Hydrological Interactions
Between Atmosphere, Soiland Vegetation

Edited byG. KIENITZ
WrUKI, Pf27, H-1453 Budapest, Hungary

P. C. D. MILLYUS Geological Survey, Geophysical Fuild Dynamics
Laboratory, NOAA, PO Box 308, Princeton, New Jersey 08542,
USA

M. Th. VAN GENUCHTENUS Salinity Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 4500 Glenwood
Drive, Riverside, California 92501, USA

D. ROSBJERG
Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering, JSVA,
Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800
Lyngby, Denmark

W. J. SHUTTLEWORTH
Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK

Proceedings of an international symposium
held during the XXth General Assembly of
the the International Union of Geodesy andGeophysics at Vienna, 11-24 August 1991. The
symposium was organized jointly by IAHS,
UNESCO and WMO

IAHS Publication No. 204

Published by the International Association of
Hydrological Sciences 1991.
IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire
OX10 8BB, UK.

IAHS Publication No. 204.
ISBN 0-947571-13-2

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout thepublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part ofIAHS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The use of trade, firm, or corporate names in the publication is for theinformation and convenience of the reader.
Such use does not constitutean official endorsement or approval by IAHS of any product or service
to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.

The camera-ready copy (CRC) for the papers was prepared mostly by theauthors. Some papers were retyped at VITUKI, Budapest. The CRC wasassembled/finished at IAHS Press by Penny Kisby.

Printed in Great Britain by Galliard (Printers) Ltd, Great YarmouthPMEFAŒThe international community of hydrologists, whose scientific activities are coordinated byIAHS through its international commissions and committees which specialize in the different
branches of hydrology, has increasingly felt that a gap, viz. a lack of interdisciplinary
coordination among some closely related scientific fields, existed in an area which was notadequately covered by IAHS. This was the "border area" of atmosphere, soil andvegetation where events concerning the former are basic factors in shaping hydrologicalphenomena. Although the scientific study of this subject lies within the competence both ofvarious IAHS commissions and of other international scientific associations covering thedisciplines related to atmosphere, soil and vegetation, hydrologists have recognized theimportance for their own discipline of studying water-related aspects of this subject andmaking use of the results attained in other disciplines.
It was this recognition that induced the IAHS Bureau at its meeting in 1987 in
Vancouver to initiate the formation of an International Committee on AtmosphereSoil-Vegetation Relations (ICASVR) on a trial basis in order to sound out the interest of
the international scientific community in the hydrology of this multidisciplinary "borderarea". Since its formation, the Committee has been engaged in various activities which haverevealed strong interest in its endeavours, but the real testing case was considered to be theinternational response to its initiation of organizing an IAHS symposium on
atmosphere-soil-vegetation relations, for which the XXth IUGG General Assembly in August
1991 in Vienna offered an excellent forum.
Symposium H4 on Hydrological Interactions Between Atmosphere, Soil and Vegetation
has been organized with the intentions described above, and has been divided into four
topics selected to cover the main fields of interest for hydrologists. These are:(a) moisture, radiation and temperature fluxes at the atmosphere, soil and vegetationinterfaces;(b) modelling of water movement and chemicals in the soil;(c) physiological behaviour of plants in relation to water and chemicals; and(d) case studies and field investigations at plot and catchment scales.
The interest expressed by the international scientific community was beyond allexpectations. In response to the call for papers, over one hundred abstracts were received
in 1990 followed by about 20 late abstracts in 1991. The meeting time available has limited
the number of papers admissable for oral presentation, and a significant number of authors
were requested to bring their material to poster sessions. Forty-five of the papers selected
for oral presentation are included in this volume, while another 26 papers are expected to
be presented at poster sessions. Fifteen of the poster papers will also appear in printedform, thanks to the editors of the Journal of the Austrian Hydrological Service(Mitteilungsblatt des Hydrographischen Dienstes in Osterreich).
The importance of the subject has also been fully recognized by the International
Hydrological Programme (MP) of UNESCO which included it under project H-l-1 "Watertransport through the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system" in its research programme beginningin 1990. IAHS, being entrusted with the execution of this project, regards symposium H4 in
Vienna as an important step in realizing IHP project H-l-1. With the ultimate aim ofcompiling a State-of-the-Art Report on Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Relations, keynotepapers were invited to precede and to present the scope of all four topics, and they, as well
as all the papers presented at the Symposium and the ideas expressed during the meeting,will form the basis of this Report.
Contributors to and participants at the Symposium are requested to bear in mind theaims described above, and their efforts in helping to realize these aims will be highly
appreciated.
Dr Gâbor Kienitz
Chairman ICASVR
Budapest, May 1991
V

CONTENTS

Preface1Gûbor Kienitz

MOISTURE, RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE FLUXES AT THE
ATMOSPHERE, SOIL AND VEGETATION INTERFACES

Some current themes in physical hydrology of the land-atmosphere interface(keynote paper) P. C. D. Milfy

3"Incorporating" vegetation and soil schemes into atmospheric general circulation
climate models A. Henderson-Sellers

11

Integrated modeling of hydrologie and atmospheric processes at regional scale
M. L. Kavvas, S. T. Soong, M. N. Saquib, Z. Chen, K. Ishizaki, F. Yoshino,
S. Aoki, K Masukura & J. Yoshitani

21

A concept for hydrological process studies from local to global scales
S. Dyck & H. Baumert

