2011 JDS International Seminar

Environmental Policy: Land use, biodiversity
conservation, and traditional knowledge

November 28, 29 & 30, 2011
inRoom A205, Laboratory of Advanced Research A Building,
University of Tsukuba

This seminar is held as part of the Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development
Scholarship (JDS) Program activities hosted by the Graduate School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, University of Tsukuba.

2011 JDS International Seminar

Environmental Policy: Land use, biodiversity conservation, and traditional
knowledge
November 28, 29 & 30, 2011
inRoom A205, Laboratory of Advanced Research A Building,
University of Tsukuba

PROGRAM

November 28 (Mon)9:00-11:45
Special lecture I: Land use planning and ecosystem services(Prof. Yu-Pin Lin, National Taiwan University)
13:00-14:00
Presentations by JDS Fellows (Organizer: Prof. Yoshino)
14:00-13:30
Coffee break
14:30-15:30
Presentations by JDS Fellows
17:00-18:30
Welcome party

November 29 (Tue)9:00-11:45
Special lecture II: Environmental policy formulation and analysis in Asia:
Implications in biodiversity conservation(Prof. Le Van Khoa, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology)
13:00-14:00
Presentations by JDS Fellows (Organizer: Prof. Yabar)
14:00-13:30
Coffee break
14:30-15:30
Presentations by JDS Fellows

November 30 (Wed)9:00-11:45
Special lecture III: Peasant ways of life at stake: Environmental policies
and community-based forest management(Prof. Noemi Miyasaka Porro, Federal University of Pará)
13:00-14:00
Presentations by JDS Fellows (Organizer: Prof. Matsui)
14:00-13:30
Coffee break
14:30-15:30
Presentations by JDS Fellows

List of JDS Fellow Presenters
November 28
Pham Tien Dat
2010, Vietnam

Monitoring Mangrove Forest Using Multi-temporal Satellite
Remote Sensing Data in the Northern Coast of Vietnam, A
comparative case study: Hai Phong City, Vietnam

Natsagdorj Natsagsuren
2010, Mongolia

Evaluation of Factors Affecting on the Soil Moisture in the
Semi Arid Regions in Mongolia

Ha Nam Thang
2011, Vietnam

Apply Loicz Biogeochemical Modeling for Estimating
Environmental Capacity of Aquaculture Zone in Sam Chuon
Lagoon, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

Munkhuu Undraa
2011, Mongolia

The Plant Community Succession and Regeneration of
Pseudo-Taiga Larch Forests after Fire in Tarbagatai
Mountain Range, Mongolia

November 29
Ngo Thi Lan Phuon
2010, Vietnam

A New Approach for Municipal Solid Waste Governance
Aiming to Become Green City Bases on a Sound Materialcycle Society Initiative in Hanoi, Vietnam

Hoang Thanh Tung2010, Vietnam

Policy for Risk Management in Rice Value Chain to Adapt
with Climate Change in Vietnam

Abu Taher Md. Kamrul Kabir Bhuiyan
2010, Bangladesh

Introducing Socio-Environmental Management Policy
Guidelines for the financing of Electric Power Projects in
Bangladesh

Nguyen Thanh Nga
2010, Vietnam

Analyze Wetland Economic Value: Case Study in Xuan
Thuy National Park, Viet Nam

Shahjahan Mohammad
2011, Bangladesh

Adopting Clean Development Mechanism for Sustainable
Development and Economic Growth in Bangladesh

November 30
Gonchig Gantulga
2010, Mongolia

The Establishment of Sustainable Farming Extension in
Mongolia: Challenges and Possibilities of Integrated
GovernanceNguyen Thi Thuy Phuong
2010, Vietnam

The Effect of Community Forest Management on Forest
Resource Dynamics in Nam Dong District, Thua Thien
Hue Province, Viet Nam

Badamsed Delgermaa
2011, Mongolia

Wetland Management and Waterbird Conservation in“Mongol Daguur” Strictly Protected Area

