ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ߩ㜞ㅦ㓒㔌ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩ㐿⊒      㩷 ⎇ⓥઍ⴫⠪㩷 ᧲ർᄢቇᄙర‛⾰⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㩷 ಎᢎ᝼㩷 ੗਄㩷 ੫㩷      㩷 ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪㩷 ᧲ർᄢቇᄙర‛⾰⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㩷 ᢎ᝼㩷 㩷 㩷 ᦭ጊ㆐㇢㩷      㩷 ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪㩷 ᧲ർᄢቇᄙర‛⾰⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㩷 ഥᢎ㩷 㩷 㩷 ᬀ↰㩷 ṑ㩷㩷㩷㪈㪅 ✜⸒㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪏 ᐕᐲ䈮䈍䈔䉎ᚒ䈏࿖䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ឃ಴㊂䈲 㪈㪉 ం 㪈㪍㪇㪇 ਁ䊃䊮䋱䋩䈪䇮㋕㍑ᬺ䈱䉣䊈䊦䉩䊷⿠Ḯ 㪚㪦㪉
ឃ಴㊂䈲 㪈 ం 㪎㪍㪉㪏 ਁ䊃䊮䈮㆐䈚䈩䈇䉎 㪉䋩䇯ᒰ㕙䈱੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠ䈱⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑ䈲൩⺰䈪䈅䉎䈏䇮㪚㪦㪉 ೥ᷫ䈲ൻ⍹Άᢱ䈱೑↪䈫ಽ㔌䈪䈐䈭䈇㐳ᦼ⊛䈭⺖㗴䈪䉅䈅䉍䇮⍹὇䉕ㆶర᧚䈫䈚䈩૶↪䈜䉎㒢䉍䈲䇮ᧄ⾰⊛䈮 㪚㪦㪉 ឃ಴䉕೥ᷫ䈪䈐䉎ᛛⴚ䈱㐿⊒䈏ᔅ㗇䈪䈅䉎䇯ᣢ䈮࿖ౝ䈪䈲䇮⵾㌉Ꮏ⒟䉕ኻ⽎䈮᳓⚛ㆶర䈫㪚㪦㪉 㓒㔌䈎䉌䈭䉎䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䈏䉴䉺䊷䊃䈚䈧䈧䈅䉎䇯䈚䈎䈚䇮㪚㪦㪉 㓒㔌䊒䊨䉶䉴䈮㑐䈚䈩䈲ᣢሽᛛⴚ䉕ၮ␆䈮䈚䈢㐿⊒䈮䈫䈬䉁䉎䇯዁᧪⊛䈭 㪚㪦㪉 ឃ಴㊂䈱ᄢ᏷೥ᷫ䉕⠨䈋䈢႐ว䇮㜞ἹᎿ⒟એᄖ䈎䉌䈱㪚㪦㪉 ឃ಴䈮䉅ኻᔕ䈪䈐䇮↢↥䉮䉴䊃䈻䈱ᓇ㗀䈱ዋ䈭䈇ᛛⴚ䈱଻ᜬ䈏ਇนᰳ䈪䈅䉍䇮䈘䉌䈮ᄙⷺ⊛䈭ᬌ⸛䈫ⶄว⊛ᛛⴚ೑↪䉅ᔅⷐ䈫ᕁ䉒䉏䉎䇯․䈮䇮㪚㪦㪉 䈱ಽ㔌⾂⬿䋨㪚㪚㪪䋩䈲㋕㍑䈱䉂䈭䉌䈝⊒㔚䊒䊨䉶䉴䈭䈬䉅฽䉄䈩 㪚㪦㪉 ឃ಴㊂䉕ᄢ䈐䈒೥ᷫ䈪䈐䉎䉨䊷ᛛⴚ䈪䈅䉎 㪊䋩䈏䇮䈠䈱ಣℂ䉮䉴䊃䈏㕖Ᏹ䈮ᄢ䈐䈇䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮ല₸䇮⚻ᷣᕈ䉕ḩ⿷䈪䈐䉎㕟ᣂ⊛䈭ᛛⴚ䈱㐿⊒䈏ᦸ䉁䉏䉎䇯㩷ᓥ᧪䇮㪚㪦㪉 䈱ಽ㔌࿁෼ᛛⴚ䈫䈚䈩䈲ๆ෼ᴺ䇮ๆ⌕ᴺ䇮⤑ㅘㆊᴺ䇮ᷓ಄ಽ㔌ᴺ䈭䈬䈏ឭ᩺䈘䉏䈩䈇䉎 㪋㪀䇯
ᓥ᧪ᴺ䉕䉁䈫䉄䈩 㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪈 䈮ਈ䈋䉎䇯䈖䉏䉌䈱⻉ᴺ䈱ਛ䈪䇮㋕㍑ᬺ䈪䈲䉝䊚䊮䉕↪䈇䈢ᶧๆ෼ᴺ䈏⎇ⓥ䈱ਥኻ⽎䈫䈭䈦䈩䈇䉎䈏䇮ᶧๆ෼䈮䉋䉎 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ㔌䈮䈲ᣢሽᛛⴚ䈏䈅䉎৻ᣇ䈪⺖㗴䉅⷗䈋䈧䈧䈅䉎䇯㋕㍑ᬺ䈪䈲㜞Ἱᾲ㘑Ἱ䈳䈎䉍䈪䈭䈒㜞Ἱ䉧䉴䇮䉮䊷䉪䉴Ἱ䉧䉴䉕ᶖ⾌䈜䉎Ꮏ⒟䈎䉌⒳䇱䈱⚵ᚑ䈱䉧䉴䈏ឃ಴䈘䉏䉎䇯䈖䉏䉌䈮ኻᔕ䈜䉎䈢䉄䈮䈲ಽ㔌ᣇᴺ䈱᳢↪ᕈ䇮㊂⊛᜛ᒛᕈ䈍䉋䈶䉧䉴ਛᓸ㊂ᚑಽ䈻䈱⠴ਭᕈ䈏᳞䉄䉌䉏䇮䈘䉌䈮ᄙⷺ⊛䈭⎇ⓥ㐿⊒䈏ᔅⷐ䈫ᕁ䉒䉏䉎䇯৻ᣇ䇮࿕૕ൻቇๆ෼䈲࿕૕䈱⒖ㅍ䉮䉴䊃䈱㕙䈎䉌ᶧๆ෼䈍䉋䈶ๆ⌕䈮ኻ䈚䈩ਇ೑䈪䈅䉎䈫⹏ଔ䈘䉏䇮ᐢ▸䈭⎇ⓥ䈏ㅴⴕ䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䇯䈚䈎䈚䇮࿕૕ๆ෼૕䈲ේℂ⊛䈮ᶧๆ෼૕䈮Ყ䈼䈩න૏૕Ⓧ䈅䉎䈇䈲න૏㊀㊂䈅䈢䉍䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼㊂䈏ᄙ䈒䇮ಣℂ⸳஻䈱䉮䊮䊌䉪䊃ൻ䇮䊊䊮䊄䊥䊮䉫䈱ኈᤃ䈘䈮ട䈋䈩䇮㐳ᦼ቟ቯ೑↪䈏ᦼᓙ䈪䈐䉎䈢䉄䇮㋕㍑ᬺ䈮䈍䈔䉎 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ㔌ๆ෼ᛛⴚ䈮ㆡ䈚䈩䈇䉎䈫⠨䈋䉌䉏䉎䇯㩷࿕૕ൻቇๆ෼䈪䈲᷷ᐲ䉴䉟䊮䉫䈅䉎䈇䈲࿶ജ䉴䉟䊮䉫䈮䉋䉍ๆ෼૕䈏὇㉄Ⴎ䈫㕖὇㉄Ⴎ䈱㑆䈪นㅒ෻ᔕ䉕➅䉍㄰䈚䈩 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䊶⣕㔌䈏⿠䈖䉎䇯㪢㪦㪟䇮㪚㪸㪦 䈭䈬䈱䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ♽䇮䉝䊦䉦䊥࿯㘃♽ൻว‛䈏὇㉄ൻ䈚ᤃ䈇‛⾰䈫䈚䈩⍮䉌䉏䈩䈇䉎䈏䇮䈖䉏䉌䈲૶↪᷷ᐲ䈍䉋䈶࿶ജၞ䈏㒢ቯ䈘䉏䉎਄䈮᳓๺ầ⸃ᕈ䈏㜞䈒෻ᔕ೙ᓮ䈏㔍䈚䈇䈢䉄䇮㪚㪦㪉 ಽ㔌࿁෼䈱䈢䉄䈱࿕૕ๆ෼᧚䈫䈚䈩᥉෸䈚䈩䈇䈭䈎䈦䈢䇯ㄭᐕ䇮ⶄว㉄ൻ‛䉕ᒻᚑ䈜䉎䈖䈫䈮䉋䉍 㪚㪦㪉 䈱ᐔⴧಽ࿶䉕೙ᓮ䈜䉎ᣇᴺ䈏⠨䈋䉌䉏䈩䈍䉍 㪌㪀䇮㪫㫆㪾㪸㫊㪿㫀䉌 㪍㪀䈲ㆶర㔓࿐᳇ਅ䈪↢ᚑ䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䈻䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䉕ႎ๔䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯䈚䈎䈚䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉♽㉄ൻ‛䉕ๆ෼᧚䈫䈚䈩↪䈇䉎㓙䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ᡼ᢔ᜼േ䇮➅䉍㄰䈚ᕈ䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱ႎ๔䈲䇮ᓥ᧪䈭䈘䉏䈩䈇䈭䈇䇯㩷ᧄ⎇ⓥ䈪䈲䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䉋䉍ૐ᷷䈪 㪚㪦㪉 䈱ๆ෼⣕㔌䈏น⢻䈭 㪣㫀㪉㪦 ♽ൻว‛䉕⷗಴䈜⎇ⓥ䈱৻Ⅳ䈫䈚䈩䇮䉁䈝ઍ⴫⊛䈭 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䈪䈅䉎 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌᜼േ䈱᷷ᐲ䈍䉋䈶㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶ଐሽᕈ䈮䈧䈇䈩ᬌ⸛䉕ⴕ䈦䈢䇯㩷㧙㧙

