令和 3 年度
神戸大学理学部生物学科
第 3 年次編入学者
選抜試験問題英語（2020 年 7 月 4 日実施）

注意事項
１）これは問題冊子です。試験監督の指示があるまで、2 枚目以降を見ないでください。
２）問題は 4-6 頁目にあり、全部で 2 問です。全問題について解答しなさい。7 頁目以降は下書き用紙です。
３）答案用紙（別紙）は、各問題に対して 1 枚ずつ、全部で 2 枚です。
４）すべての答案用紙の上部の所定の欄に、受験番号と氏名を必ず記入しなさい。
未記入の場合は採点できません。
５）解答欄が不足する場合は、続けて各答案用紙の裏面に記入して構いません。
６）試験時間は 1 時間です。試験監督の指示に従って受験しなさい。
７）試験終了後、問題毎に答案用紙を集めます。試験監督の指示に従ってください。

1

2

3

英語問題１マイクロプラスチックに関する以下の英文を読み、問いに日本語で答えなさい。
なお、＊印が付された語句は文章末に説明が示されています。
Plastic pollution (whether at the macro or the micro scale) is one of today’senvironmental issues of highest concern among scientists, policy makers and the generalpublic. (1)One aspect of plastic pollution that has received increasing attention in recent years
is that of microplastics, defined as any plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, which are either
manufactured as small particles or originated from the fragmentation of larger plastic items.
These particles may be subjected to a range of complex processes in the environment(weathering, embrittlement*, aggregation), producing a variety of particles with different
characteristics (shape, size and density). (2)Additionally, they can leach out chemical
additives and adsorb organic chemicals that are found in the environment, and some suchcompounds can bioaccumulate, posing a potential detriment* to species and ecosystems.
Microplastics are present in most habitats including rivers, lakes, oceans, soil andair and are bioavailable to ingestion by a variety of aquatic biota (from zooplankton tomegafauna*). Despite their widespread occurrence, their effects on wild organisms have yet
to be quantified. These particles have been detected in remote areas such as the Arctic and
the Antarctic regions. (3)These polar ecosystems have recently received heightened attention
regarding microplastic pollution, and there are several studies that have reported evidence of
these particles in Arctic surface waters, in high concentrations in the sea ice across the Arctic
Ocean and in benthic organisms*.
Less is known about the occurrence of microplastic in the Southern Ocean, where they
have only been detected in seawater and sediments. However, it has been shown thatAntarctic krill* Euphausia superba can ingest microplastics in laboratory experiments, butless is known regarding the levels of microplastics in wild Antarctic marine organisms.
Despite its remoteness, the Antarctic environment may be subject to local plastic pollution
sources from fishing activities, tourism or research stations. Microplastics could therefore
reach Antarctica via three distinct routes: from local human activities, from outside
Antarctica in atmosphere/ocean circulation or bio-transport by organisms that migrate toAntarctica from waters further north and induced by storm-driven dispersal and globalwarming. However, the data available regarding these processes in the Antarctic are still solimited that the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research has recently created an actiongroup on plastic pollution.
4

Within Antarctic marine organisms, seabirds are considered as one of the mostconvenient bioindicators of environmental change and have been also proposed as indicators
for plastic pollution in many marine environments. Antarctic penguins, such as gentoo
penguins Pygoscelis papua, have been considered a standard organism for monitoring
contamination in Antarctic marine ecosystems. Gentoo penguins are also an appropriate
species in this context due to their limited movements outside their home range throughout
the year, as shown by tracking data, diet and genetic studies, which exclude the possibility ofingesting plastic debris from waters outside Antarctica.
（Filipa Bessa et al., Scientific Reports, October 2, 2019 より抜粋・改変）（語句説明）
もろembrittlement: 脆くなること
detriment: 損害
megafauna: 大型動物類
krill: オキアミ
benthic organisms: 底生生物

問１．下線部 (1), (2), (3)をそれぞれ日本語に訳しなさい。

問２．南極海生態系におけるプラスチック汚染の指標生物として、海鳥の一種であるペンギン、その中でもジェンツーペンギンが適していると考えられる理由について、200 字以内で説明しなさい。

5英語問題２以下の文章 (1)〜(3) を英訳しなさい。
(1) （著作権保護の観点から問題文は掲載いたしません）(2)（著作権保護の観点から問題文は掲載いたしません）
細胞分裂：cell division(3)（著作権保護の観点から問題文は掲載いたしません）

娘細胞：daughter cell
染色体：chromosome
ゲノム：genome（「細胞の分子生物学 第５版」より、 一部改変）

6

7