Khanam Syeda Masuma
2011, Bangladesh

The Empowerment of Rural Women in Bangladesh forEnvironmental Conservation: Integrating Traditional
Knowledge and Environmental Education

Dang Nguyet Anh
2011, Vietnam

Community-based Adaptation (CBA) to Climate Change
for Coastal Fishing Community in Ha Tinh, Vietnam

MONITORING MANGROVE FOREST USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITEREMOTE SENSING DATA IN THE NORTHERN COAST OF VIETNAM
A comparative case study: Hai Phong city, Vietnam

Pham Tien Dat a, * and Kunihiko Yoshino baGraduate student, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,305-8577 Japan - dat6784@gmail.combProfessor, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,305-8573 Japan - sky@sk.tsukuba.ac.jp

ABSTRACT:Mangroves play an important role to protect dyke systems and defend against the impacts of big
storms. However, these forests are under severe threat because of the rapid growth of population,
migration onto the coasts, insufficient governance, poor planning, as well as uncoordinated economic
development. Hai Phong city on located in the Northern coast of Vietnam where the mangrove are
distributed between zone I and zone II among four mangrove zones in Vietnam. This city isvulnerable to rising sea levels associated with climate change and tropical cyclone, which are
forecasted to become more prevalent and stronger as climate change intensifies. Mangrove forests inthe city areas have decreased dramatically due to intensive and extensive shrimp aquaculture. The
objectives of this research were to identify the locations of mangroves and to analyze mangrovechanges using different sensors including optical sensors: LANDSAT, SPOT, and ALOS PALSAR
in Hai Phong from 1990 to 2010. Image segmentation was used to improve the accuracy assessmentof the post satellite image processing. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote
Sensing data were applied to analyze how the mangrove had changed across the different periods
from 1990 – 2010. The findings of this research showed that mangroves loss was approximately 1067
hectares in Hai Phong. Nevertheless, mangroves have expanded in several districts thanks to goodmangrove conservation and management. The overall accuracy of the satellite imagery processing
was 89% and the Kappa index was 0.87. This research may provide the potential for a multi-temporalsatellite remote sensing data together with image segmentation approach for mapping mangrove
forest in the coastal zones.
KEYWORDS: Mangrove change, GIS, Satellite remote sensing, Image segmentation, Opticalimagery, SAR.

Evaluation of factors affecting the soil moisture in thesemi arid regions in Mongolia
Natsagsorj Natsagsuren*
Student No:201025043*Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japannatsagsurenn@yahoo.com
Land cover with insufficient and unstable soil moisture is predominant in north-eastern
Eurasia. This is true especially in the arid and semi-arid region which covers Mongolia, where
there is an annual precipitation ranging from a few mm/y to 300 mm/y. Therefore, thedevelopment of an integrated approach to evaluate the soil moisture is key for a better
understanding of the natural potential during climate change. The observed data are quite usefulwhen investigating the soil moisture change in both the spatial and the temporal distribution, andthey should be analyzed with the observed soil moisture data.
The previous studies in hydrology and climatology suggest that the soil moisture might
have an influence on the climatic conditions in Mongolia, however there were few papers toinvestigate the relationship between the soil moisture and climatic conditions, especially for theprediction of soil moisture. For this purpose, a step regression analysis of the soil moisture forover a long time period is necessary using the observed soil moisture and the meteorological data.
The objective of this master’s thesis is to predict the temporal and spatial distribution of
the soil moisture content through a correlation analysis using the observed data and to make clear
the important factors affecting the future soil moisture conditions.
Firstly, a correlation analysis of the observed soil moisture data in the selected stations is
performed to make clear the relationship between the soil moisture certain parameters such as:precipitation, temperature, humidity in the atmosphere, and then to predict the soil moisture in
the future. A preliminary regression analyses for four different natural zone’s stations were
performed. For example: A forest steppe area (Bulgan, Tsetserleg) has more correlated
forecasted atmospheric factors ,especially for precipitation. In Steppe regions, forecasted air andsurface temperature with daily wind factors were correlated (Darkhan, Undurkhaan, Ugtaal,
Baruun-Urt). In the Gobi Desert, can make forecasts from previous precipitation and it’s
evapotranspiration (Dalanzadgad, Saikhan).
After the correlation analyses, a spatial distribution map of the soil moisture will be
produced for every variety of natural zone. The results of the present study would contributemuch to the construction of a prediction system to improve the agriculture and nomadic activities
in Mongolia.
Keywords: soil moisture, prediction, air temperature, precipitation, step by regression

