ಿ‫ࣞުࢥؖ‬൝୺࿝‫ܮݪࡄࢷڠ‬ါȁల57‫ے‬Ȫ3121ȫ




აȁȁ໲

␹⼱ା↪⚵วߣ↥ᬺ⚵ว̆㜞ᯅ਻㇢ߩ᜸ᚢߣ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ
㐳ጟ⺞ᩏ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߩㄘදߩḮᵹ̆૒⮮౏ବ1㧝 ৻ ⥸ ᢎ ⢒ ⑼ — ␠ ળ ⑼ 㧔 Liberal

Arts-Social Sciences, Nagaoka National College ofTechnology㧕

THE KAMIYA CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION AND
THE INDUSTRIAL CO-OPRERATIVE ASSOCIATION
㧙THE CHALLENGE OF TAKAHASHI KUROH, THE ORIGIN OF
JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES AND
SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB’S SURVEY IN NAGAOKA 㧙
Kimitoshi SATOH1
Abstract In the first half of this paper I try to find the facts of Sidney and Beatrice Webb’s surveys in Nagaoka at
1911 about Mr Kuroh Takahashi’s estate and the Kamiya Credit Co-operative Association. And next inthe second half I examine the historical development of the Kamiya Credit Co-operative Association
which was succeeded by the Raikouji Agricultural Co-operative Association after the second world war.
Finally I make clear the matters of the development of the Industrial Co-operative Associations in
Niigata Prefecture, and the significance and the aim of the Sangyou Kumiai Hou.
Through the research of these points I am going to confirm the introduction and the change of theprinciples of the co-operative association which was founded at 1844 by the Rochdale Pioneers.
Key Words: Takahashi Kuroh, Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, the Kamiya Credit Co-operative
Association, the Sangyou Kumiai Hou, the Rochdale Pioneers Co-operative,㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ

Economics and Political Science㧕ࠍഃ⸳ߒߚ␠ળ⺞ ࠪ࠼࠾࡯㧔1859㧙1947㧕ߣࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ㧔1858㧙
1943㧕ߩ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߪ19਎♿ᧃ߆ࠄ1930ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡᵴべߒ㧘ࡈࠚࡆࠕࡦදળࠍᜰዉߒߡ㧘ഭ௛ౄߩഃ⸳ߦᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߒߚࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ␠ળᡷ㕟ኅߢ㧘⃻࿷ߩࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇ᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇ㒮㧔London School ofᩏ࡮⎇ⓥኅߢ߽޽ߞߚ㧚ᄦᆄߪ㧘1911ᐕ㧔᣿ᴦ44ᐕ㧕ߩ਎⇇⺞ᩏᣏⴕߩㅜᰴ㧘8᦬߆ࠄ10᦬ߦ߆ߌߡ
ᣣᧄߦṛ࿷ߒߡ␠ળ᡽╷ߩ⺞ᩏߩߚ߼㧘᧲੩ࠍߪߓ
߼ฦ࿾ߢ␠ળ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ޿㧘ᣂẟᏒ߿㐳ጟ࿾ၞߢ߽⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ㧚㐳ጟߢߪ㧘⍹ᴤળ␠㧔߅ߘࠄߊቲ↰⍹ᴤ㧕ࠍ⸰໧⺞ᩏߒߚ޽ߣ㧘࿾ਥ೙ᐲߩ⺞ᩏߩߚ߼ᄦ

―7―ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ

ᆄߪ᷷ᖱ⊛ߢ㐿᣿⊛ߥ࿾ਥ⚻༡ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߚ㜞ᯅኅࠍ⸰ࠇߚ㧚ߘߎߢᄦᆄߪ㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁㧔1850-1922㧕ߣ಴ળ޿㧘ᒰᤨ㜞ᯅ᳁߇⸳┙ߒᔃⴊࠍᵈ޿ߢㆇ༡ߒ
ߡ߈ߚ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߣᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ࠍ⡞߈㧘ߘࠇࠍ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߒߚߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚 ᧄⓂߪ߹ߕߎ߁ߒߚ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩႎ๔߿㧘ᄦᆄߣ਻㇢᳁ߣߩ੤ᵹ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ࠍߪߓ߼ࠆ㧚㐳ጟ࿾ၞߢߩ㜞ᯅ᳁ߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ߇⡞߈ขߞߚౝኈ㧘਻㇢᳁ߩ࿾ਥ⚻༡ߩ⺑᣿ߣᄦᆄߩ⹏ଔ㧘෸߮㧘ᄦᆄߣ᳁ߣߩ੤ᵹ㑐ଥߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ㧚ᰴߦ㧘ᄦᆄ߇⺞ᩏߢᦨ⚳⊛ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚ␹⼱㧔߆ߺ߿㧕ା↪⚵วߦߟ޿ߡ㧘਻㇢᳁ߩ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩ⺑᣿ߦኻߔࠆᄦᆄߩ⹏ଔ㧘᳁ߩ࿾ၞ␠ળ߳ߩℂᔨ߿ዧജߣ
⽸₂㧘෸߮᳁ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚߘߩ⸳┙ߩḰ஻߿⸳┙ߐࠇߚ⚵❱ߩᕈᩰߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ㧚ᦝߦ㧘਻㇢᳁߇ᜰዉߒߚ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᚑ㐳ߣ㧘᳁߇ᄙᄢߦዧജߒ
ߡ⊒ዷߦ⽸₂ߒߚᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵ว⚵❱ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ㧚ᦨᓟߦ㧘᳁ߩ⋡ᜰߒߚ੐ᬺ߇␹⼱ା↪⚵วߣߒߡ⾉ઃ⚵วᒻᘒࠍߣߞߚᴺ⊛ᩮ᜚ߣߒߡߩ㧘
1900ᐕ㧔᣿ᴦ33ᐕ㧕ߦᚑ┙ߒߚ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩ೙ቯㆊ⒟ߣ⢛᥊ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ㧚ߘߩ㓙㧘ㄘ᧛ߢߩା↪⚵ว߇⃻ઍߩㄘදߩḮᵹߣߥߞߚᱧผ⊛⚻✲ߣ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⊒␽ߩදห⚵วߩේℂ߿ℂᔨ߇ߤ߁ᄌ⾰ߒߡᣣᧄߢ
⛮ᛚߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߆ࠍᛠីߔࠆ㧚ߘߩ⁓޿ߪ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วߩදห⚵ว⊛஥㕙ࠍ⠨ኤߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆද
ห⚵วᕁᗐߩዉ౉ߣߘߩᓟߩᄌኈ㧘෸߮දห⚵วߩ⊒ዷߩ৻┵ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆ㧚 ߹ߕ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ⺞ᩏߣ㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߣߩ੤
ᵹ߆ࠄ⷗ߡࠁߊ߇㧘ߎߎߢ․ߦ㧘╩⠪ߩ㜞ᯅኅߢߩ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߣ⾗ᢱ⺞ᩏࠍᔟ⻌ߒߏදജߊߛߐߞߚ
㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩቊߩ㜞ᯅஜศ᳁ߏᄦᆄߦᗵ⻢ߒߚ޿㧚ஜศ᳁ߪ㧘␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᓟりߩ⿧〝ㄘᬺදห⚵ว
85ᐕผ‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ߩޢ‬ᓟᦠ߈ߢ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ਻㇢᳁
ߣ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߣߩ੤ᵹࠍᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫␲ޔߡߒߣ࠼࡯࠰ࡇࠛߩߟ৻ޟ‬ῳ਻㇢ߣ᣿ᴦ྾චᐕ
ઍߦ᧪ᣣߒߚࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ᦭ฬߥ␠ળቇ⠪ࠪ࠼࠾࡯࡮
࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉ᳁ߣߩ੤ᵹ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ੑੱߪᗧ᳇ᛩวߒ‫␲ޔ‬ῳᲣߪ⥄ቛ߳߹ߢ᜗޿ߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ࡉ࠶ࠚ࠙ޔ‬᳁ߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩࡈࠚࡆࠕࡦදળߩഃ⸳⠪ߩ৻ੱߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬දળ߇⃻࿷ߩഭ௛ౄߩၮߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ㅴᱠ⊛ߥ␠ળᕁᗐኅߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡉ࠶ࠚ࠙ߩߎޕ‬᳁ߣ౒ᗵߒߚ␲ῳ਻㇢
߽‫ޔ‬ㄭઍ⊛ߥᏐᐢ޿ᕁᗐࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ੐߇ࠃߊ್ࠆ‫ޕ‬዁ߦ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩㄘදߩၮᧄ⊛♖␹ߣ৻⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩ߇޽
ࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ࠈ߁߆‫ޠޕ‬1)
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘‫ࡉ࠶ࠚ࠙ޟ‬᳁ߣ౒ᗵߒߚ␲ῳ਻㇢‫ߩޠ‬‫ޟ‬ㄭઍ⊛ߥᏐᐢ޿ᕁᗐ‫⃻ޟߣޠ‬࿷ߩㄘදߩၮᧄ⊛♖␹‫ߩߣޠ‬㑐ଥ߽ᛠីߒߡࠁ߈ߚ޿㧚ߥ߅㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ⺞ᩏߣ㧘㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߣߩ੤ᵹ߿㧘਻㇢᳁ߩ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว߳ߩℂᔨ߿ᵴേߦ㑐ߒߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆᧄⓂߩ೨ඨㇱಽߪ㧘ᰴߩႎ๔ߣ⺰ᢥߣࠍၮ␆ߦ૞ᚑߒߚߎߣࠍ߅ᢿࠅߒߡ߅ߊ㧚ߘࠇࠄߪ㧘ᐔ
ᚑ22ᐕᐲ㜞ኾᢎ⢒ᢎຬ⎇ⓥ㓸ળߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ࿾ၞ⺞ᩏߣ㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ੐ᬺߦߟ޿ߡߩ
⃻࿾⺞ᩏ߿⾗ᢱߦࠃࠆ࿾ၞ⎇ⓥࠍᢎ᧚ߣߒߚᢎ⑼⎇ⓥߩႎ๔㧦‫ࡉ࠶ࠚ࠙ޟ‬ᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ⺞ᩏߣ㜞ᯅ਻㇢ߩ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว̆ᣣᧄߩࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞ࡄࠗࠝ࠾ࠕ࡯࠭㧘ㄘදߩḮᵹ̆‫ޠ‬㧘߅ࠃ߮㧘ߘࠇߦട╩ୃᱜߒߡᐔᚑ
22ᐕᐲ‫ޡ‬㜞ኾᢎ⢒‫ߦޢ‬ᔕ൐ߒߚ⺰ᢥ㧦‫ޟ‬㜞ᯅ਻㇢ߣ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว㧦ᣣᧄߩࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞දห⚵ว㧙࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ⺞ᩏߣㄘදߩḮᵹ㧙‫ߩޠ‬2ᧄߢ޽ࠆ㧚౮⌀㪄䋱 ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ

㧞㧕





㧞㧚࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ࿾ၞ⺞ᩏ ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ㐳ጟ๟ㄝߢߩ⺞ᩏേะࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚‫ޡ‬ᣂẟ᧲ർᣣႎ‫᦬ޢ‬ᣣߩ⸥੐ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ᄦᆄߪ‫␠ޟ‬ળ᡽╷ߩⷞኤߩߚ߼‫ߒ⋵᧪ߦޠ‬㧘᦬‫৻৻ޟ‬ᣣᣂᵤ㚞ࠍ⚻ߡ᧪ㄫኹ᧛㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ࠍ⸰໧ߒ‫ޔ‬หᄛߪ
หኅߦ৻ᴱߒ‫৻ޔ‬ੑᣣ㐳㊁⋵ࠍ⚻ߡฬฎደߦะ߆
߁‫ߚߞ޽ߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬㧚  㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߪ⿧〝ߩ␹⼱࿾඙ߩᄢ࿾ਥ㜞ᯅኅߩᒰਥߢ㧘᳇⽎᷹ⷰߩ⚿ᨐࠍㄘᬺߦขࠅ౉ࠇߚࠅ㧘ᣂߒ޿૞‛ᩱၭࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡ᥉෸ߐߖࠆߥߤ㐿᣿⊛ߥ◊ㄘኅߢ㧘߹ߚⷫᗲ⊛ߥ࿾ਥߢ◊ᔒኅߢ߽޽ߞߚ㧚᳁ߪ㧘᣿ᴦೋᦼߩᏢ࿖⼏ળߩⴐ⼏㒮⼏ຬߦ߽ㆬ߫ࠇ㧘ᒰᤨߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᚑ┙ߦᅁ⿛ߒ㧘࿾రߢߪవㅴ⊛ߥ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩഃ⸳⠪ߣߥࠅ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵ว⚵❱ߩ⊒ዷߦዧജߒߚ㧚―8―૰౓૞ဥழࣣ͂ॲުழࣣȝࣞ‫߇ޘ‬჊͈ಯ୽͂;ͿΛήຳत͈ಿ‫಺ؖ‬औȂ඾ུ͈෠‫࡙͈ފ‬ၠȝ ஜศ᳁ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ਻㇢᳁ߩ‫⼱␹ޟ‬ା↪⚵ว‫⸳ޠ‬┙ߩദജࠍᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬᛬ߒ߽‫␲ޔ‬ῳ਻㇢ߩ࿖ળ࿷છਛߩ᣿ᴦਃචਃᐕ
‫↥ޡ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ‫߇ޢ‬ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ㄘ᧛಴りߩ⼏ຬߣߒߡਯߦ㑐ਈߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᚑ┙ߦജࠍᵈ޿ߛ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩ೨ᓟ‫ޔ‬ฦ࿾ߦ↥ᬺ⚵ว⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇ᐞߟ߆ᚑ┙ߔࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ㄘ᳃ࠃࠅ㔖⚦ߥ⾗㊄ࠍૐ೑ߢ㓸߼‫ޔ‬㜞೑ߢㆇ↪ߔࠆ༡೑ળ␠⊛ߥᕈ⾰߇ᒝߊ‫ޔ‬ℂᗐߦߪ⒟㆙ߊ‫ޔ‬ᢙᐕߢ⎕✋ߔࠆߥߤߩ໧㗴߽ᄙߊ޽ߞߚߩߢ‫␲ޔ‬ῳ਻㇢ߪߎࠇࠄߩὐࠍࠃߊ⠨ᘦߒ‫ޔ‬࿾ర᦭ᔒߣ⋧⺣ߩ਄⎇ⓥࠍ㊀ߨ‫߇ߩߚߞ߈ߺ〯ߦ┙⸳ޔ‬᣿ᴦਃච੖ᐕ
ߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ὼ ߓ ᧪ ৻ᐕ᦭ඨߩḰ஻ᦼ㑆ࠍ⚻ߡ‫⼱␹ޡ‬ା↪⚵ว‫ߩߎޕࠆ޽ߢߩߚࠇߐ┙⸳߇ޢ‬‫߁޿ߣޢ⼱␹ޡ‬ฬ⒓ߪᤄ⨿࿦೙ᐲߩ㗃‫ߩߎޔ‬࿾ၞ߇‫⚕ޡ‬ደ⨿‫ߩߘޔߢߩߚ޿ߡࠇࠊ޿ߣޢ‬ሼࠍᄌ߃ߡ‫ ޠޕࠆ޽ߢߩ߽ߚߒߣޢ⼱␹ޡ‬

