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第48巻（2012）告䊎䉝䊃䊥䉴䊶䊘䉾䉺䊷䈱㪈㪏㪏㪍ᐕ⺰ᢥ㩷The History of English Economics
䈱ේⓂ䈱䊃䊤䊮䉴䉪䊥䊒䉲䊢䊮䈫⸃⺑䋨䋲䋩㩷
1

૒⮮ ౏ବ

1৻⥸ᢎ⢒⑼㧙␠ળ㧔Liberal Arts-Social Sciences, Nagaoka National College of Technology㧕 The Significnace and Transcription of a Manuscript of Beatrice Potter:
̌THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH ECONOMICS,” Part II
Kimitoshi SATOH

1

Abstract
The former report of this, THE SIGNIFICANCE AND TRANSCRIPTION OF MANUSCRIPT OF
BEATRICE POTTER: “THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH ECONOMICS,” PART I, discussed thesignificance of a manuscript of Beatrice Potter in Economic tradition. She studied the history of political
economy in England from 18th century to 1880s and discussed it in her manuscript. Perhaps her secretarytranscripted this manuscript into existing copy of 58 folios. The Part I made a typing of the transcriptionof 17 folios. This part II includes typed transcription of the rest of folios from 18 to 58.
Key Words : Beatrice Potter Webb, The History of English Economics, Transcription, Adam Smith,David Ricardo, Alfred Marshall㧝㧚ᧄⓂߩᗧ࿑ߣߎߩ╙2ㇱߦߟ޿ߡߩ⺑᣿ߣᷡᦠⓂࠍᵴሼൻߒߚ࠲ࠗࡊⓂߩFol.3:18 ߩㅜਛ߆ࠄᦨᓟ߹ߢឝタߒߚ㧚଀߃߫㧘Fol.3:18ߪ1✬
߆ࠄ5✬߹ߢ޽ࠆᷡᦠⓂߩ╙3✬ߩ╙18⪲ࠍ␜ߔ㧚ߥ
ᧄⓂ‫ߩ࡯࠲࠶ࡐ࡮ࠬ࡝࠻ࠕࡆޟ‬1886ᐕ⺰ᢥ The
߅㧘ᷡᦠⓂߦߪࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩᚻߦࠃࠆୃᱜߩᦠ߈ㄟ
History of English Economics ߩේⓂߩ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝
ߺ߇޽ࠅߘߩୃᱜ߽ᵴሼൻߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘್⺒ਇ᣿ߩࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߣ⸃⺑‫ߪߢޠ‬㧘㧔㧝㧕㧦╙1ㇱߣ㧔㧞㧕㧦න⺆ߪ㧘 l’enumeration(?) ߩࠃ߁ߦ(?)ࠍઃߒߡ⴫⸥
╙2ㇱࠍㅢߒߡ㧘ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩᧂ౏⴫ߩᚻᦠ߈ߩ
ߒߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ߇ᦠ߈ㄟࠎߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ
‫ޟ‬ᱧผ‫⺰ޠ‬ᢥࠍᵴሼൻߒߡឝタߒߚ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘ߎߩ// ߿ ------------ ߥߤߩ⸥ภ߽ߎ߁ߒߚ㘃ૃߩ⸥ภߢ
⺰ᢥ߇ᓐᅚߩㅴൻ⺰⊛ߥ␠ળቇ⊛⚻ᷣቇߦߟ޿ߡߩ
ᒰೋߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆၮ␆ߣߥࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ౣ⃻ߒ㧘න⺆ߩ㊀ⶄ߽ౣ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚
ᧄⓂߩ╙1ㇱߪ2010ᐕ11᦬⊒ⴕߩ‫ޡ‬㐳ጟᎿᬺ㜞╬
ߎߩᧄⓂߩ╙2ㇱߢߪ㧘╙1ㇱߩ⛯߈ߣߒߡ㧘⧯ᐓ― 23 ―

佐藤公俊

ኾ㐷ቇᩞ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ‫╙ޢ‬46Ꮞߦឝタߐࠇߚ1)㧚ߘߩ㓙㧘 ㇱߩឝタ߇ᄢ᏷ߦㆃࠇߚߎߣߩℂ↱ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᧄ᧪ߪ
ᤓᐕ9᦬ߦឭ಴࡮ឝタߩ੍ቯߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘ᤓᐕ3᦬11એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ⸃⺑ࠍട߃ߚ㧚ᣣએᓟߩ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߣේ⊒੐᡿ߣߩⵍኂ⠪߳ߩᡰេᵴേߦᤨ㑆ࠍഀ޿ߚߚ߼ឝタ߇ᄢ᏷ߦㆃࠇߡߒ߹
‫ᧄޟ‬Ⓜߢ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ߒߚᚻᦠ߈ේⓂߪ㧘࠙ߞߚ㧚⛯✬ࠍᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ߚ⺒⠪⻉᳁ߦᄢ߈ߥߏㅅ
ࠚ࠶ࡉᄦੱߣߒߡ᦭ฬߥࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮ࡐ࠶࠲࡯࡮࠙
ᖺࠍ߅߆ߌߒߚߎߣࠍᷓߊ߅⹟߮ߒߚ޿㧚ࠚ࠶ࡉ߇㧘⚿ᇕ೨ߩࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮ࡐ࠶࠲࡯ᤨઍߦ⚻ᷣቇࠍ⎇ⓥߒ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⚻ᷣቇߩᱧผࠍ1886ᐕߦ⥄╩ߢ⸥ߒߚ⨲Ⓜࠍ㧘ᛩⓂ↪ߦᷡᦠߐߖߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚
ߎߩේⓂߪThe History of English Economicsߣ㗴ߐࠇ,㧞㧚ᚻᦠ߈ᷡᦠⓂ㧔࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦ㧕2)
Passfield 7/1/3 MS folios 1-58  ߣಽ㘃ߐࠇߡ㧘ࠍᵴሼൻߒߚ࠲ࠗࡊⓂ(Fol.3:18㨪
ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇ᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇ㒮 LSE ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩᢥᦠᐶ
Fol.3:58㧕
ߦPassfield collection ߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ଻ሽߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚
ߎߩේⓂߪ㧘A4ࠃࠅዋߒዊߐߊ❑㐳ߩ↪⚕ߦᷡᦠߐࠇߚᓟߦ㧘߅ߘࠄߊࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߦࠃࠅ⺒ὐ╬ࠍട߃ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢ㧘1ᨎߦ1ⴕ6㨪12⺆㧘20ⴕ೨ᓟߢ170⺆߶ߤᦠ߆ࠇߚ↪⚕ folio 58ᨎ߆ࠄߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚1ᨎ⋡߆ࠄ3:1㧘3:2╬ߣ㗅ߦ⇟ภ߇ᝄߞߡ޽ࠆ㧔એਅ
ߢߪFol.3:1, Fol.3:2╬㧕㧚‫ޠ‬1)