APPLY LOICZ BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODELING FOR ESTIMATINGENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY OF AQUACULTURE ZONE IN SAM CHUON LAGOON,
THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAMHA Nam Thang
First year student of Master program of Environmental and Life Science
Abstract
The Tam Giang – Cau Hai lagoon is located in Thua Thien Hue province. It is one of thelargest lagoon in South East Asia with an area of 22,000 ha. For their livelihoods, aquaculture plays animportant role for the farmers who live alongside the lagoon. Aquaculture has expanded greatly and has
caused aquatic environmental pollution, biodiversity degradation as well as aquatic diseases. This thesis
focuses on estimating the environmental capacity of the aquaculture zone based on LOICZ
biogeochemical modeling. It also conducts a multi-variable analysis for establishing a regression modelof water quality parameters (pH, DO) which is based on input factors such as feed and fertilizer as wellas the density of shrimp.
Keywords
LOICZ modeling, aquaculture, environmental capacity, Sam Chuon lagoon

THE PLANT COMMUNITY SUCCESSION AND REGENERATION OF PSEUDOTAIGA LARCH FORESTS AFTER FIRE IN TARBAGATAI MOUNTAIN RANGE,MONGOLIA
Student: Munkhuu Undraa
Student ID: 201125029 (e-mail: zuunnast_2004@yahoo.com)
Tentative supervisor Prof. M.Masuda

Mongolia is a country with small forest resources. By 2010, Mongolia’s total forest landis 18.6 million ha, of which 12,9 million ha or 8.26% of the total territory is covered in a closed
forest area (MNET Forest agency, 2010).
Between 1999 and 2010, on average, 240,000 ha of forest area per year (a total of 2.9
million ha) was affected by fire due to climate change, aridity, human negligence and lightning.
Due to fires in 1996, 2002, 2003, 65,751 hectares of larch forest was destroyed by fire in
the Tarbagatai mountain range (Environmental information center, 2010).
A characteristic of plant community change and forest regeneration after a fire depends
on the intensity of those fires and the occurrence. Surface fire is predominant in larch forest ofMongolia. But crown fires are rare. Surface fires of a high intensity usually cause destruction ofalmost whole stand.
The study area is located in Tosontsengel soum, Zavkhan province, in the Tarvagatai
Mountain Range, in the western part of Mongolia. One of the features of a pseudo-taiga larch
forest is to regenerate only larch tress after a fire.
The objective of the study is to identify the tendency of the plant community change andregeneration and to work out a scientific rationale of rehabilitation after fires.
The forest monitoring survey will help to prevent degradation and deforestation and to
determine the tendency of forest regeneration in different types of forest.

