VISITING EXPERTSʼ PAPERS
THE UNITED NATIONS ACTION TO COUNTER TERRORISM AND AN
INTRODUCTION TO UNICRI INITIATIVES
Chiara Bologna＊

I. INTRODUCTION
The scope of this paper is to provide a brief introduction to the mechanisms behind the United Nations(UN) global strategy to combat terrorism in all its forms with the aim of presenting a holistic view of the work
carried out. What follows comprises a short summary of the UN action in the field of terrorism prevention,
including a mention of some key resolutions and instruments, its strategy in broad terms, and information onsome of the different UN entities working in this field. This will lead to the section describing the work of theUnited Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Institute (UNICRI) and its programmes relevant to advancing
the aims of the UN in this area, where the Institute has more than ten years of experience. In the final part ofthe document, an introduction will be provided on the theoretical and practical foundation used by UNICRI
for one of its projects on Counter-terrorism, namely the project on rehabilitation and reintegration of violent
extremists in prisons.

II. THE UNITED NATIONS COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGYThe United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy is a unique instrument designed to foster andenhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism globally. It was adopted byconsensus on 8 September 2006 by the UN General Assembly during which all Member States agreed to acommon strategic and operational approach to fight terrorism. Through this action, states have sent a clear
message that condemns terrorism in all its forms whilst also resolving to take practical steps bothindividually and collectively in order to prevent and combat this global threat.1
The Strategy, with its relevant resolution and Plan of Action, is composed of four key pillars,2 namely:
Addressing the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.
Measures to prevent and combat terrorism.
Measures to build statesʼ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of theUnited Nations system in that regard.
Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis forthe fight against terrorism.
In response to the reality of a constantly evolving terrorism landscape, the Strategy is revised every two
years by the General Assembly, making it into a constantly updated and hence living document. The
revisions respond to new challenges and threats as well as recommendations to address them.