Fol.3:18㧔continued㧕
These were the days when capitalists believedthat men were created to supplement the still
existing imperfections of machinery, and indulged
in dreams of a wheel of perpetual motion, which
would dipensse with all necessity for wage labour.
The decennial increase of the population which is⃻ᤨὐߢߪ㧘એ਄ߩߎߣߦട߃ߡੑὐ㧘⺑᣿ߒߥࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚߹ߕ㧘೨Ⓜ╙1ㇱߢߪ㧘‫ࠬࡦ࡜࠻ޟ‬ࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߣߪ㧘ᚻᦠ߈ᢥሼߥߤ⺒ߺߠࠄ޿⸥ภ
ࠍᵴሼ૕ߥߤߢ⺒ߺ߿ߔߊᦠ߈౮ߔߎߣ‫ޠ‬1)ߣߒߡ㧘ᵴሼൻߒߚ࠲ࠗࡊⓂࠍ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߣ๭ࠎ
ߢ޿ߚ߇㧘ᧄⓂߢߪᚻᦠ߈ᷡᦠⓂࠍ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ
࡚ࠪࡦߣ๭߱ߎߣߦᄌᦝߒߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘⃻ઍߩ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘ญㅀߩ࠹࡯ࡊࠍ⿠
ߎߒߡ⚕ᇦ૕ߥߤߦᢥᦠൻߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ේⓂߩࡔ࠺
ࠖࠕᄌ឵ߩߎߣ߽ᗧ๧ߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᷡ
ᦠⓂ߇ญㅀ╩⸥ߢ޽ࠇ߫ߘࠇ߽࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪ
ࡦߢ޽ࠆ㧚એਅߢ࠲ࠗࡊⓂߣߒߡᵴሼൻߒߚᚻᦠ߈
ᷡᦠⓂߪ㧘߅ߘࠄߊࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩᖡ╩ߩ⨲Ⓜࠍ⒁ᦠ
߇ᷡᦠߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ߇㧘ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ߇ญㅀ
ߒߚౝኈࠍ⒁ᦠ߇╩⸥ߒߚน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆ㧚ᓟ⠪ߩ႐ว㧘೨Ⓜߩቯ⟵ߢߪᷡᦠⓂ߽࠲ࠗࡊⓂ߽࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ
࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ㧘࠲ࠗࡊⓂߩᗧ๧ߣᗧ
⟵߇ᦌᤒߦߥࠆ㧚ᷡᦠⓂ߇࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ߐࠇߚ
߆ߤ߁߆ߪࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬߩᣣ⸥╬ߢᬌ⸛ߒߚ޿㧚ߘߎߢߣࠅ޽߃ߕߩភ⟎ߣߒߡ㧘ߎߩ╙2ㇱߢߪ㧘࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߩቯ⟵ࠍ⁜߼ߡᚻᦠ߈ᷡᦠⓂ
ࠍ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߣ๭߮㧘એਅߩ࠲ࠗࡊⓂ߳
ߩᵴሼൻࠍ‫ߚߒߣޠ࠻ࡊ࡝ࠢࠬࡦ࡜࠻ޟ‬㧚࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߩᗧ๧޽޿߇߿߿ᄌࠊߞߡߒ߹޿㧘߹ߚ㧘ᧄⓂߩ⺑᣿ߣ೨Ⓜ╙1ㇱߩ⸃⺑ㇱಽߣߩᢛวᕈ߇ᖡߊߥߞߡ
ౕว߇ᖡ޿߇㧘ౝኈ⊛ߦߪࠃࠅౕ૕⊛੐ታࠍᛠីߒ
ߡࠁߊᡷༀߦߟߥ߇ࠆߩߢ㧘ߏኈ⿔㗿޿ߚ޿㧚߽߁৻ߟㅀߴߥߌࠄ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߎߣߪ㧘ߎߩ╙2

calculated to have been 3 per cent during the first
fifty years of the 18th century rose progressively to
18 per cent in the decade of 1811 to 1821.
Old classes sank, new classes rose. The small
agriculturalist,

and

the

half

agriculturalist,

disappeared before the rapid enclosure of common
lands, the concentration of small into large farms,
the accumulation of land in the hands of rich men
for social and political purposes. In heaping up of
population in large towns necessitated a new middle
class—thewholesaleandretailtrader,theincarnation of the money making instinct apartfrom the faculty for production; the embodiment ofthr maxim to “buy in the cheapest, and sell in the
dearest, market.”
Fol.3:19
The face of the century was rapidly intersectedwith improved highways, canals, iron and wooden
rail roads, and , barring the use of steam forlocomotive purpose; the means of communication
were perfected.
The credit system with it’s huge possibilities forgood and for evil was elaborated.
Before the middle of the 18th century only twelve“Banking Shops” exists, exclusive of the Bank ofEngland, and this Bank issued no notes under Aro.