Key words: plant community succession, regeneration, pseudo-taiga

A new approach for municipal solid waste governance aiming to become green city
bases on a sound material – cycle society initiative in Hanoi, Vietnam
Student: NGO Thi Lan Phuong (ID: 201025041)
Supervisors: Helmut YABAR, Yoshiro HIGANO
ABSTRACTTo establish a low carbon, sustainable and natural symbiosis society, municipal solid waste(MSW) is one of the important parts in an integrated environmental management system. An
initiative from Japan named “a sound material-cycle society” toward MSW management is avery successful model and it now has been introduced and implemented in many countries
and regions including Hanoi, Vietnam.
MSW in Hanoi, at present, causes many serious impacts on the environment andbecomes a burden for the local government to deal with. Hanoi is regarded as one of thebiggest waste generators in Vietnam. The current MSW generation in Hanoi averages of
3,200 tons/day (Hanoi Urban Environment Company, URENCO 2009) and it is estimatedthat the MSW amount will increase threefold in the coming years. MSW composition has
been changing significantly because of living standard and habit changes. Beside organic
waste from households, there is also a large proportion of hazardous waste and nondegradable waste such as plastics, metal, cans and glass (WB, 2004). However waste
collection and waste treatment systems in Hanoi have not changed nor adapted with theseincreasing trends. The key reasons for this are a poor management system, a lack of the local
people awareness, and a lack of funding and technologies, etc. The first and biggest
challenge in this weak system is landfill capacity. The majority of waste in urban area ofHanoi now is mainly buried, treated and then disposed in the Nam Son waste treatmentcomplex (90%). The average amount disposed of is 2,100 tons/day. In comparison with its
designed capacity, it is estimated that it will be full and overloaded by 2015. Additionally,
there is no future plan to build a new landfill area. Around the city, there are many illegal
open dumping sites where many kinds of waste are directly discharged without any treatment.
Secondly, recycling activities from MSW in Hanoi have not been concentrated sufficiently.
Less than 5% of the organic waste is recycled into compost to produce fertilizers at the Cau
Dien composting plant. Other materials could possibly be recycled, especially business andcommercial waste but at present, they are collected and transferred in a bulky mixed wastewith low value. Thirdly, the awareness of the local people regarding MSW management isstill low and alarming. Local people throw away waste unmethodically and the illegal waste
discharging in open dumping sites often happens at night causing many negative impacts on
the city’s beauty. Thus, this study proposes some solutions to help Hanoi deal with current
MSW difficulties by introducing an integrated MSW management system combining sorted
collection, new technologies and sanitary landfill.
This study aims to analyze the Japanese SMCS model in compatible conditions withthe current waste in Hanoi at the first step: waste classification. The author will conduct anarea study in some main wards of Hanoi with the participation of households and supermarkets about waste classification at source based on the SMCS initiative and the Japanesewaste classification standards. The output of this study is to identify the MSW composition
and the material cycle and then aim to increase the amount of composted and recyclable
material, quantify the reduction in the landfill load and propose some policies to improve thelocal people awareness for better MSW governance.
Keywords: A Sound Material-Cycle Society, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Waste
classification, landfill, recycling, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Policy for Risk Management inRice Value Chain to Adapt withClimate Change in
VietnamHoang Thanh Tung*, Yoshiro Higano* Helmut Yabar**Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
interpersonalvn@gmail.com

Abstract
Rice is the most important crop in Vietnam; it is also the livelihood of over 50% of
thepopulation. Rice has an enormous role in national food security and partly contributes toworld thank to its exportation. Rice export volume had increased from 3.48 million tons to
6.05 million tons between 2000 and 2009. Thus the role of rice production in food security
has grown internationally, rather than justnationally over the past decade that makes
Vietnam becomethe world’s second largest exporter just behind Thailand. However, therice production,recently, has to face increasingly difficulties due to climate change,
especially in the Mekong River delta and the Red River delta, which dominate more than
70% of thetotal rice production area. Although the rice yield gradually increased in all
regions, it has significantly fluctuated from 2000 due toextreme weather events such as
unusual flood flows, heavily precipitation, and typhoons. More seriously, farmers seem tonot have benefited much from the remarkable achievement in rice production andexportation. The problem isthat the more rice farmers have produced, the less profits they
have received compared to other stakeholders in value chain, while they are the mostvulnerable and disadvantaged people due to climate change.
The government has clearly recognized that climate changeadversely affects to riceproduction, yet it does not have any specific policies for risk management. This researchaims to promote risk managementfocusing on risk identification, risk assessment, risk
analysis and the adaptation of measures and policies. To achieve this objective, a literature
review,a key stakeholderinterview, meeting with experts and focus group discussionare
deliberately conducted to collect information about what is considered as risk in the rice
value chain, how present farmers, stakeholders and government respond to risk and whatkind of policy measures should be implemented. The problems in rice production andmarket require reforming current policies and proposing new risk management
mechanisms and institutions to ensure andequally allocate a shared risk and value among
all participants in the value chain. Besides, thegovernment policiesshould promote thepositivecooperationof community, both private and public sectors to confront theincreasinglynegative impact of climate change on rice production.
Keywords: Risk management, Value chain, Climate change, Institutions

