JapaneseFOR

DUMmIES‰

2ND EDITION

JapaneseFOR

DUMmIES‰

2ND EDITION

by Eriko Sato, PhD

Japanese For Dummies®, 2nd Edition
Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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About the Author
Eriko Sato, PhD, is Director of the Teacher Certification Program forJapanese and the Pre-College Japanese Language Program at the State
University of New York at Stony Brook, where she has been teaching
Japanese language, linguistics, and pedagogy since 1995. She authored theprevious edition of Japanese For Dummies (Wiley), as well as Contemporary
Japanese: A Textbook for College Students (Tuttle) and Japanese Demystified(McGraw Hill). She also coauthored My First Japanese Kanji Book (Tuttle),
Essential Japanese Grammar (Tuttle), and Basic Japanese (Tuttle).

Author’s Acknowledgments
I want to thank all the wonderful editors at Wiley. My heartfelt thanks go
to the project editor, Jennifer Tebbe, and the copy editor, Megan Knoll,
for their amazing editing skills, professionalism, and kindness. I enjoyedworking with them throughout the project. Additionally, I am indebted
to the two technical reviewers, Hiroko Chiba and Allen Kidd, who offered
numerous valuable suggestions from a variety of viewpoints. Special thanks
to Constance Carlisle for creating the audio recordings for this book, and to
Wiley’s executive editor, Lindsay Lefevere, and my agent, Grace Freedson, forhelping me get engaged in the Japanese For Dummies projects. I also want tothank my students at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and in
its Pre-College Japanese Language Program for giving me the most valuable
input, inspiration, and insight. Finally, I wish to thank my husband, Yimei, ourdaughter, Anna, and my family in Japan for their support and love.

Publisher’s Acknowledgments
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction............................................................... 21
Part I: Getting Started.................................................. 7
Chapter 1: Japanese in a Nutshell..................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts........................................ 17
Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics............................................ 33
Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions................................................................ 61
Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight................... 77
Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home......................................................................... 99

Part II: Japanese in Action........................................ 117
Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk.................................................. 119
Chapter 8: Asking for Directions................................................................................... 131
Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market......................................................... 147
Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy................................................................................. 163
Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town............................................................................. 183
Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications.............................. 199
Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors........................................................ 219

Part III: Japanese on the Go...................................... 233
Chapter 14: Planning a Trip........................................................................................... 235
Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land.................................................... 245
Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More................ 257
Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay.............................................................................. 275
Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies............................................................................... 291

Part IV: The Part of Tens........................................... 309
Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Pick Up Japanese Quickly.................................................. 311
Chapter 20: Ten Things Never to Say in Japanese..................................................... 315
Chapter 21: Ten Favorite Japanese Expressions........................................................ 319
Chapter 22: Ten Phrases That Make You Sound Fluent in Japanese....................... 323

Part V: Appendixes................................................... 327
Appendix A: Mini-Dictionary......................................................................................... 329
Appendix B: Verb Tables............................................................................................... 349
Appendix C: On the CD.................................................................................................. 359
Appendix D: Answer Key............................................................................................... 363

Index....................................................................... 365

Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................. 1
About This Book............................................................................................... 1
Conventions Used in This Book...................................................................... 2
What You’re Not to Read................................................................................. 4
Foolish Assumptions........................................................................................ 4
How This Book Is Organized........................................................................... 4
Part I: Getting Started............................................................................. 4
Part II: Japanese in Action..................................................................... 5
Part III: Japanese on the Go................................................................... 5
Part IV: The Part of Tens........................................................................ 5
Part V: Appendixes................................................................................. 5
Icons Used in This Book.................................................................................. 5
Where to Go from Here.................................................................................... 6

Part I: Getting Started................................................... 7
Chapter 1: Japanese in a Nutshell .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Discovering Basic Japanese Sounds and Script........................................... 9
Getting a Grip on Basic Grammar................................................................. 10
Easing into Common Expressions................................................................ 10Counting on Numbers.................................................................................... 11
Speaking Japanese around the House......................................................... 12
Using Japanese in Social Scenarios.............................................................. 12
Making small talk.................................................................................. 12
Asking for directions............................................................................ 13
Eating out and buying food................................................................. 13
Going shopping..................................................................................... 13
Exploring entertainment opportunities............................................. 13
Doing business and communicating.................................................. 14
Enjoying sports, hobbies, recreation, and more.............................. 14
Tackling Travel-Related Topics.................................................................... 15
Preparing for a trip............................................................................... 15
Making sense of money........................................................................ 15
Getting around with local transportation.......................................... 15
Securing a place to stay....................................................................... 16
Taking action during emergencies..................................................... 16

xiiJapanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Pronouncing Basic Japanese Sounds........................................................... 17
Vowels.................................................................................................... 17
Consonants............................................................................................ 19
Sounding Fluent.............................................................................................. 20
Don’t stress............................................................................................ 21
Watch out for pitch and intonation.................................................... 21
Get in rhythm........................................................................................ 22
Keep your speed up.............................................................................. 23
Introducing the Japanese Scripts................................................................. 23
Kana........................................................................................................ 23
Kanji........................................................................................................ 27

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 33
Using Appropriate Speech Styles................................................................. 33
Forming Sentences......................................................................................... 34
Ordering the words correctly............................................................. 34
Marking nouns with particles.............................................................. 35
Telling the topic.................................................................................... 38
Dropping understood words............................................................... 39
Asking Questions............................................................................................ 39
Yes/no questions.................................................................................. 40
Content questions................................................................................. 40
Getting a Handle on Pronouns...................................................................... 42
Demonstrative pronouns..................................................................... 42
Personal pronouns............................................................................... 44
Working with Verbs........................................................................................ 45
Understanding basic verb forms........................................................ 45
Doing the conjugation thing................................................................ 47
Speaking politely with –masu.............................................................. 50
Introducing the Verb Desu, to Be................................................................. 51
Describing People and Things with Adjectives.......................................... 53
Using Adverbs to Describe Your Actions.................................................... 56
Creating adverbs from adjectives....................................................... 56
Perusing pure adverbs......................................................................... 56
Turning to sentence-like adverbs....................................................... 57
Expressing Moods and Attitudes.................................................................. 57

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 61
Beginning (And Ending) Conversations....................................................... 61
Addressing friends and strangers....................................................... 61
Greeting all day long............................................................................. 64
Saying goodbye..................................................................................... 65
Making Introductions..................................................................................... 66
Introducing yourself............................................................................. 67
Introducing your friends...................................................................... 67
Asking people their names.................................................................. 69
Being polite with o-............................................................................... 69

Table of Contents
Finding Out About Your New Friend............................................................ 70
Asking people where they’re from..................................................... 70
Talking about your language skills..................................................... 72
Expressing Gratitude and Regret.................................................................. 74
Showing gratitude................................................................................. 74
Apologizing............................................................................................ 74
Speaking about Speaking: The Verb Hanasu............................................... 75

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times,
and Measurements Straight .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 77
Ichi, Ni, San: Counting in Japanese............................................................... 77
Numbers from 1 to 10........................................................................... 77
Numbers from 11 to 99......................................................................... 78
Numbers from 100 to 9,999.................................................................. 79
Numbers from 10,000 to 99,999........................................................... 80
Numbers over 100,000.......................................................................... 81
Expressing amount or quantity with counters................................. 81
Indicating ordinal numbers with -me................................................. 83
Telling Time..................................................................................................... 84
Noting hours and minutes................................................................... 84
Talking about time................................................................................ 87
It’s a Date! Delving into the Calendar........................................................... 88
Talking about the days of the week.................................................... 88
Naming the months and counting them up....................................... 89
Counting the days................................................................................. 90
Counting the weeks.............................................................................. 92
Reeling off the years............................................................................. 92
Specifying dates and times.................................................................. 93
Familiarizing Yourself with the Metric System........................................... 97

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 99
Taking a Tour of Your Home......................................................................... 99
The kitchen.......................................................................................... 100
The dining room.................................................................................. 101
The living room................................................................................... 102
The bedroom....................................................................................... 102
The bathroom..................................................................................... 103
The laundry room............................................................................... 104
The storage room............................................................................... 104
Home Is Where the Food Is......................................................................... 107
Getting cooking................................................................................... 107
Using two verbs at the table.............................................................. 107
Considering proper table manners.................................................. 108
Enjoying foods of all kinds................................................................. 109
Talking about foods you like and dislike......................................... 111

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Engaging in Common Household Activities.............................................. 112
Keeping your home clean.................................................................. 112
Performing a safety check................................................................. 113
Talking about What You Do Regularly....................................................... 113

Part II: Japanese in Action......................................... 117
Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 119
Initiating Small Talk...................................................................................... 119
Breaking the ice with “excuse me”................................................... 119
Talking about where you’re going.................................................... 120
Discussing the weather...................................................................... 121
Chatting About Your Life............................................................................. 122
Your job............................................................................................... 122
Your family.......................................................................................... 123
Specifying Where You Live with the Verb Sumu...................................... 125
Existing and Possessing: The Verbs Iru and Aru...................................... 126
Giving Out Your Contact Information........................................................ 129

Chapter 8: Asking for Directions  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 131
Figuring Out Where Places Are Located.................................................... 131
Asking “where” questions.................................................................. 131
Getting basic location/position answers......................................... 132
Pinpointing an exact location............................................................ 136
Finding Your Way to Your Destination...................................................... 139
Requesting travel instructions.......................................................... 139
Referring to landmarks...................................................................... 140
Providing actions with directions.................................................... 141
Making directions flow....................................................................... 143

Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 147
Eating Out at Fast-Food and Sit-Down Restaurants.................................. 147
Ordering fast food............................................................................... 148
Making a reservation.......................................................................... 150
Ordering in a restaurant.................................................................... 154
Chatting with the waiter or waitress................................................ 158
Paying for your meal.......................................................................... 158
Going Grocery Shopping.............................................................................. 159
Going to a butcher.............................................................................. 159
Purchasing fresh fish.......................................................................... 160
Buying vegetables and fruit............................................................... 161

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 163
Naming Shops and Stores............................................................................ 163
Telling a Salesperson What You’re Looking For....................................... 164

Table of Contents
Exploring the Variety of a Department Store............................................ 166
Going Clothes Shopping.............................................................................. 167
Considering the clothing and accessories you need..................... 167
Examining the color............................................................................ 168
Trying something on.......................................................................... 169
Talking about sizing............................................................................ 170
Deciding What You Want to Buy................................................................ 173
Using demonstrative adjectives........................................................ 173
Comparing two items......................................................................... 175
Comparing three or more items....................................................... 176
You Gotta Pay to Play: Buying Your Merchandise................................... 178
Identifying prices................................................................................ 178
Stating that you want to buy something.......................................... 179
Paying for your purchase.................................................................. 179

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 183
Checking Out Entertaining Activities......................................................... 183
Getting cultured at museums and galleries..................................... 183
Heading to the theater....................................................................... 184
Drinking and dancing at bars and clubs.......................................... 186
Singing at a karaoke box.................................................................... 188
Talking about Entertainment...................................................................... 190
Getting Your Friends to Go Out with You................................................. 191
Making a suggestion with “Why don’t we?”..................................... 191
Saying “Let’s go” and “Shall we go?”................................................ 192
Inviting Friends Over and Asking Them to Bring Something.................. 194

Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications .  .  . 199
Embarking on the Great Job Hunt.............................................................. 199
Clarifying your duties......................................................................... 199
Discussing a job’s benefits................................................................ 201
Making Sense of Your Office Environment................................................ 204
Checking out the supplies................................................................. 204
Touring the rest of the building........................................................ 205
Phoning Made Simple................................................................................... 206
Brushing up on phone-related vocab............................................... 206
Asking to speak with someone.......................................................... 207
Calling your client............................................................................... 209
Leaving a message.............................................................................. 211
Catching Up on Computing Basics............................................................. 215
Familiarizing yourself with computer terms................................... 215
Sending e-mail..................................................................................... 216
Having Meetings in the Workplace............................................................. 217

Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 219
Using the Verb Suru (To Do)....................................................................... 219
Saying “I Can”................................................................................................ 220

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Discussing Your Hobbies............................................................................. 222
Exploring Nature........................................................................................... 224
Taking in the landscape..................................................................... 224
Changing with the seasons................................................................ 224
Living the Sporting Life................................................................................ 227
Using Your Artistic Talent........................................................................... 228
Making Music with Instruments................................................................. 229
Playing Games............................................................................................... 231

Part III: Japanese on the Go....................................... 233
Chapter 14: Planning a Trip .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 235
Picking the Place for Your Trip................................................................... 235
Dealing with Passports and Visas.............................................................. 238
Getting Help from a Travel Agency............................................................ 239
Stating Your Opinions.................................................................................. 240
Packing for Your Trip................................................................................... 242

Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 245
Getting Money............................................................................................... 245
Exchanging money.............................................................................. 246
Opening a bank account.................................................................... 249
Making withdrawals from your account.......................................... 250
Using an ATM...................................................................................... 251
Spending Money........................................................................................... 252
Ka-ching! Shelling out cash................................................................ 252
Charge! Paying with plastic............................................................... 254

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around:
Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 257
Getting On and Off with the Verbs Noru and Oriru.................................. 257
Asking about the Best Method of Transportation.................................... 259
Navigating the Airport................................................................................. 260
Now boarding: Making it to the plane.............................................. 260
Going through immigration............................................................... 262
Getting through customs................................................................... 262
Leaving the airport............................................................................. 263
All Aboard: Hopping on a Train or Boat.................................................... 264
Now entering the station: Riding the train...................................... 264
Setting sail: Cruising around by boat............................................... 267
Conquering Public Transportation............................................................ 267
Riding a bus......................................................................................... 268
Taking the subway.............................................................................. 268
Hailing a taxi........................................................................................ 268

Table of Contents
Driving Around.............................................................................................. 271
Renting a car........................................................................................ 271
Deciphering road signs...................................................................... 273

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 275
Picking the Right Accommodations for Your Needs................................ 275
Narrowing Your Choice Further................................................................. 277
Looking into room size and amenities............................................. 277
Comparing costs................................................................................. 279
Considering each possible scenario with nara............................... 280
Making a Room Reservation........................................................................ 281
Checking In.................................................................................................... 282
Keeping Track of What’s Yours during Your Stay.................................... 286
Using possessive pronouns............................................................... 286
Using “uchi” possessively.................................................................. 288
Checking Out................................................................................................. 289

Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 291
Asking (Or Shouting!) for Help.................................................................... 291
Seeking Medical Attention........................................................................... 293
Looking for a doctor........................................................................... 293
Going to a hospital.............................................................................. 294
Navigating a Doctor’s Visit.......................................................................... 295
Referring to your body parts............................................................. 296
Complaining about your pain............................................................ 297
Describing your symptoms............................................................... 298
Receiving a diagnosis......................................................................... 300
Getting treatment................................................................................ 301
Calling the Police.......................................................................................... 301
Reporting an accident to the police................................................. 302
Reporting a crime............................................................................... 305
Reporting lost or stolen belongings................................................. 306
Getting Legal Help........................................................................................ 307

Part IV: The Part of Tens............................................ 309
Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Pick Up Japanese Quickly .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 311
Use Digital Technologies............................................................................. 311
Cook or Eat Japanese Foods....................................................................... 311
Read Japanese Comic Books....................................................................... 312
Watch Japanese Anime, Films, and Sports................................................ 312
Do Karaoke.................................................................................................... 313
Spend Time with Japanese.......................................................................... 313

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Exchange Language Lessons....................................................................... 313
Get to Know a Monolingual Japanese........................................................ 314
Travel to Japan............................................................................................. 314
Be Positive, Curious, and Creative............................................................. 314

Chapter 20: Ten Things Never to Say in Japanese .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 315“San” After Your Own Name........................................................................ 315
Your Boss’s or Teacher’s First Name......................................................... 316“O-genki Desu Ka” to the Person You Saw Yesterday.............................. 316“Sayōnara” to Your Family.......................................................................... 316“Thank You” for a Compliment................................................................... 316“My Mom Is Pretty” to Outsiders............................................................... 317“Yes” Right After Being Offered Food........................................................ 317“Anata” When Talking to Someone............................................................ 318“Aishite Imasu” to Express Likes................................................................ 318“Do You Want Coffee?”................................................................................ 318

Chapter 21: Ten Favorite Japanese Expressions .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 319
Yatta!.............................................................................................................. 319
Hontō?............................................................................................................ 320
Sasuga!........................................................................................................... 320
Mochiron!....................................................................................................... 320
Ā, Yokatta...................................................................................................... 321
Zenzen............................................................................................................ 321
Nani?............................................................................................................... 321
Dōshiyō?........................................................................................................ 322
Yappari........................................................................................................... 322
Ā, Bikkurishita!.............................................................................................. 322

Chapter 22: Ten Phrases That Make You
Sound Fluent in Japanese .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 323
Enryo Shinaide.............................................................................................. 323
Mottainai........................................................................................................ 323
O-saki Ni......................................................................................................... 324
Kanpai!........................................................................................................... 324
Ganbatte!........................................................................................................ 325
Shikata ga nai................................................................................................ 325
Okage-sama De.............................................................................................. 325
Tsumaranai Mono Desu Ga......................................................................... 326
Yoroshiku...................................................................................................... 326
Taihen Desu Ne............................................................................................. 326

Table of Contents

Part V: Appendixes.................................................... 327
Appendix A: Mini-Dictionary  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 329
Japanese-English Mini-Dictionary....................................................... 329–338
English-Japanese Mini-Dictionary....................................................... 339–348

Appendix B: Verb Tables .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 349
Regular Japanese Verbs............................................................................... 349
Irregular Japanese Verbs............................................................................. 355

Appendix C: On the CD .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 359
Track Listing.................................................................................................. 359
Customer Care.............................................................................................. 361

Appendix D: Answer Key .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 363

Index........................................................................ 365

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Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition

IntroductionWe live in a wonderfully global and amazingly diverse society.
Exchanging ideas, products, foods, and friendship across nationaland cultural boundaries is the key to making our lives richer and more meaningful and peaceful. Besides, traveling abroad is a lot cheaper than it used
to be. Grabbing your passport and setting off on an adventure is always fun,but it’s even more fun when you can communicate with people in a different
country in their own language.
If Japanese is the language you want to learn, for whatever reason, Japanese
For Dummies, 2nd Edition, can help. It provides instant results, plus some of
the cultural background behind the language. Now, I’m not saying that you’ll
be fluent overnight, but you will gain confidence, have fun, and continue topick up more and more Japanese so that you can carry on a conversation
with your Japanese-speaking co-worker, family member, friend, or neighbor.

About This Book
Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition, can help you whether you want to getfamiliar with Japanese because you’re planning a trip to my island-nation
homeland, because you deal with Japanese companies at work, or because
your new neighbor is Japanese and you want to be able to say good morning
to him or her. (Try ohayō gozaimasu [oh-hah-yohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo].) I
give you the most-important and most-used Japanese words and phrases on
subjects as diverse as shopping, money, food, and sports in self-contained
chapters and sections.
Simply turn to the topics that interest you the most, play the included audio
examples, and start speaking! That’s right, you don’t have to go through thisbook in order. If I think you may want to know information that’s containedin a different chapter than the one you’re currently reading, I include a handy
cross-reference so you can find the additional information when you’re readyfor it.

2

Japanese For Dummies

Conventions Used in This Book
I use a few conventions in this book to help your reading go smoothly:✓ In many places throughout this book, Japanese terms appear in two
forms: Japanese scripts (like what you would read if you were in Japan)
and the Romanized forms of words (which appear in boldface so
you can easily find them in the text). The official term for RomanizedJapanese is rōmaji (rohh-mah-jee).
✓ Pronunciations in parentheses and meanings or English equivalents inanother pair of parentheses follow the Japanese terms. Note that meanings and English equivalents appear in italics.
✓ Verb conjugations (lists that show you the basic forms of a verb) are
given in tables in this order: the dictionary form, the negative (nai-)
form, the stem form (or the form before the polite suffix -masu), andthe te-form. You find Japanese scripts in the first column, rōmaji in thesecond column, and pronunciations in the third column. Here’s a sample
conjugation of the verb taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat):
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation食べる

taberutah-beh-roo

食べないtabenaitah-beh-nah-ee

食べ（ます）tabe(masu)

tah-beh(-mah-soo)

食べてtabetetah-beh-teh

		Keep in mind that Japanese verbs don’t conjugate like English verbs.
You can’t find exact counterparts for English verb forms such as infinitives, gerunds, and participles. In addition, you don’t conjugate Japaneseverbs in terms of the person and number, so taberu can mean I eat, youeat, he eats, she eats, and they eat. This difference may take a little getting used to, but it should make your verb-learning life a little easier.
To help you remember the most important new words and see the language in context, this book includes some special elements to reinforce theJapanese terms you’re studying:✓ Talkin’ the Talk dialogues: Hearing actual Japanese conversations isthe best way to learn Japanese, which is why I include many dialogues
under the “Talkin’ the Talk” heading in this book. These exchanges show
you the Japanese words in rōmaji, their pronunciations, and the English
translations so that you can see how the language is actually used. All

Introduction
Talkin’ the Talk dialogues are accompanied by audio recordings so thatyou can hear and pick up the natural intonation and rhythm that are
essential in conversational interactions.
✓ Words to Know blackboards: Here’s where you find key words andphrases from the Talkin’ the Talk dialogues.
✓ Fun & Games activities: Located at the end of chapters, these amusing
activities help reinforce the vocabulary you practice in each chapter.
You can find the solutions to these activities in Appendix D.
This book also features compact yet convenient mini-dictionaries — both
Japanese-English and English-Japanese — in Appendix A. They include only
very basic vocabulary words, mainly content words such as nouns, adjectives,
adverbs, and verbs. For your convenience, I mark the conjugation class ofthe verbs: u for u-verbs, ru for ru-verbs, and irr for irregular verbs. Slightly
irregular u-verbs are specified as u (irr). In the English-Japanese mini-dictionary,
I also designate verbs with (v.) because some English verbs also function as
nouns. Last but certainly not least, I mark the type of adjectives: i for i-typeadjectives and na for na-type adjectives. A few i-type adjectives with minor
irregularities are specified as i (irr).
Speaking of language quirks, you should know that English and Japanesesometimes express the same concept in very different ways. And Japanese
has many words and phrases that you can’t translate into English at all.
In this book, I want you to focus on what is actually said (the content andintended meaning) rather than how it’s said. So instead of giving you a literaltranslation, I give you a nonliteral, natural English translation. For example,
the phrase yoroshiku (yoh-roh-shee-koo) can be literally translated as appropriately, but the phrase really means pleased to meet you if you say it when
meeting someone new. This book gives the nonliteral, pleased-to-meet-you
type translations (sometimes with the more literal translation for reference).
Your exploration of Japanese will also show you different ways of looking
at the world of language because Japanese doesn’t contain the same type ofgrammar items as European languages do. For example, Japanese doesn’t
have equivalents of English articles like a and the. Some verbs in English correspond to adjectives in Japanese. For example, the verb to want is best represented by the Japanese adjective hoshii, so be ready to see some mismatchin the part-of-speech categories. And Japanese doesn’t have a singular/pluraldistinction, such as dog and dogs, either. The information about specificity
and numbers are expressed in very different ways. Also, Japanese sometimes
has linguistic systems that European languages don’t have. For example,
Japanese speech styles clearly indicate degrees of respect or familiarity
within conversational contexts.

3

4

Japanese For Dummies

What You’re Not to Read
Although I hope you read everything in this book, you certainly don’t haveto read the sidebars (the gray-shaded boxes you see sprinkled throughout
the book). They contain information that’s interesting but not essential if you
just want to be able to speak Japanese.

Foolish Assumptions
To write this book, I had to work off of some assumptions about you. I’m
thinking that
✓ You don’t know much Japanese, except maybe for a few words likekarate and sushi.
✓ You’re not planning on taking a language-proficiency test for Japanese
next month, and you’re not planning on becoming a professional
Japanese translator in the near future. You just want to be able to communicate basic information in Japanese and get to know the Japanese
language.
✓ You don’t have time to spend hours and hours memorizing vocabulary
and grammar rules.
✓ You want to have fun in addition to learning Japanese.

How This Book Is OrganizedJapanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition, is divided into five parts. Each part has a
specific focus or function. Here’s how they break down.

Part I: Getting Started
This part provides you with essentials of the Japanese language. Chapter 1
gives you a taste of Japanese phrases so you get a feel for what you findthroughout the book. Chapter 2 lays out the basics of the Japanese sounds
and writing systems, and Chapter 3 compactly provides the essential elements of Japanese grammar. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 offer Japanese words andphrases you can’t live without: daily-life expressions, numbers, and words
and phrases you use in your household.

Introduction

Part II: Japanese in Action
This part gets you going and engaged in actions. It provides Japanese words
and phrases that you can use for meeting new people (Chapter 7); asking directions (Chapter 8); doing your job (Chapter 12); and engaging in your favorite
activities such as dining out (Chapter 9), shopping (Chapter 10), exploring thetown (Chapter 11), and enjoying recreational activities (Chapter 13).

Part III: Japanese on the GoTime to forget about your daily routines and the activities you do in the comfort of your own town and go on a trip! This part lets you plan a trip (Chapter
14), deal with money in a foreign land (Chapter 15), and choose the righttransportation method (Chapter 16) and the right place to stay (Chapter 17).
You also get tips and vocabulary on handling emergencies while you’re away
(Chapter 18).

Part IV: The Part of Tens
This part is the collection of simple phrases and facts that I want you to know
and remember right away. Here you can find ten ways to pick up Japanesequickly (Chapter 19), ten things you should never say in front of Japanesefolks (Chapter 20), ten favorite Japanese expressions (Chapter 21), and ten
phrases that make you sound like a native Japanese-speaker (Chapter 22).

Part V: Appendixes
This part is home to helpful references such as a very convenient minidictionary (Appendix A), verb tables that show you the conjugation patternsof all types of regular verbs and most of the irregular verbs (Appendix B), a
list of all the accompanying audio tracks (Appendix C), and the answers to
the Fun & Games exercises at the end of the chapters (Appendix D).

Icons Used in This Book
To help you find certain types of information quickly, I’ve placed some icons
throughout the book. Here are the six icons to keep an eye out for:5

6

Japanese For Dummies
If you’re interested in information and advice about culture and travel, look
for these icons. They draw your attention to interesting tidbits about Japanand Japanese culture.

If you understand grammar, you can create an infinite number of sentences, so
I use this icon to point out discussions of grammar facts.
The audio recordings that come with this book give you the opportunity tolisten to real Japanese speakers so that you can get a better understandingof what Japanese sounds like. This icon marks the spots where audio recordings are available (for the basic sounds in Chapter 2 and all Talkin’ the Talk
dialogues). You can find these audio tracks on the accompanying CD, or if you
have a digital version of this book, you can access the tracks via the link in the
Table of Contents.
To ensure that you don’t forget information important to the language, thisicon serves as a reminder, just like a string tied around your finger.

This icon highlights suggestions that can make learning Japanese easier.

This icon can keep you from making embarrassing or really foolish mistakes.

Where to Go from HereYou can read as much or as little as you want of this book and the chaptersin it. Decide what topic you’re interested in, consult the index or table ofcontents to find the proper section, and quickly discover what you need toknow to speak about that topic in Japanese. Of course, if you’re looking to
get a foundation in the basics, I recommend turning to Chapters 2 and 3 first.
These chapters contain the fundamentals of Japanese pronunciation, writing
systems, and grammar. Read them now and then refer to them later if you gethung up on how to read Japanese scripts or build sentences.
Well, what are you waiting for? Head for the chapter that interests you or
listen to the included audio examples. And make sure to use your favorite
Japanese phrases when you hang out with your friends or family. If you think
your family probably won’t understand what you say, teach them Japanese.
With a little dedication, you’ll be able to confidently answer Hai! (hah-ee!)(Yes!) when people ask Nihongo wa hanasemasu ka. (nee-hohn-goh wah hahnah-seh-mah-soo kah.) (Can you speak Japanese?)Part I

Getting Started

P

In this part . . .

art I welcomes you to the Japanese language. Here,I give you the basic facts on Japanese — what theJapanese sounds sound like, what the Japanese scripts
look like, and how to put Japanese words together appropriately. Then I provide you with some Japanese words
and phrases you simply can’t live without: daily-life
expressions, numbers, and words and phrases used inyour household. Jā, hajimemashō! (jahh, hah-jee-mehmah-shohh!) (Let’s start!).

Chapter 1

Japanese in a Nutshell
In This Chapter▶ Dipping your toes into Japanese writing and grammar▶ Working with simple expressions and basic numbers▶ Exploring Japanese at home, at work, at play, and abroadW

elcome to Japanese! Now that you’ve decided to learn this intriguing
language, I’m sure you’re eager to find out as much as you can as
quickly as you can. After all, you probably have co-workers, friends, neighbors,and others to impress with your newfound language skills. Well, here’s yourchance to dive into Japanese. This chapter offers you a mini-preview of what
you can find throughout Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition.

Discovering Basic JapaneseSounds and Script
Japanese sounds are pretty easy to pronounce. For one thing, Japanese has
only five basic vowels: a (ah), i (ee), u (oo), e (eh), and o (oh). In addition,
you don’t see a long string of consonants before or after a vowel, unlike in
Russian or Polish. You just have to pay attention to a handful of strange consonants, such the Japanese r, which makes a sound somewhere between the
English l and r. You can pronounce basic sounds in Japanese along with theaudio recordings in Chapter 2.
Japanese writing, on the other hand, can be confusing because Japanesescripts don’t look at all like Western alphabets. The Japanese scripts consistof two sets of kana (kah-nah) — phonetic symbols for Japanese syllables —and about 2,000 kanji (kahn-jee) characters, which are Chinese characters
adapted for Japanese. If you just want to learn how to speak Japanese, you
may want to skip focusing on these Japanese scripts and use rōmaji (rohhmah-jee), the Romanized spellings of Japanese words. However, getting used

10Part I: Getting Started
to the Japanese scripts is a good idea, especially if you plan to use yourJapanese skills to travel. If you can recognize some of the Japanese scripts,
you can get around in a Japanese town more easily because all street signs
are written in only the Japanese scripts.
Another advantage of being able to recognize the Japanese scripts, especiallykana, is that you can avoid reading Japanese like English. For example, theJapanese word that means bamboo is take. As an English speaker, you may
have an urge to read take as teh-ee-koo because you know the English word
to take, but the Japanese pronunciation of this word is tah-keh. In this case,the rōmaji may mislead you, but the kana, たけ, wouldn’t because your existing knowledge in English can’t interfere. Chapter 2 shows all kana charactersand some representative kanji characters for your reference.

Getting a Grip on Basic Grammar
Japanese grammar is quite different from English grammar, particularly whenit comes to word order in sentences. Even if grammar was your most hated
subject, you can’t avoid learning grammar if you want to speak Japanese likea native. Without grammar, you’ll sound like a big 2-year-old, saying things
like the Japanese counterparts of Brian car, me kiss Mary, or John in office.
You generally put the verb at the end of the sentence and add the particle o(oh) after the direct object noun. So to mean to eat sushi, say sushi o taberu(soo-shee oh tah-beh-roo), where taberu means to eat.
For further insight into Japanese grammar, head to Chapter 3, which tells you
all about parts of speech; conjugation patterns; and the structure of words,
phrases, and sentences.

Easing into Common Expressions
What are the most common communicative situations? Introducing yourself,
greeting, parting, thanking, apologizing . . . I can keep listing them, but I’drather introduce you to some common expressions (you can find more ofthem in Chapter 4):✓ はじめまして。 Hajimemashite. (hah-jee-meh-mah-shee-teh.) (How do
you do?)✓ 宜しくお願いします。 Yoroshiku onegai shimasu. (yoh-roh-shee-koo ohneh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Pleased to meet you.)Chapter 1: Japanese in a Nutshell✓ おはようございます。 Ohayō gozaimasu. (oh-hah-yohh goh-zah-ee-mahsoo.) (Good morning.)✓ じゃあ，また。 Jā, mata. (jahh, mah-tah.) (I’ll see you again.)✓ ありがとうございます。 Arigatō gozaimasu. (ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zahee-mah-soo.) (Thank you.)✓ すみません。 Sumimasen. (soo-mee-mah-sehn.) (I’m sorry.)Counting on Numbers
Numbers dominate everyday life. What time do you wake up? How many
glasses of water do you drink a day? How many guests are you expecting?
How much does buying groceries cost? Chapter 5 lets you count both small
and large numbers and use them with the right counters.
Counters, you ask? The Japanese use a short, suffix-like element called acounter right after the number. The counter you use varies depending on thetype of things you’re counting or the kind of notions you’re specifying. To
start with, count the bare simple numbers from one to ten:
✓ 一 ichi (ee-chee) (one)✓ 二 ni (nee) (two)✓ 三 san (sahn) (three)✓ 四 yon (yohn) or shi (shee) (four)✓ 五 go (goh) (five)✓ 六 roku (roh-koo) (six)✓ 七 nana (nah-nah) or shichi (shee-chee) (seven)✓ 八 hachi (hah-chee) (eight)✓ 九 kyū (kyooo) or ku (koo) (nine)✓ 十 jū (jooo) (ten)Japanese also frequently uses the Arabic numerals (1, 2, and so on) thatyou’re used to seeing.
You can read more about using numbers, including using them to tell timeand specify dates, in Chapter 5.

11

12

Part I: Getting Started

Speaking Japanese around the House
You spend at least a half of your time in your house every day — sleeping,cooking, eating, watching TV, and so on. Here are some terms to help youname the rooms in your house in Japanese:✓ ダイニング dainingu (dah-ee-neen-goo) (dining room)✓ 風呂場 furoba (foo-roh-bah) (bathing room)✓ キッチン kitchin (keet-cheen) (kitchen)✓ リビング ribingu (ree-been-goo) (living room)✓ 寝室 shinshitsu (sheen-shee-tsoo) (bedroom)
Chapter 6 introduces the Japanese words you need for naming things in yourhouse and expressing what you do in your house.

Using Japanese in Social Scenarios
I can’t stress enough that a language is just the tool for communication.
Communication should be your ultimate goal for studying any language. You
communicate with people not only for socialization and entertainment but
also for completing daily tasks successfully with your family, friends, and colleagues. That is, developing good language skills is the key to your success inyour life! The following sections introduce you to some of the vocabulary you
need in various social situations.

Making small talkIf you want to say something more than just “hello” when you see someone,
make a point of knowing Japanese phrases that can help you initiate small
talk. Start with questions like the following:✓ どちらまでですか。 Dochira made desu ka. (doh-chee-rah mah-deh dehsoo kah.) (Where are you heading to?)✓ いい天気ですね。Ii tenki desu ne. (eee tehn-kee deh-soo neh.) (It’s nicetoday, isn’t it?)
✓ ご兄弟は。 Go-kyōdai wa. (goh-kyohh-dah-ee wah.) (Do you have any
siblings?)✓ メールアドレスは。 Mēru adoresu wa. (mehh-roo ah-doh-reh-soo wah.)(What’s your e-mail address?)
Chapter 7 shows you how to conduct small talk in Japanese.

Chapter 1: Japanese in a Nutshell

Asking for directions
When you need to ask for directions to somewhere, name the place you want
to go, add the particle wa (wah) after it, and say doko desu ka (doh-koh
deh-soo kah), as in Eki wa doko desu ka. (eh-kee wah doh-koh deh-soo kah.)(Where is the train station?)
Chapter 8 shows you how to ask or give directions in Japanese.

Eating out and buying foodIf you love eating Japanese foods, you need to know how to place an orderat a restaurant in Japanese. Your server will ask you, Go-chūmon wa.
(goh-chooo-mohn wah.) (Your order?). That’s your opportunity to say, forexample, Sushi o onegai shimasu. (soo-shee oh oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mahsoo.) (Sushi, please.)
Find out more about how to eat out at restaurants and buy food in Chapter 9.

Going shopping
Who doesn’t love shopping? If you’re looking for something in particular,name it, add wa (wah) after it, and say arimasu ka (ah-ree-mah-soo kah), as
in Sukāfu wa arimasu ka. (soo-kahh-foo wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you
have a scarf?). Definitely check the price, though. You can do so by asking
Ikura desu ka. (ee-koo-rah deh-soo kah.) (How much?).
Turn to Chapter 10 for more words and phrases that can help you have successful shopping experiences in Japanese.

Exploring entertainment opportunities
Hanging out at home is fun, but if you do that 7 days a week, 365 days a year,
it’s going to get boring. So why not head out and explore the entertainment
opportunities your community has to offer? I bet you’ll find some of thefollowing:✓ 美術館 bijutsukan (bee-joo-tsoo-kahn) (art museums)✓ 劇場 gekijō (geh-kee-johh) (theaters for performing arts)

13

14

Part I: Getting Started✓ 博物館 hakubutsukan (hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn) (museums)✓ カラオケ karaoke (kah-rah-oh-keh) (karaoke)✓ クラブ kurabu (koo-rah-boo) (nightclub)
Chapter 11 introduces more fun places and shows you what you can do there
in Japanese.

Doing business and communicating
Do you want to work in Japan or in a Japanese company in the United States?
If the answer to either question is yes, you need to have a bunch of businessrelated vocabulary under your belt. Chapter 12 provides such words, including✓ ヴォイスメール boisu-mēru (boh-ee-soo-mehh-roo) (voicemail)✓ 配達する haitatsu suru (hah-ee-tah-tsoo soo-roo) (to deliver)✓ 確認する kakunin suru (kah-koo-neen soo-roo) (to confirm)✓ コピーする kopī suru (koh-peee soo-roo) (to make copies)✓ 会議 kaigi (kah-ee-gee) (meeting, conference)✓ メール mēru (mehh-roo) (e-mail)✓ パソコンpasokon (pah-soh-kohn) (computer)

Enjoying sports, hobbies,
recreation, and more
What better way to have a good time than by playing or watching your favorite sport or indulging in a favorite hobby? Do you like any of the following
activities?
✓ 読書 dokusho (doh-koo-shoh) (reading)✓ キルティング kirutingu (kee-roo-teen-goo) (quilting)✓ キャンプ kyanpu (kyahn-poo) (camping)✓ 水泳 suiei (soo-ee-ehh) (swimming)✓ 釣り tsuri (tsoo-ree) (fishing)
Flip to Chapter 13 to find out how to talk about many other fun activities. And
who knows? You may be inspired to pick up a new hobby while you’re at it!

Chapter 1: Japanese in a Nutshell

Tackling Travel-Related Topics
After you’ve been studying Japanese for a while and the travel bug bites, you
may feel like making the journey to Japan to really immerse yourself in thelanguage and culture. From packing your bags to choosing accommodations
and navigating emergencies, the next sections give you some of the basic
vocabulary you need when traveling in Japan.

Preparing for a trip
The first step in preparing for your trip is to decide where to go. Then, depending on your destination, you’ll need to get a passport and book a flight. Hereare some Japanese terms to consider as getting ready to plan a trip:✓ チケット chiketto (chee-keht-toh) (ticket)✓ 飛行機 hikōki (hee-kohh-kee) (airplane)✓ ホテル hoteru (hoh-teh-roo) (hotel)✓ パスポート pasupōto (pah-soo-pohh-toh) (passport)✓ スーツケース sūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo) (suitcase)
Chapter 14 helps you make your travel plan in addition to packing your suitcase.

Making sense of money
You need money no matter where you travel, and if you’re headed to a foreign
destination, you need to be prepared ryōgae suru (ryohh-gah-eh soo-roo) (toexchange) your country’s currency for that of your destination country. Be
sure to bring enough genkin (gehn-keen) (cash) to the exchange counter.
Even at a foreign ginkō (geen-kohh) (bank), you may be able to use your ATM
card to withdraw funds from your kōza (kohh-za) (account) in the right currency.
For more money-related words, as well as information on the Japanese en(ehn) (yen), see Chapter 15.

Getting around with local transportation
Make sure you know the best ways of getting from place to place in a foreigncountry you’re planning on visiting. In large urban areas, people often walk or

15

16

Part I: Getting Started
take the chikatetsu (chee-kah-teh-tsoo) (subway). Other common methods oftransportation may include one (or more!) of the following:✓ 電車 densha (dehn-shah) (train)✓ フェリー ferī (feh-reee) (ferry)✓ 自転車 jitensha (jee-tehn-shah) (bicycle)✓ タクシー takushī (tah-koo-sheee) (taxi)
I cover transportation information in Chapter 16.

Securing a place to stay
You have several options to choose from when choosing your accommodations in Japan:✓ ビジネスホテル bijinesu hoteru (bee-jee-neh-soo hoh-teh-roo) (businesshotel)✓ 観光ホテル kankō hoteru (kahn-kohh hoh-teh-roo) (tourist’s hotel)✓ カプセルホテル kapuseru hoteru (kah-poo-seh-roo hoh-teh-roo) (capsulehotel)✓ 旅館 ryokan (ryoh-kahn) (Japanese-style inn)
✓ ユースホステル yūsu hosuteru (yooo-soo hoh-soo-teh-roo) (youth hostel)
Chapter 17 helps you choose the right accommodation for your needs, makea reservation, check into it, and check out at the end of your trip.

Taking action during emergencies
No one likes to think about experiencing an emergency while traveling, but if
you’re in a foreign country, you’re better off knowing what to do if an illness,injury, or emergency pops up. Chapter 18 provides you with the confidence
and the Japanese to act wisely when you face an emergency.
Memorize these phrases now — and hope you don’t need them later:✓ だれか！ Dareka! (dah-reh-kah!) (Someone help!)✓ 泥棒！ Dorobō! (doh-roh-bohh!) (A thief!)✓ 火事！ Kaji! (kah-jee!) (Fire!)✓ 助けて！ Tasukete! (tah-soo-keh-teh!) (Help me!)

Chapter 2

Checking Out the JapaneseSounds and Scripts
In This Chapter▶ Getting the basic sounds down
▶ Talking like a native speaker▶ Reading the Japanese scriptsT

his chapter lets you open your mouth and sound like a totally different
person — a Japanese person! Get ready to find out all about the basic
Japanese vowel and consonant sounds. You also discover the core conceptsof the Japanese writing systems.

Pronouncing Basic Japanese Sounds
Japanese sounds are very easy to hear and pronounce; each syllable is shortand simple. With a little practice, you’ll get used to these sounds quickly. The
following sections get you off on the right foot (or should I say the right sound)by looking at vowels, consonants, and a couple of combinations of each.

VowelsThe Japanese language has only five basic vowels — a, e, i, o, and u, allof which sound short and crispy — plus their longer counterparts. Longvowels have the same sound as short vowels; you just draw out the soundfor a moment longer. The long vowels are sometimes represented by double
letters — aa, ee, ii, oo, and uu — but the more common presentation uses
single letters with a bar ( ¯ ) over them, as in ā, ē, ī, ō, and ū. This second
method is what I use in this book.

18

Part I: Getting Started
The difference between a long vowel and a short vowel can make all the difference in the meaning of a Japanese word. For example, obasan (oh-bah-sahn)with the short vowel a means aunt, but obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn) with the longvowel ā means grandmother.
Listen for the difference between short and long vowel sounds on Track 1
while you look at Table 2-1 to get the idea about vowel length.

Table 2-1

Japanese Vowel Sounds

LetterPronunciation

English Word with the Sound

Example

a

ah

aha

おばさん
obasan(oh-bah-sahn)(aunt)

āahh

no equivalent

おばあさん
obāsan(oh-bahh-sahn)(grandmother)

e

eh

bed

セル
seru
(seh-roo)(cell)

ēehh

no equivalent

セール
sēru
(sehh-roo)(sale)

i

ee

feet

おじさん
ojisan(oh-jee-sahn)(uncle)īeee

no equivalent

おじいさん
ojīsan(oh-jeee-sahn)(grandfather)

o

oh

dome

とり
tori
(toh-ree)(bird)

Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
LetterPronunciation

English Word with the Sound

Exampleōohh

no equivalent

とおり
tōri
(tohh-ree)(street)

u

oo

foot

ゆき
yuki
(yoo-kee)(snow)

ūooo

no equivalent

ゆうき
yūki
(yooo-kee)(courage)

Unlike in English, vowels can appear next to each other without being separated by a consonant in Japanese. You may be inclined to pronounce themas one vowel, but the Japanese actually pronounce each vowel so that thesequence is multiple syllables. Track 1 gives some examples of these sequential vowels and their pronunciations:✓ あお ao (ah-oh) (blue color)✓ あおい aoi (ah-oh-ee) (blue)✓ いえ ie (ee-eh) (house)✓ いう iu (ee-oo) (to say)
✓ うえ ue (oo-eh) (up, above, on)✓ おい oi (oh-ee) (nephew)
The vowels i (ee) and u (oo) come out as a downright whisper, in normal or
fast speech, when they fall between the consonant sounds ch, h, k, p, s, sh, t,
or ts or when a word ends in this consonant-vowel combination.

Consonants
Most Japanese consonants are pronounced like their English counterparts,
but check out the descriptions of the sounds you need to pay attention to in
Table 2-2 (you can hear them pronounced on Track 1).

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 2-2

Japanese Consonants Very Different from English

ConsonantDescription of the Sound

Examplesr

Almost like a Spanish r, where you tap yourtongue on the roof of your mouth just once —almost like an English d or l, but not quite.

りんご
ringo
(reen-goh)(apple)f

A much softer sound than the English f —somewhere between an f and an h sound.
Make it by bringing your lips close to eachother and gently blowing air through them.

ふゆfuyu(foo-yoo)(winter)ts

The combination of t and s is hard to pronounce at the beginning of a word, as in tsunami, although it’s easy anywhere else. My
advice is to say the word cats in your head
and then say tsunami.

つなみtsunami(tsoo-nah-mee)(tsunami)ry

The combination of r and y is difficult to pronounce when it occurs before the vowel o.
Try saying ri (ree) and then yo (yoh). Repeat
many times and gradually increase thespeed until you can pronounce these twosounds simultaneously. Remember that the rsounds almost like a d in English.

りょうryō(ryohh)(dormitory )Like most other languages, Japanese has double consonants, which are pronounced as single consonants preceded by a brief pause. Check out the following examples and listen to the pronunciation on Track 1.
✓ きっぷ kippu (keep-poo) (transportation tickets)✓ きって kitte (keet-teh) (postage stamp)✓ けっこん kekkon (kehk-kohn) (marriage)✓ まっすぐ massugu (mahs-soo-goo) (straight)✓ バッグ baggu (bahg-goo) (bag)✓ ベッド beddo (behd-doh) (bed)Sounding Fluent
If you want to sound like a native Japanese speaker, you need to imitate theoverall stress accent, the pitch and intonation, the rhythm, and the speed ofnative Japanese. These almost-musical aspects of the language make a big difference, and the following sections show you how to achieve them.

Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts

Don’t stress
English sentences sound like they’re full of punches, one after another,because English words have stressed syllables followed by unstressed syllables. But Japanese sentences sound very flat because Japanese words andphrases don’t have any stressed syllables. So unless you’re very angry or
excited, suppress your desire to stress syllables when you speak Japanese.

Watch out for pitch and intonation
Although Japanese speakers don’t stress their syllables (see the preceding
section), they may raise or lower their pitch on a specific syllable in certain
words. A raised pitch may sound like a stress, but it’s not quite the same
concept; if you think in terms of music, higher-pitched notes aren’t necessarily stressed more than low notes. But even though pitch differences don’tchange the emphasis in a word, these slight shifts can change the word’s
meaning. That, however, also depends on what part of Japan you’re in. For
example, in eastern Japan, the word hashi (hah-shee) said with high-to-low
pitch means chopsticks, but with low-to-high pitch, it means a bridge. In western Japan, it’s exactly the opposite: High-to-low pitch means a bridge, andlow-to-high pitch means chopsticks.
How can you tell what anyone means? For one thing, the eastern dialect isstandard because that’s where Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is located. In any
event, the context usually makes it clear. If you’re in a restaurant and you ask
for hashi, you can safely assume that, no matter how you pitch this word, no
one will bring you a bridge. Listen to such pairs on Track 2 and try to hear
what I mean by pitch.
✓ 箸 hashi (hah-shee) (chopsticks) versus 橋 hashi (hah-shee) (bridge)✓ 雨 ame (ah-meh) (rain) versus 飴 ame (ah-me) (candy)✓ 神 kami (kah-mee) (god) versus 紙 kami (kah-mee) (paper)
Similarly, a single phrase can be said or understood in different ways depending on the intonation, an overall pitch flow that applies to the entire phrase or
sentence. Suppose someone said that math is the easiest subject in the world.
You can respond to this statement by saying Sō desu ka. (sohh deh-soo kah.).
If you say it with a falling intonation, you’re acknowledging the statement: Oh,
I see. If you say it with a falling-rising intonation, you’re showing your doubt orslight disagreement: Really? Listen to the difference on Track 2.
Another interesting fact about pitch: The Japanese raise their overall pitch
range when they speak to their superiors. So people speak to a boss, client,customer or teacher as if they (the speakers) are chirping birds and to theirfriends, assistants, and family members in a more normal pitch range. This
shift is most noticeable among women. Female workers raise their pitch

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Part I: Getting Started
greatly when they deal with business customers. They don’t mean to scare
their customers; they’re just trying to be super polite. Women also raise theirpitch when they speak to young children, just to indicate a friendly attitude
toward the little ones. A Japanese woman’s flattering high pitch in these contexts has a totally different tone of voice from the high pitch that she uses
when she raises her pitch out of anger.

Get in rhythm
English sentences sound very smooth and connected, but Japanese sentences sound chopped up because each syllable is pronounced more clearlyand separately in Japanese than in English. You can sound like a native
speaker by pronouncing each Japanese syllable separately.

Body language
Gestures are very important for communication.
Japanese probably use fewer gestures thanWesterners; for example, they don’t hug or kisspeople in public. But they do have some uniquegestures. If you know these gestures’ meanings
and functions and can use them as you interact
with Japanese people, you’ll seem like part ofthe crowd. Try some of the following gestures
yourself. And if you see native Japanese people
in a Japanese grocery store, at the mall, at aparty, or anywhere else, observe them carefully.
You’ll definitely see some of these gestures.
✓ Banzai: When a bunch of people gather tocelebrate something, they often stand up at
the same time, raise both arms over theirheads simultaneously, and shout “万歳!
Banzai! (bahn-zah-ee!) (Hurrah!)” together
three times.
✓ Bowing: For Japanese, bowing is an absolutely important and necessary everyday
communication tool. You bow to thanksomeone, to apologize, to greet, and evento say goodbye. By bowing, you express
your politeness and respect for others.

But you don’t have to bow very deeply. In
most cases, you can just tilt your head fora second or two. Save the deep bow, using
the upper half of the body, for those times
when you make a horrible mistake, receive
overwhelming kindness, or associate withextremely formal people.
✓ Nodding: Whenever someone says something to you, nod immediately. Otherwise,
the speaker will think you’re not paying
attention or that you’re upset.
✓ Waving: If you want Japanese folks tounderstand your waves, you must know thatJapanese waving is all in the wrist. If you
greet your American neighbor by moving
your hand up and down from your wrist, likea toddler waving bye-bye, he’ll understandthat you mean to say hi. However, yourJapanese neighbor will think you’re beckoning her to come to you. The Japanese use
a sort of palm-down scooping motion to say
come here — just a 180-degree turn fromthe palm-up scooping motion Americans
use to say the same thing.

Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
Each syllable is represented by each kana character, so seeing Japanesescripts can help you pronounce words and sentences well. For the scoop on
the Japanese scripts, including kana, see the later related section.

Keep your speed up
The shortcut to sounding like a Japanese native is to pay attention to yourspeech speed. Try to say the entire phrase or sentence in normal speed. If
you speak too slowly, the listener may lose track of what you are trying tosay even if your pronunciation is precisely perfect. I’m not asking you to
speak fast, but try to speak close to the normal speech speed of native speakers. Chances are that no one will notice your minor pronunciation problems
if you speak in normal speed with the right intonation and rhythm.

Introducing the Japanese Scripts
Japanese uses multiple writing systems simultaneously even in the samesentence, combining two sets of phonetic symbols called kana (hiragana
and katakana) and Chinese characters called kanji. Each kana character
represents a syllable sound, but each kanji character represents a meaning. This book provides kana and kanji in most sections so you can get used
to authentic Japanese texts, but don’t worry; I also provide rōmaji (rohhmah-jee) (Roman letters) throughout the book so you never get lost or feel
intimidated. It’s really up to you whether you want to learn Japanese by using
rōmaji, using kana and kanji, or using both!

Kana
In modern Japanese, hiragana is mainly used for representing grammaticalelements and native words not written in kanji, while katakana is used for
representing foreign names and foreign vocabulary. The next sections introduce you to the symbols and the sounds they stand for, as well as some basic
writing-related rules.

The characters
Table 2-3 shows basic hiragana and katakana characters. Try reading themaloud along with Track 3. (Note: Some people pronounce the second-to-lastentry in the table as woh, but only some of the time.)

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 2-3

Basic Hiragana and Katakana

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

Hiragana

Katakana

a

ah

あ

ア

i

ee

い

イ

u

oo

う

ウ

e

eh

え

エ

o

oh

お

オ

ka

kah

か

カ

ki

kee

き

キ

ku

koo

く

ク

ke

keh

け

ケ

ko

koh

こ

コ

sa

sah

さ

サ

shi

shee

し

シ

su

soo

す

ス

se

seh

せ

セ

so

soh

そ

ソ

ta

tah

た

タ

chi

chee

ち

チ

tsu

tsoo

つ

ツ

te

teh

て

テ

to

toh

と

ト

na

nah

な

ナ

ni

nee

に

ニ

nu

noo

ぬ

ヌ

ne

neh

ね

ネ

no

noh

の

ノ

ha

hah

は

ハ

hi

hee

ひ

ヒ

fu

foo

ふ

フ

he

heh

へ

ヘ

ho

hoh

ほ

ホ

ma

mah

ま

マ

mi

mee

み

ミ

Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
Rōmaji

Pronunciation

Hiragana

Katakana

mu

moo

む

ム

me

meh

め

メ

mo

moh

も

モ

ya

yah

や

ヤ

yu

yoo

ゆ

ユ

yo

yoh

よ

ヨ

ra

rah

ら

ラ

ri

ree

り

リ

ru

roo

る

ル

re

reh

れ

レ

ro

roh

ろ

ロ

wa

wah

わ

ワ

(w)o

oh

を

ヲ

n

n

ん

ン

The basic rules
The character ん (n) represents an independent syllable for Japanese eventhough it may sound like part of an existing syllable to you. を is usually pronounced as o, like the character お, but it’s exclusively used as a direct object
marker (see Chapter 3 to find out about direct objects in Japanese). A few kanacharacters have an exceptional pronunciation: は (ha) (hah) is read as wa(wah) when used as a topic particle, and へ (he) (heh) is read as e (eh) whenused as a particle that shows directions. (I cover particles in Chapter 3.)
Japanese uses two diacritic marks: two short dashes ( „) and a small circle( ̊ ). By adding ( „) at the right upper corner of a kana character that starts
with the consonant k, s, t, h, or f, you can make that consonant voiced. For
example, か represents ka (kah), while が represents ga (gah). So you canconvert k to g, s to z, and t to d by using ( „). Strangely, h and f are converted
to b. Also remember that じ and ぢ both sound ji (jee) and ず and づ bothsound zu (zoo). (However, ji and zu are almost always represented by じ andず, respectively.)
What does voiced mean? To understand voiced and unvoiced sounds, say k
and g while lightly touching your throat. You feel a vibration only when you
say g, even though you’re doing largely the same thing with your mouth when
you say k, right? Linguists call vibrationless sounds such as k, p, t, and s
voiceless sounds, and sounds that do vibrate, such as g, b, d, and z, are voiced
sounds.

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26Part I: Getting Started
On the other hand, by adding a small circle ( ̊ ) at the right upper corner ofa kana character that starts with h or f, you can convert the consonant to p.
Check out the following example words that include these diacritic marks:
ぶんぷ bunpu (boon-poo) (distribution)
ちぢむ chijimu (chee-jee-moo) (to shrink)
ふぶき fubuki (foo-boo-kee) (snowstorm)
がか gaka (gah-kah) (painter)
はば haba (hah-bah) (width)
かんぱい Kanpai! (kahn-pah-ee!) (Toast!)
しじ shiji (shee-jee) (instruction)
すず suzu (soo-zoo) (bell)
つづき tsuzuki (tsoo-zoo-kee) (continuation)
You can represent complex syllables with the sound quality of y by adding asmall-sized や (ya) (yah), ゆ (yu) (yoo), or よ (yo) (yoh) after a syllable with avowel i (ee). I’m not talking about lowercase or uppercase. You just need tomake the size of the character smaller by 50 to 75 percent. For example, き (ki)(kee) followed by the small-sized や yields きゃ (kya) (kyah). The same applies
to katakana. The size difference is a bit hard to see in print, but I hope you
gradually get used to it. Here are examples with such complex syllables:
ひゃく hyaku (hyah-koo) (hundred)
シャツ shatsu (shah-tsoo) (shirt)
しゅじゅつ shujutsu (shoo-joo-tsoo) (medical operation)
The small-sized つ (tsu) (tsoo) isn’t pronounced; rather, it represents a momentof pause found with double consonants. The same applies to katakana.
きって kitte (keeht-teh) (postage stamp)
みっつ mittsu (meet-tsoo) (three pieces)ソックス sokkusu (sohk-koo-soo) (socks)
Long vowels are represented by an additional letter, あ(a) (ah), い( i ) (ee), う(u) (oo), え(e) (eh), or お(o) (oh) in hiragana, but by an elongation mark (ー)in katakana (check out the earlier section “Vowels” for more on long vowels).
For example
おばあさん obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn) (grandmother)
おじいさん ojīsan (oh-jeee-sahn) (grandfather)
コーヒー kōhī (kohh-heee) (coffee)

Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
The pronunciation of some kana changes slightly in normal-fast speech insome contexts. For example, the kana う (u) (oo) that follows another kanawith the vowel o is read as a part of a long vowel ō, and the kana い ( i ) (ee)that follows another kana with the vowel e is read as a part of a long vowel ē.
You can see what I mean in the following examples:
おとうさん otōsan (oh-tohh-sahn) (father)
せんせい sensei (sehn-sehh) (teacher)

Kanji
Kanji characters were imported from China. Many of them are made frompictures and signs, and others are combinations of multiple kanji charactersor components. For example
Kanji made from pictures: 山 (mountain), 川 (river), 木 (tree), 日 (sun),
月 (moon), and 人 (person)
Kanji made from signs: 一 (one), 二 (two), 三 (three), 上 (top),下 (bottom),and 中 (middle)
Kanji made by combining multiple kanji or kanji components: 明(bright), made of 日 (sun) and 月 (moon); 森 (forest), made of three
instances of the kanji 木 (tree); 休 (rest), made of the kanji component イ(person) and the kanji 木 (tree)
Most kanji characters have multiple pronunciations, including Japanese-basedand Chinese-based versions. For example, you pronounce 人 as hito (hee-toh)in the Japanese way when it appears by itself, but you most likely read it as jin(jeen) or nin (neen) when it’s a part of a compound noun. For example
人 hito (hee-toh) (person)
日本人 Nihonjin (nee-hohn-jeen) (Japanese person)
三人 sannin (sahn-neen) (three people)
Kanji characters for verbs and adjectives are usually followed by hiragana.
For example
明るい akarui (ah-kah-roo-ee) (bright)
食べる taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat)
Unfortunately, I can’t give you an easy tip for knowing how to pronounce thekanji characters; you just have to learn them one by one. Look at how eachcharacter is used and read in different contexts. After a while, you’ll be able to
make a pretty good guess on how to read a given kanji.

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 2-4 shows you a list of 50 of the easiest (relatively speaking) and mostuseful kanji characters, along with a few usage and pronunciation examples.

Table 2-4

A Sampling of Useful Kanji

Kanji

Core Meaning(s)Examples一one

一 ichi (ee-chee) (one)
一つ hitotsu (hee-toh-tsoo) (one piece)
一人 hitori (hee-toh-ree) (one person)

二two

二 ni (nee) (two)
二つ futatsu (foo-tah-tsoo) (two pieces)

三

three

三 san (sahn) (three)
三つ mittsu (meet-tsoo) (three pieces)人

person人 hito (hee-toh) (person)
日本人 Nihonjin (nee-hohn-jeen) (Japanese person)

口

mouth

口 kuchi (koo-chee) (mouth)
人口 jinkō (jeen-kohh) (population)

目eye

目 me (meh) (eye)
一つ目 hitotsu-me (hee-toh-tsoo-meh) (the first piece)
目的 mokuteki (moh-koo-teh-kee) (purpose)

木

tree

木 ki (kee) (tree)
木曜日 mokuyōbi (moh-koo-yohh-bee) (Thursday)

森forest森 mori (moh-ree) (forest)
森林 shinrin (sheen-reen) (woods and forests)

山

mountain

山 yama (yah-mah) (mountain)
富士山 Fujisan (foo-jee-sahn) (Mt. Fuji )

川

river

川 kawa (kah-wah) (river)
川口 Kawaguchi (kah-wah-goo-chee) (Kawaguchi,a family name)日sun

日hi (hee) (the sun)
日曜日 nichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee) (Sunday)

月

moon

月 tsuki (tsoo-kee) (the moon)
月曜日 getsuyōbi (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee) (Monday)

年

year, age

年 toshi (toh-shee) (year, age)
去年 kyonen (kyoh-nehn) (last year)

本

book

本 hon (hohn) (book)日本 Nihon/Nippon (nee-hohn/neep-pohn) (Japan)

明bright明るい akarui (ah-kah-roo-ee) (bright)
明日 asu (ah-soo) (tomorrow)

行

to go

行く iku (ee-koo) (to go)
銀行 ginkō (geen-kohh) (bank)Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
Kanji

Core Meaning(s)Examples来to come来る kuru (koo-roo) (to come)
来週 raishū (rah-ee-shooo) (next week)

私I, me, private

私 watashi (wah-tah-shee) (I, me)
私立大学 shiritsu daigaku (shee-ree-tsoo dah-eegah-koo) (private university)

男

male

男の人 otoko no hito (oh-toh-koh noh hee-toh) (man)男性 dansei (dahn-sehh) (man)女female

女の人 onna no hito (ohn-nah noh hee-toh)(woman)
彼女 kanojo (kah-noh-joh) (she, her, girlfriend)

母mother母 haha (hah-hah) (one’s own mother)
お母さん okāsan (oh-kahh-sahn) (someone else’s
mother)父

father

父 chichi (chee-chee) (one’s own father)
お父さん otōsan (oh-tohh-sahn) (someone else’s
father)車car

車 kuruma (koo-roo-mah) (car)電車 densha (dehn-sah) (train)

食eat

食べる taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat)
食事 shokuji (shoh-koo-jee) (meal)

入

enter

入る hairu (hah-ee-roo) (to enter )入学 nyūgaku (nyooo-gah-koo) (admission to a school )出come out

出る deru (deh-roo) (to come out)
出口 deguchi (deh-goo-chee) (exit)
出発 shuppatsu (shoop-pah-tsoo) (departure)

学

learn

学ぶ manabu (mah-nah-boo) (to learn)
学生 gakusei (gah-koo-sehh) (student)
学校 gakkō (gahk-kohh) (school)先ahead, previous

先に saki ni (sah-kee nee) (on ahead)
先生 sensei (sehn-sehh) (teacher)
先月 sengetsu (sehn-geh-tsoo) (last month)生

live, birth

生きる ikiru (ee-kee-roo) (to live)
生まれる umareru (oo-mah-reh-roo) (to be born)

金gold, money

金 kin (keen) (gold)
お金 o-kane (oh-kah-neh) (money)
金曜日 kinyōbi (keen-yohh-bee) (Friday)

上top, above

上 ue (oo-eh) (top, above)
上がる agaru (ah-gah-roo) (to go up)
上手 jōzu (johh-zoo) (skillful)(continued)

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 2-4 (continued)
Kanji

Core Meaning(s)Examples下bottom, below

下 shita (shee-tah) (bottom, below)
下がる sagaru (sah-gah-roo) (to go down)
地下 chika (chee-kah) (basement)

中inside, middle

中 naka (nah-kah) (inside, middle)
中国 Chūgoku (chooo-goh-koo) (China)

水

water

水 mizu (mee-zoo) (water)
水曜日 suiyōbi (soo-ee-yohh-bee) (Wednesday)

土

soil

土 tsuchi (tsoo-chee) (soil)
土地 tochi (toh-chee) (land)
土曜日 doyōbi (doh-yohh-bee) (Saturday)

火

fire

火 hi (hee) (fire)
火曜日 kayōbi (kah-yohh-bee) (Tuesday)
火山 kazan (kah-zahn) (volcano)大big

大きい ōkii (ohh-keee) (big)大学 daigaku (dah-ee-gah-koo) (university)

小

small

小さい chīsai (chee-ee-sah-ee) (small)
小学生 shōgakusei (shohh-gah-koo-sehh)(elementary school student)

犬dog

犬 inu (ee-noo) (dog)
番犬 banken (bahn-kehn) (watchdog)

高expensive, tall

高い takai (tah-kah-ee) (expensive)
高校 kōkō (kohh-kohh) (high school)安cheap, peaceful

安い yasui (yah-soo-ee) (cheap)
安心 anshin (ahn-sheen) (peace of mind)

右

right

右 migi (mee-gee) (right)
右折する usetsu suru (oo-seh-tsoo soo-roo)(to turn right)

左

left

左 hidari (hee-dah-ree) (left)
左右 sayū (sah-yooo) (left and right)

円

circle, yen

円 en (ehn) (circle, yen)
円周 enshū (ehn-shooo) (circumference)

長long, chief

長い nagai (nah-gah-ee) (long)
校長 kōchō (kohh-chohh) (principal)

朝

morning

朝 asa (ah-sah) (morning)
朝食 chōshoku (chohh-shoh-koo) (breakfast)Chapter 2: Checking Out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts

Kanji

Core Meaning(s)Examples昼

noon, daytime

昼 hiru (hee-roo) (noon, daytime)
昼食 chūshoku (chooo-shoh-koo) (lunch)

晩

evening

晩 ban (bahn) (evening)
今晩 konban (kohn-bahn) (tonight)

時

hour

時 toki (toh-kee) (time)
時間 jikan (jee-kahn) (time)分

minute分かる wakaru (wah-kah-roo) (to understand)
５分 go-fun (goh-foon) (five minutes)

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Part I: Getting Started

Fun & GamesFor each English word, circle the correct Japanese word in the parentheses. The
solution is in Appendix D.
1. grandmother (おばさん obasan, おばあさん obāsan)2. grandfather (おじさん ojisan, おじいさん ojīsan)3. postage stamp (きって kitte, きて kite)
4. Toast! (かんぱい kanpai, かんばい kanbai)
5. Japanese person (日本人 Nihonhito, 日本人 Nihonjin)Chapter 3

Warming Up with Japanese
Grammar Basics
In This Chapter▶ Speaking with style▶ Handing out sentences▶ Questioning your English teacher▶ Forming verbs▶ Describing everythingIf grammar rules are the branches of a tree, words are the tree’s beautiful
leaves. Checking the branches before enjoying those leaves is the shortcut to your success in understanding the entire tree. This chapter shows youwhat the branches of the Japanese language tree look like. You discover theimportance of speech styles in speaking Japanese like a native, as well as
how to form sentences and ask basic questions. You also find out the basics
of parts of speech such as pronouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs. All thatand more await you in this overview of Japanese grammar basics.

Using Appropriate Speech Styles
Japanese use different speech styles depending on who they’re talking to. For
example, you ask a simple question like Did you see it? differently to different
people. When speaking to your boss, use the formal style of speech and say
Goran ni narimashita ka. (goh-rahn nee nah-ree-mah-shee-tah kah.). When
speaking to your colleague, use the polite/neutral style and say Mimashitaka. (mee-mah-shee-tah kah.). And with your kids, use the plain/informal styleand say Mita no. (mee-tah noh.). Notice that the phrase becomes shorter andshorter as you go down in the relative hierarchy from your boss to your kids.
If you use the plain/informal style of speech with your boss, he or she willprobably start looking for some official reason to kick you out of his or hergroup. If you use a formal style with your own daughter, you’ll sound like acommoner whose daughter got married to a royal prince. The tricky part of34

Part I: Getting Started
choosing the correct speech style is that the choice depends on both social
hierarchy (in terms of position and age) and social grouping (such as insiders and outsiders). Depending on the audience, the informal forms can soundrude or very friendly; the formal forms can sound very polite or awfully cold.
In some cases, which style you should use can be very unclear. What if yourassistant is older than you are? What if your son is your boss? These scenarios
are where your personality can influence your speech style; different people
treat them in different ways, even in Japan. If you don’t want to offend anyone,
your best bet is to use the polite version, at least at the beginning. Table 3-1
gives you some general guidelines on when to use which speech style.

Table 3-1

Speech Styles

Style

Whom to Use It With

FormalYour business customer, a person who is much older than you, yourboss, your teacher

Polite/neutral

Your classmate, your colleague, your neighbor, your acquaintance,
your friend’s parent

Plain/informalYour parent, your child, your spouse, your student, your assistant,your close friend

In this book, I use the speech style appropriate to the context, but don’t
worry — you can tell the difference after you learn the basic verb forms.
As you’re beginning your Japanese study, my advice is to start from the polite/
neutral style and gradually play with formal and plain/informal styles.

Forming Sentences
It took me about 20 months to start forming a Japanese sentence after I wasborn. Twenty months! I was very cute at that age, or so my mom says. Today,
you can start forming a Japanese sentence in just five minutes — I promise.
You’re saving a lot of time! The following sections cover the important points
for creating Japanese sentences.

Ordering the words correctly
The basic word order in English is subject-verb-object, but the order in Japaneseis subject-object-verb. Instead of saying I watched TV, you say I TV watched.
Instead of saying I ate sushi, you say I sushi ate. Now you know the pattern. So
repeat after me: Put the verb at the end! Verb end! Verb end! Go ahead and try it!

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
I sake drank, I karaoke did, and I money lost! Good, you the basic word order inJapanese have.

Marking nouns with particles
Subject-object-verb is the basic word order in Japanese, but object-subjectverb is also okay. As long as the verb is at the end of the sentence, Japanesegrammar teachers are happy. For example, if Mary invited John, you can say
either Mary John invited or John Mary invited in Japanese. Like I said, as longas the verb is at the end, the order of other phrases doesn’t matter.
Although it sounds great, a smart person like you may be saying, “Wait aminute! How do you know who invited whom?” The secret is that Japanese
use a little tag called a particle right after each noun phrase. The particle forthe action performer is ga (gah), and the particle for the action receiver is o(oh). So, both of the following sentences mean Mary invited John:
メアリーがジョンを誘いました。 Mearī ga Jon o sasoimashita. (meh-ahreee gah john oh sah-soh-ee-mah-shee-tah.)
ジョンをメアリーが誘いました。 Jon o Mearī ga sasoimashita. (john ohmeh-ah-reee gah sah-soh-ee-mah-shee-tah.)In other words, ga is the subject-marking particle, and o is the direct objectmarking particle. They can’t be translated into English. Sorry, it’s justJapanese.
Other Japanese particles include kara (kah-rah), made (mah-deh), ni (nee),de (deh), to (toh), and ka (kah). Luckily, they can be translated into English
words like from, until, to, with, by, at, in, on, and, and or. But each particle istranslated differently depending on the context. For example, the particle decorresponds to in, by, or with in English, depending on the context:
ボストンで勉強します。 Bosuton de benkyō shimasu. (boh-soo-tohn dehbehn-kyohh shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll study in Boston.)
タクシーで行きます。 Takushī de ikimasu. (tah-koo-sheee deh ee-keemah-soo.) (I’ll go by taxi.)
フォークで食べます。Fōku de tabemasu. (fohh-koo deh tah-beh-mahsoo.) (I eat with a fork.)
Translation isn’t always the best way to figure out a foreign language, so
remember the particles in terms of their general functions, not their exact
English translations. Table 3-2 presents Japanese particles and their various
meanings. I provide translations where I can.

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 3-2

Particles

Particle

EnglishGeneral
Function
Specifies
the subjectof thesentence.

Example

が
ga
(gah)

No
Englishequivalent

を
o
(oh)

No
EnglishequivalentSpecifies
the direct
object of thesentence.

メアリーがジョンを誘った。
Mearī ga Jon o sasotta.
(meh-ah-reee gah john oh sah-soht-tah.)(Mary invited John.)から
kara(kah-rah)fromSpecifies
the starting
point of theaction.

９時から勉強した。
Ku-ji kara benkyō shita.
(koo-jee kah-rah behn-kyohh shee-tah.)(I studied from 9:00.)

まで
made(mahdeh)until

Specifies
the ending
point of theaction.

３時まで勉強した。
San-ji made benkyō shita. (sahn-jee mahdeh behn-kyohh shee-tah.)(I studied until 3:00.)

に
ni
(nee)

to, on,at, inSpecifies
the target ofthe action.

日本に行った。
Nihon ni itta.
(nee-hohn nee eet-tah.)(I went to Japan.)

ジョンが来た。
Jon ga kita.
(john gah kee-tah.)(John came.)

弟に本をあげた。
Otōto ni hon o ageta.
(oh-tohh-toh nee hohn oh ah-geh-tah.)(I gave the book to my little brother.)

へ
e
(eh)

to,
towardSpecifies
the locationof existence.

兄は東京にいる。
Ani wa Tōkyō ni iru.
(ah-nee wah tohh-kyohh nee ee-roo.)(My brother is in Tokyo.)Specifies
the time ofthe event.

３時に着いた。
San-ji ni tsuita.
(sahn-jee nee tsoo-ee-tah.)(I arrived at 3:00.)

Specifies
the direction of theaction.

東京へ行った。
Tōkyō e itta. (tohh-kyohh eh eet-tah.)(I went to/toward Tokyo.)Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Particle

English

で
de
(deh)

in, by,with, atGeneral
Function
Specifies
the location,
the manner,or thebackgroundcondition of
the action.

Exampleボストンで勉強した。
Bosuton de benkyō shita.
(boh-soo-tohn de behn-kyohh shee-tah.)(I studied in Boston.)
タクシーで行った。
Takushī de itta.
(tah-koo-sheee deh eet-tah.)(I went there by taxi.)
フォークで食べた。
Fōku de tabeta.
(fohh-koo deh tah-beh-tah.)(I ate with a fork.)

の
no
(noh)

と
to
(toh)

’s

and, with

Creates apossessive
phrase ora modifierphrase.

メアリーの本Mearī no hon(meh-ah-reee noh hohn)(Mary’s book)

Lists items.
Specifies anaccompanying person ora reciprocal
relationship.

すしと刺身とてんぷらを食べた。
Sushi to sashimi to tenpura o tabeta.
(soo-shee toh sah-shee-mee to tehn-poorah oh tah-beh-tah.)(I ate sushi, sashimi, and tempura.)

日本語の本
nihongo no hon(nee-hon-goh noh hohn) (a Japanese language
book)

ジョンがメアリーと歌った。
Jon ga Mearī to utatta.
(john gah meh-ah-reee toh oo-taht-tah.)(John sang with Mary.)
トムはマイクと似ている。
Tomu wa Maiku to nite iru.
(toh-moo wah mah-ee-koo toh nee-teh ee-roo.)(Tom resembles Mike.)

は
wa
(wah)

speakingofMarks thetopic of thesentence.

東京は去年行った。
Tōkyō wa kyonen itta.
(tohh-kyohh wah kyoh-nehn eet-tah.)(Speaking of Tokyo, I went there last year.)If you’re going to be writing Japanese particles, use the hiragana を (oh) rather
than the hiragana お (oh) for representing the particle o (oh). The hiragana を isused only as the particle for direct object. Also, use the hiragana へ (heh) for
representing the particle e (eh). It’s just a convention of the Japanese language.

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Part I: Getting Started
You can have a bunch of particles in a sentence, as the following sentences
illustrate:
メアリーが車で東京へ行った。 Mearī ga kuruma de Tōkyō e itta. (mehah-reee gah koo-roo-mah deh tohh-kyohh eh eet-tah.) (Mary went toTokyo by car.)
ジョンのお父さんからビールとお酒とワインをもらった。 Jon no otōsan
kara bīru to osake to wain o moratta. (john noh oh-tohh-sahn kah-rah
beee-roo toh oh-sah-keh toh wah-een oh moh-raht-tah.) (I received beer,sake, and wine from John’s dad.)
Japanese nouns don’t need articles like a and the in English. Furthermore, you
don’t need to specify singular or plural. Tamago (tah-mah-goh) is either an egg
or eggs.

Telling the topic
English doesn’t have a topic phrase, but if you put a topic phrase at the
beginning of whatever you say in Japanese, you can sound a lot more like anative Japanese speaker. Japanese just love to mention topics at the beginning of their sentences.
At the very beginning of a statement, clarify what you’re talking about — inother words, state the topic of the sentence. You need to provide the listenerwith a heads up: What I’ll say from now is about topic, As for topic, or Speaking
of topic. Use the particle wa (wah) to mark the topic word. Sorry, but use thehiragana は (hah) and not わ (wah) to represent the particle wa (wah).
Suppose you’re talking about what you did yesterday. You start with theword for yesterday, kinō (kee-nohh), and add wa after the word to alert thelistener that yesterday is your topic and that you’re going to say something
about it in the rest of the sentence.
The following sentences differ in what the speaker is talking about. The statement can be about what happened yesterday, about what happened to theteacher, or about what happened to John, depending on what precedes wa:
昨日は先生がジョンを叱った。 Kinō wa sensei ga Jon o shikatta. ( keenohh wah sehn-sehh gah john oh shee-kaht-tah.) (As for yesterday, what
happened is that the teacher scolded John.)
先生は昨日ジョンを叱った。 Sensei wa kinō Jon o shikatta. (sehn-sehh
wah kee-nohh john oh shee-kaht-tah.) (As for the teacher, what he did yesterday was to scold John.)
ジョンは先生が昨日叱った。 Jon wa sensei ga kinō shikatta. (john wah
sehn-sehh gah kee-nohh shee-kaht-tah.) (As for John, what happened tohim was that the teacher scolded him yesterday.)Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Any noun can be the topic. The subject noun can be the topic, and the object
noun can be the topic, too. When a noun is both the subject of the sentence
and the topic of the sentence, use only the topic particle wa — never ga wa —to mark the noun as both the subject and the topic. In the same way, when anoun is the direct object as well as the topic, mark it with just wa — never withboth o and wa. However, wa can follow other particles, as in ni wa and de wa.

Dropping understood words
You may have the impression that Japanese people are diligent and hardworking — and that is certainly true in many areas — but when it comesto speaking, the Japanese use the minimum number of words necessary toconvey their meaning. Minimalist speaking is the Japanese way.
One way to pare down sentences is to drop pronouns and words that are understood in the context, and Japanese drop both almost all the time. As a result,
you often hear sentences without a subject, a direct object, a time phrase, or alocation phrase. A sentence that consists of just the verb or a question that consists of just the topic isn’t uncommon. For example, you don’t need to say thewords and phrases in the parentheses in the Chinese part of the following minidialgogues.
Speaker A: 昨日はテニスをしましたか。 Kinō wa tenisu o shimashitaka. (kee-nohh wah teh-nee-soo oh shee-mah-shee-tah kah.) (Did you playtennis yesterday?)Speaker B: はい，（ 私は昨日テニスを）しました。 Hai, (watashi wakinō tenisu o) shimashita. (hah-ee, [wah-tah-shee wah kee-nohh teh-neesoo oh] shee-mah-shee-tah.) (Yes, I played tennis yesterday.)Speaker A: （あなたは今日私の）うちに来ますか。 (Anata wa kyō
watashi no) uchi ni kimasu ka. ([ah-nah-tah wah kyohh wah-tah-sheenoh] oo-chee nee kee-mah-soo kah.) (Will you come to my house today?)Speaker B: はい。 Hai. (hah-ee.) (Yes.)
Speaker A: ホットドッグは（食べますか)。 Hotto doggu wa (tabemasuka). (hoht-toh dohg-goo wah [tah-beh-mah-soo kah].) (Will you eat a
hot dog?)
Speaker B: ああ， いいですね。 Ā, ii desu ne. (ahh, eee-deh-soo neh.)(Oh, that’s great.)

Asking Questions
If you can form a sentence, you can easily form a question in Japanese. Unlike
in English, you don’t have to invert the subject and the verb when you ask aquestion in Japanese. And you don’t use question marks, either.

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Part I: Getting Started
How you form a question depends on whether you’re expecting a yes or noanswer or a specific piece of information such as a name, place, date, or
person. I discuss each case in the following subsections.

Yes/no questions
To form a question that you expect a yes or no answer to, just add the question particle ka (kah) at the end of the statement sentence and use a risingintonation, just as you do in English. For example, Jon wa kimasu. (john wah
kee-mah-soo.) means John will come., and Jon wa kimasu ka. (john wah keemah-soo kah.) means Will John come?

Content questions
To ask a question that expects specific information or content as an answer,
use a question word in addition to the question particle ka at the end of thesentence. Just like in English, you use different question words depending on
what you’re asking. Table 3-3 provides more information on question words.

Table 3-3

Typical Question Words

Question Word

Pronunciation

Englishだれ
dare

dah-reh

who

どこ
doko

doh-kohwhere

どなたdonatadoh-nah-tah

who (polite form)

どれ
dore

doh-rehwhich one

どう
dō

dohh

how

いくら
ikura

ee-koo-rah

how much

いつitsu

ee-tsoo

when

何
nani

nah-neewhatChapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Here are a few examples of content questions so you can see question words
in action:
パーティーにはだれと行きますか。 Pātī ni wa dare to ikimasu ka. (pahhteee nee wah dah-reh toh ee-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Who will you go to theparty with?)
昨日は何をしましたか。 Kinō wa nani o shimashita ka. (kee-nohh wah
nah-nee oh shee-mah-shee-tah kah.) (What did you do yesterday?)
そのバッグはいくらですか。 Sono baggu wa ikura desu ka. (soh-noh
bahg-goo wah ee-koo-rah deh-soo kah.) (How much is that bag?)Talkin’ the Talk
Yoko is asking Ken who came to yesterday’s party. (Track 4)
Yoko:Kinō no pātī wa dare ga kimashita ka.
kee-nohh noh pahh-teee wah dah-reh gah kee-mahshee-tah ka.
Who came to yesterday’s party?

Ken:

Jon to Mearī ga kimashita.
john toh meh-ah-reee gah kee-mah-shee-tah.
John and Mary came.

Yoko:Ā, sō desu ka.
Ahh, sohh deh-soo kah.
Oh, really?

Words To Knowkinō

kee-nohh

yesterday

kuru

koo-rooto comepātī

pahh-teee

party

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Part I: Getting Started

Getting a Handle on Pronouns
Pronouns are convenient shorthand for nouns that both English andJapanese make good use of. Check out the following instruction, where I italicized all the pronouns:
Mix those together like this, leave it right there for a while, and then give it
to him with that.
Makes you realize how convenient pronouns are, doesn’t it? And take it fromme, they become even more useful when your short-term memory worsens
as you age and you start referring to everything as “that,” “it,” and “her.”

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns seems like much too big a phrase to talk about four
little words: this, that, these, and those. Think about the donut shop. You
point at all the goodies and say, “I want six of these, two of those, and that
big one right there.” You use demonstrative pronouns to point verbally. In
Japanese, things are just a little more complicated than they are in English.
Suppose you’re the speaker and your girlfriend is the listener, and just thetwo of you are sitting face to face at a cozy table in a fancy restaurant. How
romantic! In this case, the half of the table on your side is your territory, andthe other half on your girlfriend’s side is her territory. “Territory” is a strange
word in this context, but it gives you a clear idea. Any other tables in therestaurant are outside of both your territories. With these boundaries drawn,
you can use the following pronouns when referring to various foods throughout the restaurant.
✓ これ kore (koh-reh): Things in your territory✓ それ sore (soh-reh): Things in her territory✓ あれ are (ah-reh): Things outside of both your territories
Do you get the idea? If you do, you can understand who is eating tako (tahkoh) (octopus), who is eating ika (ee-kah) (squid ), and who is eating awabi(ah-wah-bee) (abalone) at the Japanese restaurant in the following Talkin’ theTalk dialogue. (Note that abalone is a type of shellfish.)Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics

Talkin’ the Talk
Michelle and Brandon are sitting at a table in a fancy Japanese restaurant eating sashimi, which is sliced raw seafood. Seafood canlook similar when sliced, which may account for Michelle andBrandon’s confusion. (Track 5)
Brandon:Sore wa ika desu ka.
soh-reh wah ee-kah deh-soo kah.
Is that squid?

Michelle:

Īe, kore wa tako desu. Sore wa ika desu ka.
eee-eh, koh-ree wah tah-koh deh-soo. soh-ree wah
ee-kah deh-soo kah.
No, this one is octopus. Is that one squid?

Brandon:Hai, kore wa ika desu.
hah-ee, koh-reh wah ee-kah deh-soo.
Yes, this one is squid.

Michelle:Jā, are wa nan desu ka.
jahh, ah-reh wah nahn deh-soo kah.
Then what is that one over there?

Brandon:

Are wa awabi desu.
ah-reh wah ah-wah-bee deh-soo.
That one over there is abalone.

Words to Knowsore

soh-rehthat one (near you)ika

ee-kah

squid

desu

deh-soo

to be

kore

koh-rehthis onetako

tah-kohoctopusareah-rehthat one (over there)awabi

ah-wah-bee

abalone (a type of shellfish)

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Part I: Getting Started

Personal pronouns
The first-person singular pronoun in Japanese is watashi (wah-tah-shee), andit corresponds to the English I and me. Japanese does have other personalpronouns, which you can check out in Table 3-4.

Table 3-4

Personal Pronouns

Pronoun

Pronunciation

English私
watashiwah-tah-shee

I, me

私たち
watashitachi

wah-tah-shee-tah-chee

we, usあなた
anata

ah-nah-tah

you (singular)

あなたたちanatatachi

ah-nah-tah-tah-cheeyou (plural)彼karekah-rehhe, him彼ら
karerakah-reh-rah

they, them (male andmixed genders)彼女
kanojokah-noh-johshe, her

彼女ら or 彼女たち
kanojora or kanojotachi

kah-noh-joh-rah or kahnoh-joh-tah-chee

they, them (female)Note: Although the first-person singular pronoun is typically watashi, you
can say I/me more than one way. The formal version is watakushi (wahtah-koo-shee). Men say boku (boh-koo) in informal and neutral contexts. In
informal contexts, some men say ore (oh-reh), some older men say washi(wah-shee), and some young women say atashi (ah-tah-shee).
Never use ore, washi, and atashi when talking with your teacher, boss, customer, or client. Boku isn’t that bad, but watashi is safer in formal situations.
Japanese use the first-person pronouns repeatedly in conversations, but theyoften don’t use other pronouns. In fact, the use of anata is almost forbidden.
The person who says anata sounds snobby, arrogant, or just foreign. So how
can you ask a question like Will you go there? without using anata? One strategy is to drop the pronoun (see the “Dropping understood words” section
earlier in this chapter). Just use the verb and the question particle: Ikimasu
ka. (ee-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Will [you] go [there]?). Another strategy to avoid

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
anata is to repeatedly use the person’s name. You can ask Yōko this question:
Yōko-san, Yōko-san wa ikimasu ka. (yohh-koh-sahn, yohh-koh-sahn wah eekee-mah-soo kah.) (Yoko, are you going there? [Literally: Yoko, is Yoko going?])

