HIGH-TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY
Components made of
DEGUSSIT® High-Performance Ceramics
www.kyocera-solutions.de

INVENTIVE, EXPERIENCED, SUCCESSFUL

The quality of materials used in high-temperature applications isimportant. For decades, products made of DEGUSSIT High-Performance
Ceramics have proved efficient in many demanding branches of theglass and metal processing industry as well as in process and analysis
technology.

High-purity ceramic materials and excellent manufacturing
quality provide exceptional corrosion resistance and outstanding
shape stability of our products - even at maximum temperatures.
Our success is based on a combination of these properties
allowing higher product functionality, process safety andenhanced service life.
Thus, DEGUSSIT High-Performance Ceramics contributetowards outstanding economic customer benefits.
Our experts constantly develop new and customised ceramic
solutions and products in collaboration with our market
partners.

02

ADVANTAGESExtreme resistance to heatHigh dimensional stability
Excellent resistance to corrosion
Resistant to wear
Good resistance to high electrical voltage
DEGUSSIT materials have been specially developed for use inhigh-temperature technology. They are specially convincing
when exposed to combined stress from high temperaturesand corrosive atmospheres. Our customers have been using
our products for decades and their experience speaks foritself.

More than 150 years’ experiencein ceramic manufacturing

TUBES AND CAPILLARIES

Tubes made of DEGUSSIT ceramic such as protection tubes, firing or
guide tubes have been used successfully in different applications formany years. They are increasingly used in many fields of application
because of their outstanding material properties and numerous feasible
geometries.

Tubes made of DEGUSSIT AL23

Tubes one end closed made of DEGUSSIT AL23

Capillaries made of DEGUSSIT AL23

TUBES

TUBES ONE END CLOSEDCAPILLARIESThe DEGUSSIT standard programmecomprises delicate thin insulation tubes
with outer diameters of up to 0.5 mm
and large tubes with outer diameters of
up to 170 mm. Individual dimensions
are adapted to customer requirements.

DEGUSSIT tubes are also available with
one end closed. The technology used toclose the tubes guarantees constant wall
thicknesses in this area. The tubes can be
fitted with a flange for easy installation incustomer applications.

Round and oval multi-bore tubes belong
to our standard range of extruded
products. Diameter dimensions usually
range from 0.2 to 1.6 mm and canbe manufactured with different bore
quantities.

04

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

For decades, KYOCRA Fineceramics Solutions GmbH has been supplying
key components made of DEGUSSIT oxide ceramics to obtain exact andrepro-ducible temperature measurement. The highly resistant ceramic
tubes protect measuring equipment from ambient conditions thus
enhancing service life.

THERMOCOUPLEPROTECTION TUBES
Protection tubes made of DEGUSSIT
oxide ceramics ensure temperature
measurement at extreme ambientconditions during high-temperatureprocesses. Thermocouple protection
tubes must meet the highest
requirements.
DEGUSSIT protection tubes show
excellent dimensional stability attemperatures >1,800°C becauseof their purity and homogeneous
microstructure.
Exceptional corrosion resistance allows
them to be used under extremely
difficult conditions.

06

The material’s electrical insulating
capacity and good thermal conductivity
prevent measurement errors dueto thermal loss thus allowing highmeasuring accuracy. The manufacturingmethod guarantees a constant wall
thickness in the closed tube end andensures the best possible response ofmeasuring systems.

Source: Keramischer OFENBAU GmbH

CERAMIC CAPILLARIESAs well as tubes with one end closed,
ceramic capillaries are also of
particular importance for measuring
and controlling processes. Different
measuring wires must be separated
and electrically isolated from eachother to guide them to the point of
measurement. This requires very thinchannels and thin wall thicknesses. Our
excellent manufacturing capabilities
create sophisticated components thatmeet any electrical and mechanicalrequirement even in confined spaces.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION
The low SiO2 content of 0.01% reduces
the oxidation of platinum in noble
metal thermocouples to a minimum andprevents early corrosion.

Glass industry
Semi-conductor industry
Chemical and process technology
Heat treatment units
Metallurgy

Highly resistant to temperature and corrosion,high dimensional stability

07 07

OXYGEN MEASUREMENT

Yttria-stabilised zirconia has been successfully established in the field of hightemperature technology for many years. It was specially developed for the hightemperature lambda probe. Outstanding resistance to temperatures up to 1,700°C andexcellent surface qualities open up new applications in high-temperature technology.