Introducing Socio-Environmental Management Policy
Guidelines for the financing of Electric Power Projects in Bangladesh
Abu Taher Mohammad Kamrul Kabir Bhuiyan
GS of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
kamrulkabir@gmail.com
ABSTRACTEnergy, and especially electricity, has become the key component for the economic
development of nations worldwide. Bangladesh has been struggling for a long time with herenergy sources especially electric power. The gap between the demand and supply ofelectricity has never been met, and in 2007 alone, the demand was 30% higher than the supply.
By 2013, the government plans to increase power generation to about 7000 MW which mightsomehow relieve this gap.
In order to meet this increasing energy demand, and since the amount of investment involved
is huge, the Bangladesh government is encouraging the private sector to participate in thischallenge. Thanks to this initiative, many small and medium scale electric power generationcompanies, mostly natural gas-based, have been established in the last couple of years. Manyof these companies are running under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis. While thesepower projects are important for the economy, they have significant social and environmental
impacts which are not seriously addressed. In this sense, it is imperative to establish amechanism to determine and assess the future potential environmental and social impacts ofelectric power projects. Because of effective policies and guidelines, efficient and competentmanpower, corruption, and overall unawareness, it is difficult for the government’s
environmental agency to monitor and evaluate these projects, as well, since most of theseprojects are financed by financial institutions (FIs), we propose that these FIs also conduct the
impact assessment and monitoring under the guidance and regulation of the Central Bank,
which are the regulator of the FIs.
In this study, a social and environmental management policy guidelines for FIs will be
developed to finance electric power projects consistent with Bangladesh Environmental andSocial Assessment laws. Apart from any possible environmental impacts, the social impacts,
including land acquisition and involuntary resettlement issues are also considered. This
descriptive study would be carried out by reviewing related literature, consultation withstakeholders and a compilation and analysis of information.
We believe this study will help address the adverse social and environmental impacts during
the whole life cycle of a project. The mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures will
also be a part of the policies. From the view point of the Central Bank, these guidelines might
increase the potentiality of the FIs to finance this type of projects.
Keywords: Electric Power, Environmental Safeguard, Social Impact, Financial Institutions,
Environmental Laws.

