April 15, 2014

Biomaterial Science（Schedule）

EG60411

Bio-Material Science
Toshiharu Enomae

Professor, PhD, Paper Device and Eco-friendly materials

2G103, 10:10-11:25, Tuesday

Lecture information and contact
Homepage of “Biomaterial Science (T.
Enomae)”http://www.enomae.com/→ Handouts in lecture(講義資料)#Date

Content1

4/15

History of papermaking

2

4/22

Pulps – Beating and fiber properties

35/9, Fri

Pulps – Additives and functions

45/13

Papermaking processes & interfiber bonding

55/20

Paper– Structural and absorption properties

65/27

Paper– Mechanical and optical properties76/3

Recent trend of paper science and technology

8-96/10, 17Pulping science and technology by Professor Hiroshi Ohi

106/24

Polysaccharide chemistry by Assoc Prof Akiko Nakagawa

Biomaterial and Biomaterial Science
What biomaterial isMaterials constituting components and thestructure of organisms processed to provide
properties required for the use such as:
Wood, paper,paper, cellophane, rubber,rubber,leather, polylactic acidE-mail address→ t@enomae.com
for any questions and visit to laboratory(Bio-Agr. Bldg. 生農C209 or E201)

What biomaterial science is
Science and technology for providing highperformance to biomaterials“Paper” －Definition

Scope of Paper Science“A thin, flat material obtained by sheetforming and drying fibers especially ofplants”“A thin, flat material made from crushedwood or cloth used especially for writing
and printing on and in packaging”- Cambridge Dict.
Plant fibers, especially wood-sourced, as araw material of paper are called “a pulp”

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

polylactic acid

Colloid Sci（Fiber dispersion system）+ Applied Paper Sci
Colloid Science
Fiber dispersion

Silviculture・ Wood Chem・
Biotechnol. PulpingDigestion

Pulp
ForestChip

Applied Paper Science
Printing, Packaging

Calendering

Bleaching
CoatingDrying

PressWireInlet1April 15, 2014

Who has affected you most?
“Who has affected you most in your life so far?”
was voted in an internet site.
Jesus Christ received the second largest
numbers of votes
Ts’ai Lun（蔡倫）received
the largest.
(A)
Without paper, printing technology would nothave developed, nor would wealthy life today beguaranteed.

Origin of paper
Ts’ai Lun is traditionallyregarded as the inventor ofpaper. Exactly, however, heinvented the composition for
paper along with thepapermaking in A.D. 105.
The fibrous materials used inthose day were bark, hemp,
silk, and fishing net.

Origin of paper

MoscowEngland

The world oldest paper
found in that is
estimated to be between
179 and 142 BC (earlyWestern Han 漢朝).
It was used as a map,
where mountains,
Fangmatan（放馬灘）paper
waterways and roads
are drawn.

History of papermaking tech. -Materials
Hemp （Cannabis大麻・ Linen亜麻）Cannabis has been used for
cloth and fishing net in Chinaand Japan. Linen in Europe.
HempRags
Recycling of cloth woven originally fromhemp. Cotton from the age of Industrial
Revolution
Bast (skin) fibers, such as Paper Mulberryetc. for Japanese paper

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

USA

蔡倫

Westward and eastward from China

Nuremberg 1390
Fabriano
1276

Samarkand

BaghdadTs’ai Lun 105

Improvement of paper Japan 610

Spread of papermaking technology

History of papermaking tech. -Materials
Leaves, of Treang tree to make
“Sastra”
Wood, capable of producing on alarge scale
Kenaf
A kind of hemp promoted forforestry preservation, but not
accepted any more.
Plastics, synthesized paper frompolypropylene called “Yupo”

Treang tree

Sastra2April 15, 2014

Origin of Printing technology
Gutenberg (1395? –1468)
invented a printing press in around
1445.
The invention consisted ofmass-producing movable type;oil-based ink from linseed oil; anda wooden printing press similar to
the agricultural screw presses
and allowed the mass production of
printed books and was economically
viable for printers and readers alike.

