PROCEEDINGS OF
2017 JAPAN-KOREA RURAL PLANNING SEMINAR

Resilience and Sustainability of Rural Areas

Date: December 9, 2017
Venue: Kumamoto Prefectural Community Center Parea, Kumamoto, Japan

Edited byCommittee of International Affairs
Association of Rural Planning, Japan

Committee of International Affairs, Association of Rural Planning, Japan
HeadTomohiro Ichinose, Keio University, Japan
Member Kiyoko Kanki, Kyoto University, Japan
Shizuka Hashimoto, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Kaoru Ichikawa, Institute of Policy Research, Kumamoto City, Japan
Yasuyo Sakata, Niigata University, Japan
Shinji Kurihara, Nihon University, Japan
Ryohei Yamashita, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Japan
Duhan Kim, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea

Association of Rural Planning, Japan
Kinoshitabiru 4F, 3-3-3 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan

Edited by Committee of International Affairs, Association of Rural Planning, Japan
PROCEEDINGS OF 2017 JAPAN-KOREA RURAL PLANNING SEMINARISBN 978-4-9907507-2-5 C3861
Neither the author nor the Association of Rural Planning, Japan is responsible for URLs that
may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

Preface
Resilience and Sustainability of Rural Areas
Tomohiro Ichinose**Head of Committee of International Affairs, Association of Rural Planning, Japan, Professor of
Keio University
There are many kinds of natural disaster in Japan due to its climate and geographical condition,
namely earthquake, tsunami, flooding, typhoon, storm surge, landslide, avalanche, tornado, forest
fire, eruption and so on. The Chuetsu earthquakes occurred in Niigata Prefecture on 23 October
2004 which mainly stuck rural areas by shocks and landslides. Most of researchers and planners
for rural area realized the difficulty of reconstruction in the situation of depopulation and aging
status. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, and the accident of Fukushima Daiichi Power
Plant damaged huge areas in the east part of Japan. Many municipalities affected by the tsunami
and radiation lost their population by the disasters. Nobody can still return to most of three towns
located close to the nuclear power plant, namely Namie, Futaba, and Okuma. Onagawa Town
located in Miyagi Prefecture and few affected by radiation lost 37% of its population for four
years because reconstruction in the rural areas took a long time and some people wanted to movefrom remote areas to more convenient ones. Most of the rural area had depopulation and aging
problem before the 2011 disaster. It accelerated depopulation. In April 2016 two massive
earthquakes caused in Kumamoto Prefecture and damaged rural areas again. 249 people died, and
8,674 buildings and houses were collapsed. Approximately 43 thousand people still live in
temporally houses (statistics at the end of November 2017). On the other hand, Korea has lessdisaster compared with Japan. Despite the condition, there were some earthquakes in 2016 in
Korea. Korea also faces depopulation and aging problem. Regarding not only disasters but also
depopulation and aging, resilience and sustainability are one of the most important issues for rural
areas in both of countries.
Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar has more than 15 years history. Every year we have theseminar in turns in Japan or Korea. After the earthquakes in Kumamoto the Committee ofInternational Affairs, Association of Rural Planning, Japan decided the theme and location of theseminar through discussion with Korean association. Both presidents of the Japanese and Korean
association will sign a memorandum of understanding during the seminar to keep exchange andcollaboration. Also, we invite Chinese, Taiwanese, German and Austrian researchers as a guest.
Kumamoto City, especially Institute of Policy Research, cooperates the seminar. Financial
supports from Kumamoto City (convention grant), the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (4-1505) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and Keio ResearchInstitute at SFC are gratefully acknowledged.

-i-Seminar Program
Morning session (10:00 to 12:00)
1.

Opening
Prof. Tomohiro Ichinose, Keio University, Japan, Head of the Committee for International
Affair, Japanese Association of Rural Planning
Dr. Toshitaro Minomo, Director of Institute of Policy Research, Kumamoto City

2.

Keynote presentation (40 minutes each, including discussions)“Reconstruction of rural resilience and new direction of rural planning”
Prof. Satoshi Hoshino, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan, Presidentof Japanese Association of Rural Planning“Disaster management status in rural areas of Korea and improvement plan”
Dr. Chang-su Lim, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Korea

3.

General presentation (20 minutes each, including discussions)“Resilience and sustainability of rural areas: A case study of the indigenous Laiji Village”
Prof. Shyh-Huei Hwang, Dean, Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of
Science and Technology, Taiwan“A brief introduction to the comprehensive planning of pastoral countryside in China: Taking
Suzhou as an example”
Prof. WANG Lei, Soochow University

4.

Poster session 1 (12:00 to 13:00)

Afternoon session (13:00 to 17:00)
1.

General presentation (13:00 to 15:00) (20 minutes each, including discussions)“The issue of restoration process of agricultural villages of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake”
Prof. Yu Shibata, Faculty of Environmental & Symbiotic Sciences, Kumamoto Prefectural
University, Japan“The development of agricultural disaster assessment technology based on the image analysis”
Dr. Joon Gu Lee, Rural Research Institute Korean Rural Community and Cooperation,
Korea“2011 Kii Peninsula Flood disaster with the viewpoint of rural municipal merger”
Prof. Kiyoko Kanki, Kyoto University, Japan“Rural resources sustainability and water-food-energy nexus perspective”
Prof. Jin-Yong Choi, Seoul National University, Korea“Planning in the Danube delta: Sfiştofca village in C. A. Rosetti municipality, Romania”
Dr. Meinhard Breiling, Coordinator, Vienna University of Technology, Austria“Aspects of social vulnerability as seen in three hamlets of northern Tōhoku and central
Kyūshū”
Dr. Johannes Wilhelm, Associate Professor, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio
University, Japan

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2.

Poster session 2 (15:30 to 16:00)

3.

