A green, fair and resilient recovery: the role of energy efficiency anddomestic renewables home retrofits
Prashant Vaze, Lionel Mok and Zach Malik, Climate Bonds Initiative

Introduction
EU’s COVID-19 Recovery Strategy and Green Deal’s “Renovation Wave”
On 18 March 2020 the European Central Bank (ECB) announced a EUR750bn Pandemic
Emergency Purchase Program1 to buy government and corporate debt. On 9 April 2020, EU
Finance Ministers agreed on unlocking a EUR540bn support package2.
There is on-going discussion about how the support package is to be allocated between
industries. On 17th April, MEPs agreed that the EUR 1tr EU recovery plan should have theEuropean Green Deal at its heart3. The emphasis of this plan should not be the mutualisationof existing debt, but to focus on future investment. MEPs stressed the recovery andreconstruction package: “should have at its core the Green Deal and the digitaltransformation in order to kick start the economy.”4 The Commission is expected to present
its Renovation Wave strategy in which member states will use funds under the new Recovery
and Convergence Instrument to foster investment.5
This paper argues that publicly supported sustainable renovation programmes have and will
make economic recovery greener, fairer and more resilient. Innovative programmes thatmobilize private capital result in job creation, increased economic activity, energy poverty
mitigation and improvements in health and wellbeing of European citizens.
The paper reviews energy use in homes and barriers to retrofitting, the deleterious effect of
the current lock-down on the construction sector, the historic importance of retrofit
programmes in previous stimulus programmes. It ends by looking at some existing nationalenergy efficiency schemes that leverage private debt capital and sets out how these might
be augmented with public finance.
The challenge ahead of us
COVID-19 is suffocating Europe’s economy. Governments across the continent have closed
nonessential services, amounting to about one-third of output6. As long as these sectors
remain closed, annual GDP will drop by 3 percent7 each month.

1 https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2020/html/ecb.pr200318_1~3949d6f266.en.html

2 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/04/09/report-on-the-comprehensive-economic-policyresponse-to-the-COVID-19-pandemic/
3https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20200415IPR77109/COVID19-meps-call-for-massive-recovery-package-and-coronavirus-solidarity-fund4
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200419IPR77407/eu-COVID-19-recovery-plan-must-be-greenand-ambitious-say-meps
5
https://www.euractiv.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Green-Deal-Recovery-Package.pdf
6 https://blogs.imf.org/2020/03/30/europes-COVID-19-crisis-and-the-funds-response/
7 https://blogs.imf.org/2020/03/30/europes-COVID-19-crisis-and-the-funds-response/Today’s challenge is stopping COVID-19; tomorrow’s is ensuring jobs and economic activity(especially for SMEs) recovers so as to make the economy more resilient against future shocks
and fairer. But the on-going challenge for the decades to come is climate change.
We urge governments to incorporate sustainable renovation programmes as part of any
stimulus package. Energy efficiency can have a ‘super-multiplier’ effect on jobs and economic
activity increasing demand through:••••direct expenditures on energy efficiency,
indirect second round effects through the wages of low-paid construction workers
with propensities to consumer, andlong-term effects through the investment permanently making the economy moreresource efficient and productive lower health related work absences.8
Reducing the health effects associated with people being exposed to poor indoor air
quality for extended periods of time during lockdown.9

Energy use in homes and barriers to private investment in retrofits
In 2017, households consumed 27.2 percent of final energy consumption in the EU-2710, andare responsible for approximately 40 percent of the EU’s GHG emissions.11 Addressing our
housing stock’s energy efficiency is essential if the EU-27 and the UK are to achieve their net
zero ambitions. Tighter building standards have greatly reduced net energy usage of new
home. But over half of the EU’s building stock was constructed pre-dates 1970 before building
energy efficiency regulations were widely introduced. Analysis suggests that with majorrenovation energy use by a building can be reduced by 50 to 80 percent depending on theage of the home12. The current annual renovation rate of homes and buildings in Europe isroughly 1.2 percent13 of which only 0.2% is deep rettofit14. To meet Paris Agreement
objectives, around 250 million homes across the EU will need energy renovation15. Thisimplies a future annual home renovation rate of 3.4 percent – almost three times the current
European average16.
At the national level the investment is estimated at EUR10-30bn in a medium sized country
like Belgium or Austria, EUR50-150bn for France and EUR100-300bn for Germany.17

8John Hick’s coined the term ‘super-multiplier’ to describe spending government investment in areas like education or
infrastructure that increase the efficiency of the economy. Hahn, Frank. “John Hicks the Theorist.” The Economic Journal,
vol. 100, no. 401, 1990, pp. 539–549. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2234139. Accessed 18 May 2020.

