2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

What can be changed by adopting
Safe Community model and designation
as a member of its network?
– Some experience in a Japanese community –白石陽子 Yoko Shiraishi Ph..D
Mature Life Institute
Ritsumeikan University
0Contents
I. Background
II Movement of Safe Community
II.
III. Impacts of Safe Community Movement
IV. Discussion
V. Conclusion

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Background of Safe Community
Movement in Japan2

1. Current Condition of Safety in Japan
Public Safety & Security

safer
2.4%

relatively
safer
f
8.9%

less safe
37.7%

cannotanswer4.0%

Is Japan a safecountry ?

don't
know
0.4%

85% feel less safe,
compared to before

relatively
less safe
46.6%

Why people feelless safe?

White Paper on National Life Style 2007

white Paper on National Life Style 2007

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

z Trend of decline of safety as you see…
Trend of crime 1987-2006

1000

10

3500

900
800

3000

700

400

4

300
200

2

100
0

0

d e a thin ju ry

6500

C rim e in c id e n c e ra tio

8

600

100

80

2500
60

2000
1500

40

1000

c rim e -a rre st ra tio

Trend of Traffic injury and death 1987-2006

20

500
0

0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 29 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5

year

year
injury (per 100,000persons)injury(per 100,000,000 Km drive)

injury(per 10,000 cars)
death (per 100,000persons)incidence ratio of crime(per 100,000 persons over 14yrs)
crime arrest ratio(per 100,000 persons over 14yrs)

4Trend of suicid(per 100,000)

Japan has put much effort
on safety promotion
in various fields for long50
female
male

40

30

achieved higher
level of safety as a whole

20

10

but
but…

0
1
9
5
0

1
9
5
5

1
9
6
0

1
9
6
5

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
5

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
5

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
5

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
3

For the last few decades,- some decline in safety- need further challenge
5

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22(1) Why people feel less safe ?
Various influence factors
in society
cf. Urbanization,change of peoples’ life style….etc.

One of main factors
which make people feelless safe is …
weakened bond withneighbors.
Mature Life Institute6(2) Relationship with others
0%

20%

40%

1975

52.8

1986

49

1987

42.3

60%

80%
32.8

100%
11.8
1.8

32.4

14.4
3.8

35.3

16.7

z People don’t
associate withneighbors as muchas used to

5.3
0%

20%

2000

13.9

2007

10.7

40%

60%
Strongrelation

40.7

30.9

80%

23.1

19.4

100%

18.4

30.9

3.9

7.5

strong rlatioins

relatively strong relations

relatively weak relatioins

weak relations

no relation

no answer

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

z Bond amongneighborhood is
becoming weak.
weak

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

While there are various issues which
effect on safety in the society….
gweakened bond of neighbors
is oneoffactors which make people worry
about safety

Can relations among community
members contribute to safety
promotion ?
8(3) Lesson from our experience…
Great Hanshin Earthquake–Hit Kobe area at 5:46 am
on Jan.17, 1995
–About 30,000 people wereburied under ruins of buildings

zThe distressed area
was tootbi andbig
d damaged
was too serious to becovered by only public
rescue service.
Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

z For people under collapsed buildings,
the possibility of their survival was deeply
depended on how soon to be rescued⇒ within the day;69% → 2nd day;24% → 5th day;4%z In Hokudan-cho(10,000 inhabitants, magnitude 7.3),
all missing people were found before public
rescue teams arrived after 7 hours.
z 98% of survivals were rescued by families andneighbors

Immediate rescue bycommunity members
minimized human damage

Power ofcommunity
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2. Challenges at Local Communities
Trend of decentralization of Authority
from Central Gov't to Local Gov't
１．More responsibility in policy making- including safety promotion, health promotion

２．More effective finance management- fiscal distress in many communities

３．More responsibility for community development- needd off collaborationll b ti with
ith variousibbodiesdi attcommunity levels

Mature Life Institutenecessary to utilize resourcesin community

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Local Gov't
Limitation of capacity with more responsibility⇒ Need of utilizing various social resources forCommunity management and development

Community
Various possible resources to complement
what local Gov't have been doing

Cooperation among community members
can be useful asset for effective andefficient community management
12

M
Movement
off S
Safe
f C
Communityiin Japan

13

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

1. Increasing interest in Safe Communityz There hasn’t been SC movement till recently.
– Many fields have worked for safety
improvement on their own and have attained
higher level of safety to some extent

Mature Life Institute14

2. Movement of Safe Community in Japanz Communities are seeking for effective
methods of safety promotion, while there
are already various programs and haveattained relatively high level of safety.
z In March 2008, Kameoka became the firstmember of the International SC network in
J
Japan.
Interest in SC has been improving in Japan
Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

3. Challenges of Kameoka City
Kyoto Pref. decided to take a model of SC
to pursue their political agendas.
– Proposedp
SC to municipalitiespwith 3 possiblepbenefits

1. Improve safety
2. Reduce expenses in Medical & Public Health
3. Re-establish bond among community members

Kameoka decided to adopt the conceptof SC with support from Kyoto Pref. in 2006 16

Mature Life Institute16(1) Overview of Kameoka City
China

JJapan
Korea

Kinki district

TaiwanKyoto City
Kameoka City

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

z Located next to big cities⇒ Suburb with Good accessibility to big cities⇒ Heavy traffic with high ways and national routes

z Population(approximate100,000) is Aging⇒ Over 65 yrs old: 19.1% *⇒ Under 14yr old:14.3%

z Abundant in Nature⇒ Used to be sufferedby natural disasters* As of 2008,Oct,30

18( 2 ) Approach for Safety Promotion
Grasp current condition
Condition of Safetyy

