～￣／、

KakapoRecoveryProgramme
PaulJANSEN
Dcp&lrImentofCons(JrvationofNewZealand

ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＴｈｅｋａｋ(lpoisIlI1ighlycndan卿eredparr()tendemictoNewZeilland，Ｉｌｅｂｂｅｄ（o50knownindividualinl995・Ｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｐａｓｔ８ｙｅａｒｓＴｈｅｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅＩ１１ｏｆＣ()nsen･a【ioninparmershipwithcorporaにsponsorship･aleadingconservali(〕ｎｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄＮＧＯ,andapool

ofdedicntcdvoIunteersfromtheRlobalpubIichavereverscdthedecline（)Ithisspeciespr()ducinlYa7296increaseinkakapoI1umbersovertbistime・TheprolFresshasbeens(）

successfulthatmanager＆ａｒｅ、()ｗｌｏｏｋｉｎｌＹｆｏｒｍｏｒｅｓｐａｃｅＩ(〕ｐｕ【ｔｂｅｅｘｐ５ｌｎｄｉｎ間
ｐ()pulati()ｎａｎｄａｒｅｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｌｉｌｌＲｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｍａｎａＲｅｍｅｎｔｅｆ｢ｏｒｔｂｙａｎｏｒｄｅｒｏｆ
ｍｎｇｎｉｔｕｄＧＥｎｖｉｒｏnmentaIeducatioｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｂｙｐｒｏｄｕｃtofkakapo

rec()very，Posi[iveconservalionmes;agesarepresenledinallh)ｒｍｓ〔)fthemedia,aI1dan
intensivev()IuntecrprograInmefacilitatespubIicinvolvemcntintheprogranmle．
ｌｌＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ

TheKakapoRecoveryPr()ｇｒａｍｍｅｉｓａｐａｒｍｅｒｓｈｉｐ

ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｓｐ()Ilsor．Ｃ()ｍａＩｃ(）ＮｅｗＺｅａｌａｎｄ．ａｎｏ昨
RovernmentorRi1nisaliol１．TheRoyaIForestHllldBird
ProtectionSocie(y、andtIleDepartment（)fCoIlservation，ＩｔｉｓａｌｓｏａｐａｒＩｎｅｒｓｈｉｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉＪｌlernationalpubIic・
whichdonatelnoney＆Ｍ１ｄｖｏｌｕｎｌｅｅｒｔｈｅｉｒｔｉｍｃｌ(）hclp
savethekakapo・Ｋａｋａｐｏａｒｅｏlinlernfllionalsignificanceastbeyhave
manyuniquefUlturesthatareofscientificinterest(Ｆｉｇｌ)．
ＫａｋａｐｏｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｔＩ１ｅｓｔｒｕＲｇｌｅｔｈａｔ
Fig.１．Por1raitofthec｢iticaIIyendangered
ｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｅｄｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｆace，Ｋａｋａｐｏａｒｅ（〕fparticular
kakapo・significancetoMaori・ｔｈｅｉｎｄｉＨｅｎｏｕｓｐｅｏｐＩｅｏｆＮｅｗ
Ｚｅａｌａｎ｡､andthespeciesisspecilicalIymentionedinNew Zealandlegislalionasatreasured(laonIKa）
spec1es．

２ＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤ

Ｋａｋａｐ()areendemictoNewZealandandfiPomsubfbssilremainsitisevidenttlMlttheywereoI1cec()ｍｍｏｎ〔)ntbethreemainlslandsofNewZeala11..However・ｂｙｔｈｅｌ９６０ｓ・kak(lpowererestrictedtoasmallremoｔｅａｒｅａ()fsouthweslNewZealand・Kakaposurvivedinthcupperelevatiｏｎｓｏｆｔhe
sleepsidcdgIaciatedvalley；ｏｆＦｉ()rdlnnd.：ＭｉⅡbrdcatcllment,Ｉｎ２０ｙｅａｒｓｏｆｓｅＨｕｒｃｈｉｎｇｉＩｌｔｈｌｓａｒｅａ()llly22birdswerelocatedaIIolwhicIlweremale・IlisbelievedIhatthedecIiX1eofkakapowasdue
totheintroductionofsloKlts(ermine）lbrrabbitcoI】lroLshortlynftertheturnofthｅｌ９ｔｈcentury、ThisflilFhtlessgroundnestilＩｇｂｉｒｄｗａｓｅａｓｙｐｒｅｙｆｂｒｔｈｉｓ【lgiIepredator
lnl976kakapowerediscoveredonStewartlsland，Ｉｔｗａｓｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｌ１ｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｍaleIek
breedingsitesthatthepopulalionwasapproximateIy200birds、Kakap(）ｕｓｅａ￣Iek浄wheremale
kakapoIooseIya醗regateanddisplaytoattractfemalesduringtIlebreedingseas(〕n．Eachmalehasaseriesofinterconnectedtracks:]ndexcavatedbowllikedepressions,Kakapouseanaudiodisplay．
lIIIい合わせ光ＰＯＩ批Ｄｘｌ川20.ＷcⅡingto[ＬＮＥＷＺＩＺＡＬＡＮＩ）

zW境教育vOLjJ-3

魔uﾉﾉansen

7５悌ａｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＩｏｗｒｅｓｏｎａｎｔ￣boomsrepeatedthousandsoftimeseachnighLThesecalIsareinterspersedwithhighfrequencycaIIscalle。
~chin摩.、whicharebeIievedtomakeiteasierfOrthelemaletoaccuratelylocatethemaIeHowever・iｔｗａｓｌ１ｏｔｕｎｔｉＩ１９８０ｔｈａｔthelirstfemalewas

confirmedaspresent，ThislirstfemalewascalIed
Mandy，afterthetrainedtrackerdogthatfOund
her、Ｔｈｉｓｗａｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｃｏｎｎｒｍｅｄｆｅｍａｌｅｆoundsinceeffbrtstosavekakapohaｄｂｅｇｕｎｉｎｌ９５７
ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｒｓｔｆｅｍａｌｅｓｅeninover50years，Mandy
wasweighed，measure｡，andIegbandedwitha
stainlesssteeIbandthenreleased・Mandyhas
neverbeenseenagain・
ＩｌｌＭａｒｃｈ】981thenrstnestwasdiscovered．

.､ＡＩice惇ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙｆｌｅｄｇｅｄｈｅｒｍａＩｅｃｈｉｃk
Snark”andatleastoneotherfemaleproduced
offsprinRthatyear・UnfOrtunatelyceIebrations
weresｈｏｒｔｌｉｖｅｄ．Withnewtransmitter

technoloHyfittedtothebirdsitwasrevealedthat
catswereasignificantpredatorofkakapo．
沙FivemalekakapowerelbundkiIledbycatson
theirdisplaylekinoneweekanditwasestimatedFi9.2.LocationofkakapoisIands，
thatcatshadkiIIedbaIftheStewartlslandkakapo
populationsinceitsdiscovery5yearsearIier・
CatcontrolwasestablishedimmediateIyandundertheprotectionthisａfYOrdedkakapowere
Iocatedandtransferredtopredatorh｢eeislandsThisprocesstooklOyearｓｄｕｅtothecrypticnature

ofkakapo,ｐｏｏｒweather(withtheislandHlt47osouthinlatitudelandanearcompletecoveroftheirhabitatwithexceptionallydensevegetation

