Annual Report
2019
Port and Airport Research Institute Annual Report 2019

Message from the Director General

Message from the Director General

Creating Technologies
That Contributeto the World所長（理事）

栗山 善昭

Yoshiaki KURIYAMA, Director General, PARIIn April 2016, the Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) restarted as a member institute of the National Institute of Maritime,
Port and Aviation Technology, which had been established after the integration of PARI, National Maritime Research Institute andElectronic Navigation Research Institute. PARI serves as a research institute responsible for developing technology related to construction and maintenance of ports and airports, and coastal zone management. The Port and Harbour Research Institute (PHRI),
the predecessor of PARI, was established in 1962 as an independent institution of the Ministry of Transport. Since then, we haveprovided technical support for various port and airport projects, including the development of Kashima Port and the constructionof Kansai International Airport, and have made research achievements that are highly regarded throughout the world. In order tomaximize the achievements in research and development, we further expand and strengthen our cooperation and interaction withresearchers in different fields including the two other institutes.
This annual report summarizes PARI’s track record in FY 2018, the third year of the first mid-term plan (from FY 2016 throughFY 2022). In this plan, PARI is focusing on the following four research and development challenges: Coastal Disaster Mitigation
and Restoration, Formation of Infrastructure for Vigorous Economy and Society, Preservation of Marine Interests and Utilization of
Oceans, and Creation and Utilization of Coastal Environment.
Our specific approaches to the four research and development challenges taken during the FY 2018 included the following. 1.
“Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Restoration”: We continued developing techniques to enable the diagnosis of earthquake andtsunami resistance and so forth “while using existing facilities”. We also proposed testing methods to rapidly evaluate damagelevels on offshore structures and facilities near breakwaters. Moreover we proceeded with research on post-earthquake restorationof port and harbour structures. 2. “Formation of Infrastructure for Vigorous Economy and Society”: In order to maintain and manage port structures efficiently, we developed a device that collects images to help diagnose deterioration degree on the undersideof the superstructures of open-type wharves by a ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) from land. In addition to above and preparing
to applying findings in our social settings, we carefully reviewed unit labor costs while starting device-lending program. 3. “Preservation of Marine Interests and Utilization of Oceans”: We reduced the weight of the shallow underwater acoustic video cameras
and made an operations manual for the cameras and the video image presentation system. 4. “Creation and Utilization of Coastal
Environment”: We constructed a new coastal ecosystem model that achieves both blue-carbon (the carbon stored in marine andcoastal ecosystems) quantification in various coastal areas and predictor models of ocean-wave attenuation (adaptation effect) thattake the ecosystem into account.
In executing the above research, PARI pursued its two major goals of maintaining PARI’s research levels at the highest global
standards and assisting working projects with PARI’s research results. PARI also promoted government-led strategic international
activities including contributing to the expansion of infrastructure overseas and providing technical assistance to overseas countries.
2018 witnessed several notable natural disasters, including the passage of Typhoon Jebi and Typhoon Trami across Honshu on
September 4 and 30, respectively, and the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake on September 6, as well as earthquakes and highwaves that struck Indonesia. We offer emergency responses and restoration support at the time of coastal disaster including earthquakes, tsunamis and storm surges and conduct awareness activities regarding disaster prevention.
We would greatly appreciate your continued support.

CONTENTS
12345

Outline of Organization

02p

Management Strategy

03p

Structure of Research Themes in FY 201804p

Research Themes and Activities in FY 201805p

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

14p

01 PARI Annual Report 2019

6
7
8
9

Published Research Papers

19p

Public Relations

20p

Outstanding Research Activities

21p

PARI Events

22p

Outline of Organization
Administrative Staff and Researchers, and Budget

1

Administrative staff
20

Researchers(Others)
39

Commissioned research income, etc.
1,450 million yen

Researchers(with PhD)
43

As of April 1, 2019 (In Yokosuka)

Operational subsidies
1,205 million yen* The graph above shows the budget for technical fields related to ports,
waterways, coasts, and airports.

Organizational Structure
President

Distinguished
Researchers

Strategic Planning andManagement Office

Auditors

National Institute of Maritime,
Port and Aviation Technology (MPAT)

Vice Presidents(In Yokosuka)

Administration Department

Planning Department

Administrative Coordination andDisaster Prevention Department

Director for Research Planning
Director for Promotion of Intellectual Property Utilization
Administrative Division(In Yokosuka)
National Maritime
Research Institute(NMRI)

Port and Airport
Research Institute(PARI)

Electronic Navigation
Research Institute(ENRI)

Planning, Coordination and Disaster Prevention Division
Facilities Division
Wave Group

Coastal and Ocean Engineering Department

Maritime Structures Group
Coastal and Ocean Development Group
Marine Information Group

Marine Information and Tsunami Department

Marine Environmental Information Group
Tsunami and Storm Surge Group

Coastal and Estuarine Environment Department

Coastal and Estuarine Environment Group
Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics Group
Soil Mechanics and Geo-Environment Group

Geotechnical Engineering Department

Foundations Group

Fellow
Managing Director for
Research Affairs

Earthquake Disaster Prevention Engineering Department

Senior Director forInternational Affairs
Senior Director for Research

Soil Dynamics Group
Soil Stabilization GroupEngineering Seismology Group
Earthquake and Structural Dynamics Group
Structural Mechanics Group

Structural Engineering Department

Materials Group
Pavement Group

Frontier Technology and Engineering Department

Sensing and System Technology Group
Robotics GroupOil Spill Response GroupInternational Research Center for Coastal Disasters
Life Cycle Management Research Center
Ocean Infrastructure and Offshore Wind Energy
Research Center
Productivity Improvement Research Center

As of April 1, 2019PARI Annual Report 2019 02

Outline of Organization

FY 2019
Annual Budget
2,655 million yen

Total
102

Management Strategy

2Management Strategy

Mid- and Long-Term Objectives(FY 2016 to FY 2022)

Mid- and Long-Term Plans(FY 2016 to FY 2022)

The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) sets mid- and long-term business goals for the National Research and Development Agency, National Instituteof Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology to achieve. These
goals stipulate our operations as follows.

The MLIT sets mid- and long-term goals. In response tosuch goals, MPAT sets mid- and long-term plans to achieve
the goals. Among such plans, important points in maximizing
research and development results and improving the qualityof other projects are outlined below.

Basic Policies for Structural Reform of Independent Administrative Institutions were decided in a Cabinet decisionon December 24, 2013 (hereafter called “Basic Policies for
Reform”). Based on these policies, the National Maritime
Research Institute (NMRI), Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI), and Electronic Navigation Research Institute(ENRI), which were National Research and Development
Agencies operated under the jurisdiction of the MLIT, were
integrated into the National Institute of Maritime, Port andAviation Technology (hereafter called “MPAT”) to implement the policies.
Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Act on General Rules stipulates as follows: some clerical tasks and business require
sound implementation from the viewpoint of general welfare including stabilization of people’s life and socioeconomy, but at the same time do not require government-led
implementation. Some of these clerical tasks and businesses face the risk of neglect when their operation is
entrusted to private entities, so MPAT was established toeffectively and efficiently conduct their operation.
In consideration of the previous roles of each institute,
MPAT is required to continue to make full use of its accumulated wealth of knowledge and stature, and to proceedwith research and development according to the Basic
Policies for Reform. In addition, MPAT will constantly review research contents and select research areas to address changes in the social environment. At the same time,
MPAT will more actively engage in research and development activities to solve policy challenges in each field,
such as conducting research in emerging fields.
MPAT has promoted research and development in eachfield, cultivated technological seeds, and accumulated
specialized knowledge. Thanks to MPAT’s legacy, such
multidisciplinary research became viable. In considerationof this background, MPAT will efficiently and effectively
implement multidisciplinary research including “Promoting
the protection of maritime interests and the utilization andapplication of marine-resource/marine-renewable-energy
development and other projects”. Through such implementation, MPAT will help put national policies into practice.
Furthermore, MPAT considers that it is important toreturn the benefits achieved through research and development to society, as well as to cooperate with external
institutes and to widely disseminate research results. In
addition, MPAT is committed to strategically implementing international activities as follows: active participationin projects to formulate international criteria and standards; international promotion of Japanese technologies
and systems through international cooperation; and otheractivities.
As outlined above, MPAT’s missions are based on the
MLIT’s Basic Plan for putting MLIT-recommended policies into practice. Today, Japan faces various important
challenges. By realizing these policies, we can solve suchchallenges.

1. Promotion of multidisciplinary research and other activities
MPAT will efficiently and effectively implement multidisciplinary research spanning research fields of the three pre-integration institutions to contribute to putting the following policies into practice: promotion of ocean utilization, enforcementof international industrial competitiveness, and other policies.

03 PARI Annual Report 2019

2. Research and development of technologies associated withports, water ways, coasts, and airports and other activities
MPAT will focus on the research and development challenges detailed in the following pages, to devise the following
MLIT-recommended initiatives: disaster-prevention and disaster-reduction countermeasures for port and airport facilities;
countermeasures for facility obsolescence of existing structures; and initiatives to create maritime-development hubs.
Among basic research, MPAT also actively engages in research to understand the mechanisms of ocean waves andbeach transformation and principles and phenomena regarding the dynamic behavior of the ground and structures.
MPAT also uses its foresight and flexibility to accurately
address emerging research which might lead to new research results.
3. Returning benefits from research and development results
to society
MPAT will try to resolve technological policy challenges, toaddress disasters and accidents, to enforce bridging functions, to promote and utilize intellectual property right, andto enhance the transmission of information and publication.
4. Promotion of strategic international activities
MPAT will contribute to international standardization andcooperate with overseas institutions.

MPAT Operation Management
MPAT will focus on rapid decision-making to engage instrategic institutional operations.
MPAT will also hold the following meetings for multi-faceted investigation of various operational agendas from a broad
perspective:
1. Management strategy meetings: In-house meetings formaking decisions on important issues related to the core
principles of MPAT management
2. Board of Directors meetings: Weekly meetings involving all
executives and division managers as well as the three directors of the Administrative, Coordination and Disaster Prevention Department
3. Board of Councilors meetings: Meetings to gather insightsfrom independent experts who have broad and deep knowledge
4. External Evaluation Board: An external body in which third
parties objectively and technically evaluate MPAT’s research

Structure of Research Themes in FY 2018
Research
Field

Research Theme

Research Subtheme① Research on strong ground motions
and damage predictions in the case of thegreatest earthquakes

Fundamental Research

Strong Motion Earthquake Observation in Port and Airport Area (2A②)

Fundamental Research

Investigation of Earthquake Disaster (2A②)

Fundamental Research
Fundamental Research② Research on damage-reduction
techniques against the greatest
earthquakes

Applied Research
Applied Research③ Research on the interaction ofearthquakes, tsunamis, and high waves
with ground dynamics

Fundamental Research① Research on ICT-based decision
support systems

Development Researchtsunami-resistant ports

Development of a tsunami-fire model for ports

Development Research

Development of multi-observation based tsunami forecasting method

Applied Research

Development of an advanced 3-dimentional simulation model for tsunami inundation

Fundamental Research

Development of the estimation method for local scour around coastal structures due to tsunami

Fundamental Research

Application of the particle method to the large deformation of port structures due to tsunami

Fundamental Research

Elucidation of oceanographic phenomena based on central processing and analysis of observation
data

Applied Research① Research on storm surge,wave and
1C Research on Mitigation maximum damage estimation
and Restoration of Storm
Surge and Wave Disasters

A study of seasonal and regional statistics on swell observed in Japanese coast

Development Research

Development of a harbor tranquility analysis method for local wind waves and ship waves in a
harborFundamental Research

Proposal for improvement of prediction accuracy of swell
Estimation of wave transformation around damaged structures to evaluate remaining performancefor sheltering

Applied Research
Fundamental Research

2. Formation of Infrastructure for Vigorous Economy and Society② Research on the technology to reduce
maximum storm surge and wave disasters① Research and development for
2A Research on
enhancing the operations of ports,
Enhancement of Port and harbors, and airports
Airport Performance for②
Research on efficient and effective
Industrial Competitiveness
improvement of ports and airports① Research on technologies forprolonging the life of infrastructure
2B Research on Life
Cycle Management ofInfrastructures

Applied Research

Assessment of possible maximum storm surge hazard by using storm-surge-wave coupled model☆

Development Research

Development and suggestion of efficient and suitable use which contains automated cargosystems through container terminal numerical simulations for multi berths

Fundamental Research

Evaluation of longterm durability of concrete, steel and various materials based on exposure test

Fundamental Research

Development of the performance evaluation method in protective coating for marine structures

Fundamental Research

Evaluation of the durability of various materials under severe environments(All research items marked “2A②” in this Table)

Applied Research

A study on the improvement of airfield pavement material to prolong the pavement life (2A②)

Applied Research
Applied Research② Research on systems for inspecting
and diagnosing infrastructure③ Research on maintenance andmanagement systems for infrastructure

Development of structural design method for strategic maintenance of port and harbour structures☆ Systematization of repair and strengthening of marine concrete structures