Table 1. Conventional Methods of CO2 Separation.

Absorption

Adsorption

Membrane

Low temp.
separation
OthersChemical䊶Amine(Monoethanol amine, KS-1䌾3, Methyl diethanol amine)䊶Aqueous K2CO3 solution
䊶Chilled-ammonia

Physical(under pressurizing)䊶Ionic liquid (Imidazolium compounds)
䊶Selexol process, Rectisol process

Solid Absorbent

䊶Alkali metal compound 䋨Li-silicate)
䊶Alkali-earth metal comp.(hydrotalcite Mg6Al2䋨OH䋩16CO3䊶4H2O)

Solid Adsorbent

䊶Thermal swing of zeolite䊶Meso-porous silica + amine
䊶Activated carbon, Carbon microbead, Carbon nano-tube(amine coating, alkali adhesion)

Polymer membrane䊶Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Polyphenylene oxide, etc.
䊶Polyacetylene membrane䋫substituent

Multi-polymer membrane

Polymer(with amine, carboxyl) multi-coated ultra membrane

Inorganic film

Carbon, Silica, Zeolite, Ceramics

Facilitated transport mem.

Porous polymer containing liquid

Organic/inorganic mem.

Inorganic materials dispersed in polymer

Liquefaction

Separation by the difference of liquidus temperature

Distillation

Separation by the difference of vaporization temperature

Solidification

Separation by the reaction of liquid gas with solid

HydrateOne CO2 molecule trapped in the basket consisted of 20(24 or 28)
water molecules㩷㩷㪉㪅㩷㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈮䈍䈔䉎Ⴎၮᕈ㉄ൻ‛䈱ᾲജቇ⊛․ᕈ㩷䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䈍䉋䈶䉝䊦䉦䊥࿯㘃㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䈱὇㉄ൻ䈲ᑼ㩿㪈㪀ᑼ䈪⴫䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷㩷㪤㫏㪦㪂㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㪤㫏㪚㪦㪊㩷㩿㪈㪀㩷䈖䈖䈪 㪤 䈲㊄ዻ䉕␜䈜䇯ᑼ㩿㪈㪀䈱෻ᔕ䈱⥄↱䉣䊈䊦䉩䊷ᄌൻ㰱㪞㫰㩿㪈㪀㪎㪃㪏㪀䈎䉌䇮ᑼ㩿㪉㪀䈮䉋䉍ฦ㉄ൻ‛㪄὇㉄ൻ‛౒ሽ䈮䈍䈔䉎ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䈏᳞䉄䉌䉏䉎䇯㩷㩷㫃㫆㪾㩷㪧㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㰱㪞㫰㩿㪈㪀㩷㪆㩷㪩㪫㩷㩿㪉㪀㩷䈖䈖䈪 㪧 䈲ಽ࿶䇮䌒䈲᳇૕ቯᢙ䇮㪫 䈲᷷ᐲ䉕␜䈜䇯㩷㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈 䈮䉝䊦䉦䊥♽䈍䉋䈶䉝䊦䉦䊥࿯㘃♽䈱㉄ൻ‛䈫὇㉄Ⴎ䈏౒ሽ䈜䉎㓙䈱ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䉕␜䈜䇯㩷ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䈲䇮㜞᷷ㇱ䈮䈍䈇䈩 㪙㪸 䈏 㪣㫀 䉋䉍㜞䈇䉅䈱䈱䇮㪢䋼㪥㪸䋼㪙㪸䋼㪣㫀䋼㪚㪸䋼㪤㪾 䈱㗅䈮䈭䉎䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯․䈮䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ὇㉄Ⴎ䈲㕖Ᏹ䈮቟ቯ䈪䇮㪚㪦㪉 㔓࿐᳇ਛ䇮㪈㪌㪇㪇㷄એਅ䈪䈲 㪢㪉㪚㪦㪊㪃㩷㪥㪸㪉㪚㪦㪊䈏ሽ࿷䈚䇮㪢㪉㪦㪃㩷㪥㪸㪉㪦 䈲ሽ࿷䈪䈐䈭䈇䇯䉁䈢䇮㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䉅 㪈㪌㪇㪇㷄ㄭ䈒䉁䈪቟ቯ䈪䈅䉎䇯὇㉄Ⴎ䈏቟ቯ䈪䈅䉎䈫䈇䈉䈖䈫䈲䇮ᾲജቇ⊛䈮 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈮᦭೑䈪䈅䉎䈏䇮ㅒ䈮 㪚㪦㪉 ⣕㔌䈏⿠䈖䉌䈭䈇䈖䈫䈮䈭䉎䇯㩷೨ㅀ䈚䈢䉋䈉䈮䇮䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䈱ᰳὐ䈲ầ⸃ᕈ䈏㜞䈇䈫䈇䈉ὐ䈮䈅䉎䇯䉝䊦䉦䊥♽㉄ൻ‛䈱᳓๺෻ᔕ䈲ᑼ㩿㪊㪀䈪⴫䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷㧙㧙㪤㪉㪦㪂㪟㪉㪦㪔㪉㪤㪦㪟㩷