― 24 ―

ビアトリス・ポッターの1886年論文の原稿のトランスクリプションと解説（２）Payments were made in each. But in 1797

English people both as individuals, and as a nation.

country Bank had already multiplied to the number

The English became a “nation of shop-keeper” butof 280. The suspension of each payments by the

shop-keepingwas a means to all end – the conscious

Bank of England in this year, under the stress of

aim was personal power and national supremacy –war expenses, and the substitution for the space

the unlocked for result of all this tumultuous

oftwenty years, of a paper, for a metallic currency,

struggling and suffering, was an immortality in her

finally uprooted the theory that “Wealth is Money.”children, the creation of A Greater Britain.

“Wealth is Credit” because the practical maxim of
the trading world, and with credit they rushed into

Malthus published his essay on population in

new inventing, built towns, explored the commercial

various editions throughout these years. It is notpossibilities of the earth, and created whole nature

properly speaking a treaties on Economicof producers
Fol.3:22
Fol.3:20

science. It deals, from a sociological point of views,

and consumers. Classes were more and morewith that part of man’s nature, which is most in

sharplybecameconflict with the free developmnt of the Economic

divided-themanualworkerdependent

onthecapitalist,

theagricultural

nature of the individual. Mr Herbert Spencer in his

labourer,onthelandowner.

All

restrictions

Biology, has traced the Desire for Reproduction

unfavoured to the capitalist producer were swept

through the various orders of animal life, andaway. The consumer was still uncared for; anddemonstrated that it varies inversely with thethrough the joint operation of the corn laws and of

evolution of nervous organization. Malthus tried to

the war the price of wheat rose in 180 and 1801 toprove by the Historical method, that the lower

127/ and 128/ a quarter. The darkest shadows oforders of man will increase at a geometrical ratio

competitive civilization were dashed into English life.

and that the “positive checks” of war, famine, andPeriods of overproduction, and stagnation, followed

premature death, are the only checks which operate

years of brisk trade, and large profits. Starvationin regulating the relation of certain classes of theprices of the necessaries of life reduced numbers of

population to the amount of food furnished them by

men and women to a desperate condition. The

the circulating capital actually devoted to thehorizonof

thewage-earnerindistinct;

hisfinancialwasfutureblurredandpayment of wages. The theory of a wage-fund, which

dependentonbrieflystated,islimitation

through

Economic

conditions of which he had no knowledge, and overnecessities, of this to a fixed amount is notwhich, he had no control. In good times thenecessarily connected with Malthus’s law, though it“labouring

is

poor”

multiplies

recklessly.

Lorysocialism, representing the uneasy conscience of

popularly

associated with

it. Malthus

also

originated an Economic hypothesis

the enriched landowner, employer, and farmer, heldout a degrading poor law as relief. The poor rate

Fol.3:23

jumped from 3/7 per head in 1760 to 13/3 in 1818.

regardingagriculture

namelytheDiminishingreturns from cultivation of Land.
Fol.3:21
The great war accentuated all these tendencies.
Pittunderstoodthat

England’s

mission

was

The foregoing is a brief summary of the industrial
and intellectual condition, in the presence of which,commercial supremacy. He needed for his war

Ricardopolicy, a great national acquisition of Wealth, andEconomic Life. He was in no way a scientificfor his standing armies, an indefinite increase of theinvestigator. He adopted Adam Smith’s discovery of

population. He favoured the commercial classes,

the Economic nature of man, and by the light of theand laid open before them, political power andevents of his own time, he gave to that part of man’ssocial prestige. The passion for wealth seized thenature a purely ideal form. The great mental― 25 ―

developed

hisabstracr

principles

of

佐藤

公俊

characteristic of his age, was the Passion for Wealth,misery endured under our social system, andand the keen competition in the acquisition ofRicardo’s teaching, or rather selected parts of his

Wealth, which this introduced. Ricardo regarded

teaching, become the natural bases for various

this characteristic, as an absolute, and universal,

schemestendency of man’s nature, extending with an everfoundation to the elaborated socialism of Karl Marx,

increasing

as well as a starting point to Henry Gerorge’s

intensity

throughout

all

time,

and

of

socialistic

excluding in all industrial operations the presence

rhetoricallyof any other faculties.

nationalization.

reform,expressed

andpanaceafurnish

of

a

land

Society was to him a collection of gold-seeking
animals. Each individual of which was endowed

According to Ricardo, Rent is that part of the
produce of Land which remains after allowing

Fol.3:24
with a commercial omniscience, and all of whom

Fol.3:26

were too intent on the acquisition of wealth to allow

current return on the capital employed, and afterof combination among them foar common objects.