Development Research

Development of the structural health monitoring system for port structures

Development Research

Enhancement of ROV system for inspection of concrete superstructures of open-type wharves(2A①)

Applied Research

Study on maintenance planning of port facilities in term of LCC optimization

Fundamental Research① Research on techniques to improve or
renew existing facilities
2C Research on
Effective Use of Existing
Infrastructure Facilities③ Research on management andutilization of waste disposal sites at sea

3. Preservation of Marine
Interests and Utilizationof Oceans① Research on port construction andmanagement in remote islands
3A Research on
Development andUtilization of Oceans② Research on infrastructure technology
for utilization and development of oceans

4. Creation and Utilization of
Coastal Environment① Research on coastal-ecosystemutilization
4A Research on
Enhancement andUtilization of Coastal
Ecology

Applied Research
Applied Research② Research on effective use andtechniques of treating construction
byproducts

Fundamental Research

Improvement method to non-uniform ground and its effect as a measure against liquefaction (2A②)
Development of a method for evaluating the performance of reclaimed grounds of airports thattakes into account the differences in ground improvement method and landfill material (2A②)
Study on method for evaluation of bearing capacity of piles for upgrade of port and airport facilities(2A②)
Enhancement of accuracy of method for evaluating mechanical properties of composite☆
geomaterials based on microstructural feature

Applied Research

Development of technique increasing capacity of disposal site for dredged soil

Applied Research

Structure foundation for high-degree land-utilization at confined disposal facilities

Development ResearchInnovation for using berthing and mooring facilities constructed in isolated coral reef sea

Development ResearchTechnological development on advanced ship mooring system in port

Development Research

Research on maintenance inspection and investigation technology for remote island ports (2A①)

Development Research

Development of next-generation acoustic imaging system (2A①)

Development Research

Research on adaptation of the machine guidance for an underwater excavator (2A①)

Fundamental Research

Study on floating breakwater equipped with wave power generation device

Fundamental Research☆ Development of analytical methods for the topographic dynamics of carbonate islands

Fundamental Research☆

Fundamental Research
Fundamental Research② Research on the water-environment
simulation and analysis in inner-bay

4B Research on Coastal
and Estuarine Processes① Research on coastal protection andmaintenance of waterways and mooringbasinsGlobal estimates of the efficacy of blue carbon as a means of mitigation and adaptation to climatechangeDevelopment of integrated prediction and assessment method of coastal benthic ecology andgeoenvironmental dynamics☆ Cross-sectional observation and analysis of atmospheric and oceanographic issues at bay mouths

Fundamental Research

Analytical study of macro-organisms dynamics on a coastal ecosystem simulation

Fundamental Research

Development of evaluating procedure for biodiversity referring to spatial scale in coastal areas

Fundamental Research③ Research on countermeasuretechnologies against sea oil spill

Study on wave forces on the structural members of protective facilities under storm surges, highwaves, and tsunami (1B②)

Study on the mechanisms of coastal current and water environment using data assimilation
Novel oil spill response technology to cope with various sources including natural disaster triggered
oil spills
Observation of coastal geographical feature change and malfunction of sedimentation control
system in considered with influence of global warming

Development Research
Fundamental Research
Fundamental Research☆ Study on sediment transport in estuary and deposition process in navigation channel

Fundamental Research☆

Study on applicability of airborne laser bathymetry for topographic monitoring in coastal zone ofsea shore

PARI Annual Report 2019 04

Structure of Research Themes in FY 2018

1B Research on Mitigation
and Restoration of Tsunami
Disasters② Research on the development ofFundamental Research

Development of strong motion estimation method for scenario earthquakes beneath metropolitan
area
Study on the evaluation and analysis of liquefied ground behavior and effective countermeasures
under sequenced earthquake motions
Development of technologies for assessing and improving seismic safety of coastal industrial
complex consisting of a wide variety of facilities
Development of method to seismic peformance evaluation for offshore structure against the largest
earthquake motions
Study from geotechnical view-point on stability evaluation method of coastal structure subjected
to high waves (1C②)
Stability evaluation of offshore structures against washout, cavity formation, etc. and development☆
of countermeasure techniques (1C②)

3

1. Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Restoration

1A Research on Mitigationof and Restoration from
Earthquake Disasters

Item on the Research Agenda(☆indicates special research)

Type of ResearchResearch Themes and Activities in FY 2018

1A

Research on Mitigation of and Restoration from Earthquake Disasters

Background and Objectives

4
Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

• In the event of large-scale disasters including Nankai megathrustearthquakes and earthquakes in the greater Tokyo area, it is required
to secure necessary trunk line cargo transportation soon after anearthquake and to quickly secure the requisite minimum transportation of key emergency supplies for recovery and reconstruction. In
addition, the interaction of earthquakes, tsunamis, and high waves
with the ground might cause coastal disasters, so it is necessary to
reduce such risks.
• Therefore, the themes of this research cover research and development which simultaneously achieves the two goals of improving
earthquake resistance and reducing construction costs. These twogoals can be achieved through diagnosis and performance verification of earthquake-resistance of facilities which address the properties of long-period and long-duration earthquake ground motion,
which is expected to occur during a subduction-zone megathrustearthquake, as well as the properties of earthquake ground motion
caused by local ground characteristics. Research and development
are being conducted mainly on methods for investigating and diagnosing earthquake resistance as well as construction methods that
improve the resistance of existing facilities with limited design lifethat were erected during the era of rapid economic growth without
disturbing their use.

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following three subthemes:i) Research on strong ground motions and damage predictions in
the case of the greatest earthquakes
Subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes may cause the greatest
and long-duration earthquake motions, so we will develop techniques
for predicting such motions. Also, we will develop techniques for predicting liquefaction and structural damage caused by such motions.
ii) Research on damage-reduction techniques against the greatest
earthquakes
We will suggest the most effective countermeasures under given
limitations to effectively promote seismic strengthening of existing
structures. In doing so, we will actively utilize damage reduction andstrengthening techniques that use novel materials, structures, and construction methods. Especially, as measures for improving earthquake
resistance of industrial complexes, we will consider maintaining thefunctions while reducing costs for overall plants, and then develop investigation, diagnosis and countermeasure techniques which minimize
usage limitations of plants. In addition, we will develop methods to rapidly evaluate damage levels on site immediately after a disaster as wellas emergency restoration techniques.
iii) Research on the interaction of earthquakes, tsunamis, and highwaves with ground dynamics
We will proceed with research on the following interaction problemsof earthquakes and ocean waves with the ground: stability evaluation
against seabed liquefaction, washout, cavity formation and collapse under earthquakes or under ocean waves; a mechanism in which a breakwater foundation loses its bearing capacity in the presence of tsunami;
and other interaction problems. Also, we will use numerical simulation
models, model experiments (on a centrifuge and a large-scale fluidtank), and other methods to investigate earthquake-induced submarine
landslides, the resulting tsunamis, ground dynamics including deformation and failure under the influence of tsunami and high waves, as wellas their countermeasures.

Activities in FY 2018

• We obtained 2,378 strong motion earthquake records during the period between January to December 2018. Of these data, the strong
motion earthquake record with the maximum amplitude was measured at the Port of Tomakomai, which resulted from the Hokkaido
Eastern Iburi earthquake that occurred on September 6, the maximum acceleration of which was 349 Gal. For strong motion earthquake observation at ports and harbors, we have been gradually
implementing a system that automatically sends an email containing
quickly estimated values of detected earthquake motions after theirrecord is obtained. Although the earthquake that struck the Port ofTomakomai occurred in the middle of the night, a preliminary estimate of the earthquake data was quickly sent out about 10 minutes
after the earthquake struck.
• As for the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake that occurred on September 6, 2018, PARI was requested by the Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau to cooperate, so we dispatched a joint investigationteam together with the National Institute for Land and InfrastructureManagement (NILIM) to the Port of Tomakomai on September 7 and
8 and conducted a study on the status of soil liquefaction, etc.
• After the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake on September 6, we estimated the rupture process of the earthquake, and estimated theearthquake motions that might have occurred at ports and harbors
where no strong ground motion record could be obtained, etc.
• We evaluated and analyzed the liquefaction behavior of grounds that
had fine content or grounds subject to successive earthquake motions, and obtained new knowledge that will be useful for suppressing the amount of internal ground flow and boiling that occur with the
propagation of liquefied zones.
• We examined the residual performance of piled piers concerning theiroverall stability following their structural damage caused by earthquakes, and proposed a model for quantitatively evaluating the effects of the plate thickness and yield strength of steel pipes, etc., andorganized information concerning evaluation of the seismic performance of existing piled piers.
• We examined the shake table test results obtained by using the largescale earthquake simulator ‘E-Defense’ at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) for 1/8-scalemodels of actual petroleum tanks, piled piers, and seawalls at a petrochemical complex in Keihin Port. We compared the behavior of two different cross sections with and without earthquake-resistance measures.
• We conducted stability evaluation and analyses concerning washout, cavity formation, etc. that occur under various dynamic external
forces such as earthquakes, waves, and water flow to elucidate theircharacteristics and mechanisms, and also suggested new countermeasure techniques that can effectively suppress washout and cavity formation.
• We conducted centrifugal model experiments to study the groundstability against waves and found that ground stress and pore waterpressure affect ground stability.

Estimated distribution of slip and slip velocity on the fault surface
during the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake

05 PARI Annual Report 2019

Research
Research
Themes
Themesand and
Activities
Activities
in FY
in2018FY 2018

1B

Research on Mitigation and Restoration of Tsunami Disasters

Background and Objectivesi) Research on ICT-based decision support systems
We have previously developed a system for rapid forecasting of tsunami inundation, which utilizes offshore-tsunami waveforms observedby GPS-mounted wave buoys. For highly reliable tsunami prediction,
we will additionally utilize ground deformation data obtained by on-land
GPS base stations and remote-sensing information including ocean HF
radars, and will refine the system. To ensure the safety of evacuationsites, it is necessary to assess not only tsunami-induced inundation
depth but also the tsunami velocity and floating objects to determine
the resistance of structures and even to assess fires, which are associated with floating objects. So, we establish an integrated simulation
system which can assess these risks.
ii) Research on the development of tsunami-resistant ports
We will clarify the structures of violent flows, scours around structures induced by large tsunami-overflows, and the influence of drifting
objects including ships and vessels on the damages. Then, we will develop a method of designing tsunami-resistant breakwaters and otherfacilities as well as a method of planning tsunami-resistant ports. We
will develop a three-dimensional multi-physics numerical model basedon a particle method with fluid-solid interaction, and utilize it as a tool
for the design and planning in addition to numerical models we havedeveloped so far. Moreover, we will conduct a large-scale model experiment to validate the robustness and accuracy of the numerical model,
and will understand complex tsunami phenomena in port cities.

Activities in FY 2018

• For developing a tsunami-fire model for ports, we used the debris
behavior model that we had been improving through flume experiments until the previous fiscal year to calculate the inundation anddebris drifting that occurred in Yamada Town, Iwate Prefecture as aresult of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami. Improving
the calculation accuracy of debris behavior is important for better
reproducibility of tsunami run-up areas.

• For developing the tsunami forecasting method based on multi-observation data, we analyzed the characteristics of the noise of ocean
HF radars and also GPS-mounted wave buoys. In addition, we introduced weighting algorithm for multiple data sets in inverse analysis of
tsunami sources, and examined the applicability of this method usingsynthetic data with obverted noises.
• As for the advanced 3-dimensional tsunami inundation simulator, we
completed the simulator to calculate the inundation in the hinterland,
while taking into account the deformation of protection facilities. We
conducted a trial calculation for Otsuchi Town flooded by the 2011
Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami and the coast of Urado Bay by
the Nankai Trough Tsunami. And we also improved the computational
efficiency of this simulator and enhanced the visualization function.

Multi-agent simulation
based on a potential model

Non-linear
long wave(multilayered
model)

3-dimensional
Navier-Stokes
equations(continuity
equation)

3-dimensional
Navier-Stokes
equations(VOF method,
single phase flow)

3-dimensional Structure-foundation
Navier-Stokes model (FEM)
equations(VOF method,
gas-liquid
two-phase flow)

Overview of multiscale multiphysics integrated simulator• For developing the method for estimating local scouring aroundcoastal structures caused by tsunamis, we improved a pressure gradient model that makes up the particle-based simulator, and added
a sedimentation model that considers the attachment of sand particles floating in the water to the seabed. As a result, we improved
the reproducibility of the simulator for overflows on breakwaters andscouring of the ground behind them.
• For applying the particle-based method to the deformation of port
and harbor structures caused by tsunamis, we improved the pressure
model and also enhanced the precision of the multi-resolution structure
model, and also started developing a new coupling model for them. As
a result, we enhanced the accuracy of the evaluation of the pressure
distribution in plunging breakers and also the impact force that occurs
when marine vessels and other floating objects hit the water surface.
PARI Annual Report 2019 06

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

Research and development comprise the following two sub-themes:

Maximum inundation depth
Calculation of tsunami inundation and debris drift

4

Research Topics

Debris density• Since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, we have studied
stable structures against tsunami overflows and developed a numerical simulation model to predict the drifting of debris generated by
the destruction of buildings. However, complex behaviors of tsunami
run-up on land and the resulting damages are not fully understoodand modeled yet. In addition, regarding a technique for real-time inundation forecast, which is expected to be utilized for evacuation andother purposes, only data from GPS-mounted wave buoys is used;other valuable data is not fully utilized yet.
• Therefore, we are aimed for changing disaster prevention and reduction countermeasures into a pre-disaster stage from post-disasterone, and will conduct research to establish resilient coastal zones
which can withstand the most severe tsunamis, i.e., to protect lives
against the most severe tsunami, to avoid catastrophic socioeconomic damages, and to enable early recovery and reconstruction.