Special geometry for oxygen sensor made of
DEGUSSIT FZY

Tubes one end closed made of DEGUSSIT FZYCeramic-to-metal assembly using DEGUSSIT FZYHam, vegetables or potato crisps- requirements imposed on theatmosphere in food packaging always
depend on the product using mostprecise measuring technology.
Partially stabilised zirconia displays
oxygen ion conductivity from 400°C.
Analysis technology uses this specificphysical property to determine theoxygen content of gases. DEGUSSIT FZY
is used as separating layer between thetest and reference gases.

Ions travel from higher to lower
potential from one side of the ceramic
to the other depending on the oxygen
content. This ion surplus i.e. electricalvoltage delivers the signal to measure
the oxygen content.
DEGUSSIT FZY has rapid response times
at constant measuring signals withtemperatures up to 1,500°C.

OXYGEN MEASUREMENT
Only suitable setting of welding atmospheres allows the perfect welding seam
under protective gas. Industrial welding
monitors the protective gas atmosphere.
Hardening, annealing or surface treatment require precise control of furnace
atmospheres and oxygen measurement
is important.
Redox processes in diffusion processes,
metal melting and biotechnological processes also require this type of analysis
technology.

08

Source: Dansensor A/S

The particularly fine surface structure
and temperature resistance up to
1,700°C of DEGUSSIT FZY are impressive.
Low adhesion tendency efficiently reduces
sticking of reagents in crucibles, plates or
tubes.
The material is used successfully
particularly when growing crystal inresearch establishments.

DEGUSSIT FZY is characterised by low adhesion
tendency and outstanding resistance to temperature.

09 09

GLASS INDUSTRY

Materials DEGUSSIT AL23 and DEGUSSIT AL24 show their strength in thermalcorrosive atmospheres of molten glass. A variety of customised precisioncomponents essentially helps manufacture and shape glass and its final products.
Their resistance to high temperatures and corrosion allow the components toachieve long service lives in demanding applications.

10High process safety inthermal-corrosive
atmospheres

Bubble tube with 17 bores made of
DEGUSSIT AL23

Shape roller made of DEGUSSIT AL23
for the glass industry

Glow block made of DEGUSSIT AL23
used for filament production

DEGUSSIT components are used at
different stages in the manufacturing
process of glass. Tubes made of DEGUSSIT
ceramic are mounted in thermocouples(see pages 06+07) and bubbling systems
during the first production step i.e. themelting process.
Bubbling is used in glass melt tanks toprovide efficient process design. Air isblown through the bubble tubes from thebase into the melting tank.

A current develops in the melt
accelerating the homogenisation of glass.
The bores inside the bubble tubes havea very small diameter eliminating any
possibility of infiltration or cooling of theglass melt inside the ceramic tube.
DEGUSSIT crucibles and annealingboxes are used for developing andmanufacturing special glasses. The
high-purity crucibles with dense surfaces
withstand aggressive glass melts.

DEGUSSIT ceramics such as holders, shaperollers and glow prisms allow the shapingof delicate glass components.
The interaction of properties such as
high-temperature resistance, corrosion
resistance and dielectric strength
contributes specifically towards
optimising manufacturing processes.

11 11

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

High-purity DEGUSSIT materials allow constant and accurate measuring
results in research & development and industrial process control
especially through chemically neutral behaviour in contact with samples.
Just one versatile material can be used for a wide range of temperatures
and applications.

12

Safe measuring results at
maximum temperatures

Special tube made of DEGUSSIT AL23
used as sample holder in dilatometry

Special tube made of DEGUSSIT AL23
used in thermogravimetrySlip-on crucible made of DEGUSSIT AL23
used for differential thermal analysis

DILATOMETRY

THERMOGRAVIMETRY

DIFFERENTIAL THERMALANALYSIS

Dilatometry is used for high-precision
measurement of temperature-sensitive
dimensional changes in solids, melts,
powders or pastes. Using a push rod anddisplacement sensor, the horizontal
dilatometer measuring system evaluates
the thermal expansion of the test
material.
Sample holders made of DEGUSSIT
AL23/AL24 ensure highest precision,
reproducibility and long-term stability
at temperatures up to 1950°C.

Thermogravimetry determines masschanges in samples over a defined
temperature and time range. The masschange can result from different physicalprocesses (e.g. vaporisation) or chemical
processes such as reduction or oxidation.
The DEGUSSIT sample holder isconnected to a microbalance thatrecords mass changes precisely while
the test sample is exposed to heat.
DEGUSSIT AL23 is an inert material andresistant to temperatures up to 1.950°C
ensuring accurate measurements for thisprocedure.