Working with Verbs
The Japanese language places a lot of emphasis on verbs. Verbs not only
express certain actions or states of being but also indicate social status,
respect, and humility. You can often tell whether Japanese are talking to anesteemed guest, a colleague, a spouse, or even a dog just by the verb theyuse. Throughout this book, I use examples of plain/informal verbs, polite/
neutral verbs, and formal verbs. However, the most common verbs are in
the plain/informal and polite/neutral categories. (Head to the earlier section“Using Appropriate Speech Styles” for information on these designations.)“So how do I conjugate these verbs?” you ask. Good news! You don’t need to conjugate verbs based on person, gender, or number in Japanese. You use the same
form of a verb regardless of who’s performing the action. For example, you use
the verb taberu (tah-beh-roo) whether you want to say I eat, you eat, he eats, sheeats, or they eat. “That’s great,” you’re thinking — no conjugation tables to memorize. Not so fast. I’m not saying that Japanese verbs don’t conjugate at all; theydo. In this section, I walk you through the various conjugations, showing you how
to create present, past, negative, and polite verbs (and combinations of these). If
you get confused, you can always check out the verb tables in Appendix B.

Understanding basic verb forms
Japanese speakers use four basic verb forms frequently: the dictionary form,
the nai-form, the stem form, and the te-form. The other forms of a verb can beeasily created by making a minor adjustment to one of these forms.
Throughout the book, when I introduce a new verb, I give you these four
forms in this order — dictionary, nai-, stem, and te-forms — along with thepronunciation. After the stem form, I add ます masu because you’ll be hearing this form with ます masu all the time. The following is an example withtaberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat):
Japanese Script
食べる
食べない
食べ（ます）
食べて

Rōmajitaberutabenaitabe(masu)
tabetePronunciation
tah-beh-roo
tah-beh-nah-ee
tah-beh(-mah-soo)tah-beh-teh

I describe each form in greater detail in the sections that follow.

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Part I: Getting Started
Dictionary form
The dictionary form, or plain present affirmative, is kind of like an infinitive inEnglish, but without the to. You see this verb form when you look up words
in the dictionary.
All dictionary forms end in one of the syllables ぶ bu (boo), む mu (moo), ぬnu (noo), ぐ gu (goo), く ku (koo), る ru (roo), す su (soo), つ tsu (tsoo), andう u (oo). Did you notice that they all include the vowel u?
You use the dictionary form when the verb is placed before a noun or someparticle as well as before some grammatical items listed in the “Expressing
Moods and Attitudes” section and the “Adverb-like sentences” section later inthis chapter. Just watch out. Using the dictionary form at the end of a sentence
makes you sound rude in a formal context. You can use it without worry in an
informal context, like when you’re talking with your family, friends, or pet.

Nai-form
The nai-form, or plain present negative, is the negative counterpart of thedictionary form. For example, if the dictionary form means I do, the nai-form
means I don’t. All nai-forms end in nai (nah-ee).

Stem form
The stem form is the shortest pronounceable form of a verb, and it can betightly combined with grammatical items such as masu, nagara, ni, and tai
and with words such as nikui, sugiru, tsuzukeru, and yasui (just to name afew) to form a compound verb or adjective. To show you what they mean,check out the following examples featuring tabe (tah-beh), the stem form of
the verb taberu:
食べます tabe-masu (tah-beh-mah-soo) (to eat [polite])
食べながら tabe-nagara (tah-beh-nah-gah-rah) (while eating)
食べに tabe ni (tah-beh nee) (in order to eat)
食べたい tabe-tai (tah-beh-tah-ee) (to want to eat)
食べにくい tabe-nikui (tah-beh-nee-koo-ee) (to be difficult to eat)
食べすぎる tabe-sugiru (tah-beh-soo-gee-roo) (to eat too much)
食べつづける tabe-tsuzukeru (tah-beh-tsoo-zoo-keh-roo) (to continue to eat)
食べやすい tabe-yasui (tah-beh-yah-soo-ee) (to be easy to eat)
Because the stem form is used right before the most frequently used verb
suffix, masu, it’s also called the pre-masu form. See the “Speaking Politely”
section in this chapter for more about masu.

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Te-form
Called the te-form because it ends in te (teh) or its variant, de (deh), thisverb form means do . . . and, and is used to connect the verb with other verbs
and adjectives. For example, to connect the three verbs taberu, nomu (nohmoo) (to drink), and neru (neh-roo) (to sleep) to mean to eat, drink, and go
to bed, you make all verbs except for the last one the te-forms as in tabete,
nonde, neru (tah-beh-teh, nohn-deh, neh-roo).
Te-forms are also necessary right before many auxiliary verbs, such as kudasai,
iru, miru, oku, and shimau, which refine what the speaker wants to express. See
how these auxiliary verbs can follow tabete, the te-form of the verb taberu:
食べてください。 Tabete kudasai. (tah-beh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee)(Please eat.)
食べている tabete iru (tah-beh-teh ee-roo) (to be eating)
食べてみる tabete miru (tah-beh-teh mee-roo) (to try eating)
食べておく tabete oku (tah-beh-teh oh-koo) (to eat in advance)
食べてしまう tabete shimau (tah-beh-teh shee-mah-oo) (to eat up)

Doing the conjugation thing
As in English, Japanese has regular and irregular verbs. All regular verbs
conjugate according to a predictable pattern, whereas irregular verbs deviate
from the pattern to a greater or lesser extent. Luckily, most verbs are regular.
The following sections help you conjugate various kinds of verbs in the pastand present, as well as form negative verbs.

Conjugating verbs
Regular verbs come in two basic types: ru-verbs and u-verbs. Before you
can conjugate any regular verb, you have to determine which type you’redealing with.
✓ If you don’t see eru or iru at the end of the dictionary form of a verb,
you can relax and trust that it’s an u-verb.
✓ If the verb ends in eru or iru, you need to be on alert because it can beeither a ru-verb or an u-verb.
For example, kaeru (kah-eh-roo) is either a ru-verb (meaning change) or anu-verb (meaning go home). Similarly, kiru (kee-roo) is either a ru-verb (meaning wear) or an u-verb (meaning cut). The distinction is important because
these verbs conjugate differently depending on the form. Ru-verbs are sort ofmore stable verbs conjugation-wise because the stem-form appears in every
form. U-verbs are a bit more complex: They add one more sound or one moresyllable in the nai-, stem, and te-forms.

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 3-5 lists representative ru-verbs, u-verbs, and irregular verbs and includes
these tricky eru/iru verbs (kaeru and kiru pairs), so you can check them out!

Table 3-5

Verb Forms
Meaning

Ru-verbs

to eatto change
to wearU-verbsto speakto writeto swimto drink
to jump
to dieto buyto cutto taketo go home
to waitIrregularverbs

to exist (inanimate things)
to come
to do
to go

DictionaryForm
たべる
taberu
かえる
kaeru
きる
kiru
はなす
hanasu
かく
kaku
およぐ
oyogu
のむ
nomu
とぶ
tobu
しぬ
shinu
かう
kau
きる
kiru
とる
toru
かえる
kaeru
まつ
matsu
ある
aru
くる
kuru
する
suru
いく
iku

Nai-Form
たべないtabenai
かえないkaenai
きない
kinai
はなさない
hanasanai
かかないkakanai
およがないoyoganai
のまないnomanai
とばないtobanai
しなない
shinanai
かわないkawanai
きらないkiranai
とらない
toranai
かえらないkaeranai
またないmatanai
ない
nai
こない
konai
しない
shinaiいかない
ikanai

Stem
Form
たべ
tabe
かえ
kae
き
ki
はなし
hanashi
かき
kaki
およぎ
oyogi
のみ
nomi
とび
tobi
しに
shini
かい
kai
きり
kiri
とり
tori
かえり
kaeri
まち
machi
あり
ari
き
ki
し
shi
いき
iki

Te-Form
たべてtabete
かえて
kaete
きて
kite
はなして
hanashite
かいて
kaite
およいで
oyoide
のんで
nonde
とんで
tonde
しんで
shinde
かって
katte
きって
kitte
とって
totte
かえって
kaette
まって
matte
あって
atte
きて
kite
して
shite
いって
itte

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
To conjugate a ru-verb, you drop the ru (roo) at the end of its dictionary
form and add something or nothing. By contrast, to conjugate an u-verb,
you drop the u (oo) and always add something. (Maybe I should call themru-dropping verbs and u-dropping verbs. First drop something and then add
something or nothing!)
For conjugating a verb, check the ending syllable and the type of the verb,
and then follow the pattern of one of the verbs in Table 3-5. But which one?
Pick the one with the same ending syllable and the same verb type. By theending syllable, I mean the last syllable, not the last sound. That is, the lastconsonant and vowel combination. If no consonant precedes the last vowel(for example, as in the word kau), the last vowel by itself is the ending syllable of the verb.
Nai-forms and stem forms are pretty easy to make, but te-forms aren’t if theverb is an u-verb, right? Here are some rules of thumb that can make Japaneseverb conjugations easier:✓ For u-verbs whose dictionary forms end in うu, る ru, or つ tsu, replacethese ending syllables with って tte.
✓ For u-verbs whose dictionary forms end in む mu, ぬ nu, or ぶ bu,
replace these ending syllables with んで nde.
✓ For u-verbs whose dictionary forms end in す su, replace す su with して
shite.
✓ For u-verbs whose dictionary forms end in く ku or ぐ gu, replace themwith いて ite and いで ide, respectively.
✓ For the two major irregular verbs, くる kuru (to come) and する suru (todo), as well as the verb いく iku (to go), simply remember their te-forms,
which are きて kite, して shite, and いって itte.
✓ For ru-verbs, just replace the る ru at the end of the dictionary form
with て te.

Deciding between present and past tense
Japanese verbs have just two tenses: present and past. However, these grammar
terms are misleading. Present tense in Japanese refers to actions that regularly
take place or will take place in the future, which makes the verb taberu not just I
eat but also I will eat. For this reason, some people call the present tense the nonpast tense. Usually, the context tells you which meaning the verb is expressing.
As in English, the present tense often doesn’t refer to this very moment, but tosome habitual action, such as I eat dinner every day at 6:00.

Forming the present and past tenses
Creating the present tense of a Japanese verb is a no-brainer: It’s just thedictionary form. If you know a verb’s te-form, expressing that verb in the pasttense is still pretty easy. You simply change the final vowel; because you’re

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Part I: Getting Started
working with the te-form, you’re always changing an e to an a. For example,
tabete becomes tabeta (tah-beh-tah) (ate), and nonde (nohn-deh) becomes
nonda (nohn-dah) (drank).

Creating negative past tense verbs
In order to say that you didn’t do something in the past, you need to be able
to fashion verbs into their negative past forms. No problem. It’s easy. Simply
take the nai-form, drop the final vowel i, and add -katta. For example, tabenai (tah-beh-nah-ee) (don’t eat) becomes tabenakatta (tah-beh-nah-kaht-tah)(didn’t eat). Cool, huh?

Speaking politely with –masu
In Japanese, the verbs you choose to use say a lot about you. Using theplain/informal verb forms — specifically, dictionary forms, nai-forms, andtheir past counterparts (which I discuss in the earlier “Doing the conjugation thing” section) — is sufficient when you talk with close friends or family
members. However, using them in a business situation or with strangers
may make the listener think you’re unsophisticated or even rude. The ability
to judge the situation and know what level of formality is appropriate is an
integral part of speaking Japanese. That’s why it’s worth knowing anotherset of conjugation patterns that use the polite suffix masu to make the polite/
neutral verb forms.
Conjugating with -masu is easy if you know the stem form of verbs (I tell you
about this verb form in the earlier related section). You just have to remember four verb endings (one each for affirmative present, negative present,
affirmative past, and negative past), and add one of them to the end of theverb in the stem form.
✓ For affirmative present verbs, add -masu. For example, 食べます tabemasu (tah-beh-mah-soo) (eats) or 飲みます nomimasu (noh-mee-mahsoo) (drinks).
✓ For negative present verbs, add -masen. For example, 食べません tabemasen (tah-beh-mah-sehn) (doesn’t eat) or 飲みません nomimasen (nohmee-mah-sehn) (doesn’t drink).
✓ For affirmative past verbs, add -mashita. For example, 食べました tabemashita (tah-beh-mah-shee-tah) (ate) or 飲みました nomimashita (nohmee-mah-shee-tah) (drank).
✓ For negative past verbs, add -masen deshita. For example, 食べませんでした tabemasen deshita (tah-beh-mah-sehn deh-shee-tah) (didn’t eat), 飲
みませんでした nomimasen deshita (noh-mee-mah-sehn deh-shee-tah)(didn’t drink).

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics

Introducing the Verb Desu, to Be
Like the English verb to be, desu (deh-soo) expresses the identity or stateof people and things. Desu is used in the construction X wa Y desu. (Xwah Y deh-soo.) (X is Y.). (As I note earlier in the chapter, the conventional
Japanese sentence order is X Y is, not X is Y. The particle wa [wah] is the
topic particle I discuss in the earlier section “Telling the topic.”)
Desu follows either a noun or an adjective. For example, Otōto wa gakusei
desu. (oh-tohh-toh wah gah-koo-sehh deh-soo.) means My little brother isa student. Watashi wa genki desu. (wah-tah-shee wah gehn-kee deh-soo.)means I am fine. Now you know why many Japanese sentences end in desu.
And like the English verb to be, desu can also express the location of people
and things. For example, Jon wa Bosuton desu. (john wah boh-soo-tohn dehsoo.) means John is in Boston. Just be aware that you can also express thelocation of things and people using the verbs aru and iru. To find out more
about aru and iru, see Chapter 7.
Conjugation-wise, desu doesn’t look like any other verb. (That’s because
desu didn’t start out as a stand-alone verb; it was the combination of the particle de, the verb aru [ah-roo] [to exist], and the polite suffix -masu.) Table
3-6 shows you the patterns of desu. To help you see the point easily, I use thesame noun gakusei (gah-koo-sehh) (student) in each example. If you want toknow how to use desu after an adjective, see the following section.

Table 3-6

Polite/Neutral Form of Noun plus DesuJapanese

Pronunciation

English学生ですgakusei desu

gah-koo-sehh deh-soo

is a student

学生じゃありません
gakusei ja arimasen

gah-koo-sehh jah ah-reemah-sehn

isn’t a student

学生でしたgakusei deshita

gah-koo-sehh deh-shee-tah

was a student

学生じゃありませんでした
gakusei ja arimasen deshita

gah-koo-sehh jah ah-reemah-sehn deh-shee-tah

wasn’t a
student51

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Part I: Getting Started
In an informal context, you can use the shorter version of desu, as Table 3-7
demonstrates.

Table 3-7

Informal Form of Noun plus DesuJapanese

Pronunciation

English学生だgakusei dagah-koo-sehh dah

is a student

学生じゃないgakusei ja nai

gah-koo-sehh jah nah-ee

isn’t a student

学生だったgakusei datta

gah-koo-sehh daht-tah

was a student

学生じゃなかったgakusei ja nakatta

gah-koo-sehh jah nah-kaht-tah

wasn’t a student

Ja (jah), which you see in the negative forms in Tables 3-6 and 3-7, is the contraction of de wa (deh wah). Most Japanese use ja in everyday conversation,but occasionally, they use de wa, which sounds a bit more formal. Just be
ready to hear either of them.

Talkin’ the Talk
Susan asks Ken some questions. (Track 6)
Susan:

Ano otoko no hito wa gakusei desu ka.
ah-noh oh-toh-koh noh hee-toh wah gah-koo-sehh
deh-soo ka.
Is that man a student?

Ken:Īe, gakusei ja arimasen. Watashi no karate no sensei
desu.
eee-eh, gah-koo-sehh jah ah-ree-mah-sehn. wah-tahshee noh kah-rah-teh noh sehn-sehh deh-soo.
No, he’s not a student. He is my karate teacher.

Susan:

Ā, sō desu ka. Chotto kowasō desu ne.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. choht-toh koh-wah-sohh dehsoo neh.
Oh, I see. He looks a little scary.

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics

Words to Knowotoko no hito

oh-toh-koh noh hee-toh

mangakuseigah-koo-sehh

student

senseisehn-sehhteacherkowasō

koh-wah-sohh

scary-looking

Describing People andThings with Adjectives
As in English, you can place Japanese adjectives either before a noun as anoun modifier (an expensive book, for example) or at the end of a sentence(The book is expensive.).
Believe it or not, all Japanese adjectives end in either i or na when they’replaced before a noun (except some categories of adjectives, namely noadjectives, which I don’t cover here because they pattern like nouns).
Adjectives that end in i are called i-type adjectives, and those that end in na
are called na-type adjectives. I-type adjectives are pure adjectives, but na-typeadjectives are a sort of “noun” followed by na. There’s really no clear-cut
distinction between the two groups in terms of meaning. For example, takai(tah-kah-ee) and kōka na (kohh-kah nah) both mean expensive, but one is an
i-type adjective and the other is a na-type adjective.
Look at some adjectives that modify the noun hon (hohn) (book):✓ 高い本 takai hon (tah-kah-ee hohn) (an expensive book)✓ おもしろい本 omoshiroi hon (oh-moh-shee-roh-ee hohn) (an interestingbook)✓ 高価な本 kōka na hon (kohh-kah nah hohn) (a high-priced book)✓ 便利な本 benri na hon (behn-ree nah hohn) (a useful book)✓ きれいな本 kirei na hon (kee-rehh nah hohn) (a beautiful book)

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Part I: Getting Started
Japanese adjectives consist of a stem (the part that remains the same) and an
inflection part (the part that changes depending on the context). The endings iand na are inflection parts.
English adjectives conjugate based on whether they’re comparative or superlative, like tall, taller, and tallest, but Japanese adjectives conjugate basedon different factors. For example, when the adjectives appear at the end of asentence rather than before a noun, the i and na change or disappear, and an
extra item like the verb desu (deh-soo) (to be) shows up in various forms, allof which depend on the tense, the polarity (whether the statement is affirmative or negative), or the speech style.
Look at the following sentences, all of which either include takai, an i-typeadjective, or kōka na, a na-type adjective:
あれは高価じゃありません。 Are wa kōka ja arimasen. (ah-reh wah
kohh-kah jah ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (That isn’t high-priced.)
ハンバーガーは高くありません。 Hanbāgā wa takaku arimasen. (hahnbahh-gahh wah tah-kah-koo ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (Hamburgers aren’t
expensive.)
高価なネックレスを買いました。 Kōka na nekkuresu o kaimashita.
(kohh-kah nah nehk-koo-reh-soo oh kah-ee-mah-shee-tah.) (I bought an
expensive necklace.)

これは高かったです。 Kore wa takakatta desu. (koh-reh wah tah-kahkaht-tah deh-soo.) (This was expensive.)

高い本を買いました。 Takai hon o kaimashita. (tah-kah-ee hohn oh kahee-mah-shee-tah.) (I bought an expensive book.)
Table 3-8 summarizes the patterns for i-type and na-type adjectives.

Table 3-8

Adjective Patterns

Tense/
Polarity

I-typeNa-type

Present
affirmative
(is)

高い
takai

高価だ
kōka daPresent
negative(isn’t)高くないtakaku nai

高価じゃないkōka ja nai

Pastaffirmative
(was)

高かった
takakatta

高価だったkōka datta

Plain/
informalstyle

Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Tense/
Polarity

I-typeNa-typePast
negative(wasn’t)

高くなかったtakaku nakatta

高価じゃなかったkōka ja nakatta

Present
affirmative
(is)

高いです
takai desu

高価ですkōka desu

Present
negative(isn’t)

高くありません
takaku arimasen

高価じゃありません
kōka ja arimasen

高くないですtakaku nai desu

or

Past
affirmative(was)高かったですtakakatta desu

高価でしたkōka deshita

Past
negative(wasn’t)

高くありませんでした
takaku arimasen deshita

高価じゃありませんでした
kōka ja arimasen deshita

高くなかったですtaka-ku nakatta desu

or

Polite/neutralstyle

高価じゃないですkōka ja nai desu

高価じゃなかったですkōka ja nakatta desu

Of course, some Japanese adjectives are irregular. The most-frequently usedirregular adjective is ii (ee-ee) (good). Its stem part is the initial i, and its inflection part is the second i. The stem part i becomes yo in all the forms except
the present affirmative form, regardless of whether the adjective appears at
the end of a sentence or right before a noun. Here are some examples:
いい本です ii hon desu (ee-ee hohn deh-soo) (is a good book)
いいです ii desu (ee-ee deh-soo) (is good)
よかったです yokatta desu (yoh-kaht-tah deh-soo) (was good)
よくありませんでした yoku arimasendeshita (yoh-koo ah-ree-mah-sehn
deh-shee-tah) (wasn’t good)
よくありません yoku arimasen (yoh-koo ah-ree-mah-sen) (isn’t good)

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Part I: Getting Started
In this book, when I list an adjective in the Words to Know section, I list i-typeadjectives and na-type adjectives in the form you see before a noun, but I put
na in the parentheses. When you use a Japanese dictionary, na-type adjectives
often appear in their stem form, without na.

Using Adverbs to Describe Your Actions
Just as adjectives describe how people and things are, adverbs describe howactions are performed. Japanese adverbs fall into two categories: the ones
that are created from adjectives and the ones that aren’t. I tell you aboutboth types of adverbs, as well as adverbial clauses, in the next sections.

Creating adverbs from adjectives
Notice anything special about the words slowly, quickly, pleasantly, neatly, andquietly? They’re all adverbs created from adjectives by adding -ly! In Japanese,
you can also create adverbs from adjectives. Just add ku (koo) and ni (nee) tothe stem of an i-type adjective and a na-type adjective, respectively. (I tell you
about i-type adjectives and na-type adjectives in the earlier “Describing People
and Things with Adjectives” section.) Table 3-9 shows you what I mean.

Table 3-9Adverbs Created from Adjectives
Japanese Adjective

EnglishJapanese Adverb

EnglishI-typeadjective

楽しいtanoshii(tah-noh-shee)pleasant,fun

楽しく
tanoshiku(tah-noh-shee-koo)pleasantly

Adjectival
Noun

静か（な）
shizuka (na)(shee-zoo-kah [nah])

quiet

静かに
shizuka ni(shee-zoo-kah nee)quietly

Perusing pure adverbs
Unlike the adverbs that are created from adjectives (see the preceding section), some adverbs are just born as adverbs. For example✓ ちょっと chotto (choht-toh) (slightly, a little)✓ いつも itsumo (ee-tsoo-moh) (always)✓ もう mō (mohh) (already)Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics✓ たいてい taitei (tah-ee-tehh) (usually)✓ ときどき tokidoki (toh-kee-doh-kee) (sometimes)✓ ゆっくり yukkuri (yook-koo-ree) (slowly)
The adverb-version of ii (ee-ee) (good) is yoku (yoh-koo) (well).

Turning to sentence-like adverbs
You can describe the action or state by using a sentence-like adverb, or anadverbial clause, to express its circumstances. For example, kara designates
reasons for an action, and toki ni states the time of an action. Reasons can bestated by a sentence, such as because I will go to Japan. The time of an action
can also be stated by a sentence, such as when I take an exam.
日本に行きますから, 日本語を勉強します。 Nihon ni ikimasu kara,
Nihongo o benkyō shimasu. (nee-hohn nee ee-kee-mah-soo kah-rah,
nee-hohn-goh oh behn-kyohh shee-mah-soo.) (Because I’ll go to Japan, I’ll
study Japanese.)
日本が好きですから, 日本語を勉強します。 Nihon ga suki desu kara,
Nihongo o benkyō shimasu. (nee-hohn gah soo-kee deh-soo kah-rah, neehohn-goh oh behn-kyohh shee-mah-soo.) (Because I like Japan, I’ll study
Japanese.)試験を受けるときに, 勉強します。 Shiken o ukeru toki ni, benkyō shimasu. (shee-kehn oh oo-keh-roo toh-kee nee, behn-kyohh shee-mah-soo.)(When I take an exam, I study.)
静かなときに, 勉強します。 Shizuka na toki ni, benkyō shimasu. (sheezoo-kah nah toh-kee nee, behn-kyohh shee-mah-soo.) (When it’s quiet, I
study.)
These are only a couple of the many kinds of adverbial clauses, but I show
you the others throughout the book as they become relevant so you can get
a better idea of how to use them in context.

Expressing Moods and Attitudes
To express your attitude toward your statement, you add some little elements at the end of your sentence (like you’d add right? or you know? to an
English sentence). Here, I’ve listed the most useful ones, with example sentences so you’ll know how to use them.

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Part I: Getting Started✓ ね ne (neh) (all right?; right?; isn’t it?):		
食べますね。 Tabemasu ne. (tah-beh-mah-soo neh.) (I’ll eat it, allright?)
		
高いですね。 Takai desu ne. (tah-kah-ee deh-soo neh.) (It’s expensive, isn’t it?)		
きれいですね。 Kirei desu ne. (kee-rehh deh-soo neh.) (It’s pretty,
isn’t it?)		
学生ですね。 Gakusei desu ne. (gah-koo-sehh deh-soo neh.) (He isa student, right?)✓ よ yo (yoh) (used for emphasis; I tell you; you know?):		
食べますよ。 Tabemasu yo. (tah-beh-masu yoh.) (I’ll eat it!)		
高いですよ。 Takai desu yo. (tah-kah-ee deh-soo yoh.) (It’sexpensive!)		
きれいですよ。 Kirei desu yo. (kee-rehh deh-soo yoh.) (It’s pretty, I
tell you!)		
学生ですよ。 Gakusei desu yo. (gah-koo-sehh deh-soo yoh.) (He isa student, you know?)✓ でしょう deshō (deh-shohh) (probably)		
食べるでしょう。 Taberu deshō. (tah-beh-roo deh-shohh.) (He’ll
probably eat it.)		
高いでしょう。 Takai deshō. (tah-kah-ee deh-shohh.) (It’s probably
expensive.)		
きれいでしょう。 Kirei deshō. (kee-rehh deh-shohh.) (It’s probably
pretty.)		
学生でしょう。 Gakusei deshō. (gah-koo-sehh deh-shohh.) (He is
probably a student.)✓ かもしれません ka mo shiremasen (kah moh shee-reh-mah-sehn) (may;possibly)		
食べるかもしれません。 Taberu ka mo shiremasen. (tah-beh-roo
kah moh shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (He may eat it.)		
高いかもしれません。 Takai ka mo shiremasen. (tah-kah-ee kah
moh shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (It may be expensive.)		
きれいかもしれません。 Kirei ka mo shiremasen. (kee-rehh kah
moh shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (It may be pretty.)
		
学生かもしれません。 Gakusei ka mo shiremasen. (gah-koo-sehhkah moh shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (He may be a student.)Chapter 3: Warming Up with Japanese Grammar Basics

Fun & GamesTry your hand at the following activities based on the concepts in this chapter.
Flip to Appendix D for the answers.
Activity 1: Pick the most appropriate item in the parentheses.
1. 昨日は（a. お酒を飲みました / b. 飲みましたお酒を）。
		Kinō wa (a. osake o nomimashita / b. nomimashita osake o).
2. 東京（a. で / b. に）行きます。
		Tōkyō (a. de / b. ni) ikimasu.
3. タクシー（a. で / b. に）行きます。
		
Takushī (a. de / b. ni) ikimasu.
4. 私は学生（a. ます / b. です）。
		
Watashi wa gakusei (a. masu / b. desu).
5. あの人は（a. いつ / b. だれ）ですか。
		
Ano hito wa (a. itsu / b. dare) desu ka.
6. この本は（a. 高価な / b. 高価）です。
		Kono hon wa (a. kōka na / b. kōka) desu.
Activity 2: Susan and Ken are at a Japanese restaurant. Fill in the blanks.
		Susan: それは________ですか。
		Sore wa ________ desu ka.
		Ken: ________はてんぷらです。
		________ wa tenpura desu.
		Susan: じゃあ、あれは何ですか。
		Jā, are wa nan desu ka.

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Part I: Getting Started
		Ken: ________ はすきやきです。
		________ wa sukiyaki desu.
		Susan: ああ、そうですか。
Ā, sō desu ka.

		Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

Chapter 4

Starting with Simple Expressions
In This Chapter▶ Greeting friends and strangers▶ Introducing introductions▶ Saying “Thank you” and “I’m sorry”

Konnichiwa! (kohn-nee-chee-wa!) (Good afternoon!/Hi! ) Greetings likethis one are basic expressions you can use to kick off conversations
with people you know. For those you don’t know, you can introduce yourself
and find out more about them by engaging in light conversation. This chapter
shows you how to form greetings, introductions, and good-byes in Japanese.
It also describes how to interact politely with new people and tell someone
Thank you or Sorry.

Beginning (And Ending) Conversations
Aisatsu (ah-ee-sah-tsoo) (greetings) are the most important communication
tools. Start your day with a friendly and cheerful greeting to your family,
friends, colleagues, teachers, bosses, and even strangers on the street. In thefollowing sections, you find out how to greet all kinds of people all throughout the day. And because you inevitably have to say good-bye to the people
you encounter during your day, you also discover how to do just that.

Addressing friends and strangers
In English, you address others by their first names (“Hi, Robert!”), by theirnicknames (“Hey, Bobby!”), by their positions (“Excuse me, professor”), orby their family names and an appropriate title (“Hello, Mr. Right”), dependingon your relationship and how close you are to that person. You don’t wantto sound too formal or distant, but you don’t want to sound too friendly or
presumptuous, either.

62Part I: Getting Started
In Japanese society, addressing people is something that you don’t want tomess up. When you meet someone new at work and you know the person’s
occupational title (such as company president, professor, or division manager), use the title along with his or her family name — for example, Sumisushachō (soo-mee-soo-shah-chohh) (President Smith). Following are someexamples of occupational titles:✓ 部長 buchō (boo-chohh) (division manager)✓ 学長 gakuchō (gah-koo-chohh) (university president)✓ 校長 kōchō (kohh-chohh) (school principal)✓ 先生 sensei (sehn-sehh) (teacher, doctor)✓ 社長 shachō (shah-chohh) (company president)✓ 店長 tenchō (tehn-chohh) (store manager)
If you don’t know the person’s occupational title, the safest way to address
him or her is to use his or her family name plus the respectful title -san(sahn) — Sumisu-san (soo-mee-soo-sahn) (Mr. Smith or Ms. Smith). The morepolite version of -san is -sama (sah-mah), but it’s too formal and businesslike
for most social situations. Other respectful titles include -chan (chahn) and-kun (koon), but you must use them very carefully. Check out Table 4-1 to see
which titles are appropriate for your friends and acquaintances. The tablecontains examples of various ways you may address Robert (Robāto) and
Susan (Sūzan) Smith (Sumisu).

Table 4-1

Respectful Titles

Title

Function

Example－ちゃん-chan(chahn)For children; used after aboy’s or girl’s given name.

スーザンちゃんSūzan-chan(sooo-zahn-chahn)
ロバートちゃんRobāto-chan(roh-bahh-toh-chahn)－君
kun(koon)

Used after a boy’s given
name. Also used after
a subordinate’s family
name, regardless ofgender.

ロバート君
Robāto-kun(roh-bahh-toh-koon)
スミス君
Sumisu-kun(soo-mee-soo-koon)

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
Title

Function

Example－様sama(sah-mah)

Used after a superior’s orcustomer’s name, regardless of gender. Also used
when addressing letters(Dear. . .).

スミス様Sumisu-sama(soo-mee-soo-sah-mah)
スーザン様
Sūzan-sama(sooo-zahn-sah-mah)
ロバート・スミス様
Robāto Sumisu-sama(roh-bahh-toh soo-mee-soosah-mah)

－さん
-san
(sahn)

Used with anyone if other
titles are unavailable.

スミスさん
Sumisu-san(soo-mee-soo-sahn)
スーザンさんSūzan-san(sooo-zahn-sahn)
ロバート・スミスさん
Robāto Sumisu-san(roh-bahh-toh soo-mee-soosahn)

When introducing themselves, Japanese (as well as Chinese and Koreans)give their family names first and given names last. Most Japanese realize that
Western names aren’t in the same order, and they won’t expect you to reverse
the order of your own name to match the pattern of their names. ManyJapanese also realize that Westerners tend to use their given names a lot, but
you should use the family name for all but your closest friends and family.
If you use the Japanese word for you — anata (ah-nah-tah) — you’ll soundboastful or rude. Japanese people try not to say anata; instead, they justdrop pronouns or use names or titles (whereas English uses you). If you visit
a Japanese store, you’ll notice that the store representatives address you
with okyaku-sama (oh-kyah-koo-sah-mah) (customer), just because they don’t
want to say anata. Instead of you, you can use interesting age- and gendersensitive terms when addressing strangers in friendly contexts. For example,
ojisan (oh-jee-sahn) literally means uncle, but you can use it to casually
address any unfamiliar middle-aged man. The following list shows othergeneral descriptions of strangers and the Japanese terms you can use toaddress them:

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Part I: Getting Started✓ おばさん obasan (oh-bah-sahn) (middle-aged woman [Literally: aunt])✓ おじいさん ojīsan (oh-jeee-sahn) (old man [Literally: grandfather])✓ おばあさん obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn) (old woman [Literally: grandmother])✓ 坊や bōya; お坊ちゃん obocchan (bohh-yah; oh-boht-chahn) (young boy[Literally: son])✓ お嬢さん ojōsan (oh-johh-sah) (young girl [Literally: daughter])✓ お兄さん onīsan (oh-neee-sahn) (young man [Literally: big brother])✓ お姉さん onēsan (oh-nehh-sahn) (young woman [Literally: big sister])
Well-educated Japanese adults use the ice-breaking idiom otaku (oh-tah-koo)(Literally: your household), but it has a limitation; you can’t simply say otaku
as you’d use Hey, you! to get someone’s attention. You can only use otaku in a
sentence, as in Otaku wa dochira kara desu ka. (oh-tah-koo wah doh-chee-rah
kah-rah deh-soo kah.) (Where are you from?). Just note that youngsters havebeen using otaku as a negative label for someone obsessed with comic books
and the like, so use the term carefully.

Greeting all day long
In Japanese, as in every other language, what you say and do to greet people
depends on the time of the day and the person you’re greeting.
✓ In the morning, as you greet family and friends, say ohayō (oh-hahyohh), the informal version of good morning. As you greet your boss orteacher, or even your colleagues, use the formal ohayō gozaimasu (ohhah-yohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo) — and don’t forget to bow as you say it.
Check out the nearby sidebar “Bowing” for more on this custom.
✓ In the afternoon, say konnichiwa (kohn-nee-chee-wah) (good afternoon)
to everyone, regardless of their position and status.
✓ When you can see the stars or the moon in the sky, say konbanwa(kohn-bahn-wah), regardless of whom you greet. It means good evening.
If you haven’t seen someone in a while, ask him or her O-genki desu ka. (ohgehn-kee deh-soo kah.) (Are you well? or How are you?) as well. When others
ask you O-genki desu ka., you can say Hai, genki desu. (hah-ee, gehn-kee
deh-soo.) (I’m fine.), but if you want to sound a bit more sophisticated, say
Hai, okagesama de. (hah-ee oh-kah-geh-sah-mah-deh.) (Yes, I’m fine thanks
to you and God.) or Nantoka. (nahn-toh-kah.) (I’m barely managing things

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
in my life or I’m barely coping.). Those two expressions sound very modest
and mature to Japanese, even though the last one sounds pretty negative to
American ears.
English speakers make a habit of asking everyone, “How are you?” even if they
saw the person the day before. O-genki desu ka is a serious question about aperson’s mental and physical health, so don’t use it when greeting someone
you saw yesterday. Say it when you mean it.

Saying goodbye
When you leave a friend, say jā, mata (jahh, mah-tah) (see you again). You
can also say sayōnara (sah-yohh-nah-rah) (goodbye) if you’re parting fora longer period of time, but don’t use this option if you’ll see the person
later that same day. Otherwise, you can use either phrase or both of them
together. When you interact with your boss or teacher, say jā, mata andshitsurei shimasu (shee-tsoo-rehh shee-mah-soo). Shitsurei shimasu literallymeans I’ll be rude. How do you get goodbye out of I’ll be rude? It’s as if you’resaying I’m being rude by leaving your presence.
Don’t say sayōnara or shitsurei shimasu to your family members when you
leave home for school or work. Instead, say ittekimasu (eet-teh-kee-mah-soo)(Literally: I’ll go and come back) — a set phrase for this occasion. Your family
will respond to you with itterasshai (eet-teh-rahs-shah-ee) (Literally: You go
and come back!). Just in case, when you get home, say tadaima (tah-dah-eemah) (Literally: just now), which actually means I’m home! Then, your family
will respond to you with okaeri (oh-kah-eh-ree) (Literally: You got home.). If
you have trouble memorizing these four phrases, try not to think about theirliteral meanings and instead focus on which phrase applies when leaving
home and which phrase applies when returning.

Talkin’ the Talk
Jessica runs into her professor in the morning while rushing toanother class. (Track 7)
Jessica:

Sensei, ohayō gozaimasu!
sen-sehh, oh-hah-yohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo!
Professor, good morning!

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Part I: Getting Started
Professor:

Ā, Jeshika-san. Ohayō.
ahh, jeh-shee-kah-sahn. oh-hah-yohh.
Oh, Jessica. Good morning.

Jessica:Jā, mata kurasu de. Shitsurei shimasu.
jahh, mah-tah koo-rah-soo deh. shee-tsoo-rehhshee-mah-soo.
I’ll see you again in class. Good-bye.

Professor:

Hai. Jā, mata.
hah-ee. jahh, mah-tah.
Yes. See you later.

Words to Knowsenseisehn-sehhteacher

Ohayō.

oh-hah-yohh.

Good morning.

Shitsurei shimasu.

shee-tsoo-rehhshee-mah-soo.

Good-bye. (formal)Jā, mata.

jahh, mah-tah.

See you later.

kurasukoo-rah-soo

class

Making Introductions
Nothing is more exciting than getting to know new people at a pātī (pahhteee) (party), kaigi (kah-ee-gee) (conference), atarashii shokuba (ah-tahrah-sheee shoh-koo-bah) (new job), or even on the tōri (tohh-ree) (street).
Tomorrow, you may meet someone who will be very important in your life!
The next sections show you how to make a good first impression. Yes, thefirst 30 seconds may decide the rest of your life!

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions

Here’s my card
Businesspeople frequently exchange cards
when meeting fellow businesspeople, but inJapan, a good deal of etiquette goes alongwith this exchange. First, you must exchange
cards with just one person at a time. Make
sure to give and receive with both hands andpresent the card so that the lettering faces thereceiver. Also, don’t put the card you receive inyour wallet right away. You should treat otherpeople’s business cards like their faces andhandle them in the most respectful manner.

Introducing yourself
The first word to say as you introduce yourself to someone is hajimemashite(hah-jee-meh-mah-shee-teh). This word literally means beginning, and it clarifies the fact that you’re meeting that person for the very first time. After saying
hajimemashite, say your name, and then say yoroshiku (yoh-roh-shee-koo).
Yoroshiku is a set phrase that shows your modest attitude and asks the otherparty to be friendly and nice to you. No English translation exists for it.
English speakers just say Pleased to meet you. or I’m very happy to meet you.
when they meet someone. They don’t beg people to be nice to them as yoroshiku does. But when speaking Japanese, do as the Japanese do and say
yoroshiku. The response to yoroshiku is usually kochira koso (koh-chee-rah
koh-soh) yoroshiku, meaning It’s I who should say that. So, if you beg someone
to be friendly, they beg you right back. After all that begging, you’re friends!
The complete formal version of yoroshiku, which is yoroshiku onegai itashimasu (yoh-roh-shee-koo oh-neh-gah-ee ee-tah-shee-mah-soo), is frequently
used in any context where formality is due. So in a business context, you can
expect to hear yoroshiku onegai itashimasu at the end of every conversation.

Introducing your friends
Your friend can become another friend’s friend if you introduce them to eachother. When you want to introduce your friend to someone, say kochira wa(koh-chee-rah wah) (as for this person), your friend’s name, and the verb
desu (deh-soo) (is). For example, if you want to say This is John, say Kochirawa Jon-san desu. (koh-chee-rah wah john-sahn deh-soo.). (The short suffix-san (sahn) after the name Jon [john] [John] is a respectful title; see the“Addressing friends and strangers” section earlier in this chapter.)

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Part I: Getting Started

BowingBowing plays a very important role in Japanesecommunication. Bows almost always accompany phrases expressing gratitude, apology,
and greeting. Japanese also bow when meetingsomeone for the very first time. Occasionally,
they shake hands, but most of the time, they justbow as they say 宜しく yoroshiku. You don’t
need to bow very deeply in this context. Just
slowly tilt your head and upper back slightly
forward, and hold the position for two seconds.

The deep, long bow is only needed when you
make a horrible mistake, receive overwhelming kindness, or associate with people to whom
you have to show a great deal of respect.
Westerners aren’t expected to bow to be polite,
but if they do, they’ll certainly receive appreciation from Japanese. Just make sure not to put
your hands in your pockets, behind your back,or in a fist when bowing.

As long as I’m talking about introductions, here’s one more tip: Always introduce the person with the lower social status to the person with the higher
social status.

Talkin’ the Talk
Jun is introducing his friends Lisa and Robert to each other.
(Track 8)Jun:

Robāto-san, kochira wa Risa-san desu. Risa-san,kochira wa Robāto-san desu.
roh-bahh-toh-sahn, koh-chee-rah wah ree-sah-sahndeh-soo. ree-sah-sahn, koh-chee-rah wah roh-bahhtoh-sahn deh-soo.
Robert, this is Lisa. Lisa, this is Robert.

Lisa:

Hajimemashite. Risa Jonson desu. Yoroshiku onegai
shimasu.
hah-jee-meh-mah-shee-teh. ree-sah john-sohn dehsoo. yoh-roh-shee-koo oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.
How do you do? I’m Lisa Johnson. I’m pleased tomeet you.

Robert:Hajimemashite. Robāto Rosu desu. Kochira koso
yoroshiku.
hah-jee-meh-mah-shee-teh. roh-bahh-toh roh-soo
deh-soo. koh-chee-rah koh-soh yoh-roh-shee-koo.
How do you do? I’m Robert Roth. I’m pleased to meetyou, too.

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions

Words to Know
kochirakoh-chee-rah

this person

Hajimemashite.

hah-jee-meh-mahshee-teh.

How do you do?

Yoroshiku onegai
shimasu.

yoh-roh-shee-koo
oh-neh-gah-ee
shee-mah-soo.

Pleased to meet
you.

koso

koh-soh(emphasis particle)

Asking people their names
Usually, the more people you know, the happier you are. So start asking
people their names and make friends! As in English, telling someone yourname when speaking Japanese is more or less a cue for that person to tell
you his or her name. If it doesn’t turn out that way, you can just ask by saying
Shitsurei desu ga, o-namae wa. (shee-tsoo-rehh deh-soo gah, oh-nah-mah-ehwah.) (I may be rude, but what’s your name?).
Your own name is namae, but someone else’s name is o-namae, as I explain in
the following section.

Being polite with oThe polite prefix o- is used optionally to show respect to others and theirthings. It’s often translated in English as honorable, which is why a lot ofJapanese characters in grade-B movies always say honorable this and honorable that. But honorable is a mouthful compared to o-, which attaches towords much more naturally.
Sometimes, using o- is obligatory regardless of whether you’re talking about
yourself or about others. For example, the word for money is kane (kah-neh),but people almost always call it okane (oh-kah-neh), even if they’re talking
about their own money. Only bank robbers and drunks say kane. Likewise, tea
and souvenir should be ocha (oh-chah) and omiyage (oh-mee-yah-geh), respectively, no matter what. Some differences with this concept exist, depending on
the geographic area of Japan you’re in, but I won’t go into those here.

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Part I: Getting Started

Finding Out About Your New Friend
After an introduction, chat a little so that you and your new acquaintance
get to know each other better. You can talk about where you’re from andperhaps make a connection on that basis. A small conversation can mark the
beginning of a friendship. The following sections show you how to ask where
one is from and how to comment on someone’s language skills — two topics
that you can most likely talk about with your new friend.
When someone is telling you something, you can’t just stare at him or her. You
must nod. You can also say Ā, sō desu ka. (ahh, sohh deh-soo kah.), whichmeans Oh, is that so? Oh, really? or Oh, I see. Or you can just say Ā (ahh), as
you nod, to convey the same message. By doing so, you acknowledge the information given to you by your conversational partner. If you don’t do it, your partner may start to think that you’re feeling upset, being rude, or daydreaming.

Asking people where they’re from
When you meet someone, a natural question is Where are you from? Pose thisquestion by saying Dochira kara desu ka. (doh-chee-rah kah-rah deh-sookah.). Dochira is the polite form of doko (doh-koh) (where). The particle karameans from. (I cover particles in Chapter 3.) To answer the question Dochirakara desu ka, you just replace dochira with a place name and drop the question particle ka, as Ken and Susan do in the nearby Talkin’ the Talk dialogue.
Don’t you realize that the world is small when you find out the person you’ve
just met is from the same city or graduated from the same high school? Insuch contexts, you need to know how to say Me too! To say too or also, use theparticle mo (moh). For example, Watashi mo Tōkyō kara desu. (wah-tah-shee
moh tohh-kyohh kah-rah deh-soo.) (I’m from Tokyo, too.)Talkin’ the Talk
Ken Yamada has just introduced himself to Susan Brennan at theirmutual friend’s house. Ken asks Susan where she’s from. (Track 9)Ken:

Sūzan-san, Sūzan-san wa dochira kara desu ka.
sooo-zahn-sahn, sooo-zahn-sahn wah doh-chee-rah
kah-rah deh-soo kah.
Susan, where are you from?

Susan:

Watashi wa San Furanshisuko kara desu.
wah-tah-shee wah sahn-foo-rahn-shee-soo-koh kahrah deh-soo.
I’m from San Francisco.

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
Ken:

Hontō ni.
hohn-tohh nee.
Really?

Susan:

Ē. Yamada-san wa.
ehh. yah-mah-dah-sahn wah.
Yes. How about you, Mr. Yamada?

Ken:

Boku mo San Furanshisuko kara desu.
boh-koo moh sahn-foo-rahn-shee-soo-koh kah-rah
deh-soo.
I’m also from San Francisco.

Susan:

Ā, sō desu ka.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah.
Oh, really?

Words To Know
dochiradoh-chee-rah

which way, wherekarakah-rahfrom

Hontō ni.

hohn-tohh nee.

Really?

mo

moh

also

Ā, sō desu ka.

ahh, sohh deh-soo
kah.

Oh, really?

In the preceding Talkin’ the Talk, Ken uses boku (boh-koo) when referring tohimself instead of saying watashi (wah-tah-shee). Men and boys often substitute boku for watashi, which is neither very formal nor very informal. (Turnto Chapter 3 to read about formal and informal speech styles.) Ken also says
Sūzan-san twice, which may sound strange to you. The first Sūzan-san is to
get Susan’s attention, and the second Sūzan-san is used to mean you. See
Chapter 3 for more on avoiding the pronoun anata (ah-nah-tah) (you).

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Part I: Getting Started

Talking about your language skills
Whenever you speak Nihongo (nee-hohn-goh) (the Japanese language) to
Nihonjin (nee-hohn-jeen) (Japanese people), they’ll say Nihongo ga jōzu
desu ne! (nee-hohn-goh gah johh-zoo deh-soo neh!) (Your Japanese is great!).
Because Japan is a society where being bilingual is considered very special
and admirable, Japanese are always impressed if you speak Japanese. They
appreciate your effort to study and use their language.
As a reply to a compliment on your Japanese skills, you can say dōmo (dohhmoh) (thank you), or you can choose one of the following modest phrases.
It’s up to you.
✓ いいえ, 下手です。 Īe, heta desu. (eee-eh, heh-tah deh-soo.) (No, I’m bad.)✓ いいえ, まだまだです。 Īe, madamada desu. (eee-eh, mah-dah-mah-dah
deh-soo.) (No, not yet, not yet.)✓ いいえ, ぜんぜん。 Īe, zenzen. (eee-eh, zehn-zehn.) (No, not at all.)If you reply modestly using one of these expressions, the Japanese person
will be further impressed by your ability and praise your Japanese again.
Don’t feel like you need to keep denying your compliment forever, though.
Try not to deny your compliment more than ten times. If you don’t, your conversation partner will be exhausted! After a few times of denying, you can justsmile and stop denying.
Even Japanese people who possess a very high degree of English proficiency
often still say such modest phrases when they’re complimented.

Talkin’ the Talk
David has been studying Japanese for two years. He sits at thecounter in a Japanese restaurant and chats with a Japanese waitress. (Track 10)
Waitress:

Nihongo ga jōzu desu ne.
nee-hohn-goh gah johh-zoo deh-soo neh.
Your Japanese is excellent!

David:

Īe, madamada desu.
eee-eh, mah-dah-mah-dah deh-soo.
No, not yet, not yet.

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
Waitress:

Nihonjin-mitai.
nee-hohn-jeen-mee-tah-ee.
You’re like a Japanese person.

David:Sō desu ka.
sohh deh-soo kah.
Is it so?

Words to Know
Nihongonee-hohn-goh

Japanese language

jōzu (na)johh-zoo (nah)skilledNihonjinnee-hohn-jeehn

Japanese person. . . mitai

mee-tah-ee

just like . . .

When describing someone or something by saying what he, she, or it is like,use mitai (mee-tah-ee) (just like), as in the following examples:マイクさんは日本人みたいです。 Maiku-san wa Nihonjin mitai desu.
(mah-ee-koo-sahn wa nee-hohn-jeen mee-tah-ee deh-soo.) (Mike is just likea Japanese person.)
母は男みたいです。 Haha wa otoko mitai desu. (hah-hah wah oh-toh-koh
mee-tah-ee deh-soo.) (My mom is like a man.)
このまんじゅうは花みたいです。 Kono manjū wa hana mitai desu. (kohnoh mahn-jooo wah hah-nah mee-tah-ee deh-soo.) (This steamed bun
looks like a flower.)
私の彼氏はスーパーマンみたいです。 Watashi no kareshi wa Sūpāman
mitai desu! (wah-tah-shee noh kah-reh-shee wah sooo-pahh-mahn meetah-ee deh-soo!) (My boyfriend is like Superman!)

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Part I: Getting Started

Expressing Gratitude and Regret
Phrases of gratitude and apology are the most important and essential
phrases in any language. Suppose a stranger holds a door open for you when
you’re entering a building. What do you say? Suppose you accidentally stepon someone’s foot. How do you say I’m sorry? The next sections answer thesequestions.

Showing gratitude
You may know the word arigatō (ah-ree-gah-tohh) (thanks), but it’s only
one way to express gratitude. In fact, you can use arigatō with only family,
friends, co-workers, and subordinates, plus strangers who look easygoingand younger than you. For everyone else (or when in doubt about whether
arigatō is appropriate), say one of the following instead to mean thank you:
✓ ありがとうございます。 Arigatō gozaimasu. (ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zahee-mah-soo.)✓ どうもありがとうございます。 Dōmo arigatō gozaimasu. (dohh-moh ahree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.)✓ どうも。 Dōmo. (dohh-moh.)The easiest phrase of gratitude is dōmo — an adverb that literally means
indeed or very much but can be understood as thank you. It’s a short, convenient, and yet polite phrase of gratitude that you can use in any context. If you
want to express a greater-than-normal degree of gratitude, you can use one of
the longer, more fully-spelled-out phrases, like Arigatō gozaimasu or Dōmo
arigatō gozaimasu.

Apologizing
To apologize for something you’ve done or for causing someone pain or
inconvenience, say Dōmo sumimasen. (dohh-moh soo-mee-mah-sehn.) (I’mvery sorry.) or just Sumimasen. Dōmo is an interesting adverb. Its function is to make you sound serious, and you can use it with either Arigatō
gozaimasu. (Thank you.) or Sumimasen. (I’m sorry.). (If you just say dōmoby itself, it’s interpreted as thank you but not as sorry.) So watch out! In an
informal context, Gomennasai. (goh-mehn-nah-sah-ee.) (Sorry.) is just fine forapologizing.

Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
Just remember that sumimasen can also be used for geting someone’s attention. Sumimasen means both I’m sorry and Excuse me, but the context andyour facial expression help clarify which one you mean. Japanese even say
sumimasen in contexts where English speakers would say Thank you, as if to
say Excuse me for making you feel that you had to go through all that trouble.

Speaking about Speaking:
The Verb Hanasu
How do you feel about starting to speak Japanese? To answer this question,
you need to know how to say speak in Japanese! Use the verb hanasu (hahnah-soo) to mean to speak. Because hanasu doesn’t end in iru/eru, it’s surely
an u-verb! (I cover the verb types in Chapter 3.) Here’s how you conjugate it.
Japanese Script
話す
話さない
話し（ます）
話して

Rōmajihanasuhanasanai
hanashi(masu)
hanashite

Pronunciation
hah-nah-soo
hah-nah-sah-nah-ee
hah-nah-shee(-mah-soo)
hah-nah-shee-teh

The following examples show you how to use hanasu in context:
日本語を話しますか。 Nihongo o hanashimasu ka. (nee-hohn-goh oh
hah-nah-shee-mah-soo kah.) (Do you speak Japanese?)
あの人とは話しません。 Ano hito to wa hanashimasen. (ah-noh hee-toh
toh wah hah-nah-shee-mah-sehn.) (I don’t speak with that person.)
人の前で話すのが下手です。 Hito no mae de hanasu no ga heta desu.
(hee-toh noh mah-eh deh hah-nah-soo noh gah heh-tah deh-soo.) (I’m notgood at speaking in front of people.)

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Part I: Getting Started

Fun & Games
Match the situation with the appropriate expression. You can find the answers inAppendix D.
1. You accidentally break yourneighbor’s window.

a. おはようございます。 Ohayō
gozaimasu.

2. You’re about to leave yourfriend.

b. どうもありがとうございます。
Dōmo arigatō gozaimasu.

3. You meet someone for the very
first time at your friend’s house.

c. どうもすみません。 Dōmo
sumimasen.

4. Your teacher gives you apresent.

d. さようなら。Sayōnara.

5. You see your boss in themorning.

e. はじめまして。 Hajimemashite.

Chapter 5

Getting Your Numbers, Times,
and Measurements Straight
In This Chapter▶ Mastering Japanese numbers from 1 to 100,000▶ Counting and measuring with counters▶ Indicating the time
▶ Identifying the dayYou probably count and measure a variety of items every day, so quantities and amounts are essential for doing almost everything in your life.
Apples, coffee, people, time, distance, temperature — you name it, and it
likely requires counting or measuring. In this chapter, you find out all about
Japanese numbers. You also discover how to express times and dates inJapanese so you can describe, for example, when you’re going to meet withyour business partners or when your date should pick you up.

Ichi, Ni, San: Counting in JapaneseIn this section, I show you numbers from 1 to 100,000 in Japanese. Think of
it — you can increase your vocabulary by 100,000 words!

Numbers from 1 to 10
You can master the art of counting from one to ten right now. It’ll be handy
as you earn your belts at a karate dōjō (kah-rah-teh dohh-johh) (karate
training hall). At a karate dōjō, they never start from rei (rehh) (zero). They
always start from ichi (ee-chee) (one) when they punch and kick. Ichi, ni(nee) (two), san (sahn) (three)!

78Part I: Getting Started

Getting a black belt in counting
Japanese usually use the pronunciations しshi (shee), しち shichi (shee-chee), and く ku(koo) — for four, seven, and nine, respectively —only for reciting numbers or doing arithmetic
and not for actually counting things. Students ofmartial arts may be familiar with these numbers

from counting while practicing kicks, punches,and so on. In martial-type language, syllables
are often cut short, making counting practice sound like ich, ni, san, shi, go, rok, shich,hach, ku, jū. It also makes war movies hard tounderstand!

Japanese usually write numbers by using Arabic numerals, but they also
write them in kanji. Here’s how Japanese write and say the numbers from 1
to 10:✓ 1: 一 ichi (ee-chee)✓ 2: 二 ni (nee)✓ 3: 三 san (sahn)✓ 4: 四 yon (yohn) or shi (shee)✓ 5: 五 go (goh)✓ 6: 六 roku (roh-koo)✓ 7: 七 nana (nah-nah) or shichi (shee-chee)✓ 8: 八 hachi (hah-chee)✓ 9: 九 kyū (kyooo) or ku (koo)✓ 10: 十 jū (jooo)

Numbers from 11 to 99
To make any number from 11 to 99, you just combine the numbers from 1
to 10. For example, 11 is jū-ichi (jooo-ee-chee) — 10 (jū) plus 1 (ichi). How
about 12? Same thing: 12 is jū-ni (jooo-nee). Twenty is two sets of ten, so you
say “two-tens,” ni-jū (nee-jooo). It may help you to think of 20 as 2 times 10.
Twenty-one is ni-jū-ichi (nee-jooo-ee-chee). Do you see the logic? You can use
this pattern to count up to kyū-jū-kyū (kyooo-jooo-kyooo) (99), or nine tens
plus nine.

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight

Numbers from 100 to 9,999
To count over 100, keep using the pattern for numbers up to 99 (which I
describe in the preceding section). One hundred is hyaku (hyah-koo). So 200
is ni-hyaku (nee-hyah-koo). One thousand is sen (sehn); therefore, 2,000 is
ni-sen (nee-sehn). I’m sure you can’t wait to say 9,999. Yes. It’s kyū-sen kyūhyaku kyū-jū kyū (kyooo-sehn kyooo-hyah-koo kyooo-jooo kyooo).
This counting business sounds easy, but be aware of some irregular soundchanges. When the words for 100 (hyaku) and 1,000 (sen) are preceded by the
number 3 (san), they become byaku (byah-koo) and zen (zehn), respectively.
So 300 is san-byaku and 3,000 is san-zen. Other irregular sound changes arefound in 600 (rop-pyaku) (rohp-pyah-koo), 800 (hap-pyaku) (hahp-pyah-koo),and 8,000 (has-sen) (hahs-sehn). See the following list:✓ 100: 百 hyaku (hyah-koo)✓ 200: 二百 ni-hyaku (nee-hyah-koo)✓ 300: 三百 san-byaku (sahn-byah-koo)✓ 400: 四百 yon-hyaku (yohn-hyah-koo)✓ 500: 五百 go-hyaku (goh-hyah-koo)✓ 600: 六百 rop-pyaku (rohp-pyah-koo)✓ 700: 七百 nana-hyaku (nah-nah-hyah-koo)✓ 800: 八百 hap-pyaku (hahp-pyah-koo)✓ 900: 九百 kyū-hyaku (kyooo-hyah-koo)✓ 1,000: 千 sen (sehn)✓ 2,000: 二千 ni-sen (nee-sehn)✓ 3,000: 三千 san-zen (sahn-zehn)✓ 4,000: 四千 yon-sen (yohn-sehn)✓ 5,000: 五千 go-sen (goh-sehn)✓ 6,000: 六千 roku-sen (roh-koo-sehn)✓ 7,000: 七千 nana-sen (nah-nah-sehn)✓ 8,000: 八千 has-sen (hahs-sehn)✓ 9,000: 九千 kyū-sen (kyooo-sehn)

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Part I: Getting Started

Numbers from 10,000 to 99,999
Unlike English, Japanese has a special digit name for 10,000: man (mahn).
So 50,000 isn’t go-jū-sen, which is go-jū (50) of sen (1,000), but go-man (gohmahn) (50,000). As you can see from the following list, there’s no annoying
sound change when you combine numbers and man:
✓ 10,000: 一万 ichi-man (ee-chee-mahn)✓ 20,000: 二万 ni-man (nee-mahn)✓ 30,000: 三万 san-man (sahn-mahn)✓ 40,000: 四万 yon-man (yohn-mahn)✓ 50,000: 五万 go-man (goh-mahn)✓ 60,000: 六万 roku-man (roh-koo-mahn)✓ 70,000: 七万 nana-man (nah-nah-mahn)✓ 80,000: 八万 hachi-man (hahr-chee-mahn)✓ 90,000: 九万 kyū-man (kyooo-mahn)Now, can you say 99,999? It’s kyū-man kyū-sen kyū-hyaku kyū-jū kyū.

Comparing English and Japanese digit names
You may find it helpful to see a side-by-side
comparison of the English and Japanese names
Number10100
1,000
10,000100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000

EnglishtenhundredthousandN/A
N/A
millionN/A
N/A

for different digits. If that’s the case, you’re in
the right place.
Japanese
十 jū (jooo)
百 hyaku (hyah-koo)
千 sen (sehn)
万 man (mahn)
N/A
N/A
N/A
億 oku (oh-koo)Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight

Numbers over 100,000
Japanese doesn’t have a digit name for million. One million in Japanese is 100
man, or more correctly, hyaku man (hyah-koo mahn). However, Japanese does
have a richly special digit name for 100 million, which is 1 oku (oh-koo), or morecorrectly, ichi oku (ee-chee oh-koo). Now, can you say 999,999,999? It’s kyū-oku
kyū-sen kyū-hyaku kyū-jū kyū-man kyū-sen kyū-hyaku kyū-jū kyū.

Expressing amount or quantitywith counters
Words like piece, sheet, and pair (as in a piece of cake, a sheet of paper, and apair of shoes) express the amount or quantity unit. Depending on the shape,size, and type of the item, you use different counters (short suffixes following
numerals). Table 5-1 lists some frequently used counters along with their uses.

Table 5-1

Counters and Their Uses

Counter

Use

Examples台-dai(dah-ee)Mechanical items

Cars, computers, refrigerators匹-hiki(hee-kee)Animals (small or
medium size)

Mosquitoes, dogs, cats, frogs, fish本-hon(hohn)

Cylindrical items

Pens, pencils, bananas, sticks,
umbrellas枚-mai(mah-ee)Flat items

Bedsheets, paper, stamps

人-nin(neen)

PeopleStudents, children, womenつ-tsu(tsoo)

Various inanimate
items

Furniture, apples, bags, traffic
lights81

82Part I: Getting Started
Of course, to use counters, you have to pair them with numbers. Table 5-2
shows you how to combine the numbers one to ten with the frequently usedcounters shown in Table 5-1.

Table 5-2
NumberCounting with Counters
台

匹

-hiki

本
-hon

1

ichi-dai(eecheedah-ee)

ip-piki(eeppee-kee)2ni-dai(needah-ee)

3Counters枚人つ

ip-pon(eeppohn)ichi-mai(eecheemah-ee)

hitori(hee-tohree)hito-tsu(hee-tohtsoo)

ni-hiki(neehee-kee)ni-hon(neehohn)

ni-mai(neemah-ee)

futari(foo-tahree)futa-tsu(foo-tahtsoo)

san-dai(sahndah-ee)

san-biki(sahnbee-kee)san-bon(sahnbohn)

san-mai(sahnmah-ee)

san-nin(sahnneen)

mit-tsu(meettsoo)4

yon-dai(yohndah-ee)

yon-hiki(yohnhee-kee)yon-hon(yohnhohn)

yon-mai(yohnmah-ee)

yo-nin(yohneen)

yot-tsu(yohttsoo)

5

go-dai(gohdah-ee)

go-hiki(gohhee-kee)

go-hon(gohhohn)

go-mai(gohmah-ee)

go-nin(gohneen)

itsu-tsu(ee-tsootsoo)

6

roku-dai(roh-koodah-ee)

rop-piki(rohppee-kee)

rop-pon(rohppohn)roku-mai(roh-koomah-ee)

roku-nin(roh-kooneen)mut-tsu(moottsoo)7

nana-dai(nahnah-dahee)nanahiki(nah-nahhee-kee)nana-hon(nahnahhohn)nana-mai(nahnahmah-ee)

nana-nin(nahnahneen)nana-tsu(nahnah-tsoo)

8hachidai(hahcheedah-ee)

hap-piki(hahppee-kee)

hap-pon(hahppohn)hachimai(hahcheemah-ee)

hachinin(hahcheeneen)

yat-tsu(yahttsoo)9

kyū-dai(kyooodah-ee)

kyū-hiki(kyooohee-kee)

kyū-hon(kyooohohn)

kyū-mai(kyooomah-ee)

kyū-nin(kyoooneen)

kokonotsu(koh-kohnoh-tsoo)10

jū-dai(jooodah-ee)

jup-piki(jooppee-kee)

jup-pon(jooppohn)

jū-mai(jooomah-ee)

jū-nin(joooneen)tō(tohh)

-dai

-mai

-nin

-tsu

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight
Notice how the counter -tsu is a little bit different from the other counters in
the table? First off, it’s written in kana (つ) rather than kanji. What does thattell you? That -tsu is a native Japanese counter, whereas the other countersin the table are originally from Chinese. As a result, the numbers used with-tsu aren’t ichi, ni, san, and so on, which are originally from Chinese, buthito, futa, mi, and so on, which are native Japanese vocabulary.
The counter for people (人) follows the patterns as a native Japanese counter
only for the first two numbers and as a Chinese counter for three and after,
as you can see in Table 5-2. The counter 人 is pronounced as ri and used withnative Japanese numbers for the first two, but it’s pronounced as nin andused with numbers of Chinese origin for three and after. At any rate, when you
write, you can use the number in Arabic numeral or in kanji followed by thecounter written in kanji except for つ tsu, which is written in hiragana. For
example, 1台, 一台, 1人, 一人, 1つ, 一つ, and so on.
Using some counters causes sound changes in the numbers and in the counter itself. And the Japanese native word for number ten, tō (tohh) (ten), can’t
be followed by the counter -tsu. Don’t be too concerned about these irregularchanges. Even if you make a mistake here, you’ll be understood perfectly by
Japanese.
Native Japanese numbers are available only from one to ten. If you have 11 ormore apples, use the counter -ko. For example, to say 9 when counting apples,
you can say either kokono-tsu or kyū-ko. However, to say 12 for apples, youneed to say jūni-ko.
If you forget which counter to use, and you’re counting no more than tenof something, the number phrases in the last column of Table 5-2 (the -tsu
column) work for counting pretty much anything except for people andanimals.

Indicating ordinal numbers with -me
Ordinal-number phrases such as the first and the second are essential for
pinpointing things and people in a sequence. To form an ordinal-number
phrase in Japanese, you take one of the Japanese counters (see the preceding section) and add -me after it. For example, san-nin-me means third person
and mit-tsu-me means third thing. Following are some additional examples ofordinal-number phrases:
３人目の息子 san-nin-me no musuko (sahn-neen-meh noh moo-soo-koh)(my third son)
右側の５つ目の家 migi gawa no itsu-tsu-me no ie (mee-gee gah-wah noh
ee-tsoo-tsoo-meh noh ee-eh) (the fifth house on the right-hand side)

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Part I: Getting Started
２杯目のコーヒー ni-hai-me no kōhī (nee-hah-ee-meh noh kohh-heee)(second cup of coffee)
４つ目の信号 yot-tsu-me no shingō (yot-tsoo-meh noh sheen-gohh) (thefourth traffic light)
２番目の息子 ni-ban-me no musuko (nee-bahn-meh noh moo-soo-koh)(my second son)If you want to say number X, just add ban (bahn) after the number — forexample, ichi-ban. So to tell someone that Mike is number 1 in the class., you’dsay Maiku wa kurasu de ichi-ban desu. (mah-ee-koo wah koo-rah-soo deh eechee-bahn deh-soo.).

Telling Time
If someone asks you Nan-ji. (nahn-jee.) (What time?), can you respond quickly
by looking at your tokei (toh-kehh) (watch, clock)? You can after reviewing
the next sections, which tell you how to refer to time both generally and interms of hours and minutes.

Noting hours and minutes
You can express time in Japanese by using the counters -ji (jee) (o’clock)and -fun (foon) (minutes), as shown in Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Note: When talking
about minutes, -fun sometimes changes to -pun (poon), so watch out.

Table 5-3

Stating the Hour

Time Expression

Pronunciation

English１時
1-ji

ee-chee-jee

1:00

２時
2-ji

nee-jee

2:00

３時
3-ji

sahn-jee

3:00

４時
4-ji

yoh-jee

4:00

５時
5-ji

goh-jee

5:00

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements StraightTime Expression

Pronunciation

English６時
6-ji

roh-koo-jee

6:00

７時
7-ji

shee-chee-jee

7:00

８時
8-ji

hah-chee-jee

8:00

９時
9-ji

koo-jee

9:00

１０時
10-ji

jooo-jee

10:00

１１時
11-ji

jooo-ee-chee-jee

11:00

１２時
12-ji

jooo-nee-jee

12:00

Table 5-4

Stating Minutes

Time Expression

Pronunciation

English１分
1-pun

eep-poon

1 minute

２分
2-fun

nee-foon

2 minutes

３分
3-pun

sahn-poon

3 minutes

４分
4-pun

yohn-poon

4 minutes

５分
5-fun

goh-foon

5 minutes

６分
6-pun

rohp-poon

6 minutes

７分
7-fun

nah-nah-foon

7 minutes

８分
8-pun

hahp-poon

8 minutes

９分
9-fun

kyooo-foon

9 minutes(continued)

85

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Part I: Getting Started
Table 5-4 (continued)
Time Expression

Pronunciation

English

１０分
10-punjoop-poon

10 minutes

１１分
11-punjooo-eep-poon

11 minutes

１２分
12-funjooo-nee-foon

12 minutes

You can use the convenient phrase han (hahn) (half) for half an hour or 30
minutes. Mae (mah-eh) (before) and sugi (soo-gee) (after) are also convenient
for telling time. Sorry, but there’s no simple phrase for a quarter of an houror 15 minutes in Japanese. So, if you want to say a quarter past 2:00, you needto say 2-ji 15-fun sugi. To specify gozen (goh-zehn) (a.m.) or gogo (goh-goh)(p.m.), put the appropriate word in front of the number, as in gogo 8-ji (8p.m.). Check how people say what time it is now:
今, 何時ですか。 Ima, nan-ji desu ka. (ee-mah, nahn-jee deh-soo kah.)(What time is it now?)
今, ３時５分です。 Ima, 3-ji 5-fun desu. (ee-mah, sahn-jee goh-foon dehsoo.) (It’s 3:05 now.)
今, ３時５分すぎです。 Ima, 3-ji 5-fun sugi desu. (ee-mah, sahn-jee gohfoon soo-gee deh-soo.) (It’s 5 minutes past 3:00 now.)
今, １２時３分前です。 Ima, 12-ji 3-pun mae desu. (ee-mah, jooo-nee-jeesahn-poon mah-eh deh-soo.) (It’s 3 minutes before 12:00.)
今, 日本は午前２時です。 Ima, Nihon wa gozen 2-ji desu. (ee-mah, neehohn wa goh-zehn nee-jee deh-soo.) (It’s 2:00 a.m.in Japan.)Japanese train schedules usually follow the 24-hour system. For example, 1-ji
(ee-chee-jee) means only 1:00 a.m., and 13-ji (jooo-sahn-jee) means only 1:00
p.m. This system eliminates a.m./p.m. ambiguity, and you don’t need to saygozen or gogo.

Knowing when to use –fun and –pun
-Fun changes to -pun depending on the preceding sound. When the numbers are いち ichi, ろく roku, はち hachi, and じゅう jū, replace
the last hiragana with っ, which is basically amoment of silence, and add ぷん pun. That is,

you get いっぷん ippun, ろっぷん roppun, はっぷん happun, and じゅっぷん juppun. In
addition, after ん n, just add ぷん pun. So, you’ll
get さんぷん sanpun and よんぷん yonpun.
For other numbers, just add ふん fun.

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight

Talking about time
To express at what time, from what time, until what time, and by what time, youneed the particles ni (nee) (at), kara (kah-rah) (from), made (mah-deh) (until),and made ni (mah-deh nee) (by). Make sure to place the particle after, notbefore, the time phrase. Chapter 3 gives you the lowdown on using particles.
Here are some examples:コンサートは何時に始まりますか。 ３時に始まります。 Konsāto wa
nan-ji ni hajimarimasu ka. 3-ji ni hajimarimasu. (kohn-sahh-toh wah
nahn-jee nee hah-jee-mah-ree-mah-soo kah. sahn-jee nee hah-jee-mah-reemah-soo.) (What time does the concert start? It starts at 3:00.)
ランチサービスは午前１１時半から午後２時までです。 Ranchi sābisu wa
gozen 11-ji han kara gogo 2-ji made desu. (rahn-chee sahh-bee-soo wah
goh-zehn jooo-ee-chee-jee hahn kah-rah goh-goh nee-jee mah-deh dehsoo.) (Lunch service is from 11:30 a.m. to 2 p.m.)
３時５分前までに来てください。 3-ji 5-fun mae made ni kite kudasai.
(sahn-jee goh-foon mah-eh mah-deh nee kee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Pleasecome by five minutes before 3:00.)
Instead of giving the exact time, you can vaguely specify the part of the day
or use relative time expressions:✓ 朝 asa (ah-sah) (morning)✓ 昼 hiru (hee-roo) (noon, middle of the day)
✓ 晩 ban (bahn) (evening)✓ 夜中 yonaka (yoh-nah-kah) (the middle of the night)✓ 今 ima (ee-mah) (now)✓ さっき sakki (sahk-kee) (a little while ago)
To tell the length of time, just add -kan (kahn) after -ji or -fun. However, -kan
is usually omitted after -fun in conversations. Check out these examples:
２時間勉強しました。 2-jikan benkyō shimashita. (nee-jee-kahn behnkyohh shee-mah-shee-tah.) (I studied for two hours.)
８時間かかりました。 8-jikan kakarimasu. (hah-chee-jee-kahn kah-kahree-mah-shee-tah.) (It took eight hours.)
１５分かかります。 15-fun kakarimasu. (jooo-goh-foon a kah-kah-reemah-soo.) (It takes 15 minutes.)

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It’s a Date! Delving into the Calendar
Making plans with others in Japanese requires having a basic grasp of theterms used for days of the week, months, years, and so on. With the information in the following sections, you’ll be prepared to mark your karendā (kahrehn-dahh) (calendar) for all kinds of fun activities.

Talking about the days of the week
Both American and Japanese weeks only have seven days. An American
week — at least on the calendar — starts on nichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee)(Sunday) and ends on doyōbi (doh-yohh-bee) (Saturday), but a Japaneseweek starts on getsuyōbi (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee) (Monday) and ends onnichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee) (Sunday). Japanese work first and rest later.
Here are all the terms you need to know to talk about days of the week:✓ 月曜日 getsuyōbi (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee) (Monday)✓ 火曜日 kayōbi (kah-yohh-bee) (Tuesday)✓ 水曜日 suiyōbi (soo-ee-yohh-bee) (Wednesday)✓ 木曜日 mokuyōbi (moh-koo-yohh-bee) (Thursday)✓ 金曜日 kinyōbi (keen-yohh-bee) (Friday)✓ 土曜日 doyōbi (doh-yohh-bee) (Saturday)✓ 日曜日 nichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee) (Sunday)
So if someone were to ask you Kyō wa nanyōbi desu ka. (kyohh wah nahnyohh-bee deh-soo kah.) (What day is it today?), you may respond with Kyō
wa doyōbi desu. (kyohh wah doh-yohh-bee deh-soo.) (Today is Saturday.).
Following are some additional statements featuring days of the week so you
can see them in action:
月曜日から金曜日まで働きます。 Getsuyōbi kara kinyōbi made hatarakimasu. (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee kah-rah keen-yohh-bee mah-deh hah-tah-rahkee-mah-soo.) (I work from Monday to Friday.)コンサートは土曜日です。 Konsāto wa doyōbi desu. (kohn-sahh-toh wa
doh-yohh-bee deh-soo.) (The concert is on Saturday.)
日曜日はゆっくりします。 Nichiyōbi wa yukkuri shimasu. (nee-cheeyohh-bee wah yook-koo-ree shee-mah-soo.) (I relax on Sundays.)Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight

Naming the months and counting them up
The Japanese word for moon is tsuki (tsoo-kee), which also means month.
Japanese doesn’t have a separate name for each month — it uses a number
paired with the counter -gatsu (gah-tsoo). So, January is ichi-gatsu (eeh-cheegah-tsoo) and December is jū-ni-gatsu (jooo-nee-gah-tsoo). Here’s how towrite and say all 12 months in Japanese:✓ １月 ichi-gatsu (ee-chee-gah-tsoo) (January)✓ ２月 ni-gatsu (nee-gah-tsoo) (February)✓ ３月 san-gatsu (sahn-gah-tsoo) (March)✓ ４月 shi-gatsu (shee-gah-tsoo) (April)✓ ５月 go-gatsu (goh-gah-tsoo) (May)✓ ６月 roku-gatsu (roh-koo-gah-tsoo) (June)✓ ７月 shichi-gatsu (shee-chee-gah-tsoo) (July)✓ ８月 hachi-gatsu (hah-chee-gah-tsoo) (August)✓ ９月 ku-gatsu (koo-gah-tsoo) (September)✓ １０月 jū-gatsu (jooo-gah-tsoo) (October)✓ １1月 jū-ichi-gatsu (jooo-ee-chee-gah-tsoo) (November)✓ １2月 jū-ni-gatsu (jooo-nee-gah-tsoo) (December)
To express a number of months, like one month and two months, use thecounter -kagetsu (kah-geh-tsoo) or -kagetsukan (kah-geh-tsoo-kahn).
✓ １ヶ月 ik-kagetsu (eek-kah-geh-tsoo) (1 month)✓ ２ヶ月 ni-kagetsu (nee-kah-geh-tsoo) (2 months)✓ ３ヶ月 san-kagetsu (sahn-kah-geh-tsoo) (3 months)✓ ４ヶ月 yon-kagetsu (yohn-kah-geh-tsoo) (4 months)✓ ５ヶ月 go-kagetsu (goh-kah-geh-tsoo) (5 months)✓ ６ヶ月 rok-kagetsu (rohk-kah-geh-tsoo) (6 months)✓ ７ヶ月 nana-kagetsu (nah-nah-kah-geh-tsoo) (7 months)✓ ８ヶ月 hachi-kagetsu (hah-chee-kah-geh-tsoo) (8 months)✓ ９ヶ月 kyū-kagetsu (kyooo-kah-geh-tsoo) (9 months)✓ １０ヶ月 juk-kagetsu (jook-kah-geh-tsoo) (10 months)✓ １1ヶ月 jū-ik-kagetsu (jooo-eek-kah-geh-tsoo) (11 months)✓ １2ヶ月 jū-ni-kagetsu (jooo-nee-kah-geh-tsoo) (12 months)

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In conversation, -kagetsu is more common than -kagetsukan, so you canjust use -kagetsu, but it’s good to know both of them because you may hear
either one.

Counting the days
In this section, I show you how you say the first, the second, and so on, fordates. (To find out how you say these types of words in relation to otheritems, such as buildings, coffee, and people, see the earlier “Indicating ordinal numbers with -me” section.)
The way that dates are pronounced in Japanese isn’t very systematic; it’s fullof irregularities. I know that’s not very encouraging — sorry — so your best
bet is to memorize Table 5-5.

Table 5-5

What’s Today’s Date?

Date

Japanese

Pronunciation

1st

１日
tsuitachitsoo-ee-tah-chee

2nd２日
futsukafoo-tsoo-kah

3rd

３日
mikka

meek-kah

4th

４日
yokka

yohk-kah

5th

５日
itsukaee-tsoo-kah

6th

６日
muika

moo-ee-kah

7th

７日
nanokanah-noh-kah

8th

８日
yōka

yohh-kah

9th

９日
kokonoka

koh-koh-noh-kah

10th

１０日
tōka

tohh-kah11th

１１日
jū-ichi-nichi

jooo-ee-chee-nee-chee(continued)

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight
Table 5-5 (continued)
DateJapanese

Pronunciation

12th

１２日
jū-ni-nichi

jooo-nee-nee-chee

13th

１３日
jū-san-nichi

jooo-sahn-nee-chee

14th

１４日
jū-yokkajooo-yohk-kah

15th

１５日
jū-go-nichi

jooo-goh-nee-chee

16th

１６日
jū-roku-nichi

jooo-roh-koo-nee-chee

17th

１７日
jū-shichi-nichi

jooo-shee-chee-neechee

18th

１８日
jū-hachi-nichi

jooo-hah-chee-neechee

19th

１９日
jū-ku-nichi

jooo-koo-nee-chee

20th

２０日
hatsuka

hah-tsoo-kah

21st

２１日
ni-jū-ichi-nichi

nee-jooo-ee-chee-neechee

22nd

２２日
ni-jū-ni-nichi

nee-jooo-nee-nee-chee

23rd

２３日
ni-jū-san-nichi

nee-jooo-sahn-neechee

24th

２４日
ni-jū-yokka

nee-jooo-yohk-kah

25th

２５日
ni-jū-go-nichi

nee-jooo-goh-nee-chee

26th

２６日
ni-jū-roku-nichi

nee-jooo-roh-koo-neechee

27th

２７日
ni-jū-shichi-nichi

nee-jooo-shee-cheenee-chee

28th

２８日
ni-jū-hachi-nichi

nee-jooo-hah-cheenee-chee

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DateJapanese

Pronunciation

29th

２９日
ni-jū-ku-nichi

nee-jooo-koo-nee-chee

30th

３０日
san-jū-nichisahn-jooo-nee-chee

31st

３１日
san-jū-ichi-nichisahn-jooo-ee-cheenee-chee

You can also use the dates shown in Table 5-5 for expressing the number ofdays in a given span. For example, futsuka can mean either the second or twodays. To make it crystal clear that you’re talking about the number of days, justadd -kan (kahn) to this form — futsukakan (foo-tsoo-kah-kahn) (two days) —to eliminate any ambiguity. The only exception to these rules is tsuitachi.
Tsuitachi means only the first and not one day. To say one day, use ichi-nichi(ee-chee-nee-chee).

Counting the weeks
You can specify the weeks in a month, or the weeks in any cycle, by sayingdai (dah-ee), the number, and then -shū (shooo). For example:✓ 第１週 dai is-shū (dah-ee ees-shooo) (the first week)✓ 第２週 dai ni-shū (dah-ee nee-shooo) (the second week)✓ 第３週 dai san-shū (dah-ee sahn-shooo) (the third week)✓ 第４週 dai yon-shū (dah-ee yohn-shoo) (the fourth week)
To count weeks, use the counter -shūkan, as in is-shūkan (ees-shooo-kahn)(one week), ni-shūkan (nee-shooo-kahn) (two weeks), and so on.

Reeling off the years
To specify the toshi (toh-shee) (year), just add the counter -nen after thenumber that expresses the year — 1998-nen (sehn-kyooo-hyah-koo-kyooojooo-hah-chee-nehn) (1998) and 2012-nen (nee-sehn-jooo-nee-nehn) (2012),
for example.
Follow this advice, and you’ll be understood perfectly in Japan. But be readyto hear a year referred to with a unique nengō (nehn-gohh) (era name), as inChapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight
Heisei 24-nen (hehh-sehh nee-jooo-yoh-nehn), which is equivalent to 2012.
Check out the nearby “Era names in Japan” sidebar for information on thissystem.
If you want to count years, use either -nenkan or -nen as counters. So, one
year is ichi-nen (ee-chee-nehn) or ichi-nenkan (ee-chee-nehn-kahn), and two
years is ni-nen (nee-nehn) or ni-nenkan (nee-nehn-kahn). Note: In conversation, the shorter version, -nen, is used more frequently than -nenkan, but
again, being aware of both forms is a good idea.

Specifying dates and times
When specifying a full date the Japanese way, start from the largest unit oftime, the toshi, and then move to successively smaller units: the tsuki, the hi,
and the yōbi, in that order. For example, Thursday, October 25, 2012 is✓ ２０１２年１０月２５日木曜日 nisenjūni-nen jū-gatsu nijūgo-nichi
Mokuyōbi (nee-sehn joo-nee-nehn jooo-gah-tsoo nee-jooo-goh-nee-cheemoh-koo-yohh-bee)✓ 平成２４年１０月２５日木曜日 Heisei nijūyo-nen jū-gatsu nijūgo-nichi
Mokuyōbi (hehh-sehh nee-jooo-yoh-nehn jooo-gah-tsoo nee-jooo-gohnee-chee moh-koo-yohh-bee)

Era names in JapanYou can express years in two ways in Japan.
You can use the Western system with the counter 年 -nen (nehn), as in 2012年 2012-nen (neesehn-jooo-nee-nehn) (2012). Or you can use theJapanese system with the 年号 nengō (nehngohh) (era name) and the counter -nen, as in
平成24年 Heisei 24-nen (hehh-sehh nee-joooyoh-nehn) (2012).
A new nengō is created every time a newemperor ascends the throne in Japan and continues to be used until a different emperor takes
his place. The first year of any era is called 元
年 gan-nen (gahn-nehn). For example, the year
Emperor Heisei ascended the throne (1989)
was called 平成元年 Heisei gan-nen (hehhsehh gahn-nehn) in the Japanese system. And
the following year (1990) was called 平成２年
Heisei 2-nen (hehh-sehh nee-nehn).

Government officials tend to use only theJapanese system, but many companies andinstitutions use the Western systems. My
daughter was born in Heisei era, my motherand I were born in 昭和 Shōwa (shohh-wah)era, and my grandmother was born in Meiji(mehh-jee) era. There was a short era, 大正
Taishō (tah-ee-shohh) era, between Meiji
era and Shōwa era. Let me list these eras ofmodern Japan chronologically:✓ 明治 Meiji (mehh-jee) 1868–1912✓ 大正 Taishō (tah-ee-shohh) 1912–1926✓ 昭和 Shōwa (shohh-wah) 1926–1989✓ 平成 Heisei (heh-ee-sehh) 1989–Present

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Instead of using a specific date on the calendar, you can also use relative
time expressions based on the concepts of before and after or previous andfollowing. See what I mean in Table 5-6.