(TGPFN[5QEKGV[?ߢ޽ࠆߣ⹤ߒߚ㧚‫ޠ‬㧕㜞ᯅ᳁߇₂り⊛ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ⾉ઃࠍⴕ߁ା↪⚵วߣߒߡ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ߇㧘ᄦᆄ߇⡞޿ߚᐕߩᤨὐߢ㧘⽼ᄁ߿⾼⾈ߩ‫ޟ‬ㄘᬺߩදห‫⚵ޠ‬ว߿‫ޟ‬ㄘᬺ෹ᗲ⚵ว‫ޠ‬੐ᬺ߽ⴕߞߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߛ㧚᣿ᴦᐕ㧔ᐕ㧕ߦߪ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩᡷᱜ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡฦ
⒳⚵วߩ౗༡߇⸵นߐࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ㧚㜞ᯅ᳁ߩዊ૞ੱߦኻߔࠆⷫᗲ⊛ᆫ൓߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㧘␹⼱ା↪⚵วߦߪೋ߼߆ࠄ㧘ℂᔨߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬ㄘᬺ෹ᗲ⚵ว‫߿ޠ‬ᘏༀ⚵วߩ㕙߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ੐ᬺ߽ⴕߞߡ޿ߚ
ߣ޿ߞߡࠃ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚㧟㧚࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߣ㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ੤ᵹ
ᰴߦ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߣ㜞ᯅ᳁ߩ੤ᵹߦ⸅ࠇߡ߅ߎ
߁㧚ᄦᆄߪ㧘㜞ᯅኅ೎㇗ኋᴱߩ㓙㧘᱑⺣ߩᐳ⥝ߢᣣᧄߩੱ‫ࠍ⪲⸒ࠆ⿅ߦޘ‬㧘⧷⺆ߢ㜞ᯅኅߩኋᴱ⸥ᔨᏝ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬テੳᏝ‫߈ᦠߦޠ‬ᱷߒߚ㧚ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߪߎߩ
శ᥊ࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬㘩ථߢ᫹ሶߦᐳߞߡߩ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ㘑ߩ㘩੐ߩ޽ߣ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߥߺߪޘ‬ᐥߦᐳߞߡ‫⸰ߩߜߚ⑳ޔ‬໧ߩ⸥ᔨߦ
⧷⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆ߢᩰ⸒ߣ⹞ࠍᦠ޿ߚ㧚‫ ޠ‬       㧕౮⌀㪄䋲㩷 㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁௝  㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߪ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄࠍㄫ߃ࠆߦᒰߚࠅ㧘ᒰᤨߩ㜞ᯅኅߩᏉࠤጟ೎㇗㧘޿߹ߩ⿧〝↸ߩ⚃⪲࿦ߩ㜞਻೎⨿ߦ߅޿ߡ㜞ᯅኅߩ᷷ᖱ⊛߆ߟⷫᗲ⊛ߥ࿾ਥ⚻༡ߩ⹦⚦㧘෸߮␹⼱ା↪⚵วߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߒ㧘ᄦᆄࠍ᱑ᓙߒߡ㈬㘩߿ኋᴱߢ߽ߡߥߒߚ㧚ᄕ㘩ᓟߩ࿅ᰬߢਥੱߣ᧪ቴߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇᲣ࿖⺆ߢᩰ⸒ࠍᦠ޿
ߡ⋧ᚻߦ⿅ࠅ޽ߞߚ㧚ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߪ㜞ᯅ᳁ߩශ⽎ࠍᄦᆄߩࠕࠫࠕᣣ⸥ߢએਅߩࠃ߁ߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬㜞ᯅ=-QK?᳁ߪ̖㧘ᓐߩੱߩዊ૞ੱߣߩోߡߩ
㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡߩ✺ኒߥ⺑᣿ࠍḰ஻ߒߡ޿ߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘
ᓐߪ⑳ߚߜߦ㧘⥄ಽ߇੹㧘߶ߣࠎߤ߽ߞ߬ࠄ㧘りࠍᝤߍߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ㄘᬺߩදห㧘ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߻ߒࠈ㧘ࠪ࠼࠾࡯߇޽ߣߢ⺑᣿ߔࠆㄘᬺ෹ᗲ⚵=CITKEWNVWTCN౮⌀㪄䋳㩷 ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩテੳᏝ߳ߩነᦠ߈
ߎߩߣ߈ߩ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩነᦠ߈ߩ౮⌀ࠍ਄ߦ␜ߔ㧚ߎߩ౮⌀ߩฝࡍ࡯ࠫߩࠪ࠼࠾࡯ߩ⧷ᢥߣ㧘Ꮐࡍ࡯ࠫߩࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩ⧷ᢥߣߘߩᗧ๧ࠍએਅߦ᜕⸶ߔ
ࠆ㧚߹ߕࠪ࠼࠾࡯ߩ⧷ᢥ߆ࠄ␜ߔ㧚The memory of the most pleasant visit – September,1911 – a type of the Anglo-Japanese, alliance – thebest form of Equality, reciprocal superiority; where
each in turn enjoys the advantage of leading, and ofbeing led.

―9―ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ


Sidney Webb
41 Grosvenor Road
Westminster Embankment
Londonࠪ࠼࠾࡯㧦߽ߞߣ߽ᗢᔟߥ⸰໧ߩᕁ޿಴ߦ̆̆
ᐕ᦬̆̆⧷ᣣห⋖ߩ৻ౖဳ̆̆ᐔ╬㧘⋧੕ߩ⥋㜞ᕈߩᦨ⦟ߩᒻ㧧ߘߎߢߪߘࠇߙࠇߩੱ‫߇ޘ‬㧘⋧੕ߦዉߊߎߣߩ೑⋉ߣ㧘ዉ߆ࠇࠆߎߣߩ೑⋉ߣࠍ㧘㗅ߦ੨ฃߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚౮⌀Ꮐࡍ࡯ࠫߩࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩ⧷ᢥߣᗧ๧ߪએਅߩ
ㅢࠅ㧚Japan must lead the English race to respect The
Aged or lead English women to be obedient to theirhusband: England must lead Japanese men to show
more deference to women or to permit them to become
their partners in all the offices of him.
Beatrice Webbࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ㧦ᣣᧄߪ㧘⧷࿖ੱ⒳ࠍ㧘⠧޿ߚࠆੱࠍ
ዅᢘߔࠆࠃ߁ዉ߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿߆㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ㧘⧷࿖ᇚੱࠍ㧘ᓐᅚߚߜߩᄦߦᓥ߁ࠃ߁ዉ߆ߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿㧦⧷࿖ߪᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈ߇ᅚᕈߦኻߒߡ߽ߞߣ
ᢘᗧࠍᛄ߁ࠃ߁ߦ߆㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ㧘ᅚᕈߚߜ߇ੱ↢ߩోߡߩ႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᓐࠄ↵ᕈߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߦߥࠆߎ
ߣࠍ⸵ߔࠃ߁㧘ᓐࠄࠍዉ߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߎߎߦߪ㧘ᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈߦኻߔࠆࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩࡄ࡯࠻
࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㊀ⷞߒ㧘ᅚᕈߩ┙႐ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆࠗࠡ࡝
ࠬߩࠕ࠶ࡄ࡯ࡒ࠼࡞ࠢ࡜ࠬߩࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓࠍ⷗ߡߣ
ࠇࠆ㧚ᒰᤨߎ߁ߒߚ⠨߃ᣇߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬਛ↥㓏⚖␠ળߢߪ߆ߥࠅ᥉෸ߒߡ޿ߚ㧚㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߪߘߩᤨߎ߁ᦠ޿ߡᔕߓߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚‫࠙ޟ‬ඳ჻߇ห⋖࿖᳃ߩᚒ‫ߦޘ‬૗߆⸥ᔨߦ߽ߣᦸ߹
ࠇᐳ⥝ߦᦠ޿ߡ⿅ࠇࠆ᱌ ߆ߚࠅ޽߃ߪ ޿ߣ޽ߚߚߚ߆߈ੱߎߎࠈ ߣ߽ߦߜ߆޿ߒ ߆߭߿޽ࠆࠄࠎ‫ޠ‬㧕 ߎࠇࠄߩነߖᦠ߈߆ࠄ㧘ᄦᆄߣ㜞ᯅ᳁ߩ‫ߚߚ޽ޟ‬߆߈ੱߎߎࠈ‫ߢ޿ޠ޽ࠅߚ߆ޟߩޠ‬㧘᳁ߩ‫ߦ߽ߣޟ‬ߜ߆޿ߒ‫ⷫޠ‬ᗲߣ෹ᗲ♖␹߇㧘ᄦᆄ߆ࠄ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇ㧘᳁ߪ⺑᣿ߩ‫ࠍޠ߭߆ޟ‬ᷓߊᗵߓߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ㧚 ᤨ㑆⊛ߦߪ೨ᓟߔࠆ߇㧘ᰴߦ㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ࿾ਥ⚻༡ߩ⺑᣿ߣ࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ⹏ଔࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߪ㧘‫ࡊ࠶ࠚ࠙࡯࠾࠼ࠪޟ‬ඳ჻߇᧪ᣣ㧘ㄘ᧛ⷞኤ
ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ㜞ᯅኅࠍ⸰໧‫ߚߒޠ‬㓙㧘㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ
᷷ᖱ⊛࿾ਥ⚻༡ߣ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᚑ┙ߣℂᔨߩ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏࠍߒߚ㧚ߎߩᤨ㜞ᯅ᳁߇⺑᣿ߒߚ࿾ਥ⚻༡ߩౝኈߦߟ޿ߡ㧘‫↸〝⿧ޡ‬ผ‫ߪޢ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦᦠߊ㧚‫ޟ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߩ࿾ਥዊ૞㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ࠍ᳞߼ࠄࠇߚ
㜞ᯅߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ৻ ࿾ਥዊ૞ߩ㑐ଥߦߪ‫ޔ‬࿾ਥߣዊ૞߇⋥ធធߔࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ખዊ૞ߣ޿߁ᡰ㈩ੱࠍ߅ߊ‫ޡ‬ㇺᏒ⊛෶ࡂ⪇ᣖ⊛⚵❱‫ޔߣޢ‬࿯࿾ߩ⾉ߒઃߌߣዊ૞ᢱߩ⚊౉ࠍ㧘࿾ਥߣዊ૞ੱ߇⋥ធߦขࠅ੤ࠊߔ‫ޡ‬ㄘ᧛⊛⚵❱‫ߩޢ‬
ੑ⒳㘃߇޽ࠅ‫ޡޔ‬᥉ㅢࡁขᛒࡅᣇ‫ࠆ޽ߢޢ‬ᓟ⠪߇ᣂẟ⋵ߩᄢㇱಽߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬৻ ߘߩ‫ޡ‬ㄘ᧛⊛⚵❱‫ⷫޡޔ߽ߦޢ‬ᗲ⊛⾉࿾‫ߣޢ‬‫ޡ‬ᄾ⚂⊛⾉࿾‫ߩޢ‬ੑ⒳㘃߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬㜞ᯅኅߢߪ‫ⷫޡ‬ᗲ⊛‫ߦޢ‬ዊ૞ੱߣធߒߡ߈ߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬ੑ⊖ᐕ᧪㧘ዊ૞ੱ
ߦ⒖േ߇ߥ޿‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎ̖ޕ‬ዊ૞ੱߦኻߒߡ‫ޡ‬ኅᣖ⊛ⷫᗲ‫ޢ‬㧩ද⺞ࠍ߽ߞߡធߔࠆߣ޿߁㜞ᯅߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޡ‬ㄭ᧪਎ㆇࡁ⊒㆐࠻౒࠾ㅊ‫ੱޘ‬ᖱᶋ⭯࠾ᵹ࡟̖⸘▚̖ℂዮ⊛࠾ዊ૞࠾ធࠬ࡞⠪‫ߪߣߎߚ߈ߡࠇ⃻߇ޢ‬‫ޡ‬ᷓࠢᚓࡓࡌࠠࠦ࠻‫߽ߣߛޢ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬6㧕‫ޟ߿ޠ▚⸘ޟ‬ℂዮ‫ޟࠍޠ‬ᷓࠢᚓ‫ߢࠎޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ዊ૞ੱߦኻߒߡ‫ޡ‬ኅᣖ⊛ⷫᗲ‫ޢ‬㧩ද⺞ࠍ߽ߞߡធߔࠆ‫ߒߣޠ‬ߚ㧘㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ᷷ᖱ⊛࿾ਥ⚻༡ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⹏ଔߪ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ߇‫ߩߎޟ‬࿾ਥ޽ࠅߡߎߩዊ૞޽ࠅ‫ߣޠ‬ⶋ߼ߚ߽ߩߢ㧘᳁߇߆ߚࠅ޽޿ߩ‫ࠄࠆ޽߿߭߆ޟ‬ࠎ‫ߣޠ‬ᄢ߈ߥలታᗵࠍᛴ޿ߚߎߣߪᒰὼߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚ߚߛ㧘ߎߩ࿾ਥ⚻༡ࠃࠅ߽㧘᳁ߩⷫᗲⷰ߆ࠄߩഥߌ
ว޿ߣ෹ᗲߩ‫ࠅࠃߦޠ޿߆ߜޟ‬ታ⃻ߒߚ㧘␹⼱ା↪
⚵วߦኻߔࠆᄦᆄߩ⹏ଔߩᣇ߇㜞߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚㧠㧚㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ⸳┙ℂᔨߣ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว ᰴߦ㧘㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩℂᔨߣ㧘᳁߇ᗧ࿑ߒߚ⾉ઃ੐ᬺ߇ା↪⚵วᒻᘒࠍขࠆߦ⥋ߞߚ੐ᖱࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห⚵วߪ㧘␹⼱ା↪⚵ว߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠅ㧘␹⼱ା↪⽼ᄁ⾼⾈೑↪⚵ว㧘᧪ㄫኹ᧛ㄘᬺળ㧘᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห⚵วߣᄌㆫߒߡ߈ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห⚵วߪߘߩᓟ⿧〝ㄘᬺදห⚵วߣߥࠅ㧘⃻࿷
JAߐࠎߣ߁ߩᧄㇱߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห
⚵วߩ85ᐕผࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚ‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ߪߢޢ‬㧘㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁ߩ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว⸳┙ߩ᳿ᢿߣ‫ޟ‬ᕡᔃ‫ߩޠ‬ℂᔨࠍ
ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᦠߊ㧚
― 10 ―