Subtracting the Wages of Labourer, including within

He accepted Malthus’s “Law of Population” as thethis term the farmer’s wage of superintendence. He

only limit, and qualification, of the money making

assumes; (1) Pure Competition; meaning in thisinstinct;andcase, the existence in all men to an equal extent ofhypothesisof

headopted“Diminishing”

Malthus’s
Returns.

minor
From

a

an enlightened commercial self interest absolutely

combination of these assumptions he deduced thecontrolling action, (2) a practical limitation of thedoctrines which were the distinguishing features ofamount of land yielding produce; (3) Diminishing

his work; namely, the actual existence of pure

returns from Agriculture, (4) Private ownership ofcompetition, and the consequent possibility of freeland.

contract between all individuals and all classes. He

If we grant these assumptions we may deduce

introduced into the treatment of Economic subjects

Ricardo’s theory of Rent, stated thus by Professor

the exclusive use of the Deductive Method, and in

Fawcett “ the rent of any particular land may benearly all instance, he discarded verification.

estimated as the difference between the amount it
produces and the amount raised from the worst

We

may

prove

these

assertion

by

a

brief

land in cultivation.”

examination of the leading theory of his work – thetheory by which he accounts for the distribution ofWages are the remuneration of Labour.

the produce of land and labour into these forms ofLabour is synonimous with “toil and trouble” andl’enumeration(?),

namely,Rent,

Wages,

Profits;

belonging respectively

allowing for the degree of skill, capacity, and lengthof training, required in different occupations

Fol.3:25

Fol.3:27

to the three wealth gaining classes of a community,isincapableofvariationinLandlords, Labourer, Capitalists. It is superflaus(?)

uninfluenced

by

the

presence

to point out that throughout his argument hecharacteristics.

assumes the necessary existence of Private Property
in all things and to any extent.

quality
of

and

is

moral

He assumes: (1) The universal and eternal natureof Malthus Law of Population ; (2) Pure competition

Indeed he seems (perhaps owing to his Semetic

involving here on the one hand, the denial of theorigin) naively unconscious of the possibility of any

efficacy of combination among labourers to restraint

deviation from this convention; of any change in thethe supply of Labour, and on the other hand, thepresent (or passing?) conception of Property Law.

assertion of the possibility of free contract between

Deny the necessity for private ownership in all, or in

the employer and the isolated workman. Accepting

any Kind of property, add full realization of thehis definition of labour, and agreeing to his two― 26 ―

ビアトリス・ポッターの1886年論文の原稿のトランスクリプションと解説（２）assumptions, we have his theory of wages; Thatto provide the necessaries for labourers on that land,

wages in the long run adjust themselves to theor with that capital, which yields no rent,” or tonatural price of labour, or as he expresses it “thatstate it more simply, Profit vary inversely with theprice which is necessary to enable the labourers one

wages of labour (owing to his purely mechanicalwith another to subject and perpetuate(?) their race.”view of labour he confusion the wages, with the cost,

It would however be unfair not to notice aof labour, a mistake quickly rectified by his

qualification which appears in his discussion on

followers).

wages, though omitted in his theory,, and which is

Profits therefore will in the long run fall to thatpractically a limitation of the Malthusian doctrines,

level of remuneration below which it will not be

namely, “that the natural price of labour eventurally

worth a man’s while to save.

depends on the habits and customs of the people,
i.e. on the

Combining these theories of Rent, Wages, Profit
we deduce his formula of industrial progress. –Rents will rise not only in money value but in true

Fol.3:28

value, absorbing an ever increasing proportion

development in them of tastes for the comforts andluxuries of life, or in other words on the presence ofthe higher forms of Economic Desire, sheeking(?)

Fol.3:30
of the produce of land and labour.

the Desire for Reproduction. But this qualification

Wages will rise in money value but will remain

does not appear as a factor determining his

stationary at the level of bare substitution as

conclusion.

measured in the necessaries of life. Profits will fallto that point below which they cease to be an

Profits are the net return on capital, after

efficient inducement to save.

replacing the circulating capital destroyed, and after
allowing for the decreasing value of the fixed capital.

We are not concerned here to prove the truth or

He assumes (1) the existence in all men of

untruth of any of these assumptions; we would only

commercial omniscience and the equal distribution

point out that deny any one of them, that part of

among

Pure

the theoretic superstructure, to which it forms thecompetition, in the case implying the non-existencefoundation, falls to the ground. His theories ofof the specific power of capital, shown in the“Value” and of the influence of the “ Extention offamiliar phenomenon of the destruction of small

Trade” on the wealth of nation, though they contain

concerns by large concerns through an unprofitablemany of these assumptions, rest more especially, on

underselling; and ignoring the presence of classthe characteristic proportion, that, given a certain

spirit which leads to agreements between capitalists

numberantagonistic

Economic Desire are fixed both in quality and

them

of

to

EconomicthePublicFaculty.

Interest,

(2)

and

to

unopposed tradesunionism in those professionsofindividuals

Economic

Facaltyandquantity.

which depend on the presence of brain-power;

The scientific observation which distinguished thework of Adam Smith, was therefore useless to the

Fol.3:29
andlastly,Ricardian Economics. Political Economy
omittingfromconsideration

thecompulsory powers and trade monopolies conferredon the grown ofcommercial

public convenience upon certain

undertakings

such

as

RailwayCompanies etc.