42-line Bible (42B)
Gutenberg printed andpublished 180 copies of
42-line Bible.

Johannes Gutenberg

The start of the age of theprinted book in the WestRelationship with paper

Movable type

Increased paper demand
Development of mass production of paper
Use of wood as a papermaking material
Invention of paper machine to produce“continuous paper”.

History of papermaking tech. – Machine
The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years
Edited by John Brockman and published on Jan 12, 2000
John Brockman, a novelist of USA, asked “What is the mostimportant invention in the past two thousand years? and Why?”
to famous.
“Reading glasses” and “eraser” were unexpectedly proposed.
Many people including Dr. Philip Anderson, a Nobel prizewinner, chose “printing technology” because it promoted
knowledge occupied by privileged people to the public.
Another physical scientist chose “watch” for quantification oftime passage that was dependent on one’s sense so far.
“Heliocentric theory”, “mathematics”, “differential and integralcalculus”, “democracy”, and “religion” were also supported.

See http://www.edge.org/documents/Invention.html

Mechanical pulping－Groundwood pulp
GP or SGW ([Stone] Groundwood Pulp)
Keller invented ground wood pulp in 1844

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

1670 Hollander beater invented [Holland]
1719 Reaumur submitted his invention - paper can be madefrom wasp hives- to the Academy [France]
1798 Louis-Nicolas Robert invented manufacture of continuous
paper [France]
1844 Keller invented ground wood pulp [Germany]
1851 Burgess [USA] and Watts [England]invented soda pulping
to make wood pulp.
1856 Healey received a patent of corrugated [England]
1856 Tilghman invented the sulfite pulping [USA]1879 Dahl invented Kraft pulping [Germany]
1950 Hardwood pulping initiated[Japan]
1968 Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (TMP) Developed[Sweden]
1977 Quinone-added pulping invented [Japan]

Old printed material in Japan
In 764, Emperor Koken
had holy texts (無垢浄光陀羅尼経) printed on paper
one million copies forpeace of Japan, containedin one million wooden
miniatures of a three story
tower, and laid out in theten great temples like
Horyu-temple and Todaitemple.

3

April 15, 2014

The world oldest printed material

The world oldest printed material

In 1966, printed holy
texts was discovered in
the Buddha tower of
Bukkoku-temple (仏国寺)of Keishu, Shinra (新羅慶州), currelty Korea(韓国).
This tower is known tohave been built in 751.

Paper with holy texts (華厳経)
written in 755, Silla era (新羅)was analyzed.

世界最古の印刷物

755年に新羅時代の華厳経が書かれた紙

Paper Industry of Japan

Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Great East Japan Earthquake
Production amount, million ton

35
30

From 2004

25
‒7.8%

2015

Paper board
Paper10‒17.8%
50YearBiomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

4April 15, 2014

Production of paper and paperboard
120
100

Production , million ton

How to make paper
ChinaUSAJapan
Germany
SwedenKorea
CanadaFinland
BrazilIndonesia
IndiaThailand806040200Forest
Waste paper

Wood(thinned out)

ChipPulp

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Wood tissue－cells of beech tree

From “wood”

Paper

Wood tissue－structure of cell wall
S3 layer(Secondary cell wall - 3rd layer )Component of
hardwood tissue
Vessel20%
Wood fiber

60％

Axial
10％
parenchyma cell
Radial10％
parenchyma cell

Cellulose microfibril

S2 layer(indicated by parallel lines)

S1 layerPrimary wall
Middle lamella
Structure of plant cell wall and axial direction of cellulose microfibrilsKind of pulpPulp

Chemical pulp－Fiber geometry
Softwood pulp fiber

Hardwood pulp fiber

Fibers mainly consisting of cellulose
extracted from plant such as wood bymechanical or chemical treatment

Mechanical pulp [MP]Fibers extracted from wood by crushing

Chemical pulp [CP]Copy paper

Fibers extracted from wood by dissolving lignin

consists ofpulp fibers

Deinked pulp [DIP] (recycled pulp)
Fibers extracted from waste paper by removing ink

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae(B)woodObserve pulps

5