BirdsweretranslocatedtothreeoffShoreislandsaroundNewZeaIandMaudlslandwasthefirstrecipientofbirdswithLittleBarrierandCodfishlslandtofOlIow(Fig.２)．
ThepresenceofthePolynesianratＲａｔｔｕｓｅｘｕｌａｎｓｏｎｔｗｏｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｉｓlands（aspecies
introducedtoNewZealandbyPolynesiansettIers）ｗａｓｕｎｄｅｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄａｓｔｈｅｒａｔｗａｓｎｏta
predatorofadultkakapo、However,theireffectwasdevastatingastheypreyedoneggsandnewIy
hatchedchicks、ＭａＩｅｋａｋａｐｏｐＩａｙｎｏｒ()leinincubationandrearingofchicks、Consequentlyrats
metnooppositionｗｈｅｎｔｈｅＩｅｍａＩｅｗａｓａｗａｙｆｉ･omthenestfbragingfOrfbod
ltwasevidentthateventhoughadultmortaIityhadbeenreducedtonearzero,withoutsuccessfuI
brcedinRkakapowouIdbefunctionallyextinctwithin30years、
３ＲＥＣＥＮＴＲＥＣＯＶＥＲＹＥＦＦＯＲＴＳ

Ｉｎｌ９９５ｔｈｅｋａkaporecoveryteamwasrestructuredandanewrecoveryplanwaswntten・The
pIanfbcusedontheessentiaItask＆tohaltextinctionandhadoneverycIearperlbrmancemeasureto
assesssuccess・thenumberoffemalekakapoproduce｡．
TherecoverygoaIswere(abbreviated)：

１.ManageexistingbreedingpotentialfOrbesteflecL
２.Undertakeandapplyresearcbtoincreasebreedingfrequency

Tbeperfbrmancemeasuretoassessprogresswas：
Eightlemalechickspmducedand24nestswitheggsby2005．

環境教庁ＶＯＬＩ４－３

随AflpoReC()velyPrDgmnJmC

戸Ｃ～〃

While（heseRoalswereverysimpIeilnｄｓｅｒｖｅｄｌ(）fbcusactiviIyt(）achieveIbem・manynew

stralegieshadtobeemployed
Theseinduded：

1.Training化maIckakapotolilkeRDodtoensurcthattI1eycouIdsupporttheirchicksshouId
fruitingfaiL

2,DetailedpIanningwasundertakcntodeterminere5ponsestopotentiH11disa＆terssuchas
predatorsenterinlFtllenesL

3・Ｒａ(swereconlrolledIocalIyar〔)undnestsitest(〕ｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｒｉｓｋｏfkakap(〕beinlgpredatcd、4.SpeciallydesignedbaitandtrapstHltionsweremadetoavoidharmiIlgkakap０．

５.Placingofinfraredvideocamerasｉｎ【ｈｅｎｅｓｔｔｏ(》bservethenestwithouldisturbance、
6.RemoteliredratscarinRsystem，7.IIcatpads(oreplicateincubati〔)ｎｉＩＩｔｈｅｌｌｅｓｔｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｌｅｍａＩeisabscnL
8・NestmodificationstoproIeclchicksfromenvironmeIltalfhlcIors、

9.ThenestminderproHrammewasdeveIopedtoprovidepers(maIisedatlenlionlbreachnest
andtoilltervenepromptIyshouIdthisberequired

Ｔｈｅｈｅａｔｐａｄ・andoperatingtheratdelerrent、ｗａｓｔＩｌｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｌＯｃｕｓｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｓｔｍｉnder，However､lhemindersalsocarriedthe3tonｎｅｓｗｏｒｔｈｏｆｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔｌｏａｌ１ｄｆｒｏmeachnestthatwas
requiredoverthe4monthincubationandfIedgin恩period，Ｔｈｅｎ１ｉｎｉａｌｕｒｅ￣innest宮vidcocameraswerec()nｎｅｃｔｅｄｔｏ２４ｈｏｕｒｖｉｄｅ〔）rec()rderssoaIl

happenin鷹ｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｅｓｔｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｂｒｄｅｔaileddiltagatherinH、
ＦｉＩｇ３ｓｈｏｗｓａＪｕｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆｔｙｐｅｏｌｄatacollecledthathelpeddevelopincubalionandhandraisinR

standards、

1,1997.withthepIanninRprocessjustcompIeted､wefacedourlirstbreedingseasoｎｗｉｔｈ７

ｆemalesattemptingt(）breed，ＯｕｒｐＩａｎｎｉｎｇＩ〕rocesswassuccessfuland3maIechickswerc

produced
lnl998oursecondbreedingseaS0n（oI1encsl）waslOO9bsuccessfuLTwomalesaI】ｄｏｎｅfemalc
chickswereproduced