9Household air pollution is one of the leading causes of disease and premature death in the developing world, according
to the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/airpollution/household/health-impacts/en/10
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20190620-1
11https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/new-rules-greener-and-smarter-buildings-will-increase-quality-life-all-europeans-2019apr-15_en
12 EU ZEBRA2020 analysis – see https://zebra2020.eu
13https://www.rockwoolgroup.com/our-thinking/blog/sustainable-home-renovation-solutions/14
https://www.euractiv.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Green-Deal-Recovery-Package.pdf
15
https://www.corporateleadersgroup.com/reports-evidence-and-insights/publications/publications-pdfs/renovationroadmap-making-europes-homes-fit.pdf
16
https://www.corporateleadersgroup.com/reports-evidence-and-insights/publications/publications-pdfs/renovationroadmap-making-europes-homes-fit.pdf
17 https://www.zebra2020.eu/website/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Zebra2020_Deliverable-5.1_Report.pdf

The reasons for chronic underinvestment in deep energy efficiency retrofits are well known.
The capital costs typically exceed EUR20k per home, which is more than many Europeans
have in their saving, thus requiring a loan. The payback period through reductions in energy
bills extends over many years and may not be possible at commercial interest rates. Also,
homeowners lack the skills or knowledge to evaluate different energy efficiency options andthe multiple benefits of the renovation. Finally, the ‘hassle’ of arranging the works is offputting. Tenants often find their landlord is unwilling to fund the investment if the benefits
go to the tenant. In the current economic down-turn people’s willingness to fund energy
efficiency will be even lower.
It is therefore essential that government step in and intervene to help set up scalable
programmes supporting homeowners throughout the renovation journey and offering
affordable financing. The EuroPACE initiative is demonstrating how such public-private
partnership can bring lasting value to public administrations and European citizens.

Construction Sector has been Hit Hard by COVID-19
Construction projects have been delayed, and some cancelled. France and Italy, for example,
have suspended all construction. The Economic Institute for Construction and Housing
predicts construction production will shrink by over 15 percent18. COVID-19 is impacting 60
percent of the European construction equipment industry19.
Regarding employment, global consultancy McKinsey & Co. forecasts that 5.9 million
European jobs will be lost in the construction industry. In the UK alone, half a million jobs inthe construction industry could be at risk20.

Figure 1: Number European jobs potentially at risk, by sector, percentage share of total sector
employment. Source: McKinsey & Co.

18 https://nltimes.nl/2020/04/03/construction-industry-harder-hit-COVID-19-2008-economic-crisis

19 https://www.cece.eu/news/COVID-19-significantly-impacting-60-of-the-european-construction-equipment-industry

20 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-lockdown-strategy-coronavirus-trade-body-warninga9495176.html

Crucially, 76 percent of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) jobs in the construction
sector are at risk21. Employment in SMEs accounted for more than EUR4.3tn in value addedin the EU-27 plus the United Kingdom in 201922.Energy efficiency not only targets thebuildings sector but the construction too. In fact, analysis suggests that around 60% of
expenditure on home energy efficiency retrofits goes towards labour, delivering strong
employment growth23.

