What happened at COP27?
Discussing Loss and Damage: Local Voices from Asia and Africa- From COP27 to G7 and COP28 –Tokie Tanaka（Kiko Network）

COP27• COP27 took place from 6-20 November 2022 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.
• “Implementation COP”
• 49,704 people attended COP27 (according to the UNFCCC Secretariat).

Complex and Challenging Global Situation
Climate disaster

War in Ukraine• Climate change likely increased
disasters around the world• Pakistan(floods), EastAfrica(drought), China(heavyrain), US(wildfires), etc.

• In addition to its humanitarian
impacts, the Russian invasion ofUkraine has also impacted energy
supplies. →gas and electric priceincrease• More focus on “Adaptation” and“Loss and Damage”• Shifting to RE in long term
• Rising global coal demand in shortterm

What happened at COP27?
Climate Negotiations

OthersMitigation

Climate Finance

Adaptation

GlobalStocktake(GST)

Loss andDamage

Article 6Etc.

Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation PlanAction from civilsociety

Pavilion

Joint Pledge, Alliance , etc.
• Global Methane Pledge• PPCA• BOGAReports• Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments
by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Citiesand Regions• Climate damage caused by Russia’s war inUkraine

Etc.

COP27 photos

Global Day of Action
Climate Justice MarchLoss and Damage• How we address the loss and damage
that goes beyond adaptation andmitigation activities.

Before COP27• Discussion about financial support for
L&D has had no or little progress.
Developed countries often avoided
discussing it.
• L&D finance: be adopted as agenda
item of COP27?
• Could Parties reach agreement todecide supporting the most affectedpeople from the standpoint of social
justice?

Pakistan Pavilion

New Loss and Damage Fund for vulnerable countries• Funding arrangements for loss anddamage was added to the official agenda
with footnotes.
• Difficult negotiations- still hadn’t reachedagreement near the end of Week 2.
• Finally, Parties reached agreement on newLoss and Damage Fund for vulnerable
countries• For the first time since loss and damage
was raised as an issue 30 years ago,financial support for Loss and Damage
was on the official agenda.
• Parties reached a historical agreement on
Loss and Damage finance.

#FLOODTHECOP27
Calling for Loss andDamage FinanceFrom COP26 to COP27
COP26 Glasgow Climate Pact
• “resolves to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5℃”• “requires accelerated action in this critical decade”• “requests Parties to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined
contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022”• “accelerating efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficientfossil fuel subsidies”•29 countries submitted an updated NDC afterCOP26•According to NDC synthesis report 2022, thecombined NDC of 193 Parties put the world
on track for around 2.5 ℃ of warming by theend of the century.
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2022_04.pdf

Mitigation Work Programme（MWP）
Matters relating to the work programme for urgently scaling up mitigation
ambition and implementation• The objective: urgently scale up mitigation ambition and implementationin this critical decade• Work programme was to be determined at COP27• Difficult negotiations- still hadn’t reached agreement near the end ofWeek 2.
• Decision:‐ MWP shall be focused on exchange of views, information and ideas until 2026
- Its outcome will not impose new targets or goals- Co-chairs of the work programme to make a presentation on the annual
report at the annual high-level ministerial round table on pre-2030 ambition

MWP was expected to push Parties to strengthen 2030 targets and policies,
but not enough to promote political decision-making.

Reducing GHG emissions

Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan
＜Questions＞＜Outcome＞

Reach agreement to call for fossil fuelphase-out?

Reiterated COP26 commitments’“phasedown of unabated coal power”

Reach agreement to take measure tostrengthen their 2030 targets andalign with 1.5℃?

Retained 1.5℃ target, but didn’t callfor revisiting and strengthening 2030
target to all Parties

How to Cope with energy crisis

Included “accelerating clean and justtransitions to renewable energy”

Although most decisions on mitigation reiterated the COP26 outcome, COP27 continued mentioning
limiting the temperature increase to 1.5℃, and newly referred to RE and just transition.Ensuring credibility and accountability of Net Zero commitments
10 recommendations for non-state actors’ Net Zerocommitments by UN High Level Expert GroupIncluding:• The pledge should contain interim targets (includingtargets for 2025, 2030 and 2035) and plans to reachnet zero in line with IPCC or IEA net zero greenhousegas emissions modelled pathways.
• Non-state actors must prioritise urgent and deep
reduction of emissions across their value chain. High
integrity carbon credits in voluntary markets should be
used for beyond value chain mitigation.
• All net zero pledges should include specific targets
aimed at ending the use of and/or support for fossil
fuels and must be fully funded transition toward
renewable energy.
• Non-state actors should encourage their associations toadvocate for positive climate action and have anescalation strategy.

Fossil of the DayAwards given by CAN (Climate ActionNetwork) to the countries who are“doing the most to achieve the least” and"doing their best to be the worst" interms of the progress in the climate
negotiations and climate action.
Reasons for Japan’s award:• Japan contributed $10.6 billion
USD per year on average between
2019 and 2021 to fossil fuelprojects.
• The Japanese gov. is making huge
efforts to export ammonia forcoal-fired power plants, whichmeans extending the life of coal
power beyond 2030.
…etc.

After COP27
From COP27 to COP28• Without strengthening emission reductions, loss and damage becomes much more
severe→Major emitters, including Japan, should address rapid, deep and quality
reductions of GHG emissions as well as addressing loss and damage.
• COP28 presidency: UAE→Energy COP?
• G7 Hiroshima Summit in May 2023: G7 communique could affect COP28
negotiations.

Japan’s energy policy
Although COP27 recognized the urgency to accelerate clean and just transitions torenewable energy, Japan is…
• Planning to continue using coal power plants beyond 2030

• Moving forward to use not only nuclear power, but also CCS and ammonia forcoal-fired power plants under the name of “Green Transformation (GX)”Thank you！
Kiko Network has recently published related reports and position papers.
You can download from our website. (Language: Japanese)
COP27シャルム・エル・シェイク会議の結果と評価

https://www.kikonet.org/info/press-release/2023-01-31/COP27-evaluation
燃料アンモニアに関するポジションペーパー『ゼロエミッション火力への挑戦』が石炭火力を延命し気候変動を加速する
https://www.kikonet.org/info/publication/position-paper-ammonia-fuel-2023
CO2 回収・利用・貯留（CCUS）は魔法の杖ではない：日本においてもアジアにおいても気候変動政策の柱にはなり得ない
https://www.kikonet.org/info/publication/position-paper-CCUS-2023