Differential thermal analysis is acomparative measurement using thecharacteristic energy transformation
during phase transitions as a basis formeasurements. The test and reference
samples are exposed to constant energy
supply in two symmetrical measuring
chambers. Crucibles made of DEGUSSIT
AL23 do not react chemically withthe sample material thus ensuring
precise measurement. High thermal
conductivity of DEGUSSIT materials
improves sensitivity towards minimal
temperature changes.

13 13

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

Excellent temperature and corrosion resistance as well as mechanicalstrength make DEGUSSIT oxide ceramics true all-rounders. The allpurpose material dispenses with an annoying variety of materials in thelaboratory. Easy storage of testing equipment allows clear structuring of
the laboratory and helps reduce sources of errors such as
mix-up of materials.

Source: Waldner Laboreinrichtungen GmbH & Co. KG

14

Excellent raw materials
and materials analysis

Crucibles made of DEGUSSIT AL23 indifferent geometries

Annealing box and boat made of
DEGUSSIT AL23

Plates made of DEGUSSIT AL23

DEGUSSIT oxide ceramics are also
convincing when preparing samples
for raw materials analysis and materials
analysis. The use of pure raw materials
and decades of experience ensure
process safety in accordance withindustrial standards for temperatures up
to 1,950°C.

The DEGUSSIT product range comprises
a variety of annealing boxes, boats
and crucibles in different geometries
and materials used for annealing andmelting processes. The crucibles areavailable cylindrical, conical or as
cylindrical crucibles with round base.
We are pleased to implement otherdimensions and geometries according
to your specific requirements.

The dense surface of DEGUSSIT
oxide ceramics is highly resistant toparticularly aggressive melts. The low
SiO2 content of DEGUSSIT materials
helps produce the widely recognised
and impressive corrosion resistancesignificantly enhancing the service timeof crucibles (see also Chapter “Corrosion
resistance”).

15 15

FURNACE CONSTRUCTION

DEGUSSIT materials have outstanding high-temperature properties
and meet highest requirements of functional components exposed tomaximal mechanical and thermal stresses in furnace construction thus
contributing to economic operation with enhanced service lives.

Plates made of zirconia used as sintering plates

Plates made of alumina with polished surface usedas slide blocks in pusher furnaces

Tubes made of alumina used as guide tubes forheating elements

SINTERING PLATESSLIDE BLOCKSGUIDE TUBES FOR HEATINGELEMENTS

Because of their good corrosion
resistance and shape stability, plates
made of DEGUSSIT High-Performance
Ceramics are used as sintering plates
or crucible covers in annealing andmelting processes at high temperatures.
Universities and research institutes often
use simple plate geometries. Speciallydesigned products can greatly facilitate
the manufacturing process in industrial
plants.

Slide blocks made of DEGUSSIT AL24
are ideally suited to extreme hightemperature processes in oxidising andreducing atmospheres up to 1,950°C.
They are used in electrically operated
or gas-fired pusher furnaces and havebest sliding properties and good hot
bending strength that allow economic
and reproducible production. Extensive
manufacturing options are available forthe production of high-precision slide
blocks.

The efficiency of electrically operated
furnaces is directly related to thecondition of the heating element wires.
To guarantee the highest possible service
life for these elements, many furnace
constructors use alumina support tubes
that allow exact positioning and ensure
the distance between the coils. Standard
tubes or tubes with specially trimmed
threads can be used.

16

Insulation beads made of alumina used to partially insulate wires

INSULATION BEADSFIELDS OF APPLICATION

In furnace construction, insulation
beads made of DEGUSSIT AL23 are used
to separate wire end connections fromloose wires. Stringing the beads together
keeps the wire flexible. The DEGUSSIT
standard range comprises insulation
beads with interior diameters from 1 to
5 mm.

DEGUSSIT supplies a variety of products
used in different fields of furnace
construction. In addition to the specified
components, we also manufacture
guide elements, spyholes, anchors andmany more products in accordance withcustomer requirements - ranging fromsmall laboratory equipment to large
industrial units.

17 17

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Do you have a new idea but conventional materials and composites cannot
meet your requirements? KYOCERA Fineceramics Solutions GmbH is readyto help you implement your project. Whether you are a start-up, mediumsized business or group: we are pleased to provide knowledge and extensive
experience.

KYOCERA Fineceramics Solutions GmbHstands for decades of experiencein ceramic manufacturing, a wide
variety of joining methods, extensive
knowledge in process and productdevelopment as well as for products“made in Germany”.

Our ceramic materials are subject to regular inspections and controls to meethighest quality requirements.
We are currently developing innovative
high-performance materials that exhibit
excellent properties in applications up
to 2,300°C.