The Case for Energy Efficiency and Domestic Renewable Energy Investment
COVID-19 may have exacerbated energy inequality by leading to job losses in populations thatare most likely to struggle to pay energy bills, while at the same time, increasing their energy
bills during the lock-down by increasing the time people have to spend at home. Investing inenergy efficiency renovation programmes by retrofitting wall and window insulation, newheating, cooling ad ventilation systems, and small-scale domestic renewables like solar PV,
ground-source heat pumps or biomass boilers could pay multiple dividends:
Job Creation: The economy will be stimulated through increased construction activity – which
generates about 9 percent of Europe’s GDP. These industries directly account for 18 million
jobs24. This will be particularly impactful for SMEs who contribute more than 70 percent to
the EU’s building sector. The European Commission estimates that up to 2 million jobs could
be created or retained because of energy efficiency25.
Alleviating Energy Poverty: Energy poverty affects millions of Europeans each year. Around40 million Europeans cannot keep their home adequately warm in the winter26, and 98 million
Europeans cannot keep their home adequately cool in the summer27. Around 7 million
Europeans receive disconnection notices per year28. In the current crisis, forced
disconnections must stop. Targeting investment in buildings, especially on the rental market,
can support vulnerable, energy poverty people. Efficient buildings can cost up to 37 percent
less to operate as the consumes less water and electricity29.
The reasons are clear. Now, more than ever, investment in energy efficient, sustainable
homes is needed. Member states should align EU’s 2030 climate and energy targets with
ambitious renovation initiatives.

Energy Efficiency Stimulus Case Studies
A century ago, the Spanish flu tore through what was left of Europe after the First World War.
Instead of succumbing to the pandemic, governments embarked on ambitious plans tokickstart the economy. The UK embarked on its ‘Homes Fit for Heroes’ policy, replacing slum
housing with modern, sanitary homes. The 1919 Housing Act required local government to21

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/safeguarding-europes-livelihoods-mitigating-theemployment-impact-of-COVID-19
22
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20181119-1
23
https://www.iea.org/articles/energy-efficiency-and-economic-stimulus
24 https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction_en25
https://www.eurima.org/uploads/Eurima-Financing_Mechanisms.pdf
26 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20190131-1
27 http://bpie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Alleviating-fuel-poverty.pdf
28https://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/ACER%20Market%20Monitoring%20
Report%202015%20-%20CONSUMER%20PROTECTION%20AND%20EMPOWERMENT.pdf
29 https://foresightdk.com/finding-the-investment-wow-factor-in-green-buildings/

survey and remedy deficiencies in the housing stock. Central government provided subsidies
to help local public-private partnership construct homes on an unimaginable scale. Other
European countries have implemented similar programmes after the two world wars toprovide macro-economic stimulus, rebuild war damaged homes and materially improve thequality of lives of poorer households.
Following the 2008 financial crisis, the extra spending on energy efficiency programmes fromgovernments greatly helped the recovery process, in particular aiding the hard-hit
construction sector. Equally, stimulus funds unlocked the development of critical low-carbon
technologies, like wind and solar, which have since prospered over the past decade. The
current crisis is different from the 2008 crisis but offers some valuable lessons on how
governments have used energy efficiency stimulus packages to promote sustainable
recovery. Below are examples of how governments incorporated energy efficiency
investment in response to the financial crisis.
United States of America
During the 2008 financial crisis, the US economy experienced the sharpest decline since 1958,
falling by 5.4 percent in the last quarter of 200830. The USD787bn stimulus package, passed
in February 2009, was called the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA). The Act
focused on four categories of energy-related investments31: energy efficiency, the electricgrid, transportation, and clean energy.
The ARRA earmarked USD92bn32 for clean energy technologies, which included tax incentives,loan guarantees and subsidies for research and development in clean technologies33. Morethan USD100bn in private capital was mobilised to manufacture wind, solar, and other lowcarbon sources34. Also, ARRA provided USD25bn to state and local governments to enable
investment in building and home energy conservation programmes, energy audits, fuelconservation programmes, and building retrofits35. In fact, the early PACE programmes,
residential and commercial renovation initiatives, were started in San Francisco, Los Angeles
and Palm Desert using the ARRA funds. To date, those programmes have generated morethan $7b in funded projects and more than 120,000 local jobs.36 EuroPACE is inspired by the
success of the US PACE program. The EuroPACE initiative presents an opportunity to boost
sustainable residential renovation through an innovative financing tool leveraging on the
public support to attract private capital.
This encouraged states to update energy-efficient building codes and regulatory policies topromote demand-side management programmes by energy utilities. ARRA created 900,000
jobs in clean industries from 2009 to 2015, of which 200,000 were from programmes related
to energy efficiency in buildings37.
Overall, the ARRA strengthened local governments’ clean energy policies and contributed
positively to the renewable energy sector. Since 2008, wind power installations have almost
30 http://www.pewtrusts.com/~/media/assets/2010/04/28/costofthecrisisfinal.pdf