1Analyze Wetland Economic Value: Case Study in
Xuan Thuy National Park, Viet Nam
NGUYEN Thanh Nga, Yoshiro HIGANO, Helmut YABAR
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
nganguyen66@gmail.com
Abstract
Wetlands, as defined by the Ramsar Convention, cover a wide range of habitat types suchas rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peatlands and coral reefs and are considered ahomeland for a variety of flora and fauna and provide tremendous economic benefits. Located in
Nam Dinh Province, Xuan Thuy National Park is the first Ramsar site in Viet Nam with morethan 15,000 hectares in total area. It is viewed as a typical wetland ecosystem of national andinternational importance and the basis of livelihood for more than 48,000 local people. However,
Xuan Thuy National Park is now under a number of threats and problems including resource
overuse and mismanagement. Large areas of the wetland have been reclaimed for the aquaculture
and agriculture activities, fishery resources have decreased due to over-exploitation and a large
number of mangrove areas have been destroyed because of aquaculture, especially intensive
shrimp farming. Moreover, the ecosystem is being polluted due to chemical waste fromagriculture cultivation and the increasing population in the buffer zone, of which 50 percent relieson the wetland resources, exerts additional pressure on the wetland conservation and managementin the region.
This study is aimed at partially filling an information gap relating to the economic valuesof the wetlands in Xuan Thuy National Park. The direct uses of aquaculture, agriculture and ecotourism of the wetlands in Xuan Thuy are estimated by using Market Price Approach and Travel
Cost Method. This information regarding the direct economic value will provide evidence of themonetary benefits of wetlands to community and the wetland managers and gain their support forwise use and management of the wetlands. The results of this study are a proposed
recommendation for making trade-offs among the management options for the wetlands in thisarea.
Keywords: Xuan Thuy National Park, wetland, economic value, market price, travel cost
method1

“Adopting Clean Development Mechanism for Sustainable Development and Economic
Growth in Bangladesh”
SHAHJAHAN Mohammad, Student ID No: 201125023,
Abstract:
Bangladesh is likely one of the worst sufferers from global warming. The IPCC determined thata 1.5 meter rise in sea level would inundate an area of 22,000 sq. km of Bangladesh and affect 17
million people (IPCC Report, 2007).The UNFCCC adopted an international framework toaddress global climate change.CDM is one of the tools to combat the climate change. The Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto protocol to the UNFCCC, has the potential tobe an effective tool in international law to encourage investment in waste and renewable energy
projects in developing countries. CDM is intended to be, inter alia, a vehicle for investment andtechnology transfers into developing countries to achieve sustainable development by enablingnecessary economic growth whilst also reducing GHG emissions on a global level. Thismechanism has been designed to monetize environmental values using the market mechanism tocontribute to the sustainable development of the host country and to encourage cleaner
technology transfers from developed countries. This research makes an attempt to understand the
CDM and is especially focused on waste and energy projects to find out its potentiality in
Bangladesh.
In the capital city, Dhaka, the waste composition mainly is organic waste at 84.37%. (Source,
Waste concern 2005). So there is potentiality to adopt a CDM project by composting themunicipal organic waste. The waste sector options will mainly prevent the release of methane
through bio-methanation processes. The methane collected can be flared or used to generate
electricity. When electricity is generated, a GHG reduction due to fossil fuel replacement can beclaimed. Also, when waste is converted to replace chemical fertilizers, GHG reduction can beclaimed. The waste sector options for Bangladesh therefore can be realized in the landfill.
Currently in Bangladesh there are only two registered CDM projects.
In order to attract more CDM projects to Bangladesh my objective in this study is to enhance theawareness of stakeholders regarding CDM potentials and identify economic opportunities in
sectors that will be beneficial to the country for CDM projects form the view point of policy
makers.
Keywords: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), GHG emission, Municipal Solid Waste(MSW), Landfill, Emission trading, Sustainable Development, Organic gas recovery.

