Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 41(3), pp. 113–124, August 21, 2015

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1.
Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. and I. chungtienensis Y. L. Chen
Shinobu Akiyama1,* and Hideaki Ohba2
1

Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science,
Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan2
Department of Botany, the University Museum, the University of Tokyo,
Hongo 7–3–1, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan*E-mail: akiyama@kahaku.go.jp(Received 11 May 2015; accepted 24 June 2015)

Abstract Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. and I. chungtienensis Y.L.Chen are taxonomicallyrevised and a new section name, sect. Sulcatae S.Akiyama & H.Ohba, is proposed. Impatiens
amplexicaulis distributed in NW Himalaya, and the species reported from Nepal shoud be referred
to I. chungtienensis. These two are distinguished by the shape of the lower sepal.
Key words : Flora of Nepal, Himalaya, Impatiens, Nepal, new section.

Based on the studies of Impatiens in both theHimalaya and SW China (Akiyama, 1987; Akiyama et al., 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1995a, 1995b,
1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2009; Akiyama and Ohba,
1993, 2000; Akiyama and Wu, 2008; Fujihashi etal., 2002; Sugawara et al., 1994, 1997), we wish
to revise the species from Nepal for the Flora of
Nepal project (Watson et al., 2010). The terminology and measurements of the ﬂowers follows
Akiyama et al. (1991).
Taxonomic studies of Himalayan Impatiens
were initiated by de Candolle (1824), Roxburgh(1820–24), and Don (1825). Their treatments of
Himalayan species were mostly based on Wallich
collections from Nepal. Royle (1834) describedseveral Impatiens from the western Himalaya
based on his own collections. After Impatiens of
the western Himalaya was studied by Edgeworth(1846), Hooker (1874–75) revised all Indian and
Nepalese Impatiens and classiﬁed them into twogroups with several subgroups. Later Hooker(1904, 1905) published two synopses of Impatiens from this area.
In this paper we revise Impatiens amplexicaulis and allied species mainly based on herbarium

specimens preserved in A, BM, E, GH, K, KUN,
NY, TI, TNS, US, and also on materials collectedby the authors.
1) On the infrageneric classiﬁcation
Impatiens amplexicaulis and its allies are hereclassiﬁed in a new section, sect. Sulcatae
S.Akiyama & H.Ohba, characterized by a combination of characteristics: leaves opposite at middle and base of stem; ascending racemose inﬂorescences with ﬂowers usually subumbellately
arranged on long peduncle; purplish ﬂowers; andlinear or clavate capsules. Hooker (1874) classiﬁed species with linear or clavate fruit in section“Oppositifoliae and Verticillatae” (in Series B).
But the names “Oppositifoliae and Verticillatae”
are not valid. We therefore propose a new section, Sulcatae. Section Sulcatae, ranging fromthe Himalaya to SW China, comprises at least
four species, I. amplexicaulis Edgew. (Fig. 1), I.
glandulifera Royle (Fig. 2), I. sulcata Wall. (Fig.
3), and I. chungtienensis Y.L.Chen (Fig. 4), andtwo uncertain species that are not known to occur
in Nepal, I. thomsonii Hook.f. (Fig. 5) from thewestern Himalaya and I. fragicolor Marq. & Airy

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Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba

Fig. 1.

Lectotype of Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. (M.P. Edgeworth 333 in 1844, K000694628).

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1

Fig. 2.

Impatiens glandulifera Royle (＝I. roylei Walp.) identiﬁed by Hooker (Edgeworth 1068, K000481167).

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Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba

Fig. 3. Type of Impatiens sulcata Wall. (Wallich 4764A, K001039845 [right], 001039846 [left]). © The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reproduced with the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew.

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1

Fig. 4.

Isotype of Impatiens chungtienensis Y.L.Chen (K. M. Feng 2025, 15 Aug. 1939, A).

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Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba

Fig. 5. Syntype of Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. (T. Thomson s.n., K000694920). © The Board of Trustees of theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reproduced with the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1

119Fig. 6. Holotype of Impatiens fragicolor Marq. & Airy Shaw (F. K. Ward 5924, K000694670). © The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reproduced with the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew.