Throughbothseasonschickgrowthwasmoniloredthrou想hrclgularweighlsbeinRtakenfrom
neslIings，ThisenabledclosemonitoringofchickheaIthaI1ddevelopmeI1t・ａｎｄａＩｓｏｅｎａｂＩｅｄｕｓｌ(〕
acquiregrowthcurvesofnnturallyraisedIlealthycbicks・Ａｌｌｔｂｉｓｄａｔａｗａｓｔｈｅ、&maIysedtoproducc
gr()ｗｔｈ￣Ilormals国andthresholdsthatw()ulddelerminewhatactionwasrequiredandwhen・
Ａｓｃａｎｂｅｓｅｅｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ鷹raphofFiN.４.maleandkmaleweightsdivergesⅨDnafterhatching､A
209dbelowaverageweightnlgurewasusedtosetapointfbrintervention・Thi§generallyｔｏ()ｋｔｈｅ
ｆｂｒｍｏｆｒｅｍ(〕vinIgthechickfromtI1enestilndh【lIldraisillg．

Reviewofobservations
unusQuTlbehmviour
ｅ

、2４５
0２
4５
、３２，
0３
2０

D３Ｂ４１
4１
0３

1GｍＶ⑭

Kｎｒｒｕｖｅc鴎「oⅡ

Ｃ田ＷＨＤｙororh2r

ｉｎｍｉｍｕ１塵

mniｍｍＩＧｃｏｍｍｅｍＨＢ

ゾ
ゾ

３５

ゾ

scratching｜’１１１
Fig.３．ExampIeofdatacoIIected．

環境我がVOL､1４－３

Ｂ】ﾛﾉﾉﾖ､sen

市

Ｉｎｌ９９８ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓａｎｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙｔｏｒidWhenuaHou(ourpremierk&hkapoisIand)ofPoIynesianrats，Wepredictedthatbreedingwouldnoｔｏｃｃｕｒｔｈａｔｓｕｍｍｅｒｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｌａｃｋｏｆabundantfruiting
ofrimu，ＯｕｒｐｌａｎｗａｓｔｏｍｏｖｅａｌｌｔｈｅｋａｋａｐｏｆｒomWhenuaHoutemporarilytoPearlIsland,asmaIIerisIandtothesouth-east、

However,afterthebirdsweremoved（heeradicationofratswasdelayeda（ewmonthsandthe
abundanceofrimufruitwashigherthananticipated，WithconcernthatalatereturntoWhenua
HoumaydisturbanypotentiaIfOrbreeding,kakapowereleftonPearllslandfOrtheseasomln
earIyJanuarymatingsignwaslbund
Withweka､anendemicflightlessrail・ａｎｄａｋｎｏｗｎｐｒｅｄａｔｏｒｏｆeggs,presentontheislandanew

strategywasrequiredWekacouldno[betrappedorpoisoned(astheyareathreatenedspeciestoo）
andwereunlikeIytobedeterredbyourratscaringdevices・Alleggswerecollectedibrartificial

incubationandhandrearing、TIledatHlcollectedfrompreviousbreedingseasonRaveusthe
confidencetoacL

