Preface
Professor Maki Kawai

Chair, MSF Steering Committee
President, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Member of the Japan Academy
Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo

Cultivating new horizons for Condensed Matter Science
The Millennium Science Forum (MSF) was established based on the voices of senior scientists
who lead the modern research with the intention of cultivating new horizons for Condensed Matter
Science.
On this occasion of 25 years of the MSF, we would like to show how the mission of the MSF
was conceived and what was attained by twenty-seven talented prize winners. The start was in1998, when Professors Noboru Miura, Hidetoshi Fukuyama, the late Koichi Kitazawa and Sir Peter
Williams met in Tokyo and came up with the idea of the MSF which was started in the following
year, 1999. The Sir Martin Wood Prize was set as the core program of the MSF and Mr. Yasunobu
Nakamura of NEC, currently Professor of the University of Tokyo, became the 1st awardee. In
November 2023, the twenty fifth Sir Martin Wood Prize will be awarded to Dr. Genki Kobayashi,
Chief Scientist of RIKEN.
Here we showcase twenty-seven Prize Winners with their achievements and their development
since the MSF was founded. Successful advancement in their personal careers indicates thepromotion of Condensed Matter Science and individual descriptions of their research represents
the development of Condensed Matter Science itself in quarter of a century. We are confident thatyou will enjoy the new era of the field. Sir Martin Wood Prize winners are given the opportunity oflecture trips to UK universities and institutes in Germany. This is a noteworthy experience that ties
together young generations of Japan and the UK.
The MSF has always been kindly supported by the British Embassy in Tokyo, and also by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. We are gratefulto Her Excellency Julia Longbottom CMG, British Ambassador to Japan, and to Mr. Shigekazu
Matsuura, Director, Budget and Accounts Division Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology (MEXT) and former Science Attache, Embassy of Japan in the UK, for theircontribution of warm words to this book.
Last but not least, twenty-five years of the MSF would not be possible without the devotion of
Oxford Instruments KK. Without the encouragement by Mr. Jiro Kitaura, former president, the MSF
would not have existed. For a private enterprise, consistently supporting the activities of scientists
over a span of twenty-five years is a remarkable achievement. We are proud to announce that,in recognition of this unwavering dedication, Oxford Instruments Japan has been bestowed withthe 2023 Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their outstanding role in “Promotion ofscientific and technological cooperation between Japan and the United Kingdom.” This accolade
underscores their extraordinary commitment to advancing the global scientific community.
The steering committee of the MSF is grateful for Oxford Instruments’ continued support over the
past twenty-five years and for the future.
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum3

Contents
Page

Preface

Professor Maki Kawai (Chair, Millennium Science Forum Steering Committee)

Founders Message

Professor Noboru Miura (Founder, Millennium Science Forum)

Greetings

3
6

Sir Martin Wood (Founder, Oxford Instruments)
Sir Peter Williams (Member of Millennium Science Forum Steering Committee

8
10Professor Robin Nicholas (University of Oxford)
Her Excellency Julia Longbottom (British Ambassador to Japan)
Mr. Shigekazu Matsuura (Director, Budget and Accounts Division,

12
14
16

			

Former Chairman, Oxford Instruments)

			

MEXT Former Science Attache,Embassy of Japan in the UK)

Introduction to the Sir Martin Wood Prize

Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama (Chair, Sir Martin Wood Prize Selection Committee 2007-2021)
Professor Shinji Tsuneyuki (Chair, Sir Martin Wood Prize Selection Committee from 2022)

18

Locations of Sir Martin Wood Prize Lectures
Lecture Trip Memories

19
20

Brief History of the MSF

24

Tony Ford (MSF Secretariat)

Messages from the Sir Martin Wood Prize Winners

27
82

List of the Winners in alphabetical order

Sir Martin Wood’s Life
Appendix84

Prize Ceremony Memories
Record of the MSF
Steering Committee and Selection Committee members
Guest Speakers at the Millennium Science Forum

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

88
94
95

5

Founders Message

Professor Noboru Miura

Founder, Millennium Science Forum
Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo“How can we contribute to building a bridge between the science communities of Japanand the UK by promoting the activities of top young researchers, rather than simply
doing business in Japan?”“Can we search for a scheme together?”
In 1997 Mr. Kitaura of Oxford Instruments asked me these unexpected, and at thesame time, difficult questions so I consulted with thelate Professor Koichi Kitazawa and Professor Hidetoshi
Fukuyama.
I was familiar with various cases of joint programmes
between academia and industry that in many cases
had glorious start-ups, but unfortunately did not last. I
noticed a variety of reasons for such programmes being
unsustainable so I was mindful that we needed to discussin detail to reach a common understanding. Our concerns

Professor Koichi Kitazawa
Founder, Millennium Science Forum
Professor, The University of Tokyo

disappeared when we talked further with Mr. Kitaura andhe assured us that Oxford Instruments direction will bedifferent to the “unsuccessful examples” we had seen in thepast and he told us:“We just want to bridge the science communities of Japanand the UK by encouraging young scientists without linkage
to the Oxford Instruments business, hence the scheme will
not have the company name associated with it”

6

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Mr. Jiro Kitaura

Founder, Millennium Science Forum
Former President Oxford Instruments Japan25 years of
the Millennium Science Forum
This was the first time we had heard of a programme that did not have the name ofthe sponsor or some specific promotional target combined with it, so we immediately
decided to support the activity and quickly moved ahead to create the whole scheme. At
this stage I received strong encouragement from the Oxford Instruments Chairman, Sir
Peter Williams, to lead the initiative with Oxford Instruments Japan.
The next difficult question we faced was naming and identifying the mission and spiritof the activity. After some discussions we decided to call it the “Millennium Science
Forum” (MSF) with a vision of “Looking to the Future” with commitment, consistency
and continuity. At the same time we decided that the MSF should have a core program togive awards to young researchers. I was happy that Sir Martin Wood, Founder of Oxford
Instruments, kindly agreed to call the award the “Sir Martin Wood Prize” and we asked
our academic colleagues to support and become involved with the prize. Based on thesefundamental points, everything has run smoothly since then.
In 1999, we were greatly honored that HRH The Princess Royal and many
distinguished guests attended the inaugural event at The British Embassy in Tokyo.
The MSF has now been recognized by the scientific communities in both Japan and theUK. Below is the charter adopted for the MSF upon which our entire activities are basedon and gives us strong encouragement to continue.
1. Oxford Instruments name is not directly associated with the MSF, however following
the will of the founder of the company, and to motivate people externally andinternally, the name of the award is the “Sir Martin Wood Prize”
2. From the outset the emphasis will be on excellent results to maintain the activities,
including management structure of the MSF.
3. Through these activities, our objective is to build bridges between the scientificcommunities of Japan and the UK.
I strongly hope that by keeping our original concept the MSF will continue to prosper
through the constant adoption of innovative ideas and design.

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

7

Greetings

Sir Martin Wood 1927 - 2021
Founder, Oxford Instruments

It was in 1955 that I first started working with physicists carrying out research in
aspects of Condensed Matter Physics – then known as Solid State Physics. I was working
under Dr. Nicholas Kurti at the University of Oxford’s Clarendon laboratory, managing
the High Magnetic Field facility, and developing new types of resistive magnet andresearch equipment for their experiments.
Other universities wanted similar equipment so, in 1959, with the help of my wife,
Audrey, I started the Oxford Instruments Company. This was two years before theAmerican breakthrough in superconductivity which resulted in useable superconductors
for magnets. It led to a great expansion of research in the field, and rapid growth at
Oxford Instruments.
Condensed Matter Physics has come a long way since then. I am full of admiration for
the research work and achievements of the scientists who have won this Prize, which
they have outlined in this booklet. I am very happy to have met many of the prizewinners
in Tokyo, and most of them in my house in Oxfordshire.

8

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumI would like to thank the eminent scientists in the Millennium Science Forum who havegiven their time to reading all the submitted papers and judging between them. Especial
thanks must go to Professor Noboru Miura, who I have known for many years and who
was the first chairman of this committee. He has worked tirelessly and has accompanied
most of the prize-winners on their lecture tours in the UK. Many thanks also to Tony
Ford, who first developed this project with Professor Miura, and has organised thepresentations and the lecture tours from the beginning.
I hope the prize will continue to encourage and reward young scientists in this field formany years to come.
(Written in 2018)

Postscript by Lady Audrey Wood, July 2023
“I am delighted that Martin’s legacy will be preserved by continuing to award this special
prize in his name to excellent young scientists from Japan.”

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum9Sir Peter Williams
Member of Millennium Science Forum Steering Committee
Former Chairman, Oxford Instruments

During 1998, a small group of British and Japanese scientists and technologists
gathered in the City Club of Tokyo, in Akasaka, to discuss how to mark the forthcoming
millennium celebrations. Convened by Jiro Kitaura, then-president of Oxford Instruments
KK, the group hatched a plan under his leadership to hold an annual seminar, if possibleat the British Embassy, Tokyo, to showcase cutting edge developments in Japan incondensed matter physics. The Millennium Science Forum was born.
Those present—Professor Noboru Miura, Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama, the lateProfessor Koichi Kitazawa and I—further proposed to mark the occasion each year withthe award of a prize to a young Japanese scientist, who would subsequently visit the UK
to give prestige lectures at the University of Oxford and other leading universities. This
plan has since been extended to include German research institutions.
By chance, in March 1999, the planned announcement of the MSF at the British
Embassy, Tokyo coincided with a visit to Japan by Her Royal Highness Princess Anne, thePrincess Royal, to attend a meeting of the International Olympic Committee, of which she
is a member. She enthusiastically agreed to join me and Sir David Wright GCMG LVO,
then HM Ambassador, at the ceremony. Thus, the MSF enjoyed a royal opening.

10

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumThe Princess Royal’s good wishes at the launch of the MSF have undoubtedly borne
fruit. The alumni list of winners of the Sir Martin Wood Prize comprises emerging
leaders in their fields in Japan, with increasingly global reputations. The 25th such prize
will be awarded in 2023.
The UK and Japan have always enjoyed close partnerships in science, and theexchange of visits and ideas between young scientists in our two nations both strengthensand deepens this bond. In years to come, as the prize winners rise in prominence in theirrespective fields, the enhancement in mutual understanding between the scientific leadersof the UK and Japan will have a significance and importance well beyond the sphereof science. Today, in a world filled with uncertainties, these relationships constitute a
precious asset.
On behalf of all my colleagues in the MSF, may I in conclusion thank HM Ambassador
Julia Longbottom CMG for her continuing support; we are indebted to her and herpredecessors over the past 25 years for their invaluable and positive contribution.

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

11

Professor Robin Nicholas
Member of Millennium Science Forum Steering Committee
University of Oxford

It is a great pleasure to contribute to this celebration of 25 years of the Millennium
Science Forum and the Sir Martin Wood Prize. As with many important institutions theorigins of the foundation lie in the close personal interactions developed by individuals,
in particular Professor Noboru Miura, from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyoand Sir Martin Wood. Noboru first came to the UK as a relatively young visitor in his
early thirties to work in the University of Oxford in the research group of Professor Tony
Stradling on the properties of semiconductors in high magnetic fields, in the laboratory
first set up by Sir Martin together with Professor Nicholas Kurti. This proved to be aformative experience leading to a lifelong series of collaborations and interactions with
UK scientists. About ten years later a young Japanese graduate student studying at the
University of Oxford walked into the garden of Sir Martin Wood, which he had opened
to the public for a few days. Sir Martin’s garden is on the banks of the Thames, which
the student was studying as a historically important transport route. The student told Sir
Martin that he lived in the ‘middle’ of Tokyo and they struck up an immediate friendship.
Within a few years the student had become Crown Prince Naruhito and the two remained
good friends for the rest of Sir Martin’s life. Both Noboru and Sir Martin were convincedof the great benefits of intellectual and cultural exchange at an early career stage, so they
persuaded Oxford Instruments to help fund the Millennium Science Forum to promote
this exchange and to give it a clear scientific focus in the area of condensed matterphysics which had been vital to both of them and to the business of Oxford Instruments
in both the UK and Japan.

12

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumTo achieve this they set up the prize with: The winner to be a person under 45, having
performed research in a Japanese institute, selected by a committee of distinguishedJapanese scientists headed for many years by Professor Noboru Miura, then Professor
Hidetoshi Fukuyama, and now by Professor Shinji Tsuneyuki. The prize awarded being¥500,000 and the opportunity to lecture at UK & EU Universities.
The prize has been instrumental in promoting the careers of many of the prize-winners
through its special formulation of a lecture tour to prestigious Universities mainly in
the UK, combined with a prize winning presentation in the UK embassy in Tokyo withspecial guest lecturers and an audience of many of the top scientists in Japan, hosted by
the British Ambassador. Speaking personally, having attended the lectures from all of the
prize winners, usually in the Sir Martin Wood lecture theatre in Oxford, I never cease to
be impressed by the imagination, skill and academic excellence of the science which theypresent. The elements of cultural exchange have not been forgotten either. As Professor
Yasunobu Nakamura, the first prize winner, says in his message his visit was also the firsttime that he was introduced to another British phenomenon, Harry Potter! The lecture
tours were amongst the first scientific activities to re-start after the travel restrictions due
to COVID, demonstrating their great value to the community. On a final note I would
also like to give special thanks to Tony Ford, who has been unstinting in his efforts toensure the smooth running of the prize and to ensure that both the prize winners and the
UK institutions have benefited enormously from their lecture tours.

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

13

Her Excellency Julia Longbottom CMG
British Ambassador to JapanI am delighted to congratulate the Millennium Science Forum on the 25th anniversaryof the Sir Martin Wood Prize. Since its establishment, the prize has been very successful
in motivating young researchers in the quest to further our understanding of thefundamental properties of materials and matter, and in building relationships between
researchers overseas in the early stage of their careers.
Japan and the UK are leading nations in science and innovation, and I am proud of ourlongstanding partnership in this area. The friendship between the two countries has neverbeen stronger, as underscored by the Hiroshima Accord, agreed by our Prime Ministers
in May 2023. Science and innovation is a core part of this historic announcement,
including the UK-Japan Semiconductor Partnership, and the Implementing Arrangement
between DSIT and METI on Industrial Science, Innovation and Technology. This isa perfect demonstration of the UK’s and Japan’s mutual desire to collaborate, and bybuilding researcher-level connections, the Millennium Science Forum plays an importantrole in this.
These connections help to deepen cooperation and scientific output on the technologies
of tomorrow, and I firmly believe that both countries will continue to make significant

14

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumcontributions to scientific understanding and improving the lives of people around theworld, helped by the Sir Martin Wood Prize. The prize selection committee has an
excellent record, and recipients of the Sir Martin Wood Prize produce very high impact
research throughout their careers. I am grateful to Oxford Instruments and Sir Martin
Wood for establishing and sustaining the Millennium Science Forum and Sir Martin
Wood Prize for a quarter of a century, as well as to Lady Audrey Wood for continuing
to support the prize in Sir Martin’s memory. It is important that both Japan and the
UK continue to cultivate long term partnerships between our academic and industrial
research communities.
In addition to the scientific discussions, the prize winners gain insights and understandingof the culture and heritage of the UK that helps broaden their horizons and benefit their
future international prospects. I hope that the Sir Martin Wood Prize will continue tomotivate a diverse group of young Japanese scientists to initiate innovative research andcollaborate with UK researchers. I look forward to seeing our relationship continue toblossom as our researchers work further to deliver positive outcomes for both countries.
I wish the Sir Martin Wood Prize every success for the future.

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

15

Mr. Shigekazu Matsuura
Director, Budget and Accounts Division
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Former Science Attache, Embassy of Japan in the UK
Email: matsuura@mext.go.jp

I would like to congratulate the Millennium Science Forum on its 25th anniversary.
I first became aware of the Millennium Science Forum (MSF) and the Sir Martin Wood
Prize in the summer of 2006, when I was the scientific attaché of the Embassy of Japan in
the UK and I accompanied the late Mr. Koji Omi (STS Forum Founder, former Ministerof Finance and Minister for Science and Technology) on a visit to Sir Martin’s home. Mr.
Tony Ford coordinated Mr. Omi’s visit from the Oxford Instruments side and I have had
a long association with him ever since. Without him, my involvement with the MSF
would not have continued to the present day.
When I read Lady Audrey Wood’s book “Magnetic Venture”, I learnt that Oxford
Instruments was founded by a married couple at a time when “university ventures” wererare. Their interactions with many Japanese researchers, including Professor Noboru
Miura, contributed to the growth of the company.
The MSF was established as a social contribution initiative to widen the scope of
researcher exchange between Japan and the UK.
In the summer of 2007 Mr. Tony Ford invited me to participate in the Sir Martin Wood
Prize lecture tour, which is the core activity of the MSF, I was the first attendee from the16

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumJapanese Embassy in the UK. I saw there were many scientists from Japan and the UK
who resonated with the MSF philosophy, warmly congratulating the young laureates
who are expected to lead the next generation, sometimes asking tough questions, but also
encouraging them on their way forward.
The MSF is an initiative in the field of solid-state physics, but it has developed into alarge movement for people who share the same ideals to expand their circle of contacts. I
believe the principles have universal value beyond the field concerned and should be passed
on from one generation to the next.
Ever since I took part, my successors
as scientific attaché in the Embassy in the
UK continue to support the activities of
MSF in the UK each year. I consider it mymission to commit myself to this activity
and to spread its value to the world. I
will continue to contribute to MSF’s
activities in whatever capacity I have.

Visiting Sir Martin’s home with my family in the Summer of 2008

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

17

Introduction to the Sir Martin Wood Prize

Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama
Chair, Sir Martin Wood Prize Selection Committee
2007-2021
Emeritus Professor, The University of Tokyo
Professor, Tokyo University of Science

Professor Shinji Tsuneyuki
Chair, Sir Martin Wood Prize Selection Committee
from 2022
Professor, The University of Tokyo

The Sir Martin Wood Prize was established in the first committee meeting of the Millennium
Science Forum (MSF), on 23rd January 1999 at Oxford Instruments KK, after preliminary
discussions on 23rd July 1998 and 11th October 1998.
Jiro Kitaura, then-president of Oxford Instruments KK, had expressed with vigour his strong
vision for progress in science and technology. He described the mission of the MSF as follows:• To promote science in the 21st century by increasing the opportunity of discussion amongscientists• To promote scientific exchange between the UK and Japan• To award prizes to young scientists
This mission of the MSF remains unchanged. Its award for young scientists was naturally named
the Sir Martin Wood Prize, which was suggested by Professor Koichi Kitazawa in the second
preliminary meeting. To be eligible for the prize, applicants must:• Specialise in condensed matter science• Perform their research in a Japanese university or institute• Be under 45 years of age in the year of their application; any nationality may apply
The first Sir Martin Wood Prize was awarded to Yasunobu Nakamura on 17th November 1999, inthe same place.
Besides a financial award of ¥500,000, the Sir Martin Wood Prize has a unique feature:the recipient
has the opportunity to lecture at universities in the UK and European Union, which stimulates
and helps every recipient to step up onto the international stage. This special arrangement reflects
the vision of the sponsor, Oxford Instruments KK, bridging Japan and UK-EU. The Millennium
Science Forum was first held on 9th March 1999, in the New Hall of the British Embassy, Tokyo as
a ceremonial activity. HRH The Princess Royal delivered greetings and gave an Honorary award toProfessor Hiroshi Yasuoka, former director of the Institute of Solid State Physics, the University ofTokyo. Following the presentation of the award Professor Noboru Miura described the Millennium
Science Forum’s mission and an introduction message from Sir Martin Wood was read by Oxford
Instruments’ Jiro Kitaura.

18

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumThe status of any prize depends on the committee that chooses its winners. The members of the
Sir Martin Wood Prize Selection Committee to date are listed in the appendix. The members havebeen added or replaced several times to cover a broader range of condensed matter science. Quite
often another board, for example an honorary board, sits above the selection committee, but that is
not the case for the Sir Martin Wood Prize, reflecting the strong wish of Oxford Instruments, which
is very rare.
Because of the high-level scientific activities of each member of the selection committee, every
selection meeting has been a very lively occasion for experts to exchange opinions frankly. It is anoccasion for the committee to appeal or learn new developments in condensed matter science.
To date, the Sir Martin Wood Prize has been awarded to 27 recipients, who in total gave 100
lectures as shown in the Figure below, not only in the UK but also in Germany—an initiative thatstarted in 2015.
In 2007, the steering committee was created from the selection committee, for the effective
management of the Millennium Science Forum aside from the selection of the Sir Martin Wood
Prize recipient.

Locations of Sir Martin Wood Prize Lectures

Sir Martin Wood Prize lectures 2000 to 2023 (100 in total)
Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart (8)St Andrews (1)Glasgow (1)Lancaster (1)Manchester (8)Daresbury (1)Liverpool (1)Nottingham (4)Warwick (2)Bristol (3)Cardiff (1)Surrey (1)Southampton (2)Exeter (1)Edinburgh (1)Leeds (2)York (6)Sheffield (2)Oxford (23)Cambridge (15)
Laboratory of Molecular
Biology (1)Royal Holloway (1)UCL (10)
Royal Society (1)Imperial College (3)25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

19

Lecture Trip Memories

20

Professor Shirahama at Royal Holloway with Professor Miura and Professor Michael Lea (2002)

Professor Kimura at Sir Martin’s home with Mrs.
Miura (2006)

Professor Ohtomo in Cambridge with Professor
Fukuyama (2008)

Professor Saitoh and Professor Ono visit Sir Martin & Lady Audrey Wood's home (2009)

Professor Hayashi visiting Sir Martin (2015)

Professor Kim visiting Liverpool University(2010)

Professor Satoh with Professor Takagi at the Max
Planck Institute (2016)

Sir Martin showing Professor Shibata where Oxford Instruments started (2014)

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumProfessor Suenaga with his wife and Professor
Kawai in Cambridge (2007)

Professor Ohtomo in Oxford with Professors Miura,
Fukuyama, Briggs and Mr. Matsuura Science Attaché from the Japanese Embassy in London (2008)

Dr. Kim at Sir Martin’s home (2010)

Professor Murakami with Professor Eaves in Nottingham (2011)

Professor Chiba visiting Newton’s birthplace withProfessor Miura (2013)

Professor Ishizaki with Sir Martin and Lady
Audrey Wood (2017)

Professor Robin Nicholas welcoming Professor
Yamamoto to Oxford (2018)

Professor Yamamoto meeting Sir Martin and Lady
Audrey Wood (2018)25 years of the Millennium Science Forum21

Lecture Trip Memories

Professor Robin Nicholas welcoming Dr. & Mrs.
Terasaki and Professor Miura to the Clarendon
Laboratory in Oxford (2003)

Dr. Kawano enjoying refreshments with Sir Martin and Lady Audrey Wood (2012)

Professor Laurence Eaves (left) introduces Dr. Kawano and Professor Miura to Professor Sir Kostya
Novoselov (2012)

Professor Eleanor Campbell and Professor Paul
Attfield host Professor Okamoto’s lecture in the
University of Edinburgh (2019)

Professor Okamoto visiting Sir Martin Wood(2019)

Sir Martin Wood browsing through 20th anniversary book of winners (2019)22

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Professor Richard Henderson and Professor Nigel
Unwin hosting Dr. Inoue’s lecture at the MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology (2022)

Dr. Keiichi Inoue and Akiko Kawakami, Science
Attache at the Japanese Embassy, London visiting
the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (2022)

Dr. Keiichi Inoue and Lady Audrey Wood in the Garden of The Manor House, Little Wittenham (2022)

Professor Yulin Chen hosting Dr. Takeshi Kondo’s
lecture at the University of Oxford (2023)

Dr. Takeshi Kondo enjoys dinner at Queens College, Oxford with guests from the University andOxford Instruments (2023)

Dr. Togo at the Martin Wood building in the University of Oxford (2023)

Professor Nigel Hussey’s research group hosting
Dr. Kondo’s lecture (2023)

Dr. Togo visiting Lady Audrey Wood September
2023 with Tony Ford and John Buxton, Audrey’s
brother (2023)

Dr. Togo visiting The Manor House, Home of Sir
Martin and Lady Audrey Wood (2023)
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

23

Brief History of the MSF

Tony Ford
MSF Secretariat

Professor Noboru Miura and Sir Martin Wood are the two prominent figures instrumental in the success of the Millennium Science Forum.
Sir Martin had just retired as deputy chairman of Oxford Instruments after 41 years’ service when the MSF started in 1999, he readily agreed for the prize to be in his name andwelcomed the opportunity to remain involved with the company in a role where he could
meet customers and follow technological trends.
Professor Noboru Miura was a post-doctoral researcher in the University of Oxford in1972 when he first met Sir Martin and was happy to rekindle his friendship through the
MSF which matched their mutual enthusiasm to motivate researchers to expand international collaborations. Professor Miura’s contribution in increasing UK Japan scientific exchange was recognized by the UK Government and in 2006 he was awarded an OBE (Orderof the British Empire). Similarly Sir Martin was awarded The Order of the Rising Sun,
Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon by the Japanese government in 2008.
The opportunity for the Sir Martin Wood Prize winners to visit the UK and meet theircounterparts with expertise and research interests in the same area of physics, allows thewinners to have detailed technical discussions as well as exchanging views on researchfunding, equipment specifications and in several cases, start new collaborations or augment existing arrangements.
We arrange for the prize winners to visit one of Oxford Instruments’ facilities and show
them firsthand how equipment is designed and manufactured. When appropriate we also
discuss specific requirements and features for new equipment. Almost all the winners havevisited Sir Martin and Audrey Wood’s home in Little Wittenham where they are always
given a warm welcome. Sir Martin took great pride in walking round his garden with thewinners and explaining the history of Oxford Instruments by showing some of the devices
made by the company in the early days.