㩷

㩿㪊㪀㩷

䈖䈱෻ᔕ䈱⥄↱䉣䊈䊦䉩䊷ᄌൻ 㰱㪞㫰㩿㪊㪀㩷 㪎㪃㪏㪀䈎䉌䇮ᑼ㩿㪋㪀䈮䉋䉍㉄ൻ‛㪄᳓㉄ൻ‛౒ሽ䈮䈍䈔䉎ᐔⴧ 㪟㪉㪦ಽ࿶䈏᳞䉄䉌䉏䉎䇯㩷㩷㫃㫆㪾㩷㪧㪟㪉㪦㩷㪔㩷㰱㪞㫰㩿㪋㪀㩷㪆㩷㪩㪫㩷㩿㪋㪀㩷

logPCO2 / atm

logPH2O / atm⸘▚⚿ᨐ䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪉 䈮ਈ䈋䉎䇯㪉㪇㷄䈪䈱㘻๺᳓⫳᳇࿶䈪䈅䉎 㪧㪟㪉㪦㪔㪉㪅㪊㬍㪈㪇㪄㪉㪸㫋㫄㪐㪀䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮㪣㫀㪦㪟 䈲㪌㪉㪇㷄એਅ䈪቟ቯ䈪䈅䉎䈏䇮㪌㪉㪇㷄એ਄䈪䈲 㪣㫀㪦㪟 䈏ಽ⸃䈚䈩 㪣㫀㪉㪦 䈏቟ቯ䈫䈭䉎䇯৻ᣇ䇮㪥㪸㪉㪦㪃㩷㪢㪉㪦 䈲㪈㪇㪇㪇㷄એ਄䈪䉅᳓๺‛䈏቟ቯ䈪䈅䉎䇯ầ⸃ᕈ䈫䈇䈉ⷰὐ䈎䉌䈲䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼‛⾰䈮૶↪น⢻䈭䉝䊦䉦䊥㉄ൻ‛䈫䈚䈩 㪣㫀㪉㪦 䈏୥⵬䈮᜼䈕䉌䉏䉎䇯㩷㩷Temperature / 㷄Temperature / 㷄
㩷
1000
500
100
0
1500
1000
500
300
10
0
㩷
MxO + CO 2 = M xCO3m
sat. at 20 ͠
㩷
㩷
Li2O
0
-10
m
MgO
m
㩷
m
m
㩷
CaO
M
-20
㩷 -10
Na2O
m
Li2O
㩷
BaO
㩷
M2O(s) + H 2O(g) = 2MOH
M:
Melting
point
of
oxide
K2O
-20
-30
K2O
Na2O
m: Melting point of carbonate
m: Melting point of hydrate
㩷
㩷
1.5
2.0
1.0
1
2
3
4
0.5
103 /T / K-1
3-1
㩷
10 /T / K㩷㩷

Fig.1 Temperature dependence of log PCO2
at MxO/MxCO3 equilibrium.

Fig.2 Temperature dependence of log PH2O
at M2O/MOH equilibrium.

㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈 䈍䉋䈶 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪉 䈎䉌䇮䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ὇㉄Ⴎ䈫ᐔⴧ䈜䉎䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䈱ᵴ㊂䉕ૐਅ䈘䈞䉎䈖䈫䈮䉋䉍䇮ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶਄᣹䋨὇㉄ൻ᷷ᐲ䈱ૐਅ䋩䈍䉋䈶᳓๺ᛥ೙䈏น⢻䈮䈭䉎䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䈱ᵴ㊂ૐਅ䈲䇮䉝䊦䉦䊥㊄ዻ㉄ൻ‛䉕ઁ䈱㉄ൻ‛䈫䈱ൻว‛䈮䈜䉎䈖䈫䈪ᓧ䉌䉏䉎䇯䈠䈖䈪䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦㩷 䉕 㪫㫀㪦㪉 䈫䈱ൻว‛䈫䈚䈩䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦 ᵴ㊂䉕ૐਅ䈘䈞䉎䈖䈫䈫䈚䈢䇯㩷㪝㫀㪾㪅㪊 䈮 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽⁁ᘒ࿑ 㪈㪇㪀䉕␜䈜䇯࿑䈎䉌䇮㪈㪇㪇㪇㷄એਅ䈪䈲࿕૕ൻว‛䈫䈚䈩 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㪃㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㪃㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉㩷 䈏ሽ࿷䈜䉎䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯ฦൻว‛䈏 㪚㪦㪉 䈫෻ᔕ䈚䈩὇㉄ൻ䈜䉎႐ว䈱෻ᔕ䈲䇮ⶄว㉄ൻ‛⥄૕䈱὇㉄ൻ෻ᔕ䈏ㅴⴕ䈚䈭䈇䈫઒ቯ䈜䉎䈫䇮౒ሽ䈪䈐䉎ൻว‛䉕⠨䈋䈩㩿㪌㪀䌾㩿㪎㪀ᑼ䈪⴫䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩷㪂㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩷㩿㪌㪀㩷㪌㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩷㪂㩷㪊㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㪊㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉㩷

㩷

㩿㪍㪀㩷

㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉㩷㪂㩷㪉㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㪉㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪂㩷㪌㪫㫀㪦㪉㩷

㩷

㩿㪎㪀㩷

㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䈱↢ᚑ䉣䊈䊦䉩䊷䈲 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱䉂ႎ๔䈘䉏䈩䈍䉍 㪎㪀 䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈍䉋䈶㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉 䈮䈧䈇䈩䈲ႎ๔䈏䈭䈇䈢䉄䇮㩿㪌㪀䌾㩿㪎㪀ᑼ䈱ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䉕▚಴䈜䉎䈖䈫䈲䈪䈐䈭䈇䇯䈚䈎䈚䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦 ᵴ㊂䈲䇮㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ౒ሽ䋾㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㪄㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 ౒ሽ䋾㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉 ౒ሽ䋾㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ౒ሽ䈱㗅䈮ᄢ䈐䈇䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮৻ቯ᷷ᐲਅ䈪䈲䈖䈱㗅䈱ㅒ䈮ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䈏ᄢ䈐䈒䈭䉎䇯䈧䉁䉍䇮ห৻ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䉕␜䈜᷷ᐲ䈏ૐ䈒䈭䉎䇯㩷㧙㧙㪊㪅㩷 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌ታ㛎㩷㧙㧙