Our research department comprises
a team of inter-disciplinary experts
specialising in material research,
process development and productinnovation.

Is the solution you are seeking for an
application requiring resistance to hightemperatures and corrosive conditions?
Please discuss your ideas with us.

18

We cooperate with you and develop
new concepts to obtain customised
products that are technically andeconomically optimised.
Our principal objectives in processdevelopment are to implement stableprocesses and modern machinery.
We are also determined to achieve
continuous improvements and ensurethat you consider us an attractive
partner for your projects.

Innovative engineering
for customised products

CORROSION RESISTANCE

Corrosion resistance is often an involuntary but crucial factor when it
comes to the race for quality, productivity and, of course, profitability.
KYOCERA Fineceramics Solutions GmbH is continually optimising thecorrosion resistance of its alumina materials to maintain and further
develop their recognised superior quality.

The purity of raw materials and carefulmanufacture are parameters thatlift material properties to KYOCERA
Fineceramics Solutions GmbH level. The
chemical stability of grain boundary
phases determines the chemical
strength of polycrystalline structures.
Surprisingly, the smallest amount of
by-products has a decisive effect on
corrosion in naturally minimal grainboundaries.

20

Adding SiO2 seems to be eco- nomicallyattractive to improve sintering
activity and reduce the required firing
temperature.
However, KYOCERA Fineceramics
Solutions GmbH follows a different
strategy and focuses on the consequent
improvement of corrosion resistance.
Careful selection of raw materials andconstant controls reduce the harmful
SiO2 content without compromise.

The chemical composition of inevitable by-products in high-purity
alumina is a decisive factor for corrosion
resistance, making this remarkable
observation easy to understand:Materials with the same purity suchas 99.7% Al2O3 display very different
corrosive properties depending on the
manufacturer; the composition of the
by-product is crucial.

Outstanding
corrosion resistance

DEGUSSIT AL23 sample after the corrosion test
described below. The absence of methylene blue
staining indicates that sulphuric acid did not corrode
the microstructure.

Comparative sample of a 99.7% Al2O3 ceramic; thecross-section clearly shows corrosive attacks of the
microstructure.

This comparative sample (99.7% Al2O3) also shows
noticeable weakening of the microstructure causedby sulphuric acid.

section clearly shows advanced leachingof grain boundaries.

materials. KYOCERA Fineceramics
Solutions GmbH uses sound property
controls to maintain established quality
levels.

DETERMINING CORROSIONRESISTANCE
Consistent material developmentwith respect to corrosion resistance isaccompanied by sophisticated testing
methods. KYOCERA Fineceramics
Solutions GmbH carries out corrosion
tests, followed by colour infiltration
controls to obtain essential information.
A material sample is exposed to boilingsulphuric acid for several days. After
submerging the sample in a bath of
methylene blue solution, the crossThe figures above show the comparative
test result of DEGUSSIT AL23 and twoother 99.7% alumina ceramic samples
under identical conditions.
The reproducible test using standard
methods allows the depth of colour
infiltration to be measured and productbatches to be compared with other

21 21

HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRENGTH

Technical processes at the highest temperature levels impose extreme
requirements on units and plants, materials and technical personnel.
KYOCERA Fineceramics Solutions GmbH is committed to providing
economical high-temperature solutions and manages temperatures
up to 1,700°C or even 1,950°C safely. Fully developed products enable
DEGUSSIT materials to maintain their top-level market position.

Elevated temperatures generally contribute to a drop in mechanical strengthand shape stability.
High-purity ceramics from various
sources show significantly different
behaviours when exposed to high temperatures.

22

The dreaded creep deformation at extremely high temperatures (1,700°C) has
been compared experimentally.
Our materials show an excellent result:
The comparative test was carried out
using bars cut from different alumina
ceramics. The bars had identical dimensions and were exposed to temperaturestress at 1,700°C.

Although each sample has >99.5% Al2O3,
the degree of deformation is very different under constant thermal stress.
Optimised DEGUSSIT AL23 and DEGUSSIT AL24 alumina ceramics are characterised by exceptional dimensional
stability under the most demanding
thermal stresses.

DEGUSSIT AL24
DEGUSSIT AL23

Comparative test used to determine Al2O3 high-temperature strength

DEGUSSIT materials prove highest shapestability under constant temperature stress.