24

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumThe lectures are normally in the early summer at 4 or 5 venues arranged between Monday and Friday. In addition to the academic programme, when time permits we arrange
visits to places that have historical or cultural importance to foster greater understandingof the UK. Prize winners have visited Isaac Newton’s birthplace, Green’s windmill; homeof theoretician George Green, they have seen James Clerk Maxwell’s original desk andEinstein’s script preserved on a blackboard he used for a lecture. In some cases winners
are able to return to the UK and spend more time with their counterparts in Universities
they visited on the lecture tour or even visit for a vacation and have a more leisurely time.
The MSF is now endorsed by 17 academic societies and organizations. We have been very
fortunate to have strong support from the British Embassy in Tokyo from the start andfrom 2007 the Japanese Embassy in the UK has endorsed the Sir Martin Wood Prize lectures with an initiative started by the then Science Attaché, Mr. Shigekazu Matsuura. Since
then a senior representative from the Japanese Embassy in London joins one of the UK
lectures and makes a brief address to the audience on the importance of Japan UK scientific collaborations.
From 2015, thanks to the generous support of Professor Hidenori Takagi, we have beenable to extend the lecture tour to include the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart.
It is always very pleasing to see prize winners from previous years attending the prize
ceremony at the Millennium Science Forum to welcome the new winner to their alumni
and give advice on how to structure their lectures for UK audiences.
On a personal note, it is a tremendous pleasure to accompany the prize winners on theirlecture visits and inspiring to hear their passion to make discoveries and increase theirunderstanding in their area of expertise. Chatting with the winners informally on a wide
range of subjects is always enjoyable and makes me realize that in addition to the winners
excelling academically, they are all very warm hearted individuals who always bring out
the best in those around them. Additionally all the committee members have devoted large
amounts of their personal time to MSF activities that have contributed to the success overthe past two decades. As a result of the distinguished personal integrity of the committee
members and prize winners, the MSF has strengthened UK Japan collaboration in scientific research and research based industry and is a successful illustration of “Science Diplomacy”.
I would like to pay tribute to the many other people, including colleagues in Oxford Instruments, who have contributed to the success of the MSF since its inception. In August
2023, in recognition of the MSF activities, Oxford Instruments Japan, was honoured toreceive the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for “Promotion of scientific andtechnological cooperation between Japan and the United Kingdom. Hidemi Kurosawa andYuri Ito deserve special mention for their enthusiasm and meticulous planning that ensures
the prize selection process and MSF events always proceed smoothly.

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

25

26

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumMessages from the Sir Martin Wood Prize Winners
Page

Yasunobu Nakamura

1st 1999

28

Tokushi Kizuka

2nd 2000*

30

Katsuya Shimizu

2nd 2000*32

Keiya Shirahama		

3rd 2001

34

Ichiro Terasaki		

4th 2002

36

Toshimasa Fujisawa		

5th 2003

38

Yuzo Ohno			6th 2004

40

Tsuyoshi Kimura		

7th 2005

42

Kazutomo Suenaga		

8th 2006

44

Akira Ohtomo		

9th 2007

46

Teruo Ono

10th 2008*

48

Eiji Saitoh

10th 2008*50

Yousoo Kim			

11th 200952

Shuichi Murakami		

12th 201054

Yukio Kawano		

13th 2011

56

Daichi Chiba			

14th 201258

Naoya Shibata		

15th 2013

60

Masamitsu Hayashi		16th 2014

62

Takuya Satoh			

17th 2015

64

Akihito Ishizaki		

18th 2016

66

Michihisa Yamamoto

19th 201768

Yoshihiko Okamoto		

20th 201870

Keiichi Inoue		

21st 201972

Takeshi Kondo

22nd 2020

74

Atsushi Togo

23rd 2021

76

Shunichiro Watanabe

24th 2022

78

Genki Kobayashi

25th 2023

80*two winners in 2000 and 2008
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

27

Winner in 1999

Yasunobu Nakamura

Current title and affiliation
Director, RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing
Professor,Department of Applied Physics, Graduate
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

1990: B.S., Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
1992: M.S., Superconductivity Research Course, The University of Tokyo
1992-2011: Researcher, Senior Researcher, Principal Researcher, Research Fellow, NEC Corporation
2001: Visiting Researcher, Department of Applied Physics, Delft University of Technology (Netherlands)
2002-2013: Researcher, RIKEN
2011: Ph.D., Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2012-2022: Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
2014-2021: Team Leader, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN
2021-present: Director, RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing
2022-present: Professor, Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Quantum coherence in single-electron-pair box
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Senior Researcher, NEC Fundamental
Research Laboratories

We demonstrated quantum coherence in a single
Cooper pair box in 1999, which was the first realization of a superconducting qubit as well as a solid-state qubit.
We started our research on single electron transistors
in 1992. As the devices were made of aluminium,
they became superconductive at low temperatures
below 1K. Naturally, we became interested in
Cooper pair tunnelling in those devices and studied
the parity effect, which discriminates the even-odd
parity of the number of electrons in an electrode, as
well as photon-assisted Cooper pair tunnelling under
microwave irradiation around 1995-1996.
During that time, we learned the concept of macroscopic quantum coherence, coined by Tony Leggett
in 1980, and the following experimental challenges
using SQUID circuits. Macroscopic quantum tunnelling was demonstrated in the 1980s. However,coherence and superposition in macroscopic systems
had been elusive.
This led us to an experiment of quantum superposition between two distinct charge number states in
the Cooper pair box device. In 1997, we publisheda paper in Phys. Rev. Lett. on the observation of theenergy-level anti-crossing as evidence of the superposition. The result was obtained in photon-assisted
tunnelling spectroscopy.

28

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumAs a next step, we decided to do a time-domain experiment to demonstrate quantum state control of
the charge-number superposition. That was also thetime when ideas of quantum information processing
and quantum computing started to spread around thecommunity. We needed to develop a few new experimental techniques, such as the ultrafast gate-voltage
pulses for the control and the time-ensemble current
measurement for the readout, but finally succeeded
to observe coherent oscillations (Figure 1) between
charge number states, in autumn 1998. The paper
was published in Nature, in April 1999. It was well
accepted and triggered research on solid-state quantum computing.

Fig.1 Coherent oscillations observed in the first Cooper pair box
experiment.

Progress in the field of quantum information sciencehas been much more rapid than what we expected in
1999. Superconducting quantum circuit technology
is one of the most advanced subjects in the field. The
coherence time of superconducting qubits, initiallyabout 1 ns and desperately short, has improved byfive orders of magnitude and is now beyond 100 μs.
On the way, we have learned a lot about physics andabout engineering of superconducting quantum circuits. The knowledge accumulated collaboratively
in the community is enormous and still growing, andmore and more groups are working in the field.
Recently, big corporations, such as Google, IBM
and Intel have been developing superconducting
quantum computers with tens of qubits. Who could
have imagined 25 years ago that everyone would be
able to use quantum computers on the cloud service?
While problems still need to be overcome before
quantum computers become useful for our society, human beings’ construction and control of suchcomplex artificial quantum systems is amazing.
I have been working continuously in the research
field since the beginning of my career. After the development of the charge qubit in NEC, I spent a year
(2001-02) as a visiting scientist at Delft Universityof Technology, in the Netherlands, where we demonstrated a flux qubit, in which a superposition of two
flux states was controlled. Around 2004, the physics of superconducting qubits evolved into the eraof circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED)
through the happy marriage with quantum optics.
Circuit QED turned out to be a powerful tool bothfor fundamental studies and for quantum computing
architectures using superconducting circuits in the
microwave domain. Following successful experiments with qubits coupled to a resonator, we also
initiated waveguide QED, where qubits are coupled
to a 1D transmission line as simple realisations oftailored open quantum systems. Now, in microwave
quantum optics, we can generate and detect single
microwave photons and other non-classical states.
After I moved to The University of Tokyo and started a new research group, we began exploring a newresearch direction of hybrid quantum systems. We
used superconducting qubits as a tool for quantum
control and measurement in other physical systems,
particularly collective excitations in solid state. For
example, in quantum magnonics, we demonstrated
control and measurement of single magnons in a
millimetre-scale sphere of ferromagnetic crystal. In
quantum nanomechanics, we achieved ground-statecooling of a vibration mode of a millimetre-scale

membrane. More recently, we combined a superconducting qubit and a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW)
resonator and strongly coupled microwave photons
and SAW phonons. We are also interested in coupling those collective excitations to optical photons
in order to build a quantum interface between microwave and optical quantum information media.
Our latest focus is on the development of integrated superconducting qubits and the implementationof quantum information processing. We are aiming
at scalable architecture allowing for at least a hundred qubits. High-fidelity control and readout of thequbits are demanded.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and congratulations on the 25th anniversary of the Sir Martin
Wood Prize. It has significantly influenced and contributed to the promotion of the research in condensed
matter physics in Japan. The breadth and depth of thethemes covered by the Sir Martin Wood Prize in thelast two and a half decades represent the progress of
the research fields. It was my greatest honour to be
the first prize winner, especially considering the excellence of the winners who followed me.
It has been almost 25 years since I received the prize
from Sir Martin Wood, in 1999. Nevertheless, I vividly remember the ceremony at the British Embassy,
Tokyo as well as my visit to Sir Martin’s manor
house in Oxford. It was my first visit to the UK,
which I enjoyed very much thanks to the kind support of Professor Noboru Miura and Tony Ford. My
visit to the factory of Oxford Instruments, in Tubney
Woods, was also very exciting.
During my stay in Oxford, I bought the first volumeof the Harry Potter series. After 25 years, no one issurprised by moving pictures on the wall any more.
The evolution of science and technology is so fast.
Lack of imagination may be the only reason for impossibility, while the future is not ours to see, Que
Sera, Sera.
Lecture Trip
University of Oxford, University of Cambridge,
University of Bristol
Contact Information
yasunobu@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

29

Winner in 2000

Tokushi Kizuka

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Materials Science,
University of Tsukuba

1991: D.Eng. The University of Tokyo
1991-2002: Associate Professor/Lecturer, School of Engineering, Nagoya University
1998-2001: Researcher, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Precursory Research
for Embryonic Science and Technology
2002: Associate Professor, Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba.
1998-2001: Researcher, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for
Embryonic Science and Technology (Advanced Type)2010-present: Professor, Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba

Atomic direct observation of structural dynamics in solid
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor/Lecturer, School ofEngineering, Nagoya University

The elucidation of “structures and transformation”, i.e.,
how atoms configurate solids and how their arrangement changes, is a basic subject in condensed matterphysics. Diffraction analyses, such as X-ray methods
and various types of static microscopy, have achieved
successful outcomes for the former subject “structures,”i.e., the determination of average atomic arrangementsof solids in stable states. In contrast, these methods havenot provided sufficient contribution in the latter subject“transformation.” Structural dynamics had not been analysed at the atomic scale although it is focused on as amajor subject in a tremendous number of studies. This isbecause even if the structures are analysed in a stepwise
fashion during a process, actual structural dynamics isnever found out. As a result, continuous atomistic structural dynamics had been studied only via computational
science, as exemplified by molecular dynamics calculations. However, the calculated results could not becompared with any experimental results. The development of an innovative experimental method, which canchase the motion of individual atoms in solids as a live
broadcast from atomic worlds, had been much awaitedin condensed matter physics. Scientists and engineers inthis field had also been convinced that the experimental
results obtained from the innovative methods lead to thecreation of new devices exhibiting noble functions. During an in-situ observation, the observed structures canbe controlled. Take, for example, atomic crafts using an
in-situ observation as “an eagle eye” and the operation
as “small hands and tools.”
We developed in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to observe directly atomic
motion of solids during mechanical deformation, frac30

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumture, phase transformation, surface modulation and interface formation. This developed in-situ HRTEM alsoenabled simultaneous measurements of conductance ofnanostructures and forces acting on them. In particular,
the experimental basis of the atomic-scale mechanismsof materials was established.
We applied the in-situ HRTEM to study various nanometre-sized structures and elucidated the atomistic
structural dynamics during the formation of single atom
contacts and wires, which are the finest contacts joinedby only one atom and the thinnest wires, i.e., one dimensional single atom alignments, respectively. We explicated the atomic-scale mechanisms of materials for solid
point contacts (nanometre-sized contacts), resulting in
the discovery of new deformation mechanisms of nanostructures in addition to fundamental atomic processof deformation. Other nanostructures, such as fullerene
molecules, carbon nanotubes and single-molecular junction structures, were fruitful targets of the developed
in-situ HRTEM.

The awarded study has led to the following progress inresearch.
(1) Single-photon spectroscopy of individual nanostructures under in-situ HRTEM
The functions of scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM) are installed in HRTEM for cathode- and photoluminescence spectroscopy of individual nanostructures. An optical fibre probe, having apertures of several
tens of nanometres in width, is allowed to approachindividual nanostructures, i.e., isolated nanoparticles andnanometre regions in polycrystals, under simultaneous
structural observation by in-situ HRTEM. The method directly provides the relationships between atomic arrange-ments of individual nanostructures and luminescence.
(2) Free-space nanometre wiring via nanotip manipulation
Relentless efforts in semiconductor technology have
driven nanometre-scale miniaturisation of electronic devices and their interconnections. Free-space writing enables interconnections of stacked modules, leading to ultimate integration of electronics. We have developed freespace nanometre-scale wiring by manipulating a metallic
nanotip during application. The method is capable offabricating wires with widths down to 1 nm and lengths
exceeding 200 nm, with a breakdown current density of~10 TA/m2. Structural evolution and conduction during
wire formation can be analysed by direct atomistic observation using in-situ HRTEM.
(3) Control of the structures and electrical properties ofsingle molecular or nanoparticle junctions
As the miniaturisation of integrated circuits advances,electronics using single molecules and nanoparticles arebeing studied increasingly. Ultimate junctions consistingof two electrodes sandwiching a single molecule or nanoparticle are assembled by a nanotip operation duringin-situ HRTEM. We investigated the atomic configuration and conductive properties of the junctions. It was
found that the conductive properties depend on the interface structures of the contacts between the core element
and electrodes. Thus, the relationship between atomic
arrangements of the junctions and conductive properties
can be elucidated directly.
(4) Transformation from slip to plastic flow deformation
mechanism of nanometre-miniaturised metals
Various types of nanometre-sized structures have been
applied to advanced functional and structural devices.
Inherent structures, thermal stability and properties areemphasised when their size is decreased to less than several nanometres, especially, to several atoms. We discovered that such miniaturised structures are deformed via
a plastic flow mechanism, which has not been observedin coarse-grained metals. The resultant various irregularrelaxed structures exhibit noble electrical and mechanical functions. This study opens a new research field ofstructural control of metallic devices comprised of only
one or several atom(s).
(5) Surface reconstruction in nanowires
It is well-known that surface atomic positions are reconstructed due to stabilisation. Such surface reconstruction
has been conducted for general surfaces, which are larger
than the size of reconstructed surface unit cells. Hence,the surface reconstructions investigated for large surfaces are not applicable for the surfaces of nanometre-sized
isolated crystals, such as nanoclusters, nanowires andnanotubes, having high ratios of surface area to interior

volume. Also, their surface structures significantly affect their mechanical, electrical, optical and magnetic
properties. We demonstrated the inherent surface reconstruction of metallic nanowires via the in-situ HRTEM.
This study leads to evolution in basic studies relating tosurface reconstruction and in applications of nanowires
used in extremely miniaturised integrated circuits fornext-generation electronics.
In addition to the above-mentioned studies, my other original research subjects relating to, for example, atomistic
friction, single-atom sharpened needles and high-temperature thermal barrier coatings, have roots in the study
recognized by the Sir Martin Wood Prize, in 2000.

I am especially pleased to express my congratulations
on the 25th anniversary of the Sir Martin Wood Prize. I
sincerely appreciate its steering and selection committees. In particular, I acknowledge Professors Noboru
Miura and Hidetoshi Fukuyama, who were chairs ofthese committees when I was awarded the prize in 2000.
It has been almost two decades since I was awarded
the prize. At that time, Jiro Kitaura, former president of
Oxford Instruments KK, kindly explained the difficulty
and laborious efforts to establish the Millennium Science
Forum (MSF). I would like to applaud the great effortsof the committees’ members to promote the MSF for the
past 25 years.
I very much appreciate Sir Martin Wood for his warm
hospitality, especially in his house in Oxford. He showedme and Professor Katsuya Shimizu of Osaka University(my fellow prize winner in 2000) a chilling device hedeveloped when he worked in his laboratory. Tony Ford
looked after us before the award ceremony and continues
to do so even today. I thank him very much for his kind
support.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Emeritus Professor Ayahiko Ichimiya of Nagoya University.
He has kindly supported me since I studied at Nagoya
University, my former affiliation. He introduced many
famous scientists, including Nobel prize winners, to me,which were precious opportunities for a young scientist.
He has advised me on my research direction and guided
me in my involvement with the MSF. I owe what I am
today to him.

Lecture Trip
University of Oxford, University of Cambridge
Contact Information
kizuka@ims.tsukuba.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

31

Winner in 2000

Katsuya Shimizu

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Division of Materials Physics, Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University

1989: B.E. Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1991: M.E. Graduate school of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1994: Ph.D. Osaka University
1995-1997: Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists
1997-2002: Research Assistant, Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Osaka University
2002-2003: Lecturer, Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka
University
2003-present: Professor, Center for Science and Technology under Extreme Conditions, Osaka University

Search for superconductivity under ultra-high pressure
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Lecturer, Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Osaka University

We have developed techniques for measuring electrical resistance and magnetization at ultra-high pressure and at very low temperature. A diamond-anvil
cell (DAC) is popular and the most powerful tool
for producing static pressure. We have constructed
a compact non-magnetic DAC specially designed
for low temperature research. We recently attained
to perform electrical measurements above 200 GPa
at temperature down to 30 mK by assembling on a
powerful 3He/4He dilution refrigerator. The combination of two powerful tools has made it possible tostudy the condensed matter physics in unprecedentedly wide pressure-temperature range.
One of the most aggressive challenges under highpressure research is the search for metallic hydrogen under its extremely dense phase. The metallic
hydrogen is predicted to show superconductivity
even at room temperature and has long fascinated thehigh-pressure physicists, which exists in fact at theinterior of a giant planet such as Jupiter or Saturn.
Another challenge topic is “superconductivity” and“magnetism”. It is well known that a ferromagnetic
metal does not show superconductivity and even asmall amount of paramagnetic impurities could suppress the superconductivity. However, even in thecase of iron, the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) was theoretically predicted to be 0.25 K.
We can expect an appearance of superconductivity inmagnetic metals in its nonmagnetic state under certain pressure and low temperature.
Electrical transport measurements in DAC can pro32

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumvide both the proof of metallization and superconductivity at low temperature. Conductivity measurements are difficult in general at Mbar-pressures using
DAC because of the wiring problem to the small
sample and insulation between the wire and the metal
gasket. We succeeded to perform a four-probe electrical resistance measurement in DAC at pressure of
250 GPa in non-hydrostatic measurements; 10 GPa
in hydrostatic ones using a ‘liquid’ pressure medium
where a piston-cylinder type hydrostatic cell delimitates the maximum pressure of around 3 or 4 GPa.
Using these experimental technique, we have studied
searching for metallization and superconductivity insimple systems such as elements like halogen atoms,
chalcogen atoms, 3d-magnetic metals, and alkaline
metals. Recently, the high-pressure research of superconductivity in heavy-fermion systems is a populararea. We also apply these technical advances to thearea where hydrostatic pressure is required since axial stress causes the dislocation which is considered tosuppress the superconductivity.

Generally, “superconductivity” is known as a rare
phenomenon. Superconductivity can be seen in a
few compounds, which are made by special treatments, however here we suppose that “superconductivity” is a rather common phenomenon in generalmaterial but caused through variety of the mechanism. Can all elements be superconductive? “It has
been already revealed that several elements that arenot the superconductor at ambient pressure became
superconductive at high pressure. Actually, the number of superconducting elements at ambient pressure
is 30, and another 23 elements become superconducting at pressurized condition. Additionally, mostof superconducting materials, include elements,
show a negative pressure effect; the superconducting
transition temperature, Tc, decreases by applying
pressure. However some elements were found toshow the positive effect. Recently I have intensively
studied superconductivity in elements not only forunderstanding the mechanism of superconductivity
but also for searching the unrevealed possibility ofthe material. The new periodic table for superconductive elements is shown in Fig. 1 which claims
that elements on the upper-right and upper-left corner of the table gives higher Tc. At this moment, calcium (Ca) reaches almost 30 K, which is the highest
in elements, but it needs pressure exceeding 200
GPa.
The most attractive among various elements is hydrogen in the condensed phase as solid metallic
hydrogen is expected to be a room-temperature superconductor. Also, fluid metallic hydrogen underhigh pressure and at high temperature may provide
important information about the interior of giant
planets. However, realization of the solid metallic
hydrogen requires ultrahigh pressures exceeding 400
GPa at ambient temperature, which is still challenging for high-pressure experimentalists.

Fig. 1 Three dimension periodic table for elements. The height ofthe pillar indicates the highest Tc ever observed in each element.
On the upper-right and upper-left corner of the table, the elements
give the higher Tc. The highest Tc was observed in Ca with 29 K
at 217 GPa.

We aim to produce solid metallic hydrogen and reveal the physical phenomena with technical development and an innovative approach. The current project also aims for remarkable progress in the studyof material sciences under high-pressure by further
strengthening the application of developments. This
will reveal novel physical properties hidden in ultra-high pressure and construct a new era of solidstate physics.

Congratulations to the Sir Martin Wood Prize for25 years. It means that 25 years has passed since I
received the award and went on my lecture visit to
the UK where I got the opportunity to give lecturesat Oxford and Cambridge Universities. It was mysecond trip to the UK, the first was a two-month low
budget visit where I followed my supervisor. I was
surprised that the scale of laboratories was smaller
than expected; only a few postdocs and/or PhD students were working with a professor. They do very
good research and then move every few years and a
new research theme comes. Good research themes
will bring good researchers from around the world.
Recently fewer Japanese students want to work inoverseas groups. Is this due to a charming environment in Japanese laboratories? I would like to motivate them not only to go overseas more, but also toenjoy good research.

Lecture Trip
University of Oxford, University of Cambridge
Contact Information
shimizu.katsuya.es@osaka-u.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

33

Winner in 2001

Keiya Shirahama

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Physics,
Keio University

1985: B.S., Department of Physics, Hokkaido University
1987: M.S., Graduate School of Physics, Hokkaido University
1990: D. Sc., Graduate School of Physics, The University of Tokyo
1990: JSPS Research Fellow (ISSP, The University of Tokyo)
1991: Alexander-von-Humboldt Fellow, University of Bayreuth, Germany
1993: Research Associate, ISSP, The University of Tokyo
1999: Associate Professor, Keio University
2009-present: Professor, Keio University

Experimental study of the transport phenomenain the Wigner
3
crystal phase of electrons on super fluid He
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Keio University

Superfluid helium is the purest substance in nature.
The free surface of superfluid helium has been of
great interest as it is recognized as a surface (boundary) of topological superfluids. My research work
concerning the Sir Martin Wood Prize was the firstexperimental study of the free surface of liquid helium 3, a fermion isotope of helium, in particular in
the superfluid states.
One can trap many electrons on a free surface ofliquid helium. The electrons form a two-dimensional
system and undergo a phase transition to the Wigner
crystal with a triangular lattice. Since electrons on
helium surface was the only system that realizes
the Wigner crystal state, the interest of community
concentrated to understand its properties. With Dr.
Kimitoshi Kono at ISSP The University of Tokyo,
I explored the possibility of utilizing the crystal forthe study of helium surface. This idea was successfully proven by a series of experiments. Our earlytransport measurement of crystal on a liquid helium
3 surface showed extremely high electron mobility (μ~ 108cm2/Vsec), which is still the record of electron
mobility in condensed matters. This result not only
showed the ultra-clean nature of helium surface, butalso opened the possibility of utilizing surface electrons for quantum computing.
We succeeded to measure the mobility of the Wigner
crystal on the surface of superfluid states of helium 3
down to 200 μK. It was unexpectedly found that the34

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

mobility is dominated by scattering of helium quasiparticles to the periodically deformed surface. Since
the quasiparticle spectrum is determined by superfluid energy gap, we can study various gap structuresof the superfluid A, B, A1 and possible new phases
and change in gap structures near the surface. The
first order transition between the A and B phases anda nonlinear transport caused by deformation of thesurface were also clearly observed.

Fig.1: An illustration of the Wigner solid on a liquid helium surface. Electrons (shown as yellow balls) form a triangular latticeand press the helium surface. The “dimples” formed beneatheach electron produce unique dynamical phenomena.

Liquid helium 3 had been established as a textbook
example of anisotropic fermion superfluid. The
situation has been dramatically changing since thediscovery of topological insulators in 2006. The concept of topological insulators was applied to superfluidity and superconductivity, and superfluid helium
3 is realized as a unique topological superfluid. The
Wigner solid can be a useful probe for the topological superfluid, in which intriguing surface phenomena such as Majorana bound states are theoretically
proposed.

After winning the 2001 Sir Martin Wood Prize I continued to study the dynamics of the Wigner solid on
helium 4 and isotopic mixtures, but I have graduallyfocused my interests to the properties of superfluid
helium itself. I discovered a quantum phase transition in helium 4 under nanoscale confinement. This
discovery has lead me to utilize the confinement effect for unveiling novel topological properties of superfluid helium 3. My research group at Keio is currently conducting experiments on superfluid helium
4 and 3 in well-defined nano/microscale confinedgeometries and pursuing to search for superfluidity
in adsorbed films other than helium.

with Sir Martin and Audrey in their Manor House
were also unforgettable. Again, I realized that the
UK is the birthplace of the low temperature physics
when Sir Martin showed me the first superconducting magnet made by them. I would like to thank the
Sir Martin Wood Prize committee, staff of Oxford
Instruments, and my friends and colleagues in the
UK who made the lecture trip successful. Last but
not least, I would like to thank Professors Miura andFukuyama, and Mr.Tony Ford, for their continual
supports and encouragement to me since winningthe prize.