Fol.3:31
ceased to be the Science of the Economic Nature of
man and became as Bagehot defines it, the “Scienceof Business”. For Ricardo developed Economics as

If we grant these assumptions, and also accept

far as they deal with the material factors involved in

his theories of Rent and Wages, we deduce his

the Production, Distribution, and Exchange oftheory of Profits; “that they depend in all countries

Wealth; and curiously enough, it is in this, theand at all times on the quantity of labour requisite

financial part of his work, that we find him using― 27 ―

佐藤

theHistorical

Methodtoverifyhis“apriori”

Deductions.

Report of the Poor Law Commissions in 1834, is amasterpiece

He describes lucidly the distinction between
Circulating

公俊

and

Fixed

Capital,calculatesof

Economic

Science–adirectemanation from the spirit of Adam Smith, not antheapplication of the principles of David Ricardo. If werelative amount of return necessary to support each,may so express it, it is the leading treatise on

and in his delicate analysis of their varying degree

Economic Pathology, dealing with the deteriorationof durability, lays the foundation to Professorof Economic Faculty and Economic Desire, andJevons’ Mathematical of capital. He formulates

graphically describing a state of Economic Desease

more sound precepts of Finance, to his advocacy ofin which Faculty was rapidly dying and Desire waswhich we owe the final Repeal of the “Bank

reduced to that lowest form of life which is least

Restriction Act” in 1819; and the consequentantagonistic to the licentivus action of the Desire forresumption within a few years of each payments by

Reproduction.

the Banak of England. And though owing to hisachievement joined

Possibly

it

was

this

great

peculiar system the theoretic part of Political
Economy became crystalised

Fol.3:34
with the immense success of Free Trade as an

Fol.3:32

experimental proof of the current doctrines ofand – in so far as his followers accepted his“Laisser faire” that induced the self complacentassumptions without verification – incapable ofdogmatism that overcame the minds of the Political

growth, the practical branch was still animated byEconomists of the first half of this century.

the spirit of social reform. The Economic principle of
Laisser faire which we must distinguish both inA

re-action

however,practical,

moral

and

intellectual, was gradually gaining ground.

origin and function from the sociological deduction

The contrary principle to Laisser faire – theof non-state interference was the embodiment inprinciple of the State protection of the masses

precept of the two cardinal doctrines of Ricardo’s

against the selfish action of individuals and small

work the Actual Existence of Pure Competition andsocieties – had been silently at work from thethe Possibilities of Free Contract.

beginning of the century.

As a legislative principle, quickly elevated into a

An alarming outbreak of a specific disease inmoral axiom, it powerfully stimulated the middle

Manchester

and working class agitation against the Corn Laws

originating in the unhealthy conditions of factory

culminating in their Repeal in 1846. It succeeded inlife had led to the first Factory Legislation in 1802.

removing, one by one, all the restrictions imposed

The successive legislation throughout the first halfon the extention of Trade for the benefit of a limitedof the century, protecting the manual form of

number of Producers, to the detriment of the great

Economic Faculty, from the deteriorating effects ofmass of Consumers. It inspired the repeal in 1824premature use, overwork, and unsanitary

and

other

north

country

towns,of the laws against the combination of workmen for
trade purposes, and by a strange irony of fate it lent
its

Fol.3:35
condition was sufficiently justified by results toencouraged the philanthropic politician in state

Fol.3:33

interference. The change in Public Opinion and the

dying influence towards the legalization of Traders

gradual loosening of dogmatic principle is well

Unions, though it is the success of those societies,

expressed by the famous Lord Shaftesbury (thenthat has most contributed to discredit the doctrines

Lordof Pure Competition and Free Contract in the Public“Common Lodging House Bill” into the House of

Mind. But the noblest monument of the legislative

Common in 1851: “Twenty years ago it would haveeffect of Political Economy during this period was

been necessary to state many principles and urge

the reform of the Poor Law in 1834 and 1836. The

many arguments, now I believe it is only necessary― 28 ―

Ashley)inhisspeechintroducingtheビアトリス・ポッターの1886年論文の原稿のトランスクリプションと解説（２）to state an evil and indicate a remedy.” And it is

Merchants Shipping Bill, Charity commissions,needless to insist on the truism that the demand forSocieties for the prevention of the enclosure ofstate interference has become in recent and present

commons de,de, are so many attempts to mitigate

days an over-powering force in English Political life.

this one great injustice.

The moral reaction against Benthamian and

And it is significant that the greatest thinker of

Political Economy was inaugurated by the great

modern times in his attempt to work out through amoralist of this century.

sociological deduction a complete

Thomas Carlyle in 1844.

benemently denounced “the gospel of free trade,
competition, and Devil take the hindmost” andridiculed theFol.3:38
theory of the Function of Government, has made“Free Justice” on indispensable part of a system

Fol.3:36

founded on the principle of non state-interference.

theory of society represented by the idea of “eachIt is therefore not surprising that the Economic

payment as the one nexus of man to man.” True

precept of Laisser Faire and with it --- through agovernment and guidance not no government andmisapprehension in the public mind --- the wholelaisser-faire is the keynote to “Past and Present”.

teaching of Public Economy should have sunk inLabour which had signified to the Economist

popular estimation to the moral importance of antoilsome exertion never undertaken except for“Employer’s Gospel”.

material reward meant to Carlyle’s idealistic mind
“God-like labour truest emblem there is of God theworld worker”.

-------------------------------

Be foresaw that the time was

rapidly approaching when the “Passion for Wealth”
would give way in many minds to the “Passion for

But Public Opinion has done and is doing the
Economists a great injustice.

Work”.

They have long ago deserted the lifeless body ofRicardian Economics.