૰౓૞ဥழࣣ͂ॲުழࣣȝࣞ‫߇ޘ‬჊͈ಯ୽͂;ͿΛήຳत͈ಿ‫಺ؖ‬औȂ඾ུ͈෠‫࡙͈ފ‬ၠȝ‫޿ࠊߑࠊߘߎ߹޿ޕ޿ߥ߱޽߇᧛ߪߢ߹߹ߩߎޟ‬ォߓߡ⑔߳ߩᕡਭ⊛ኻ╷߇ߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ޡޕ‬ഥߌวߞߡᕡᔃߣᕡ↥ࠍ㙃߁ା↪⚵ว੐ᬺߎߘ‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ಣߔࠆด৻ߟߩ㆏ߥࠅ‫⚵ޢ‬วߩഃᆎ⠪ 㜞ᯅ਻㇢ߩ᳿ᢿߪߘߎߦ޽ߞߚ‫ߕ߹ޡޕ‬ᕡᔃࠍᜬߟߎߣ‫ࠇߘޕ‬߇૗ᤨߒ߆ᕡ↥ࠍߟߊࠆ‫߃ߣߚޡޢ‬ᄢ⾗ᧄኅߣ޿߃
ߤ߽‫ޔ‬ᕡᔃࠍᄬߥ߁ߣ߈ߪ‫ࠍ↥ߩߘޔ‬ᄬߥ߁‫ޢ‬᳁ߩߎߩ⸒⪲ߪ‫ޔ‬᳁߇⚵ว㐳ዞછߩ㑆‫ޔࠇ߰ߦᤨޔ‬᛬ࠅߦ߰ࠇߡ⚵วຬߦ⺑߆ࠇߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬ ߎߩ᳁ߩ⠨߃ߦห⺞ߒ‫ޔ‬ା↪⚵วߩഃ┙ߦᅁ⿛ߐࠇߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬หߓ␹⼱ߦ૑߻᳓ፉᗅቃ᳁ࠍߪߓ߼᧛ౝ
߆ࠄ㓸߹ߞߚᢙฬߩหᔒ㆐ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ᳁ࠍਛᔃߦหᔒฦ૏ߪ߹ߕ᧛᳃ߩ↢ᵴⷰ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ↢ᵴߩታᘒ╬ࠍߊࠊߒߊ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߐࠇ‫ޔߦߣ߽ࠍࠇߘޔ‬⌀೶ߥ⸛⼏‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍ㊀ߨ‫ޔ‬หᔒ⚿ว‫⚵ޔ‬วຬචਃੱ
ࠍ߽ߞߡ‫᦭ޔ‬㒢⽿છ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ⊒⿷ߒߚ‫ߦᤨޕ‬᣿ᴦਃච৾ᐕਃ᦬ੑච੖ᣣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ฬ߽⚵ว඙ၞߪ᧛
ౝߣߒߥ߇ࠄ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ‫ߩߎޔ‬࿾ᣇ߇⿧ᓟ࿖␹⼱⨿ධਯㇹߣ๭߫ࠇߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫⼱␹ޔࠅߣࠍޢ⼱␹ޡ‬ା↪
⚵วߣ๮ฬߐࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬1㧕㙃߁‫ޟ߼ߚޠ‬ᐼ᳃㌁ⴕ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ήዧ⻠‫⺧↳ࠍ┙⸳ߩޠ‬ߒߚ߇㧘᳁ߩᒰೋᗧ࿑ߒߚߎࠇࠄߩ⾉ઃ੐ᬺᒻᘒߪ㧘ᒰᤨߩ↥ᬺᝄ⥝ࠍ࿑ࠆ⋵‫⇧ޟ‬ዪߩหᗧࠍᓧࠆߎߣ⢻ߪߕ‫⹺ޠ‬นߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㧚߿߻ߥߊ᳁ߪ⾉ઃ੐ᬺࠍ㧘
᣿ᴦ33ᐕᚑ┙ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩਛߩା↪⚵วߦࠃߞߡ
ⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ᳿ᗧߒߚ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘ᐔ↰᳁ࠄߩឭ໒ߔࠆ
‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⚵ว߇ᅍ૽᡼ㅺߩᑷ㘑ࠍ⍶ᱜߒ‫ޔ‬ା↪㆏ᓼߩ
ዅ㊀ߔߴ߈ࠍ⍮ࠄߒ߼౒ห৻⥌ߩⷰᔨࠍ໪⊔ߒ‫ޔ‬ൕീ⾂⫾ߩ⦟⠌ࠍᶩ㙃ߔࠆ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬⠃╬߇ᄙᐕ⧰ᔃߖࠆߩ⋡⊛ߣᄾว‫ߚߞ޽ߢࠄ߆ߚߒޠ‬㧚㜞ᯅ᳁ߪ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩⷙቯߔࠆ‫౔ޟ‬੐ᬺਛା↪⚵ว‫ᦨޟ߇ޠ‬߽࿾ᣇᤨ㔍ࠍᢇᷣߔࠆߦㆡ⇧ߥࠆࠍ⹺߼‫ߡޠ‬㧘ା↪
⚵วߩᒻᘒࠍㆬᛯߒߚ㧚ߎ߁ߒߡ㧘᳁ߪ㧘෹ᗲߣⷫ
ᗲߩℂᔨ߆ࠄἴ㔍߆ࠄߩᓳᣥ੐ᬺផㅴߣ‫ޟ‬ᕡᔃ‫ߦޠ‬ࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬ᕡ↥‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᚑߩߚ߼㧘‫޿ࠊߑࠊޟ‬ォߓߡ⑔߳ߩᕡਭ⊛ኻ╷‫⼱␹ߡߒߣޠ‬ା↪⚵วࠍ⸳┙ߒ㧘᳁߇‫ޟ‬ផߐࠇߡਯ߇⚵ว㐳ߣߥࠆ‫ߚߞ޽ߢߩޠ‬㧚 㜞ᯅ᳁ߪ㧘᣿ᴦ30ᐕઍೋ㗡㧘᳓ኂ߆ࠄ┙ߜ⋥ࠅߟߟ޽ࠆ᧛᳃߇㧘ᅍ૽߿ᶉ⾌ߦᵹࠇߕߦ‫ޟ‬ഥߌวߞߡ
ᕡᔃߣᕡ↥‫ࠍޠ‬ᒻᚑߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘෹ᗲߦࠃࠆᕡᔃ
ߣᕡ↥ᒻᚑߚ߼ߩ㊄Ⲣ೙ᐲࠍ⺞ᩏߒ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᚑ┙ᓟߪߘߩⷙቯਛߩା↪⚵วߩណ↪ࠍ᳿߼ߚ㧚ߘߩ㑆ߩ੐ᖱߪᱞ⮮༑৻᳁ߦࠃࠆߣᰴߩࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬⠃ߪਯࠍ㤩ⷞ⋴ㆊߔࠆߦᔋ߮ߕ‫ޔ‬᳓ፉᗅቃ᳁╬ᢙฬߣᷓߊ⎇ⓥ⺞ᩏߔࠆᚲ޽ࠅ‫⇧ޕ‬ೋߪ੖⪦࿧૏ߩ⾗㊄ࠍ൐㓸ߒߡᐼ᳃㌁ⴕߩᅤ߈৻⒳․ᱶߩ㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐ࠍ⸳┙ߖࠎ߆ߣߩ⼏޽ࠅߒ߽‫⇧ޔ‬ዪߩหᗧࠍᓧࠆߎߣ
⢻ߪߕ‫ߦᦝޔ‬ήዧ⻠㘑ߩᅤ߈߽ߩࠍડ࿑ߖߒ߽ߎࠇ
߹ߚⷐ㗔ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ㔍ߒ‫߹ᦩޕ‬หᔒਛ⇧ᤨ᡿ຠᎹሶ
ῲ෸੹ߩᐔ↰ષῲ╬໒ዉߖࠄࠇߚࠆ↥ᬺ⚵ว߇ᅍ૽᡼ㅺߩᑷ㘑ࠍ⍶ᱜߒ‫ޔ‬ା↪㆏ᓼߩዅ㊀ߔߴ߈ࠍ⍮ࠄߒ߼౒ห৻⥌ߩⷰᔨࠍ໪⊔ߒ‫ޔ‬ൕീ⾂⫾ߩ⦟⠌ࠍᶩ㙃ߔࠆߩ⿰ᣦߦߒߡ⠃╬߇ᄙᐕ⧰ᔃߖࠆߩ⋡⊛ߣᄾวߒ‫ޔ‬ᱶߦ౔੐ᬺਛା↪⚵วߩᦨ߽࿾ᣇᤨ㔍ࠍᢇᷣߔࠆߦㆡ⇧ߥࠆࠍ⹺߼ߚࠆߩߺߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬᣿ᴦਃචਃ
ᐕਃ᦬ࠍએߡ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ߽ᗡ‫⊔ޘ‬Ꮣߖࠄࠆࠆߦ⥋ࠅߚࠆࠍએߡਯߦࠃࠆࠃࠅઁή߈ࠍ⍮ࠅ‫ޔ‬හߜዬ᧛৻࿧ࠍએߡߖࠆᧄ⚵วࠍ⸳┙ߒ‫̖ޔ‬⠃߿ផߐࠇߡਯ
߇⚵ว㐳ߣߥࠆ‫ޠޕ‬4)౮⌀㪄䋴㩷 ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᑪ‛㧔1927ᐕ┫Ꮏ㧕 ߘߩᓟߩ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩ⚵วຬᢙ㧘಴⾗ญᢙ㧘಴⾗㗵ߩផ⒖ࠍ࿑㪄㧝ߦ␜ߔ㧚ߎࠇ߆ࠄߪ㜞ᯅ᳁߇⚵ว㐳ߣߒߡᜰዉߒߚ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว߇᜛ᄢߒߡో᧛න
૏ߩ⚵ว߳ᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ1)㧚␹⼱ା ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㜞ᯅ᳁ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ഥߌวߞߡᕡᔃߣᕡ↥ࠍ
― 11 ―

㪊㪌㪇㪇
㪊㪇㪇㪇
㪉㪌㪇㪇

⚵วຬᢙ

㪉㪇㪇㪇

಴⾗ญᢙ

㪈㪌㪇㪇
಴⾗㗵䋨㪈㪇౞න
૏䋩

㪈㪇㪇㪇
㪌㪇㪇
㪇

㪈㪐㪇㪋

㪈㪐㪈㪋

㪈㪐㪉㪋

㪈㪐㪊㪋

࿑㪄䋱 ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᚑ㐳㧔1904ᐕ߆ࠄ5ᐕᲤ㧕ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ

↪⚵วߪ╙10ᐕᐲߩ1913ᐕߢ㧘⚵วຬᢙ655ੱ㧘಴⾗㊄㗵ߪ13,020౞㧔1,302ญ10౞㧕ߢ޽ߞߚߩߢ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ߇⺞ᩏߦ᧪ߚ೨ᓟߩᤨᦼ㧘ᓟߢ⷗ࠆᣂ
ẟ⋵ߩᐔဋߩᢙሼࠍᄢ߈ߊ਄࿁ࠆᚑ㐳ࠍߣߍߡ޿ߚ㧚 ߹ߚ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᚑ┙ߦࠃࠆ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩ⸳┙ߣߘߩᓟߩ㜞ᯅ᳁ߪ‫ޟ‬ೋઍ⚵ว㐳㜞ᯅ਻㇢᳁㧔ߪ㧕̖ᧄ⚵วࠍ⸳┙㧘ㆇ༡ߦᒰߚࠄࠇ㧘ᦝߦ⋵ାㅪഃ⸳ߦዧജߐࠇ㧘ᓟߦో࿖↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ㘈໧ߣߒߡ߽
ߘߩᢅ⣨ࠍ߰ࠆࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠ‬1㧕ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦ㧘⋵࡟ࡌ࡞ో࿖࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ↥ᬺ⚵วߩߚ߼ᵴべߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚㧡㧚␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᕈᩰߣ⚵❱ߩᵹࠇ ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ㧘ഃ⸳ߒߚ㜞ᯅ᳁ߩ⠨߃߆ࠄ㧘⸳┙ᒰೋ߆ࠄା↪⚵วߢߩ⾉ઃߛߌߢߥߊ෹ᗲ⚵วߩᕈᩰࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠅ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᡷᱜߢ⽼ᄁ⾼⾈೑↪੐ᬺߩ౗༡߇น⢻ߣߥߞߡ߽ߒ߫ࠄߊߪ
ߘ߁ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᰴ╙ߦ᡽╷߿ᜰ␜ߦࠃߞߡ
੐ᬺᒻᘒߪᄌൻߒߡ޿ߞߚ㧚ߘߩⅣႺߣᱧผ⊛ᄌㆫࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚␹⼱ା↪⚵วߦߟ޿ߡࠪ࠼࠾࡯ߪએਅߩ
ࠃ߁ߦᛠីߒߡ޿ߚ㧚‫ޟ‬㜞ᯅ᳁ߩ࿾ᚲߢߪ㧘ߎߩ⒳ߩ෹ᗲ⚵ว㧘ߥ޿ߒ㧘
೎ߩห⒳ߩ࿾ᣇ⚵วߩᡰㇱ߇޽ߞߚ㧚ട߃ߡ㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘ዊㄘ⠹૞⠪ߢ޽ࠆ⚵วຬ߇⒳ሶ㧘෸߮ઁߩᔅ㔛ຠࠍ෈ᄁේଔߢ⾼౉ߔࠆදห⚵วߩᆎ߹ࠅߢ޽ࠆߣ
ᕁ߃ߚ㧚ߎ߁ߒߚ෹ᗲ⚵ว㧘⾉ઃ⚵ว㧘දห⚵ว㧘෸߮㧘ᘏༀ⚵วߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߪ㧘ߎߩ㑆ߩᣣᧄߩ․ᓽߢ޽ߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ̖‫ޠ‬5)ᧄ⚵วߪ᣿ᴦ྾චੑᐕ‫┙⸳ޔ‬੖ᐕ⋡ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣧߊ߽ᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળࠃࠅᚑ❣ఝ⑲ߩ⴫ᓆࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬ᦝߦᄢᱜੑᐕ‫ޔ‬㐳㊁⋵ߢ㐿߆ࠇߚో࿖↥ᬺ⚵วᄢળߦ߅޿ߡ‫․ޔ‬೎⴫ᓆߩᩕ⹷ߦᶎߒ‫ޔ‬ᕲ⾦⽷࿅․೎ᅑ
ബ㊄ੑ੖‫ޚ‬౞ࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓮਅ⾦㊄ࠍᦝߦ⚵วᵴേߦᵴ߆ߘ߁ߣ‫․ޔ‬೎ળ⸘ࠍ⚵ߺ‫ߩߎޔ‬ၮ㊄ߣߘߩ೑ሶ߆ࠄߥࠆᕲ⾦⸥ᔨၮ㊄ࠍഃ⸳‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ✚ળߩ᳿⼏ࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬ༀⴕ⠪⴫ᓆ‫⟕ޔ‬ἴ⠪ᢇᷣ‫౏ߩઁߩߘޔ‬౒੐ᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾌↪ߥߤߦ޽ߡߚߣ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߩ⸥ᔨ⹹
ߪ߅ߒ߃ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬1)ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߢߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ᕲ⾦⸥ᔨၮ㊄ࠍഃ⸳‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ✚ળߩ᳿⼏ࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬ༀⴕ⠪⴫ᓆ‫⟕ޔ‬ἴ⠪ᢇᷣ‫౒౏ߩઁߩߘޔ‬੐ᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾌↪ߥߤߦ޽ߡ
ߚ‫┙⸳߁޿ߣޠ‬ᓟߩ෹ᗲ࡮ᘏༀ⚵วߩᣇะᕈ߇㧘਻㇢᳁ߩⷫᗲߩℂᔨ߆ࠄ⷗ߡ⸳┙ᒰೋ߆ࠄ޽ߞߚߣᕁ
ࠊࠇ㧘߹ߚ೎ߩ෹ᗲ࡮දห࡮ᘏༀ⚵วߣߩ‫ߺ⚵ޟ‬วࠊߖ‫ߚࠇߐߣߚߞ޽߽ޠ‬㧚ߘߩᓟߩ૗࿁߆ߩ↥ᬺ⚵
วᴺߩᡷᱜߣ㧘ᓟߩᒰዪߩ⒳‫ߩޘ‬ᜰ␜ߦᓥ޿␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪା↪࡮⾼⾈࡮⽼ᄁ࡮೑↪੐ᬺࠍ౗༡ߒ㧘ᚢᤨ૕೙߿ᚢᓟ᳃ਥ૕೙߳ߩ᡽ᐭߩ૕೙⊛᡽╷ᣇ㊎ߩᄢ߈ߥᄌᦝߦᓥߞߡ㧘⚵❱ᒻᘒࠍᄌ߃ߥ߇ࠄ⃻ઍߩㄘදߦᵹࠇㄟࠎߢ޿ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ␹⼱ା↪⚵ว߇ᶖ⾌දห⚵วߣߒߡኻᲧߐࠇࠆ,ࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞వ㚟⠪දห⚵ว㧔Rochdale Pioneers
Co-operative㧕߹ߚߪࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞౏ᱜవ㚟⠪⚵ว
㧔The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers㧕ߪ㧘਎⇇ߩදห⚵วㆇേߩࡕ࠺࡞ߣߥߞߚ㧘వ㚟⊛ߢ㐳ߊ⛮⛯ߒߚᶖ⾌දห⚵วߢ㧘ว૬ࠍㅢߓߡ⃻ઍߦሽ⛯ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߩᦨೋߩᐫ⥩ߪ1844ᐕ12᦬
21ᣣߦࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ࡜ࡦࠞࠪࡖ࡯Ꮊߩࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ

ࠪ࠼࠾࡯ߪ㧘‫ߩߎޟ‬⒳ߩ෹ᗲ⚵ว㧘ߥ޿ߒ㧘೎ߩ
ห⒳ߩ࿾ᣇ⚵วߩᡰㇱ‫ޟࠍޠ‬⒳ሶ㧘෸߮ઁߩᔅ㔛ຠࠍ෈ᄁේଔߢ⾼౉ߔࠆදห⚵วߩᆎ߹ࠅ‫ߣޠ‬ᶖ⾌⚵วߩේဳߣߒߡ⹏ଔߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᒰᤨᘏༀ੐ᬺ߽ⴕߞ
ߡ޿ߚ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߣઁߩ⚵วࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘‫ޟ‬෹ᗲ⚵ว㧘⾉ઃ⚵ว㧘දห⚵ว㧘෸߮㧘ᘏༀ⚵วߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ‫ߡߞ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⚵ว߇‫ߩߎޟ‬㑆ߩᣣᧄߩ․ᓽ‫ࠆ޽ߢߩߚࠇߐߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧚 ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ‫ࡉ࠶ࠚ࠙ޔ‬ᄦᆄߩ⺞ᩏߦవ┙ߟᤨᦼߦ㧘ᒰᤨߩᣣᧄߩା↪⚵วㆇേߢߩఝ⑲⚵วߣߒߡ⴫ᓆߐࠇ㧘ᓟߩᮨ▸⚵วߣߒߡ⴫ᓆߢߪߘߩ⾨㊄ࠍၮ㊄ߣߒߡᘏༀ੐ᬺߥߤࠍⴕߞߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆవㅴ⊛ߢᘏༀ⊛ߥᮨ▸⚵วߢ޽ߞߚ㧚‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ߪޢ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᦠߊ‫ޕ‬࠲࡯Ꮢߦㄭ޿ࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞Ꮢߩ࠻࡯࠼࡟࡯ࡦⴝߢ㐿⸳ߐࠇߚ㧚ഃ┙ߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥ⢛᥊ߣߒߡߪᷫ⛎‫ޔ‬ᣣ‫ޘ‬ߩ㘩ᢱ߿⴩㘃╬ߩ↢ᵴᔅ㔛ຠߩຠ⾰ߩᖡൻ߿ขᒁߦ
߅ߌࠆ౏ᱜߐߩᰳᅤ╬‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߚߜߩ↢ᵴ⁁ᴫ߿ขᒁ᧦ઙߩᖡൻ߇޽ߞߚߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚15) ࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞వ㚟⠪දห⚵ว߇ၮ␆ߣߔࠆࡠ࠶࠴
࠺࡯࡞ේೣߪ1844ᐕߦ⊒⴫ߐࠇ㧘ᓟߦ⧯ᐓୃᱜߐࠇ
ߚ߇㧘਎⇇ߩදห⚵วࠍㆇ༡ߔࠆේೣߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ഃ⸳ᤨߩ౎ߟߩේೣߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ㧚7)‫↥ޟ‬↥ᬺ⚵วㆇ༡ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦ

5.

1.
2.
3.
4.


― 12 ―

᳃ਥਥ⟵㧦৻⚵วຬ৻␿ߩේೣ
㐿߆ࠇߚ⚵วຬ೙
಴⾗ߦኻߔࠆ࿕ቯߐࠇ㧘೙㒢ߐࠇߚ೑ሶ
⾼⾈೑↪㜞ߦߒߚ߇ߞߡ㈩ᒰഀᚯ㊄ߣߒߡ೾૛ࠍಽ㈩ߔࠆߎߣ
⃻㊄ขᒁ૰౓૞ဥழࣣ͂ॲުழࣣȝࣞ‫߇ޘ‬჊͈ಯ୽͂;ͿΛήຳत͈ಿ‫಺ؖ‬औȂ඾ུ͈෠‫࡙͈ފ‬ၠȝ


6.
7.
8.