Table 5-6

Relative Time Expressions with Translations

Previous

Current

Future昨日kinō(kee-nohh)(yesterday)

今日kyō(kyohh)(today)あしたashita(ah-shee-tah)(tomorrow)

先週
senshū
(sehn-shooo)(last week)

今週
konshū
(kohn-shooo)(this week)

来週
raishū
(rah-ee-shooo)(next week)

先月
sengetsu(sehn-geh-tsoo)(last month)

今月
kongetsu(kohn-geh-tsoo)(this month)

来月
raigetsu(rah-ee-geh-tsoo)(next month)

去年
kyonen(kyoh-nehn)(last year)

今年
kotoshi(koh-toh-shee)(this year)

来年
rainen(rah-ee-nehn)(next year)

You can expect to hear alternative terms such as these when you’re in aslightly formal context:✓ 本日 honjitsu (hohn-jee-tsoo) (today)✓ 明日 asu (ah-soo) (tomorrow)✓ 昨日 sakujitsu (sah-koo-jee-tsoo) (yesterday)✓ 昨年 sakunen (sah-koo-nehn) (last year)
The following additional terms for referring to the future are always useful:✓ あさって asatte (ah-saht-teh) (the day after tomorrow)✓ 再来週 saraishū (sah-rah-ee-shooo) (the week after next)✓ 再来月 saraigetsu (sah-rah-ee-geh-tsoo) (the month after next)✓ 再来年 sarainen (sah-rah-ee-nehn) (the year after next)
To specify when something happens or happened, insert a time phrase into
the sentence. You can place the time phrase anywhere in a sentence, as longas it’s before the verb. If you’re dealing with a specific time, place the particle

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straightni (nee) after the time phrase. If you’re dealing with a relative time, you don’t
need to use the particle ni. I illustrate the differences in the following list of
examples:
１２月２８日に東京に行きます。 12-gatsu 28-nichi ni Tōkyō ni ikimasu.
(jooo-nee-gah-tsoo nee-jooo-hah-chee-nee-chee nee tohh-kyohh nee eekee-mah-soo.) (I’ll go to Tokyo on December 28th.)
あした買い物をします。 Ashita kaimono o shimasu. (ah-shee-tah kah-eemoh-noh oh shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll go shopping tomorrow.)
１９９８年に生まれました。 1998-nen ni umaremashita. (sehn-kyooohyah-koo-kyooo-jooo-hah-chee-nehn nee oo-mah-reh-mah-shee-tah.) (Iwas born in 1998.)
先週家賃を払いました。 Senshū yachin o haraimashita. (sehn-shooo
yah-cheen oh hah-rah-ee-mah-shee-tah.) (I paid the rent last week.)
To list a number of activities in the same sentence, put all the verbs, except
the last one, into the te-form (I cover te-forms in Chapter 3). You don’t need touse any particle that would correspond to and in English — converting all theverbs, except the last one, into the te-form handles the and concept. The lastverb expresses the tense of all the activities.
昨日は９時に銀行に行って１０時にデパートに行って５時に帰りました。
Kinō wa ku-ji ni ginkō ni itte jū-ji ni depāto ni itte go-ji ni kaerimashita.
(kee-nohh wah koo-jee nee geen-kohh nee eet-teh jooo-jee nee deh-pahhtoh nee eet-teh goh-jee nee kah-eh-ree-mah-shee-tah.) (Yesterday, I went
to the bank at 9:00, went to the department store at 10:00, and went home at
5:00.)
あしたは買い物をして映画を見ます。 Ashita wa kaimono o shite eiga omimasu. (ah-shee-tah wah kah-ee-moh-noh oh shee-teh ehh-gah oh meemah-soo.) (I will go shopping and watch a movie tomorrow.)
In the nearby Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, Eleanor talks about her vacationplans for Hawaii. Notice that her first sentence ends with -n-desu (n-deh-soo).
In Japanese, you often form a statement by using -n-desu (n-deh-soo) in conversation, especially when you provide some information or explanations. The
effect of -n-desu is to encourage your partner to respond to your statements.
You’ll sound much more inviting and friendly if you use this ending. It shows
your willingness to listen to your partner’s comments and opinions. Therefore,
use -n-desu in conversations, but not in written form or public speech where
you don’t expect your audience to respond to you after each statement. When averb is followed by -n-desu, it must be in the informal/plain form.

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Part I: Getting Started
Eleanor in the dialogue talks about when she’ll leave and when she’ll returnfrom her trip. The Japanese verb to go and to return are iku (ee-koo) andkaeru (kah-eh-roo). Both of them are u-verbs. Practice conjugating them.
Japanese Script
行く
行かない
行き（ます）
行って

Rōmajiiku
ikanaiiki (masu)
itte

Pronunciation
ee-kooee-kah-nah-ee
ee-kee (mah-soo)
eet-tehJapanese Script
帰る
帰らない
帰り（ます）
帰って

Rōmajikaeru
kaeranaikaeri (masu)
kaettePronunciation
kah-eh-roo
kah-eh-rah-nah-ee
kah-eh-ree (mah-soo)kah-eht-teh

Talkin’ the Talk
Eleanor is planning to go to Hawaii next month. She talks about itwith Kevin. (Track 11)
Eleanor:

Raigetsu Hawai ni iku-n-desu.
rah-ee-geh-tsoo hah-wah-ee nee ee-koon-deh-soo.
I’m going to Hawaii next month.

Kevin:

Hontō. Nan-nichikan.
hohn-tohh. nahn-nee-chee-kahn.
Really? For how many days?

Eleanor:Mikkakan.
meek-kah-kahn.
Three days.

Kevin:

Mijikai desu ne.
mee-jee-kah-ee deh-soo neh.
That’s short, isn’t it?

Eleanor:Ē, 15-nichi ni itte 18-nichi ni kaeru-n-desu.
ehh, jooo-goh-nee-chee nee eet-teh jooo-hah-cheenee-chee nee kah-eh-roon-deh-soo.
Uh-huh. I’ll go there on the 15th, and I’ll be back on
the 18th.

Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements StraightWords to Know
hontō
iku
kaeru
mijikaihohn-tohh
ee-kookah-eh-roo
mee-jee-kah-ee

true
to go
to return
short

Familiarizing Yourself with
the Metric System
Japanese use the metric system for taking and discussing measurements. So
if you go to Japan, expect to hear about liters, grams, meters, and kilometers
rather than gallons, pounds, feet, and miles. Here are the terms you need toknow to speak about measurements in Japanese.
✓ ミリ miri (mētoru) (mee-ree [mehh-toh-roo]) (millimeter)✓ センチ senchi (mētoru) (sehn-chee [mehh-toh-roo]) (centimeter)✓ メートル mētoru (mehh-toh-roo) (meter)✓ キロ (メートル) kiro (mētoru) (kee-roh [mehh-toh-roo]) (kilometer)✓ グラム guramu (goo-rah-moo) (gram)✓ キロ (グラム) kiro (guramu) (kee-roh [goo-rah-moo]) (kilogram)✓ トン ton (tohn) (ton)✓ リットル rittoru (reet-toh-roo) (liter)✓ 平方メートル heihō mētoru (hehh-hohh mehh-toh-roo) (square meter)✓ 立法メートル rippō mētoru (reep-pohh mehh-toh-roo) (cubic meter)

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Fun & Games
Match the illustrations with the correct Japanese phrases. Turn to Appendix D forthe answers.

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

1. いちじはん ichi-ji han
2. はちじ hachi-ji
3. じゅうじ jū-ji
4. じゅうにじ jū-ni-ji
5. さんじよんじゅうごふん san-ji yonjū-go-funChapter 6

Speaking Japanese at Home
In This Chapter▶ Naming the areas and contents of your home
▶ Discussing meals▶ Keeping your house clean and safeThere is no better place than your uchi (oo-chee) (home). What do you
have in your uchi? What do you eat at uchi? What do you do at uchi?
This chapter helps you answer these questions in Japanese.

Taking a Tour of Your Home
Whether you live in a house (ie) (ee-eh) or an apartment (apāto) (ah-pahhtoh), your uchi probably has these rooms and structures:✓ 玄関 genkan (gehn-kahn) (entryway)✓ キッチン kitchin (keet-cheen) or 台所 daidokoro (dah-ee-doh-koh-roh)(kitchen)✓ ダイニング dainingu (dah-ee-neen-goo) or 食堂 shokudō (shoh-koodohh) (dining room)✓ リビング ribingu (ree-been-goo) or 居間 ima (ee-mah) (living room)✓ 寝室 shinshitsu (sheen-shee-tsoo) (bedroom)✓ 書斎 shosai (shoh-sah-ee) (office)✓ バスルーム basurūmu (bah-soo-rooo-moo) or 風呂場 furoba (foo-rohbah) (bathroom)✓ 洗濯場 sentakuba (sehn-tah-koo-bah) (laundry room)✓ 床 yuka (yoo-kah) (floor)✓ 天井 tenjō (tehn-johh) (ceiling)100 Part I: Getting Started✓ 壁 kabe (kah-beh) (wall)✓ クローゼット kurōzetto (koo-rohh-zeht-toh) (Western-style closet)✓ 窓 mado (mah-doh) (window)✓ 押入れ oshiire (oh-shee-ee-reh) (oshiire-closet for futon and other items)
When you enter Japanese homes, make sure you take off your kutsu (kootsoo) (shoes) after you’re in the genkan (not outside it). In Japanese houses,
the genkan has two levels. The area you step in first is the lower level orground level, and it’s made of concrete, tile, or stone. You’re allowed to step
into this lower area while wearing your shoes. The second, upper level is apart of the house, and you’re not allowed to step up to it with your shoes on.
Take off your shoes on the lower level and then immediately step up to theupper level, where you’ll typically be asked to wear surippa (soo-reep-pah)(slippers). You can wear slippers anywhere inside the house except in rooms
with tatami (tah-tah-mee) (straw mat) floors. When you go to a toilet room,
another pair of slippers are waiting for you. Change into those slippers foryour time in that room and then back into your other slippers to return to therest of the house. (In other words, don’t come back to the living room withyour toilet slippers on.)The kitchen
The kitchin must be the most heavily used room in any house (unless you’rereally big on takeout). Here are the Japanese terms for some of the major
appliances and fixtures in your kitchen:✓ 電子レンジ denshi-renji (dehn-shee-rehn-jee) (microwave oven)✓ フリーザー furīzā (foo-reee-zahh) (freezer)✓ 椅子 isu (ee-soo) (chair)✓ コンロ konro (kohn-roh) (stove)✓ キャビネット kyabinetto (kyah-bee-neht-toh) (cabinet)✓ オーブン ōbun (ohh-boon) (oven)✓ 冷蔵庫 reizōko (rehh-zohh-koh) (refrigerator)✓ 食器洗い機 shokki-arai-ki (shohk-kee ah-rah-ee kee) (dishwasher)✓ シンク shinku (sheen-koo) (sink)✓ テーブル tēburu (tehh-boo-roo) (table)
Not many Japanese have a big oven or a dishwasher in their kitchens, so whenin Japan, be prepared to bake smaller cakes and do your dishes by hand.

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home
What do you have in your kitchen drawers and cabinets? If you’re like mostpeople, you probably have various implements and gadgets:✓ ボール bōru (mixing bowl)✓ フードプロセサー fūdo purosesā (fooo-doh poo-roh-seh-sahh) (foodprocessor)✓ フライパン furaipan (foo-rah-ee-pahn) (frying pan)
✓ 包丁 hōchō (hohh-chohh) (chef’s knife)✓ ホイッパー hoippā (hoh-eep-pahh) (whisk)✓ 計量カップ keiryō kappu (kehh-ryohh kahp-poo) (measuring cup)
✓ 計量スプーン keiryō supūn (kehh-ryohh soo-pooon) (measuring spoon)✓ コーヒーメーカー kōhīmēkā (kohh-heee-mehh-kahh) (coffee maker)✓ まな板 manaita (mah-nah-ee-tah) (cutting board)✓ ミキサー mikisā (mee-kee-sahh) (blender)✓ 鍋 nabe (nah-beh) (pot)✓ トースター tōsutā (tohh-soo-tahh) (toaster)✓ ざる zaru (zah-roo) (colander)

The dining room
Most houses have a dining table in the kitchen, but you certainly need these
items wherever you eat:✓ フォーク fōku (fohh-koo) (fork)✓ コップ koppu (kohp-poo) (glass, cup)
✓ ナイフ naifu (nah-ee-foo) (table knife)✓ ナプキン napukin (nah-poo-keen) (napkin)✓ 皿 sara (sah-rah) (plate)✓ スパチュラ supachura (soo-pah-choo-rah) (spatula)✓ スプーン supūn (soo-pooon) (spoon)✓ テーブルクロス tēburukurosu (tehh-boo-roo koo-roh-soo) (tablecloth)✓ 器 utsuwa (oo-tsoo-wah) (bowl)

101

102 Part I: Getting Started
Dining in Japanese homes can be quite different from what you’re probably
used to. For one, Japanese often eat meals in a Japanese-style room, sitting
on the floor at a low table and using hashi (hah-shee) (chopsticks), chawan(chah-wahn) (Japanese rice bowl), and o-wan (oh-wahn) (Japanese lacquered
soup bowl). Additionally, the Japanese table often features shōyu (shohh-yoo)(soy sauce).

The living room
Whether your living room is a formal entertaining space or just where thefamily hangs out, it probably has many of the following items:✓ アームチェアー āmucheā (ahh-moo-cheh-ahh) (armchair)✓ 電気スタンド denki-sutando (dehn-kee-soo-tahn-doh) (desk lamp,
floor lamp)✓ 絵 e (eh) (painting)✓ エアコン eakon (eh-ah-kohn) (air conditioner)✓ エンドテーブル endo tēburu (ehn-doh tehh-boo-roo) (end table)✓ 電話 denwa (dehn-wah) (phone)✓ ヒーター hītā (heee-tahh) (space heater)✓ 本棚 hondana (hohn-dah-nah) (bookshelf, bookcase)✓ コーヒーテーブル kōhī tēburu (kohh-heee tehh-boo-roo) (coffee table)✓ ソファー sofā (soh-fahh) (sofa)✓ テレビ terebi (teh-reh-bee) (TV)The bedroom
Worn out from all your Japanese studying? Before you hit the sack for a nap,
look at some common bedroom furnishings:✓ ベッド beddo (behd-doh) (bed)✓ ふとん futon (foo-tohn) (futon)✓ カーテン kāten (kahh-tehn) (curtains)✓ 枕 makura (mah-koo-rah) (pillow)✓ 目覚まし時計 mezamashi-dokei (meh-zah-mah-shee-doh-kehh)(alarm clock)✓ 毛布 mōfu (mohh-foo) (blanket)

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home✓ ナイトスタンド naitosutando (nah-ee-toh-soo-tahn-doh) (nightstand)✓ シーツ shītsu (sheee-tsoo) (sheet)✓ たんす tansu (tahn-soo) (chest of drawers)
Japanese sleep on beds or on futon, depending on their preferences and how big
the room is. (Beds take up more permanent space; check out the nearby sidebar“Futon: Not just for college students” for more on the futon sleeping option.)

The bathroom
Most bathrooms typically contain the following items:✓ バスタオル basu-taoru (bah-soo-tah-oh-roo) (bath towel)✓ ブラシ burashi (boo-rah-shee) (brush)✓ ドライヤー doraiyā (doh-rah-ee-yahh) (hair dryer)✓ 歯ブラシ ha-burashi (hah-boo-rah-shee) (toothbrush)✓ 歯磨き粉 hamigakiko (hah-mee-gah-kee-koh) (toothpaste)✓ 鏡 kagami (kah-gah-mee) (mirror)✓ シャワー shawā (shah-wahh) (shower)✓ 石鹸 sekken (sehk-kehn) (soap)✓ トイレットペーパー toiretto pēpā (toh-ee-reht-toh pehh-pahh) (toilet tissue)

Futon: Not just for college students
Futons have become a trendy piece of furniturein the West. Like most cultural imports, however, the real thing is quite a bit different. For
starters, the Japanese word ふとん futon isn’t
pronounced foo-tahn, as you may be accustomed to, but rather foo-tohn, with an oh soundin the second syllable.
A Western futon is just the mattress you sleep
on — the comforter or blankets you use to
keep warm are separate items. In Japan, however, both the mattress and covering make up
a futon. At night, you lay out your futon on thefloor, and in the morning, you fold it up and put
it in 押入れ oshiire (oh-shee-ee-reh) (oshiirecloset for futon and other items). The sameroom can serve as a bedroom at night and as aliving room during the day — quite convenient
in a country where space is at a premium.
If sleeping on the floor seems a little awkward,
rest assured that a Japanese futon is actuallyquite comfortable and gives you a good night’s
rest. On top of that, sleeping on a futon is goodfor your back because a futon contains nospring, and your back has to be straight!

103

104 Part I: Getting Started
In most Japanese houses, the furoba (foo-roh-bah) (bathing room) and toire(toh-ee-reh) (toilet room) are separate rooms. In cities where the space is limited, some apartments have a yunitto basu (yoo-neet-toh bah-soo) (unit bath) —a compact combination of a bathtub, a sink, a toilet, and the surrounding walland floor. It’s preassembled at a factory before installation and looks like asheet of molded plastic. The yunitto basu is extremely space-saving and economical, but still has everything you expect to find in a bathroom.
Japanese love to use English in general, so they also use the term basurūmu
to mean bathroom. Most basurūmu in Japan still have only bathing areas, but
the term is relatively new and a bit vague. By contrast, the term furoba refers
strictly to a bathing room.

The laundry room
The Japanese often hang their washed clothes in their backyards or on theirbalconies. It saves energy and kills germs! If airing your (clean) laundry isn’t
your style, you can throw it in the dryer, iron, and explain the whole thing inJapanese with the following words:✓ アイロン airon (ah-ee-rohn) (iron)✓ アイロン台 airondai (ah-ee-rohn-dah-ee) (ironing board)✓ 漂白剤 hyōhakuzai (hyohh-hah-koo-zah-ee) (bleach)✓ ハンガー hangā (hahn-gahh) (clothes hanger)✓ 柔軟剤 jūnanzai (jooo-nahn-zah-ee) (fabric softener)✓ 乾燥機 kansōki (kahn-sohh-kee) (dryer)✓ 洗濯機 sentakuki (sehn-tah-koo-kee) (washing machine)✓ 洗剤 senzai (sehn-zah-ee) (detergent)

The storage room
If you’re lucky, your home has a spacious shako (shah-koh) (garage), yaneurabeya (yah-neh-oo-rah-beh-yah) (attic), or chikashitsu (chee-kah-shee-tsoo)(basement) where you can store all kinds of things such as the following:✓ 道具箱 dōgubako (dohh-goo-bah-koh) (toolbox)✓ 延長コード enchō kōdo (ehn-chohh kohh-doh) (extension cord)Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home
✓ ハンマー hanmā (hahm-mahh) (hammer)✓ 肥料 hiryō (hee-ryohh) (fertilizer)✓ ホース hōsu (hohh-soo) (garden hose)✓ 釘 kugi (koo-gee) (nail)✓ 自転車 jitensha (jee-tehn-shah) (bicycle)✓ 巻き尺 makijaku (mah-kee-jah-koo) (tape measure)✓ ねじ neji (neh-jee) (screw)✓ のこぎり nokogiri (noh-koh-gee-ree) (saw)✓ レンチ renchi (rehn-chee) (wrench)✓ 芝刈り機 shibakariki (shee-bah-kah-ree-kee) (lawnmower)✓ スクリュードライバー sukuryūdoraibā (soo-koo-ryooo-doh-rah-ee-bahh)(screwdriver)
Most Japanese, especially in the city, are a bit more storage-challenged than
you may be used to; they just have a small space near the foyer, a part of theircloset, an area under the kaidan (kah-ee-dahn) (staircase), or a space in theback of the house to stash their extra stuff in.
If you aren’t so sure about something, but you think maybe or possibly, say itwith kamoshiremasen. Add it at the end of a verb or an adjective in the plain/informal form, but just drop da that appears in the plain present affirmative
form of the linking verb, desu, or a na-type adjective. For example
釘は道具箱の中にあるかもしれません。 Kugi wa dōgubako no naka ni
aru kamoshiremasen. (koo-gee wah dohh-goo-bah-koh noh nah-kah nee
ah-roo-kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (Nails may be in the toolbox.)
ミキサーはあまり使わないかもしれません。 Mikisā wa amari tsukawanai kamoshiremasen. (mee-kee-sahh wah ah-mah-ree tsoo-kah-wah-nahee kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (We may not use the blender very often.)
このシーツは大きいかもしれません。 Kono shītsu wa ōkii kamoshiremasen. (koh-noh sheee-tsoo wah ohh-keee kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn.)(This sheet may be big.)
あの部屋は静かかもしれません。Ano heya wa shizuka kamoshiremasen.
(ah-noh heh-yah wah shee-zoo-kah kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn.) (Thatroom may be quiet.)105

106 Part I: Getting Started
Talkin’ the Talk
Marge is looking for an apartment and has just entered the second
one with a realtor. (Track 12)
Realtor:

Koko ga ribingu; asoko ga kitchin. Koko ga furoba
desu.
koh-koh gah ree-been-goo; ah-soh-koh gah keetcheen. koh-koh gah foo-roh-bah deh-soo.
This is the living room; the kitchen is over there.
Here’s the bathroom.

Marge:

Ii desu ne.
eee deh-soo neh.
It’s good.

Realtor:

Kore ga kurōzetto desu.
koh-reh gah koo-rohh-zeht-toh deh-soo.
This is the closet.

Marge:

Kono kurōzetto wa chotto chīsai kamoshiremasen.
koh-noh koo-rohh-zeht-toh wah choht-toh cheee-sahee kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn.
This closet may be a bit small.

Realtor:Demo, oshiire mo arimasu yo.
deh-moh, oh-shee-ee-reh moh ah-ree-mah-soo yoh.
But there’s an oshiire closet, too.

Words To Know
koko
asoko
chottochīsaimoaru

koh-kohah-soh-koh
choht-tohcheee-sah-eemoh
ah-roohere
over there
a bit
small
also
to existChapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home

Home Is Where the Food Is
Nothing is tastier than the dishes your mom makes at home. (That’s one of
the reasons there’s no place like home.) While you’re stuffing yourself withhomemade goodies, check out some terminology for various eating times:✓ 朝ごはん asagohan (ah-sah-goh-hahn) or 朝食 chōshoku (chohh-shohkoo) (breakfast)✓ 昼ごはん hirugohan (hee-roo-goh-hahn) or 昼食 chūshoku (chooo-shohkoo) (lunch)✓ 晩ごはん bangohan (bahn-goh-hahn) or 夕食 yūshoku (yooo-shoh-koo)(supper)✓ おやつ oyatsu (oh-yah-tsoo) (snack)✓ 夜食 yashoku (yah-shoh-koo) (midnight snack)The following sections help you talk about eating. Just don’t practice withyour mouth full.

Getting cooking
The general verb to cook in Japanese is ryōri suru (ryohh-ree soo-roo). In
fact, ryōri is a noun that means cooking, and suru is the verb that means to
do. You know that cooking involves a variety of actions. The following verbs
will help you enjoy cooking at home!
✓ 揚げる ageru (ah-geh-roo) (to deep fry)
✓ 炒める itameru (ee-tah-meh-roo) (to stir-fry)✓ 蒸す musu (moo-soo) (to steam)✓ 煮る niru (nee-roo) (to stew)✓ 焼く yaku (yah-koo) (to bake, to broil, to grill, to sauté fry)
✓ ゆでる yuderu (yoo-deh-roo) (to boil)

Using two verbs at the table
What do you do at the table? You taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat) and nomu
(noh-moo) (to drink), of course! Actually, taberu is the first verb I teach in myJapanese class. It’s a ru-verb. Here’s the conjugation:107

108 Part I: Getting Started
Japanese Script
食べる
食べない
食べ（ます）
食べて

Rōmajitaberutabenaitabe(masu)
tabetePronunciation
tah-beh-roo
tah-beh-nah-ee
tah-beh(-mah-soo)tah-beh-teh

By contrast, nomu is obviously an u-verb because it has no eru or iru
sequence at the end. Here’s its conjugation:
Japanese Script
飲む
飲まない
飲み（ます）
飲んで

Rōmajinomu
nomanainomi(masu)
nonde

Pronunciation
noh-moonoh-mah-nah-ee
noh-mee(-mah-soo)nohn-deh

Whatever you eat or drink is marked by the particle o (oh). This particle
marks the direct object of the verb, so you can use o with other verbs like toread, to buy, to make, to invite, to write, and so on. In all cases, o marks the
direct object of the verb: the book read, the thing bought, the pizza made,the person invited, the letter written, and so on, regardless of who performed
these actions. Here are a couple of examples of o with taberu and nomu.
ピザを食べました。 Piza o tabemashita. (pee-zah oh tah-beh-mah-sheetah.) (I ate pizza.)
コーラを飲みました。 Kōra o nomimashita. (kohh-rah oh noh-mee-mahshee-tah.) (I drank cola.)

Considering proper table manners
What qualifies as proper table manners depends on the culture and customs ofyour hosts. Japanese drink soup directly from an o-wan without using a spoon.
And that’s polite. Japanese slurp ramen noodles in soup. That’s polite too.
When you start eating, always say itadakimasu (ee-tah-dah-kee-mah-soo).
It’s a very humble word for receive, but in this context, there’s really no goodtranslation. Just remember that it’s a set phrase used to express humble gratitude to those who made the meal that you’re about to receive possible. Even
young kids say it in Japan. If they forget, their moms scold them. So neverforget itadakimasu. And when you’re done with your meal, say gochisōsama
(goh-chee-sohh-sah-mah). It’s another word of gratitude that has no English
equivalent, but you never want to leave the table without saying it.

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home

Enjoying foods of all kinds
How often do you eat at home? If you eat at home three times per week, you
can save a lot of money and stay healthier. The following sections introduce
a variety of foods that you can enjoy at home.

Eating breakfast in two cultures
A Japanese breakfast can be downright exquisite — if you have the eyes (andpalate) to see it that way. Following are some foods you can expect to find ina traditional Japanese breakfast:✓ ご飯 gohan (goh-hahn) (cooked rice)✓ ほうれん草のおひたし hōrensō no ohitashi (hohh-rehn-sohh noh oh-heetah-shee) (boiled spinach seasoned with soy sauce)✓ みそ汁 misoshiru (mee-soh-shee-roo) (soybean-paste soup)✓ 生たまご nama tamago (nah-mah tah-mah-goh) (raw egg)
✓ 納豆 nattō (naht-tohh) (fermented soybeans)✓ のり nori (noh-ree) (seaweed)✓ 漬け物 tsukemono (tsoo-keh-moh-noh) (pickled vegetables)✓ 焼き魚 yakizakana (yah-kee-zah-kah-nah) (grilled/broiled fish)
If a Western-style breakfast is more your speed, you can enjoy the following
items, at least until you’re feeling more adventurous:✓ バター batā (bah-tahh) (butter)✓ ベーコン bēkon (behh-kohn) (bacon)✓ ハム hamu (hah-moo) (ham)✓ ジャム jamu (jah-moo) (jam)✓ クロワッサン kurowassan (koo-roh-wahs-sahn) (croissant)✓ 紅茶 kōcha (kohh-chah) (black tea)
✓ 目玉焼き medamayaki (meh-dah-mah-yah-kee) (fried egg)
✓ 牛乳 gyūnyū (gyooo-nyooo) (milk)✓ オレンジジュース orenji jūsu (oh-rehn-jee jooo-soo) (orange juice)✓ シリアル shiriaru (shee-ree-ah-roo) (cereal)✓ スクランブルエッグ sukuranburu eggu (soo-koo-rahn-boo-roo ehg-goo)(scrambled eggs)109

110 Part I: Getting Started✓ ソーセージ sōsēji (sohh-sehh-jee) (sausage)✓ トースト tōsuto (tohh-soo-toh) (toast)

Munching your lunch
In Japan, noodles are always popular lunchtime meals. The thick, white
noodles that you may have seen in soups are udon (oo-dohn), and buckwheat
noodles are soba (soh-bah). And don’t forget rāmen (rahh-mehn) noodles,
which the Japanese adopted from China.
Rice dishes in big bowls are also very popular for lunch. These meals arecalled donburi (dohn-boo-ree) (big bowl) and feature a bowl of rice with different toppings. If you have cooked chicken and egg over the rice, it’s calledoyako donburi (oh-yah-koh dohn-boo-ree). Oyako literally means parentchild; it describes the chicken and the egg.
Here are some lunch options you may be more familiar with:✓ チーズ chīzu (cheee-zoo) (cheese)✓ ハンバーガー hanbāgā (hahn-bahh-gahh) (hamburger)✓ ピザ piza (pee-zah) (pizza)✓ サンドイッチ sandoicchi (sahn-doh-eet-chee) (sandwich)✓ サラダ sarada (sah-rah-dah) (salad)✓ スパゲッティー supagettī (soo-pah-geht-teee) (spaghetti)✓ スープ sūpu (sooo-poo) (soup)
You can use these items to give your sandoicchi a little kick:✓ ケチャップ kechappu (keh-chahp-poo) (ketchup)✓ マスタード masutādo (mah-soo-tahh-doh) (mustard)✓ マヨネーズ mayonēzu (mah-yoh-nehh-zoo) (mayonnaise)✓ ピクルス pikurusu (pee-koo-roo-soo) (pickle)

Savoring dinner dishes
Japanese eat all kinds of ethnic foods, but here are some of the popular
homemade dinner dishes:✓ カレーライス karēraisu (kah-rehh-rah-ee-soo) (curry sauce served overcooked rice)✓ マーボー豆腐 mābōdōfu (mahh-bohh-dohh-foo) (bean curd cooked withground beef and chili peppers)

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home
✓ 肉じゃが nikujaga (nee-koo-jah-gah) (meat, potatoes, and onion stewed insweetened soy sauce)✓ さしみ sashimi (sah-shee-mee) (sliced raw fish)✓ ステーキ sutēki (soo-tehh-kee) (steak)✓ てんぷら tenpura (tehn-poo-rah) (seafood, vegetables, and mushrooms
with batter and deep fried)✓ とんかつ tonkatsu (tohn-kah-tsoo) (breaded deep-fried pork cutlets
served with shredded cabbage)

Sampling party foods
For a friendly and easy home party, Japanese often serve dishes that theycook right at the table, using a portable stove or electric hot plate. Instead ofbeing stuck in the kitchen and missing the fun, the hosts can cook, eat, andchat with their friends at the same time. Common Japanese party offerings
include the following:✓ しゃぶしゃぶ shabushabu (shah-boo-shah-boo): Beef and vegetables
cooked in a pot of boiling broth✓ すき焼き sukiyaki (soo-kee-yah-kee): Beef and vegetables cooked inwarishita (wah-ree-shee-tah), which is a mixture of soy sauce, sugar,
and liquor✓ 寄せ鍋 yosenabe (yoh-seh-nah-beh): Japanese casserole of vegetables,
fish, or meat
✓ 焼き肉 yakiniku (yah-kee-nee-koo): Korean-style barbecue

Talking about foods you like and dislike
When you talk about your preferences in English, you use verbs such as tolike, to love, and to hate. In Japanese, though, you use adjectives to express
your likes and dislikes. For example, suki (soo-kee) (to like) is an adjective.
If you want to say that you like pizza, you say Watashi wa piza ga suki desu.
(wah-tah-shee wah pee-zah gah soo-kee deh-soo.) (I like pizza.) The translation becomes misleading here, so watch out: The item you like, pizza in thiscase, is marked by the subject-marking particle ga. You can’t use the direct
object-marking particle o because you use o with a verb only.
If you know suki, you also have to know kirai (kee-rah-ee) (to hate). To saythat you like or hate something a lot, add dai- (dah-ee), which means big,
before suki or kirai, as in daisuki (dah-ee-soo-kee) (to like it a lot), and daikirai (dah-ee-kee-rah-ee) (to hate it a lot). Now you have four adjectives that111

112 Part I: Getting Started
you can use to express your likes and dislikes, you picky eater, you. Checkout some examples of these adjectives in action:
私は魚が好きです。 Watashi wa sakana ga suki desu. (wah-tah-shee wah
sah-kah-nah gah soo-kee deh-soo.) (I like fish.)
妹はチーズケーキが大好きです。 Imōto wa chīzu kēki ga daisuki desu!
(ee-mohh-toh wah cheee-zoo kehh-kee gah dah-ee-soo-kee deh-soo!) (Mylittle sister loves cheesecake a lot!)
妹は野菜が嫌いです。 Imōto wa yasai ga kirai desu. (ee-mohh-toh wah
yah-sah-ee gah kee-rah-ee deh-soo.) (My little sister hates vegetables.)
私は納豆が大嫌いです。 Watashi wa nattō ga daikirai desu! (wah-tahshee wah naht-tohh gah dah-ee-kee-rah-ee deh-soo!) (I hate fermented
soybeans a lot!)Engaging in Common
Household Activities
Your house is the nicest place to be, but keeping your house just the way
you like it requires a lot of responsibilities. The next sections give you theJapanese words and phrases you need for keeping your home clean and safe.

Keeping your home clean
Keeping your home clean can make life a lot more comfortable. You may use
these phrases as you do your weekly or yearly sōji (sohh-jee) (cleaning):✓ 部屋を掃除する heya o sōji suru (heh-yah oh sohh-jee soo-roo) (to clean
the room)✓ 部屋をかたづける heya o katazukeru (heh-yah oh kah-tah-zoo-keh-roo)(to tidy up the room)✓ 埃をとる hokori o toru (hoh-koh-ree oh toh-roo) (to dust)✓ 窓をふく mado o fuku (mah-doh oh foo-koo) (to clean the windows)✓ 掃除機をかける sōjiki o kakeru (sohh-jee-kee oh kah-keh-roo) (tovacuum)✓ 床をふく yuka o fuku (yoo-kah oh foo-koo) (to mop the floor)

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home

Performing a safety check
You don’t want to have a kaji (kah-jee) (fire) while you’re sleeping or have adorobō (doh-roh-bohh) (thief) break into your home when you’re on vacation. Go over the following checklist when you go out or go to bed:
✓ 暖房を切る danbō o kiru (dahn-bohh oh kee-roo) (to shut off the heat)✓ 電源を切る dengen o kiru (dehn-gehn oh kee-roo) (to shut off the power
supply)✓ ドアの鍵をかける doa no kagi o kakeru (doh-ah noh kah-gee oh kahkeh-roo) (to lock the door)✓ 電気を消す denki o kesu (dehn-kee oh keh-soo) (to turn off the light)✓ ガスの元栓をしめる gasu no motosen o shimeru (gah-soo noh moh-tohsehn oh shee-meh-roo) (to close the main gas valve)✓ 窓をしめる mado o shimeru (mah-doh oh shee-meh-roo) (to close thewindow)

Talking about What You Do Regularly
Different people have different daily habits. Do you always jog in the morning? Drink beer with dinner? Watch YouTube? Check e-mails? All of theabove?
To express that you do something regularly, such as run, play tennis, go towork, brush your teeth, and so on, you can use the verb that expresses theactivity and the verb iru (ee-roo) (to exist), in that order. Make sure to conjugate the verb that expresses the action in the te-form. (See Chapter 3 for thedetails on the te-form.) You can leave the verb iru as it is or use the polite
form, imasu (ee-mah-soo).
For example, you can combine the verbs hashiru (hah-shee-roo) (to run) and
iru to get hashitte iru (hah-sheet-teh ee-roo) or hashitte imasu (hah-sheetteh ee-mah-soo). Both phrases mean that someone runs regularly. It’s sort oflike saying, “I run and exist every day.” Just be careful: hashitte iru also has
an ongoing-action connotation that translates to I’m in the middle of running.
The context helps determine which meaning is intended. If you say mainichi(mah-ee-nee-chee) (every day) before saying hashitte imasu, it obviouslymeans a habitual activity — I run every day. If you say ima (ee-mah) (now)instead, the sentence means I’m in the middle of running now, which is a113

114 Part I: Getting Started
progressive action. The following sentences use the te-form plus iru andexpress habitual actions:
お父さんはいつも寝ているよ！ Otōsan wa itsumo nete iru yo! (oh-tohhsahn wah ee-tsoo-moh neh-teh ee-roo yoh!) (My dad is always sleeping!)
ケンは毎日ピザを食べています。 Ken wa mainichi piza o tabete imasu.
(kehn wah mah-ee-nee-chee pee-zah oh tah-beh-teh ee-mah-soo.) (Keneats pizza every day.)
The alternative to using the te-form-plus-iru combination is to use the simple
present tense:
毎朝新聞を読みます。 Maiasa shinbun o yomimasu. (mah-ee-ah-sah
sheem-boon oh yoh-mee-mah-soo.) (I read the newspaper every day.)
週末は掃除をします。 Shūmatsu wa sōji o shimasu. (shooo-mah-tsoo
wah sohh-jee oh shee-mah-soo.) (I clean [the house] every weekend.)

Talkin’ the Talk
David is talking with his friend Michiko. (Track 13)
David:

Michiko-san wa maiasa nan-ji ni okimasu ka.
mee-chee-koh-sahn wah mah-ee-ah-sah nahn-jee nee
oh-kee-mah-soo kah.
Michiko, what time do you wake up every morning?

Michiko:

6-ji ni okimasu.
roh-koo-jee nee oh-kee-mah-soo.
I wake up at 6:00.

David:

Hayai desu ne.
hah-yah-ee deh-soo neh.
It’s very early, isn’t it?

Michiko:Ē. Maiasa 1-jikan hashitte imasu.
ehh. mah-ee-ah-sah ee-chee-jee-kahn hah-sheet-teh
ee-mah-soo.
I run for one hour every morning.

David:

Sugoi!
soo-goh-ee!
Great!

Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home

Words to Knowokirumaiasahayai
hashirusugoi

oh-kee-roo
mah-ee-ah-sah
hah-yah-ee
hah-shee-roo
soo-goh-ee

to wake up
every morningearly
to rungreat

Fondue, Japanese style
Japanese often serve a sort of fondue called
しゃぶしゃぶ shabushabu (shah-boo-shahboo) — a big pot of kelp broth placed on aportable stove on the dining table. You pick up athin slice of beef with chopsticks, immerse it in
the boiling broth, and swish it around for several
seconds. You eat it right away with the dip ofyour choice (such as sesame paste dip or soy
sauce and lime dip). Other ingredients include
Chinese cabbage, garland chrysanthemum
leaves, mushrooms, soybean curds, and gelatin

noodles. Some people add thick white noodles
called うどん udon (oo-dohn), leeks, and otheringredients.
Japanese beef is very expensive, but it’s also
very tender and delicious. To produce thisquality beef, farmers feed the cows beer andmassage them with big brushes. So the nexttime you meet a well-groomed cow with beeron its breath, you’ll know that it has recently
been to Japan.

115

116 Part I: Getting Started

Fun & Games
Match the rooms in the house with the Japanese words. Check Appendix D forthe answers.

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

1. ___

a. リビング ribingu

2. ___

b. 寝室 shinshitsu

3. ___

c. キッチン kitchin

4. ___

d. バスルーム basurūmu

5. ___

e. 書斎 shosai

6. ___

f. ダイニング dainingu

Part II

Japanesein Action

T

In this part . . .

his part lets you take action in Japanese. Meeting new
people, asking for directions, dining out, going shopping, exploring the town, experiencing nature, enjoying
hobbies, and doing your job — I cover them all so thatyou can do them in Japanese. Ganbatte! (gahn-baht-teh!)(Try your best!).

Chapter 7

Getting to Know You:
Making Small Talk
In This Chapter▶ Talking about the weather▶ Conversing about your job▶ Chatting about your family▶ Understanding the verbs for to exist/to possess▶ Exchanging contact informationOften, the conversations you have when you first meet people consistof statements about the weather, what you do, and where you’re from.
This small talk helps you get to know new people. In this chapter, I show you
how to talk about all these topics so you can start making new Japanese connections. I also explain how to share your contact information so that you
can keep in touch with your new friends.

Initiating Small Talk
You can initiate small talk with others in a number of ways. Saying “Excuseme” is always a good option. If you’re traveling, you can talk to your fellow
passengers about where they’re going. If you’re at home, you can strike up
a conversation with your neighbor about the day’s weather. So be open andinitiate a conversation whenever you can by using the vocabulary I provide
in the next sections.

Breaking the ice with “excuse me”
Small talk often starts with Sumimasen. (soo-mee-mah-sehn.) (Excuse me.).
You use this phrase to break the ice. But afterward, you usually need to ask
a few questions to strike up conversation. Depending on the type of informa-120 Part II: Japanese in Action
tion you’re looking for, you need to use different question words like doko
(doh-koh) (where), dore (doh-reh) (which one), and nan-ji (nahn-jee) (whattime). Chapter 3 summarizes the types of questions and provides a list ofquestion words, but you can use these simple ice-breaking questions to makesmall talk:✓ バス停はどこですか。 Basutē wa doko desu ka. (bah-soo-tehh wah dohkoh deh-soo kah.) (Where is the bus stop?)✓ 今，何時ですか。 Ima, nan-ji desu ka. (ee-mah, nahn-jee deh-soo kah.)(What time is it now?)

Talking about where you’re going
When you’re traveling and feel like talking to the person seated next to youon the plane, bus, or train, why not begin a conversation by asking Dochiramade desu ka. (doh-chee-rah mah-deh deh-soo kah.) (Where are you heading to?) Dochira (doh-chee-rah) means which one or which way, but it canfunction as the polite version of doko (doh-koh) (where). Made (mah-deh) is
a particle that means up to. To answer the question Dochira made desu ka,
just replace dochira with the place name and drop the question particle ka(kah), as in Tōkyō made desu. (tohh-kyohh mah-deh deh-soo.) (I’m heading
to Tokyo.).

Talkin’ the Talk
Richard is sitting in a bullet train in Japan. He wants to know whattime it is but doesn’t have a watch, so he asks a woman who is sitting next to him. (Track 14)
Richard:

Sumimasen. Ima nan-ji desu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. ee-mah nahn-jee deh-soo kah.
Excuse me. What time is it now?

Woman:

4-ji 17-fun desu.
yoh-jee joo-nah-nah-foon deh-soo.
It’s 4:17.

Richard:Ā, sō desu ka. Dōmo.
ahh, sohh deh-soo-ka. dohh-mo.
Oh, really. Thank you.

Woman:

Īe. Dochira made desu ka?
eee-eh. doh-chee-rah mah-deh deh-soo kah.
Don’t mention it. Where are you heading to?

Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk
Richard:Hiroshima made desu.
hee-roh-shee-mah mah-deh deh-soo.
To Hiroshima.

Woman:

Ā, sō desu ka. Watashi mo desu!
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. wah-tah-shee moh deh-soo!
Oh, really? Me, too!

Words to Know
Sumimasen.
ima
nan-ji
Dochira made desuka.

soo-mee-mah-sehn.
ee-mahnahn-jeedoh-chee-rah mahdeh deh-soo kah.

Excuse me.
now
what time
Where are you
going?

Discussing the weather
Discussing tenki (tehn-kee) (weather) is a tried-and-true way of making casualconversation because tenki seems to be a universally neutral topic. On a
nice, clear day, try starting a conversation with Ii tenki desu ne. (eee tehnkee deh-soo neh.) (It’s nice today, isn’t it?). The following adjectives describe
temperature and humidity:✓ 暖かい atatakai (ah-tah-tah-kah-ee) (warm)✓ 暑い atsui (ah-tsoo-ee) (hot)✓ 蒸し暑い mushi-atsui (moo-shee-ah-tsoo-ee) (muggy)✓ 寒い samui (sah-moo-ee) (cold)✓ 涼しい suzushii (soo-zoo-sheee) (cool)
You can use these adjectives by themselves in informal contexts. For example,
when you’re at home, you can scream Atsui! (ah-tsoo-ee!) (Hot!). If you wantto mention to your mom that it’s hot, assuming that she’ll agree with you, you
can add the particle ne (neh), as in Atsui ne. (ah-tsoo-ee neh.) (It’s hot, isn’tit?). The sentence-ending particle ne is for confirmation. It invites your partner’s agreement and makes your conversation flow more smoothly. If you
feel hot, say it with ne because your conversation partner probably feels hot
too — unless he or she is a cyborg.

121

122 Part II: Japanese in Action
In a polite/neutral or formal context, make sure to add desu (deh-soo) (to be)to the adjective you’re using to describe the weather. Adjectives always soundpolite if they end in desu. (See Chapter 3 for more about desu.) For example, you
can say Atsui desu. (ah-tsoo-ee deh-soo.) (It’s hot.) or Atsui desu ne. (ah-tsoo-ee
deh-soo neh.) (It’s hot, isn’t it?) to your teacher, colleague, and boss.

Chatting About Your Life
After starting a conversation with the person seated next to you in the train
or on the airplane, you can talk about what you do for living. If you want, you
can also talk about your family.

Your job
To ask other people about their shigoto (shee-goh-toh) (jobs), you say
O-shigoto wa nan desu ka. (oh-shee-goh-toh wah nahn deh-soo kah.) (What’s
your job?), or you can use the abbreviated version, O-shigoto wa. (oh-sheegoh-toh wah.) (How about your job?). Following are some occupations you or
your conversational partner may hold:✓ 弁護士 bengoshi (behn-goh-shee) (lawyer)✓ デザイナー dezainā (deh-zah-ee-nahh) (designer)✓ 医者 isha (ee-shah) (medical doctor)✓ 事務員 jimuin (jee-moo-een) (secretary)✓ 看護師 kangoshi (kahn-goh-shee) (nurse)✓ 経理士 keirishi (kehh-ree-shee) (accountant)✓ 研究員 kenkyūin (kehn-kyooo-een) (researcher)✓ コック kokku (kohk-koo) (chef)✓ 教師 kyōshi (kyohh-shee) (teacher)✓ 音楽家 ongakuka (ohn-gah-koo-kah) (musician)✓ プログラマー puroguramā (poo-roh-goo-rah-mahh) (programmer)✓ ウエーター uētā (oo-ehh-tahh) (waiter)✓ ウエートレス uētoresu (oo-ehh-toh-reh-soo) (waitress)
These terms express specific roles and functions. If you just want to saythat you work for a kaisha (kah-ee-shah) (company) or that you’re an
office worker, you can use the term kaishain (kah-ee-shah-een) (company
employee). In fact, Japanese typically identify themselves as kaishain without
specifying their specific job titles or roles in the kaisha.

Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk

Your family
Japanese has two terms for every one English word used to talk about one’s
family — a polite term and a plain term. Which version you use depends onthe context. In this case, you choose from three possible contexts:✓ When you refer to someone else’s family, use the polite term.
✓ To talk about your own family members to nonfamily, use the plain term.
✓ When you talk to any one of your older family members other than your
spouse, or when you talk about them in an informal way, you should use
the polite term. For example, you can call out for your mother by saying
Okāsan! Doko. (oh-kahh-sahn! doh-koh.) (Mom! Where are you?).
Table 7-1 lists several terms you may want to use when talking about yourfamily.

Table 7-1

Family Terms

EnglishPolite Term

Plain Termfamilyご家族
go-kazoku(goh-kah-zoh-koo)家族kazoku(kah-zoh-koo)siblings

ご兄弟
go-kyōdai
(goh-kyohh-dah-ee)

兄弟kyōdai(kyohh-dah-ee)

parents

ご両親
go-ryōshin
(goh-ryohh-sheen)

両親
ryōshin(ryohh-sheen)

fatherお父さん
otōsan(oh-tohh-sahn)

父chichi(chee-chee)motherお母さん
okāsan(oh-kahh-sahn)母haha(hah-hah)older brother

お兄さん
onīsan(oh-neee-sahn)兄ani(ah-nee)older sister

お姉さん
onēsan(oh-nehh-sahn)姉ane(ah-neh)(continued)123

124 Part II: Japanese in Action
Table 7-1 (continued)
EnglishPolite Term

Plain Termyounger brother

弟さん
otōto-san(oh-tohh-toh-sahn)

弟otōto(oh-tohh-toh)

younger sister

妹さん
imōto-san(ee-mohh-toh-sahn)妹imōto(ee-mohh-toh)husband

ご主人
go-shujin(goh-shoo-jeen)

主人shujin(shoo-jeen)

wife

奥さん
okusan(oh-koo-sahn)

家内
kanai
(kah-nah-ee)

child

お子さん
okosan(oh-koh-sahn)

子どもkodomo(koh-doh-moh)

son

息子さん
musuko-san(moo-soo-koh-sahn)

息子
musuko(moo-soo-koh)daughter

お嬢さん
ojōsan(oh-johh-sahn)

娘musume(moo-soo-meh)

grandfather

おじいさん
ojīsan(oh-jeee-sahn)祖父
sofu(soh-foo)

grandmother

おばあさん
obāsan(oh-bahh-sahn)祖母sobo(soh-boh)grandchild

お孫さん
omagosan(oh-mah-goh-sahn)

孫mago(mah-goh)

uncle

おじさん
ojisan(oh-jee-sahn)おじoji(oh-jee)

aunt

おばさん
obasan(oh-bah-sahn)おばoba(oh-bah)nephew

甥御さん
oigosan(oh-ee-goh-sahn)甥oi(oh-ee)Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk
EnglishPolite Term

Plain Term

niece

姪御さん
meigosan(meh-ee-goh-sahn)姪mei(meh-ee)cousin

おいとこさんoitokosan(oh-ee-toh-koh-sahn)

いとこ
itoko
(ee-toh-koh)

Additionally, you can refer to your in-laws by using 義理の giri no (gee-reenoh) before the terms in Table 7-1. For example
義理の母 giri no haha (gee-ree noh hah-hah) (one’s mother-in-law)
義理のお母さん giri no okāsan (gee-ree noh oh-kahh-sahn) (someone
else’s mother-in-law)
義理の兄 giri no ani (gee-ree noh ah-nee) (one’s older brother-in-law)

Specifying Where You Livewith the Verb Sumu
To express where you live, use the verb sumu (soo-moo) (to live) and theparticle ni (nee). Using this verb can be a little tricky. Remember to take thete-form of this verb and add the verb iru (ee-roo) (to exist) right after it, as insunde iru. Of course, you can also use its polite counterpart, imasu (ee-mahsoo), as in sunde imasu. For example, Tōkyō ni sunde imasu. (tohh-kyohh
nee soon-deh ee-mah-soo.) means I live in Tokyo. If you simply say Tōkyō nisumu or Tōkyō ni sumimasu, it means I will live in Tokyo. rather than I currently live in Tokyo.
Conjugate the verb sumu (soo-moo) (to live/reside). It’s an u-verb.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

住む

sumu

soo-moo

住まないsumanaisoo-mah-nah-ee

住み（ます）

sumi(masu)

soo-mee(-mah-soo)

住んで

sunde

soon-deh125

126 Part II: Japanese in Action
Existing and Possessing:
The Verbs Iru and Aru
To tell someone that you have or possess something, have something todo, or have some relationship, use the verbs iru (ee-roo) and aru (ah-roo).
They both mean to exist. That is, you use the verb to exist to mean to have inJapanese. I know it sounds strange, but it’s just one of those things. Anotherstrange concept is that you choose the verb according to whether the item
you possess is animate or inanimate:✓ いる Iru is for animate items — things that can move by themselves,
such as people and animals.
✓ ある Aru is for inanimate items — things that don’t move by themselves,
such as books, money, plants, and houses.
So I have a boyfriend. is Watashi wa kareshi ga iru. (wah-tah-shee wah kahreh-shee gah ee-roo.), which literally means As for me, a boyfriend exists.
Similarly, Alison has money. is Arison wa o-kane ga aru. (ah-ree-sohn wah
oh-kah-neh gah ah-roo.), which literally means As for Alison, money exists.
Getting used to the exist business?
Now you can talk about what you have or you don’t have, using the verbs iru
and aru. When you’re speaking in a polite/neutral context, use the polite formof the verbs — imasu (ee-mah-soo) and arimasu (ah-ree-mah-soo), respectively — which are both conjugated here. Iru is a ru-verb, but aru is an u-verb
with a slight irregularity, so pay close attention to the negative form.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

いる

iru

ee-rooいないinaiee-nah-ee

い（ます）i(masu)ee(-mah-soo)

いて

ite

ee-tehJapanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

ある

aru

ah-rooないnainah-eeあり（ます）

ari(masu)

ah-ree(-mah-soo)

あって

atte

aht-tehChapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk
Don’t forget to put the particle ga at the end of the object or animal you’re claiming exists — the particle tells your listener what the subject of your sentence is.
Look at the following examples and think about what you have and what you
don’t have:
暇がありません。 Hima ga arimasen. (hee-mah gah ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (I
don’t have free time.)
ペットがいます。 Petto ga imasu. (peht-toh gah ee-mah-soo.) (I have apet.)
私は兄弟がいません。 Watashi wa kyōdai ga imasen. (wah-tah-shee wah
kyohh-dah-ee gah ee-mah-sehn.) (I don’t have siblings.)
父はお金があります。 Chichi wa o-kane ga arimasu. (chee-chee wah ohkah-neh gah ah-ree-mah-soo.) (My father has money.)
宿題があります。 Shukudai ga arimasu. (shoo-koo-dah-ee gah ah-reemah-soo.) (I have homework.)
The verbs iru and aru can also express the existence or the location of people
and things. Just mark the item with the particle wa (wah) rather then ga (gah).
For example
母はうちにいます。Haha wa uchi ni imasu. (hah-hah wah oo-chee nee
ee-mah-soo.) (My mom is at home.)
郵便局はあそこにあります。 Yūbinkyoku wa asoko ni arimasu. (yooo-beenkyoh-koo wah ah-soh-koh nee ah-ree-mah-soo.) (The post office is over there.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Jason, a high school student, visits the house of his classmate Kenfor the first time. Ken’s mother asks about Jason’s family members.
(Track 15)
Ken’s
mother:Go-kyōdai wa.
goh-kyohh-dah-ee wah.
Do you have any siblings?

Jason:

Ane ga imasu.
ah-neh gah ee-mah-soo.
I have an older sister.

Jason shows a picture of his family to Ken’s mother.
Jason:

Kore ga ane desu.
koh-reh gah ah-neh deh-soo.
This one is my sister.

127

128 Part II: Japanese in Action
Ken’s
mother:Ā, Jēson-san no onēsan desu ka. Kirei desu ne.
ahh, jehh-sohn-sahn noh oh-nehh-sahn deh-soo kah.
kee-rehh deh-soo ne.
Oh, this is your older sister. She is pretty, isn’t she?

Jason:

Īe, zenzen.
eee-eh, zehn-zehn.
No, not at all.

Ken’smother:Onēsan no o-shigoto wa.
oh-nehh-sahn noh oh-shee-goh-toh wah.
What is your sister’s job?

Jason:

Opera kashu desu. Ima Igirisu ni sunde imasu.
oh-peh-rah kah-shoo deh-soo. ee-mah ee-gee-ree-soo
nee soon-deh ee-mah-soo.
She is an opera singer. She now lives in England.

Ken’smother:Ā, sō desu ka. Ii desu ne!
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. eee deh-soo neh!
Oh, really? That’s great!

Words to Know
go-kyōdai
ane
iru
onēsangoh-kyohh-dah-ee
ah-nehee-roooh-nehh-sahnkirei (na)shigotoopera kashu
sumu
Igirisu
Ii desu ne!

kee-rehh
shee-goh-toh
oh-peh-rah kah-shoosoo-mooee-gee-ree-soo
eee deh-soo neh!

someone else’s siblings
one’s own older sisterto exist
someone else’s older
sisterprettyjob
opera singer
to live
EnglandThat’s great!

Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk
Japanese always praise other’s family members, houses, clothes, and evenpets, but when Japanese receive a compliment, they deny it no matter what.
It’s a part of Japanese modesty, but these responses sometimes puzzle nonJapanese who are used to saying or hearing My mom is pretty. and I love myhouse. So when you speak with Japanese, say nice things about them, but beready to hear them reject your compliments.

Giving Out Your Contact Information
After having a good time chatting with a stranger on a train or airplane orat a party or conference, you may want to contact him or her again. Thesedays, the easiest way to keep in touch with someone is to get his or her mēru
adoresu (mehh-roo ah-doh-reh-soo) (e-mail address), but if you want to takethe orthodox approach, you can ask for his or her denwa bangō (dehn-wah
bahn-gohh) (phone number). You may even want to know the person’s jūsho(jooo-shoh) (address) too.
If you sense that this person may become an important part of your professional or social life, make sure to collect all the information accurately.
Exchanging meishi (mehh-shee) (business cards) is a good way of ensuring
you have the person’s correct e-mail address, phone number, and so on. (Flipto Chapter 4 for details on the proper way to exchange business cards inJapan.)
The following phrases are useful when exchanging contact information:✓ メールで連絡します。 Mēru de renraku shimasu. (mehh-roo deh rehnrah-koo shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll contact you via e‑mail.)✓ 電話番号は何ですか。 Denwa bangō wa nan desu ka. (dehn-wah bahngohh wah nahn deh-soo kah.) (What’s your telephone number?)✓ 電話をしてください。 Denwa o shite kudasai. (dehn-wah oh shee-teh
koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please call me.)
✓ 住所を教えてください。 Jūsho o oshiete kudasai. (jooo-shoh oh ohshee-eh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please let me know your address.)✓ これは私の名刺です。 Kore wa watashi no meishi desu. (koh-reh wah
wah-tah-shee noh mehh-shee deh-soo.) (This is my business card.)✓ よかったら連絡ください。 Yokattara renraku kudasai. (yoh-kaht-tahrah, rehn-rah-koo koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Get in touch, if you like.)129

130 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & Games
Match these family members with the words that identify them. Refer to Appendix
D for the answers.

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

a. お母さん okāsanb. お姉さん onēsanc. おばあさん obāsand. お父さん otōsan

Chapter 8

Asking for Directions
In This Chapter▶ Using “where” questions to determine location▶ Asking “how do I get to” questions▶ Understanding landmark references and active directions

I

f you can ask for directions in Japanese, you’re ready to go anywherein Japan. Japanese will enjoy talking to you and offering their help. This
chapter gives you the words and phrases necessary for receiving directions.

Figuring Out Where Places Are LocatedOne of the most basic questions to help you get where you need to go iswhere. If you can’t ask “where” questions and understand the answers, you’ll
probably be spending a lot of time at home. That’s no good, so the following
sections help you ask where things are located so that you aren’t stuck in thehouse.

Asking “where” questions
Suppose you want to go to the city hall. You know it’s near the subway
station, but you can’t see it. What do you do? Why, you ask a kind-looking
stranger where the city hall is. If no one looks nice, ask someone who looks
mean. People are usually nicer than they look.
Where in Japanese is doko (doh-koh). But you can’t just say doko. You’llsound like you have a very bad concussion and don’t know where you are.
Mention what you’re looking for first — for example, shiyakusho (shee-yahkoo-shoh) (city hall).

132 Part II: Japanese in Action
Put the topic particle wa after the place you’re looking for. Then add doko
desu ka (doh-koh deh-soo kah) (where is) or doko ni arimasu ka (doh-koh nee
ah-ree-mah-soo kah) (where is it located). You can use either one, but doko
desu ka is shorter and probably easier for you to say. Here are a couple ofexamples of how to form “where” questions:病院はどこですか。 Byōin wa doko desu ka. (byohh-een wah doh-koh
deh-soo kah.) (Where is the hospital?)
銀行はどこにありますか。 Ginkō wa doko ni arimasu ka. (geen-kohh
wah doh-koh nee ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Where is the bank located?)
The places you want to look for may include the following:✓ アメリカ大使館 Amerika taishikan (ah-meh-ree-kah tah-ee-shee-kahn)(American embassy)✓ バス停 basu-tei (bah-soo-tehh) (bus stop)✓ 病院 byōin (byohh-een) (hospital)✓ 映画館 eigakan (ehh-gah-kahn) (movie theater)✓ 駅 eki (eh-kee) (train/subway station)✓ 学校 gakkō (gahk-kohh) (school)✓ ガソリンスタンド gasorin sutando (gah-soh-reen soo-tahn-doh)(gas station)✓ 銀行 ginkō (geen-kohh) (bank)✓ 博物館 hakubutsukan (hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn) (museum)✓ コンビ二 konbini (kohn-bee-nee) (convenience store)✓ 薬屋 kusuriya (koo-soo-ree-yah) (pharmacy)✓ 市役所 shiyakusho (shee-yah-koo-shoh) (city hall)✓ 図書館 toshokan (toh-shoh-kahn) (library)✓ 役場 yakuba (yah-koo-bah) (town hall)✓ 郵便局 yūbinkyoku (yooo-been-kyoh-koo) (post office)Getting basic location/position answers
The easiest way to answer “where” questions is to point and say “there,” somany Japanese whom you ask for directions will simply point their index fingers while saying Asoko desu. (ah-soh-koh deh-soo.) (It’s over there.). Other
location words you may hear in conjunction with pointing are koko (koh-koh)and soko (soh-koh). (Notice how they all end in oko?) Table 8-1 shows youwhat each word means in English and the location it refers to.

Chapter 8: Asking for Directions
Table 8-1

Pronouns for Location

Japanese

Pronunciation

EnglishLocationここ
kokokoh-kohhere

near the speaker

そこ
soko

soh-kohthere; near you

near the listener
but far from the
speaker

あそこasoko

ah-soh-koh

over there

far from both the
speaker and thelistener

If pointing and the short location words in Table 8-1 aren’t sufficient, yourhelper may describe the location with some of the position words in Table 8-2.

Table 8-2

Position Words

Position Phrase

Pronunciation

English間
aidaah-ee-dah

between近くchikakuchee-kah-koo

near

反対（側）
hantai (gawa)hahn-tah-ee (gah-wah)

opposite (side)

左（側）hidari (gawa)hee-dah-ree (gah-wa)

left (side)前maemah-ehfront

右（側）migi (gawa)mee-gee (gah-wah)right (side)

向かい（側）
mukai (gawa)moo-kah-ee (gah-wah)across the street from

そば
soba

soh-bahright near後ろushirooo-shee-roh

behind横yoko

yoh-kohside

133134 Part II: Japanese in Action
You use tonari (toh-nah-ree) (next to) only if you’re dealing with two similar
things like two buildings, two people, or two seats. For two different things
that are close to each other, you use yoko (yoh-koh) to express next to. For
example, if you want to say There is a police officer next to the museum. inJapanese, say Keisatsukan ga hakubutsukan no yoko ni imasu. (kehh-sahtsoo-kahn gah hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn noh yoh-koh nee ee-mah-soo.)
You can’t use one of the position words in Table 8-2 all by itself to describe
the location of something. If you say My house is on the left, no one will understand you. You have to indicate what your house is to the left of as a reference
point. Use the particle no to create a modifier phrase that gives the reference point, and place it right before one of the position words from Table 8-2.
For example, ginkō no hidari means the bank’s left, or to the left of the bank.
Remember: The position aida (between) requires two reference points; connect them with the particle to.
The following phrases put some of these modifiers in context:
図書館は学校の後ろです。 Toshokan wa gakkō no ushiro desu. (tohshoh-kahn wah gahk-kohh noh oo-shee-roh deh-soo.) (The library isbehind the school.)
郵便局は図書館と市役所の間です。 Yūbinkyoku wa toshokan to shiyakusho no aida desu. (yooo-been-kyoh-koo wah toh-shoh-kahn toh
shee-yah-koo-shoh noh ah-ee-dah deh-soo.) (The post office is between thelibrary and the city hall.)
学校は病院の前です。 Gakkō wa byōin no mae desu. (gah-kohh wah
byohh-een noh mah-eh deh-soo.) (The school is in front of the hospital.)
銀行は病院の隣です。 Ginkō wa byōin no tonari desu. (geen-kohh wah
byohh-een noh toh-nah-ree deh-soo.) (The bank is next to the gas station.)
Specifying how far or how near you are to a location is often very helpful
information. The word for far is tōi (tohh-ee), and the word for near is chikai(chee-kah-ee). To be more informative, you can use adverbs such as chotto(choht-toh) (a little bit), sugu (soo-goo) (right, just), or totemo (toh-teh-moh)(very much). Take a look at these examples:
ちょっと遠いですよ。 Chotto tōi desu yo. (choht-toh tohh-ee deh-sooyoh.) (It’s a bit far.)
すぐそこです。 Sugu soko desu. (soo-goo soh-koh deh-soo.) (It’s rightthere.)
とても近いです。 Totemo chikai desu. (toh-teh-moh chee-kah-ee dehsoo.) (It’s very close.)Chapter 8: Asking for Directions
Desu is used a lot for expressing locations, but it also expresses the identity,
property, characteristics, or the state of people and things. To see how to conjugate desu, turn to Chapter 3. For examples of desu in action, check out thefollowing list:
私は学生です。 Watashi wa gakusei desu. (wah-tah-shee wah gah-koosehh deh-soo.) (I’m a student.)
恵美子さんは優しいです。 Emiko-san wa yasashii desu. (eh-mee-kohsahn wah yah-sah-sheee deh-soo.) (Emiko is kind.)
すしはおいしいです。 Sushi wa oishii desu. (soo-shee wah oh-ee-sheee
deh-soo.) (Sushi is delicious.)
今日は寒いです。 Kyō wa samui desu. (kyohh wah sah-moo-ee deh-soo.)(It is cold today.)Talkin’ the Talk
Ben is looking for a subway station. He asks a woman where it is.
(Track 16)
Ben:

Sumimasen. Chikatetsu no eki wa doko desu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. chee-kah-teh-tsoo noh eh-kee
wah doh-koh deh-soo kah.
Excuse me. Where is the subway station?

Woman:

Chikatetsu no eki wa asoko desu.
chee-kah-teh-tsoo noh eh-kee wah ah-soh-koh
deh-soo.
The subway station is over there.

Ben:

Ano hon’ya no tonari desu ka.
ah-noh hohn-yah noh toh-nah-ree deh-soo kah.
The one next to the bookstore?

Woman:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Right.

Ben:

Arigatō gozaimashita.
ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-shee-tah.
Thank you very much.

Woman:

Īe.
eee-eh.
No problem.

135

136 Part II: Japanese in Action
Words to Knowchikatetsu no eki
doko
asoko desu
hon’yatonarichee-kah-teh-tsoo
noh eh-kee
doh-kohah-soh-koh deh-soo
hohn-yahtoh-nah-ree

subway station
where
over there
bookstore
next toPinpointing an exact location
Having someone tell you that the bank is “over there” is all well and good, but
it’s not effective when you can’t easily tell where “over there” is. To be really
helpful, directions have to pinpoint specific locations unambiguously. Words
and phrases such as north, the third building, and five minutes’ walk all help toclarify where something is located. I give you the words you need in the sections that follow.

Using cardinal points
Migi (mee-gee) (right) and hidari (hee-dah-ree) (left) are great. However, after
you turn 180 degrees or make a couple of lefts and rights, you may get confused. To avoid any confusion, your helper may specify cardinal points suchas north and east and ordinal points such as northwest and southwest.
✓ 東 higashi (hee-gah-shee) (east)✓ 北 kita (kee-tah) (north)✓ 南 minami (mee-nah-mee) (south)✓ 西 nishi (nee-shee) (west)✓ 北西 hokusei (hoh-koo-sehh) (northwest)✓ 北東 hokutō (hoh-koo-tohh) (northeast)✓ 南西 nansei (nahn-sehh) (southwest)✓ 南東 nantō (nahn-tohh) (southeast)

Specifying the order
Ordinal-number phrases such as the first and the second are essential for pinpointing houses, buildings, intersections, and streets. Remember that you canChapter 8: Asking for Directions
convert quantity phrases into ordinal-number phrases just by adding -me(meh) after them. (Go to Chapter 5 for more information on ordinal numbers.)
２つ目の交差点 futa-tsu-me no kōsaten (foo-tah-tsoo-meh noh kohh-sahtehn) (the second intersection)
１つ目の建物 hito-tsu-me no tatemono (hee-toh-tsoo-meh noh tah-tehmoh-noh) (the first building)
右側の３つ目の家 migi gawa no mit-tsu-me no ie (mee-gee gah-wah noh
meet-tsoo-meh noh ee-eh) (the third house on the right-hand side)
４本目の道 yon-hon-me no michi (yohn-hohn-meh noh mee-chee) (thefourth street)

Stating how far
You can express how far away a location is by specifying either the time ittakes to get somewhere or the actual distance. In urban areas in Japan, many
people use public transportation instead of automobiles. As a result, directions often include an estimate of the number of minutes it would take towalk from the nearest station. Japanese use the counters -fun (foon) for minutes and -jikan (jee-kahn) for hours. Following are a few examples:
ここから駅まで１０分です。 Koko kara eki made 10-pun desu. (koh-koh
kah-rah eh-kee mah-deh joop-poon deh-soo.) (The train station is ten minutes away from here.)
歩いて３０分です。 Aruite 30-pun desu. (ah-roo-ee-teh sahn-joop-poondeh-soo.) (Thirty minutes on foot.)
空港までバスで１時間です。 Kūkō made basu de ichi-jikan desu. (koookohh mah-deh bah-soo deh ee-chee-jee-kahn deh-soo.) (It’s an hour to the
airport by bus.)
東京から新幹線で２時間です。 Tōkyō kara shinkansen de ni-jikan desu.
(tohh-kyohh kah-rah sheen-kahn-sehn deh nee-jee-kahn deh-soo.) (It takes
two hours from Tokyo by Shinkansen [bullet train].)
Of course, you can also specify the actual distance. For example, Eki madeni-kiro desu. (eh-kee mah-deh nee-kee-roh deh-soo.) means It’s two kilometers
to the railway station.
To say approximately or about, you add gurai (goo-rah-ee) after the time or
distance expression as in the following examples:
ここから車で５分ぐらいです。 Koko kara kuruma de go-fun gurai desu.
(koh-koh kah-rah koo-roo-mah deh goh-foon goo-rah-ee deh-soo.) (It’sabout five minutes from here by car.)ここから１マイルぐらいです。 Koko kara ichi-mairu gurai desu. (kohkoh kah-rah ee-chee mah-ee-roo goo-rah-ee deh-soo.) (It’s about one milefrom here.)137

138 Part II: Japanese in Action
Some people say kurai (koo-rah-ee) rather than gurai, but younger people
tend to say gurai more frequently than they say kurai.

Talkin’ the Talk
Masako is looking for the post office. She asks a man on the street
to help her. (Track 17)
Masako:Sumimasen. Yūbinkyoku wa chikaku ni arimasu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. yooo-been-kyoh-koo wah cheekah-koo nee ah-ree-mah-soo kah.
Excuse me. Is there a post office nearby?

Man

Ē. Aruite 5-fun desu yo.
ehh. ah-roo-ee-teh goh-foon deh-soo yoh.
Yes. Just a 5-minute walk.

Masako:Ā, sō desu ka.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah.
Oh, really?

Man:

Koko kara mittsu-me no kōsaten desu.
koh-koh kah-rah meet-tsoo-meh noh kohh-sah-tehn
deh-soo.
It’s at the third intersection from here.

Masako:Higashi gawa desu ka.
hee-gah-shee gah-wah deh-soo kah.
Is it on the east side?

Man:Īe. Nishi gawa desu.
eee-eh. nee-shee gah-wah deh-soo.
No, it’s on the west side.

Masako:Ā, dōmo.
ahh, dohh-moh.
Oh, thanks.

Man:

Īe.
eee-eh.
No problem.

Chapter 8: Asking for Directions

Words to Knowyūbinkyoku
chikakuni arimasu
mittsu-mekōsatenkoko kara
higashi gawanishi gawayooo-been-kyoh-koo
chee-kah-koo
nee ah-ree-mah-soo
meet-tsoo-meh
kohh-sah-tehn
koh-koh kah-rah
hee-gah-shee gah-wah
nee-shee gah-wah

post officenearbyto be located at
thirdintersection
from here
east sidewest side

Finding Your Way to Your Destination“Where” questions are great, but after you know the where, you probably
also want to know how to get there. In the following sections, I help you get
the information you need to get where you’re going.

Requesting travel instructions
You can ask a fellow traveler at the bus stop or in the train or subway station
for directions. Chances are you’ll find someone who is heading in the same
direction as you. If so, your journey will become easier and more fun. Just
follow your new best friend (cautiously, of course).
To ask “how do I get to . . .” questions, use the question word dōyatte (dohhyaht-teh) (how). Place it right after the destination phrase and the particle wa(wah) in the question. You can see it in the following examples:
アメリカ大使館はどうやって行くんですか。 Amerika taishikan wa
dōyatte iku-n-desu ka. (ah-meh-ree-kah tah-ee-shee-kahn wah dohh-yahtteh ee-koon-deh-soo kah.) (How do I get to the American embassy?)
市役所はどうやって行くんですか。 Shiyakusho wa dōyatte iku-n-desu
ka. (shee-yah-koo-shoh wah dohh-yaht-teh ee-koon-deh-soo kah.) (Howdo I get to city hall?)139

140 Part II: Japanese in Action
You may be asking about a very specific location, like a restaurant called Fuji.
Before asking How can I get to Fuji?, you may want to ask Do you know therestaurant called Fuji? This way, the person knows you aren’t talking about
the famous mountain but rather a restaurant. To ask do you know, say shitte
imasu ka (sheet-teh ee-mah-soo kah). To say . . . called . . . , say the proper
name, followed by to iu (toh ee-oo or toh yooo) and the kind of location (inthis case, a restaurant), as in Fuji to iu resutoran (foo-jee toh ee-oo reh-sootoh-rahn) (a restaurant called Fuji). You can use this construction for asking
about things other than directions, too:
由紀さんという人を知っていますか。 Yuki-san to iu hito o shitte imasu
ka. (yoo-kee sahn toh ee-oo hee-toh oh sheet-teh ee-mah-soo kah.) (Doyou know the person called Yuki?)
岡崎というところを知っていますか。 Okazaki to iu tokoro o shitte
imasu ka. (oh-kah-zah-kee toh ee-oo toh-koh-roh oh sheet-teh ee-mah-sookah.) (Do you know the place called Okazaki?)
たこ焼きという食べ物を知っていますか。 Takoyaki to iu tabemono oshitte imasu ka. (tah-koh-yah-kee toh ee-oo tah-beh-moh-noh oh sheetteh ee-mah-soo kah.) (Do you know the food called takoyaki?)Finding out whether you need transportation to get to your destination isalways a good idea. Ask whether your destination is within walking distance.
Use the u-verb aruku (ah-roo-koo) (to walk) in the “can” form in this case.
(Check out Chapter 13 for a discussion of this verb form.)
ここから秋葉原まで歩けますか。 Koko kara Akihabara made arukemasu ka. (koh-koh kah-rah ah-kee-hah-bah-rah mah-deh ah-roo-keh-mahsoo kah.) (Can I walk to Akihabara from here?)
市役所は歩いて行けますか。 Shiyakusho wa aruite ikemasu ka. (sheeyah-koo-shoh wah ah-roo-ee-teh ee-keh-mah-soo kah.) (Can I get to city
hall on foot?)
If your destination isn’t within walking distance, ask which transportation
method to use. Chapter 16 shows you how to ask “which” questions and has
an extensive inventory of transportation terms.

Referring to landmarks
When giving directions, people often include several landmarks that thetraveler has to pass to get to his or her destination. Table 8-3 provides somecommon visible and semipermanent landmarks.

Chapter 8: Asking for Directions
Table 8-3

Landmarks

Landmark

Pronunciation

English踏み切り
fumikirifoo-mee-kee-ree

railway crossing

橋
hashi

hah-sheebridge一時停止
ichiji teishi

ee-chee-jee tehh-sheestop sign

角kado

kah-dohcorner交差点
kōsatenkohh-sah-tehn

intersection

道
michi

mee-cheeroad

信号shingō

sheen-gohh

traffic light

通り
tōri

tohh-reestreet突き当り
tsukiataritsoo-kee-ah-tah-ree

end of the street

As in English, michi (mee-chee) (road) and tōri (tohh-ree) (street) are subtly
different. They both have two functions — to connect locations and to accommodate stores and houses. And though they each perform both functions,the emphasis of michi is on the connection and the emphasis of tōri is on theaccommodation of shops or homes.
You can combine landmarks with the ordinal numbers introduced in Chapter
5 to give pretty specific directions, such as mit-tsu-me no shingō (meet-tsoomeh noh sheen-gohh) (the third traffic light) or itsu-tsu-me no kado (ee-tsootsoo-meh noh kah-doh) (the fifth corner).

Providing actions with directions
Most people use an imperative like Go straight on this street for five minutes
or a request sentence such as Please make a turn at the second intersection.
In Japanese, directions use a request sentence that consists of a verb in the141

142 Part II: Japanese in Action
te-form and kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee). Kudasai literally means Give it to me(or to us), but when used right after a verb in the te-form, it basically means
Do [such and such], please. (Literally: Do [such and such] and give that to me
as a favor.) It creates a polite request sentence.
Conjugating verbs to the te-form is the first step of making a request sentence. You can look at Chapter 3 to find out how to get the te-form, but foryour convenience, I list the dictionary forms and the te-forms of the verbs
that you need for giving directions in Table 8-4.

Table 8-4

Verbs for Giving Directions

Dictionary Form

Te-Form

English歩く
aruku(ah-roo-koo)

歩いてaruite(ah-roo-ee-teh)

to walk行く
iku(ee-koo)

行って
itte(eet-teh)

to go

くだる
kudaru(koo-dah-roo)

くだってkudatte(koo-daht-teh)

to go down

曲がる
magaru(mah-gah-roo)

曲がってmagatte(mah-gaht-teh)

to make a turnのぼる
noboru(noh-boh-roo)

のぼって
nobotte(noh-boht-teh)

to go up乗る
noru
(noh-roo)

乗って
notte
(noht-teh)

to take降りる
oriru(oh-ree-roo)

降りて
orite
(oh-ree-teh)

to get off, to go down過ぎるsugiru(soo-gee-roo)

過ぎてsugite(soo-gee-teh)

to pass

渡るwataru(wah-tah-roo)

渡ってwatatte(wah-taht-teh)

to crossChapter 8: Asking for Directions
Of course, a person giving you directions needs to be able to tell you exactly
where to move. Where do you make a turn? What do you cross? Which street
do you take? The Japanese language specifies these locations by marking
them with the particle o directly following the word for the location or landmark. (A smart person like you may wonder why you need the direct object
particle o here, but let the scholars of grammar wonder about that.)
交差点を曲がる kōsaten o magaru (kohh-sah-tehn oh mah-gah-roo) (tomake a turn at the intersection)
橋を渡る hashi o wataru (hah-shee oh wah-tah-roo) (to cross the bridge)
この道を歩く kono michi o aruku (koh-noh mee-chee oh ah-roo-koo) (towalk along this road)
銀行を過ぎる ginkō o sugiru (geen-kohh oh soo-gee-roo) (to pass thebank)Specify the direction of your movement by marking it with the particle ni.
右に曲がる migi ni magaru (mee-gee nee mah-gah-roo) (to make a rightturn)
東に行く higashi ni iku (hee-gah-shee nee ee-koo) (to go east)
Here are a few sample directions that put all these concepts together:
三番通りを南に行ってください。 San-ban-dōri o minami ni itte kudasai.
(sahn-bahn-dohh-ree oh mee-nah-mee nee eet-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Gosouth on Third Street, please.)
あの角を右に曲がってください。 Ano kado o migi ni magatte kudasai.
(ah-noh kah-doh oh mee-gee nee mah-gaht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please
make a right at that corner.)
駅まで歩いてください。 Eki made aruite kudasai. (eh-kee mah-deh ahroo-ee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Walk to the railway station, please.)
新橋から浅草線に乗ってください。 Shinbashi kara Asakusa-sen ni notte
kudasai. (sheen-bah-shee kah-rah ah-sah-koo-sah-sehn nee noht-teh koodah-sah-ee.) (Take Asakusa-line from Shinbashi, please.)

Making directions flow
To make directions flow, Japanese connect them with the word sorekara(soh-reh-kah-rah) (and then), as in these examples:143

144 Part II: Japanese in Action
この道をまっすぐ行ってください。 それから, 三つ目の角を右に曲がってください。 Kono michi o massugu itte kudasai. Sorekara, mit-tsu-me no
kado o migi ni magatte kudasai. (koh-noh mee-chee oh mahs-soo-goo
eet-teh koo-dah-sah-ee. soh-reh-kah-rah, meet-tsoo-meh noh kah-doh ohmee-gee-nee mah-gaht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Go straight on this street andthen make a right at the third corner.)
橋を渡ってください。 それから, 交番を過ぎてください。 Hashi o watattekudasai. Sorekara, kōban o sugite kudasai. (hah-shee oh wah-taht-teh
koo-dah-sah-ee. soh-reh-kah-rah, kohh-bahn oh soo-gee-teh koo-dah-sahee.) (Cross the bridge and then pass the kōban [police box].)
They may also say sōsuruto (sohh-soo-roo-toh) (then) to show what you will
see afterward. For example, Fumikiri o watatte kudasai; sōsuruto, hidari
ni resutoran ga arimasu. (foo-mee-kee-ree oh wah-taht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee;
sohh-soo-roo-toh, hee-dah-ree nee reh-soo-toh-rahn gah ah-ree-mah-soo.)translates to Please cross the railroad crossing; then you’ll see a restaurant on
your left.

Talkin’ the Talk
Ben is looking for a restaurant called Shiro. He asks a stranger on
the street for directions. (Track 18)
Ben:

Sumimasen. Shiro to iu resutoran o shitte imasu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. shee-roh toh ee-oo reh-soo-tohrahn oh sheet-teh ee-mah-soo kah.
Excuse me. Do you know the restaurant called Shiro?

Woman:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Ben:

Dōyatte iku-n-desu ka.
dohh-yaht-teh ee-koon-deh-soo kah.
How can I get there?

Woman:

Tsugi no kōsaten o hidari ni magatte kudasai.
tsoo-gee noh kohh-sah-tehn oh hee-dah-ree nee
mah-gaht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.
Make a left turn at the next intersection.

Ben:

Ano shingō no kōsaten desu ne.
ah-noh sheen-gohh noh kohh-sah-tehn deh-soo neh.
The one with the traffic light over there, right?

Chapter 8: Asking for Directions
Woman:

Hai. Sorekara, fumikiri o watatte kudasai. Sōsuruto,
Shiro wa hidari gawa ni arimasu.
hah-ee. sohh-reh-kah-rah, foo-mee-kee-ree oh wahtaht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee. sohh-soo-roo-toh, shee-roh
wah hee-dah-ree gah-wah nee ah-ree-mah-soo.
Yes. And then cross the railway crossing. Then you’ll
see Shiro on your left.

Ben:Ā, sō desu ka. Dōmo.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. dohh-moh.
Oh, I see. Thank you.

Woman:

Īe.
eee-eh.
No problem.

Words to Knowtsugi
kōsatenshingō
sorekara
fumikirisōsuruto

tsoo-geekohh-sah-tehn
sheen-gohh
soh-reh-kah-rah
foo-mee-kee-ree
sohh-soo-roo-toh

nextintersection
traffic lightand thenrailroad crossing
then

145

146 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & Games
Match the pictures to the descriptions. Check the answers in Appendix D.

		Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

1. 向かい側にあります。 Mukai gawa ni arimasu.
2. 道の右側です。 Michi no migi gawa desu.
3. 道の右側の三つ目です。 Michi no migi gawa no mit-tsu-me desu.
4. この道をまっすぐ行きます。 Kono michi o massugu ikimasu.
5. 道の左側です。 Michi no hidari gawa desu.
6. 隣にあります。 Tonari ni arimasu.
7. 交差点を右に曲がります。 Kōsaten o migi ni magarimasu.
8. 道と道の間にあります。 Michi to michi no aida ni arimasu.

Chapter 9

Dining Out and Going
to the Market
In This Chapter▶ Going to restaurants▶ Shopping for groceriesEveryone needs to eat. Sometimes, you may choose to get your food fromyour favorite restaurant. Other times, you may feel like cooking andhead to the grocery store or farmers’ market to pick up fresh meats and vegetables to prepare your meal. This chapter gives you the terms you need toknow when you’re eating out and when you’re picking up groceries.

Eating Out at Fast-Food and
Sit-Down Restaurants
Whether you’re out to eat in Japan or the United States, you’re bound to findall kinds of delicious options, from fast food establishments to more traditional sit-down restaurants.
Practice conjugating the verb chūmon suru (chooo-mohn soo-roo) (to order).
It’s actually a combination of the noun chūmon (order) and the verb suru (todo), so you can just conjugate the suru part. Yes, it’s an irregular verb. (See
Chapter 13 for more about the verb suru.)
Japanese Script
注文する
注文しない
注文し（ます）注文してRōmajichūmon suru
chūmon shinai
chūmon shi(masu)
chūmon shite

Pronunciation
chooo-mohn soo-roo
chooo-mohn shee-nah-ee
chooo-mohn shee(-mah-soo)chooo-mohn shee-teh148 Part II: Japanese in Action
In this section, I give you the fast-food words and phrases you need whenever
you decide to eat out. You’re still responsible for the check, though!