31 https://academic.oup.com/reep/article-abstract/7/1/136/1577855?redirectedFrom=fulltext
32 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114008855

33 https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/green_industrial_policy.pdf

34 https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/5688917/RWP11-048_Aldy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
35 https://www.globaldashboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/HSBC_Green_New_Deal.pdf

36

https://pacenation.org/pace-market-data/

37 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160225_cea_final_clean_energy_report.pdf

quadrupled and solar power increased more than fifty-fold38. Between 2008 and 2016, thecost of utility-scale solar fell by 60 percent, with solar becoming cost competitive with fossil
fuels in 20 states39. Consequently, 270 million tonnes of CO2 emissions were avoided due tothe uptake of renewables between 2008 and 201240. Furthermore, the ARRA revived the US
electric vehicles (EVs) industry, supporting 16 auto manufacturers to offer 28 new electricvehicle models. The number of EVs on the road rose to 400,000 in 2015 from a few thousandin 200841.

South Korea
In the final quarter of 2008, South Korea’s GDP declined by 4.5 percent, the second-largest
contraction on record worldwide42. In response, On 6 January 2009, the government launched
its Green New Job Creation Plan, a KRW50tr (USD36bn) package spent over the period 20092012. The plan aimed to create 960,000 jobs mainly in construction43. An approximate totalof USD28.8bn (about 80 percent of the total plan) was allocated to climate-related investment
themes44. At the time, Korea’s allocation for green stimulus as a proportion of its total plan
was the highest amongst all major economies implementing fiscal stimulus plans.
While USD1.5bn was dedicated to renewable energy, energy efficiency in buildings emerged
as the highest invested area in the South Korean Green New Deal. The plan allotted around
USD6bn for improving energy conservation in villages, schools, and domestic households.
Moreover, the plan included the construction of 2 million green homes and LED lighting
installation across public facilities45. Going further, the government used the funds to develop
a green building code for larger residential buildings, which required a 20 percent
improvement in energy efficiency. Simultaneously, a financial incentive programme wasprovided for the retrofitting of homes. Eventually, a “Building Energy Certification
Programme” was extended to all building types46.
In July 2009, the government adopted a Five-Year-Plan for Green Growth. The USD83.6bn
plan expanded beyond the Korean Green New Deal in terms of overall government
investment47 and intended to create 950,000 jobs Specifically, investments were made in theareas of climate change and energy, sustainable transportation, and the development ofgreen technologies. Later, on 29 December 2009, the Korean National Assembly accepted a“Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth”, which the then President – Lee Myung-Bak– signed into law on 13 January 2010. This Framework Act requires the government toestablish and implement a national strategy, action plans, and a detailed 5-year plan for aplanning period of 20 years, focusing on various aspects of climate change mitigation and38

https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/25/fact-sheet-recovery-act-made-largest-singleinvestment-clean-energy
40
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114008855
41
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/25/fact-sheet-recovery-act-made-largest-singleinvestment-clean-energy
42
https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/5761857/8832015.pdf
43https://www.globaldashboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/HSBC_Green_New_Deal.pdf
44
https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/5761857/8832015.pdf
45 https://www.globaldashboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/HSBC_Green_New_Deal.pdf
46 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSDNET/Resources/5944695-1247775731647/INFRA_Korea_Newsletter.pdf
47 http://keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/LeeJK.pdf
39adaptation48. The Framework Act includes a system of mandatory reporting of carbon
emissions by all carbon- and energy-intensive industries and provides a basis for the creationof a carbon trading system49. The Framework Act also plans to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 30 percent by 202050.