Reacted ratio / %Weight change / %㪊㪅㪈㩷 ታ㛎ᣇᴺ㩷
㪊㪅㪈㪅㪈㩷 㩷 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛૞ᚑ㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 ․ ⚖ ⹜ ⮎ 䈍 䉋 䈶 㪫㫀㪦㪉 ․ ⚖ ⹜ ⮎ 䉕㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈅䉎䈇䈲 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈱ൻቇ㊂⺰Ყ䈮ᷙว䈚䇮
⊕㊄䉎䈧䈿䈮ⵝ౉䈚䈢䇯䉎䈧䈿䉕❑ဳ㜞๟ᵄἹ䈱ဋᾲᏪ䈮⸳⟎䈚䇮ⓨ᳇㔓࿐᳇ਅ䈪 㪈㪌㪇㪇㷄䈮ടᾲ䈚䈩ṁⲢ䈚䈢ᓟ䈮䇮Ἱ䈎䉌䉎䈧䈿䉕ข䉍಴䈚䇮᳓಄㌃䊝䊷䊦䊄਄䈮ᵈ䈇䈪䇮䊓䊥䉡䊛䉧䉴䉕็䈐ઃ䈔䈭䈏䉌ᕆ಄䈚䈢䇯ᓧ䉌䉏䈢⹜ᢱ䈲⋥䈤䈮⌀ⓨ䊂䉲䉬䊷䉺䊷ਛ䈮଻ሽ䈚䈢䇯ੇ῎ 㪥㪉 䉧䉴䉕లႯ䈚䈢䉫䊨䊷䊑䊗䉾䉪䉴ౝ䈪䇮䉄䈱䈉੃㋬䉕↪䈇䈩☳⎈䈚䇮◎䉕↪䈇䈩ಽ⚖䈚䈢ᓟ䇮⋥䈤䈮ᾲಽᨆ䈮ଏ䈚䈢䇯㩷㩷㪊㪅㪈㪅㪉㩷 ታ㛎ᠲ૞㩷⹜ᢱ䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌䈮઻䈉㊀㊂ᄌൻ䈱᷹ቯ䈮䈲ᾲಽᨆⵝ⟎䋨㪫㪞㪄㪛㪫㪘䋩䉕↪䈇䈢䇯☸ᐲ⺞ᢛ䈚
Fig.3 Phase diagram of Li2O-TiO2 system10).
䈢⹜ᢱ⚂ 㪈㪇㫄㪾 䉕⋥ᓘ 㪌㫄㫄 䈱⊕㊄䊌䊮䈮౉䉏䇮㪫㪞㪄㪛㪫㪘 䈱᷹ቯ䉶䊦ㇱ䈮⸳⟎䈚䈢䇯⣕᳓ಣℂ䉕㩷ⴕ䈦䈢㜞⚐ᐲ 㪚㪦㪉 䉧䉴䉕 㪫㪞㪄㪛㪫㪘 䈱ടᾲ䉼䊞䊮䊋䊷ౝ䈮ዉ౉䈚䈢ᓟ䈮䇮ቶ᷷䈎䉌 㪌䌾㪈㪇㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪᣹᷷䈚䈩ᚲቯ䈱᷷ᐲ೙ᓮ䉕ⴕ䈦䈢䇯㪘㫉㪄㪚㪦㪉 ᷙว䉧䉴䉕↪䈇䈢ታ㛎䈪䈲䇮䊙䉴䊐䊨䊷䉮䊮䊃䊨䊷䊤䊷䉕↪
䈇䈩䇮⣕᳓䊶⣕ 㪚㪦㪉 ಣℂ䉕䈚䈢㜞⚐ᐲ 㪘㫉 䉧䉴䈫⣕᳓ಣℂ䉕䈚䈢㜞⚐ᐲ 㪚㪦㪉 䉧䉴䉕ᷙว䈚䇮㪫㪞㪄㪛㪫㪘 䈱ടᾲ䉼䊞䊮䊋䊷ౝ䈮ዉ౉䈚䈢䇯㩷㩷㪊㪅㪉㩷 ⚿ᨐ䈍䉋䈶⠨ኤ㩷㪊㪅㪉㪅㪈㩷 㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈫 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ㩷㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䇮᣹᷷ㅦᐲ 㪌㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪䇮☸ᐲ 㪈㪇㪇䌾㪉㪇㪇㱘㫄 䈱 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈍䉋䈶 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 ⹜ᢱ䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ䉕᷹ቯ䈚䈢䇯䈠䈱⚿ᨐ䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪋 䈮␜䈜䇯࿑䈱ฝ❑ゲ䈮␜䈜෻ᔕ₸䈫䈲䇮ᑼ㩿㪌㪀䈮ᓥ䈦䈩 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈏ో䈩㩷෻ᔕ䈚䈢㓙䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ䈮ኻ䈜䉎ታ᷹䈱㊀㊂
100
30
ᄌൻ䈱ഀว䈪䈅䉎䇯࿑䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈲⚂
Li4TiO4
Li2TiO3
㪉㪌㪇㷄䈎䉌㊀㊂Ⴧട䈏ᆎ䉁䉍䇮㪍㪍㪇㷄䉁䈪㊀㊂20
䈏⚂ 㪏䋦Ⴧട䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯䈠䈱ᓟ䇮⚂ 㪎㪈㪇㷄䈎䉌50
ᕆỗ䈭㊀㊂Ⴧട䈏ᆎ䉁䉍䇮㪐㪇㪇㷄䈮䈍䈔䉎㊀
10㊂Ⴧട䈲 㪉㪎㩼䈫䈭䉎䇯㪐㪇㪇㷄એ਄䈪䈲㊀㊂ᷫዋ䈏ᆎ䉁䈦䈩䈇䉎䇯⚂ 㪎㪈㪇㷄䈮䈍䈔䉎ᕆỗ䈭㊀
00㊂Ⴧട䈲Ⲣ૕↢ᚑ䈮䉋䉎䈫⠨䈋䉌䉏䉎䈏䇮⚐
Li2CO3㪏㪀☴䈭 㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈱ṁⲢ᷷ᐲ䈲 㪎㪊㪊㷄䈪䈅䉎 䈖䈫
m.pt : 733͠5)-10䈎䉌䇮㪚㪦㪉 䈫䈱෻ᔕ䈮䉋䈦䈩ᑼ㩿㪌㪀䈪↢ᚑ䈚䈢
0
200
400
600
800
1000
㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈏 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䉁䈢䈲 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈫෻ᔕ䈚䈩䇮Temperature / ͠㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑ䈱Ⲣ૕䈏↢ᚑ
Fig.4 Weight change and reaction ratio of Li2O䈚䈢น⢻ᕈ䈏䈅䉎䇯࿑䈎䉌䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈲ᰴ䈱䋲
TiO2 compounds plotted against temperature.

Ბ㓏䈪ㅴⴕ䈜䉎䈫䉂䈭䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷㪈㪀㩷 㪉㪌㪇䌾㪍㪍㪇㷄䋺⴫㕙ๆ⌕ᚗ䈇䈲෻ᔕ㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪚㪦㪉㩿㪾㪀㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷 㩷㪉㪀㩷 㪎㪈㪇䌾㪐㪇㪇㷄䋺ൻቇ෻ᔕ㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪚㪦㪉㩿㪾㪀㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩿㫃㪀㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷㩿㪏㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩿㪐㪀㩷