Research Themes and Activities in FY 20184
Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

• Since Typhoon Vera struck in September 1959, there have been nodevastating storm surge and wave disasters in Japan. However, theU.S. suffered severe damages due to Hurricane Katrina in September
2005, and so did the Philippines due to Typhoon Haiyan in November
2013. In future, global warming might bring higher storm surges andwaves than those we have expected in Japan.
• Therefore, this research is aimed for changing disaster prevention
and mitigation measures into a pre-disaster stage from post-disaster one and focuses on how to mitigate damage by the maximum
storm surge and wave conditions and how to rapidly recover andreconstruct after the damage has occurred. Therefore, we conduct
research to encourage hard and soft measures. Specifically, we willdevelop a numerical model to estimate the maximum storm surge
and wave and their damage and will also develop design methods tobuild robust structures.

Research Topics

Research and development comprises the following two subthemes:i) Research on storm surge, wave and maximum damage estimation
We will develop the following to determine the characteristics of thedamage due to the maximum storm surge and wave: an accurate storm
surge prediction model, which incorporates a weather model; and a new
method based on a 3-D fluid model to simulate tidal levels and flows at
the time of storm surge. Also, we will employ a high statistical analysis
to estimate the effects of global warming on the maximum storm surge
and wave and long-term variations in these statistics. In addition, we
will establish a calculation technique to estimate the following wave
transformations: the wave sheltering effects of breakwaters damaged
through sliding, depression and others; and overtopping prevention effects of seawall having collapsed parapet, dispersed wave-dissipating
blocks and other damages.
ii) Research on the technology to reduce maximum storm surge
and wave disasters
We will elucidate structural stability under complex conditions inwhich unexpectedly high water level due to storm surge coincides withhigh waves. In addition, we will investigate methods of estimating thedamage on structures due to storm surge and waves and countermeasure against such damages, and develop a method to design robust
structures.

Activities in FY 2018

• For the elucidation of the characteristics of oceanographic phenomena based on central processing and analysis of observation data, weorganized the wave observation data measured in 2017 through the
Nationwide Ocean Wave Information Network for Ports and Harbours(NOWPHAS) into the annual report, and also analyzed the waves
caused during Typhoons Jebi and Trami. In addition, we observed
sea surface winds and ocean surface turbulence at the Hiratsuka observation tower.
• For the study of the seasonal and regional characteristics of swells
observed along the coast of Japan and the mechanism throughwhich they emerge, we used the method that was developed during
the previous fiscal year to estimate two-dimensional wave spectrumwith high precision, developed a new method to identify wind waves
and swells with different predominant periods and wave directions
based on the wind direction and the wave age, and applied the new
method to in-situ data for several stations.

Period (s)Background and Objectives

Wave height (m)Research on Mitigation and Restoration of Storm Surge and Wave Disasters

Wave direction

1C

Time (hr)Temporal change in the three main components (PT1, 2, and 3)• For the development of the wave generation and tranquility analysis
method for waves created by strong wind and ship waves in a harbor,
we studied the wave development process in a wind-wave flume, andalso improved the Boussinesq model called as NOWT-PARI, which
is used to perform harbor tranquility analysis, so that wave development can be also expressed in line with Miles’s theory.
• For the proposal of the improvement in the prediction accuracy of swell,
we confirmed that there was no significant difference between WAM andWW3 in terms of their precision of wave estimation in the open ocean,and developed a WW3-based wave estimation system applicable tothe coast of Japan. We also proved that it would be difficult for thesemodels to recreate the ‘Yori-mawari-nami’ swell that uniquely occurs inToyama Bay, for which the phase interference of waves is important.
• For the evaluation of the wave transformation and propagation characteristics around damaged structures, we improved the Boussinesq
model called as NOWT-PARI so that it can be applied to types of submarine topography such as rectangular cross sections where the depth
suddenly changes. We also reviewed data from the disaster caused by
Typhoon Jebi and attempted to compute wave overtopping and runup
over quaywalls submerged under water due to a high sea level.
• For the study on the maximum storm surge hazard using a coupledmodel of storm surges and waves, we conducted statistical analysesof the parameters of the typhoons that have occurred since 1951
(including their extratropical transition) and examined what might be
the optimal gradient wind velocity reduction factors for the parametric typhoon model. We also performed computations to recreate thestorm surges that occurred in Osaka Bay during Typhoon Jebi, 2018.
• For the study on the effects of wave forces on the structural membersof costal structures during storm surges, high waves, and tsunamis,
we conducted experiments to observe the abrasion of geotextile
sheets and the stability of wave-dissipating blocks. We also examined ways to improve the efficiency of UAV-based disaster damage
surveys by utilizing data from the surveys in the damaged area by
Typhoon Jebi. In addition, we collected experiment data to develop a
program for evaluating wave pressure using ANN.

Experiment on the abrasion of geotextile sheets

07 PARI Annual Report 2019

Research
Research
Themes
Themesand and
Activities
Activities
in FY
in2018FY 2018

2A

Research on Enhancement of Port and Airport Performance forIndustrial CompetitivenessBackground and Objectives

To address these issues, we conducted studies on the following
items with a view toward introducing ICT and other new technology:
1) Evaluation of the processing capacity of gates
2) Estimation of the effects of improving operation efficiency by utilizing ICT, etc., and the effects of introducing a reservation system and aprior gate processing system
3) Rational handling of cargo quantities that exceed plans
Proposal to utilize expanded storage space (empty containers, containers with cargo inside, on-dock)

Expanded storage space

Expanded storage space
Empty top lifters: 7
units (shared at MC-3,4)All empty containers at
MC-3,4 are processed at
the expanded storage
space.
This area has enoughcapacity for three lanesof vehicle traﬃc.

Central gate

Research Topicsi) Development and suggestion of efficient and suitable use whichcontains automated cargo systems through container terminal numerical simulations for multi berths
Focusing on the strategic international container ports, we aim toestablish methods for effectively utilizing container terminals that are
typically limited in space in Japan. To achieve this goal, we will quantitatively evaluate the benefits of on-dock depots, how streamlined operations could prevent traffic congestion in front of the gates, and handlingof large quantities of containers, and propose strategies to effectively
utilize the container terminals in a comprehensive manner, using simulation-based quantitative evaluation.

Three lanes forvehicles headed fromthe gate to MC-1,2

Typical case of the simulation model(No. of chassis)ii) Saving labor, shortening the work period, and reducing costs byusing CIM
As part of the use of construction information modeling (CIM), we
will provide technical assistance concerning the construction inspection method based on construction management data utilizing multibeam sonar.

Three lanes forvehicles headed fromthe gate to MC-3,4

No expanded storage space

All empty containers and approx.
1/3 of containers with cargo insidefrom MC-3 and 4 are stored at the
expanded storage space.

23:00 Day 2
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8:00 Day 1
7:00 Day 1i) Development and suggestion of efficient and suitable use whichcontains automated cargo systems through container terminal numerical simulations for multi berths
The operators of large-scale terminals overseas have been able toreduce costs by leveraging their scale, and have extended their technical advantages, while their general requirements are also becoming
increasingly advanced, such as the reduction of negative environmental
effects and the expansion and improvement of their dynamic storage
capacity. Meanwhile, Japan is faced with a number of challenges thatmust be overcome, including limited storage space, short berth extension, comb-shaped pier arrangement, and insufficient road capacity.

(No. of chassis)

Activities in FY 2018

On Day 1, which had a large number of chassis from outside entering the pier, a maximum of about 200 chassis were seen standingby at times, in the absence of an expanded storage space. However, once the expanded storage space was set up, the numberof chassis standing by disappeared almost completely. Therefore,
the provision of such expanded storage space is highly beneficial.

PARI Annual Report 2019 08

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

We selected Minami Honmoku Pier MC-1 through 4 of Yokohama
Port to conduct a simulation-based quantitative evaluation. In the expanded storage space, we were able to confirm significant benefits already on day 1 (on which there was a relatively large number of chassis
from outside entering the pier), in terms of the number of chassis standing by in the machinery parking area in front of the gate.

4• Focused approaches on the following two matters are required: 1.
The population is decreasing, society is graying, and accumulated
infrastructure is aging in Japan. In view of such problems, studies
should be conducted on how to secure port and airport functions,which support the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and the vitality of the nation, and people’s lives. 2. With limited
financial resources and workforce, studies should be conducted on
how to efficiently and effectively implement maintenance, renewal,
and repair works while efficiently using existing infrastructure andprolonging the life of overall facilities themselves.
• Therefore, we decided to engage in research and development andother activities which are associated with improving the functions ofports and airports. In these activities, we are conducting comprehensive research and development throughout PARI on subthemes
associated with international competitiveness including internationally strategic port policies and improvement of metropolitan airport
functions (improvement of Haneda Airport).
• The themes of this research address the development of specifictechnologies associated with international competitiveness including
automated cargo handling and construction information modeling(CIM). Regarding development of technologies which efficiently andeffectively implement the following matters for port and airport facilities, the themes of other studies (1A, 2B, and 2C) address: improvement of largescale facilities, improvement of the quake resistance offacilities, maintenance and management after facility construction,and improvement of existing facilities.

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

2B

Research on Life Cycle Management of Infrastructures

Background and Objectives

4• The ports, airports and coastal infrastructures that have been inservice for a long time are increasing, but financial resources andthe number of engineers for facility maintenance are limited. As important port, airport, and coastal infrastructure functions should bemaintained, the strategic maintenance, renewal, and other measures
to maintain such functions are strongly required.
• Therefore, we are trying to establish methods for structure design
and material selection which are excellent in terms of maintenance,
and will develop techniques and technologies regarding various
countermeasures for maintenance phase.

Research Topics
Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

Research and development comprises the following three subthemes:i) Research on technologies for prolonging the life of infrastructure
Regarding various construction materials in marine environments, wewill conduct research on the following: evaluation of long-term durability, understanding of deterioration mechanisms, and investigation of theprevention effects of protective methods for steel structures. Especially,
assuming that infrastructure is used overseas and on remote islands
in Japan, we will investigate material characteristics for durability improvement under severe environments and under conditions in which
low-quality material is used, and will investigate environmental-load
reduction, durability improvement, and environmental harmonization.
Regarding airport pavement, we will investigate methods for detecting
the stripping of asphalt mixtures, measures to prevent such stripping,
how the durability performance of airport pavement can be improved,and quick repair and rehabilitation techniques while construction quality, is still assured.
ii) Research on systems for inspecting and diagnosing infrastructure
We will research and develop the following: inspection and diagnosing techniques using non-destructive and semi-destructive inspection
methods and sensors, unmanned investigation devices including ROVs,
non-contact thickness measurement system, and others. Especially, we
will propose a health-monitoring system which utilizes sensors, as well
as monitoring methods specialized for each member type.
iii) Research on maintenance and management systems for infrastructure
We will conduct accelerated deterioration tests of members of port
structures, investigate performance deterioration models which cover
the entire lifecycle of structures, and validate such models through exposure tests in actual environments and through on-site investigation.
We will also take into account the required properties and utilization ofindividual structures, budgets, and various limitations, and then suggest
strategies of management of port-based and district-based groups ofport structures.

Activities in FY 2018

• We used long-term exposure facilities to study how to predict chloride-induced concrete deterioration, the electrolytic protection characteristics of steel bars in reinforced concrete, and the concentrated
corrosion mechanism that affects steel materials. We also obtained
data on the durability of various wood materials and reinforced concrete that utilized recycled frame materials.
• We aimed to establish a method for predicting the deterioration ofprotective coating methods against corrosion. To achieve this goal,
we conducted continuous experiments at Hazaki Observational Pier,
including exposure tests on steel pipe piles to which anti-corrosion
protective coating had been applied. We also conducted accelerated
deterioration trials and exposure tests to further elucidate the deterioration mechanism of petrolatum coating methods.

09 PARI Annual Report 2019

• We evaluated the durability of concrete, in which low-grade aggregate (coral aggregate) and seawater as mixing water had been
used, and conducted exposure tests to develop a concrete-curing
technique using seawater. We also evaluated the durability of highly
corrosion-resistant reinforcing steel and surface coating materials
through exposure testing.
• We conducted a comparative evaluation of the aggregate gradationof airfield asphalt mixtures by indoor tests on their rutting resistance,
moisture susceptibility, water permeability, and other characteristics,
aiming to prolong the life of airfield asphalt pavement.
• We studied the solidification of filling material in caisson-type outerwalls as a preventive measure against local failure due to repeatedcollisions of wave-dissipating blocks, focusing on how such solidification work, strength of filling materials, and thickness of solidification would affect the load-bearing and impact-resistant capacities of
those outer walls. In addition, we examined a method for monitoring
the effects of repairs performed on prestressed concrete (PC) members that are prone to chloride-induced corrosion, in order to improve
the repair techniques. We experimentally examined the feasibility of
performing repairs by applying surface coating to protect expansion
due to alkali-silica reaction and/or delayed ettringite formation, evaluated the effects of the method, and improved the existing model.
• We organized points that must be considered while designing steel
and concrete members for future maintenance purposes, and reflected some of them in revised technical standards. We also proposed
a flow chart for determining use-conversion of existing caissons. In
addition, we examined methods for inspecting and diagnosing PC
hollow girders that utilize high-durability materials.
• We conducted monitoring verification tests using an IoT-enabled inspection and diagnosis system and investigated optimal thresholdvalues for the maintenance and management of sensors for checking the corrosion prevention effects of petrolatum lining method. We
also examined what points should be monitored that would be usefulfor determining the usability of the superstructures of PC open-type
wharves when major earthquakes occur. Also, the applicability of
performing inspections using underwater drones was examined.
• We introduced new operational support functions including a shooting-omission prevention function and an autonomous collisionavoidance function into the ROV for inspecting the superstructures ofpiers and then conducted on-site demonstration test.
• To advance the process of formulating preventive and maintenanceplans for port and harbor facilities, we performed case studies onmodel piled piers, while formulating renovation scenarios (selectionof an optimal renovation method and timing) based on which those
piled piers can be converted into a preventive maintenance, using
LCC and NPV as evaluation indicators.

Reduction of the expansion
due to delayed ettringite
formation by surface
coating

Effect of suppressing DEF expansion using surface coating

Research
Research
Themes
Themesand and
Activities
Activities
in FY
in2018FY 2018

2C

Research on Effective Use of Existing Infrastructure Facilities

Background and Objectives

Research and development comprises the following three subthemes:i) Research on techniques to improve or renew existing facilities
We have already conducted research and development on improving existing facilities including deepening existing quaywalls. However, such improvements were made using techniques for newly-built
structures. Hereafter, we will investigate methods of evaluating groundcharacteristics, design methods, and geotechnical survey methods toimprove and renew existing facilities. In such methods, the construction
history, effects from neighboring structures, and other factors will betaken into account. We will also investigate ground evaluation methods
and geotechnical information databases, both of which cover residual
settlement and other phenomena, with the aim of long-term facility
maintenance and management.
ii) Research on effective use and techniques of treating construction byproducts
We will investigate the following techniques regarding dredged soil:
improvement techniques to transform dredged soil into high-value added materials including composite soil, which provides habitats for benthic creatures, and solidified soil with high water permeability; and newvolume reduction techniques. We will also investigate durability whensolidified soil and slag composite soil are used in sea areas, the mechanical characteristics of composite ground materials containing various byproducts, crushable materials, and other contents, and methodsof evaluating and managing the quality of these materials.

Fc=0%

Outlet300

Model ground

Fc=10%

Fc=20%

Gravitational field experiment

Fc=30%

130iii) Research on management and utilization of waste disposal sites
at seaRegarding disposal sites at sea, technologies for seepage control
works for site development have been progressed. However, researchon post-construction utilization of such sites has not been conducted.
Therefore, we will investigate the following which are necessary for utilization: foundations, construction methods, effects on impermeable
layers, management methods of the internal water level at low cost,
techniques to detoxify waste before land reclamation, and the mediumto long-term strength and elution characteristics of solidified soil.

• Based on measurements of unequal settlement of reclaimed landat airports, we continued to estimate settlement as we did in theprevious fiscal year. As the undulating shape of the surface had notchanged significantly from the previous year, and the coefficients ofthe estimated settlement curves almost converged, we judged thatthe prediction method using data accumulated over a set period oftime and the curves that approximated those data was effective.
• We used transparent soil to visualize the process of grout injection
into different sandy grounds with varying fine particle fraction contents. Such grout injection experiments were conducted in a gravitational field and a centrifuge, where we evaluated the status of grout
permeation around areas of the ground that had uneven contents, theeffects on the ground in the surrounding area, under various conditions such as confining pressure, fine particle fraction content, andfine particle fraction distribution.
• We examined the method of ground improvement to be applied to
the ground between the piles at existing sheet-pile-type mooring
wharves with coupled pile anchorage, which is intended to improve
durability, by conducting 3-dimensional model experiments and numerical analyses. Then, we developed a numerical analysis method
for application to actual cross sections, and used the method todesign actual structures. In addition, we conducted 3-dimensional
measurements on breakwaters built directly on soft ground, andconfirmed that their point group data were useful for detecting any
change in behavior, etc.
• To be able to perform X-ray CT scanning of the ground on-site andunderstand various engineering characteristics from the acquired images, we developed equipment that enables X-ray CT scanning of acore sampled from the ground on-site, focusing on gravel grounds,
and also conducted model-based verification experiments including
various indoor CT scanning tests.
• We used model cross sections and conducted numerical analyses to
examine how increasing the height of a levee would alter its conditions, by using parameters such as the height of dredged soil, distance of a temporary bank from the bulkhead, structural and mechanical properties of temporary banks, and countermeasures forbulkhead bodies.
• We also summarized the results of pile-installation and pile-removal experiments at a waste site that had been filled with incinerated
ash. We started to investigate an insolubilization of contaminants bycement improvement technique and investigated deterioration promotion methods to study the deterioration of solidification-treatedsoil and eluviation of contaminant. As a result, regarding high-earlystrength cement, we achieved homogeneous deterioration of thespecimens by compulsory permeation.

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

Research Topics

Activities in FY 20184

• There is strong demand to improve the functions of existing infrastructure and use them effectively as possible. Requests include
measures to handle increasing cargo volume and larger ships andvessels, diversification of airport functions, and countermeasures
to deal with existing facilities which can no longer be used due toincreased external forces and other reasons. In addition, regarding
waste disposal sites at ports which accept industrial and non-industrial waste, there is social demand for the highly effective use of them.
On the other hand, it has become difficult to secure disposal sites
which accept soil dredged from water channels for shipping routes.
Accordingly, it is necessary to prolong the life of soil disposal sites.
• Therefore, we will develop the following: techniques to improve
the functions of existing infrastructure and to renew and efficiently
change the intended use of existing infrastructure; techniques to reduce or effectively utilize construction byproducts; and techniques toeffectively utilize waste disposal sites at ports.

(mm) Pressure
gauge

Pump

Overview of the injection experiment

Fc=20%

Fc=20%

No
permeation

Chemical permeabilityHighpermeability(Homogeneous distribution) (Heterogeneous distribution)
Centrifuge experiment

Example of a chemical injection process visualized during the model-based
centrifuge experiment(Potential effect of different ground conditions on the creation of improved areas)

PARI Annual Report 2019 10

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

3A

Research on Development and Utilization of Oceans

Background and Objectives

4
Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

• Since the 1960s, the importance of marine utilization and development has been pointed out. Various approaches for this purpose
have been taken, but the progress remains inadequate. One of thereasons is the lack of infrastructure at sea as a hub. Therefore, marine hub ports should be constructed on remote islands including
Minamitorishima Island and Okinotorishima Island to promote marine
utilization and development.
• However, these remote islands are surrounded by severe sea wave
environment and severe sea climate for port construction which are
different from those of general ports in main islands. Further technological development is required to ensure smooth ship berthing,cargo-handling, and port construction.
• Therefore, in this research theme, we will make maximum use ofpreviously accumulated knowledge regarding waves, sea-bed soils,
port structures, and port construction to construct ports on remoteislands, and will also promote marine utilization and development.
Specifically, we will clarify the characteristics of waves in isolated
reef areas, and will develop a new mooring system for ships. We will
also develop technologies for downsizing and reducing the weightof underwater acoustic video cameras, as well as utilization and development.

Research Topics

•

•

•

Research and development comprises the following two subthemes:i) Research on port construction and management in remote islands
We will develop a numerical model for wave transformations on continental shelf boundaries and around isolated islands. We will also propose a technology to create calm water areas against wave propagationand long-period waves around isolated reefs. At the same time, we willdevelop a new mooring system applicable to remote islands to improvecargo-handling efficiency for ships.
ii) Research on infrastructure technology for utilization and development of oceans
We are trying to downsize and lighten underwater acoustic video
cameras, and will also develop an unmanned underwater construction
system to construct marine infrastructure. In addition, we will propose
environmental conservation technologies utilizing calcifiers.

•

purpose, we proposed a method that would use acoustic positioning
equipment, GNSS, a seabed altimeter, and wave pressure gauges incombination. Furthermore, we adapted operation support softwareand tested it in the actual sea, performing the entire task cycle ofdeployment, inspection, and recovery, and confirmed that it could be
operated with only a small number of workers.
For the research on adaptation of the machine guidance for an underwater excavator, we conducted operation tests at an actual construction site, and identified issues that must be resolved before thetechnology could be applied to actual use. In addition, we improved
external measurement and conducted element testing of attachments for mound leveling. Our aim is to be able to remotely operate
underwater backhoes by integrating these technology elements.
For the development of a next-generation acoustic imaging system,
we enhanced the performance of an acoustic video camera for shallow sea and achieved water-pressure resistance of 30 m and in-air
weight of 32 kg. In addition, we developed / supported to develop aviewing system with additional value something extra, which is chart,
blueprint, traverse course, etc., for monitoring construction work, focusing on dredging works, bottom mud replacement works and diverworks. Furthermore, we prepared manuals for operating the acoustic
video camera and the viewing system.
For the development of analytical methods for the topographic
dynamics of carbonate islands, we conducted in situ surveys of
Minamitorishima, Naha Port, Hirara Port, and Ishigaki Port, including GNSS survey, photographic survey using drones, multi-beamsounding, water sampling, and aerial photography combining visible
light and NDVI cameras. In addition, we collected the geographical feature data of Minamitorishima and analyzed its topographicalchanges. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between coral
growth and environmental conditions, and investigated methods toautomatically recognize the distribution of coral-forming organisms
and their levels of activity.
As for the study on floating breakwater equipped with wave power
generation device, we surveyed the cases of technology development on floating-type wave power generation devices and also thecases of installation of floating breakwaters. We then created thefundamental concept of a floating breakwater equipped with a wave
power generation device, based on the results of those surveys.

Activities in FY 2018

• For the development of techniques that can be utilized on mooring
facilities constructed in isolated coral reef sea areas, we created awave height estimation tool that can be applied to the quay walls
at Minamidaito Port and Kitadaito Port, using NOWPHAS data observed around Okinawa Island. In addition, we measured the magnitude of motions and the mooring force on vessel models that weremoored above an isolated reef in a model experiment, under various mooring and wave conditions; supplemented the results of themodel experiment using the improved version of CADMAS-SURF/3D
that was developed during the previous fiscal year; and clarified whatmooring and wave conditions would allow safe mooring and cargohandling in such sea areas.
• For the technological development of a new mooring system forships in ports, we computed the motions of a ship moored by using the new mooring system utilizing high-strength wire ropes. In
the computation, we calculated the maximum wave heights for shipcargo-handling, and verified the effectiveness of the new mooring
system by comparing to the conventional mooring method.
• For the research on maintenance inspection and investigation technology for remote island ports, we proposed a data management
method through which inspection photos captured underwater would
be embedded with geotags indicating where those photos were taken and other metadata. In addition, to measure the location data ofan underwater vehicle that would be necessary for the management
11 PARI Annual Report 2019

Operation test at actual construction site in Hirara Port

Audiovisual presentation system

Research
Research
Themes
Themesand and
Activities
Activities
in FY
in2018FY 2018

4A

Research on Enhancement and Utilization of Coastal Ecology

Background and Objectives

Research and development comprises the following three subthemes:i) Research on coastal-ecosystem utilization
Regarding ecosystem-based countermeasures against the impactsof climate change, we will conduct research on climate change mitigation including carbon and atmospheric CO2 uptake, both of which utilize
ecosystems (blue carbon) under various conditions including remoteislands such as Minamitorishima Island. In addition, we will expand
our technological development internationally. We will also develop atechnology to create coastal ecosystems which suffer less damage due
to earthquakes and tsunamis and which recover rapidly. Through suchtechnologies, we can continuously reap the benefits of the ecosystem.
ii) Research on the water-environment simulation and analysis in
inner-bay
We will develop the following methods regarding the acquisition andutilization of environment observation data: a new method of analyzing
marine monitoring data covering currently operating ferries and monitoring posts and others; and a new method of observing parameters forwhich common methods cannot obtain adequate results. We will also
re-analyze existing underutilized environmental data, and will use multifunctionalized GPS wave-observation buoys to continuously observeareas for which environmental data has not been obtained. In addition,
we will integrate weather/marine/ecosystem models and utilize in realtime the environmental observation data. Through these means, we willdevelop a system which comprehensively predicts problems that frequently occur in inner bays, including red tides, blue tides, and hypoxia.
iii) Research on countermeasure technologies against sea oil spill
Regarding technologies for dealing with spilled oil, in addition todeveloping technologies to resolve conventional on-site challenges,
we will conduct new research and development on the following: oilgathering equipment loaded on next-generation oil-recovery ships;
and systems which comprehensively recover or treat oil and which canaddress large-scale oil spill incidents. In addition, we will establish an
information system for the risk management of oil pollution based on
simulation technology, understand the behavior and mechanisms ofoil spilled from dangerous facilities in waterfront areas due to natural
disasters including earthquakes and tsunamis, and conduct researchand development of quantitative prediction techniques and mitigation
techniques for spilled oil. Through such approaches, we will develop
innovative countermeasure techniques against oil pollution and improve
the ability to respond oil pollution.