Comment session & closing (16:00 to 17:00)
Coordinator
Prof. Eiji Yamaji, The University of Tokyo, Japan, Former president of Japanese Associationof Rural Planning
Commentators
Prof. Jun-ichi Hirota, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Japan, Former president ofJapanese Association of Rural Planning
Prof. Yoo-Jick Lee, Pusan National University, Korea, Senior Vice President of Korean
Society of Rural Planning
Dr. Zhengxu Zhou, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University
Prof. Koji Itonaga, Nihon University
Wrap up & Closing
Prof. Eiji Yamaji, the University of Tokyo, Japan, Former president of Japanese Associationof Rural Planning-iii-

Title and name of presenter for poster presentations“Economic impact assessment from the potential introduction of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid(PSTVd) in Korea”
Prof. Hong Sok (Brian) Kim, Seoul National University, Korea“Town Organization, model, and case study”
Prof. Namsu Jung, Kongju National University, Korea“The activation and sustainable development of Yunnan Traditional Rural Settlements”
Dr. Haifan Cheng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, China“Movement of Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) in small forest patches: A case study of Morioka, Iwate
Prefecture”
Mr. Takahiro Otake, Iwate University, Japan“Contemporary trends of migration in rural Kumamoto: A case study from Aso district focused on
local identity in migration context”
Ms. Antonia Miserka, Kumamoto University, Japan“Application of UAV-mounted commercial multispectral sensor in a non-experimental rice farming
practice”
Dr. Koji Harashina, Iwate University, Japan“Actual condition of radioactive contamination in rural areas due to Fukushima nuclear power
plant accident and decontamination limit: Through support research at Iitate village in Fukushima”
Prof. Koji Itonaga, Nihon University, Japan“Land use change in 100 years and increased disaster risk: Flood Disaster in Joso city, on the Kinu
River caused by Kanto-Tohoku heavy rainfall in September 2015”
Ms. Ikuko Imoto, Keio University, Japan“Historical contexts of rural planning in Kumamoto Prefecture”
Dr. Kaoru Ichikawa, Institute of Policy Research, Kumamoto City, Japan“Economic evaluation of Green Infrastructure at Higashiōmi city, Shiga prefecture”
Mr. Michiya Morisaki, Keio University, Japan“A study of intention of migration based on the regional view assuming Nankai Mega-thrust
Earthquakes: Focusing on the regional view about safety and resilience”
Dr. Ryohei Yamashita, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Japan“Investigations on farmland and agricultural facilities damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto
Earthquakes”
Dr. Mizuki Hira, Kagoshima University, Japan“A Study on the Conditions and Disaster Responses of Schools in Iwaizumi Town During Typhoon
10 (2016)”
Dr. Yoshihiro Kikuchi, University of Hyogo, Japan“Revival of Rural Traditional Event OYAMA- SANKEI (Holy Mountain Visit) of T Community
Association”
Prof. Hiroyuki Fujisaki, Hirosaki University, Japan“State and Improvement of Legal System of Rural Disaster in Korea”
Prof. Minho Baek, Kangwon National University, Korea“Field Study and Development of a Water Harvesting System for Water Scarcity in Small Upland
Farm”
Dr. Youngjin Kim, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Korea-iv-

Table of Contents
1. Keynote presentations
Reconstruction of Rural Resilience and New Direction of Rural Planning
Satoshi Hoshino
Disaster management status in rural areas of Korea and improvement plan
Chang-su Lim, Seung-Chul Lee, Eun-Ja Kim, MI-Jung Park, and Ki-Sung Kim

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2. General presentations
Resilience and sustainability of rural areas: A case study of the indigenous Laiji Village
Shyh-Huei Hwang
A brief introduction to the comprehensive planning of pastoral countryside in China: Taking
Suzhou as an example
Lei Wang
The issue of restoration process of agricultural villages of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Yu Shibata
The development of agricultural disaster assessment technology based on the image analysis
Joon Gu Lee, Jung-Seok Jang, Jong-Wha Park, and Seong-Joon Yoo2011 Kii Peninsula Flood disaster with the viewpoint of rural municipal merger
Kiyoko Kanki
Rural resources sustainability and water-food-energy nexus perspective
Jin-Yong Choi, Yoonhee Lee, and Sanghyun Lee
Planning in the Danube Delta: Sfiştofca village in C. A. Rosetti municipality, Romania
Meinhard Breiling
Aspects of social vulnerability as seen in three hamlets of northern Tōhoku and central
Kyūshū
Johannes Wilhelm

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13
15
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3.

Poster presentations

Economic impact assessment from the potential introduction of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid(PSTVd) in Korea
Daeyoung Kwon and Hong Sok (Brian) Kim
Town Organization, model, and case study
Namsu Jung
The activation and sustainable development of Yunnan Traditional Rural Settlements
Haifan Cheng
Movement of Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) in small forest patches: A case study of Morioka,
Iwate Prefecture
Takahiro Otake, Koji Harashina, Chiaki Nishi, and Yoshitaka Deguchi
Contemporary trends of migration in rural Kumamoto: A case study from Aso district focusedon local identity in migration context
Antonia Miserka
Application of UAV-mounted commercial multispectral sensor in a non-experimental rice
farming practiceKoji Harashina, Kiyohito Yamamoto, Yoshiko Muto, and Eiichi Kurashima
Actual condition of radioactive contamination in rural areas due to Fukushima nuclear power
plant accident and decontamination limit: Through support research at Iitate village inFukushima
Koji Itonaga
Land use change in 100 years and increased disaster risk: Flood Disaster in Joso city, on the
Kinu River caused by Kanto-Tohoku heavy rainfall in September 2015
Ikuko Imoto, Tomohiro Ichinose, Satoru Itagawa, and Yumi Yamada
Historical contexts of rural planning in Kumamoto Prefecture
Kaoru Ichikawa and Toshitaro Minomo
Economic evaluation of Green Infrastructure at Higashiōmi city, Shiga prefectureMichiya Morisaki and Tomohiro Ichinose
A study of intention of migration based on the regional view assuming Nankai Mega-thrust
Earthquakes: Focusing on the regional view about safety and resilience
Ryohei Yamashita
Investigations on farmland and agricultural facilities damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto
Earthquakes
Mizuki Hira
A Study on the Conditions and Disaster Responses of Schools in Iwaizumi Town During Typhoon
10 (2016)
Yoshihiro Kikuchi and Shinya Morimoto
Revival of Rural Traditional Event OYAMA- SANKEI (Holy Mountain Visit) of T Community
Association
Hiroyuki Fujisaki
State and Improvement of Legal System of Rural Disaster in Korea
YoungKune Lee, Miri Park and Minho Baek
Field Study and Development of a Water Harvesting System for Water Scarcity in Small Upland
Farm
Youngjin Kim, Yonghun Choi, Minyoung Kim, and Jonggil Jeon