㪝㫀㪾㪅㪋 䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮᷷ᐲ਄᣹䈮઻䈦䈩 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䈱㊀㊂䈲ᄌൻ䈜䉎䈏䇮㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 ⹜ᢱ䈪䈲䈾䈫䉖䈬ᄌൻ䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䇯䈖䈱䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮㪚㪦㪉㩷㪈 ᳇࿶ਅ䈪䈲 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈲቟ቯ䈪䈅䉎䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯ᓥ䈦䈩䇮ᑼ㩿㪍㪀䇮㩿䋷㪀䈱෻ᔕ䈲ㅴⴕ䈞䈝䇮㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈎䉌 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪌㪦㪈㪉䇮㪫㫀㪦㪉 䈲↢ᚑ䈚䈭䈇䈫್ᢿ䈪䈐䉎䇯㩷㩷㪊㪅㪉㪅㪉㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱὇㉄ൻ෻ᔕ㩷෻ᔕ೨䈱 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䈱 㪪㪜㪤 ௝䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪌㩿㪸㪀䈮䇮㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪 㪍㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䈱 㪪㪜㪤௝䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪌㩿㪹㪀䈮␜䈜䇯㪍㪇㪇㷄䈮ടᾲ䈚䈢ᓟ䈱⹜ᢱ⴫㕙䈲⋥ᓘ 㪈㱘㫄 䈾䈬䈱ᓸ⚦䈭☸ሶ䈪ⷒ䉒䉏䈩䈍䉍䇮㊀㊂Ⴧട䈮઻䈦䈩⴫㕙䈪෻ᔕ䈏⿠䈐䈢䈖䈫䈏᣿䉌䈎䈪䈅䉎䇯㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪 㪏㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋⹜ᢱ䈱 㪪㪜㪤 ௝䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪍 䈮␜䈜䇯㪏㪇㪇㷄䈮ടᾲ䈚䈢ᓟ䈱⹜ᢱ⴫㕙䈮䈲ᓸ⚦䈭☸ሶ䈲ⷰኤ䈘䉏䈝䇮⋥ᓘ㪈㪇㱘㫄 એ਄䈱☻ᄢ☸ሶ䈏ሽ࿷䈜䉎䇯⹜ᢱ⴫㕙䉕㜞୚₸䈪ⷰኤ䈜䉎䈫䇮⋥ᓘ 㪈㱘㫄 䈾䈬䈱ᓸ⚦䈭☸ሶ䈱ಝ㓸䈏⿠䈐䈩䈇䉎䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯䉁䈢䇮☻ᄢ☸ሶ䈱⴫㕙䈮Ṗ䉌䈎䈭ㇱಽ䈏ሽ࿷䈚䇮ᶧ⋧䈏↢ᚑ䈚䈢䈫䉂䈭䈘䉏䉎䇯䈖䈱ᶧ⋧䈲䇮೨㗄䈪ㅀ䈼䈢䉋䈉䈮䇮㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑⲢ૕䈪䈅䉎䈫ᕁ䉒䉏䉎䇯㩷㪍㪇㪇 䈍䉋䈶 㪏㪇㪇㷄䈮䈍䈔䉎ᐔⴧ⋧䉕⏕⹺䈜䉎䈢䉄䈮䇮㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䉕 㪋 ᤨ㑆଻ᜬ䈚䇮ᕆ಄䈚䈢䇯ᓧ䉌䉏䈢⹜ᢱ䈮䈧䈇䈩 㪯㪩㪛 ⸃ᨆ䉕ⴕ䈇䇮ሽ࿷⋧䈱หቯ䉕ⴕ䈦䈢䇯㪝㫀㪾㪅㪎 䈍䉋䈶 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪏 䈮䇮㪍㪇㪇 䈍䉋䈶 㪏㪇㪇㷄䈮଻ᜬ䈚䈢⹜ᢱ䈱 㪯㪩㪛 ⸃ᨆ⚿ᨐ䉕䈠䉏䈡䉏␜䈜䇯਄Ბ䈲ታ㛎೨䈱⹜ᢱ䇮ਅᲑ䈲㜞᷷଻ᜬᓟ䈱⹜ᢱ䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱⚿ᨐ䈪䈅䉎䇯ታ㛎೨䈱䊏䊷䉪䈲䈾䈿 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱䈠䉏䈮ኻᔕ䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯㪍㪇㪇㷄䈪଻ᜬ䈚䈢ᓟ䈲䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㪃㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㪃㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈏౒ሽ䈚䈩䈇䉎䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮ᑼ㩿㪏㪀䈱෻ᔕ䈏⿠䈖䈦䈢䈖䈫䈏䉒䈎䉎䇯৻ᣇ䇮㪏㪇㪇㷄䈪଻ᜬ䈚䈢⹜ᢱ䈮䈲 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈫 㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈏౒ሽ䈚䈩䈍䉍䇮ో䈩䈱 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈏ᑼ㩿㪐㪀䈮ᓥ䈦䈩෻ᔕ䈚䈢䈖䈫䈮䈭䉎䇯㪫㫆㪾㪸㫊㪿㫀 䉌 㪍㪀䈲ᧄታ㛎䈫ห䈛᧦ઙਅ䈪ᑼ㩿㪈㪇㪀䈱෻ᔕ䈏ㅴⴕ䈚䇮㪣㫀㪫㫀㪦㫏㩷 㩿㫏㪔㪉䌾㪉㪅㪌㪀䈏↢ᚑ䈚䈢䈫ㅀ䈼䈩䈇䉎䈏䇮ᧄታ㛎䈪䈲 㪣㫀㪫㫀㪦㫏 䈱ሽ࿷䈲⏕⹺䈪䈐䈭䈎䈦䈢䇯㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩷㪂㩷㪈㪅㪌㪚㪦㪉㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪫㫀㪦㫏㩷㪂㩷㪈㪅㪌㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩷㪂㩷㩿㪉㪅㪌㪄㫏㪀㪆㪉㪦㪉㩷 㩷 㩿㫏㩷㪔㪉䌾㪉㪅㪌㪀㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷

a)

20 Pm

b)

20 Pm

10 Pm

Fig.5 SEM images of Li4TiO4 sample before reaction (a) and after heating up
to 600ºC in CO2 (b).

㧙㧙

㩿㪈㪇㪀㩷

㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
20 Pm
10 Pm
㩷
Fig.6 SEM images of Li4TiO4 sample after heating up to 800ºC in CO2.
㩷㩷㪊㪅㪉㪅㪊㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈱ᓇ㗀㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋
㪍㪇㪇㷄䈮䈍䈔䉎 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈫 㪚㪦㪉 䈫䈱෻㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊
㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊
ᔕ䈲Ⲣ૕↢ᚑ䉕઻䉒䈭䈇࿕᳇෻ᔕ䈪䈅䉍䇮㪝㫀㪾㪅㪋 䈎䉌䉒䈎䉎䉋䈉䈮䇮Ⲣὐએ਄䈪Ⲣ૕䈏㑐ਈ䈜䉎෻ᔕ䈮Ყ䈼䇮෻ᔕㅦᐲ䈲ዊ䈘䈇䇯㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ☸ሶ䈱ᓸ⚦ൻ䈲
Before㪚㪦㪉 䈫䈱෻ᔕ⇇㕙Ⓧ䈱᜛ᄢ䈮ኻᔕ䈜䉎
2T㩷㩷/ deg.
䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼෻ᔕㅦᐲ䈮䈍䉋䈿
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
After
䈜 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈱ᓇ㗀䉕⺞䈼䉎ታ㛎䉕ⴕ䈦䈢䇯㩷
☸ᓘ䉕䌾㪌㪊㪃㩷 㪈㪇㪇䌾㪈㪌㪇㪃㩷 㪉㪇㪇䌾㪉㪌㪇㱘Fig.7 Comparison of X-ray characteristic peaks before and㫄 䈮⺞ᢛ䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䉕 㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹafter heating at 600ºC in CO2 for 4 h.
ਛ䇮㪌㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢㓙䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ
X-ray intensity

ٌ

ٌ
ٌ

ٌ

ٌ

X-ray intensity䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㩷 㪐 䈮␜䈜䇯ో䈩䈱⹜ᢱ䈮䈍䈇䈩⚂ 㪉㪌㪇㷄䈎䉌㊀㊂Ⴧട䈏ᆎ䉁䉍䇮㪋㪇㪇䌾㪍㪇㪇 㷄 䈪 ㊀ ㊂ Ⴧ ട 䈏 ㊰ ൻ 䈚 䈢 ᓟ 䇮 ⚂㪎㪈㪇㷄䈎䉌⪺䈚䈒㊀㊂䈏Ⴧട䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈏䌾㪌㪊䇮㪈㪇㪇䌾㪈㪌㪇䇮㪉㪇㪇䌾㪉㪌㪇㱘㫄 䈱⹜ᢱ䈱 㪋㪇㪇㷄䈮䈍䈔䉎㊀㊂ᄌൻ₸䈲䈠䉏䈡䉏⚂ 㪈㪇䇮㪊䇮㪉㩼䈪䈅䉍䇮☸ᓘ䈏ዊ䈘䈇䈾䈬㊀㊂Ⴧട䈏ᄢ䈐䈇䇯䈧䉁䉍䇮⴫㕙Ⓧ䈱Ⴧട䈮઻䈇෻ᔕ₸䈏Ⴧട䈜䉎䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈲ൻቇ෻ᔕᓞㅦ䈪 䈅 䉎 䈖 䈫 䈏 䉒 䈎 䉎 䇯 ৻ ᣇ 䇮㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑⲢ૕䈱↢ᚑ䈜䉎 㪎㪈㪇㷄એ਄䈪䈲䈾䈿ห䈛㊀㊂ᄌൻ᜼േ䈫䈭䉍䇮☸ᓘ䈱ᓇ㗀䈲䈾䈫䉖䈬⷗䉌䉏䈭䈇䇯䉁䈢䇮䈾䈿 㪐㪈㪇㷄䈎䉌⧯ᐓ㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋
㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊
㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊

Before
20
10

30
ٌ

After

40

50

ٌ

ٌ

60

ٌ

70

2T㩷㩷/ deg.

ٌٌٌ

Fig.8 Comparison of X-ray characteristic peaks before andafter heating at 800ºC in CO2 for 4 h.