Let me write my personal recollection of the Sir
Martin Wood Prize ceremony and the following lecture trip. Two weeks before the Ceremony I broke
my ankle by slipping on the stairs of Shimokitazawa
Station. I almost gave up to attend the ceremony as I
was in hospital until a few days beforehand. Eventually I could attend the ceremony with crutches, andsomehow gave the prize lecture sitting on a special
stage. I was happy that Sir Martin directly awarded
me the Prize. I was also pleased that the speakerafter me was Dr. Mamoru Mohri, the first Japanese
astronaut, because I grew up in the town next to hisbirthplace in Hokkaido and he has been my herosince the first astronaut selection in Japan.
On the lecture trip, I gave talks at Manchester, Royal Holloway and Oxford. At that time, Powerpoint
presentation was rapidly spreading and I was the first
person to use Powerpoint for the prize lecture. In myfinal lecture in the Martin Wood Lecture Theatre of
Oxford, I broke into a cold sweat just a few minutes
before the start time as the presentation slide did notappear on the screen of the theatre (it was a common
problem then). I felt that my presentation got betteras I repeated the same lecture in three universities. I
was impressed by some of the famous low temperature physicists who attended my lecture: the UK
is the birthplace of low temperature physics, and I
remembered the names of Dewar, Simon, Mendelssohn, Kurti and others.
The visit to Oxford Instruments and the time spent

Lecture Trip
University of Manchester, University of Oxford,
Royal Holloway, University of London
Contact Information
keiya@phys.keio.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

35

Winner in 2002

Ichiro Terasaki

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Physics,
Nagoya University

1986: B.S., The University of Tokyo
1988: M.S., The University of Tokyo
1988-1990: Doctorate Course, The University of Tokyo
1990-1993: Research Associate, The University of Tokyo
1992: Doctor (Engineering)
1993-1997: Chief Researcher, International Superconductivity Technology Center
1997-2003: Associate Professor, Waseda University
2003-2010: Professor, Waseda University
2004: Visiting Professor, University of Bristol
2010-present: Professor, Nagoya University
2015-2019: Cross-Appointment Fellow, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
2016: Visiting Professor, Aalto University, Visiting Researcher, CRISMAT
2022-Present: Dean of Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University

Search for a novel physical property in transition-metal oxides
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Applied
Physics, Waseda University

We discovered a large thermopower and anomalous
properties in the layered cobalt oxide NaCo2O4 in the
study of reference materials concerning high-temperature superconductors (HTSC). This study has
accelerated the research field of oxide thermoelectrics: the energy conversion technology between
heat and electricity using oxide ceramics.
The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, in 1986, has made two great
impacts on basic science. One is to deny the superstition that only a mega-science can discover new
physics. The other is to remove the wall between
physics and chemistry; physicists have begun tosynthesise any samples, and chemists have begun tomeasure physical properties very precisely. I am one
such physicist, who makes samples, measures properties precisely, and thinks deeply about the meaningof the measured data.
NaCo2O4 is an old material, which was synthesized
and identified in the 1970s by French chemists. We
succeeded in making single crystals and measured
the resistivity and thermopower (voltage proportional to the applied temperature difference). We foundthat the measured values were as good as those forthe state-of-the-art thermoelectric material Bi2Te3
and reported a possibility that NaCo2O4 was applicable to thermoelectric devices.
This made a great impact to the community because
36

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumthe common thought at that time was that oxides
were too poor to be used for thermoelectric devices.
We tried to uncover the secret of this oxide, and finally arrived at the concept that the magnetism andelectron-electron interaction were crucial. This idea
had not been considered in thermoelectric materials
thus far.
Chemists are eager to make many new materials andidentify their structures. Once they have done so,they are often satisfied and leave other properties
untouched. The high thermoelectric performance in
NaCo2O4 is a prime example, and I believe that thisindicates the raison d’être of physicists developing
new materials. We physicists can find interesting anduseful functions which have been sleeping quietly in
old materials that chemists synthesised a long timeago. Post-HTSC physicists, including myself, will
search for new functions in existing materials rather
than in new materials.

As oxide thermoelectrics has been developed
widely, as of March 2023, our discovery paper hasreceived more than 3,300 citations, according toGoogle Scholar. In the meantime, applications using
thermoelectric oxides have been developed, and a
venture company named TES New Energy, whichsells oxide thermoelectric power generators spun out
from AIST. I am a happy scientist because what I
found has been accepted by my scientific peers andhas been used in practical devices by engineers.

Later, TES New Energy developed a cooking panequipped with a thermoelectric power generator. It
was named Hatsuden-Nabe, (which means electricity-generating pan). This product became popular andwas distributed in a village in Uganda by a non-governmental organisation. In the village, no electric
power is supplied, so residents cannot do anything
but sleep after dinner. The Hatsuden-Nabe with LED
diode gave them light at night, and high school students looked happy because they could study at theirclassroom in the evening. When I heard of this news,
I felt that a small scientific discovery may be able
to make our future a bit better. Unfortunately, TES
New Energy ceased manufacturing, but many photos
and videos are still available on the web (search for
Hatsuden-Nabe).
I have continued to search for new functions in oldmaterials. My next discovery was to observe a giant
non-ohmic resistance in an organic conductor. The
organic sample showed a resistance 1,000-times
smaller simply by changing the current from 1 μA
to 10 mA. This discovery has been developed as a“non-linear conduction in strongly correlated electrons,” and has attracted keen theoretical interest
from researchers of string theory and statisticalphysics.
On a cold, wintry day, we see ponds freeze whilerivers are flowing. Electrons in solids behave similarly; they are frozen as an ordered state, but the order may be melted by an electron flow, i.e. externalcurrent.
Finding new materials or, to be precise, finding
new functions is a dialogue with a sample. Whenever I talk to the sample through measurement of aquantity, it always replies through the signal for themeasurement. Analysing the reply, I ponder deeply
on what property is being kept waiting for measurement. Then I talk to the sample once more througha different measurement, and it replies again. Using
this method, the feedback loop is really great fun tome; it shows me that nature is rich, fertile, and profound. This is the best moment, I feel, to be a scientist.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude andcongratulations on the 25th anniversary of the Sir

Martin Wood Prize.
When I was awarded the Sir Martin Wood Prize in
2002, it was the first time I had won a prize in mylife. Definitely, it launched my career. I would liketo sincerely thank Sir Martin Wood, Professor Noboru Miura, Tony Ford and many others for supporting
this prize.
Although 16 years have passed since I won, I remember clearly the lecture trip I took in autumn
2003 as part of the prize. I visited the University ofBristol for the first time and decided I would takesabbatical leave there in 2004. I’ll also never forget
the delightful chats I had with Tony, who kindly
drove us to the universities we visited. During thedrive to Oxford from Cambridge, in the evening, we
saw many fireworks quietly lighting up the dark sky
in various places. It was Guy Fawkes Night.
It was a pity that we did not have the chance to visit
the home of Sir Martin Wood, but my wife and I
thoroughly enjoyed the lecture trip, including our
experience of culture in the UK.

Fig.1: Dinner in a restaurant near Oxford during the lecture visit

Lecture Trip
University of Bristol, University of Cambridge,
University of Oxford, Cardiff University
Contact Information
terra@nagoya-u.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

37

Winner in 2003

Toshimasa Fujisawa

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Physics,
Tokyo Institute of Technology

1986: B.S. Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1991: Ph.D. Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1991-2008: NTT Basic Research Laboratories
2008-present: Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Study of single-electron dynamics in quantum dot
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Senior Research Scientist, NTT Basic Research Laboratories

Electrons play important roles in many systems.
Nanotechnology allowed us to manipulate single
electrons one by one and provided unique systems
in which dynamic behaviour of single electrons canbe studied. In this work, “Single-electron dynamics
in semiconductor quantum dots,” single electron
dynamics were successfully tailored and measured
precisely in a relatively short timescale.
Single-electron ammeter: A quantum dot is a small
conductive island, in which tuneable numbers ofelectrons occupy discrete energy levels. Electronstransport through the dot
one by one in the single- electron tunnelling
regime. Each tunnelling
event can be monitored bya sensitive charge detector.
We have successfully developed a single-electron
ammeter that can measure extremely small current
on the order of atto-amperes with a single-electron
resolution. The single-electron ammeter can be applied to various fields that require high sensitivity
and high accuracy in electrical current.
Semiconductor charge
qubit: A double quantum
dot provides a tuneable
quantum two-level system
38

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumthat can be used as a quantum bit (qubit) for quantum computing. We have successfully demonstrated
full one qubit operations with rotation and phaseshift gate in a semiconductor double quantum dot.
By applying a voltage pulse, coherent oscillations ofa single electron between the two dots were successfully induced. Furthermore, two-qubit operations
including controlled-NOT gate and swap gate havebeen successfully demonstrated.
Long spin lifetime: An
electron spin in a quantum dot is also attractive
as a qubit for its longspin relaxation time. We
have developed an electrical pumpand-probe
scheme to investigate the long spin lifetime. The
scheme is now widely used to measure spin lifetime
in various quantum dots. The series of works on
single-electron dynamics in semiconductor quantum
dots has stimulated subsequent developments in nano-electronics and quantum computing.

The works on single-electron dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots were extended for studying
charge dynamics in low-dimensional semiconductors.
In contrast to zero-dimensional states in quantum
dots, one- and two-dimensional electronic systems
have kinetic degrees of freedom, but they are quite
different from those in ordinary three-dimensional
systems. The low-dimensional systems are particular-

ly interesting for studying non-trivial quasiparticles.
We focus on mostly dynamics in the quantum Hall
effect of a two-dimensional electron system under astrong magnetic field. While the central region (bulk)
is insulating (a kind of topological insulator), one-dimensional electrical channels are formed along theboundary between the bulk and the outer region (vacuum). Intriguing characteristics of low-dimensional
electrons can be studied in the system.
One-dimensional chiral plasmons: Electron-electron scattering associated with Coulomb repulsion
alters the transport characteristics in one-dimensional
conductors. Based on the Tomonaga-Luttinger model, spin and charge degrees of freedom propagate indifferent manners in one-dimensional conductors,
known as spin-charge separation. Previously, suchsignatures were detected in the power-law anomaly
in the electron transport characteristics. As the theory suggests, suchan anomaly can beunderstood moreeasily in terms ofplasmons, which
are quasiparticle
excitations originally called spinon and holon. We have demonstrated
clearly how the spin and charge degrees of freedom
are separated in a time-resolved measurement. Furthermore, the Tomonaga-Luttinger model, known as anexactly solvable model, suggests the presence of many
conserved quantities and the absence of thermalization
processes in the system. This is attractive for transporting massive information in the one-dimensional
channel. We have successfully observed non-thermal
metastable states in our recent experiment.
Electron-phonon hybrid system: Coupling of electrons to phonons has been known to cause scattering or energy relaxation in semiconductors. This
negative effect can beapplied in a constructive way to realise an
acoustic analogue ofcavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). We
have successfully fabri-cated an electron-phonon hybrid system, in which a
double quantum dot is embedded in a phonon cavity
for surface acoustic waves (SAW) on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. The phonon-assisted transport
is significantly enhanced at the resonant frequency.
This is attractive for studying strong or ultra-strong
coupling regimes.

When I was an undergraduate student, I was quite
impressed with a charge coupled device (CCD), notas an image sensor but as an intriguing transfer action of charges in a queue. I was excited by the electric control of electrons. This was one of the reasons
why I started studying semiconductor physics on a
graduate course and, later, single electron dynamics. Semiconductor nanostructures are fascinating
playgrounds, with electrons for engineers as well as
physicists. One can tailor a potential profile in sucha way that electrons travel through a narrow passage(quantum point contact), a few electrons are packed
in a container (quantum dot), and electrons move in
one direction (quantum Hall edge channel).
I was also excited about more advanced control ofelectrons with single-electron accuracy. At a lowtemperature, electron motion is dominated by quantum mechanics, where the particle-wave duality
shows up. Moreover, interacting electrons exhibit
non-trivial motions. In this way, techniques for controlling electrons have been developed considerably
for a few decades. Now, a natural question is what
we can use this advanced technology for. It would benice to have a meaningful application of intriguing
electron features in our life. I hope some young scientists will be inspired to extend the work and find areal application.

Lecture Trip
University of Cambridge, University of Nottingham,
University of Oxford, University of Southampton
Contact Information
http://fujisawa.phys.titech.ac.jp/
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

39

Winner in 2004

Yuzo Ohno

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences,
University of Tsukuba

1991: B.S. Department of Electronics Engineering, The University of Tokyo
1993: M.S. Department of Electronics Engineering, The University of Tokyo
1996: D. Eng., Department of Electronics Engineering, The University of Tokyo
1996-2001: Research Assistant, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
2001-2012: Associate Professor, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
2012-present: Professor, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Spin injection and electron spin/nuclear spin dynamics
in semiconductors
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Research Institute of ElectricalCommunication, Tohoku University

In order to demonstrate spin injection into semiconductors, we fabricated light emitting diodes (LEDs)
which consist of pn junctions of a p-type ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As and non-magnetic
n-GaAs with a strained (In,Ga)As quantum well
(QW) inserted as an active region. Here, p-type(Ga,Mn)As is used as a spin polariser: Spin-polarisation of the injected holes is determined directly fromthe electroluminescence (EL) polarisation emitted
after the recombination with unpolarized electrons
according to the optical selection rule. EL is collected from the cleaved facet to minimise magneto-optical effects due to the nearby (Ga,Mn)As, and its polarization was investigated with a variable magnetic
field applied parallel to the easy axis of the (Ga,Mn)
As layer, i.e. in Faraday configuration. We observedthat the EL polarisation below TC draws a clear hysteresis loop: the remanence EL polarisation at zeromagnetic field is about 1% at T = 6 K. It follows
the magnetization of (Ga,Mn)As, which is independently measured by a Superconducting Quantum
Interference Device (SQUID) type of magnetometer.
The presence of hysteretic EL polarisation indicatesthat the hole spins can be injected and transported in
non-magnetic GaAs.
Injection of spin polarized electrons, not holes, ismore preferable from the application point of view
as electrons usually exhibit longer spin lifetime due
to small spin-orbit coupling. Because of the lack ofn-type ferromagnetic semiconductor, we employed40

25 years of the Millennium Science Foruma spin Esaki diode and demonstrated electrical electron spin injection from the valence band of a p-type
ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As into the
conduction band of a non-magnetic semiconductor
via interband tunneling. Clear hysteresis loop with
±6.5% remanence is observed in the magnetic fielddependence of EL polarization from an integratedp-(Ga,Mn)As/n-GaAs/(In,Ga)As/p-GaAs LED. We
also investigated electron spin dynamics in GaAs/
AlGaAs QWs grown on (110)-oriented substrates
with n-doping, in which the spin relaxation mechanism predominant for conventional (100) QWs isshown to be substantially suppressed. It was demonstrated that the spin relaxation time is found to reachnanosecond order in wide temperature range by optical time-resolved measurements. This has enabled
us to investigate nuclear spin dynamics by opticallydetected nuclear magnetic resonance.

As for the research of spin injection, we investigatedinjection of spin polarized electrons in a (Ga,Mn)As∕n+-GaAs Esaki diode (ED) by using a three-terminal device integrating a (Ga,Mn)As ED and alight emitting diode (LED). Electroluminescence polarization (PEL) from the LED was measured under
the Faraday configuration as a function of bias voltages applied independently to the Esaki diode and to
the LED. The maximum PEL of 32.4% was observed
when the valence electrons near the Fermi energy of(Ga,Mn)As are ballistically injected into the LED.
We also directly measured the spatiotemporal evolu-

tion of photoinjected local spins of a two dimensional electron gas in a modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAsquantum well with a top gate electrode by using atime- and spatially resolved Kerr microscopy. The
spatial pattern of spins after diffusion is controlled
by a gate voltage that changes the strength of thespin-orbit interaction (SOI) field. By measuring thetime dependence of spin distribution with an external magnetic field, we successfully observe a persistent spin helix state by tuning the gate voltage andobtain both Rashba and Dresselhauss SOI parameters separately.
As for the research on spin coherence in GaAs (110)QWs, we demonstrate manipulation of nuclear
spin coherence in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wellby optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). A phase shift of the Larmor precession ofphotoexcited electron spins is detected to read out
the hyperfine-coupled nuclear spin polarization.
Multipulse NMR sequences are generated to control
the population and examine the phase coherence inquadrupolar-split spin-3/2 75As nuclei. The phase coherence among the multilevel nuclear spin states isaddressed by application of pulse sequences that areused in quantum gate operations.

hyperfine interaction governs the inhomogeneous
broadening of NMR spectra.

I would like to express my sincere congratulations
on the 25th anniversary of the Sir Martin Wood
Prize awarded by the Millennium Science Forum.
The Sir Martin Wood Prize is a unique prize in termsof the grateful opportunity to give a lecture in famous UK universities, it was a precious experience
for me to improve my presentation skills in English.
During my visit to the University of Oxford, in addition to meeting faculty staff, I came in touch withthe historical culture of the UK, which is a great incentive for young researchers in Japan.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Noboru Miura and Tony Ford for their kind support during my visit in the UK.

We also demonstrated electrical coherent manipulation of a quadrupolar-split nuclear spin ensemble ina GaAs quantum well (QW) with an rf electric fieldby the optical time-resolved Kerr rotation technique.
Rabi oscillations and phase control between two
spin-3/2 states are demonstrated by nuclear electricresonance in a gated GaAs QW device. This enables
us to achieve coherent control of geometrically specified nuclear spins.
Furthermore, we obtained strain and electric field
gradient (EFG) in an n-GaAs/Al 0.3Ga 0.7As (110)quantum well (QW) by optically detected nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). The dependence ofthe quadrupolar splitting on an angle between the
QW plane and a static magnetic field provided the
crystalline-orientation-dependent EFG and strain
in the GaAs QW. We also explored the dependenceof the NMR line widths on the direction of the external magnetic field with respect to the QW plane.
It is likely that the non-uniform EFG as well as the

Lecture Trip
University of Sheffield, University of Cambridge,
University of Oxford, University of Southampton
Contact Information
oono@bk.tsukuba.ac.jp
http://www.bk.tsukuba.ac.jp/~oono/
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

41

Winner in 2005

Tsuyoshi Kimura

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Graduate School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo

1991: B.E. Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
1993: M.E., Superconductivity, The University of Tokyo
1996: Ph. D, Superconductivity, The University of Tokyo
1996-2000: Postdoc, Joint Research Center for Atom Technology
2000-2003: Lecturer, Dept. of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2003-2005: Limited term staff member, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States
2005-2007: Member of technical staff, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, United States
2007-2017: Professor, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
2017-2023: Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
2023-present: Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Discovery of colossal response to magnetic field in manganese oxides
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Member of Technical Staff, Lucent Technologies,
Bell Laboratories (USA)

Ferromagnets develop a spontaneous magnetization that is sensitive to an external magnetic field;
in a similar fashion, the spontaneous polarisationin ferroelectric materials depends on an external
electric field. The study of these systems encompasses a considerable portion of condensed matterphysics. These materials also figure prominently
in recent electronic devices. However, these twocollective properties (ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity) have been investigated mainly as distinct
and independent phenomena. One of the coupling
phenomena between magnetism and ferroelectricity
is the “magnetoelectric effect”, that is, the inductionof magnetization by means of an electric field andthat of an electric polarisation by means of a magnetic field. This phenomenon attracted some interest in the 1960s and 70s, as the effect can provide
an additional degree of freedom in device design.
However, there have been no applications using themagnetoelectric effect, mainly due to material limitations. Given large magnetic (electric) responses toan external magnetic (electric) field in ferromagnetic(ferroelectric) materials, one approach to achievinga large magnetoelectric response is the use of materials in which ferromagnetic and ferroelectric orders exist simultaneously. Such materials are called“multiferroics.” We have explored novel multiferroics showing gigantic magnetoelectric responses.
Consequently, perovskite-type rare-earth manganeseoxides including TbMnO3 were found to exhibit ferroelectricity accompanied by an unexpected spiral42

25 years of the Millennium Science Forummagnetic order [1]. By using these compounds, weobserved a gigantic magnetoelectric effect, that is, acontrol of the magnitude and direction of an electric
polarisation vector by applying a magnetic field.
Furthermore, we proposed that frustrated magnets
possessing complex magnetic structures, such as aspiral magnetic structure (Figure), can be promising
candidates for multiferroics with gigantic magnetoelectric effects. Based on these materials’ design
strategy, we found that some other transition-metaloxides with spiral magnetic orders exhibit remarkable magnetoelectric couplings [2]. Our discovery
has provided a new route to design materials showing ferroelectricity with magnetic origin as well asgigantic magnetoelectric responses.
[1] T. Kimura et al. Nature 426, 55 (2003).
[2] T. Kimura et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 137201 (2005).

Figure : Spiral magnetic structure which breaks inversion symmetry and results in ferroelectricity

After our discovery of the giant magnetoelectriceffect in TbMnO3, studies on magnetoelectric couplings and multiferroics have gained renewed interest in the community of materials science and con-densed matter physics. Under such circumstances,
we have been seeking new magnetoelectric phenomena and materials with higher performances, including high-temperature operation and the magnitude ofthe effect.
In terms of the magnitude of the magnetoelectriceffect, we revealed that TbMnO3 exhibits a pressure-induced magnetoelectric phase transition andthat the high-pressure phase shows the largest ferroelectric polarisation among magnetically induced
ferroelectrics ever reported. Moreover, the ferroelectric polarisation is further enhanced by applying
a magnetic field. Its magnitude is comparable to thatof conventional ferroelectrics. These results demonstrate that it is possible to attain giant spin-driven
ferroelectric polarisation, which comes close to thatin conventional displacive ferroelectrics, and to control it magnetically.
One of our major achievements in terms ofhigh-temperature operation is the discovery of alow-field magnetoelectric effect at room temperature
in some hexaferrites whose crystal structures are
similar to ferrite magnet (refrigerator magnet). We
demonstrated a magnetic control of ferroelectric polarization up to about 400 Kelvin, for the first time,in a Z-type hexaferrite Sr3Co2Fe24O41. Non-volatileelectric-field control of magnetism at room temperature was also demonstrated in these hexaferrites.
More recently, we achieved a magnetic-field controlof electric polarisation at room temperature in a liquid crystal with a chiral smectic structure. Thus, thestudy of magnetoelectric couplings is not limited toinorganic transition-metal oxides.
Since the concept of symmetry breakings is critical in magnetoelectric coupling phenomena, weare expanding our study in this context. We are
exploiting materials possessing magnetoelectriccluster-multipoles breaking both time-reversal andspace-inversion symmetries, which is a requirement of a linear magnetoelectric effect. Examples
of such cluster multipoles are magnetic toroidal andmagnetic quadrupole moments. We designed andsynthesized materials involving these multipoles,
and experimentally demonstrated their presence andmagnetoelectric activities in some transition-metalcompounds such as toroidal-glass (Ni,Mn)TiO3 andferro magnetic quadrupolar Pb(TiO)Cu4(PO4)4. Apartfrom magnetic multipole moments, we succeededin observing the symmetry breaking due to the helixchiral motif of electric quadrupole moments and its
domain structure in enantiomorphic DyFe3(BO3)4
with Dy 4f electric quadrupoles.

Congratulations on the 25th anniversary of the Sir
Martin Wood Prize! I would like to convey my gratitude to those who have contributed to its activities.
I had just joined Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories, New Jersey when I received the notice that I
had won the Sir Martin Wood Prize. Looking at thelist of past prize winners, I find that I am the only
winner who belonged to a foreign research institutewhen the prize was awarded. I was lucky that the
prize is not restricted to researchers in Japanese institutes, rather it includes all those whose work is
performed in Japan.
A uniqueness of the prize is that a lecture trip to the
UK is provided to the recipient. Various experiences
including not only scientific events but also social
ones, to experience British culture during the trip
were quite enjoyable and memorable. I remember that
we stopped in a suburban restaurant and enjoyed fish
and chips when travelling from Cambridge to Oxford
in a car driven by Tony Ford. Another uniqueness isthe abundant opportunities to interact with other prize
winners. From 2011, the MSF has held a Sir Martin
Wood Prize lecture at Osaka every December. I enjoyed hosting and listening to one of these lectures
when I was in Osaka University. Through this opportunity, I was able to chat with not only a new winner
but also former recipients every year.
In my opinion, the best part of being awarded theprize is having more opportunities to meet various
people, which is by far more valuable than a cash
prize. I appreciate the Millennium Science Forumfor giving me such priceless opportunities and believe that I have to do that for young researchers.
Finally, I would like to thank all of my colleagues,
students, and collaborators for their kind support.
Lecture Trip
University of Cambridge, University College London,
University of Oxford, University of Warwick
Contact Information
tkimura@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum43

Winner in 2006

Kazutomo Suenaga

Current title and affiliation
Distinguished Professor, Osaka University

1994: D. Eng., Department of Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
1994-1997: Post-doc, Centre des Materiaux, Ecole Nationale Superier de Mines, France
1997-1998: Post-doc, Solid State Physics Laboratory, University of Paris-Sud, France
1998-2001: Researcher, ICORP Nanotubulites project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)2011-2021: Team leader/Prime senior researcher, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology
2021-present: Distinguished Professor, Osaka University

Electron microscopy and spectroscopy on single molecules
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Team Leader, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technologies

molecular imaging, the single atom spectroscopy
and the point defect detection.
Imaging and identification of single atoms/molecules is an ultimate goal of all analytical techniques.
In 2000, we reported the first successful elemental identification of individual atoms by means ofelectron spectroscopy [1]. It came 200 years after
the establishment, at the end of the 18th century, of
Dalton’s atomic theory, which first proposed distinct
elements among atoms [2].
Advances of nanotechnology increasingly rely on
the advancement of atomic technologies and therefore the progress of electron microscopies, which
are capable of visualising and analysing constituent
atoms in individual nanostructures. Electron spectroscopy based on a scanning transmission electron
microscope equipped with an energy-loss spectrometer enables us to obtain the chemical compositionof individual quantum objects with high sensitivity
and high resolution, which are crucial to detect dopants or impurities in materials at atomic level.
Also, a phase contrast of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with high time resolution
and high sensitivity allows dynamic observationof individual atoms and visualisation of individual
molecular structures. Point defects such as vacancies
and pentagons, as well as the Frenkel pair defects
in carbon nanotubes, can be also visualised duringformation and annihilation. This work highlights
our achievements in atomic-scale characterisation ofindividual nanostructures, involving the individual44

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum[1] K. Suenaga et al., Science 290 (2000) 2280
[2] J. Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, byRussell, (1808)

Fig. : The first report of single-atom EELS. (Left) The specimen
was Gd@C82 metallofullerenes encapsulated in single-walledcarbon nanotubes. (Bottom) EELS spectra recorded on Gd atomic sites shows the signal of Gd M-edge. (Right) The constructedchemical maps for Gd, for carbon, and a color map (red:Ge,
blue:carbon).