MATERIAL DATA
Properties

Unit

Main components-

Puritywt-%

Densityg/cm3

Open Porosity

vol.-%

Average size of crystallites

μm

Bending strength σm

DIN EN 843-1

Weibulls modulus
Toughness KIc

SEVNB

MPa*m0,5Compressive strength
Young’s modulus

MPastaticGPa

Poisson’s ratio
Hardness

MPa

Knoop, 100 g

Maximum service temperature in air

GPa°C-100 –
20 °C
20 – 100 °C
20 – 500 °C
20 – 1,000 °C

10-6/K

20 °C

J/(kg*K)

Thermal conductivity

20 °C
100 °C
1,000 °C
1,500 °C

W/(M*K)

Resistivity

20 °C
600 °C
1,000 °C

Ω*cm

20 °C

kV/mm

Linear coefficient of expansion

Specific heat

Dielectric strength
Typical colour-

The data indicated on this table are in line with the introductory German Industrial Standard DIN 60672-2 and relate to test specimens from which they were obtained. They are not unconditionally applicable to other forms of the same material. The data must be regarded as indicative only.
All data refer to a temperature of 20°C, unless otherwise specified.
To find information about characteristic values of other materials, please go to www.kyocera-solutions.de24

Material
DEGUSSIT AL23

Material
DEGUSSIT AL24

Material
DEGUSSIT AL25

Material
FZT

Material
DEGUSSIT FZY

α – Al2O3

α – Al2O3

α – Al2O3

α – Al2O3, ZrO2

ZrO2, Y2O3, Al2O3> 99.5> 99.5> 99.5> 99.5> 99.73.70 - 3.95

> 3.4

> 2.8

≥ 4.05

≥ 5.5

0

≤5

20 - 30

0

0

10

40

70

5

30

300 - 350

150

70

460

400

-

-

-

> 15

-

-

-

-

3.3

-

3,500

1,000

300

3,000

2,000

380

-

-

360

200

0.22

-

-

0.24

-

23

-

-

20

17

1,950

1,950

1,950

1,700

1,700

8.2

8.2

8.2

3.9
7.5
8.3

9.2
10.4
10.9

900

-

-

850

400

34.9
6.8
5.3

27.8
5.5
45

-

25
-

2.5
-

-

-

-

-

1010
4 * 10215

20 - 30

-

-

-

ivory

creme white

white

white

white

25 25

DEGUSSIT®
HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMICS
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

01

02

03

04

07

08

11

12

HIGH TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY

05

06

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

09

10

SENSOR AND MEASURING TECHNOLOGY

13

14

15

16

01. UHV vacuum chamber
02. Special insulation tube for physical 02.
research institutes
03. Feedthroughs with ISO-KF flange
04. High-voltage feedthrough05. Rectangular tubes
06. Multi-bore tubes
07. Crucibles, boats and annealing
06. boxes
08. Plates with hole

09. Forming tools used in body
construction
10. Dosing unit used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry
11. Containmelnt shell for the pumpindustry

12. Grinding tools used in metal
processing
13. Pressure sensor for aerospace
14. Flow meters
15. Humidity sensor
16. Oxygen sensor

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONSFOR THE GLOBAL MARKETINNOVATIONS FOR MORE
THAN 150 YEARSSPECTRUM OF INNOVATIVE
SOLUTIONSPARTNER OF A
POWERFUL COMMUNITY

With more than 150 years of experience in ceramic manufacturing, weoffer a range of innovative solutions for many industries: systemcomponents for high technology
applications in electrical and sensor
technology, mechanical engineering, analytical technology, medical
and semiconductor technology as
well as laboratory technology. In thefield of ceramic-to-metal assemblies
we possess international leadingknow-how.

We see ourselves as a partner in thedevelopment of high-performance
ceramic solutions, which give ourcustomers added value and ensure
their technological advantages.
Our team advise comprehensive on
the selection of ceramic materials,
product design and project execution - from the development stage
over the prototype fabrication to
the serial.

Founded in 1863 in Mannheim as
brickyard, known as “Deutsche
Steinzeug” and later as “Friedrichsfeld GmbH”, the business area
Ceramics continued its successful
development. Since September
2019, we are part of the KYOCERA
Corporation, a world-leading
ceramic and technology company.

Kyocera Fineceramics Solutions GmbHis a specialist company for products
made of non-corroding andwear-resistant materials.

KYOCERA Fineceramics Solutions GmbH
Steinzeugstraße 92
68229 Mannheim / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 621 - 405 47 400
E-Mail: info@kyocera-solutions.dewww.kyocera-solutions.de
European Headquarters:
KYOCERA Europe GmbH
Fritz-Mueller-Strasse 27
73730 Esslingen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)711 - 93 93 4-0
E-Mail: info.fc@kyocera.de
www.kyocera.eu