• For the global estimates of the efficacy of blue carbon as a meansof mitigation and adaptation to climate change, we estimated theamounts of current CO2 absorption by blue-carbon ecosystems andother shallow coastal ecosystems, on a global scale for the first time in
the world, and also for the whole of Japan, that is crucial for developing
government policies on this topic. We also presented these findings
at the side event of the 24th Conference of the Parties (COP24) of theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• For the development of integrated prediction and assessment method of coastal benthic ecology and geoenvironmental dynamics, we
improved and further developed the chart for diagnosing the habitat
environment of organisms, and used it to obtain the results of integrated assessment and prediction of the link between coastal benthic
ecology and geoenvironmental dynamics then compared them to thedata acquired during on-site surveys, and verified that the developed
integrated methods can consistently assess and predict the relationship between biodiversity and geoenvironmental dynamics as well as
the changes in areas where various organisms are distributed.
• For the research on cross-sectional observation and analysis of atmospheric and oceanographic issues at bay mouths, we obtained andexamined wind direction and velocity data from Kanaya-maru for atmospheric observation. As for oceanographic observation, we developed a new marine observation system for use aboard Kanaya-maru.
• For the development of evaluating procedure for biodiversity referring to spatial scale in coastal areas, we organized information on thecharacteristics of diversity evaluation methods, and compiled evaluation guidelines that would be suitable for ports and harbors.
• For the analytical study of macro-organisms dynamics on a coastal
ecosystem simulation, we added a new model applicable to fishes
and verified that their data could be computed.
• For the study on the mechanisms of coastal current and water environment using data assimilation, we programmed a new data assimilation model into the Ise Bay simulator and verified it throughnumerical experiments.
• We conducted an experimental examination of the feasibility of applying bubble curtains to oil collection equipment, and elucidated
that bubble curtains alone would be able to collect spilled oil floatingon the surface in an arbitrary location and keep it there, without using conventional-type solid damming elements. We also examined adispersed fire extinguishing method for extinguishing a fire burningon drifting oil. As for the development of real-time hazard maps indicating oil spills, we converted the server-side scripts into Node.js toenhance scalability, and released them on the PARI website for trial
operation as RC.

Real-time hazard map of oil spills

PARI Annual Report 2019 12

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

Research Topics

Activities in FY 20184

• Rich ecosystems in coastal zones include tidal flats, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. Coastal zones are valuable places for the global
environment. However, during the era of rapid economic growth,
intense socio-economic activities caused the deterioration of water
quality in coastal inner bays and enclosed waters, resulting in ecosystem damage. Thanks to subsequent countermeasures, water
quality has gradually been improving in some coastal zones; however, recovery of the coastal zone environment including ecosystems
remains a formidable challenge.
• On the other hand, new challenges include the utilization of coastalzone functions for mitigating climate change, as well as countermeasures against large-scale oil spill incidents from maritime industrial
complexes and other facilities.
• Therefore, in the themes of this research, we will conduct researchand development with the following goals: further restoration of thecoastal zone environment, coastal zone utilization for climate change
mitigation, and establishment of technologies to counter large-scale
oil spill incidents.

Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018
Research on Coastal and Estuarine Processes

Background and Objectives

4
Research Themes and Activities in FY 2018

• PARI’s research activity of littoral drift was started to examine thecritical water depth of sediment movement for harbor planning. Now,
prevention methods against sedimentation and also siltation are proposed. However, in Japan, sedimentation and siltation are still progressing in some ports, and in other countries which aim to expand
their infrastructure overseas, a much greater amount of siltation thanin Japan is projected. Countermeasures against such sedimentationand siltation problem have been inadequate.
• On the other hand, beaches are valuable as they provide protection,
environment and utilization functions. However, the area of beaches
has been decreasing since the era of rapid economic growth, and is
still shrinking at a rate of 1.6 km2 per year. Various countermeasures
have been taken to prevent such coastal erosion, and as a result,the beach area has increased at some coasts. Nevertheless, global
warming is expected to cause more severe coastal erosion. In addition, when remote islands and overseas are taken into account, it isimportant to maintain not only beaches but also coral-reef coasts.
• Therefore, in the themes of this study, we aim to maintain the following under future climate change: natural coastline geometry including beaches, mangrove coasts, and coral-reef coasts; and artificial
coastline geometry including navigation channels and harbor basins,
which support logistics. We will also estimate changes in coastalerosion and sedimentation phenomena assuming the progress ofglobal warming, and then propose countermeasures against thosechanges. Also, we will clarify siltation processes in the estuaries oflarge rivers, mangroves and intertidal zone in the Asian countries, andthen propose countermeasures against such phenomena.

Research Topics

Our researches and developments for coastal protection and maintenance of waterways and mooring basins are as follows:
We will analyze long-term measurement data of the Hasaki coast andconduct short-term, intensive, on-site observation of how beaches respond to different sea levels. Through this, we will understand beachresponse mechanisms to sea level rise, and will develop methods ofpredicting future beach morphology. We will take into consideration thespatial scale of not only the Hasaki coast but also global, and predict
long-term coastal changes (including natural sand coasts, sand coasts
protected by structures, coral-reef coasts, and pebble coasts) alongwith variations of coastal disaster risks. In addition, we will develop
hybrid beach-maintenance methods, which minimize structure volume
and actively introduce sand bypasses, and propose effective beach
maintenance methods that account for the disaster risks.
Regarding sediment transport which accompanies port utilization, we
will expand the scope of our research to include estuaries of large rivers, mangroves, and intertidal zones over-seas. Then, we will develop
monitoring method for topographic change which address regional
characteristics and understand the dynamics of topographic changes.
In addition, we will examine strategies to reduce siltation and sedimentation and will develop the efficient maintenance methods of navigation
channels and harbor basins as well as conservation of the surrounding
environment of port and harbor facilities.

Activities in FY 2018

• We conducted an on-site investigation of the characteristics of sediments in areas of with a sudden change of depth in Niigatanishi Port(in December). We also conducted experiments to understand the
behavior of turbid water in dredged areas of a port and examined
how effective turbulence control would be for suppressing sedimentation and siltation. We also conducted a joint investigation with
BPPT, an Indonesian government agency, pursuant to the researchcooperation agreement that had been executed between the parties.

13 PARI Annual Report 2019

• As for the applicability of airborne laser bathymetry for topographic
monitoring in coastal zones along the seashore, we conducted aerial surveys of the area encompassing Hasaki Oceanographical Research Station (HORS), the surrounding seashore, and Hasaki fishingport using green laser (on August 27th), checked the status of acquiring sea floor topography data under turbid seawater conditions andalso surveyed the sea floor topography around structures along thecoastline. In addition, we surveyed the same area at different times
with varying sea levels and have been using the acquired data to
examine analytical methods that utilize different breaking points ofwaves to reduce missing survey data that is caused by the whitefoam that forms as waves break.
• For the observation of coastal geographical feature change and malfunction of sedimentation control system in considered with influenceof global warming, we carried out continuous on-site observations of
the wind, waves, flow, and topographical changes at HORS. In addition, we used beach morphological data of the U.S. West Coast to
examine the applicability of the shoreline change model. We also improved the computation model for predicting topographical changes
around submerged breakwaters, around which the fields of waves
and flow shift in a complex manner due to sudden wave-breaking
phenomena.
Referencepoint
Upstream

Downstream

Fresh water
Turbulenceoccurrence
deviceInjection
point ofturbid water

Current meter ACM

Sea water

Current meter ADV
Turbidimeter OBS
Turbidimeter ATU

Trap A

Trap B

Trap C

Water temperaturegauge and salinometer
Underwater camera

Experiment layout (above) and Photo in running (left)
With turbulence, flow velocity set at 15 cm/s

Experiment conditions SS concentration (mg/L) Sedimentation(flow velocity set at 15 cm/s) Fresh water layer Sea water layer in Trap A (g)Without turbulenceWith turbulence
Distance from the sensor (cm, ADV)

4B

Without turbulenceWith turbulence

Bottom surface

Flow velocity (cm/s)

Turbulent flow strength (cm/s)

Experiment on the behavior of turbid waterflowing into a dredged area inside a port

Beach profile and transparency as of Aug. 27, 2018

Distribution of seafloor topography and transparency data from the shore into
the ocean (left) and aerial laser survey data taken at different times with varying
sea levels (right), as observed from HORS

Study on ocean wind altitudes
using a wind LIDAR
Observation of ocean upper wind at the tip of the observation pier (left) andcomputation data indicating the mean sea level, nearshore currents, and numerical result of topographical changes near submerged breakwaters (right)

Fundamental
Fundamental
and and
Exploratory
Exploratory
ResearchResearch
Fundamental Research in FY 2018

The fundamental research of waves, beaches, ground, earthquakes,
environments, etc., is the basis of every study conducted by PARI, andtherefore we are actively working on clarifying principles and phenomena, such as the mechanisms of natural phenomena and dynamic behavior of the ground and structures.
Research theme (Fundamental research)

2

Investigation of Earthquake Disaster3

Development of strong motion estimation method for scenario
earthquakes beneath metropolitan area

4

Study on the evaluation and analysis of liquefied groundbehavior and effective countermeasures under sequenced
earthquake motions

5

Study from geotechnical view-point on stability evaluation
method of coastal structure subjected to high waves

6

Stability evaluation of offshore structures against washout,cavity formation, etc. and development of countermeasuretechniques

7

Development of the estimation method for local scour aroundcoastal structures due to tsunami

8

Application of the particle method to the large deformation of
port structures due to tsunami

9

Elucidation of oceanographic phenomena based on central
processing and analysis of observation data

10

Proposal for improvement of prediction accuracy of swell

11

Assessment of possible maximum storm surge hazard by using
storm-surge-wave coupled model

12

Evaluation of longterm durability of concrete, steel and various
materials based on exposure test

13

Development of the performance evaluation method in protective
coating for marine structures

14

Evaluation of the durability of various materials under severe
environments

15

Improvement method to non-uniform ground and its effect as ameasure against liquefaction

16

Enhancement of accuracy of method for evaluating mechanicalproperties of composite geomaterials based on microstructuralfeature17

Study on floating breakwater equipped with wave power
generation device

18

Development of analytical methods for the topographic
dynamics of carbonate islands

19

Global estimates of the efficacy of blue carbon as a means of
mitigation and adaptation to climate change

20

Development of integrated prediction and assessment methodof coastal benthic ecology and geoenvironmental dynamics

21

Cross-sectional observation and analysis of atmospheric andoceanographic issues at bay mouths

22

Analytical study of macro-organisms dynamics on a coastal
ecosystem simulation

23

Development of evaluating procedure for biodiversity referring tospatial scale in coastal areas

24

Study on the mechanisms of coastal current and water
environment using data assimilation25

Observation of coastal geographical feature change andmalfunction of sedimentation control system in considered with
influence of global warming

26

Study on sediment transport in estuary and deposition process
in navigation channel

27

Study on applicability of airborne laser bathymetry for topographic monitoring in coastal zone of sea shore• As part of efforts to develop a method for predicting strong groundmotions caused by major earthquakes that may occur directly underneath metropolitan areas, we conducted fundamental research on
the phase characteristics of seismic motions.
• The Fourier phase of seismic motions (hereinafter referred to as“seismic motion phase”) differentiated by the circular frequency iscalled group delay time, which is known to be related to the temporalcharacteristics of seismic motions. In many studies, this relationshipis used for waveform synthesis, where waveforms with appropriate
temporal characteristics are synthesized by imposing appropriategroup delay time. The results of those studies are also used to define design ground motions in a practical manner. However, as thestatistical characteristics of seismic motion phase and group delay
time are not yet fully understood, studies are still underway for fullcomprehension. In some of those studies, it is claimed that seismic
motion phase cannot be differentiated by the circular frequency anywhere and, therefore, group delay time cannot be defined, as it is a
first-order differentiation of seismic motion phase with respect to thecircular frequency. If such claim turns out to be true, the very foundation of previous studies that relied on the concept of group delay time
as a differentiation of seismic motion phase will come into doubt,
threatening any application of the concept for practical use.
• Therefore, in this study, we revisited the definition of seismic motion
phase. We first examined the differentiability of the Fourier transformof seismic motions, and then used the results of the examination to
study the differentiability of seismic motion phase. Through the study,
we discovered that seismic motion phase cannot be differentiatedunder limited conditions; not everywhere.
• The figure below illustrates the conditions in which it is impossible todifferentiate seismic motion phase. The arrows indicate the trajectory of the Fourier transform of seismic motions F(ω) on a complex
plane. (a) indicates a case where F(ω) moves from the third quadrant
to the second quadrant on the complex plane, as ω increases. Here,discontinuity of 2π is seen occurring to the seismic motion phase.
Meanwhile, (b) is a case where F(ω) passes through the origin on thecomplex plane, as ω increases. Here, discontinuity of π is seen occurring to the seismic motion phase. The former issue can be avoided
if so-called “unwrapping” is performed properly, while the latter cannot be resolved even with proper unwrapping.
• From a theoretical standpoint, the only case when phase cannot be
differentiated is where F(ω) passes through the origin on a complex
plane. However, in numerical computation, we discovered that phasesuddenly changes in response to a change in ω when F(ω) passes
near the origin, even if it does not pass through the origin, and at such
point Δθ/Δω, which is a finite difference approximation of group delaytime, becomes numerically unstable. We also identified a method foravoiding such numerical instability.