China
China, too, felt the spill-over effects from the 2008 financial crisis. Although China managed
to sustain economic growth – 9.6 percent in 2008 and 9.2 percent in 2009 – these figures
were much less than the 14.2 percent in 200751. On 9 November 2008, the Chinese
government launched a two-year stimulus package of RMB4tr (USD586bn)52. More than onethird – a total of about USD221bn – went towards green investments53.
The government invested USD46.9bn on energy efficiency, clean vehicles, and new electricity
grid infrastructure54. Establishing more flexible and sophisticated grid infrastructure helped
increase the efficient use traditional fuels and renewable energy sources. Investment in otherclean energy technologies supported pollution control and ecological improvements andstructural upgrades in energy intensive industries. Ultimately, the country’s stimulus package
contributed to financing the start of China’s green economy transition.
Even though the renewable energy sector was not the main recipient of the 2008 stimulus
package, the sector has since received government financing, especially after the introductionof the country’s 12th Five-Year-Plan55. In this context, the Chinese government has placed apriority on the investing in renewable energy and has ambitious goals for the sector.
On 10 December 2016, China’s National Energy Administration (NEA) agreed on its 13th FiveYear-Plan (2016-2020) for Renewable Energy. The NEA and the National Development andReform Commission (NDRC) plan to spend more than USD360bn developing renewableenergy and create 13 million jobs in the sector by 202056. Also, by 2030, one-fifth of thecountry’s electricity consumption is forecasted to come from non-fossil fuel sources57.

EuropeThe European Commission (EC) responded to the financial crisis with the European Economic
Recovery Plan (EERP) worth EUR200bn58. A third of the total stimulus addressed energy
efficiency initiatives59. At country-level, green investments accounted for 13.2 percent of thetotal stimulus, with the priority being climate protection and energy efficiency. The majorityof spending was on energy efficiency of buildings (75 percent). The remainder was on the rail
sector (20 percent) and vehicles (5 percent)60. In April 2009, the European Energy Programme48

https://www.climate-laws.org/cclow/geographies/south-korea/laws/framework-act-on-low-carbon-green-growthregulated-by-enforcement-decree-of-the-framework-act-on-low-carbon-green-growth49
http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SOUTH_KOREA.pdf
50 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSDNET/Resources/5944695-1247775731647/INFRA_Korea_Newsletter.pdf
51 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecri/2012/961694/
52 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSDNET/Resources/5944695-1247775731647/INFRA_China_Newsletter.pdf
53 https://voxeu.org/article/urgently-needed-global-green-new-deal
54 https://www.globaldashboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/HSBC_Green_New_Deal.pdf
55 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSDNET/Resources/5944695-1247775731647/INFRA_Korea_Newsletter.pdf
56 https://www.csis.org/east-green-chinas-global-leadership-renewable-energy
57 https://www.csis.org/east-green-chinas-global-leadership-renewable-energy
58 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_194175.pdf
59 https://www.csis.org/analysis/assessing-global-green-stimulus
60 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_194185.pdf

for Recovery (EEPR) was adopted. A sum of EUR4bn supported new energy infrastructure,including offshore wind and carbon capture and storage demonstration61. This included a
EUR1bn “European energy-efficient buildings” initiative that encouraged member countries
to promote green technologies62.

A green recovery
Principles for directing stimulus finance
EU Governments are currently providing emergency support to vulnerable households andsmall businesses, while the “lock-down” measures are in force. Such support meets theimmediate need to replace wages and business revenues, and are provided in a relatively
untargeted way, since the public policy imperative is to ensure the survival of viablebusinesses.
As restrictions ease, an entirely different approach will be needed. Business will continue tostruggle due to weak private sector demand. Cash transfers will not be sufficient, institutions
and frameworks that can direct investments and spending towards goods and services thatcreate a greener future will be vital.
The recovery must be guided by a set of principles that ensure stimulus budget helps the
economy recover and address EU’s climate goals to build resilience for future crises. To
provide effective stimulus to the economy the sectors that government supports should:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Have excess capacity - The sector is presently suffering from short-term lack ofdemand resulting in under-utilised labour capacity,
Be shovel-ready– it is important that the investment projects can be initiated quickly
with little time elapsing between approval of the funding and commencement ofwork.
Promote public-private partnership – Public funds are not sufficient to meet therenovation needs, thus there is a need to stimulate private capital to boost the clean
energy transition
Target SME businesses – SMEs typically have smaller cash reserves and poorer
access to bank lending or equity or debt capital. They are more at risk of failing in an
economic down-turn than larger better capitalised businesses
Provide social and health benefits – the project should provide social and healthbenefits, especially for the poorer sections of society, and other vulnerable groups
Have local economic linkages – ideally the projects should make use of local labourand nearby supply chains to increase the economic multiplier impact
Cost-effective carbon reduction – the project should ideally deliver good value formoney in terms of life-time carbon savings per unit investment
Utilise existing policy and delivery networks – to deliver benefits on the groundquickly it is preferable for the stimulus funding to be routed through existingmechanisms rather than design new policies and identify delivery partners.