Since 2006, I have been more interested in the development of instrumentation because I realised thatthe electron microscope must have more potential
to sense individual atoms in nanostructures. Witha Japanese manufacturer we started two national
projects supported by JST in order to develop highperformance transmission electron microscopes(TEM/STEM) with geometric and chromatic aberration corrections. Lowering the accelerating voltage

Fig. : Single atom spectroscopy of dopants in graphene. (a) Cr atom at the graphene edge, (b)Fe atom at di-vacancy, and (c) L2,3core-level EELS clearly indicates that both Cr atom atedge (up) and Fe atom at di-vacancy (bottom) show a high-spin state.

of TEM/STEM turned out to be essential when one
aims to image any e-beam sensitive object. Observation of small molecules made of light elements,
in particular, requires a reduced accelerating voltage, to avoid destroying the molecular structuresdue to knock-on effects and to enhance the image/
EELS contrast. To compensate for the poorer spatial
resolution, more sophisticated electron optics are
required for the low voltage TEM/STEM, to reduce
the residual geometric/chromatic aberrations [1].
Thanks to the projects, the possibilities of single-atom spectroscopy have been extended widely.
Information on the bonding/electronic states has become accessible for single atoms through the EELS
fine-structure analysis as well as the spin state [2].
Large variations of local electronic properties of 1D
and 2D materials with different atomic coordinateshave been revealed. Such an analysis was used tounderstand catalytic behaviour of Co doped MoS2
for a hydrodeoxygenation reaction as an example ofpractical applications [3]. Furthermore, a high-energy resolution EELS offers us new possibilities toobtain local optical/vibrational properties.

Prize.
I still remember very well my lecture trip to the UK
in 2006. We visited my old friends in Oxford, Leeds,
Surrey and Cambridge. A most impressive event
during the trip was a dinner at St Anne’s College,
Oxford, which began with grace, delivered in Latin
by Professor Andrew Briggs. It was a great experience for a young Japanese researcher like me toexperience such a British custom for the first time.
Another moving occasion was my visit to Sir Martin
Wood at his home. We had a promenade together
in the large garden, followed by morning tea withscones and jams made by his wife, Audrey. They
were so delicious and unforgettable to us. It is anunforgettable memory of Sir Martin and Audrey forme and my wife.

[1] H. Sawada et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 114 (2015) 166102[2] Y.C. Lin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 115 (2015) 206803[3] G. Liu et al., Nature Chemistry 9 (2017) 810-816

I would like to congratulate the Sir Martin Wood
Prize on its 25th anniversary. I would like to express
my appreciation to the secretariat of the forum, without whose devoted support success would not havebeen possible, as well as to the steering committee
and candidates selected for the Sir Martin Wood

Lecture Trip
University College London, University of Cambridge,
University of Surrey, University of Oxford, University of Leeds
Contact Information
suenaga-kazu@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum45

Winner in 2007

Akira Ohtomo

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Chemical Science andEngineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

1995: B.Eng., Department of Inorganic Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1997: M.Eng., Department of Engineering Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2000: Ph D.Eng., Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2000-2002: Postdoctoral Member of Technical Stuff, Materials Physics Department, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, U.S.A.
2002-2007: Research Associate, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2007-2009: Assistant Professor, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2009: Associate Professor, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2009-2016: Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2016-present: Professor, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

High-mobility electron gas at polar oxide heterointerfaces
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Institute for Materials
Research, Tohoku University

Atomic-scale control of oxide heteroepitaxy is of
growing importance from the viewpoints of both
fundamental physics and device applications. Many
intriguing physical phenomena such as high-Tc superconductivity, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity,and thermoelectricity occur in naturally layered
structures of transition metal oxides, giving rise to
emergent interests for “epitaxial” design of newcompounds upon the atomic-scale layer-by-layer
growth of artificial superlattices.
We developed an ultra-high vacuum-pulsed laser
deposition system equipped with reflection high-energy electron diffraction. In this system, rapid optimisation of the growth temperature can be carriedout by using an infrared semiconductor laser heaterthat makes a large temperature gradient, enabling
to realise atomically abrupt heterointerfaces andnearly identical oxygen stoichiometry. Using thistechnique, we studied magnetotransport propertiesof high-mobility electrons at polar oxide heterointerfaces. In the first case, we created a metallic statein an atomically abrupt heterointerface between
two band insulators, SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, in which
naturally arising polarity discontinuity introduces
high-mobility electrons in SrTiO3. As a result, dramatic magnetoresistance oscillations appeared at
low temperatures. Rotation angle dependence of theoscillations in the magnetic field suggested three-dimensionality of the conducting electrons. Second,
we fabricated ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures to attain46

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumsufficiently high electron mobility to observe thequantum Hall-effect. In this case, two-dimensional
electron gas (2DEG) was formed in the heterointerfaces due to strong built-in potential arising from aspontaneous polarisation mismatch. The density of
2DEG could be controlled in a wide range by tuning
the Mg content in the MgZnO barriers.
These results have implications for all oxide heterointerfaces, including magnetic tunnel junctions,
Josephson junctions, oxides on semiconductors, etc.
In particular, the high mobilities achieved present
the possibility to combine the world of oxides (superconductors, multiferroics, colossal magnetoresistance) with the world of semiconductor heterostructures, including quantum Hall physics. This
work is also a demonstration of the power of the
field of nanoscience to create new physical phenomena. This and other recently developed techniques totailor new materials, atom-by-atom, should continue
to reveal new effects at an ever-accelerating pace.

Recent advances in the epitaxial growth of metal oxides enable to demonstrate various thin-film devices
for applications of advanced computing and renewable energy production.
We have made progress especially on titaniumoxides. Starting preparation of source materials,
pulsed laser deposition was conducted on selected
substrates under various conditions to synthesize
superconducting Ti4O7 and γ-Ti3O5 for the first time

[1]. We also implemented a compact PEC cell and a
Li-ion secondary battery structure in order to induce
various electronic phase transitions in strongly correlated electron systems. The electronic states of superconductors such as LiTi2O4 [2] and LiNbO2 [3,4]and a heavy fermion metal LiV2O4 [5] are studied
in detail from their transport, optical, and structuralproperties. This method has become a powerful tool
for precise electrochemical doping of single samples
and in-situ measurement of modulated electronic
states.
[1] K. Yoshimatsu, O. Sakata, A. Ohtomo, Sci. Rep.,
2017, 7, 12544.
[2] K. Yoshimatsu, M. Niwa, H. Mashiko, T. Oshima, A.
Ohtomo, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 16325.

pleased that my achievements were honoured withthese prizes. At the same time, the Sir Martin Woodprize gave me great confidence as a faculty member
teaching the next generation of researchers.
I’m grateful to Professor Noboru Miura and Professor Fukuyama for accompanying me on my lecture
trip to the UK, which was truly my real prize. Theygave me guidance on how I could give a lecture in
front of a large number of students and researchers,in such a way that I did not feel overly tense or panicin response to unexpected questions. Also, from thebottom of my heart I thank Tony Ford, who organised and facilitated the lecture itinerary, which I was
glad to experience.

[3] T. Soma, K. Yoshimatsu, A. Ohtomo, Sci. Adv., 2020,6, eabb8570.
[4] T. Soma, K. Yoshimatsu, K. Horiba, H. Kumigashira,A. Ohtomo, Phys. Rev. B, 2022, 105, 104504.
[5] T. Yajima, T. Soma, K. Yoshimatsu, N. Kurita, M.
Watanabe, A. Ohtomo, Phys. Rev. B, 2021, 104, 245104.

Thanks to everyone involved in the prize, including
those I could not mention, my every working day
is busy. I’m so sorry that I cannot participate in the
ceremony to which I’m invited every year, but I
wish for further progress of the MSF and the professors on the selection committee.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to theMillennium Science Forum (MSF). The Sir Martin
Wood Prize, which is marking its 25th anniversary,is widely recognised as a way of promoting young
researchers studying condensed matter science.
I think that promotion is thanks to the efforts of
Oxford Instruments KK and Professor Hidetoshi
Fukuyama as well as other professors sitting on the
Sir Martin Wood Prize selection committee. I would
like to thank Professor Masashi Kawasaki, whojoined the selection committee after I was awarded
the prize. He gave me a great opportunity, to be asupervisor at both Tokyo Institute of Technology andTohoku University.
I’m very happy to be a winner of the Sir Martin
Wood prize. I have achieved many things in the 16
years since I received the prize. First, I was promoted to my current position at Tokyo Institute ofTechnology. Then I received the JSPS Prize fromthe Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and
the Gottfried Wagener Prize from the German Innovation Award, based on my achievements evaluatedby prize selection committee. My family and I were

Lecture Trip
University College London, University of Sheffield,
University of Oxford, University of Cambridge
Contact Information
ohtomo.a.aa@m.titech.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum47

Winner in 2008

Teruo Ono

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Institute for Chemical Research,
Kyoto University

1991: B.S. Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
1993: M.S. Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
1996: Ph.D. Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
1996-1997: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow
1997-2000: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
2000-2002: Lecturer, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
2002-2004: Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
2004-present: Professor, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University

Magnetization control in nano-magnets by electric currents
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Professor, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University

It is well known that ferromagnets show the magneto-resistance effect, i.e. the resistivity in ferromagnets depends
on the relative angle between the direction of magnetisationand the electrical current. Thus, magnetisation controls theflow of the electrical current. We explored the possibilityof the reversed phenomena, i.e. control of magnetisation byelectric current.
We demonstrated this concept using nano-magnets (magnetic wire or magnetic disk). A magnetic domain wall (DW)
exists between two opposite magnetisations (blue and red
arrows) in a magnetic wire (Fig.1 (a)). It was found that the
injection of electrical current through the wire successfully
displaced the DW (Fig.1 (a)-(c)) [1]. This current-induced
domain DW motion is considered to be a kind of magnetic
excitation by a current that flows through a spin structurewith spatial variation (DW). This concept has been tested
for another typical noncollinear spin structure: a magnetic
vortex. Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the magnetisation with a moving vortex structure. The height is
proportional to the out-of-plane magnetisation component.
The rainbow colour indicates the in-plane component as
exemplified by the white arrows. On application of the AC
current though the magnetic disk, the core starts to make acircular orbital motion around the disk centre, and finallythe magnetisation of the core flips into the reversed direction [2].
The electrical control of magnetisation described is very
efficient and scalable down to the nano world, as it is basedon the quantum mechanical interaction between the flowing spins and the localised spins that constitute magnetisation. It is therefore a key technology for future spintronic
devices. In fact, IBM
proposed a novel storage
device called “racetrack
memory,” whose operation
relies on the current-induced DW motion.

Fig. 1: MFM observation ofcurrent-induced DW motion.

48

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Fig. 2: Current-induced switching of vortex core in magnetic disk.

Recently, we proposed the three-dimensional (3D) DW
motion memory (Fig. 3)[3]. A cylindrical magnetic wire,referred to as one memory cell, is an artificial ferromagnet, which is composed of ferromagnetic multilayers withdifferent magnetic properties. The lowermost layer of magnetic wire, colored with blue, named layer1 in Figs. 3(b)and 3(c), is set as a pinning layer with sufficiently large
magnetic anisotropy (KU) with perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy (PMA). Above layer1, the even layers, coloredwith green, are PMA ferromagnets with sufficiently large
exchange coupling constant (Aex) and KU, which are referred to as strong coupling layers. The rest odd layers,colored with yellow and referred to as weak coupling layers, are non-PMA ferromagnets with sufficiently weak Aex.
The character of strong coupling layers is to carry storage
bit, while the character of weak coupling layers is to carry
DW. If the Aex of weak coupling layer is sufficiently small,the smallest storage unit of one bit can be limited within aunit of one strong coupling layer (storage), and one weakcoupling layer (DW). Above layer12, a set of tunnel oxideand fixed magnetic layer is connected, and acts with layer12 as a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ)16)-18). With
MTJ, the bit information of layer12 can be read.
Data-writing scheme is shown in Fig. 3(b). At initial state,
all layers are magnetized toward -z direction. Here, we
defined -z magnetisation as bit ‘0’, and +z magnetisation
as bit ‘1’. To write bit1 ‘1’ into magnetic wire, a current
pulse is injected along x-direction into the heavy metal
wire (word line). Then, the magnetisations of layer1 andlayer2 are switched toward +z direction by the spin-orbit
torque (SOT). When layer1 and layer2 switched, the weak

coupling layer3 works as a DW in the artificial ferromagnet as shown in Fig. 3(b). After writing, -z-direction
current pulses are injected into magnetic wire and drive
DW upward by the current-induced DW motion. As bit1
reached the storage layer (layer8 shown in Fig. 3(b)), theweak coupling layer9 becomes a new DW. To write bit2‘0’ into magnetic wire, a negative current pulse is injectedalong x-direction into the heavy metal wire, and switches
the magnetisation of layer2 downward. After the writing of
bit2, another DW in layer3 is nucleated, and another write
shift process will be executed to move bit2 to the storage
layer. Data reading scheme is shown in Fig. 3(c). Similar
to the write shift process, -z-direction current pulses are
injected to drive DW, and shift the program bit to layer12
for reading by MTJ. Here, we assume that bit2 had alreadybe shifted to layer4, and thus bit1 was shifted to layer10, at
initial state. To read bit1, a current pulse is needed to shift
bit1 to layer12. Likewise, as more pulses are injected, bit2
can also be shifted to layer12, and the bit2 can be read.
The proposed scheme suggests that DW position can always be controlled in the weak coupling layers and theprogram bits are carried only by the strong coupling layers.

Fig. 3: (a) Illustration of vertical DW motion memory with artificial ferromagnets. Left panel: Memory array with perpendicularly
arranged word line and bit line. The cylinders inside array are themulti-bit storage memory cells constructed with artificial ferromagnets. To operate a specific cylinder (cell), we can use the word line
and bit line select transistors in the peripheral circuit to select thedesired cell. Right panel: Detailed structure of one memory cell. (b)Data-writing scheme and (c) Data-reading scheme of the proposed
memory. In (b) and (c), the numbers labeled in the left indicate
layer numbers from 1 to 12, and the numbers labeled in the right ofmagnetic wires, next to strong coupling layers (the green layers),
are the bit logic defined by magnetisation of layers.

By using this structure, we can effectively control DW position and achieve high storage density in magnetic wire.
We demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed structureby using micromagnetic analysis.

[1] A. Yamaguchi, T. Ono, S. Nasu, K. Miyake, K. Mibu, T. Shinjo, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92 (2004) 077205.
[2] K. Yamada, S. Kasai, Y. Nakatani, K. Kobayashi, H. Kohno, A.
Thiaville, T. Ono , Nature Materials, 6 (2007) 269.
[3] Y. M. Hung, T. Li, R. Hisatomi, Y. Shiota, T. Moriyama, T.
Ono, J. Magn. Soc. Jpn. 45 (2021) 6.

It is my great honour to provide this message as one of
the winners of the Sir Martin Wood Prize. I would like tothank all the people who led me to the wonderful world of
science. Although the possibility of technological applications is emphasised here, I would like to stress that theseachievements have originated from fundamental studies on
the interaction between conduction electron spins and local
magnetisations. I think all technologies are built on the solid basis of fundamental science that has been created fundamentally by the pure scientific interests of individuals.

Lecture Trip
University of Oxford, University of York, University
College London, University of Cambridge
Contact Information
ono@scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum49

Winner in 2008

Eiji Saitoh

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Applied Physics,
The University of Tokyo

1996: B.S. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
1998: M.S. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2001: Ph.D. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2001-2006: Assistant Professor at Department of Physics, Keio University
2006-2009: Lecturer at Department of Applied Physics, Keio University
2009-2018: Professor at Institute for Materials Research,Tohoku University
2012-2018: Professor, Principal Investigator, WPI-AIMR,Tohoku University
2014-present: Research Director, ERATO (JST)2018-present: Professor,Dept. of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo

Generation, detection and utilization of spin currents
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Assistant Professor at Department of Physics, Keio University

excitation gap in the insulators is small enough [3].
We discovered phenomena to detect spin current.
Spin current refers to a flow of electron spin angular momentum in condensed matter, which is a spin
analogue of electric current. An electron is a particle
which carries two quantities: electric charge andinternal autorotation called a spin. Spin informationis quite fragile in condensed matter; in fact it disappears within a very short length scale, such as one
thousandth of 1mm in Cu. So, it used to be unimportant. However, this length scale is no longer negligible today; contemporary electronic devices are composed of nanometer-scale structures, much smaller
than the spin disappearance length scale. In such asmall world, spin current and electric current should
be considered on equal footing. However, althoughphysics of electric current in matter is well written
in the electromagnetism in matter, no laws were
provided for spin current (macroscopic effective
theory for spin current was missing); which meansthat there was no compass to search for spin current
phenomena. Our work was the finding of a series offundamental phenomena of spin current. In particular, the discovery of inverse spin Hall effects [1], thegeneration of electric fields from spin current, mademeasurements of spin current possible. By using
the effect as a spin-current probe, we then exploredphysical phenomena induced by spin current. One
typical outcome is the discovery of the spin Seebeck
effect [2] in YIG/Pt: the conversion of heat current
into spin current. Surprisingly, we found spin current
can flow even in insulators such as YIG when spin50

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum[1] E. Saitoh et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 182509.
[2] K. Uchida et al. Nature 455 (2008) 778-781.
[3] Y. Kajiwara et al. Nature 464 (2010) 262-266.
(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 1:(a) Conduction electron spin current(b) Two-particle model of inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE)(c) Electric-field generation from spin current via ISHE.

After the Sir Martin Wood Prize in 2008, our findings were recognized as the beginning of the spincurrent experimental science. The inverse spin Hall
effect established itself as a standard spin-current de-tection method. The effect has been used all over theworld, and so many phenomena were found basedon it, such as sound-induced, light-induced, and mechanical motion-induced spin current generation.
The spin Seebeck effect is now used as one of themost standard methods for spin-current generation,
and YIG/Pt became a standard spintronics material
system most frequently used in spintronics experiments. Some companies have tried to apply the spin
Seebeck effect to make thermoelectric convertors
to generate electricity from environmental heat. Recently, spin current physics is being expanded fromcondensed matter science into nano-fluid science, nano-mechanical science, and also into hadron physics.
[4] “Spin current” 2nd edition, Oxford University Press(2017).
[5] “Spin current and topological insulators”, Kyoritsu
shuppan (2014).
(a)

(b)

(c)

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and mycongratulations to the 25th anniversary of the Sir
Martin Wood Prize. The prize ceremony and the trip
I had are my cherished and unforgettable memories.
I deeply appreciate the members of the selection
committee of Sir Martin Wood Prize and the Millennium Science Forum.
Spintronics is an interdisciplinary field composedof physics, electronics, and material science, providing a role model for productive collaboration
among different fields. In electronics, there was agreat demand for non-volatile memory devices withultralow-energy consumption, which was necessary
to break-through the wall of energy consumption
problems in computer industries. From the materialscience point of view, there was an established fieldon magnetic materials.
The emergence of nanotechnology made it possible
to combine these to make devices, but the generalprinciple and concept to create new device functions
were still missing. Condensed matter physics playeda significant role in such a situation; physics researches explored and systematize new phenomena,and gave a guiding principle to find out undiscovered phenomena and materials. This was indispensable to establishing the field.
I hope that young researchers in condensed matterscience have a broad vision and play an active partvigorously to create new fields. Last but certainly
not least, I would like to thank my collaborators on
this project, Prof. S. Maekawa, Prof. G.E.W Bauer,
their group members, and our students and graduates, especially Dr. K. Ando, Dr. K. Uchida, Dr. Y.
Kajiwara, and Dr. Y. Shiomi.

Lecture Trip
University of Oxford, University of York, University
College London, University of Cambridge
Fig. 2:(a) Spin current generation from sound waves and phonons(b) Fluid spin -current generation(c) Electronics mechanism of fluid spin-current generation

Contact Information
eizi@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

51

Winner in 2009

Yousoo Kim

Current title and affiliation
Chief Scientist, Director of Surface and Interface Science
Laboratory, RIKEN and Professor, Depart of Applied
Chemistry, The University of Tokyo

1991: B.S., Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University (South Korea)
1993: M.S., Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University (South Korea)
1999: D. Eng. Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
1999-2002: Special Postdoctoral Researcher, Surface Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
2002-2006: Research Scientist, Surface Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
2006-2009: Senior Research Scientist, Surface Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
2010-2015: Associate Chief Scientist, Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN
2015-present: Chief Scientist, Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN
2022-present: Professor, Depart of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo

Spectroscopy and reaction-control of a single molecule at surfaces
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Senior Research Scientist, Surface Chemistry
Laboratory, RIKEN

The study of single molecules provides deep insights
into the nature of bonding and underlying quantum
mechanics concerning the control of chemical reactions. The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) isa versatile and powerful tool for investigating andcontrolling the chemistry of individual moleculeson solid surfaces. The most important feature of the
STM is that the tunnelling electrons are involved in
its operation. The coupling of tunnelling electrons
with the electronic and vibrational states of the target molecule allows us to realise mode-selective
and state-selective chemistry of the individual molecules.
I will address two main issues with our experimental
and theoretical efforts on investigating the interaction of electrons with vibrational and electronic
states of a single molecule on surfaces. The first partis assigned to the excitation of vibrational modes toselectively induce particular dynamic motion andchemical reaction of a single molecule on metal surfaces. The microscopic mechanism of vibrationallyinduced molecular motions and the selection rules
for the single-molecule vibrational spectroscopy
are also discussed. A precise control of molecularmotions and chemical reaction by exciting vibrational modes with an STM will also be explained(Figure(a)). The second part focuses on the novel reaction dynamics of a single molecule on an ultrathin
insulating film surface. The ultrathin insulating film
decouples the molecular orbitals from the metallic
substrate, to prevent electronic quenching of the ex52

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumcited molecule, resulting in a much longer lifetimeof excited states, which enable the exploration ofnovel reaction dynamics of molecules. Here, I show
selective control of reaction pathways of a single
water molecule on an MgO ultrathin film grown ona silver single crystal surface (Figure(b)).

“Figure (a) A schematic figure of vibrational excitation of a single
molecule by injecting tunnelling electrons from the STM tip, andthe STM images measured before and after single-molecule reaction by vibrational excitation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 126104].
(b) Electron injection from the STM into a target molecule on
the surface of 2-ML MgO film grown on Ag(100), and the dissociation pathways of a single water molecule [Nature Materials 9(2010) 442].”My life work is to describe details of energetic processes, such as energy conversion, transfer and dissipation, in a single molecule on solid surfaces using
single-molecule spectroscopies mainly based on ascanning tunnelling microscope (STM).
My research achievements, which were the main
reason I was awarded the Sir Martin Wood Prize
were the investigation of single-molecule surface
dynamics resulting from the excitation of molecularvibration by tunnelling electrons from the STM tip.
In 2010, the year after I was awarded the Sir Martin
Wood Prize, I launched my laboratory in RIKEN
and started the development of a new STM facility
combined with optical excitation/detection systems
to explore electronically excited states and photochemical reactions of a single-molecule.
Irradiation of light to the metallic nanostructurecauses collective vibration of free electrons, followed by the creation of an electromagnetic field,
i.e., localized surface plasmon (LSP). The LSP hasa characteristic interaction with matter, especially asingle molecule. Our photon-STM allows us to apply the LSP to explore novel chemical reactions andspectroscopy based on the interaction between the
LSP and a single molecule’s electronic/vibrational
quantum states at the STM junction. We have developed single-molecule emission and absorption spectroscopy [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 (2017) 013901] using
the interaction between the LSP and a molecule, inwhich the LSP participates in the exciton formation
in a target molecule [Nature 570 (2019) 210]. Combining the emission and absorption spectroscopies,
we visualized fluorescence resonance energy transfer
between two different molecules [Nature 538 (2016)364]. We have also explored the detailed mechanismof single-molecule chemical dynamics induced by
the LSP [Nature Nanotech. 15 (2020) 105]. We also
applied the LSP to measure the tip-enhanced resonance Raman spectra of a single molecule [Science
373 (2021) 95]. Furthermore, we achieved an ultrahigh-energy resolution photoluminescence measurement of a single molecule using a tunable excitation
laser [Science 373 (2021) 95]. These optical setups
enable a real-space measurement of photocurrent
pathways at a single molecule [Nature 603 (2022)
829].

Developing novel nanospectroscopic methodologies
opens a new way of closely looking at how energy isconverted, transferred and demised at variousmolecular interfaces and surfaces by visualising geometric/electronic structures at atomic/molecular level.
We are making further challenges to cover a wider
range of energy and time domains simultaneously.