Conditions in which it is impossible to differentiate seismic motion phase

PARI Annual Report 2019 14

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Strong Motion Earthquake Observation in Port and Airport Area

Development of strong motion estimation method for scenario
earthquakes beneath metropolitan area

5

1

Cases of Fundamental ResearchFundamental
Fundamental
andandExploratory
Exploratory
ResearchResearch

Sedimentation cannot
be reproduced
Sinking can be
reproduced

Sedimentation can be
reproduced

Comparison of the experiment and the particle-based model of scouring behind breakwaters

Proposal for improvement of prediction accuracy of swell• The design of port and harbor facilities basically uses observed wave
data. We need to estimate waves with a wave hindcasting model if there
is no available observation data. However, the third-generation wave
hindcasting model WAM, which has been used in practice for many
years, may fail to estimate wave periods with sufficient precision in certain cases. The Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port andHarbor Facilities in Japan was revised in May 2018. As a result, we alsoneeded to consider only swells in addition to the conventional wave
conditions that do not distinguish between wind waves and swells. In
the future, it is required to improve the estimation accuracy of swell.
• Therefore, in this study, we will examine the estimation precisionof the third-generation wave hindcasting model WAM and WW3
by comparing the model output to observed wave data at multiple
NOWPHAS stations, and develop a wave hindcasting system that will
be applicable to the coast of Japan.
• In FY 2018, we compared the wave statistics estimated using WAM
and WW3 in previous fiscal years to actual observation data collectedfrom several NOWPHAS locations, and saw that WW3 had a slightly
better precision on average between those locations, but WAM wasmore accurate in certain cases.
• In addition, we focused on swells (Yori-mawari-nami) in Toyama Bay
and examined the estimation accuracy, which suggested that it would
be difficult to perform high-precision estimation using the third-generation wave hindcasting models that are currently available.
15 PARI Annual Report 2019

Comparison of estimation errors in wave height
among 25 locations between WAM and WW3

Wave direction

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Unnatural stagnation• Furthermore, we developed a wave hindcasting system for the coastof Japan based on WW3, which automatically performs all required
computational tasks including pre-processing of ocean wind andother input data, execution of wave estimation, creation of graphs,
etc. to illustrate the estimation result, and all other post-processing,by simply specifying an estimation period.
• We plan to continuously improve the accuracy of wave estimationand hope that it will help create better designs of port, harbor, andcoastal facilities and also prevent disasters in coastal areas.

Mean square error (m)5Development of the estimation method for local scour aroundstructures due to tsunami• The local scouring behind breakwaters and in a sandy ground aroundbreakwater heads is critical to structural stability for a tsunami, but
the amount of scouring remains difficult to estimate.
• Therefore, in this study, we will elucidate the mechanism of local scouring
by conducting hydraulic experiments, and establish a model for estimating the amount of scouring by applying a particle-based method, etc.
• During FY 2018, we continuously worked on the project from theprevious fiscal year to develop a model for the scouring process
in the ground behind breakwaters as tsunami overtops them. Thiswas done by applying a particle-based numerical wave flume (PARISPHERE). While it had achieved the reproduction of the detachingprocess of sand particles from the seabed under tsunami overflows,
issues remained: the sand particles would become stationary in an
unnatural manner after floating, and they would not become attachedto the seabed upon reaching it.
• In order to resolve such issues, we first performed solid-liquid multiphase flow simulations of the sedimentation process of high specificgravity particles under water and discovered that, when the standard
ISPH model was applied, an unnatural decrease in the fluidity of fluids
would occur along with the unphysical phenomenon whereby highspecific-gravity particles became stationary. In addition, we improved
the fluid pressure gradient term model and made it possible to reproduce the physical fluidity of fluids with suppressing the pressure noises.
• We then developed a model with sand particles reattached after their
floating around, and confirmed that sedimentation of the floating
sand helped better reproduction of the natural phenomena.
• Our future plan for this research project includes conducting experimentson the local scouring that occurs near breakwater heads and establishinga method to estimate the amount of such local scouring, in addition to ongoing experiments on the scouring that occurs along breakwater trunks.

Frequency

WW3-based wave hindcasting system(left: wave height, right: directional wave spectrum)

Development of the performance evaluation method in protective
coating for marine structures• The combination of two types of prevention methods, namely cathodic protection and protective coating, has been used for marine steel
structures, ensuring their long-term durability. Regarding the protective
coating method, deterioration characteristics including expected durable years have been clarified from the past exposure test results. However, methods of checking the performance of each protective coating
method at the design stage, methods of evaluating current protective
performance at the maintenance stage, and methods of predicting future situations have not yet been established.
• Maintenance costs remain high and there are not enough technicians,
so more efficient methods of maintaining the above social capital urgently need to be developed.
• In this theme, we are working on establishing the following methods: amethod to check the performance of each protective coating method at
the design stage, a method to evaluate the current protective performanceat the maintenance stage, and a method to predict the future situation.
• Investigation (1): We studied the deterioration mechanism of the petrolatum coating method and conducted accelerated deterioration tests toestablish a method for evaluating the performance of petrolatum material, and organized information on the factors that affect the deterioration process. We then narrowed down the influential factors based on
our findings and started conducting outdoor exposure tests.

Discoloration(oil deterioration)

Oil leakOutdoor exposure tests to establish a method for evaluating the performanceof anti-corrosion petrolatum material(after one month of exposure to the marine atmosphere and the tidal-environment)

Fundamental
Fundamental
and and
Exploratory
Exploratory
ResearchResearch

Seawater shower (after 9 years)
Seawater shower (after 1 year)

5.7 mm/year(a) simulated test specimen and (b) numerical model, withequal particle shapes and arrangements
3.2 mm/year

2.1 mm/year

5

Deterioration progression distance (mm)• Investigation (2): As continuous outdoor exposure tests have been conducted to establish a method for predicting the deterioration of hatshaped steel sheet piles with heavy duty coating (urethane elastomer
coating) applied, we verified the method of predicting deterioration after about 10 years of the exposure testing.

Test period (days)

Enhancement of accuracy of method for evaluating mechanical properties of composite geomaterials based on microstructural feature• Geomaterials with different grain size distribution, particle shape, andother micro-structural features exhibit various mechanical properties
due to those features. In addition, even if soil specimens are sampledfrom the same geological stratum or prepared in a similar manner, thetest result may vary depending on their micro-structural differences.
Therefore, evaluating the effects of such micro-structural features willlead to advances in methods for evaluating the mechanical properties of the ground. In the conventional geotechnical investigation
method, undisturbed samples (i.e., cores) are taken from the original
ground, after which various types of laboratory tests must be performed to measure their properties, etc. depending on the purpose.
On the other hand, if it were possible to use an X-ray CT scanner toacquire images of the micro-structural features of the ground, perform CT image and numerical analyses, and conduct simulated soil
tests using 3D printing technology, it would enable the evaluation of
the various mechanical properties of the core samples, which would
be highly useful in practice.
• We 3D-printed the micro-structural data detected in CT images, andperformed triaxial compression tests of such simulated test specimens, and thus were able to prove that the unique behaviors as the
granular materials (such as stress dependency and dilatancy behavior), which the original gravel material resembles, could be recreated,confirming its applicability as an appropriate soil testing method.

Sample CT images of triaxial
compression test specimens
utilizing gravel

Simulated test specimen thathas been 3D-printed using
gravel material• In addition, we conducted DEM-SMAC coupled analyses (in whichmodels are created by DEM from particle structures, and the flow ofpore fluids is computed) to address the issue of water permeation in
the ground, and were able to confirm that the findings were highly
consistent with the results of the constant head permeability tests inwhich simulated test specimens were used.

Comparison of permeability coefficients• In this study, we have been developing equipment that will be able toperform X-ray CT scanning of core specimens on site. We are analyzing the images acquired in experiments, and examining the discreteelement method and the mechanical property evaluation method thatutilizes 3D printing technology.
Development of analytical methods for the topographic dynamics
of carbonate islands• Most remote islands located on the southern edge of Japan, such
as Okinotorishima and Minamitorishima Islands, mainly consist ofcarbonates formed by corals, foraminifers, and other reef-forming
organisms, unlike Honshu and other parts of Japan, which are mainlycomprised of silicates.
• External stresses such as climate change and the environmental
changes caused by large typhoons ravaging remote islands posethreats to the conservation of those remote islands as national land.
• When investigating the current status of those threats and formulating countermeasures against them, there are constraints specific toremote islands, such as scarcity of goods, supplies, and labor.
• Therefore, in this study, we aim to develop and present methods foranalyzing topographical dynamics that can cover wide areas for an
extended period of time in a resource-efficient manner, while taking into account theconstraints that are
typical of remote islands.
• During the fiscal
year, we conductedin situ observationsof model sites, andanalyzed
existingcore sample specimens. In addition,
we examined therelationship of coral
coverage with theenvironmental conditions at the Urasoe breakwater in
Naha Port.
Simultaneous multi-beam measurement of seafloor
topography and bottom soil quality at model sites

PARI Annual Report 2019 16

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Relationship between the test period and the deterioration progression distance measured between the ends of each coated area(in case of exposure to seawater shower)

Fundamental
Fundamental
andandExploratory
Exploratory
ResearchResearch

Study on sediment transport in estuary and deposition process innavigation channel• In ports located around estuaries, sedimentation of navigation channels and harbor basins occurs due to the deposition of discharged
sediments from rivers. Reduction of such sedimentation as well as
siltation has become an important research topic, for resolving theissue of insufficient sites for disposing of dredged sediments andalso for meeting the need to reduce the cost of maintenance dredging. Maintenance and management of navigation channels and harbor basins are more serious problems in Southeast Asian and othercountries that have ports located in the estuaries of large rivers.
• In this research, which focuses on estuaries not only in Japan but
also in Southeast Asian and other countries, we aim to understandthe transport dynamics of sediments supplied by rivers, including thetransport of highly concentrated fluid mud and its seasonal variations, and develop a model for simulating bottom sediment transport,
focusing on coastal areas near estuaries.
• During FY 2018, we conducted an on-site survey of sediment characteristics in the areas with a sudden change of depth in NiigatanishiPort (in December 2018). In addition, we conducted experiments toobserve the behavior of the turbid water flowing into the dredged areas of the port, and evaluated the effectiveness of turbulence control
to suppress sedimentation and siltation. We also conducted a collaborative study with BPPT, an Indonesian government agency, under ajoint research agreement.
17 PARI Annual Report 2019

Survey points
Water content (%)
Ignition loss (%)
Shear strength (kN/m2)
Particle size composition (%)

Depth (m)Oct. 2018
Nov. 2018
Dec. 2018

Distance from Stn. 1 (m)Figure 1: Cross-sectional topography and survey points around dredged areas

Viscosity

Silt

Fine sandMedium sandCoarse sandFigure 2: Sediment characteristics at survey points2) Experiment to observe the behavior of the turbid water flowing into the dredged areas of the port
(evaluation of the effectiveness of turbulence control to suppress sedimentation and siltation)
Referencepoint

SS concentration (mg/L) Sedimentation
Experiment conditions(flow velocity set at 15 cm/s) Fresh water layer Sea water layer in Trap A (g)Downstream

Fresh water
Turbulenceoccurrence
deviceInjection
point ofturbid water

Current meter ACM

Sea water

Current meter ADV
Turbidimeter OBS
Turbidimeter ATU

Trap A

Trap B

Water temperaturegauge andsalinometer
Underwater camera

Trap C

Figure 3: Experiment layout (above) and Photo in running (left)
With turbulence, flow velocity set at 15 cm/s

Without turbulenceWith turbulence
Distance from the sensor (cm, ADV)