Title: The Establishment of Sustainable Farming Extension in Mongolia: Challenges
and Possibilities of Integrated Governance
Gonchig Gantulga
201025042
Abstract
Mongolian traditional livestock farming has sustained the populace for a long time. However,today, livestock farmers suffer from disintegrating traditional knowledge, increasingly
overgrazed areas and decreasing self-governing power. This presentation aims to discuss apotential form of integrated governance for sustainable livestock farming in Mongolia bydeveloping good local governance and empowering the herders. I believe that this form ofgovernance would lead to good environmental conservation and healthy food production.
Historically, Mongolian pastoralists developed their own ecological knowledge with traditional
worldviews. For instance, seasonal grazing was determined by landscape, weather, water,
available plant species, wild animal habitats, and the types of livestock. Also herders migrated to
avoid natural disasters such as zhud, drought and strong storms.
During the socialist period, a “collective herding” policy was established. Under this policy, thestate owned the livestock, and livestock farmers received regular salaries as well as services suchas education, health care, specialists’ advice, assistance and veterinary care. After the democratic
revolution, all services were abolished, and livestock farming was privatized. This change has
reduced self-regulatory pasture use and other collective resource uses by livestock farmers.
Privatization has also induced more intensive farming investments from other countries.
The current “top-down” system of agricultural extension services in Mongolia does not allow
farmers to participate in relevant decision making processes and generally limits interactions,linkages, and effective communication among researchers, extension managers, and farmers.
In this presentation, I suggest that Mongolian agriculture needs to establish a sustainable
livestock farming extension by incorporating traditional practices. This policy can be
implemented under good governance mechanisms along educated farmers.
Keywords: sustainable agriculture, traditional knowledge, livestock, herder, governanceTHE EFFECT OF COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT ON FORESTRESOURCE DYNAMICS IN NAM DONG DISTRICT, THUA THIEN HUEPROVINCE, VIET NAM
NGUYEN Thi Thuy Phuong
Student ID: 201025040
Supervisor: Prof. Misa MASUDA

Community Forest Management (CFM) generally refers to community-based
activities which are geared towards the sustainable use of forests. However, the concept of
CFM has evolved over decades into various forms and contexts. CFM practitioners in Viet
Nam call it "spontaneous" management. The concept of Community Forest Management(CFM) was officially recognized in Viet Nam with the implementation of the Land Law(2003) and the Law on Forest Protection and Development (2004). Prior to this, however, thegovernment of Viet Nam had long promoted CFM, specifically on issues related to (1) theprocess of allocating forest land to households/household groups (particularly to poor,
ethnic minorities whose livelihoods are closely linked to traditional forest management); (2)the decentralization of forest management; and (3) the development of “pro-poor”
mechanisms t h at target those groups that are involved in implementing innovative forest
management solutions. The CFM process has been piloted in many provinces in Viet Nam,such as Son La, Hoa Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai, Dak Lak,
Dak Nong, and Gia Lai. However, its effectiveness in achieving its goals is still debated. Somepeople regard local people as a threat to forest resource conservation. Others believe that, inmany cases, local people play important roles in forest resource management. Both arguments
are soundly argued, but which is correct? My study will answer this question by focusing on theeffect of community-based forest management in Viet Nam. For this task, I selected one of two
mountainous districts in Thua Thien Hue Province, Nam Dong, where 75% of the total area isforest, some of which the local people had received government allocation since 1995. To
investigate the question above, I have three specific tasks to clarify: (1) How was CFM
implemented in the district of my study area? (2) How does CFM affect the forest resource? And(3) How does CFM affect local livelihoods? My presentation reports on my findings regarding tothese points so far.