I would like to congratulate the Millennium Science
Forum (MSF) on the 25th anniversary of the Sir
Martin Wood Prize. One cannot admire enough thegreat contribution by the MSF and Sir Martin Wood
Prize to the facilitation and promotion of condensed
matter physics in Japan, especially by encouraging
young scientists and bilateral cooperation within scientific communities in Japan and the UK.
As a prize winner, it was my great honour to give aseries of lectures in the UK, not only at five universities but also at The Royal Society. Professor Noboru
Miura and Tony Ford were with me throughout thelecture trip. I cannot express how much I appreciatethem for their kind arrangement of the visits and forsharing good times and conversation with me.
I am very proud to have been awarded the Sir Martin Wood Prize even though I am not Japanese; thisshows the diversity and inclusion in the scientificcommunity and the Millennium Science Forum.
One of my greatest experiences during the lecture
trip was visiting the house of Sir Martin Wood. He
showed us a small and old superconducting magnet
unit that he made with his wife, Audrey, more than
60 years ago. He told us about his great partnershipwith Audrey during the long history of Oxford Instruments. Our conversation taught me the importance of diversity, especially gender and nationality,
in the scientific, engineering and industrial communities. I strongly expect a woman to win the Sir
Martin Wood Prize in the very near future.

Lecture Trip
University of Liverpool, University of Nottingham,
University of Warwick, University of Oxford, University College London, The Royal Society
Contact Information
http://www2.riken.jp/Kimlab/index.html
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

53

Winner in 2010

Shuichi Murakami

Current title and affiliation Professor, Departmentof Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Professor,
TIES, Tokyo Institute of Technology

1993: B.S. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
1995: M.S. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
1996-2007: Research Associate, The University of Tokyo
1999: Ph.D. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
1999-2000: Visiting Research Associate, Stanford University (USA)
2007-2012: Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2007-2011: Research Scientist, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency
2012-: Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2012-: Professor, TIES, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Theory of the spin Hall effect
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Tokyo Institute of Technology

The new field of electronics using the spin degreeof freedom is called spintronics. The fundamental
question in spintronics is how to operate spins andinduce spin current in solids. Because the spin carries magnetism, a naïve way to produce a spin current is to use a ferromagnet.
In my research, I propose another way of producing
a spin current in solids, but without a magnetic field.
I address our theoretical proposal for intrinsic spin
Hall effect (SHE), where an external electric field
induces a transverse spin current in semiconductors
and metals as shown in Fig. 1. This is caused by
the “Berry phase in momentum space,” based on
the wave nature of electrons. Since our theoretical
proposal, this effect has been observed in various
semiconductors and metals. The most prominent
among them is platinum, where the SHE survives
even at room temperature. This prominent SHE in
platinum can be understood from its band structure.
This effect enables us to inject or detect spin current
in metals and semiconductors with a simple setup
and has already been used as an experimental toolfor characterizing spin-transport properties of various materials. Because the wave nature of electrons
is necessary for the SHE, one can expect a similareffect for other types of waves such as light (electromagnetic wave). We find that the SHE of lightappears where the refractive index varies spatially.
In the case of interface between different media, thisSHE appears as the Imbert shift, i.e. the transverse
shift at the interface (Fig. 2).
54

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Another topic of recent interest, which arose fromthe SHE, is quantum spin Hall (QSH) systems (topological insulators). In QSH systems, the bulk isgapped and insulating, while the edge or surface
states are gapless and carry spin current. We proposed that bismuth ultrathin film is a good candidate
for the QSH system. This prediction has opened theway for the experimental discovery of Bi1-xSbx as athree-dimensional topological insulator.

Fig.1 Schematic figure of the spin Hall effect.

Fig.2 Imbert shift: an example for the spin Hall effect of light

The central fields of my research are condensed
matter theories on topological phases and spintronics. In the field of topological phases, we have beentrying to invent new concepts and combine themwith real materials. Our proposal, in 2006, that thebismuth ultrathin film is a two-dimensional topological insulator, is one of the earliest proposals of
topological materials. It was experimentally verified
in 2013. Furthermore, I invented the concept of Weyl
semimetals, through the study of phase transitions
between a topological insulator and a normal insulator. I showed, in 2007, that the Weyl nodes in three
dimensions must be stable and therefore should also
exist in real materials. This proposal had not been
paid much attention, until the paper by Wan et al., in2011, on the existence of Fermi arc surface states.
Now the Weyl semimetals are a hot topic, both intheories and experiments on topological materials.
Furthermore, we have been collaborating with researchers in the first-principle calculations to propose
new topological materials. For example, we showedthat Te (tellurium) becomes a Weyl semimetal athigher pressure, and that Ca (calcium) becomes a
nodal-line semimetal at higher pressure. In the fieldof spintronics, we have been trying to propose newphenomena from theoretical viewpoints. After ourtheoretical proposal of the spin Hall effect, we theoretically proposed topological magnonic crystal,
where magnons have a gap in the bulk but support
topological chiral edge modes in the gap, similar to
those in the quantum Hall system. In this proposal
we focus on the dipolar interaction between magnetic moments, because the typical length scale for the
dipolar interaction is micrometres, which is withinstate-of-the-art fabrication techniques. We proposedseveral structures of topological magnonic crystals
by combining two different ferromagnets, or by putting ferromagnetic dots, both in a spatially periodic
way. We also reformulated the theory of magnon
thermal Hall effect and derived a new formula for thethermal Hall conductivity of magnons. Our formula
serves as a standard formula for calculating this effect. We also theoretically proposed new variants ofthe Edelstein effect. The Edelstein effect refers to thephenomenon where the current in the system induces spin polarisation due to the spinsplit bands of thecrystal. In contrast, we found that a current induces
an orbital magnetisation when the crystal has a chiralstructure. We also showed that this effect is anomalously enhanced from its classical analogue, a solenoid. We call this effect an orbital Edelstein effect.

I congratulate the Millennium Science Forum (MSF)
on the 25th anniversary of its Sir Martin Wood Prizeand express my sincere gratitude to its committee
members and staff for their continuous efforts. It is
my great pleasure to see outstanding, young award
winners every year.
I have been trying to theoretically propose new phenomena that can be observed in real materials. Luckily, various phenomena that I proposed have beenverified experimentally, which is a great pleasure tome. My research field is mainly model calculations
in condensed matter theory. Model calculations
may sound easy; indeed, that thought is partiallytrue because once a model is constructed, it is often
straightforward to calculate its physical properties.
The most difficult part is to build simple models that
capture novel properties of condensed materials. It
is not at all a simple task, because the models should
be simple for calculations but, at the same time,
sufficiently general to cover a broad range of materials. I believe that good theories should be simple
and beautiful. I think I have managed to build some
simple theories in condensed matter physics in someof my work, such as the proposal of the spin Hall
effect, the prediction on the bilayer bismuth thin film
as a two-dimensional topological insulator, and the
proposal of the Weyl semimetal in condensed materials. In the future, I will continue to work in thisdirection, to explore new directions in condensed
matter physics.
I would like to thank my collaborators and supervisors, especially Professor Naoto Nagaosa and Professor Shoucheng Zhang for their advice, encouragement and scientific discussion. I am also gratefulto the students and staff in my lab for their continuous collaboration and support. Last, but not least, I
would like to thank my wife, children, and parents
for their continuous encouragement and support.
Lecture Trip
Lancaster University, University of Nottingham,
University of Oxford, University of Manchester,
University College London
Contact Information
murakami@stat.phys.titech.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

55

Winner in 2011

Yukio Kawano

Current title and affiliation Professor, Department ofElectrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering,
Chuo University

1996: B.S. Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo
1998: M.S. Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo
2001: Ph.D. Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo
2001-2006: Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
2006-2011: Research Scientist, RIKEN
2011-2016: Associate Professor, Quantum Nano-electronics Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2016-2021: Associate Professor, Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science andTechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2021-present: Professor, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Chuo
University

THz wave detection based on low-dimensional electron systems
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Quantum Nano-electronics
Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Sensing and imaging with terahertz (THz) waves isan active area in modern optical science and technology. The advantageous properties of terahertz (THz)waves, such as the important energy spectrum in themeV range, enable various applications of imaging
and spectroscopy. However, since the THz region is
located between electronic and photonic bands, evenbasic components like detector and source have notbeen fully established, compared to other frequency
regions. The THz wave also has the problem of low
imaging resolution, which results from a much longer
wavelength than that of the visible light. By employing nanoelectronic materials and devices based on
a carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a semiconductor
heterostructure, we developed novel types of THz
sensing and imaging devices:
1) THz-photon sensor with a CNT/2DEG hybrid device
In order to achieve highly sensitive THz detection,
we studied THz response of a CNT/2DEG hybrid
device. The utilization of this device structure enabled the detection of THz photons.
2) Near-field THz imager with sub-wavelength resolution
The development of near-field THz imaging had
been hindered by the lack of high transmission wave
line and the low sensitivity of commonly used detectors. We produced a newly designed THz near-field
imager, in which all the components: an aperture, aprobe, and a detector are integrated on one semicon56

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

ductor chip. The development of this device allowed
us to achieve sub-wavelength resolution for the
wavelength of 100-300 µm. Electronic and molecular structures of quantum semiconductors, plasmonic
devices, and polymers were visualized with this imaging device.
3) Wide-band, frequency-selective THz spectrometer with graphene
We succeeded in observing THz photoconductivityof Dirac fermions in graphene, ranging over a wide
frequency band of 0.8-33 THz. This result demonstrated that the graphene device works as a wideband, frequency-selective THz spectrometer. We
also imaged potential fluctuations in the graphenedevice, suggesting the strong relation to the THz
photoconductivity.
Our technologies and findings provided new insights
into low-energy and low-frequency dynamics inphysics and chemistry.

I am proceeding with THz science and technology
research. Our recent major achievements are the developments of carbon-based THz flexible cameras[1-4] and plasmon-based near-field spectroscopic
imagers [5,6].
Most real objects have various three-dimensional
curvatures; however, conventional THz imaging systems are mainly restricted to flat samples, hampering
accurate measurements of such curved objects. We
have recently developed a wideband, flexible andwearable THz camera based on an array of CNT
THz detectors, which has enabled multi-view THz

inspections without using bulky systems. This newimaging technology has been achieved based on (1)thermal device design for enhancement in camera
performance such as sensitivity, detection speed, andspatial resolution, (2) microscale free-standing CNT
film arrays, and (3) a gate-free tunable doping technology based on a variable-concentration dopant solution.
Plasmonic structures are useful for evanescent-field
detection and analysis thanks to their outstanding
properties of high field enhancement and concentration in a subwavelength region. In spite of large
availabilities, a main shortcoming of existing plasmonic devices is that they never show resonant frequency tunability for fixed structures, which limits
the usable range of THz-plasmon-based applications.
We have developed multi-frequency-resonanceplasmonic structures and have applied them to solid-state physics research and medical examination,
including visualization of electron injection into aquantum Hall conductor and spectroscopic analysis
of mouse organs. Our techniques can be used effectively for THz sensing and imaging over a broad
range of length scales from nanometre to metre.
[1]D. Suzuki, S. Oda, and Y. Kawano, Nature Photonics
10, 809-814 (2016).
[2]D. Suzuki, K. Li, K. Ishibashi, and Y. Kawano, Advanced Functional Materials 31, 2008931 (2021).
[3]K. Li, R. Yuasa, R. Utaki, M. Sun, Y. Tokumoto, D.
Suzuki, and Y. Kawano, Nature Communications 12,3009 (2021).
[4]K. Li, T. Araki, R. Utaki, Y. Tokumoto, M. Sun, S. Yasui, N. Kurihira, Y. Kasai, D. Suzuki, R. Marteijn, J. D.
Toonder, T. Sekitani, and Y. Kawano, Science Advances 8,
eabm4349 (2022).
[5]Y. Kawano, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Scienceand Technology 6, 356-364 (2016). (Invited paper)[6]X. Deng, L. Li, M. Enomoto, and Y. Kawano, Scientific Reports 9, 3498 (2019). Selected for the top 100 physics Scientific Reports papers in 2019

I would like to express my sincere gratitude on the
25th anniversary of the Sir Martin Wood Prize. It was
my great honor to receive one of the highest-level
prizes in condensed-matter science. Encouraged byreceiving this prestigious prize, I have been pushing
forward my successive research activities.
I started my research career from the study on semiconductor physics, especially the quantum Hall
effect. My interest gradually shifted to terahertz

waves, but my focus was also on the basics of solid-state physics and devices including semiconductors, CNTs, and graphene. As a result I have been
engaging in nanoscale THz science and technology
inspired by condensed-matter physics. I strongly
feel that science and engineering are closely linked.
I have enjoyed challenging an unknown field andpursuing the possibility of new fundamentals andapplications. Therefore I believe that collaboration
across academic fields to deepen one's own research
fields and discover new areas contributes to the future development of science.
I have work experience in both universities andresearch institutes. Looking back on my career, fortunately I was always in a free environment where
there were no walls between research fields. I was
encouraged to discuss with scientists in different
fields. This experience taught me how important
open mindedness to different cultures and values is
to open up a new field. I am currently collaboratingwith a medical doctor, even though I was afraid to go
to a hospital in my childhood! I believe that anybody
can change unless they put limits on their potential.
The various prize events provided me with tremendously stimulating experiences. In particular, thelecture trip to the UK had a significant impact on
me. I was so impressed by the story behind the invention of superconducting magnets by Sir Martin
Wood. I was told that he strived to wind superconducting wires at a time when there were no magnetic
resonance imaging instruments. This story always
reminds me of one of the most important attitudes
as a researcher: simply and honestly follow our own
interests and passions. This should lead us to successful results.
I am sure that this unique and prestigious prize
will further stimulate young researchers in condensed-matter science. I would like to express mycongratulations once again to Sir Martin Wood,
the Millennium Science Forum, and the committee
members, and wish further success in their activities.
Lecture Trip
University of Cambridge, University of Manchester,
University of Oxford, University College London
Contact Information
kawano@elect.chuo-u.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

57

Winner in 2012

Daichi Chiba

Current title and affiliation
Professor, SANKEN, Osaka University / Distinguished Professor, Osaka University and Director, International Center for
Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University

2000: B.S. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University
2001: M.S. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University
2004: Ph.D. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University
2004-2008: Researcher, Japan Science and Technology Agency’s Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology
2008-2012: Assistant Professor, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
2010-2014: Researcher, Japan Science and Technology Agency’s Precursory Research for Embryonic
Science and Technology
2012: Associate Professor, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
2013-2019: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2019-present: Professor, SANKEN, Osaka University / Distinguished Professor, Osaka University2022-2023: Professor, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University2023-present: Director, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University

Electric field-induced ferromagnetic phase transition
in semiconductors and metals
Title and affiliation when prize awarded

Associate Professor, Institute for Chemical Research,
Kyoto University

Electrical control of magnetism adds a new dimension to future spin-based information processing
methods. Use of an electric field instead of an electric current is expected to make ultra-low power
driving devices possible. Ferromagnetic semiconductors had been the central material for this kindof research because their magnetic properties are afunction of the carrier concentration.
We have reported, for the first time, on the electricfield control of the ferromagnetic phase transition
and tuning of the Curie temperature using (In,Mn)
As in 2000, a ferromagnetic semiconductor [1]. We
also reported, in 2003, an electric field-induced coercivity change, and an electric-field assisted magnetisation switching was demonstrated by using it[2]. We also demonstrated, in 2008, that the magnetisation direction can be manipulated by electricallycontrolling the magnetic anisotropy of (Ga,Mn)As[3]. These efforts open up an entirely new route forelectrical magnetization switching without usinga magnetic field or current. Although one of the
problems had been a low Curie temperature of theferromagnetic semiconductors, after our findings theelectric field-induced change in magnetic properties
using ferromagnetic ultra-thin metals even at room
temperature has been reported [4-9]. Using ferromagnetic ultra-thin metallic cobalt, we realized theelectric field-induced ferromagnetic phase transition
around room temperature [7,8].
I will show the experimental results of electric field
control of various ferromagnetic properties in field
58

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumeffect structures with a channel made of III-V ferromagnetic semiconductors or 3d ferromagnetic transition metals.
I would like to thank H. Ohno, T. Ono, T. Dietl, F.
Matsukura, K. Kobayashi, S. Ono, and members of
Ohno and Ono labs for their help.
[1] H. Ohno and D. Chiba et al., Nature 408, 944 (2000).
[2] D. Chiba, M. Yamanouchi, F. Matsukura, and H.
Ohno, Science 301, 943 (2003).
[3] D Chiba et al., Nature 455, 515 (2008).
[4] M. Weisheit at al., Science 315, 349 (2007).
[5] T. Maruyama et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 4, 158 (2009).
[6] M. Endo et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 212503 (2010).
[7] D. Chiba et al., Nature Mater. 10, 853 (2011).
[8] K. Shimamura and D. Chiba et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.
100, 122402 (2012).
[9] D. Chiba et al., Nature Comm. 3, 888 (2012).

We have focused continuously on the control ofmagnetism in materials. We have found that themagnetic moment induced in a non-magnetic material (Pd or Pt) can be modulated by an electric field
application [10,11]. The results have led to deeper
understanding of the physics behind the effect. From
the application viewpoint, we have shown that even
the Faraday effect can be switched based on electricfield-induced ferromagnetic transition in Co [12].
Using this technique, we have demonstrated that thetransmitted light can be switched on and off.
We have also demonstrated electric field induced

modulation in domain wall velocity [13].
More recently, we have worked on integrating
spintronics and flexible electronics. Mechanicalquantities are the most important sensing targets inphysical space. We have been able to detect not amagnitude but a direction of strain using a single giant magnetoresistive device fabricated on a flexible
substrate [14]. In addition to this unique functionality, out strain sensor made of a magnetic tunnel
junction exhibits the world’s highest sensitivity for afilm-type strain gauge [15].
As exemplified by graphene, nano thin-films areelastically superior to bulk materials, allowing for
greater lattice deformation. Thus, from a broader
perspective, I believe that the lattice deformationinduced reversible and large changes in properties ofnano thin-films will lead to interesting developments
not only in applications but also in basic science. We
have named this academic field “NanoElastronics”
and intend to explore it by utilizing advanced measurements, for example, at NanoTerasu, a next-generation synchrotron radiation facility.
[10] A. Obinata and D. Chiba et al., Scientific Rep. 5,14303 (2015).
[11] K. Yamada, D. Chiba, and T. Ono et al., Phys. Rev.
Lett. 120, 152703 (2018).
[12] Y. Hibino and D. Chiba et al., Appl. Phys. Express
10, 123201 (2017).
[13] T. Koyama, Y. Nakatani, J. Ieda, and D. Chiba, Sci-

that may lead to breakthrough progress in future research; I learned that meaning can be understood byexperiencing something first-hand. My present motto is to enhance my professional research ability bydelving into one subject (enjoying research activity)
while having a spirit to challenge what is regarded
as impossible using common sense (simply trying). I
would like to continue to enjoy research activities byexperiencing various things and by absorbing positively what I learn.
Without great support from many people I could
have not received the Sir Martin Wood Prize. Particularly, I wish to express my deep appreciation for
the guidance and support of Professor Hideo Ohnoof Tohoku University and Professor Teruo Ono of
Kyoto University. I have come to understand various
perspectives and attitudes concerning research fromthem. I think they value the enjoyment of research
and free ideas. What I have learned in their labs isreally helpful for the present research and supervision of my lab in The University of Tokyo, Osaka
University, or Tohoku University.
I also would like to thank the selection committee of
the Sir Martin Wood Prize; the steering committee ofthe Millennium Science Forum; the British Embassy, Tokyo; the Embassy of Japan in UK and Oxford
Instruments KK. I think the lecture trip, including
the Sir Martin Wood Prize, is truly unique among
academic awards. I really enjoyed the trip and it wasa precious opportunity for me.

ence Adv. 4, eaav0265 (2018).
[14] S. Ohta, A. Ando, and D. Chiba, Nature Elec. 1, 124(2018).
[15] K. Saito, A. Imai, S. Ota, T. Koyama, A. Ando, and D.
Chiba, Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 072407 (2022).

I have been inspired by many researchers and could
find hints for my future research subjects from conversations and discussions with them. These hints
and interactions have often become the motivationof my research activities. In addition, I have learned
that simply trying first and picking up unexpecteddiscoveries from the result is critical for making thenext connection in research. These experiences haveshown me that assumptions or a narrow prospective
pose a potential risk to losing sight of finding seeds

Lecture Trip
University of York, University of Nottingham,
University of Cambridge, University of Oxford,
University College London
Contact Information
dchiba@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp / dchiba@tohoku.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

59

Winner in 2013

Naoya Shibata

Current title and affiliation
Director, Professor, Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

1997: B.S. Department of Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
1999: M.S. Department of Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2003: D. Eng., Department of Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2003-2004: Overseas Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2004-2007: Research Associate, Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo
2007-2011: Assistant Professor, Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo
2011-2017: Associate Professor, Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo
2017-present: Professor, Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo
2019-present: Director, Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo

Development of an advanced scanning transmission electron
microscope for material science research
Title and affiliation when prize awarded

Associate Professor, Institute of Engineering
Innovation ,The University of Tokyo

Understanding the atomic-scale structures of surfaces and interfaces is essential to control the functional
properties of many materials and devices. Recent
advances in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have made possible the direct characterisation of localised atomic
structures in materials, especially at interfaces.
In STEM, a finely focused electron probe is scanned
across the specimen and the transmitted and/or scattered electrons from a localised volume of the material
are detected by the post-specimen detector(s) as afunction of raster position. By controlling the detector
geometry, we gain flexibility in determining the contrast characteristics of the STEM images and the formation mechanisms involved. Thus, it may be possible
to obtain further useful information by exploring new
detector geometries in atomic-resolution STEM.
From 2006, we have been developing a segmented-type STEM detector capable of atomic-resolution

imaging and proposed new imaging possibilities bycontrolling detector geometries: annular bright-field(ABF) imaging and atomic-resolution differential
phase contrast (DPC) imaging. ABF-STEM imaging
enables us to directly visualise light element atomic
columns of materials. DPC-STEM imaging can beused to detect local electric fields inside materials
and devices. We applied DPC imaging to atomic resolution STEM and succeeded in directly observing
electric field distribution inside atoms for the firsttime. This new imaging capability should assist our
fundamental understanding of the origins of properties in materials and devices.

The resolution of electron microscopes continues tobe improved year by year because of rapid progressin the development of aberration correction lenssystems. In 2017, our group in The University ofTokyo and JEOL Ltd. (a world leader in electron microscopes) attained world record spatial resolution

Fig.1:Experimental atomic electric field imaging of a BaTiO3 single crystal using atomic-resolutiondifferential phase contrast STEM.

60

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumof 40.5 pm through state-of-the-art aberration-corrected STEM. 40.5 pm is even smaller than the Bohrradius, which means that we can make an electronprobe smaller than the size of a single atom. Usingsuch a small probe, it is now possible routinely to
directly visualise atoms inside materials and devices.
However, my current interest is whether we can go
beyond simply seeing atoms.
When I received the 15th Sir Martin Wood Prize,in 2013, I started trying to observe the electric field
at atomic dimensions using DPC STEM with ahighspeed segmented detector. After several years,
we came to the stage that we could map out more
precisely and quantitatively the electric field distribution inside atomic columns in crystals and eveninside single atoms.
Thus, by combining the highest resolution STEM
and the developed DPC imaging technique, we are
now directly observing inside the structure of atoms in real-space! This atomic electric field should
possess information about the atomic species, local
chemical bonding and charge redistributions in between bonded atoms, so our next challenge will be
to directly visualize electron distribution in between
atoms, i.e. bonding. Also, we developed a novel
atomic-resolution electron microscope that realises
a magnetic field free environment at a sample position. This new microscope is very useful for studying atomic scale phenomena of magnetic materials
and devices. Using this microscope combined with
DPC imaging technique, we tried to image magnetic field at atomic dimensions. The Figure showsa normal atomic- resolution STEM image and a
two-dimensional magnetic field vector color map of
α-Fe2O3 crystal observed simultaneously. The magnetic structure of α-Fe2O3 is antiferromagnetic atroom temperature. The colour contrast corresponds
to the relative direction and strength of the magnetic
field at each raster position in the image. Comparedwith the simultaneous normal atom image, magnetic
fields are pointing antiparallel directions in the adjacent Fe atom layers. This is consistent with the antiferromagnetic structure of α-Fe2O3. Thus, not only
atomic electric field, but also atomic magnetic field
can now be visualized in real-space!

Fig.2:Normal atomic-resolution STEM image (left) and two-dimensional magnetic field vector map (right) of α-Fe2O3 crystal
observed along [1120] direction [Nature2022)].