Relevant parties

existing
programs & activities

Id tif
Identify
Problems

Mature Life Institutedevelope & coordinate
Social Resources

Safe Community programs

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

A. Grasp Current condition
Condition of Safety
Existing Data
Traffic
Accidents

SuicideMinor injuries athomes & workinglplacesPrograms & activities
Relevant parties
Mature Life InstituteHousehold survey

Affection to community

satisfactionsocialization→ effect on feeling ofsafetymore possible
resourceswere found

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Household Survey
z Target ;– all households ((29,671),) in the cityy and theirfamily members aged over 18 yrs old

z Survey slip ; (1) Household, (2)Indivisualz Methods;– delivered to each household by volunteers,then collected by mail in about 3 weeksz Collection rate: 24.2%(7,157 households)– Higher than expected
Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Result；Community activity and Safety
z People involved in community activities tend to feel more
safe
【 How do you asociate with neighbors ? ]【 How do you work to solve probolem incommunity with neibghors? ]

0%

50%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Safe

very Safe

Safevery safe

0%

100%

Safe

Safe
cannotanswercannotanswernot safe

not safe

not safe atall

not safe atallwork muchcannot answer
not work at all

work some
not work much

help each othersome conversation

greet each otherlittle communication

Mature Life Institute

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Result; Affection, Satisfaction and Safety
z affection for communities and Satisfaction of life in thecommunity have correlation with feeling of safety【 Feeling of Safety & affection to community】
0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

【Feeling of Safety & Satisfaction with life】
0%

100%

very safevery safe

safe

safe

cannotanswercannotanswernot so safe

not so safe

not safe atall

not safe atallStrong affection
cannot answe
no affection

affection
not strong affection

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

20%very sasified
cannot answer
not satisfied at all

40%

60%

80%

100%

satisfied
not satisfied

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Findings of household survey
Feeling of safety has correlation with
attachment to communities- satisfaction with life in communities- affection for communities- active association with neighbors- dynamic community works or activities

apply to improvement of community safety
Mature Life Institute24

B. Develop programs
What Kameoka City does ;zDevelop social resources- Establish relationship among actors

zCollect and provide information- Share problems, knowledge & goals

zSet up a platform for collaboration
cf. - Police and courier company- Health sectors and Police
Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Workshop at a pilot neighborhoodz To develop safe community based on voicefrom communityz To set up opportunities for residents to get
involved in safety promotion
z Set up a series of workshop at a pilot area
– Shino-Cho（population;（p p; 18,000）,）– 2hr×4 times– 60-70 participants ( expected about 30 at
most )
Mature Life Institute26

1st meeting:Identify and share problems
in their neighborhood- Children and elderlys’ safety- Traffic Safety

2nd meeting:Set up goals- Improve safety based oncommunication among residents

3rd meeting:

Develop strategies- Find social resources- Develop plans to reach their gorals

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Result of Workshop
z Residents learned ;– to identify what make unsafe condition– to sharehgoals
l off theh communityi⇒ Safety is the fundamental issue formost residents– to make the good use of various existing
resources &methods for safety promotion⇒the⇒they don’t have
ha e to start nenew programs

Action Plan for Safety Promotion
Mature Life Institute28

Action Plan of Shino-cho● Children Watch- On the way between homes and schools- Welcome home day (Wednesday)● Support to fall prevention exercise-provide halls, tools and PR● “Fureai Map”
- 20％→90％● Improvement ofCommunication

Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

IImpacts off
Safe Community Movement30

4. Discussionz Safety promotion in Japan
zconducted by mainly governments
at section levels⇒Each field pursues higher level on its own

z Need community involvement foreffective management and development⇒ Lack of resources & Financial matters

Make good use of resources in communities
Potential in “Safe Community” Strategy
Mature Life InstituteYoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Effects of Safe Community programs
3 benefits proposed by Kyoto Pref.
SafetyPromotion

Objective
Subjective

Need more Data

Decrease of
Expensespin Medical& Health Sectors
Re-establishment ofbond in community

Showing someindications

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Effects of Safe Community programs
Other effects observed in Kameoka• Awareness of Safety among residents• Collaboration among safety related bodies
9Bridges among related actors• Mechanism of Comprehensive
understanding of current condition andevaluation of programs
9Scientific analysis
9Multilateral measurement
33 33

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

Conclusion

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zSubjective Safety takes time to beevaluated

zThere have been some changes;– Establishment of mechanisms
1.Collabration with various actors
2C
2.Community
it didiagnosisi
3.Scientific evaluation– Increase of objective safety→ feeling of Safety

Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

6. Meaning of “Safety” and “Designation”■ “Safety”

is most common concern foranyone in any kind of situation
situation.
→ can be set up as a common goal
■ “Designation”

Effort for designation helps various
actorsttot becomeb
unitedit d tot attaintt i
the common goal at community level⇒compare to the past, not to others
cf. Kameoka ciｔy
Mature Life Institute36

SafetyCommunity Safety Promotion

S i idSuicideT ffi
Traffic

S i
SeniorviolenceHome

Immigrants

Work Place

SchoolChildren

gnation
Desig

Safe Community

Guide tothe same
direction

Coordinate
activities

Individual
approachDisabled
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Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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2008 National Conference on Safe Communities
and Safe Schools in Taiwan

2008/11/22

5. Conclusion : Impact on Community
Safe Community
effective and efficient mechanism
for safety promotion in collaboration
with all actors in community
Objective Safety
客観的安全

Subjective Safety
主観的安全

Decreaseinjuries

I
Improvefeelingf li
of Security

Mature Life InstituteImprovement of safety

38

Thank you ….

Yoko Shiraishi
yokomature@cyberoz.net

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Yoko Shiraishi (yokomature@cyberoz.net)

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