31Evaporative conditions across a grass-forest boundary: A comment on the strategy
for regionalizing evaporation A. W. L. Veen, R. W. A. Hutjes, W. Klaassen,
B. Kruijt & H. J. M. Lankreijer

43

Comparison of an alternative land surface parameterization with the GFDL highresolution climate model Eric F. Wood, Dennis P. Lettenmaier & James R. Wallis
The parameterization of sub-grid scale processes in climate models A. J. Pitman

53
65

Predicting near-surface meteorological variations over different vegetation types
R. W. A. Hutjes, W. Klaassen, B. Kruijt & A. W. L. Veen75

A spectral reflectance index of developing crops largely independent of cloud coverand soil surface wetness C. T. Petersen

85

Derivation of areal soil physical data from satellite measurements
W. G. M. Bastiaanssen

95

Heat and momentum fluxes near a forest edge B. Kruijt, W, Klaassen,
R. W. A. Hutjes &A.W.L. Veen

107

Interaction between snow cover and atmosphere

117

O. S. R. U. Bhanu Kumar

Interactions between forest dynamics, climate changes and hydrology Ph. Martin
Theoretical and experimental analysis of the relationship between crop canopy airtemperature and vapour pressure deficit under temperate humid conditions
H. E. Jensen, H. Svendsen, S. E. Jensen & V. O. Mogensen
Enhancement of évapotranspiration by advection in arid regions L. W. Gay &Ch. Bemhofer

127

137
147
vii

Contentsvm

Chemical composition and temporal variation of bulk precipitation at
Visakhapatnam, India A. Narayana Swamy

2157

MODELLING OF WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICALS IN THESOIL

Recent progress in modelling water flow and chemical transport in the unsaturatedzone (keynote paper) M. Th. van Genuchten

169

Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in the soil-plant system using the Danish simulation model DAISY S. Hansen, H. E. Jensen, N. E. Nielsen & H. Svendsen

185

DISNIT2, a root zone water and nitrogen management model /. Fehér,
M. Th. van Genuchten, G. Kienitz, T. Németh, Gy. Biczôk & G. J. Kovâcs197

A soil-based process-conceptual model for Hortonian overland flow andinfiltration /. Lee, K. Musiake & K. Oka

207

A numerical model for water and solute movement in forest soils and its
application to CI" transport in microlysimeters N. Ohte, N. Tokuchi, M. Suzuki &G. Iwatsubo

217

Modelling moisture transfer in the "soil-canopy-atmosphere" system
L. S. Kuchment & Z. P. Startseva

227

Modelling water transfer in soils during the winter-spring period

235

Field investigations of preferential flow behaviour
J. Fredericia

E. M. Gusev

K. Vûlholth, K. H. Jensen &245

Comparison of unsaturated transfer models with experimental results
A. Mermoud & G. Gaillard

263

The effect of data accuracy on the results of soil moisture modelling
M. W. Ostrowski

271A gravity-drainage/scaling method for estimating the hydraulic properties ofheterogeneous soils P. J. Shouse, M. Th. van Genuchten & J. B. Sisson

3281

PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO
WATER AND CHEMICALS

Plant water relationships and évapotranspiration (keynote paper) H. E. Jensen,
K, E. Jensen & D. Rosbjerg

295

Assessment of diffusive crop cover resistance in évapotranspiration simulations bymeans of mathematical models /. Jaworski

309

Transpiration model associated with sap flow and meteorological data
M. Hashino & H. Yoshida

317

Measurement of évapotranspiration from a forest planted with cryptomeria using
the eddy correlation method Kanzi Mizutani, Takefumi Ikeda & Akira Shimizu

329

ContentsIX

Plant physiological behaviour in relation to water in a semiarid environment insoutheast Spain F. Domingo, J. Puigdefabregas, S. C. Clark, L. D. Incoll &J. G. Lockwood

335

Studies on the utility of forest hydrology using a catchment model& He Min

345

4

Chen Zu-Ming

CASE STUDIES AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS AT PLOT AND
CATCHMENT SCALES

The role of hydrology in global science (keynote paper) W. J. Shuttleworth

361

The water balances of two small upland catchments in Highland Scotland withdifferent vegetation covers R. C. Johnson & J. T. Law

377

Comparison of water storage variations inside a soil profile in different soil andvegetation types S. M. Tattari & K. A. Granlund

387

Prise en compte du type d'occupation des sols dans une modélisation pluie-débit
en savane soudanaise E. Servat & A. Dezetter

401

Natural and anthropogenic changes of heat and water budgets of the central
Caucasus A. N. Krenke, G. M. Nikolaeva & A. B. Shmakin

411

Groundwater, thermal and solute transport between pine forest and pastureland
M. Taniguchi

425

Field investigations of moisture and temperature fluxes at atmosphere, soil andvegetation interfaces G. Peschke, J. Scholz & C. Seidler

433

Hydrochemical budgets for experimental watersheds affected by nitrogen andsulphur treatments G. Brahmer & K, H. Feger

443

Biochemical modifications of snowpack runoff in an alpine basin
Aaron Brown & John Melack

457

Herbicide, nutrient and drainage from irrigated fields
R. Grover&J. Whiting

Mark Williams,W. Nicholaichuk, K. Best,
467

Water yield control in beech forest. A paired watershed study in the Krofdorf
forest research area Horst-Michael Brechtel & Hans-Werner Filhrer
Forest decline and soil acidification as biospheric aspects of the hydrologicalcycle H. J. CasparyAll485