First, I would like to congratulate the Sir Martin
Wood Prize on its 25th anniversary. It was my greatest honour and pleasure to be awarded the 15th Sir
Martin Wood Prize. Indeed, my research direction
and career has been largely influenced by this prize,
in a very good way.
My lecture tour to the UK, in particular, was a great
opportunity for me to think deeply about my past,current and future research directions. I remember
vividly the wonderful time I had while visiting five
famous universities in the UK. I met many scientists
and students and had very stimulating and exciting
discussions. Of course, I also enjoyed the beautiful
scenery, history, culture, food (and beer!) of the UK.
It was an unforgettable experience to visit Sir Martin
Wood and his wife Audrey at their home. Sir Martin
kindly showed me The Manor House, which was very
impressive, as well as some places that played a rolein the history of Oxford Instruments. I think this lecture tour makes the Sir Martin Wood Prize very different from others; it is outstanding. I really hope theMillennium Science Forum and Oxford Instruments
will continue this very important activity to encourage
and stimulate many young scientists in Japan, the UK
and even worldwide. I also hope many ambitious, talented young researchers will be continuously turned
out through this great prize. Finally, I extend my sincere condolences to Sir Martin Wood.
Lecture Trip
University of Glasgow, University of Manchester,
University of York, University of Oxford, Universityof Cambridge, Daresbury Laboratory
Contact Information
shibata@sigma.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

61

Winner in 2014

Masamitsu Hayashi

Current title and affiliation
Associate Professor, Department of Physics, The
University of Tokyo & Group leader, Spin Physics
Group, National Institute for Materials Science

2000: B.S., Applied Physics, Tohoku University
2002: M.S., Applied Physics, Tohoku University
2007: Ph.D, Stanford University, Materials Science and Engineering
2007-2008: Post-doctoral fellow, IBM Almaden
2008-present: Senior research scientist, National Institute for Materials Science
2016-present: Associate Professor, Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo

Effective field measurements and spin torque dynamics
in magnetic nanostructures

Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Senior research scientist, National Institute for Materials Science

The control of electrons spin orientation in solids isthe holy grail of Spintronics research. A particularfocus has been placed on manipulating the electrons’
spin orientation by electrical means, that is, to control the magnetization direction of ferromagnets bypassing current or applying electric field to the system. The “spin transfer torque” allows such electrical control of magnetization: a spin polarized current
generated by passing current into a ferromagnetic
layer can be supplied to another ferromagnetic layer
to switch its magnetization direction.
We have studied the current induced motion of magnetic domain walls in magnetic nanowires. Magnetic
domain walls are boundaries that separate regions
magnetized in different directions. The motivationof this study is to build the Racetrack Memory proposed my supervisor Dr. Stuart Parkin. Using nanosecond current pulses, we demonstrated in-sync
motion of multiple domain walls. The direction towhich the domain walls moved was against the current flow, consistent with the theory of spin transfer
torque. This work was press released by IBM andwas published in the journal of Science in 2008.
The use of spin polarized current to manipulatemagnetization triggered efforts to develop means ofmagnetization control in a more efficient way. Of
particular interest was the use of “spin current”. Spincurrent consists of electrons possessing opposite
spins moving in opposite direction and is considered
to provide technologically viable approaches to controlling magnetization.
62

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumKey to the generation of spin current is the strong
spin orbit interaction of the material. Using a heterostructure that consists of a paramagnetic metal layer
with strong spin orbit interaction and a few atomic
layer thick ferromagnetic layer, we have studied thecurrent induced effects on the magnetization. Spincurrent generated from the paramagnetic layer via
the “spin Hall effect” exerts torque on the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer, causing magnetization switching and motion of domain walls.
Using unique transport measurements, we revealed
the unique characteristics of the torque that occur at
the paramagnetic/ferromagnetic layer interface. In
addition, we find that the chirality of the magnetic
order of such system can be controlled by materials
engineering of the bilayer system owing to the interfacial anti-symmetric exchange interaction known as
the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. These works
were published in Nature Materials and Nature
Communications in 2013, 2014.

9 years have passed since I received the Sir Martin
Wood Prize and significant advances are made inmany areas of the field. The combination of spincurrent generation from the spin Hall effect and thechiral magnetic order via the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya
interaction has led to findings of heterostructuresthat enable fast motion of domain walls and is being
applied for the Racetrack memory technology. On asimilar line, the chiral magnetic order is now utilized
to generate skyrmions, a topological object that canalso be used to construct Racetrack memory. Current
induced motion of skyrmions has been observed
and various approaches to controlling the topological object have been proposed and are now being
experimentally verified. On the front of generating
spin current or local spin density known as “spin accumulation”, interest has been shifted from the elements in the periodic table to alloys and multilayers.
Of particular interests are the topological insulators,
whose surfaces allow generation of giant spin accumulation. Indeed, recent reports have shown thatthe current density needed to control the magnetization of an adjacent magnetic layer can be orders ofmagnitude smaller when topological insulators areused instead of the conventional paramagnetic heavy
metal. Although the mechanism of how spin current/spin accumulation is created at the interface isunder debate, the uniqueness of the electronic stateof topological insulators may continue to stimulate
research for the coming years.
We have been working on various material systems
and approaches to control the spin orbit interactionof thin film heterostructures and explore the fascinating physics that may arise. The large spin current
generated from the large spin orbit coupling of thematerial can in turn influence its resistivity. Sucheffect, known as the spin Hall magnetoresistance,
provides means to characterize the size of spin current generated from the spin Hall effect and others.
We have used this approach to study the spin Hall
effect of the early 5d transition metals (with nearamorphous structure) and found the conductivity ofthe spin current generated via the spin Hall effectdepends on the number of 5d electrons. These results suggest that the spin Hall effect of the early 5dtransition metals originates from the unique band
structure of each element, which is known as the intrinsic contribution to the spin Hall effect. Applying
the concept of spin Hall magnetoresistance, we havesucceeded in observing the direct conversion of heatcurrent to spin current, often referred to as the spin
Nernst effect, in tungsten. We find that the efficiencyof heat to spin conversion is similar to that of current
to spin conversion.
More recently, we have been working on the forefront of photon-spin coupling, where we use circularly and/or linearly polarized light to probe andcontrol the electrons’ spin orientation. As the photon/spin interface can be applied to quantum information
technologies, solid understanding on the coupling
between the two is needed which we hope to provide
in the near future.

Congratulations to the Sir Martin Wood Prize forits 25th anniversary! It is simply a great honour tobe awarded this prize as a scientist in the field ofcondensed matter physics. Personally, I would liketo thank the Millennium Science Forum and Oxford
Instruments for their support and providing me an
opportunity to meet many people around the world.
I am also very grateful to Sir Martin and Audrey
Wood for their hospitality and their time for showing me the history of superconducting magnets andOxford Instruments. Perhaps the uniqueness of thisaward is also due to the selection committee who,
I heard, vigorously discuss the nominees’ researcheach year to decide the awardee.
My visit to Stuttgart and the UK was an exceptional
event that I will remember till I lay in my grave. I
thank Professor Takagi for inviting me to the MPI
at Stuttgart: I vividly remember the discussions (notparticularly related to science) we had in his office.
It was inspiring to travel around and see the historyof Oxford and other cities in the UK. The muscle
men winding the superconducting wires around atiny bobbin at Oxford Instruments was one of thehighlights of the trip. But without Tony Ford and Dr.
Dinah Parker, I would have been lost somewhere in
the middle and I would like to thank their support
throughout my trip.

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institutes Stuttgart, University of Oxford,
Imperial College London, University of Cambridge, University of York
Contact Information
mhayashi@qspin.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

63

Winner in 2015

Takuya SatohCurrent title and affiliation
Professor, Department of Physics,
Tokyo Institute of Technology

1998: B.Eng. Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2000: M.Eng. Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2004: Ph.D. Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2003-2005: Research Fellow, Max Born Institute, Germany
2006-2007: JST Research Fellow, The University of Tokyo
2007-2014: Assistant Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
2010-2014: JST-PRESTO Researcher
2014-2019: Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Kyushu University
2019- Present: Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Generation and control of magnetic excitations by polarized
light in antiferromagnets and ferrimagnets
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University

The interaction between light and magnetism isconsidered a promising route to the developmentof energy- efficient data storage technologies. The
Faraday effect is a well-known magneto-optical effect. Linearly polarised light passing in the direction
parallel to the magnetisation is subject to Faraday
rotation. In this effect, we can say that magnetism
acts on light. There is also an inverse effect; namely,
where light acts on magnetism. The inverse Faraday
effect is where circularly polarised light generates
an effective magnetic field. Conversely, linearly polarized light passing in the direction perpendicular
to the magnetisation is subject to magnetic birefringence. This is called the Cotton-Mouton effect,
which is a second-order magneto-optical effect. The
inverse Cotton-Mouton effect is where linearly polarized light generates an effective magnetic field.
These inverse magneto-optical effects have beenused for non-thermal optical excitation of spin oscillations in (weak)ferromagnets.
The resonance frequency of spin oscillation in antiferromagnets is extremely high due to the exchangeinteraction between adjacent spins, and faster magnetization control had been expected. However, it
was believed that the inverse Faraday effect does not
act on pure antiferromagnets with zero net magnetisation. Optical control of antiferromagnets had notbeen reported. We succeeded in excitation of spin
oscillation in NiO by illuminating circularly polarized light pulses and in optical control of antiferromagnets.
64

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumWe also demonstrated, for the first time, time andphase resolved imaging of spin wave propagation ina ferrimagnet induced via the inverse Faraday effect.
It was shown that the wave number distribution of
the excited spin wave is proportional to the frequency component of spatial spot of the excitation beam.
This fact led to the directional control of spin wave
propagation, thus demonstrating spin wave manipulation by using spatially shaped optical pulses.
Finally, we have demonstrated the one-to-one transfer of the polarisation eigenstates of a fully polarizedpump light wave onto the magnetic eigenmodes of athree-sublattice antiferromagnet. We converted themagnetic information back into the optical polarization eigenstate of a probe light wave in an equally
one-to-one process.
These results will pave the way for new fields of“terahertz-spintronics” and “optomagnonics” forgenerating and controlling magnetic excitations bypolarised light.

Fig.1:Schematic for propagation of spin waves excited by femtosecond laser pulses.

Terahertz spintronics
Antiferromagnetic materials are nowadays studied
more extensively in view of terahertz magnetization
control using femtosecond laser pulses as well as
terahertz magnetic field pulses. Nonlinear excitationof magnetization leading to magnon-magnon andmagnon-phonon interactions, and its relaxation areimportant subjects. Furthermore, coherent and ultrafast spin manipulation/magnetization reversal withshaped pulses will be investigated.
Optomagnonics
In our technique, neither microwaves nor spin-polarized current are used at all; the spin wave isgenerated and directed only by the spatially shaped
light pulse. We expect that our technique will allow
much higher design flexibility in magnonics, andthat this technique will pave the way for a new fieldof “optomagnonics” for manipulating spin waves
with light spots of various shapes. We will work on
spatial light modulation using computer generated
holograms toward arbitrary tuning of the spin wave
propagation.

Hearty congratulations for the 25th anniversary of
the Sir Martin Wood Prize. I feel very honored to be
one of the recipients of the Sir Martin Wood Prize. It
is surely a great opportunity and a gift of encouragement to my career.
The lecture tour was truly exceptional, it was reallya once-in-a-lifetime experience for me. The experience will be appreciated in my mind for a long time.
I still keep in touch with people who I met on thetour, and will develop future relationships between
the UK, Germany, and Japan.
I sincerely thank Sir Martin Wood, Professor Noboru Miura, Professor Maki Kawai, Mr. Kitaura, Mr.
Watanabe, Sir Peter Williams and all the steeringcommittee members of the Millennium Science
Forum, Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Professor
Hidenori Takagi and all the Prize Selection Committee members, the British Embassy in Japan, Japanese
embassy in the UK, and people from Oxford Instruments in Japan and the UK. I am grateful to Hidemi

Kurosawa for arranging everything as a secretariat.
And finally, I would like to give special thanks to
Tony Ford for his tremendous effort in arranging
the lecture tour. During the time I spent with Tony, I
learnt about the British culture from him.

Fig.2: Two-dimensional maps of spin-wave emission.

Fig.3: Lecture at the University of York

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institutes Stuttgart, University of Oxford,
University of Exeter, University of York
Contact Information
satoh@phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

65

Winner in 2016

Akihito Ishizaki

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Institute for Molecular Science,
National Institutes of Natural Sciences

2001: B.S., Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
2008: D.Sc., Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University
2008-2010: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad,
University of California, Berkeley (USA)
2010-2012: Postdoctoral fellow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
2012-2016: Research Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Science
2016-present: Professor, Institute for Molecular Science
2016-present: Professor, School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies

Theoretical development of real-time quantum dissipative
dynamics and its application to molecular systems
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Professor, Institute for Molecular Science

Essentially, a quantum system never can be regarded as an isolated system. Quantum systems arealways in contact with “the outside world.” Hence
their quantum natures are sometimes sustained andsometimes destroyed. In condensed phase molecularsystems, especially, quantum systems are affected bya huge number of dynamic degrees of freedom, suchas solvent molecules, amino acid residues in proteins, and so forth. Balance between robustness andfragility of the quantum natures may dramaticallyalter behaviours of chemical and biophysical dynamics. On the experimental side, it has become possible to explore molecular processes on a timescale
down to femtoseconds by means of ultrashort laser
pulses. This progress in spectroscopy has opened up
real-time observation of dynamic processes in complex molecular systems and has provided a strong
impetus to theoretical studies of real-time quantum
dissipative dynamics.
Investigation on the primary steps of photosynthesis
is an example of such efforts. Photosynthetic energy
conversion starts with the absorption of a photon ofsunlight by one of the light-harvesting pigments, followed by the transfer of electronic excitation energy
to the reaction centre. Ultrashort timescales of photosynthetic energy transfer require that all the relevant timescales in the problem be self-consistently
included in any physical model that attempts to elucidate the mechanisms. Ordinarily, photosyntheticenergy transfer is discussed in terms of the mutual
relation between magnitudes of reorganisation en66

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumergy characterising pigment-protein coupling andexcitonic coupling between pigments. In our work,
however, the main stress fell on the fact that the nature of the energy transfer is also dominated by themutual relation between two timescales, the protein
reorganisation time and the inverse of the excitonic
coupling. Considerations about the finite timescaleeffects of protein-induced fluctuation-dissipation
led to the rigorous theoretical framework describing
photosynthetic energy transfer. As a consequence,
we revealed that the photosynthetic energy transfer
process is well-optimised in the parameter region
corresponding to nature by utilising a fine balance
between the quantum mechanical delocalising effect and the protein-induced localising effect of theelectronic excitations. A series of our papers was
not only well accepted in the community of photosynthetic research, but also stimulated a burst ofactivity among multidisciplinary communities, suchas condensed phase chemical physics and quantum
physics.

By taking advantage of insights and theoretical techniques obtained from photosynthetic research, wehave been investigating artificial systems such asorganic photovoltaic systems. Organic photovoltaic
systems consist of a blend of donor and acceptor
organic materials, and the photogenerated molecular exciton in the donor domain would dissociate at
the donor/acceptor heterojunction into a hole andelectron. Subsequently, the electron and hole would

separate into free charge carriers to be extracted as
photocurrents. In efficient organic photovoltaic materials, the electron and hole escape from the heterojunction and long-range charge separation proceeds
efficiently.
However, a question naturally arises concerning
the physical mechanism of the long-range charge
separation process. This is because the electron andhole are subject to their mutual Coulomb attraction,
hence they might be thought to relax to a boundelectron-hole pair localised at the interface. The recombination of the once-separated electron and holeis a major loss mechanism in photovoltaic systems
that control their performance. Hence, it is the key toelucidate physical mechanisms of how the electron
and hole escape from the donor/acceptor interface
for understanding the crucial factors determining theenergy conversion efficiency of organic solar cells.
Furthermore, from the standpoint of fundamental
physics, it can be said that great strides in the development of organic solar cells have posed fundamental physical problems regarding quantum dynamical
phenomena related to exciton and charge generationand transport in complex molecular systems.
Recently, we theoretically proposed a “non-Markovian quantum-classical ratchet mechanism” madepossible via the combination of quantum delocalization and its decoherence, to get insight into theinner working of experimentally observed ultrafast
long-range charge separation and protection against
the charge recombination at the donor/acceptor interface. Our theoretical and computational results
revealed the following steps enabling the ratchetmechanism: (1) The electron travels using quantum
delocalisation, straddling multiple molecules, leading to the fast and long-range forward electron transfer. (2) Subsequently, the small polaron formationinduces decoherence to localise the productstate. This time-lagged decoherence is crucial because the quantum delocalisation would allow facile
backward transfer away from the product state. (3)Then, the backward electron transfer is suppressed
because it requires incoherent hopping that needs toovercome free energy barriers. Specifically, it was
revealed that the non-Markovian effect—originatedfrom slow timescales of the polaron formation—strongly suppresses the electron transfer reaction to
the interfacial charge transfer state stabilised at thedonor/accepter interface and plays a critical role formaintaining the long-range electron-hole separation.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude andcongratulations on the 25th anniversary of the Sir
Martin Wood Prize. Although I was awarded the18th Sir Martin Wood Prize, it is my great honor
to be the 20th awardee. In 2017, I had invaluable
experiences on the Sir Martin Wood Prize lecture
tour in Germany and the UK; it is still as fresh in mymind as if it had happened yesterday. In particular,
I feel a great sense of gratitude to Sir Martin Woodand his wife, Audrey, as well as Professor Hidenori
Takagi of Max-Planck Institute Stuttgart and Dr.
Michael Cuthbert of Oxford Instruments for theirheart-warming hospitality. Certainly, the invaluable
and memorable journey was impossible without
Tony Ford and Hidemi Kurosawa, who made extensive arrangements. I would like to express my cordial gratitude to them, too.
I was very surprised to be selected as the Sir Martin
Wood Prize winner in 2016, because my researcharea of condensed phase quantum and chemical dynamics was considerably different from those of theformer prominent awardees selected from the fieldof condensed matter physics. I am grateful for thebroadness of themes covered by the Sir Martin Wood
Prize. I believe it represents the open-mindedness ofthe selection and steering committees in accepting
heterogenous material. I believe this open-mindedprize will continue to stimulate younger researchersof condensed matter science and to encourage further growth of the research fields.

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institute Stuttgart, University of Oxford,
University College London, University of Manchester, University of Leeds
Contact Information
ishizaki@ims.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

67

Winner in 2017

Michihisa Yamamoto

Current title and affiliation
Team Leader, RIKEN Center of Emergent Matter Science
Professor, Quantum-Phase Electronic Center, The
University of Tokyo

1999: B.Sc. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
2001: M.Sc. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
2004: Ph D. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
2004-2014: Research Associate, Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2014-2017: Lecturer, Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
2017-2018: Associate Professor, Quantum-Phase Electronics Center, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
2017-2020: Unit Leader, Quantum Electron Device Research Unit, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN
2020-present: Team Leader, Quantum Electron Device Research Team, Center for Emergent Matter
Science, RIKEN
2023-present: Professor, Quantum-Phase Electronics Center and Department of Applied Physics, The
University of Tokyo

Control and detection of quantum phase in semiconductor
nanostructures
Title and affiliation when prize awarded

Associate Professor, Quantum-Phase Electronic Center,
The University of Tokyo

The phase of a wave function is the most fundamental concept of quantum mechanics. Among avariety of interference phenomena that can reveal
this quantum phase, a two-path interference is thesimplest. Consequently, the Aharonov-Bohm (AB)interferometer, which is usually considered as a twopath interferometer, has been the most popular playground for physicists. In the AB interferometer, therelative transmission phase between the two paths
can be controlled by external magnetic field B. This
phase difference causes an oscillation of the current
as a function of B. It turned out, however, that the
two-terminal linear conductance through an AB ring
suffers from the so-called phase rigidity.
Onsager’s law for linear conductance, G(B)=G(-B),
implies that the phase of the AB oscillation can only
take the values 0 or π at B = 0. To satisfy this boundary condition, contribution from paths of an electron
encircling the AB ring multiple times needs to be
added. What is usually observed in an AB experiment is therefore not an ideal two-path interference.
Using multi-terminal as well as multi-channel ABinterferometers, numerous attempts have been madeto measure and control the phase shift of an electron
wave, however, no reliable phase measurement had
been realised.
In this work, we showed that a pure two-path interference is realised by combining the AB ringwith parallel tunnel-coupled quantum wires thatallow tunnelling of an electron between the twopaths. Adjusting the tunnel coupling energy, we can68

25 years of the Millennium Science Forummonitor and suppress the contribution of encircling
paths while keeping the large AB oscillation amplitude. This solid-state analogue of the double-slit experiment allows for measurement and control of thetrue transmission phase shift of an electron.
We applied this phase measurement technique toinvestigate the scattering of an electron wave by an
artificial atom. We embedded a quantum dot into
one of the two paths of the interferometer to measure the scattering phase through an artificial atom.
In addition to the Friedel sum rule, which connects
the number of electrons in the quantum dot to thescattering phase, we have revealed influences of theparity of orbital wave function and the interaction
between a local spin confined in the quantum dot
and conducting electrons in the reservoirs, i.e. theKondo effect. In particular, we observed π/2 phaseshift in the Kondo regime as the hallmark of the
Kondo effect, interpreted as the fingerprint of local
moment screening.

I am extending the concept of “quantum electron
wave technology” (citation of the award). We recently proposed a novel quantum computation systemthat uses a special kind of quasi-particles, which aredefined as elementary excitation of correlated statesthat can travel over macroscopic distance without
suffering from decoherence, as information carriers
on quantum electron waves. We have recently started to obtain promising experimental results in thisdirection. In addition, we are also trying to control

coupling between distant electron spins mediated byelectron waves. As the first step, we observed spatial
extension of the many-body spin coherence of conducting electrons that couples with a localized spin,using electron interferometers. This many-bodyquantum object is known as the Kondo cloud, which
had been experimentally elusive over 50 years.
Quite surprisingly, we revealed that the Kondo cloud
has the universal shape irrespective of the detail ofthe electronic system with its size determined by thesingle parameter known as the Kondo temperatureand that the Kondo temperature and the many-bodyspin state can be tuned by quantum interference.
Our results suggest the possibility of controlling thecoupling between distant spins via the phase of theelectron wave and quantum simulation of varietiesof strongly correlated spin-lattice systems.

I felt extremely honoured when I was awarded the
Sir Martin Wood Prize. Honestly speaking, it wasmore than I expected. I appreciate very much thatthe selection committee evaluated highly my workon the measurement and control of the phase of anelectron wave. For the purpose of young researchers,
in particular, I would like to describe how I could
achieve it.
Measurement and control of the phase is a very
well-known, long-term and fundamental problem.
I believe that, about 25 years ago, most researchers who had nanofabrication and low temperature
measurement facilities were making some attempts
at it. Despite a lot of efforts by many people, nobody
could do it, although some researchers claimed thatthey could. Their results were inconsistent with theories, even at very fundamental stages.
On the other hand, efforts made in these previous
works were indeed significant. Some employed very
complicated device structures as well as the mostadvanced measurement skills. Researchers therefore
claimed that they did the best imagined in the world
and that inconsistency with theories indicates thatthose theories overlook something.
With such a message delivered to the community,
many people were misled that the problem was atleast experimentally solved. This was the situation
when I conceived and started this project. I had tostart by convincing people in my own group that the
problem had not at all been solved experimentally. Once I obtained promising data, my supervisor,
Professor Seigo Tarucha gave me significant support and encouragement. Then the number of people involved increased; I was joined by Dr. Shintaro
Takada and Dr. Christopher Bäuerle, without whom
I believe I could never have gained such a great
achievement. All those involved really liked the project and became highly motivated and excited.
But there were also some risks. First, the work was
not so easy, particularly in the beginning, due to thenumber of misled people; we sometimes got aggressively negative referee comments when we submitted papers. Also, as the theoretical work has largely
been established and our experiments were quite
conclusive, we could not expect a good “citation
number” in the short-term.
Apart from our absolute confidence in what we were
doing, our motivation was that we wanted simply toknow the truth and see the view from the top in thisfundamental issue; we expected to see and open up
something very new and fundamental. I believe that
this kind of motivation is more important than hoping to get a good reputation by simply following ashort-term trend.
Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude
for the warm welcome by Sir Martin Wood in myvisit to his house during my lecture trip. I still remember well that he opened the door of the car for
me by himself when he said good-bye.

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institute Stuttgart, University ofCambridge, University of Oxford, University ofManchester, University College, London
Contact Information
michihisa.yamamoto@riken.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum69

Winner in 2018

Yoshihiko Okamoto

Current title and affiliation
Professor, Institute for Solid State Physics,
The University of Tokyo

2001: B.S. Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
2003: M.S. Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2006: Ph.D. Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2006: Special Postdoctoral Researcher, RIKEN
2006-2014: Research Associate, Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo
2014-2022: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University
2014-2018: Associate Professor, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University2022-present: Professor, Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo

Creation of functional electronic phases
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Physics,
Nagoya University

Novel transition metal compounds with remarkableelectronic properties, such as cuprate and ironbased
superconductors, have opened up a new era of thecondensed matter physics. In my Sir Martin Wood
Prize lecture I will present the results of material
exploration of transition metal compounds using the
crystal and electronic structure databases based on
knowledge of solid state chemistry, toward the discovery of such electronic properties and functions.
We developed various materials including high-performance thermoelectric materials, candidate nodal-line semimetals, metal-insulator transition systems, superconductors, and geometrically frustrated
magnets and I will focus on the former two systems.
1. One-dimensional telluride Ta4SiTe4 as a high performance thermoelectric material.
Thermoelectric cooling is a promising candidate forthe next-generation of refrigeration technologies in
replacing vapor compression cooling using gaseous
refrigerants. However, there is currently no bulk
material with a high enough performance to reacha practical level in the low temperature region. We
found that Ta4SiTe4 and its substituted compounds
show high thermoelectric performance at low temperature. Thermoelectric power of Ta4SiTe4 whisker
crystals reaches S = -400 μV K-1 at 100-200 K, while
maintaining low resistivity of ρ ~ 2 mΩ cm. These
S and ρ give a larger power factor of P = S2/ρ of 80
μW cm-1 K-2 than those in Bi2Te3-based practical materials at room temperature, indicating that Ta4SiTe4
is a promising candidate for the low temperature applications of thermoelectric cooling. This very large
P is probably caused by the very small spin-orbit gap
70

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

opening on the strongly one-dimensional electronic
bands at the Fermi energy.
2. CaAgP and CaAgAs as a candidate nodal-line
semimetal.
In recent years, Dirac and Weyl semimetals, whichare zero-gap semiconductors with linear dispersion
bands at the zero-gap points, have attracted broadinterest as candidate systems for realizing topologically nontrivial states in bulk materials. In contrast,some systems are theoretically indicated to have anodal line, where the linear dispersion bands crosson a line in the momentum space. We found that
CaAgP and CaAgAs are promising candidates forthe nodal-line semimetal. First principles calculation
results indicate that the both compounds are ideal
nodal-line semimetals, where the Dirac points forma ring at the Fermi energy. We synthesized polycrystalline samples and single crystals of CaAgP and
CaAgAs and found that they have a ring-torus Fermi
surface related to the nodal ring by physical property
measurements of them.