᪯ᚑ↥ା↪⚵ว‫ޔ‬ή㒢⽿છศᎹା↪⚵ว╬ࠍᆎ߼ߣ
ߒߡᴺⷙߦḰߓ⧯ߊߪᣂ⸳ߖࠆ߽ߩ⛯‫ޘ‬ヘ಴ߒߡหਃච౎ᐕߦ⥋ߡߪ౔ᢙᣢߦ੖ච྾ߩᄙ߈ߦ෸߮ߚ
ࠅ‫ޠ‬8)⚐⦟ߢᷙߗ‛ࠍߒߡ޿ߥ޿໡ຠߩߺࠍ⽼ᄁᢎ⢒᡽ᴦ⊛෸߮ቬᢎ⊛ਛ┙ ߎ߁ߒߡ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ㧘ᵴ⊒ߢఝࠇߚ⚵❱ߣߒߡઁߩ⚵วࠍ࡝࡯࠼ߒߡ㧘⾼⾈ߣ⽼ᄁߩ⚵ว੐ᬺ߿෹ᗲ࡮ᘏༀ੐ᬺࠍዷ㐿ߒߚ㧚ߘࠇߪ⃻ઍߩㄘදߩේ
ᵹߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚ‫ޟ‬දห⚵วߩᆎ߹ࠅ‫ߡߞ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆᶖ⾌දห⚵วߣߒߡߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᜬ⛯⊛ߥᶖ⾌දห⚵วㆇേߩྊ⍫ߢ޽ࠆࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞ࡄ
ࠗࠝ࠾ࠕ࡯࠭ߦ඘ᢜߒ㧘ᣣᧄߩ↢දߩේဳߩ৻ߟߢ
޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘⚵วේೣߦߟ޿ߡߪ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪᵹㅢߩ౏ᱜ߿ഥߌว޿ߩὐߢߪࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯
࡞ࠍḩߚߔ߇㧘⥄┙ᕈߣ㕖᡽ᐭᕈߩ㕙ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᓟߢ⷗ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘⸳┙ߐࠇߚ↥ᬺ⚵วߩᄙߊ߇᡽ᐭ
ߩㄘ᧛ᒝൻ╷߿૕೙⛽ᜬ╷ߦᓥߞߚ♽⛔⚵❱ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޟ‬᳃㑆߆ࠄ಴⊒ߒߡቭ⵾࿅૕ߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ‫ޠ‬޿ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪNGO㧔㕖᡽ᐭ࿅૕㧕ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚㕖༡೑ᕈߩὐߢ߽หߓߊᄌ
ኈߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ㧚એਅ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ߿࠼ࠗ࠷ߩදห⚵วේೣ߇ᣣᧄߩቭ᳃ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦᛠីߐࠇߡዉ౉ߐ
ࠇ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌኈߒߡ߈ߚ߆ࠍ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷߣ㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩ೙ቯ
ㆊ⒟ߣߘߩ⢛᥊ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢᛠីߒߡࠁߎ߁‫ޕ‬㧢㧚ᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᚑ┙એ೨ߩ␠ળ⊛ᢇᷣߩേ߈
ߣℂᔨ㧘෸߮↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᚑ┙એᓟߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ♽⛔
ൻߩേ߈ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚␠ળ⊛ᢇᷣߩേ߈ߪ㧘ᱞ⮮༑৻✬‫ޡ‬ᣂẟ ↥ᬺ⚵วผ‫ߣࠆࠃߦޢ‬㧘᣿ᴦ20ᐕ೨ᓟߩᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇߩ᦭ജ⠪‫ߩ᧛↸߇ޠ‬‫ޟ‬㔌ᢔ㗭ᑄ‫ޟߩޠ‬ᢇᷣߩᣇᴺߣߒߡᚗߪੑችਥ⟵ߩႎᓼ␠ࠍ⚵❱ߒ‫ޔ‬ᚗߪ੖ੱ⚵೙ᐲࠍ೑↪ߖࠆ↳วⷙ⚂╬ࠍ૞⵾ߒߡ᳃ᔃߩ⛽ᜬ෸߮⚻ᷣߩჇㅴࠍᦼߖ
߻‫ߚ޿ߡߒߣޠ‬㧚ߘߩߣ߈㧘ᓐࠄߦߣߞߡ‫ޟ‬ຠᎹሶῲ෸ᐔ↰↵ῲ╬߇⚵ว೙ᐲߩ໒ዉߪኪߦᤐ⌁ߩ৻ᄢ
ᥙ㏹‫ߚߞ޽ߢޠ‬㧚ᣂẟ⋵ౝߢߪᐔ↰᳁ߩᓇ㗀ߢᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⚵ว߇⥄┙⊛ߦᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߡ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ⊒Ꮣߦኻᔕߔࠆၮ⋚߇ߢ߈ߟߟ޽ߞߚ.
‫ޟ‬ධ⫱ේ㇭ਃ᪯↸ᷰㆻኑ⬿᳁ᆎ߼ਛ⿧࿾ᣇ⼂⠪ߩ⇧ᤨ↵ῲ㧔ᐔ↰㧦ᒁ↪⠪㧕ߩฬ⪺ߚࠆ‫ޔ‬ା↪⚵ว⺰ߩ
⎇ⓥߦଐࠅߡਯ߇⚵❱ߦ⬄≂ߖࠆ߇ᅤ߈ᣢߦฦ࿾ߦ
↳ว⚵วߩ⸳┙ࠍ⷗ࠆ߽ߩ৻ੑߦߒߡ⿷ߑࠅߒ਽‫ޕ‬ᣁߊߡ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ⊔Ꮣߩ⠉ᐕߦᣈ޿ߡߪ᦭㒢⽿છਃߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޟ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫↥ޡ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ‫⊒ޢ‬Ꮣએ೨ߦ‫ޠ‬ຠᎹ߿ᐔ↰ߩ㑐ଥߢ↥ᬺ⚵ว߇⚵❱ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘‫↥ޡޟ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ‫ߩ࠷ࠗ࠼̖ߪޢ‬ㄘᬺදห⚵วࠍᮨߒߡㄘ᧛ߩਛዊ↢↥⠪ࠍ࿖ኅߩ␠ળ⊛ၮ⋚ߣߒߡ଻⼔ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ ޠ‬೙ቯߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᣂẟ⋵ౝߢߪߘࠇߦᔕߓߚ⚵วᒻᚑߩേ߈߇޽ߞߚ㧚 ‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ߪߢޢ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷࠍએਅߩࠃ߁ߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬ᒰᤨᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⸳┙⁁ᴫߪߤ߁ߛߞߚߩ
ߛࠈ߁‫↥ޔߦ߁ࠃࠆࠇࠄߺߦ⴫ޕ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ⸳┙ߩ⠉ᐕ߆ࠄା↪⚵วߪ྾⚵ว߇⊒⿷‫⚵ᧄޔ‬ว߇৻࿁⋡ߩో࿖⴫ᓆࠍฃߌߚ᣿ᴦ྾චੑᐕߦߪ౎ච౎⚵ว‫ޔ‬ੑ࿁⋡ߩ⴫ᓆߣߥߞߚᄢᱜੑᐕߦߪ‫߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬ᢙߩ߁߃ߢߪ৻౐‫⚵ޚ‬ว߹ߢߦჇ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬ ᧄ㑆ᕕ৻᳁ߪᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩჇടߣ⋵ౝߩ♽⛔⚵❱ߩᢛ஻ߦߟ޿ߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วㆇേᣂẟ⋵ߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵ว㧔ߪ㧕̖ਃච৾ᐕ੖‫⚵ޚ‬ว࡮ਃච౎ᐕ౐‫⚵ޚ‬วߣჇടߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢᱜਃᐕߦߪ྾৻
྾⚵วߣべㅴߒߚާᱞ⮮ ৻਻ੑ੖ިާᣂẟ⋵ౝോㇱ ৻਻৻৾ި‫ޕ‬ਃච౎ᐕਃ᦬ߦᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ߇⸳┙ߐࠇࠆߦ෸߮‫ޔ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߢ߽⠉ਃච਻ᐕ৾
᦬ߦߪᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળ߇⺀↢ߒ‫⋵ޔ‬ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᜰዉ࡮ᅑബߦ޽ߚߞߚ‫ޕ‬྾චੑᐕ྾᦬
ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᡷᱜߦࠃࠅ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ߇ᴺੱߣߒ
ߡ⹺นߐࠇ‫ޔ‬⠉྾චਃᐕ৻᦬ߦߪᣂẟᡰળ߽ਛᄩળ
ߩᛚ⹺ࠍᓧߡᴺ⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᄢᱜਃᐕߦߪ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળߩਅߦ⋵ౝ㇭Ꮢߦㇱળࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬⠉྾ᐕੑ᦬ߩർ⫱ේ㇭ㇱળࠍ⊹ಾࠅߦ㇭Ꮢㇱળ߇⋧ᰴ޿ߢ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ‫ޔߪߦࠄߐޕ‬ᄢᱜචᐕ྾᦬ߦᣂẟ⋵⽼ᄁ⾼⾈⚵วㅪวળ‫ޔ‬หᐕ਻᦬ߦ
ᣂẟ⋵ା↪⚵วㅪวળ߇⸳┙ߐࠇߡ‫⋵ޔ‬ਅ↥ᬺ⚵วߩᬺോࠍᜰዉ࡮⛔᜝ߔࠆㅪว૕⚵❱ߣߒߡᬺോࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚ‫ޠޕ‬ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วߩో࿖♽⛔⚵❱ߪ᣿ᴦ‫ޟ‬ਃච౎ᐕਃ᦬ߦᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ߇⸳┙ߐࠇ‫ޠ‬㧘㨬ᣂẟ⋵ߢ߽⠉ਃච਻ᐕ৾᦬ߦߪᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળ߇⺀↢ߒ‫ߚޠ‬㧚ߘߩᓟ‫ޟ‬ᣂẟ⋵⽼ᄁ⾼
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ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ⾈⚵วㅪวળ̖ᣂẟ⋵ା↪⚵วㅪวળ‫ߤߥޠ‬⒳೎⚵วߩ⋵ౝ♽⛔⚵❱߽ᢛ஻ߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩᓇ㗀ߢᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߪ㗅⺞ߥ⊒ዷࠍ⷗ߖߚ.
ߘߩᓟߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߣ♽⛔⚵❱ߩᣂẟ⋵ౝߢߩ⊒ዷߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ผߢߪᱞ⮮༑৻‫ޡ‬ᣂẟ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วผ‫ߦޢ‬୮ߞߡਃᦼߦ඙ಽߒ㧘ೋᦼߩ⚵วᢙߩዋߥߐ
ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ߪᦼ৻╙ޟ‬᣿ᴦਃචਃᐕ߆ࠄᄢᱜਃᐕ߹ߢߩഺ⥝ᦼ‫ޔ‬╙ੑᦼߪᄢᱜ྾ᐕ߆ࠄ਻ᐕ߹ߢߩᢛℂᤨઍ‫╙ޔ‬ਃᦼߪᄢᱜචᐕએ㒠ߩ᜛ᒛᤨઍߢ޽ࠆ‫ ޠޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ╙৻ᦼߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⚵วߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣ㔺ᚢᓟߩ᣿ᴦਃච౎ᐕߢ߽ో⋵ߢ౐‫⚵ޚ‬ว⒟ᐲߩ߽ߩߢߒ
߆ߥ߆ߞߚ‫⋥ߩߘ ޠޕ‬ᓟߩ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળߩഃ⸳߆ࠄ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ㗅⺞ߥ⊒ዷ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚߩߢ
޽ࠆ㧚⋵ผߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫⊒ߊ߿߁ࠃޟ‬ዷߩ✜ߦߟߊߩߪ‫ޔ‬หᐕ㧔᣿ᴦ ᐕ㧕ਃ᦬ߩᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળߩ⸳┙ࠍᄾᯏߣߒ
ߡߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߢ߽ਛᄩળഃ┙ᄢળߦਃፉ㇭᧪ㄫ
ኹ᧛㧔⿧〝↸㧕ߩ৻৻‫↸ޚ‬࿾ਥߢ‫⼱␹ޔ‬ା↪⚵ว㐳ߢ޽ࠆ㜞ᯅ਻㇢ࠍ⋵ઍ⴫ߣߒߡㅍࠅㄟࠎߛ‫ޕ‬ਛᄩળߩ⸳┙ࠍᄾᯏߦ⋵࿾ਥળ࡮⋵ㄘળߩេഥߩ߽ߣߦ‫ޔ‬᣿ᴦਃච౎ᐕ౎᦬ᣂẟ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วද⼏ળ߇⚿ᚑߐࠇ‫ޔ‬⠉ਃච਻ᐕ৾᦬↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળ߇ഃ⸳ߐࠇ
ߚ‫̖ޕ‬ᣂẟᡰળߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ⚵วߩ⿰ᣦࠍ᥉෸ߒ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ⸳┙ߣ⚵วຬട౉ߩᅑബࠍ࿑ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᣿ᴦ྾චਃᐕ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ߇ᴺੱߣߒߡ⹺นߐࠇࠆ ߿ ‫ޔ‬ᣂ ẟ⋵ ᡰ ળߪ ో࿖ ߢ ৾⇟ ߼ߩ ᡷ ⚵ࠍ ⴕߞߚ‫ ޠޕ‬‫ޟ‬ഃ┙ᒰᤨߩᣂẟᡰળߩᓎຬߪ‫ޔ‬ળ㐳ߦవߩ㜞ᯅ਻㇢‫ޔ‬೽ળ㐳ߦਛ㗖ၔ㇭⟤቞᧛㧔ਃ๺᧛㧕ߩ৻৻‫↸ޚ‬࿾ਥߢ⥋⺈ା↪⚵ว㐳ߢ߽޽ࠆን᳗ቁᄥ㇢߇ዞછߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬㘈໧ߦᣂẟ⋵⍮੐࡮⋵ㄘળ೽ળ㐳࡮⋵࿾ਥදળ೽ળ㗡߇ㆬ߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔ᱞ⮮༑৻‫ޡ‬ᣂẟ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วผ‫ޢ‬㧕‫↥⋵ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᬺ⚵วߩೋᦼߩᜰዉ⠪ߪ࿾ਥߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ቭ௥ߣ࿾ਥ൓ജߩᡰᜬߩ߽ߣߦ޽ߞߚ
߇‫ޔ߫߃޿ߣ߆ࠄߜߤޔ‬ᣂẟ⋵ࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆජ↸ᱠࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪߥߊ‫↸⊖ޔ‬ᱠࠢ࡜ࠬߩ࿾ਥ߇ਛᔃ⊛ߥᜂ޿ᚻߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ޠ‬
1906 ᐕᒰᤨߩ⋵ᒰዪߩ↥ᬺ⚵วଦㅴߩᗧ࿑ࠍ␜
ߒߚ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘ᒰᤨߩ㒙ㇱ⋵⍮੐߇ᣂẟ⋵࿾ਥળ✚ળߢⴕߞߚᰴߩࠃ߁ߥṶ⺑߇޽ࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪᣣ㔺ᚢ੎ᓟߩ‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᝄ⥝ߪ⚵วലᨐߩ⊔ើߦଐࠆઁή
߈ߎߣ‫↥ޟࠄ߆⼂⹺߁޿ߣޠ‬ᬺ⚵วߩᔅⷐࠍ∩ಾߦᗵߓߚࠆߣ౒ߦ‫ ޔ‬ਅߩ᦭ജ⠪ߚࠆ࿾ਥࠍ᳿⿠ߖߒ
߼ߡេഥߩഭࠍขࠄߒ߼‫  ߚߞ޽ߢߩߥ߼ߚࠆޠ‬㧚‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⚻༡ߩᴺೣߪ‫ᦨޔ‬ዊߩഭ⾌ࠍએߞߡᦨᄙߩല
ᨐࠍ෼߻ࠆߦ࿷ࠅ‫౒̖ޕ‬ห⊛⚻༡ߩᅤ߈ߪᱜߦᤚࠇ
౔᦭ജߥࠆ৻ᚻᲑߚࠆߴߒ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺߪኪߦᅤ਄
ߩ♖␹ࠍએߡ↢߹ࠇߚࠅ̖ᓥߡ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ᦭⋉ߥࠆߎߣ੦ᄙ⸒ࠍⷐߖߕ‫ޕ‬ὼࠆߦᧄ ᧂߛ౔⊔㆐ࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣ⢻ߪߑࠆߪ‫⇧ߦ৻ޔ‬੐⠪౔ੱࠍᓧࠆߩ㔍߈ߦ⡯↱ߖߕ߻߫޽ࠄߕ‫ޕ‬᡿ߦ␠ળߩ਄ᵹߦ┙ߜᓼᦸࠍ᦭
ߔࠆ⻉ำߦወߒ‫ޔ‬ᱝ㓙ਯ߇㚂໒ߣߥࠅ෶ਯ߇ᜰዉ⠪ߚࠄ߻ߎߣࠍ᳞߻ࠆߪ㗓ࠆㆡಾߩភ⟎ߚࠆࠍ⹺߻ࠆ
ߥࠅ‫ޠޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⋵ᒰዪߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᝄ⥝ߩᗧ࿑ߪ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วࠍ↥ᬺ⚻༡ߩ㨬৻ᚻᲑ㨭ߩ‫౒ޟ‬ห⊛⚻༡‫߃ᝒߣޠ‬ߡ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วߩ౒ห⊛⚻༡ߩᜰዉ⠪ߣߒߡ࿾ਥࠍേ
ຬߒߡ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⚻༡ߦᒰߚࠄߖ㧘߹ߚ㧘‫ޟ‬ਛᄩળߩ⸳┙ࠍᄾᯏߦ⋵࿾ਥળ࡮⋵ㄘળߩេഥ‫ࠍޠ‬ᓧߡ㧘ߘࠇࠄߦࠃࠆ‫⚵ޟ‬วലᨐߩ⊔ើ‫ࠄ߆ޠ‬ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎ᓟߩ‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᝄ⥝‫ࠍޠ‬࿑ࠆߎߣߦ޽ߞߚߣ޿߃ࠃ߁㧚߹ߐߦ‫↥⋵ޟ‬ᬺ⚵วߩೋᦼߩᜰዉ⠪ߪ࿾ਥߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ቭ௥ߣ࿾ਥ൓ജߩᡰᜬߩ߽ߣߦ޽ߞߚ‫ࠆ޽ߢߩޠ‬㧚↥ᬺ⚵วߣ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળߩ♽⛔૕೙ߪ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ψਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળψ↥ᬺ⚵วߣ޿߁㑐ଥߢ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ߩㄘ᡽ߢㄘળ߇‫⋵ޟ‬ㄘ੐ᡷ⦟᡽╷ߩ↸᧛ᧃ┵߳ߩવ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻ߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚ‫ߣߩ ޠ‬ห᭽ߦ㧘⋵ߩ᡽╷ߩ‫ߩ߳┵ᧃ᧛↸ޟ‬વ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻ߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚ
ߒߚ‫ޠ‬㧚ᣂẟ⋵ᒰዪߪㄘળߣ↥ᬺ⚵วࠍࡢࡦ࠮࠶࠻
ߦߒߡ‫ޟ‬વ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻‫߁ࠃ߃޿ߣߚߒߣ┵৻ߩޠ‬㧚߹ߚߎߩ᭴ㅧߪ୘೎↥ᬺ⚵วφ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ⋵ᡰળφ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળφਛᄩ᡽ᐭߣ޿߁ਛᄩ᡽ᐭߩ‫ޟ‬᡽╷ߩ↸᧛ᧃ┵߳ߩવ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻‫ߩޠ‬ሽ࿷੍߽ᗐߐߖࠆ㧚ᓟߦਛᄩ᡽ᐭ߇╙ᰴᄢᚢਛ⛔೙⚻ᷣߩ‫ޟ‬વ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻‫ߚߒߣޠ‬ㄘᬺળߪ߹ߐߦㄘળߣ↥ᬺ⚵วࠍ⛔วߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚↥ᬺ⚵วߩਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇߩ♽⛔૕೙ߪ㧘ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇߩ᡽ᐭߩ᡽╷ታᣉ߅ࠃ߮ⴕ᡽ࠍ⵬ቢ
ߔࠆ೙ᐲߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡ߈ߚߣ޿߃ࠃ߁߆ߊߒ
ߡߎߩࠃ߁ߥᣇะᕈߢ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળߩഃ⸳ࠍᄾᯏߦᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ㗅⺞ߥ⊒ዷ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᢙ㧘⚵วຬᢙᐔဋߣᛄㄟᷣ಴
⾗㗵ᐔဋߩផ⒖ߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߎߩ࿑߆ࠄ⋵ᡰળߩഃ⸳ߩ1906ᐕ߆ࠄ↥ᬺ⚵วᢙߩ㗅⺞ߥჇട߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ߇⸰ࠇߚ1911ᐕ೨ᓟߩᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⁁ᴫߣߒߡߪ㧘⚵วᢙߎߘ1913ᐕߢ400⚵วߦ㆐ߒߚ߇㧘৻⚵วᒰࠅߩ
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૰౓૞ဥழࣣ͂ॲުழࣣȝࣞ‫߇ޘ‬჊͈ಯ୽͂;ͿΛήຳत͈ಿ‫಺ؖ‬औȂ඾ུ͈෠‫࡙͈ފ‬ၠȝ⚵วຬᢙ߇1907ᐕ߆ࠄ1913ᐕߢ100ੱ೨ᓟߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᐔဋᛄ޿ㄟߺ㗵߇1904ᐕ߆ࠄ1913ᐕߢ2000౞೨ᓟߢ޽ߞߡ㧘␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩᚑ㐳ߦᲧߴߡᐔဋ⊛ߥ⚵วߩേะ߇߿߿ૐ⺞ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚
㪏㪇㪇
㪎㪇㪇
㪍㪇㪇
㪌㪇㪇
⚵วᢙ
⚵วຬᢙᐔဋ
ᛄㄟ㗵ᐔဋ䋨㪈㪇౞න૏䋩㪋㪇㪇⸘਻‫৻ޔ‬੖੖‫ޠ‬11)వߦ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦ1907ᐕߢߪ3300ߦㆊ߉ߥ߆ߞߚฦ⒳ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߪ㧘1912ᐕ9155ߦჇടߒߚ㧚਄ߩ⸥੐ߦࠃࠆߣା↪࡮⽼ᄁ࡮⾼⾈࡮↢↥ߩⶄᢙߩ੐ᬺࠍ౗
༡ߔࠆ⚵ว߇ᄙᢙᵷߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚᣿ᴦ39ᐕߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᡷᱜߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬ା↪⚵วߩઁ੐ᬺ౗༡‫ߩߤߥޠ‬ᴺᡷᱜߦߟ޿ߡᧄ㑆ᕕ৻᳁ߪᰴߩ
ࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ㧚