Associate Programme Officer, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). The content of
this paper does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNICRI or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any
endorsement. @UNICRI, August 2017. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educationalor non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.
UNICRI would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this paper as a source.
1
United Nations General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/60/288) (2006) The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
2
For more information see United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: <https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/
en/un-global-counter-terrorism-strategy>.
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III. OVERVIEW OF THE UNITED NATIONS COUNTER-TERRORISM
ARCHITECTURE
For decades the issue of terrorism has been on the agenda of the United Nations. Within the UN system,
there are specific entities and programmes that are mandated to carry out and monitor mechanisms to more
effectively implement and assess the components of the aforementioned Strategy. The current section
comprises a summary of the activities that the different UN entities on counter-terrorism carry out.3
Since 1963, the international community has promulgated 19 international legal instruments to address
terrorism. One landmark Security Council Resolution (1373) was adopted in 2001 and urged Member States tobecome part of the international instruments. Resolution 1373 called on States to implement measures related
to combating the financing of terrorism and law and justice related to this matter.4 The Resolution led to theestablishment of the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC). The CTC5 isguided by the Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005)6 and is mandated to support Member
States in their prevention efforts both within their borders and across regions. Due to the complex nature of
the activities carried out, the CTC is assisted by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate(CTED), which was established in 2004. The Security Council knows different bodies to enhance the capacityof Member States in terrorism including the CTC, the 1267/1989/2253 ISIL (Daʼesh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions
Committee, as well as the 1540 Committee on the non-proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biologicalweapons. The Counter-Terrorism Committee has its Executive Directorate (CTED) to conduct expert
assessments of Member States and to implement its policy decision whereas the 1267 Committee works witha Monitoring Team.7
A central component of the UN architecture is the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force(CTITF), which was established by the UN Secretary-General and endorsed by the General Assembly in linewith the requirements and recommendations set out by the aforementioned Counter-Terrorism Strategy.8
The CTITF consists of 38 international entities and INTERPOL,9 each with individual mandates, which areassigned to carry out efforts to maintain consistency across the UN system whilst aiming to strengthen thecoordination, given the multilateral nature of terrorism and the systematic response to counter the series ofphenomena that it entails. Although the Task Forceʼs major responsibility is to observe, implement andimprove the series of recommendations that the Strategy comprises, its mandate relies on working to ensurethat the UN system is adaptable to the evolving needs of Member States whilst countering terrorist
activities. Moreover, this mandate refers to offering policy support, improving in-depth knowledge of theStrategy, and where necessary, expediting the delivery of technical assistance.10
Another entity that supports the Strategy is the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT).
The Centre was established within the CTITF Office in 2011 with the aim to promote international
cooperation and support Member States in the implementation of the Strategy.11
On 15 June 2017 the UN Office of Counter Terrorism was established through the adoption of General
Assembly Resolution 71/291.12 The new UN Office for Counter Terrorism incorporates the CTITF and the
UN Counter-Terrorism Centre (CTC) which were moved out of the Department of Political Affairs. The
office is headed by an Under-Secretary-General and has close relationships with the Security Council bodies
The information in the following section has been complied from the United Nations (2017) Counter-Terrorism Implementation
Task Force, available at: https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/about-task-force.
4
United Nations Security Council Resolution (S/RES/1373) (2001) Threats to international peace and security caused by terroristacts.
5
For more information of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, see: <https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/>.
6
United Nations Security Council Resolution (S/RES/1624) (2005) Prohibition of incitement to commit terrorist acts.
7
For more information see the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism <http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/overview.shtml>.
8
United Nations (2017) Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Available at: <https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/
ctitf/en/about-task-force>.
9
To learn more about the structure of the CTITF, see: <https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/structure>.
10
Ibid.
11
To learn more about the CTITF, see <https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/about-task-force>.
12
United Nations General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/71/291) (2017) Strengthening the capability of the United Nations system
to assist Member States in implementing the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
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and Member States, and aims to strengthen existing and developing new partnerships.
Numerous agencies, offices and programmes throughout the United Nations system are assisting Member
States in their counter-terrorism efforts. The diversification and multiplicity of the efforts undertaken by UN
system reflect the fact that terrorism involves a multitude of issues and must be addressed comprehensively.
The combined endeavours of all these entities make for a multi-disciplinary and tailored approach to counterterrorism.

IV. THE UNITED NATIONS INTERREGIONAL CRIME AND JUSTICERESEARCH INSTITUTE
The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) is part of the CTITF.
The Institute is one of six training and research Institutes of the United Nations. It was established by theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council in 1965 following Resolution 108613, which urged an expansion of
the UN activities in crime prevention and criminal justice. Its mission is to advance security, serve justice andbuild peace in support of the rule of law and sustainable development.
The Institute works in specialized niches and selected fields of crime prevention, justice, security
governance, counter-terrorism and social cohesion.
UNICRIʼs goals are:
To advance understanding of crime-related problems;
To foster just and efficient criminal justice systems;
To support respect for international instruments and other standards;
To facilitate international law enforcement cooperation and judicial assistance.
The Instituteʼs programmes (divided into thematic areas) aim to create and test new and holistic
approaches in preventing crime and promoting justice and development.
The Institute supports the designing and implementation of holistic and innovative modalities to confront
traditional and emerging threats, at both national and cross-border levels. In particular, the Institute:-Assesses countriesʼ threats and needs.
-Develops and shares knowledge.
-Acts as a worldwide training and capacity-building centre.
-Acts as a worldwide forum to identify, tailor and test strategies and practical models.
-Assists countries in strengthening national and international law enforcement cooperation and judicial
assistance.
-Establishes platforms for consultation and cooperation.
-Provides advisory services.
Using research as a foundation for projects, the Institute builds from this by offering training andtechnical cooperation programmes to requesting Member States. The Institute organises specialised
trainings and workshops as a direct way to disseminate knowledge and build capacity with a range oftargeted actors, including policymakers, practitioners (i.e. law enforcement officers, prosecutors and judges)
and international experts. UNICRI promotes the exchange of expertise and fruitful discussion among
representatives from different sectors that lead to concrete recommendations and identification of areas inneed of more understanding and cooperation.
UNICRI serves as a platform for consultation and cooperation acting as an honest broker in bringing
together different partners such as Member States, local governments, research institutions, internationalorganizations, private entities and the civil society at large, in forging a common approach to addressing

United Nations Economic and Social Council Resolution 1086 (1965) Statute of the United Nations Interregional Crime andJustice Research Institute.
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common challenges.
Establishing and promoting partnerships are central components of UNICRIʼs work, and events like these
represent important opportunities to share experiences and knowledge.