Ordering fast food
In Japan, you can find some of the familiar fast-food restaurants you see in
the States. Here are the names of some common fast-food dishes in Japan —or at least in Japanese:✓ チーズバーガー chīzu bāgā (cheee-zoo bahh-gahh) (cheeseburger)✓ フライドチキン furaido chikin (foo-rah-ee-doh chee-keen) (fried chicken)✓ フライポテト furai poteto (foo-rah-ee poh-teh-toh) (French fries)✓ ハンバーガー hanbāgā (hahn-bahh-gahh) (hamburger)✓ ホットドッグ hotto doggu (hoht-toh dohg-goo) (hot dog)
✓ アイスティー aisutī (ah-ee-soo teee) (iced tea)
✓ コーヒー kōhī (kohh-heee) (coffee)✓ コーラ kōra (kohh-rah) (cola)✓ オレンジジュース orenjijūsu (oh-rehn-jee jooo-soo) (orange juice)✓ シェイク sheiku (sheh-ee-koo) (milkshakes)✓ ピザ piza (pee-zah) (pizza)✓ テリヤキバーガー teriyaki bāgā (teh-ree-yah-kee bahh-gahh)(teriyaki burger)
You may have to answer a few questions when you order at a fast-food joint.
O-mochi kaeri desu ka. (oh-moh-chee kah-eh-ree deh-soo kah.) means Will you
take it home? or To go? Kochira de omeshiagari desu ka. (koh-chee-rah deh
oh-meh-shee-ah-gah-ree deh-soo kah.) means Will you eat here? or For here? If
you hear one of these questions, just answer with hai (hah-ee) (yes) or Īe (eeeeh) (no). If you can’t get by with a simple yes or no, say one of the following:✓ 持って帰ります。 Motte kaerimasu. (moht-teh kah-eh-ree-mah-soo.)(I’ll take it home.)✓ ここで食べます。 Koko de tabemasu. (koh-koh deh tah-beh-mah-soo)(I’ll eat here.)If you want to contrast how you treat or feel about two items — for example,
I like fish but hate meat — you can highlight each term by marking it with wa(wah). You can place wa after the noun you want to highlight and the particle
that’s already there. Just remember to drop the original particle if it’s the subject-marking particle ga (gah) or the object-marking particle o (oh). (Chapter 3
gives you more information on using these particles.) Here are some examples:Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
このレストランはパスタはおいしいです。 でも,ピザはまずいです。
Kono resutoran wa pasuta wa oishii desu. Demo, piza wa mazui desu.
(koh-noh reh-soo-toh-rahn wah pah-soo tah wah oh-ee-sheee deh-soo.
deh-moh, pee-zah wah mah-zoo-ee deh-soo.) (In this restaurant, pasta isdelicious, but pizza is bad.)レストランにはよく行きます。 でも, バーにはあまり行きません。
Resutoran ni wa yoku ikimasu. Demo, bā ni wa amari ikimasen. (rehsoo-toh-rahn nee wah yoh-koo ee-kee-mah-soo. deh-moh, bahh nee wa ahmah-ree ee-kee-mah-sehn.) (I often go to restaurants. However, I don’t often
go to bars.)
サラダは食べます。 でも, 肉は食べません。 Sarada wa tabemasu. Demo,niku wa tabemasen. (sah-rah-dah wah tah-beh-mah-soo. deh-moh, neekoo wah tah-beh-mah-sehn.) (I eat salad, but I don’t eat meat.)レストランではお酒を飲みます。 でも, 家ではお酒を飲みません。
Resutoran de wa o-sake o nomimasu. Demo, ie de wa o-sake o nomimasen. (reh-soo-toh-rahn deh wah oh-sah-keh oh noh-mee-mah-soo. dehmoh, ee-eh deh wah oh-sah-keh oh noh-mee-mah-sehn.) (I drink sake atrestaurants. However, I don’t drink sake at home.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Jenna is about to place an order at a fast-food restaurant. (Track 19)
Fast-foodworker:Irasshaimase! O-mochikaeri desu ka. Kochira deo-meshiagari desu ka.
ee-rahs-shah-ee-mah-seh! oh-moh-chee-kah-eh-ree
deh-soo kah. koh-chee-rah deh oh-meh-shee-ah-gahree-deh-soo kah.
Welcome! Is this to go? Or will you be dining here?

Jenna:

Motte kaerimasu.
moht-teh kah-eh-ree-mah-soo.
To go, please.

Fast-foodworker:Kashikomarimashita! Go-chūmon wa.
kah-shee-koh-mah-ree-mah-shee-tah! goh-chooomohn wah.
Certainly! And your order?

Jenna:

Chīzu bāgā to teriyaki bāgā o onegai shimasu.
cheee-zoo bahh-gahh toh teh-ree-yah-kee bahh-gahh
oh oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.
A cheeseburger and a teriyaki burger, please.

149

150 Part II: Japanese in Action
Fast-foodworker:O-nomimono wa.
oh-noh-mee-moh-noh wah.
Anything to drink?

Jenna:

Kōra to banira sheiku o onegai shimasu.
kohh-rah toh bah-nee-rah sheh-ee-koo oh oh-nehgah-ee shee-mah-soo.
A cola and a vanilla shake, please.

Fast-foodworker:Kashikomarimashita!
kah-shee-koh-mah-ree-mah-shee-tah!
Certainly!

Words to Know
Irasshaimase!
O-mochikaeri desu ka.
Kochira deo-meshiagari desu ka.
Kashikomarimashita!
Go-chūmon wa.
O-nomimono wa.

ee-rahs-shah-eemah-seh!
oh-moh-chee-kaheh-ree deh-soo kah.
koh-chee-rah deh
oh-meh-shee-ahgah-ree deh-soo
kah.
kah-shee-koh-mahree-mah-shee-tah!
goh-chooo-mohnwah.
oh-noh-mee-mohnoh wah.

Welcome!
Is this to go?
Will you be dining
here?
Certainly!
Your order?
Anything todrink?

Making a reservation
Japanese often line up in front of the most-popular restaurants, and they
don’t mind waiting for an hour or more. But if you don’t want to wait in line,
make a reservation over the phone.

Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
Japanese say to make a reservation by saying to do a reservation, which is
yoyaku o suru (yoh-yah-koo oh soo-roo). Yoyaku is a noun, so all you haveto worry about is the suru part. Remember that suru is an irregular verb as
you check out these conjugations:Japanese Script
予約をする
予約をしないRōmajiyoyaku o suru
yoyaku o shinai

予約をし（ます）yoyaku o shi(masu)

予約をしてyoyaku o shite

Pronunciation
yoh-yah-koo oh soo-roo
yoh-yah-koo oh sheenah-ee
yoh-yah-koo oh shee(-mah-soo)
yoh-yah-koo oh shee-teh

To say you want to make a reservation, add -tai (tah-ee) at the end of the stem
form of this verb: yoyaku shi-tai (yoh-yah-koo shee-tah-ee). See Chapter 12 for
information on using -tai.
To make a reservation, first let the restaurant’s host or hostess know when
you want to arrive. Table 9-1 shows you how to pronounce the basic time
ranges that you’re most likely to need for making your dinner reservation.
(For the basics of how to tell time in Japanese, including the concepts of a.m.,p.m., and o’clock, turn to Chapter 5.)

Table 9-1

Reservation Time

Time

Japanese

Pronunciation

6:00

６時
roku-jiroh-koo-jee

6:15

６時１５分
roku-ji jūgo-fun

roh-koo-jee jooo-goh-foon

6:30

６時半
roku-ji han

roh-koo-jee hahn

6:45

６時４５分
roku-ji yonjūgo-fun

roh-koo-jee yohn-jooo-goh-foon

7:00

７時
shichi-ji

shee-chee-jee

8:00

８時
hachi-jihah-chee-jee

9:00

９時
ku-ji

koo-jee151152 Part II: Japanese in Action
When you talk about an approximate time, add goro (goh-roh) after the timephrase. Roku-ji goro (roh-koo-jee goh-roh) means about 6:00, and roku-ji hangoro (roh-koo-jee hahn goh-roh) means about 6:30.
After you establish a reservation time, let the restaurant know how many
people are in your party by using a counter. Counters are short suffixes that
directly follow numbers. As I explain in Chapter 5, the counter you use depends
on the item you’re counting. So you can’t just say go (goh) (five) when you
have five people in your party. You have to say go-nin (goh-neen) because-nin (neen) is the counter for people. But watch out for the irregular hitori(hee-toh-ree) (one), futari (foo-tah-ree) (two), and yonin (yoh-neen) (four).

Talkin’ the Talk
Makoto Tanaka is trying to make a reservation at Fuguichi, a blowfish restaurant, over the phone. (Track 20)
Hostess:

Maido arigatō gozaimasu. Fuguichi de gozaimasu.
mah-ee-doh ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
foo-goo-ee-chee deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
Thank you for calling. (Literally: Thank you for yourpatronage). This is Fuguichi. How can I help you?

Makoto:Anō, konban, yoyaku o shitai-n-desu ga.
ah-nohh, kohn-bahn, yoh-yah-koo oh shee-tah-eendeh-soo gah.
I’d like to make a reservation for tonight.

Hostess:

Hai, arigatō gozaimasu. Nan-ji goro.
hah-ee, ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo. nahnjee goh-roh.
Yes, thank you. About what time?

Makoto:Shichi-ji ni onegai shimasu.
shee-chee-jee nee oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.
7:00, please.

Hostess:

Hai. Nan-nin-sama.
hah-ee. nahn-neen-sah-mah.
Certainly. How many people?

Makoto:Go-nin desu.
goh-neen deh-soo.
Five people.

Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
Hostess:

Hai, kashikomarimashita. O-namae wa.
hah-ee, kah-shee-koh-mah-ree-mah-shee-tah. oh-nahmah-eh wa.
Certainly. Your name?

Makoto:Fuji Bōeki no Tanaka desu.
foo-jee bohh-eh-kee noh tah-nah-kah deh-soo.
I’m Tanaka from Fuji Trade Company.

Hostess:

Fuji Bōeki no Tanaka-sama de gozaimasu ne.
foo-jee bohh-eh-kee noh tah-nah-kah-sah-mah deh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo neh.
Mr. Tanaka from Fuji Trade Company. Is that correct?

Makoto:Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Hostess:

Dewa, shichi-ji ni o-machi shite orimasu.
deh-wah, shee-chee-jee nee oh-mah-chee shee-tehoh-ree-mah-soo.
Then we’ll be expecting you at 7:00.

Makoto:Hai. Yoroshiku.
hah-ee. yoh-roh-shee-koo.
Yes. Thank you.

Words to Know
Maido arigatō
gozaimasu.
de gozaimasu
konbanyoyaku (o) suru
Shichi-ji nio-machi shiteorimasu.

mah-ee-doh ah-reegah-tohh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo
kohn-bahn
yoh-yah-koo (oh)soo-rooshee-chee-jee nee ohmah-chee shee-tehoh-ree-mah-soo.

Thank you for yourpatronage.
to be (honorific)
tonight
to make areservation
We’ll be expecting
you at 7:00.

153

154 Part II: Japanese in Action
Eating blowfish carefully
For a long time, Japanese have admired ふぐ fugu (foo-goo) (blowfish) as the most delicious fish. The only problem: It’s poisonous —or at least the ovaries and liver are especiallypoisonous. If the person preparing fugu accidentally slices into either of those two places,
eating the fugu can kill you. People in Japan
have actually died because of improper preparation of fugu by unlicensed chefs.

They remove the dangerous parts and wash
the remaining portion of the fish very carefully,
using a tremendous amount of water.
Fugu is one of the most expensive delicacies
in Japan and costs about $200 for a single fish.
Japanese are truly gourmets. They seek out
exquisite tastes, risking their lives and paying
a fortune in the process.

That’s why only trained and licensed chefs arelegally permitted to cut, clean, and serve fugu.

In Japanese, you often form a statement using -n-desu (n-deh-soo) in conversation, as Makoto does in the preceding Talkin’ the Talk. The effect of -n-desu is
to encourage your partner to respond to your statements. See Chapter 5 formore about n-desu.
Japanese say yoroshiku (yoh-roh-shee-koo) after asking a favor of someone orafter making a request, such as a reservation at a restaurant. In this context,
it means Please take good care of it for me. You don’t say anything like that inEnglish, so just think of it as thank you. Yoroshiku is one of those phrases thatyou have to use your intuition and cultural understanding rather than translations to understand. But if you can use it appropriately, you’ll really sound likea native Japanese speaker!

Ordering in a restaurant
How do you order in a restaurant (that is, the kind where the food comes toyour table)? Whether you go to a four-star establishment or the corner pub,your waiter or waitress will ask you questions like the following:✓ ご注文は。 Gochūmon wa. (goh-chooo-mohn wah.) (Your order?)✓ 何になさいますか。 Nani ni nasaimasu ka. (nah-nee nee nah-sah-eemah-soo kah.) (What will you have?)✓ お飲み物は。 O-nomimono wa. (oh-noh-mee-moh-noh wah.) (Anything todrink?)

Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
Following are some phrases you can use to help you place your order:✓ メニューをお願いします。 Menyū o onegai shimasu. (meh-nyooo oh ohneh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Menu, please.)✓ ラーメンを三つお願いします。 Rāmen o mittsu onegaishimasu. (rahhmehn oh meet-tsoo oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (Can we have ramen
noodles for three please?)✓ すしと刺し身と味噌汁をお願いします。 Sushi to sashimi to misoshiru
o onegaishimasu. (soo-shee toh sah-shee-mee toh mee-soh-shee-roo ohoh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (Can I have sushi, sashimi, and miso soupplease?)✓ ワインはありますか。 Wain wa arimasu ka. (wah-een wah ah-ree-mahsoo kah.) (Do you have wine?)✓ 私はステーキを下さい。 Watashi wa sutēki o kudasai. (wah-tah-shee
wah soo-tehh-kee oh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Can I have steak please?)✓ 私はラザニアをお願いします。Watashi wa razania o onegaishimasu.
(wah-tah-shee wah rah-zah-nee-ah oh oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.)(Can I have lasagne please?)✓ 今日のスペシャルは。 Kyō no supesharu wa. (kyohh noh soo-peh-shahroo wah.) (Today’s special?)
To list several dishes, use to (toh) between each dish to link them. Think of toas a verbal comma or the word and.
To specify the quantity of each item that you want to order, use -tsu, thecounter that applies to food items — hito-tsu (hee-toh-tsoo) (one), futa-tsu(foo-tah-tsoo) (two), mit-tsu (meet-tsoo) (three), and so forth. (See Chapter 5
for a more in-depth explanation of counters.)
Are you going to eat some of the following today?
✓ ビーフステーキ bīfu sutēki (beee-foo soo-tehh-kee) (beef steak)✓ ビーフシチュー bīfu shichū (beee-foo shee-chooo) (beef stew)✓ 牛丼 gyūdon (gyooo-dohn) (a bowl of rice topped with cooked beef andvegetables)✓ マッシュポテト masshu poteto (mas-shoo poh-teh-toh) (mashed potato)✓ ミートローフ mīto rōfu (meee-toh rohh-foo) (meatloaf)✓ 親子丼 oyako donburi (oh-yah-koh dohn-boo-ree) (a bowl of rice topped
with cooked chicken and eggs)✓ サラダ sarada (sah-rah-dah) (salad)155

156 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ スープ sūpu (sooo-poo) (soup)✓ スパゲッティsupagetti (soo-pah-geht-tee) (spaghetti)✓ てんぷら tenpura (tehn-poo-rah) (tempura, deep-fried and battered vegetables or seafood)✓ とんかつ tonkatsu (tohn-kah-tsoo) (pork cutlet)✓ 鰻 unagi (oo-nah-gee) (eel)✓ 焼き肉 yakiniku (yah-kee-nee-koo) (Korean-style barbecue)
If you want to have a complete meal that comes with rice, soup, and a salad,order a teishoku (tehh-shoh-koo) (set meal), like sashimi teishoku and tenpura teishoku.
Wondering what to do if you can’t read the Japanese menu at a restaurant?
Don’t worry. Most restaurants in Japan have colored pictures on the menus or
life-sized wax models of the food in their windows. The easiest way to orderfood is to follow this simple formula: Say watashi wa (wah-tah-shee wah) (asfor me), point to the picture of the dish on the menu, say kore o (koh-reh oh)(this one plus direct object particle), and say onegaishimasu (oh-neh-gah-eeshee-mah-soo) (I’d like to ask you) or kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee) (please giveme) at the end.

Talkin’ the Talk
Ken and Akiko are going to place an order at a restaurant inside
the Tokyo station. (Track 21)
Server:Nani ni nasaimasu ka.
nah-nee nee nah-sah-ee-mah-soo kah.
What would you like to have?

Ken:

Boku wa sashimi teishoku.
boh-koo wah sah-shee-mee teishoku.
I’ll have the sashimi set.

Server:O-nomimono wa.
oh-noh-mee-moh-noh wa.
How about something to drink?

Ken:

Bīru.
beee-roo.
Beer.

Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
Server:Hai, kashikomarimashita. O-kyaku-sama wa?
hah-ee, kah-shee-koh-mah-ree-mah-shee-tah. ohkyah-koo-sah-mah wah.
Sure, certainly. How about you? (Literally: How about
the customer?)

Akiko:

Watashi wa tenpura teishoku o onegai shimasu.
wah-tah-shee wa tehn-poo-rah tehh-shoh-koo oh ohneh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.
I’ll have the tempura set.

Server:O-nomimono wa.
oh-noh-mee-moh-noh wah.
How about something to drink?

Akiko:

Īe, ii desu.
eee-eh, eee deh-soo.
No, thank you.

Server:Hai, sashimi teishoku ga o-hitotsu, tenpura teishoku
ga o-hitotsu, bīru ga o-hitotsu desu ne.
hah-ee, sah-shee-mee tehh-shoh-koo-gah oh-hee-tohtsoo, tehn-poo-rah tehh-shoh-koo gah oh-hee-tohtsoo, beee-roo gah oh-hee-toh-tsoo deh-soo neh.
Yes, certainly. So, one sashimi set, one tempura set,and one beer, right?

Ken and
Akiko:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Words to Know
Nani ni nasaimasuka.
teishoku
O-nomimono wa.
o-kyaku-samao-hitotsu

nah-nee nee nah-sahee-mah-soo kah.
tehh-shoh-koo
oh-noh-mee-moh-nohwah.
oh-kyah-koo-sah-mah
oh-hee-toh-tsoo

What would you liketo have?
set menu
How about something to drink?
customerone (honorific)157

158 Part II: Japanese in Action
Chatting with the waiter or waitress
At some point, you may need to ask your server questions or give him or her
feedback on your food. Here are some phrases to help you do those very
things:✓ ちょっと変な味です。 Chotto henna aji desu. (choh-toh hehn-nah ahjee-deh-soo.) (It tastes sort of strange.)✓ これは何ですか。 Kore wa nan desu ka. (koh-reh wah nahn deh-sookah.) (What is this?)✓ これは焼けていますか。 Kore wa yakete imasu ka. (koh-reh wah yahkeh-teh ee-mah-soo kah.) (Is it well done?)✓ おいしいですね。 Oishii desu ne. (oh-ee-sheee deh-soo neh.) (It’s delicious, isn’t it?)
✓ お水を下さい。 O-mizu o kudasai. (oh-mee-zoo oh koo-dah-sah-ee.)(Water, please.)✓ お手洗いはどこですか。 O-tearai wa doko desu ka. (oh-teh-ah-rah-ee
wah doh-koh deh-soo kah.) (Where is the bathroom?)✓ とてもおいしかったです。 Totemo oishikatta desu! (toh-teh-moh oh-eeshee-kaht-tah deh-soo!) (That was very delicious!)
To express what you can and what you can’t eat, use the verb taberu (tah-behroo) (to eat) in the potential form: taberaremasu (tah-beh-rah-reh-mah-soo)(I can eat) and taberaremasen (tah-beh-rah-reh-mah-sehn) (I can’t eat). For
example, Watashi wa ebi ga taberaremasen. (wah-tah-shee wah eh-bee gah
tah-beh-rah-reh-mah-sehn.) (I can’t eat shrimp.) Head to Chapter 13 for details
on the potential form.

Paying for your meal
When and how you pay for your meal can vary by restaurant. You may haveto pay upfront, or you may be able to pay after eating. Most restaurants accept
kurejitto kādo (koo-reh-jeet-toh kahh-doh) (credit cards), but many of them still
only accept genkin (gehn-keen) (cash), especially in smaller cities and rural
areas. Clarifying these details before eating is your best bet. Then all you haveto do is request your bill. Here are the phrases you need to know:✓ 別々にお願いします。 Betsubetsu ni onegai shimasu. (beh-tsoo-behtsoo nee oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Please give us separate checks.)✓ チェックお願いします。 Chekku onegai shimasu. (chehk-koo oh-nehgah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Check please.)Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market✓ 一緒にお願いします。 Isshoni onegai shimasu. (ees-shoh-nee oh-nehgah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Please give us one check.)✓ 領収書お願いします。 Ryōshūsho onegai shimasu. (ryohh-shooo-shohoh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Receipt please.)
You don’t have to tip at any restaurant in Japan, but you still get very good
service about 99 percent of the time. For very expensive meals, the restaurant
warns the customers, in writing, that the tip is automatically included in theirbill as a sābisuryō (sahh-bee-soo-ryohh) (service fee). So you still don’t haveto think about offering a voluntary gratuity.

Going Grocery Shopping
Restaurants are great, but if you want to save time and money, go shopping
for your food. If you go to a supermarket, you can get most of the items youneed in one trip, including the following:✓ アイスクリーム aisukurīmu (ah-ee-soo-koo-reee-moo) (ice cream)✓ バター batā (bah-tahh) (butter)✓ チーズ chīzu (cheee-zoo) (cheese)✓ 牛乳 gyūnyū (gyooo-nyooo) (milk)✓ ジュース jūsu (jooo-soo) (juice)✓ 米 kome (koh-me) (uncooked rice)✓ 果物 kudamono (koo-dah-moh-noh) (fruits)✓ 肉 niku (nee-koo) (meat)✓ パン pan (pahn) (bread)✓ 魚 sakana (sah-kah-nah) (fish)✓ たまご tamago (tah-mah-goh) (eggs)✓ 野菜 yasai (yah-sah-ee) (vegetables)

Going to a butcher
Whether your butcher has a special shop or just works behind the counter ata regular grocery store, he or she can be a meat-eater’s best friend. Here aresome of the meats you can get from a butcher:159

160 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 豚肉 butaniku (boo-tah-nee-koo) (pork)✓ 牛肉 gyūniku (gyooo-nee-koo) (beef)✓ マトン maton (mah-tohn) (mutton)✓ 七面鳥 shichimenchō (shee-chee-mehn-chohh) (turkey)✓ 鶏肉 toriniku (toh-ree-nee-koo) (chicken)
Processed, cured, and cooked meats are very convenient. If you need to whip
up a quick dinner, you may want to buy one of these:✓ ベーコン bēkon (behh-kohn) (bacon)✓ ハム hamu (hah-moo) (ham)✓ コーンビーフ kōn bīfu (kohhn beee-foo) (corned beef)✓ ローストビーフ rōsuto bīfu (rohh-soo-toh beee-foo) (roast beef)✓ ソーセージ sōsēji (sohh-sehh-jee) (sausage)

Purchasing fresh fish
Japanese are big fish-eaters. If you’re also a fish lover, the fish market is theplace for you. The names of fish are often written in katakana at the fish
market (and in the following list), but some are also written in kanji or hiragana. Remember the names of your favorite fish when you make the trip:✓ ハマチ hamachi (hah-mah-chee) (yellowtail)✓ ヒラメ hirame (hee-rah-meh) (flounder)✓ マグロ maguro (mah-goo-roh) (tuna)✓ マス masu (mah-soo) (trout)✓ サバ saba (sah-bah) (mackerel)✓ サケ sake (sah-keh) (salmon)✓ スズキ suzuki (soo-zoo-kee) (Japanese sea bass)✓ タイ tai (tah-ee) (red snapper)✓ タラ tara (tah-rah) (cod)If you go to Japan, try buying fresh fish at the Tsukiji (tsoo-kee-jee) Market.
It’s the largest and most famous fish market in Tokyo, and it’s always crowdedwith professional fresh-fish buyers and sellers. Major sushi restaurants inChapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
Tokyo buy fish directly from Tsukiji. There’s no room in the market for formality, and everyone is friendly. If you’re interested visiting Tsukiji, go earlybecause it’s busiest before 8 a.m. and starts closing down in the late morning.

Buying vegetables and fruit
Include some of the following vegetables and fruits on your shopping list.
Some are always written in katakana (as I’ve done in the following list),
but others are written in katakana, hiragana, or kanji. Regardless of theJapanese script used, these items are good for you:
✓ バナナ banana (bah-nah-nah) (bananas)✓ ブドウ budō (boo-dohh) (grapes)✓ ダイコン daikon (dah-ee-kohn) (Japanese radish)✓ ジャガイモ jagaimo (jah-gah-ee-moh) (potatoes)✓ カキ kaki (kah-kee) (perssimons)✓ キャベツ kyabetsu (kyah-beh-tsoo) (cabagge)✓ ミカン mikan (mee-kahn) (tangerines)✓ ナシ nashi (nah-shee) (pears)✓ ナス nasu (nah-soo) (eggplant)✓ ネギ negi (neh-gee) (green onions)✓ ニンジン ninjin (neen-jeen) (carrots)✓ ピーマン pīman (peee-mahn) (green peppers)✓ レモン remon (reh-mohn) (lemons)✓ レタス retasu (reh-tah-soo) (lettuce)✓ リンゴ ringo (reen-goh) (apples)✓ サツマイモ satsumaimo (sah-tsoo-mah-ee-moh) (sweet potatoes)✓ スイカ suika (soo-ee-kah) (watermelon)✓ タマネギ tamanegi (tah-mah-neh-gee) (round onions)✓ トマト tomato (toh-mah-toh) (tomatoes)✓ イチゴ ichigo (ee-chee-goh) (strawberries)161

162 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & Games
You’re about to go to the supermarket to get the following items. Match eachillustration to one of the Japanese words in the list. Then turn to Appendix D forthe answers.

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

a. チーズ chīzu
b. たまご tamagoc. バター batād. パン pane. 牛乳 gyūnyū

Chapter 10

Shopping Made Easy
In This Chapter▶ Specifying what you’re searching for▶ Knowing what’s where in the department store▶ Trying and buying clothes▶ Comparing items▶ Coughing up the cash

Ilove kaimono (kah-ee-moh-noh) (shopping). When I feel great, I shop. WhenI feel depressed, I shop. And when I get a raise — you guessed it — I shop.
If you love shopping too, this chapter is for you. It’s full of the information andvocabulary you need to know if you’re going to go shopping. Specifically, you
discover how to explain what you’re looking for, how to compare both prices
and quality in Japanese, and how to pay for your merchandise.

Naming Shops and Stores
You can refer to some types of shops and stores using the suffix ya (yah)(shop) in a friendly manner. For example:✓ 花屋 hana-ya (hah-nah-yah) (flower shop)✓ 本屋 hon-ya (hohn-yah) (bookstore)✓ 自転車屋 jitensha-ya (jee-tahn-shah-yah) (bicycle shop)✓ 薬屋 kusuri-ya (koo-soo-ree-yah) (drugstore)✓ 靴屋 kutsu-ya (koo-tsoo-yah) (shoe store)✓ おもちゃ屋 omocha-ya (oh-moh-cha-yah) (toy store)✓ パン屋 pan-ya (pahn-yah) (bakery)✓ 酒屋 saka-ya (sah-kah-yah) (liquor shop)
Some stores are conventionally referred to by English loan words with somemodifications. Here are a few examples:164 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ ブティック butikku (boo-teek-koo) (boutique)✓ デパート depāto (deh-pahh-toh) (department store)✓ ホームセンター hōmusentā (hohh-moo-sehn-tahh) (home center, home
improvement store)✓ コンビニ konbini (kohn-bee-nee) (convenience store)✓ スーパー sūpā (sooo-pahh) (supermarket)

Telling a Salesperson What
You’re Looking For
If you have a particular item in mind, step into a store and say the name of
the item and wa arimasu ka (wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah) (do you have). Or you
can use the u-verb sagasu (sah-gah-soo) (to look for) to state that you’re looking for, for example, furoshiki (foo-roh-shee-kee). (These big, smooth, squareJapanese wrapping cloths have beautiful patterns and colors.) Here’s how to
conjugate sagasu:
Japanese Script探す
探さない探し（ます）
探して

Rōmajisagasusagasanaisagashi(masu)
sagashite

Pronunciation
sah-gah-soo
sah-gah-sah-nah-ee
sah-gah-shee(-mah-soo)
sah-gah-shee-teh

If you say sagasu or sagashimasu, it means you will look for something or
you regularly look for something. In order to mean that you are looking forsomething, conjugate the verb sagasu to the te-form, which is sagashite (sahgah-shee-teh), and then add the verb iru (ee-roo) or its polite form imasu (eemah-soo) (to exist). Sagashite iru or sagashite imasu means you are looking forsomething. (For more on basic verb forms such as the te-form, see Chapter 3.)
If you’re traveling in Japan, perhaps you have some specific souvenirs in mind
that you know you want to pick up. Visit the fun and friendly souvenir shops
in Kyōto (kyohh-toh), Nara (nah-rah), and Asakusa (ah-sah-koo-sah), where
you can say that you’re looking for the following popular souvenirs:✓ 茶碗 chawan (chah-wahn) (rice bowl, teacup that’s wider than it is tall andused for tea ceremonies)✓ 風呂敷 furoshiki (foo-roh-shee-kee) (wrapping cloths)✓ 下駄 geta (geh-tah) (type of wooden clogs)

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
✓ 箸 hashi (hah-shee) (chopsticks)✓ 花瓶 kabin (kah-been) (vase)✓ 傘 kasa (kah-sah) (umbrella)✓ 着物 kimono (kee-moh-noh) (kimono)✓ くし kushi (koo-shee) (comb)✓ 人形 ningyō (neen-gyohh) (doll [for display only])✓ お茶 o-cha (oh-chah) (green tea)
✓ 折り紙 origami (oh-ree-gah-mee) (origami)✓ お皿 o-sara (oh-sah-rah) (plate)✓ せんべい senbei (sehn-behh) (rice cracker)✓ 扇子 sensu (sehn-soo) (fan)✓ 湯飲み yunomi (yoo-noh-mee) (teacup that’s taller than it is wide andused for drinking regular green tea)
Express your request by using a verb in the te-form (see Chapter 3) and kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee) as in the following examples:
その花瓶を見せてください。 Sono kabin o misete kudasai. (soh-noh kahbeen oh mee-seh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please show me that vase.)
この茶碗を包んでください。 Kono chawan o tsutsunde kudasai. (koh-nohchah-wahn oh tsoo-tsoon-deh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please wrap this teacup.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Joan wants to buy a Japanese souvenir and steps into a souvenir
store in Asakusa. (Track 22)
Joan:

Sumimasen. Furoshiki wa arimasu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. foo-roh-shee-kee wah ah-reemah-soo kah.
Excuse me. Do you have furoshiki?

Clerk:

Furoshiki wa arimasen.
foo-roh-shee-kee wah ah-ree-mah-sehn.
Furoshiki? We don’t have it.

Joan:Ā, sō desu ka. Jā, sono sensu o chotto misetekudasai.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. jahh, soh-noh sehn-soo ohchoht-toh mee-seh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.
Oh, I see. Then could you show me that fan please?

165

166 Part II: Japanese in Action
Clerk:

Kore desu ka.
koh-reh deh-soo kah.
This one?

Joan:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Clerk:

Dōzo.
dohh-zo.
Here you are.

Words to Know
furoshiki
wa arimasu ka
sono
sensu
Misete kudasai.
kore

foo-roh-shee-kee
wah ah-ree-mah-sookahsoh-nohsehn-soomee-seh-teh koo-dahsah ee.
koh-rehwrapping cloths
do you havethat
fanPlease show it tome.
this one

Exploring the Variety ofa Department Store
Depāto (deh-pahh-toh) (department stores) are very convenient. Their nedan(neh-dahn) (prices) are a little high, but they offer a variety of quality items
and burandohin (boo-rahn-doh-heen) (designer-brand items). They also offer
good sābisu (sahh-bee-soo) (service), I suppose. You can find the following
items in a depāto:✓ 婦人服 fujinfuku (foo-jeen-foo-koo) (women’s clothes)✓ 楽器 gakki (gahk-kee) (musical instruments)✓ 宝石 hōseki (hohh-seh-kee) (jewelry)✓ 鞄 kaban (kah-bahn) (luggage)

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
✓ 家具 kagu (kah-goo) (furniture)✓ 化粧品 keshōhin (keh-shohh-heen) (cosmetics)✓ 子供服 kodomofuku (koh-doh-moh-foo-koo) (children’s clothes)✓ 靴 kutsu (koo-tsoo) (shoes)✓ 紳士服 shinshifuku (sheen-shee-foo-koo) (men’s clothes)✓ 書籍 shoseki (shoh-seh-kee) (books)✓ スポーツ用品 supōtsu yōhin (soo-pohh-tsoo yohh-heen) (sporting goods)
Which floor do you want to go to? To answer this question, use the counter-kai. For example, 2-kai (nee-kah-ee) means second floor. For more info on
Japanese counters, see Chapter 5.
Store clerks speak very politely. One of the polite phrases that they often use
is de gozaimasu (deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo). It’s a polite version of the verb
desu (deh-soo) (to be). So instead of saying Hōseki wa nana-kai desu. (hohhseh-kee wah nah-nah-kah-ee deh-soo.) (Jewelry is on the seventh floor.), theysay Hōseki wa nana-kai de gozaimasu. (hohh-seh-kee wah nah-nah-kah-ee
deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.).
Department stores have fixed business hours. Before you head out shopping,
you can find out a department store’s hours by asking Eigyō jikan wa nan-ji
kara nan-ji made desu ka. (ehh-gyohh jee-kahn wah nahn-jee kah-rah nahn-jee
mah-deh deh-soo kah.) (From what time to what time are your business hours?). If
you’re already at the store and you want to ask What time does your store close?
say Heiten wa nan-ji desu ka. (hehh-tehn wah nahn-jee deh-soo kah.)

Going Clothes Shopping
When you go shopping for yōfuku (yohh-foo-koo) (clothes) do you look for
quality items that you can wear for years, or do you buy cheap items that you
just wear for one season? Whatever your approach, check out the following
sections to make sure you get just what you want.

Considering the clothing andaccessories you needSome pieces of clothing are staples. For example, you pretty much always
need shitagi (shee-tah-gee) (underwear). Other clothing items and accessories, such as a nekkuresu (nehk-koo-reh-soo) (necklace), are fun to have but
won’t cause your wardrobe to fall apart if you don’t own them. Check out thefollowing list of clothes and accessories:

167

168 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ ベルト beruto (beh-roo-toh) (belt)✓ 帽子 bōshi (bohh-shee) (cap, hat)
✓ ブラジャー burajā (boo-rah-jahh) (bra)✓ ブリーフ burīfu (boo-reee-foo) (briefs, men’s underwear)✓ ドレス doresu (doh-reh-soo) (dress)✓ ジャケット jaketto (jah-keht-toh) (jacket)✓ ジーンズ jīnzu (jeeen-zoo) (jeans)✓ コート kōto (kohh-toh) (coat)✓ 靴 kutsu (koo-tsoo) (shoes)✓ 靴下 kutsushita (koo-tsoo-shee-tah) (socks)✓ ネクタイnekutai (neh-koo-tah-ee) (necktie)✓ サングラス sangurasu (sahn-goo-rah-soo) (sunglasses)✓ セーター sētā (sehh-tahh) (sweater)✓ シャツ shatsu (shah-tsoo) (shirt)✓ スカート sukāto (soo-kahh-toh) (skirt)✓ スーツ sūtsu (sooo-tsoo) (suit)✓ スニーカー sunīkā (soo-neee-kaha) (sneakers)✓ トランクス torankusu (toh-rahn-koo-soo) (boxers, men’s underwear)✓ ズボンzubon (zoo-bohn) (pants)

Examining the color
What’s your favorite iro (ee-roh) (color)? When you buy clothes, check out all
the colors and pick the one that looks best on you.
✓ 赤 aka (ah-kah) (red)✓ 青 ao (ah-oh) (blue)✓ 茶色 chairo (chah-ee-roh) (brown)✓ 黄色 kiiro (keee-roh) (yellow)✓ 黒 kuro (koo-roh) (black)✓ 緑 midori (mee-doh-ree) (green)✓ 紫 murasaki (moo-rah-sah-kee) (purple)✓ オレンジ orenji (oh-rehn-jee) (orange)Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
✓ ピンク pinku (peen-koo) (pink)✓ 白 shiro (shee-roh) (white)
You can just add the particle no (noh) after nouns and adjectives to mean a . . .
one. For example, aka no (ah-kah noh) means a red one.
茶色のはありますか。 Chairo no wa arimasu ka. (chah-ee-roh noh wah
ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have a brown one?)
色がきれいなのを探しています。 Iro ga kirei na no o sagashite imasu.
(ee-roh gah kee-rehh na noh oh sah-gah-shee-teh ee-mah-soo.) (I’m looking for something with a pretty color.)

Trying something on
When you need to get permission to do something, start with chotto (chohttoh), a word with far more uses than a dictionary can suggest. The English
translation is usually a little, but you hear it in situations where no literaltranslation works. You can think of the phrase chotto kite mite mo ii desu ka(choht-toh kee-teh mee-teh moh eee deh-sooo kah) as having a meaning close
to Can I try it on for a minute? (Literally: Can I try it on a little?). In this context,
chotto makes it sound as if you’ll be done as soon as possible.
When you want to try doing something, use the verb in the te-form and add
miru. For example, tabete miru (tah-beh-teh mee-roo) means to try eating. Kite
miru (kee-teh mee-roo) means to try wearing or to try on.
Ask for permission by using the verb in the te-form (see Chapter 3) with thephrase mo ii desu ka (moh eee deh-soo kah). For example, Kite mite mo ii
desu ka. (kee-teh mee-teh moh eee deh-soo kah.) means Is it okay to try it on?
After you have the okay to try on a piece of clothing, head to the shichakushitsu (shee-chah-koo-shee-tsoo) (fitting room). Use the following phrases toexpress what you think of the outfit:✓ 丁度いいです。 Chōdo ii desu. (chohh-doh eee deh-soo.) (It’s just right.)✓ ちょっと小さいです。 chotto chīsai desu (choht-toh cheee-sah-ee dehsoo) (a little small)✓ ちょっと大きいかな。 Chotto ōkii kana. (choht-toh ohh-keee kah-nah.)(Is it a little big for me?)✓ 長いです。 Nagai desu. (nah-gah-ee deh-soo.) (It’s long.)✓ 少し短いです。 sukoshi mijikai desu (soo-koh-shee mee-jee-kah-ee
deh-soo) (a little short)169

170 Part II: Japanese in Action
Note that the verb kiru (kee-roo), which means to wear, is a ru-verb. Here’s
how to conjugate it:
Japanese Script
着る
着ない
着（ます）
着て

Rōmajikiru
kinai
ki(masu)
kite

Pronunciaiton
kee-rookee-nah-eekee(-mah-soo)
kee-tehAlthough kiru is the most general verb that means to wear, you can’t use it foreverything you wear. It’s good only for items you put above your waist, suchas sweaters and shirts, or on your entire body, such as long dresses or coats.
For items you wear below your waist (think skirts, pants, socks, and shoes),
use the verb haku (hah-koo). For items you put over your head, such as caps
and hats, use kaburu (kah-boo-roo). For eyeglasses or sunglasses, use theverb kakeru (kah-keh-roo) or suru (soo-roo), which means to do. For otheraccessories, use suru or tsukeru (tsoo-keh-roo) (to attach).

Talking about sizing
Trying on clothing is important, but shopping for a T-shirt is pretty easy. You canoften avoid going to the fitting room if you know your saizu (sah-ee-zoo) (size).
✓ S サイズ S saizu (eh-soo sah-ee-zoo) (small)✓ M サイズ M saizu (eh-moo sah-ee-zoo) (medium)✓ L サイズ L saizu (eh-roo sah-ee-zoo) (large)✓ XL サイズ XL saizu (ehk-koo-soo eh-roo sah-ee-zoo) (extra large)
Buying a dress is more complicated than shopping for a T-shirt. Use thecounter -gō (gohh) when sizing up your choices. (For more info on using
Japanese counters and Japanese numbers, check out Chapter 5.)
Women’s dress sizes in Japan are three sizes less than they are in America.
Here are the rough equivalents for women’s dress sizes:
American size
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

Japanese size
7
9
11
13
15
17
19

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
Men’s suit and coat sizes are expressed in letters in Japan. Compare
American sizes and Japanese sizes:
American size
34
36
38
40
42
44
46

Japanese size
S
S
M
M
L
L
LL

In Japan, length is specified in metric units. If your waist is 30 inchi (sahn-jooo
een-chee) (30 inches), it’s 76.2 senchi (nah-nah-jooo-roh-koo tehn nee sehnchee) (76.2 centimeters). To find your size in centimeters, just multiply yoursize in inches by 2.54 (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters). Carry a little dentaku (dehntah-koo) (calculator) with you if you shop in Japan.
The particle ga (gah) (but), as it’s used in the following Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, connects two contrasting or conflicting sentences. Simply add the particle ga (gah) (but) at the end of the first sentence as in the following examples.
ジャケットはありますが，ロングコートはありません。 Jaketto wa arimasu ga, rongu kōto wa arimasen. (jah-keht-toh wa ah-ree-mah-soo gah,rohn-goo kohh-toh wah ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (We have jackets, but we don’t
have long coats.)
私はアメリカ人ですが，日本語を話します。 Watashi wa Amerikajin
desu ga, Nihongo o hanashimasu. (wah-tah-shee wah ah-meh-reekah-jeen deh-soo gah, nee-hohn-goh oh hah-nah-shee-mah-soo.) (I’m
American, but I speak Japanese.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Lori has found a nice-looking jacket in a store, but she doesn’t likethe color. She’s about to ask the clerk if the store has the same
jacket in a different color. (Track 23)
Lori:

Chigau iro wa arimasu ka.
chee-gah-oo ee-roh wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.
Do you have a different color?

Clerk:Aka wa arimasu ga, saizu wa S dake desu.
ah-kah wah ah-ree-mah-soo gah, sah-ee-zoo wah
eh-soo dah-keh deh-soo.
We have red ones, but only small sizes.

171172 Part II: Japanese in Action
Lori:

Chotto kite mite mo ii desu ka.
choht-toh kee-teh mee-teh moh eee deh-soo kah.
Can I try it on?

Clerk:

Dōzo.
dohh-zo.
Go ahead.

Lori tries on the red jacket.
Lori:

Yappari chotto chīsai desu.
yahp-pah-ree choht-toh cheee-sah-ee deh-soo.
As expected, it’s a little small.

Clerk:Jā, midori wa. Midori wa M saizu to L saizu ga arimasu yo.
jahh, mee-doh-ree wah. mee-doh-ree wah eh-moo
sah-ee-zoo toh eh-roo sah-ee-zoo gah ah-ree-mahsoo yoh.
Then how about green? We have medium and large
in green.

Lori tries on a green jacket.
Emi:Ā, kore wa chōdo ii. Kore o kudasai.
ahh, koh-reh wah chohh-doh eee. koh-reh ohkoo-dah-sah-ee.
Wow, this one fits just right. I’ll take this one, please.

Clerk:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Okay.

Words to Know
chigauKite mite mo ii
desu ka.
yapparichīsaichōdo ii

chee-gah-oo
kee-teh mee-teh moh
eee deh-soo kah.
yahp-pah-ree
cheee-sah-ee
chohh-doh eee

different, wrong
Can I try it on?
expectedly
small
exact fitChapter 10: Shopping Made Easy

Deciding What You Want to Buy
Finding a good deal is impossible without carefully comparing the shōhin(shohh-heen) (merchandise). When you shop, look at the quality and thefunctions of the product closely and compare several similar items you’reinterested in. Ask yourself which one is better/best.
Making comparisons, grammar-wise, is much easier in Japanese than inEnglish. In English, you need to conjugate the adjective, like pretty-prettierprettiest, but in Japanese, you don’t have to! Kirei (kee-reh-ee) (pretty),
remains kirei; you use other words to make the comparison. The following
sections show you how to make different comparisons and get you comfortable using demonstrative adjectives.

Using demonstrative adjectives
If you see a nice item in a store window, ask the clerk to show it to you. How
do you specify the item that you want to see? Most of the time, you can point
at it with your finger and use the demonstrative pronoun kore (koh-reh) (seeChapter 3). But what if a yunomi (yoo-noh-mee) (teacup) and a kyūsu (kyooosoo) (teapot) are right next to each other in the store window, and your finger
doesn’t have a laser pointer attached to it? If you say kore, the clerk will say
dore (doh-reh) (which one?), and you’ll have to say kore again, and the clerk
will have to say dore again. To end this frustrating and repetitious conversation, change kore to kono and add the common noun you’re referring to — inthis case, kono yunomi (koh-noh yoo-noh-mee) (this teacup) or kono kyūsu(koh-noh kyooo-soo) (this teapot).
Similarly, sore (soh-reh) (that one near you) and are (ah-reh) (that one overthere) become sono (soh-noh) and ano (ah-noh), respectively, when followed
by a common noun. (If you want to know more about sore and are, check out
Chapter 3.) Even the question word dore (doh-reh) (which one) must become
dono when followed by a common noun. Wow, too many forms? If you think
about it, the change is very systematic: The ending re becomes no. Kono,
sono, and ano are all demonstrative adjectives. Dono is their question counterpart. That’s why they’re used with a common noun. Check out Table 10-1’s
breakdown of the Japanese demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative
adjective as well as the following examples to straighten everything out.

173

174 Part II: Japanese in Action
Table 10-1

This, That, and WhichTerm Used Independently

Term Followed by a Common Noun

これkore(koh-reh)this oneこのkono(koh-noh)this . . .

それsore(soh-reh)that one near you

そのsono(soh-noh)that . . . near youあれare(ah-reh)that one over thereあのano(ah-noh)that . . . over thereどれ
dore(doh-reh)which oneどの
dono
(doh-noh)which . . .

あのビルは何ですか。 Ano biru wa nan desu ka. (ah-noh bee-roo wahnahn deh-soo kah.) (What is that building?)
あれはデパートです。 Are wa depāto desu. (ah-reh wah deh-pahh-toh
deh-soo.) (That one is a department store.)
そのネックレスは高いですか。 Sono nekkuresu wa takai desu ka. (sohnoh nehk-koo-reh-soo wah tah-kah-ee deh-soo kah.) (Is that necklace
expensive?)
どれを買いますか。 Dore o kaimasu ka. (doh-reh oh kah-ee-mah-sookah.) (Which one will you buy?)
静岡のお茶はどれですか。 Shizuoka no o-cha wa dore desu ka. (sheezoo-oh-kah noh oh-chah wah doh-reh deh-soo kah.) (Which one is the tea
produced in Shizuoka?)
The particle wa (wah) marks the topic the speaker wants to talk about, so theitem in question must already be familiar to both the speaker and the listener.
As a result, a question word like dore (doh-reh) (which one) or dono o-cha(doh-noh oh-chah) (which tea) can’t be marked by the topic particle wa.

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy

Comparing two items
To make a comparison between two items in Japanese, you just need theJapanese equivalent of than, which is the particle yori (yoh-ree). Place yoriright after the second item in the comparison. Take a look at a few examples
to see this concept in action:
古い家具は新しい家具よりいいです。 Furui kagu wa atarashii kagu yoriii desu. (foo-roo-ee kah-goo wah ah-tah-rah-sheee kah-goo yoh-ree eee
deh-soo.) (Old furniture is better than new furniture.)
私の車はあなたの車より高いです。 Watashi no kuruma wa anata no
kuruma yori takai desu. (wah-tah-shee noh koo-roo-mah wah ah-nah-tah
noh koo-roo-mah yoh-ree tah-kah-ee deh-soo.) (My car is more expensive
than your car.)
この店はあの店よりサービスがいいです。 Kono mise wa ano mise yorisābisu ga ii desu. (koh-noh mee-seh wah ah-noh mee-seh yoh-ree sahhbee-soo gah eee deh-soo.) (This store has better service than that store.)
To ask a friend or sales clerk Which one is better, remember that which one inJapanese is dore (doh-reh) or dochira (doh-chee-rah) and that you only use
dochira when the question is about two items. (I tell you how to ask a question about three or more items in the following section.) Here are the steps forconstructing an out-of-two comparison question:
1. List the two items being compared at the beginning of the sentence.
2. Add the particle to (toh) (and) after each item, just to make it look like alist.
3. Insert the question word dochira, followed by the subject-marking particle ga (gah).
		 You can’t use the topic particle wa (wah) after dochira. Actually, you
can’t use wa after any question word. So your choice is limited to ga inthis case.
4. Add the adjective with the question particle ka (kah).
Did you get lost? If you did, these examples will hopefully help clear things up:
これと, あれと, どちらがいいですか。 Kore to, are to, dochira ga ii desuka. (koh-reh toh, ah-reh toh, doh-chee-rah gah eee deh-soo kah.) (Which
one is better, this one or that one?)175

176 Part II: Japanese in Action
ジェシカと, 私と, どちらが好きですか。 Jeshika to, watashi to, dochiraga suki desu ka. (jeh-shee-kah toh, wah-tah-shee toh, doh-chee-rah gahsoo-kee deh-soo kah.) (Who do you like, Jessica or me?)
お金と, 名声と, どちらが大事ですか。 O-kane to, meisei to, dochira ga
daiji desu ka. (oh-kah-neh toh, mehh-sehh toh, doh-chee-rah gah dah-eejee deh-soo kah.) (Which one is more important, money or reputation?)
You can answer these comparison questions a few different ways, but here’s
the simplest one: Just say the item of your choice with the verb desu (dehsoo) (to be). For example, if someone asks you Piza to, sushi to, dochira ga
suki desu ka. (pee-zah toh, soo-shee toh, doh-chee-rah gah soo-kee deh-sookah.) (Which one do you like better, pizza or sushi?), you can answer with Pizadesu. (pee-zah deh-soo.) (Pizza.) or Sushi desu. (soo-shee deh-soo.) (Sushi.),depending on which one you like better.

Comparing three or more items
To express the best or the most in Japanese, just use the adverb ichiban (eechee-bahn) (the most/the best), which literally means number one. Simply
place ichiban right before the adjective. Look at the following examples andsee how easy forming -est and most sentences in Japanese is:
この車は一番大きいです。 Kono kuruma wa ichiban ōkii desu. (koh-noh
koo-roo-mah wah ee-chee-bahn ohh-keee deh-soo.) (This car is the biggest.)
この車は一番高級です。 Kono kuruma wa ichiban kōkyū desu. (koh-noh
koo-roo-mah wah ee-chee-bahn kohh-kyooo deh-soo.) (This car is the mostluxurious.)
トムは一番やさしいです。 Tomu wa ichiban yasashii desu. (toh-moo
wah ee-chee-bahn yah-sah-sheee deh-soo.) (Tom is the kindest.)
If you want to specify the domain in which an item is the most or the best, suchas “in the class,” “in the United States,” or “in the world,” insert a noun thatspecifies the domain, along with the particle de (deh), right before ichiban.
この車はアメリカで一番大きいです。 Kono kuruma wa Amerika de ichiban ōkii desu. (koh-noh koo-roo-mah wah ah-meh-ree-kah deh ee-cheebahn ohh-keee deh-soo.) (This car is the biggest in America.)
この車は世界で一番高級です。 Kono kuruma wa sekai de ichiban kōkyūdesu. (koh-noh koo-roo-mah wah seh-kah-ee deh ee-chee-bahn kohhkyooo deh-soo.) (This car is the most luxurious in the world.)
トムはクラスで一番優しいです。 Tomu wa kurasu de ichiban yasashii
desu. (toh-moo wah koo-rah-soo deh ee-chee-bahn yah-sah-sheee dehsoo.) (Tom is the kindest in the class.)

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
To ask which item is the best among three or more items, list them by using
the particle to (toh); add two particles, de (deh) and wa (wah); and use thequestion words dare (dah-reh), doko (doh-koh), or dore (doh-reh). Use darefor people, doko for places, and dore for other items, including foods, cars,
animals, plants, games, and academic subjects. All three words mean which
one. (As I explain in the preceding section, you can’t use dochira to mean
which one in this context because you use dochira only for asking a question
about two items.) Then add ichiban. Take a look:

ベスと，メアリーと, ケンと, ジョンでは, だれが一番優しいですか。
Besu to, Mearī to, Ken to, Jon de wa, dare ga ichiban yasashii desuka. (beh-soo toh, meh-ah-reee toh, kehn toh, john deh wah, dah-reh gah
ee-chee-bahn yah-sah-sheee deh-soo kah.) (Among Beth, Mary, Ken, andJohn, who is the kindest?)

ボストンと, 東京と, シカゴでは, どこが一番寒いですか。 Bosuton

to, Tōkyō to, Shikago de wa, doko ga ichiban samui desu ka. (boh-sootohn toh, tohh-kyohh toh, shee-kah-goh deh wah, doh-koh gah ee-cheebahn sah-moo-ee deh-soo kah.) (Among Boston, Tokyo, and Chicago,
which one is the coldest?)

ハンバーガーと, ホットドッグと, ピザでは, どれが一番好きですか。
Hanbāgā to, hotto doggu to, piza de wa, dore ga ichiban suki desu ka.
(hahn-bahh-gahh toh, hoht-toh dohg-goo toh, pee-zah deh wah, doh-reh
gah ee-chee-bahn soo-kee deh-soo kah.) (Among hamburgers, hot dogs,
and pizza, which one do you like the best?)

Sometimes you want to specify the category of the items among which thecomparison is made, like out of foods, out of the students in the class, or among
the cities in the country. If so, specify the category at the beginning of the question and place two particles, de (deh) and wa (wah), right after it. Rememberthat you have to use nani (nah-nee) (what) rather than dore (doh-reh) (whichone). So, if you’re specifying a category rather than giving a list, use dare (dahreh) (who) for people, doko (doh-koh) (where) for locations, and nani (nahnee) (what) for other items. Switching dore and nani is a bit cumbersome, isn’t
it? You deserve a table to help you sort things out, so check out Table 10-2.

Table 10-2

Japanese Question Words for Various ComparisonsCategory

Out of Two Items

Out of Three orMore Items

Out of a Categoryof Items

Peopleどちらdochira

だれ
dare

だれ
dare

Locationsどちらdochira

どこ
doko

どこ
doko

Other items

どちら
dochira

どれ
dore

何
nani

177

178 Part II: Japanese in Action
Look at some “which one” questions concerning a category of items:

このクラスでは誰が一番やさしいですか。 Kono kurasu de wa darega ichiban yasashii desu ka. (koh-noh koo-rah-soo deh wah dah-reh gah
ee-chee-bahn yah-sah-sheee deh-soo kah.) (Who is the kindest in this class?)
日本の町ではどこが一番きれいですか。 Nihon no machi de wa doko ga
ichiban kirei desu ka. (nee-hohn noh mah-chee deh wah doh-koh gah
ee-chee-bahn kee-rehh deh-soo kah.) (Out of Japanese cities, which one ismost beautiful?)
食べ物では何が一番好きですか。 Tabemono de wa nani ga ichiban suki
desu ka. (tah-beh-moh-noh deh wah nah-nee gah ee-chee-bahn soo-kee
deh-soo kah.) (Which food do you like best? [Literally: Among foods, which
one do you like the best?])The simplest way to answer these questions is to use desu. If someone asks
you Amerika de wa doko ga ichiban samui desu ka. (ah-meh-ree-kah deh
wah doh-koh gah ee-chee-bahn sah-moo-ee deh-soo kah.) (Which place is thecoldest in America?), you can answer by saying Arasuka desu! (ah-rah-sookah deh-soo!) (Alaska!).

You Gotta Pay to Play: Buying
Your Merchandise
At the end of a successful shopping venture, you get to go home with all
kinds of new goodies. But first you have to pay for those goodies. The following sections reveal how to discuss prices, state your intention to buy something, and pay for your merchandise.

Identifying prices
In Japan, bargaining isn’t a common practice except in a few places, like
Akihabara (ah-kee-hah-bah-rah), the famous Electric Town. But you do needto have some idea of how to talk about prices. Here’s a list of the basic
pricing-related vocabulary to help you out:
✓ ちょっと高いです。 Chotto takai desu. (choht-toh tah-kah-ee deh-soo.)(It’s a little expensive.)✓ いくらですか。 Ikura desu ka. (ee-koo-rah deh-soo kah.) (How much is it?)
✓ まあまあ安いですね。 Māmā yasui desu ne. (mahh mahh yah-soo-ee
deh-soo neh.) (It’s relatively cheap.)

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy

Stating that you want to buy something
When you’re ready to make your purchase, you need to be able to say kau(kah-oo) (to buy). Here’s how to conjugate this u-verb (remember to watch
out for the w sound that appears in the negative form):
Japanese Script買う
買わない
買い（ます）
買って

Rōmajikau
kawanaikai(masu)
katte

Pronunciation
kah-ookah-wah-nah-ee
kah-ee(-mah-soo)kaht-teh

When you decide to buy something at a store, mention the item and say okudasai (oh koo-dah-sah-ee) or o onegai shimasu (oh oh-neh-gah-ee sheemah-soo). Kudasai literally means give/sell it to me, whereas onegai shimasu literally means something like beg/ask you to do it. So onegai shimasu
can be used in a variety of contexts where you want to ask someone to dosomething — it’s not limited to giving or selling. Accordingly, kudasai ismore straightforward; use it when you want to buy something as opposed toonegai shimasu.
これを下さい。 Kore o kudasai. (koh-reh oh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please givethis one to me.)
あれをお願いします。 Are o onegaishimasu. (ah-reh oh oh-neh-gah-eeshee-mah-soo.) (That one, please.)
あの人形を下さい。 Ano ningyō o kudasai. (ah-noh neen-gyohh oh koodah-sah-ee.) (I’ll take that doll.)

Paying for your purchase
Whether you prefer to pay with genkin (gehn-keen) (cash) or kurejitto kādo
(koo-reh-jeet-toh kahh-doh) (credit card), chances are you’ll need the following words and phrases when paying for your purchases in Japanese:✓ 円 en (ehn) (yen)✓ 硬貨 kōka (kohh-kah) (coins)✓ お札 o-satsu (oh-sah-tsoo) (bills)✓ お返し o-kaeshi (oh-kah-eh-shee) (return)✓ お釣り o-tsuri (oh-tsoo-ree) (change)✓ レシート reshīto (reh-sheee-to) (receipt)✓ 財布 saifu (sah-ee-foo) (wallet)179

180 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 消費税 shōhizei (shohh-hee-zehh) (sales tax)
✓ 消費税込みで shōhizei-komi de (shohh-hee-zehh-koh-mee deh) (including sales tax)
Of course, you also need to know how to say to pay: harau (hah-rah-oo).
Following is a conjugation of this u-verb. Watch out for the w sound thatshows up in the negative form.
Japanese Script
払う
払わない
払い（ます）
払って

Rōmajiharau
harawanai
harai(masu)
harattePronunciation
hah-rah-oo
hah-rah-wah-nah-ee
hah-rah-ee(-mah-soo)
har-raht-teh

Talkin’ the Talk
Michiko is paying for a pair of sneakers and a racket in a sportinggoods store. (Track 24)
Michiko:

Kore to kore o kudasai.
koh-reh toh koh-reh oh koo-dah-sah-ee.
I want this and this please.

Clerk:

Hai. Shōhizei-komi de — 3,225-en de gozaimasu.
hah-ee. shohh-hee-zehh koh-mee deh — sahn-zehnnee-hyah-koo-nee-jooo-goh-ehn deh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
Sure. Including the sales tax — 3,225 yen.

Michiko:Jā, 4,000-en kara onegai shimasu.
jahh, yohn-sehn-en kah-rah oh-neh-gah-ee
shee-mah-soo.
Then please take it out of 4,000 yen.

Clerk:

Hai. Dewa, 775-en no o-kaeshi de gozaimasu. Reshīto
wa kochira de gozaimasu. Dōmo arigatō
gozaimashita.
hah-ee. deh-wah, nah-nah-hyah-koo-nah-nah-jooogoh-ehn noh oh-kah-eh-shee deh goh-zah-ee-mahsoo. reh-sheee-toh wah koh-chee-rah deh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo. dohh-moh ah-ree-gah-tohh
goh-zah-ee-mah-shee-tah.
Sure. Your change is 775 yen. Here’s the receipt.
Thank you very much.

Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy

Words to Knowo kudasaishōhizei-komi de
4,000-en karao-tsurireshītooh koo-dah-sah-ee
shohh-hee-zehhkoh-mee deh
yohn-sehn-ehn
kah-rahoh-tsoo-ree
reh-sheee-toh

please give me
including sales tax
from 4,000 yenchangereceipt181

182 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & Games
Match the following illustrations with the words for the Japanese items. The solution is in Appendix D.

a. 折り紙 origami

b. 着物 kimono

c. 下駄 getad. 茶碗 chawan
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

Chapter 11

Going Out on the Town
In This Chapter▶ Perusing your entertainment options▶ Describing your recent outing▶ Initiating plans with friendsI

bet that your machi (mah-chee) (town) is full of great opportunities forfun. Read the shinbun (sheen-boon) (newspaper), pick up a few zasshi(zahs-shee) (magazines), or surf the Intānetto (een-tahh-neht-toh) (Internet)
to find out what’s going on. Perhaps the local museum is hosting an exhibit
or a new movie that you’re dying to see is playing at the cinema. Maybe youwant to head to a club or try out your karaoke skills. Come on; get up off thecouch, invite your friends to join you in your adventures, and then go havesome fun!

Checking Out Entertaining Activities
Pick your favorite type of entertainment. Do you want to dance, sing, playgames, or drink? No need to limit yourself here. You can do all four at thesame time! You can also visit an art museum or catch a show. The following
sections give you the words and phrases you need to know when partaking ina variety of fun activities while you’re out on the town.

Getting cultured at museums and galleries
If your daily life is filled with hassles and headaches, your heart deserves to
be cleansed, nourished, and rejuvenated with a little culture. Why not checkout one of these places?
✓ 美術館 bijutsukan (bee-joo-tsoo-kahn) (art museum)✓ 画廊 garō (gah-rohh) (art galleries)

184 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 博物館 hakubutsukan (hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn) (museums)✓ 図書館 toshokan (toh-shoh-kahn) (libraries)
Of course, you need to be aware of when these institutions open and close
for the day if you’re going to visit them. Conjugate the u-verbs aku (ah-koo)(to open) and shimaru (shee-mah-roo) (to close).
Japanese Script
開く
開かない
開き（ます）
開いて

Rōmajiaku
akanaiaki(masu)
aite

Pronunciation
ah-kooah-kah-nah-ee
ah-kee(-mah-soo)ah-ee-teh

Japanese Script
閉まる
閉まらない
閉まり（ます）
閉まって

Rōmajishimarushimaranai
shimari(masu)
shimatte

Pronunciation
shee-mah-roo
shee-mah-rah-nah-ee
shee-mah-ree(-mah-soo)shee-maht-teh

Now that you know how to say those verbs in Japanese, take a look at thesehelpful sample questions that you may want to ask:
博物館は何時に開きますか。 Hakubutsukan wa nan-ji ni akimasu ka.
(hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn wah nahn-jee nee ah-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Whattime does the museum open?)
何時に閉まりますか。 Nan-ji ni shimarimasu ka. (nahn-jee nee shee-mahree-mah-soo kah.) (What time does it close?)
日曜日はお休みですか。 Nichiyōbi wa oyasumi desu ka. (nee-chee-yohhbee wah oh-yah-soo-mee deh-soo kah.) (Is it closed on Sundays?)

Heading to the theater
Visiting theaters lets you really feel the passion of the performers. And justabout everyone enjoys going to a movie theater. The following words andphrases are useful when heading to the theater to see a performance orwatch a movie:✓ バレー barē (bah-rehh) (ballet)✓ チケット chiketto (chee-keht-toh) (ticket)

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town
✓ 映画 eiga (ehh-gah) (movie)✓ 映画館 eigakan (ehh-gah-kahn) (movie theater)✓ 劇場 gekijō (geh-kee-johh) (theater for performances)✓ インターミッション intāmisshon (een-tahh-mee-shohn) (intermission)✓ コンサート konsāto (kohn-sahh-toh) (concert)✓ ミュージカル myūjikaru (myooo-jee-kah-roo) (musical)✓ 芝居 shibai (shee-bah-ee) (play)
Here are some example sentences that help you ask for various kinds of tickets at shows and movies:
シニア一人お願いします。 Shinia hitori onegaishimasu. (shee-nee-ah
hee-toh-ree oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (One senior citizen, please.)
一万円の席をお願いします。 Ichiman-en no seki o onegaishimasu. (eechee-mahn-ehn noh seh-kee oh oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (A 10,000yen seat, please.)
大人二人お願いします。 Otona futari onegaishimasu. (oh-toh-nah footah-ree oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (Two adults, please.)
大人二人と子ども一人お願いします。 Otona futari to kodomo hitori
onegaishimasu. (oh-toh-nah foo-tah-ree toh koh-doh-moh hee-toh-ree ohneh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (Two adults and one child, please.)

Kabuki
歌舞伎 Kabuki (kah-boo-kee), which began in
the 17th century, is one of the most popular typesof traditional theater in Japan. All the action
takes place on a dynamic, revolving stage.

can grab a quick dinner during intermission. It
also rents earphones that provide English commentary and explanations on the play’s plot,music, and actors.

The actors (all males, even in female roles)
wear heavy makeup and colorful, spectacular
costumes. Watch how they move their necks
and fingers and how they walk and sit down.
It’s amazing.

Other Japanese traditional theater arts include
能 Nō (nohh) (Noh), a musical theater developed in the 14th century, where actors wear
masks, and 文楽 bunraku (boon-rah-koo)(Bunraku), a puppet theater developed in the
17th century.

The Kabukiza Theater in Tokyo is world famous.
The theater has large restaurants where you

185

186 Part II: Japanese in Action
Use the counter -mai (mah-ee) for counting tickets because tickets are usually
flat. (See Chapter 3 for a discussion on counters.)

Drinking and dancing at bars and clubs
Having a drink at home is usually much cheaper than going to a bā (bahh)(bar), izakaya (ee-zah-kah-yah) (casual Japanese-style bar), or kurabu (koorah-boo) (nightclub), but where’s the fun in that?
All bars and clubs in Japan serve o-sake (oh-sah-keh), which means both
Japanese rice wine and alcoholic beverages in general. If you like beer, trysome Japanese-brand beers like Asahi (ah-sah-hee), Kirin (kee-reen), or
Sapporo (sahp-poh-roh). These beers are sold in many countries throughout
the world, including the United States and Canada. Now, take a walk over tothe bar and order your favorite o-sake:✓ 熱燗 atsukan (ah-tsoo-kahn) (hot sake)✓ ビール bīru (beee-roo) (beer)✓ ブランデー burandē (boo-rahn-dehh) (brandy)✓ チューハイ chūhai (chooo-hah-ee) (shōchū and tonic)✓ ジン jin (jeen) (gin)✓ カクテル kakuteru (kah-koo-teh-roo) (cocktail)✓ 水割り mizuwari (mee-zoo-wah-ree) (whiskey and water)✓ オンザロック onzarokku (ohn-zah-rohk-koo) (whiskey on the rocks)✓ ラム酒 ramushu (rah-moo-shoo) (rum)✓ 冷酒 reishu (reh-ee-shoo) (chilled sake)✓ 焼酎 shōchū (shohh-chooo) (a Japanese liquor similar to vodka)✓ ストレート sutorēto (soo-toh-rehh-toh) (whiskey straight)✓ ウイスキー uisukī (oo-ee-soo-keee) (whiskey)✓ ウオッカ uokka (oo-ohk-kah) (vodka)✓ ワイン wain (wah-een) (wine)
Young people in Japan love to dance the night away in a place referred toas kurabu. The popular music in kurabu includes tekuno (teh-koo-noh)(techno), hippu-hoppu (heep-poo-hohp-poo) (hip-hop), hausu (hah-oo-soo)(house music), and jēpoppu (jehh-pohp-poo) (J-pop [Japanese pop music]).

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town
Girls dress attractively, and guys try to look cool. You can find many kurabu
in larger cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. More and more young
Japanese do street dance, but ballroom dance is also popular, especiallyamong middle-aged people. (You may want to watch the famous 1996
Japanese film Shall We Dance? starring Koji Yakusho. The 2004 American film
Shall We Dance starring Richard Gere was a remake of this Japanese film.)
Now cut a rug and conjugate the u-verb odoru (oh-doh-roo) (to dance)!
Japanese Script踊る
踊らない
踊り（ます）
踊って

Rōmajiodoru
odoranai
odori(masu)
odottePronunciation
oh-doh-roo
oh-doh-rah-nah-ee
oh-doh-ree(-mah-soo)oh-doht-teh

Talkin’ the Talk
Makoto Tanaka goes into an izakaya — a casual bar with homestyle food — after work. (Track 25)
Cook:

Irasshai! O-hitori?
ee-rahs-shah-ee! o-hee-toh-ree.
Welcome! Just yourself?

Makoto:Sō.
sohh.
Right.

Cook:Jā, koko dōzo. Nani nomu.
jahh, koh-koh dohh-zoh. nah-nee noh-moo.
Then please sit here. What will you drink?

Makoto:Bīru.
beee-roo.
Beer.

Cook:

Hai yo.
hah-ee yoh.
Okay.

Makoto looks at the menu on the wall, wondering what to order.

187

188 Part II: Japanese in Action
Makoto:Kyō wa nani ga oishii.
kyohh wah nah-nee gah oh-ee-sheee.
What’s good today?

Cook:Kyō wa aji ga oishii yo.
kyohh wah ah-jee gah oh-ee-sheee yoh.
The horse mackerel is delicious today.

Makoto:Jā, sore.
jahh, soh-reh.
Then I’ll have that.

Cook:

Hai yo.
hah-ee yoh.
Sure.

Words to Know
Irasshai!
nomu
bīru
oishiiaji

ee-rahs-shah-ee!
noh-moobeee-roooh-ee-shee-ee
ah-jeeWelcome!
to drink
beer
delicious
horse mackerel

Singing at a karaoke box
Karaoke is an abbreviation of kara ōkesutora (kah-rah ohh-keh-soo-toh-rah),
which means empty orchestra. So you can think of karaoke as an orchestra insearch of a singer.
Karaoke started in Japan about 30 years ago as a form of after-work entertainment for Japanese businesspeople. Karaoke was viewed as a great way of
releasing the daily stress related to work. Today, karaoke is popular among
everyone — men and women, young and old. It’s an artistic, intelligent, accessible, and healthy entertainment.

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town

Dining in izakaya
Drinking is almost obligatory for Japanese businessmen. Part of their job involves entertaining
their clients in bars and nightclubs. But not all
bar traffic is work-related. Both Japanese men
and women drink with their friends and colleagues in 居酒屋 izakaya (ee-zah-kah-yah)(casual Japanese-style bars). It’s something
like the Japanese equivalent of a British pub.
In izakaya, you don’t hear wordy, honorificphrases very much. Waiters and waitresses
treat you like you’re a member of their families.
Sitting at the counter is definitely fun. You canwatch the chefs cook, and you can chat withthem. Trust me — enjoy several appetizers. You
can always share dishes with your friends at
the table. Eat some of these foods at izakaya:✓ 冷やっこ hiyayakko (hee-yah-yahk-koh)(chilled tofu with sauce and spices)✓ 牡蠣フライ kaki furai (kah-kee foo-rahee) (deep-fried oysters)✓ 肉じゃが nikujaga (nee-koo-jah-gah)(beef and potatoes)✓ おでん oden (oh-dehn) (Tokyo-style stew)✓ 酢のもの sunomono (soo-noh-moh-noh)(vinegared food)✓ 焼き魚 yakizakana (yah-kee-zah-kah-nah)(grilled fish)Karaoke bars have spread all over the world, but nowadays, karaoke boxes
are more popular in Japan. A karaoke box is an insulated individual roomwith a sofa, coffee table, and a karaoke set. You just rent it for a few hours
with your friends. It’s not expensive, and it’s open for all ages, including
minors. If you want to enjoy karaoke, make sure you know these words andphrases:✓ 画面 gamen (gah-mehn) (monitor)✓ 歌詞 kashi (kah-shee) (lyrics)✓ カラオケ karaoke (kah-rah-oh-keh) (karaoke)✓ 曲 kyoku (kyoh-koo) (musical pieces)✓ マイク maiku (mah-ee-koo) (microphone)✓ 音痴 onchi (ohn-chee) (tone-deaf)✓ 歌 uta (oo-tah) (song)
Last, but certainly not least, make sure you know how to say utau (oo-tah-oo)(to sing). Here’s how to conjugate this u-verb.

189190 Part II: Japanese in Action
Japanese Script
歌う
歌わない
歌い（ます）
歌って

Rōmajiutau
utawanaiutai(masu)
utattePronunciation
oo-tah-oooo-tah-wah-nah-ee
oo-tah-ee(-mah-soo)oo-taht-teh

Talking about Entertainment
If your friends or co-workers find out that you visited the museum’s latest
exhibit or went to the new bar in town, chances are they’ll ask you what you
thought. Following are some simple phrases you can use to describe what
you thought of your entertainment experience. Note that all the sentences
are in the past tense and in the informal speech style. (For detailed information on tenses and the difference between the informal style of speech andthe polite/neutral style, see Chapter 3.)✓ きれいだった。 Kirei datta. (kee-reh-ee daht-tah.) (It was beautiful.)✓ ひどかった。 Hidokatta. (hee-doh-kaht-tah.) (It was terrible.)✓ 感動した。 Kandō shita. (kahn-dohh shee-tah.) (I was moved.)✓ 混んでいた。 Konde ita. (kohn-deh ee-tah.) (It was crowded.)✓ 美味しかった。 Oishikatta. (oh-ee-shee-kaht-tah.) (It was delicious.)✓ 面白かった。 Omoshirokatta. (oh-moh-shee-roh-kaht-tah.) (It wasinteresting.)✓ 素晴らしかった。 Subarashikatta. (soo-bah-rah-shee-kaht-tah.) (It waswonderful.)✓ 高かった。 Takakatta. (tah-kah-kaht-tah.) (It was expensive.)✓ 楽しかった。 Tanoshikatta. (tah-noh-shee-kaht-tah.) (It was fun.)✓ 安かった。 Yasukatta. (yah-soo-kaht-tah.) (It was cheap.)✓ よかった。 Yokatta. (yoh-kaht-tah.) (It was good.)
To make the previous expressions sound polite, do the following:✓ For i-type adjectives ending in katta (kaht-tah), just add desu (deh-soo).
So instead of saying Omoshirokatta, say Omoshirokatta desu.
✓ For na-type adjectives ending in datta (daht-tah), simply exchange datta
for deshita (deh-shee-tah). So instead of saying Kirei datta, say Kirei
deshita.

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town
✓ For the verbs, you need to change the ending ta (tah) to mashita (mahshee-tah). For example, instead of saying Kandō shita and Konde ita,
say Kandō shimashita and Konde imashita, respectively.
✓ For u-verbs, refer to the conjugation table in Chapter 3 for precisely how
to make additional changes.

Getting Your Friends to Go Out with You
Because going out on the town is often more fun when you’re with others,
why not invite your significant other, classmate, or colleague to join you?
Start by figuring out how to conjugate the u-verb sasou (sah-soh-oo) (toinvite).
Japanese Script
誘う
誘わない
誘い（ます）
誘って

Rōmajisasou
sasowanaisasoi(masu)
sasottePronunciation
sah-soh-oosah-soh-wah-nah-ee
sah-soh-ee(-mah-soo)sah-soht-teh

The following sections help you get even more socially active with yourJapanese.

Making a suggestion with
“Why don’t we?”If you want to go somewhere with your friend, make a suggestion by saying
Why don’t we go there? How about going there? or Would you like to go there?
The easiest, most natural, and least pushy way of making a suggestion in
Japanese is to ask a question that ends in -masen ka (mah-sehn kah). -masen
ka is the polite negative ending -masen plus the question particle ka. Why negative? In English, you say things like Why don’t we go to the bar tonight? That’s
negative too, so fair is fair.
Make sure the verb before -masen ka is in the stem form, as in Ikimasen ka(ee-kee-mah-sehn kah) (Why don’t we go there?). The iki part is the stem formof the verb iku (ee-koo) (to go). If you want to do something, use other verbs
like suru (soo-roo) (to do), utau (oo-tah-oo) (to sing), and taberu (tah-behroo) (to eat). Check out these examples:191

192 Part II: Japanese in Action
映画館に行きませんか。 Eigakan ni ikimasen ka. (ehh-gah-kahn nee eekee-mah-sehn kah.) (Why don’t we go to a movie theater?)
田中さんと山田さんを誘いませんか。 Tanaka-san to Yamada-san o sasoimasen ka. (tah-nah-kah-sahn toh yah-mah-dah-sahn oh sah-soh-ee-mahsehn kah.) (How about inviting Mr. Tanaka and Mr. Yamada?)
いつかいっしょにテニスをしませんか。 Itsuka isshoni tenisu o shimasen
ka. (ee-tsoo-kah ees-shoh-nee teh-nee-soo oh shee-mah-sehn kah.) (Why
don’t we play tennis together someday?)
今度いっしょに歌いませんか。 Kondo isshoni utaimasen ka. (kohn-doh
ees-shoh-nee oo-tah-ee-mah-sehn kah.) (How about singing together next
time?)
今度いっしょにロブスターを食べませんか。 Kondo isshoni robusutāo tabemasen ka. (kohn-doh ees-shoh-nee roh-boo-soo-tahh oh tah-behmah-sehn kah.) (How about eating lobster together next time?)

Saying “Let’s go” and “Shall we go?”
In English, you can enthusiastically invite your friends to an activity bysaying Let’s go there. or Let’s do it. How do you say let’s in Japanese? It’s easy:
Get a verb in the stem form and add the ending -mashō (mah-shohh), as inikimashō (ee-kee-mah-shohh) (let’s go), shimashō (shee-mah-shohh) (let’s doit), utaimashō (oo-tah-ee-mah-shohh) (let’s sing), and tabemashō (tah-behmah-shohh) (let’s eat). Check out the following examples:
いっしょに歌いましょう。 Isshoni utaimashō. (ees-shoh-nee oo-tah-eemah-shohh.) (Let’s sing together.)
今晩いっしょに飲みましょう。 Konban isshoni nomimashō. (kohn-bahnees-sho-nee noh-mee-mah-shohh.) (Let’s drink together tonight.)
今度いっしょに映画を見ましょう。 Kondo isshoni eiga o mimashō.
(kohn-doh ees-shoh-nee ehh-gah oh mee-mah-shohh.) (Let’s see a movie
together next time.)
If you make a question by using -mashō, it means Shall we? For example
チェスをしましょうか。 Chesu o shimashō ka. (cheh-soo oh shee-mahshohh kah.) (Shall we play chess?)
カントリーガーデンに行きましょうか。 Kantorī Gāden ni ikimashō ka.
(kahn-toh-reee gahh-dehn nee ee-kee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall we go toCountry Garden?)Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town
-mashō ka also means Shall I?, so it’s useful when you want to say something
like Shall I bring something? and Shall I help you? Usually, the subject is unspoken, but the context clarifies whether -mashō ka means Shall we? or Shall I?
However, you can add watashi ga (wah-tah-shee gah) if you want to clarify
that you’re the only one who is doing the action:
手伝いましょうか。 Tetsudaimashō ka. (teh-tsoo-dah-ee-mah-shohhkah.) (Shall I help you?)
私が予約しましょうか。 Watashi ga yoyaku shimashō ka. (wah-tah-shee
gah yoh-yah-koo shee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall I make a reservation?)

Talkin’ the Talk
Allison asks her colleague Yukiko whether she wants to go to a
karaoke box together after work. (Track 26)
Allison:

Konban hima desu ka.
kohn-bahn hee-mah deh-soo kah.
Are you free tonight?

Yukiko:

Ē.
ehh.
Yes.

Allison:Karaoke bokkusu ni ikimasen ka.
kah-rah-oh-keh bohk-koo-soo nee ee-kee-mah-sehnkah.
How about going to a karaoke box?

Yukiko:Ii desu ne. Ikimashō.
eee deh-soo neh. ee-kee-mah-shohh.
Sounds good. Let’s go there.

Allison:Jēson to Ken mo sasoimasen ka.
jehh-sohn toh kehn moh sah-soh-ee-mah-sehn kah.
How about inviting Jason and Ken, too?

Yukiko:Ii desu yo.
eee deh-soo yoh.
That’s fine with me.

193

194 Part II: Japanese in Action
AllisonJā, roku-ji ni Karaoke Sebun de.
jahh, roh-koo-jee nee kah-rah-oh-keh seh-boon deh.
Then, I’ll see you at Karaoke Seven at 6:00. (Literally:
Then, at 6:00, at Karaoke Seven.)

Yukiko:Ē. Jā, mata.
ehh. jahh, mah-tah.
Sure. See you later.

Words to Know
konbanhima
Ii desu ne.
sasou
sebun
Ii desu yo.

kohn-bahnhee-maheee deh-soo neh.
sah-soh-oo
seh-booneee deh-soo yoh.

tonight
free (not busy)
Sounds good.
to invite
seven (English word)That’s fine (with me).

Inviting Friends Over and Asking
Them to Bring Something
Sometimes you just don’t feel like going out, but you don’t want to be by
yourself either. On those occasions, consider inviting your friends over toyour house. Use the irregular verb kuru (koo-roo) (to come) when you call.
But before you invite anyone, practice conjugating kuru.
Japanese Script
来る
来ない
来（ます）
来て

Rōmajikuru
konai
ki(masu)
kite

Pronunciation
koo-rookoh-nah-eekee(-mah-soo)
kee-tehChapter 11: Going Out on the Town
Now, you’re ready to invite your friends over:
うちに来ませんか。 Uchi ni kimasen ka. (oo-chee nee kee-mah-sehnkah.) (Would you like to come to my house?)
あした私のアパートに来ませんか。 Ashita watashi no apāto ni kimasen
ka. (ah-shee-tah wah-tah-shee noh ah-pahh-toh nee kee-mah-sehn kah.)(Would you like to come to my apartment tomorrow?)
If you’re the one who gets invited, ask your friend what you can bring.
Japanese hosts and hostesses tend to tell their guests not to bring anything,but go ahead and bring something anyway.
To say to bring something, use motte (moht-teh), which is the verb motsu(moh-tsoo) (to hold) in the te-form, and add the verb iku (ee-koo) (to go) or
kuru (koo-roo) (to come). Sounds complex, right? I agree with you. The idea isthat bringing something is equivalent to going/coming somewhere while holding it. Of course, you can also understand them as a unit, namely, mottekuru
and motteiku. Check out these examples:
私はビールを持って行きました。 Watashi wa bīru o motte ikimashita.
(wah-tah-shee wah bee-roo oh moht-teh ee-kee-mah-shee-tah.) (I broughtbeer.)
田中さんはビールを持って来ました。 Tanaka-san wa bīru o mottekimashita. (tah-nah-kah-sahn wa bee-roo oh moht-teh kee-mah-shee-tah.)(Mr. Tanaka brought beer.)
To talk about bringing a pet or taking a friend to somewhere, use tsurete
rather than motte. Tsurete is the te-form of the verb tsureru (tsoo-reh-roo)(to take); see Chapter 3 for more about the te-form.
私は友達を連れて行きました。 Watashi wa tomodachi o tsurete ikimashita. (wah-tah-shee toh-moh-dah-chee oh tsoo-reh-teh ee-kee-mahshee-tah.) (I brought my friend.)
田中さんは友達を連れて来ました。 Tanaka-san wa tomodachi o tsurete
kimashita. (tah-nah-kah-sahn wa toh-moh-dah-chee oh tsoo-reh-teh keemah-shee-tah.) (Mr. Tanaka brought his friend.)
To say something, someone, somewhere, and so on, combine a question word andthe particle ka (kah). The particles ga (gah) and o (oh) are usually dropped after
these words, but other types of particles can appear after them. For example
あそこに何かありますよ。 Asoko ni nanika arimasu yo. (ah-soh-koh nee
nah-nee-kah ah-ree-mah-soo yoh.) (There is something over there.)
何か持って行きましょうか。 Nanika motte ikimashō ka. (nah-nee-kah
moht-teh ee-kee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall I bring something?)

195

196 Part II: Japanese in Action
誰か来ましたか。 Dareka kimashita ka. (dah-reh-kah kee-mah-shee-tahkah.) (Did someone come?)
どこかに行きませんか。 Dokoka ni ikimasen ka. (doh-koh-kah nee eekee-mah-sehn ka.) (Shall we go somewhere?)
いつかいっしょに飲みましょう。 Itsuka isshoni nomimashō. (ee-tsookah ees-shoh-nee noh-mee-mah-shohh.) (Let’s drink together someday.)To say nothing, no one, nowhere, and so on, use a question word and theparticle mo (moh), but make sure to have the verb in the negative form. The
particles ga and o must not occur in this context, but other types of particles
need to occur right before mo. For example
何も食べませんでした。 Nani mo tabemasen deshita. (nah-nee moh tahbeh-mah-sehn deh-shee-tah.) (I ate nothing.; I didn’t eat anything.)
何も持って来ないでください。 Nani mo motte konaide kudasai. (nahnee moh moht-teh koh-nah-ee-deh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please don’t bringanything.)
誰も来ません。 Dare mo kimasen. (dah-reh moh kee-mah-sehn.) (No one
will come.)
昨日はどこにも行きませんでした。 Kinō wa doko ni mo ikimasen
deshita. (kee-nohh wah doh-koh nee moh ee-kee-mah-sehn deh-shee-tah.)(I went nowhere yesterday.; I didn’t go anywhere yesterday.)See Chapter 3 for a list of question words and particles as well as negative
forms of verbs.

Talkin’ the Talk
Ms. Mori invites George to her house. (Track 27)
Ms. Mori:

Kondo no nichiyōbi, uchi ni kimasen ka.
kohn-doh noh nee-chee-yohh-bee, oo-chee nee keemah-sehn kah.
Would you like to come to my house this Sunday?

George:Ā, dōmo. Yorokonde.
ahh, dohh-moh. yoh-roh-kohn-deh.
Oh, thank you. I’d be delighted. (Literally:
Delightedly.)

Ms. Mori:

Isshoni bābekyū o shimashō.
ees-shoh-nee bahh-beh-kyooo oh shee-mah-shohh.
Let’s have a barbecue together.

Chapter 11: Going Out on the Town
George:Ā, ii desu ne.
ahh, eee deh-soo neh.
That sounds great.
Nanika motteikimashō ka.
nah-nee-kah moht-teh-ee-kee-mah-shohh kah.
Shall I bring something?

Ms. Mori:Īe, ii desu. Nani mo motte konaide kudasai.
eee-eh, eee deh-soo. nah-nee moh moht-teh kohnah-ee-deh koo-dah-sah-ee.
No, thank you. Please don’t bring anything.

Words to Know
kondo no nichiyōbi
yorokonde
isshonibābekyūnanikakohn-doh noh
nee-chee-yohh-bee
yoh-roh-kohn-deh
ees-shoh-nee
bahh-beh-kyooo
nah-nee-kahcoming Sunday
delightedly
togetherbarbecuesomething197

198 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & GamesIn the following puzzle, try to find these words in Japanese: gallery, art museum,movie theater, library, museum, izakaya bar, theater. The solution is in Appendix D.

a w u r

y z

g e k

i

j

a b

h

t

i

d

f

b

f

o

o z p dihte a a kjp rr h o k o s k z k u r h
o

i

s

o

t

a a h

u o h b w a y e f

		

t

k e

s h o

k a o k m t

a z e uh a k u b ute y a njtz a u a unig a k a n o o

f

n e

t

u

s u k a nChapter 12

Taking Care of Business andTelecommunications
In This Chapter▶ Looking for work
▶ Tackling office vocab▶ Calling on phone terms and etiquette▶ Understanding computer talk▶ Meeting at the meetingW

hether you want to find a job in Japan or you simply have Japanese
co-workers, knowing some basic office-related terminology is helpful.
Consider this chapter your go-to resource for all things regarding Japanesestyle business and business communications.