And in the hearts of the people the Economic

whether

there

has

Indeed it seems doubtful
been

any

Economistofprinciple of Laisser-Faire having ended its active life,

importance who has looked upon Ricardo’s abstract

hadthing”.

man, as more than a lay-figure whereon to hangCompetition and the Possibility of Free Contract,

those of the Ricardian assumptions which were

may be pretty subjective for amiable discussion

especially sympathetic to his individual

becomean“altogether

detestable

among the well to do, but to the poor, and to those
who live with the poor, they are cruel, mocking, lies.

Fol.3:39
mind.

Leaving on one side the long live of thinkers

Fol.3:37

on Economic subjects, from Malthus to Cliffe Leslie

Setting one one side, the complications inherited

and Arnold Toynbee who have objected to thefrom past restrictions, and the manifold complexity

exclusive use of the deductive method, without theof our industrial growth, where is the Free Contract

verification of the premises and conclusions byin a country in which Civil Justice is the exclusive

inductive reasoning, or historical investigation; weprerogative of the rich ?

find even in the straight line of the orthordox, aIf so but the god believes that clams claims will

serious divergence growing every day more marked.

be allowed that cannot be enforced. ! Masses of ourOne by one Ricardo’s assumptions have beencountrymen are practically outlawed through theirrestricted in their bearing modified in their nature,poverty and ignorance in all questions concerningor altogether rejected; and in the present day asproperty and the fulfillment of contract.

Professor

Factory

Legislation,

Adulternatin

Acts,

Employer’s
Sanitary

Liability

Our

Sidgwickhas

recently

told

us,

the

Acts(,)

orthordox Political Economy is in the queer position

regulations,of being refuted by the best accredited teachers ofCompulsory Registerarion of Friendly Societies,

the Science.

― 29 ―

As far that “altogether detestable

佐藤

公俊

thing ” that monstrous twin of the actual exestence

price of any given Economic Faculty but not on its

existence of Pure Competition and the Possibility ofreal value to Economic Desire.

Free Contract, it received its quietus in the world of

instance the work of an English author in America

Economic

unexceptional

has an Exchange value representing the state of

Economists, Professor Fawcett and Mr. Leonard

Economic desire for such a literary or scientific

Courtney voted for Mr. Gladstone’s Irish land Act of

production inthoughtwhentwo

To take a simple

1881.
Fol.3:42
Fol.3:40

in that country; but owing to the absence ofWhere then shall we find the salvation of theorthodox ?
Fawcett’s

We think Professor Marshall (Professor
successor

remuneration

beyondthatpublisher, or falling to him through the exigencies

on “ The Present Aspect of Economics ” has definedof competition in the American publishing trade.

the true nature of Economic science.

In this essay

The Function of Science and in this branch ofhe tells us that the Science of Economics is not a

Economics is to discover through delicate analysis“body of concrete truth” but an “organ of research”

of existing conditions, convinced with deductive

dealing with that part of human nature which has

reasoningandifference between the remuneration received and

which

of

no

Economy at Cambridge) in his admirable phamphlet

and

chair

receives

granted to him by the courtesy of the American

value

the

authorPolitical

Exchangeininternational copy right the faculty of the Englishistherefore

measurable in terms of money.

from

ideal

conditions,theactualits Exchange value of any given Economic Faculty,

We venture to develop this idea.

and if there be a difference to describe the difference

We conceive that the Economic phenomenon

nature of the “disturbing causes”.

phenomena of social life should be classified under
three headings;

Again we have Economic Faculty which refuses to

I The psychical phenomena of Economics.

accept its Exchange value, this from lack of a better

II The physical phenomena.

word we shall term amateur, using the word in its

III

original signification ie, “work undertaken from love

The phenomena containing both physical andpsychical elements.

of

the

pursuit”

and

not

with

its

acquiredconnotation of unthorough . It isI

The first section will therefore consist of thelaws determining the Economic nature of man.

Fol.3:43
asserted that this form of faculty has definite

Fol.3:41

characteristics in which it is engaged.

Specific

We define the Economic nature to be thosepeculiarities are also attributed to state-paid faculty,

faculties and desires that can be “weighed andie. Officialism; it is the function of Economic sciencebalanced” by means of money”.

Thus Economic

to discover and define these characteristics, and if

Faculty will be measured according to its Exchange

possible to explain their universal presence, undervalue to Economic Desire.

likeThis measurement

conditions,bydeducting

them

from

however, will not necessarily correspond to thepsychological laws.

remuneration it actually receives --- for the social

Economic faculty, those money---making qualities

conditions surrounding it may prevent the full

which extort remuneration from society without

realization of its reward.

possessing Exchange value to Economic Desire;

National and local customs, trade restrictions,

such

es

as

all

We must also include under

kinds

of

gamblinganpuremonop(o)lies, (whether legislative or the result of the

speculation. These however we shall distinguish as

mass-power ofspurious Economic Faculty; the evil outcome of ourcapital) the

non-fulfil(l)ment ofcontract, the various forms of confiscation, are soelaborated credit system.

many “disturbing causes” which operate on thesubsist by the exercise of these faculties, are rightly― 30 ―The individuals whoビアトリス・ポッターの1886年論文の原稿のトランスクリプションと解説（２）regarded as the most mischievous of ourof the corresponding desire.

Fol.3:44

It will be obvious from the foregoing, that thesocial parasite.