V. UNICRI AND COUNTER-TERRORISM
UNICRI contributes to the implementation of coordinated and coherent efforts across the United Nations
system to prevent and counter violent extremism as part of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task
Force. In this framework, the Institute supports Member States in preventing and countering terrorismʼsappeal and recruitment into violent extremism by strengthening national and regional capacities.
UNICRI plays a leading role in a number of initiatives. Within the Counter-terrorism (CT) field, theInstitute works on numerous projects which together cover a vast array of topics. For the scope of this paper,
some of the main UNICRI projects which are cross cutting in the field of CT are listed as follows:14 theinitiative on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks mitigation; cyber-crime; addressing hatespeech and hate crimes; returning foreign terrorist fighters; rehabilitation and reintegration of violent
extremists in prison settings; juvenile justice and diversion or alternatives to incarceration, and; the nexus
between transnational organized crime and terrorism. Exploring these intersections in greater depth makes
UNICRIʼs work multi-dimensional and builds a more detailed picture of the areas of need in the field of crimeand justice.
UNICRI has conducted several initiatives to support Member States in fulfilling their international
commitments (starting from UNSCR 2178) to address the threats posed by foreign terrorist fighters (FTF) byincreasing awareness, understanding and capacities of national and international stakeholders. Moreover,activities are aimed to provide technical assistance in the identification of risks to be addressed, capabilities tobe strengthened and actions to be undertaken for developing and implementing a comprehensive and holistic
strategy to counter the FTFʼs phenomenon.
UNICRI liaised with other international organizations to ensure that various and separate efforts areincorporated into one coherent approach in order to build up and strengthen capacities for addressing thethreat posed by returning FTFs.
UNICRI is working in close cooperation with selected target countries to collect relevant data andpromoting the implementation of a tested method based on real case scenarios. Such activities facilitate thepreparation of action plans addressing the issue of rehabilitation and reintegration of returning FTFs, under
the different stakeholdersʼ perspective.
UNICRI has conducted a research project to assess the pre-conditions for developing a juvenile diversion
pilot programme for potential foreign terrorist fighters and others at risk. A preliminary analysis of thejuvenile justice systems and alternative measures/diversion programmes enforced in Bosnia andHerzegovina, Morocco, Nigeria, Kenya and Tunisia was conducted.
Furthermore, UNICRI is conducting a pilot project to counter radicalization and violent extremism in the
Sahel-Maghreb region. The initiative integrates international, regional and local resources to support thecountries of the region in countering the growing threat of violent extremism. The initiative promotes
inclusive activities through the development of more responsive and inclusive societies. The project is basedon the assumption that civil society actors enjoy a genuine grassroots support and could offer key assets in
the implementation of actions to limit the influence of violent extremist ideology and challenge the narrativesof extremists by offering positive alternatives to violence.
While being context-specific and people centred, the project facilitates the sharing of experiences,
guidelines and good practices in the region and among the different stakeholders. It supports cross-border