Theresultsproducedwerebetterthamtheprevioustwoseasons､Sixnewchickswerepmduced・
fOurofthesewerelemaIe､buttoacbievethisrequireddillicuItandnerverackingwork・
WebeIievedthat，wiIdmotherslglvenapredatorfreeenvironmentandsomesupportsuchas
supplementaryfeedingcouIdhaveeasiIyduplicatedthisresult・Fromthethreebreedingseasons
frｏｍｌ９９７ｔｏｌ９９９ｗｅｂｕｉｌｔａｃＩｅａｒｓｅｔｏｆactｉｏｎｓｔｂａｔｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｍｅｅｔｔｈｅｇｏalsoftheKakapo
Rec()veryPIan，LessonsandactionstakenoverthethreesuccessivebreedingseasonsthatareIUow
invaIuabletokakapomanagementwere：
1.Protectionfrompredatorsatthenestincreasedproductivitysignificantly，2.FromthetransferofkakapotoPearllslandinwinterweIearntthatwintertranslCrsdonot
inlerferewithbreedinRlhelbllowingsummer、

3.UnderstandingeachindividualbirdandmanagmRaccordinRIyi.e・ｉｔ､spersonaIitytrailsand●

tolerancetointervenUon、4.SuppIement&lry血edinRoffemaleslosul)portthemraisingchicks．

００００００００００

印印扣如叩釦印佃、

１１１１１｛ロ）］ニロ｜①一二－Ａｖｍａｌｅ－ｍａｌｅ＜20％－－－ＡｖＩｅｍａＩｅ－－Ｉｅｍａｌｅ＜20％0１０２０３０４０５０６０

Ａｇｅ(days）
Fig,４．Ｇ｢aphofmaleandfemaleweightsdivergenceaIterhatching．

環糖教育ＶＯＬＬＩ－３

砲kapoReCol'ＣＤ，Ｐｍｇｍｍｎ】ｅ7９

５．１，(ensivcmonit(〕ringolnestsandnesImanagemenlincreascshatchabiIityandchicksurvivorship

6ArtificialincubationandI1andrKli副ｎｇｉｓａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌｐ：lrtofcIoseorderproIgrHlInmcs2lnd
inIbrmationvitaIlbrthisactivityhadbeengathercdandlesled．

１，２００２.ａｆｔｅｒｔｗｏｙｅＨｌｒｓｏｆｎ()kakapobreediIlHHlcIivity､kakapobredaRain、

Thescasonstarledwiththekll()wIedHctbalrilIswerenoIonHerpresentonWhenuaH()uandthat
imexceptionalcr(〕ｐｏｆｒｉｍｕｆｒｕｉｔｗａｓｄ(ｗｅｌｏｐｉｌｌＲｎｎｄｓｅｔｔｏｒｉｐｃｎ（pr()bilblyHllin20yearevent）
j1aleswereinexceⅡenlconditioI1andkmaleswereexbibitinlgaIltheprecursiorstobreedinR（i､e・￣ｗａｌｋabout￣ｔ()assessｋ)()dEwailabilily・goodbodyweiRhLetc)．
AllfemalesweremovcdloWhenu知ｌｌｏｕlbrtbepredicledbl･eedinRscason、Thiswasbasedon
theexpcricnceo（thePearIIslandtranshroltwoyearsbeh)rc.（〔）ensur(DthetransferliminRwould

I1otinterIerewithbreedinRandtoen：urethemaximumI1umberof此mnIeswouIdatlempttobrced

iIlassociationwiththeheavyfruitin忠．
OverI30nestmindervolun(eerswererecruiIedandprolgmmmｅｄｔ(）ａｓｓｉｓｔｍｒｔｗｏｗｅｅｋｓａｔａ

ｔｉｍｅｏｖｃｒ［ｈｅ６ｍ(DnthbreedinRseason,WithralsabscntthevoIunteersjobofmanaginRnestwas
easierthtlninulepast、However､ｗｉｔｈ２４ｎｅｓｔｓｆＯｒＩｈＧｓｅａｓ(〕11．lhercwasstiIlmorelllanen()ughworktokeepeveryonefullyoccupiedkcepinge鷺RswarmandensurinlE【ｔｈａｔｔｈｅｎｅｓｔｓａｎｄｃｈｉｃｋｓ
ｗｃｒｅｓａｉｅand5ecure