Wetland management and waterbird conservation
in “Mongol Daguur” Strictly Protected Area
Student: Badamsed Delgermaa( 201125028)
Supervisor: Prof. Misa MASUDA
Introduction
Wetlands are one of the most important resources and habitats for flora and fauna
diversity. My presentation focused on the Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area (SPA) which islocated in Northeastern Mongolia. This area is a generally flat plain with rolling hills holding
swampy wetland areas. This unique ecosystem supports diverse fauna and flora species. It
provides important stopover points for water and shore birds and important breeding grounds forrare and endangered species.
Recently, the effects of global warming, fire, mining, pollution and overgrazing by
domestic animals have been negatively impacting the region, especially for rare and endangered
species of birds. However, the main problems are the lack of finances and properly trained
human resources which prevent the proper protection of the wetland ecosystem in Eastern
Mongolia.
These environmental problems have affected wetland habitat and distribution, population
sizes, breeding activities and the migratory success of waterbirds.
Objectives
I will examine the challenges of wetland management which Northeastern Mongolia
faces in conserving waterbird habitats. By identifying these problems I will seek some solution,
especially how local people and their knowledge can help to conserve the wetlands in the Strictly
Protected Area.
Key words: wetland management, waterbird conservation, strictly protected area, local peopleTitle: “The Empowerment of Rural Women in Bangladesh for Environmental
Conservation: Integrating Traditional Knowledge and Environmental Education”.
Abstract: In Bangladesh, rural women have intimate relationships with the environment. Theyuse, manage and protect natural resources for food, fuel, fodder, water, medicine and otherincome generating activities. They are fully aware that their livelihood and family welfare
depend on sustainable resource use; and therefore, the environment is to be conserved for theirlong-term needs. 1 In Bangladesh, environmental degradation is a hot issue now. More than men,rural women have to bear the adverse consequences of environmental degradation especially theones caused by climate change. However, rural women do not need to be the powerless victims ifthey are sufficiently empowered to conserve the environment. In the past, the rural women of
Bangladesh proved their capacity to manage household food security while coping with natural
disasters. Their participation in Grameen Bank (2006 Nobel Prize laureate) has successfully
improved their financial conditions since the 1980s. Based on this understanding, my hypothesisis that the marriage of rural women’s traditional knowledge with contemporary environmental
education will empower them to cope with environmental degradation and environmental
conservation management. For a long time, male-centered social, cultural, political and religious
norms have marginalized rural women’s knowledge regarding environmental conservationrelated tasks such as kitchen gardening, agriculture and animal husbandry. Though rural women
have conserved natural resources, some new causes of environmental degradation such assynthetic chemical contaminations by agribusiness, over-population, increased and mismanaged
wastes, and climate change cannot always be dealt with through their traditional conservation
methods. To cope with these new challenges, rural women need to also be adequately informed
through their participation in environmental education projects.
Key Words: Empowerment, rural women, environmental degradation, traditional knowledge,
environmental education, environmental conservation, Bangladesh.

1

Khan,Salma (1995). “The Impact of Environment on Women’s health Status” in Jahan.et.al.,(eds.), (1995),
Environment and Development: Gender Perspectives, Dhaka : Women for Women.

Community-based adaptation (CBA) to climate change for coastal fishing community in
Ha Tinh, Vietnam
Dang Nguyet Anh
Abstract
With its 3,260 km of coastline, Vietnam is among countries greatly affected byclimate change impacts particularly in coastal areas with a very high density of population.
Therefore, urgent adaptive strategies are badly needed to reduce vulnerability and secure
livelihoods for local people in these areas. However, adapting to climate change is still among
the challenging problems in developing countries which require various approaches to solve.
Community based adaptation (CBA), as a bottom-up approach, is one innovative measure tohelp local communities to improve their adaptive capacity to climate change. In Vietnam, theNational Target Program for Climate Change Adaptation has implemented many adaptive
policies. However, many of them are focusing on “hard” measures which are sometimes risky
and costly whereas, “soft” measures like CBA, according to some NGOs, seems to be lesscostly and easier to implement in rural areas. However, there has not been any concrete
research on the effectiveness of CBA toward climate change for fishing communities so far.
Choosing Ha Tinh, Vietnam, as a case study and by developing a CBA model from a climatechange adaptation model proposed by Shaw (2006) as well as applying conjoint analysis froma questionnaire survey, my study aims at exploring the hazards, vulnerability, and adaptive
capacity of the fisheries-related population to climate change in their community as well as
identifying the role played by CBA in building the resilience of the coastal fishing community
against climate change. The research will focus on the involvement of the fishing community
in coastal areas adapting these strategies toward climate change in Ha Tinh. CBA is expected
to be efficiently applied for fishing communities as a ‘soft’ solution to climate change
problems. The outputs are intended to assist policy makers to integrate community-based
adaptation into adaptive strategies at local and national levels in the future.
Keywords: community-based adaptation, fishing community, vulnerability, adaptive capacity