For more information of other important initiatives that UNICRI works on in the field of Counter-terrorism, please consult the
UNICRI website at: <www.unicri.it>.
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cooperation and the establishment of synergies and mutual understanding between civil society groups andinstitutions.
A key topic of concern for many Member States is the financing of terrorism. Organised crime (oftentransnational) has been identified as one of the sources of terrorism financing, thus leading to a nexus
between organised crime and terrorism. The nexus can go further than simply the financing of terrorism,
however, particularly if we consider the entire continuum of alliance and convergence.15
Security Council Resolution 2195 (2014), on Threats to international peace and security,16 called upon
Member States to better understand and address the nexus between organised crime and terrorism as athreat to security and development. In line with this Resolution, UNICRI has undertaken a number of
initiatives on this topic. In May 2016, UNICRI organised a meeting in Bangkok, in partnership with theThailand Institute of Justice (TIJ), to examine the nexus and the threat that it poses to security anddevelopment.17 Representatives of 15 Member States and prominent international experts in the field wereinvited to discuss the issue in depth. During the meeting, participants reviewed the current evidence basis
and conceptual theories around the nexus, drawing from their knowledge of lessons learned and goodpractices, all with a view to defining better policy and programmatic responses.
Moreover, UNICRI worked in close partnership with the TIJ to carry out a research project concerningtransnational organised crime in Thailand as a result of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN)
Economic Integration. Besides looking at forms and trends of current and emerging transnational organised
crime, criminal groups operating in Thailand and illicit transit routes for trafficked goods, the question of thenexus between transnational organised crime and terrorism (both at local and international level) was
explored.18
UNICRI implements a variety of methods in the area of rehabilitation and reintegration of violent
extremist offenders, and the Institute plays a key role in supporting Member States in translating thegeneralised good practices identified in the Global Counter-Terrorism Forum (GCTF) Rome Memorandum19,
which specifically addresses the rehabilitation needs of incarcerated violent extremists, into national policies.
In the field of rehabilitation and reintegration programmes of violent extremist offenders (VEOs) in prison
settings, UNICRI has enhanced its cooperation with a number of countries (Jordan, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, thePhilippines, and Thailand) to support them in the design and implementation of tailored programmes.
Prisons are a priority for this area of research. It is important to address the possible risks in prison
environments where convicted terrorists can network, compare and exchange tactics, radicalize and recruit
new members, and command and control operations beyond the prison and in the community, whilst at thesame time realising that imprisoned or detained extremists will eventually be released. Thus, in order toreduce risk upon release, there is a universal need to find mechanisms to stimulate disengagement and/or deradicalisation.20 An initial step to tackle the issues mentioned above is to ground research in a soundtheoretical framework.

VI. THEORY OF CHANGE: THE CONCENTRIC CIRCLE MODEL
The theoretical basis for UNICRIʼs work on rehabilitation and reintegration is derived from broader
theories of behavioural change. Psychology focuses on the individual and individual agency in this process,
Makarenko, T. “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime andTerrorism”, Global Crime, 6(2) (2004).
16
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2195 (S/RES/2195) (2014) Threats to international peace and security.
17
Breaking the Organized Crime and Counter-Terrorism Nexus: Identifying Programmatic Approaches, Meeting report. The
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) and the Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ).
18
For further information on this research, please ask UNICRI and/or TIJ for more information on the soon-to-be publishedcomprehensive report.
19
GCTF, The Rome Memorandum on Good Practices for the Good Practices of Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent
Extremist Offenders, available at: <https: //www. thegctf. org/Portals/1/Documents/Framework%20Documents/A/GCTFRome-Memorandum-ENG.pdf>.
20
Deradicalization and disengagement are tackled in more depth later in the document.
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while social sciences incorporate various social environments.21 The concentric circles model in Figure 1
shows the layers of social environments (family, friends, institutions, communities and beyond) that place theindividual in their wider social context.22 The theory of change that UNICRI applies is that all of these circles
matter when it comes to individual behavioural change.23
In the PVE context, the aim is to change the behaviour of a radical individual through rehabilitation andreintegration efforts. These will only be effective and sustainable as long as the different layers (eachconcentric circle) are involved in the process. For instance, if the individual changes but does not havesupport from their family, they will probably revert back to their previous behaviour (green circle ̶ red
circle relationship). The theory posits that the same dependent relationships occur between all adjacentlayers, which will eventually affect the individualʼs likelihood of maintaining his or her changed behaviour.
Consequently, social environments at all levels need to ensure continuous support in the process, which willallow radical individuals a greater chance of succeeding in changing their behaviour.