Embarking on the Great Job Hunt
Have you ever had a dream of working in Japan, perhaps as an English
teacher, an engineer, a businessperson, an illustrator, or a singer? If so,
the first thing you need to do is send out your rirekisho (ree-reh-kee-shoh)(resume) with your complete shokureki (shoh-koo-reh-kee) (work history) inthe hopes of securing a mensetsu (mehn-seh-tsoo) (interview).
The following sections offer essential vocabulary to help you talk about theduties and conditions of a particular shigoto (shee-goh-toh) (job) during a
mensetsu.

Clarifying your duties
When you’re searching for a new job, spelling out the duties, responsibilities,
and obligations associated with the position is always a good idea. You can200 Part II: Japanese in Action
start figuring out your job duties in Japanese by conjugating the u-verb hataraku (hah-tah-rah-koo) (to work):
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation働く

hataraku

hah-tah-rah-koo

働かないhatarakanai

hah-tah-rah-kah-nah-ee

働き（ます）

hataraki(masu)

hah-tah-rah-kee(-mah-soo)

働いてhataraite

hah-tah-rah-ee-teh

Following are a couple of questions you can ask to learn more about the
responsibilities of the job you’re applying for:
✓ 私の役割は何ですか。 Watashi no yakuwari wa nan desu ka. (wahtah-shee noh yah-koo-wah-ree wah nahn deh-soo kah.) (What is my
responsibility?)✓ 土曜日も働かなくてはいけませんか。 Doyōbi mo hatarakanakute wa
ikemasen ka. (doh-yohh-bee mo hah-tah-rah-kah-nah-koo-teh wah
ee-keh-mah-sehn kah.) (Do I have to work on Saturdays too?)
When you discuss an obligation and you need to use the phrase I have to or I
must, drop the final i (ee) from the negative form of the verb (see Chapter 3)
and add -kute wa ikemasen (koo-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn). For example, thenegative form of taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat) is tabenai (tah-beh-nah-ee). By
dropping the i from tabenai and adding -kute wa ikemasen, you get tabenakute wa ikemasen (tah-beh-nah-koo-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn), which means I
have to eat. It’s long, I admit, but it’s the easiest way to express have to or mustin Japanese. In an informal context, you can use -kute wa ikenai (koo-teh wah
ee-keh-nah-ee) rather than -kute wa ikemasen. Take a look at these examples:
８時間働かなくてはいけません。 8-jikan hatarakanakute wa ikemasen.
(hah-chee-jee-kahn hah-tah-rah-kah-nah-koo-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn.) (Ihave to work for eight hours.)
健康保険がなくてはいけません。 Kenkō hoken ga nakute wa ikemasen.
(kehn-kohh hoh-kehn gah nah-koo-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn.) (I have tohave health insurance.)
今日は残業をしなくてはいけないんです。 Kyōwa zangyō o shinakute wa
ikenai-n-desu. (kyohh-wah zahn-gyohh oh shee-nah-koo-teh wah ee-kehnah-een-deh-soo.) (I have to work overtime today.)
もう帰らなくてはいけませんか。 Mō kaeranakute wa ikemasen ka.
(mohh kah-eh-rah-nah-koo-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn kah.) (Do you haveto go home already?)Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications

Attending parties as part of your job
To help employees bond with each other,
employers organize some seasonal or occasional parties. Employees aren’t formallyrequired to attend them, but they are sort ofobliged to attend them. The following types ofparties are very common:✓ 忘年会 bōnenkai (bohh-nehn-kah-ee)(year-end party, literally translated as a“forget-the-year party”)✓ 新年会 shinnenkai (sheen-nehn-kah-ee)(New Year’s party)✓ 歓迎会 kangeikai (kahn-gehh-kah-ee)(welcome party for new colleagues)✓ 送別会 sōbetsukai (sohh-beh-tsoo-kah-ee)(farewell party for colleagues that are retiring, resigning, or moving to another section)

You can express a ton of activities you need to do at your workplace by using
the verb suru (soo-roo) (to do). (Head to Chapter 13 for a detailed discussion ofuses for suru.) Here are a few suru phrases that may come up in your workplace:✓ チェックする chekku suru (chehk-koo soo-roo) (to check)✓ ファックスする fakkusu suru (fahk-koo-soo soo-roo) (to fax)
✓ 配達する haitatsu suru (hah-ee-tah-tsoo soo-roo) (to deliver)✓ 確認する kakunin suru (kah-koo-neen soo-roo) (to confirm)✓ 計算する keisan suru (kehh-sahn soo-roo) (to calculate)✓ コピーする kopī suru (koh-peee soo-roo) (to make copies)✓ メールする mēru suru (mehh-roo soo-roo) (to e-mail)✓ 掃除する sōji suru (sohh-jee soo-roo) (to clean)✓ 添付する tenpu suru (tehn-poo soo-roo) (to attach)✓ 郵送する yūsō suru (yooo-sohh soo-roo) (to mail)

Discussing a job’s benefits
An interview is your opportunity to find out all about the benefits offered at a
shokuba (shoh-koo-bah) (workplace). Make sure you know these words andphrases before your interview so you can intelligently participate in a discussion of benefits:✓ 健康保険 kenkō hoken (kehn-kohh hoh-kehn) (health insurance)✓ 交通費 kōtsūhi (kohh-tsoo-hee) (commuting allowance)

201

202 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 給料 kyūryō (kyooo-ryohh) (salary)✓ 有給休暇 yūkyūkyūka (yooo-kyooo-kyooo-kah) (paid vacation)✓ 残業手当 zangyō teate (zahn-gyohh teh-ah-teh) (overtime pay)
Negotiate with the employer so you comfortably work in a new workplace. Ifanything is difficult for you, explain the reasons so they can understand yoursituations.
To state a reason, say it in a sentence and add kara (kah-rah) (because) afterward. You can also add desu after kara to mean It’s because such and such.
Here are a few examples:
大学で経済学を専攻したからです。 Daigaku de keizaigaku o senkō shita
kara desu. (dah-ee-gah-koo deh kehh-zah-ee-gah-koo oh sehn-kohh sheetah kah-rah deh-soo.) (It’s because I majored in economics in college.)
英語を使う仕事に興味があるからです。 Eigo o tsukau shigoto ni kyōmi
ga aru kara desu. (ehh-goh oh tsoo-kah-oo shee-goh-toh nee kyohh-mee
gah ah-roo kah-rah deh-soo.) (It’s because I’m interested in jobs that I canuse English for.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Takeshi Sakai is desperately looking for a job. He’s in the middle ofhis 19th job interview this month. (Track 28)
Interviewer: Kyūryō wa amari takaku arimasen yo.
kyooo-ryohh wah ah-mah-ree tah-kah-koo ah-reemah-sehn yo.
We can’t pay you well, all right?
Takeshi:Ii desu.
eee deh-soo.
That’s okay.

Interviewer: Zangyō mo tokidoki arimasu yo.
zahn-gyohh moh toh-kee-doh-kee ah-ree-mah-soo yoh.
You’ll have to work overtime sometimes.

Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications
Takeshi:Daijōbu desu.
dah-ee-johh-boo deh-soo.
That’s okay.

Interviewer: Kenkō hoken wa arimasen yo.
kehn-kohh hoh-kehn wah ah-ree-mah-sehn yoh.
And you won’t get health insurance.
Takeshi:

Kodomo ga 3-nin imasu kara, sore wa chotto
komarimasu.
koh-doh-moh gah sahn-neen ee-mah-soo kah-rah,soh-reh wah choht-toh koh-mah-ree-mah-soo.
That’s a problem because I have three children.

Interviewer: Ā, sō desu ka. Sore wa komarimasu ne.
ahh, sohh deh-soo kah. soh-reh wah koh-mah-reemah-soo neh.
Oh, really. That will be a problem.

Words to Knowkyūryō

kyooo-ryohh

salaryzangyō

zahn-gyohh

overtime work

tokidoki

toh-kee-doh-kee

sometimesdaijōbu (na)dah-ee-johh-boo (nah)okay, finekenkō hoken

kehn-kohh hoh-kehn

health insurance

kodomokoh-doh-moh

childkomarukoh-mah-roo

to be a difficulty203

204 Part II: Japanese in Action
Addressing superiors and subordinates
Japan is very modern, but a shadow of feudalism still falls on workplaces. Case in point:
Subordinates never address their superiors by
their first names. If you work in Japan, address
your superiors by using their titles and lastnames. So, if your superior is the company
president and his last name is Smith, call him
スミス社長 Sumisu-shachō, or simply 社長
shāchō (shah-chohh).
Some titles Japanese companies use are as
follows:✓ 部長 buchō (boo-chohh) (department chief)✓ 課長 kachō (kah-chohh) (section chief)✓ 係長 kakarichō (kah-kah-ree-chohh) (subsection chief)✓ 社長 shachō (shah-chohh) (company
president)
Address your subordinates by their last names,
plus -san or -kun. In a business context, both-san (sahn) and -kun (koon) can be used for
women and men. So if Mr. Smith is your assistant, call him Sumisu-san (soo-mee-soo-sahn)or Sumisu-kun (soo-mee-soo-koon).

✓ 副社長 fukushachō (foo-koo-shah-chohh)(company vice-president)

Making Sense of Your Office Environment
If you’re a full-time employee, you probably spend about one-third of yourtime each week at the office. If you’re going to spend so much time at work,
you’d better know the terms for basic office equipment, furniture, and supplies, as well as how to get around your office building.

Checking out the supplies
Many workplaces are home to numerous pieces of office equipment and furniture. Check whether you see these items at your workplace:✓ 電話 denwa (dehn-wah) (telephone)✓ デスクライトdesuku raito (deh-soo-koo rah-ee-toh) or デスクランプ
desuku ranpu (deh-soo-koo rahm-poo) (desk lamp)✓ ゴミ箱 gomibako (goh-mee-bah-koh) (wastebasket)✓ 本棚 hondana (hohn-dah-nah) (bookshelf)✓ 椅子 isu (ee-soo) (chair)✓ カレンダー karendā (kah-rehn-dahh) (calendar)✓ コピー機 kopīki (koh-peee-kee) (copier)✓ ノートＰＣ nōto PC (nohh-toh peee-sheee) (laptop computer)Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications✓ パソコン pasokon (pah-soh-kohn) (personal computer)✓ プリンター purintā (poo-reen-tahh) (printer)✓ タブレット taburetto (tah-boo-reht-toh) (tablet computer)✓ 机 tsukue (tsoo-koo-eh) (desk)
Look inside your desk drawers to see whether you have these office supplies:✓ ボールペン bōrupen (bohh-roo-pehn) (ballpoint pen)
✓ 鉛筆 enpitsu (ehn-pee-tsoo) (pencil)✓ 封筒 fūtō (fooo-tohh) (envelope)✓ ホッチキス hotchikisu (hoht-chee-kee-soo) (stapler)✓ 消しゴム keshigomu (keh-shee-goh-moo) (eraser)✓ 糊 nori (noh-ree) (glue)✓ ノート nōto (nohh-toh) (notebook)✓ シャーペン shāpen (shahh-pehn) (mechanical pencil)✓ 手帳 techō (teh-chohh) (planner)✓ セロテープ serotēpu (seh-roh-tehh-poo) (cellophane tape)
If you can’t find a pen, an eraser, or a stapler, ask a colleague. He or she probably has one that you can use. Start by mentioning the item you need to borrowand including the topic particle wa (wah). Then use the verb aru (ah-roo) (toexist) to ask Do you have? (Using the verb to exist seems weird in this case,doesn’t it? To see more examples of this strange use of the verb aru, flip to
Chapter 7.) Add the polite suffix -masu (mah-soo) to the stem form of aru, as
in arimasu (ah-ree-mah-soo), and make the phrase into a question by adding
the question particle ka (kah), as in arimasu ka (ah-ree-mah-soo kah). Now
you can start bothering your colleagues:
ホッチキスはありますか。 Hotchikisu wa arimasu ka. (hoht-chee-keesoo wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have a stapler?)
消しゴムはありますか。 Keshigomu wa arimasu ka. (keh-shee-goh-moo
wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have an eraser?)Touring the rest of the building
Although you may be in the same room in the building every day, knowing
the rest of the areas in the building is a good idea in case you need to help
other people in the company. Here are helpful words to identify a variety ofrooms and areas in your office building:205

206 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 出口 deguchi (deh-goo-chee) (exit)✓ エレベーター erebētā (eh-reh-behh-tahh) (elevator)✓ 入り口 iriguchi (ee-ree-goo-chee) (entrance)✓ 階段 kaidan (kah-ee-dahn) (stairway)✓ 会議室 kaigishitsu (kah-ee-gee-shee-tsoo) (conference room)✓ 警備室 keibishitsu (keh-ee-bee-shee-tsoo) (security room)✓ 工場 kōjō (kohh-johh) (factory)✓ ロビー robī (roh-beee) (lobby)✓ 廊下 rōka (rohh-kah) (hallway)✓ 倉庫 sōko (sohh-koh) (storage)✓ トイレ toire (toh-ee-reh) (toilet)
For pointers on referring to specific floors in your building, check out Chapter
10. You can read about using ordinal numbers in general in Chapter 5.

Phoning Made Simple
Telephones are an indispensable part of daily life, particularly in businesssettings. E-mails are also great, but they can’t replace the sense of connectionthat you get from hearing another person’s voice. The next sections give you
the essential words and phrases that you need to have for telephone conversations in Japanese.

Brushing up on phone-related vocab
Before you get ready to make a call in Japanese, get used to the Japanesewords and terms related to telephone equipment, systems, and accessories:✓ 電話 denwa (dehn-wah) (telephone)✓ 電話番号 denwa-bangō (dehn-wah-bahn-gohh) (telephone number)✓ 電話帳 denwachō (dehn-wah-chohh) (telephone book)✓ 携帯（電話） keitai(-denwa) (kehh-tah-ee[-dehn-wah]) (cellphone)✓ 留守番電話 rusuban-denwa (roo-soo-bahn-dehn-wah) (answering machine)✓ ヴォイスメール voisu-mēru (voh-ee-soo-mehh-roo) (voicemail)
After you have a grip on the necessary vocabulary, you’re ready to denwa okakeru (dehn-wah oh kah-keh-roo) (to make a phone call). Here’s how to conjugate the ru-verb kakeru (kah-keh-roo) (to make [a phone call]):Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

かけるkakerukah-keh-roo

かけないkakenai

kah-keh-nah-ee

かけ（ます）

kake(masu)

kah-keh(-mah-soo)

かけてkaketekah-keh-teh

Before you start talking, say moshimoshi (moh-shee-moh-shee). In Japanese,moshimoshi is a kind of line-testing phrase, like Hello, are you there? orCan you hear me? If the other party on the phone doesn’t speak at all, say
moshimoshi again. If you still don’t hear anything, repeat it more loudly —MOSHIMOSHI!!! If you still don’t hear anything, hang up!

Asking to speak with someone
Why do you make a phone call? Because you want to talk to someone, right?
Oh, you want to talk with Mr. Mori? Here are a couple of different ways to try
to get him.
✓ 森さんをお願いします。 Mori-san o onegaishimasu. (moh-ree-sahn ohoh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Mr. Mori, please.)✓ 森さんはいらっしゃいますか。 Mori-san wa irasshaimasu ka. (moh-reesahn wah ee-rahs-shah-ee-mah-soo kah.) (Is Mr. Mori available?)
Suppose you want to phrase your request as I’d like to speak to Mr. Mori. I
have two confessions to make regarding how to express to want in Japanese.
First, Japanese usually use an adjective, not a verb, to express to want.
Second, Japanese use different adjectives to express to want depending onwhether they want something (such as time, a friend, or a physical object) or
want to do something.
To say that you want something, use the adjective hoshii (hoh-sheee) or its
polite/neutral counterpart hoshii desu (hoh-sheee deh-soo). Place it at theend of the sentence and place the subject particle ga (gah) after the item thatyou want, as in the following examples:
私は車がほしいです。 Watashi wa kuruma ga hoshii desu. (wah-tah-shee
wah koo-roo-mah gah hoh-sheee deh-soo.) (I want a car.)
私はお金がほしいです。 Watashi wa o-kane ga hoshii desu. (wah-tahshee wah oh-kah-neh gah hoh-sheee deh-soo.) (I want money.)
何が一番ほしいですか。 Nani ga ichiban hoshii desu ka. (nah-nee gah
ee-chee-bahn hoh-sheee deh-soo kah.) (What do you want the most?)

207

208 Part II: Japanese in Action
時間が一番ほしいです。 Jikan ga ichiban hoshii desu. (jee-kahn gah eechee-bahn hoh-sheee deh-soo.) (I want time the most.)
いい仕事がほしいです。 Ii shigoto ga hoshii desu. (eee shee-goh-toh gah
hoh-sheee deh-soo.) (I want a good job.)
To say that you want to do something, simply add the suffix -tai (tah-ee) tothe end of the stem form of a verb. For example, if you want to neru (nehroo) (to sleep), say ne-tai (neh-tah-ee) (to want to sleep). Check out theseexamples:
私は休みたいです。 Watashi wa yasumi-tai desu. (wah-tah-shee wah yahsoo-mee-tah-ee deh-soo.) (I want to take a day off.)
今日はクラスに行きたくありません。 Kyō wa kurasu ni ikitaku arimasen. (kyohh wah koo-rah-soo nee ee-kee-tah-koo ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (I
don’t want to go to class today.)
将来, 何をしたいですか。Shōrai, nani o shi-tai desu ka. (shohh-rah-ee,
nah-nee oh shee-tah-ee deh-soo kah.) (What do you want to do in the
future?)
うちに帰りたいです。 Uchi ni kaeri-tai desu. (oo-chee nee kah-eh-reetah-ee deh-soo.) (I want to go home.)
You can mark the object of the verb with either o or ga when the verb is combined with -tai. For example, Kyō wa sutēki o tabe-tai desu. (kyohh wah sootehh-kee oh tah-beh-tah-ee deh-soo.) (I want to eat a steak today.) can be Kyō wasutēki ga tabe-tai desu. (kyohh wah soo-tehh-kee gah tah-beh-tah-ee deh-soo.).
When you tell someone what you want, you should end your statement with-n-desu ga (n-deh-soo gah). Doing so injects a nice, friendly, and cooperative attitude into your statement. The function of -n-desu is to show your willingness tohear the other person’s response to what you’re saying. (See Chapter 5 for moreon using -n-desu.) The last ga is actually the sentence-ending particle that means
but. So, you’re literally saying I want to do such and such, but. What you actuallymean is something like I want to do such and such, but is it okay with you?
Suppose you call a hotel to make a reservation. If you say yoyaku o shitai
desu (yoh-yah-koo oh shee-tah-ee deh-soo), it just means I want to make a reservation. But phrasing your statement this way sounds too blunt in Japanese,and you almost sound like you’re making a protest or stating a demand. By
contrast, if you say yoyaku o shitai-n-desu ga (yoh-yah-koo oh shee-tah-eendeh-soo gah), it means something like I’d like to make a reservation, but could
you help me with it? Now, your statement sounds soft, and you’re kindly inviting the hotel clerk’s reply.
That’s the kind of tone you want to use when asking to talk to your businesscontact Mr. Mori (remember him?), so you express that request by saying
Mori-san o onegai shi-tai-n-desu ga. (moh-ree-sahn oh oh-neh-gah-ee sheetah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to talk with Mr. Mori, but is he available?)Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications
Check out these examples that contain a more realistic translation of threestatements that use -n-desu ga:
予約を確認したいんですが。 Yoyaku o kakunin shi-tai-n-desu ga. (yohyah-koo oh kah-koo-neen shee-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to confirm
the reservation, but is it okay with you?)
営業時間を知りたいんですが。 Eigyō jikan o shiri-tai-n-desu ga. (ehhgyohh jee-kahn oh shee-ree-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to know yourbusiness hours, but could you help me with this?)
ちょっとお尋ねしたいんですが。 Chotto otazune shi-tai-n-desu ga.
(choht-toh oh-tah-zoo-neh shee-tah-een deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to ask you
about something, but is it okay?)

Calling your client
When you call your business clients, remember that you’re representing yourcompany. That’s the Japanese way to make a business call. Don’t forget to mention the name of your company first, before mentioning your own name. Insteadof saying This is Mr. White, for example, say This is ABC Technology’s Mr. White.
Greet your client and his or her secretary with O-sewa ni natte orimasu. (ohseh-wah nee naht-teh oh-ree-mah-soo.) (Thank you for doing business withus.). This line is one of the essential set phrases in Japanese business.
When you ask for your call to be transferred to a specific person, don’t forgetto specify his title and department. This little tip is important, especially whenmore than one person in the company has the same last name.

Talkin’ the Talk
Patrick White at ABC Technology has just prepared an estimate forhis client, Mr. Tanaka, at Yamada Denki, Inc. Patrick is calling Mr.
Tanaka to tell him about the quote. (Track 29)
Secretary:

Yamada Denki de gozaimasu.
yah-mah-dah dehn-kee deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
This is Yamada Denki, Inc.

Patrick:

ABC Tekunorojī no Howaito desu. Itsumo o-sewa ni
natte orimasu.
ehh-beee-sheee teh-koo-noh-roh-jeee noh hoh-wahee-toh deh-soo. ee-tsoo-moh oh-seh-wah nee nahtteh oh-ree-mah-soo.
This is Mr. White from ABC Technology. Thank you
for doing business with us.

209210 Part II: Japanese in Action
Secretary:

Kochira koso o-sewa ni natte orimasu.
koh-chee-rah koh-soh oh-seh-wah nee naht-teh
oh-ree-mah-soo.
Thank you, too.

Patrick:Anō, eigyō-bu no Tanaka buchō-sama wa irasshaimasu ka.
ah-nohh, ehh-gyohh-boo noh tah-nah-kah boochohh-sah-mah wah ee-rahs-shah-ee-mah-soo ka.
Umm, is Mr. Tanaka, the head of the sales division,
available?

Secretary:Hai, shōshō o-machi kudasai.
hah-ee, shohh-shohh oh-mah-chee koo-dah-sah-ee.
Yes. Could you hold on please?

Patrick:Hai.
hah-ee.
Sure.

Tanaka:Moshimoshi, omatase shimashita. Tanaka desu.
moh-shee-moh-shee, oh-mah-tah-seh shee-mah-sheetah. tah-nah-kah deh-soo.
Hello, sorry to have kept you waiting. This is Mr.
Tanaka speaking.

Patrick:

Ā, Tanaka-buchō. Howaito desu. Itsumo o-sewa ni
natte orimasu.
ahh, tah-nah-kah-boo-chohh. hoh-wah-ee-toh dehsoo. ee-tsoo-moh oh-seh-wah nee naht-teh
oh-ree-mah-soo.
Oh, Division Chief Tanaka. This is Mr. White. I appreciate your doing business with us all this time.

Tanaka:Īe, kochira koso.
eee-eh, koh-chee-rah koh-soh.
No, no. It is we who should say that.

Patrick:Anō, mitsumorisho ga dekimashita.
ah-nohh, mee-tsoo-moh-ree-shoh gah deh-kee-mahshee-tah gah.
Well, the quote is ready.

Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications

Words to Know
Itsumo o-sewa ni
natte orimasu.

ee-tsoo-moh oh-sehwah nee naht-teh
oh-ree-mah-soo.

Thank you for doing
business with us.

Shōshō o-machi
kudasai.

shohh-shohh oh-mahchee koo-dah-sah-ee.

Could you hold on
please?

Moshimoshi.

moh-shee-moh-shee

Hello.

Omataseshimashita.

oh-mah-tah-seh
shee-mah-shee-tah.

Sorry to have kept you
waiting.

mitsumorisho

mee-tsoo-moh-reesho

quote

dekirudeh-kee-roo

to be completed

Leaving a message
Many people’s workdays are filled with meetings, deadlines, and can’t-missappointments that keep them from answering their phones — which means
you’re probably going to have to leave a message for someone at some point
in your career. You may leave a message on a voicemail or with a person(such as a secretary or assistant).
To talk about leaving messages, conjugate the u-verb nokosu (noh-koh-soo),
which means to leave in the sense of leaving a message but not to leave in thesense of going away or departing.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation残す

nokosunoh-koh-soo

残さないnokosanai

noh-koh-sah-nah-ee

残し（ます）

nokoshi(masu)

noh-koh-shee(-mah-soo)

残してnokoshite

noh-koh-shee-teh

211

212 Part II: Japanese in Action
On someone’s voicemail
When you leave a message on an answering machine, you need to give theother party all the information necessary to understand your call. Specifically,
make sure you clarify which person will call the other back. Here are a few
phrases to help you do just that:✓ 後ほどお電話を下さい。 Nochihodo o-denwa o kudasai. (noh-chee-hohdoh oh-dehn-wah oh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please give me a call later.)✓ またお電話を致します。 Mata o-denwa o itashimasu. (mah-tah oh-dehnwah oh ee-tah-shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll call you again.)With a person
When you leave a message with a person, be clear about what you want andalways use polite phrases such as the following:✓ 電話があったことをお伝えください。 Denwa ga atta koto o o-tsutae
kudasai. (dehn-wah gah aht-tah koh-toh oh oh-tsoo-tah-eh koo-dah-sahee.) (Please tell him/her that I called.)✓ またこちらからお電話を致します。 Mata kochira kara o-denwa o itashimasu. (mah-tah koh-chee-rah kah-rah oh-dehn-wah oh ee-tah-shee-mahsoo.) (I’ll call him/her again.)✓ お電話を頂きたいんですが。 O-denwa o itadakitai-n-desu ga. (oh-dehnwah oh ee-tah-dah-kee-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (Would you kindly ask him/
her to please call me back?)✓ またお電話致しますとお伝え下さい。 Mata o-denwa itashimasu to o-tsutae kudasai. (mah-tah o-dehn-wah ee-tah-shee-mah-soo toh oh-tsoo-tah-eh
koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please let him/her know that I’ll call again tomorrow.)✓ 少し遅れると伝えてください。 Sukoshi okureru to tsutaete kudasai.
(soo-koh-shee oh-koo-reh-roo toh tsoo-tah-eh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.)(Please tell him/her that I’ll be a little late.)
The particle to, as in to tsutaete kudasai in the last example sentence in thepreceding list, is a quotation particle. Place it right after your message to indicate what your message is. Use it with the verbs iu (ee-oo) (to say), kaku
(kah-koo) (to write), and tsutaeru (tsoo-tah-eh-roo) (to report/tell), as in thefollowing examples:
一万円借りたと書きました。 10,000-en karita to kakimashita. (ee-cheemahn-ehn kah-ree-tah toh kah-kee-mah-shee-tah.) (I wrote that I borrowed
10,000 yen.)
田中さんは来ると言いました。 Tanaka-san wa kuru to iimashita. (tahnah-kah-sahn wah koo-roo toh eee-mah-shee-tah.) (Mr. Tanaka said that
he’ll come.)Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications
また来ますと伝えてください。 Mata kimasu to tsutaete kudasai. (mahtah kee-mah-soo toh tsoo-tah-eh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Could you tell him/
her that I’ll come again?)
You can also use the quotation particle to with the verb omou (oh-moh-oo)(to think) to mark the content of what a person thinks.
翻訳は来週までにできると思います。 Hon’yaku wa raishū made ni
dekiru to omoimasu. (hohn-yah-koo wah rah-ee-shooo mah-deh nee dehkee-roo toh oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I think that the translation can be completed by next week.)
田中さんは来ないと思います。 Tanaka-san wa konai to omoimasu.
(tah-nah-kah-sahn wah koh-nah-ee toh oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I think Mr.
Tanaka will not come.)
Go- (goh) is another polite prefix, just like o- (oh), which I tell you about in
Chapter 4. You can add go- to the beginning of a noun to refer respectfully toother people’s items. Typically, you use go- with words of Chinese origin ando- with native Japanese words; however, too many exceptions exist, so you
just have to memorize which prefix goes with which nouns. Check out somebusiness-related examples:✓ 御注文 go-chūmon (goh-chooo-mohn) (order)✓ 御伝言 go-dengon (goh-dehn-gohn) (message)✓ 御住所 go-jūsho (goh-jooo-shoh) (address)✓ 御職業 go-shokugyō (goh-shoh-koo-gyohh) (occupation)✓ 御招待 go-shōtai (goh-shohh-tah-ee) (invitation)✓ お電話 o-denwa (oh-dehn-wah) (telephone)✓ お電話番号 o-denwa-bangō (oh-dehn-wah-bahn-gohh) (telephone number)✓ お客様 o-kyaku-sama (oha-kyah-koo-sah-mah) (customer)✓ お名前 o-namae (oh-nah-mah-eh) (name)As I note in Chapter 10, the particle ga means but when placed after a sentence. It usually shows contrast, conflict, or contradiction just like but does
in English, but ga can also mean almost nothing, simply marking a transition
from one statement to another. The typical situation where you use ga as atransition marker is when one person telephones another person. In Japan,
you need to say your own name first before asking for someone on the phone,so the particle ga is essential for smoothly beginning a telephone conversation. For example, if Mr. Smith wants to talk with Mr. Tanaka, he would firstsay his name and ask for Mr. Tanaka, as in Sumisu desu ga, Tanaka-san wa
irasshaimasu ka. (soo-mee-soo deh-soo gah, tah-nah-kah sahn wah ee-rahsshah-ee-mah-soo kah.) (I’m Mr. Smith. Is Mr. Tanaka there?)213

214 Part II: Japanese in Action
Talkin’ the Talk
Jake Brown is a private English tutor. He tries to call his student,
Makoto Isobe. (Track 30)
Mrs. Isobe:

Hai, Isobe desu.
hah-ee, ee-soh-beh deh-soo.
Yes, this is the Isobe residence.

Jake:

Buraun desu ga, Makoto-san wa irasshaimasu ka.
boo-rah-oon deh-soo gah, mah-koh-toh-sahn wah
ee-rahs-shah-ee-mah-soo ka.
This is Mr. Brown. Is Makoto available?

Mrs. Isobe:

Sumimasen. Chotto dekakete imasu. Nanika go-dengon wa.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. choht-toh deh-kah-keh-teh eemah-soo. nah-nee-kah goh-dehn-gohn wah.
I’m sorry, but he’s out. May I take a message?

Jake:Jā, ashita mata denwa o shimasu to tsutaete kudasai.
jahh, ah-shee-tah mah-tah dehn-wah oh shee-mahsoo toh tsoo-tah-eh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.
Okay, could you tell him that I’ll call him again tomorrow?

Mrs. Isobe:

Hai, wakarimashita.
hah-ee, wah-kah-ree-mah-shee-tah.
Sure, certainly.

Jake:Jā, yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
jahh, yoh-roh-shee-koo oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.
Thanks. (Literally: Thank you for doing me a favor.)

Words to Knowdekakete iru

deh-kah-keh-teh ee-roo to be out, to have gone out

nanikanah-nee-kah

somethingashitaah-shee-tah

tomorrow

wakaruwah-kah-roo

to understandChapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications

Catching Up on Computing Basics
Computers are an indispensable communication tool in the business world,which means you need to know how to talk about them in Japanese. I provide
you with the basic terms for computers, computer programs, and e-mailing in
the following sections.

Familiarizing yourself with computer terms
Most Japanese call their computers pasokon (pah-soh-kohn), which is the abbreviation of personal computers. Most computer-related words are from English,
but make sure to pronounce them with a Japanese accent. Try some of them:✓ ＣＤ CD (sheee-deee) (CD)✓ デスクトップパソコン desukutoppu-pasokon (deh-soo-koo-tohp-poopah-soh-kohn) (desktop computer)✓ ディスプレイ・モニター disupurei-monitā (dee-soo-poo-rehh-moh-neetahh) (display monitor)✓ ＤＶＤ DVD (deee-boo-ee-deee) (DVD)✓ ハードディスク hādodisuku (hahh-doh-dee-soo-koo) (hard disk)✓ キーボード kībōdo (keee-bohh-doh) (keyboard)✓ マウス mausu (mah-oo-soo) (mouse)✓ ＵＳＢメモリー USB memorī (yooo-eh-soo-beee meh-moh-reee) (flash drive)✓ モデム modemu (moh-deh-moo) (modem)✓ ノートパソコン nōto-pasokon (nohh-toh-pah-soh-kohn) (laptop)✓ パソコン pasokon (pah-soh-kohn) (personal computer)✓ プリンター purintā (poo-reen-tahh) (printer)✓ スキャナー sukyanā (soo-kyah-nahh) (scanner)✓ スピーカー supīkā (soo-peee-kahh) (speakers)✓ ウェブカメラ webu-kamera (weh-boo-kah-meh-rah) (webcam)
The following words help you talk about the actions you perform and theprograms you use on your computer, including Microsoft Word, Excel, andPowerPoint:✓ ブラウザ burauza (boo-rah-oo-zah) (browser)✓ ブログ burogu (boo-roh-goo) (blog)✓ エクセル ekuseru (eh-koo-seh-roo) (Excel)

215

216 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ ホームページ hōmupēji (hohh-moo-pehh-jee) (homepage)✓ インターネット intānetto (een-tahh-neht-toh) (Internet)✓ メール mēru (mehh-roo) (e-mails)✓ パワーポイント pawāpointo (pah-wahh-poh-een-toh) (PowerPoint)✓ ウェブサイト webusaito (weh-boo-sah-ee-toh) (website)✓ ワード wādo (wahh-doh) (Word)

Sending e-mailI love e-mail (mēru) (mehh-roo) because I can send or read it whenever I
want. Here’re basic terms you need to use this convenient tool, both in theworkplace and in the comfort of your home:✓ 返信する henshin suru (hehn-sheen soo-roo) (to reply to an e-mail)✓ 受信する jushin suru (joo-sheen soo-roo) (to receive an e-mail)✓ 迷惑メール meiwaku-mēru (meh-ee-wah-koo-mehh-roo) (spam mail)✓ メールアドレス mēru-adoresu (mehh-roo-ah-doh-reh-soo) (e-mail address)✓ パスワード pasuwādo (pah-soo-wahh-doh) (password)✓ ログアウト roguauto (roh-goo-ah-oo-toh) (logout)✓ ログイン roguin (roh-goo-een) (login)✓ 送信する sōshin suru (sohh-sheen soo-roo) (to send an e-mail)✓ 添付する tenpu suru (tehn-poo soo-roo) (to attach)Social media, Japanese-style
Methods of communication have changed
greatly because of advances in technology.
Nowadays, young people keep in contact
with others, exchange ideas, and make plans
through a variety of social networking sites.
Here are some Japanese terms for taking
advantage of social media tools:✓ ブログ burogu (boo-roh-goo) (blog)✓ チャット chatto (chaht-toh) (chat, chatting)✓ フェイスブック feisubukku (feh-ee-soobook-koo) (Facebook)✓ フォローする forō suru (foh-rohh soo-roo)(to follow)✓ ポストする posuto suru (poh-soo-toh sooroo) (to post)✓ ツイートする tsuīto suru (tsoo-eee-toh
soo-roo) (to tweet)✓ ツイッター tsuittā (tsoo-eet-tahh) (Twitter)

Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications

Having Meetings in the Workplace
As long as you’re engaged in business, you’ll be exposed to meetings (regardless of their size and frequency). Here are some words and phrases you needto talk about meetings:✓ 議題 gidai (gee-dah-ee) (agenda)✓ 議事録 gijiroku (gee-jee-roh-koo) (minutes)✓ ホワイトボード howaito bōdo (hoh-wah-ee-toh bohh-doh) (whiteboard)✓ 会議 kaigi (kah-ee-gee) (meeting, conference)✓ 会議で話し合う kaigi de hanashi-au (kah-ee-gee deh han-nah-shee-ahoo) (to discuss at the meeting)✓ 会議で決める kaigi de kimeru (kah-ee-gee deh kee-meh-roo) (to decide at
the meeting)✓ 会議に出る kaigi ni deru (kah-ee-gee nee deh-roo) (to attend the meeting)✓ 会議をする kaigi o suru (kah-ee-gee oh soo-roo) (to hold a meeting)✓ コンファレンス konfarensu (kohn-fah-rehn-soo) (conference)✓ コンファレンスコール konfarensu kōru (kohn-fah-rehn-soo kohh-roo)(conference call)✓ プロジェクター purojekutā (poo-roh-jeh-koo-tahh) (projector)217

218 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & Games
Match each Japanese term with the correct office item marked in the illustration.
Flip to Appendix D for the answers.

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

1. 電話 denwa

a. chair

2. カレンダー karendāb. desk lamp

3. ホッチキス hotchikisu

c. calendar

4. 机 tsukue

d. computer

5. 椅子 isu

e. telephone

6. デスクランプ desuku ranpu

f. pencil sharpener

7. パソコン pasokong. pen8. ペン penh. bookshelves

9. 本棚 hondana

i. wastebasket

10. ゴミ箱 gomibako

j. desk

11. 鉛筆削り enpitsukezuri

k. stapler

Chapter 13

Recreation and the Great Outdoors
In This Chapter▶ Expressing to do with suru and showing off what you can do▶ Finding a hobby▶ Getting back to nature in all seasons▶ Playing sports and games▶ Being artisticNo matter how much you love your job, your life can’t be entirely healthy
if it consists only of work, so make a goal to set some time aside for rikurieishon (ree-koo-ree-ehh-shohn) (recreation). This chapter explains how to talkabout rikurieishon in Japanese, from engaging in hobbies and enjoying nature toplaying sports and games and exploring your musical and artistic talents.

Using the Verb Suru (To Do)
The verb suru (soo-roo) (to do) is the most frequently used verb in Japanese.
You can use suru for talking about doing many different types of recreational
activities discussed in this chapter. To start with, conjugate the irregularverb suru as follows:
Japanese Script
する
しない
し（ます）
して

Rōmajisuru
shinaishi(masu)
shite

Pronunciation
soo-rooshee-nah-eeshee(-mah-soo)shee-teh

You can use suru to express many recreational activities, from sports tosightseeing:✓ 電話をする denwa o suru (dehn-wah oh soo-roo) (to telephone someone)✓ 買い物をする kaimono o suru (kah-ee-moh-noh oh soo-roo) (to do the
shopping)

220 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 観光をする kankō o suru (kahn-kohh oh soo-roo) (to go sightseeing)✓ 空手をする karate o suru (kah-rah-teh oh soo-roo) (to do karate)✓ 料理をする ryōri o suru (ryohh-ree oh soo-roo) (to cook)✓ テニスをする tenisu o suru (teh-nee-soo oh soo-roo) (to play tennis)✓ トランプをする toranpu o suru (toh-rahn-poo oh soo-roo) (to play cards)✓ 釣りをする tsuri o suru (tsoo-ree oh soo-roo) (to fish)✓ 山登りをする yamanobori o suru (yah-mah-noh-boh-ree o soo-roo) (tomountain climb)
The verb suru also follows some English loan words. These words are pretty
easy to understand even without the translation.
✓ チェックする chekku suru (chehk-koo soo-roo) (to check)✓ キャンセルする kyanseru suru (kyahn-seh-roo soo-roo) (to cancel)✓ リラックスする rirakkusu suru (ree-rahk-koo-soo soo-roo) (to relax)

Saying “I Can”
Sorry, Japanese doesn’t have a convenient word like can. To say that you cando something rather than that you do something, add a suffix (-eru or -rareru)
to the verb. You need to do a little surgery on the verb to securely attach thesuffix. (Don’t worry; verbs don’t bleed.) The particular suffix and the amountof verb surgery necessary both depend on the class of the verb.
✓ If the verb is an u-verb, remove the u at the end of the verb in the dictionary form and add -eru. For example, aruku (ah-roo-koo) (to walk) is
an u-verb. Removing the final u and adding -eru gives you arukeru (ahroo-keh-roo). Aruku means I walk, but arukeru means I can walk.
✓ If the verb is a ru-verb, remove the ru at the end of the verb in the dictionary form and add -rareru. For example, the verb okiru (oh-kee-roo)(to sit up) is a ru-verb. Removing the ru and adding -rareru gives you
okirareru (oh-kee-rah-reh-roo). Okirareru means I can sit up.
The only necessary sound adjustment in this whole process is to change
ts to t before adding -eru. So the can form of the verb motsu (moh-tsoo) (tohold) is moteru (moh-teh-roo) (can hold), not motseru (moh-tseh-roo). That
doesn’t mean that motsu is an irregular verb; it’s actually regular. Tse (tseh)
just isn’t an authentic Japanese sound, so it gets simplified to te (teh). That’sa reasonable and minor sound adjustment, right?
Two of the major irregular verbs, suru (see the preceding section) and kuru
(koo-roo) (to come), undergo major changes in the can situation. The canChapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors
form of the verb suru is actually a substitution with the verb dekiru (deh-keeroo) (can do). The can form of kuru is korareru (koh-rah-reh-roo) (can come).
When you use the can form of a verb in a sentence, replace the direct object
particle o (oh) with the particle ga (gah). (See Chapter 3 for more on the particles o and ga.) I know — it’s not a subject, but you mark it with the particle
ga anyway. Strange, isn’t it? So Sushi o tsukuru. (soo-shee oh tsoo-koo-roo.)means You make sushi., but Sushi ga tsukureru. (soo-shee gah tsoo-koo-rehroo.) means You can make sushi. After you create a can-form, such as tsukureru, treat it as an independent verb and conjugate it as a ru-verb. Right,
tsukureru, tsukurenai, tsukure(masu), and tsukutte! (For a refresher on how
to conjugate ru-verbs, check out Chapter 3.) These examples help you express
who can and can’t do what:
アダムは空手ができます。 Adamu wa karate ga dekimasu. (ah-dah-moo
wah kah-rah-teh gah deh-kee-mah-soo.) (Adam can do karate.)
私は箸が使えません。 Watashi wa hashi ga tsukaemasen. (wah-tah-shee
wah hah-shee gah tsoo-kah-eh-mah-sehn.) (I can’t use chopsticks.)
父は日本語が話せません。 でも, 中国語が話せます。 Chichi wa Nihongoga hanasemasen. Demo, Chūgokugo ga hanasemasu. (chee-chee wah
nee-hohn-goh gah han-nah-seh-mah-sehn. deh-moh, chooo-goh-koo-goh
gah hah-nah-seh-mah-soo.) (My father can’t speak Japanese. However, hecan speak Chinese.)
What? You can only speak English? To say only in Japanese, you add theparticle shika (shee-kah) to the end of the noun and make the verb negative.
(Don’t forget to make the verb negative because shika and the negative verb
together are what mean only.) Also, if shika follows the subject particle ga or
the object particle o, you drop the particle; other particles stay, as the following examples show:
私は英語しか話せません。 Watashi wa eigo shika hanasemasen. (wahtah-shee wah ehh-goh shee-kah hah-nah-seh-mah-sehn.) (I can only speak
English.)
田中さんしか来られませんでした。 Tanaka-san shika koraremasendeshita. (tah-nah-kah-sahn shee-kah koh-rah-reh-mah-sehn-deh-shee-tah.)(Only Mr. Tanaka could come.)
明子さんは野菜しか食べられません。 Akiko-san wa yasai shika taberaremasen. (ah-kee-koh-sahn wah yah-sah-ee shee-kah tah-beh-rah-reh-mahsehn.) (Akiko can only eat vegetables.)
ふぐはレストランでしか食べません。 Fugu wa resutoran de shika tabemasen. (foo-goo wah reh-soo-toh-rahn deh shee-kah tah-beh-mah-sehn.)(I eat blowfish at a restaurant only.)
テニスは父としかしません。 Tenisu wa chichi to shika shimasen. (tehnee-soo wah chee-chee toh shee-kah shee-mah-sehn.) (I play tennis withmy father only.)221

222 Part II: Japanese in Action
Discussing Your Hobbies
If you get to know a Japanese person socially, he or she may ask you, Shumiwa. (shoo-mee wah.) (What’s your hobby?). Having at least one shumi (shoomee) (hobby) that you can proudly talk about is nice. Is your shumi athletic,
artistic, or academic in nature? Or is it just amusing? Perhaps you do one of
the following activities — all of which are nouns, by the way:
✓ 盆栽 bonsai (bohn-sah-ee) (bonsai [creating miniature trees])✓ 読書 dokusho (doh-koo-shoh) (reading)✓ 絵 e (eh) (drawing and painting)✓ ゴルフ gorufu (goh-roo-foo) (golf)✓ 切手のコレクション kitte no korekushon (keet-teh noh koh-reh-kooshohn) (stamp collecting)✓ 料理 ryōri (ryohh-ree) (cooking)✓ 水泳 suiei (soo-ee-ehh) (swimming)✓ 釣り tsuri (tsoo-ree) (fishing)
If you want to use a verb to specify your hobby (that is, you want to use the verb
for to swim rather than the noun swimming), just say the verb and add koto (kohtoh) at the end. Koto means something like fact or matter, but it doesn’t have any
specific meaning by itself. It just makes a preceding verb noun-like. So to say My
hobby is swimming., you can use either of the following phrases:
趣味は水泳です。 Shumi wa suiei desu. (shoo-mee wah soo-ee-ehh dehsoo.)
趣味は泳ぐことです。 Shumi wa oyogu koto desu. (shoo-mee wah ohyoh-goo koh-toh deh-soo.)
My friend’s hobby is reading. He reads books, magazines, dictionaries, andanything else that he can get his hands on, including the nutritional information on cereal boxes, the lists of chemicals in his wife’s cosmetic goods, andeven entire software manuals. Use the following table to conjugate the u-verb
yomu (yoh-moo) (to read) for him.
Japanese Script
読む
読まない
読み（ます）
読んでRōmajiyomu
yomanaiyomi(masu)
yonde

Pronunciation
yoh-mooyoh-mah-nah-ee
yoh-mee(-mah-soo)yohn-dehChapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors

Talkin’ the Talk
Michio is getting to know Joanna at an informal party at a mutual
friend’s house. (Track 31)
Michio:Joana-san. Shumi wa nan desu ka.
joh-ah-nah-sahn. shoo-mee wah nahn deh-soo kah.
Joanna, what’s your hobby?

Joanna:Shumi wa dokusho desu.
shoo-mee wah doh-koo-shoh deh-soo.
My hobby is reading.

Michio:Hē. Sugoi desu ne.
hehh. soo-goh-ee deh-soo neh.
Wow, that’s great.

Joanna:Sō desu ka. Michio-san no shumi wa.
sohh deh-soo kah. mee-chee-oh-sahn noh
shoo-mee wah.
Really? How about yours, Michio?

Michio:Boku no shumi wa taberu koto desu!
boh-koo noh shoo-mee wah tah-beh-roo koh-toh
deh-soo!
My hobby is eating!

Words to Knowshumi

shoo-meehobby

dokushodoh-koo-sho

readingsugoi

soo-goh-ee

greattaberutah-beh-roo

to eat223

224 Part II: Japanese in Action
Exploring Nature
If you’re tired of working in front of your computer, give your eyes a changeof pace and take a trip to the mountains or the beach. You discover thewords and phrases that let you explore shizen (shee-zehn) (nature) in the following sections.

Taking in the landscape
When you head outside for a little R and R, you may want to enjoy a few ofthe following places:✓ ビーチ bīchi (beee-chee) (beach)✓ 海岸 kaigan (kah-ee-gahn) (shoreline)✓ 川 kawa (kah-wah) (river)✓ 火山 kazan (kah-zahn) (volcano)✓ 湖 mizuumi (mee-zoo-oo-mee) (lake)✓ 山脈 sanmyaku (sahn-myah-koo) (mountain range)✓ 滝 taki (tah-kee) (waterfall)✓ 海 umi (oo-mee) (sea/ocean)✓ 山 yama (yah-mah) (mountain)
Beyond admiring the scenery, you may want to do one of the following activities:✓ ハイキング haikingu (hah-ee-keen-goo) (hiking)✓ キャンプ kyanpu (kyahn-poo) (camping)✓ サイクリング saikuringu (sah-ee-koo-reen-goo) (cycling)

Changing with the seasons
When you want to explore nature, the season is the most important factor
to take into account. Does your part of the world have shiki (shee-kee) (fourseasons)? The four seasons are✓ 春 haru (hah-roo) (spring)✓ 夏 natsu (nah-tsoo) (summer)✓ 秋 aki (ah-kee) (fall)✓ 冬 fuyu (foo-yoo) (winter)

Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors

Enjoying the four seasons in Japan
Like most of North America, Japan has four
seasons. To take advantage of the best Japan
has to offer, follow this seasonal mini-tour ofthings to do on the Japanese islands.
✓ In spring, don’t miss 花見 hanami (hahnah-mee) (flower viewing).
✓ In summer, go to the countryside and experience 盆祭り Bon matsuri (bohn mahtsoo-ree) (Bon festivals) and 盆踊り Bon
odori (bohn oh-doh-ree) (Bon dancing),

where you can dance with the crowd. (Bonis the Buddhist festival of the dead.)✓ In fall, drive around in the mountains andenjoy 紅葉 kōyō (kohh-yohh) (the changing
of leaves’ colors).
✓ In winter, go to 雪祭りyukimatsuri (yookee-mah-tsoo-ree) (the snow festival) in
北海道 Hokkaidō (hohk-kah-ee-dohh)(Hokkaido) and see the huge, magnificent
snow sculptures.

If you want to make a suggestion (for example, swimming, singing, diving, andtraveling), take the stem form of a verb and add one of these verb suffixes:✓ -masen ka (mah-sehn kah) (why don’t we), as in Gorufu o shimasen ka.
(goh-roo-foo oh shee-mah-sehn ka.) (Why don’t we play golf?)✓ -mashō (mah-shohh) (let’s), as in Gorufu o shimashō! (goh-roo-foo ohshee-mah-shohh!) (Let’s play golf!)
Examples of these two endings are in the nearby Talkin’ the Talk dialogue.
You can ask for permission by using a verb in the te-form and adding mo ii
desu ka to it. If you’re giving permission, adding the sentence final particle yo(yoh) after mo ii desu is nice; it shows your willingness. (Turn to Chapter 3 formore about the particle yo.) For example,
泳いでもいいですか。 Oyoide mo ii desu ka. (oh-yoh-ee-deh moh eee
deh-soo kah.) (Is it okay to swim?)
泳いでもいいですよ。 Oyoide mo ii desu yo. (oh-yoh-ee-deh moh eee
deh-soo yoh.) (You may swim.)
ピアノを弾いてもいいですよ。 Piano o hiite mo ii desu yo. (pee-ah-noh
oh heee-teh moh eee deh-soo yoh.) (It’s okay to play the piano.)225

226 Part II: Japanese in Action
To express prohibition, saying must not, add wa ikemasen rather than mo ii
desu, as in the following examples:
泳いではいけません。 Oyoide wa ikemasen. (oh-yoh-ee-deh wah ee-kehmah-sehn.) (You must not swim.)レスリングをしてはいけません。 Resuringu o shite wa ikemasen. (rehsoo-reen-goo oh shee-teh wah ee-keh-mah-sehn.) (You must not wrestle.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Yoshiko works for a small company in Tokyo. The cherry trees havejust started to bloom, and Yoshiko asks the president of the company to hold a flower-viewing party at a local park for all company
employees. (Track 32)
Yoshiko:

Shachō, sakura ga sakimashita yo.
shah-chohh, sah-koo-rah gah sah-kee-mah-sheetah yoh.
President, the cherry trees have started to bloom.

President:Ā, sō.
ahh, sohh.
Really?

Yoshiko:Minna de Ueno Kōen de hanami o shimasen ka.
meen-nah deh oo-eh-noh kohh-ehn deh han-nah-mee
oh shee-mah-sehn kah.
Why don’t we go flower viewing with everyone at
Ueno Park?

President:

Ii desu ne. Shimashō!
eee deh-soo neh. shee-mah-shohh!
That’s great. Let’s do that!

Yoshiko:Jā, kyō wa shigoto o 3-ji ni owatte mo ii desu ka.
jahh, kyohh wah shee-goh-toh oh sahn-jee nee ohwaht-teh moh eee deh-soo kah.
Then is it okay to be dismissed from work at 3 p.m.
today?

President:

Anō . . . .
ah-nohh . . . .
Well . . . .

Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors

Words to Know
sakurasah-koo-rah

cherry (tree)

saku

sah-kooto bloomminna demeen-nah dehwith everyone, together

hanamihah-nah-mee

flower viewing

shigotoshee-goh-toh

work

owaru

oh-wah-roo

to finish

Living the Sporting Life
Do you like to participate in or sit back and watch supōtsu (soo-pohh-tsoo)(sports)? Yakyū (yah-kyooo) (baseball) and sakkā (sahk-kahh) (soccer) are themost popular sports in Japan. But Japanese also enjoy the following sports:✓ バレーボール barēbōru (bah-rehh-bohh-roo) (volleyball)✓ バスケットボール basukettobōru (bah-soo-keht-toh-bohh-roo) (basketball)✓ フットボール futtobōru (foot-toh-bohh-roo) (football)✓ ゴルフ gorufu (goh-roo-foo) (golf)✓ 空手 karate (kah-rah-teh) (karate)

Stop and smell the flowers
Japanese celebrate the arrival of spring by
having 花見 hanami (hah-nah-mee), an informal party under the cherry trees when the trees
are in bloom. They spread out blankets, eat,play music, sing, dance, and get drunk. Parks
with cherry trees become very crowded in thespring, and groups compete for places to party.
As in the Japanese proverb 花より団子 hanayori dango (hah-nah yoh-ree dahn-go) (dumplings rather than flowers), many people enjoy
eating and drinking more than appreciating thebeautiful flowers above their heads!

227

228 Part II: Japanese in Action✓ 剣道 kendō (kehn-dohh) (kendo, swordsmanship)✓ 弓道 kyūdō (kyooo-dohh) (archery)✓ サーフィン sāfin (sahh-feen) (surfing)✓ スケート sukēto (soo-kehh-toh) (skating)✓ スキー sukī (soo-keee) (skiing)✓ 体操 taisō (tah-ee-sohh) (gymnastics)✓ テニス tenisu (teh-nee-soo) (tennis)
Sumō (soo-mohh) (sumo wrestling) is the national sport in Japan. The object ofsumō is to push your opponent out of a ring or to force any part of his body,other than the soles of his feet, to touch the ground. Successful sumō wrestlers in the top division usually weigh around 325 pounds. And believe it ornot, many strong sumō wrestlers are from outside Japan!
Even if you don’t play sports, you can still enjoy watching them as a spectator.
In that case, you should know how to conjugate the ru-verb miru (mee-roo)(to watch):
Japanese Script
見る
見ない
見（ます）
見て

Rōmajimiru
minai
mi(masu)
mite

Pronunciation
mee-roomee-nah-ee
mee(-mah-soo)
mee-tehUsing Your Artistic Talent
Don’t be afraid of expressing your feelings and ideas artistically. Use yourcreativity. Which of the following art forms interests you?
✓ 油絵 aburae (ah-boo-rah-eh) (oil painting)✓ 彫刻 chōkoku (chohh-koh-koo) (sculpting/engraving)✓ 生け花 ikebana (ee-keh-bah-nah) (flower arranging)✓ キルティング kirutingu (kee-roo-teen-goo) (quilting)✓ クラフト kurafuto (koo-rah-foo-toh) (crafting)✓ 折り紙 origami (oh-ree-gah-mee) (origami)✓ 茶道 sadō or chadō (sah-dohh or chah-dohh) (tea ceremony)✓ 書道 shodō (shoh-dohh) (calligraphy)✓ 水彩画 suisaiga (soo-ee-sah-ee-gah) (watercolor painting)Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors✓ 墨絵 sumie (soo-mee-eh) (ink painting)✓ 陶芸 tōgei (tohh-gehh) (pottery)

Making Music with Instruments
Many Japanese kids take piano and violin lessons because their moms wantthem to. But when they become teenagers, they play the electric guitar inrock bands. Do you play any of these musical instruments?
✓ バイオリン baiorin (bah-ee-oh-reen) (violin)✓ チェロ chero (cheh-roh) (cello)✓ ドラム doramu (doh-rah-moo) (drums)✓ エレキギター erekigitā (eh-reh-kee gee-tahh) (electric guitar)✓ フルート furūto (foo-rooo-toh) (flute)✓ ギター gitā (gee-tahh) (guitar)✓ ピアノ piano (pee-ah-noh) (piano)✓ サクソフォン sakusofon (sah-koo-soh-fohn) (saxophone)✓ トランペット toranpetto (toh-rahn-peht-toh) (trumpet)
If you’ve seen old Japanese films or visited a traditional Japanese town,
you’ve probably heard one of these Japanese musical instruments:✓ 琴 koto (koh-toh) (long Japanese zither with 13 strings)✓ 尺八 shakuhachi (shah-koo-hah-chee) (Japanese end-blown flute)✓ 三味線 shamisen (shah-mee-sehn) (three-stringed Japanese banjo)✓ 太鼓 taiko (tah-ee-koh) (Japanese drums)✓ 横笛 yokobue (yoh-koh-boo-eh) (Japanese transverse flute)
Telling someone you play a specific instrument in Japanese isn’t as simple as
it is in English. Different types of musical instruments use different verbs tomean to play. For wind instruments, you use the verb fuku (foo-koo). So to say I
play the flute, you’d say furūto o fuku (foo-rooo-toh oh foo-koo). For a stringed
instrument or a keyboard, you use the verb hiku (hee-koo). So to say I play the
piano and the violin, you’d say piano o hiku (pee-ah-noh oh hee-koo) and baiorin o hiku (bah-ee-oh-reen oh hee-koo), respectively. For drums, use the verb
tataku (tah-tah-koo).
If you aren’t sure or don’t remember which verb to use for a musical instrument, you can use the verb suru (soo-roo). It’s not perfect, but others will
understand what you mean.

229

230 Part II: Japanese in Action
Did your mother make you practice violin or piano when you were younger,
like many Japanese moms do? If so, she probably commanded you to. Express
a command or give an order by using a verb in its stem form plus -nasai. For
example, the stem form of the verb suru is shi (shee). So Shinasai! (shee-nahsah-ee!) means Do it! It’s an order. Now you’re the boss and can order yourchild to do the following:✓ バイオリンを練習しなさい。 Baiorin o renshū shinasai! (bah-ee-oh-reen
oh rehn-shooo shee-nah-sah-ee!) (Practice your violin!)✓ 勉強しなさい。 Benkyō shinasai! (behn-kyohh shee-nah-sah-ee!) (Study!)✓ 聞きなさい。 Kikinasai. (kee-kee-nah-sah-ee!) (Listen!)✓ 掃除しなさい。 Sōji o shinasai! (sohh-jee oh shee-nah-sah-ee!) (Clean!)
Just don’t use such commands with your spouse if you want to stay happily
married.

Talkin’ the Talk
Midori is a high school student. She’s watching TV in the livingroom, and her mother wants her to practice her violin. (Track 33)
Mother:Baiorin o renshū shinasai.
bah-ee-oh-reen oh rehn-shooo shee-nah-sah-ee.
Practice your violin.

Midori:

Atode.
ah-toh-deh.
Later.

Mother:Dame. Saki ni renshū shinasai.
dah-meh. sah-kee nee rehn-shooo shee-nah-sah-ee.
Not good. Practice first.

Midori:Dōshite.
dohh-shee-teh.
Why?

Mother:Raishū wa risaitaru desu yo.
rah-ee-shooo wah ree-sah-ee-tah-roo deh-soo yoh.
Your recital is next week.

Midori:Daijōbu.
dah-ee-johh-boo.
I’ll be all right.

Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors
Mother:Daijōbu ja arimasen. Renshū shinasai!
dah-ee-johh-boo jah ah-ree-mah-sehn. rehn-shooo
shee-nah-sah-ee!
You won’t be all right. Practice!

Words to Know
renshū suru

rehn-shooo soo-roo

to practiceato deah-toh-deh

later

dame

dah-mehnot gooddaijōbu (na)dah-ee-johh-boo (nah) okay; finesaki nisah-kee nee

firstraishū

rah-ee-shooo

next weekrisaitaru

ree-sah-ee-tah-roo

recitalPlaying GamesYou can always play a game when you have some free time. These games
aren’t artistic, academic, or athletic, but they can make you forget about thereal world for a while:✓ ボードゲーム bōdo gēmu (bohh-doh gehh-moo) (board game)✓ チェス chesu (cheh-soo) (chess)✓ 碁 go (goh) (go [a kind of Japanese chess])✓ マージャン mājan (mahh-jahn) (mahjongg [a kind of Chinese chess])✓ パチンコ pachinko (pah-cheen-koh) (a Japanese pinball game)✓ トランプ toranpu (toh-rahn-poo) (cards)
When you want to say to play a game, use the verb suru, as in chesu o suru
(cheh-soo oh soo-roo) (to play chess), and just conjugate suru. (I show you
this conjugation earlier in the chapter.)

231

232 Part II: Japanese in Action

Fun & GamesThe following images depict different sports. Write the letter of each sport next tothe name. You can find the answers in Appendix D.

		Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

		1. バレーボール barēbōru: _____________
2. テニス tenisu: _____________
		3. サッカー sakkā: _____________
		4. フットボール futtobōru: _____________
		5. 体操 taisō: _____________

Part III

Japaneseon the Go

I

In this part . . .

n Part III, you can escape your nine-to-five life or classroom doldrums and travel the globe. Are you ready toplan a trip, reserve a hotel, find transportation, go throughcustoms, exchange currency, and handle emergencies? Are
you ready to do it all in Japanese? With the information inthis part, you will be. It has the key words and phrases youneed to know to be ready for both the fun and the logisticalaspects of travel. Yoi tabi o! (yoh-ee tah-bee oh!) (Have anice trip!)Chapter 14

Planning a Trip
In This Chapter▶ Deciding on a destination▶ Packing your bags
▶ Visiting a travel agentL

ife is like a journey, but going on an actual trip once in a while to escapefrom the pressures of daily life is nice. After all, who doesn’t need alittle rest and relaxation? This chapter helps you plan where to go and what
to bring, all in Japanese. It also explains how to deal with travel logistics(namely passports and visas) and travel agencies.

Picking the Place for Your Trip
After you secure the cash and the time for your ryokō (ryoh-kohh) (trip), pickthe location. Do you want to visit a gaikoku (gah-ee-koh-koo) (foreign country)? How about one of the following kuni (koo-nee) (countries)?
✓ アイスランド Aisurando (ah-ee-soo-rahn-doh) (Iceland)✓ 中国 Chūgoku (chooo-goh-koo) (China)✓ フランス Furansu (foo-rahn-soo) (France)✓ ギリシャ Girisha (gee-ree-shah) (Greece)✓ イギリス Igirisu (ee-gee-ree-soo) (England or Britain)✓ インド Indo (een-doh) (India)✓ イタリア Italia (ee-tah-ree-ah) (Italy)✓ カナダ Kanada (kah-nah-dah) (Canada)✓ 韓国 Kankoku (kahn-koh-koo) (South Korea)✓ オーストラリア Ōsutoraria (ohh-soo-toh-rah-ree-ah) (Australia)✓ ロシア Roshia (roh-shee-ah) (Russia)✓ タイ Tai (tah-ee) (Thailand)236 Part III: Japanese on the GoYour ticket to ride: The Japan rail pass
Many tourists who come to Japan are shocked
to find out the high cost of train tickets. A twohour ride on the 新幹線 Shinkansen (sheenkahn-sehn) (Bullet Train) can cost more than
100 dollars. To help foreign travelers in Japan,
the Japan Railway Group has been offering ジャパンレールパス japan rēru pasu (jah-pahnrehh-roo pah-soo) (the Japan rail pass), which
short-term visitors to Japan can use for a limited
time for sightseeing purposes. All you need to do

is purchase a coupon through a travel agency
before entering Japan. Then in Japan you
exchange the coupon for the pass at a train station when you’re ready to start using it. The passis good for travel on all major forms of transportation provided by the Japan Railway Group,with a few exceptions. Note: The pass is mainly
for non-Japanese passport holders, but someJapanese citizens who live overseas are also
eligible; check the qualification criteria carefully.

Following are some of the interesting historical buildings you can find inmany countries:✓ 教会 kyōkai (kyohh-kah-ee) (churches)✓ お城 o-shiro (oh-shee-roh) (castles)✓ お寺 o-tera (oh-teh-rah) (temples)
You may notice that the sentence-ending particle yo (yoh) is used for emphasis in the following Talkin’ the Talk dialogue. Depending on the intonationand the context, you may sound very pushy, very helpful, or very enthusiastic when you use yo. So you better not use yo when you talk to your teacher
or boss until you understand exactly when and how to use it. Often, the feminine ending wa occurs right before the emphasis particle yo.
The dialogue also features the conjunction word demo (deh-moh) (however).
Use conjunction words such as demo to clarify the nature of your statement inrelation with the previous statement made by you or someone else. Note thateven though demo is similar to the particle ga (gah), which is placed at theend of a clause (see Chapter 10), demo is actually a word, so you place it at
the beginning of a sentence.
旅行をしたいです。 でも, お金がありません。 Ryokō o shitai desu.
Demo, okane ga arimasen. (ryoh-kohh oh shee-tah-ee deh-soo. deh-moh,oh-kah-neh-gah ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (I want to go on a trip. However, I haveno money.)
サンフランシスコは行きました。 でも, ロサンゼルスは行きませんでした。 Sanfuranshisuko wa ikimashita. Demo, rosanzerusu wa ikimasen
deshita. (sahn-foo-rahn-shee-soo-koh wah ee-kee-mah-shee-tah. deh-moh,roh-sahn-zeh-roo-soo wah ee-kee-mah-sehn deh-shee-tah.) (I went to San
Francisco. However, I didn’t go to Los Angeles.)Chapter 14: Planning a Trip
お金はありません。 でも, よく旅行をします。 O-kane wa arimasen. Demo,yoku ryokō o shimasu. (oh-kah-neh wah ah-ree-mah-sehn. deh-moh, yohkoo ryoh-kohh oh shee-mah-soo.) (I don’t have money, but I often travel.)
Other conjunction words include desukara (deh-soo-kah-rah) (therefore),sorekara (soh-reh-kah-rah) (and then), soreni (soh-reh-neee) (furthermore),and sōsuruto (sohh-soo-roo-toh) (then). To see examples of sorekara andsōsuruto in action, turn to Chapter 8; for examples of desukara (therefore),check out the following sample sentences:
お金がありません。 ですから, 旅行ができません。 O-kane ga arimasen.
Desukara, ryokō ga dekimasen. (oh-kah-neh gah ah-ree-mah-sehn. dehsoo-kah-rah, ryoh-kohh gah deh-kee-mah-sehn.) (I don’t have any money.
Therefore, I can’t travel.)
日本に２週間います。 ですから, ジャパンレールパスを買いました。
Nihon ni nishūkan imasu. Desukara, japan rēru pasu o kaimashita.
(nee-hohn nee nee-shooo-kahn ee-mah-soo. deh-soo-kah-rah, jah-pahnrehh-roo-pah-soo oh kah-ee-mah-shee-tah.) (I’ll be in Japan for two weeks.
So I bought a Japan rail pass.)
Keep in mind that aru (ah-roo) (to exist) is slightly irregular — its negative form isnai. When you talk about whether you have or don’t have something, say aru andnai, respectively. (For more information on using the verb aru, see Chapter 7.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Junko and Hiroko are co-workers at a company that is going to beclosed for one week at the end of the year. They’ve decided to go
on a trip together, and they’re debating where to go. (Track 34)
Junko:

Yōroppa wa.
yohh-rohp-pah wah.
How about Europe?

Hiroko:Amerika ga ii yo.
ah-meh-ree-kah gah eee yoh.
America is better.

Junko:

Demo, Amerika wa furui tatemono ga nai kara . . . .
deh-moh, ah-meh-ree-kah wah foo-roo-ee tah-tehmoh-noh gah nah-ee kah-rah . . . .
But there are no old buildings in America, so . . . .

Hiroko:Demo, Amerika wa omoshiroi yo.
deh-moh, ah-meh-ree-kah wah oh-moh-shee-roh-ee yoh.
But America is fun.

237

238 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Japan: Running hot and cold
If you’re planning a trip to Japan, you should
know that although the country has four seasons(including a brief rainy season), the climate varies
tremendously depending on where in the country
you are. Why? Because Japan is a long, narrowcountry. Japan’s north end is at the same latitude
as Montreal, and its southern tip is at the same

latitude as the Florida Keys. So it snows heavily up
north in Hokkaido, but it’s quite hot farther southin Kyushu. Also, know that Japan uses the Celsius
scale (°C) rather than the Fahrenheit scale (°F)
for indicating temperature. So if you keep your air
conditioning set at 77 degrees Fahrenheit, you’dset it at about 25 degrees Celsius.

Words to Know
Yōroppa
Amerika
demo
furui
kara
tatemonoomoshiroi

yohh-rohp-pah
ah-meh-ree-kah
deh-mohfoo-roo-ee
kah-rahtah-teh-moh-noh
oh-moh-shee-roh-ee

EuropeAmericabut
oldbecausebuildings
funDealing with Passports and Visas
Because the U.S. and Japanese governments have a mutual agreement,
American citizens and Japanese citizens can visit each other’s countries
without a visa for a short sightseeing visit. However, you’ll definitely need apassport. My advice? Don’t wait until the last minute to obtain a passport or
renew one. Following are some vocabulary words and phrases that are boundto come in handy when dealing with passports and visas:✓ ビザ or 査証 biza or sashō (bee-zah or sah-shohh) (visa)✓ 長期滞在 chōki taizai (chohh-kee tah-ee-zah-ee) (long-term visit)✓ 入国目的 nyūkoku mokuteki (nyooo-koh-koo moh-koo-tah-kee) (purposeof visit)✓ 入国審査 nyūkoku shinsa (nyooo-koh-koo sheehn-sah) (immigration)

Chapter 14: Planning a Trip
✓ パスポートor 旅券 pasupōto or ryoken (pah-soo-pohh-toh or ryoh-kehn)(passport)✓ 写真 shashin (shah-sheen) (photo)✓ 申請書 shinseisho (sheen-sehh-shoh) (application form)✓ 総領事館 sōryōjikan (sohh-rhohh-jee-kahn) (consulate general)✓ 大使館 taishikan (tah-ee-shee-kahn) (embassy)✓ 滞在期間 taizai kikan (tah-ee-zah-ee kee-kahn) (duration of stay)✓ 短期滞在 tanki taizai (tahn-kee tah-ee-zah-ee) (short-term visit)✓ 税関 zeikan (zeh-ee-kahn) (customs)

Getting Help from a Travel Agency
If arranging the transportation and accommodations for your trip is too muchfor you, get help from a ryokō gaisha (ryoh-kohh gah-ee-shah) (travel agency)
and choose the plan that satisfies your needs. To explore the agency’s tours
and packages, you’ll need these words and phrases:✓ ホテル hoteru (hoh-teh-roo) (hotel)✓ 観光 kankō (kahn-kohh) (sightseeing)✓ キャンセル kyanseru (kyahn-seh-roo) (cancel)✓ キャンセル料 kyanseruryō (kyahn-seh-roo-ryohh) (cancellation fee)
✓ 申込書 mōshikomisho (mohh-shee-koh-mee-shoh) (application form)✓ パッケージ pakkēji (pahk-kehh-jee) (package)✓ 添乗員 tenjōin (tehn-johh-een) (tour conductor)✓ ツアー tsuā (tsoo-ahh) (tour)✓ 予約 yoyaku (yoh-yah-koo) (reservation)
Tell the agency where you want to go and how many days and nights you
want to spend there. In Japanese, say the number of nights first, and then say
the number of days. To specify the number of nights, use the counter -haku.
Depending on the preceding number, -haku alternates with -paku. Here’s thegeneral pattern (for more help specifying the number of days, flip to Chapter 5).
✓ 一泊二日 ip-paku futsuka (eep-pah-koo foo-tsoo-kah) (one night, twodays)✓ 二泊三日 ni-haku mikka (nee-hah-koo meek-kah) (two nights, three days)✓ 七泊八日 nana-haku yōka (nah-nah-hah-koo yohh-kah) (seven nights,
eight days)239

240 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Also, check what the travel agency’s packages include. Tsukimasu (tsoo-keemah-soo) means to be included. Its dictionary form is tsuku (tsoo-koo). Here’s
how to conjugate this u-verb:
Japanese Script付く
付かない
付き（ます）
付いて

Rōmajitsuku
tsukanaitsuki(masu)
tsuitePronunciation
tsoo-kootsoo-kah-nah-ee
tsoo-kee(-mah-soo)tsoo-ee-teh

You may hear phrases like these after inquiring about what’s included in aparticular travel package:✓ 朝食と夕食が付きます。 Chōshoku to yūshoku ga tsukimasu. (chohhshoh-koo toh yooo-shoh-koo gah tsoo-kee-mah-soo.) (Breakfast anddinner are included.)✓ ホテル付きで３万円です。 Hoteru tsuki de 3-man-en desu. (hoh-tehroo tsoo-kee deh sahn-mahn-ehn deh-soo.) (It costs 30,000 yen with the
hotel fee.)✓ 添乗員が同行します。 Tenjōin ga dōkō shimasu. (tehn-johh-een gah
dohh-kohh shee-mah-soo.) (A tour guide will accompany you.)✓ 東京ディズニーランド一日観光です。 Tōkyō dizunīrando ichi-nichikankō desu. (tohh-kyohh dee-zoo-neee-rahn-doh ee-chee-nee-chee kahnkohh deh-soo.) (It’s a one-day sightseeing trip to Tokyo Disneyland.)Stating Your Opinions
If you’re planning your trip with others, you may need to make a case for acertain hotel you want to stay at or sight you want to see. To state what you
think, use the u-verb omou (oh-moh-oo) (to think). Practice conjugating theverb omou. Don’t forget the w sound in the negative form.
Japanese Script
思う
思わない
思い（ます）
思って

Rōmajiomou
omowanaiomoi(masu)
omottePronunciation
oh-moh-oo
oh-moh-wah-nah-ee
oh-moh-ee(-mah-soo)oh-moht-teh

As I explain in Chapter 12, you use the quotation particle to (toh) to mark asentence that expresses what you think. Just make sure the sentence before
the particle to ends in a verb or adjective in the plain/informal form.

Chapter 14: Planning a Trip
田中さんも行くと思います。 Tanaka-san mo iku to omoimasu. (tah-nahkah-sahn moh ee-koo toh oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I think Mr. Tanaka will
also go there.)
あの人は添乗員だと思います。 Ano hito wa tenjōin da to omoimasu.
(ah-noh hee-toh wah tehn-johh-een dah toh oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I thinkthat person is a tour conductor.)
あのホテルはよくないと思います。 Ano hoteru wa yokunai toomoimasu. (ah-noh hoh-teh-roo wah yoh-koo-nah-ee toh oh-moh-ee-mahsoo.) (I think that hotel isn’t good.)
そう思います。 Sō omoimasu. (sohh oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I think so.)Both omou and kangaeru (kahn-gah-eh-roo) mean to think, but they’re notinterchangeable. Omou is to think in the sense of having an opinion, and kangaeru expresses more of a sense of pondering.
これはいいと思います。 Kore wa ii to omoimasu. (koh-reh wah eee toh
oh-moh-ee-mah-soo.) (I think this is good.)
それをよく考えてください。 Sore o yoku kangaete kudasai. (soh-reh
oh yoh-koo kahn-gah-eh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please think carefully
about that.)
To indicate that what you think is just a guess, use deshō (deh-shohh) at theend of the sentence. The sentence before deshō is in the plain/informal style,but just remember to drop the da (dah) that appears in the plain present affirmative form of desu or a na-type adjective. Here are some examples:
あのホテルは高いでしょう。 Ano hoteru wa takai deshō. (ah-noh hohtah-roo wah tah-kah-ee deh-shohh.) (That hotel is probably expensive.)
あの人は添乗員でしょう。 Ano hito wa tenjōin deshō. (ah-noh hee-toh
wah tehn-johh-een deh-shohh.) (I guess that person is a tour conductor.)
You can use kamoshiremasen (kah-moh-shee-reh-mah-sehn) to say It’s possible that . . . (see Chapter 6 for info on how to use kamoshiremasen).

Eating a box lunch from the train station
駅弁 Ekiben (eh-kee-behn) is a box lunch soldat 駅 eki (eh-kee) (train stations) or on trains.
Different eki sell different ekiben with unique
names. The name of my favorite ekiben is 峠の釜飯 Tōge no kamameshi (tohh-geh noh
kah-mah-meh-shee) (Mountain Pass ChickenVegetable Rice in a Pot) from Nagano.

Some ekiben are famous, and people visit theeki or get on the train just to buy one of theselunches. If you travel by train in Japan, buy
an ekiben and a bottle of hot green tea at theplatform. What a fun experience!

241242 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Packing for Your Trip
The first step for packing for your trip is to decide on the luggage. Are you
going to take a big sūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo) (suitcase) or a smallerryokō kaban (ryoh-kohh kah-bahn) (travel bag)?
Whatever bag you choose, be sure to pack clothing staples such as a sētā (sehhtahh) (sweater), puruōbā (poo-roo-ohh-bahh) (pullover), sunīkā (soo-neee-kahh)(sneakers), and jīnzu (jeeen-zoo) (jeans); see Chapter 10 for additional clothing vocabulary words. And if you’re traveling to a warm destination, don’t
forget to pack some weather-appropriate gear, including the following:✓ バイザー baizā (bah-ee-zahh) (visor)✓ 帽子 bōshi (bohh-shee) (hat/cap)✓ サンダル sandaru (sahn-dah-roo) (sandals)✓ サングラス sangurasu (sahn-goo-rah-soo) (sunglasses)
What else do you need? First, conjugate the u-verb iru (ee-roo) (toneed) — not to be confused with the verb iru (ee-roo) (to exist), which is aru-verb.
Japanese Script
要る
要らない
要り（ます）
要って

Rōmajiiru
iranaiiri(masu)
itte

Pronunciation
ee-rooee-rah-nah-ee
ee-ree(-mah-soo)
eet-teh

When you think about travel necessities, I sure hope toiletries come to mind.
Here’s how to talk about some common toiletry items in Japanese:✓ 歯ブラシ haburashi (hah-boo-rah-shee) (toothbrush)✓ 歯磨き粉 hamigakiko (hah-mee-gah-kee-koh) (toothpaste)✓ 剃刀 kamisori (kah-mee-soh-ree) (razor)✓ 化粧品 keshōhin (keh-shohh-heen) (cosmetics)✓ くし kushi (koo-shee) (comb)✓ 石鹸 sekken (sehk-kehn) (soap)✓ タオル taoru (tah-oh-roo) (towel)

Chapter 14: Planning a Trip
Other items that may be useful to pack include✓ 地図 chizu (chee-zoo) (map)✓ 日焼け止め hiyakedome (hee-yah-keh-doh-meh) (sunscreen)✓ 懐中電灯 kaichūdentō (kah-ee-chooo-dehn-tohh) (flashlight)✓ カメラ kamera (kah-meh-rah) (camera)✓ カーナビ kānabi (kahh-nah-bee) (car navigation system)✓ 傘 kasa (kah-sah) (umbrella)✓ 薬 kusuri (koo-soo-ree) (medicine)243244 Part III: Japanese on the Go

Fun & Games
Name the marked items in Japanese. The answers are in Appendix D.

		Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

a. __________
b. __________
c. __________
d. __________
e. __________
f. __________
g. __________

Chapter 15

Dealing with Moneyin a Foreign Land
In This Chapter▶ Obtaining Japanese yen▶ Visiting the bank
▶ Withdrawing money from the ATM▶ Paying with cold, hard cash
▶ Burning up the plastic

K

ane wa tenka no mawari mono. (kah-neh wah tehn-kah noh mah-wahree-moh-noh.) (Money goes around the world.). This Japanese proverbmeans that the o-kane (oh-kah-neh) (money) you spend today will comeback to you in the future. You buy other people’s products, but they also
buy yours. Use your money to make yourself, your family, and your friends
happy.
In this chapter, I give you important words and phrases for handling money. I
also explain how to talk about acquiring and spending money in Japanese.

Getting Money
You have to work if you want to make money, unless your parents or grandparents are extremely rich. But I’m not concerned about where your income
comes from; in this section, I’m just interested in how you access it. You
can get your money from an ATM, a foreign-currency exchange counter, or abank. I know you have some under your mattress too. Oh, it’s not under yourmattress? Then where is it? Can you tell me in Japanese?

246 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Exchanging money
If you’re in Japan, the en (ehn) (yen) is the only acceptable currency. Don’t
say yen; say en. Drop that y sound. As you can see, the yen sign, ¥, looks
like an upper case Y with two horizontal lines. (Note that ¥ is the currency
sign, not a kanji. The kanji for yen is 円, which is read as en [ehn].) You
can exchange your money for en at the airport or at major banks. Check out
Table 15-1 and find the foreign currency that you have in your pocket.

Table 15-1

Currencies

Currency

Pronunciation

Englishアメリカドル
Amerika doru

ah-meh-ree-kah doh-roo

U.S. dollar

中国元Chūgoku gen

chooo-goh-koo gehn

Chinese yuan

イギリスポンド
Igirisu pondo

ee-gee-ree-soo pohn-doh

British pound

カナダドル
Kanada doru

kah-nah-dah doh-roo

Canadian dollar

メキシコペソ
Mekishiko peso

meh-kee-shee-koh peh-soh

Mexican peso

オーストラリアドルŌsutoraria doru

ohh-soo-toh-rah-ree-ah
doh-roo

Australian dollar

ユーロ
Yūro

yooo-rohEuropean Union euro

The following words are essential for exchanging currency:✓ 円 en (ehn) (yen)✓ 外貨 gaika (gah-ee-kah) (foreign curency)✓ 銀行 ginkō (geen-kohh) (bank)✓ 為替レート kawase rēto (kah-wah-seh rehh-toh) (exchange rate)✓ 両替 ryōgae (ryohh-gah-eh) (exchange)
Ask for the current exchange rate and exchange your currency for yen. The
following phrases may be helpful:✓ 外貨の両替はできますか。 Gaika no ryōgae wa dekimasu ka. (gah-eekah noh ryohh-gah-eh wah deh-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Can you exchange
foreign currency?)

Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land
✓ 今１ドル何円ですか。 Ima ichi-doru nan-en desu ka. (ee-mah ee-cheedoh-roo nahn-ehn deh-soo kah.) (How many yen for a dollar now?)✓ 今日の為替レートを教えてください。 Kyō no kawase rēto o oshietekudasai. (kyohh noh kah-wah-seh rehh-toh oh oh-shee-eh-teh koo-dahsah-ee.) (Please let me know today’s exchange rate.)✓ アメリカドルを円に両替したいんですが。 Amerika doru o en ni ryōgae
shi-tai-n-desu ga. (ah-meh-ree-kah doh-roo oh ehn nee ryohh-gah-eh
shee-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to exchange some U.S. dollars for yen[but could you help me?].)✓ ５００ドルを円に両替してください。 500-doru o en ni ryōgae shite
kudasai. (goh-hyah-koo-doh-roo oh ehn nee ryohh-gah-eh shee-teh koodah-sah-ee.) (Please exchange $500 for yen.)Some of the responses you may get when you exchange currency are as
follows:✓ 買いは１ドル８０円, 売りは１ドル８１円です。 Kai wa ichi-doru 80-en,
uri wa ichi-doru 81-en desu. (kah-ee wa ee-chee-doh-roo hah-chee-joooehn, oo-ree wah ee-chee-doh-roo hah-chee-jooo-ee-chee-ehn deh-soo.)(The rate for exchanging dollars for yen is 80 yen to the dollar; the rate forexchanging yen for dollars is 81 yen to the dollar.)✓ 手数料は含まれています。 Tesūryō wa fukumarete imasu. (tehsooo-ryohh wah foo-koo-mah-reh-teh ee-mah-soo.) (The fee is alreadyincluded.)✓ 今日の為替レートは昨日と同じです。 Kyō no kawase rēto wa kinō toonaji desu. (kyohh noh kah-wah-seh rehh-toh wah kee-nohh toh oh-nahjee deh-soo.) (Today’s exchange rate is the same as yesterday’s.)

Talkin’ the Talk
Natalie has just arrived at Narita Airport in Tokyo, and she’s about
to exchange her U.S. dollars for Japanese yen at the exchange
counter. (Track 35)
Natalie:

Sumimasen. Amerika doru kara en no ryōgae wa
dekimasu ka.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. ah-meh-ree-kah doh-roo kah-rah
ehn noh ryohh-gah-eh wah deh-kee-mah-soo kah.
Excuse me. Can I change U.S. dollars for yen?

Clerk:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Sure.

247248 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Natalie:Kyō no kawase rēto wa ikura desu ka.
kyohh noh kah-wah-seh rehh-toh wah ee-koo-rah
deh-soo kah.
What is today’s exchange rate?

Clerk:

Ichi-doru 81-en desu.
ee-chee-doh-roo hah-chee-jooo-ee-chee-ehn deh-soo.
81 yen for $1.

Natalie:Jā, 200-doru onegaishimasu.
jahh, nee-hyah-koo-doh-roo
oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.
Then I’d like to exchange $200, please.

Clerk:

Pasupōto wa gozaimasu ka.
pah-soo-pohh-toh wah goh-zah-ee-mah-soo kah.
Do you have your passport?

Natalie:

Hai. Dōzo.
hah-ee. dohh-zoh.
Yes. Here you are.