UpstreamWithout turbulenceWith turbulence

Bottom surface

Flow velocity (cm/s) Turbulent flow strength (cm/s)

Figure 4: Experiment result(comparison between turbulence control andno turbulence control)

Survey of sediment characteristics in the areas witha sudden change of depth in Niigatanishi Port andexperiment to suppress sedimentation and siltation

Exploratory Research in FY 2018
In FY 2018, exploratory research projects based on ingenious and/or advanced ideas that could potentially lead to new research fields for
PARI in the future were carried out.
Strength estimation of granular materials using deep learning
based on the learning of particle motion and force chain• In this study, we focused on estimating the penetration resistanceof closed end pile by deep learning using visualized images of penetration resistance with force chain and particle motion during pilepenetration.
• The learning data of the visualized images were collected throughthe process of pile penetration into the mechanoluminescent-coatedparticle assemblages that emitting the force-induced luminance. The
wedge-shaped higher luminance intensity area were obtained under
the pile shown in left side figure.
• We developed deep learning model of following two types: generating the estimation image of force distribution during pile penetration
based on the learning of the visualized images, estimate penetration
resistance based on the force visualized images. These estimatedresults was verified through the captured images and measured value
using load cell.
• The result of verification for generated images shows the higher luminance intensity area under the pile end. The result of verification for
estimating penetration resistance was shown in right side figure. The
estimated value shows good agreement with measured value, whose
error was around 10%.
Penetration resistance estimated by deep learning (N)

Number of families

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Sampling area (n2 Conversion)

Change in diversity indices in relation to the extent of sampling efforts made1) On-site survey to observe the sediment characteristics in the areas with a sudden change of depth in Niigatanishi Port (Dec. 2018)

Many dead leaves
found in sediment5

Development of evaluating procedure for biodiversity referring tospatial scale in coastal areas• As the conservation of biodiversity also helps preserve the benefitsof the ecosystem that are reaped by humans, it is an important partof Japan’s key national strategy. Also in port and harbor operations,protection of biodiversity is one of the most crucial goals, and it isexpected that biodiversity will be maintained and enhanced throughthe restoration of intertidal flats, seagrass beds, etc. However, theconcept of biodiversity is abstract yet complex. Therefore, in orderto decide policies on future projects and evaluate completed projects
effectively, it is necessary to find some methods through which we
can clearly define what biodiversity means.
• In this study, we focus on diversity indices as one of the means ofdefining biodiversity and aim to develop evaluation criteria that can beused to assess how various types of environmental consideration in
port and harbor operations might contribute to conserving biodiversity.
• As this will be the last fiscal year of this particular research item, we
have organized the research findings from the past three years. We
decided that the main objective of this research project is to standardize diversity indices, which are highly dependent on the extent
of sampling efforts made by observers, using simple methods thatare scientifically error-free yet useful enough for practical application.
More specifically, we organized views on how to factor in the extent
of sampling efforts made by observers, used data obtained from actual sea areas, and identified the types of diversity indices that would
be suitable for port and harbor operations. Going forward, we plan
to organize the findings from this research and promote the dissemination of related technical knowledge among engineers involved in
port and harbor operations, while continuously developing technology and techniques that are more clearly geared toward protecting
biodiversity in port and harbor operations.

Penetration resistance measured by load cell (N)(Left) Learning data of visualized penetration resistance with force chain andparticle motion(Right) Verification through the comparison between estimated penetration resistance and measured values

Fundamental
Fundamental
and and
Exploratory
Exploratory
ResearchResearch

Approximation

Silica sandmixture 1

Silica sandmixture 2

Density deviation ratio

Pure Sand
Silica sand mixture 2 + DL clay

Silica sand mixture 1 + DL clay
Silica sand mixture 2 + kaolin

Silica sand mixture 1 + kaolin

Density deviation ratio

Correlation between density deviation ratio and volumetric strain

Development of a numerical method independent of the objective
stress rate for large deformation of the ground due to pullout ofdriven piles• For open-ended piles of port and harbor foundations, pull-out resistance is not sufficiently taken into account in design. However, inorder to develop and improve facilities more efficiently, the pullout
capacity needs to be evaluated properly.
• To evaluate the pullout resistance of the pile analytically, it is necessary to first understand the changes in mechanical characteristics ofthe ground during pile driving. Therefore, the continuum analysis using the constitutive law for soils is more suitable than DEM analysis.
However, due to the difficulty of performing such numerical computations, ground deformation caused by pile driving has never beensuccessfully simulated. Therefore, in this study, we developed a numerical method that can simulate the ground deformation from piledriving to pulltout.
• The material point method (MPM) was used for numerical method,which can track extremely large deformation that cannot be simulated in a commonly-used finite element method due to the distortion ofmesh. By considering the frictional contact between pile and ground,
we were able to successfully simulate the pile driving process.

Cubic volume (cm3)

Volumetric strain (%)

Result using mixed sandy soil containing fine particle fractions

Approximation

Development of next-generation concrete deterioration simulation
model utilizing geochemistry phase-equilibrium calculations• In view of the lack of human resources and financial budget that will
be needed to maintain and manage Japan’s infrastructure in the future, many facilities might have to continue to be used beyond theirinitially designed period of use. While it is necessary to examine thelong-term durability of concrete materials to address this issue, there
is a concern that long-term exposure tests alone may be insufficient.
• Deterioration acceleration testing is an existing method for estimating
long-term durability. However, the usefulness of acceleration testingis yet to be determined, as it also requires some long-term exposure
testing to define an appropriate acceleration rate, and it also remains
unclear how differences between the testing environment and the actual environment affect the deterioration process.
• Therefore, we believe the next reasonable step is to perform simulations based on the actual deterioration mechanism in order to accurately predict the long-term durability of concrete materials in the
future. In this study, we observed cement compositions and changes
in the concentration distribution of various ions in concrete materials,
and obtained their phase constitution through geochemistry phaseequilibrium calculation (GEMS; D.Kulik, 2013), and created simulations that indicate the areas where the concrete materials would become vulnerable (reduction in strength).
• The figure illustrates a sample phase composite calculation based on
the distribution of various ions found in a concrete material (cement:
BB), the surface of which has actually lost strength. As a reduced
CSH level, which affects strength, was observed for the area approx.
3 mm from the surface, it can be seen that the strength of the area
has significantly deteriorated. However, as the composition of CSH
is considered to be affected by CH becoming extremely low, and it
starts losing strength, the actual drop in strength may be far deeper.
• We measured Vickers hardness data on actual concrete material anddetermined that the area where strength deteriorated was 5.1 mm fromthe surface. Taking into account that Vickers hardness measurement
data tend to fluctuate widely, we believe this method is capable ofpredicting strength deterioration roughly yet sufficiently at this point.
• In future, we plan to conduct chemical analysis, etc. of the borderregions where strength deterioration of concrete occurs, in order toproperly define border conditions and enhance prediction accuracy.

Estimated area where
there might be asignificant drop in strength

Distance from the surface (mm)Relationship between the composition change of hydrates and the area ofstrength deterioration in the direction of depth

PARI Annual Report 2019 18

Fundamental and Exploratory Research

Result using pure sandSimulation of the pile driving process5

Prediction method of quantitative distribution of ground subsidence
caused by liquefaction for improving tsunami inundation analysis• One of the factors that has a significant effect on the tsunami inundation process in coastal areas with soft soil is ground subsidence
caused by liquefaction, which must be taken into account when analyzing tsunami inundation.
• Focusing on mixed sandy soil containing fine contents, which is thetype of soil found in many coastal areas, we examined methods forpredicting the amount of ground subsidence caused by liquefaction.
• We conducted undrained cyclic torsional shear tests while varying
the uniformity coefficient of the sandy base material and fine contents (content rate(Fc) and type), and observed which parameters
had a high correlation to volumetric strain following liquefaction. We
chose two different types of mixed silica sand with different uniformity coefficients (silica sand 1: uniformity coefficient of 3.891, silica
sand 2: uniformity coefficient of 2.286) as base materials, and usedsandy soil blended with DL clay, which is non-plastic silt, and kaolin,which is a type of plastic clay, as test specimens.
• We applied the following three parameters and measured their correlation coefficients to volumetric strain: 1) Void ratio, 2) Skeletal void
ratio, and 3) Density deviation ratio [(ρdmax-ρd) / (ρdmax-ρdmin), ρd: The
dry density of sandy base material, ρdmax: The maximum dry densityof sandy base material, ρdmin: The minimum dry density of sandy basematerial]. The comparisons showed that the correlation coefficient
would become higher in the following order: 3) Density deviation ratio > 2) Skeletal void ratio > 1) Void ratio. The correlation between
density deviation ratio and volumetric strain is illustrated in the figure
below. In the case where pure sand was used as base material, it canbe seen that there is a consistent high correlation, unaffected by thevariance caused by the different uniformity coefficient of the sandybase material. In the other case where the base materials contained
fine particle fractions, a positive correlation is observed, while thedegree of data scattering is relatively large.
• In the cases of the mixed sandy soil, volumetric strains tend to belarger than the results of pure sand. To improve prediction accuracy,
it is necessary to further analyze the effects on volumetric strain following liquefaction, focusing on how the physical properties of finecontents act in such process.

Published Research Papers
Number of Peer-reviewed papers in FY 2018
Number of papers in Japanese

Number of papers in non-Japanese languages

Total

Rate of papers in non-Japanese language

58 (47)55 (30)113 (77)

48.7% (39.0%)* The above numbers contain proceedings that only reviewed the abstract. (Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of journals.)

Papers Published in PARI Reports in FY 2018

6

No.

Title

57-2

Field measurements and analyses of carbonate production by acoral reef ecosystem: towards the low-water line protection of
remote islands

57-4-157-4-2

Author(s)LanguageMonth/Year

Toko TANAYA, Tatsuki TOKORO,
Yoichi WATABE, Tomohiro KUWAE

Japanese

June 2018

Regulating factors of organic carbon accumulation rate in coastal
vegetated habitats

Kenta WATANABE, Tatsuki TOKORO,
Kazufumi TADA, Shigeru MONTANI,
Tomohiro KUWAE

Japanese

March 2019

An analysis of Ocean Waves along the Japanese Coast Based on
Swell Index

Hitoshi TAMURA, Takashi FUJIKI,
Koji KAWAGUCHIJapanese

March 2019

Published Research Papers

Papers Published in PARI Technical Notes in FY 2018
No.

Title

Author(s)LanguageMonth/Year

No.1342Annual Report on Nationwide Ocean Wave Information Network
for Ports and Harbours (NOWPHAS2016)

Koji KAWAGUCHI, Fumikazu SUEHIRO,
Takashi FUJIKI, Hitoshi TAMURA

Japanese

June 2018

No.1343

Seismic coefficients of coastal parapet levees considering
the dynamic response characteristics and applicability toperformance verification

Eiji KOHAMA, Ryota NATSUSAKA,
Hirofumi FUKAWA

Japanese

June 2018

No.1344

Applicability of pile foundations at confined disposal facilities incoastal area – Part 2: in situ demonstration for pile-driving andimpermeable performance at the landfill for waste incineration
residue

Takaaki MIZUTANI, Yoshiyuki MORIKAWA,
Yoichi WATABE, Yukio TSUDA,
Yuji MIYAHARA, Takayuki MATSUMOTO,
Jun MATSUO, Yu ICHIKAWA,
Nobuharu MATSUMOTO, Teiji TAKAGI,
Kazuhiro UENAKA

Japanese

June 2018

No.1345

Modeling of Ship Wave Generation for NOWT-PARI and Its
Verification - To Apply the Model for Port and Harbor Operation -Katsuya HIRAYAMA, Naoto HIGUCHI,
Junya NAGANUMAJapanese

June 2018

No.1346

Accuracy verification of Airborne Laser Bathymetry in the surfzone

Satoshi NAKAMURA, Masayuki BANNO,
Taichi KOSAKO, Shin-ichi YANAGISHIMA,
Hideto YASUDA

Japanese

June 2018

No.1347

Annual Report on Strong-Motion Earthquake Records inJapanese Ports (2016)

Atsushi NOZU, Yosuke NAGASAKA

Japanese

June 2018

No.1348

Damage to Port and Airport Facilities during the 2016 Kumamoto
Earthquake Sequence

Atsushi NOZU, Futoshi IZU, Shinji SASSA,
Eiji KOHAMA, Yousuke OHYA,
Ryuji TERADA, Takaaki KOBAYASHI,
Akihiko KONDO, Yosuke NAGASAKA,
Takeshi SUZUKI, Yukitomo TSUBOKAWA,
Ryoji NAITO, Masahiro TAKENOBU,
Yusuke FUKUNAGA, Takashi KIDOU

Japanese

July 2018

No.1349

Analysis on Chloride Induced Deterioration Progress inSuperstructure of Open-type Wharf with Statistical Methods

Yutaka TANAKA, Yuichiro KAWABATA,
Ema KATO

Japanese

December
2018

No.1350

Survey on aggregate gradation of asphalt mixture for surface
course of Airfield pavement

Futoshi IZUJapanese

December
2018

No.1351

A field-experimental study on solidification of filling material incaisson toward enhanced resistance of caisson against repeatedcollision of concrete block

Yuichiro KAWABATA, Kenichi KUROKI,
Ema KATO, Yoshiyuki MORIKAWA,
Tetsushi HAYAKAWA

Japanese

March 2019No.1352

INVESTIGATION ON REINFORCEMENT OF A PIER WITH STEELPIPE PILES USING SUPPLEMENTAL DAMPING DEVICES

Eiji KOHAMA, Shingo AWAZU,
Yousuke OHYA, Yoshio SHIOZAKI

Japanese

March 201919 PARI Annual Report 2019

Public Relations
Annual Report, Technical Journals,
and Website

Port and Airport Technology Lecture
Aiming to present and disseminate the achievements of investigations, research, and technical developments carried out
at PARI, we held a Port and Airport Technology Lecture in Tokyo
on October 9, 2018 in cooperation with the National Institute forLand and Infrastructure Management, which was attended by
174 participants.
Port and Airport Technology Special Lecture in Region
Aiming to widely provide information on the research activities and achievements of PARI and collect information such as
research needs in each region of Japan, we held 4 lecture meetings throughout Japan in cooperation with the National Institutefor Land and Infrastructure Management, Regional Development
Bureaus, and others, gathering approximately 650 participants.
Port and Airport Research Symposium
We held the Port and Airport Research Symposium in cooperation with the National Institute for Land and InfrastructureManagement in Yokosuka City on January 11, 2019, which wasattended by more than 100 people.