Figure 1: UNICRI’s concentric circles model in rehabilitation and reintegration24
Therefore, following UNICRIʼs theory of change, it can be said that the behaviour of an individual canmost probably be changed when the family, peers, institutions such as schools, the community, local andnational institutions and international organisations are jointly and actively involved in a coordinated process.
Rehabilitation and reintegration are ways to facilitate this change, but these concepts need to be

See Durkheim, E. (1966). The Rules of the Sociological Method. New York: Free Press; McKay, C. & Shaw, H. (1969). Juvenile
Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism,
Comparative Politics, vol. 13, pp. 379-399; Turner, J. (1984): ʻSocial identification and psychological group formationʼ in H. Tajfel(Ed.) The social dimension: European developments in social psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 518-538;
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). ʻEcological systems theoryʼ in Vasta, R. Annals of Child Development, vol. 6. London, UK: Jessica
Kingsley Publishers. pp. 187-249; Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (1998): Handbook of child psychology, vol. 3. Social, emotional, andpersonality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley; Neff, J. A. & Macmaster, S. A., Applying Behavior Change Models to
Understand Spiritual Mechanisms Underlying Change in Substance Abuse Treatment, The American Journal of Drug andAlcohol Abuse, no. 31, 2005, pp. 669-684; Veldhuis, T.& Staun, J. (2009), Islamist Radicalisation. A Root Cause Model, Netherlands
Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2009, p. 24-26; Chan, W. Y., Espelage, D. L., Hollingsworth, M. A. & Mitchell, K. J.
(2016), Preventing violence in context: The importance of Culture for implementing systemic change, Psychology of Violence, vol.
6, no. 1, pp. 22-26; Datchi, C., Barrenti, L., Thompson, C. M. (2016), Family Services in Adult Detention Centers: Systemic
Principles for Prisoner Reentry, Couple and Family psychology : Research and Practice, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 89-104.
22
Developed by Smith, C. J. UNICRI, see Klima, N. (forthcoming). ʻPathways towards an integrated and integral life-cycle
approach on P/CVE in capacity buildingʼ. UNICRI, Turin.
23
Klima, N. (forthcoming). ‘Pathways towards an integrated and integral life-cycle approach on P/CVE in capacity building’.
UNICRI, Turin.
24
Developed by Smith, C.J.UNICRI, see Klima, N. (forthcoming). ʻPathways towards an integrated and integral life-cycle approachon P/CVE in capacity buildingʼ. UNICRI, Turin.
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deconstructed in order to understand how they can be integrated into counter-terrorism strategies.