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Reconstruction of Rural Resilienceand New Direction of Rural Planning
Satoshi Hoshino＊

1． Introduction
It was probably Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011) that triggered the diffusion of a rather new
concept “resilience”. To build up a disaster resilient nation, the National Resilience Plan was approved in the
Cabinet meeting in June, 2014. This is a plan to strengthen the social infrastructure and the economic systemagainst disasters at the national level. The local disaster prevention plan is a plan that focuses on making use of
the soft power of the communities for disaster reduction at local level. Both plans at the different levels
complimenting each other are expected to enhance resilience against the disasters. For these processes, resiliencehas become a popular term especially in the field of disaster prevention and reduction. The author would like tolook back on changes in rural areas in Japan and to propose a new direction of rural planning based on theresilience concept.
2． What is Resilience?
Originally the word “resilience” was a physical term, but used in psychology and ecology as a concept of "thestrength to recover itself against an external shock flexibly" afterwards. It came to be used later in various fields
such as disaster prevention, community development, global warming mitigation measures etc. Businesscompanies also have interest in this word.
There are various definitions for “resilience” as it has been used in various fields. In the ecology, resilience isdefined as “the ability of the system which deals with disturbance (flood, forest fire, human activities) without
turning to a qualitatively-different state”. In psychology, it is defined as “the resilient system has a function to copewith a stressful situation or adverse circumstances, to maintain mental health and to recover by oneself”.
Resilience for disaster and the hazard prevention means “the power to be able to come back to the state before thesuffering without individual, family, company, organization or local community being broken”. In this paper, we
define Resilience simply as a concept indicating "the strength to recover itself flexibly from the state being
damaged by an external shock”.
Some fundamental characteristics of resilience are as follows.
1) Resilience is not a characteristic of a single element but a characteristic of a system in which individual elements
are organically connected. In the field of ecology, resilience is treated as a characteristic of the ecosystem,
whereas in the field of psychology, resilience is treated as a personal characteristic. In this paper, we would liketo employ the characteristics of the system. This argument is similar to the case of “social capital” that can bedually recognized as a characteristic of a person or a characteristic of an organization, community or group.
2) Resilience is secured by multilayered structure. Ability of resilience should be built by every social dimension
and section of multilayered structure of nation, organization,community and individual. As an important part of it, local
community is demanded to improve its ability.
3) When the system is displaced beyond the critical threshold, regime
shift may happen. Then it moves to a different regime and does
http://www.regimeshifts.org/what-is-a-regime-shift
not return to the previous one. This phenomenon is often observed
Fig. 1. Regime shift
in ecosystem. When a certain characteristics changes more than
the threshold, the whole behavior of the system changes nonlinearly. “Different regimes can be metaphorically
represented by a ball-and-cup diagram. The ball represents the current system and the valleys or cups

-1-

represent different regimes in which the system can function and be structured. A regime shift requires the ballmoves from one cup or valley to another.”
3． Transformation of rural JapanWe are going to overview the trends of rural planning in the globalization process in Japan after tracingchanges in rural areas. The postwar rural Japan drastically changed by the following factors.
A) Accommodation of Surplus Population: The rural areas temporarily accepted a large number of people during
the wartime and after the war and fed them under the food shortage.
B) Delivery of Food: By the food control system, the farmers provided rice to the city inhabitants at a low price(the food control system was abolished in 1981).
C) Depopulation and Aging: After retransfer of the surplus population to the urban areas was over, young
generations continued to leave. The rural population decreased and aging was accelerated.
D) Labor Supply: In the high economic growth period and later, the rural areas continued to provide diligent andexcellent labor force to non-agriculture sectors.
E) Land Supply: In response to the demand for urban land use, the rural areas provided land resource.
F) Rurbanization: Not to mention the suburb areas, even in remote areas, the number of non-farmhouses
increased rapidly in most agricultural settlements.
G) Globalization: Globalization came up as a new keyword from the late 1980s. Internationalization started at
1950s in Japan. Import liberalization of agricultural products has been promoted since 1960s and the basic
unit of internationalization was a sovereign state but globalization regards "the world" as an integral system,
and a sovereign state is not necessarily premise of globalization.
H) Distinction of municipalities: Japanese society entered the era of population decline after 2007. One booktitled "Extinction of Local Municipalities” (CHUOKORON-SHINSHA, 2014) gave a shock to the nation. The
author of this book advocated that about half of local governments (896 city and district municipalities) wereclassified as “city at risk of disappearing” because of decreasing population. Low birthrate and rapid aging
came to be recognized among the people widely.
Table 1. The factors affecting the rural areas in Japan