㧙㧙

30

Weight change / %䈱㊀㊂ᷫዋ䈏ⷰኤ䈘䉏䈩䈇䉎䈏䇮㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪䈱
CO2 100%ടᾲ䈪䈲ๆ෼䈘䉏䈢 㪚㪦㪉 䈱䈾䈫䉖䈬䈏⹜ᢱ䈮ᱷ
䋼53 Pm20
ሽ䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯㩷
100䌾150 Pm
200䌾250 Pm㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪇 䈲䇮㪝㫀㪾㪅㪐 䈮䈍䈇䈩 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪ടᾲ䈚಄ළ䈚䈢⹜ᢱ䈱 㪪㪜㪤 ௝䈪䈅䉎䇯䈇䈝䉏䈱☸ᐲ䈱☸
10ሶ䉅䇮὾⚿䈮䉋䉍⋥ᓘ 㪉䌾㪊㫄㫄 ⒟ᐲ䈱႙䈫䈭䈦䈩䈇䉎䇯႙䈱ᕈ⁁䈲☸ሶ䈱ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈮䉋䈦䈩⇣䈭0䉎䈏䇮୘䇱䈱☸䈱⴫㕙ᕈ⁁䈲੕䈇䈮ૃ䈩䈇䉎䈖
200
400
600
800
1000
0
䈫䈎䉌䇮↢ᚑ䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑTemperature / ͠Ⲣ૕䈱෻ᔕᕈ䈮Ꮕ䈏䈭䈇䈖䈫䈏⺑᣿䈪䈐䉎䇯䉁䈢䇮Fig.9 Effect of grain size of Li4TiO4 on its
䈖䉏䈮䉋䈦䈩䇮㪝㫀㪾㪅㪐 䈮䈍䈇䈩 㪎㪈㪇㷄એ਄䈪䈲䈾
weight change in CO2.
䈿ห䈛㊀㊂ᄌൻ᜼േ䈪䈅䈦䈢䈖䈫䉅⺑᣿䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷৻ᣇ䇮࿑䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑⲢ૕䈲ೋᦼ☸ሶ䈱ⓨ㓗䉕ၒ䉄䉎䉋䈉䈮ሽ࿷䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯䈖䈱䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮Ⲣὐએ਄䈪䈲Ⲣ૕↢ᚑ䈮䉋䉍 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼෻ᔕ䈏ടㅦ䈘䉏䉎䈏䇮หᤨ䈮Ⲣ૕䈏☸ሶ⴫㕙䉕ⷒ䈦䈩෻ᔕ⇇㕙Ⓧ䈏ዊ䈘䈒䈭䉎䇯䈘䉌䈮᷷ᐲ䈏਄᣹䈜䉎䈫䇮Ძ⚦▤⃻⽎䈮䉋䉍 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⴫㕙䈎䉌☸
ሶ㑆㓗䈮Ⲣ૕䈏⒖േ䈚䇮☸ሶ㑆㓗䈏Ⲣ૕䈪ၒ䉄䉌䉏䉎䈢䉄䈮䇮෻ᔕ⇇㕙Ⓧ䈏ዊ䈘䈒䈭䉎䇯䈖䉏䉌䈏ේ࿃䈪䇮ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈱ᓇ㗀䈏ዊ䈘䈒䈭䈦䈢䈫⺑᣿䈪䈐䉎䇯৻ᣇ䇮Ძ⚦▤⃻⽎䈮䉋䉍 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⴫㕙䈎䉌☸ሶ㑆㓗䈮Ⲣ૕䈏⒖േ䈜䉏䈳䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⴫㕙䈱ౣ㔺಴䈏⿠䈖䉍䇮ᣂ䈢䈭෻ᔕ㕙䈏ᒻᚑ䈘䉏䉎䈫ផ᷹䈘䉏䉎䇯䉋䈦䈩䇮Ⲣ૕ౝ䈪䈲࿕⋧ౝ䈫Ყ䈼䈩 㪚㪦㪊㪉㪄䉟䉥䊮䈱᜛ᢔㅦᐲ䈏਄᣹䈜䉎䈖䈫䈫䈅䉒䈞䈩䇮Ⲣ૕↢ᚑ䈮䉋䉎෻ᔕᕈะ਄䈏⺑᣿䈘䉏䉎䇯㩷㩷㩷㩷
䋼53 Pm
㩷
㩷
㩷
1 mm
20 Pm
100 Pm㩷㩷㩷㩷
100~150 Pm
㩷㩷
1 mm
100 Pm
20 Pm
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
200~250 Pm
㩷
㩷
20 Pm
1 mm
100 Pm㩷㩷
Fig.10 SEM images of classified Li4TiO4 particles after heating up to 1100ºC in CO2.
㩷㧙㧙

Weight change / %㪊㪅㪉㪅㪋㩷 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䈱ᓇ㗀㩷㪝㫀㪾㪅㪋 䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪䈲 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄એਅ䈪 㪚㪦㪉 䈱⣕㔌䈏චಽㅴⴕ䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䇯䈚䈎䈚䇮ᑼ㩿㪐㪀䈱෻ᔕ䈎䉌䈲䇮᳇⋧ਛ䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䉕ᷫ䈛䉎䈖䈫䈮䉋䉍䇮㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈱ಽ⸃䈏ㅴⴕ䈜䉎䇯䉋䈦䈩䇮㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䉕ടᾲ䈚䈢႐ว䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ䉕᷹ቯ䈚䈢䇯㪝㫀㪾㪅㩷 㪈㪈 䈮䇮☸ᓘ䉕 㪉㪇㪇㪄㪉㪌㪇㱘㫄 䈮⺞ᢛ䈚䈢㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䉕 㪌㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢ታ㛎䈱⚿ᨐ䉕␜䈜䇯Ყセ䈱䈢䉄䈮䇮㪈㪇㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪ⴕ䈦䈢ታ㛎⚿ᨐ䋨㪝㫀㪾㪅㪏䋩䉅ห࿑ਛ䈮ਈ䈋䉎䇯㪈㪇㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪䈲 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䈮ടᾲ䈚䈩䉅 㪚㪦㪉 ⣕㔌㊂䈲䉒䈝䈎䈪䈅䉎䈏䇮㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪䈲⚂ 㪐㪈㪇㷄䈎䉌㊀㊂ᷫዋ䈏ᆎ䉁䉍䇮㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䈪䈲ೋᦼ㊀㊂䈮Ყ䈚䈩䋫㪌㩼䉁䈪ૐਅ䈚䈩䈇䉎䇯䈧䉁䉍䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈫 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䈱ੑ㊀㘻๺䈱 㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽Ⲣ૕䈏ሽ࿷䈜䉎႐ว䇮ᑼ㩿㪐㪀䈱ᐔⴧ 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䈲 㪈㪸㫋㫄 䈫 㪇㪅㪈㪸㫋㫄 䈱㑆䈮䈅䉎䈫䉂䈭䈘䉏䉎䇯䉁䈢䇮㪚㪦㪉㩷 㪈㪸㫋㫄 ਅ䈪䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ⣕㔌䈮䈲䇮㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄એ਄䈱᷷ᐲ䈏ᔅⷐ䈪䈅䉎䈖䈫䈏್䉎䇯㩷㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䉕 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢ᓟ಄ළ䈚䈢⹜ᢱ䈱 㪪㪜㪤 ௝䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㩷㪈㪉 䈮␜㩷䈜䇯⹜ᢱ⴫㕙䈮䈲✂⋡⁁䈱⚵❱䈏ⷰኤ䈪䈐䉎䇯䈖䈱30✂⋡⚵❱䈲 㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪ടᾲ䈚䈢⹜ᢱ䋨㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪇䋩䈪
100%CO2
10%CO2䈲 ⷰ ኤ 䈘 䉏 䈭 䈇 䇯 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪈 䈮 䈍 䈇 䈩 䇮 㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ ᵹ ਛ20㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪䈱ടᾲ䈪䈲 㪚㪦㪉 ⣕㔌㊂䈲䉒䈝䈎䈪䈅䈦䈢䈏䇮㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪䈲㊀㊂ᷫዋ䈏⪺䈚䈎䈦䈢
10䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮䈖䈱✂⋡⚵❱䈲 㪚㪦㪉 䈱᡼಴ㆊ⒟䈪↢ᚑ䈚䈢⚵❱䈪䈅䉎䈫䉂䈭䈘䉏䉎䇯ᑼ㩿㪐㪀䈮䉋䉏䈳䇮㪚㪦㪉 䈱⣕0㔌䈫䈫䉅䈮 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⋧䈏↢ᚑ䈜䉎䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪉 ਛ䈱
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㤥⦡ㇱ䈲⚿᥏ᚑ㐳䈚䈢 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈪䈅䉍䇮✂⋡⚵❱䈏Temperature /͠㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽Ⲣ૕䈪䈅䈦䈢䈫⠨䈋䉌䉏䉎䇯☸
Fig.11 Influence of CO2 partial pressure on⇇ㇱಽ䈮Ⲣ૕䈏㓸䉁䉎ℂ↱䈮䈧䈇䈩䈲 㪊㪅㪉㪅㪊 㗄䈪ㅀCO
2 adsorption and desorption of Li4TiO4.
䈼䈢䇯㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
1 mm
100 Pm㩷
Fig.12 SEM images of the surface of Li4TiO4 samples after heating㩷
up to 1100ºC in Ar-10%CO2.
㩷㪊㪅㪉㪅㪌㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌䈱➅䉍㄰䈚ᕈ㩷㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼᧚䈱⹏ଔ䈮䈍䈇䈲䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈍䉋䈶⣕㔌᜼േ䈱㐳ᦼ቟ቯᕈ䉅㊀ⷐ䈪䈅䉎䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌᜼േ䈱➅䉍㄰䈚ᕈ䉕ᬌ⸽䈚䈢䇯⹜ᢱ䈱ೋᦼ☸ᓘ䈲䌾㪌㪊㱘㫄 䈫䈚䇮㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䈪㪐㪇㪇䌾㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄㑆䈱ᾲ䉰䉟䉪䊦⹜㛎䉕ⴕ䈦䈢䇯ടᾲ䊌䉺䊷䊮䈲䇮ቶ᷷䈎䉌 㪐㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪 㪉㪌㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅䇮㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪 㪈㪇㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪᣹᷷䈚䈢ᓟ䈮 㪉㪇 ಽ଻ᜬ䇮㪈㪇㷄㪆㫄㫀㫅 䈪 㪐㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪಄ළ䈚䈩䈎䉌 㪉㪇 ಽ㑆଻ᜬ䇮䈠䈱ᓟ䇮ౣ䈶 㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄䉁䈪᣹᷷䈜䉎䈫䈇䈉䉅䈱䈪䈅䉎䇯䈖䈱 㪐㪇㪇䌾㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄㑆䈱ᾲ䉰䉟䉪䊦䉕 㪊 ࿁➅䉍㄰䈚䈢䇯㩷ታ㛎⚿ᨐ䉕 㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪊 䈮␜䈜䇯࿑ਛ䈱ὐ✢䈲᷷ᐲ䉕䇮ታ✢䈲㊀㊂ᄌൻ䉕⴫䈜䇯࿑䈮䈍䈇䈩䇮⚂ 㪈㪇㪇㪇㷄㩷㧙㧙Temperature / oC

