43

Tetsu Konishi.
Shinkokoku no bijinesu to seiji:Indoneshia bakurifamiri no
keizaikenryoku / Business andPolitics in an Emerging State.
Kyoto University Press, 2021.

This book presents the story of how one of Indonesia’s most powerful business families has maintained its economic power and survived despite threats to the family’s dominance amid the crises andreforms of the 2000s. As such, it illustrates the dynamics of interaction among businesses and politics in an emerging state.

Furukawa Hisao.
Chiiki kenkyu akaibuzu: Furukawa
Hisao firudonoto shusei 3 / Field
Notes on South India, Sri Lanka,
North India (Kashimir), andWestern India, No. 3.

Throughout his career, Emeritus Professor Furukawa Hisao took extremely detailed field notes on local environmental conditions, soil
types, landforms, vegetation, agricultural practices, livelihoods, andso on. This third volume includes his notes from several parts of India and Sri Lanka.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER No. 79024Vol. 99

Vol. 100

Shibuya Yuki, Ogawa Yuko,
Fujikura Tetsuro &Yanagisawa Masayuki (Eds.)

Yamamoto Hiroyuki (Ed.)

Hyakkokusha tsushin dai 19 gou /Thông Tin Bách Cốc, Số 19 (BachCoc Village Report, No. 19).

Ekkyo suru wazawai: Konsei ajiaeiga kenkyu 2020 / Pervasive
Threats and Fears: Cine Adobo
2020.

Vietnamese and Japanese researchers have continued a project tostudy Bach Coc, a rural village in northern Vietnam, since 1994. Discussion paper No. 99 includes an activity report by the Asian Village
Studies group in 2008, a 2016 research report on rural finance inseveral villages in the Red River delta, an introduction of the 20-year
memorial workshop on the Bach Coc Study, and an essay on thememorial party of the late professor Sakurai Yumio, who launched
the Bach Coc project.

As rivers flow across regional and national boundaries, they sometimes carry misfortune. The first part of this study is a reading of horror films about transboundary disasters on the Mekong River. The
second part explores the social and cultural aspects of horror films
from Indonesia and Singapore. Although horror films are made allover the world and their methods of scaring audiences transcendboundaries, what is scary in one culture may not be so scary in another.

Vol. 101Vol. 102

Yamamoto Hiroyuki &Mistunari Ayumi (Eds.)

Obiya Chika & Goto Emi (Eds.)

Karamu no jidai XII: Marei isuramu sekai no syakai henyou tojyosei / The Age of Qalam XII:Social Change and Women in the
Malay Islamic World.

This paper is the proceedings in Japanese of the fourth annual workshop “Fashion and the Norms” held online on February 6, 2021. The
workshop is jointly organized by the B01 unit “Norms and Identity:
Between Social Relationship and Nationalism” of the “Relational
Studies on Global Crises” Project (which is supported by the Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas: Research in a
Proposed Research Area (http://www.shd.chiba-u.jp/glblcrss/index_
en.html), and the CIRAS research unit “Family and Norms in Muslim
Society in Central Eurasia.” The proceedings contain the papers forthe presentations on 1) “From Old Clothes to Ethnic Costume thatcan be Exhibited: Global Expansion and Transformations of the Values of Attire of Chinese Ethnic Minorities” by Wakana Sato, 2) “Historicity and Fashion in Namibian Herero Ethnic Dress: From Four
Fashion Shows” by Yumi Kamuro, and 3) “The God of Materialism
Blesses Islamic Goods: Experiences of China as the World’s Factory”
by Masumi Matsumoto.

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

This paper discusses how the transformation of women’s social status in the Malay-Muslim world during the 1950s and 1960s was debated in the Muslim community through the “readers’ questions”
section of Qalam, a monthly Jawi-Malay magazine published in Singapore.

Yosooi to Kihan 4: “Kachi” gaumareru toki / Fashion and theNorms 4: When “Values” areCreated.

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Vol. 103

Vol. 104

Chida Tetsuro &Yanagisawa Masayuki (Eds.)

Okada Masashi &Yanagisawa Masayuki (Eds.)

Yurasia kokkyoiki no sizen kankyo
to ekkyo shakai no seikatsu
senryaku / Natural Environmentand Life Strategies in the Eurasian Borderlands.

This paper introduces several recent studies that examine the gaps
and mismatches among the physical, natural, and social borders inEurasia and the resulting life strategies of people living in the Eurasian borderlands.

Vol. 10

Cypri Jehan Paju Dale &Gregorius Afioma.
The Puzzling Confluence ofConservation and Ecotourism in
Komodo National Park, Indonesia.