When looking up the whole picture, the rural areas have greatly been transformed by the above-mentioned
factors, but the local systems in the rural areas were still alive. In other words the rural areas in Japan wereresilient enough. The following reasons are assumed. Firstly, the stable land use systems fitted well to the natural
ecosystem have been existing. The Japanese agriculture is characterized by paddy field agriculture and is thesustainable land use system which can endure the repeated cultivation over several thousand years. Secondly, thecharacteristics of the paddy field agriculture is the elaborate irrigation facilities. These facilities must be managed
and maintained carefully by collective works of rural communities. For this reason, the community members havebeen tightly bonded by territorial connection. Thirdly, the support systems for rural areas and agriculture worked
well. Local government (prefectural and municipal government) as well as central government, agricultural
cooperatives, land improvement districts etc. have supported rural areas by means of both hardware and software.
Globalization began in the latter half of 1980s. After the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991, globalization
spread through the world, and border control policies on finance and trade became weak. On the other hand, theJapanese economy entered into the period of economic stagnation called “Lost 20 years”. The postwar period simply
can be divided into two periods, “Up to the 1980s” and “The 1990s & later”. The globalization began in the 1990s sothey correspond to “Before” and “After” of the globalization respectively.
I overviewed topics in the field of rural planning and chose three keywords (key concepts) that represent thetrend of rural planning after 1990. They are “Rural Revitalization", “Rural Sustainability" and “Resilience-2-

Building".
1) Rural Revitalization (1990~) is one of the keywords that represented to rural planning in 1990s. Because
mobility of local resources for agriculture such as land and human resources is extremely low, it is rather
difficult to take effective countermeasures against globalization. For the need that the rural areas should copewith these impacts by themselves, rural revitalization entered the stage as a new policy concept.
2) Rural Sustainability (2000~) is a concept derived from sustainable development in the report “Our Common
Future” published by Brundtland Committee in 1987. Local communities depending on the natural resources
are tracing the way to weakening more and more while the globalization of the market economy progresses.
Since 2000s, rural sustainability drew attentions of the people in such discussion . Marginal community
problem is one of the typical problems of rural sustainability.
3) Resilience Building (2010~) comes recently. We have experienced a number of disasters. Above all, the East
Japan Great Earthquake disaster (2011) brought extremely serious damages into the extensively large area.
How to recover from the earthquake damage became a crucial research question. In such situation, resiliencecame to attract attention. Local Resilience is a concept device to rebuild bond of solidarity and communication
ability that are accumulated inside of the community area and to strengthen problem solving ability. Local
Resilience has been discussed mainly in the context of recovery and reconstruction from the damages by
hazard events (earthquake, typhoon, flood etc.). It is also desired that this concept device should be applied tothe ordinary rural planning.
4． Rural Planning for Rural Resilience
Though various policy measures have been executed in the rural areas, the situations are not so improved.
We can find some successful cases, but in general, rural problems are still there, population decline cannot be
stopped yet and personal behaviors of rural people are gradually but absolutely changing by alternation ofgenerations. Keeping the beautiful rural landscape was prides of the rural people. Indeed, the beautiful landscapehas concealed the impending crisis of the rural areas. However, it is apparently lost in many rural areas in recent
years. Disorder in the rural landscape suggests that "the continuation of the local system" almost reaches the limit.
Thus, I mentioned that the basis of the local systems was still alive against globalization but it is doubtful whether
this system will work in near future.
(1) Individualization and Risk Society
Since rapid economic growth, the rural communities have become heterogeneous by depopulation andrurbanizaion. In addition, individualistic sense of values gradually has spread among the rural people. Family
structure also has drastically changed. Average number of family members goes down and share of nuclear family
increases even in the rural areas. Individualization and the risk socialization driven by globalization have beenreaching to the rural areas with a delay in time. Unlike the simple modernization process such as urbanization andindustrialization, they are not visible process and creeping up to the rural areas. We may fail to find out theessential changes in the rural areas. Individualization means that everything such as job selection, lifestyle, social
relations or the consumption style can be a target of the personal choice without depending on existing criteria suchas the norm and rules of the community, religious principles etc. Risk society is “a society increasingly preoccupied
with the future (and also with safety), which generates the notion of risk” (by Anthony Giddens). In a risk society,risk is falling directly onto individuals passing through walls such as family, social organization, nation, stable
occupation system etc. which support human life. Here is one example showing the fact that we already have beenrolled up in the risk society. Fukushima nuclear plant accident happened in 2011. A Shiitake mushroom producer
in Miyazaki Prefecture, more than 1,000 km far from Fukushima, thought “amount of Shiitake production in
Fukushima would decrease” when he heard the news. However, the demand for shiitake quickly dropped
nationwide, and the price also slumped as soon as the media reported that “Cesium is easy to accumulate inmushroom-kinds most." The big consumers of the Shiitake are school meal services and they are quite sensitive tofood security. They quickly stopped using shiitake as ingredient. Many Shiitake producers in Miyazaki had to close
down their shiitake production.
(2) Regime Shift and Rural Planning
Fig. 2 consists of three ranges. The upper range shows the trends in rural planning. These keywords can beconsidered as concept devices for countermeasures of the rural areas to cope with globalization. However, in fact,
there are not necessarily many successful cases against globalization. The middle range corresponds to the regime-3-

shift same as Fig. 1. Here, the small circle indicates state of the local system. The arrows with dotted line show
resilience vectors that make the local system move to the desirable or home position. The lower range shows
frameworks of rural planning under the different regimes. The divergence of the local system from the home
position becomes large by individualization and risk socialization in addition to depopulation. As a result, thedivergence may exceed the critical threshold then local system enters a new regime. What we need to note is theseshifts do not occur simultaneously. It may happen that some local systems already shifted to the new regime but
others don’t. Probably the both types coexist for a long time. Rural planning under the current regime, especiallycommunity planning greatly depends on the community-based autonomous organization. The local vision as aplanned goal is set assuming existence of strong community. In the planning process, we greatly depend on the
management functions of the community such as interest adjustment among the member households andconsensus building in the community. In implementation process, we depend on the execution function of thecommunity to mobilize necessary resources. Unit of community is a household but types of household have changed
by depopulation and urbanization. Risk socialization and individualization have infiltrated into the community
members. Social relations and network in the community are also affected as shown in the lower range of Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Regime shift by globalization and a new framework of rural planning
5． Concluding Remarks
Though rural areas in Japan have been affected by various impacts, it is inferred that they had basically
been resilient up to 1980s. The major keywords in rural planning (revitalization, sustainability and resilience) can
be concept devices as countermeasures for the rural areas to take against globalization. However, the rural areas
necessarily have not been successful to overcome the influence of the globalization. It is inferred that regime shift ishappening in some rural areas by globalization. The current planning system is not functioned well under the new
regime, hence, it is demanded to establish a new rural planning under the new regime.
References
1) Andrew Zolli et al.: “Resilience, Why Things Bounce Back”, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2012.
2) Junko Edahiro: “Rejiriensu towa nanika?”, Toyo Keizai SHinpo-sha, Tokyo, 2015.
3) Mika Shimizu: “Collaborative Knowledge Creation based Resilience”, Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, 2015.
4) D. E. Alexander: Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst.
Sci., 13, 2707–2716, 2013.
5) Ulrich Beck et. al: “Risukuka-suru Nihon Shakai”, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 2011.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Disaster Management Status in Rural Areas of Korea andImprovement Plan