Words to Knowryōgae suru
wa dekimasu ka
amerika doru
kawase rētopasupōto

ryohh-gah-eh
soo-roowah deh-kee-mahsoo kahah-meh-ree-kah
doh-rookah-wah-seh
rehh-tohpah-soo-pohh-toh

to exchange
Can you do . . . ?
U.S. dollar
exchange rate
passportChapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land

Opening a bank accountBank is ginkō (geen-kohh) in Japanese. It sounds like the popular dietary supplement ginko biloba, which is supposed to increase your brainpower, but it
has nothing to do with that. I know a lot of people who don’t use their brains
at all when they withdraw money from the ginkō.
When you enter a bank in Japan, you’ll hear this right away: Irasshaimase. (eerahs-shah-ee-mah-sehh.) (Welcome.). The bank tellers dress in uniforms, andthey treat you almost like a god. After you enter the bank, pick up a ticket andwait until your number is called. Most Japanese banks have comfy couches,current magazines, and TVs that make your wait almost enjoyable. When
your number is called, go to the designated madoguchi (mah-doh-goo-chee)(window). Japanese banks have low windows so that customers can sit down
while they perform their transactions.
When you open a Japanese bank account, the bank clerk asks you to fill out
a form and present your identification. When opening a bank account, bringyour inkan (een-kahn) (seal) along with your identification. Inkan is a seal
stamp of your name; it’s used in lieu of signatures in Japan. You can get acustom-made inkan pretty cheaply, although some inkan can be very expensive depending on the material that they use. Some banks let foreigners open
an account with their signatures without requiring an inkan, but be sure toconfirm your bank’s policy before you go in to open an account.
To open a bank account, you need your identification as well as some moneyfor your initial yokin (yoh-keen) (deposit). You also need the u-verb hiraku(hee-rah-koo) (to open). Check out its conjugated forms, and notice the k in
all the forms except the te-form.
Japanese Script
開く
開かない
開き（ます）
開いて

Rōmajihirakuhirakanaihiraki(masu)
hiraitePronunciation
hee-rah-koo
hee-rah-kah-nah-ee
hee-rah-kee(mah-soo)
hee-rah-ee-teh

Here’re some terms you need for banking in Japan:✓ 電信送金する denshin sōkin suru (dehn-sheen sohh-keen soo-roo) (towire money)✓ 普通預金口座 futsū yokin kōza (foo-tsoo yoh-keen kohh-zah) (savings
account)249

250 Part III: Japanese on the Go✓ 現金 genkin (gehn-keen) (cash)✓ 口座 kōza (kohh-za) (account)✓ 身分証明書 mibun shōmeisho (mee-boon shohh-mehh-shoh)(identification)✓ 利息 risoku (ree-soh-koo) (interest)✓ 定期預金口座 teiki yokin kōza (tehh-kee yoh-keen kohh-zah) (fixed-term
deposit account/CD)✓ 預金する yokin suru (yoh-keen soo-roo) (to make a deposit)✓ 用紙 yōshi (yohh-shee) (form)
Personal checks are unheard of in Japan. Most companies and institutions
have tōza yokin kōza (tohh-zah yoh-keen kohh-zah) (checking accounts),
but individuals usually don’t. People often pay bills online, through a special
postal service, or at a convenience store.
Bank clerks speak to customers by using super-polite words and phrases.
To make their requests very polite, bank clerks may use a verb in the stem
form and place it between o (oh) and kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee), as in O-kaki
kudasai. (oh-kah-kee koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please write it.) and O-mise kudasai.
(oh-mee-seh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please show it to me). In addition, many words
that bank tellers use start with the polite prefix go or o. Go should be used forwords from Chinese and o for native Japanese words, but this guideline has somany exceptions that you really have to just consider each word one by one.
(See Chapters 4 and 12 for more information about these polite prefixes.) Be
ready for the following super-polite requests from people at the bank:✓ ご住所とお電話番号をお願いします。 Go-jūsho to o-denwa-bangō oonegaishimasu. (goh-jooo-shoh toh oh-dehn-wah-bahn-gohh oh oh-nehgah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (Your address and your telephone number, please.)✓ 身分証明書をお見せください。 Mibun shōmeisho o o-mise kudasai.
(mee-boon shohh-mehh-shoh oh oh-mee-seh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Pleaseshow me your identification.)✓ お名前をお書きください。 O-namae o o-kaki kudasai. (oh-nah-mah-eh
oh oh-kah-kee koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please write your name.)✓ こちらにご捺印をお願いいたします。 Kochira ni go-natsuin o onegai
itashimasu. (koh-chee-rah nee goh-nah-tsoo-een oh oh-neh-gah-ee eetah-shee-mah-soo.) (Please stamp your name seal here.)

Making withdrawals from your account
The most convenient way of withdrawing money from your bank is to find a
nearby ATM. If you use the machine at your own bank, you can insert yourpassbook in addition to your card, so the transaction details can be printed

Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Landon your passbook on the spot (meaning no need to keep the slip). If you want
to withdraw your money at the window, you’ll have to bring your passbook
and your inkan and fill out a withdrawal slip. (I tell you all about inkan in thepreceding section.) Actually, bring your identification along as well when you
withdraw your money manually.
Regardless of how you choose to withdraw your money, here are the words
you need:✓ 引き出す hikidasu (hee-kee-dah-soo) (to withdraw)✓ 自動引き落とし jidō hikiotoshi (jee-dohh hee-kee-oh-toh-shee) (automatic payment)✓ 口座番号 kōza bangō (kohh-zah bahn-gohh) (account number)
Note that if you withdraw your money at the window, you’ll need to state
your request along these lines:✓ １０万円引き出したいんですが。 Jū-man-en hikidashi-tai-n-desu ga.
(jooo-mahn-ehn hee-kee-dah-shee-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d like to withdraw 100,000 yen [but is it possible?].)✓ 残高を調べてくださいませんか。 Zandaka o shirabete kudasai masen
ka. (zahn-dah-kah oh shee-rah-beh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee mah-sehn kah.)(Could you please check the balance?)

Using an ATM
An ATM (ehh-teee-eh-moo) (ATM) makes getting cash easy: All you need isyour kyasshu kādo (kyahs-shoo kahh-doh) (ATM card). You can select fromthe following functions displayed on the ATM:✓ お預け入れ o-azukeire (oh-ah-zoo-keh-ee-reh) (deposit)✓ お振込み o-furikomi (oh-foo-ree-koh-mee) (transfer)✓ お引き出し o-hikidashi (oh-hee-kee-dah-shee) (withdrawal)✓ 残高照会 zandaka shōkai (zahn-dah-kah shohh-kah-ee) (balance inquiry)ATMs in Japan often give you instruction verbally, but some only show the
instructions in Japanese script on their screens. Pay attention to the kanaand rōmaji in the following list of common ATM instructions, and you’ll begood to go either way:
✓ カードをお入れください。 Kādo o o-ire kudasai. (kahh-doh oh oh-ee-reh
koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Insert your card, please.)✓ 暗証番号をどうぞ。 Anshō bangō o dōzo. (ahn-shohh bahn-gohh oh
dohh-zoh.) (Enter your PIN.)251

252 Part III: Japanese on the Go✓ しばらくお待ちください。 Shibaraku o-machi kudasai. (shee-bah-rahkoo oh-mah-chee koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please wait.)✓ 金額をどうぞ。 Kingaku o dōzo. (keen-gah-koo oh dohh-zoh.) (Enter theamount please.)✓ 確認してください。 Kakunin shite kudasai. (kah-koo-neen shee-teh koodah-sah-ee.) (Confirm the amount.)✓ 現金をお受け取りください。 Genkin o o-uketori kudasai. (gehn-keen oh
oh-oo-keh-toh-ree koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Take the cash.)✓ カードをお取りください。 Kādo o o-tori kudasai. (kahh-doh oh oh-tohree koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Remove your card.)✓ ありがとうございました。 Arigatō gozaimashita. (ah-ree-gah-tohh gohzah-ee-mah-shee-tah.) (Thank you very much.)
Conjugate the important u-verb toru (toh-roo) (to take). Notice that the rappears in all the forms except the te-form. Just swallow the r in the te-form.
How did it taste? Not bad, right?
Japanese Script
取る
取らない
取り（ます）
取って

Rōmajitoru
toranaitori(masu)
totte

Pronunciation
toh-rootoh-rah-nah-ee
toh-ree(-mah-soo)
toht-tehSpending Money
Spending money shouldn’t always be a pain; it should be a rewarding experience as well. What’s the point in saving all your cash until you can no longer
use it? As the saying goes, “You can’t take it with you.” Whether you believein spending only cash or you’re a kurejitto kādo (koo-reh-jeet-toh kahh-doh)(credit card) worshipper, the next sections have the information you need to
get that money spent.

Ka-ching! Shelling out cash
Cash is convenient for buying little things like a cup of coffee, a magazine, ora snack from the vending machine. Most countries’ currencies include bothshihei (shee-hehh) (bills) and kōka (kohh-kah) (coins).

Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land
Satsu (sah-tsoo) is also used instead of shihei when following an amount, as
in sen-en satsu (sehn-ehn sah-tsoo) (¥1,000 bill). Similarly, dama (dah-mah) is
also used instead of kōka when following an amount, as in jū-en dama (joooehn dah-mah) (¥10 coin).
Following are all the bills and coins used in Japan:✓ 一万円紙幣 ichi-man-en shihei (ee-chee-mahn-ehn shee-hehh) (¥10,000
bill)✓ 五千円紙幣 go-sen-en shihei (goh-sehn-ehn shee-hehh) (¥5,000 bill)✓ 二千円紙幣 ni-sen-en shihei (nee-sehn-ehn shee-hehh) (¥2,000 bill)✓ 千円紙幣 sen-en shihei (sehn-ehn shee-hehh) (¥1,000 bill)✓ 五百円硬貨 go-hyaku-en kōka (goh-hyah-koo-ehn kohh-kah) (¥500 coin)✓ 百円硬貨 hyaku-en kōka (hyah-koo-ehn kohh-kah) (¥100 coin)✓ 五十円硬貨 go-jū-en kōka (goh-jooo-ehn kohh-kah) (¥50 coin)✓ 十円硬貨 jū-en kōka (jooo-ehn kohh-kah) (¥10 coin)✓ 五円硬貨 go-en kōka (goh-ehn kohh-kah) (¥5 coin)✓ 一円硬貨 ichi-en kōka (ee-chee-ehn kohh-kah) (¥1 coin)
The ¥2,000 bill note was issued in the year 2000 with limited quantity. If you
have it, I recommend keeping it instead of using it! There’s also an oldfashioned supplementary currency unit called sen (sehn), which is 1 ⁄ 100 of ¥1,
and 厘 rin (reen), which is 1 ⁄ 1,000 of ¥1. Currencies based on sen and rin weretaken out of circulation in 1953 but are still used in some contexts, including
stock markets.
To count coins and bills, use the counter -mai, as in ichi-mai (eeh-chee-mahee), ni-mai (nee-mah-ee), san-mai (sahn-mah-ee), and so on. (See Chapter 5
for more about -mai and other counters.) Now, you’re ready to count, spend,borrow, or lend your genkin. Conjugate the ru-verb kariru (kah-ree-roo) (toborrow) and the u-verb kasu (kah-soo) (to lend).
Japanese Script
借りる
借りない
借り（ます）
借りて

Rōmajikarirukarinaikari(masu)
karitePronunciation
kah-ree-roo
kah-ree-nah-ee
kah-ree(-mah-soo)kah-ree-teh253254 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Japanese Script
貸す
貸さない
貸し（ます）
貸して

Rōmajikasu
kasanaikashi(masu)
kashitePronunciation
kah-sookah-sah-nah-ee
kah-shee(-mah-soo)
kah-shee-teh

Following are a few phrases that you can use to talk about genkin:
父から５万円借りました。 Chichi kara go-man-en karimashita. (cheechee kah-rah goh-mahn-ehn kah-ree-mah-shee-tah.) (I borrowed ¥50,000
from my father.)
５００円貸してください。 Go-hyaku-en kashite kudasai. (goh-hyah-kooehn kah-shee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please loan me ¥500.)
千円札３枚ありますか。 Sen-en-satsu san-mai arimasu ka. (sehn-ehn-sahtsoo sahn-mah-ee ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have three ¥1,000 bills?)
一万円札しかありません。 Ichi-man-en-satsu shika arimasen. (ee-cheemahn-ehn-sah-tsoo shee-kah ah-ree-mah-sehn.) (I have only ¥10,000 bills.)
To say only, place the particle shika (shee-kah) at the end of the noun andmake the verb negative, as in the last example. You can read more on shika in
Chapter 13.

Charge! Paying with plastic
A credit card is almost a must-have in today’s world, particularly when
you’re traveling, because you need a credit card for renting a car and reserving a hotel room. In Japan, credit cards are accepted in many stores, hotels,
and restaurants, but just in case, check first to see whether you can use themin a given establishment. For example, credit card acceptance is still limited
in rural areas of Japan.
Conjugate the u-verb tsukau (tsoo-kah-oo) (to use). Just watch out for the w
sound that appears only in the negative.
Japanese Script使う
使わない
使い（ます）
使ってRōmajitsukautsukawanai
tsukai(masu)
tsukatte

Pronunciation
tsoo-kah-oo
tsoo-kah-wah-nah-ee
tsoo-kah-ee(-mah-soo)tsoo-kaht-tehChapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land
To ask whether you can use your credit card, you first need to know how
to say can. For example, tsukau (tsoo-kah-oo) means to use, but tsukaeru(tsoo-kah-eh-roo) means to be able to use or can use. Then, you take this verb,
tsukaeru, and conjugate it — for example, Kurejitto kādo wa tsukaemasu ka.
(koo-reh-jeet-toh kahh-doh wa tsoo-kah-eh-mah-soo kah.) (Can I use a credit
card?) Turn to Chapter 13 to find out exactly how to make the can form of various verbs.
If you have multiple credit cards and you want to know which one is accepted
at a particular shop or restaurant, use the particle ka (kah), which meansor. You can use ka to list two or more choices. When listing more than two
choices, simply place ka after each noun except the last one. A few examples
may be helpful:
ビザかマスターカードは使えますか。 Biza ka Masutā kādo wa tsukaemasu. (bee-zah kah mah-soo-tahh kahh-doh wah tsoo-kah-eh-mah-soo.)(Can I use a Visa or MasterCard?)
アメリカンエキスプレスかディスカバーかＪＣＢは使えます。 Amerikan
Ekisupuresu ka Disukabā ka JCB wa tsukaemasu. (ah-meh-ree-kahn
eh-kee-soo-poo-reh-soo kah dee-soo-kah-bahh ka jehh-sheee-beee watsoo-kah-eh-mah-soo.) (If it’s American Express, Discover, or JCB, you canuse it.)
空港か銀行で両替をします。 Kūkō ka ginkō de ryōgae o shimasu. (koookohh kah geen-kohh deh ryohh-gah-eh oh shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll exchangemoney at the airport or at the bank.)
Perhaps you like to use your debitto kādo (deh-beet-toh kahh-doh) (debitcard) to pay for everyday expenses. Debitto kādo have one advantage overkurejitto kādo: Because the money is deducted directly from your bankaccount, you can’t spend more than you have.
To explain that you use your debit card to pay for purchases, say Debittokādo de haraimasu. (deh-beet-toh kahh-doh deh hah-rah-ee-mah-soo.) (I pay
by debit card.) Remember that the particle de (deh) marks the location ofactivity. It also specifies the tools and means for the action, as in the following
examples:
箸で食べます。 Hashi de tabemasu. (hah-shee deh tah-beh-mah-soo.) (Ieat with chopsticks.)
鉛筆で書きます。 Enpitsu de kakimasu. (ehn-pee-tsoo deh kah-kee-mahsoo.) (I write with a pencil.)255

256 Part III: Japanese on the Go

Fun & Games
Identify the total amount of bills and coins in each of the following sets.
Answers are in Appendix D.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

		
Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

Chapter 16

Making Your Way Around: Planes,
Trains, Taxis, and More
In This Chapter▶ Embarking and disembarking with noru and oriru▶ Flying through the airport with the greatest of ease
▶ Deciding on the best mode of transportation▶ Traveling by train and boat
▶ Trying public transportation and road driving

Kōtsū kikan (kohh-tsooo kee-kahn) (transportation) is an indispensable
part of life. Choose the method that meets your needs. Which costs
less, driving a car or taking a train? Which is less hectic, taking a subway
or taking a cab? Which makes you feel safer, flying or driving? This chapter
provides you with the essential phrases that you need to get around town by
using various types of kōtsū kikan.

Getting On and Off with the
Verbs Noru and Oriru
The verb noru (noh-roo) is used for all forms of transportation, including
bicycles, buses, trains, ships, and airplanes. So its translation can be to ride,
to get on, or to get in any form of transportation, depending on the context.
Conjugate this u-verb as follows, paying close attention to the r syllables as
you conjugate it:
Japanese Script乗る
乗らない
乗り（ます）
乗って

Rōmajinoru
noranainori(masu)
notte

Pronunciation
noh-roonoh-rah-nah-ee
noh-ree(-mah-soo)noht-teh258 Part III: Japanese on the Go
When using noru in a sentence, remember to mark the form of transportationthat you’re taking with the particle ni (nee), as in the following examples:
電車に乗る densha ni noru (dehn-shah nee noh-roo) (to get on a train)
飛行機に乗る hikōki ni noru (hee-kohh-kee nee noh-roo) (to get on an
airplane)
自転車に乗る jitensha ni noru (jee-tehn-shah nee noh-roo) (to ride abicycle)
タクシーに乗る takushī ni noru (tah-koo-sheee nee noh-roo) (to get ina taxi)If you know the verb noru, you have to know the verb oriru (oh-ree-roo)(to get off), unless you want to live on an airplane. Conjugate this ru-verb as
follows:
Japanese Script
降りる
降りない
降り（ます）
降りて

Rōmajioriru
orinaiori(masu)
orite

Pronunciation
oh-ree-roo
oh-ree-nah-ee
oh-ree(-mah-soo)oh-ree-teh

Like noru, you can use oriru for any form of transportation. Mark the place
you’re getting off from with the particle kara (kah-rah) (from) or the direct
object particle o (oh). Here are a few examples:
飛行機から降りました。 Hikōki kara orimashita. (hee-kohh-kee kah-rah
oh-ree-mah-shee-tah.) (I got off the airplane.)
後ろの出口から降りてください。 Ushiro no deguchi kara orite kudasai. (oo-shee-roh noh deh-goo-chee kah-rah oh-ree-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.)(Please get off [the plane] via the rear exit.)
新宿で電車を降りてバスに乗ります。 Shinjuku de densha o orite basu
ni norimasu. (sheen-joo-koo deh dehn-shah oh oh-ree-teh bah-soo nee
noh-ree-mah-soo.) (I’ll get off the train at Shinjuku and get on the bus.)
In Japanese, saying you’re taking some form of transportation isn’t the sameas saying you’re going somewhere by some form of transportation. To specify
what form of transportation you’re using to go somewhere, use the particlede (deh). Place de at the end of the word for the mode of transportation,and place both of them somewhere before the verb. For example, Hikōki de
Hokkaidō ni ikimasu. (hee-kohh-kee deh hohk-kah-ee-dohh nee ee-kee-mahsoo.) means I’ll go to Hokkaido by airplane.
The general function of de is to specify how you perform a given action.
Specifying the form of transportation is just one instance in which you usede. For other examples, flip to Chapter 3.

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More

Asking about the Best Methodof Transportation
Although you can access all kinds of transportation information — fromschedules to fares — online nowadays, you still need to be able to ask
the right questions when you’re wondering about the best transportation
method for your purpose.
To ask questions like Which transportation method is convenient? or Which
one can we take to get there?, use the question words dono (doh-noh) (which)and dore (doh-reh) (which one). So how do you know which which is which?
If you’re asking about which of a particular thing, use dono and add the thing
you’re asking about right after it, as in the following examples:
どのバスに乗れますか。 Dono basu ni noremasu ka. (doh-noh bah-soo
nee noh-reh-mah-soo kah.) (Which bus can I get on?)
どの電車で行けますか。 Dono densha de ikemasu ka. (doh-noh dehnshah deh ee-keh-mah-soo kah.) (By which train can I go there?)
Note that noremasu and ikemasu in the preceding sentences are the potential forms of norimasu and ikimasu, respectively. By potential forms, I mean
the verb forms that bear the meaning of can. I tell you more about these
forms in Chapter 13.
If the name of the thing that you’re asking about is understood in the context
or is stated separately, you don’t have to repeat that word. Just use dore
rather than dono.
どれに乗れますか。 Dore ni noremasu ka. (doh-reh nee noh-reh-mah-sookah.) (Which one can I get on?)
どれで行けますか。 Dore de ikemasu ka. (doh-reh deh ee-keh-mah-sookah.) (By which one can I go there?)
Perhaps you’re wondering how to ask which transportation method is fastest, most convenient, or most inexpensive. You just have to use the adverb
ichiban (ee-chee-bahn) (the most/-est) for that. (If you recognize the word
ichiban as the Japanese word for first, you’re right. It literally means numberone.) Check out the following examples, and see Chapter 10 for more details
on using ichiban to express the most:
どのバスが一番はやいですか。 Dono basu ga ichiban hayai desu ka.
(doh-noh bah-soo gah ee-chee-bahn hah-yah-ee deh-soo kah.) (Which bus
is the fastest?)259

260 Part III: Japanese on the Go
どの電車が一番便利ですか。 Dono densha ga ichiban benri desu ka.
(doh-noh dehn-shah gah ee-chee-bahn behn-ree deh-soo kah.) (Whichtrain is the most convenient?)
どれが一番安いですか。 Dore ga ichiban yasui desu ka. (doh-reh gah eechee-bahn yah-soo-ee deh-soo kah.) (Which one is the cheapest?)
If you want to make a comparison and alert listeners that they must choose
from the list that you provide, you can list the items at the beginning of aquestion. Chapter 10 tells you how to do it in detail. For now, here are someexamples:

タクシーと, 電車と, バスでは, どれが一番はやいですか。 Takushī to,densha to, basu de wa, dore ga ichiban hayai desu ka. (tah-koo-sheee
toh, dehn-shah toh, bah-soo deh-wah, doh-reh gah ee-chee-bahn hahyah-ee deh-soo kah.) (Which are the fastest: taxis, trains, or buses?)

飛行機と, 車と, 電車と, バスでは, どれが一番安全ですか。 Hikōki to,kuruma to, densha to, basu de wa, dore ga ichiban anzen desu ka. (heekohh-kee toh, koo-roo-mah toh, dehn-shah toh, bah-soo deh-wah, doh-reh
gah ee-chee-bahn ahn-zehn deh-soo kah.) (Which are the safest: airplanes,
cars, trains, or buses?)If you’re comparing people, use dare (dah-reh) (who) rather than dore. And if
you’re comparing locations, substitute doko (doh-koh) (where) for dore. To
ask a question that compares just two items, use the question word dochira(doh-chee-rah) (which one out of the two), regardless of what the two items
are. See Chapter 10 for more information about dochira and a complete discussion of comparisons.

Navigating the Airport
A hikōki (hee-kohh-kee) (airplane) is often necessary for speedy vacation
travel and business trips, even if you’re afraid of heights. And hopping on acommercial plane means jumping all the hurdles that come with going to the
kūkō (kooo-kohh) (airport). Check out the following sections for vocabularythat helps you navigate the boarding process, go through immigration andcustoms, and exit the airport to explore your destination.

Now boarding: Making it to the plane
Arrive at the airport early to check your luggage and get through security
so you can enjoy the time at the airport before boarding instead of making a
mad dash for the plane as the door closes. You’ll need these words for that:

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More
✓ 便 bin (been) (flight)✓ チケット chiketto (chee-keht-toh) (ticket)✓ ゲート gēto (gehh-toh) (gate)✓ 保安検査場 hoan kensajō (hoh-ahn-kehn-sah-johh) (security)✓ 窓 mado (mah-doh) (window)✓ 窓側の席 mado gawa no seki (mah-doh gah-wah noh seh-kee) (windowseat)✓ 免税店 menzeiten (mehn-zehh-tehn) (duty-free shops)✓ 席 seki (seh-kee) (seat)✓ シートベルト shītoberuto (sheee-toh-beh-roo-toh) (seatbelt)✓ 出国手続き shukkoku tetsuzuki (shook-koh-koo teh-tsoo-zoo-kee)(embarkation procedure [filling out paperwork when leaving Japan])✓ 搭乗券 tōjōken (tohh-johh-kehn) (boarding pass)✓ 搭乗手続き tōjō tetsuzuki (tohh-johh teh-tsoo-zoo-kee) (check-in)✓ 通路側の席 tsūro gawa no seki (tsooo-roh gah-wah noh seh-kee) (aisle
seat)
Bin is a word that means flight, and it also functions as a counter that specifies
which flight. If you need to specify a flight with its flight number, add -bin rightafter the number. For example, 18-bin (jooo-hah-chee-been) means Flight 18.
After you get on the plane, just relax. Ask the furaitoatendanto (foo-rah-eetoh ah-tehn-dahn-toh) (flight attendants) any questions you may have, such as
the following:✓ どのターミナルに着きますか。 Dono tāminaru ni tsukimasu ka. (dohnoh tahh-mee-nah-roo nee tsoo-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Which terminal are
we arriving at?)
✓ 映画は何時からですか 。 Eiga wa nan-ji kara desu ka. (ehh-gah wah
nahn-jee kah-rah deh-soo kah.) (What time does the movie start?)✓ 何番ゲートに着きますか。 Nan-ban gēto ni tsukimasu ka. (nahn-bahngehh-toh nee tsoo-kee-mah-soo kah.) (Which gate are we arriving at?)
✓ 何時に着きますか。 Nan-ji ni tsukimasu ka. (nahn-jee nee tsoo-kee-mahsoo kah.) (What time will we arrive?)
You may wonder how to say to fly in Japanese because you say things like I
flew from New York to San Francisco last week or He’s going to fly to Las Vegas
next week all the time. Well, Japanese usually say to go in such contexts andsay to fly only figuratively because it’s the airplane that flies, not the people261

262 Part III: Japanese on the Gothemselves. But if you want to be figurative, here’s how to conjugate theu-verb tobu (toh-boo) (to fly).
Japanese Script
飛ぶ
飛ばない
飛び（ます）
飛んでRōmajitobu
tobanaitobi(masu)
tonde

Pronunciation
toh-bootoh-bah-nah-ee
toh-bee(-mah-soo)tohn-deh

Going through immigration
Before entering a foreign country, you have to meet the very serious folks
in the nyūkoku shinsa (nyooo-koh-koo sheen-sah) (immigration) area. Here,everyone has to stand in line, and the line can be very long if multiple jumboplanes arrive at the same time. Make sure to have your passport in hand andbe ready for some of these questions and requests:✓ ビザは。 Biza wa. (bee-zah wah.) (How about your visa?)✓ どこに泊まりますか。 Doko ni tomarimasu ka. (doh-koh nee toh-mahree-mah-soo kah.) (Where are you staying?)✓ 住所は。 Jūsho wa. (jooo-shoh wah.) (Your address?)✓ 住所を書いてください。Jūsho o kaite kudasai. (jooo-shoh oh kah-ee-teh
koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please write your address.)✓ 観光ですか。 Kankō desu ka. (kahn-kohh deh-soo kah.) (Are you here forsightseeing?)✓ お名前は。 O-namae wa. (oh-nah-mah-eh wah.) (Your name?)✓ パスポートを見せてください。 Pasupōto o misete kudasai. (pah-soo-pohhtoh oh mee-seh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please show me your passport.)✓ 仕事ですか。 Shigoto desu ka. (shee-goh-toh deh-soo kah.) (Are you
here for business?)
Chapter 14 gives you more details and Japanese terminology related to passports and visas.

Getting through customs
After you get through immigration, go to the tenimotsu hikiwatashijō (tehnee-moh-tsoo hee-kee-wah-tah-shee-johh) (baggage claim) and pick up yoursuitcases, bags, boxes, or whatever. Head straight to zeikan (zehh-kahn) (customs) after you have all your belongings. The lines at customs usually aren’tChapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and Moreas long as the lines at immigration because not many people have items todeclare. However, you should be sure to pay the zeikin (zehh-keen) (tax), if
necessary. Certain items are menzei (mehn-zehh) (duty-free) only if you bringless than a certain amount or quantity of the item with you. Be familiar withthe following questions and phrases to breeze through customs:✓ あそこで税金を払ってください。 Asoko de zeikin o haratte kudasai.
(ah-soh-koh deh zehh-keen oh hah-raht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Pay the tax
over there, please.)✓ 身の回りのものです。 Minomawari no mono desu. (mee-noh-mah-wahree noh moh-noh deh-soo.) (They’re my personal belongings.)✓ 申告するものはありませんか。 Shinkoku suru mono wa arimasen ka.
(sheen-koh-koo soo-roo moh-noh wah ah-ree-mah-sehn kah.) (Is there
anything you want to declare?)
You may be asked to Sūtsukēsu o akete kudasai. (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo oh ahkeh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Open your suitcase, please.), so you want to be able
to conjugate the ru-verb akeru (ah-keh-roo) (to open):
Japanese Script
開ける
開けない
開け（ます）
開けて

Rōmajiakeru
akenaiake(masu)
akete

Pronunciation
ah-keh-roo
ah-keh-nah-ee
ah-keh(-mah-soo)
ah-keh-teh

Leaving the airport
When you’re done at customs, grab your bags, pass through the exit, andgo to the tōchaku robī (tohh-chah-koo roh-beee) (arrival gate). You may see
hundreds of faces looking at you, which can make you feel like you’re eithera movie star or a terrible criminal. Most of these people are just looking fortheir friends and relatives, not you, so don’t get too excited.
If no one is meeting you, you can find ground transportation information at
the chiketto kauntā (chee-keht-toh kah-oon-tahh) (ticket counter) or annaijo(ahn-nah-ee-joh) (information counter). You can use questions like the following to arrange your transportation from the airport or any other location:✓ モノレールはどこで乗れますか。 Monorēru wa doko de noremasu ka.
(moh-noh-rehh-roo wah doh-koh deh noh-reh-mah-soo kah.) (Where canI catch the monorail?)✓ 東京まで成田エクスプレスでいくらかかりますか。 Tōkyō made Narita
Ekusupuresu de ikura kakarimasu ka. (tohh-kyohh mah-deh nah-ree-tah

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264 Part III: Japanese on the Go
ehk-koo-soo-poo-reh-soo deh ee-koo-rah kah-kah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Howmuch does it cost to go to Tokyo by the Narita Express?)✓ 品川行きのリムジンバスはありますか。 Shinagawa yuki no rimujin
basu wa arimasu ka. (shee-nah-gah-wah yoo-kee noh ree-moo-jeen
bah-soo wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have a limousine bus to
Shinagawa?)✓ 次の東京駅行きのリムジンバスは何時ですか。 Tsugi no Tōkyō eki yuki
no rimujin basu wa nan-ji desu ka. (tsoo-gee noh tohh-kyohh eh-kee
yoo-kee noh ree-moo-jeen bah-soo wah nahn-jee deh-soo kah.) (Whattime is the next limousine bus bound for Tokyo Station?)

All Aboard: Hopping on a Train or Boat
Trains and boats are some of the oldest methods of transportation — at least
since people quit using chariots — but they’re still popular in the modern
world. The following sections give you the terminology you need to talkabout these rides in Japanese. (Sorry, I ran out of room to add a section on
chariots.)

Now entering the station: Riding the train
Traveling by densha (dehn-shah) (train) is special because you go throughmany eki (eh-kee) (train stations), each of which represents the people wholive or work in that town. In some eki, you see many businesspeople, but inothers you see mostly children and their moms.
Check the direction of your train:✓ 下り電車 kudari densha (koo-dah-ree dehn-shah) (down train)✓ 上り電車 nobori densha (noh-boh-ree dehn-shah) (up train)✓ 大阪行き Ōsaka yuki (ohh-sah-kah yoo-kee) (bound for Osaka)
You may be asking yourself, “What in the world are up trains and down
trains?” You’re in luck; I have the answer. Nobori densha (up train) refers to
any train in Japan traveling toward Tokyo, and kudari densha (down train)refers to any train traveling away from Tokyo. Tokyo really is the center ofJapan, as a glance at a map of Japan shows you. Note: These strange terms
may give you the impression that Tokyo is the highest point in Japan and thatthe farthest location from Tokyo must therefore be below sea level. But theallusion to altitude is only figurative, even if somewhat elitist on the part ofTokyo. The point of using these two terms is just to distinguish the directionsof each railroad line, not the altitude.

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More
When you take a train, make sure you know what time it leaves and arrives.
Conjugate the verb deru (deh-roo) (to leave) and tsuku (tsoo-koo) (to arrive).
Deru is a ru-verb, but tsuku is an u-verb.
Japanese Script
出る
出ない
出（ます）
出て

Rōmajideru
denai
de(masu)
dete

Pronunciation
deh-roodeh-nah-eedeh(-mah-soo)
deh-tehJapanese Script
着く
着かない
着き（ます）
着いて

Rōmajitsuku
tsukanaitsuki(masu)
tsuitePronunciation
tsoo-kootsoo-kah-nah-ee
tsoo-kee(-mah-soo)tsoo-ee-teh

Remember to check the jikokuhyō (jee-koh-koo-hyohh) (timetable) at thestation. Be ready for the 24-hour system if you’re traveling in Japan. Jūgo-ji(jooo-goh-jee) (15:00 [fifteen o’clock]) means gogo 3-ji (goh-goh sahn-jee)(3:00 p.m.). Watch out for two important keywords on the timetable: hatsu(hah-tsoo) (departure) and chaku (chah-koo) (arrival). They’re short forms ofhassha suru (hahs-shah soo-roo) (to depart) and tōchaku suru (tohh-chah-koo
soo-roo) (to arrive). Take a look at a few examples (for complete coverage on
telling time, check out Chapter 5):
１６時１５分発 16-ji 15-fun hatsu (jooo-roh-koo-jee jooo-goh-foon hahtsoo) (16:15 [4:15 p.m.] departure)
２０時５７分着 20-ji 57-fun chaku (nee-jooo-jee goh-jooo-nah-nah-foonchah-koo) (20:57 [8:57 p.m.] arrival)
７時５分東京発１０時７分大阪着 7-ji 5-fun Tōkyō hatsu 10-ji 7-fun Ōsaka
chaku (shee-chee-jee goh-foon tohh-kyohh hah-tsoo jooo-jee nah-nahfoon ohh-sah-kah chah-koo) (7:05 a.m. Tokyo departure, 10:07 a.m. Osaka
arrival)Depending on how much of a hurry you’re in, choose from one of these typesof trains, listed in descending order of speed and distance:✓ 新幹線 shinkansen (sheen-kahn-sehn) (bullet train)✓ 特急 tokkyū (tohk-kyooo) (super-express)✓ 快速 kaisoku (kah-ee-soh-koo) (rapid)✓ 急行 kyūkō (kyooo-kohh) (express)✓ 普通 futsū (foo-tsooo) (regular or local)

265266 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Shinkansen got its English name, bullet train, from the bullet shape of the leadcar in the 0 series, or first generation, of the train. These trains run on special
tracks at top speeds of about 300 kilometers per hour (186 miles per hour)and connect all the major cities of Honshū (hohn-shooo), the main island ofJapan. Shinkansen service is also available to a number of cities in Kyushu.
Lines connecting parts of Hokkaido are under construction.
For all trains, the unchin (oon-cheen) (fare) is different for adults and children. Be sure to specify the number of adults and the number of children
when buying your tickets. And ask whether discounts and special assistance
are available for seniors and handicapped people.
Use the counter -mai to express the number of tickets you want to purchase.
(See Chapter 5 for information on counters.) Also specify whether you needa round-trip or one-way ticket. If you’re taking the shinkansen or anothersuper-express train in Japan, you need to buy two tickets: a super-express
ticket plus the regular passenger ticket. Here are some common ticket terms:✓ 乗車券 jōshaken (johh-shah-kehn) (passenger ticket)✓ 片道 katamichi (kah-tah-mee-chee) (one-way ticket)✓ 切符 kippu (keep-poo) (tickets)✓ 往復 ōfuku (ohh-foo-koo) (round-trip ticket)✓ 特急券 tokkyūken (tohk-kyooo-kehn) (super-express ticket)
You may make a request like the following as you purchase your ticket:✓ 名古屋まで大人３枚往復お願いします。 Nagoya made otona san-maiŌfuku onegaishimasu. (nah-goh-yah mah-deh oh-toh-nah sahn-mah-ee
ohh-foo-koo oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (To Nagoya, three round-trip
tickets for adults, please.)✓ 大阪まで大人１枚子ども２枚お願いします。 Ōsaka made otona ichi-mai
to kodomo ni-mai onegaishimasu. (ohh-sah-kah mah-deh oh-toh-nah eechee-mah-ee toh koh-doh-moh nee-mah-ee oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.)(To Osaka, one ticket for an adult and two tickets for children, please.)✓ 東京まで片道１枚。 Tōkyō made katamichi ichi-mai. (tohh-kyohh mahdeh kah-tah-mee-chee ee-chee-mah-ee.) (To Tokyo, one one-way ticket,
please.)✓ 東京までの乗車券と特急券を下さい。 Tōkyō made no jōshaken to
tokkyūken o kudasai. (tohh-kyohh mah-deh noh johh-shah-kehn toh
tohk-kyooo-kehn oh koo-dah-sah-ee) (A passenger ticket and a superexpress ticket to Tokyo, please.)Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and MoreFind out which hōmu (hohh-moo) (platform) you’re leaving from, say the
number with the counter -ban (bahn), and add hōmu, as in ichi-ban hōmu(ee-chee-bahn hohh-moo) (platform one), ni-ban hōmu (nee-bahn hohh-moo)(platform two), and san-ban hōmu (sahn-bahn hohh-moo) (platform three).

Setting sail: Cruising around by boat
You may have a lot of chances to go to nearby islands or to towns across alake, bay, or cove near your home. Some people even commute to work byferry. What a romantic way to start the workday! Use some of the following
terms to travel by water or just to have fun:✓ ボート bōto (bohh-toh) (boat)✓ フェリー ferī (feh-reee) (ferry)✓ 船 fune (foo-neh) (ship)✓ ヨット yotto (yoht-toh) (yacht)
If you don’t know how to swim, find the life jackets right after you board. I’m
just kidding. Relax and enjoy the nice breeze. If you spend some time on thewater, you’ll come ashore feeling refreshed!

Conquering Public Transportation
Sometimes the best way of getting around in larger cities, is to take public
transportation. Whether you intend to travel by basu (bah-soo) (bus), chikatetsu (chee-kah-teh-tsoo) (subway), or takushī (tah-koo-sheee) (taxi), the next
sections have you covered.
When you make up your mind about which form of public transportation
you want to use, say ni suru (nee soo-roo) (to decide on). The verb suru is anirregular verb, and its polite counterpart is shimasu. Now you can understandthe following decisions:✓ 地下鉄にします。 Chikatetsu ni shimasu. (chee-kah-teh-tsoo nee sheemah-soo.) (I’ll choose the subway.)✓ タクシーにします。 Takushī ni shimasu. (tah-koo-sheee nee shee-mahsoo.) (I’ll take a taxi.)

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268 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Riding a bus
Basu (bah-soo) (buses) are inexpensive and convenient, and they can takeyou across town or across the country. Taking a long-distance bus rather
than a plane or train can save you a lot of money.
Go to a bus terminal or a bus stop, and find out which basu you should take.
The unchin (oon-cheen) (fare) may be a flat rate, or it may vary depending
on how far you go. Either way, put the unchin in the designated box. Here’s
how to conjugate the ru-verb ireru (ee-reh-roo) (to put).
Japanese Script
入れる
入れない
入れ（ます）
入れて

Rōmajiireru
irenaiire(masu)
irete

Pronunciation
ee-reh-roo
ee-reh-nah-ee
ee-reh(-mah-soo)
ee-reh-teh

I also recommend memorizing the following words:✓ バスターミナル basu tāminaru (bah-soo tahh-mee-nah-roo) (bus terminal)✓ バス停 basu-tei (bah-soo-tehh) (bus stop)✓ 乗り換え norikae (noh-ree-kah-eh) (transfer)
Don’t forget to ask the driver for a transfer if you need to change buses.

Taking the subway
The chikatetsu (chee-kah-teh-tsoo) (subway) is inexpensive, especially compared to taking a taxi. It can also bring you to your destination much more
quickly than a bus can. Considering all these factors, the chikatetsu may offer
you the most convenience for your dollar.
When you take a subway, be careful not to miss your station. To express
which station is yours — hito-tsu-me (hee-toh-tsoo-meh) (the first one), futatsu-me (foo-tah-tsoo-meh) (the second one), and so on — head to the discussion of ordinal numbers in Chapter 5 and use the ordinal counter -me.

Hailing a taxi
Takushī (tah-koo-sheee) (taxis) are very convenient — they come to where
you are, so you don’t need to walk anywhere. Unlike subways, you don’t needto figure out which one you should take. And unlike buses, you don’t need

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and Moreto wait for them. Just call a taxi to pick you up wherever you are. If you havethree or four people in your group, taking a takushī may be cheaper thantaking a train or a bus!
Here are some phrases you may say or hear in a taxi:✓ 美術館までお願いします。 Bijutsukan made onegai shimasu. (bee-jootsoo-kahn mah-deh oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Please go to the art
museum.)✓ どちらまで。 Dochira made. (doh-chee-rah mah-deh.) (To where?)✓ 空港までいくらぐらいかかりますか。 Kūkō made ikura gurai kakarimasu ka. (kooo-kohh mah-deh ee-koo-rah goo-rah-ee kah-kah-ree-mahsoo kah.) (How much does it cost to the airport?)✓ 着きましたよ。 Tsukimashita yo. (tsoo-kee-mah-shee-tah yoh.) (We’rehere.)
When the takushī driver is about to give you the otsuri (oh-tsoo-ree) (change),
you can refuse it by saying Otsuri wa kekkō desu (oh-tsoo-ree wah kehk-kohh
deh-soo) (Please keep the change.). Kekkō desu (kehk-kohh deh-soo) means
good or fine in some contexts, but it means no thank you in other contexts.
It may sound like a contradiction, but in English you sometimes say I’m fine.
after being asked Would you like some coffee? when what you mean is no thankyou, right? That’s the spirit of kekkō desu as no thank you.

Talkin’ the Talk
Kent is trying to hail a taxi. A taxi finally stops in front of him, andthe door opens. (Track 36)
Kent:

Akagi Eigo Gakkō made onegaishimasu.
ah-kah-gee ehh-goh gahk-kohh mah-deh
oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.
To Akagi English School, please.

Driver:Yokohama Eki no mae desu ne.
yoh-koh-hah-mah eh-kee noh mah-eh deh-soo neh.
That’s in front of Yokohama Station, right?

Kent:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Driver:O-kyaku-san wa eigo no sensei desu ka.
oh-kyah-koo-sahn wah ehh-goh noh sehn-sehh dehsoo kah.
Are you an English teacher?

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270 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Kent:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

The taxi arrives in front of Akagi English School.
Driver:Hai, tsukimashita yo.
hah-ee, tsoo-kee-mah-shee-tah yoh.
Okay, we’re here.

Kent:

Ikura desu ka.
ee-koo-rah deh-soo kah.
How much?

Driver:750-en desu.
nah-nah-hyah-koo-goh-jooo-en deh-soo.
750 yen.

Kent:Jā, dōzo. Otsuri wa kekkō desu.
jahh, dohh-zoh. oh-tsoo-ree wah kehk-kohh deh-soo.
Here you are. Keep the change.

Driver:Ā, arigatō gozaimasu.
ahh, ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
Oh, thank you very much.

Words To Knoweigo gakkō
madeno maeTsukimashita.
otsuriehh-goh gahk-kohh
mah-dehnoh mah-eh
tsoo-kee-mah-shee-tah.
oh-tsoo-ree

English schoolup toin front of(We) arrived.
changeChapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More

Driving AroundIn smaller communities, driving a kuruma (koo-roo-mah) (car) may be youronly option for getting around. (And even in bigger communities, you may
just prefer to drive.) To talk about driving in Japanese, use unten suru (oontehn soo-roo) (to drive). Conjugating this verb is a piece of cake if you know
how to conjugate the irregular verb suru (soo-roo) (to do).
Japanese Script
運転する
運転しない
運転し（ます）運転して

Rōmajiunten suru
unten shinai
unten shi(masu)
unten shite

Pronunciation
oon-tehn soo-roo
oon-tehn shee-nah-ee
oon-tehn shee(-mah-soo)oon-tehn shee-teh

If you’re on a trip and you didn’t drive to your destination, you’ll need to rent
a car. And if you’re driving in Japan, you’ll need a crash course in Japaneseroad signs. The following sections give you the necessary vocabulary forrenting a vehicle and provide an overview of the most important road signs.
Driving a car in Japan is a bit tricky. You have to drive on the left side, and yoursteering wheel is on the right side. The roads are clean and nice but very narrow.
Bicycles and pedestrians always have the right of way on the neighborhoodstreets. And the highways are in great condition, but the tolls are outrageous.

Renting a car
To rent a kuruma, head to a rentakā shoppu (rehn-tah-kahh shohp-poo) (carrental shop). Be sure to ask about the rental car’s features:✓ エアコン eakon (eh-ah-kohn) (air conditioning)✓ カーナビ kānabi (kahh-nah-bee) (car navigation, GPS)✓ マニュアル manyuaru (mah-nyoo-ah-roo) (stick shift)✓ オートマチック ōtomachikku (ohh-toh-mah-cheek-koo) (automatictransmission)✓ ステレオ sutereo (soo-teh-reh-oh) (stereo)271

272 Part III: Japanese on the GoShow your unten menkyoshō (oon-tehn-mehn-kyoh-shohh) (driver’s license)to the clerk at the car-rental agency. Note that you need a kokusai unten
menkyoshō (koh-koo-sah-ee oon-tehn mehn-kyoh-shohh) (international driving permit) in addition to your driver’s license from your home country when
you drive in Japan, unless you have a Japanese license. After that’s out of theway, you can get to the details. Following are some common phrases that you
may find useful when renting a car:
✓ 保険をかけます。 Hoken o kakemasu. (hoh-kehn oh kah-keh-mah-soo.)(I’ll take the insurance policy.)✓ 小型の車を借りたいんですが。 Kogata no kuruma o karitai-n-desu ga.
(koh-gah-tah noh koo-roo-mah oh kah-ree-tah-een-deh-soo gah.) (I’d liketo rent a small-size car [but do you have one?].)✓ 今日から金曜日まで使いたいんです。 Kyō kara kinyōbi made tsukai-tain-desu. (kyooo kah-rah keen-yohh-bee mah-deh tsoo-kah-ee-tah-een-dehsoo.) (I want it today through Friday.)✓ 木曜日に返します。 Mokuyōbi ni kaeshimasu. (moh-koo-yohh-bee nee
kah-eh-shee-mah-soo.) (I’ll return it on Thursday.)Conjugate the verbs kariru (kah-ree-roo) (to rent) and kaesu (kah-eh-soo) (toreturn) — two essential words for visiting a rental-car agency. Kariru is a ruverb, and kaesu is an u-verb. The conjugation table for kariru is in Chapter
15. Here’s the one for kaesu:
Japanese Script返す
返さない
返し（ます）
返して

Rōmajikaesu
kaesanaikaeshi(masu)
kaeshite

Pronunciation
kah-eh-soo
kah-eh-sah-nah-ee
kah-eh-shee(-mah-soo)kah-eh-shee-teh

The International Driving Permit
国際運転免許証 Kokusai Unten Menkyoshō(koh-koo-sah-ee oon-tehn mehn-kyoh-shohh)(International Driving Permit) is a document
recognized by more than 100 countries,
including Japan and the United States. It’s
supplemental to your official governmentissued license and serves translation andidentification purposes, so you must also carry

your driver’s license from your home country
when you use it.
Note that Kokusai Unten Menkyoshō is only
for short-term travelers. If you want to stay inJapan longer term, you need to convert yourlicense from your home country to a Japaneselicense.

Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More

Deciphering road signs
I bet you can understand most dōro hyōshiki (dohh-roh hyohh-shee-kee)(road signs) in Japan, but just in case, Table 16-1 shows you the essential ones.

Table 16-1
Road Sign

Japanese Road Signs
Japanese

Pronunciation

Meaning

止まれ
tomaretoh-mah-reh

Stop

進入禁止
shinnyū kinshi

sheen-nyooo
keen-shee

Do Not Enter

一方通行
ippō tsūkō

eep-pohh tsoookohh

One Way

駐車可chūshaka

chooo-shah-kah

Parking
Permitted

駐車禁止
chūsha kinshi

chooo-shahkeen-shee

No Parking

Are you ready to drive in Japan? Here are a couple of final reminders: In
Japan, left turns on a red light aren’t permitted like right turns on red lights
are in the United States. Also, keep in mind that the colors of the traffic lights
in Japan are the same, but they call the three colors red, yellow, and blue
(rather than red, yellow, and green like in the United States).

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274 Part III: Japanese on the Go

Fun & Games
Write the Japanese word for the following types of transportation on the corresponding line. The answers are in Appendix D.

		__________

		__________

		__________

		__________

		__________

Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

Chapter 17

Finding a Place to Stay
In This Chapter▶ Finding accommodations▶ Reserving the room
▶ Navigating the check-in process▶ Knowing how to claim your stuff▶ Cruising through check-out

Selecting the right shukuhaku shisetsu (shoo-koo-hah-koo shee-seh-tsoo)(accommodations) can make any trip you take more enjoyable. After all,each day of your adventure starts and ends there. This chapter walks you
through the process of finding your shukuhaku shisetsu: choosing the rightplace, making a reservation, checking in, and checking out. Enjoy your visit!

Picking the Right Accommodations
for Your Needs
Select your accommodations according to your needs and budget. For example, if you’re planning a family trip to a resort area near the coast, get a nicehoteru (hoh-teh-roo) (hotel) that features easy access to the beach. Here are
the many options available to you:
✓ ビジネスホテル bijinesu hoteru (bee-jee-neh-soo hoh-teh-roo) (businesshotel)✓ ホテル hoteru (hoh-teh-roo) (hotel)✓ 観光ホテル kankō hoteru (kahn-kohh hoh-teh-roo) (tourist’s hotel)✓ カプセルホテル kapuseru hoteru (kah-poo-seh-roo hoh-teh-roo) (capsulehotel)

276 Part III: Japanese on the Go✓ 民宿 minshuku (meen-shoo-koo) (a private home that offers lodging andmeals to tourists)✓ モーテル mōteru (mohh-teh-roo) (motel)✓ 旅館 ryokan (ryoh-kahn) (Japanese-style inn)
✓ ユースホステル yūsu hosuteru (yooo-soo hoh-soo-teh-roo) (youth hostel)A hoteru is a Western-style hotel. You can speak English in most major hoteru
in Japan. You can also eat a Western-style breakfast, sleep on a bed rather
than a futon (foo-tohn) (thin, quilted mattress), and use a Western-style bath.
(Flip to Chapter 6 for info on the traditional Japanese futon sleeping experience.) These amenities may be familiar to you and put you at ease. If you
prefer to stay even more inside your comfort zone, you may want to stay at aproperty owned by a well-known hotel chain.
For more-authentic, Japanese-style accommodations, go to a ryokan. At
the entrance to the inn, a nakai-san (nah-kah-ee-sahn) (maid) in a kimono
welcomes you. Enjoy a big bath with other guests if you aren’t shy (see thenearby sidebar on Japanese-style bathing). When you get back to your room
for the evening, the futon is already spread out on the tatami (tah-tah-mee)(straw mat) floor in your bedroom, and dinner is brought right to the living/dining area of your room. Wear a special kimono-like cotton robe, a yukata(yoo-kah-tah), while you enjoy your dinner. In the morning, have a Japanesestyle breakfast (turn to Chapter 6 for examples of these dishes).
A minshuku is similar to a bed-and-breakfast in Western countries, but it
often provides dinner as well as breakfast. All the minshuku guests eat theirmeals together in a big dining room with a tatami floor. Each guest has tospread out her own futon when she sleeps and fold it up again in the morning. It’s like visiting your uncle’s or aunt’s big house in the countryside.
If you’re young and your budget is very tight (or does that go without
saying?), you can stay in a yūsu hosuteru. You have to share a room and/or
a bathroom with other travelers and follow the hostel’s strict rules, but you
can save your money for another part of your trip.
If you just need to stay somewhere for your business trip, opt for bijinesu
hoteru. Their rooms are simple but neat, relatively comfortable, very functional, and convenient for businesspeople. If you need a much cheaper hotel
than business hotels in major business cities in Japan, you can stay in aunique, interesting, super-simple hotel called kapuseru hoteru. Each room
is just as big as a single bed; one person can barely stand up in it. You canthink of these hotels as beehives. Each room has a TV and a radio. The hotel
has a sauna on some floor of the building that can be shared by guests. The
capsule hotels charge very little; they’re mostly used by male office workers,
who tend to work late and often miss the last train of the day. In fact, many
capsule hotels are for men only.

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay

Bathing Japanese-style
A Japanese bath is very different from aWestern-style bath. A Japanese bathtub is very
deep, and the water is very hot. The bath is only
for soaking and relaxing; washing your body,face, or hair in the bath is taboo. You wash
yourself outside the tub, in a space with faucets, showers, and mirrors on the wall where
you can sit on a low stool as you wash. Entering
the bath prior to washing and rinsing your bodyis considered a major breach of etiquette.

public bath, you have to get completely naked.
No swimsuits. Stripping down around strangers
may be a bit embarrassing, but you don’t know
any of the other people, so what the heck? Go
for it! The tub in a public bath is huge — it’s
like a giant hot tub (but it’s not a heated swimming pool, so don’t plan on taking a few laps).
And come out of the tub every 15 minutes or so;otherwise, you’ll become a dizzy octopus fromthe heat.

Public baths are everywhere in Japan, although
they are separated by gender. In a Japanese

Of course, all of these accommodation options will fulfill your most basic
need: They’ll all provide you with a place to sleep! Here’s how to conjugate
the ru-verb neru (neh-roo) (to sleep).
Japanese Script
寝る
寝ない
寝（ます）
寝て

Rōmajineru
nenai
ne(masu)
nete

Pronunciation
neh-rooneh-nah-eeneh(-mah-soo)
neh-tehNarrowing Your Choice Further
After you know the type of accommodations you’re interested in, you canstart looking into specific places. Consider the size of the rooms, the various
amenities offered, and the overall cost to help you make your decision. The
following sections help you do just that, in addition to helping you figure out
how to express possible scenarios with if.

Looking into room size and amenities
Ask the folks at the front desk about the types of heya (heh-yah) (rooms)
the hotel has. Suppose you’re traveling with your mother, spouse, and two277

278 Part III: Japanese on the Go
teenage children. Would you prefer to get a big room that everyone can stay
in together, or do you want a separate room for your kids and mom? (I knowwhat my answer would be.) Is anyone in your family a heavy snorer? You
need a good night’s sleep to have some energy for your trip, so you may wantto consider multiple smaller rooms (or just bring earplugs). Here’s the vocabulary you need to talk about room sizes:✓ ダブル daburu (dah-boo-roo) (double)✓ セミダブル semi-daburu (seh-mee-dah-boo-roo) (semi-double/a roomwith a full-size bed)
✓ シングル shinguru (sheen-goo-roo) (single)✓ ツイン tsuin (tsoo-een) (twin)
If you’re not sure whether a twin room is bigger than a double room, just ask
Dochira no heya ga hiroi desu ka. (doh-chee-rah noh heh-yah gah hee-rohee deh-soo kah.) (Which room is bigger?) Expect to hear this line in response:
Tsuin no heya ga hiroi desu. (tsoo-een noh heh-yah gah hee-roh-ee deh-soo.)(A twin room is bigger.) (For more info on using dochira [which one] andmaking other comparisons, see Chapter 10.)
Ask whether the place you’re interested in staying at has the following amenities:✓ 売店 baiten (bah-ee-tehn) (shop)✓ ビジネスセンター bijinesu sentā (bee-jee-neh-soo sehn-tahh) (businesscenter)✓ 駐車場 chūshajō (chooo-shah-johh) (parking lot)✓ ジム gimu (gee-moo) (gym)✓ インターネット intānetto (een-tahh-neht-toh) (Internet)✓ 自動販売機 jidōhanbaiki (jee-dohh-hahn-bah-ee-kee) (vending machine)✓ 金庫 kinko (keen-koh) (safe)✓ 無線ＬＡＮ musen LAN (moo-sehn rahn) (wireless LAN [local area
network])✓ プール pūru (pooo-roo) (swimming pool)✓ 冷蔵庫 reizōko (rehh-zohh-koh) (refrigerator)✓ レストラン resutoran (reh-soo-toh-rahn) (restaurant)
Also ask about any service you may need during your stay. Popular services
include✓ マッサージ massāji (mahs-sahh-jee) (massage)✓ モーニングコール mōningu kōru (mohh-neen-goo kohh-roo) (wake-up
call)Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
✓ ランドリーサービス randorī sābisu (rahn-doh-reee sahh-bee-soo) (laundry service)✓ ルームサービス rūmu sābisu (rooo-moo sahh-bee-soo) (room service)
If you have a special request, ask for it when you make a reservation. For
example:✓ 広い部屋はありますか。 Hiroi heya wa arimasu ka. (hee-roh-ee heh-yah
wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Do you have a spacious room?)✓ 喫煙ルームですか。 Kitsuen rūmu desu ka. (kee-tsoo-ehn rooo-moo dehsoo kah.) (Is it a smoking room?)✓ 禁煙の部屋ですか。 Kin’en no heya desu ka. (keen-ehn noh heh-yah
deh-soo kah.) (Is it a nonsmoking room?)✓ 静かな部屋をお願いします。 Shizuka na heya o onegai shimasu. (sheezoo-kah nah heh-yah oh oh-neh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (A quiet room,
please.)✓ 冷蔵庫のある部屋がいいんですが。 Reizōko no aru heya ga ii n desuga. (rehh-zohh-koh noh ah-roo hey-yah gah een-deh-soo gah.) (I prefer aroom with a refrigerator.)✓ スイートをお願いします。 Suīto o onegai shimasu. (soo-eee-toh oh ohneh-gah-ee shee-mah-soo.) (Suite, please.)

Comparing costs
Cost is a major criterion when you choose a hotel. Suppose one hotel charges
you $150 per day, and another hotel charges you $200 per day. That $50 difference may seem small, but if you’re staying for ten days, the difference
becomes $500. That’s quite a bit of money. (Note that most Japanese hotels
charge for each person even if multiple people share one room, so watchout!) Figuring out the total cost isn’t always simple, but talking about it inJapanese can be with the info in this section. I show you how to compare
prices, how to express concepts like twice and three times as expensive, andhow to express percentages.
Chapter 10 shows you in detail how to use the particle yori (yoh-ree) (than).
You can use that same particle to compare your accommodation options.
For example, Yūsu hosuteru wa yasui desu. (yooo-soo-hoh-soo-teh-roo wah
yah-soo-ee deh-soo.) means Youth hostels are cheap. If you want to say Youthhostels are cheaper than hotels., just stick in hoteru yori (hoh-teh-roo yohree) (than hotels) right before the adjective yasui desu. So Yūsu hosuteru wa
hoteru yori yasui desu. (yooo-soo hoh-soo-teh-roo wah hoh-teh-roo yoh-ree
yah-soo-ee deh-soo.) means Youth hostels are cheaper than hotels.

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280 Part III: Japanese on the Go
To make a comparison by saying that something is a number of times more(or less) than something else, use the counter -bai (bah-ee). For example, tosay Japanese-style inns are three times more expensive than youth hostels., say
Ryokan wa yūsu hosuteru yori san-bai takai desu. (ryoh-kahn wah yooo-soo
hoh-soo-teh-roo yoh-ree sahn-bah-ee tah-kah-ee deh-soo.). Following are thepossible counters you may want to use when comparing hotel costs:✓ ２倍 ni-bai (nee-bah-ee) (twice)✓ ３倍 san-bai (sahn-bah-ee) (three times)✓ ３.５倍 san-ten-go-bai (sahn-tehn-goh-bah-ee) (three and a half times)✓ ４倍 yon-bai (yohn-bah-ee) (four times)✓ ５倍 go-bai (goh-bah-ee) (five times)
And here’s one more convenient phrase that you can use when you compare prices. To express percentages, use the counter -pāsento (pahh-sehntoh) (percent). For example, to say Canadian hotels are 25 percent cheaper
than American hotels., say Kanada no hoteru wa Amerika no hoteru yori
25-pāsento yasui desu. (kah-nah-dah noh hoh-teh-roo wah ah-meh-ree-kah
noh hoh-teh-roo yoh-ree nee-jooo-goh-pahh-sehn-toh yah-soo-ee deh-soo.).
You can also use the same percentage symbol (%) in Japanese as you do
in English, as you can see in the following list of percentages you may findhandy to use in your comparisons of different accommodation costs.
✓ １０％ jūp-pāsento (joop-pahh-sehn-toh) (10 percent)✓ １５％ jū-go-pāsento (jooo-goh-pahh-sehn-toh) (15 percent)✓ ２０％ ni-jūp-pāsento (nee-joop-pahh-sehn-toh) (20 percent)✓ １００％ hyaku-pāsento (hyah-koo-pahh-sehn-toh) (100 percent)Considering each possible
scenario with nara
You have to think about so many different possibilities when you’re planning
your trip accommodations, such as “If Bob and Sue come, we’ll need to get an
extra room.” or “We can save $100 if we go in May rather than June.” One way
to express these hypothetical scenarios in Japanese is to use nara (nah-rah)
to mean if.
You can add nara at the end of a verb or an adjective in the plain/informal
form, except that the linking da (the plain present affirmative form of desu)
that directly follows a noun or a na-type adjective must drop. Check out thefollowing examples.

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
日本に行くなら旅館に泊まりましょう。 Nihon ni iku nara ryokan ni
tomarimashō. (nee-hohn nee ee-koo nah-rah ryoh-kahn nee toh-mah-reemah-shohh.) (Let’s stay at a Japanese-style inn if we’re going to Japan.)
安いなら泊まります。 Yasui nara tomarimasu. (yah-soo-ee nah-rah tohmah-ree-mah-soo.) (If it’s cheap, I’ll stay there.)
観光なら京都がいいですよ。 Kankō nara Kyōto ga ii desu yo. (kahnkohh nah-rah kyohh-toh gah eee deh-soo yoh.) (If you’re interested insightseeing, Kyoto is good. [Literally: If for sightseeing, Kyoto is good.])
買い物が好きなら新宿がいいですよ。 Kaimono ga suki nara Shinjuku ga
ii desu yo. (kah-ee-moh-noh gah soo-kee nah-rah sheen-joo-koo gah eee
deh-soo yoh.) (If you like shopping, Shinjuku is a great place for you.)
朝食が付くならこのホテルにしましょう。 Chōshoku ga tsuku nara kono
hoteru ni shimashō. (chohh-shoh-koo gah tsoo-koo nah-rah koh-noh hohteh-roo nee shee-mah-shohh.) (If breakfast is included, let’s stay in this hotel.)
お金がないならカプセルホテルに泊まった方がいいですよ。 O-kane ga
nai nara kapuseru hoteru ni tomatta hō ga ii desu yo. (oh-kah-neh gah
nah-ee nah-rah kah-poo-seh-roo hoh-teh-roo nee toh-maht-tah hohh gah eee
deh-soo yoh.) (If you don’t have money, you’d better stay at capsule hotels.)
The final example in the preceding list gives advice by using the past tense
and the phrase hō ga ii desu. Refer to Chapter 18 for more details about hō gaii desu.

Making a Room Reservation
Japanese doesn’t have simple verbs that mean to plan or to make a reservation. To say to plan and to make a reservation, you combine the verb suru
(soo-roo) (to do) with a noun — keikaku (kehh-kah-koo) (plan) and yoyaku(yoh-yah-koo) (reservation). So keikaku suru means to plan, and yoyaku surumeans to make a reservation. You simply conjugate the suru part of the verb.
Suru is an irregular verb; I conjugate it for you in Chapter 13.
Before calling a hotel to make a reservation, you need to have a clear idea of
how long you’re planning to stay. To start, conjugate the u-verb tomaru (tostay).
Japanese Script
泊まる
泊まらない
泊まり（ます）
泊まって

Rōmajitomarutomaranai
tomari(masu)
tomattePronunciation
toh-mah-roo
toh-mah-rah-nah-ee
toh-mah-ree(-mah-soo)
toh-maht-teh

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282 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Remember to use the particles kara (kah-rah) (from) and made (mah-deh)(until) to talk about the duration of your visit. Kara and made look like English
prepositions, but they have to follow, not precede, the relevant phrases. For
example, from the 15th in English is the 15th from in Japanese. And until the
23rd in English is the 23rd until in Japanese. So you now know 15-nichi kara
(jooo-goh-nee-chee kah-rah) means from the 15th, and 23-nichi made (neejooo-sahn-nee-chee mah-deh) means until the 23rd. Take a look at a few more
examples to really help this tidbit sink in:
来週の月曜日から木曜日までお願いします。 Raishū no getsuyōbi kara
mokuyūbi made onegaishimasu. (rah-ee-shooo noh geh-tsoo-yohh-bee
kah-rah moh-koo-yohh-bee mah-deh oh-neh-gah-ee-shee-mah-soo.) (FromMonday to Thursday of next week, please.)
このコースは6月から8月までです。 Kono kōsu wa roku-gatsu karahachi-gatsu made desu. (koh-noh kohh-soo wah roh-koo-gah-tsoo kah-rah
hah-chee-gah-tsoo mah-deh deh-soo.) (This course is from June to August.)
今日からあさってまで泊まります。 Kyō kara asatte made tomarimasu.
(kyohh kah-rah ah-saht-teh mah-deh toh-mah-ree-mah-soo.) (I’ll stay fromtoday until the day after tomorrow.)
Use the counter -haku (hah-koo) to specify the number of nights that you’restaying. -haku is the counter for nights that one stays outside of his or her
home. Some numbers use -paku (pah-koo), though, so remember to watch
out for the -haku/-paku alternation. You may not like it, but you just have tomemorize it.
✓ 一泊 ip-paku (eep-pah-koo) (one night)✓ 二泊 ni-haku (nee-hah-koo) (two nights)✓ 三泊 san-paku (sahn-pah-koo) (three nights)✓ 四泊 yon-haku (yohn-hah-koo) (four nights)✓ 五泊 go-haku (goh-hah-koo) (five nights)✓ 六泊 rop-paku (rohp-pah-koo) (six nights)

Checking In
As soon as you arrive at a hotel, a bōi-san (bohh-ee-sahn) (bellhop) helps you
with your baggage. (If you’re in Japan, you don’t need to tip him. Isn’t thatamazing?) Go to the furonto (foo-rohn-toh) (front desk).

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
If you don’t have a yoyaku (yoh-yah-koo) (reservation), ask whether a kūshitsu(koo-shee-tsoo) (vacant room) is available.
✓ 予約はしませんでしたが, 空室はありますか。 Yoyaku wa shimasen
deshita ga, kūshitsu wa arimasu ka. (yoh-yah-koo wah shee-mah-sehn
deh-shee-tah gah, kooo-shee-tsoo wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (I didn’t
make a reservation, but do you have any vacancy?)✓ 今日泊まりたいんですが, 部屋は空いていますか。 Kyō tomaritai-n-desu
ga, heya wa aite imasu ka. (kyohh toh-mah-ree-tah-een-deh-soo gah,heh-yah wah ah-ee-teh ee-mah-soo kah.) (I’d like to stay here tonight, but
do you have a vacancy?)
You may hear one of the following statements in reply:✓ 申し訳ございません。只今, 空室はございません。 Mōshiwake gozaimasen.
Tadaima, kūshitsu wa gozaimasen. (mohh-shee-wah-keh goh-zah-eemah-sehn. tah-dah-ee-mah, kooo-shee-tsoo wah goh-zah-ee-mah-sehn.)(I’m terribly sorry. We don’t have any vacancy now.)✓ 今日は満室です。 Kyō wa manshitsu desu. (kyohh wah mahn-shee-tsoo
deh-soo.) (No vacancy tonight.)✓ シングルの部屋がございます。 Shinguru no heya ga gozaimasu. (sheengoo-roo noh heh-yah gah goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.) (There’s a single room.)
If you have a reservation or the hotel has a vacancy, check in! Hotel clerks
are trained to speak very politely. Before they find out your namae (nah-maheh) (name), they address you as okyaku-sama (oh-kyah-koo-sah-mah), whichliterally means something along the lines of Mr./Ms./Mrs. Customer. After theylearn your name, they address you with your last name followed by -sama(sah-mah) (Mr./Ms./Mrs.), which is the super-polite, businesslike version of-san (sahn). (Note that they never address you as anata [ah-nah-tah] [you];for the scoop on anata, see Chapter 3.) Next, they ask you for your jūsho(jooo-shoh) (address) and denwa-bangō (dehn-wah-bahn-gohh) (telephone
number). You know they’re asking for your information because they add apolite prefix o- or go- before these words. (See Chapters 4 and 12 for more on
the prefixes o- and go-, respectively.). So they may say something like one of
the following:
お客様のお名前は。 O-kyaku-sama no o-namae wa. (oh-kyah-koo-sahmah noh oh-nah-mah-eh wah.) (Your name?)
ご住所は。 Go-jūsho wa. (goh-jooo-sho wah.) (Your address?)
ご自宅のお電話番号は。 Go-jitaku no o-denwa bangō wa. (goh-jee-tahkoo noh oh-dehn-wah bahn-gohh wah.) (Your home telephone number?)283

284 Part III: Japanese on the Go
After that process is complete, get your room number and the kagi (kah-gee)(key) or kādo kī (kahh-doh keee) (key card) for your room to complete thecheck-in. The clerk tells you which floor your room is on by using a numeralplus the counter -kai (see Chapter 10 for full details on the counter -kai). So theclerk may say something like the following:✓ ７階の７０５号室でございます。 Nana-kai no nanahyaku-go-gōshitsu degozaimasu. (nah-nah-kah-ee noh nah-nah-hyah-koo-goh-gohh-shee-tsoo
deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.) (Your room is Room 705 on the seventh floor.)✓ こちらがカードキーでございます。 Kochira ga kādo kī de gozaimasu.
(koh-chee-rah gah kahh-doh keee deh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo) (This is yourkey card.)
Refer to your room by using a numeral plus the counter -gōshitsu (gohh-sheetsoo). Is it 502-gōshitsu (goh-hyah-koo-nee-gohh-shee-tsoo) (Room 502) or
2502-gōshitsu (nee-sehn-goh-hyah-koo-nee-gohh-shee-tsoo) (Room 2502)?
As you check in, you may want to ask some of the following questions:✓ 駐車場はどこですか。 Chūshajō wa doko desu ka. (chooo-shah-johh
wah doh-koh deh-soo kah.) (Where is the parking garage?)✓ チェックアウトは何時ですか。 Chekku-auto wa nan-ji desu ka. (chehkkoo-ah-oo-toh wah nahn-jee deh-soo kah.) (When is the check-out time?)✓ 朝食は何時からですか。 Chōshoku wa nan-ji kara desu ka. (chohhshoh-koo wah nahn-jee kah-rah deh-soo kah.) (What time do you start
serving breakfast?)✓ 朝食は何時までですか。 Chōshoku wa nan-ji made desu ka. (chohhshoh-koo wah nahn-jee mah-deh deh-soo kah.) (Until what time do you
serve breakfast?)

Talkin’ the Talk
Yoshi Kitayama has just arrived at Hotel Tokyo and is checking in.
(Track 37)
Yoshi:

Sumimasen. Kyō kara yon-haku yoyaku shita-ndesu ga.
soo-mee-mah-sehn. kyohh kah-rah yohn-hah-koo
yoh-yah-koo shee-tahn-deh-soo gah.
Excuse me. I made a reservation for a four-night stay
starting today.

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
Clerk:

O-namae wa.
oh-nah-mah-eh wah.
Your name, sir?

Yoshi:

Kitayama Yoshi desu.
kee-tah-yah-mah yoh-shee deh-soo.
Yoshi Kitayama.

Clerk:

Kitayama Yoshi-sama de gozaimasu ne.
kee-tah-yah-mah yoh-shee-sah-mah deh goh-zah-eemah-soo neh.
Mr. Yoshi Kitayama, correct?

Yoshi:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

The clerk checks the computer.
Clerk:

Kyō kara yon-haku, o-hitori-sama, shinguru noo-heya de gozaimasu ne.
kyohh kah-rah yohn-hah-koo, oh-hee-toh-ree-sahmah, sheen-goo-roo noh oh-heh-yah deh goh-zah-eemah-soo neh.
Starting today — four nights, one person, a single
room, right?

Yoshi:

Hai.
hah-ee.
Yes.

Clerk:

703-gōshitsu de gozaimasu. Kochira ga kagi degozaimasu.
nah-nah-hyah-koo-sahn-gohh-shee-tsoo deh goh-zahee-mah-soo. koh-chee-rah gah kah-gee deh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.
It’s Room 703. Here’s your key.

Yoshi:

Ā, dōmo.
ahh, dohh-moh.
Thank you.

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286 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Words to Know
yoyakukyō kara
hitorishinguru
heyakagi

yoh-yah-koo
kyohh kah-rah
hee-toh-ree
sheen-goo-roo
heh-yahkah-geereservation
starting today
one person
singleroom
key

Keeping Track of What’sYours during Your Stay
Lots of mix-ups can happen when you’re staying in a big hotel with 300 otherguests. Keep track of your sūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo) (suitcases) andkagi (kah-gee) (keys). The following sections show you a couple of ways to
do just that.

Using possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns allow you to indicate who owns what. To say yours andmine in Japanese, take the words that mean you and I and add the particle noafter them. For example, anata (ah-nah-tah) is you, and anata no (ah-nah-tahnoh) is yours. How about mine? Watashi (wah-tah-shee) is I, so watashi no(wah-tah-shee noh) is mine. Piece of cake, right? Now you can say Watashi
no desu! (wah-tah-shee noh deh-soo!) (That’s mine!) to someone who is veryclearly reaching for your keys. Just don’t say Watashi no desu! every time aguest touches stuff in your house. You’ll sound like a five-year-old child who
doesn’t know how to share his toys.
Although anata no (yours) is perfectly correct grammatically, you should
avoid saying it as best you can because the use of anata (you) sounds snobby
or even rude when used for one’s superiors such as teachers, elders, bosses,
and customers. Here’s a helpful breakdown of how you can avoid using anata:✓ If you know the person’s name, use the name followed by san rather
than あなた anata, as in 田中さんのですか。 Tanaka-san no desu ka.
(tah-nah-kah-sahn noh deh-soo kah.) (Is it yours, Mr. Tanaka?).

Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
✓ If you don’t know the person’s name and he or she is your customer,
you can use お客様 o-kyaku-sama (oh-kyah-koo-sah-mah), as in お客様のですか。 O-kyaku-sama no desu ka. (oh-kyah-koo sah-mah noh deh-sookah.) (Is it yours?).
✓ If the stranger is someone who was sitting behind you and you justnoticed that he left something on the chair, you can say お宅 otaku, asin お宅のですか。 Otaku no desu ka. (oh-tah-koo-noh deh-soo kah.) (Is it
yours?).
✓ If you’re addressing a stranger in a relatively informal, friendly context —like at a supermarket — you can use family-relative terms such as お姉さん
onēsan (oh-nehh-sahn) (older sister), おばさん obasan (oh-bah-sahn)(aunt), and おばあさん obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn) (grandmother). If thestranger is a woman in middle-age, you can address her with obasan. If
she appears to be old, you can address her with obāsan. However, someobāsan believe that they should be addressed with obasan and some
obasan believe that they should be addressed with onēsan. So I recommend you address the person using the one-level-younger term. Then thelady will smile at you. (For additional family terminology, see Chapter 4.)
And luckily, if you know yours and mine in Japanese, you already know yourand my in Japanese. They’re exactly the same — almost like a buy-one-getone-free coupon at the supermarket. If watashi no is followed by a noun,such as kagi, it means my: Watashi no kagi desu. (wah-tah-shee noh kah-gee
deh-soo.) means That’s my key.
Take a look at Table 17-1. It contains all the basic personal pronouns andtheir possessive counterparts.

Table 17-1

Personal and Possessive Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Ownership Words

私watashi(wah-tah-shee)(I/me)

私のwatashi no(wah-tah-shee noh)(my/mine)

私たちwatashi tachi(wah-tah-shee tah-chee)(we/us)

私たちのwatashi tachi no(wah-tah-shee tah-chee noh)(our/ours)

あなた
anata
(ah-nah-tah)(you [singular])

あなたのanata no(ah-nah-tah noh)(your/yours [singular])(continued)287

288 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Table 17-1 (continued)
Personal Pronouns

Ownership Words

あなたたち
anata tachi(ah-nah-tah tah-chee)(you [plural])

あなたたちの
anata tachi no(ah-nah-tah tah-chee noh)(your/yours [plural])彼
kare(kah-reh)(he/him)

彼のkare no(kah-reh noh)
(his)

彼女
kanojo(kah-noh-joh)(she/her)

彼女のkanojo no(kah-noh-joh noh)(her/hers)彼ら
karera(kah-reh-rah)(they/them)

彼らのkarera no(kah-reh-rah noh)(their/theirs)

Using “uchi” possessively
Even though the word uchi (oo-chee) means house, household, or inside,
Japanese use uchi no (oo-chee noh) to mean my or our. Here are some examples of uchi no in action:
うちの社員はよく働きます。 Uchi no shain wa yoku hatarakimasu. (oochee noh shah-een wah yoh-koo hah-tah-rah-kee-mah-soo.) (Our [company’s] employees work very hard.)
うちの大学には図書館が二つあります。 Uchi no daigaku ni wa toshokan
ga futatsu arimasu. (oo-chee noh dah-ee-gah-koo nee wah toh-shohkahn gah foo-tah-tsoo ah-ree-mah-soo.) (There are two libraries in our
university.)
うちの子供はあまり野菜を食べません。 Uchi no kodomo wa amari yasaio tabemasen. (oo-chee noh koh-doh-moh wah ah-mah-ree yah-sah-ee ohtah-beh-mah-sehn.) (Our children don’t eat vegetables very much.)
うちの庭には桜の木があります。 Uchi no niwa ni wa sakura no ki ga
arimasu. (oo-chee noh nee-wah nee wah sah-koo-rah noh kee gah ah-reemah-soo.) (There’s a cherry tree in my/our garden.)Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
うちの旅行会社は本社が名古屋にあります。 Uchi no ryokō-gaisha wa
honsha ga Nagoya ni arimasu. (oo-chee noh ryoh-kohh-gah-ee-shah wah
hohn-shah gah nah-goh-yah nee ah-ree-mah-soo.) (The headquarters of ourtravel agency is located in Nagoya.)Checking Out
It’s chekku-auto (chehk-koo-ah-oo-toh) (check-out) time! Pack up your stuff
and don’t forget anything in your room. Go to front desk to chekku-auto andpay your bill. You may see some additional charges on your bill, such as thefollowing:✓ 電話料 denwaryō (dehn-wah-ryohh) (telephone usage charge)✓ 飲食料 inshokuryō (een-shoh-koo-ryohh) (food and drink charge)✓ インターネット利用料 intānetto riyōryō (een-tahh-neht-toh ree-yohhryohh) (Internet usage charge)✓ クリーニング代 kurīningudai (koo-reee-neen-goo-dah-ee) (laundry
charge)✓ 税金 zeikin (zehh-keen) (tax)
If you need further assistance from the hotel staff after checking out, just ask
them.
５時まで荷物を預かってください。 Go-ji made nimotsu o azukatte kudasai. (goh-jee mah-deh nee-moh-tsoo oh ah-zoo-kaht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.)(Please keep my baggage here until 5:00.)
領収書を下さい。 Ryōshūsho o kudasai. (ryohh-shooo-shoh oh koo-dahsah-ee.) (Please give me the receipt.)
タクシーをよんでくださいませんか。 Takushī o yonde kudasai masen
ka. (tah-koo-sheee oh yohn-deh koo-dah-sah-ee mah-sehn kah.) (Would
you mind calling a taxi?)
By adding masen ka (mah-sehn kah) at the end of a request, you can make therequest sound a bit softer and more polite. That is, Takushī o yonde kudasaimasen ka. sounds much more polite than Takushī o yonde kudasai. Masen isjust a polite suffix in the negative form, and ka is the question particle. Masen
ka means something like Wouldn’t you? or Would you mind?

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290 Part III: Japanese on the Go

Fun & Games
Fill in each blank with the appropriate Japanese word from the following list.
朝食 chōshoku
ルームサービス rūmu sābisu
チェックアウト chekku-auto
無線ＬＡＮ musen LAN
空室 kūshitsu
The answers are in Appendix D.
1. __________ は何時ですか。
		__________ wa nan-ji desu ka.
		When is the check-out time?
2. ______はありますか。
		______ wa arimasuka.
		Do you have wireless LAN?
3. __________ はありますか。
		__________ wa arimasu ka.
		Do you offer room service?
4. __________ はありますか。
		__________ wa arimasu ka.
		Any vacancies?
5. __________ は付きますか。
		__________ wa tsukimasu ka.
		Is breakfast included?

Chapter 18

Handling Emergencies
In This Chapter▶ Finding help when you need it▶ Seeking a doctor’s office for diagnosis and treatment▶ Talking to the police and tackling legal troubleFocusing on all the good things in life (like eating, shopping, having fun,and making friends) is great, but knowing what to do when an illness,injury, or emergency pops up is important. Handling these situations isn’t a
big deal when you know the ABCs of emergencies and sickness. This chapter
provides you with the confidence and the Japanese to act wisely when facedwith an emergency, whether that emergency is medical or legal.

Asking (Or Shouting!) for Help
The simplest and quickest way to ask for help is to say Tasukete. (tah-sookeh-teh.) (Help me.). Tasukete is the te-form of the verb tasukeru (tah-sookeh-roo) (to help). It’s in the te-form because it’s the product of omitting
kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee) from the complete request sentence Tasukete
kudasai. (tah-soo-keh-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please help me.). As I explain in
Chapter 10, you express a request by using a verb in the te-form plus kudasai. Kudasai is a sort of helping verb for expressing a request. In an informal
context or in an emergency, you can omit it. See Chapter 10 to find out more
about kudasai.
Conjugate the ru-verb tasukeru.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation助けるtasukerutah-soo-keh-roo

助けないtasukenai

tah-soo-keh-nah-ee

助け（ます）

tasuke(masu)

tah-soo-keh(-mah-soo)

助けてtasuketetah-soo-keh-teh292 Part III: Japanese on the Go
When you’re really in a panic, what should you shout? Just the vowel a (ah)?
Its longer counterpart ā (aah)? Or maybe its super-long counterpart āāāāā
(aaaaaaaaaah)? Even a crow can do that. To be more sophisticated than acrow, use the following phrases and scream as loudly as possible:✓ だれか！ Dareka! (dah-reh-kah!) (Someone help!)✓ 泥棒！ Dorobō! (doh-roh-bohh!) (A thief!)✓ 火事！ Kaji! (kah-jee!) (Fire!)If you see someone who appears to be having a non-life-threatening problem,
don’t scream. Just ask one of the following questions:✓ だいじょうぶですか。 Daijōbu desu ka. (dah-ee-johh-boo deh-soo kah.)(Are you all right?)✓ どうしたんですか。 Dōshita-n-desu ka. (dohh-shee-tahn-deh-soo kah.)(What happened?)
Be a good person and offer help to those in need. The best way to express
your helpful intentions is to ask a question that ends in -mashō ka (mah-shohhkah) (shall I). -mashō ka follows a verb in the stem form. The stem form ofyobu (yoh-boo) (to call) is yobi (yoh-bee); therefore, Keisatsu o yobimashōka. (kehh-sah-tsoo oh yoh-bee-mah-shohh kah.) means Shall I call the police?
Following are some additional examples of -mashō ka in action:
ご家族に電話しましょうか。 Go-kazoku ni denwa shimashō ka. (gohkah-zoh-koo nee dehn-wah shee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall I telephone yourfamily?)
救急車を呼びましょうか。 Kyūkyūsha o yobimashō ka. (kyooo-kyoooshah oh yoh-bee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall I call an ambulance?)
荷物を持ちましょうか。 Nimotsu o mochimashō ka. (nee-moh-tsoo ohmoh-chee-mah-shohh kah.) (Shall I hold your lugguage?)
運転しましょうか。 Unten shimashō ka. (oon-tehn shee-mah-shohh kah.)(Shall I drive?)
If you think you can’t handle a situation alone, ask the people around you
to help out too. To express your request, use a verb in the te-form and add
kudasai (koo-dah-sah-ee), as noted earlier in this section. Here are a few
examples:
ちょっと手伝ってください。 Chotto tetsudatte kudasai. (choht-toh tehtsoo-daht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please give me a hand.)
警察に電話してください。 Keisatsu ni denwa shite kudasai. (kehh-sahtsoo nee dehn-wah shee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Phone the police, please.)Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
救急車を呼んでください。 Kyūkyūsha o yonde kudasai. (kyooo-kyoooshah oh yohn-deh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Call an ambulance, please.)
消防署に電話してください。 Shōbōsho ni denwa shite kudasai. (shohhbohh-shoh nee dehn-wah shee-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please phone the fire
department.)

Seeking Medical Attention
If you find yourself in need of medical care while in a predominantly
Japanese-speaking area, you’re going to wish you had a grasp of some basic
doctor-related terminology. Never fear. The following sections walk you
through a visit to a doctor’s office or a hospital.

Looking for a doctor
If you happen to get sick in Japan, you may want to see an isha (ee-shah)(medical doctor), or more respectfully, o-isha-san (oh-ee-shah-sahn) (medical
doctor). When you address your doctor, say sensei (sehn-sehh). Sensei works
as a title not only for teachers but also for doctors, lawyers, and politicians.
Depending on your problem, you may have to find a specialist. One way
to refer to specialists is to add i (ee) after the name of the specialty. I (ee)means a medical doctor, but you can’t use it by itself. It makes sense only if
you combine it with another word or a meaning unit. For example, ganka(gahn-kah) means ophthalmology, and ganka-i (gahn-kah-ee) means ophthalmologist. Check out the following list:✓ 眼科医 ganka-i (gahn-kah-ee) (eye doctor)✓ 皮膚科医 hifuka-i (hee-foo-kah-ee) (dermatologist)✓ 耳鼻咽喉科医 jibi-inkōka-i (jee-bee-een-kohh-kah-ee) (ear/throat/mouth
doctor)✓ 内科医 naika-i (nah-ee-kah-ee) (internist)✓ 産婦人科医 sanfujinka-i (sahn-foo-jeen-kah-ee) (obstetrician andgynecologist)✓ 整形外科医 seikei-geka-i (sehh-kehh-geh-kah-ee) (orthopedist)✓ 歯科医 shika-i (shee-kah-ee) (dentist)✓ 小児科医 shōnika-i (shohh-nee-kah-ee) (pediatrician)293294 Part III: Japanese on the Go
An insight into Japanese healthcare
In the United States, people usually see theirdoctors by appointment, but in Japan, theyusually walk in. If you arrive early in the morning, you can get in to see the doctor earlier. If
you come a bit late, you may have to wait for a
few hours. Not having to make an appointment
is nice, but the trade-off is that you have to wait
for quite a while in the waiting room.

The Japanese government offers a uniform
health insurance policy to all, and the premium and copay are pretty affordable except
for special cases. Japan also has a very organized care-management system for elderly andhandicapped people.