For they are not only, worthlessaction and re-action of faculty and desire, in allparticles, economically considered, but they are

their manifestations, in birth, growth, disease andakin in the vicious nature of their activity, to thedeath, will be manifold and of infinite complexity.

physiologicalcancerous

parasite,

growthinwhich,

originates;

for

it

is

said,

Any distrurbance through the action of other forces

like

it,

they

(whether natural or artificial)of the correspondence

deteriorate the living substance surrounding them.

between

the

two,

will

producethesuffering,sometimes the exquisite along, unused, and the
We shall classify Econmic desire, into efficient,inefficient, and artificially efficient.

desires unsatisfied.

Generally speaking therefore,

We define

this section of Economic science will deal with theefficient desire, as that which coexists in theorigin, development, decay, and death, of Economic

individual or in the race, with the necessary

Faculty and Economic desire; both in the individual

quantity and quality of Economic Faculty, whereby

and in the race; with the action and re-action of thethe means of gratification can be obtained.

We

one upon the other whether manual, mental,

define inefficient desire as that which exists,

amateur, state-paid, and spurious, faculty, or ofwithout the means, or the power of obtaining theefficient, inefficient, and artificial efficient, desire.

means, of gratification.

Lastly we define artificiallyefficient desire as that existing in an individual, or a

Fol.3:47

class, which posseses, through gift; inheritance or

And further, it will classify both faculty and desiretheft, the means of gratification without exercising

not only objectively, ie according to their Exchangeor havingvalue one to the other, but also subjective, ie.
According to the degree of nervous organization

Fol.3:45

upon the presence of which in the individual, theor having exercise any form of Economic Faculty

development of any specific kind of faculty or desire

whereby the community is compensated for theirdepended.

consumption. Thus, these two latter classes, areobjective and subjective classification will be foundeconomically considered, parasite.

to correspond.

But we would

And we believe that eventually theremind the reader of the existence and extensive
use of amatuer Faculty; we would also earnestly

II The physical section of Economic Science willinsist on the presence in human nature of Faculties

deal with the laws regulating the available supply ofof the noblest order which are not and may nevernatural substances used directly or indirectly withbecome Economie, and which seem to require forin production of Wealth; and will include thetheir development a certain freedom from Econmic

relation

effort.

phenomena dealt with by the Physical sciences.

theAnd further we would notice, that it is alike

aim

and

thesafe-guard,ofcivilization,oftoEconomic

Science

of

all

the

to

Thus, the hypothesis of the Diminishing returns

stimulate through full and immediate gratification,from “Extractive” industriesy will be discussed inthose higher forms of Economic desire which mostthis section; as well as the

directly check the improvident gratification of theDesire for Reproduction; and which depend for theirFol.3:48

development on the presence in the community ofproperties of the natural forces employed in thefaculties, which therefore cannot have been in the

production industries and in trade communications.

first instance Economic, but which so with thegrowth of the

III The third section of Economics will deal withthose problems in which the phschical and physical

Fol.3:46

phenomena of the preceeding sections are combined.

― 31 ―

佐藤公俊

In this section therefore, we shall have all questions

subject matter one aspect of human nature, andrelating to the Exchange value of commodities

therefore the most highly evonlated of organic

including the delicate questions of currency.

substance,

Professor Fawcett in his “Manual of Political
Economy”

definesvalue

asconsisting

of

treat

the

phenomenaoforigindevelopment, decay and death as “ disturbing

twoelements: namely the Use which the individual may

Fol.3:51

have for an article, and the Difficulty he may havecauses”. We think that in using the analogy of thein obtaining it, and he symbolizes these two

mechanical sciences as a basis of reasoning theelements by the letters U. and D.

Economists have been guilty of what Auguste

Now it is evident, tha according to our organon,

Comte defines as materialism--- applying the laws

the “U” element will be he result of the state ofand methods of a lower, to the subject matter of a

Economic Desire in thehigher science.

Fol.3:49

And from a practical point of view, in face of theindividual, in the community, and in the world atsocial questions immediately before us, any theory

large.

of Economic Science which ignores pathology, is

But the D. element of the Exchange value ofany given article, is the joint effect of the laws

useless.

determining the presence of the necessary quantity,

solution of which possibly our continued existence

andquality,the

as a great nation depends --- one is partially (somecommunity; and of the laws governing the available

would say principally) and the other entirely, asupplyThequestion of Economic disease. Our statesmen areproportionalinfluence of the psychical and physicalevery day more closely recognising the pressure ofphenomena, in the D. element of Exchange value,

inefficient Economic desire as one of the factors ofofof

Economic

naturalFacultyinin

For of the two problems --- on the rightsubstances.

will vary enormously in different commodities.
Thus in manufactured articles(still more in works of

Fol.3:52

art) the psychical, and in raw produce, the physical,

Irish political discontent.

element predominates.

The explanation and

We are told that in

America every Irishman is moved by efficient desire

illustration however of this section of Economics

and quickly develops Economic Faculty.

would require an elaboration of detail which could

true, it is for the Economist to discover through thehardly be compressed into a single essay; neither

most delicate analysis and comparison of Irish andhave we the requisite practical knowledge

American Economic conditions the cause of thisdifference.

