Fig. 6.1: Force at hip joint

Bearing force[Acetabulum]
Muscle force[Femoral head]

GravityLine of force action

Brittle fracture© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.2: Principle of leverage

F0F2
Pivot

Pivot
F1

F1
F0

F2
Moment of force© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig.6.3: Circular motion andCentrifugation(a) Centripetal forcem vF(b) Centrifuge

ωplasmar
Bloodcells
F＝m v2／r ＝m r ω2(6.1)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.4: Deformation ratio

aby＝(a－b)／(a＋b)(6.2)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.5: Erythrocyte deformation in shear field(a) y＝0(c) y＝0.3(b) y＝0.2

0.1 mm

0.1 mm(d) y＝0.40.1 mm

0.1 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.6: Deformability of erythrocyte
Deformation ratio yy00.63y0

τ0Stress τy＝y0 (1－exp(－τ／τ0))(6.3)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.7: Myoblasts differentiate tomyotubes

0.05 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.8: Degree of freedom(Translation, Rotation)

zxy© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.9: Motion direction(Postero)(Left)(Right )[frontal plane][Forearm]
Pronation

Spination(Antero)Adduction
External rotation[Leg]
Inner rotation[Surgittal plane]

Abduction
Varus[Horizontalplane]

Valgus[Foot, Thumb]© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.10: Cylindrical cam[Rotational motion]

Eccentric distance
Cylindrical cam[Reciprocating motion]

PistonSpringReciprocating© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.11: Motion of piston
Position of piston

Position of piston

Reciprocating

Time
SystoleReciprocating

Time
SystoleDiastole

Diastole© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.12: Damping of vibration
yy00.63y0

y＝y0(1－e－(t／τ))(6.4)

Critical dampingτt
τ: Time constant© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.13: Control
Summing point
Input ＋ Signal
Element±

OutputSignalTake off point

SignalSignalElement

Feedback coupling© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.14: Biological cell

UptakeProliferation

Deformation

movement
Nuclei Cytoplasm
MembraneDifferentiation

Excretion[Environment]© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.15: System in organ
Respiratory
systemNervesystem

LungBrainHeart

Circulatory
system[Decisionof death]© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.16: Friction angle
Normal force: Fn
Frictional force: Fs

Frictionangle: θGravity: Mg(M g sinθ)/( M g cosθ)＝tanθ＝μ(6.6)

Coefficient of friction
μ＝Fs／Fn(6.5)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.17: True area of contact
True area of contact[Apparent area of contact]© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.18: Surface of solid[Adsorbed molecules]
Oxide film

Nitrogen

WaterOxygenSolid© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.19: Roller pump
RollerRotation

Occlusion

TubeFlow© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.20: Screw pump
Rotor
Rotation

FlowStator© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.21: Contact angle: θHydrophobicHydrophilic

θ＞(π/2)

θ＜(π/2)LiquidθθGasGasLiquidSolid© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.22: Clot

PlateletFibrinErythrocyte

0.01 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig.6.23: Clotting system
Coagulation
Plateletfactor III

Thrombin
Activation factor XII

Plateletaggregation

Surfacecontact

Fibrinolysis

Thromboxane A2© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.24: Blood circulation circuit

Centrifugal type artificial heart© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.25: Clot formation in tube (low flow)

Fig. 6.26: Clot formation in tube (high flow)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.27: Clot at bearing
CasingImpeller

Clot

50 mm
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.28: Clot behind impeller

CasingThrombus

50 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.29: Modified pivot of Artificial Heart50 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.30: Concave and convex
cones

50 mm

Segmented polyurethane© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.31: Wear(a) Abrasive wear(b) Adhesive wear

Abrasion powder© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.32: Transition of wear(b)(a)
Wear volume

Wear volumeSeizing

Initial wear

Severe wear

Mild wear

Friction distance

Friction distance© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.33: Joint prosthesis
Femoral head
Stem[Ceramics]

Acetabulum
Femoral head

[Metal]Stem(Loosening)© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.34: Cardiac valve prosthesis
Rotation

Wear scarof disc

Wear ofpivot
Opening andclosing
Leaflet

Flow

Strut wear(a) Mono-leaflet

Valve
seat

Flow
(b) Bi-leaflet© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 6.35: Articular surface lubrication(a) Wedge film lubrication

Movement
Pressure
Flow(b) Squeeze film lubrication

Approach
Pressure

Flow

Flow© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan