評価調査結果要約表（英文）Summary of Evaluation
I. Outline of the ProjectCountry: Cambodia

Project Name: The Capacity Building for the Forestry
Sector Phase II

Issue/Sector: Natural Resource Management

Cooperation Scheme: Technical Cooperation Project

Division or Office in charge: JICA Cambodia

Total Cost:

477 million yen

OfficeDecember
Duration of

15,

2005

December 14, 2010

Cooperation–

Partner Country’s Implementing Agency: Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Supporting Agency in Japan: Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries

1-1. Background of the Project
The Kingdom of Cambodia is known as a country with rich forests and natural resources. According to the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), the forests in the country totalled over 13
million hectares, or more than 70% of the total land area (about 18 million ha) in the 1960s. However, forover 40 years, especially the last 20 years after the civil war, forests have been constantly damaged anddevastated. In 2003, the total area of forest was estimated at about 11.4 million hectares or about 62.7% of
the total land area1. Forest cover ratio is very differs in each province and municipality, such as forest ratioof Preah Vihear is shown as 95.3% and Phnom Penh is no remaining of forest. The direct causes ofdeforestation, or degradation of forests, are mainly illegal logging and encroachment of the forests for
expansion of agricultural land.
On the other hand, poverty is widespread with 36 percent of the rural population, some 4.5 million people,
are living below the poverty line2, and the economic gap between the rich and poor is widening. The
majority of the population is dependent on agriculture and access to natural resources. It means the
majority people remain vulnerable and rely on natural resources due to land shortage, increasing
population, poor harvest and others.
Today is more serious issue relating to forest-clearing for personal land grabbing ambition of those rich andpowerful individuals. In detail, there is on the increase along with the lack of lands for farming andbuilding residential houses for the people. At the same time, forestland has been diminished because ofillegal logging and land encroachment ruing the past decade. The forestland in concessions also werepoorly managed and exploited by the companies.
If forests are well managed, it is a great potential to lift millions of people out of poverty, through improved
1

Forestry Statistics in Cambodia in 2004 (FA)2

Less than US$1 per dayxiiand enhanced livelihoods and indirectly, through their contribution to the national economy.

In fact,

forests in Cambodia are one of the important resources for the country’s economy and for people. Over
90% of the households in Cambodia use firewood and charcoal for fuel3.
In this situation, proper forest resource management is one of the prime concerns in Cambodia’s domestic
policy. In parallel, there is a pressing need to train FA staff, but FA did not have a training system withregular courses for its own staff. In April 1999, the Cambodian government requested the Government ofJapan to assist human resource development of FA.
The Capacity Building Project for the Forestry Sector in Kingdom of Cambodia (hereinafter referred to as
the Phase I Project) commenced in December 2001 under the collaboration with JICA.
The Phase I Project trained in three years approximately 1,500 foresters on forestry law, community
forestry, nursery, silviculture, forest/wildlife management and measurement. In successfully provided
trainees with basic knowledge on the subjects and raised their awareness of their duties defined by the
Forestry Law. However, the final evaluation team of the Phase I Project found out that trainees’ applicationof acquired skills and knowledge needs improvement. This is partially due to the short course duration andinsufficient field practice.
The Royal Government of Cambodia requested the Government of Japan to extend its technical assistancefor five years. In response, JICA sent the preliminary study team to confirm the needs for assistance and to
discuss the details of the Project. The Record of Discussion was signed on December 14, 2005.
1-2. Master Plan of the Project
Overall Goal
Sustainable community resources utilization by local people is secured in the area conducted participatorycommunity resources management.
Project Purposes
Through the capacity building of Forestry Administration (FA) officers, sustainable utilization ofcommunity resources is secured for stabilizing the living of local people in the Field Project (FP) sites.
Outputs
Output 0
Preparation of the Project activities and the training for first FP sites and local FA who are not in the FP
sites are completed.
Output 1
Community resources are managed properly in the FP sites through smooth implementation of the CF
activities and other relevant activities.
Output 2
3

Cambodia Millennium Development Goals Report 2003 (Royal Government of Cambodia)xiii

Importance of community resources, including forestry resources, is recognized by local people in the FP
sites.
Output 3
Practical knowledge and skills, which can be utilized for local people’s needs, are obtained by local FA
officers in the FP sites.
Output 4
Practical knowledge and skills are obtained by local FA officers through efficient and effective training fortheir utilization in the office and/or fields.
1-3. Inputs
1-3-1.Cambodian side1) Allocation of Counterparts (C/P)

Total

46 persons

Total

129,000 USD

2) Project office and other facilities
3) Local Cost
1-3-2. Japanese Side1) Dispatch of Experts
Long-term Experts
Chief Advisor

5.1 M/M

Chief Advisor / Participatory Forest Mgmt.