VII. REHABILITATION AND REINTEGRATION
Rehabilitation and reintegration are broad terms that encompass a variety of practices as well as different
expected outcomes. Efforts can focus on the prevention of violent behaviour and enable inclusion andparticipation in society. Two concepts that underpin rehabilitation are de-radicalization and disengagement,
which have generated debate as to their respective definitions and utility for rehabilitation programmes25.
Two commonly used definitions are as follows26:
A) De-radicalization: the social and psychological process whereby an individualʼs commitment to, andinvolvement in, violent radicalization is reduced to the extent that they are no longer at risk of involvement
and engagement in violent activity. De-radicalization may also refer to any initiative that tries to achieve a
reduction of risk of reoffending through addressing the specific and relevant disengagement issues.
B) Disengagement: the process whereby an individual experiences a change in role or function that is
usually associated with a reduction of violent participation. It may not necessarily involve leaving the
movement, but is most frequently associated with significant temporary or permanent role change.
Additionally, while disengagement may stem from role change, that role change may be influenced bypsychological factors such as disillusionment, burnout or the failure to reach the expectations that influenced
initial involvement. This can lead to a member seeking out a different role within the movement.
In other words, de-radicalisation represents an attitudinal change resulting from a psychological process.
Typically, the de-radicalized individual adopts more moderate views and renounces violence. Disengagement
refers to behavioural change whereby a person lessens their engagement in violent activities. Indeed, it isimportant to keep in mind that many Member States opt for disengagement as an outcome for theirrehabilitation and reintegration programmes, since it is very difficult to really know if an individual is deradicalized, whereas disengagement is possible to verify.
However, rather than being two clear-cut processes, de-radicalisation and disengagement interact, making
it difficult to focus explicitly on one or the other in a rehabilitation programme. For instance, radical ideas are
not dangerous in themselves, even though they may remain a risk factor for violent behaviour in somecircumstances. While there is general consensus on the broad definitions A) and B), the nuances of these
phenomena are not taken as given but continue to be disputed.
Rehabilitation and reintegration efforts need to be considered long-term (before detention, during
detention and after release) and should be embedded in the general CT/CVE policy and practice structure.
To design successful rehabilitation and reintegration programmes, expertise from different agencies (multiagency) and disciplines (multi-disciplinary) are highly beneficial.
Furthermore, as the theoretical model demonstrates, families and communities play a crucial role in thisprocess as well as other civil society actors. It may be the case that state actors are not used to working withcivil society actors or do not maintain a mutual trust relationship that enables fruitful cooperation (civilsociety actor involvement), which is why UNICRI assists in the development of platforms for this cooperation
to be strengthened and has an initiative based on this which will be discussed further in the following paper.
The UNICRI programme on Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders, developed
within the framework of the UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force and supported by theUnited States of Americaʼs Department of State, is aimed at supporting Member States in their efforts todesign, develop and implement effective rehabilitation and reintegration programmes for violent extremist
See Horgan, J. Walking Away From Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements. (London:
Routledge, 2009); Bjørgo T. & J. Horgan, eds. Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. (Oxon and
New York: Routledge, 2009); Rabasa, A., S. Pettyjohn, J. Ghez, & C. Boucek. Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. (Santa Monica,
CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation, 2010); Mullins, S. “Rehabilitation of Islamist terrorists: Lessons from
criminology.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 3, no. 3 (2010);
26
From Horgan, J. Walking Away From Terrorism. pp. 152-153.
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offenders and foreign terrorist fighters, and to address the broad range of issues related to radicalisation inprison settings and beyond, thus enabling inclusion and participation within societies.

VIII. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYSUNICRI works on developing comprehensive, end-to-end and long-term rehabilitation and reintegration
programmes with Member states. When offering technical assistance, the approach is tailored to the cultural,
national and regional contexts as well as the present needs while always involving the programmeʼs actors
and stakeholders. There are several pathways that the programme development can take; these include but
are not limited to the following:
Pathway 1: The “traditional approach”
This approach is a linear consecutive process towards a comprehensive rehabilitation andreintegration programme. A multi-disciplinary team is central in developing the programmes.
Pathway 2: Towards changing attitudes by experiencing results
This approach is a rather adaptive and non-linear process towards a comprehensive
rehabilitation and reintegration programme based on scientific research results. Scientificresearch is an important accompanying and informing element to the continual developmentof programmes.
Pathway 3: From framework to programme approachThis is a consecutive pathway where framework and programme development are strictly
separated. The first focus lies in the development of a comprehensive and detailed framework, and the second one lies in the implementation of the framework towards a comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programme.
Pathway 4: Targeted approach
Based on needs assessments and gap analysis in several countries, a targeted approach isapplied. This approach is an adaptive way of dedicating support to specific gaps tocomplement already existing rehabilitation and reintegration programmes. This approach is
non-linear, starting with identified gaps instead of a general situation assessment. Thisapproach is applied by member states with a relatively advanced level of maturity inrehabilitation and reintegration work and/or interest in specific support instead of a total
systemic revision of programmes in place.
Which pathway is most suitable in any given situation depends on many factors. The point to note is thatapproaches to the development of programmes on rehabilitation and reintegration of violent extremist
offenders need to be adaptive to the specific context.