After receiving the Sir Martin Wood Prize in 2018, I
have continued my research with the goal of discovering transition metal compounds that exhibit novel
quantum phenomena and innovative electronic functions. We discovered various promising materials,
including (i) new superconductors, (ii) a pyrochlore
oxide exhibiting a new type of self-organization of delectrons, and (iii) antiferromagnets exhibiting large
magnetic-field-induced strains.
(i) New superconductors. The discovered superconductors are PtSbS, Nb2Pd3Te5, and Sc6MTe2, none ofwhich have high transition temperatures, Tc, but eachhave interesting points. PtSbS has the cubic crystal
structure without space inversion symmetry, wherestrong spin-orbit coupling of Pt must play a role [1].
Nb2Pd3Te5 is a stuffed version of a candidate excitonic insulator Ta2NiSe5, suggesting that this material can be a promising platform to study the relation
between superconductivity and excitonic insulators[2]. Sc6MTe2 might be a unique d-electron superconductor family, because the superconductivity appears
in seven kinds of transition metal M cases and there
is a systematic M dependence of Tc [3]. The highest
Tc = 4.7 K is realized in Sc6FeTe2, suggesting that 3d
electrons of Fe play important roles in the enhancement of Tc.
(ii) A pyrochlore oxide exhibiting a new type ofself-organization of d electrons. The pyrochlore
oxide CsW2O6 is found to exhibit a metal insulatortransition accompanied by an unprecedented “molecular” formation in solids [4]. We succeeded insynthesizing single crystals of this material, andfound that regular-triangular trimers are formed at
the metal insulator transition of 215 K, based on thevarious structural and physical property measurements using the single crystals. This trimer formation is a unique spin-charge-orbital coupled phenomenon, in which two 5d electrons are equally sharedby three W atoms.
(iii) Antiferromagnets exhibiting large magnetic-field-induced strains. There is a long history of
studying the strain induced by applying a magnetic
field to ferromagnetic metals. In contrast, there arequite few antiferromagnetic insulators that exhibit
large magnetic-field-induced strain. We have discovered that several antiferromagnetic insulators, suchas LiInCr4S8 and AgCrS2, exhibit large magnetic
field-induced strain [5,6]. In both cases, the antiferromagnetic order accompanied by a large volume
change plays an essential role in the manifestation of
the large strain, which is a new mechanism to realizea large magnetic-field-induced strain. Following this,
Cr3Te4 sintered samples are found to exhibit a larger
strain over a wide temperature range including room
temperature [7].
[1] R. Mizutani, Y. Okamoto, H. Nagaso, Y. Yamakawa, H.
Takatsu, H. Kageyama, S. Kittaka, Y. Kono, T. Sakakibara, andK. Takenaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 093709 (2019).
[2] N. Higashihara, Y. Okamoto, Y. Yoshikawa, Y. Yamakawa, H.
Takatsu, H. Kageyama, and K. Takenaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 90,
063705 (2021).
[3] Y. Shinoda, Y. Okamoto, Y. Yamakawa, H. Matsumoto, D.
Hirai, and K. Takenaka, arXiv:2304.01444.

[4] Y. Okamoto, H. Amano, N. Katayama, H. Sawa, K. Niki, R.
Mitoka, H. Harima, T. Hasegawa, N. Ogita, Y. Tanaka, M. Takigawa, Y. Yokoyama, K. Takehana, Y. Imanaka, Y. Nakamura, H.
Kishida, and K. Takenaka, Nat. Commun. 11, 3144 (2020).
[5] T. Kanematsu, M. Mori, Y. Okamoto, T Yajima, and K. Takenaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 89, 073708 (2020).
[6] T. Kanematsu, Y. Okamoto, and K. Takenaka, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 118, 142404 (2021).
[7] Y. Kubota, Y. Okamoto, T. Kanematsu, T. Yajima, D. Hirai,
and K. Takenaka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 122, 042404 (2023).

I would like to extend my heartfelt congratulations
on the 25th anniversary of the Sir Martin Wood
Prize. It was a real surprise for me to receive thisprize. I sincerely express my gratitude again to Millennium Science Forum and Oxford Instruments.
Since I received this award, I have continued to
strive to produce research results worthy of being
awarded the Sir Martin Wood Prize, but I still do notrealize that my name is on the list of prize winners.
I will continue to do my best in the future. I am also
deeply grateful to Prof. Hidenori Takagi and late
Koichi Kitazawa for guiding me to lead such a challenging and fulfilling life.
My lecture trip to Germany and the UK was truly aonce-in-a-lifetime experience for me. I would liketo thank all the professors who hosted the lectures,the audience who participated in my poor lecture,
everyone at Oxford Instruments who arranged thelecture trip, and especially Mr. Tony Ford. I reallyenjoyed all the experiences in this trip. Most of all,
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to late
Sir Martin Wood and Lady Audrey Wood for theirkind hospitality. Visiting them has become a lifelong
memory for me. I still cannot believe that I am a final winner who visited Sir Martin Wood. However,I am very happy to hear that the lecture trip has resumed after the end of the long Covid-19 pandemic.
I hope that as many young researchers as possible
will have this wonderful experience.

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institute Stuttgart, University of Oxford,
University of Edinburgh, University of York
Contact Information
yokamoto@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum71

Winner in 2019

Keiichi Inoue

Current title and affiliation
Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid
State Physics, The University of Tokyo

2002: B.S., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
2007: D.Sc., Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
2007-2009: Project Assistant Professor, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2009-2015: PRESTO, JST researcher, Japan
2015-2019: PRESTO, JST researcher, Japan
2016-2018: Associate Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
2018-present: Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo

Discovery and Functional Analysis of Novel Retinal Proteins
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics,
The University of Tokyo

Microbial rhodopsin is a photoreceptive membraneprotein family in unicellular microbes. In the 20th
century, microbial rhodopsins are considered to bepresent in finite species such as hyperhalophilic archaea. However, recent genomic and environmental
metagenomic analyses identified more than thousandsof microbial rhodopsins from diverse microorganisms
to use sunlight energy for various biological events.
We studied the molecular functional mechanism ofvarious types of microbial rhodopsins with time-resolved laser spectroscopy. We also found manyrhodopsin genes have highly different amino-acidsequences compared with reported ones. As a result,light-driven outward Na+ pump and inward H+ pumprhodopsins were newly identified, and their transportmechanism was also revealed. In 2018, a new distinct class of rhodopsin was discovered by functional metagenomics, and it was named heliorhodopsin(HeR) meaning “the rhodopsin of the sun” in Greek.
HeR has an orientation in the membrane in which Nand C-termini face the cytoplasmic and extracellularsides, respectively. This is opposed to all classicalrhodopsins. The variety of rhodopsin proteins is expected to increase, and many new insights about theessence of protein functionality will be obtained bystudying them.
Soon after the award abstract was released, a paperon X-ray crystallographic structure of HeR was
published in collaboration with Prof. Nureki’s teamat the Univ. Tokyo (Shihoya et al., Nature 2019).
It unveiled a complex hydrogen-bond network involving the proton-accepting group of HeR, which72

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

accept a H+ from the retinal Schiff base during thephotocycle. Interestingly, we found a fenestration on
the protein surface near the head group, the β-ionone
ring, of the retinal chromophore exposed to the lipid
bilayer. Biochemical experiments indicated that thisfenestration functions to uptake exogenous retinal
chromophore from the environment. This system isthought to be important for the rapid uptake of theretinal upon competition with other species.
In an international collaboration with Dr. Rohit Ghai
at the Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Republic, Czech Republic, and Prof.
Oded Béjà at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel, we discovered a new group of rhodopsin
situated phylogenetically between canonical microbial rhodopsins and HeRs from Asgard archaea
which are the extant prokaryote considered to be
the closest to the last common prokaryotic ancestorof eukaryotes (Bulzu et al., Nat. Microbiol. 2019).
Genomic analysis showed that Asgard archaea possess microbial rhodopsin, HeR, and SzR all. We
named this new rhodopsin group schizorhodopsin(SzR) - the Greek word “schizo” meaning “split”. To
understand the function of SzR, it was expressed in
Escherichia coli cells. When we illuminate light on
the E. coli cells expressing SzR proteins, an alkalization of the external solvent indicating the light-driven H+ pumping activity was observed (Inoue et al.,Sci. Adv. 2020). These findings suggest that anaerobic Asgard archaea were capable of expanding into
the aerobic environment by efficiently utilizing sunlight energy through three types of rhodopsins. We
determined the three-dimensional structure of SzR by
X-ray crystallography with Prof. Nureki’s team at theUniv. Tokyo (Higuchi et al., PNAS 2021). SzR forms
a trimer similar to that of archaeal microbial rhodop-

sin such as bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and is highly different from that of dimeric HeR. Based on this structural similarity, we concluded that SzR belongs to themicrobial rhodopsin clade.
In addition to HeR and SzR, more new rhodopsin
groups were discovered (Jaffe et al., ISME J. 2022;
Marín et al., Biophys. Physicobiol. 2023). Especially, we were surprised by the discovery of microbial
rhodopsin fused with bestrophin, an ion channel
widely present in bacteria to animals, forming agigantic pentameric complex (Rozenberg et al.,Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2022). This protein, named
bestrhodopsin, has an ion-transport pathway that ismuch larger than those in channelrhodopsins. Furthermore, the absorption wavelength of bestrhodopsin is ~670 nm, the longest among ion-transporting
rhodopsins. Given that light penetrates deeper atlonger wavelengths, bestrhodopsin is expected to
be used as next-generation optogenetic tools. Manyrhodopsins in aquatic environments, including oceanic and terrestrial waters, were revealed to bind carotenoids in addition to the primary retinal chromophore in collaboration with Prof. Béjà, Prof. Nureki,Prof. Hideki Kandori at Nagoya Institute of Technology, and Prof. Yoshizawa at Atmosphere and Ocean
Research Institute (AORI), Univ. Tokyo (Chazan etal., Nature 2023). The carotenoid pigment enables
those rhodopsins to absorb light whose absorption
wavelength is shorter than the retinal absorption. The
light energy absorbed by the carotenoid is efficiently
transferred to the retinal, leading to the retinal photo-isomerization and subsequent biological functions.
We recently developed machine-learning (ML)methods to predict the absorption wavelengths ofrhodopsins without their structural information andto design new proteins for developing optogenetic
tools with diversified absorption wavelengths. The
first-generation ML model, trained with the sequences and the absorption wavelengths of 796 rhodopsins
and their mutant, was able to predict the absorption
wavelengths of new rhodopsins with a ±7.8-nm
prediction error (Karasuyama and Inoue et al., Sci.
Rep. 2018). We later updated the model by learningamino-acid features and succeeded in selectively
identifying red-shifted microbial rhodopsins using
only their sequences (Inoue and Karasuyama et al.,Sci. Rep. 2021). This approach is useful for finding
functional proteins through gene mining and developing highly functional proteins through protein engineering, not only for rhodopsins but also for otherprotein classes.
While the Sir Martin Wood Prize in 2019 wasawarded for our discovery and functional analysis

of novel rhodopsins, the speed of the exploration of
new functional rhodopsins has been being accelerated and more surprising and useful proteins will be
discovered in the near future.
I sincerely express my gratitude for being awarded
the Sir Martin Wood Prize in 2019 and appreciate
the evaluation committee for recognizing our study
on rhodopsin proteins, which is highly different fromthe physical studies awarded prior to 2019. Although
my lecture trip was postponed to October 2022 dueto the global COVID-19 pandemic, I could visit
four remarkable places in Europe - the Max Planck
Institute Stuttgart, University of Oxford, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Manchester. I strongly appreciate Prof. Hidenori Takagi
at Max Planck Inst. Stuttgart, Prof. Philipp Kukura,Prof. Mark Wilson, Prof. Stephan Rauschenbachat Univ. Oxford, Prof. Richard Henderson at MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and Prof. Robert
Lucas at Univ. Manchester for their gracious hospitality during my visits. As a rhodopsin researcher,one of my unforgettable experiences was taking a
picture with Prof. Henderson and Prof. Nigel Unwin
at MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology alongside
their historical electron microscopy structure modelof BR published in Nature in 1975. I am also grateful for the remarks made by Ms. Kawakami from theJapanese Embassy in London at my lectures in Oxford and Cambridge which was also well-received
by the hosts.
Following the lecture trip in Europe, I was given opportunities for lectures at the Department of Physics
at Nagoya Univ., hosted by Prof. Ichiro Terasaki,
and at the Department of Physics at Univ. Tokyo,
hosted by Prof. Shinji Tsuneyuki. I received manyquestions from the audience and enjoyed the exciting discussion with them. I would like to express mydeepest gratitude to all people I met and who assisted me during these trips, particularly Mr. Tony Ford,
Mrs. Hidemi Kurosawa and Mrs. Yuri Ito for theircontinuous support over four years.
Lecture Trip
Oxford,Max Planck
Planck Institute
InstituteStuttgart,
Stuttgart,University
Universityofof
CamMRC Laboratory
Biology, University
bridge,UniversityofofMolecular
Oxford, Universityof Manof Manchester
chester,
University College, London
Contact Information
michihisa.yamamoto@riken.jp
inoue@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum73

Winner in 2020

Takeshi Kondo

Current title and affiliation
Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid
State Physics, The University of Tokyo

2001: B.S., Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University.
2005: Ph.D., Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.
2005-2006: JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists (PD), Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
2006-2011: Postdoctoral research associate, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Iowa State University, USA
2011-2014: Postdoctoral research associate, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo
2014- present: Associate professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo

Identification of electronic states of high-temperature copper oxide
superconductors by advanced angle-resolved photoemissions spectroscopy
Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics.
The University of Tokyo

High-temperature superconductivity, which appears
when conductive carriers (holes or electrons), aredoped into an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator incopper oxides (cuprates), is one of the most important discoveries in condensed matter physics inthe latter half of the 20th century. In particular, thephenomenon called “pseudogap,” in which the density of states near the Fermi energy of the electron
system is suppressed from a temperature higher than
the superconducting critical temperature (Tc) has
attracted much attention as a feature significantly
different from that of conventional superconductors.
There was an ongoing controversy between the twotheoretical ideas as to their origin. The first is thatthe pseudogap is caused by electron pair formation,a precursor to superconductivity. The second viewis that the pseudogap has no direct relationship withsuperconductivity, instead, it is rather caused by otherkinds of orders, such as the charge order or charge
density waves, which compete with superconductivity.
Another striking anomaly in the pseudogap state ofcuprates is observed in the Fermi surface. Since thediscovery of high-Tc cuprates in 1986, the superconductor realized by doping to a Mott insulator was
expected to form a small Fermi pocket with the size
corresponding to the doped carrier concentrations.
However, the early angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy (ARPES) revealed that the Fermi surface has an arc-like open shape, not a closed one theoretically demanded. Since then, the Fermi arc had
became a symbolic feature illustrating the anomaly
of high-Tc cuprates especially in the underdoped re74

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumgime with low carrier concentrations.
With high-resolution ARPES, we unveiled the competing nature of the pseudogap state with superconductivity in cuprates. In previous studies, the energy
gap had been mainly examined to figure out therelationship between the superconductivity and thepseudogap state. We noticed that the detailed examination of ARPES spectra, particularly the spectral
weight, not the energy gap, is crucial to directly
reveal the intrinsic relationship. We found that thedevelopment of pseudogap significantly suppresses
the coherent superconducting peaks emerging below
Tc. In the state with low carriers, it was found thatthe pseudogap even could completely dominate theantinodal region, preventing the slightest amount ofcoherent spectral peaks from growing. Through further studies, we also succeeded in the first observation of a “small Fermi pocket” near the Mott phaseby focusing on cuprates with five conductive CuO2
planes per unit cell, which had not been observed by
ARPES before. This opens up a new avenue for elucidating the intrinsic physics of the doped Mott statein cuprates.

The next step to progress in the study is to elucidate the relationship between the Fermi pocket andthe Fermi arc, and it requires the investigation ofelectronic structure with changing carrier concentration. The currently established electronic phase
diagram in cuprates (electronic state against carrier
concentration) is based on a study of single- anddouble-layered compounds. These CuO2 planes,
however, are directly contacted with dopant layers,thus inevitably disordered with an inhomogeneouselectronic state. Underdoped states are particularly
sensitive to disorder because of a weak screening
effect, so the substitution of elements or the additionof excess oxygen for carrier doping causes significant inhomogeneity in electronic states, making it
hard to investigate the intrinsic electronic propertiesof the doped Mott state. Hence, the true nature of the
doped Mott state in cuprates is still unknown, eventhough it is key to the mechanism of electron pairformation. We solve this issue by investigating multi-layered cuprates. These have inner CuO2 planes
avoiding direct contact with charge reservoir layers,which realize a clean electronic system without thedisorder. These compounds became the key to our
successful observation of “small Fermi pockets”,
which could allow further development of the studyof cuprates.
As a new study, we investigated 6-layered cuprates
with inner CuO2 layers, which are clean with extremely low disorder, by ARPES and quantum oscillation measurements. A tiny Fermi pocket wasobserved at less than 1% doping level. Even though
it is extremely close to the half-filling, we found thespectra to have well-defined quasiparticle peaks andsurprisingly lack the polaronic feature previously
acknowledged as a hallmark of heavily underdoped
cuprates. This provides the first evidence that theslightest amount of carriers is enough to turn a Mott
insulating state into a metallic state with long-lived
quasiparticles, against the common view.
By tuning hole carriers, we also found an unexpected phase transition from the superconducting
to metallic states on the underdoped side. Our data
demonstrated that the energy gap closes without thepseudogap all over the closed Fermi surface (Fermi
pockets) when crossing the superconducting dome
end in the phase diagram. The carrier concentrationof the superconducting dome end was determined
to be 4%, which is most likely the critical doping
level for the clean-limit CuO2 planes. Intriguingly,
the transition is quite similar to the doping-induced
phase transition on the overdoped side with no indication of the pseudogap; the only apparent differenceis the small size of the Fermi surface, which corresponds to the carrier concentration (p), not to 1+p
relevant to the overdoped side.
Our results are distinct from the nodal liquid statewith polaronic features proposed as an anomaly ofthe heavily underdoped cuprates via the investigation of single- and double-layered compounds with

the inevitable disorder. Our new data exhibit themore intrinsic relationship between the high-Tc superconductivity and Mott physics in cuprates which
has been unveiled by studying the CuO2 planes withdisorder removed.

I would like to congratulate all involved in achieving
25 years and wish for the continued success of the
Sir Martin Wood Prize. I was honored to be the 22nd
recipient of the Sir Martin Wood Prize. I would liketo thank everyone from the bottom of my heart for
the valuable experience given to me during my lecture tours in UK and Germany in April 2023, finally
executed after three years of COVID-19 pandemic.
In particular, I feel a great sense of gratitude to thememory of Sir Martin Wood as well as Prof. Suchitra Sebastian and Prof. Siddharth Shanker Saxena
in The University of Cambridge, Prof. Yulin Chenin The University of Oxford, Prof. Nigel Hussey in
The University of Bristol, Prof. Philip King in The
University of St Andrews and Prof. Hidenori Takagi
in Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research. I’dlike to also deliver my deep gratitude to Mr. Tony
Ford for supporting me during the travel.
Receiving this prize greatly encouraged me, it was
like being told that I was not wrong in doing what I
wanted to do for research, and it is also totally fineto keep doing what I believe in for the future as well.
Above all, the lecture tour was a precious experience, the kind of experience people only have oncein their whole life. Throughout the trip, meeting somany great people and seeing different sceneries, I
felt that I was able to grow, not only as a scientist,
but also as a human being. After the lecture trip, I
have got ready to challenge anything and complete it
no matter what happens. Following in the footstepsof the esteemed past prize winners, I would like topledge to continue to set an example for Japanese researchers by continuing to do great research and bea good bridge between Japan and the British Science
communities.
Lecture Trip
Lecture Tripof Cambridge, University of Oxford,
University
Cambridge,
University
Oxford,University of Bristol,
Universityof StofAndrews,
UniversityofBristol,
UniversityofSt
Andrews,
and Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Researchand Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research.
Contact Information
kondo1215@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum75

Winner in 2021

Atsushi Togo

Current title and affiliation
Group leader, National Institute for Materials
Science1998: B.S., Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
2006: D.Eng., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University
2006-2007: Postdoctoral Research Associate at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University
2007-2008: Postdoctoral Research Associate at Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen, Germany
2008-2009: Postdoctoral Research Associate at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University
2009-2010: Postdoctoral Research Associate at LEM ONERA-CNRS Châtillon in France
2010-2012: Postdoctoral Research Associate at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University
2012-2020: Program Specific Associate Professor at Elements Strategy Initiative for Structural Materials,
Kyoto University
2020-2022: Principal Researcher, Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science
2023-present: Group leader, Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science

Development of Open Source Software for Phonon Properties inMaterials Science

Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Principal Researcher, Research and Services Division of Materials
Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science

Growth of the semiconductor industry increases computer power exponentially as observed by
Moore’s law. Its power enabled numerically solving
physical models accurately. Now, our daily life issupported by such computer simulations as represented by weather forecasts. Traditionally, scientificsoftware was often developed in academia, and people came to use scientific software for its usefulness.
As the numerical calculation is more detailed seeking for quantitative results, the scale of the softwareis increased. Popular scientific software projects
have grown over their size limits that original developers can take care of. People created their scientificsoftware communities and started helping scientificsoftware developments under open source software
licenses. I started software development of phonon
calculation code, phonopy, for our own research purpose. Since phonon is one of the most fundamental
quasi-particles, once a useful code available, many
researchers wanted to use it. Finally, I realized thatphonopy code has become an infrastructure in thescientific community since many people started tojoin the development of phonopy code. Through theactivity of phonopy code, I could learn a lot about
scientific software development. Scientific software
has huge potential to improve our society either
directly or indirectly. To see the future of scientific software development, I would like to show thetrend of computer hardware and software environments.

76

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Based on the citation count for the reference paperof the phonon calculation code, phonopy, it is clearthat first principles phonon calculations are increasingly popular and consistently expanding its userbase. In recent years, we have readily computed
temperature-dependent phonons using self-consistent phonon calculations driven by advancements inmethodologies and computational capabilities. This
progress has enabled the investigation of strongly
anharmonic materials. Computer simulations are becoming even more important pieces in science.
Additionally, I have been collaborating internationally on the software development for first-principles
electron-phonon interaction calculations. The electron-phonon interaction is among the most fundamental interactions within materials. By computing
it accurately, we can quantitatively study numerous
physical phenomena. This not only advances fundamental research but also helps the developmentof practical materials. We aim to make the code accessible to many users soon. We are confident that avast number of researchers will utilize our scientificsoftware.
For many years, I have contributed to the development of the crystallographic software, spglib. Although this software library serves as a foundational
component for numerous scientific applications,
its significance often goes unnoticed as it functions
behind other software. Due to its widespread use,the development of spglib comes with substantial responsibility. Last year, we enhanced the spglib codeto include the identification of magnetic space grouptypes, a feature that will greatly benefit researchers
in the field of magnetism.
We hope our substantial contributions and efforts
will gain broad recognition within the scientificcommunity. Furthermore, we seek support from thiscommunity to expand the domain of scientific software development.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude andwarm congratulations on the 25th anniversary of the
Sir Martin Wood Prize. I deeply appreciate the members of the Sir Martin Wood Prize selection committee and the Millennium Science Forum for their continuous efforts. It was my greatest honour to receivethe 23rd Sir Martin Wood Prize. Although I am stillin the process of comprehending the significance of
having received this award, being recognised by thecommittee for this prestigious award continues to bea great source of encouragement for me.

Fig.1: Although this software library serves as a foundational
component for numerous scientific applications, its significanceoften goes unnoticed as it functions behind other software.

On the lecture tour, a highlight was meeting Lady
Audrey Wood. We chatted and enjoyed tea andcake on a sunny day. I heard stories about the adventures of Sir Martin and Lady Audrey Wood andfelt inspired by her words. I also visited Oxford Instruments in Tubney Woods where many engineers
worked on experimental systems for science. I had
the opportunity to meet people promoting scientificcollaborations between Japan and the UK and was
impressed by their outstanding efforts. The sustainability of scientific research relies on the efforts ofmany across various fields. My heartfelt thanks go
to everyone involved in science and technology.
Fig.2: With Mr. Isao Takahashi, Science Attache at the UK
Japanese Embassy(left) and Professor Volker Deringer, Oxford
University (right)

Lecture Trip
Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research,
University of Oxford, Imperial College London,
University of Manchester
Contact Information
togo.atsushi@nims.go.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum77

Winner in 2022

Shunichiro Watanabe

Current title and affiliation
Associate Professor, Department of Advanced
Materials Science, The University of Tokyo

2006: B.S. Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University
2008: M.S. Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University
2011: Ph.D. Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University
2011-2015: Postdoctoral Researcher, Cavendish Laboratory, The University of Cambridge
2014-2015: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Postdoctoral Fellow (SPD), The University of Tokyo
2015-2018: JST PRESTO Researcher, Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2016-2020: Projected Associate Professor, Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
2020-present: Associate Professor, Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo

Creation of crystalline organic and polymeric semiconductors withexcellent charge and spin transport properties

Title and affiliation when prize awarded
Associate Professor, Department of Advanced
Materials Science, The University of Tokyo

The assembly of molecules into highly symmetricand topological structures has been of importanceparticularly for molecular electronics. Because molecules are weakly bound by van der Waals interaction, assembling nanoscale molecules into highly
periodic hierarchical structures can be controlledthough near-room-temperature processes. Our precise engineering realized that wafer-size single
crystals composed of an organic semiconductor
layer can be successfully formed via a simple, oneshot solution process. Thanks to the highly periodic electrostatic potential-despite the weak van der
Waals bonds, coherent band-like charge transport
can be verified unambiguously by probing charge
and spin dynamics particularly in single crystalline
organic semiconductors. An excellent mobility up
to 20 cm2V-1s-1 results in high-speed transistor operation of 40 MHz. Self-assembly in molecules could

Figure: Charge, spin, and phonon in organic semiconductors.
Not only small molecules, but also polymers can form the highly-ordered lamellar microstructure.