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Shaw (Fig. 6) from southeastern Tibet. Warburg
and Reiche (1895) classiﬁed these species, withthe exception of I. fragicolor, in the heterogeneous sect. Salpingochilon Warb., which consistsof species with turgid, linear or clavate fruit.
2) Impatiens amplexicaulis
Impatiens amplexicaulis is characterized byamplexicaul leaves (Hooker and Thomson, 1860;
Hooker, 1875; Chen, 2001; Chen et al., 2007). It
ranges through the Himalaya from Punjab to
Nepal (Hara, 1979) and Tibet (Chen, 2001; Chenet al., 2007). In describing it from the western
Himalaya, Edgeworth (1846) gave the location“Hab. Himala, in umbrosis, alt. ped. 7000–8000.
Simla, Sambi.” At Kew we found one specimen
with amplexicaul leaves in the apical part of thestem collected by Edgeworth in Simla, alt.
6–7000 ped. in 1844, that corresponds well withthe original description in the amplexicaul leaves
and bucciniform lower sepal with suddenly
incurved spur [...galeâ obtusâ calcare subiter
incurvo...] (Edgeworth, 1846). We select thisspecimen as the lectotype, even though the altitude differs from that given in the originaldescription. The lectotype has an analyticalsketch on the sheet with the initials “J D H” (＝J.
D. Hooker) and also a dissected ﬂower pasted ona small sheet in a capsule which is considered tobe the basis for the analytical sketch (Fig. 1, dissected ﬂower pasted on small sheet taken from
capsule and photographed).
The ﬂowers of the plant mounted on the sheet(Fig. 1) and the dissected ﬂower in the capsule(Fig. 7) are different. The ﬂowers on the plant
have a bucciniform lower sepal abruptly constricted into the incurved spur (Fig. 8d), as mentioned in the original description, but the dissected ﬂower in the capsule is navicular andconstricted into a distally curved straight spur
(Fig. 7). This sketched ﬂower is smaller, with thelower sepal 12 mm deep including a spur.
Hara (1979) cited three specimens, Polunin,
Sykes & Williams 4908 from W Nepal, Polunin
1642 from C Nepal, and Hara et al. 720737 fromE Nepal, as I. amplexicaulis. Those specimens

Fig. 7. Dissected ﬂower in capsule on lectotype
sheet of Impatiens amplexicaulis.

Fig. 8. Lower sepal (a, b, d, e, g, i, j) and lateral
united petals (c, f, h) of the species of Impatiens
sect. Sulcatae. a: I. chungtienensis (K. M. Feng
2025, 15 Aug. 1939, A, isotype), b, c: I. chungtienensis (H. Ohba et al. 9154522, TI). d: I.
amplexicaulis (M. P. Edgeworth 333 in 1844,
K000694628, lectotype). e, f: I. sulcata (H.
Ohba et al. 8520276, TI) (from Akiyama et al.,1991). g, h: I. glandulifera (H. Igarashi s.n., 16
Oct. 1998, TNS) (from Akiyama, 1999). i: I.
thomsonii (T. Thomson s.n., K000694920, syntype). j: I. fragicolor (F. K. Ward 5924,
K000694670, holotype). Scale bar＝1 cm.

and others determined as I. amplexicaulis byHara have ﬂowers the same as the dissected
ﬂower in the capsule and different from those of
the lectotype. In 1991, we collected such plants
and observed the ﬂowers in the ﬁeld and in dissections (Fig. 9).
Chen (1978) described I. chungtienensis from

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1

Fig. 9. Impatiens chungtienensis (H. Ohba et al.
9154522, TI). a: ﬂower. b & c: dorsal petal. d:lateral united petals. e: lower sepal. f: outer lateral sepal. g: inner lateral sepal. Scalebar＝1 cm.