Nestmanagementwasfurtherrefinedwitbe鷹腐transhrsbelweenneststoreducepo1entiaIh)ｒ､ortalitylhrouImsibIinHrivalryand【〔)encouragere-ne帥ingandlI】clayin円olsecoIudclutcbes.
Ｅ聖ｓｗｃｒｅｍｏｗｄｔｏｅｎｓｕｒｅｎ(）birdhal(ｈｅｄｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｌｗｏｙ()ungandthatlhcyoun鷺ｗｅｒｅ（)「asllearequHUlagealspossiｂｌｅｔ(）ａｖ()idthelHlrRerrhickoulcompctｉｎｇｔＩ１ｅ（)therlbrlbod，TI1eseeHg
transfersaIsopr(widedanopportuni[ｙｌｏｃｏｌＩａｔｅｓｉ【19leeHgcIutchesaXudthedisposaI〔)finkrtiIecH鷹ｓａⅡowin円７femaIestore-nest、TheresuI（ｗａｓ＆い'eraIne§tswilllasinlglechick（)ｒｔｗｏｃｈｉｃｋｓｔｈｅｓ(lmesizc，ｏｆtheseveI1lbmalcsthatwereenc()uragedlore-ncslbyr(mDvaI（〕ftheirclutch・lbur
producedasecondcIutchincrcasinRproduc[ivityIurthCr・
Ｎｅｓｔｂ()xesrcplacedmostnaluralne§ｌｓｔ(）ellsurecllicksecurityIr(〕I】lnHlluraleUwir〔)nmenlal

hazards§ｕｃｈａｓｓｌｅｅｐｂａｎｋｓａｎｄ．､ｐｉｔｆ(11｢・boles､ThesestructuresalsoaⅡ0wedunimpededaccessto
chickslUrmanagcmenLreducinglheriskofinterventioncausedinjury・
Asaresult（)ｆｌｈｅｓｅｃ(〕mbinedmanaRemenlHIcIions2`ｌｎｅｗｋａｋａｐｏｗｃｒｅｐｒ〔)duced，NiIlemales、
ａｎｄｌ５ｋｍａｌｅｓ、A3996illcreaseiIlthep〔)puIati(ＤＩｌｉｎｏｎｅｙｅａｒ，

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Ｉｆｗｅ５ｌｐｐｌｙｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｃＲｙａｓｄｅｍ()nstraIedbytheplannedlineintIlefiRurebelowwe化eIconlident

thatwecanstopmanalｇｅｍｅｎｔｗｈｅｎｌ５０ｆｅｍａｌｅｋａｋａｐｏａｒｅｉｎtbepopuIation、ＴｈｅｂｉｒｄｓｗｉⅡbenumericaⅡystronHenou底btoincrease（Dnlheirown，ThisstrateIFywiⅡreduceexpcnditureon
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J同奨教育VOL・ﾉｲｰ３

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8０

canonlybeachievedonpredatorsa血isIands、

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嘱境教万ＶＯＬルル３

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8２

P2iﾛﾉﾉ、senｔｈｅｎｅｘｔｌＯｙｃａｒｓａｓｋａｋａｐｏｎｕｍｂｃｒｓｇｒＤｗｔｏａｍｏｒｃ＄ecurelevelnndareunlikeIytodeclineevenif
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developed・Ｈｏｗever，ｉｔｉｓｕｎｌｉｋｃＩｙｌｈａｔｔｈｅｆｕｎｄｉｎｇｆｏｒｓuchamdexpensivenndextended
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attitude･andnstrongconservationeducatioｎｐｍｇｒａｍｍｅ,hasprovidedasoundpIatlbrmfjFomwhichthiscanhappen
Visitourwebsiteat；kakaporecovery・or9.nｚ

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