24.0 M/M

Chief Advisor / Training Plan and Mgmt

21.6 M/M

4) Village Resource Management

13.8 M/M

5) Coordinator / Village Dev. And Extension

19.7 M/M

6) Training in Forestry Sector / Coordinator24.0 M/M

7) Community Forestry / Coordinator

35.0 M/M

8) Community Forestry II

29.6 M/M

Short-term Experts
1) Community Forestry

1.9M/M

2) Training Plan

1.0M/M

3) Community Forestry / Coordination w/WB PJ

7.6M/M

Total

183.3M/M

2) C/Ps Training in Japan
A total of twenty-nine (29) personnel trained in Japan.
3) Provision of Equipment
Total Amount of Provision Equipment

125,774USD

4) Local Cost
Total Disbursement of Local Cost by Japanese sidexiv

785,517USD

II. Members of Evaluation Team
MissionTeam Leader

Mr. Hitoshi HIRATA

Members

Senior Representative, JICA Cambodia
OfficeForestry Management

Mr. Mikihiro INOUE

Forestry Agency, Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Evaluation and

Ms. Yoshiko

Y’s Consulting Office Co., Ltd.

Analysis

TAKAHASHI

Evaluation

Mr. Yukihiro SHIBUYA

Representative, JICA Cambodia Office

Ms. Ayako OSADA

National Staff, JICA Cambodia Office

Management 1
Evaluation
Management 2
Period ofJune 13, 2010 – June 25, 2010

Evaluation

Type ofTerminal

Evaluation

Evaluation

III. Results of Evaluation
3-1. Summary of Evaluation Results
3-1-1. Achievement of Outputs
Output 0
Output 0 has been produced.
The guideline has been revised under Output 1 as “FP Manual (ver.2)”. The training curriculum andmaterials had revised and Training Plan had prepared and the trainers list has been prepared in 2006.

Output 1
Output 1 has been produced partly. In Boeng Kok CF, almost completed all planned activities. In 2nd
targeted five (5) CFs, some livelihood and other activities are still under implementation. On CF
legalization, none of the CF out of seven (7) CFs has reached to step 8 (Objectively Verifiable Indicator1-a.), although there are some progress has been made in each CF. The Project confirmed that most of theCFs have exchanged information each other on a routine basis (OVI 1-b.). Some CFs have started
collecting membership fees, they are facing difficulties on collection and the saving amount are still verysmall. The results of the survey indicate that 88% to 100% of CF members interviewed mentioned that theamount of forest resources has increased in each CF (OVI 1-c.). The 2nd targeted five (5) CFs had started
FP activities in December 2008 and some activities have not been started yet at the time of Terminal
Evaluation. It is uncertain if these activities would contribute to produce Output 1 and contribute to upperproject purpose level by the end of the Project.
Output 2
Output 2 has been produced fully.
It seems CF members understood clearly about the importance of community resources. The Projectutilized the previous CF assistance by the other NGOs and donors since their establishment.

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Output 3
Output 3 has been produced.
100% of interviewed CF members in each CF mentioned that all the techniques and information provided
by local FA officers are “practical”. It is confirmed that the materials provided by FA offices are utilized by
CF members.
In addition, the local FA officers have obtained practical knowledge and skills. According to the results ofsurvey done by the Project on local FA officers in the FP sites (C/Ps of the Project), “FP implementation
Affairs”, “Personal Consciousness on Duty” and “Self-evaluation of own work/ability through FP” aremarked three highest points. FP Counterparts have been obtained skills and knowledge for CF
implementation and they are confident on their work/ability to continue CF activities. On the other hand,
there is big gap among local FA officers of their “Basic Administrative skills”.
Output 4
Output 4 has been produced, although it is lower than expected level on the indicators.
According to the results of questionnaire survey on three hundred thirty one (331) ex-trainees done by the
Project in December 2009, the 22% of ex-trainees answers “Yes” to the question “Do you gained yourknowledge and skills sufficiently assist you”, the 33% answers “No” and the 39% does not answer. The
55% of them answers “Happy with the gain knowledge”, “Remained unclear” 2%, “Do not solve yourissue” 1%, “Need more training” 24% and the 18% does not answer for the question “After attending
training course, how do you feel”. For the utilization of skills and knowledge, the 47% of ex-trainees
utilized them, the 6% of them not utilized and the 47% does not answer. The 38% of the Chiefs answers to
the quality of trained staff is “Applicable”, and the 61% answers “Some (skills & knowledge) applicable”.
There were some comments from interviewees on trainees’ selection. Some selected trainees were not incharge of the activities relating to the training subjects.
3-1-2. Achievement of the Project Purpose
Project Purpose
Through the capacity building of Forestry Administration (FA) officers, sustainable utilization ofcommunity resources is secured for stabilizing the living of local people in the Field Project (FP) sites.
OVI: At each target CF, method and know-how to secure sustainable utilization of community resources
are obtained by 70% of CF members by the end of the Project.
On average 51% of interviewed CF members are “applied” transferred techniques and information. In
addition, 68% of interviewed CF members are “involved” in their planned activities. Through those
activities, CF members are transferred practical method and know-how from the local FA officers and/or
other trainers. In the new five (5) CFs targeted in December 2008 (2nd targeted CFs), although theactivities related on Plan/Review, CF legalization, CF patrolling, Boundary demarcation / Boundary post
setting / Map signboard installation have been implemented, livelihood activities and some other activities