Fol.3:50

If this be

Unfortunately the Economists of theolder school, have contented themselves with theof commercial and financial matters to undertake it.

easier task of lecturing politicians on the worn out
text of the Economic precept of laisser-faire. They// We have ventured to give this slight, and wholly

forget they are scientific men, and will imagine

inadequate, sketch of what we conceive ro be thethemselves to be the schoolmasters of the universe.

biological and positive theory of Economic science,as

distinguishedand

And in dealing with that greater problem whichonly

contains within itself a no inconsiderable fraction of

because we believe it is truer scientifically, but

the Irish question namely --- the accumulation of

because we think it has superior practical utility.

demoralized labour in our

metaphysicalfrom

methodofthemechanical

Economics,

not

The assumptions upon which the various shades ofRicardian Economics are based, are at the best,
only the laws of ideally perfect health and full

Fol.3:53

development. We confess we cannot see, even the

big towns and notably in our metropolis, thescientific value, of theories which having as theirmechanical doctorines of the elder Economists are― 32 ―

ビアトリス・ポッターの1886年論文の原稿のトランスクリプションと解説（２）waste words. The principle that “labour goes where

and above them, and everywhere in contact with

it is best paid” one of the many deductions from thethem, are the large, and we fear increasing class of

metaphysical theory, of the “Actual existence of

the “Unemployed”.

Pure Competition” is here glaringly falsified by

rapidly deteriorates into the intermittent state ---events.

and efficient Economic desire, if satisfied artificially,

Taking this class as a whole, we observethat Economic Faculty is intermittent, i.e., that thequickly becomes inefficient.

individuals who compose it this class are mentally,or physically, unfit for persistent work.

The

attractions of the big towns is obious --- theUn-used Economic Faculty

Lord Mayor’s Funds, lavish out-door relief, in fact
any wholesales charity administered without thesternest application of the labour test

distributive trades, and industries of construction,offer more add jobs and short jobs, than the
productive

industries,

oftest to the able- bodied, or given within the vicious

metropolitan life (taken as an extreme instance) give

circle of the poor quarter of a big town are Economic

morepoisons --- which unhappily for the victims of thisexcuseforandidlenesstheconditions

Fol.3:56

and

yield

greateramusement forthoughtless cruelty, do not result in immediate
death,

Fol.3:54

but

in

long

and

themselves and others.

leisure hours;

attractions however which are notpeculiar to the East – End of London.

And weterriblesufferingto

It is therefore clearly thefunction of the Economist to diagnose this specificdiseaseofintermittent

faculty,andinefficient

doubt, whether those who rightly belong, either byfaculty, and inefficient desire; and I possible trace itbirth or temperament to this class, suffer muchto one or other, or to many, of our social conditions

discontent with their condition. For their Economic--- for there are many among us,who think the evil

desire besides being inefficient, has sunk to theis every day increasing, and threatens to deteriorate

lowest level of subjective quality.

large sections of our working-class.

In spite ofThis means

physical misery, they prefer leisure life in the midst

national decay.

of the strange excitement of big town to a working

paramount importance there is work for many life-

life

time ! /////

withconditions.

comparative

comfortinmonotonous

Surely in this investigation of

They enjoy to its full or social

intercourse unshackled by moral conventions, andunrestrained by the Public Opinion of a middle

But, perhaps fortunately for the national well-fare,these depressing Economic facts

community --- and unlike the social life of theanalogous class in “good society”, inspired by amost genuine spirit of worm-hearted generousity.

Fol.3:57
are not the only signs of the time.

They are an attractive people with all the charms ofIn those strata of society most keenly sensitive toa leisurely and cosmopolitan view of life, free from

intellectual and moral influences the “Passion for

intellectual

Wealth” has given way to the “Passion for Work”.
Loss of religious faith, has taken all charm from theFol.3:55

lives of thousands of men and women. Love of gain,

and moral prejudices, and as different from the true

pursuit of power, are meaningless to those who are

working-class as are the individuals who compose

careless, because hopeless, of personal happiness.

the leisure class of “London Society” from the

They know no rest and graph desperately at the

professional class in London and from the higher

oblivion

middle class of our provincial towns.

faithlessness future generations will see the working

But they are

essentially parasite, and like other parasitic growths,
For they are practicallysupported by working people; and and among them,Andpossibly

even

in

our

of a Higher Power.

they tend to reduce the substance they feed on totheir own condition.

work.

For the times are dark before us; and in our
struggle

withdiscontent,― 33 ―

we

deepeningmisery

shall

the

need

and

growing

courage,and佐藤persistency, the fearless truthfulness, and absoluteself- devotion --- the union of all those somewhat
sombreFol.3:58
birtues --- which are implied in the “Passion forWork” and which originate in the consciousness of
suffering in ourselves and others, that underlie it.
Beatrice Potter.

公俊⻢ㄉ㧦ᧄ⎇ⓥߦᐔᚑ24ᐕᐲ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄㧔‫ࡆޟ‬ࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉߩ⑔␩⚻ᷣቇߣࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓ‫ޠ‬㧔⺖㗴⇟ภ21530192㧕㧕ࠍฃߌߚߎߣࠍ⸥ߒߡᗵ⻢
ߔࠆ.

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
1)૒⮮౏ବ:ࡆࠕ࠻࡝ࠬ࡮ࡐ࠶࠲࡯ߩ 1886 ᐕ⺰ᢥ The
History of English Economics ߩේⓂߩ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊࠪ
࡚ࡦߣ⸃⺑㧔1㧕㧘‫ޡ‬㐳ጟᎿᬺ㜞╬ኾ㐷ቇᩞ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ‫ޢ‬╙㧠㧢Ꮞ㧘pp.41-50,2010
2) Webb, B.: The History of English Economics, PASSFIELD
Collection, 7/1/3,1886.
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪉㪅㩷㪈㪇㪅㩷㪊㩷ฃઃ㪀― 34 ―