IX. CONCLUSION
Action-oriented research combines research on issues of counter-terrorism with ways to put the results of
the research into action. In the case of rehabilitation and reintegration of violent extremist offenders,
research and the programmes developed from research are key components of a counter-terrorism strategy.
This is in part because many of these individuals will re-enter society at some point, but it is a complex
process that involves all the social layers surrounding each individual offender. With this in mind, thedevelopment of a comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programme is a step to encourage theindividual behavioural change and, in some aspects of its programme, reach out to families and communities
as well. With the action UNICRI is taking in the field of CT and P/CVE, the aims of the CTITF and moregenerally, of the UN goals are being advanced.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bjørgo T. & J. Horgan (eds.) (2009) Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective
Disengagement. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Breaking the Organized Crime and Counter-Terrorism Nexus: Identifying Programmatic
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Approaches, Meeting report. The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute(UNICRI) and the Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ).
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). ʻEcological systems theoryʼ in Vasta, R. Annals of Child Development, vol.
6. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 187-249.
Chan, W. Y., Espelage, D. L., Hollingsworth, M. A. & Mitchell, K. J. (2016), Preventing violence incontext: The importance of culture for implementing systemic change, Psychology of Violence, vol. 6,
no. 1, pp. 22-26.
Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism, Comparative Politics, vol. 13, pp. 379-399.
Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (1998): Handbook of child psychology, vol. 3. Social, emotional, andpersonality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Datchi, C., Barrenti, L., Thompson, C. M. (2016), Family Services in Adult Detention Centers: Systemic
Principles for Prisoner Reentry, Couple and Family psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 5, no. 2,
pp. 89-104.
Durkheim, E. (1966). The Rules of the Sociological Method. New York: Free Press.
Horgan, J. (2009) Walking Away From Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical andExtremist Movements. London: Routledge.
Klima, N. (forthcoming) ʻPathways towards an integrated and integral life-cycle approach on P/CVE
in capacity buildingʼ. UNICRI, Turin
Makarenko, T. “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational
Organised Crime and Terrorism”, Global Crime, 6(2) (2004) pp. 129-145.
McKay, C. & Shaw, H. (1969). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
Mullins, S. (2010) “Rehabilitation of Islamist terrorists: Lessons from criminology.” Dynamics ofAsymmetric Conflict 3, no. 3.
Neff, J. A. & Macmaster, S. A., Applying Behavior Change Models to Understand Spiritual
Mechanisms Underlying Change in Substance Abuse Treatment, The American Journal of Drug andAlcohol Abuse, no. 31, 2005, pp. 669-684.
Rabasa, A. S. Pettyjohn, J. Ghez, & C. Boucek (2010) Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Santa
Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation.
Turner, J. (1984): ʻSocial identification and psychological group formationʼ in H. Tajfel (Ed.) The social
dimension: European developments in social psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 518-538.
Veldhuis, T.& Staun, J. (2009), Islamist Radicalisation. A Root Cause Model, Netherlands Institute ofInternational Relations Clingendael, 2009, p. 24-26.
Websites
CTITF, About the Task Force: https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/structure.
CTITF, Structure of the Task Force: https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/structure.
GCTF, The Rome Memorandum on Good Practices for the Good Practices of Rehabilitation and
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Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders, available at: https: //www. thegctf.
org/Portals/1/Documents/Framework%20Documents/A/GCTF-Rome-Memorandum-ENG.pdf
UNICRI, Countering the Appeal of Terrorism:
http://www.unicri.it/topics/counter_terrorism/
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy:
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/un-global-counter-terrorism-strategy.
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI): http://www.unicri.
it/institute/.
United Nations Resolutions
United Nations Economic and Social Council Resolution 1086 (1965) Statute of the United Nations
Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/71/291) (2017) Strengthening the capability of
the United Nations system to assist Member States in implementing the United Nations Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/60/288) (2006) The United Nations Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (S/RES/1373) (2001). Threats to international peaceand security caused by terrorist acts.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2195 (S/RES/2195) (2014) Threats to international peaceand security.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624 (S/RES/1624) (2005) Prohibition of incitement tocommit terrorist acts.

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