Weight change / %䉕Ⴚ䈮䇮಄ළਛ䈲㊀㊂䈏Ⴧട䈚䇮᣹᷷ਛ䈲㊀
1500㊂䈏ᷫዋ䈜䉎䇯᷷ᐲᄌൻ䉕➅䉍㄰䈜䈫䇮ฦ䉰䉟
20
䉪䊦䈪䈱㊀㊂䈱ᦨᄢ୯䈍䉋䈶ᦨዊ୯䈏ૐਅ䈚䇮
1000䈘䉌䈮ᦨᄢ୯䈎䉌ᦨዊ୯䉁䈪䈱ᄌൻ㊂䈏ᷫዋ䈚10䈩䈇䉎䇯䋳࿁䈱ᾲ䉰䉟䉪䊦ᓟ䈮䈲ೋᦼ㊀㊂䈫Ყ䈼䈩䇮⚂ 㪌㩼䈱㊀㊂ᷫዋ䈏⷗䉌䉏䉎䇯㩷500
ᦨᄢ୯䈱ૐਅ䈲䇮㪝㫀㪾㪅㪈㪉 䈎䉌᣿䉌䈎䈫䈭䈦䈢0㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱⚿᥏ᚑ㐳䇮䈍䉋䈶⚿᥏㑆㓗䉕Ⲣ૕䈏0ၒ䉄䈩䈚䉁䈉䈖䈫䈮䉋䉎෻ᔕ⇇㕙Ⓧ䈱ૐਅ䈏ේ
0
100
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࿃䈫⠨䈋䈢䇯䉁䈢䇮ᦨዊ୯䈱ૐਅ䈲䇮ᑼ㩿㪐㪀䈎䉌Time / min䈲 㪚㪦㪉 䈱ๆ෼⣕㔌䈮䉋䉎㊀㊂䈱ᷫዋ䈲⠨䈋䉌
Fig.13 Variation of Li4TiO4 weight in cycle test䉏䈝䇮䉁䈢࿕૕ 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䇮࿕૕ 㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊 䇮ᶧ૕
of CO2 adsorption and desorption in Ar-10%
㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊 䈱⫳⊒䉅⿠䈖䉌䈭䈇䈖䈫䈎䉌䇮↢ᚑ䈚䈢
CO2.
㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽Ⲣ૕䈎䉌䈱 㪣㫀㪉㪦 䈱⫳⊒䈏ේ࿃䈫⠨䈋䈢䇯㩷㩷㩷㪋㪅㩷 ⚿⸒㩷㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䉕ๆ෼᧚䈫䈚䈩↪䈇䉎䈖䈫䉕⋡⊛䈫䈚䈩䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼⣕㔌᜼േ䉕⺞䈼䉎䈢䉄䈮䇮᷷ᐲ䈍䉋䈶 㪚㪦㪉 ಽ࿶䉕೙ᓮ䈚䈢㔓࿐᳇ਛ䈪 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䈱㊀㊂ᄌൻ䉕᷹ቯ䈚䇮એਅ䈱⍮⷗䉕ᓧ䈢䇯㩷㪈㪀 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈮䉋䉎 㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈲ᰴ䈱ੑᲑ㓏䈪ㅴⴕ䈚䈢䇯㩷㫀㪀㩷 㪉㪌㪇䌾㪍㪍㪇㷄䋺⴫㕙ๆ⌕䈅䉎䈇䈲෻ᔕ㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪚㪦㪉㩿㪾㪀㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷 㩷㫀㫀㪀㩷 㪎㪈㪇䌾㪐㪇㪇㷄䋺ൻቇ෻ᔕ㩷 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩿㫊㪀㩷㪂㩷㪚㪦㪉㩿㪾㪀㩷㪔㩷㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㩿㫃㪀㩷㪂㩷㪣㫀㪉㪫㫀㪦㪊㩿㫊㪀㩷㪉㪀 㪚㪦㪉 䉕฽䉃᳇⋧ਛ䈪 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䉕ടᾲ䈜䉎䈫䇮㪎㪈㪇㷄䈎䉌ᕆỗ䈮 㪣㫀㪉㪚㪦㪊㪄㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽౒᥏⚵ᚑⲢ૕䈏↢ᚑ䈚ᆎ䉄䇮㪚㪦㪉 ๆ෼䈏⪺䈚䈒ㅴⴕ䈚䈢䇯㩷㪊㪀 㪣㫀㪉㪦㪄㪫㫀㪦㪉 ♽ൻว‛䈎䉌䈱 㪚㪦㪉 ⣕㔌䈲䇮㪘㫉㪄㪈㪇㩼㪚㪦㪉 ᳇ᵹਛ䇮㪐㪈㪇㷄એ਄䈪ㅴⴕ䈚䈢䇯㩷㪋㪀 㪎㪇㪇㷄એਅ䈱࿕૕᳇૕෻ᔕ䈮䉋䉎 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱 㪚㪦㪊 ๆ෼㊂䈲䇮㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 ⹜ᢱ䈱☸ᓘ䈮ଐሽ䈚䇮☸ᓘ䈱ᷫዋ䈫౒䈮෻ᔕ₸䈏Ⴧട䈚䈢䇯㩷㪌㪀 㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋 䈱 㪚㪦㪊 ๆ෼⣕㔌䉕 㪐㪇㪇䌾㪈㪈㪇㪇㷄㑆䈪➅䉍㄰䈚䈢䈫䈖䉐䇮ฦ䉰䉟䉪䊦䈪䈱㊀㊂䈱ᦨᄢ୯䈍䉋䈶ᦨዊ୯䈏ᓢ䇱䈮ૐਅ䈚䇮䈘䉌䈮ᦨᄢ୯䈎䉌ᦨዊ୯䉁䈪䈱ᄌൻ㊂䈏ᷫዋ䈚䈢䇯㩷㩷㩷⻢ㄉ㩷㩷 ᧄ⎇ⓥ䈲 㪉㪇㪇㪏 ᐕᐲ JFE21 ਎♿⽷࿅⎇ⓥഥᚑߦࠃߞߡⴕࠊࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ߦߎߎޔ‬ᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬㩷
㩷
㩷
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㩷
㪈㪀㩷 ⅣႺ⋭䊖䊷䊛䊕䊷䉳䋺㪉㪇㪇㪏 ᐕᐲ䋨ᐔᚑ 㪉㪇 ᐕᐲ䋩䈱᷷ቶലᨐ䉧䉴ឃ಴㊂䋨ㅦႎ୯䋩䈮䈧䈇䈩㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㪼㫅㫍㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㪼㪸㫉㫋㪿㪆㫆㫅㪻㪸㫅㫂㪸㪆㪾㪿㪾㪆㪉㪇㪇㪏㫊㫆㫂㫌㪿㫆㪅㫇㪻㪽㩷㪉㪀㩷 ᣣᧄ㋕㍑ㅪ⋖䊖䊷䊛䊕䊷䉳㪑㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫁㫀㫊㪽㪅㫆㫉㪅㫁㫇㪆㪹㫌㫊㫀㫅㪼㫊㫊㪆㫆㫅㪻㪸㫅㫂㪸㪆㫁㫆㫌㫂㫐㫆㪆㫀㫅㪻㪼㫏㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷㧙㧙㪊㪀㩷 㪙㪅㩷 㪤㪼㫋㫑㪃㩷 㪦㪅㩷 㪛㪸㫍㫀㪻㫊㫆㫅㪃㩷 㪟㪅㩷 㪚㫆㫅㫀㫅㪺㫂㪃㩷 㪤㪅㩷 㪣㫆㫆㫊㪃㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㪣㪅㩷 㪤㪼㫐㪼㫉㪑㩷 㵰㪠㪧㪚㪚㩷 㪪㫇㪼㪺㫀㪸㫃㩷 㫉㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㩷 㫆㫅㩷 㪚㪸㫉㪹㫆㫅㩷㪛㫀㫆㫏㫀㪻㪼㩷㪚㪸㫇㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㫋㫆㫉㪸㪾㪼㵱㪃㩷㪚㪸㫄㪹㫉㫀㪻㪾㪼㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪥㪼㫎㩷㪰㫆㫉㫂㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪌㪅㩷㪋㪀㩷 ࿾⃿ⅣႺ↥ᬺᛛⴚ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴䋺䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛ᣇᑼੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛࿕ቯൻ䊶᦭ല೑↪ᛛⴚ㐿⊒䇸⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ䋨ᛛⴚᚢ⇛䊙䉾䊒䋩䇹ᚑᨐႎ๔ᦠ㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪏 ᐕ 㪊 ᦬㪅㩷㪌㪀㩷 㪰㪅㩷㪪㪸㫀㫋㫆㪃㩷㪟㪅㩷㪪㪸㫋㫆㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪰㪅㩷㪪㪸㫂㪸㪹㪼㪑㩷㵰㪚㪦㪉㩷㪩㪼㪺㫆㫍㪼㫉㫐㩷㪸㫋㩷㪟㫀㪾㪿㩷㪫㪼㫄㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫌㫉㪼㫊㩷㪬㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷㪙㪸㪉㪫㫀㪦㪋㵱㪃㩷㪡㪅㩷㪚㪿㪼㫄㪅㩷㪜㫅㪾㪅㩷㪡㫇㫅㪅㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪏㪃㩷㫍㫆㫃㪅㪋㪈㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㪋㪋㪈㪄㪋㪋㪍㪅㩷㪍㪀㩷 㪥㪅㩷㪫㫆㪾㪸㫊㪿㫀㪃㩷㪫㪅㩷㪦㫂㫌㫄㫌㫉㪸㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪢㪅㩷㪦㪿㪄㫀㫊㪿㫀㪃㩷㵰㪪㫐㫅㫋㪿㪼㫊㫀㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㪘㪹㫊㫆㫉㫇㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪧㫉㫆㫇㪼㫉㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㫀㪋㪫㫀㪦㪋㩷㪸㫊㩷㪸㩷㪥㫆㫍㪼㫃㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㪘㪹㫊㫆㫉㪹㪼㫅㫋㵱㪃㩷㪡㪅㩷㪚㪼㫉㪸㫄㪅㩷㪪㫆㪺㪅㩷㪡㫇㫅㪅㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪎㪃㩷㫍㫆㫃㪅㪈㪈㪌㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㪊㪉㪋㪄㪊㪉㪏㪅㩷㪎㪀㩷 㪜㪅㪫㪅㩷㪫㫌㫉㫂㪻㫆㪾㪸㫅㪑㩷㵰㪧㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪚㪿㪼㫄㫀㫊㫋㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪟㫀㪾㪿㩷㪫㪼㫄㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㵱㪃㩷㪘㪺㪸㪻㪼㫄㫀㪺㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪐㪏㪇㪅㩷㪏㪀㩷 㪦㪅㩷 㪢㫅㪸㪺㫂㪼㪃㩷 㪦㪅㩷 㪢㫌㪹㪸㫊㪺㪿㪼㫎㫊㫂㫀㪃㩷 㪢㪅㩷 㪟㪼㫊㫊㪼㫃㫄㪸㫅㫅㪑㩷 㵰㪫㪿㪼㫉㫄㫆㪺㪿㪼㫄㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷 㪧㫉㫆㫇㪼㫉㫋㫀㪼㫊㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㪠㫅㫆㫉㪾㪸㫅㫀㪺㩷㪪㫌㪹㫊㫋㪸㫅㪺㪼㫊㵱㪃㩷㪉㫅㪻㩷㪼㪻㪅㪃㩷㪪㫇㫉㫀㫅㪾㪼㫉㪄㪭㪼㫉㫃㪸㪾㪃㩷㪭㪼㫉㫃㪸㪾㩷㪪㫋㪸㪿㫃㪼㫀㫊㪼㫅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪈㪅㩷㪐㪀㩷 㪦㪅㩷㪢㫌㪹㪸㫊㪺㪿㪼㫎㫊㫂㫀㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪚㪅㪙㪅㩷㪘㫃㪺㫆㪺㫂㪑㩷㵰㪤㪼㫋㪸㫃㫃㫌㫉㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪫㪿㪼㫉㫄㫆㪺㪿㪼㫄㫀㫊㫋㫉㫐㵱㪃㩷㪌㫋㪿㩷 㪼㪻㪅㪃㩷㪧㪼㫉㪾㪸㫄㫆㫅㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪜㫅㪾㫃㪸㫅㪻㪃㩷㪈㪐㪏㪊㪅㩷㪈㪇㪀㩷㪩㪅㪪㪅㩷㪩㫆㫋㪿㪃㩷㪡㪅㪩㪅㩷㪛㪼㫅㫅㫀㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪟㪅㪝㪅㩷㪤㪺㪤㫌㫉㪻㫀㪼㪑㩷㵰㪧㪿㪸㫊㪼㩷㪛㫀㪸㪾㫉㪸㫄㫊㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪚㪼㫉㪸㫄㫀㫊㫋㫊㵱㪃㩷㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷㪚㪼㫉㪸㫄㫀㪺㩷㪪㫆㪺㫀㪼㫋㫐㪃㩷㪦㪿㫀㫆㪃㩷㪈㪐㪏㪎㪃㩷㫍㫆㫃㪅㪍㪃㩷㫇㪅㪐㪊㪅㩷㧙㧙