Going to a hospital
Japanese have a couple different kinds of hospitals: daigaku byōin (dah-eegah-koo byohh-een) (university hospital) and kyūkyū byōin (kyooo-kyooo
byohh-een) (emergency hospital/emergency room). If you have a medical
emergency, head straight to the nearest kyūkyū byōin. Make sure you haveyour identification and insurance cards with you, though, because you’ll haveto present them when you arrive. These words will be helpful:✓ 健康保険 kenkō hoken (kehn-kohh hoh-kehn) (health insurance)✓ 健康保険証 kenkō hokenshō (kehn-kohh hoh-kehn-shohh) (healthinsurance card)✓ 身分証明書 mibun shōmeisho (mee-boon shohh-mehh-shoh)(identification)
Also, you may well hear the following questions, so you’d best get familiar
with them:✓ 胸は痛くありませんか。 Mune wa itaku arimasen ka. (moo-neh wah eetah-koo ah-ree-mah-sehn kah.) (Do you have chest pain? [Literally: Don’t
you have chest pain?])✓ 吐き気はしますか。 Hakike wa shimasu ka. (hah-kee-keh wah shee-mahsoo kah.) (Do you feel nauseous?)✓ 呼吸は苦しくありませんか。 Kokyū wa kurushiku arimasen ka. (kohkyooo wah koo-roo-shee-koo ah-ree-mah-sehn kah.) (Do you have any
discomfort in breathing? [Literally: Don’t you have any discomfort inbreathing?])

Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
If you want to recommend that your friend do something, like go to the hospital, place hō ga ii (hohh gah eee) (it’s better to) after a verb in the past tense.
Yes, strangely, even though such a recommendation refers to the future, you
use the past tense of the verb. If you think someone should eat, say Tabeta hō
ga ii. (tah-beh-tah hohh gah eee.). (If you were to insist on a literal translation,
this sentence would translate as the ate-alternative is good, and that, my friend,is why you can’t always rely on literal translations.) The past tense of the verb
taberu (tah-beh-roo) (to eat) is tabeta (tah-beh-tah). It’s very easy to form
the past tense of a verb if you know the te-form. Replace the final e in the teform with an a, and you instantly get the past tense. And if you want to speak
politely, add desu to the end of hō ga ii. Check out these examples:
病院に行った方がいいですよ。 Byōin ni itta hō ga ii desu yo. (byohh-een
nee eet-tah hohh gah eee deh-soo yoh.) (You’d better to go to the hospital.)
医者に見てもらった方がいいよ。 Isha ni mite moratta hō ga ii yo. (eeshah nee mee-teh moh-raht-tah hohh gah eee yo.) (It’s better to have yourdoctor check you.)
休んだ方がいいよ。 Yasunda hō ga ii yo. (yah-soon-dah hohh gah eeeyoh.) (You’d better rest.)
薬をのんだ方がいいですよ。 Kusuri o nonda hō ga ii desu yo. (koo-sooree oh nohn-dah hohh gah eee deh-soo yoh.) (It’s better to take medicine.)
Interestingly, for saying that it’s better not to do something, you can just use
the present negative form in the plain/informal form. No need to get the pasttense involved.
お酒は飲まない方がいいですよ。 O-sake wa nomanai hō ga ii desu yo.
(oh-sah-keh wah noh-mah-nah-ee hohh gah eee deh-soo yoh.) (You’dbetter not drink alcohol.)
無理しない方がいいですよ。 Muri shinai hō ga ii desu yo. (moo-ree sheenah-ee hohh gah eee deh-soo yoh.) (You’d better not work/try too hard.)
Check out Chapter 3 for the present negative form in the plain/informal style.

Navigating a Doctor’s Visit
Understanding doctor-talk in your own language can be hard enough, letalone trying to decipher it in a foreign one. How are you supposed to get thedoctor’s help if you can’t tell her what’s wrong or comprehend her diagnosis
and advice? Luckily, the following sections tell you how to refer to parts ofyour body, how to describe pains and other symptoms, and how to understand any basic diagnosis and treatment you may receive.

295

296 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Referring to your body parts
To tell a doctor or nurse where you’re experiencing pain or discomfort, youneed Japanese words for body parts. Go over the terms in the following bullets, touching your body parts as you say the words for extra reinforcement.
✓ 頭 atama (ah-tah-mah) (head)✓ 目 me (meh) (eyes)✓ 耳 mimi (mee-mee) (ears)✓ 鼻 hana (hah-nah) (nose)✓ 口 kuchi (koo-chee) (mouth)✓ 歯 ha (hah) (tooth)✓ 首 kubi (koo-bee) (neck)✓ 喉 nodo (noh-doh) (throat)✓ 肩 kata (kah-tah) (shoulder)✓ 胸 mune (moo-neh) (chest/breast)✓ 背中 senaka (seh-nah-kah) (back)✓ おなか onaka (oh-nah-kah) (belly)✓ 腕 ude (oo-deh) (arm)✓ 肘 hiji (hee-jee) (elbow)✓ 手首 tekubi (teh-koo-bee) (wrist)✓ 手 te (teh) (hand/arm)✓ 指 yubi (yoo-bee) (finger)✓ 腰 koshi (koh-shee) (hip)✓ 膝 hiza (hee-zah) (knee)✓ 関節 kansetsu (kahn-seh-tsoo) (joints)✓ 足首 ashikubi (ah-shee-koo-bee) (ankle)✓ 足 ashi (ah-shee) (foot/leg)✓ 足の指 ashi no yubi (ah-shee noh yoo-bee) (toes)
If the word ashi (ah-shee) means both foot and leg, and the word te (teh)means both hand and arm, how do you know which is which? Context is everything, as you can see from the following examples:
兄は足が短い。 Ani wa ashi ga mijikai. (ah-nee wah ah-shee gah mee-jeekah-ee.) (My older brother’s legs are short.)Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
弟が私の足を踏んだ。 Otōto ga watashi no ashi o funda. (oh-tohh-toh
gah wah-tah-shee noh ah-shee oh foon-dah.) (My little brother stepped on
my foot.)
ピザは手で食べる。 Piza wa te de taberu. (pee-zah wah teh deh tah-behroo.) (We eat pizza by hand.)
猿は手が長い。 Saru wa te ga nagai. (sah-roo wah teh gah nah-gah-ee.)(Monkeys have long arms.)
You may also want to know what to call your important internal organs:✓ 腸 chō (chohh) (intestine)✓ 肺 hai (hah-ee) (lungs)✓ 胃 i (ee) (stomach)✓ 腎臓 jinzō (jeen-zohh) (kidney)✓ 肝臓 kanzō (kahn-zohh) (liver)✓ 脳 nō (nohh) (brain)✓ 心臓 shinzō (sheen-zohh) (heart)

Complaining about your pain
Expect to be asked questions like the following at the doctor’s office or in theemergency room:✓ どうしましたか。 Dō shimashita ka. (dohh shee-mah-shee-tah kah.)(What happened?)✓ いつからですか。 Itsu kara desu ka. (ee-tsoo kah-rah deh-soo kah.) (Forhow long? [Literally: Since when is it going on?])✓ どこが痛いんですか。 Doko ga itai-n-desu ka. (doh-koh gah ee-tah-eendeh-soo kah.) (Where does it hurt?)✓ 熱はありますか。 Netsu wa arimasu ka. (neh-tsoo wah ah-ree-mah-sookah.) (Do you have a fever?)If some part of your body hurts, say the body part that hurts (refer to thepreceding section), plus ga (gah), plus itai (ee-tah-ee) or itai-n-desu (ee-taheen-deh-soo). By adding -n-desu, you sound polite and receptive to yourdoctor’s response, as I discuss in Chapter 5. Itai (ee-tah-ee) is an adjective
meaning painful, although in English, you often say it hurts. Itai is also what
Japanese say for ouch. So atama ga itai basically means head is ouch —in other words, I have a headache. If more than one part hurts, list all theparts, using the particle to (toh) as a type of verbal comma and a stand-in297

298 Part III: Japanese on the Go
for and. Place to after each body part, except the last one, as in the following
examples:
肩と首がとても痛いんです。 Kata to kubi ga totemo itai-n-desu. (kah-tah
toh koo-bee gah toh-teh-moh ee-tah-een-deh-soo.) (My shoulder and neckhurt a lot.)
肩と腰と首が痛いんです。 Kata to koshi to kubi ga itai-n-desu. (kah-tah
toh koh-shee toh koo-bee gah ee-tah-een-deh-soo.) (My shoulder, back,and neck hurt.)
To describe how something hurts, you can use funny image-sound words
like the ones in the following list. These words are actually a small subset ofJapanese sound symbolism that includes onomatopoeia, and they usually consist of a repetition of one or two syllables. No translations here, just descriptions. Sorry.
✓ チクチク chiku-chiku (chee-koo-chee-koo): Sharp, needle-like pain, likeyou may have with stomach complaints✓ ガンガン gan-gan (gahn-gahn): Hammering or banging pain, as with apounding headache✓ ゴホンゴホン gohon-gohon (goh-hohn-goh-hohn): Deep coughing sounds✓ ヒリヒリ hiri-hiri (hee-ree-hee-ree): Smarting pain, as with a bad sunburn✓ ゼーゼー zē-zē (zehh-zehh): Wheezing sound in the chest✓ ズキズキ zuki-zuki (zoo-kee-zoo-kee): Nailing or screwing pain in the head
Here are some examples of how you can weave these expressions into
­sentences:
頭がズキズキ痛いんです。 Atama ga zuki-zuki itai-n-desu. (ah-tah-mah gah
zoo-kee-zoo-kee ee-tah-een-deh-soo.) (I have a screwing pain in the head.)
火傷したところがヒリヒリします。 Yakedo shita tokoro ga hiri-hiri
shimasu. (yah-keh-doh shee-tah toh-koh-roh gah hee-ree-hee-ree sheemah-soo.) (The part I burned hurts.)
胃がチクチクするんです。I ga chiku-chiku suru-n-desu. (ee gah chee-koochee-koo soo-roon-deh-soo.) (My stomach hurts with a tingling sensation.)

Describing your symptoms
Expressing exactly how you’re feeling with specific shōjō (shohh-johh)(symptoms) is crucial for receiving the right diagnosis. A few shōjō may occur
together. For example, bad stomach viruses cause nausea, which is usuallyChapter 18: Handling Emergencies
followed by diarrhea. Upper respiratory infections can give you a runny nose,a cough, and a very stuffy and congested night’s sleep (or lack of sleep).
Think about your shōjō and then find them in the following list so you know
how to describe what you’re experiencing before you go to the doctor:✓ 便秘をしている benpi o shite iru (behn-pee oh shee-teh ee-roo) (to haveconstipation)✓ 下痢をしている geri o shite iru (geh-ree oh shee-teh ee-roo) (to havediarrhea)✓ 吐き気がする hakike ga suru (hah-kee-keh gah soo-roo) (to have nausea)✓ 鼻がつまっている hana ga tsumatte iru (hah-nah gah tsoo-maht-teh
ee-roo) (to have a stuffy nose)✓ 鼻水がでる hanamizu ga deru (hah-nah-mee-zoo gah deh-roo) (to have arunny nose)✓ クシャミがでる kushami ga deru (koo-shah-mee gah deh-roo) (to sneeze)✓ 目がかゆい me ga kayui (meh gah kah-yoo-ee) (to have itchy eyes)✓ 目眩がする memai ga suru (me-mah-ee gah soo-roo) (to have dizziness)✓ 耳が痛い mimi ga itai (mee-mee gah ee-tah-ee) (to have an earache)✓ 胸が痛い mune ga itai (moo-neh gah ee-tah-ee) (to have chest pain)✓ 熱がある netsu ga aru (neh-tsoo gah ah-roo) (to have a fever)✓ 喉が痛い nodo ga itai (noh-doh gah ee-tah-ee) (to have a sore throat)✓ 寒気がする samuke ga suru (sah-moo-keh gah soo-roo) (to have thechills)✓ 咳が出る seki ga deru (seh-kee gah deh-roo) (to cough)✓ 頭痛がする zutsū ga suru (zoo-tsoo gah soo-roo) (to have a headache)✓ ゼーゼーする zē-zē suru (zehh-zehh soo-roo) (to wheeze)
Conjugate the ru-verb deru (deh-roo) (to come out). You need it to describe
all the annoying mucus that comes out when you cough, sneeze, and blow
your nose when you have a code — sorry, that’s stuffy-speak for “cold.”
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

出る

deru

deh-roo

出ない

denai

deh-nah-ee

出（ます）de(masu)deh(-mah-soo)

出て

dete

deh-teh299

300 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Receiving a diagnosis
A doctor can usually diagnose a minor cold or the flu just by talking with you,but sometimes you have to have tests done. No one wants to have a painfulor time-consuming test, but if the doctor tells you that you need it, you’dbetter take it.
A few tests and procedures that a doctor may recommend are✓ ＣＡＴスキャン CAT sukyan (kyaht-toh soo-kyahn) (CAT scan)✓ 超音波検査 chōonpa kensa (chohh-ohn-pah kehn-sah) (ultrasound)✓ ＣＴ CT (sheee-teee) (CT scan)✓ 血液検査 ketsueki kensa (keh-tsoo-eh-kee kehn-sah) (blood test)✓ MRI MRI (eh-moo-ahh-roo-ah-ee) (MRI)✓ 尿検査 nyō kensa (nyohh kehn-sah) (urine test)✓ レントゲン rentogen (rehn-toh-gehn) (X-ray)✓ ソノグラム sonoguramu (soh-noh-goo-rah-moo) (sonogram)
After you explain your symptoms to the doctor, have an exam, and undergo
any necessary tests, it’s judgment time. For your sake, I hope the shindan(sheen-dahn) (diagnosis) isn’t serious. Possible shindan include the following:✓ アレルギー arerugī (ah-reh-roo-geee) (allergies)✓ 炎症 enshō (ehn-shohh) (inflammation)✓ 肺炎 haien (hah-ee-ehn) (pneumonia)✓ インフルエンザ infuruenza (een-foo-roo-ehn-zah) (influenza/flu)✓ 花粉症 kafunshō (kah-foon-shohh) (hay fever)✓ 感染 kansen (kahn-sehn) (infection)✓ 関節炎 kansetsuen (kahn-seh-tsoo-ehn) (arthritis)✓ 風邪 kaze (kah-zeh) (cold)✓ 気管支炎 kikanshien (kee-kahn-shee-ehn) (bronchitis)✓ 骨折 kossetsu (kohs-seh-tsoo) (broken bone)✓ 盲腸 mōchō (mohh-chohh) (appendicitis)✓ 捻挫 nenza (nehn-zah) (sprain)✓ 脳震盪 nōshintō (nohh-sheen-tohh) (concussion)✓ 食中毒 shokuchūdoku (shoh-koo-chooo-doh-koo) (food poisoning)Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies✓ ウィルス wirusu (wee-roo-soo) (virus)✓ 喘息 zensoku (zehn-soh-koo) (asthma)

Getting treatment
Your doctor may give you some kusuri (koo-soo-ree) (medication) that makes
you a bit more comfortable, such as one of the following:✓ アスピリン asupirin (ah-soo-pee-reen) (asprin)✓ 鎮痛剤 chintsūzai (cheen-tsooo-zah-ee) (pain reliever)✓ 解熱剤 genetsuzai (geh-neh-tsoo-zah-ee) (fever reducer)✓ 抗生物質 kōsei busshitsu (kohh-sehh boos-shee-tsoo) (antibiotic)✓ 咳止め sekidome (seh-kee-doh-meh) (cough suppressant)There’s no cure for a cold, so all you can do is try to treat your symptoms
and make your life a little less miserable. Ask your grandma for her natural
home remedy. One Japanese traditional cold remedy is tamago zake (tahmah-goh zah-keh) (egg sake) — heated sake with beaten egg. What’s yoursecret remedy? Ginger tea? Chicken soup? Honey? Orange juice?
The doctor should ask you Yakubutsu arerugī wa arimasu ka. (yah-koo-bootsoo ah-reh-roo-gee wah ah-ree-mah-soo kah.) (Are you allergic to any medication?) before prescribing any medication, but if for some reason she doesn’t
and you know you’re allergic to some medications, don’t forget to mention it.
For example, you can say Penishirin ni arerugī ga arimasu. (peh-nee-sheereen nee ah-reh-roo-geee gah ah-ree-mah-soo.) (I’m allergic to penicillin.)
If you have an injury, you may come home with one of these:✓ ギプス gipusu (gee-poo-soo) (cast)✓ 包帯 hōtai (hohh-tah-ee) (bandage)✓ 松葉杖 matsubazue (mah-tsoo-bah-zoo-eh) (crutches)✓ 湿布 shippu (sheep-poo) (hot or cold compress)

Calling the Police
The police emergency number in Japan is 110. Japanese call it 110-ban (hyahkoo-tohh-bahn). Yes, they usually say hyakutō-ban (hyah-koo-tohh-bahn)rather than hyakujū-ban (hyah-koo-jooo-bahn) — just one of those things. The

301

302 Part III: Japanese on the Go
number for an accident or a fire is different: 119-ban (hyah-koo-jooo-kyooobahn). Don’t confuse these numbers with your own emergency number — 911
in the United States, for example.
When you call emergency numbers in any country, calm down and first tellthe dispatcher where you are. Then explain what happened. The following
sections explain how to report an accident to the police and report lost or
stolen possessions.

Reporting an accident to the police
If you see a jiko (jee-koh) (accident), report it to the keisatsu (kehh-sah-tsoo)(police). The verb you need to report a jiko is aru (ah-roo) (to exist); use it
in the past tense — There was an accident. — and the polite/neutral style(because you’re talking to a police officer). So you need to conjugate aru into
the polite past tense form, arimashita (ah-ree-mah-shee-tah), as in the following examples:
事故がありました。 Jiko ga arimashita. (jee-koh gah ah-ree-mah-sheetah.) (There was an accident.)
高田町で事故がありました。 Takada-chō de jiko ga arimashita. (tah-kahdah-chohh deh jee-koh gah ah-ree-mah-shee-tah.) (There was an accident
in Takada Town.)
I don’t want you au (ah-oo) (to be involved in) an accident, but if you are,make sure to mark jiko with the particle ni when you use the verb au, as injiko ni au (jee-koh nee ah-oo) (to be involved in an accident). The polite pasttense form of au is aimashita: Hidoi jiko ni aimashita. (hee-doh-ee jee-koo
nee ah-ee-mah-shee-tah.) (I was involved in a terrible accident.)
Conjugate the u-verb au. Watch out for the w sound in the negative form.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

遭う

au

ah-oo

遭わない

awanaiah-wah-nah-ee

遭い（ます）

ai(masu)a-ee(-mah-soo)

あって

atte

aht-teh

Unfortunately, at some point you may be the one to cause the accident. In
that case, you need to conjugate the u-verb okosu (o-koh-soo) (to cause).
Create s/sh-syllables.

Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

起こす

okosu

oh-koh-soo

起こさないokosanaioh-koh-sah-nah-ee

起こし（ます）okoshi(masu)

oh-koh-shee(-mah-soo)

起こしてokoshite

oh-koh-shee-teh

You often need to specify the nature of an accident so that the people
responding know what to expect. The following list gives you an idea of someof the types of jiko you may encounter:✓ バイクの事故 baiku no jiko (bah-ee-koo noh jee-koh) (motorcycle
accident)✓ ガス漏れ事故 gasumore jiko (gah-soo-moh-reh jee-koh) (gas leakaccident)✓ 自動車事故 jidōsha jiko (jee-dohh-shah jee-koh) (auto accident)✓ 火事 kaji (kah-jee) (fire)✓ 怪我 kega (keh-gah) (injury)✓ 交通事故 kōtsū jiko (kohh-tsoo jee-koh) (traffic accident)
Unfortunately, kōtsū jiko are everyday events in most cities. If you’re
involved in an accident and no one gets hurt, consider yourself lucky in an
unlucky situation, even if it’s your fault.
To avoid future legal complications over responsibilities, call the police,tell them where you are, and wait for the police officer to arrive. To tell thepolice how to find you, use the location and direction words listed in Chapter
8. And while you’re waiting for them to arrive, you may as well conjugate theu-verb matsu (mah-tsoo) (to wait).
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

待つ

matsu

mah-tsoo

待たないmatanaimah-tah-nah-ee

待ち（ます）

machi(masu)

mah-chee(-mah-soo)

待って

matte

maht-teh303

304 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Talkin’ the Talk
Takeshi was just involved in a collision. He calls the police with his
cellphone. (Track 38)
Takeshi:Moshimoshi. Ima kuruma no jiko ni atta-n-desu.
moh-shee-moh-shee. ee-mah koo-roo-mah noh jeekoh nee aht-tahn-deh-soo.
Hello. I was just in a car accident.

Police:Dareka kega o shimashita ka.
dah-reh-kah keh-gah oh shee-mah-shee-tah kah.
Did anyone get injured?

Takeshi:Īe.
eee-eh.
No.

Police:Ima doko desu ka.
ee-mah doh-koh deh-soo kah.
Where are you now?

Takeshi:Takada-chō no yūbinkyoku no mae no kōsaten desu.
tah-kah-dah-chohh noh yooo-been-kyoh-koo noh
mah-eh noh kohh-sah-tehn deh-soo.
I’m at the intersection in front of the post office in
Takada Town.

Police:Sugu kēsatsukan ga ikimasu. Go-fun gurai mattekudasai.
soo-goo kehh-sah-tsoo-kahn gah ee-kee-mah-soo.
goh-foon goo-rah-ee maht-teh koo-dah-sah-ee.
An officer will be there soon. Please wait for about
five minutes.

Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies

Words to Know
moshimoshikega
yūbinkyoku
no maekōsatensugu
keisatsukan

moh-shee-moh-sheekeh-gahyooo-been-kyoh-koo
noh mah-eh
kohh-sah-tehn
soo-gookehh-sah-tsoo-kahn

helloinjurypost officein front ofintersection
soon
police officer

Reporting a crimeJapan is a quite safe country and has a relatively low crime rate. Women canwalk around in the city at night feeling pretty safe. The contribution of police
boxes called kōban (kohh-bahn) is absolutely significant for the high level ofsafety in Japan. However, if you’re attacked, involved in a crime, or witness
any criminal act in Japan, report it to the police immediately. You may needto know some of these nouns related to crimes:✓ 暴行 bōkō (bohh-kohh) (assault)✓ 強盗 gōtō (gohh-tohh) (robbery, robber)✓ 放火 hōka (hohh-kah) (arson)✓ 詐欺 sagi (sah-gee) (fraud)✓ 殺人 satsujin (sah-tsoo-jeen) (murder)✓ 窃盗 settō (seht-tohh) (theft)✓ 誘拐 yūkai (yoo-kah-ee) (kidnapping)305

306 Part III: Japanese on the Go
Reporting lost or stolen belongings
If you lose a handobaggu (hahn-doh-bahg-goo) (handbag), saifu (sah-ee-foo)(wallet), or sūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo) (suitcase), tell the authorities
where you lost it and what it looks like. (Use the words from Chapter 10 todescribe the item’s color and size.) And think about what was in it so you canlist those items on the police report. If your handobaggu or saifu is stolen,
you may also be missing the following:✓ 現金 genkin (gehn-keen) (cash)✓ 鍵 kagi (kah-gee) (keys)✓ クレジットカード kurejitto kādo (koo-reh-jeeht-toh kahh-doh) (credit
card)✓ 写真 shashin (shah-sheen) (photos)✓ 運転免許証 unten menkyoshō (oon-tehn mehn-kyoh-shohh) (driver’s
license)To describe the contents of your bag or wallet, use the phrase haitte iru(hah-eet-teh ee-roo) (to be in it). Haitte is the te-form of the verb hairu (hahee-roo) (to be placed in somewhere). Conjugate the u-verb hairu, which alsomeans to enter in some contexts.
Japanese Script

Rōmaji

Pronunciation

入る

hairu

hah-ee-roo

入らないhairanai

hah-ee-rah-nah-ee

入り（ます）

hairi(masu)

hah-ee-ree(-mah-soo)

入ってhaittehah-eet-teh

If you add the verb iru (ee-roo) (to exist) after another verb in the te-form,
you’re talking about a state. For example, haitte iru is the state after something entered. This concept — that something would be in the state of having
entered somewhere — is hard to understand in English, but it just means“something is in it.” That’s it.
So Genkin ga haitte iru. (gehn-keehn gah hah-eet-teh ee-roo.) means Somecash is in it. But in a polite/neutral context, such as when you’re talking to thepolice, say Genkin ga haitte imasu. (gehn-keen gah hah-eet-teh ee-mah-soo.)
instead. And if you have more than one item in your bag, list everything byusing the particle to (toh) after each item except the last one. These examples help you explain to the police what your missing item contains:
写真が入っています。 Shashin ga haitte imasu. (shah-sheen gah hah-eetteh ee-mah-soo.) (It has a photo in it. [Literally: A photo is in it.])Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
財布とパスポートが入っています。 Saifu to pasupōto ga haitte imasu.
(sah-ee-foo toh pah-soo-pohh-toh gah hah-eet-teh ee-mah-soo.) (My walletand my passport are in it.)
現金とクレジットカードと写真が入っています。 Genkin to kurejitto
kādo to shashin ga haitte imasu. (gehn-keen toh koo-reh-jeet-toh kahhdoh toh shah-sheen gah hah-eet-teh ee-mah-soo.) (Some cash, a credit
card, and a photograph are in it.)If you want to list the items as examples, implying that there are other items,
use the particle ya (yah) rather than to (toh). For example, if you say Genkinya kurejitto kādo ya shashin ga haitte imasu. (gehn-keen yah koo-reh-jeet-toh
kahh-doh yah shah-sheen gah hah-eet-teh ee-mah-soo.) (Some cash, a credit
card, a photograph, and so on are in it.), it sounds like there are other items inthe bag as well.
If you lose something in a store, airport, or train station, listen for an announcement. If you’re paged over the public address system, it’s a good sign. An
announcement states your name and o-koshi kudasai (oh-koh-shee koo-dah-sahee). This term is a super-polite, businesslike phrase that means please come anduses the stem form — koshi — of the verb kosu (koh-soo) (to come). If you’recurious about what the o and kudasai are doing, take a look at Chapter 15.

Getting Legal Help
Japan isn’t a very litigious society, and Japanese don’t settle disputes
through the courts as often as Americans seem to, but if you find that you
need legal assistance in Japan, you can always talk to a bengoshi (behn-gohshee) (lawyer). Contacting your country’s ryōjikan (ryohh-jee-kahn) (consulate) is also a good idea if you run into trouble.
You may find these sentences helpful if you require legal assistance while
traveling in Japan:✓ アメリカ領事館に連絡してください。 Amerika ryōjikan ni renraku
shite kudasai. (ah-meh-ree-kah ryohh-jee-kahn nee rehn-rah-koo sheeteh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please contact the American consulate.)✓ 弁護士を呼んでください。 Bengoshi o yonde kudasai. (behn-goh-sheeoh yohn-deh koo-dah-sah-ee.) (Please call a lawyer.)✓ 私の弁護士に話してください 。 Watashi no bengoshi ni hanashite
kudasai. (wah-tah-shee noh behn-goh-shee nee hah-nah-shee-teh koodah-sah-ee.) (Please talk to my lawyer.)
Foreigners in Japan are subject to the laws of Japan. If you’re arrested,know that you have your right to remain silent, to hire a lawyer at your own
expense, and to have the embassy or the consulate notified of your arrest.

307308 Part III: Japanese on the Go

Fun & Games
Write the Japanese words for the following body parts on the corresponding lines.
Check the answers in Appendix D.

		Illustration by Elizabeth Kurtzman

1. __________

7. __________

2. __________

8. __________

3. __________

9. __________

4. __________

10. __________

5. __________

11. __________

6. __________

Part IV

The Part of Tens

T

In this part . . .

his part is short but sweet. It contains a bunch of
good, practical tips that you can keep in mind as you
immerse yourself in the Japanese language. I give you ten
ways to pick up Japanese quickly, and believe me, they
can make a huge difference in your progress. Next, I let
you know ten things that you should never say in front ofJapanese folks. You may thank me one day if you avoid
one of these potentially embarrassing situations. Finally,
I introduce you to ten great Japanese expressions and ten
Japanese phrases that are guaranteed to make you soundlike a native Japanese-speaker. Tanoshinde ne! (tah-nohsheen-deh neh!) (Enjoy!)Chapter 19

Ten Ways to Pick Up
Japanese Quickly
In This Chapter▶ Incorporating Japanese items into your daily life
▶ Speaking Japanese with Japanese speakers

Language immersion programs work for a reason: They surround you
with the language you’re trying to learn and force you to speak it inorder to communicate with others. You can create an immersion-type environment to help you pick up Japanese quickly by applying the ten methods
I list in this chapter. With these ten tricks, you’ll be rattling off Japanesephrases and sentences in no time.

Use Digital Technologies
Thanks to smartphones and computers, which provide convenient dictionary
and translation tools, a tremendous amount of information is only a finger
tap away, anytime and anywhere. You can download Japanese language apps
for use when you’re on the go. You can use your smartphone or computer’sInternet browser to search for Japanese cultural keywords such as kimono
and sushi, Japanese artists’ names such as Utada and Hamasaki, or Japaneseplace names such as Asakusa and Akihabara. You’ll be amazed by the tonsof useful information these searches return, and you can surely learn someJapanese keywords. Moreover, you can use note-taking apps on your smartphone to take note of new Japanese words as soon as you see or hear them,wherever you are.

Cook or Eat Japanese Foods
Find a Japanese cookbook at your local bookstore or on the Internet — preferably one with photos that show each step of cooking. Pick a dish that really312 Part IV: The Part of Tens
makes your mouth water and whip up a Japanese meal next weekend! As you
read over the recipe for your fabulous feast with step-by-step photos, be sureto have your trusty Japanese-English dictionary close by. After you understand the entire recipe, memorize keywords for ingredients and actions. Now,
it’s time to start cookin’, good lookin’. Each time you wash, cut, grate, mix,
bake, or grill, say what you’re doing aloud in Japanese. And call out the ingredients as you add them.
If you don’t want to cook, go to a Japanese restaurant. Talk to a Japanese
waiter, waitress, or sushi chef. Make it a goal to master the names of at least
five Japanese dishes, ingredients, or whatever’s on the table before you leave
the restaurant.

Read Japanese Comic Books
Japanese comic books, called manga (mahn-gah), are very popular among
readers both young and old. With thousands of pictures that show detailed
background scenes, actions, and facial expressions of characters plus written
speech in balloons, manga is a rich source for hundreds of words for soundsymbolism, including onomatopoeia. The words for sound symbolism areoften written in katakana, and just sounding them out is already so much fun.
Manga usually include furigana (foo-ree-gah-nah), hiragana specification of
the pronunciation of kanji characters, so you can always check the meaningof kanji characters by using a kanji dictionary. (See Chapter 2 to understandwhat katakana, hiragana, and kanji mean.)
You can also purchase a comic book that comes with English translation. Look
for them in Japanese bookstores, comic book shops, and larger bookstores inyour town or city.

Watch Japanese Anime,
Films, and Sports
Your local public library probably has DVDs of Japanese movies and animation with English subtitles. Pick one that looks interesting. Try one of Akira
Kurosawa’s movies, such as Seven Samurai and Ran, or other Japanese films
that have received good reviews, such as Tampopo and Shall We Dance?. You
may also want to check out Hayao Miyazaki’s animated films My Neighbor Totoro
and Spirited Away. When you watch a Japanese film for the first time, just watch
the whole thing for enjoyment. Then watch it a second time and try to catch
some Japanese words and phrases. Feel free to pause as many times as youneed; just try to refrain from turning on the English subtitles. You’ll learn themeaning of words, and you’ll also figure out what context they’re used in.

Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Pick Up Japanese Quickly
If you’re a sports fan, try watching Japanese language broadcasts of sports
such as sumo and baseball in addition to anime and films. Japanese language
sport broadcasts are easy to follow because you can hear the language incontext, just like when you watch anime and films. It’s also useful for gettingused to the polite/neutral speech style.

Do Karaoke
Get a Japanese karaoke set and sing as you read the lyrics that appear on thescreen. If you like the song, memorize it. Imitate the real singer’s pronunciation
very closely. After you master it perfectly, sing it in front of your friends andfamily. They’ll be impressed by your use of Japanese, even if your singing ability
leaves something to be desired! (Check out Chapter 11 for more on karaoke.)

Spend Time with Japanese
Look around you. Okay, now stop looking around and read the rest of thisparagraph. Do you know of any Japanese in your school, company, neighborhood, or church? If you find a few Japanese folks, become friends withthem. Exchange cellphone numbers or e-mail addresses, message each otheron social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, and make plans to get
together sometime.
Understanding Japanese culture and society is indispensable for learning thelanguage. So why not make plans to spend a nice afternoon with your new
Japanese friends, discussing Japanese culture, society, and daily life over tea?
You may be communicating with them in English, but they’ll surely let you
know some Japanese words that are important for what you’re talking about.
Make a mental note of these words.

Exchange Language Lessons
Did you know that helping others helps you a lot? Find a Japanese who wants
to learn English and teach him or her the language. In exchange, ask him
or her to teach you Japanese. Not only will you learn Japanese for free, but
you’ll also create a precious friendship.
Contact local colleges and universities; they may have some Japanese international students who need English help. You can also check with local Japanese
associations. Find them in your local phone book. I’m sure you can find at
least one Japanese person in your area who needs some help perfecting his or
her English.

313

314 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Get to Know a Monolingual Japanese
Spend time with someone whose only language is Japanese. In order toengage in activities such as shopping, cooking, or crafting with a monolingual Japanese person, you need to speak Japanese just because you won’t
have the luxury of using your English language. As you speak nothing but
Japanese, your tongue and lips will definitely get a workout. This kind of
immersion can be a bit painful at the beginning, but it will bring the best
result. Feeling that you have to speak Japanese to do something is a great
driving force to increase your natural speaking ability.
If you don’t know a word in Japanese, use hand gestures or drawings to
express it. And listen carefully to what the Japanese person says. If you do
this friendly immersion for a few hours each day for a week, by the end of theweek, you’ll be using fewer and fewer hand gestures and drawings and more
and more Japanese words. Think of it as a study abroad program without
ever leaving your home.

Travel to Japan
Nothing is more enjoyable than learning Japanese while traveling to Japan.
After you’re there, look around you! You see Japanese characters all over.
Tune in to your surroundings. You hear teenagers chatting with their friends,
mothers scolding their kids, and store clerks greeting their customers — allin Japanese. You just have to keep guessing what they’re saying. What a fun
way of learning the language!

Be Positive, Curious, and Creative
One of the keys of language learning is to remain positive about and engaged
in your studies. Don’t worry about making mistakes. Relax your mind when
you talk. It’s not a job interview. It won’t be recorded or aired on TV. Be positive and praise yourself when you communicate in Japanese!
Also, don’t wait until someone talks to you in Japanese. Initiate conversations
yourself. Ask questions in Japanese. Regain the curious and worry-free spiritof your childhood.
Be creative and make opportunities to use Japanese in your daily life. Write
down your weekly schedule in Japanese. Say the time and date in Japanese.
Memorize your home phone number in Japanese. Address your family inJapanese. Greet your friends in Japanese. Don’t wait until someone helps you;help yourself. Be creative, be curious, stay positive, and enjoy talking!

Chapter 20

Ten Things Never to
Say in Japanese
In This Chapter▶ Making sure you don’t sound like a child▶ Speaking respectfully▶ Using the right words in the right contexts

S

ocial customs are culturally created rules that differ from country tocountry because they’re often tied to the histories of nations and peoples. Pasts rooted in democracy, feudalism, totalitarianism, pioneer spirit,
or liberal or conservative values, to name a few, obviously tend to give rise
to different customs. Because U.S. society and Japanese society are built on
different customs, what’s considered polite for folks from the United States
may be rude for Japanese at times. To help you avoid unintentionally offending your Japanese cohorts, this chapter alerts you to ten things that you
shouldn’t say when you’re with Japanese people.

“San” After Your Own Name
When you talk with Japanese people, they’ll say your name and then say -san(sahn) all the time. But don’t copy them by placing -san after your own namewhen you refer to yourself. For example, don’t say Watashi wa Sumisu-sandesu. (wah-tah-shee wah soo-mee-soo-sahn deh-soo.) (I’m Mr. Smith.). You’llsound like a kid if you do. Instead, say Watashi wa Sumisu desu. (wah-tahshee wah soo-mee-soo deh-soo.) (I’m Smith.).
The function of -san is to show respect to others; therefore, use it after otherpeople’s names but not after your own name. You can use -san after a familyname or a given name, but for adults, it’s more common to use a family namethan a given name when addressing someone.

316 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Your Boss’s or Teacher’s First Name
Never call your Japanese bosses or teachers by their first names, no matter
how long you’ve worked or studied with them. Call them by their last nameswith the appropriate titles that show their professional positions or functions, like shachō (shah-chohh) (company president) or sensei (sehn-sehh)(professor): Tanaka shachō (tah-nah-kah shah-chohh) (President Tanaka) or
Tanaka sensei (tah-nah-kah sehn-sehh) (Professor Tanaka), for example. If
their titles are unclear, use the suffix -san (sahn) following their last names,
as in Tanaka-san (tah-nah-kah-sahn) (Mr./Ms. Tanaka).

“O-genki Desu Ka” to the Person
You Saw Yesterday
In America, you can say How are you? to a person regardless of whether you
just saw him or her yesterday. However, that usage is inappropriate for theclosest Japanese equivalent, O-genki desu ka. (oh-gehn-kee deh-soo kah.),which literally means Are you well? Use this phrase only when you see someone you haven’t seen for a while
Note: Young people have started to say the short version, Genki. (gehn-kee.)(Fine?), as if it’s for daily greeting. However, this expression is still quite different from the usage of O-genki desu ka.

“Sayōnara” to Your Family
Although many Westerners equate the word sayōnara (sah-yohh-nah-rah)with a casual goodbye, Japanese really only use it when they part with nonfamily members. When they leave their family members for school or workin the morning, they say Ittekimasu. (eet-teh-kee-mah-soo.), which literallymeans I’ll leave and come back. (That translation may sound a little clunky,
but this phrase is a customary Japanese goodbye.) In other contexts where
Japanese have to part with their families, they usually say Jā ne. (jahh neh.)(Okay? Well, see you?) or Jā mata ne. (jahh mah-tah neh.) (Okay, see you
later.). (For more information about sayōnara, see Chapter 4.)“Thank You” for a Compliment
In English, if someone says “You look pretty in that dress.” or “You’re reallysmart.”, you usually say “Thanks!” right away, right? Otherwise, the otherChapter 20: Ten Things Never to Say in Japaneseperson may think you’re snotty. However, Japanese custom is to deny thecompliment by saying Īe. (eee-eh.) (No.) or Zenzen. (zehn-zehn.) (Not at all.).
Now, I’m not saying you shouldn’t give Japanese people compliments. Afterall, who doesn’t love to receive a little positive feedback? Just be aware thatJapanese will deny your compliments verbally even though they’re extremely
happy when they hear them. It’s just part of the Japanese modesty.
So if you’re traveling in Japan and someone says Nihongo ga jōzu desu ne.
(nee-hohn-goh gah johh-zoo deh-soo neh.) (Your Japanese is good, isn’t it?),you’ll impress that person even further if you skip the Arigatō. (ah-ree-gahtohh.) (Thanks.) and say Īe., Zenzen., or Mada mada. (mah-dah mah-dah.)(Not yet, not yet.).

“My Mom Is Pretty” to Outsiders
Another aspect of Japanese modesty (see the preceding section) is that you
shouldn’t tell outsiders (as in people other than your family) that your mom
is pretty. Doing so sounds childish and immodest to Japanese. The same
principle applies to other members of your family and other types of characteristics; don’t tell outsiders that your little brother or your child is smart
even if the kid is a valedictorian. The division between insiders and outsiders
greatly limits what you can say.
Interestingly, this insider/outsider distinction can be extended to business
contexts: for Japanese, their colleagues are their insiders while their clientsare outsiders. So pay close attention when you’re about to do business withJapanese.

“Yes” Right After Being Offered Food
Don’t say hai (hah-ee) (yes) right away when you’re offered food or drink.
Japanese say Īe, ii desu. (eee-eh, eee deh-soo.) or Īe, kekkō desu. (ee-ee-eh,
kehk-kohh deh-soo.), which mean No, thank you., when they’re offered foodor beverages, even if they’re very hungry or thirsty. The host or hostessalmost always offers the items again, so the guests eventually accept theoffer by saying something like Jā, itadakimasu. Arigatō gozaimasu. (jahh,eeh-tah-dah-kee-mah-soo. ah-ree-gah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo.) (Oh, then, I’ll
have some. Thank you.)
However, when food or drinks are already brought, you can accept the offer
right away, saying jā, itadakimasu, without trying to refuse them once.

317

318 Part IV: The Part of Tens
“Anata” When Talking to Someone
Although using someone’s name and title repeatedly in a conversation may
sound strange to you, that’s precisely what you should do when speaking to a Japanese person. Your inclination is probably to use the pronoun
anata (ah-nah-tah) (you), but don’t; the pronoun anata is almost forbidden
in Japanese conversations. For some reason, it sounds snobby or arrogant
unless you’re a wife addressing her husband. A wife can say to her husband,
Kore wa anata no? (koh-reh wah ah-nah-tah noh.) (Is this yours?). In addition, a wife can call her husband by saying anata, as if saying Honey! That’s astrange use of you, right?

“Aishite Imasu” to Express Likes
The literal translation of to love in Japanese is aishite imasu (ah-ee-shee-teh
ee-mah-soo). However, people say this phrase in very serious occasions orcontexts only, like when they’re proposing. In English, you often hear people
say they love something, like I love dogs!, but if you say Inu o aishite iru.
(ee-noo oh ah-ee-shee-teh ee-mah-soo.) just to mean you love dogs, people
may think you’re weird; you’ll sound like you want to get married to a dog or
to dedicate the rest of your life to dogs. Similarly, if you say Ano sūgaku nosensei o aishite imasu. (ah-noh sooo-gah-koo noh senh-sehh oh ah-ee-shee-teh
ee-mah-soo.) (I love the math teacher.), you’ll sound scandalous or unethical.
To say you like someone or something in a general sense, use suki desu (sookee deh-soo) (to like) or dai-suki desu (dah-ee-soo-kee deh-soo) (to like verymuch), and mark the person or item you like with the particle ga (gah). For
example, Inu ga suki desu. (ee-noo gah soo-kee deh-soo.) (I love dogs.). See
Chapter 6 for more about suki desu and dai-suki desu.

“Do You Want Coffee?”
Japanese people feel shy about expressing their desire for foods and drinks
to nonfamily members, so asking them Kōhī ga hoshii desu ka. (kohh-heee
gah hoh-shee-ee deh-soo kah.) (Do you want coffee?) directly may make them
uncomfortable. Instead, say Kōhī wa ikaga desu ka. (kohh-heee wah ee-kahga deh-soo kah.) (How about coffee?). Or if you’re talking to your close friend
or roommate, you can just say Kōhī wa dō. (kohh-heee wah dohh.) (Howabout coffee?) with a rising question intonation. Dō and ikaga both mean how,
and ikaga is just the polite counterpart of dō.

Chapter 21

Ten Favorite Japanese
Expressions
In This Chapter▶ Responding to the situation▶ Unveiling your excitement▶ Showing your attitudeL

ife is full of ki-do-ai-raku (kee-doh-ah-ee-rah-koo) (delight-anger-sorrowfun), and some phrases slip out of Japanese mouths repeatedly inresponse to different daily situations. Mastering these common expressions,
whether they’re simple adverbs or full sentences, is essential. That’s why I
give you ten popular Japanese expressions in this chapter.
Although I note in Chapter 3 that Japanese doesn’t use question marks, I’ve
included them in some phrases in this chapter when the expression is very
short and doesn’t contain a question particle that would otherwise tip you off.
That way, you can be sure to use these expressions with the proper intonation.

Yatta!
やった! Yatta! (yaht-tah!) (I did it!)
Say Yatta! when you accomplish something big, receive a great opportunity,or feel victorious. Passing a difficult test, getting the job you wanted, or winning the lottery — these all qualify as Yatta! material. I hope you get theopportunity to use this expression every day.

320 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Hontō?
本当？ Hontō? (hohn-tohh?) (Really?)
Say Hontō? with a rising intonation to confirm what you’ve just heard.
Suppose your colleague tells you that she’s getting married to your boss.
Respond to the news by saying Hontō? What if your friend says that he’ll
give his car to you for free? Say Hontō? before saying thank you. You can say
Hontō? in a lot of situations because so many unbelievable things happen
every day.

Sasuga!
さすが！ Sasuga! (sah-soo-gah!) (I’m impressed by you, as usual!)
The literal meaning of sasuga is as might have been expected, but the expression is commonly used as a compliment when someone who had a good
reputation has done an impressive job as expected. Suppose your friend isa good athlete, and he has just won the gold medal in a skiing competition.
You can tell him Sasuga!, meaning I knew that you could win the prize! You
were cool, as usual. If your company president has just created a new daycare center and a recreation facility for the employees, you can say Sasuga
shachō! (sah-soo-gah shah-chohh!) to her. It means I admire your usual
thoughtfulness, president.
The difference between the adjective sugoi (soo-goh-ee) (great) and the saying
sasuga is that sasuga means not just great but great as always.

Mochiron!
もちろん! Mochiron! (moh-chee-rohn!) (Of course!)
Mochiron is the favorite adverb of confident people. Use it when you’re 100
percent confident in your opinion. So if your spouse ever asks you, “Would
you marry me if you had a chance to do it all over again?”, take my advice:
Just say mochiron because you only live once and will never actually be
faced with the decision (or with sleeping on the couch because you gave thewrong answer).

Chapter 21: Ten Favorite Japanese Expressions

Ā, Yokatta.
ああ，よかった。 Ā, yokatta. (ahh, yoh-kaht-tah.) (Oh, good.)
Say Ā, yokatta. every time you feel like saying What a relief! or Oh, good. If
you’re Mr. or Ms. Worrier, you may say Ā, yokatta ten times a day. For example
Did I turn off the stove?
Yes, you did.
Ā, yokatta.
My daughter was kidnapped!
No, she’s right there behind you.
Ā, yokatta.

Zenzen.
ぜんぜん。 Zenzen. (zehn-zehn.) (Not at all.)Zenzen is an adverb used with a negative verb or adjective, but it‘s often
used by itself as the phrase of denial. Suppose that someone asks you, “AmI disturbing you?” when he’s not bothering you at all. Say zenzen and shakeyour head. (If he’s your boss, though, you may still want to say zenzen even
if he is disturbing you.)Nani?
何？ Nani? (nah-nee?) (What?)
Nani is a question word that’s handy when you talk with a Japanese person.
Say Nani? with a rising intonation when you don’t hear or understand what
the other person said.
You can also say Nani? when you can’t believe or don’t like what you hear.
For example, suppose your significant other suddenly announces, “I’m getting
married to Tom.” If your name isn’t Tom, you can surely say Nani? — assuming you have the ability to form words at that point.

321322 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Dōshiyō?
どうしよう。 Dōshiyō? (dohh-shee-yohh?) (What shall I do?)Say dōshiyō when you’re in a panic and have no idea what to do. You
can repeat it over and over while you try to think of what to do: Dōshiyō,dōshiyō, dōshiyō. Now you sound like you’re in big trouble. What happened?
Oh, you’ve locked your car door with your keys and your dog inside? Maybe
you should check out Chapter 18 for advice on contacting the police.

Yappari.
やっぱり。 Yappari. (yahp-pah-ree.) (I knew it would happen.)
Sometimes you have a vague suspicion that something will happen, and thenit actually happens. At times like that, say yappari. Suppose that you haven’t
received a newspaper for the last month, but the newspaper delivery personsays that he has dropped it off in front of your door every day. You suspect
your neighbor is the culprit. One day, you wake up earlier than usual andsee your neighbor picking up your newspaper. Your suspicion is confirmed,
and you can say yappari.

Ā, Bikkurishita!
ああ，びっくりした。 Ā, bikkurishita! (ahh, beek-koo-ree-shee-tah!) (What asurprise!)Say Ā, bikkurishita! when you’re very surprised. If your family throws you asurprise party, say Ā, bikkurishita! after they shout out Surprise!.

Chapter 22

Ten Phrases That Make You
Sound Fluent in Japanese
In This Chapter▶ Greeting guests▶ Giving it your best shot
▶ Expressing sympathy or encouragementAll languages have some obscure or unique expressions that provide
an authentic flavor of the culture. The literal translations are often nottransparent, and your command of these expressions depends on a deep
understanding of the culture and values behind the language. In this chapter, I give you ten phrases that can make you sound Japanese. Master these
expressions and use them in the right context to feel the Japanese mentality
and spirit.

Enryo Shinaide.
遠慮しないで。 Enryo shinai de. (ehn-ryoh shee-nah-ee deh.) (Don’t be shy.)
Japanese guests often appear to be very shy. They usually refuse offers offood or drink at least once, no matter what; it’s just a part of their politeness.
If you’re the host, the customary response is to say Enryo shinaide rightafter your guest says No, thank you. Using this phrase indicates that you’rea gracious host and encourages your guest to accept your kind offer thesecond time.

Mottainai.
もったいない。 Mottainai. (moht-tah-ee-nah-ee.) (What a waste./It’s too good.)324 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Even though Japanese have become spoiled by disposable goods — suchas plastic diapers, paper cups, and paper towels — they still hate to waste
things. They constantly express their objections to waste by saying mottainai. What? Are you going to throw away that sweater? Mottainai. Give it to me.
This phrase doesn’t just express your objection to throwing away things; youcan also say mottainai if someone lacks a true appreciation for something ofvalue, such as when your children don’t appreciate good food. What? You gavesteak to the dog? Mottainai.
You can also use mottainai for discussing how somebody is wasting theirtime with a particular romantic partner. For example, when you hear that
Emily — the valedictorian and the most popular girl in school — is goingout with Devin — a guy who’s far from good-looking and spends all his timeeating and sleeping — you may want to say mottainai!

O-saki Ni.
おさきに。 O-saki ni. (oh-sah-kee nee.) (Pardon me, but I’m leaving now.)
Although the literal meaning of o-saki ni is earlier, Japanese use this expression to politely say goodbye in all sorts of contexts and locations — a waiting room, a restaurant, a library, a party, and so on. The o at the beginningof the expression o-saki ni is the honorific prefix. When you have to leave
someplace earlier than a friend who is staying behind, or even a stranger thatyou’ve struck up a conversation with, tell them O-saki ni. to display yourthoughtfulness for the people who can’t leave the place yet. In a business
context, like at your workplace, you can add shitsurei shimasu (shee-tsoorehh shee-mah-soo) after o-saki ni. Shitsurei shimasu literally means I’ll be
rude, but it’s a very polite way of saying goodbye to your superiors and business clients. (Flip to Chapter 4 for more about shitsurei shimasu.)

Kanpai!
乾杯！ Kanpai! (kahn-pah-ee!) (Toast!/Cheers!)
When celebrating something, hold a glass of wine or sake and have a toast by
saying Kanpai! Kanpai is used in almost all formal and informal gatherings inJapan. The one exception may be funeral and memorial services, where kenpai(kehn-pah-ee) or itadakimasu (ee-tah-dah-kee-mah-soo) is used instead. So thenext time you have something to celebrate, don’t hesitate to say Kanpai!

Chapter 22: Ten Phrases That Make You Sound Fluent in JapaneseGanbatte!
がんばって！ Ganbatte! (gahn-baht-teh!) (Try your best, and good luck!)
Japanese often believe that the effort is more important than the result.
Trying one’s best is the only way to go. When your friend is going to take animportant exam, tell him or her Ganbatte!. And if you’re seriously studying
Japanese, I want to tell you Ganbatte!

Shikata ga nai.
仕方がない。Shikata ga nai. (shee-kah-tah gah nah-ee.) (There’s no choice.)
Shikata means method, so it literally means A method does not exist.
When you’re in a difficult situation, look at all the possible solutions. If noneof them will work well, choose a solution that you know isn’t part of the bestcase scenario and say Shikata ga nai. to convey your disappointment andacceptance of the given fact.
Suppose that you miss your plane home and no other flights are departing
until tomorrow morning. You have to give up the idea of going home today.
In such a context, say Shikata ga nai. and start looking for a hotel. Supposethat you can’t find a hotel and have to give up the idea of sleeping on abed. Say Shikata ga nai. again and sleep on a bench at the airport. The
expression somehow smoothes out inevitably bad situations. Life goes on.
Shikata ga nai.

Okage-sama De.
おかげさまで。 O-kage-sama de. (oh-kah-geh-sah-mah de.) (Luckily, thanks to
you and other people.)If someone asks you O-genki desu ka (oh-gehn-kee deh-soo kah) (How areyou?), answering with Genki desu (gehn-kee deh-soo) (I’m fine) is perfectly
okay. However, you’ll sound modest, thankful, and sophisticated if you say
O-kage-sama de. instead. The original meaning of this very modest expression is that your well-being and health are due to God and other people,
including the person you’re talking to. By the way, how are you?

325

326 Part IV: The Part of Tens
Tsumaranai Mono Desu Ga.
つまらないものですが。 Tsumaranai mono desu ga. (tsoo-mah-rah-nah-ee
moh-noh deh-soo gah.) (It’s a trivial/boring item, but . . . .)Japanese people always bring a gift when invited to other people’s houses
for a meal. The items are usually quite expensive, but the givers always say
Tsumaranai mono desu ga, an expression based on Japanese modesty. It’s
just a sentence fragment that means It’s a trivial or boring item, but [please
accept it]. Next time you go to your Japanese friend’s house for dinner, give
him or her your gift as you say Tsumaranai mono desu ga., even if you thinkit’s an exceptionally good gift.

Yoroshiku.
宜しく。 Yoroshiku. (yoh-roh-shee-koo.) (I’m pleased to meet you./I appreciate your helping me.)Using the phrase Yoroshiku. shows your polite and modest attitude. The
literal meaning of yoroshiku is appropriately, favorably, or as needed, but
you can say it when you meet someone for the very first time. The conceptbehind this usage is Please treat me appropriately.; you wouldn’t want tosay such a thing directly, but alluding to it with Yoroshiku. speaks to theJapanese modesty. Just don’t think about the literal meaning; use Yoroshiku.
as an equivalent to Nice to meet you.
You can also say yoroshiku right after asking a favor of someone. The underlying idea is Thank you for helping me, and I hope you handle it for me appropriately., which roughly means I appreciate your helping me.

Taihen Desu Ne.
大変ですね。 Taihen desu ne. (tah-ee-hen deh-soo neh.) (That’s tough.)
This expression is a phrase of sympathy. Use it when your friends tell you
about their hardships related to sickness, financial problems, relationshiptroubles, or any other kind of difficult situation that requires physical efforts
and/or causes mental stress, worries, or financial expense. Suppose that yourfriend tells you that he has to pay for five kids to go to college. You can tell
him Taihen desu ne.

Part V

Appendixes

Y

In this part . . .

ou can consider this part the reference section for theentire book. In Appendix A, you get a mini-dictionary
that’s chock-full of the words you can expect to use mostoften in Japanese conversations; Appendix B features
handy verb tables for when you aren’t so sure about how
to conjugate verbs. You can find a listing of all the book’s
audio tracks, with descriptions of what each one is about,in Appendix C, and the answers to the Fun & Games
exercises found at the end of most chapters appear
in Appendix D. Renshū, renshū, renshū! (rehn-shooo,
rehn-shooo, rehn-shooo!) (Practice, practice, practice!)Japanese-English
Mini-DictionaryAagaru (ah-gah-roo) u: to riseageru (ah-geh-roo) ru: to give, to raiseaida (ah-ee-dah): between
aisu kurīmu (ah-ee-soo koo-reee-moo):
ice creamaka (ah-kah): redakeru (ah-keh-roo) ru: to open
aki (ah-kee): autumn, fallame (ah-meh): rain, candy
Amerika (ah-meh-ree-kah): America
Amerikajin (ah-meh-ree-kah-jeen):
American person
anata (ah-nah-tah): youane (ah-neh): older sister (plain)ani (ah-nee): older brother (plain)anime (ah-nee-meh): animeao (ah-oh): blue
apāto (ah-pahh-toh): apartmentare (ah-reh): that one (over there)arigatō gozaimasu (ah-ree-gah-tohh
goh-zah-ee-mah-soo): thank you.
aru (ah-roo) irr: to exist
aruku (ah-roo-koo) u: to walkasa (ah-sah): morning
asagohan (ah-sah-goh-hahn): breakfast
ashi (ah-shee): foot, leg
ashita (ah-shee-tah): tomorrowasobu (ah-soh-boo) u: to playasoko (ah-soh-koh): over there

atama (ah-tah-mah): headatarashii (ah-tah-rah-sheee) i: new
atatakai (ah-tah-tah-kah-ee) i: warm
atsui (ah-tsoo-ee) i: hot (temperature)Bbanana (bah-nah-nah): banana
bangohan (bahn-goh-hahn): dinnerbasu (bah-soo): bus
beddo (behd-doh): bed
bengoshi (behn-goh-shee): lawyer
benkyō suru (behn-kyohh soo-roo) irr:
to study
bijutsukan (bee-joo-tsoo-kahn): art
museumbīru (beee-roo): beer
biza (bee-zah): visa
bōshi (bohh-shee): hatburausu (boo-rah-oo-soo): blousebutaniku (boo-tah-nee-koo): pork
byōin (byohh-een): hospitalbyōki (byohh-kee): illness

C
chairo (chah-ee-roh): brownchawan (chah-wahn): teacup, rice bowl
chichi (chee-chee): father (plain)chikaku (chee-kah-koo): nearchikatetsu (chee-kah-teh-tsoo): subway
chīsai (cheee-sah-ee) i (irr): small

330 Part V: Appendixes
chizu (chee-zoo): mapchīzu (cheee-zoo): cheesechōshoku (chohh-shoh-koo): breakfast
Chūgoku (chooo-goh-koo): China
chūshajō (chooo-shah-johh): parking lotchūshoku (chooo-shoh-koo): lunchDdaidokoro (dah-ee-doh-koh-roh): kitchendaigaku (dah-ee-gah-koo): university
daigakuin (dah-ee-gah-koo-een): graduate
schooldaijōbu (dah-ee-johh-boo) na: all rightdainingu (dah-ee-neen-goo): dining roomdamasu (dah-mah-soo) u: to deceive
dare (dah-reh): whodareka (dah-reh-kah): somebody
deguchi (deh-goo-chee): exit
dekiru (deh-kee-roo) ru: to be able to do
demo (deh-moh): but
denki (dehn-kee): electricity
densha (dehn-shah): train
denwa (dehn-wah): telephonedenwa-bangō (dehn-wah-bahn-gohh):
telephone number
depāto (deh-pahh-toh): department store
dezāto (deh-zahh-toh): dessertdō (dohh): how
Doitsu (doh-ee-tsoo): Germany
doko (doh-koh): where
dokoka (doh-koh-kah): somewhere
dōmo (dohh-moh): thanks
dore (doh-reh): which one
dorobō (doh-roh-bohh): thief
doru (doh-roo): dollar
dōryō (dohh-ryohh): co-worker
dōshite (dohh-shee-teh): whydoyōbi (doh-yohh-bee): SaturdayEe (eh): picture (painting or drawing)eakon (eh-ah-kohn): air conditioningebi (eh-bee): shrimp
eiga (ehh-gah): movie
eigakan (ehh-gah-kahn): movie theater
Eigo (ehh-goh): Englisheki (eh-kee): station (for trains andsubways)
enpitsu (ehn-pee-tsoo): pencil
enpitsu kezuri (ehn-pee-tsoo keh-zooree): pencil sharpener
erabu (eh-rah-boo) u: to select, to choose
erebētā (eh-reh-behh-tahh): elevatorF
fakkusu (fahk-koo-soo): fax
fōku (fohh-koo): fork
fude (foo-deh): brush (for calligraphy)
fugu (foo-goo): blowfish
fukai (foo-kah-ee) i: deep
fuku (foo-koo): clothes
fuku (foo-koo) u: to wipe
fukuro (foo-koo-roh): sack (bag)fun (foon): minutefune (foo-neh): ship
Furansu (foo-rahn-soo): France
furoba (foo-roh-bah): bathing room
furui (foo-roo-ee) i: old (for inanimate
items)
fūtō (fooo-tohh): envelope
fuyu (foo-yoo): winterGgaika (gah-ee-kah): foreign money
gaikoku (gah-ee-koh-koo): foreign country

Japanese-English Mini-Dictionary
gaikokujin (gah-ee-koh-koo-jeen):
foreignergakkō (gahk-kohh): school
gakusei (gah-koo-sehh): students
garō (gah-rohh): gallery
gasorin sutando (gah-soh-reen soo-tahndoh): gas station
geijutsu (gehh-joo-tsoo): art
geijutsuka (gehh-joo-tsoo-kah): artist
geki (geh-kee): playgekijō (geh-kee-johh): theater (for plays
and performances)
gengo (gehn-goh): language
genkan (gehn-kahn): entrance
genki (gehn-kee) na: fine (healthy)
genkin (gehn-keen): cash
geta (geh-tah): clogs
getsuyōbi (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee): Mondaygin (geen): silver (metal)
ginkō (geen-kohh): bankgitā (gee-tahh): guitargo (goh): fivegogo (goh-goh): p.m., afternoon
go-gatsu (goh-gah-tsoo): May
gohan (goh-hahn): cooked ricegomi (goh-mee): garbage, trash
gomibako (goh-mee-bah-koh) trash cangorufu (goh-roo-foo): golfgōtō (gohh-tohh): burglar
gyūniku (gyooo-nee-koo): beefgyūnyū (gyooo-nyooo): milkHha (hah): leaf, toothhachi (hah-chee): eight, beehachi-gatsu (hah-chee-gah-tsoo): August
hachimitsu (hah-chee-mee-tsoo): honeyhae (hah-eh): fly (insect)haha (hah-hah): mother (plain)hairu (hah-ee-roo) u: to enter
haisha (hah-ee-shah): dentist
haitatsu (hah-ee-tah-tsoo): delivery
haiyū (hah-ee-yooo): actor
hajimeru (hah-jee-meh-roo) ru: to begin(something)hako (hah-koh): box
hakobu (hah-koh-boo) u: to carryhakubutsukan (hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn):
museumhamigakiko (hah-mee-gah-kee-koh):
toothpaste
hana (hah-nah): flower, nose
hanabi (hah-nah-bee): fireworks
hanashi (han-nah-shee): story
hanasu (hah-nah-soo) u: to speak
hanbun (hahn-boon): half
harau (hah-rah-oo) u: to pay
hari (hah-ree): needle
haru (hah-roo): springhasami (hah-sah-mee): scissors
hashi (hah-shee): chopsticks, bridge
hashigo (hah-shee-goh): ladderhashira (hah-shee-rah): pillar
hashiru (hah-shee-roo) u: to run
hata (hah-tah): flag
hataraku (hah-tah-rah-koo) u: to work
hatsuon (hah-tsoo-ohn): pronunciation
hayai (hah-yah-ee) i: early, fast
hayaku (hah-yah-koo): quickly, earlyhayashi (hah-yah-shee): woods
hebi (heh-bee): snake
heiwa (hehh-wah): peacehen (hehn) na: weird, strange
henji (hehn-jee): reply (response)heya (heh-yah): roomhi (hee): day, fire
hidari (hee-dah-ree): left331

332 Part V: Appendixes
hidoi (hee-doh-ee) i: terrible
higashi (hee-gah-shee): east
hikari (hee-kah-ree): light (illumination)
hikidashi (hee-kee-dah-shee): drawer
hikōki (hee-kohh-kee): airplanehiku (hee-koo) u: to pullhikui (hee-koo-ee) i: low
hima (hee-mah): free time
himitsu (hee-mee-tsoo): secrethiroi (hee-roh-ee) i: wide, spacious
hirugohan (hee-roo-goh-han): lunch
hisho (hee-shoh): secretaryhitai (hee-tah-ee): foreheadhito (hee-toh): person
hitsuji (hee-tsoo-jee): sheep
hiza (hee-zah): kneehō (hohh): cheekhōki (hohh-kee): broomhon (hohn): bookhonbako (hohn-bah-koh): bookcase
hondana (hohn-dah-nah): bookshelfhone (hoh-neh): bone
hontō ni (hohn-tohh nee): really (truly)
hon’ya (hohn-yah): bookstore
hon’yaku (hohn-yah-koo): translation
hon’yakusha (hohn-yah-koo-shah):translator
hōrensō (hohh-rehn-sohh): spinach
hōritsu (hohh-ree-tsoo): law
hoshi (hoh-shee): star (in the sky)hoshii (hoh-sheee) i: to wanthotchikisu (hoht-chee-kee-soo): stapler
hoteru (hoh-teh-roo): hotel
hyaku (hyah-koo): hundredIi (ee): stomach
ichi (ee-chee): one

ichi-gatsu (ee-chee-gah-tsoo): January
ichigo (ee-chee-goh): strawberryichiman (ee-chee-mahn): ten thousandie (ee-eh): house
Igirisu (ee-gee-ree-soo): Englandii (eee) i: goodijiwaru (ee-jee-wah-roo) na: mean
(unkind)ika (ee-kah): squidike (ee-keh): pondiku (ee-koo) irr: to go
ikura (ee-koo-rah): how much (price);
salmon roe
ikutsu (ee-koo-tsoo): how manyima (ee-mah): now, living room
imin (ee-meen): immigrant
imōto (ee-mohh-toh): younger sister
inaka (ee-nah-kah): countryside
infuruenza (een-foo-roo-ehn-zah): fluinu (ee-noo): dog
iriguchi (ee-ree-goo-chee): entranceiro (ee-roh): color
iroiro (ee-roh-ee-roh) na: various
iru (ee-roo) ru: to exist
iru (ee-roo) u: to needisha (ee-shah): physician
ishi (ee-shee): stone
isogashii (ee-soh-gah-sheee) i: busy
isogu (ee-soh-goo) u: to hurryissho ni (ees-shoh nee): together
isu (ee-soo): chair
itai (ee-tah-ee) i: painful
Itaria (ee-tah-ree-ah): Italyito (ee-toh): thread
itoko (ee-toh-koh): cousin
itsu (ee-tsoo): whenitsuka (ee-tsoo-kah): someday
itsumo (ee-tsoo-moh): always
iu (ee-oo or yoo-oo) u: to sayJapanese-English Mini-DictionaryJjagaimo (jah-gah-ee-moh): potato
jaketto (jah-keht-toh): jacket
ji (jee): hourjigoku (jee-goh-koo): helljikan (jee-kahn): hour, time
jiko (jee-koh): accident
jīnzu (jeeen-zoo): jeansjisho (jee-shoh): dictionary
jitensha (jee-tehn-shah): bicycle
jiyū (jee-yooo): liberty
jōdan (johh-dahn): jokejoyū (joh-yooo): actress
jū (jooo): ten
jū-gatsu (jooo-gah-tsoo): Octoberjūgyōin (jooo-gyohh-een): employee
jūichi-gatsu (jooo-ee-chee-gah-tsoo):
Novemberjūni-gatsu (jooo-nee-gah-tsoo): December
jūsho (jooo-shoh): addressjūsu (jooo-soo): juice

Kkaban (kah-bahn): bagkabe (kah-beh): wallkabin (kah-been): vasekaeru (kah-eh-roo): frog
kaeru (kah-eh-roo) ru: to change
kaeru (kah-eh-roo) u: to returnkagaku (kah-gah-koo): science, chemistry
kagami (kah-gah-mee): mirror
kagi (kah-gee): key
kago (kah-goh): basket
kagu (kah-goo): furniturekai (kah-ee): shellfish
kaisha (kah-ee-shah): company

kaishain (kah-ee-shah-een): company
employeekaji (kah-jee): fire (conflagration)
kaku (kah-koo) u: to write, to draw
kakusu (kah-koo-soo) u: to hide(something)kame (kah-meh): turtle
kamera (kah-meh-rah): camera
kami (kah-mee): hair, paper, god
kaminari (kah-mee-nah-ree): thunderKanada (kah-nah-dah): Canada
kanashii (kah-nah-sheee) i: sadkanban (kahn-bahn): sign (shop)
kangoshi (kahn-goh-shee): nurse
kani (kah-nee): crab
kanja (kahn-jah): patient (of a doctor)
Kankoku (kahn-koh-koo): South Korea
kanojo (kah-noh-joh): she, girlfriend
kanpai (kahn-pah-ee): toast (ceremonial
drink)
kantan (kahn-tahn) na: easy, simple
kao (kah-oh): face
karada (kah-rah-dah): body (of a person
or an animal)
karai (kah-rah-ee) i: hot (spicy)
kare (kah-reh): he, boyfriend
karendā (kah-rehn-dahh): calendar
kariru (kah-ree-roo) ru: to borrowkasa (kah-sah): umbrellakasu (kah-soo) u: to lendkata (kah-tah): shoulder
katsu (kah-tsoo) u: to win
kau (kah-oo) u: to buy
kawa (kah-wah): riverkawaii (kah-wah-eee) i: cutekayōbi (kah-yohh-bee): Tuesday
kazan (kah-zahn): volcano
kaze (kah-zeh): wind, cold (virus)
keisatsu (kehh-sah-tsoo): policeki (kee): tree333334 Part V: Appendixes
kiiro (keee-roh): yellow
kinō (kee-nohh): yesterdaykinyōbi (keen-yohh-bee): Friday
kirei (kee-rehh) na: beautiful, clean
kiru (kee-roo) ru: to wear
kita (kee-tah): northkitchin (keet-cheen): kitchen
kitte (keet-teh): postage stamp
kodomo (koh-doh-moh): childkōen (kohh-ehn): parkkōhī (kohh-heee): coffeekoi (koh-ee): carpkōjō (kohh-johh): factorykōka (kohh-kah) na: expensive
kōkō (kohh-kohh): high school
koko (koh-koh): here
kokuseki (koh-koo-seh-kee): nationality
kome (koh-meh): uncooked ricekomugiko (koh-moo-gee-koh): flour
konban (kohn-bahn): tonight
kongetsu (kohn-geh-tsoo): this monthkonnichiwa (kohn-nee-chee-wah): hello,good afternoon
konshū (kohn-shooo): this week
kore (koh-reh): this one
kōri (kohh-ree): ice
kōsaten (kohh-sah-tehn): intersection
koshi (koh-shee): hipkōsui (kohh-soo-ee): perfume
kotae (koh-tah-eh): answer
kotoshi (koh-toh-shee): this year
kowai (koh-wah-ee) i: scarykubi (koo-bee): neckkuchi (koo-chee): mouth
kudamono (koo-dah-moh-noh): fruit
ku-gatsu (koo-gah-tsoo): September
kūkō (kooo-kohh): airport
kuni (koo-nee): country

kurai (koo-rah-ee) i: dark
kurejitto kādo (koo-reh-jeet-toh kahhdoh): credit card
kureru (koo-reh-roo) ru: to give
kuro (koo-roh): black
kuru (koo-roo) irr: to comekuruma (koo-roo-mah): car
kūshitsu (koo-shee-tsoo): vacant room
kusuri (koo-soo-ree): medicine
kusuriya (koo-soo-ree-yah): drugstore
kutsu (koo-tsoo): shoekyō (kyohh): today
kyōkai (kyohh-kah-ee): church
kyonen (kyoh-nehn): last year
kyū (kyooo): ninekyūkyūsha (kyooo-kyooo-shah):ambulance
kyūryō (kyoo-ryohh): salaryMmado (mah-doh): window
mae (mah-eh): front
magaru (mah-gah-roo) u: to (make a) turnmago (mah-goh): grandchildren
maguro (mah-goo-roh): tuna
majime (mah-jee-meh) na: serious
makura (mah-koo-rah): pillow
mame (mah-meh): beansmanabu (mah-nah-boo) u: to learn
manga (mahn-gah): cartoon
massugu (mahs-soo-goo): straightmata (mah-tah): again
matsu (mah-tsoo) u: to waitme (meh): eyemegane (meh-gah-neh): eyeglasses
michi (mee-chee): street
midori (mee-doh-ree): greenJapanese-English Mini-Dictionary
migi (mee-gee): rightmikan (mee-kahn): orange (fruit)mimi (mee-mee): ear
minami (mee-nah-mee): southmise (mee-seh): store
mizu (mee-zoo): water
mizuumi (mee-zoo-oo-mee): lakemokuyōbi (moh-koo-yohh-bee): Thursday
mono (moh-noh): (tangible) thing
mori (moh-ree): forest
moshimoshi (moh-shee-moh-shee): hello(telephone)motsu (moh-tsoo) u: to hold (to have in
hand)mukai gawa (moo-kah-ee gah-wah): opposite sidemune (moo-neh): chest
mura (moo-rah): village
murasaki (moo-rah-sah-kee): purple
mushi (moo-shee): insect
muzukashii (moo-zoo-kah-sheee) i:
difficultNnabe (nah-beh): pot
naifu (nah-ee-foo): knife
naka (nah-kah): inside
namae (nah-mah-eh): namenami (nah-mee): wave
namida (nah-mee-dah): tearnana (nah-nah): sevennani (nah-nee): what
nanika (nah-nee-kah): something
naru (nah-roo) u: to becomenashi (nah-shee): pear
natsu (nah-tsoo): summer
naze (nah-zeh): why
nedan (neh-dahn): pricenekkuresu (nehk-koo-reh-soo): necklace
neko (neh-koh): cat
nekutai (neh-koo-tah-ee): tie
nemui (neh-moo-ee) i: sleepy
neru (neh-roo) ru: to sleep
netsu (neh-tsoo): feverni (nee): twonichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee): Sunday
nigai (nee-gah-ee) i: bitter
ni-gatsu (nee-gah-tsoo): February
Nihon (nee-hohn): Japan
Nihongo (nee-hohn-goh): Japanese
language
Nihonjin (nee-hohn-jeen): Japanesepersonniku (nee-koo): meat
nimotsu (nee-moh-tsoo): luggage
ningyō (neen-gyohh): doll
Nippon (neep-pohn): Japannishi (nee-shee): west
nodo (noh-doh): throat
nomu (noh-moo) u: to drink
noru (noh-roo) u: to get on(transportation)Ooba (oh-bah): aunt (plain)obasan (oh-bah-sahn): aunt (polite)obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn): grandmother(polite)oboeru (oh-boh-eh-roo) ru: to memorizeo-cha (oh-chah): green tea
odoru (oh-doh-roo) u: to dance
ohayō (oh-hah-yohh): good morningoji (oh-jee): uncle (plain)ojisan (oh-jee-sahn): uncle (polite)
ojīsan (oh-jee-sahn): grandfather (polite)o-kane (oh-kah-neh): money335

336 Part V: Appendixesokāsan (oh-kahh-sahn): mother (polite)ōkii (ohh-keee) i (irr): big
oku (oh-koo) u: to put
omoshiroi (oh-moh-shee-roh-ee) i:interestingomou (oh-moh-oo) u: to thinkonaji (oh-nah-jee): same
onaka (oh-nah-kah): abdomen
onēsan (oh-nehh-sahn): older sister (polite)
ongaku (ohn-gah-koo): musiconīsan (oh-neee-sahn): older brother(polite)onna (ohn-nah): female
onna no hito (ohn-nah noh hee-toh):woman
oriru (oh-ree-roo) ru: to get off(transportation)osoi (oh-soh-ee) i: late, slowŌsutoraria (ohh-soo-toh-rah-ree-ah):
Australia
otoko (oh-toh-koh): maleotoko no hito (oh-toh-koh noh hee-toh):manotōsan (oh-tohh-sahn): father (polite)
otōto (oh-tohh-toh): younger brotherowaru (oh-wah-roo) u: to end
oyasuminasai (oh-yah-soo-mee-nah-sahee): good night
oyogu (oh-yoh-goo) u: to swimPpan (pahn): bread
pan’ya (pahn-yah): bakery
pasokon (pah-soh-kohn): computer
pasupōto (pah-soo-pohh-toh): passportpātī (pahh-tee): party (event)piano (pee-ah-noh): piano
piza (pee-zah): pizzaRraigetsu (rah-ee-geh-tsoo): next monthrainen (rah-ee-nehn): next year
raishū (rah-ee-shooo): next week
rajio (rah-jee-oh): radioreizōko (rehh-zohh-koh): refrigerator
remon (reh-mohn): lemon
renshū (rehn-shooo): practice (exercise)reshīto (reh-sheee-toh): receipt
resutoran (reh-soo-toh-rahn): restaurant
ribingu (ree-been-goo): living room
rimokon (ree-moh-kohn): remote control
ringo (reen-goh): apple
roku (roh-koo): six
roku-gatsu (roh-koo-gah-tsoo): Juneryōjikan (ryohh-jee-kahn): consulateryokō (ryoh-kohh): trip
ryōri (ryohh-ree): cooking
ryōshūsho (ryohh-shooo-shoh): receipt

S
saifu (sah-ee-foo): walletsakana (sah-kah-nah): fishsake (sah-keh): rice wine, salmon
sakka (sahk-kah): writer (author)
sakkā (sahk-kahh): soccer
sakura (sah-koo-rah): cherry (tree)samishii (sah-mee-sheee) i: lonely
samui (sah-moo-ee) i: cold (temperature)san (sahn): threesandaru (sahn-dah-roo): sandal
san-gatsu (sahn-gah-tsoo): Marchsangurasu (sahn-goo-rah-soo): sunglassessara (sah-rah): dish (plate)sarada (sah-rah-dah): saladJapanese-English Mini-Dictionary
saru (sah-roo): monkey
satō (sah-tohh): sugar
sayōnara (sah-yohh-nah-rah): goodbye
seiseki (seh-ee-seh-kee): grade (rating inschool)seito (sehh-toh): pupil
sekai (seh-kah-ee): world
semai (seh-mah-ee) i: narrowsengetsu (sehn-geh-tsoo): last month
sensei (sehn-sehh): teacher
senshū (sehn-shooo): last weeksētā (sehh-tahh): sweater
shachō (shah-chohh): company president
shakkuri (shahk-koo-ree): hiccup
shashin (shah-sheen): photographshatsu (shah-tsoo): shirtshi (shee): fourshichi (shee-chee): sevenshichi-gatsu (shee-chee-gah-tsoo): Julyshi-gatsu (shee-gah-tsoo): April
shigoto (shee-goh-toh): job
shinbun (sheen-boon): newspaper
shinshitsu (sheen-shee-tsoo): bedroom
shinu (shee-noo) u: to die
shio (shee-oh): salt
shiro (shee-roh): whiteshita (shee-tah): undershitsumon (shee-tsoo-mohn): question
shizen (shee-zehn): nature
shizuka (shee-zoo-kah) na: quiet
shōhizei (shohh-hee-zehh): sales tax
shokugyō (shoh-koo-gyohh): occupation
shokuji (shoh-koo-jee): meal
shomei (shoh-mehh): signatureshū (shooo): week
shukudai (shoo-koo-dah-ee): homework
shumi (shoo-mee): hobby
sobo (soh-boh): grandmother (plain)sofu (soh-foo): grandfather (plain)soko (soh-koh): there (near you)sore (soh-reh): that one (near you)soto (soh-toh): outside
sugiru (soo-gee-roo) ru: to pass bysuiei (soo-ee-ehh): swimmingsuiyōbi (soo-ee-yohh-bee): Wednesday
sukāto (soo-kahh-toh): skirt
suki (soo-kee) na: to likesupagettī (soo-pah-geht-teee): spaghetti
sūpā (sooo-pahh): supermarket
Supein (soo-peh-een): Spainsuru (soo-roo): to do
sūtsu (sooo-tsoo): suitsūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo): suitcase
suwaru (soo-wah-roo): to sit down
suzushii (soo-zoo-sheee) i: cool
(temperature)Ttabako (tah-bah-koh): tobacco
taberu (tah-beh-roo): to eat
taishikan (tah-ee-shee-kahn): embassytaiyō (tah-ee-yohh): suntakai (tah-kah-ee) i: expensive
takushī (tah-koo-sheee): taxi
tamago (tah-mah-goh): egg
te (teh): hand, arm
tegami (teh-gah-mee): letter
tengoku (tehn-goh-koo): heaventenisu (teh-nee-soo): tennis
terebi (teh-reh-bee): TVtōi (tohh-ee) i: far
tomodachi (toh-moh-dah-chee): friend
tonari (toh-nah-ree): next door
toriniku (toh-ree-nee-koo): chicken (meat)
toru (toh-roo) u: to take337

338 Part V: Appendixes
totemo (toh-teh-moh): verytsukau (tsoo-kah-oo) u: to use
tsuku (tsoo-koo) u: to arrive
tsukuru (tsoo-koo-roo) u: to maketsumetai (tsoo-meh-tah-ee) i: cold
(temperature)Uude (oo-deh): armue (oo-eh): aboveuma (oo-mah): horseumi (oo-mee): ocean
unagi (oo-nah-gee): eel
unten suru (oon-tehn soo-roo) irr: todrive
ureshii (oo-reh-sheee) i: gladuru (oo-roo) u: to sellurusai (oo-roo-sah-ee) i: noisy
usagi (oo-sah-gee): rabbit
ushiro (oo-shee-roh): behinduso (oo-soh): lieuta (oo-tah): songutau (oo-tah-oo) u: to singW
wain (wah-een): wine
wakai (wah-kah-ee) i: young
wakaru (wah-kah-roo) u: to understandwarui (wah-roo-ee) i: badwasureru (wah-soo-reh-roo) ru: to forget
wataru (wah-tah-roo) u: to cross overwatashi (wah-tah-shee): IYyakyū (yah-kyooo): baseballyama (yah-mah): mountainyasai (yah-sah-ee): vegetableyasui (yah-soo-ee) i: cheap
yasumi (yah-soo-mee): vacation
yasumu (yah-soo-moo) u: to rest
yomu (yoh-moo) u: to readyon (yohn): fouryoyaku (yoh-yah-koo): reservation
yubi (yoo-bee): finger
yūbin bangō (yooo-been bahn-gohh): zipcodeyūbinkyoku (yooo-been-kyoh-koo): post
officeyuki (yoo-kee): snow
yume (yoo-meh): dream
yūshoku (yooo-shoh-koo): dinnerZ
zenzen (zehn-zehn): not at all
zubon (zoo-bohn): pantsEnglish-JapaneseMini-DictionaryAabdomen: onaka (oh-nah-kah)above: ue (oo-eh)
accident: jiko (jee-koh)actor: haiyū (hah-ee-yooo)
actress: joyū (joh-yooo)
address: jūsho (jooo-shoh)afternoon: gogo (goh-goh)again: mata (mah-tah)
air conditioning: eakon (eh-ah-kohn)
airplane: hikōki (hee-kohh-kee)
airport: kūkō (kooo-kohh)
all right: daijōbu (dah-ee-johh-boo) na
always: itsumo (ee-tsoo-moh)ambulance: kyūkyūsha(kyooo-kyooo-shah)America: Amerika (ah-meh-ree-kah)American person: Amerikajin(ah-meh-ree-kah-jeen)
anime: anime (ah-nee-meh)
answer: kotae (koh-tah-eh)
apartment: apāto (ah-pahh-toh)apple: ringo (reen-goh)April: shi-gatsu (shee-gah-tsoo)
arm: ude (oo-deh), te (teh)to arrive (v.): tsuku (tsoo-koo) u
art: geijutsu (gehh-joo-tsoo)
art museum: bijutsukan(bee-joo-tsoo-kahn)artist: geijutsuka (gehh-joo-tsoo-kah)August: hachi-gatsu (hah-chee-gah-tsoo)
aunt: oba (oh-bah), obasan (oh-bah-sahn)
Australia: Ōsutoraria (ohh-soo-toh-rahree-ah)
autumn: aki (ah-kee)B
bad: warui (wah-roo-ee) ibag: kaban (kah-bahn)bakery: pan’ya (pahn-yah)banana: banana (bah-nah-nah)bank: ginkō (geen-kohh)
baseball: yakyū (yah-kyooo)basket: kago (kah-goh)bathing room: furoba (foo-roh-bah)beans: mame (mah-meh)
beautiful: kirei (kee-rehh) na
to become: naru (nah-roo) u
to be able to do (v.): dekiru (deh-keeroo) ru
bed: beddo (behd-doh)bedroom: shinshitsu (sheen-shee-tsoo)
bee: hachi (hah-chee)
beef: gyūniku (gyooo-nee-koo)beer: bīru (beee-roo)
to begin (something) (v.): hajimeru (hahjee-meh-roo) ru
behind: ushiro (oo-shee-roh)
between: aida (ah-ee-dah)bicycle: jitensha (jee-tehn-shah)big: ōkii (ohh-keee) i (irr)340 Part V: Appendixes
bitter: nigai (nee-gah-ee) i
black: kuro (koo-roh)blouse: burausu (boo-rah-oo-soo)
blowfish: fugu (foo-goo)
blue: ao (ah-oh)
body (of a person or animal): karada(kah-rah-dah)bone: hone (hoh-neh)
book: hon (hohn)
bookcase: honbako (hohn-bah-koh)bookshelf: hondana (hohn-dah-nah)bookstore: hon’ya (hohn-yah)to borrow (v.): kariru (kah-ree-roo) ru
box: hako (hah-koh)
boyfriend: kare (kah-reh)bread: pan (pahn)breakfast: asagohan (ah-sah-goh-hahn),chōshoku (chohh-shoh-koo)bridge: hashi (hah-shee)broom: hōki (hohh-kee)brother (older): ani (ah-nee), onīsan(oh-neee-sahn)brother (younger): otōto (oh-tohh-toh)brown: chairo (chah-ee-roh)brush (for calligraphy): fude (foo-deh)burglar: gōtō (gohh-tohh)bus: basu (bah-soo)busy: isogashii (ee-soh-gah-sheee) ibut: demo (deh-moh)to buy (v.): kau (kah-oo) uCcalendar: karendā (kah-rehn-dahh)camera: kamera (kah-meh-rah)
Canada: Kanada (kah-nah-dah)candy: ame (ah-meh)car: kuruma (koo-roo-mah)carp: koi (koh-ee)

to carry (v.): hakobu (hah-koh-boo) u
cartoon: manga (mahn-gah)
cash: genkin (gehn-keen)cat: neko (neh-koh)chair: isu (ee-soo)
to change (v.): kaeru (kah-eh-roo) ru
cheap: yasui (yah-soo-ee) icheek: hō (hohh)
cheese: chīzu (cheee-zoo)
chemistry: kagaku (kah-gah-koo)cherry (tree): sakura (sah-koo-rah)chest: mune (moo-neh)chicken (meat): toriniku(toh-ree-nee-koo)child: kodomo (koh-doh-moh)
China: Chūgoku (chooo-goh-koo)to choose (v.): erabu (eh-rah-boo) u
chopsticks: hashi (hah-shee)church: kyōkai (kyohh-kah-ee)clean: kirei (kee-reh-ee) na
clogs: geta (geh-tah)clothes: fuku (foo-koo)coffee: kōhī (kohh-heee)cold (virus): kaze (kah-zeh)
cold (temperature): samui (sah-moo-ee) i;tsumetai (tsoo-meh-tah-ee) icolor: iro (ee-roh)to come (v.): kuru (koo-roo) irr
company: kaisha (kah-ee-shah)company employee: kaishain(kah-ee-shah-een)company president: shachō (shah-chohh)
computer: pasokon (pah-soh-kohn)
consulate: ryōjikan (ryohh-jee-kahn)cooking: ryōri (ryohh-ree)cool (temperature): suzushii (soo-zoosheee) icountry: kuni (koo-nee)countryside: inaka (ee-nah-kah)English-Japanese Mini-Dictionary
cousin: itoko (ee-toh-koh)
co-worker: dōryō (dohh-ryohh)
crab: kani (kah-nee)credit card: kurejitto kādo (koo-reh-jeettoh kahh-doh)to cross over (v.): wataru (wah-tah-roo) ucute: kawaii (kah-wah-eee) iDto dance (v.): odoru (oh-doh-roo) u
dark: kurai (koo-rah-ee) iday: hi (hee)to deceive (v.): damasu (dah-mah-soo) u
December: jūni-gatsu (jooo-nee-gah-tsoo)
deep: fukai (foo-kah-ee) idelivery: haitatsu (hah-ee-tah-tsoo)
dentist: haisha (hah-ee-shah)department store: depāto (deh-pahh-toh)dessert: dezāto (deh-zahh-toh)dictionary: jisho (jee-shoh)to die (v.): shinu (shee-noo) udifficult: muzukashii (moo-zoo-kahsheee) idining room: dainingu (dah-ee-neen-goo)dinner: bangohan (bahn-goh-hahn),yūshoku (yooo-shoh-koo)dish (plate): sara (sah-rah)to do (v.): suru (soo-roo) irr
dog: inu (ee-noo)
doll: ningyō (neen-gyohh)
dollar: doru (doh-roo)
to draw (v.): kaku (kah-koo) u
drawer: hikidashi (hee-kee-dah-shee)dress: wanpīsu (wahn-peee-soo)to drink (v.): nomu (noh-moo) u
to drive (v.): unten suru (oon-tehn sooroo) irr
drugstore: kusuriya (koo-soo-ree-yah)Eear: mimi (mee-mee)
early: hayai (hah-yah-ee) i, hayaku(hah-yah-koo)east: higashi (hee-gah-shee)easy: kantan (kahn-tahn) na
to eat (v.): taberu (tah-beh-roo) ru
eel: unagi (oo-nah-gee)eight: hachi (hah-chee)electricity: denki (dehn-kee)elevator: erebētā (eh-reh-behh-tahh)embassy: taishikan (tah-ee-shee-kahn)
employee: jūgyōin (jooo-gyohh-een)
to end (v.): owaru (oh-wah-roo) u
England: Igirisu (ee-gee-ree-soo)
English: eigo (ehh-goh)to enter (v.): hairu (hah-ee-roo) u
entrance: genkan (gehn-kahn), iriguchi(ee-ree-goo-chee)envelope: fūtō (fooo-tohh)
to exist (v.): aru (ah-roo) u (irr); iru(ee-roo) ru
exit: deguchi (deh-goo-chee)expensive: kōka (kohh-kah) na, takai(tah-kah-ee) ieye: me (meh)eyeglasses: megane (meh-gah-neh)Fface: kao (kah-oh)
factory: kōjō (kohh-johh)
fall (autumn): aki (ah-kee)
far: tōi (tohh-ee) ifast: hayai (hah-yah-ee) ifather: chichi (chee-chee), otōsan(oh-tohh-sahn)
fax: fakkusu (fahk-koo-soo)
February: ni-gatsu (nee-gah-tsoo)341