Chang -su LIM* ,Seung-Chul LEE* ,Eun-Ja KIM* ,MI-Jung PARK* ,Ki-Sung KIM**
1. Background and Purpose
There is a need for a systematic national-level response to the global trend of concentrated natural disasters,
enlarging disaster size, and complex of various disasters. Although disasters in rural areas, which occur every year,
mostly cause damage to humans and property, the preparation for this and support system are lacking. Rural areas
have poor infrastructure for damage reduction when disasters occur, and more vulnerable people, such as seniorcitizens and multicultural families. Therefore, there is a need for a disaster management system that reflects thesecharacteristics of rural areas and development of related technologies. While the ratio of people vulnerable todisaster to the total population is 22~26% in seven special city/metropolitan cities of South Korea as of 2015, that ofsi/gun in rural areas is 33~47%, which is high. There is a need to examine the overall disaster management status
in rural areas, analyze problems through investigation of the establishment status of facilities for disasterprevention and other disaster-related facilities and analysis of conditions by local governments, and finally suggest
an improvement plan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the overall disaster prevention
environment in rural areas, find problems through condition analysis, suggest an improvement plan, and thus
provide the baseline data needed for the establishment of a disaster response policy in rural areas in the future.
2. Methods and Scope
Scopes of rural area are ‘Eup/Myeon’ areas. Among other areas, the areas which the Minister of Agriculture, Foodand Rural Affairs has notified considering agriculture, agriculture-related industry, agricultural population andliving conditions (Framework Act on Agriculture and Fisheries, Rural Community, and Food Industry, Article 3) In
rural areas that have been severely damaged, storm and flood damage, which has most affected the reasons forhot-spot damage, is considered the disaster scope. Figure1 is methods of study that disaster management status in
Korea’s rural areas and improvement plan.

Figure 1. Disaster Management Status in Korea’s Rural Areas and Improvement Plan

3. Results
The areas with highest occurrence rate and damage amount were selected based on the occurrence rate of hot-spot
damage by ‘Si/Gun’ for the recent 10 years (2004~2013) in the Annual Report on Disasters (2013, Ministry of Public
Safety and Security)(Table 1)
A comprehensive plan for the reduction of storm and flood damage of extracted local governments was obtained andthe number of places by type of storm and flood damage risk zones, which were investigated and analyzed in thereport, was identified. The region with the highest number was selected.
* National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA,**

Kangwon National University.

-5-For rural areas, a legal ‘Ri’, where the relevant disaster has occurred the most, was selected from the selected local
governments (Table 2)
Table 1. Local government by province with highest occurrence
rate and damage amount of hot-spot damage

Table 2. Number of places by type of storm and flood
damage risk zones among selected local government

It is through interview staff in the local government, investigate conditions of disaster control center operation,interview leader of representative rural village by type of storm and flood damage, investigate conditions of therepresentative rural village by type of storm and rainfall damage to derive investigation on conditions of subject
area.( Table 3,4)
Table 3. Contents of interview questionnaire for person in charge of disaster in local governments

Table 4. Investigation of status of disaster-related facilities in rural area and standard of judgment on facilities state

It is through local governments’ disaster response system and maintenance of disaster-related facilities, ruralvillage’s disaster response measures and education of residents to derive deduction of problems and suggestion of
improvement plan. The following is deduction of problems and suggestion of improvement plan.
1) Establishment of disaster response department work system① Problem : There is a need for improvement of the professionalism of officials who are responsible for disasterand disaster prevention. Some local governments need maintenance-carrying manpower and supplementation ofdisaster prevention policy.
② Improvement suggestion : Disaster prevention officials should be arranged by taking the special
characteristics of disaster prevention work into consideration to maintain consistency in the plan andmaintenance. There is a need for an organic work system between disaster-related facilities departments andcontrol departments to identify the regular conditions of disaster prevention facilities in disaster-vulnerable
areas.