Xianggelila (formerly Zhongdian [Chungtien]),NW Yunnan distinguishing it from I. amplexicaulis by the shape of the leaves, the number oflateral veins, color of the ﬂowers, shape of the
sepals and petals, and the length and shape of thespur of the lower sepal. Chen (1978) wrote thatthe lower sepal of I. amplexicaulis is abruptly
narrowed into an inﬂexed, short spur, while thatof I. chungtienensis is broadly funnelform andgradually narrowed into an incurved spur 6–7[9in key] mm long. Figure 1-2 of Chen (1978)shows the shape of the sepals and petals whichcorrespond well with his description.
Later, in Flora Xizangica (Chen, 1986) and in
Flora Reipubl. Popularis Sin. vol. 47 (Chen,
2001), Chen provided illustrations of I. amplexicaulis with analytical ﬁgures of the sepals andpetals. Both illustrations are nearly the same as
the analytical ﬁgures of the sepals and petals
which are in I. chungtienensis (Chen, 1978). Thatis, the lower sepal is not abruptly narrowed into
an inﬂexed short spur as in I. amplexicaulis anddoes not correspond with the original description.
We observed isotypes of I. chungtienensis in
KUN and A (Fig. 4), and also authentic specimens of other species in sect. Sulcatae. The
shape of the lower sepals and spur and the shapeof the lateral united petals (Fig. 8) are diagnostic
in Impatiens. We found that I. chungtienensis(Fig. 8a) corresponds well with the plants identiﬁed as I. amplexicaulis (Fig. 8b) from Nepal.
Pusalkar and Singh (2010) noted similarities inthe ﬂowers of I. amplexicaulis, I. sulcata (I.
gigantea Edgew.), and I. glandulifera (I. roylei

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Walp.), but paying no attention to the analyticalsketch on the lectotype with the initials “J D H.”
They published a new species, I. badrinathii
Pusalkar & Singh. In examining specimens fromthe western Himalaya, Nepal, and China, we
determined that I. badrinathii is conspeciﬁc with
I. chungtienensis in China. Impatiens chungtienensis is the correct name for the species longknown as I. amplexicaulis in Nepal.
[Systematic treatment]
Impatiens L. Lectotype: I. noli-tangere L.
(Reveal, see Jarvis et al., 1993).
Sect. Sulcatae S.Akiyama & H.Ohba, sect.
nov.
Type: I. sulcata Wall.
Impatiens sect. Salpingochilon Warb. in Engl.
& Prantl, Pﬂanzenfam., 3, 5: 391 (1895), proparte.
Impatiens sect. Oppositifoliae and Verticillatae(in Series B) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 441(1874), nom. inval.
Impatiens sect. Racemus S.X.Yu, Balsaminac.
China: 65 (2012), nom. nud., pro parte.
Inﬂorescences ascending, racemose with many
ﬂowers [Type 1a (Akiyama and Ohba, 2000)].
Leaves opposite at base and middle of stem,
alternate on apical part of stem. Flowers usually
reddish purple; lower sepal bucciniform or navicular.
Distribution. Himalaya and adjacent SW
China, some species naturalized in Europe, E
Asia (incl. Japan), North America.
Species: I. amplexicaulis Edgew., I. chungtienensis Y.L.Chen, I. fragicolor Marq. & Airy
Shaw, I. glandulifera Royle, I. sulcata Wall.
(type), and I. thomsonii Hook.f.
Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. 20: 37 (1846). Y. L. Chen in Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 16(2): 40 (1978); in Fl. Xizang. 3:167, 176, excl. ﬁg. 71 (1986); in Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 47(2): 88, excl. ﬁg. 22 1–8 (2001).
Chen, Akiyama and Ohba in Fl. China 12: 75(2007). Lectotype: Simla, 6–7,000 ped. (M. P.
Edgeworth 333 in 1844, K000694628). [Figs. 1

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Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba

and 8d]Plants erect, (20–)30–60 cm tall or more. Stemusually glabrous. Leaves opposite basally, alternate in upper part of stem and on branches, notaggregated at upper part of stem, sessile, usuallyamplexicaul; lamina narrowly oblong to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, (5–)7.5–12 cm long,(1.5–)1.8–3.5 cm wide, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margins ﬁnely serrate to crenate,
teeth often gland-tipped, apex acuminate toacute, both surfaces nearly glabrous. Peduncles
2.4–4 cm long, glabrous. Inﬂorescences racemose, axillary, not aggregated on apical part ofstem, with 3–6(or 7) ﬂowers. Pedicels 9–14 mm
long, glabrous, with small leaf-like bract at base.
Bracts subulate to narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 mm
long, less than 1 mm wide. Flowers 18–28 mm
long, 15–24 mm deep. Lateral sepals 2, ovate, ca.
5 mm long, apiculate. Lower sepal bucciniform,
10–16 mm long, 8–11 mm deep (excluding spur),constricted into spur; spur downwardly curved,
3–5 mm long. Dorsal petal ca. 8 mm long, without crest-like appendage. Lateral united petals
21–22 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers without
appendages. Fruit 1.5–3 cm long, linear, glabrous.
Specimens examined. NW Himalaya.
Basharhr, Baturi Gad (J. H. Lace 362, 5 July
1890, K). Deobaw, 9,000 ft. (J. S. Gamble
27319, Sept. 1898, K). Kote (Kothi), Kulu, 8,300ft. (W. O. Douglas s.n., 29 July 1951, US, 2
sheets). 9,000 ft. (W. O. Douglas s.n., 30 July
1951, US). Near Nagcunda (C. B. Clarke s.n., E).
Kotghud (C. B. Clarke s.n., E). Simla. Regio
temp., 6–8,000 ped. (T. T. [Thomson], BM, K).
(Lady Dalhousie s.n., Aug. 1831, K). Gakho,
7,500 feet (Herb. G. Watt 9701, 20 Sept. 1888, E,
NY).
Impatiens chungtienensis Y.L.Chen in Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 16(2): 40, 44, ﬁg. 1-2 (1978); in
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 47(2): 88 (2001). Chen,
Akiyama and Ohba in Fl. China 12: 75 (2007).
Type: China, NW Yunnan, SE of Chungtien (K.
M. Feng 2025, 15 Aug. 1939, PE holotype, A andKUN isotypes). [Figs. 4, 7, 8a, b, c, and 9]

I. badrinathii Pusalkar and Singh in Taiwania
55(1): 13, ﬁg. 1 A–W (2010), syn. nov.
I. amplexicaulis auct. non Edgew.: Y.L.Chen
in Fl. Xizang. 3: ﬁg. 71 (1986); in Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 47(2): ﬁg. 22 1–8 (2001). Hara inHara and Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 78(1979). Akiyama, Ohba and Wu in Bull. Natn.
Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. B, 21: 152 (1995).
Plants erect, (20–)30–60 cm tall or more. Stemusually glabrous. Leaves opposite basally, alternate on upper part of stem and lateral branches,
not aggregated at upper part of stem, sessile, usually amplexicaul; lamina narrowly oblong to narrowly oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5–13 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, base roundedor shallowly cordate, margins ﬁnely serrate tocrenate, teeth often gland-tipped, apex acuminate
to acute, both surfaces nearly glabrous. Peduncles 1–4 cm long, glabrous. Inﬂorescences racemose, axillary, not aggregated on apical part ofstem, with 3–6(or 7) ﬂowers. Pedicels 7–13 mm
long, glabrous, with small leaf-like bract at base.
Bracts subulate to narrowly lanceolate, 2–4 mm
long, less than 1 mm wide. Flowers 10–20 mm
long, 10–20 mm deep. Lateral sepals 4; outerones lanceolate to ovate, ca. 3 mm long, apiculate; inner sepals minute. Lower sepal navicular,
6–12 mm long, 3–8 mm deep (excluding spur),gradually tapering toward spur or constricted into
spur; spur straight, slightly curved at apex, ca.
7 mm long. Dorsal petal slightly cucullate, ca.
7 mm long, ca. 8 mm wide when ﬂattened, apex
acuminate, rounded or obtuse, without crest-likeappendage. Lateral united petals 11–14 mm long;upper lobe rounded-rectangular, ca. 4–7 mm long
and wide, apex acute; lower lobe semi-orbicularor narrowly ovate, ca. 6.5 mm long, ca. 4 mm
wide, apex rounded. Stamens 5; anthers without
appendages. Fruit 1.5–2.5 cm long, linear, glabrous.
Specimens examined. NW Himalaya. Jaunsar,
Deoban, 9,000 ft. (J. S. Gamble 27319, Sept.
1898, K, 2 sheets). Western Himalaya. Brit.
Garhwal. near the Keeari Pass, 11–12,000 ft.
(Duthie 3899, 9 Sept. 1885, K). Dakhwani,
9–10,000 ft. (J. F. Duthie 3899, 7 Sept. 1885,

Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 1BM). Bok Hill, 8–9,000 ft. (Native coll. s.n. July
1900, K). Kumaon. Nághing Dárma, 6–9,000 ft.
(Inayat 23975, K). Dhauli Valley, 10–11,000 ft.
(Duthie 5424, 6 Aug. 1886, K). Garbyong, Kali
Valley, (Duthieʼs coll. 23994, 13 Sept. 1900, K, 2
sheets). Tola, Gori Valley, (Inayat 24003, 15 Aug.
1900, K). Garbyang, Kali Valley, (Inayat 23994,
13 Sept. 1900, K). Nepal. Mumigaon, S. E. of
Jumla, 9,000 ft. (Polunin, Sykes & Williams
4908, 24 July 1952, BM). Mustang, Samar(28°55′N, 83°49′E), 3,400 m (S. Noshiro et al.
20106075, 4 Aug. 2010, TI); Samar–Bhena La
Pass (28°56′N, 83°50′E), 3,400 m (F. Miyamoto
et al. 20230066, 16 Aug. 2002, TI). Gandaki
Zone, Gorkha Distr., Khang Sang Fu Gompa (M.
Suzuki et al. 9485288, 5 Aug. 1994, TI). Central,
Bagmati Zone, Rasuma Distr., Langtang village
area, 11,500 ft. (O. Polunin 1563, 1 Aug. 1949,
BM); Central, Langtang forest area, c. 9,500 ft.
(O. Polunin 1642, 1 Aug. 1949, BM); LangtangKyangjing, 28°13′N, 85°31′E, 3,600 m (H. Kanai
et al. 672491, 13 July 1970, TI); Lama Hotel–
Langtang–Shingdum (S. Noshiro 9154522, 31
Aug. 1991, TI). Central, Nagthali Gyang, c.
9,500 ft. (O. Polunin 1608, 1 Aug. 1949, BM).
Below Mugu, Mugu Khola, 11,500 ft. (Polunin,
Sykes & Williams 3015, 24 Aug. 1952, BM, E).
Nr. Balangra Pass, 12,000 ft. (Polunin, Sykes &Williams 2590, 26 July 1952, BM, E). E Nepal,
Sankhuwasawa Distr., Chhurchathanga-Piling
La-Thudam, 27°46′N, 87°30′E (H. Ohashi et al.
770670, 11 Aug. 1977, TI); Tudam, 11,300 ft. (L.
W. Beer 9408, 20 July 1971, BM); 27°45′N,
87°33′E (H. Ohashi et al. 772317, 14 Aug. 1977,
TI); 3,400 m (H. Kanai et al. 720737, 25 June
1972, TI). Cultivated: Hort. Kew, in 1900 (K).
The lower sepal of I. amplexicaulis (Fig. 8d),
I. sulcata (Fig. 8e) and I. glandulifera (Fig. 8 g)
is similar in being abruptly constricted into
downwardly curving spur, but smaller, and quite
different from the spur of I. chungtienensis (Fig.
8a, b). The lower sepal of I. thomsonii (Fig. 8i)
and I. fragicolor (Fig. 8j) is similar to I. chungtienensis in shape, but the spur of I. fragicolor
is larger. The apex of the upper lobe of the lateral

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united petals of I. chungtienensis (Fig. 8c) is
acute as in I. sulcata (Fig. 8f) and I. glandulifera(Fig. 8h).
Misinterpretation of I. amplexicaulis appears
to be based on the dissected ﬂower and analyticalsketch on the lectotype of I. amplexicaulis,
which are more appropriately agree with I. chungtienensis.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. David E. Boufford, Harvard University Herbaria, for critically reading
the manuscript. We express our appreciation to
the directors of the herbaria mentioned for permitting us to study their valuable collections.
Thanks are due to the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, for providing the type images (http://
specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000694670,
K000694920, K001039845, and K001039846)
and the Harvard University Herbaria (http://kiki.
huh.harvard.edu/databases/).
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