342 Part V: Appendixes
female: onna (ohn-nah)fever: netsu (neh-tsoo)
fine (healthy): genki (gehn-kee) na
finger: yubi (yoo-bee)fire (flame): hi (hee)fire (conflagration): kaji (kah-jee)
fireworks: hanabi (hah-nah-bee)
fish: sakana (sah-kah-nah)
five: go (goh)flag: hata (hah-tah)flour: komugiko (koh-moo-gee-koh)flower: hana (hah-nah)
flu: infuruenza (een-foo-roo-ehn-zah)fly (insect): hae (hah-eh)
foot: ashi (ah-shee)forehead: hitai (hee-tah-ee)
foreign country: gaikoku (gah-ee-koh-koo)foreigner: gaikokujin(gah-ee-koh-koo-jeen)
foreign money: gaika (gah-ee-kah)forest: mori (moh-ree)to forget (v.): wasureru (wah-soo-rehroo) ru
fork: fōku (fohh-koo)
four: shi (shee), yon (yohn)
France: Furansu (foo-rahn-soo)
free time: hima (hee-mah)Friday: kinyōbi (keen-yohh-bee)friend: tomodachi (toh-moh-dah-chee)frog: kaeru (kah-eh-roo)
front: mae (mah-eh)
fruit: kudamono (koo-dah-moh-noh)furniture: kagu (kah-goo)Ggallery: garō (gah-rohh)
garbage: gomi (koh-mee)gas station: gasorin sutando (gah-sohreen soo-tahn-doh)Germany: Doitsu (doh-ee-tsoo)
to get off (transportation) (v.): oriru (ohree-roo) ru
to get on (transportation) (v.): noru (nohroo) u
girlfriend: kanojo (kah-noh-joh)to give (v.): ageru (ah-geh-roo) ru, kureru(koo-reh-roo) ru
glad: ureshii (oo-reh-sheee) i
glasses (eyeglasses): megane(meh-gah-neh)to go (v.): iku (ee-koo) u (irr)god: kami (kah-mee)
golf: gorufu (goh-roo-foo)
good: ii (eee) i (irr)good afternoon: konnichiwa(kohn-nee-chee-wah)
goodbye: sayōnara (sah-yohh-nah-rah)
good morning: ohayō (oh-hah-yohh)
good night: oyasuminasai(oh-yah-soo-mee-nah-sah-ee)
grade (rating in school): seiseki(seh-ee-seh-kee)
graduate school: daigakuin(dah-ee-gah-koo-een)
grandchildren: mago (mah-goh)
grandfather: ojīsan (oh-jee-sahn), sofu
(soh-foo)
grandmother: obāsan (oh-bahh-sahn),sobo (soh-boh)green: midori (mee-doh-ree)guitar: gitā (gee-tahh)Hhair: kami (kah-mee)
half: hanbun (hahn-boon)
hand: te (teh)hat: bōshi (bohh-shee)
he: kare (kah-reh)head: atama (ah-tah-mah)English-Japanese Mini-Dictionary
heaven: tengoku (tehn-goh-koo)hell: jigoku (jee-goh-koo)
hello: konnichiwa (kohn-nee-chee-wah)
hello (telephone greeting): moshimoshi(moh-shee-moh-shee)
here: koko (koh-koh)
hiccup: shakkuri (shahk-koo-ree)to hide (something) (v.): kakusu (kahkoo-soo) uhigh school: kōkō (kohh-kohh)
hip: koshi (koh-shee)hobby: shumi (shoo-mee)to hold (to have in hand) (v.): motsu(moh-tsoo) u
homework: shukudai (shoo-koo-dah-ee)
honey: hachimitsu (hah-chee-mee-tsoo)
horse: uma (oo-mah)
hospital: byōin (byohh-een)hot (spicy): karai (kah-rah-ee) ihot (temperature): atsui (ah-tsoo-ee) i
hotel: hoteru (hoh-teh-roo)
hour: jikan (jee-kahn)house: ie (ee-eh)
how: dō (dohh)
how many: ikutsu (ee-koo-tsoo)
how much (price): ikura (ee-koo-rah)hundred: hyaku (hyah-koo)
to hurry (v.): isogu (ee-soh-goo) uI
I: watashi (wah-tah-shee)
ice: kōri (kohh-ree)
ice cream: aisu kurīmu (ah-ee-soo
koo-reee-moo)illness: byōki (byohh-kee)
immigrant: imin (ee-meen)
insect: mushi (moo-shee)inside: naka (nah-kah)interesting: omoshiroi (oh-moh-sheeroh-ee) iintersection: kōsaten (kohh-sah-tehn)
Italy: Itaria (ee-tah-ree-ah)Jjacket: jaketto (jah-keht-toh)January: ichi-gatsu (ee-chee-gah-tsoo)
Japan: Nihon (nee-hohn), Nippon(neep-pohn)
Japanese language: Nihongo(nee-hohn-goh)
Japanese person: Nihonjin (nee-hohn-jeen)jeans: jīnzu (jeeen-zoo)
job: shigoto (shee-goh-toh)joke: jōdan (johh-dahn)juice: jūsu (jooo-soo)
July: shichi-gatsu (shee-chee-gah-tsoo)
June: roku-gatsu (roh-koo-gah-tsoo)K
key: kagi (kah-gee)
kitchen: daidokoro (dah-ee-doh-koh-roh),kitchin (keet-cheen)
knee: hiza (hee-zah)knife: naifu (nah-ee-foo)Lladder: hashigo (hah-shee-goh)lake: mizuumi (mee-zoo-oo-mee)language: gengo (gehn-goh)last month: sengetsu (sehn-geh-tsoo)
last week: senshū (sehn-shooo)
last year: kyonen (kyoh-nehn)late: osoi (oh-soh-ee) ilaw: hōritsu (hohh-ree-tsoo)
lawyer: bengoshi (behn-goh-shee)343

344 Part V: Appendixes
leaf: ha (hah)to learn (v.): manabu (mah-nah-boo) u
left: hidari (hee-dah-ree)
leg: ashi (ah-shee)lemon: remon (reh-mohn)
to lend (v.): kasu (kah-soo) u
letter: tegami (teh-gah-mee)liberty: jiyū (jee-yooo)
lie: uso (oo-soh)light (illumination): hikari (hee-kah-ree)
to like (v.): suki (soo-kee) na
living room: ima (ee-mah), ribingu(ree-been-goo)lonely: samishii (sah-mee-sheee) ilow: hikui (hee-koo-ee) iluggage: nimotsu (nee-moh-tsoo)
lunch: chūshoku (chooo-shoh-koo), hirugohan (hee-roo-goh-han)Mto make (v.): tsukuru (tsoo-koo-roo) u
male: otoko (oh-toh-koh)
man: otoko no hito (oh-toh-koh noh
hee-toh)March: san-gatsu (sahn-gah-tsoo)
May: go-gatsu (goh-gah-tsoo)
meal: shokuji (shoh-koo-jee)mean (unkind): ijiwaru (ee-jee-wah-roo) na
meat: niku (nee-koo)
medicine: kusuri (koo-soo-ree)to memorize (v.): oboeru (oh-boh-eh-roo) ru
milk: gyūnyū (gyooo-nyooo)
minute: fun (foon)
mirror: kagami (kah-gah-mee)
Monday: getsuyōbi (geh-tsoo-yohh-bee)money: o-kane (oh-kah-neh)monkey: saru (sah-roo)
morning: asa (ah-sah)mother: haha (hah-hah), okāsan(oh-kahh-sahn)
mountain: yama (yah-mah)mouth: kuchi (koo-chee)movie: eiga (ehh-gah)movie theater: eigakan (ehh-gah-kahn)
museum: hakubutsukan(hah-koo-boo-tsoo-kahn)music: ongaku (ohn-gah-koo)N
name: namae (nah-mah-eh)
narrow: semai (seh-mah-ee) inationality: kokuseki (koh-koo-seh-kee)nature: shizen (shee-zehn)
near: chikaku (chee-kah-koo)neck: kubi (koo-bee)to need: iru (ee-roo) u
needle: hari (hah-ree)new: atarashii (ah-tah-rah-sheee)newspaper: shinbun (sheen-boon)
next door: tonari (toh-nah-ree)next month: raigetsu (rah-ee-geh-tsoo)
next week: raishū (rah-ee-shooo)
next year: rainen (rah-ee-nehn)nine: kyū (kyooo)
noisy: urusai (oo-roo-sah-ee) i
north: kita (kee-tah)nose: hana (hah-nah)
not at all: zenzen (zehn-zehn)
November: jūichi-gatsu(jooo-ee-chee-gah-tsoo)
now: ima (ee-mah)nurse: kangoshi (kahn-goh-shee)O
occupation: shokugyō (shoh-koo-gyohh)ocean: umi (oo-mee)English-Japanese Mini-Dictionaryo’clock: ji (jee)October: jū-gatsu (jooo-gah-tsoo)old (inanimate item): furui (foo-roo-ee) ione: ichi (ee-chee)to open (something) (v.): akeru (ah-kehroo) ru
opposite side: mukai gawa (moo-kah-ee
gah-wah)orange (fruit): mikan (mee-kahn)outside: soto (soh-toh)over there: asoko (ah-soh-koh)Ppainful: itai (ee-tah-ee) ipants: zubon (zoo-bohn)
paper: kami (kah-mee)
park: kōen (kohh-ehn)parking lot: chūshajō (chooo-shah-johh)
party (event): pātī (pahh-tee)
to pass by (v.): sugiru (soo-gee-roo) ru
passport: pasupōto (pah-soo-pohh-toh)patient (doctor’s): kanja (kahn-jah)
to pay (v.): harau (hah-rah-oo) u
peace: heiwa (hehh-wah)
pear: nashi (nah-shee)pencil: enpitsu (ehn-pee-tsoo)
pencil sharpener: enpitsu kezuri (ehnpee-tsoo keh-zoo-ree)
perfume: kōsui (kohh-soo-ee)
person: hito (hee-toh)photograph: shashin (shah-sheen)
physician: isha (ee-shah)piano: piano (pee-ah-noh)
picture (painting or drawing): e (eh)pillar: hashira (hah-shee-rah)pillow: makura (mah-koo-rah)pizza: piza (pee-zah)play (drama): geki (geh-kee)
to play (v.): asobu (ah-soh-boo) u

p.m.: gogo (goh-goh)police: keisatsu (kehh-sah-tsoo)
pond: ike (ee-keh)
pork: butaniku (boo-tah-nee-koo)
post office: yūbinkyoku(yooo-been-kyoh-koo)
pot: nabe (nah-beh)potato: jagaimo (jah-gah-ee-moh)practice (exercise): renshū (rehn-shooo)
price: nedan (neh-dahn)
pronunciation: hatsuon (hah-tsoo-ohn)
to pull (v.): hiku (hee-koo) u
pupil: seito (sehh-toh)purple: murasaki (moo-rah-sah-kee)
to put (v.): oku (oh-koo) u

Qquestion: shitsumon (shee-tsoo-mohn)quickly: hayaku (hah-yah-koo)
quiet: shizuka (shee-zoo-kah) na

Rrabbit: usagi (oo-sah-gee)
radio: rajio (rah-jee-oh)
rain: ame (ah-meh)
to raise (v.): ageru (ah-geh-roo) ru
to read (v.): yomu (yoh-moo) u
really (truly): hontō ni (hohn-tohh nee)
receipt: reshīto (reh-sheee-toh)
red: aka (ah-kah)refrigerator: reizōko (rehh-zohh-koh)remote control: rimokon (ree-moh-kohn)
reply (response): henji (hehn-jee)reservation: yoyaku (yoh-yah-koo)
to rest (v.): yasumu (yah-soo-moo) u
restaurant: resutoran (reh-soo-toh-rahn)
to return (v.): kaeru (kah-eh-roo) u
rice bowl: chawan (chah-wahn)345

346 Part V: Appendixes
rice (cooked): gohan (goh-hahn)rice (uncooked): kome (koh-meh)rice wine: sake (sah-keh)right: migi (mee-gee)
to rise (v.): agaru (ah-gah-roo) u
river: kawa (kah-wah)
room: heya (heh-yah)to run (v.): hashiru (hah-shee-roo) uSsack (bag): fukuro (foo-koo-roh)sad: kanashii (kah-nah-sheee) i
salad: sarada (sah-rah-dah)salary: kyūryō (kyoo-ryohh)sales tax: shōhizei (shohh-hee-zehh)
salmon: sake (sah-keh)salmon roe: ikura (ee-koo-rah)
salt: shio (shee-oh)same: onaji (oh-nah-jee)sandal: sandaru (sahn-dah-roo)
Saturday: doyōbi (doh-yohh-bee)to say (v.): iu (ee-oo or yoo-oo) u
scary: kowai (koh-wah-ee) ischool: gakkō (gahk-kohh)science: kagaku (kah-gah-koo)scissors: hasami (hah-sah-mee)secret: himitsu (hee-mee-tsoo)
secretary: hisho (hee-shoh)
to select (v.): erabu (eh-rah-boo) u
to sell (v.): uru (oo-roo) u
September: ku-gatsu (koo-gah-tsoo)
serious: majime (mah-jee-meh) na
seven: nana (nah-nah) or shichi (shee-chee)she: kanojo (kah-noh-joh)sheep: hitsuji (hee-tsoo-jee)shellfish: kai (kah-ee)
ship: fune (foo-neh)shirt: shatsu (shah-tsoo)

shoe: kutsu (koo-tsoo)
shoulder: kata (kah-tah)shrimp: ebi (eh-bee)sign (shop): kanban (kahn-bahn)signature: shomei (shoh-mehh)
silver (metal): gin (geen)simple: kantan (kahn-tahn) na
to sing (v.): utau (oo-tah-oo) u
sister (older): ane (ah-neh), onēsan(oh-nehh-sahn)sister (younger): imōto (ee-mohh-toh)
to sit down (v.): suwaru (soo-wah-roo) u
six: roku (roh-koo)skirt: sukāto (soo-kahh-toh)
to sleep (v.): neru (neh-roo) ru
sleepy: nemui (neh-moo-ee) i
slow: osoi (oh-soh-ee) i
small: chīsai (cheee-sah-ee) i (irr)snake: hebi (heh-bee)snow: yuki (yoo-kee)soccer: sakkā (sahk-kahh)somebody: dareka (dah-reh-kah)something: nanika (nah-nee-kah)somewhere: dokoka (doh-koh-kah)song: uta (oo-tah)south: minami (mee-nah-mee)South Korea: Kankoku (kahn-koh-koo)spacious: hiroi (hee-roh-ee) ispaghetti: supagettī (soo-pah-geht-teee)
Spain: Supein (soo-peh-een)
to speak (v.): hanasu (hah-nah-soo) u
spinach: hōrensō (hohh-rehn-sohh)
spring: haru (hah-roo)squid: ika (ee-kah)stamp (postage stamp): kitte (keet-teh)stapler: hotchikisu (hoht-chee-kee-soo)star (in the sky): hoshi (hoh-shee)station (for trains and subways): eki(eh-kee)English-Japanese Mini-Dictionary
stomach: i (ee)stone: ishi (ee-shee)store: mise (mee-seh)story: hanashi (han-nah-shee)straight: massugu (mahs-soo-goo)
strange: hen (hehn) na
strawberry: ichigo (ee-chee-goh)street: michi (mee-chee)
students: gakusei (gah-koo-sehh)
to study (v.): benkyō suru (behn-kyohh
soo-roo) irr
subway: chikatetsu (chee-kah-teh-tsoo)sugar: satō (sah-tohh)suit: sūtsu (sooo-tsoo)
suitcase: sūtsukēsu (sooo-tsoo-kehh-soo)summer: natsu (nah-tsoo)
sun: taiyō (tah-ee-yohh)
Sunday: nichiyōbi (nee-chee-yohh-bee)sunglasses: sangurasu (sahn-goo-rah-soo)supermarket: sūpā (sooo-pahh)sweater: sētā (sehh-tahh)to swim (v.): oyogu (oh-yoh-goo) u
swimming: suiei (soo-ee-ehh)Ttobacco: tabako (tah-bah-koh)
to take (v.): toru (toh-roo) u
taxi: takushī (tah-koo-sheee)tea (green tea): o-cha (oh-chah)teacher: sensei (sehn-sehh)teacup: chawan (chah-wahn)tear: namida (nah-mee-dah)telephone: denwa (dehn-wah)
telephone number: denwa-bangō(dehn-wah-bahn-gohh)ten: jū (jooo)
tennis: tenisu (teh-nee-soo)
ten thousand: ichiman (ee-chee-mahn)terrible: hidoi (hee-doh-ee) i
thank you: arigatō gozaimasu (ah-reegah-tohh goh-zah-ee-mah-soo), dōmo
(dohh-moh)that one (near you): sore (soh-reh)that one (over there): are (ah-reh)theater (for plays and performances):gekijō (geh-kee-johh)
there (near you): soko (soh-koh)thief: dorobō (doh-roh-bohh)
thing: mono (moh-noh)to think (v.): omou (oh-moh-oo) u
this month: kongetsu (kohn-geh-tsoo)
this one: kore (koh-reh)this week: konshū (kohn-shooo)
this year: kotoshi (koh-toh-shee)thread: ito (ee-toh)
three: san (sahn)throat: nodo (noh-doh)thunder: kaminari (kah-mee-nah-ree)Thursday: mokuyōbi(moh-koo-yohh-bee)tie: nekutai (neh-koo-tah-ee)time: jikan (jee-kahn)
toast (ceremonial drink): kanpai(kahn-pah-ee)
today: kyō (kyohh)
together: issho ni (ees-shoh nee)tomorrow: ashita (ah-shee-tah)tonight: konban (kohn-bahn)
tooth: ha (hah)toothpaste: hamigakiko(hah-mee-gah-kee-koh)train: densha (dehn-shah)translation: hon’yaku (hohn-yah-koo)translator: hon’yakusha(hohn-yah-koo-shah)trash: gomi (goh-mee)
tree: ki (kee)trip: ryokō (ryoh-kohh)347

348 Part V: Appendixes
Tuesday: kayōbi (kah-yohh-bee)tuna: maguro (mah-goo-roh)to (make a) turn (v.): magaru (mah-gahroo) u
turtle: kame (kah-meh)
TV: terebi (teh-reh-bee)
two: ni (nee)Uumbrella: kasa (kah-sah)
uncle: oji (oh-jee), ojisan (oh-jee-sahn)
under: shita (shee-tah)to understand (v.): wakaru (wah-kah-roo) u
university: daigaku (dah-ee-gah-koo)
to use (v.): tsukau (tsoo-kah-oo) uVvacant room: kūshitsu (koo-shee-tsoo)
vacation: yasumi (yah-soo-mee)various: iroiro (ee-roh-ee-roh) na
vase: kabin (kah-been)
vegetable: yasai (yah-sah-ee)
very: totemo (toh-teh-moh)village: mura (moo-rah)
volcano: kazan (kah-zahn)W
to wait (v.): matsu (mah-tsoo) u
to walk (v.): aruku (ah-roo-koo) u
wall: kabe (kah-beh)wallet: saifu (sah-ee-foo)
to want (v.): hoshii (hoh-sheee) i
warm: atatakai (ah-tah-tah-kah-ee) iwater: mizu (mee-zoo)
wave: nami (nah-mee)to wear (v.): kiru (kee-roo) ru

Wednesday: suiyōbi (soo-ee-yohh-bee)week: shū (shooo)
weird: hen (hehn) na
west: nishi (nee-shee)
what: nani (nah-nee)
when: itsu (ee-tsoo)
where: doko (doh-koh)which one: dore (doh-reh)white: shiro (shee-roh)
who: dare (dah-reh)
why: dōshite (dohh-shee-teh), naze
(nah-zeh)
wide: hiroi (hee-roh-ee) i
to win (v.): katsu (kah-tsoo) u
wind: kaze (kah-zeh)
window: mado (mah-doh)wine: wain (wah-een)
winter: fuyu (foo-yoo)
to wipe (v.): fuku (foo-koo) u
woman: onna no hito (ohn-nah noh
hee-toh)woods: hayashi (hah-yah-shee)
to work (v.): hataraku (hah-tah-rah-koo) u
world: sekai (seh-kah-ee)
to write (v.): kaku (kah-koo) u
writer (author): sakka (sahk-kah)Yyellow: kiiro (keee-roh)yesterday: kinō (kee-nohh)
you: anata (ah-nah-tah)young: wakai (wah-kah-ee) iZ
zip code: yūbin bangō (yooo-beenbahn-gohh)Appendix B

Verb TablesNote: The plain/informal affirmative present form and the plain/informal
negative present form are also called the dictionary form and the naiform, respectively, in this book.

Regular Japanese Verbs
Regular Ru-verbs Ending with -eru
For example: 食べる taberu (to eat)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

食べるtaberu

食べたtabeta食べないtabenai

食べなかったtabenakatta

Polite/Neutral

食べますtabemasu

食べましたtabemashita

食べません
tabemasen

食べませんでした
tabemasen
deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

食べてtabete

食べなくてtabenakute
食べないでtabenai de食べtabe350 Part V: Appendixes
Regular Ru-verbs Ending with -iru
For example: 着る kiru (to wear)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

着る
kiru

着た
kita

着ない
kinai

着なかった
kinakatta

Polite/Neutral

着ますkimasu着ましたkimashita

着ませんkimasen

着ませんでしたkimasen deshita

Te-Form	着てkite

Stem Form

着なくてkinakute
着ないでkinai de着kiRegular U-verbs Ending with -ku
For example: 書く kaku (to write)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

書く
kaku

書いた
kaita

書かない
kakanai

書かなかったkakanakatta

Polite/Neutral

書きますkakimasu

書きましたkakimashita

書きません
kakimasen

書きませんでした
kakimasen
deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

書いて
kaite

書かなくて
kakanakute
書かないでkakanai de書きkakiAppendix B: Verb Tables
Regular U-verbs Ending with -gu
For example: 泳ぐ oyogu (to swim)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

泳ぐ
oyogu

泳いだ
oyoida泳がないoyoganai

泳がなかったoyoganakatta

Polite/Neutral

泳ぎますoyogimasu

泳ぎましたoyogimashita

泳ぎません
oyogimasen

泳ぎませんでした
oyogimasen deshita

Te-Form

泳いでoyoideStem Form

泳がなくてoyoganakute
泳がないでoyoganai de
泳ぎ
oyogi

Regular U-verbs Ending with -su
For example: 貸す kasu (to lend)Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

貸す
kasu

貸した
kashita

貸さないkasanai

貸さなかったkasanakatta

Polite/Neutral

貸しますkashimasu

貸しましたkashimashita

貸しませんkashimasen

貸しませんでしたkashimasen
deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

貸してkashite

貸さなくてkasanakute
貸さないでkasanai de
貸し
kashi

351

352 Part V: Appendixes
Regular U-verbs Ending with -mu
For example: 飲む nomu (to drink)Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

飲む
nomu

飲んだ
nonda

飲まない
nomanai

飲まなかったnomanakatta

Polite/Neutral

飲みますnomimasu

飲みましたnomimashita

飲みません
nomimasen

飲みませんでした
nomimasen
deshita

Te-Form

飲んで
nonde

Stem Form

飲まなくてnomanakute
飲まないでnomanai de飲みnomi

Regular U-verbs Ending with -nu
For example: 死ぬ shinu (to die)Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

死ぬ
shinu

死んだ
shinda死なないshinanai

死ななかったshinanakatta

Polite/Neutral

死にますshinimasu

死にましたshinimashita

死にませんshinimasen

死にませんでしたshinimasen
deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

死んでshinde死ななくてshinanakute
死なないでshinanai de
死に
shini

Appendix B: Verb Tables
Regular U-verbs Ending with -bu
For example: 飛ぶ tobu (to fly)Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

飛ぶ
tobu

飛んだ
tonda

飛ばない
tobanai

飛ばなかったtobananakatta

Polite/Neutral

飛びますtobimasu

飛びました
tobimashita

飛びません
tobimasen

飛びませんでした
tobimasen
deshita

Te-Form

飛んで
tonde

Stem Form

飛ばなくて
tobanakute
飛ばないで
tobanai de飛び
tobi

Regular U-verbs Ending with a Vowel Directly Followed by -u
For example: 買う kau (to buy)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

買う
kau

買った
katta

買わない
kawanai

買わなかったkawanakatta

Polite/Neutral

買いますkaimasu

買いましたkaimashita

買いません
kaimasen

買いませんでした
kaimasen deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

買って
katte

買わなくて
kawanakute
買わないでkawanai de
買い
kai

353

354 Part V: Appendixes
Regular U-verbs Ending with -ru
For example: 切る kiru (to cut)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

切る
kiru

切った
kitta

切らない
kiranai

切らなかったkiranakatta

Polite/Neutral

切りますkirimasu

切りましたkirimashita

切りません
kirimasen

切りませんでした
kirimasen deshita

Te-Form

切ってkitte

Stem Form

切らなくてkiranakute
切らないでkiranai de切りkiri

Regular U-verbs Ending with -tsu
For example: 待つ matsu (to wait)

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

Plain/Informal

待つ
matsu

待った
matta

待たない
matanai

待たなかったmatanakatta

Polite/Neutral

待ちますmachimasu

待ちましたmachimashita

待ちません
machimasen

待ちませんでしたmachimasen
deshita

Te-Form

Stem Form

待って
matte

待たなくて
matanakute
待たないでmatanai de
待ち
machi

Appendix B: Verb Tables

Irregular Japanese Verbs
Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

する
suru

Plain/Informal

する
suru

した
shita

しない
shinai

しなかったshinakatta

to do

Polite/Neutral

しますshimasu

しましたshimashita

しません
shimasen

しませんでしたshimasendeshita

Te-Form

	して
shite

Stem Form

しなくてshinakute
しないでshinai de
しshiAffirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

来る
kuru

Plain/Informal

来る
kuru

来た
kita

来ない
konai

来なかった
konakatta

to come

Polite/Neutral

来ますkimasu来ましたkimashita

来ませんkimasen

来ませんでしたkimasen deshita

Te-Form	来てkite

Stem Form

来なくて
konakute
来ないで
konai deき ki

Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

ある
aru

Plain/Informal

ある
aru

あった
atta

ない
nai

なかった
nakatta

to exist

Polite/Neutral

ありますarimasu

ありましたarimashita

ありませんarimasen

ありませんでした
arimasen deshita

Te-Form
Stem Form

あって
atte

	なくて
nakuteあり
ari

355

356 Part V: Appendixes
Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

行く
iku

Plain/Informal

行く
iku

行った
itta

行かない
ikanai

行かなかったikanakatta

to go

Polite/Neutral

行きますikimasu

行きましたikimashita

行きません
ikimasen

行きませんでした
ikimasendeshita

Te-Form

行って
itte

行かなくて
ikanakute
行かないでikanai deStem Form行き
iki
Affirmative
Present

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past
いらっしゃらなかった
irassharanakatta

いらっしゃる
irassharu

Plain/
Informal

いらっしゃる いらっしゃった
irassharu
irasshatta

いらっしゃ
らない
irassharanai

to exist(honorific)

Polite/Neutral

いらっしゃ
いらっしゃいいます
ました
irasshaimasu irasshaimashita

いらっしゃいいらっしゃいまません
せんでした
irasshaimasen irasshaimasen
deshita

Te-Form

いらっしゃってirasshatte

いらっしゃらなくて
irassharanakute
いらっしゃらないで
irassharanai de

Stem
Form

いらっしゃりirasshariAppendix B: Verb Tables
Affirmative
Present
下さるkudasaru

Plain/
下さる
Informal kudasaru

to give
Polite/to me/us
Neutral(honorific)
Te-Form

Stem
Form

Affirmative
Past

Negative
Present

Negative
Past

下さったkudasatta

下さらないkudasaranai

下さらなかった
kudasaranakatta

下さいます
下さいました下さいません 下さいませんでした
kudasaimasu kudasaimashita kudasaimasen kudasaimasen
deshita
下さってkudasatte

下さらなくてkudasaranakute
下さらないでkudasaranai de
下さり
kudasari357

358 Part V: Appendixes

Appendix C

On the CDN

ote: If you are using a digital or enhanced digital version of this book,this appendix does not apply. Please go to booksupport.wiley.com
for access to the additional content.

Track Listing
The following is a list of the tracks that appear on this book’s audio CD. Notethat this is an audio-only CD — it’ll play in any standard CD player or in yourcomputer’s CD-ROM drive.
Track 1: Introduction and basic Japanese sounds (Chapter 2)
Track 2: Pitch and intonation (Chapter 2)
Track 3: Pronouncing Kana (Chapter 2)
Track 4: Discussing who came to the party (Chapter 3)
Track 5: Identifying sashimi (Chapter 3)
Track 6: Identifying people (Chapter 3)
Track 7: Greeting someone respectfully in the morning (Chapter 4)
Track 8: Meeting someone for the first time (Chapter 4)
Track 9: Asking where someone is from (Chapter 4)
Track 10: Responding to a compliment (Chapter 4)
Track 11: Talking about travel plans (Chapter 5)
Track 12: Looking for an apartment (Chapter 6)
Track 13: Discussing daily routines (Chapter 6)

360 Part V: Appendixes
Track 14: Making small talk on a bullet train (Chapter 7)
Track 15: Talking about siblings (Chapter 7)
Track 16: Looking for the subway station (Chapter 8)
Track 17: Describing distance and location (Chapter 8)
Track 18: Asking for directions (Chapter 8)
Track 19: Ordering fast food (Chapter 9)
Track 20: Making a dinner reservation (Chapter 9)
Track 21: Placing an order at a restaurant (Chapter 9)
Track 22: Buying a souvenir in Japan (Chapter 10)
Track 23: Trying on clothing at a store (Chapter 10)
Track 24: Paying for a purchase (Chapter 10)
Track 25: Visiting an izakaya bar (Chapter 11)
Track 26: Proposing a night out at a karaoke box (Chapter 11)
Track 27: Receiving an invitation to a barbecue (Chapter 11)
Track 28: Participating in a job interview (Chapter 12)
Track 29: Calling a client (Chapter 12)
Track 30: Leaving a message (Chapter 12)
Track 31: Asking about one’s hobby (Chapter 13)
Track 32: Suggesting flower viewing (Chapter 13)
Track 33: Making your child practice violin (Chapter 13)
Track 34: Deciding where to travel (Chapter 14)
Track 35: Exchanging money (Chapter 15)
Track 36: Taking a taxi (Chapter 16)
Track 37: Checking into a hotel (Chapter 17)
Track 38: Reporting an accident to the police (Chapter 18)

Appendix C: On the CD

Customer CareIf you have trouble with the CD, please call Wiley Product Technical Support
at 877-762-2974. Outside the United States, call 317-572-3993. You can also
contact Wiley Product Technical Support at support.wiley.com. Wiley
will provide technical support only for installation and other general quality
control items.
To place additional orders or to request information about other Wiley
products, please call 877-762-2974.

361

362 Part V: Appendixes

Appendix D

Answer KeyT

he following are all the answers to the Fun & Games activities.

Chapter 2: Checking out the Japanese Sounds and Scripts
1. おばあさん obāsan; 2. おじいさん ojīsan; 3. きって kitte; 4. かんぱいkanpai; 5. 日本人 Nihonjin
Chapter 3: Warming up with Japanese Grammar Basics
Activity 1: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. b
Activity 2: 何 nan; これ kore; あれ are
Chapter 4: Starting with Simple Expressions
1. c; 2. d; 3. e; 4. b; 5. a
Chapter 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight
1. d; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. e
Chapter 6: Speaking Japanese at Home
1. b; 2. d; 3. c; 4. f; 5. a; 6. e
Chapter 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk
1. d; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c
Chapter 8: Asking for Directions
1. d; 2. g; 3. e; 4. c; 5. h; 6. b; 7. f; 8. a
Chapter 9: Dining Out and Going to the Market
1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. e; 5. d
Chapter 10: Shopping Made Easy
1. d; 2. b; 3. c; 4. a364 Part V: Appendixes
Chapter 11: Going Out on the Towna w u r

y z

g e k

i

j

a b

h

t

i

d

f

b

f

o

o z p dihte a a kjp rr h o k o s k z k u r h
o

i

s

o

t

a a h

u o h b w a y e f

		

t

k e

s h o

k a o k m t

a z e uh a k u b ute y a njtz a u a unig a k a n o o

f

n e

t

u

s u k a n

Chapter 12: Taking Care of Business and Telecommunications
1. e; 2. c; 3. k; 4. j; 5. a; 6. b; 7. d; 8. g; 9. h; 10. i; 11. f
Chapter 13: Recreation and the Great Outdoors
1. c; 2. e; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b
Chapter 14: Planning a Tripa. スーツケース sūtsukēsu; b. 歯ブラシ haburashi; c. プルオーバー puruōbā;d. 帽子 bōshi; e. サンダル sandaru; f. サングラス sangurasu; g. スニーカー sunīkā
Chapter 15: Dealing with Money in a Foreign Land
1. １５,０００円 ichi-man go-sen en; 2. ６,０００円 roku-sen en; 3. １６０円
hyaku roku-jū en; 4. １,５００円 sen go-hyaku en; 5. ７円 nana en
Chapter 16: Making Your Way Around: Planes, Trains, Taxis, and More
1. タクシー takushī; 2. 飛行機 hikōki; 3. 新幹線 shinkansen or 電車 densha; 4.
バス basu; 5. 船 fune
Chapter 17: Finding a Place to Stay
1. チェックアウト chekku-auto; 2. 無線ＬＡＮ musen LAN; 3. ルームサービス
rūmu sābisu; 4. 空室 kūshitsu; 5. 朝食 chōshoku
Chapter 18: Handling Emergencies
1. 頭 atama; 2. 耳 mimi; 3. 目 me; 4. 口 kuchi; 5. 首 kubi; 6. 肩 kata; 7. 腕 ude
or 手 te; 8. 胸 mune; 9. 手 te; 10. 膝 hiza; 11. 足 ashiIndex•A•a, ā, pronunciation of, 18
ā, bikkurishita (what a surprise), 322
ā, sō desu ka (oh, really?), 71
ā, yokatta (oh, good), 321
aburae (oil painting), 228
accommodations
about, 16
amenities, 277–279
bathing Japanese-style, 277
checking in/out, 282–285, 289
comparing costs, 279–280
making reservations, 281–282
nara (if), 280–281
possessive pronouns, 286–288
room size, 277–279
selecting, 275–277
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 284–285
uchi (house, household, inside), 288–289
actions, with directions, 141–143
adjectives, 53–56, 173–174
adverbs, 56–57
ageru (to deep fry), 107
aida (between), 133, 134
airon (iron), 104
airondai (ironing board), 104
airports, 260–264
aisatsu (greetings), 61
aishite imasu (to love), 318
aisukurīmu (ice cream), 159
aji (horse mackerel), 188
aka (red), 168
akarui (bright), 27
aki (fall), 224
aku (to open), 184ame (rain, candy), 21
amenities, in accommodations, 277–279
amerika doru (U.S. dollar), 248
amerika taishikan (American embassy), 132āmuchā (armchair), 102
anata [no] (you [yours]), 44, 63, 286, 287, 318
anata tachi [no] (you [your, yours]), 288
anatatachi (you), 44

ane (big sister), 123, 128ani (big brother), 123
anime, 312–313
annaijo (information counter), 263
ao (blue), 168
apologizing, 74–75
are (that one), 43, 174
arerugī (allergies), 300
arigatō [gozaimasu] (thanks), 11, 74, 317
art forms, 228–229
aru (to exist), 48, 106, 126–127, 205, 237,
302, 355
aruku (to walk), 140, 142
asa (morning), 87
ashi (foot, leg), 296
ashi no yubi (toes), 296
ashikubi (ankle), 296
ashita (tomorrow), 214
asoko (over there), 106, 133
asoko desu (it’s over there), 132, 136
asu (tomorrow), 94
asupirin (aspirin), 301
at home. See also nomu; taberu
about, 12, 99–100
cleaning, 112
cooking, 107, 311–312
discussing regular activities, 113–114
fondue, 115
food, 109–112
futon, 103
rooms, 100–105
safety checks, 113
table manners, 108
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 106, 114
atama (head), 296
atarashii shokuba (new job), 66
atatakai (warm), 121ATMs, 251–252
ato de (later), 231
atsui (hot), 121
atsukan (hot sake), 186
attitudes, 57–58
au (to be involved in), 302
awabi (abalone), 42, 43

366 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition•B•bā (bar), 186
bābekyū (barbecue), 197
baggu (bag), 20
baiorin (violin), 229
baiten (shop), 278
baizā (visor), 242
ban (evening), 87
banana (banana), 161banzai! (hurrah!), 22
barē (ballet), 184
barēbōru (volleyball), 227
bars and clubs, 186–188
basu (bus), 267, 268
basu tāminaru (bus terminal), 268
basukettobōru (basketball), 227
basurūmu (bathroom), 99
basu-taoru (bath towel), 103
basu-tei (bus stop), 132, 268
batā (butter), 159
bathing, Japanese-style, 277
bathroom, 103–104
beddo (bed), 20, 102
bedroom, 102–103
bēkon (bacon), 160
bengoshi (lawyer), 307
beruto (belt), 168
bīchi (beach), 224bijinesu hoteru (business hotel), 16, 275, 276
bijinesu sentā (business center), 278
bijutsukan (art museum), 13, 183bin (flight), 261
bīru (beer), 186, 188
biza (visa), 238
blowfish, 154boats, 267
bōdo gēmu (board game), 231
body language, 22body parts, 296
bōi-san (bellhop), 282
boisu-mēru (voicemail), 14
bōkō (assault), 305
bon matsuri (Bon festivals), 225
bōnenkai (year-end party), 201
bonsai (bonsai), 222
bōru (bowl), 101
bōrupen (ballpoint pen), 205

bōshi (cap, hat), 168, 242
bōto (boat), 267
bowing, 22, 68
box lunches, 241bōya (son), 64
breakfast, 109–110
buchō (division manager), 62, 204
budō (grapes), 161
bunpu (distribution), 26
bunraku puppet theater, 185burajā (bra), 168
burandē (brandy), 186burandohin (designer-brand items), 166burashi (brush), 103
burauza (browser), 215
burīfu (briefs), 168burogu (blog), 215, 216
buses, 268
business and telecommunications
about, 14addressing superiors and subordinates, 204clarifying duties, 199–201
company parties, 201
computers, 215–216
discussing job benefits, 201–203
job hunts, 199–203
meetings, 217
office environment and supplies, 204–206
sending e-mail, 216
social media, 216
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 202–203,
209–210, 214
telephones, 206–214
business cards, 67butaniku (pork), 160
butcher, 159–160
butikku (boutique), 164
byōin (hospital), 132•C•
calendar, 88–97
car rentals, 271–272
cardinal points, 136
cash, 252–254
CAT sukyan (CAT scan), 300
CD (CD), 215
CD, for this book, 359–361

Indexchadōu (tea ceremony), 228
chairo (brown), 168
chaku (arrival), 265-chan title, 62
chatto (chat), 216
chawan (Japanese rice bowl), 102
chekku-auto (check-out), 289
chero (cello), 229
chesu (chess), 231
chichi (father), 123chigau (different, wrong), 172
chijimu (to shrink), 26
chikai (near), 134
chikaku (near), 133, 139
chikashitsu (basement), 104
chikatetsu (subway), 16, 136, 267, 268
chiketto (ticket), 15, 184, 261
chiketto kauntā (ticket counter), 263
chintsūzai (pain reliever), 301
chīsai (small), 106, 172
chizu (map), 243
chīzu (cheese), 159
chō (intestine), 297
chōdo ii (exact fit), 172
chōki taizai (long-term visit), 238
chōkoku (sculpting, engraving), 228
chōonpa kensa (ultrasound), 300
chotto (slightly, a little), 56, 106, 134
chūhai (shōchū and tonic), 186
chūmon suru (to order), 147
chūsha kinshi (no parking), 273
chūshajō (parking lot), 278
chūshaka (parking permitted), 273
cleaning, 112
clothes shopping, 167–172
clubs and bars, 186–188
colors, 168–169
comic books, 312
common expressions, 10–11
company parties, 201
computers, 215–216
consonants, pronunciation of, 19–20
contact information, 129
content questions, 40–41
conventions, explained, 2–3
conversations, beginning and ending, 61–66
cooking, 107, 311–312
counters, 81–83
counting, 11, 77–84, 90–93
credit cards, 254–255

crimes, reporting, 305
CT (CT scan), 300
Cultural Wisdom icon, 6
currency. See money
customer care, 361
customs, 262–263•D•daburu (double), 278
dai (big), 111
daigaku byōin (university hospital), 294
daijōbu (okay, fine), 203, 231
daikon (Japanese radish), 161dainingu (dining room), 12, 99
dai-suki desu (to like very much), 318
dame (not good), 231
dare (who), 40, 260
dareka (someone help), 16, 292
dates, 93–96
days of the week, 88, 90–92
de (in, by, with, at), 36
de gozaimasu (to be), 153
debitto kādo (debit card), 255
deguchi (exit), 206
dekakete iru (to be out, to have gone out), 214
dekiru (to be completed), 211
demo (however), 236, 238
demonstrative adjectives, 173–174
demonstrative pronouns, 42
denki-sutando (desk lamp), 102
densha (train), 16, 264
denshi-renji (microwave oven), 100
denwa (phone), 102, 204, 206
denwa-bangō (telephone number), 206, 283
denwachō (telephone book), 206
denwaryō (telephone usage charge), 289
department stores, 166–167
depāto (department store), 164, 166
deru (to come out, to leave), 265, 299
deshō (probably), 58
desu (to be), 43, 51–52, 167
desukara (therefore), 237
desuku raito (desk lamp), 204
desuku ranpu (desk lamp), 204
desukutoppu-pasokon (desktop computer), 215
diacritic marks, 25
diagnoses, receiving, 300–301
dictionaries, 329–348

367

368 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
digital technologies, 311
dining out. See also grocery shopping
about, 13, 147–148
blowfish, 154
box lunches, 241
making reservations, 150–154
ordering fast food, 148–150
ordering in restaurants, 154–157
paying your bill, 158–159
servers, 158
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 149–150, 152–153,
156–157
dining room, 101–102
dinner, 110–111
directions, asking forabout, 13actions, 141–143
finding exact locations, 136–138
landmarks, 140–141
location/position answers, 132–135
making directions flow, 143–144
requesting travel instructions, 139–140
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 135, 138, 144–145“where” questions, 131–132
disupurei-monitā (display monitor), 215
dō (how), 40
dochira (which way, where), 71, 260, 278
dochira made desu ka (where are you going?),121
doctor visits, 295–301
dōgubako (toolbox), 104
doko (where), 40, 70, 136, 260
doko desu ka (where is), 132
dokusho (reading), 14, 222, 223
domo (which), 259
dōmo (indeed, very much), 74
donata (who), 40
doraiyā (hair dryer), 103
doramu (drums), 229
dore (which one), 40, 174, 259
doresu (dress), 168
dōro hyōshiki (road signs), 273
dorobō (a thief), 16, 292
dōshiyō (what shall I do), 322
dōyatte (how), 139
doyōbi (Saturday), 88

driving, 271–273
DVD (DVD), 215•E•e (drawing and painting, to, toward), 36, 102, 222e, ē, pronunciation of, 18
eakon (air conditioner), 102, 271
eiga (movie), 185
eigakan (movie theater), 132, 185
eigo gakkō (English school), 270
eki (train/subway station), 132, 241, 264
ekiben (box lunch), 241
ekuseru (Excel), 215
e-mails, business, 216
emergencies
about, 16
asking for help, 291–293
calling the police, 301–307
doctor visits, 295–301
legal, 307
medical, 293–295
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 304
en (yen), 15, 179, 246
enchō kōdo (extension cord), 104endo tēburu (end table), 102
English-Japanese Mini-Dictionary, 339–348
enpitsu (pencil), 205
enryo shinaide (don’t be shy), 323
enshō (inflammation), 300
entertainment, 13–14
erebētā (elevator), 206
erekigitā (electric guitar), 229
etiquette, 315–318
exchanging money, 246–248“excuse me,” 119–120
expressions, 10–11, 61–76, 319–322•F•f, pronunciation of, 20
family, discussing your, 123–125
fast food, 148–150
favorite expressions, 319–322
feisubukku (Facebook), 216

Indexferī (ferry), 16, 267
films, 312–313
fish, 160–161
fluency, 20–23
fōku (fork), 101
fondue, 115
food, 107, 109–112, 311–312. See also dining
out; grocery shoppingforō suru (to follow), 216
friends, introducing, 67–68
fruits, 161–162
fubuki (snowstorm), 26
fūdo purosesā (food processor), 101
fugu (blowfish), 154
fujinfuku (women’s clothes), 166
fukushachō (company vice-president), 204
fumikiri (railway crossing), 141, 145-fun (minutes), 84
Fun & Games activities, 3fune (ship), 267
furaipan (frying pan), 101
furaitoatendanto (flight attendant), 261
Furansu (France), 235
furīzā (freezer), 100
furoba (bathing room), 12, 104
furonto (front desk), 282
furoshiki (wrapping clothes), 166
furui (old), 238
furūto (flute), 229
futari (two), 152
futa-tsu (two), 155
futa-tsu-me (the second one), 268
fūtō (envelope), 205
futon (futon), 102, 103, 276
futsū (regular), 265
futtobōru (football), 227
fuyu (winter), 224•G•gaika (foreign currency), 246
gaikoku (foreign country), 235
gaka (painter), 26
gakki (musical instruments), 166
gakkō (school), 132
gakuchō (university president), 62
gakusei (student), 53
galleries, 183–184

game playing, 231
gamen (monitor), 189
ganbatte (try your best, & good luck), 325
ganka (opthalmology), 293
ganka-i (eye doctor), 293
garō (art galleries), 183
gasorin sutando (gas station), 132
gekijō (theaters for performing arts), 13, 185
genetsuzai (fever reducer), 301
genkan (entryway), 99
genkin (cash), 15, 158, 250, 306
gēto (gate), 261
getsuyōbi (Monday), 88
gidai (agenda), 217
gijiroku (minutes), 217
gimu (gym), 278
ginkō (bank), 15, 132, 246, 249
gipusu (cast), 301
gitā (guitar), 229
go (five), 11, 152
go (Japanese chess), 231
go-chūmon (order), 213
go-chūmon wa (your order?), 150
go-dengon (message), 213
go-gatsu (May), 89
gogo (p.m.), 86
go-jūsho (address), 213
go-kazoku (family), 123
go-kyōdai (siblings), 123, 128
gomennasai (sorry), 74
gomibako (wastebasket), 204
goodbye, saying, 65–66
gorufu (golf), 222, 227
go-ryōshin (parents), 123
go-shokugyō (occupation), 213
go-shōtai (invitation), 213
go-shujin (husband), 124
gōtō (robbery), 305
grammarabout, 10, 33
adjectives, 53–56, 173–174
adverbs, 56–57
asking questions, 39–41
conjugating verbs, 2, 47–50
content questions, 40–41
creating adverbs from adjectives, 56
demonstrative pronouns, 42
desu (to be), 43, 51–52, 167

369

370 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
grammar (continued)
dropping words, 39
forming sentences, 34–39
marking nouns with particles, 35–38-masu, 50–51
moods and attitudes, 57–58
pronouns, 42–45
speech styles, 33–34
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 41, 43, 52
topics, 38–39
verbs, 2, 45–50, 349–357
word order, 34–35
yes/no questions, 40
Grammatically Speaking icon, 6
gratitude, expressing, 74–75
grocery shopping, 159–162. See also dining out
gyūniku (beef), 160
gyūnyū (milk), 159•H•ha (tooth), 296
haba (width), 26
haburashi (toothbrush), 103, 242
hachi (eight), 11
hachi-gatsu (August), 89
hādodisuku (hard disk), 215
haha (mother), 123
hai (lungs, yes), 6, 297, 317
haien (pneumonia), 300
haikingu (hiking), 224
haitatsu suru (to deliver), 14
hajimemashite (how do you do?), 10, 69
hakubutsukan (museum), 14, 132, 184
hamachi (yellow tail), 160
hamigakiko (toothpaste), 103, 242
hamu (ham), 160
han (half), 86
hana (nose), 296
hanami (flower viewing), 225, 227
hanasu (to speak), 48, 75
hana-ya (flower shop), 163
handobaggu (handbag), 306
hangā (clothes hanger), 104hanmā (hammer), 105
hantai (opposite), 133
harau (to pay), 180
haru (spring), 224

hashi (chopsticks, bridge), 21, 102, 141, 165
hashiru (to run), 113, 115
hassha suru (to depart), 265
hataraku (to work), 200
hausu (house music), 186
hayai (early), 115
healthcare, 294
help, asking for, 291–293
henshin suru (to reply to an e-mail), 216
heya (rooms), 277, 286
hidari (left), 133, 136
hifuka-i (dermatologist), 293
higashi (east), 136
higashi gawa (east side), 139
hihongo wa hanasemasu ka (can you speak
Japanese?), 6
hiji (elbow), 296
hikōki (airplane), 15, 260
hima (free [not busy]), 194
hippu-hoppu (hip-hop), 186
hiragana characters, 23–27
hiraku (to open), 249
hirame (flounder), 160
hiru (noon), 87
hiryō (fertilizer), 105
hītā (space heater), 102
hito (person), 27
hitori (one), 152, 286
hito-tsu (one), 155
hiyakedome (sunscreen), 243
hiza (knee), 296
hō ga ii (it’s better to), 295
hoan kensajō (security), 261
hobbies, 14, 222
hōchō (chef’s knife), 101
hoippā (whisk), 101
hōka (arson), 305
hokusei (northwest), 136
hokutō (northeast), 136
hōmu (platform), 267
hōmupēji (homepage), 216
hōmusentā (home center), 164
hon (book), 53
hondana (bookshelf), 102, 204
honjitsu (today), 94
hontō (really, true), 97, 320
hontō ni? (really?), 71
hon’ya (bookstore), 136, 163
hōseki (jewelry), 166

Indexhospitals, 294–295
hōsu (garden hose), 105
hōtai (bandage), 301
hotchikisu (stapler), 205
hoteru (hotel), 15, 239, 275, 276
hours, 84–86“how far,” 137
howaito bōdo (whiteboard), 217
hyaku (hundred), 26
hyōhakuzai (bleach), 104

isu (chair), 100, 204
Italia (Italy), 235
itameru (to stir-fry), 107
itoko (cousin), 125
itsu (when), 40
itsumo (always), 56
ittekimasu (I’ll leave and come back), 65, 316
iu (to say), 212
izakaya (casual Japanese-style bar),
186–189•I••J•i (stomach), 297
i, ī, pronunciation of, 18“I can,” 220–221
ichi (one), 11, 77
ichiban (the most, the best), 176–178, 259–260
ichi-gatsu (January), 89
ichigo (strawberries), 161
ichiji teishi (stop sign), 141
icons, explained, 5–6
īe (no), 317
ika (squid), 42, 43
ikebana (flower arranging), 228
iku (to go), 48, 97, 142, 195, 356
ikura (how much), 40
ima (now), 87, 113, 121
imasu (to exist), 164
immigration, 262
imōto (little sister), 124
infuruenza (influenza, flu), 300
inkan (seal), 249
inshokuryō (food and drink charge), 289
intāmisshon (intermission), 185
intānetto (Internet), 183, 216, 278
intānetto riyõryõ (Internet use charge), 289
International Driving Permit, 272
intonation, 21–22
introductions, 66–69
ippō tsūkō (one way), 273
irasshai! (welcome!), 150, 188
irassharu (to exist), 356
ireru (to put), 268
iriguchi (entrance), 206
irregular verbs, 48, 355–357
iru (to exist), 126–127, 128, 306
isha (medical doctor), 293
isshoni (together), 197

jā, mata (see you again), 11, 65, 66
jā mata ne (okay, see you later), 316
jā ne (okay? well, see you), 316
jagaimo (potatoes), 161
jaketto (jacket), 168
Japanese-English Mini-Dictionary, 329–338
Jēpoppu (J-pop), 186-ji (o’clock), 84
jibi-inkōka-i (ear/throat/mouth doctor), 293
jidōhanbaiki (vending machine), 278
jiko (accident), 302
jikokuhyō (timetable), 265
jin (gin), 186
jinzō (kidney), 297
jīnzu (jeans), 168, 242
jitensha (bicycle), 16, 105
jitensha-ya (bicycle shop), 163
jobs, 122, 199–203. See also business andtelecommunications
jōshaken (passenger ticket), 266
jōzu (na) (skilled), 73
jū (ten), 11
jū-gatsu (October), 89
jū-ichi-gatsu (November), 89
jūnanzai (fabric softener), 104
jū-ni-gatsu (December), 89
jushin suru (to receive an e-mail), 216
jūsho (address), 283
jūsu (juice), 159•K•ka mo shiremasen (may, possibly), 58
kaban (luggage), 166
kabe (wall), 100371

372 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
kabin (vase), 165
kabuki theater, 185
kachō (section chief), 204
kado (corner), 141
kādo kī (key card), 284
kaeru (to change, to go home), 48
kaesu (to return), 97, 272
kafunshō (hay fever), 300
kagami (mirror), 103
kagi (key), 284, 286, 287, 306
kagu (furniture), 167
kaichūdentō (flashlight), 243
kaidan (staircase), 105, 206
kaigan (shoreline), 224
kaigi (meeting, conference), 14, 66, 217
kaigishitsu (conference room), 206
kaimono (shopping), 163
kaisha (company), 122
kaishain (company employee), 122
kaisoku (rapid), 265
kaji (fire), 16, 113, 292
kakarichō (subsection chief), 204
kakeru (to make), 206
kaki (perssimons), 161
kaku (to write), 48, 212, 350
kakunin suru (to confirm), 14
kakuteru (cocktail), 186
kamera (camera), 243
kami (god, paper), 21
kamisori (razor), 242
kana script, 23–27
kānabi (car navigation system), 243, 271
Kanada (Canada), 235
kanai (wife), 124
kangeikai (welcome party), 201
kanji script, 27–31
kankō (sightseeing), 239
kankō hoteru (tourist’s hotel), 16, 275
kanojo (she, her), 44, 288
kanojo no (her, hers), 288
kanojora (they, them), 44
kanojotachi (they, them), 44
kanpai (Toast, Cheers), 26, 323–324
kansen (infection), 300
kansetsu (joints), 296
kansetsuen (arthritis), 300
kansōki (dryer), 104
kanzō (liver), 297
kapuseru hoteru (capsule hotel), 16, 275, 276

kara (from, because), 36, 71, 87, 202, 238, 258,
282
karaoke (karaoke), 14, 188–190, 313
karate (karate), 77, 227
kare (he, him), 44, 288
kare no (his), 288
karenā (calendar), 204
karera (they, them), 44, 288
karera no (their, theirs), 288
kariru (to borrow, to rent), 253, 272
kasa (umbrella), 165, 243
kashi (lyrics), 189
kashikomarimashita! (certainly), 150
kasu (to lend), 253, 351
kata (shoulder), 296
katakana characters, 23–27
katamichi (one-way ticket), 266
kāten (curtains), 102
kau (to buy), 48, 353
kawa (river), 224
kawase rēto (exchange rate), 246, 248
kayōbi (Tuesday), 88
kazan (volcano), 224
kaze (cold), 300
kazoku (family), 123
keibishitsu (security room), 206
keikaku (plan), 281
keiryō kappu (measuring cup), 101
keiryō supūn (measuring spoon), 101
keisatsu (police), 302
keitai(-denwa) (cellphone), 206
kekkō desu (good, fine), 269
kekkon (marriage), 20
kendō (kendo, swordsmanship), 228
kenkō hoken (health insurance), 201, 203, 294
keshigomu (eraser), 205
keshōhin (cosmetics), 167, 242
ketsueki kensa (blood test), 300
kībōdo (keyboard), 215
kiiro (yellow), 168
kikanshien (bronchitis), 300
kimono (kimono), 165
kinko (safe), 278
kinō (yesterday), 41
kinyōbi (Friday), 88
kippu (transportation tickets), 20, 266
kirai (to hate), 111
kirei (pretty), 128, 173
kiru (to cut, to wear), 48, 170, 350, 354

Indexkirutingu (quilting), 14, 228
kita (north), 136
kitchen, 100–101
kitchin (kitchen), 12, 99–101
kite mite mo ii desu ka (can I try it on?), 172
kitte (postage stamp), 20, 26
kitte no korekushon (stamp collecting), 222
kochira (this person), 69
kōchō (school principal), 62
kodomo (child), 124, 203
kodomofuku (children’s clothes), 167
kōhī (coffee), 26
kōhī tēburu (coffee table), 102
kōhīmēkā (coffee maker), 101
kōka (coins), 179, 252
koko (here), 106, 133
koko kara (from here), 139
kokusai unten menkyoshō (international
driving permit), 272
komaru (to be a difficulty), 203
kome (uncooked rice), 159
kōn bïfu (corned beef), 160
konban (tonight), 153, 194
konbini (convenience store), 132, 164
kondo no nichiyōbi (coming Sunday), 197
konfarensu (conference), 217
konfarensu kōru (conference call), 217
konnichiwa (good afternoon, hi), 61, 64
konro (stove), 100
konsāto (concert), 185
kopī suru (to make copies), 14
kopīki (copier), 205
koppu (glass, cup), 101
kore (this one), 43, 166, 174
kore o (this one), 156
kōsaten (intersection), 139, 141, 145
kōsei busshitsu (antibiotic), 301
koshi (hip), 296
koso (emphasis particle), 69
kossetsu (broken bone), 300
kosu (to come), 307
kōto (coat), 168
kōtsū kikan (transportation), 257
kōtsūhi (commuting allowance), 201
kowasō (scary-looking), 53
kōyō (changing of the leaves), 225
kōza (account), 15, 250
ku (nine), 11
kubi (neck), 296

kuchi (mouth), 296
kudamono (fruits), 159
kudari densha (down train), 264
kudaru (to go down), 142
kudasai (give/sell it to me), 179
kudasaru (to give to me/us), 357
ku-gatsu (September), 89
kugi (nail), 105
kūkō (airport), 260
kun title, 62
kuni (countries), 235
kurabu (nightclub), 14, 186
kurafuto (crafting), 228
kurasu (class), 66
kurejitto kādo (credit cards), 158, 252, 306
kurīningudai (laundry charge), 289
kuro (black), 168
kurōzetto (Western-style closet), 100
kuru (to come), 41, 48, 194–196, 220–221, 355
kuruma (car), 271
kushi (comb), 165, 242
kūshitsu (vacant room), 283
kusuri (medicine), 243
kusuriya (pharmacy), 132, 163
kutsu (shoes), 167, 168
kutsushita (socks), 168
kutsu-ya (shoe store), 163
kyabetsu (cabbage), 161
kyabinetto (cabinet), 100
kyanpu (camping), 14, 224
kyanseru (cancel), 239
kyanseruyō (cancellation fee), 239
kyō kara (starting today), 286
kyōdai (siblings), 123
kyōkai (churches), 236
kyoku (musical pieces), 189
kyū (nine), 11
kyūdō (archery), 228
kyūkō (express), 265
kyūkyū byōin (emergency room), 294
kyūryō (salary), 202, 203
kyūsu (teapot), 173•L•landmarks, referring to, 140–141
language, 311–318
laundry room, 104
legal emergencies, 307373

374 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
li desu ne (that’s great!), 128, 194
li desu yo (that’s fine), 194
living room, 102
local transportation, 15–16
location/position answers, 132–135
lunch, 110•M•machi (town), 183
made (until), 36, 87, 270, 282
made ni (by), 87
mado (window), 100, 261
mado gawa no seki (window seat), 261
madoguchi (window), 249
mae (before), 86, 133
magaru (to make a turn), 142
mago (grandchild), 124
maguro (tuna), 160
maiasa (every morning), 115
maiku (microphone), 189
mājan (Chinese chess), 231
makijaku (tape measure), 105
makura (pillow), 102
manaita (cutting board), 101
manga (comic books), 312
manyuaru (stick shift), 271
massāji (massage), 278
massugu (straight), 20-masu, 50–51
masu (trout), 160
maton (mutton), 160
matsu (to wait), 48, 303, 354
matsubazue (crutches), 301
mausu (mouse), 215
me (eyes), 296-me in ordinal numbers, 83–84
measurements, 97
medical emergencies, 293–295
meetings, workplace, 217
mei (niece), 125
meigosan (niece), 125
meiwaku-mēru (spam mail), 216
mensetsu (interview), 199
menzeiten (duty-free shops), 261
mēru (e-mail), 14, 216
mēru-adoresu (e-mail address), 216
metric system, 97

mezamashi-dokei (alarm clock), 102
mibun shōmeisho (identification), 250, 294
michi (road), 141
midori (green), 168
migi (right), 133, 136
mijikai (short), 97
mikan (tangerines), 161
mikisā (blender), 101
mimi (ears), 296
minami (south), 136
minna de (with everyone, together), 227
minshuku (private home for lodging), 276
minutes, 84–86
miru (to watch), 228
misete kudasai (please show it to me), 166
mitai (just like), 73
mitsumorisho (quote), 211
mit-tsu (three), 155mittsu-me (third), 139
mizuumi (lake), 224
mizuwari (whiskey and water), 186
mo (also), 71, 106
mō (already), 56
mochiron (of course), 320
mōchō (appendicitis), 300
modemu (modem), 215
mōfu (blanket), 102
mokuyōbi (Thursday), 88
money
about, 15, 245
ATMs, 251–252
cash, 252–254
credit cards, 254–255
exchanging, 246–248
getting, 245–252
opening bank accounts, 249–250
spending, 252–255
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 247–248
withdrawing from bank accounts, 250–251
mōningu kōru (wake-up call), 278
months, 89–90
moods, 57–58
mōshikomisho (application form), 239
moshimoshi (hello), 211
mōteru (motel), 276
motsu (to hold), 195, 220
mottainai (what a waste/it’s too good), 323–324
MRI (MRI), 300
mukai (across the street from), 133

Indexmune (chest, breast), 296
murasaki (purple), 168
musen LAN (wireless LAN), 278
museums, 183–184
mushi-atsui (muggy), 121
musical instruments, 229–231
musu (to steam), 107
musuko (son), 124
musume (daughter), 124
myūjikaru (musical), 185•N•nabe (pot), 101
nai-form, 46
naifu (table knife), 101
naika-i (internist), 293
naitosutando (nightstand), 103
nakai-san (maid), 276
namae (name), 283
nana (seven), 11
nani (what), 40, 321
nanika (something), 197, 214
nan-ji (what time), 121nansei (southwest), 136
nantō (southeast), 136
napukin (napkin), 101
nara (if), 280–281
nashi (pears), 161
nasu (eggplant), 161
natsu (summer), 224
nature, 224–227
ne (all right, right, isn’t it?), 58
nedan (prices), 166
negi (green onions), 161
neji (screw), 105
nekkuresu (necklace), 167
nekutai (necktie), 168
nenza (sprain), 300
neru (to sleep), 47, 208, 277
ni (to, on, at, in, two), 11, 36, 77
ni arimasu (to be located at), 139
ni suru (to decide on), 267
nichiyōbi (Sunday), 88
ni-gatsu (February), 89
nightlife
about, 183bars and clubs, 186–188

discussing, 190–191
galleries, 183–184
inviting friends, 191–197
izakaya ( casual bar), 190
kabuki theater, 185
karaoke, 188–190
museums, 183–184
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 187–188, 193–194,
196–197
theater, 184–186
Nihongo (Japanese language), 72, 73
Nihonjin (Japanese people), 27, 72, 73
niku (meat), 159
ningyō (doll), 165
ninjin (carrots), 161
niru (to stew), 107
nishi (west), 136
nishi gawa (west side), 139
no (’s), 36
nō (brain), 297
no mae (in front of), 270
nobori densha (up train), 264
noboru (to go up), 142
nodding, 22
nodo (throat), 296
nokogiri (saw), 105
nokosu (to leave), 211
nomu (to drink), 47, 48, 107–108, 188, 352
nori (glue), 205
norikae (transfer), 268
noru (to ride, to get on, to get in, to take),
142, 257–258
nōshintō (concussion), 300
nōto (notebook), 205
nōto PC (laptop computer), 204
nōto-pasokon (laptop), 215
nouns, marking with particles, 35–38
numbers
about, 11calendar, 88–97
from 1 to 10, 77–78
from 11 to 99, 78
from 100 to 9, 999, 79
from 10,000 to 99,999, 80
ordinal, 83–84
over 100,000, 81
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 96
time, 84–87

375

376 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Editionnyō kensa (urine test), 300
nyūkoku mokuteki (purpose of visit), 238
nyūkoku shinsa (immigration), 238, 262•O•o, ō, pronunciation of, 18, 19
o kudasai (please give me), 181
o- prefix, 69
o-azukeire (deposit), 251
oba (aunt), 124
obasan (aunt), 64, 124, 287
obāsan (grandmother), 26, 64, 124, 287
obocchan (son), 64ōbun (oven), 100o-cha (green tea), 165
o-denwa (telephone), 213o-denwa-bangō (telephone number), 213ōfuku (round-trip ticket), 266
o-furikomi (transfer), 251
o-genki desu ka (are you well), 316
ohayō [gozaimasu] (good morning),
1, 11, 64, 66
o-hikidashi (withdrawal), 251
o-hitotsu (one), 157
oi (nephew), 124oigosan (nephew), 124o-isha-san (medical doctor), 293
oishii (delicious), 188
oitokosan (cousin), 125oji (uncle), 124
ojisan (uncle), 124
ojīsan (grandfather), 26, 64, 124
ojōsan (daughter), 124o-kaeshi (return), 179
okage-sama de (thanks to you), 325
o-kane (money), 245
okāsan (mother), 123
okiru (to wake up), 115
okosan (child), 124
okosu (to cause), 302–303
okusan (wife), 124
okyakusama (customer), 63, 157, 213
omagosan (grandchild), 124
omatase shimashita (sorry to have kept you
waiting), 211
omocha-ya (toy store), 163
o-mochikaeri desu ka (Is this to go?), 150
omoshiroi (fun), 238

omou (to think), 213, 240
onaka (belly), 296
o-namae (name), 213
onchi (tone-deaf), 189
onēsan (big sister), 64, 123, 128, 287
onīsan (big brother), 64, 123
o-nomimono wa (anything to drink?), 150, 157
onzarokku (whiskey on the rocks), 186
opera kashu (opera singer), 128
ordinal numbers, 83–84
orenji (orange), 168
origami (origami), 165, 228
oriru (to get off, to go down), 142, 258
o-sake (alcoholic beverages), 186o-saki ni (pardon me, but I’m leaving now),
323–324o-satsu (bills), 179
oshiire (oshiire-closet), 100
o-shiro (castles), 236
o-tera (temples), 236
otoko no hito (man), 53
ōtomachikku (automatic transmission), 271
otōsan (father), 27, 123
otōto (little brother), 124
otsuri (change), 179, 181, 269, 270
o-wan (lacquered soup bowl), 102
owaru (to finish), 227
oyako (parent-child), 110
oyogu (to swim), 48, 351•P•pachinko (Japanese pinball game), 231
pain, 297–298
pakkēji (package), 239
pan (bread), 159
pan-ya (bakery), 163particles, marking nouns with, 35–38
party foods, 111
pasokon (computer), 14, 204, 215
passports, 238–239
past tense, 49–50
pasupōto (passport), 15, 239, 248
pasuwādo (password), 216
pātī (party), 41, 66
pawāpointo (PowerPoint), 216
personal pronouns, 44–45
phrases, popular, 323–326
piano (piano), 229

Indexpīman (green peppers), 161
pinku (pink), 169
pitch, 21–22
plain present affirmative, 46Play This icon, 6
police, 301–307
popular phrases, 323–326
possessive pronouns, 286–288
posuto suru (to post), 216
potential forms, 259
present tense, 49–50
prices, identifying when shopping, 178
pronouns, 42, 44–45, 133, 286–288
pronunciations, 2, 9–10, 17–20
public transportation, 267–270
purintā (printer), 205, 215
purojekutā (projector), 217
pūru (swimming pool), 278
puruōā (pullover), 242•Q•questions, 39–41•R•r, pronunciation of, 20
rail pass, 236
raishū (next week), 231
ramushu (rum), 186
randorī sābisu (laundry service), 279
recreation
about, 14
art forms, 228–229
games, 231
hobbies, 222“I can,” 220–221
musical instruments, 229–231
nature, 224–227
sports, 227–228
suru (to do), 219–220
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 223, 226, 230–231
regret, expressing, 74–75
regular verbs, 349–354
rei (zero), 77
reishu (chilled sake), 186
reizōko (refrigerator), 100, 278
Remeber icon, 6

remon (lemons), 161
renchi (wrench), 105renshū suru (to practice), 231
rentakā shoppu (car rental shop), 271
rentogen (X-ray), 300
reservations, 150–154, 281–282
reshīto (receipt), 179, 181
restaurants. See dining out
resutoran (restaurant), 278
retasu (lettuce), 161
rhythm, 22–23
ribingu (living room), 12, 99
rikurieishon (recreation), 219
ringo (apples), 161
rirekisho (resume), 199
risaitaru (recital), 231
risoku (interest), 250
road signs, 273
robī (lobby), 206
roguauto (logout), 216
roguin (login), 216
rōka (hallway), 206
roku (six), 11
roku-gatsu (June), 89
rōmaji (Romanized Japanese), 2, 9–10, 23
rōsuto bīfu (roast beef), 160
rūmu sābisu (room service), 279
rusuban-denwa (answering machine), 206ry, pronunciation of, 20
ryōgae (exchange), 246
ryōgae suru (to exchange), 15, 248
ryōjikan (consulate), 307
ryokan (Japanese-style inn), 16, 276
ryoken (passport), 239
ryokō (trip), 235
ryokō gaisha (travel agency), 239
ryokō kaban (travel bag), 242
ryōri (cooking), 222
ryōshin (parents), 123•S•saba (mackerel), 160
sābisu (service), 166
sābisuryō (service fee), 159
sadō (tea ceremony), 228sāfin (surfing), 228
sagasu (to look for), 164sagi (fraud), 305377

378 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
saifu (wallet), 179, 306
saikuringu (cycling), 224
saizu (size), 170
sakana (fish), 159
saka-ya (liquor shop), 163
sake (salmon), 160
saki ni (first), 231
sakkā (soccer), 227
sakki (a little while ago), 87
saku (to bloom), 227
sakujitsu (yesterday), 94
sakunen (last year), 94
sakura (cherry), 227
sakusofon (saxophone), 229
sama title, 63
samui (cold), 121
san (three), 11, 77-san title, 63, 315
sandaru (sandals), 242
sanfujinka-i (obstetrician), 293
san-gatsu (March), 89
sangurasu (sunglasses), 168, 242
sanmyaku (mountain range), 224
sara (plate), 101
sashō (visa), 238
sasou (to invite), 191, 194
sasuga (I’m impressed by you), 320
satsujin (murder), 305
satsumaimo (sweet potatoes), 161
sayōnara (goodbye), 65, 316
scripts
about, 9–10, 23
kana, 23–27
kanji, 27–31
seasons, 224–226
sebun (seven), 194
seikei-geka-i (orthopedist), 293
seki (seat), 261
sekidome (cough suppressant), 301
sekken (soap), 103, 242
semi-daburu (semi-double), 278
senaka (back), 296
senbei (rice cracker), 165
sensei (teacher), 27, 53, 66, 293, 316
sensu (fan), 165, 166
sentakuba (laundry room), 99
sentakuki (washing machine), 104sentences, forming, 34–39
senzai (detergent), 104

serotēpu (cellophane tape), 205
servers, in restaurants, 158
sētā (sweater), 168, 242
settō (theft), 305
shachō (company president), 62, 204, 316
shako (garage), 104
shāpen (mechanical pencil), 205
shashin (photo), 239, 306
shatsu (shirt), 26, 168
shawā (shower), 103
shi (four), 11
shibai (play), 185
shibakariki (lawnmower), 105
shichi (seven), 11
shichi-gatsu (July), 89
shichimenchõ (turkey), 160
shi-gatsu (April), 89
shigoto (job), 128, 199, 227
shihei (bills), 252
shiji (instruction), 26
shika-i (dentist), 293
shikata ga nai (there’s no choice), 325
shimaru (to close), 184
shimashō (let’s do it), 192
shinasai (do it), 230
shinbun (newspaper), 183
shingō (traffic light), 141, 145
shinguru (single), 278, 286
shinkansen (bullet train), 236, 265, 266
shinku (sink), 100
shinnenkai (New Year’s party), 201
shinnyü kinshi (do not enter), 273
shinseisho (application form), 239
shinshifuku (men’s clothes), 167
shinshitsu (bedroom), 12, 99
shinu (to die), 48, 352
shinzō (heart), 297
shippu (hot or cold compress), 301
shiro (white), 169
shitagi (underwear), 167
shītoberuto (seatbelt), 261
shītsu (sheet), 103
shitsurei shimasu (good-bye [formal]), 66
shiyakusho (city hall), 131, 132
shizen (nature), 224
shizuka (quiet), 56
shōchū (liquor similar to vodka), 186
shodō (calligraphy), 228

Indexshōhin (merchandise), 173
shōhizei (sales tax), 180
shōhizei-komi de (including sales tax), 180, 181
shōjō (symptoms), 298–299
shokki-arai-ki (dishwasher), 100
shokuchüdoku (food poisoning), 300
shōnika-i (pediatrician), 293
shopping
about, 13buying your merchandise, 178–181
for clothes, 167–172
color, 168–169
comparing items, 175–178
deciding what to buy, 173–178
demonstrative adjectives, 173–174
department stores, 166–167
identifying prices, 178
shops and stores, 163–164
sizing, 170–171
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 165–166,
171–172, 180
talking to salespeople, 164–166
trying on clothes, 169–170
shoseki (books), 167
shoshai (office), 99
shōyu (soy sauce), 102
shujin (husband), 124
shujutsu (medical operation), 26
shukkoku tetsuzuki (embarkation
procedure), 261
shukuhaku shisetsu (accommodations), 275
shumi (hobby), 222, 223
simple expressions
about, 61–76
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 65–66, 68, 70–73
sizing, for clothes, 170–171
small talkabout, 12
aru (to exist), 126–127
contact information, 129
initiating, 119–122
iru (to exist), 126–127
sumu (to live), 125
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 120–121, 127–128
weather, 121–122
your family, 123–125
your job, 122soba (buckwheat noodles), 110
soba (right near), 133
sōbetsukai (farewell party), 201
sobo (grandmother), 124
social media, 216
soā (sofa), 102
sofu (grandfather), 124
sōji (cleaning), 112
sokkusu (socks), 26
soko (there, near you), 133
sōko (storage), 206
sono (that), 166
sonoguramu (sonogram), 300
sore (that one), 43, 174
sorekara (and then), 143, 145, 237
soreni (furthermore), 237
sōryōjikan (consulate general), 239
sōsēji (sausage), 160
sōshin suru (to send an e-mail), 216
sōsuruto (then), 145
speech styles, 33–34
speed of speech, 23
sports, 14, 227–228, 312–313
stem form, 46
storage room, 104–105
stress, of syllables, 21
subordinates, addressing, 204
subway, 268
sugi (after), 86
sugiru (to pass), 142
sugoi (great), 115, 223, 320
sugu (right, just), 134
suiei (swimming), 14, 222
suika (watermelon), 161
suisaiga (watercolor painting), 228suiyōbi (Wednesday), 88
sukāto (skirt), 168
sukēto (skating), 228
suki (to like), 111
sukī (skiing), 228
suki desu (to like), 318
sukuryūdoraiā (screwdriver), 105
sukyanā (scanner), 215
sumie (ink painting), 229
sumimasen (excuse me), 11, 120, 121
sumō (sumo wrestling), 228
sumu (to live), 125, 128

379

380 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
sunīkā (sneakers), 168, 242
sūpā (supermarket), 164
supachura (spatula), 101
superiors, addressing, 204
supīkā (speakers), 215
supōtsu (sports), 227
supōtsu yōhin (sporting goods), 167
supūn (spoon), 101
suru (to do), 48, 107, 191, 201, 219–220, 271, 355
sutereo (stereo), 271
sutorēto (whiskey straight), 186
sūtsu (suit), 168
sūtsukēsu (suitcase), 15, 242, 286, 306
suzu (bell), 26
suzuki (Japanese sea bass), 160
suzushii (cool), 121
symptoms, describing your, 298–299•T•taberu (to eat), 27, 45, 48, 107–108, 191, 200,
223, 295, 349
table manners, 108
taburetto (tablet computer), 205
tai (red snapper), 160
taihen desu ne (that’s tough), 326
taisai kikan (duration of stay), 239
taishikan (embassy), 239
taisō (gymnastics), 228
taitei (usually), 57
taki (waterfall), 224
tako (octopus), 43
takushī (taxi), 16, 267–269
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 2–3. See also
specific topics
tamago (eggs), 159
tamago zake (egg sake), 301
tamanegi (round onions), 161
tanki taiza (short-term visit), 239
tanoshii (pleasant, fun), 56
tansu (chest of drawers), 103
taoru (towel), 242
tara (cod), 160
tasukeru (to help), 291
tasukete (help me), 16, 291
tatami (straw mat), 276
tatemono (buildings), 238
taxis, 268–270

te (hand, arm), 296
tēburu (table), 100
tēburukurosa (tablecloth), 101
techō (planner), 205
te-form, 47
teiki yokin kōza (CD account), 250
teishoku (set meal), 156, 157
tekubi (wrist), 296
tekuno (techno), 186
telephones, 206–214
tenchō (store manager), 62
tenimotsu hikiwatashijõ (baggage claim), 262
tenisu (tennis), 228
tenjō (ceiling), 99
tenjōin (tour conductor), 239
tenki (weather), 121
tenpu suru (to attach), 216
tenses, 49–50
terebi (TV), 102
theater, 184–186
time, 84–87, 93–96, 98, 313, 363
Tip icon, 6
to (and, with), 36
tobu (to fly, to jump), 48, 353
tōchaku robī (arrival gate), 263
tōchaku suru (to arrive), 265
tōgei (pottery), 229
toire (toilet), 206
toiretto pēpā (toilet tissue), 103
tōjō tetsuzuki (check-in), 261
tōjōken (boarding pass), 261
tokidoki (sometimes), 57, 203
tokkyū (super-express), 265
tokkyūken (super-express ticket), 266
tomare (stop), 273
tomaru (to stay), 281
tomato (tomatoes), 161
tonari (next to), 134, 136
torankusu (boxers), 168
toranpetto (trumpet), 229
toranpu (cards), 231
tōri (street), 66, 141
toriniku (chicken), 160
toru (to take), 48, 252
toshokan (library), 132, 184
tōsutā (toaster), 101
tōza yokin kōza (checking accounts), 250
track listing (CD), 359–360

Indextrains, 236, 264–267
transportation
airports, 260–264
asking about, 259–260
boats, 267
buses, 268
car rentals, 271–272
driving, 271–273
International Driving Permit, 272
local, 15–16
noru (to ride, to get on, to get in), 257–258
oriru (to get off), 258
public, 267–270
road signs, 273
subway, 268
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 269–270
taxis, 268–270
trains, 236, 264–267
travel, 15–16. 314. See also trip planningtravel agencies, 239–240
treatment, getting, 301
trip planningbox lunches, 241
choosing locations, 235–238
Japan rail pass, 236
packing, 242–243
passports, 238–239
stating opinions, 240–241
Talkin’ the Talk dialogue, 237
travel agencies, 239–240
visas, 238–239
weather, 238
ts, pronunciation of, 20
tsuā (tour), 239
tsugi (next), 145
tsuin (twin), 278
tsuīto suru (to tweet), 216
tsuittā (Twitter), 216
tsukau (to use), 254–255
tsukeru (to attach), 170
tsukiatari (end of the street), 141
tsukimashita (we arrived), 270
tsuku (to arrive), 265
tsukue (desk), 205
tsureru (to take), 195
tsuri (fishing), 14, 222
tsūro gawa no seki (aisle seat), 261
tsutaeru (to report/tell), 212
tsuzuki (continuation), 26•U•u, ū, pronunciation of, 19uchi (house, household, inside), 288–289
ude (arm), 296
udon (noodles), 110
uisukī (whiskey), 186
umi (sea/ocean), 224
unchin (fare), 266, 268
unten menkyoshō (driver’s license), 272, 306
unten suru (to drive), 271
uokka (vodka), 186
USB memorī (flash drive), 215
ushiro (behind), 133
uta (song), 189
utaimashō (let’s sing), 192
utau (to sing), 189, 191utsuwa (bowl), 101•V•vegetables, 161–162
verbs. See also specific verbs
about, 45–50
conjugating, 2, 47–50
irregular, 48, 355–357
regular, 349–354
tables, 349–357
visas, 238–239
voiced sounds, 25
voisu-mēru (voicemail), 206
vowels, pronunciation of, 17–19•W•
wa (speaking of), 36
wa arimasu ka (do you have), 164, 166
wa dekimasu ka (can you do), 248
wādo (Word), 216
wain (wine), 186
wakaru (to understand), 214
Warning icon, 6
wataru (to cross), 142
watashi [no] (I/me [mine]), 44, 286, 287
watashi tachi [no] (we/us [our/ours]), 287
watashi wa (as for me), 156381

382 Japanese For Dummies, 2nd Edition
watashitachi (we, us), 44
waving, 22
weather, 121–122, 238
webu-kamera (webcam), 215
webusaito (website), 216
weeks, 92“where” questions, 131–132
wirusu (virus), 301
word order, 34–35
Words to Know blackboard, 3
writing, 9–10

•Y•ya (shop), 163
yaku (to bake, grill), 107
yakuba (town hall), 132
yakyū (baseball), 227
yama (mountain), 224
yaneurabeya (attic), 104
yappari (expectedly), 172, 322
yasai (vegetables), 159
yatta (I did it), 319
years, 92–93
yes/no questions, 40
yo (I tell you, you know?), 58
yokin suru (to make a deposit), 250
yoko (next to, side), 133, 134
yon (four), 11
yonaka (the middle of the night), 87
yonin (four), 152
yorokonde (delightedly), 197

yoroshiku (I’m pleased to meet you), 10, 69, 326
yōshi (form), 250
yotto (yacht), 267
yoyaku (reservation), 239, 281, 283, 286
yoyaku (o) suru (to make a reservation), 153
yubi (finger), 296
yūbinkyoku (post office), 132, 139
yuderu (to boil), 107
yuka (floor), 99
yūkai (kidnapping), 305
yukimatsuri (snow festival), 225
yukkuri (slowly), 57
yūkyūkyūka (paid vacation), 202
yunitto basu (unit bath), 104
yunomi (teacup), 165, 173
yūsu hosuteru (youth hostel), 16, 276•Z•zandaka shōkai (balance inquiry), 251
zangyō (overtime work), 203
zangyō teate (overtime pay), 202
zaru (colander), 101
zasshi (magazines), 183
zeikan (customs), 239, 262
zeikin (tax), 263, 289
zensoku (asthma), 301
zenzen (not at all), 317, 321zubon (pants), 168

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