-6-2) Improvement of disaster damage reporting system reflecting regional characteristics① Problem : When a disaster occurs, a damage status investigation should be reported within 7 days. Based on
this, the subject of national subsidy is judged. However, it is difficult to report damage investigations for facilities
in coastal areas or on islands within the designated period because even access to the damaged sites is difficult
due to wind and waves.
② Improvement suggestion : There is a need for the introduction of a new damage investigation system where
special regional conditions and situations are considered.
3) Standardization of organization name for efficient disaster response① Problem : Each local government has its own operational organization for disaster response. When relatedorganizations conduct cooperative response activities, a unified organization name is needed for smoothcommunication.
② Improvement suggestion : Each local government encourages the use of a common name for the disastercommand and control system and standardized related common terms should be provided to unify functions andunits of organizations.
4) Need for improvement of facilities in disaster control centers① Problem : Although a disaster control center is usually used as an alarm post and disaster situation meetingroom when a disaster occurs, some local governments have a poor environment where there is not even a screen
meeting room. Disaster-related systems are poorly established and in some centers, even when a system has
been established, it is not operated or is under maintenance. Improvement is needed.
② Improvement suggestion : A checklist should be made for regular management of the responsible departments
and maintenance is needed for the smooth operation of facilities. There is a need for the installation of basic
disaster-related facilities and improvement of existing facilities for local governments’ disaster control centerswith support from the Ministry of Public Safety and Security5) Introduction of new form of maintenance /management system for disaster-related facilities① Problem : Deterioration is severe due to the absence of a task force for the maintenance of disaster-related
facilities. Repair/reinforcements are needed. In the result of investigation of conditions, some facilities weremaintained by specialized companies, while most of the facilities were neglected.
② Improvement suggestion : Manpower should be supplemented in disaster prevention departments with apriority. And a maintenance plan should be established with the total inspection of disaster-related facilities. The
active participation of relevant village residents or private organizations should be encouraged and a new form of
maintenance system is needed.
6) Improvement of safety awareness through spread of village safety map① Problem : As the status of disaster-related facilities and their locations are not shared by village residents,
training and education for this are needed for villages that are vulnerable to direct damage from disasters.
② Improvement suggestion : Rural villages should spread the creation of village safety maps in order forresidents to recognize disaster risks and participate in autonomous disaster prevention. In addition, disaster risk
factors should be reduced through administrative cooperative measures and maintenance of risk zones.
7) Cultivation of private organization and leaders in village through disaster training① Problem : Disaster training is not only needed for experts and disaster-related working staff. Village leaders
and residents need to improve their awareness of disasters because they can be the first reporters for disasters
and damage occurrence in the process of establishment of a recovery plan.
② Improvement suggestion : ‘Si/gun’ and local governments should manage to have private groups receive
training by composing disaster training programs and assigning the mission to them. It is considered that there
is a need for the cooperation of trained private organizations for damage investigation and response measures forthe establishment of recovery plans by local governments.
8) Changes in designation of temporary residential facilities for victims and their management① Problem : The temporary residential facilities designated for victims are mostly limited to schools, village halls
and senior citizen centers. It was found that most of the temporary residential facilities for victims had low
accessibility and low use, and the status of facilities was deteriorated.
② Improvement suggestion : Newly established public facilities such as experience hall or multipurpose centercreated by zone project are induced to be used as temporary residential facility for victims. There is a need todesignate temporary residential facility for victims in the place which is adequate for site situation considering-7-

moving distance between villages in disaster-vulnerable zone and temporary residential facility for victims andhas high accessibility, unlike existing designated facilities.
9) Inducement of participation of village residents and utilization of education programs for enhancement ofdisaster prevention awareness① Problem : Recently, residents in villages have been creating relationships among the residents and perform
activities as well as physical improvement of the village environment. They also actively share in activities toresolve problems in the living environment. The participation of residents has an influence not only on the livesof residents in rural areas, but also on planning various development projects, establishment of purpose anddirection, selection of alternatives, implementation of plan, and assessment of influence of project to maintain or
improve social/economical/physical conditions. However, a connection of residents’ participation in disaster
response is lacking.
② Improvement suggestion : The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs introduced the Rural Field
Forum, a community activity program where village residents excavate tangible and intangible resources intheir village and establish a village development plan to make their village a better place to live in. There is aneed to induce the participation of residents in making safe villages by adding various disaster preparedness
programs to the forum. Out of five types of rural field forum activities currently ongoing (making a clean village
field forum, village future design field forum, village business plan field forum, village’s pending issue resolution
forum, and community decoration field forum), a village development plan with residents participating that can
prepare against various disasters can be grafted onto the village future design field forum.
In the results of identifying the disaster management status of rural areas in South Korea preparing for the trendof intensifying global natural disasters, some problems were found, and improvement and support for those
problems are needed as follows.
- Establishment of work system of disaster response department- Improvement of disaster damage reporting system reflecting regional characteristics- Standardization of organization name for efficient disaster response- Need for improvement of facilities in disaster control centers- Introduction of new form of maintenance / management system for disaster-related facilities- Improvement of safety awareness through spread of creation of village safety map- Cultivation of private organizations and leaders in villages through disaster training- Changes in designation of temporary residential facilities for victims and their management- Inducement of participation of village residents and utilization of education programs for enhancement of disasterprevention awarenessAccordingly role division and cooperation by organizations with the characteristics of an agent who pushes forward
the improvements taken into consideration are as Figure 2.

Figure 2. Role division and cooperation by organizations with the characteristics of an agent
References
1) Audit and Inspection Research Institute, 2009, A Research on the Management and Problems of Natural Disaster and Flooder Area
2) Lee, Deog Yong, Kim, Il Jung, 2012, A Study on typhoon damage prevention measures about the facility of the rural areas-Focused on
Jeollabuk-do area, Korean Institute of Rural Architecture 14(4) pp. 117-124
3) MPSS, 2009, A Study on the Plan for Disaster Prevention Town Development
4) MPSS, 2012, Specific Guideline of Storm and Flood Damage Reduction Management Plan
5) Yangpyeong-gun, Storm and Flood Damage Reduction Management Plan

-8-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Resilience and Sustainability of Rural Areas
A Case Study of the Indigenous Laiji Village