Cooperation with Super Science High school (SSH) Projects
For first-year students from Kanagawa Prefectural Yokosuka
High School which is SSHs designated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, we explained
our studies and organized tours to PARI’s facilities to enhance
students’ interest in science and math.
Exhibition at Tokyo-wan Daikanshasai 2018 [Tokyo-Bay
Thanksgiving Day 2018]
Tokyo-wan Daikanshasai 2018 was held in the vicinity of
the Yokohama Red Brick Warehouse in October 2018. We explained to many visitors underwater imaging technology alongwith demonstrations by marine divers as part of PR activities at
the Keihin Port Dock, designated as a Civil Engineering Heritage site by the Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

Presentation at the Keihin Port dock

Media Appearances
We distributed information via media outlets, including experimental films explaining the dangers of tsunamis and othermaterials broadcast on news shows and other programs ofJapanese TV stations. In addition, articles on various activities
of PARI appeared in newspapers, technical journals, and otherprinted media, a total of 58 times.

Open House
Open House
During the Open House event held on Saturday, July 21,
2018, we conducted a variety of demonstration experiments
such as “Let’s find out the powerful force of tsunami!”, handson events including “Let’s touch tidal flat creatures!”, and exhibitions including “Let’s try a flight simulator!”. A total of 980
people visited PARI for the event.
Presentation of cases where PARI’s research findings
are applied to port, harbor, and airport operations

Open House set-up

PARI Annual Report 2019 20

Public Relations

Lectures for the General Public

Other Outreach Activities

7

The Annual Report 2018 (Japanese version) and the PARI
Annual Report 2018 (English version), which summarized theactivities in FY 2017, were produced as a record of achievements, and were distributed to the parties concerned and published on PARI’s website.
Regarding the PARI Technical Journal, we selected special articles for each study theme for every
issue to introduce utilization situationsof study results and PARI’s experimentand on-site observation facilities. Approximately 2,000 copies of the PARI
Technical Journal were distributed toapproximately 1,700 places.
On PARI’s website, we provided
various information on events andnews including PARI’s summarized
information, achievements, facilities,
symposiums on a real time basis;
we got approximately 140,000 acThe PARI Technical Journal
cesses in this fiscal year.

Other Facility Tours
Other than the Open House, we held 71 facility tours, with
2,144 visitors. We introduced PARI facilities and PARI-associated research to visitors from private companies, the government, municipalities, and educational institutions to broaden
understanding of PARI’s activities and the social importanceof researchers. We also carried out activities to increase understanding of disaster prevention, such as providing various
information on earthquakes and tsunamis.

Outstanding Research Activities
Awards for Papers and Others in FY 2018
Name

1

Shinji SASSA

Award

Institution

Date

Head, Soil Dynamics Group

Outstanding Reviewer of
Coastal Engineering

ELSEVIER
The Editors of COASTALENGINEERING

April 12, 2018

ELSEVIER
The Editors of JOURNAL
OF ROCK MECHANICS
AND GEOTECHNICALENGINEERING

April 12, 2018

Remarks

2

Shinji SASSA

Head, Soil Dynamics Group

Outstanding Reviewerof Journal of RockMechanics andGeotechnical Engineering

3

Yuichiro KAWABATA Senior Researcher, Structural
Mechanics Group
Kazuhide YONAMINE Researcher, Materials Group

Japan Cement
Association, Distinguished
Paper Award

Japan Cement
Association

May 9, 2018

Ports & Harbours
Association of Japan,
FY2018 Distinguished
Paper Award

The Ports & Harbours
Association of JapanMay 23, 2018

Design method of
reinforcing embankment for
breakwaters and sensitivity
analysis by its scale

Ports & Harbours
Association of Japan,
FY2018 Distinguished
Paper Award

The Ports & Harbours
Association of JapanMay 23, 2018

A simulation model of oil
transport on the water
surface

The Maeda Engineering
Foundation
Yamada Kazuie Award

The Maeda Engineering
Foundation

June 1, 2018

Basic research on dynamic
properties of seabeds

Electronic publication
series including collectionsof papers presented atinternational conferences
hosted by the Japanese
Geotechnical Society

4

Hidenori TAKAHASHI Head, Soil Stabilization Groupand three others

5

Director, Frontier Technology andEngineering Department
Yoshitaka MATSUZAKI Senior Researcher, Oil Spill
Response Group

6

Yuri SUGIYAMA

Isamu FUJITA

8
Outstanding Research Activities

7

Daiki TAKANO
and seven others

Researcher, Soil Mechanics andGeo-Environment Group

Senior Researcher, Soil Stabilization
Group

Japanese GeotechnicalSociety,
Operation Plan Award

Japanese GeotechnicalSocietyJune 6, 2018

Japanese GeotechnicalSocietyJune 6, 20188

Keita NAKAMURA

Researcher, Foundations GroupInternational Conference,
Japanese GeotechnicalSociety, Distinguished
Young Paper Author
Award

9

Eiichi MIYOSHI

Research Specialist, Coastal andEstuarine Environment Research
Group

Japan Society of Civil
Engineering, FY2017
Distinguished TechnicalContribution Award

Japan Society of Civil
Engineers

June 8, 201810

Shinji SASSA

Head, Soil Dynamics Group

Outstanding Reviewer ofApplied Ocean Research

ELSEVIER
The Editors of Applied
Ocean Research

June 25, 201811

Yuri SUGIYAMA

Researcher, Soil Mechanics andGeo-Environment Group

53rd Geotechnology
Research Presentation,
Excellent Presentation
Award

Japanese GeotechnicalSociety

September 6,
2018

Analytical study of methods
for estimating in-situ
strength of seabeds

12

Takashi FUJIKI
Koji KAWAGUCHI
Fumikazu SUEHIRO
and one otherResearcher, Marine Information Group
Head, Marine Information Group
Researcher, Marine Information GroupFY2018 Distinguished
Coastal Engineering Paper
Award

Coastal Engineering
Committee, Japan
Society of Civil
Engineers

November 16,
2018

Automated partitioning of
directional wave spectrumwith Gaussian mixture model

Tomohiro KUWAE

Head, Coastal and Estuarine
Environment Research Group

Ecological Research
Award

The Ecological Societyof JapanMarch 19, 2019

Seasonal linkage between
stocked sweetfish andgreat cormorants as
predators and prey

Letter of Appreciation

Bureau of Portand Harbor, Tokyo
Metropolitan
Government

March 22, 2019Technical assistanceprovided in a study of the
supporting force of piles at
the new wharf for passenger
ships in Tokyo Bay

13

14

and four others

Takaaki MIZUTANI21 PARI Annual Report 2019

Head, Foundations GroupPARI Events
Active Commitment in International Meetings,
Workshops, and Other Projects
In December 2015, the United Nations General Assembly officiallydesignated November 5th, which has already been designated as Tsunami Prevention Day in Japan, as World Tsunami Awareness Day. In
response, we established the Hamaguchi Award (Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Award) in 2016 in order to reward
persons who have made remarkable contributions in the field of coastal
disaster prevention technology including tsunami disasters. In November 2018, the award was given to the following two persons and one
group: Hajime Mase, Professor Emeritus / Research Professor at Kyoto
University; Harry Yeh, Professor at Oregon State University; and the
DONET Development Team.

Promotion of Administrative Support
Dispatching of Researchers to Disaster Sites
In order to investigate the status of the damage caused by storm
surges during Typhoon Jebi on September 4, 2018, PARI, in conjunction with the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management(NILIM) Yokosuka branch, dispatched four researchers (including two
from PARI) to Wakayama-Shimotsu Port and two researchers (including
one from PARI) to Amagasaki-Nishinomiya-Ashiya Port.
In addition, PARI, in conjunction with NILIM Yokosuka branch, sent
four experts (including three from PARI) to Tomakomai Port to investigate the status of damage caused by the major earthquake that occurred on September 6, 2018, an epicenter of which was located in thecentral and eastern Iburi region in Hokkaido.
Furthermore, 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami struck in Central Sulawesi Island, Indonesia on September 28, 2018 caused enormous damage due to liquefaction-induced tsunamis. As the government of Indonesia requested JICA to help developing a master plan forpost-disaster recovery, PARI dispatched two researchers as part of theinvestigation team to conduct a field survey on the disaster area so thatthe plan would be completed based on the survey.

Broad Research Exchange with Japanese andOverseas Research Institutes
To improve the quality and efficiency of research, we actively collaborated on research with domestic and overseas research instituties andsigned a total of 39 research cooperation agreements with 12 Japaneseand 27 overseas institutes as of FY 2018. During FY 2018, PARI executed research cooperation agreements with the International Partnershipfor Blue Carbon (secretariat: the Government of Australia), the Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, etc.

Conclusion of Education and Research
Collaboration Agreements
We signed agreements with national, public and private universities.
Under these agreements, PARI researchers serve as grad-school professors or take other positions at the universities. Under the graduate
school linking system, in which postgraduate students receive instructions at research institutions, we concluded collaboration agreementswith 9 universities including the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagoya
University, and Nagaoka University of Technology. In FY 2018, we dispatched 9 researchers as lecturers. We also dispatched a total of threeresearchers to universities which are not under the graduate school linking system, including the University of Tokyo.

Investigation of the status of damage atTomakomai Port

Dispatching of Researchers to Various Technical Committees
We dispatched a total of 40 researchers to various technical committees organized by governments and other organizations to solve
technical issues concerning the execution of port, coastal, and airport
public works by national and municipal governments and local administrations. Including technical committees on improving ports, coasts andairports established by various institutions, a total of 307 researchers
were dispatched by PARI, and actively tackled technical issues facedby governments and other organizations.
Dispatching of Lecturers to Training Courses for Domestic Engineers
Training courses for national and other public service engineers areheld by NILIM. We actively participate from the planning stage and havedispatched a total of 35 researchers to 12 training courses as lecturers.
Providing Operational Support for Technical Standards for Ports,
Airports, etc.
Regarding technical standards for port facilities, our researchers
took part in technical committees set up by the Ports and Harbours
Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
Our researchers also gave lectures at NILIM, conferences, and seminars organized by other relevant organizations, and contributed to the
spread of technical standards. Regarding airport facilities, our researchers participated in various investigative commissions in preparation forthe smooth introduction and operation of technical standards for airport
civil engineering facilities.
Support for Evaluation of New Technologies
In response to a request of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (including regional development bureaus), PARI offered technical support by dispatching researchers to the New Technology Utilization Evaluation Conference established by each organizationfor evaluating the practicality and applicability of the technologies to beregistered in the New Technology Information System (NETIS) in orderto promote the application of useful new technologies.
PARI Annual Report 2019 22

PARI Events

In September 2018, PARI researchers participated in
HYDRALAB+Meeting and the Workshop International Collaboration
outside Europe held in Catania, Italy and introduced PARI’s researchfacilities of marine and hydraulic engineering and presented our studies
on global warming.
In addition, PARI representatives also traveled to Ghent, Belgiumin October 2018 to attend the Sixth International Symposium on LifeCycle Engineering. We gave a presentation of our research findings ofmaintenance technologies on port facilities and deepened interactions
through vigorously exchange of opinions.

9

A prize awarding ceremony and commemorative lecture of the
Hamaguchi Award (November 7, 2018, Tokyo)

July 2019

−Creating Technologies that Contribute to the World−

National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology

Port and Airport Research Institute3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0826, JAPAN TEL +81-46-844-5040 FAX +81-46-844-5072 URL http://www.pari.go.jp