慶應義塾大学宇宙法研究所
宇宙法秩序形成研究会

第10回宇宙法シンポジウム

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CONCEPT OF SPACE TRAFFICMANAGEMENT (STM)
2019/2/25
Keio Institute of Space Law
JAXA (Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate)

Yu TAKEUCHI* The views expressed herein are entirely those of the author and do not reflect any
official views of the organizations that the author belongs to.

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CONTENTS
1. Why STM Now?
2. What is STM
3. Development of STM Concept
4. Legal Nature in re STM
5. Challenges per Discussion Orders2

1.WHY STM NOW?

<The crucial role of SSA (Space Situational Awareness)>
Processing and Analysing

Satellite operators
around the world(Source) https://www.mhpcc.hpc.mil/

USSTRATCOM Combined Space Operation Center (CSpOC)(former JSpOC)

Data
Observation and tracking

Operationaltracking data

Provide TLE through web site, andConjunction Summary Message (alerts)
through e-mail etc.
Advanced conjunction assessment
Advanced collision avoidance【SSA Sharing Agreements】

12 nations, 2 international organizations,
20+ commercial operatorsⒸYu Takeuchi

・・・

Military, governmental andmajor commercial satelliteoperators

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<MEGA CONSTELLATIONS ISSUE>⇒much more objects : more alerts

Source: Space News March 13, 2018

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<SYSTEM UPDATE ISSUE>

Source: Stars & Stripes, April 10, 2017

Source: DAILYMAIL.COM_ 19 May 2016)

Source: Global Security⇒much more precision : more false alerts

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<SPACIAL DENSITY AFTER MEGA CONSTELLATIONS+SPACE FENCE>（出典）GLENN PETERSON, MARLON SORGE & WILLIAM AILOR, SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE AGE OF NEW SPACE (2018), https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/201805/SpaceTrafficMgmt_0.pdf (last visited Nov 18, 2018).

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<STM NECESSITY>

OneWeb(Source: Airbus website)

GRUS (Axel Space)(Source: Cabinet Office website)7

2.WHAT IS STM?
STM is a concept of managing space activities as a traffic. Parallelwith Air Traffic Management(ATM) or Maritime Traffic Management(MTM).

(Source: EU STM validation project)(Source: Aviation English Academy)(Source: LockheedMartin)(Source: Service technique de l’aviation civil)

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＜DEFINITION SHIFT＞
The set of technical and regulatory provisions for promoting safe
access into outer space, operations in outer space and return fromouter space to Earth free from physical or radio-frequency interference.

(IAA Cosmic Study of STM = SEC.1102, NASA Authorization
Act 2008)
The planning, coordination, and on-orbit synchronization of activities toenhance the safety, stability, and sustainability of operations in thespace environment and avoid interference in satellite operations.

(Space Policy Directive 3 – National Space Traffic
Management Policy,(Cf. Air Traffic Management)
Air traffic management is an aviation term encompassing all systems
that assist aircraft to depart from an aerodrome, transit airspace, andland at a destination aerodrome, including Air TrafficServices (ATS),Airspace Management (ASM), andAir Traffic Flow andCapacity Management(ATFCM)

9<COMTEMPORARY 3 ELEMENTS OF STM>
③How to solve conjested space
On-orbit services
Deep space exploration
Space mining
Space tourism

Active space debris removal

Mega-constellation satellites②How to regulate “New-space”①Transition of services
to civil operators frommilitary to civil authority

Satellite operators
Conjunction analysis/message
COLA analysis
Reentry analysis

Start by resource re-allocation issue within the US, but result withsolutions for conjested, contested and competitive current space
situation.
ⒸYu Takeuchi

CSPOC (formerJSPOC) at US
STRATCOM

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3．DEVELOPMENT OF STM CONCEPTInternational
Disarmament
Peaceful Use20072008
20092010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

Nationaldebris
mitigation

COPUOS Debris Guidelines

GGE on Space TCBM*Report(2013 UNGA)
Russia&China newnew PPWTEURuEU

Fr. Space
Activities Act

2015 incompleted

ISO DebrisStandards*compulsory Decree

COPUOS LongTerm Sustainabilityof Space Activities
draft guidelines

GGE regarding PAROS

IADC Megaconstelation
Statement
FCC Notice ofISO debris
Proposedstandard revision
Rulemaking*PAROS:Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space*PPWT:Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects*TCBM:Transparency and Confidence Building Measures*GGE:Group of Governmental Experts*CONFERS:Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations*WEF:World Economic Forum (Global Future Counci, The Future of Space Technologies)ⒸYu Takeuchi

IAA Cosmic Study

Chinese ASAT

Authorize
Cosmos-Iridium
research in NASA collision
Authorization Act
US Security
Space Strategy

Fr2018 incompletedCh
Ru

EventsISU Studies

Russian new PPWT*

Draft International Code of Conduct

STM#1 STMConference (ERAU)US Space Act of 2015
#1 GSTMW(UK)US CSTM policy
US SPD３CONFERS*WEF*US STM international
conference ?

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4．LEGAL NATURE IN RE STM
GroundJurisdiction to
Territorial State
vehicleMaritime

AviationSpaceFlag State

State of registry

State of registry

Jurisdiction toarea

Territorial
jurisdiction

Territorial sea
jurisdiction

Territorial air
jurisdiction

None

Vehicleregistration

Vehicleregistration

Vesselregistration

Aircraftregistration

Space object
registration

Sanction toregistration
failureSubject toDenial of traffic
capture bynavigation/landi
authority
Denial of travelng/passage/Denial of entry
to ports

None

Traffic
managementrules

Road trafficrules

Seaway/preventing
collision rules

Aerialroute/aviation
rules

Likely common
practices

Traffic
management
authority

Traffic police

Maritime safety
authority/military

Civil aviation
authority

NoneⒸYu Takeuchi

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<JAPANESE INDUSTRIES IN INTERNATIONALDISCUSSIONS>
Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations

Source: https://www.satelliteconfers.org/members/

World Economic Forum

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Source: https://www.weforum.org/communities/thefuture-of-space-technologies

5.CHALLENGES PER DISCUSSION ORDERS①

Providing civil STM services⇒How to gather data from operators⇒How to allocate costs for service provision②International sharing of SSA data
⇒How to clear national security concerns.
US and Russia have global capability, China may have and others (France,Germany, Australia, Japan, UK) have partial capability.



Need to neutralize within a combined data.

Standardizing data format, meta data analyisis is necessary.

Meta data contains information of the capability of observation of thatsystem, which is classified information.

⇒Cost allocation for database sharing, maintaining the common data
center and the rules’ harmonization process.
③Common rules for operators⇒Regulations for data sharing (flightplan, maneuver information, POC)
⇒Traffic regulations (standard database, conjunction analysis operationstandard, communication standard)ⒸYu Takeuchi

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All welcome to the“STM STUDY GROUP”【Principles】

 Chatham House Rule based
 No individual goals, accept diversity, allow repeat discussions【Purposes】
 Fostering understanding on the issues of STM through diverse discussion.
 Understanding why and what is difficult to realize STM.
 Rely on participants to take actions back in their own entities.

【Achievments so far】
 Why STM Now?
 What will be the prioritized points to be discussed in the topic?
 Detail discussion of the elements consist STM.

【Participants】
Practitioners, academia, officials from industries, agencies, ministries
and universities.
ⒸYu Takeuchi

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“PROGRESS THROUGHCOLLABORATION”
slogan of the 5th Space Traffic Management Conference(26-27 Feb. @Austin, Texas)

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