㪊㪇㪇
㪉㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇
㪇
㪈

㪉

㪊

㪋 㪌

㪍

㪎

㪏 㪐 㪈㪇 㪈㪈 㪈㪉 㪈㪊 㪈㪋 㪈㪌 㪈㪍 㪈㪎 㪈㪏 㪈㪐 㪉㪇㪈㪐㪇㪋ᐕ䈎䉌㪈ᐕᲤ࿑㪄䋲 ᣂẟ⋵ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷ㧔㧕㧣㧚ᣣᧄߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩഺ⥝ᦼో࿖ߩ↥ᬺ⚵ว⚵❱ߩ⊒ዷߦߟ޿ߡ⷗ࠃ߁㧚‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ߪޢ‬1900ᐕઍߩ⚵❱᜛లߩਇචಽߐࠍᦠߊ㧚‫⨲ޟ‬ഃᦼߩ᣿ᴦᧃᦼ߆ࠄᄢᱜߦ߆ߌߡ‫ోޔ‬࿖⊛ߦ⚵วߩ⚵❱᜛లߩᱠߺߪ‫ޔ‬ᢙߩ߁߃ߢ߽ౝኈߩ߁߃
ߢ߽᳿ߒߡలಽߥ߽ߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺ೙ቯ৾ᐕࠍㆊ߉ߚ᣿ᴦ྾චᐕ‫ోޔ‬࿖ߩ⚵ว✚ᢙߪࠊߕ߆ਃ‫ޔ‬ਃ‫⚵ޚޚ‬ว‫⚵ޔ‬วຬᢙਃචਃਁੱ‫ޔ‬ㆇォ⾗㊄ߩ✚㗵߽ੑ‫ਁޚޚޚޔ‬౞ߣ⸥㍳ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߽߆ߒޕ‬ߘߩಽᏓߪ᧲੩ߦㄭ޿ᐭ⋵ߦኒ㓸‫᧲ޔ‬੩߆ࠄ㆙޿ർ
ᶏ㆏‫᧲ޔ‬ർ‫ޔ‬ධ਻Ꮊ࿾ᣇߩ⸳⟎ߪዋߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬ ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘1912ᐕ
5᦬3ᣣ(᣿ᴦ45ᐕ)ߩ‫ޡ‬ႎ⍮ᣂ⡞‫ߦޢ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ↥ᬺ⚵วߩჇടߩ⸥੐߇ឝタߐࠇߚ㧚‫ޟ‬ㄘ໡ോ⋭ߩ⺞ᩏߦଐࠇ߫྾᦬ᧃᣣ⃻࿷ߩฦ⒳↥ᬺ⚵วᢙߪ✚⸘਻ජ⊖੖ච੖ߩᄙᢙߦ㆐ߒ⠰ߒߡ೨᦬ਛߩ⸳┙ᢙߪ⊖྾චਃߥࠆ߇྾ච྾ᐕᧃ⃻࿷ߩ౎ජ౐⊖౐චਃ⚵วߦᲧߔࠇ߫௖‫ޘ‬྾ࡩ᦬ߦߒߡታߦ྾
⊖਻චੑ⚵วߩჇടࠍ᧪ߖࠅᏀߦ྾᦬ᧃ⃻࿷ߩ⚵วࠍ⒳㘃೎ࠍ␜ߖࠎ] ା↪ੑ‫౐ޔ‬ਃ਻ً⽼ᄁੑੑ਻ً
⾼⾈৾౐੖ً↢↥৻৻౎[ً⽼ᄁ⾼⾈੖ਃਃً⽼ᄁ↢↥৻੖‫↥↢⾈⾼ًޚ‬੖੖ً⽼ᄁ⾼⾈↢↥ੑ྾‫ًޚ‬ା↪⽼ᄁਃ਻౐ًା↪⾼⾈৻‫਻৾ޔ‬ਃًା↪↢↥ੑ‫ً]ޚ‬ା↪⽼ᄁ⾼⾈ً৻‫౐ޔ‬ਃ‫ًޚ‬ା↪⽼ᄁ↢↥ੑ੖ًା↪⾼⾈↢↥྾৻ًା↪⽼ᄁ⾼⾈↢↥੖ੑ৻ً‫ᧄޟ‬ᩰ⊛ߥ⊒ዷߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎ᓟߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺᡷᱜߦ
ࠃࠆᴺ૕♽ߩᢛ஻߿ߎࠇߦ઻߁᣿ᴦ྾චੑᐕ߆ࠄᆎ
߹ࠆ᡽ᐭ⾗㊄ߩ↥ᬺ⚵ว߳ߩ⾉ઃߌ╬ߩⷐ࿃ߦࠃࠆ
ߣߎࠈ߇ᄢ߈޿‫↥ޕ‬ᬺ⚵วᴺߩᡷᱜߪ৻‫ޚ‬ᰴߦ෸߮‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥ߽ߩߣߒߡߪା↪⚵วߩઁ੐ᬺ౗༡㧔᣿ᴦਃච਻ᐕ㧕‫ޔ‬ฦ⒳⚵วߩㅪวળ࡮ਛᄩળ⸳┙㧔᣿ᴦ྾චੑᐕ㧕‫ోޔ‬࿖ㅪวળߩ⸳┙㧔ᄢᱜචᐕ㧕ߥߤߩᴺ⹺࡮⹺นߢ޽ߞߚ‫̖ޕ‬᣿ᴦ྾චੑᐕએ㒠ᐭ⋵ㅪวળ߇ᰴ‫ోޔߦ߽ߣߣࠆࠇߐ┙⸳ߦޘ‬࿖⚵❱ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᜰዉ੐ᬺㇱ㐷ߢߪ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ㧔᣿ᴦ྾චਃᐕ㧕‫ޔ‬ା↪੐ᬺㇱ㐷ߢߪ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩ㊄ᐶ㧔ᄢᱜචੑᐕ㧕‫ޔ‬⾼⾈੐ᬺㇱ㐷ߢߪో࿖⾼⾈⚵วㅪวળ㧔ᄢᱜචੑᐕ㧕‫⽼ޔ‬ᄁ੐ᬺߢߪో࿖☨Ⓝ⽼ᄁ⾼⾈⚵วㅪวળ㧔ᤘ๺౐ᐕ㧕ߥߤ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬ ᧄ㑆᳁ߪߎ߁ߒߚ᭽‫ోߥޘ‬࿖♽⛔⚵❱ߩᢛ஻ߦࠃ
ࠆ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷࠍ㧘‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⚵วߣߪ̖ᣣᧄ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩᒻᚑ࡮⊒ዷ࡮⏕┙ᦼߦᾖᔕߒߡ᜛ᄢ࡮ᢛ஻ߐࠇ
ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵⚻ᷣߩᵷ↢ߔࠆ᭽‫ߥޘ‬⍦⋫߿໧㗴ࠍ✭๺ߔࠆᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߚ‫ޠ‬߽ߩߣ⹏ଔߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⹏ଔߦኻߒߡ㧘ජ⪲ୃ᳁ߪ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߣ↥ᬺ⚵วߣࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆᗧ⟵ࠍᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪ‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⚵ว߇ࠢࡠ࡯࠭࡮ࠕ࠶ࡊߐࠇࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬᣿ᴦਛᦼ㧔৻਻‫ޚޚ‬ᐕ೨ᓟ㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬ᤘ๺ೋᦼ㧔৻਻ਃ‫ޚ‬ᐕ೨ᓟ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟㅴ࿖ߢᚑ┙ߔࠆ⾗ᧄਥ⟵߇ਛዊ↢↥⠪ࠍᐢ᳢ߦሽ⛯ߐߖࠆߎߣߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ߿ೋᦼߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߩᗧ⟵߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆ‫߹ޕ‬ߚᓟ⠪ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ዊ૞੎⼏߿ㄘᬺᕟᘓߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆㄘ᧛ߩ
ෂᯏ⊛⁁ᴫ߳ߩኻ╷ߣߒߡ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ⊒ዷ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆ‫ࠆ޽ߢߩࠆࠃߦߣߎ߁޿ߣ ޠޕ‬㧚ߎࠇࠄࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘↥ᬺ⚵ว㧙⋵ᡰળ̆ਛᄩળ
ߩ♽⛔⚵❱ߪⴕ᡽ߩ⵬ቢ೙ᐲߣߒߡ㧘1920ᐕઍ߹ߢߢߪ‫ޟ‬ᓟㅴ࿖ߢᚑ┙ߔࠆ⾗ᧄਥ⟵߇ਛዊ↢↥⠪ࠍᐢ᳢ߦሽ⛯ߐߖࠆߎߣ‫ߦޠ‬ኻᔕߒ㧘1930ᐕઍߢߪ‫ޟ‬ዊ૞੎⼏߿ㄘᬺᕟᘓߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆㄘ᧛ߩෂᯏ⊛⁁ᴫ߳ߩኻ╷ߣߒߡ‫ޠ‬㧘ฦᤨᦼߢ‫ᧄ⾗ޟ‬ਥ⟵⚻ᷣߩᵷ↢ߔࠆ
― 15 ―

ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ

᭽‫ߥޘ‬⍦⋫߿໧㗴ࠍ✭๺ߔࠆᓎഀ‫ࠍޠ‬ᨐߚߒߡ߈ߚ
ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚੹߹ߢ⷗ߡ߈ߚ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ♽⛔⚵❱ߪ㧘ᒰὼߦ߽㧘ⴕ᡽ߩᯏ⢻ߢ޽ࠆ⛔ᴦߣ⑔␩ߣࠍ⵬ቢߔ
ࠆ೙ᐲߢ߽޽ࠆ㧚ㄘળߩ♽⛔⚵❱ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วߩ♽⛔⚵❱߽‫ޟ‬᳃㑆߆ࠄ಴⊒ߒߡቭ⵾࿅૕ߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ߊ‫ࠆ޽ߢߩ ޠ‬㧚ⴕ᡽߇᳃㑆ߩ␠ળᢇᷣ
߿⑔␩ߩㆇേࠍߤ߁ᛠីߒᄌኈߐߖߡ߈ߚ߆ߩᬌ⸛
߇↥ᬺ⚵วߩᬌ⸛ߦ߅ߌࠆᩮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߥߩߢ޽ࠆ