CSEAS NEWSLETTER No. 79

This paper examines the confluence of conservation and tourism
development projects in Komodo National Park of Flores, Indonesia—the natural home of the renowned Komodo dragon (Varanus
komodoensis)—and the ways local communities deal with its resulting impacts. While the establishment of the park in 1980 did precipitate processes of enclosure, dispossession, and dissolution of thecommons of the native population, as the territory was transformed
into a new commons, or a new frontier of unique ecological andtourism-economic values, it still lacked the element of accumulation.
Governed by the conservation regime, locals continued to accessresources in the park either through traditional uses or non-traditional resource uses of the tourism economy. The arrival of ecotourism projects in recent years, however, has induced new waves ofdispossession and subsequent accumulation by state and corporate

Ajia no yakuyou shokubutsu
shigen no seisan, ryutsu, riyou norekishi ni kansuru gakusaiteki
kenkyu (II): Shinamon ga tsunagu
Betonamu to Nihon / Interdisciplinary Study on the Historyof the Production, Distribution, and Use of Herbal Resources in Asia (II): Distribution and Information Collection of
Herbal Resources in Vietnam and Japan.

This paper is part of a larger study that aims to clarify how medicinal
plants have been distributed and information about them has been
accumulated in Asia. It focuses on Japan and Vietnam, both of whichhave accepted traditional Chinese medicine. Each author examines
various challenges in the distribution and information collection of
medical plants in these countries from the early modern to the modern era. The discussions suggest that the circulation of medicinal
plants and texts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affected ways of accumulating information on herbal resources differently
between Vietnam and Japan.

actors. Local communities resist these processes by incorporatingconservation and ecotourism paradigms, invoking their tribal claimof unique inter-species companionship with the Komodo dragon.
These communities defend the old and new commons from private
and public investments and secure their access to use and benefits,
both through community-owned tourism business and through conventional fishing livelihood. Based on engaged ethnographic research in the Komodo National Park, this paper contributes to discussions on the interlinkages among conservation, ecotourism, andcommunity engagements in development.

026

Vol. 11

Mikiko ONO & Vu Hung Cuong.
Towards Sharing Information Resources for Area Studies in Southeast Asia: Vol. 2.

among major libraries in ASEAN countries, exchange among the libraries of these three Indochina countries has a long history. Part IIof the volume includes the presentations given by Japanese lecturers
as a practical training program for participating librarians from thethree other countries. The program provided lessons in bibliographic
descriptors for journals, an introduction to databases, and preservation of materials.

This second edited volume comprises presentations from a plenary
symposium and three workshops held in Hanoi during September
17-18, 2019. Part I reports the current activities of libraries in Japan,
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, with the particular aim of disseminating information about libraries that may not have suff icient budgets
and infrastructure to do so. We include two reports on libraries inVietnam. The first is an overview of the National Library of Vietnam,
and the second details efforts to upload Vietnamese bibliographic
information to Worldcat and maintain rare books (including materials
written in Japanese), which are held in the 32 libraries of the Vietnam
Academy of Social Sciences in Hanoi, Vietnam. We also compile reports on the dedicated efforts of the National Library of Laos andthe National Library of Cambodia. Compared to the exchangeVol. 12

Oliver Tappe & Nathan Badenoch.
Neither Kha, Tai, nor Lao: Language, Myth, Histories, and the
Position of the Phong in Houaphan.

Soksamphoas Im &Chanmono Oum.
How was the Cambodian Cash
Relief Program to Assist Poor
Women Affected by the COVID-19
Economic Crisis?
Social protection schemes in developing countries have been acknowledged as inadequate and government off icials and policymakers are continuously challenged to improve them. Cambodian women and the elderly living without social safety nets commonly facephysical and income insecurities. The COVID-19 pandemic has further debilitated the livelihood of many poor and vulnerable Cambodians, especially women, exacerbating economic uncertainty andhealth and gender inequities. To address this dire situation, the Cambodian government launched a temporary, unconditional Cash Relief
program in June 2020 to assist poor households severely impacted
by the COVID-19 economic crisis. This study employs women’s economic empowerment (WEE) as a framework to assess how COVID-19 has affected poor women’s livelihoods and the impact of the
Cash Relief program in easing their hardships during this unprecedented time.

Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University

In this paper we explore the intersections between oral and colonial
history to re-examine the formation and interethnic relations in the
uplands of Northern Laos. We unpack the historical and contemporary dynamics between “majority” Tai, “minority” Kha groups, andthe imagined cultural influence of “Lao” to draw out a more nuanced
set of narratives about ethnicity, linguistic diversity, cultural contact,
historical intimacy, and regional imaginings to inform our understanding of upland society. The paper brings together fieldwork andarchival research, drawing on previous theoretical and areal analyses
of both authors.

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Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

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Tel: +81-75-753-7302
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京都大学東南アジア地域研究研究所〒606-8501 京都市左京区吉田下阿達町46

Tel: 075-753-7302
Fax: 075-753-7350

Editor: R. Michael Feener〈編集〉マ イ ケ ル ・フィ ー ナ ーDate of Issue:2021
ISSN 2185-663X