78

25 years of the Millennium Science Forumbecome one of the most indispensable technologies
in molecular electronics, constituting a key step towards replacing silicon-based devices for logic andsensing applications.
Conducting polymers, which are an admixture of
conjugated polymer and dopant, are one of themost important building blocks not only in organic
electronic devices, but also in functional coatings.
Chemical doping of polymeric semiconductors inevitably involves the transfer of an integer numberof electrons between the host conjugated polymer
and the guest dopant, representing a host-guest binary system. Even though there has been rapid progress in materials science research, the efficiency
of chemical doping remains limited primarily by
the electrochemical redox potential. However, noprevious studies over the last half-century have succeeded in overcoming this limitation. In contrast,
we present a ground-breaking strategy to break theredox potential limitations, termed anion exchange
doping. Our method utilizes ionic interactions as a
new driving force for chemical doping, and allows
an anion exchange efficiency close to 100% and anincrease in doping levels up to almost one hole permonomer unit. Our discovery represents not only adistinct paradigm shift with respect to the production of doped conducting polymers, but also significant potential to allow the fabrication of advanced
electronics where both electrons and ions involve
cooperatively (that is, the field of iontronics). The
remarkably high doping level and enhanced conductivity obtained from this new technique could
improve our understanding of the electronic states

in polymeric semiconductors, and possibly allow
electronic phase transitions such as insulator-metaltransitions.

The coexistence of “softness” in molecules and semiconductor functionality has led to a foundation offlexible, printed electronics. On the other hand, inorganic semiconductors, charges propagate througha slight overlap of molecular orbitals between molecules, so the transfer integral between adjacent molecules is one order of magnitude smaller than thatof inorganic semiconductors. Moreover, in addition
to static disorder such as defects, dynamic disorderdue to thermal vibration of molecules is extremely
large even at room temperature, resulting in the lossof their spatial coherence of electrons. Given that
“hardness”, i.e., rigid periodic electrostatic potentials
underlie solid-state electronic physics and explain
the excellent electronic properties in inorganic semiconductors, the foundation for discussing “softness”
in organic semiconductors has been indeed fragile.
Using high-quality single-crystal thin film, we advance our in-depth understandings of correlation between charge, spin and phonon in organic semiconductors, together with technological breakthroughsin flexible, printed electronics based on soft organic
semiconductors. We are addressing central issues inorganic electronics over past half a century; to what
extent we can boost the mobility in organic semiconductors? What factor(s) is limiting the mobility inorganic semiconductors? How can materials science,synthetic chemistry, and device engineering contribute further developments in organic electronics? Webelieve that these answers are within our reach.

I would like to express my gratitude to theMillennium Science Forum for its unparalleled
support for young scientists over the past 25 years!
The Sir Martin Wood Prize is the most prestigious
award given to young researchers in the field ofcondensed matter physics in Japan, and it still feels
like a dream for me to receive this award. It means
a lot not only to my myself, but also to my scientificcommunity, organic electronics. It is because

organic electronics is more or less chemistrydriven scientific field, where the contribution ofphysics is highly appreciated. Looking back on
my five years experiments in the UK, my exposure
to the Cavendish Laboratory in the University ofCambridge, where the modern physics was bornand raised, has given me the confidence to pursue
my science in the right way. Winning the Sir
Martin Wood Prize may be the culmination of myresearch achievements in the UK, and means a lot
to me because a humble acknowledgement of theimportance of “standing on the shoulders of giants”.
Now more than ever, I feel an urgent need to carryon the legacy of “standing on the shoulders ofgiants” and nothing makes me happier than passing
a baton to a young scientist.
Some important remarks should be mentioned. I had
the opportunity to give several lectures, supportedby the Millennium Science Forum. The lecture at myalma mater, Nagoya University, hosted by Professor
Ichiro Terasaki (winner in 2002), was deeply moving
to me.
Last but certainly not least, I would like to express
my best gratitude to my collaborators on my project,
Profs. Henning Sirringhaus, Eiji Saitoh, Jun Takeya
and our students/graduates.

Lecture Trip (planned)
Max Planck Institute Stuttgart, University of Oxford,
University of Cambridge, Imperial College London
Contact Information
swatanabe@edu.k.u-tokyo. ac.jp
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum79

Winner in 2023

Genki Kobayashi

Current title and affiliation
Chief Scientist, Solid State Chemistry
Laboratory, RIKEN

2006: B.Eng. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kanazawa University
2008: M.Eng. Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2010: Ph.D. Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2010: Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2011: Assistant Professor, Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Kanagawa University
2012: JST-PRESTO Researcher (Additional Post: ~ March 2016)2013: Research Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
2018: Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
2018: Associate Professor, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Additional Post: ~May 2022)
2022: Chief Scientist, Solid State Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN
2022: Professor, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences(Additional Post: ~March 2023)

Creation of hydride super-ionic conductors

Hydrogen can become a positively charged proton (H+) to a negatively charged hydride ion (H–)
through the exchange of electrons in the 1s orbital.
The charge flexibility allows hydrogen to exist in awide variety of materials while changing its charge
and size; however, H– is usually stable only when
it forms hydrides with alkali metals and alkaline
earth metals with low electronegativity. In fact, thediffusion of hydrogen in solids in fuel cells, hydrogen sensors, and hydrogen storage alloys, which
are fundamental techniques for hydrogen energy
utilization, has mostly been related to the diffusion of H+ or atomic hydrogen (H0), and H– has notbeen recognized as a movable ion for a long time.
In the 2000s, it was found that significant concentrations of H– could be introduced into oxides, andmixed-anion compounds, in which H – could be
relatively stable began to be developed. The main
aim was to explore new physical properties and catalytic functions by utilizing the electron-donating
properties of H–. On the other hand, we considered
H– to be a promising charge carrier for electrochemical devices including batteries, fuel cells, and electrolysis cells because hydride ions have not only
features suitable for fast ionic conduction, such as
monovalent, moderate ionic radius, and high polarizability, but also a strong reducing ability (–2.25 V
vs. SHE). To create electrochemical devices with a
new operation principle based on the above-mentioned features of H–, we have been developing H–
conductors, which had been actually unexplored.
80

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

By adding alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
with low electronegativity, which can stabilize theH– charge state, to the constituent elements, we created a new oxyhydride (La2–x–ySrx+y)LiH1–x+yO3–y thatshows pure H– conductivity without any contribution from electron conduction (transporter number
tH = 1). As a result of expanding the material system
of H – conductors based on this achievement, weachieved the creation of Ba1.75LiH2.7O0.9 (BLHO),
exhibiting high H– conductivity above 10–2 S·cm–1
through phase transition. BLHO is 20% deficient in
H– within the H– diffusion layer, and at room temperature, this defect orders to form a superlattice.
With increasing temperature, the long-range ordering of the H– defects disappeared, which triggereda nearly temperature-independent high conductivity above 10–2 S·cm–1. This conduction behavior is
unique to super-ionic conductors in which mobileions are in collective motion, showing that BLHO
is a H– superionic conductor. Furthermore, we recently demonstrated that elemental substitution into
BLHO effectively lowers the phase transition temperature and improves conductivity in the low-temperature region. There remains room for further
performance improvements, such as optimizationof the substituted species and their concentrations
and multi-element substitution; thus, stabilizationof the highly conductive phase of BLHO would bea principal guideline for developing hydride ion
conductors.

It is a great honor for me to receive the Sir Martin
Wood Award. After 14 years of our efforts, studies
on hydride ion conductors, which had been an
unexplored field, have come to be recognizedinternationally as a research field. Material
development has made steady progress, with somematerials reported to exhibit high conductivity,
which can be considered for application inelectrochemical devices. In the future, I would liketo develop new electrochemical applications byunderstanding and controlling the charge flexibilityof hydrogen from H– to H+.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to thecommittee members of the Millennium Science
Forum and the Sir Martin Wood Award for theirrecognition of early stage research such as hydride
ionic conductors. My research was supported bymany collaborators. I would like to thank many
people, including my supervisor and lab staff when I
was a student, staff and lab members after I became
independent as a PI, and all collaborators who
supported me from both experimental and theoreticalperspectives.

Lecture Trip (planned)
Max Planck Institute Stuttgart, University of
Oxford, University St Andrews, Imperial College
LondonContact Information
genki.kobayashi@riken.jp

Prize Selection Committee Meeting“The Nomination period for the 2023 Sir Martin Wood Prize was from 1st April to 10th July 2023.
The prize selection committee met on 31st August 2023 (below) and unanimously selected Dr. Genki
Kobayashi as the winner.”

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum81

Sir Martin Wood Prize Winners 1999 – 2023
In alphabetical order

Family nameFirst nameAwardedyear

Current title and affiliation

Chiba

Daichi2012

Professor, SANKEN, Osaka University / Distinguished Professor, Osaka University and Director, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University

Fujisawa

Toshimasa

2003

Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Hayashi

Masamitsu

2014

Inoue

Keiichi2019

IshizakiAkihito2016

Kawano

Yukio

2011

Associate Professor, Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo andSenior research scientist, National Institute for Materials Science
Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The Universityof Tokyo
Professor, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural
Sciences
Professor, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Chuo University

KimuraTsuyoshi2005

Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Kim

Yousoo2009

Chief Scientist, Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN and Professor, Depart of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo

KizukaTokushi

2000

Professor, Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba

Kobayashi

Genki

2023

Chief Scientist, Solid State Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN

Kondo

Takeshi2020

Associate Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The Universityof Tokyo

Murakami

Shuichi2010

Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Nakamura

Yasunobu

1999

Director, RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Professor and Department ofApplied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Ohno

Yuzo

2004

Professor, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba

Ohtomo

Akira

2007

Professor, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

OkamotoYoshihiko

2018

Professor, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo

Ono

Teruo

2008

Professor, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University

Satoh

Takuya2015

Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

SaitohEiji

2008

Professor, Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo

Shibata

Naoya

2013

Shimizu

Katsuya2000

Director, Professor, Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Professor, Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University

Shirahama

Keiya

2001

Professor, Department of Physics, Keio University

Suenaga

Kazutomo

2006

Professor, Distinguished Professor, Osaka University

TerasakiIchiro2002

Professor, Department of Physics, Nagoya University

Togo

Atsushi

2021

Group Leader, Computational Materials Science Group, Data-driven Materials Research
Field, Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science

Yamamoto

Michihisa

2017Team Leader, RIKEN Center of Emergent Matters and Professor, Quantum-Phase Electronic Center, The University of Tokyo

WatanabeShunichiro

2022

Associate Professor, School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo82

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum25 years of the Millennium Science Forum83

Sir Martin Wood’s Life | 1927 - 2021

Martin and Audrey Wood meeting customers in America (1961)

Martin Wood was born in 1927 and studied engineering at Cambridge University. At the time of his graduation, the UK had a shortage of energy and a shortage ofmanpower. To overcome the energy crisis the UK government enlisted young men, so called “Bevin Boys”
to work as coal miners. Martin spent several years doing this tough job, 6 days a week mainly undergroundin the mine, but the job gave him excellent training iningenious ways of solving engineering problems.

pany rather than the University. In 1959, Martin andhis wife Audrey cleared out their garden shed, put
in some tools and equipment, and founded Oxford
Instruments. Martin recruited a technician who had
recently retired from the University to manufacturecomponents and ship them to customers. Gradually the business grew by pioneering manufactureof superconducting magnets and cryostats for research and the company expanded internationally.
Martin had a flair for forming trusting personal relationships with inventive people who shared theirideas with him. He also had a knack for seeing an
opportunity and enrolling talented people to pursue
it. Key examples of this were Martin’s connections
with two UK leading scientists, Professor Rex Richards and Professor Peter Mansfield whose breakthroughs helped propel Oxford Instruments into
the fast-growing market for high resolution NMR
magnets and MRI magnets in the 1970’s and 1980’s.
Martin’s first visit to Japan was in 1969 when he andAudrey, and their 4 children, travelled from the UK
overland on the trans-Siberian express which took 7
days to reach Vladivostok. From there they took a ferry onto Japan. Martin met customers at the Institute for
Solid State Physics, at that time located in Roppongi,
Tokyo. One of the Professor’s introduced Martin to theInternational House of Japan. Martin became a lifetime member and always stayed there when he cameMartin then joined the Clarendon Laboratory at
Oxford University where he oversaw manufacturing and maintaining the research equipment in thelaboratory. The equipment included water-cooled
Bitter magnets and small cryostats, Martin often mentioned that the head of the lab Prof Nicholas Kurti was a tremendous mentor for him.
When researchers from around the world visited theClarendon Laboratory, they often asked Martin to
manufacture similar equipment for their own labs.
He cooperated as much as he could but realized thatsuch work would be better done by a private com-

Demonstrating a magnetic field to the Queen Mother (1986)84

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

With granddaughter at the British Embassy Tokyo (2010)

Martin and the Crown Prince became good friends, andMartin mentored him during his stay at the University andoften visited the Crown Prince when he came to Japan.

Award of The Order of the Rising Sun,
Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (2008)

to Japan. He took great delight in inviting customers
to International House for dinner and comparing thebeautiful garden there with his garden in Oxfordshire.
International House is a very good venue to enjoy dinner on a special occasion, or just for a coffee. If you
visit it is easy to understand why Martin enjoyed staying there.
Martin had tremendous admiration for the precision engineering and innovation of Japanese scientists. One of the scientists he met on his first visit
was Professor Kanda, the head of the Cryogenic
Society of Japan. Prof Kanda developed sintered
silver heat exchangers that enabled 3He/4He dilution refrigerator to achieve temperatures of less than
10 mK. Martin took this idea back to the UK and
implemented it into Oxford Instruments products.
Martin always made Japanese scientists visiting the UK
feel welcome. He often invited them to his house, introduced them to people who could help them professionally and personally. In many cases they became lifelong
friends. Prof Noboru Miura and Prof Haruhiko Suzuki
lived in the UK for over 2 years in the 1970’s andthey remember the warm welcome Martin and Audrey
gave them to help their families settle in the UK.
In the 1980’s The Crown Prince of Japan (nowEmperor) studied at Oxford University andwrote a thesis “A Study of Navigation and Traffic on the Upper Thames in the 18th Century”.
Martin lived very close to the river Thames. One day
he was walking by the river and saw a young man
making sketches and taking notes. Martin started
talking to him and asked where he came from. The
man replied that he was from Tokyo. Martin explained that he often stayed at International Houseand asked whether he lived near there. The man, who
was the Crown Prince, modestly replied “Yes, quite
close, in fact my father lives in the Imperial Palace !”In 1998 after almost 4 decades Martin retired fromthe board of Oxford Instruments, but he was eager
to continue his involvement with the business, particularly in Japan. When we approached him with theidea of establishing the “Sir Martin Wood Prize” toencourage young scientists to increase collaboration
between Japan and the UK, he immediately agreed to it.
Martin travelled to Japan every year to present the prizein person, he was disappointed when his age madeit difficult for him to travel, however he took great
delight in welcoming the prize winners to his home
and warmly greeted them and quizzed them about
their research and life in Japan. His greatest joy wasshowing guests around his garden and describing thenatural plants and delicious vegetables grown there.
Martin’s role in nurturing many ties between researchers in the UK and Japan was recognized by theJapanese government in 2008 when he was awarded the “Order of the Rising Sun”（ 旭 日 中 綬 章 ）at a
ceremony in London hosted by the Japanese Ambassador to the UK. Martin was particularly proudof this award as only a few non-Japanese people
receive the award each year and it is rare for it to
be given to someone in the science community.
In addition to Oxford Instruments Martin also established several charities and founded and invested inmany other companies. He always started each new
venture with huge enthusiasm and a passion thatencouraged other people to join. Martin also realised that not everything could be successful, so if abusiness or organisation did not grow as expected,
he would learn the lesson of why it did not workand move onto something new with renewed vigour.
(Tony Ford, Aug 2023)

Welcoming prize winner Michihisa Yamamoto
to the Manor House (2018)25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

85

86

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumAppendix

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum87

Prize Ceremony Memories

HRH The Princess Royal awards the 1999 Millennium Science Forum Honorary Prize to Hiroshi Yasuoka

88

1999 Millennium Science Forum Honorary Prizewinner Hiroshi Yasuoka

Sir Martin awards the 1999 1st Prize to Yasunobu
Nakamura

2000 joint 2nd Prize winners Tokushi Kizuka and
Katsuya Shimizu

Sir Martin awards the 2001 3rd Prize to Keiya
Shirahama

Sir Martin awards the 2002 4th Prize to Ichiro
Terasaki2003 Guest speaker Professor Robin Nicholas,
University of Oxford

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumSir Martin awards the 2003 5th Prize toToshimasa Fujisawa

2002 Guest speaker
Professor Sir Harold Kroto, University of Sussex

Sir Martin awards the 2004 6th Prize to Yuzo Ohno

Sir Martin awards the 2005 7th Prize to Tsuyoshi
KimuraSir Martin awards the 2006 8th Prize to Kazutomo
Suenaga

Sir Graham Fry, UK Ambassador, awards the 2007
9th Prize to Akira Ohtomo

Sir Martin and Sir David Warren, UK Ambassador, award
the 2008 joint 10th Prize to Teruo Ono and Eiji Saitoh

Sir David Warren, UK Ambassador, awards the2009 11th Prize to Yousoo Kim
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum89

Prize Ceremony Memories

Sir Martin awards the 2010 12th Prize to Shuichi
Murakami

Sir David Warren, UK Ambassador, awards the2011 13th Prize to Yukio Kawano

Sir Tim Hitchens, UK Ambassador, awards the2013 15th Prize to Naoya Shibata

Julia Longbottom, UK Minister, awards the 2012
14th Prize to Daichi Chiba

2012 Guest speaker Professor
Koichi Kitazawa, President, JST

Professor Fukuyama and Professor Miura with Sir Martin Wood Prize Alumni (2012)2014 Guest speaker, Dr. Julie Maxton, Executive
Director, The Royal Society

90

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum

Sir Tim Hitchens, UK Ambassador, awards the2014 16th Prize to Masamitsu Hayashi

Sir Tim Hitchens, UK Ambassador, awards
the 2015 17th Prize to Takuya SatohSir Tim Hitchens, UK Ambassador, awards the2016 18th Prize to Akihito Ishizaki

Takuya Satoh giving the prize lecture

Paul Madden, UK Ambassador, awards the 201719th Prize to Michihisa Yamamoto

Delegates at the 2017 MSF at the courtyard of the British ambassador's residence in Tokyo
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum91

Prize Ceremony Memories

Reception at the 2018 MSF in the Hotel Chinzanso Tokyo

Sue Kinoshita, UK Minister, awards the 2018 20thPrize to Yoshihiko Okamoto

Delegates at the 2019 MSF in the British ambassador’s residence in Tokyo

Sue Kinoshita, UK Minister awards the 2019 21stPrize to Keiichi Inoue92

25 years of the Millennium Science ForumPaul Madden, UK Ambassador awards the 2020
22nd Prize to Takeshi Kondo

Julia Longbottom, UK Ambassador awards the 2021
23rd Prize to Atsushi Togo

2022 Guest Speaker Professor
Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Tokyo Universityof Science

Julia Longbottom, UK Ambassador awards the 2022
24th Prize to Shunichiro Watanabe

Delegates at the 2021 MSF in the New Hall,
British Embassy during covid restrictions

2022 Guest Speaker Professor Peter Littlewood, University of Chicago (on-line)
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum93

Record of the MSF
Steering Committee and Selection Committee members

94

MSF Steering Com- Sir Martin Wood Prize
Committee
mitteeAffiliation when appointed

MSF Committee

Noboru Miura

The University of Tokyo

1999-2006

2007-2021

Hidetoshi Fukuyama

The University of Tokyo

1999-2006

2022-

Koichi Katsumata

RIKEN

1999-2003

Koichi Kitazawa

The University of Tokyo

1999-2006

2007-2014

Yasuo Endoh

Tohoku University

1999-2006

2007-2022

Toshizo Fujita

Hiroshima University

1999-2003

Tomoji Kawai

Osaka University

1999-2006

2007-2009

Seigo Tarucha

The University of Tokyo

2003-2006

2007-2009

Yoshinori Tokura

The University of Tokyo

2003-2006

2007-2009

Akira Tonomura

Hitachi, Ltd.

Hideo Ohno

Tohoku University

2007-2017

Yoshio Kitaoka

Osaka University

2007-2014

Kazumasa Miyake

Osaka University

2007-2010

Hayao Kobayashi

IMS

2007-2009

Maki Kawai

The University of Tokyo

2008-

Yoshio Nishimura

JASTJ

2008-2015

Jiro Kitaura

Rigaku Corporation2010-

Hideaki Takayanagi

Tokyo University of Science

2010-2014

Reizo Kato

RIKEN

2010-2018

Hidenori Takagi

The University of Tokyo

Masashi Kawasaki

The University of Tokyo

Mariko Takahashi

The Asahi Shimbun

Naoto Nagaosa

The University of Tokyo

Robin Nicholas

University of Oxford

2013-

Sir Peter Williams

The Royal Society

2014-

Kiyoyuki Terakura

AIST

2015-2016

Hideo Hosono

Tokyo Institute of Technology

2015-

Kiyoshi Watanabe

Oxford Instruments Japan

Shinji Tsuneyuki

The University of Tokyo

2017-

Koki Takanashi

Tohoku University

2018-

Kohzo Ito

The University of Tokyo2019-

Masao Ogata

The University of Tokyo

2019-

Tahei Tahara

RIKEN

2019-

Nobuhiro Tsuji

Kyoto University

2019-

Ichiro Terasaki

Nagoya University

2019-

Hatsumi Mori

The University of Tokyo

2019-

Tetsuo Mohri

Hokkaido University

2022-

Toyoharu Gohda

Oxford Instruments Japan

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum2007-2021

2007-20122019-

2010-20182010-2018

20112011-2018

2016-2021

2022-

Guest Speakers at the Millennium Science ForumThe title is as was at that time.
The MSF was held twice in 1999.

1st 1999 spring
2nd 1999 Autumn
3rd 2000
4th 2001
5th 2002
6th 2003
7th 2004
8th 2005
9th 2006
10th 2007
11th 2008
12th 2009
13th 2010
14th 2011
15th 2012
16th 2013
17th 2014
18th 2015
19th 2016
20th 2017
21st 2018
22nd 2019
23rd 2021
24th 2022
25th 2023

Shunichi Kobayashi, President, RIKEN
Sir Peter Williams, Former Chairman, Oxford Instruments
Akio Arima, Member of the House of Councilors
Sir Martin Wood, Founder, Oxford Instruments
Leona Ezaki, President, Shibaura Institute of Technology
Mamoru Mohri, Director, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation
Lord Robert May, Professor, University of Oxford
Junjiro Kanamori, Director, International Institute for Advanced Studies
Sir Harold Kroto, Professor, University of Sussex
Sumio Iijima, Professor, Meijo University
Robin Nicholas, Professor, University of Oxford
Akira Tonomura, Fellow, Hitachi,Ltd.
Lord Robert May, Professor, University of Oxford
Shoji Tanaka, Director General, ISTEC Superconductivity Research Laboratory
Laurence Eaves, Professor, University of Nottingham
Maki Kawai, Professor, The University of Tokyo
Martyn Chamberlain, Professor, Durham University
Kiyoshi Kurokawa, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
Maurice Skolnick, Professor, University of Sheffield
Michael Brady, Professor, University of Oxford
Sukekatsu Ushioda, President, NIMS
Stephen Holloway, Professor, University of Liverpool
Hideo Hosono, Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tomas Jungwirth, Professor, University of Nottingham
Tsuneya Ando, Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Anthony Cheetham, Professor, University of Cambridge
Koichi Kitazawa, President, JST
Robin Nicholas, Professor, University of Oxford
Seigo Tarucha, Professor, The University of Tokyo
Sir Peter Williams, Former Chairman, Oxford Instruments
Akira Fujishima, President, Tokyo University of Science
Julie Maxton, Executive Director, The Royal Society
Masaki Takata, Professor, Tohoku University
Kevin O’Grady, Professor, University of York
Kohzo Ito, Professor, The University of Tokyo
Chris Done, Professor, Durham University
Eleanor Campbell, Professor, University of Edinburgh
Griff Jones, First Secretary Science & Innovation, British Embassy, Tokyo
Motoko Kotani, Professor, Tohoku University
Atsufumi Hirohata, Professor, University of York
Jian Ping Gong, Professor, Hokkaido University
J. Paul Attfield, Professor, University of Edinburgh
Makoto Fujita, Professor, The University of Tokyo
Suchitra Sebastian, Professor, University of Cambridge (on-line)
Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Professor, Tokyo University of Science
Peter Littlewood, Professor, University of Chicago (on-line)
Hideo Hosono, Honorary Professor, Institute Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Ali Alavi, Professor, University of Cambridge (on-line)
25 years of the Millennium Science Forum95

25 years of the Millennium Science Forum-Attainments of Sir Martin Wood Prize Winners-

Copyright © 2023 Millennium Science Forum
Printed in Japan
Editorial Staff for 2023 publication
Tony Ford (Editor-in-Chief)
Hidemi Kurosawa
Yuri Ito
Koji Ishii
Mariko Takahashi
Editorial Committee for original 2018 publication
Kiyoshi Watanabe
Mariko Takahashi
Hidetoshi Fukuyama
Maki Kawai
Jiro Kitaura
Yasunobu Nakamura
Keiya Shirahama
Yousoo Kim
Yukio Kawano
Naoya Shibata
Production Design: Career Consulting KK
Jungo Sasaki
Emi Yamaguchi
This publication is supported by Oxford Instruments KK.

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