㧤㧚↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ೙ቯߩᗧ࿑㧘⢛᥊㧘ℂᔨ
ߎߎߢ㧘᣿ᴦ33ᐕᚑ┙ߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩ೙ቯㆊ⒟㧘
ᗧ࿑㧘ℂᔨߣߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒࠃ߁㧚 ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߪ㧘ర‫↥࠷ࠗ࠼ޘ‬ᬺ෸⚻ᷣ⚵วᴺࠍᲣ
ᴺߣߒߡ૞ᚑߐࠇᚑ┙ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ᒰᤨߩ࠼ࠗ࠷ߢߪ㧘‫ޟ‬࿖ળ⼏ຬߣߒߡߩࠪࡘ࡞࠷ࠚߩᵴべߦࠃߞߡ㧘৻౎౐৾ᐕߦ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫⚵ࡖࠪࡠࡊޡ‬วᴺ‫ޢ‬…ߩᚑ┙ࠍߺ㧘৻౎৾৻ᐕ࠼ࠗ࠷ㅪ㇌ߩ⛔৻ߦࠃߞߡ‫⚵࠷ࠗ࠼ޡ‬วᴺ‫ߩ࠷ࠗ࠼ߚߞߥߣޢ‬දห⚵วᴺ೙‫ޠ‬12)߇ᣣᧄߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩᲣᴺߣߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᐔ↰᧲ഥ᳁ߪᒰᤨߩ౒ห⚵วㆇേߩℂ⺰⊛ᜰዉ⠪ߢ㧘᣿ᴦ20ᐕઍߩౝോ⋭ᴺ೙ዪㇱ㐳ߢ޽ߞߡ㧘᳁߇ਥዉߒߡ᣿ᴦ24ᐕା↪⚵วᴺ᩺ࠍឭ಴ߒ㧘ߎߩᴺ᩺
ߩᚑ┙ߦዧജߒߚ߇ᨐߚߖߥ߆ߞߚ㧚หᴺ᩺ߢ᳁ߪදหߦࠃࠆ⋧੕ᛔഥࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ㧘⥄↱ਥ⟵⊛วℂਥ
⟵ߩ‫⋧ޟ‬੕ᛔഥ‫♽ࠚ࠷࡞ࡘࠪޟߩޠ‬ା↪⚵วࠍផᅑߒ‫ߚޠ‬㧚ߘࠇߦኻߒㄘ໡ോ⋭ߩቭ௥ߪ㨬ࠪࡘ࡞࠷ࠚ
♽ߩ⥄↱ਥ⟵⊛วℂਥ⟵ߦၮߠߊ⋧੕ᛔഥࠃࠅ߽㧘࿾✼⊛⚿วࠍ㊀ⷞߒߚ࡜ࠗࡈࠔࠗ࠯ࡦ♽ߩ଻቞ᕈߦ
ኻߔࠆⷫㄭᗵ㨭ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚ㧚ߘߩᓟᓐࠄߪ‫ࠗ࠼ޟ‬࠷ߩ‫↥ޡ‬ᬺ߅ࠃ߮⚻ᷣ⚵วᴺ‫ࠍޢ‬㔇ᒻߣߒߡ‫ޠ‬㧘ㄘ᧛ᝄ⥝╷ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡ‫ߩ♽ࡦ࠯ࠗࠔࡈࠗ࡜ޟ‬ㄘ᧛දห⚵ว‫ߦޠ‬୮߁╙1ᰴ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ࠍਥዉ⊛ߦ૞ᚑߒ
ߡ᣿ᴦ30ᐕߩ╙10Ꮲ࿖⼏ળߦឭ಴ߒߚ߇㧘෻ኻ⺰߽ᄙߊክ⼏ᧂੌߦ⚳ࠊߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ‫ޟ‬᣿ᴦਃਃᐕ᡽ᐭߪౣ߮ୃᱜࠍઃߒ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ࠍឭ಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪਔ㒮ࠍㅢㆊߒਃ᦬౏Ꮣ਻᦬߆ࠄᣉⴕߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᤘ๺ੑਃᐕ৾᦬ߦᶖ⾌↢ᵴදห⚵วᴺ߇౏Ꮣߐࠇࠆ⋥೨߹ߢ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖දห⚵วߩḰ᜚ᴺߣߥߞߚ‫ޠ‬㧚12)ᰴߦ㧘࿖ળ⼏੐㍳ߦࠃࠅ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߦߟ޿ߡߩ
᡽ᐭߩᛠីߣ೙ቯᗧ࿑ࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚╙14࿁Ꮲ࿖⼏ળ⾆ᣖ㒮ߩ1900ᐕ2᦬17ᣣߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ߩ╙৻⼛ળߢ᡽ᐭᆔຬ๺↰ᒾᰴ㇢ߪ㧘ߎߩᴺ᩺ߩ‫ޟ‬ਥᗧ‫⺑ࠍޠ‬᣿ߒߚ㧚ߘࠇߪ‫ᧄޟ‬᩺ኪᣉߩᓟߪ↥ᬺ⊔㆐ߩᡷ⦟Ⴧᱺ
ࠍౙ࿩⥌ߒ߹ߒߡ਌ߟ࿡ኅ⚻ᷣߩၮ␆ࠍ㕸࿕ߦߒߚ޿‫ߚߞ޽ߢߣߎޠ‬㧚ߘߩℂ↱ߩ╙৻ߪ‫ޟ‬ਥߣߒߡਛ

↥એਅߩㄘᎿᬺ⠪߇౔↢↥ߦⷐߒ߹ߔᚲߩ⾗ᧄߦወߒ߹ߒߡૐ೑ߩ⾗㊄ࠍଏ⛎ߖߒ߼ߚ޿‫╙ޔߣߎޠ‬ੑߪ‫ޟ‬ൕ୿⾂⫾ߩ⟤㘑ࠍᶩ㙃⥌ߒߚ޿‫╙ޔߣߎޠ‬ਃߪ‫⇧ޟ‬ᬺ⠪ਛߦ⚵วࠍ⚵❱ߖߒ߼߹ߒߡ౔⚵วຬߩදห৻⥌ߩജߦଐࠅ߹ߒߡਛㄘ⧯ߒߊߪᄢㄘߩ௛ࠍẋᰴߦᓧߖߒ߼ߚ޿‫ߚߞ޽ߢߣߎޠ‬㧚ߟ߹ࠅ᣿ᴦ᡽ᐭ
ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ൕ୿⾂⫾ߩ⟤㘑ࠍᶩ㙃‫ߒޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ਛ↥એਅߩㄘᎿᬺ⠪̖ߦወߒ߹ߒߡૐ೑ߩ⾗㊄ࠍଏ⛎‫ߖߐޠ‬㧘‫⚵ޟ‬วຬߩදห৻⥌ߩജߦଐࠅ߹ߒߡਛㄘ⧯ߒߊߪ
ᄢㄘߩ௛‫ߢߣߎࠆߖߐࠍޠ‬㧘‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ⊔㆐ߩᡷ⦟Ⴧ
ᱺ‫ޟߡߖߐߥࠍޠ‬࿡ኅ⚻ᷣߩၮ␆ࠍ㕸࿕ߦߒߚ޿‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁ᗧ࿑ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ታ㓙ߦ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ߇ᶖ⾌⚵วࠍଦㅴߒߚὐߦߟ
޿ߡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄߩ↥ᬺ⚵ว㧔දห⚵ว㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬᣿ᴦਃਃ㧔1900㧕ᐕߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺࠍ೙ᐲ⊛಴⊒ὐߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ା↪࡮⽼ᄁ࡮⾼⾈࡮೑↪ߩฦ⒳੐ᬺࠍ༡߻⚵❱૕ߣߒߡᐢ᳢
ߦ᥉෸ߒ‫ޔ‬ㄘળ߿ㄘ᳃⚵วߣਗ߱ᚢ೨ᦼߩㄘᬺ࿅૕
ߩઍ⴫ߣߥߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ㇺᏒߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᶖ⾌⚵ว߿Ꮢⴝ࿾ା↪⚵วߣߒߡ৻ቯߩ⊒ዷࠍㆀߍߚ‫ߢߩ ޠޕ‬޽ߞߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ߇‫ޟ‬ਔ㒮ࠍㅢㆊߒਃ᦬
౏Ꮣ਻᦬߆ࠄᣉⴕߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᤘ๺ੑਃᐕ৾᦬ߦᶖ⾌↢ᵴදห⚵วᴺ߇౏Ꮣߐࠇࠆ⋥೨߹ߢ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖දห⚵วߩḰ᜚ᴺߣߥߞߚ‫ߦ߁ࠃޠ‬㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߪ㧘ᣣᧄߩᶖ⾌දห⚵วࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆදห⚵วㆇേࠍଦㅴߒߚ
੐ታ߽ᔓࠇߡߪߥࠄߥ޿㧚ᶖ⾌දห⚵วߪ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩ⾼⾈⚵วߣߒߡⷙቯߐࠇ㧘‫ޟ‬ㇺᏒߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᶖ
⾌⚵ว‫⊒ߡߒߣޠ‬ዷߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩᶖ⾌දห⚵ว߇↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߦࠃࠅ⾼⾈⚵วߣߒߡⷙቯߐࠇߚ޿߈ߐߟࠍᛠីߒߡ߅ߎ߁㧚࿖ળክ⼏ߢߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪදห⚵วߩਥᵹࠍߥߒߡ޿ߚ
ᶖ⾌⚵วߩቯ⟵ߣ૏⟎ઃߌ߇ᵹേ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ߎߩὐߦߟ޿ߡ᡽ᐭᆔຬ⺑᣿ߢᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߎߣߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌⚵วߣ↳ߒ߹ߔࠆಽߪ̖╙৻᪯ߩ╙ਃภߦߏߑ޿
߹ߔࠆ⾼⾈⚵วߩਛߦਯࠍ൮฽ߔࠆߎߣߦ⥌ߒ‫ߚޠ‬ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎ߁ߒߚߩߪ㧘᣿ᴦ30ᐕߩหᴺ᩺ߢ
‫↥ޟ‬ᬺኅߦᣈߡᶖ⾌ߔߴ߈߽ߩࠒ⚵วࠍ⸳ߌࠆߩࠍ
ᶖ⾌⚵ว‫ࠍߩߚ޿ߡߒߣޠ‬㧘‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ෶ߪ↢⸘ߦᔅⷐߥࠆ‛ࠍ⾼⾈ߒߡਯࠍ⚵วຬߦ⾬ළߔࠆߎߣ㧔⾼⾈⚵ว㧕‫᧦ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬ᢥࠍୃᱜߒߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘‫↥ޟ‬ᬺኅߦᣈߡᶖ⾌ߔߴ߈߽ߩࠒ⚵วࠍ⸳ߌࠆߩࠍᶖ⾌⚵ว‫╙ߡߒߣޠ‬㧝ᰴ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ߢⷙቯߐࠇߚ↥ᬺኅߩ‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌⚵ว‫╙߇ޠ‬㧞ᰴ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ߢߪ㨬⾼⾈⚵ว㨭ߣߐࠇ㧘ᚑ┙ߒߚᴺߦ߅޿
ߡߪ‫ߦ⸘↢ޟ‬ᔅⷐߥࠆ‛ࠍ⾼⾈ߒߡਯࠍ⚵วຬߦ⾬ළߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᶖ⾌⠪ߩ↢ᵴදห⚵วߣߒߡߩ㧨ᶖ⾌⚵ว㧪߇‫ߩ↥↢ޟ‬ଢቱߩߚ߼ߦ⸳ߌࠄࠆ‫↥ޠ‬ᬺኅ
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૰౓૞ဥழࣣ͂ॲުழࣣȝࣞ‫߇ޘ‬჊͈ಯ୽͂;ͿΛήຳत͈ಿ‫಺ؖ‬औȂ඾ུ͈෠‫࡙͈ފ‬ၠȝߩ⚵วߣหߓߊ‫⚵⾈⾼ޟ‬วߩਛߦਯࠍ൮฽‫ߚࠇߐޠ‬ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚߆ߊߒߡ㧘㧨ᶖ⾌⚵ว㧪ߪ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วߣߒߡදห⚵วߩේℂߩ‫⚵ޟ‬วຬߩදห৻⥌ߩജ‫ࠍޠ‬⻭޿ߥ߇ࠄ߽㧘↥ᬺ⚵วਛߩ⾼⾈⚵วߣߒߡ‫⑳ޟ‬೑ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ↢↥ߩଢቱߩߚ߼ߦ⸳ߌࠄࠆ‫ߦߩ߽ޠ‬฽߹ࠇࠆߣߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇએᓟ‫⑳ޟ‬೑ࠍ⋡⊛‫߽ࠆߔߣޠ‬ߩߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦ߽ߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘1925ᐕ೨ᓟߦߔߢߦߎߩࠃ߁ߥ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡߪදห⚵วߩේℂ߆ࠄߩㅺ⣕ߣᛕ್ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㧚ߚߣ߃߫㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߩ‫ޡ‬ᶖ⾌⚵วㆇേ‫⸶ߩޢ‬⠪ጊ᧛༜᳁ߪ‫⸶ߩߘޔ‬⠪ᐨߩਛߢᰴߩ
ࠃ߁ߦ↥ᬺ⚵วߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ㕖㔍ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ጊ᧛᳁ߪ‫ޟ‬ᚒ߇࿡ߦᣈߌࠆᶖ⾌⚵วߩ⃻⁁ࠍ⷗ࠆߦ‫ߪߘޔ‬ᭂ
߼ߡᐜ⒩ߥ⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᶖ⾌⚵ว߇‫⑳ޔ‬೑ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ↢↥ߩଢቱߩߚ߼ߦ⸳ߌࠄࠆࠒ‫ޔ‬ᓥߞߡోߊߘ
ߩᧄ⾰ࠍ⇣ߦߔࠆ⽼⾬‫ޔ‬ା↪‫ޔ‬೑↪ߩ⻉⚵วߣ౒ߦ‫ޔ‬ᴺᓞ਄↥ᬺ⚵วߣߒߡ⛔৻ߐࠇߟࠒ޽ࠆ‫ࠍߣߎ ޠ‬‫ޟ‬ᭂ߼ߡਇวℂ‫ߣޠ‬㕖㔍ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ⑳೑ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߥ޿ߪߕߩ‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌⚵ว߇‫⑳ޔ‬೑ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫⚵⻉ޠ‬วߣ‫ޟ‬ᴺᓞ਄↥ᬺ⚵วߣߒߡ⛔৻ߐࠇ‫ޠ‬ߡ޿ࠆὐ߇ᒝߊᛕ್ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᰴߦ㧘දห⚵วේೣߢ޽ࠆ᳃ਥਥ⟵߇↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߢߪᄌ⾰ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ߅ߊ㧚ࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯
࡞ේೣߩ৻⚵วຬ৻␿ߣ޿߁㧘දห⚵วේೣߣߒߡ
ߩ᳃ਥਥ⟵೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡ㧘╙1ᰴ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺ᩺ߣ᣿
ᴦ33ᐕߦᚑ┙ߒߚ╙㧞ᰴ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺࠍᲧセߔࠆߣ㧘╙1ᰴᴺ᩺ߩ╙44᧦ߢߪ㨬⚵วຬࡂ౔ࡁᜬಽࡁญᢙ࠾
᜔࡜ࠬ✚ળ࠾ᣈࠗ࠹ฦ৻୘ࡁ⼏᳿ᮭࡥ᦭ࠬ㨭12) ߣ᣿⏕ߦⷙቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߦኻߒߡ㧘╙㧞ᰴᴺ᩺ߢߪ㧘╙28᧦ߩ‫ޟ‬ℂ੐෸⋙੐ࡁㆬછ෸⸃છ‫✚ޟߩ߼ߚߩޠ‬⚵วຬࡁඨᢙએ਄಴Ꮸ‫ߩޠ‬ળ⼏߿╙36᧦ߩ㨬✚ળࡁ᳿⼏㨭ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫⚵ޟ‬วຬߩ⼏᳿ᮭ‫ߦޠ‬ᱛ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ
12)㧘ቢోߥ‫✚ޟ‬ળ࠾ᣈࠗ࠹ฦ৻୘ࡁ⼏᳿ᮭ‫ߥߪߢޠ‬޿㧚᳃ਥൻߪᓟㅌߒߡਛㅜඨ┵ߥ⁁ᘒߢ޽ࠆ㧚㧥㧚ㄘදߩḮᵹ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆදห⚵วਥ⟵ߩዉ౉ߣᄌኈ ࡯⚿߮ߦઍ߃ߡ࡯
ᦨᓟߦ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄ߇㜞ᯅ᳁ࠍ⸰໧ߒߚᤨᦼߩ
␹⼱ା↪⚵วߣߘߩ๟࿐ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡߺࠃ߁㧚
1911ᐕ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪഃ┙8ᐕ⋡ࠍㄫ߃㧘‫ޡ‬᷷᡿⍮ᣂ‫ࠄ߆⴫ߩޢ‬ផ᷹ߒߡ㧘⚵วຬߪ500ฬࠍ⿧߃㧘಴⾗ญᢙߪ1000ญࠍ⿧߃㧘ᓥߞߡ1ญ10౞ߩ಴⾗㊄㗵
߽10000౞ࠍ⿥߃ߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ㧘㜞ᯅ᳁߇⹶ࠅࠍ߽
ߞߡ⺑᣿ߢ߈ࠆ┙ᵷߥ⁁ᘒߢ޽ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚߹ߚ㧘⚵วߩ੐ᬺౝኈߪ᧛ౝߩઁߩห⒳ߩ⚵วߣ޽ࠊߖࠆ

ߣ㧘‫ޟ‬෹ᗲ⚵ว㧘⾉ઃ⚵ว㧘දห⚵ว㧘෸߮㧘ᘏༀ⚵วߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ‫ࠅ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ߘࠇߪᒰೋ߆ࠄ⾼⾈㧔ᶖ⾌⠪㧕දห⚵วߩᯏ⢻ࠍ᦭ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘↢දߩේဳߩࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞వ㚟⠪දห⚵วߦ౒ㅢߔࠆ߽ߩߢ
޽ߞߚ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘ߎߩᤨὐߢߪା↪࡮⾼⾈࡮೑↪࡮⽼ᄁ⚵วߦߪᡷ⚵ߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ᣂẟ⋵ౝߩ♽⛔
⚵❱ߣߒߡߪ㧘ߔߢߦ1905ᐕ㧔᣿ᴦ38ᐕ㧕ߦᄢᣣᧄ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ߇⸳┙(ᴺੱߣߒߡߩ⹺นߪ1909ᐕ(᣿ᴦ42ᐕ))ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߇㧘ߎߩਛᄩળഃ┙ᄢળߦᣂẟ⋵ઍ⴫ߣߒߡ㜞ᯅ᳁߇಴Ꮸߒߚߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚1906
ᐕ㧔᣿ᴦ39ᐕ㧕ߦߪ↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂẟᡰળ߇ഃ⸳
ߐࠇߚ㧚␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ1909ᐕ(᣿ᴦ42ᐕ)ߦ1࿁⋡ߩో࿖⴫ᓆࠍฃߌߡ޿ߚ㧚หᐕߦߪ᡽ᐭ⾗㊄ߩ↥ᬺ⚵ว߳ߩ⾉ઃ߽ᆎ߹ߞߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘1910ᐕ(᣿ᴦ43ᐕ)ߦߪᣂẟᡰળߪਛᄩળߩᛚ⹺ࠍᓧߡᴺ⹺ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㧚㜞ᯅ᳁ߪ⥄ಽߩ⋵ౝᄖߢߩዧജߩᨐታߣ⥄⽶ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦᆄߦ␹⼱ା↪⚵วߩ⁁ᴫࠍജᒝߊ⺑᣿ࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᰴߦ㧘1911ᐕ೨ᓟࠍਛᔃߦᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆදห⚵วㆇേߩ⊒ዷߣදห⚵วᕁᗐߩዉ౉ࠍ⷗ࠃ߁㧚ㄘ᧛ߩ⚵ว⚵❱ߩ♽⼆ߣߒߡߪ↥ᬺ⚵ว߆ࠄㄘද߳ߩᵹࠇ
߇ᄢ߈޿㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㨬දห⚵วㆇേߩḮᵹ㨭߇↥ᬺ⚵วᴺએ೨߆ࠄ޽ߞߚߎߣ߿㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߢߪදห⚵วේℂ߇ᄌኈߒߚߎߣߪ⏕⹺ߒߡ߅߆ߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿㧚↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߩ೙ቯㆊ⒟ߢදห⚵วේೣߪᄌೣ⊛ߦណ↪ߐࠇ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߪ㧘ᐔ↰᳁ࠄߩදห࡮੕ഥߩේℂߦࠃࠆࡠ࠶࠴࠺࡯࡞ේೣߩ৻ㇱࠍ᦭ߔࠆࠪࡘ࡞࠷ᑼߩା↪⚵วߢߪߥߊ㧘᳃ਥ⊛ߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯⷙቯ߇ᦌᤒߦߐࠇ㧘߹ߚ౒ห૕⊛੕ഥࠍⷙቯߔ
ࠆ᧦ᢥࠍ౉ࠇߡᴺᓞൻߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚
หᴺߦࠃࠆᣣᧄߩㄘ᧛ߩ⚵วߩ↥ᬺ⚵วߣߒߡߩ
⊒ዷߣ᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽ߦࠃࠆ♽⛔ൻߣߘࠇࠍㅢߓߚ⚻ᷣ⛔೙ߪ㧘ᣂẟ⋵ߩ଀ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘᡽╷࡮ⴕ᡽ߩ⵬ቢ೙
ᐲ㧘ᧃ┵Ꮢ↸᧛߳ߩ‫ޟ‬વ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻‫ߡߒߣޠ‬㧘⃻࿷ߩㄘදߩ♽⛔⚵❱ࠍㅢߓߚㄘ᡽ߩ‫ޟ‬વ㆐ࡌ࡞࠻‫⛯߳ޠ‬ߊ♽⛔⚵ว⚵❱ߩᣇะᕈࠍᜬߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚 એ਄ߩᬌ⸛߆ࠄ㧘␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ㧘1㧕↥ᬺ⚵ว
ᴺߦ߅޿ߡߔߢߦᧄ᧪ߩදห⚵วߩℂᔨ߆ࠄᄌኈߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᶖ⾌⚵วߣߒߡߩᵴേታ❣ߪవㅴ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘2㧕୘ੱਥ⟵ߢߥߊ㧘᣿ᴦᦼߩ᡽ᐭ
ߩㄘ᧛⛽ᜬ࡮ᒝൻᣇ㊎ࠍ⢛᥊ߣߒߚ౒ห૕㊀ⷞߩ↥ᬺ⚵วᴺߦೣߞߡ⸳┙ߐࠇߚߎߣ㧘3㧕♽⛔↥ᬺ⚵วࠍㅢߓߡㄘᬺࠍଦㅴߒ㧘↥ᬺࠍᝄ⥝ߒ㧘ᓟߦ⚻ᷣࠍ⛔೙ߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠆਛᄩ̆࿾ᣇߩ᡽ᐭߩ૕೙ߦᓥ
ߞߡ㧘ᄢᕟᘓߩᤨᦼߦઁߩਃ੐ᬺࠍ౗༡ߒߡ␹⼱ା↪⽼ᄁ⾼⾈೑↪⚵วߣߥࠅ㧘╙2ᰴᄢᚢਛߦㄘળߣ
ߣ߽ߦว૬ᡷ⚵ߐࠇߡㄘᬺળߣߥࠅ㧘ᚢᓟߩ᳃ਥൻ

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ऎ൥ȁ࢖ੇ

᡽╷ߢ੹ߩㄘද⚵❱ߣߥߞߚ㧚ߘࠇࠁ߃␹⼱ା↪⚵วߪ,⥄ਥ⥄┙ߩදห⚵วේℂߦࠃࠆᵴേߣߪ޿߃
ߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᚢᓟㄘදߩḮᵹߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᚢᓟߩ↢දߦߣߞߡ߽ේဳߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚 ↥ᬺ⚵วߪදห⚵❱ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ጊ᧛᳁߇ᛕ್ߒߚ
ࠃ߁ߦ㧘⚵วຬߩ‫⑳ޟ‬೑ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫ࠇߐߣߩ߽ޠ‬ߚߩߢ㧘ߘߩਛߩ⾼⾈⚵ว߽Ꮢ᳃␠ળߩㆇേේℂࠍ⴫ߔ㕖༡೑࿅૕㧦 Non Profitable Organization㧔NPOẟᡰળ⊒ⴕ㧔ᓳೞ㧝㧠 ᣂẟ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วผਇੑ಴
9)ᕕ৻ઁ✬ᣂẟ⋵ߩ⊖ᐕߣ᳃ⴐ㧘㊁ፉ಴෼㧕ᣂ⡞⸥੐ᢥᐶ↥ᬺ⚵ว  㧘

12) ᱞౝື↢㧘↢↰㕏㧦දห⚵วߩℂ⺰ߣᱧผ㧘ࡒࡀ࡞ࡧࠔᦠᚱ㧘
13) ᄢᣣᧄᏢ࿖⼏ળ⹹ೀⴕળ㧦ᄢᣣᧄᏢ࿖⼏ળ⹹╙੖Ꮞ㧘ᄢᣣᧄᏢ࿖⼏ળ⹹ೀⴕળ
14) ࠪ࠼࠾ਗ߮ߦࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉ㧦ᶖ⾌⚵วㆇേ,ᄢේ␠ળ໧㗴⎇ⓥᚲ,192515) 9KMKRGFKC ࡠ ࠶ ࠴ ࠺ ࡯ ࡞ వ 㚟 ⠪ ද ห ⚵ ว 
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Webb, B.: Our partnership, Cambridge University Press,
1975ችᧄ⋓ᄥ㇢㧦᧪ᣣߒߚࠗࠡ࡝ࠬੱ㧘ᧁ㐇␠㧘

4)ᱞ ⮮ ༑ ৻ 㧦 㜞 ᯅ ਻ ㇢ ⠃ 㧘 ↥ ᬺ ⚵ ว ਛ ᄩ ળ ᣂẟ ᡰળ

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7)ࡃ࡯࠴ࡖ࡞㧘࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ㧦ࠦ࡯ࡊ ࡇ࡯ࡊ࡞࠭ࡆ
ࠫࡀࠬ㧘ᄢ᦬ᦠᐫ

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11) ␹ᚭᄢቇ㒝ዻ࿑ᦠ㙚ႎ⍮ᣂ⡞ ᣿ᴦ 㧘 ᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห⚵ว㧦᷷᡿⍮ᣂ㧘᧪ㄫኹㄘᬺදห⚵3)ᣂẟ⋵㧦ᣂẟ⋵ผ ㅢผ✬㧣 ㄭઍੑᣂẟ⋵㧘10) ᧄ㑆ᕕ৻↥ᬺ⚵วㆇേߣ↥ᬺ⚵ว㕍ᐕㅪ⋖㧔ᧄ㑆⻢ㄉ㧦ᧄ⎇ⓥߦᐔᚑᐕᐲ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄㧔‫ࡆޟ‬ࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉߩ⑔␩⚻ᷣቇߣࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓ‫ޠ‬㧔⺖㗴⇟ภ㧕㧕ࠍฃߌߚߎߣࠍᗵ⻢ߒ߹ߔ


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ߩ1㧕ߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿㧚߹ߚ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળ—↥ᬺ⚵ว⋵ᡰળ—୘೎↥ᬺ⚵วߩ૕೙ߪਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇߩ᡽
ᐭߦࠃࠆ᡽╷ታᣉࠍ⵬ቢߔࠆ⋭ᐡਅߩḰⴕ᡽⊛೙ᐲߩ 㕙 ߇ ᒝ ߆ ߞ ߚ ߩ ߢ 㕖 ᡽ ᴦ ࿅ ૕ 㧦 Non Political
Organization㧔NPOߩ2㧕ߢ߽ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚 1ߣ2ߩNPO
ߢߥߊ㧘NGO㧦㕖᡽ᐭ⚵❱ߢ߽ߥ߆ߞߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘↥ᬺ⚵ว߇දห⚵วㆇേߩ⊒ዷߦᱧผ਄৻ቯߩᓎഀ
ࠍᨐߒߚߎߣߪ੐ታߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߚߛߒᶖ⾌⠪දห⚵วㆇേߣߒߡߪ㧘ㄘ᧛ߩන⁛࡮౗༡⚵ว߿ㇺᏒߩା↪⚵วߣߪ೎ߦ㧘1920ᐕઍ
߆ࠄ෹ᗲਥ⟵ߩᶖ⾌⠪දห⚵ว߇޽ࠅ㧘ᚢ೨ߪᴺᓞ਄⾼⾈⚵วߦಽ㘃ߐࠇߚ߇㧘ᚢᓟߪ↢දᴺߦࠃࠆ↢ද⚵❱ߣߥߞߚ㧚ߎߩ෹ᗲਥ⟵ߩㆇേߪ㧘1930ᐕઍ
ߦߪක≮߿଻㒾ߩදห⚵วߦࠃࠆ⑔␩߽⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ߡ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩㅪᏪේℂࠍ⴫ࠊߔNPO߿NGOߣ޿ߞߡࠃ߆ߞߚ㧚ߎࠇߪᣣᧄߩදห⚵วㆇേ߿දห⚵วᕁᗐߩᵹࠇߩਛߢᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈߽ߩߥߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚㧦ฦ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วผᢱ㓸ᚑᱞ⮮༑৻✬㧦ᣂẟ⋵↥ᬺ⚵วผ㧘↥ᬺ⚵วਛᄩળᣂ

― 18 ―