61 https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/cc84513b-71c0-45c9-aca1-a3f5818a6e5c

62 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_194185.pdf

At the time of writing 13 environment ministers and a large number of business leaders, NGOS
and think-tanks and politicians have written jointly in support of a “Greenrecovery”63
establishing a Green Recovery Investment Package to support the transition towards climate
neutrality and healthy ecosystems. A particular concern is that the investment in the wrong
sort of businesses risks locking-in the continued use of fossil fuels.
Investment in energy efficiency and small-scale renewables stimulates jobs and economic
activity, helps Europe’s energy poor households and helps EU attain its net-zero carbon
target. It is for this reason commentators are asking for the “renovation wave”64 (announced
in the European Green Deal) to become one of the key pillars of the stimulus package that
the EC will launch to restart the economy65. The energy efficiency supply chain has also set
out its proposals for a renovation fund.66
Funding will be key. To ensure that European buildings are sufficiently energy efficient by
2050, an annual expenditure of at least EUR75bn will be needed67. Investment at this sort ofscale requires partnership arrangements with government funds leveraging in private
investments from home-owners. Fortunately, initiatives in some Member States such as
EuroPACE in Spain, Energiesprong in the Netherlands, UK and France, the New Green Saving
initiative in the Czech Republic68, and district renovation schemes in Lithuania69 provide
successful models for deploying large-scale renovations at a local level. Other notable
initiatives include Italy’s ‘EconBonus’, an income tax deduction for interventions aimed at
improving home energy efficiency70, and the ‘Picardie Pass Renovation’, a financial
instrument designed by the regional Public Office for Energy Efficiency in France to tackle theenergy transition71.

Stimulus measures need to leverage existing energy efficiency programmes
There are several successful national energy efficiency delivery programmes where there areexisting institutions to handle finances, organise contractors, market the service. It would becounter-productive to create new schemes from scratch. Often the number of homes thatthese programmes can successfully deliver has been held back due to insufficient scale, highcosts of capital and overly-long payback periods for the underlying measures.
Governments seeking to implement energy efficiency packages as part of a stimulus package,need to act quickly, and use existing delivery mechanism adjusting them for the changed
circumstances caused by COVID-19.

63

https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/euobs-media/0babed78ca6e324155dc4e1201c79a07.pdf
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-european-green-deal/file-renovation-wave
65 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/building-renovations-can-unleash-future-proof-jobs-for-a-greenrecovery/
64

66

https://www.renovate-europe.eu/about-the-campaign/renovation-fund-for-all-europeans/

67 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/ECON-PR-641227_EN.pdf

68https://www.sfzp.cz/en/administered-programmes/new-green-savings-programme/
https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/best-practices/lithuania/211470
https://www.idealista.it/en/news/financial-advice-italy/2020/01/13/2658-green-building-incentives-italy-how-makeyour-home#Eco-bonuses+for+energy+saving
71
https://www.fedarene.org/picardie-pass-renovation-11059
69

This section provides a brief outline of the energy efficiency financing models that wereidentified as part of a feasibility study72 available on the EuroPACE website. of financial
instruments by the EuroPACE Consortium
In particular, we identify several case studies from across Europe:
•

•

•

•

The EuroPACE model, inspired by the PACE model from the US, is designed to makehome renovation simple, affordable and reliable for all Europeans by combining
affordable financing with people-centric technical assistance and smart funding fromthe public sector. Energy efficiency, renewable energy, water conservation, including
green roofs, fuel cells, batteries and other innovative improvements can be funded.
The first pilot program, HolaDomus, was launched in Catalonia, Spain to offer
support and financing to realize eco-sustainable home renovations.
The Energiesprong model, which aims to deliver standardised net-zero retrofits tomultiple social housing units by working with housing associations instead ofindividual homeowners, to achieve increased energy efficiency and exploit
efficiencies of scale. The model advocates use of off-site assembly of the new energy
efficient facades to reduce disruption to occupiers and ensure high and consistentquality. An “Energiesprong” retrofit is provided for and financed by the housing
association by combining future savings on energy cost from tenants, repairs andmaintenance.
The Oktave model, a one-stop-shop for different services connecting energy
renovations contractors, building professionals and financing organisations. It
provides support and clarity to individuals on energy renovation, project definition
and financing.
The KfW model which supports energy efficiency investments in residential buildings
through the “Energy-efficient Construction and Refurbishment” programme (theKfW programme) and Effizienzhaus (Efficiency House) standard. This longestablished programme as well as low interest rates provides homeowners with
grants that meet a percentage of the capital costs of the energy efficiency retrofit.
The grant can meet as much as 27.5 percent of costs for an ambitious retrofit. The
tenor of loan can be 30 years. The scheme has triggered over EUR 300bn ofinvestments over the last 14 years.