Shyh-Huei HWANG＊

1. Introduction to Laiji Village
Laiji Village is located in Alishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan. It is a relatively independent mountainous
village, as it is far away from other villages. The inhabitants here are the Tsou indigenous. By clan relation andparticipating in the ritual of parent altar, they still maintain the tradition social structure. In earlier times, theresidents had to walk for one and a half hour to arrive at Alishan Forest Railway so as to go to cities. The traffic
was extremely inconvenient till roads were constructed to reach the village in the 1980s.
Laiji people made a living by hunting and farming in early times. Thanks to its beautiful scenery, Laiji had
slightly developed its tourism. After the 921 Earthquake in 1999, the government and non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) have introduced the concept of community innovation in order to recover the industry anddrive the handicrafts of Laiji. Currently, there are approximately 350 residents living in Laiji, most of whom areengaged in planting tea, bamboo shoots, and beans. Recently, Laiji residents have planted more and more coffee, so
their coffee gains recognition. In recent years, Laiji has vigorously promoted industrial transformation. With theefforts of the residents and the support of the government, handicrafts and homestay in the cultural industry
become flourishing, pushing the development of eco-tourism. Visitors are welcomed with diversified cultural
services like DIY (do it yourself) of handcrafts and agricultural products, as well as parties and dances.
When Laiji Village's traffic was inconvenient, priests would come to the village to preach and assist in improving
their lives. Today, Laiji has a Christian church and a Catholic church. Some senior residents who are about 50-60
years old had received the support from churches to study when they were young. Hence, many tribal people are
devout believers.
2. Severe Damage Caused by Windstorm Disaster, Relocation, and Post-disaster Reconstruction
On August 8, 2008, Typhoon Morakot hit Taiwan seriously. Laiji was also severely damaged. Some soil andhouses had been swept away by debris flow. Additionally, due to road collapse, for nearly one month, the residents
had to go out on foot to claim for supplies. In the face of post-disaster reconstruction, the government forced all thevillagers to relocate for the reason of "The disaster area was unsafe".
But, nearly half of the residents gave up the permanent houses, as they are unwilling to leave their home. The
following paragraphs describe the reasons why the villagers are unwilling to relocate.
2.1 Reasons of unwillingness to leave Laiji
2.1.1 Consideration of livelihood: As the places of relocation cannot provide farmland for them, it becomes aquestion of how to make a living. And they are also concerned about the increase in expenditure.
2.1.2 Impact by the traditional culture: The tradition of the Tsou people stresses unity rather than separation. Ifthey relocate, they have to separate from their relatives and neighbors.
2.1.3 Living habits: Living in Laiji Village, They can grow vegetables outside their houses and have a fireplacein front of their houses. Enjoying chit chat during barbecue. Moreover, they are used to go to the churches in thevillage. They many not adapt to the climates in the new places. And they have to develop neighborhood relationand the circle of living anew. Affected by all these factors, they are unwilling to relocate.
2.1.4 Confidence in the natural environment
2.2 From self-help to help by others
2.2.1. From reconstruction on their own efforts to overcoming difficulties step by step.
2.2.2 Laiji with diversified development today* Director of Community Empowerment Association in R.O.C. Professor & Dean, College of Design, NYUST(National Yunlin
University of Science & Technology)-9-

a. Efforts to develop sightseeing and craftsmanship.
b. Laiji vigorously seeks for governmental resources to supplement its software and hardwarec. Signs of youth return
3. Conclusion and Reflection
3.1. Conclusion: Disasters are inevitable. Laiji has suffered two severe natural disasters. However, most of thetribal people still choose to stay in Laiji where their ancestors had lived. Laiji's reconstruction after disasters
demonstrate the resilience of Taiwanese which is described in detail below:
a. Never abandon homeland easily: Laiji's traditional culture includes many lessons from natural disasters.
Their ecological resources are the outcomes of the nature and the wisdom of the tribe. Laiji people attach great
importance to land ethics. Their familiarity and cherish of natural resources is closely related to their livelihood.
Hence, despite disasters, they still choose to reconstruction rather than relocation.
b. Adaptability to the nature: The villagers are used to assume multiple posts and leverage on local materials.
In the face of uncertainty of the environment, they still can be self-sufficient and help each other. Therefore, after
the windstorm disaster, they take advantage of the resources in the mountain and reconstruct their village bymutual help.
c. Attention to unity: Their love for their hometown dwarfs the convince of experts and the government. The
traditional custom of the Tsou people requests the tribal people to take care of each other. Relocation means thatthey have to separate, so they can no longer take care of each other. If they listen to the government, the tribal
people can no longer stay together. Thus, they reject relocation and choose to reconstruct.
d. With devout religious beliefs, they believe that God has his own arrangement. They remain gratitude. The
churches entered Laiji very early and provided much support to the village. After the windstorm disaster, even if
the outside were unwilling to help the tribal people, the churches still provided funds, though not many, to them tohelp them stand up again.
e. Laiji people integrate old and new social and organizational structures and develop industry. Traditional
systems like the clan chief are designated to maintain social stability. Churches aim to appease the soul. New
organizations, like Community Development Association, help the tribe to develop the cultural industry. Leverageon tourism, the homestay industry provides services. They seek for new models to balance between cultural
heritage and business benefits.
3.2 Reflection
a. Is relocation the only option? The government considers the safety of residents and the cost of disaster relief(from the point of view of management). Perhaps, the tribal people still face uncertainty caused by extreme climate.
Nevertheless, mountains and forests are their home. If they relocate, they face many problems in terms of
livelihood, living habits, changes in social organization, and loss traditional cultural value. And most importantly, avillage with diversified culture will disappear from the map. For the long run, the cost of relocation may be high.
b.The Aboriginal people living in mountains (the aborigines) can also be guardians of mountains. Doesn't helping them learn
how to pursue good fortune and avoid disaster have stronger positive significance than relocation? Residents living in mountains
are most familiar with mountainous environment. For instance, Forestry Bureau employs Laiji villagers to patrol mountains
because of their keen knowledge and experience of mountains. Therefore, from the viewpoint of maintenance of tribal culturaland natural environment rather than from the viewpoint of saving of management cost, the government shall help them learn thepossibility of disasters, establish disaster prevention systems, protect forests, and improve the observation ability of naturalenvironment by learning from the elderly. Relocation is by no means the only choice!
References:
1) Hwang, S.H., 2016, Study on the Cultural Industries and Network Governance of the Tribes Who Have Moved out from Their
Original Villages—A Cast Study of Laiji Tribe, Alishan Township, Report on the Achievements of the Ministry of Science andTechnology in 2015 (unpublished)2) Lee, Y.J., 2016, Linkage between Community Creation and Resilient Society, Community & Creation: Governmental Planning,
Theories, and Practice, Tonsan Publications, Taipei City, p.89-114.
3) Pu, Zhongcheng, 2007, Forgotten Holy Land: Legends, History, and Culture of Aborigines, Wu Nan Books.
4)Wang, S. S., 1995, The Society and Religious Life of the Tsou in Alishan Township, Daoxiang Press.