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have not been started yet at the time of Terminal Evaluation study. Therefore, it is still uncertain if thesetechniques are enough to secure sustainable utilization of community resources and it is difficult toprospect full achievement of the Project Purpose at the present moment.
3-2. Results of Evaluation by Five Criteria
Evaluation results are graded by five ranks of “Very High”, “High”, “Fair”, “Low” and “Very Low”.
3-2-1. Relevance
Relevance of the Project is evaluated “High”.
The Overall Goal is still relevant with needs of targeted area and society. The Project Purpose is still
relevant with needs of Target Groups of the Project. Most of the local people in the FP sites have been
depending on agriculture and community resources for their livelihood. However, it is well recognized thatthe land development has been expanding rapidly and it threatens the sustainable use of community
resources by local people. The government of Cambodia regards CF as potential measures to sustainablecommunity resources management. According to the Forest Law, the local FA office should fulfill roles
supporting local people on CF legalization. In this manner, it is crucial to train local FA officers in
Cambodia. The Overall Goal and the Project Purpose are still relevant with Cambodian National Policies.
According to “National Forest Programme (NFP)” (2010), there are six (6) priority issues; 1)Forest
Demarcation, Classification and Registration, 2)Conservation and Forest Resource Development andBiodiversity, 3)Forest Law Enforcement and Governance, 4)Community Forestry, 5)Capacity and Research
Development and 6) Sustainable Forest Financing.
3-2-2. Effectiveness
Effectiveness of the Project is evaluated “Fair”.
On average 51% of interviewed CF members are “applied” transferred techniques and information.
Through those activities, CF members are transferred practical method and know-how from the local FA
officers and/or other trainers. In the new five (5) CFs targeted in December 2008 (2nd targeted CFs),
although the activities related on Plan/Review, CF legalization, CF patrolling, Boundary demarcation /Boundary post setting / Map signboard installation have been implemented, livelihood activities and someother activities have not been started yet at the time of Terminal Evaluation study. Therefore, it is still
uncertain if these techniques are enough to secure sustainable utilization of community resources and it isdifficult to prospect achievement of the Project Purpose at the present moment.
Output 0, Output 1, Output 2 and Output 3 have contributed to the Project Purpose. Especially Output 3 hascontributed directly to the Project Purpose and it also contributed to Output 1 and Output 2 through the
CF/FP activities for the local people in the sites.
One constraint factor to achieve the Project Purpose was non-logical PDM of the each version. Especially,
relation between the Project Purpose and their Objectively Verifiable Indicators, relation between the
Project Purpose and the Overall Goal, and Output 1, Output 2, Output 3 and their Indicators. Additionally,
one more Output for connecting experiences both CF/FP activities and trainings of FWTC should havebeen set in PDM. The other constraint factor was inappropriate timing for 2nd targeted FP/CF sites

