INTRODUCTORY NOTE
It is with pride that the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention ofCrime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) offers to the international community theResource Material Series No. 67.
This volume contains the work produced in two UNAFEI International Training Courses:
the 127th International Training Course, conducted from 17 May to 24 June 2004, and the 128th
International Training Course, conducted from 30 August to 7 October 2004. The main themesof these Courses were “Implementing Effective Measures for the Treatment of Offenders after
Fifty Years of United Nations Standard Setting in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice” and“Measures to Combat Economic Crime, Including Money Laundering”, respectively.
In 1955 the United Nations adopted the “Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment ofPrisoners” (SMRs). Although not formally binding it was envisioned that States would
incorporate the rules into their criminal justice systems and thereby improve the living
conditions of their prisoners and also take steps to rehabilitate them. Indeed, many States haveadopted the SMRs into their domestic laws and practices and this has greatly contributed tothe institutional treatment of offenders. However, an increase in the number of prisoners being
incarcerated has made it increasingly difficult for some States to adhere to the SMRs and thus
the prisoners’ opportunities for rehabilitation have been diminished. In response to prison
overcrowding, and the consequent deterioration in prison conditions, in 1990 the General
Assembly adopted the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures(Tokyo Rules) to promote the use of non-custodial measures.
Despite the above measures prison populations continue to increase and there are relatively
few countries that have fully incorporated non-custodial measures; the norm is still to imprison
offenders. However, the international community recently renewed its determination to useand apply the United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice intheir national law and practice in the Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice (2001). It is
hoped that this new Declaration will motivate individual States to make the necessary changes
to their laws and practices to fully implement these important standards and norms. UNAFEI,
as a United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network Institute,held this Course in order that the participants could study the current situation and problemsof implementation and find practical solutions and countermeasures.
Economic crime is a serious problem for the world community due to its transnational
nature aided by globalization of the economy and the spread of communications technology. It
causes not only direct loss to individuals and companies but can also undermine and destabilizea State’s economy. Its complexity and the involvement of organized groups hamper its
detection. Among the organized crimes money laundering needs to be focused upon because
criminals always conceal and launder their ill-gotten proceeds and reinvest them in furtherillegal activities. In addition, because economic crime is committed in order to gain profit, themost effective solution is to deprive criminals of the proceeds of crime and thus their incentive
to commit crime.
The United Nations has recognised the growing problem of economic crime, including
money laundering and has adopted various conventions to combat it. Other international fora
have also addressed this issue, especially the Financial Action Task Force on Moneyv

Laundering which developed international standards known as the Forty Recommendations
which sets out a comprehensive plan for countries to implement effective money laundering
programmes. It is essential that all States incorporate these international standards andharmonize their countermeasures to prevent criminals targeting countries lacking regulations
or with weak law enforcement so that criminals will find no safe-haven for their illicit proceeds.
This year the 11th UN Congress focused on economic and financial crimes and included aworkshop on “Measures to Combat Economic Crime, Including Money laundering” which
UNAFEI, in collaboration with the Government of Sweden, coordinated. In view of theincreasing threat that economic crime, including money laundering poses and our involvementwith the topic at the 11th UN Congress, UNAFEI decided to hold this International Training
Course in order to enable our participants to explore more effective countermeasures andexamine ways in which to implement the international standards.
In this issue, papers contributed by visiting experts, selected individual presentation papers
from among the Course participants, and the Group Workshop Reports are published. I regretthat not all the papers submitted by the Course participants could be published.
I would like to pay tribute to the contributions of the Government of Japan, particularly theMinister of Justice, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Asia Crime
Prevention Foundation for providing indispensable and unwavering support to UNAFEI’sinternational training programmes.
Finally I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all who assisted in the publication ofthis series; in particular, the editor of Resource Material Series No. 67, Mr. Simon Cornell.

December 2005

Masahiro Tauchi
Director of UNAFEIvi