When designing future energy efficiency retrofit programmes that scale-up and provide
greater public support need to understand how stakeholder perspectives may have shifted inlight of CoVid-19.
•

•

72

Tenants: Retrofits need to be carried out quickly and without hassle, with noadditional cost to tenants. If economic behaviour shifts in favour of people spending
more time at home, then there will be demand for improved comfort and cost saving
appliances. Suppliers and contractors will need to be conscious of tenants’ healthconcerns, although this could incentivise shorter surveying and installation periods.
Owners: Owners will want capital outlays to be as low as possible and need
confidence that debt servicing costs will be recouped from the tenant or from theirown savings for owner-occupier units. Rental market dynamics may change inhttps://www.climatebonds.net/resources/reports/europace-24-feasibility-study-financial-instrument-andreview-existing-retrofit••sectors such as student or low-income-housing, as universities take their content
online. During periods of economic uncertainty, there also needs to be extra comfort
that warranties and guarantees that technologies will perform to specification will
be upheld.
Lenders: Typical lending considerations apply, as during any recession. Risk aversion
and need for securitisation or guarantees. Due diligence and credit checks will be
important as always, especially if delinquency might increase due to recession.
Lenders will need to provide competitive financing to owners, those who can benefit
directly or in-directly (through on-lending principles) from low-interest rates incapital markets are better positioned to do so.
Suppliers: Supply chains may be disrupted, but this is also an opportunity to create
local manufacture, contracting and installation industries that provide higher valueadded services. Models that can deploy drone sensing and automate design
optimisation and calibration, while also using 3-D printing to deliver these parts,
could be developed, provided that the scale is available.

Furthermore, we identify strategic priorities that must be considered and maintained forthese programmes to scale.
•

•

•

•

•

•

Simplify the renovation process: Helping consumers navigate the energy efficient
home renovation market is as important as ever. System designers must consider
the user experience. Platforms that can harmonise and or aggregate contractors,
suppliers and other service providers and support consumers throughout therenovation process will be vital.
Create and aggregate demand: Consumer bandwidth to pay for retrofits during arecession may be constrained, but this ultimately depends on the value of the
project and the time-value/opportunity cost of the capital spent. But this is not the
only constraint on consumer demand. Programme architects should not underestimate how this recession has already shaped consumer understanding of climate,environmental and human-existential risk. Additionally, translating consumer
demand into execution of projects requires that the consumer experience ismanaged throughout the process, from discovery to delivery.
Promote Transparency and Consistency: Programmes need to integrate energy
efficiency provisions into clear regulatory frameworks, that are supported with clear
and accessible information. This can include creating a strong, enforceable
standard(s) that can be reflect varying degrees of retrofit ambition.
Incentivise ambition: Programmes need to be encouraged ambitious retrofit. For
example, in the case of KfW’s Effizienzhaus retrofit scheme, deeper retrofits trigger
higher rates of subsidy and the Energiesprong package requires treated homes to be
net-zero to qualify.
Lower the cost of finance: Irrespective of ambition, the financing of these
programmes must be attractive to borrowers and secure for lenders. Government
subsidies, or as in the case of KfW, the on-lending (and thus channeling) of funds
secured in capital markets by institutions with strong credit ratings, passed on to
local/retail banks that can administer the funding through existing channels.
Plug the knowledge gap: Programmes can act as a platform that enables customers
can approach to understand their technological options, the contractors available,
the costs, risks and guarantees when seeking to finance an energy efficiency retrofit.

For example, Oktave connects consumers with qualified and certified contractors
and provides access to an independent advisor that assists the consumer throughthe process of selecting and managing the contractors.