xviiselection to contribute achievement of the Project Purpose.
3-2-3. Efficiency
Efficiency of the Project is evaluated “Fair”.
The Inputs has been appropriate in terms of timing, quantity, quality and cost in order to produce the
Outputs of the Project. Some contribution factors are that the provided equipment GPS to FWTC for
trainings have transferred to (lend) local FA offices for their boundary measurement.
On the other hand, there are some constraint factors affected to efficiency such as 1) Six (6) C/Ps who weretrained in phase I had left the Project in 2006, 2) born insufficient budget for trainings at FWTC by
Cambodian side. The cooperation with RECOFTC (NGO) on CF Training of Trainers had delayed one year
and C/Ps finally completed trainings in December 2008. Thus the 1st CF training by C/Ps was organized in
September 2009. Although those trainers instructed in the four (4) CF trainings and trained eighty-one (81)trainees, this event was also one of the constraint factors affected to efficiency.
3-2-4. Impact
Impact of the Project is evaluated “Fair”.
1) Prospect to achieve Overall Goal
It is too early to prospect to achieve Overall Goal, although several positive impacts of the Project are
observed.
2) Other unintended Impacts by the Project implementation
The following positive impacts are observed. A total of 54 % of ex-trainee (331) shared the skills andknowledge with other people after the training, and 43% of them shared with co-leagues. The result ofinterview survey shows many of them instructed or shared usage of GPS. A local FA officer in Krayea FAT
mentioned that FA officer was invited to the meeting for commune development plan formulation.
3-2-5. Sustainability
Sustainability of the Project is evaluated “Low”.
1)Organizational sustainability (Fair)
From the result of questionnaire to the FA management in central, Acting Director of Institute ofForest-Wildlife Research and Development (IRD) (on behalf of Project director), Deputy Head of FA(Project Manager) and Deputy chief of IRD (Deputy Project manager) mentioned that FA will continue toprovide trainings for the local FA officers and also to implement CF after the Project. FWTC has enoughexperiences to provide trainings on Forest Management Plan (FMP), silviculture and CF for FA officers.
The Project approach which carried out FP activities with C/Ps in line with FAC, FAD and FAT had
contributed not only smooth implementation but also capacity development on individual local FA offices.
The CF members are likely continuing their livelihood improvement activities by themselves after
completion of the Project assistance.

xviii2) Technical Sustainability (high)Four (4) C/Ps at FWTC have obtained enough technical capacity to organize trainings for FA officers on
FMP, Silviculture and CF.

C/Ps in FP sites have obtained skills and knowledge especially for CF

implementation from the Project activities, although ability and knowledge vary in each local FA officers.
It is confirmed that most of the C/Ps in FP sites are confident with their skills and knowledge on CF/FP
implementation as their duty. On the other hand, some of them are still not confident on their Basic
administrative skills.
3) Financial Viability (very low)
Japanese side has provided 100% of training expense which cost about 3,500 USD/course and it wasplanned to be transferred to the Cambodian side gradually from the 3rd year. However, it has not started
yet. If there is no financial support from donors or NGOs, then it become difficult for them to utilize theiroperational capacity developed through the Project activities.
3-3. Factors contributed to the Project3-3-1. Related to the Project Plan
- The Project has implemented CF/FP activities at seven (7) CFs and all the activities have been carriedout based on participatory approaches through the local FA officers. This approach effectively contributed
the capacity building of local FA officers and CF groups.
- Livelihood approach as a component with CF legalization and Forestry activities on CF/FP
implementation.
3-3-2. Related to the Implementation Process of the Project- Cooperation with local authorities to implement CF/FP activities effectively.
- Good relationship and communication between local FA officers (C/Ps) and CF members by the role oflocal FA officers as facilitator.
3-4.

Factors inhibited to the Project3-4-1. Related to the Project Plan
- Although the PDM has been revised several times since preparation period, the logic of current PDM(ver.2) is still not clear. It made stakeholders confused and had negative affect to the Project smooth
implementation as confirmed above.
3-4-2. Related to the Project Implementation Process- Inappropriate timing of implementation for the second selected five (5) CFs in December 2008.
- Insufficient discussion and communication on financial viability among the Project stakeholders.
- Inappropriate project management of Monitoring on achievement of the Project by the Objectively
Verifiable Indicators.
4.

Conclusion
By the end of the Project duration, it is difficult to prospect full achievement of the Project Purpose at

the present moment and it is still uncertain if these techniques are enough to secure sustainable utilizationxix

of community resources. Accordance with sustainability, it is confirmed that the Project should suggest
further effective utilization of FWTC from the year 2011 and should discuss on how to improve financial
sustainability for the activities after the Project completion. Therefore, the evaluation team considers somerecommendations to the Project and the Project will terminate in December 2010 as it planned.
Recommendation
1) The Project should compile the materials of trainings and CF/FP implementation in order to share theoutcomes of the Project for dissemination.
2) The Project should organize a workshop for the stakeholders such as development partners, relevant FA
offices and local authorities in Cambodia before December 2010 to share the outcomes and experiences of
the Project.
3) The Project should suggest further effective utilization of FWTC from the year 2011 in order to sustain
the function FWTC.
4) The Project and the FA central should discuss on how to improve financial sustainability for theactivities after the Project completion.
5) FA central should make local FA offices continue to support (monitoring, technical support andcoordination with other necessary agencies) to CF and the local people.
Lessons learnt
PDM formulation should be carefully examined with clear vision and approach before commencement the
Project.
Promoting community resources management needs to involve both central and local authorities. Thisapproach effectively contributes for the capacity building of local line agencies and CF groups.
Promoting legalized community forestry needs to involve both central and local authorities.
The approach to support local people or CF members in livelihood can facilitate CF development
effectively. The local FA officers can play roles to facilitate local peoples’ livelihood improvement as partof CF development.

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