-10-2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

A Brief Introduction to the Comprehensive Planning of Pastoral Countryside in
China – Taking Suzhou as an example
Lei WANG＊
1. Summary of pastoral and rural comprehensive planning
The Comprehensive Planning of Characteristic Pastoral Countryside (Pastoral Complex)—No. 1 Document of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2017 proposed to build a number ofcharacteristic villages and towns characterized by “Three in One” (integrated development of agriculture, culture
and tourism), “Three Synchronization” (synchronized improvement of production, life and ecology), “Three Industry
Convergence” (in-depth convergence of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries) around the well-grounded,characteristic and potential industries.
1.1 Policy orientations-Innovation development strategy to solve the “Three Rural Issues”(1) Effectively improve the effect of financial support for agriculture.
In recent years, China’s strong support for beautiful countryside construction is carried out separately bydifferent departments, reaching an adequate combined effect. An organic combination is made of the existing
agricultural park construction project and the new rural construction project, and funds are collected together topromote the pastoral complex construction with village or town as a unit so that two kinds of policies havecomplementary advantages, which can yield twice the result with half the effort.
(2) A new format to solve the “Three Rural Issues” in an all-round way
The Comprehensive Planning of Characteristic Pastoral Countryside with rural areas as the carrier, farmers as
the main body, and agriculture as the leading industry adheres to the in-depth convergence and development of the
primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, carries out the pastoral complex construction, extends the industrial
chain, expands the new functions of agricultural products, and enriches the new formats of rural development
according to the line of thought that the primary industry lays a solid foundation, the secondary industry increases
wealth, and the tertiary industry adds new formats, and moreover, bringing a lot of rural construction land backinto active use and timely introducing new business entities and social capital to increases rural entrepreneurshipincome based on the development of the pastoral complex.
1.2 Planning principles(1) Establish the bottom-line thinking of “protect grain security”.
The pastoral complex construction shall not be a simple tourism development or a disguised real estatedevelopment both of which deviate from the main line of agriculture, and must make an organic combination ofgrain production capacity construction and pastoral landscape beautification.
(2) Establish the bottom-line thinking of “protect the ultimate guarantee of farmers”.
The pastoral complex must regard farmers as the main body of construction and benefits, must not squeeze thefarmers out of agriculture, rural areas and land in terms of the introduction of social capital into the pastoralcomplex construction, and should plan the benefit allocation mechanism according to local conditions, optimize theallocation of land resources, and allow the rural land to participate in the industrial development.
2. Implementation Mode1
2.1 Focus on the integration of funds and projects
The funds of all departments are integrated, and social capital and bank capital are leveraged for centralized
investment with county-level governments as the platform and special funds as the lever. The road ofcomprehensive treatment is taken for mountain, water, forest, field, road, and village. In the past, alladministrative departments conducted disorderly development and multi-point project approval, which, on one
hand, was easy to cause repeated project approval, and on the other hand, affected the department planning andreduced the overall effect.
*Department of Urban and Rural Planning, School of Architecture, Soochow University-11-

2.2 Give full play to the role of the market
Project management shall highlight the leading role of the project approval of new business entities, and regard
the financial fund as the role of encouragement and subsidy to better enable the market to optimize the allocationof funds, and then actively support the characteristic economic development to take the road of differentiation.
3. Case Interpretation
According to the data of December 2016, there were 14253 villages in Suzhou , including 3358 reserved villages(key villages、featured villages) and 10895 ordinary villages. So far, the village planning of 1268 key villages and295 featured villages has been completed. 100 beautiful village demonstration spots, 690 three-star comfortablehousing villages, and 1065 agricultural leisure bases (spots) have been built. There are 51 modern agriculturalparks, covering a total area of 75000 ha, and accounting for 33.9 percent of the total arable land.
Kaihsienkung Village is located in the southwest of Suzhou, near the Taihu Lake, and 47 km away from urban
area in Suzhou1). The total area of the village is 4.5 km2, the total number of householders 773, the population is3005 including 2848 farmers. The total area of farmland is 197.7 ha, including 194.7 ha aquaculture farm and 3 hamulberry field. Because of the book Peasant Life In China: A Field Study Of Country Life In The Yangtze Valley
written by the rural social scholar Hsiao-T'Ung Fei, Kaihsienkung Village is often referred to as " Yangtze village"2).
3.1 Village industry’s characteristics:(1) The primary industries are leading - Before 1980, rice cultivation, mulberry planting and other traditional
agricultural production were leading industries of the rural industries in a sporadic layout.
(2) The primary and secondary industries are in parallel - Township enterprises of "South Jiangsu model"
started and developed in the 1980s and 1990s.
(3) The secondary industries are leading - After the mid-1990s, silk enterprises declined, cocoon farming
gradually disappeared, and agriculture began to scale. All the paddy fields were converted to the shrimp and crab
farming industry.
(4) After 2000, primary and secondary industrial development stagnated, "South Jiangsu model" characterized
by local government’s super-intervention on the rural industrial layout faced transition, and the original function of
the village returned to find a new path of development.
3.2 Environmental problems of life and production(1) The power supply, water supply, external transport and other infrastructure construction of the village havebeen consistent in good evaluation by the villagers. But the overall infrastructure faces the aging of the facilities,
and villagers put forward higher expectations on the livable environment.
(2) For the use of water resources, the current large-scale development of shrimp and crab farming industry inthe village which is a certain risk of pollution for the river is urgent major industrial and environmental problems
to be addressed for rural planning.
3.3 Planning contents(1) Building a complete characteristic industrial system: fully explore the unique cultural heritage andreputation of Kaihsienkung village which is a window for researching Chinese villages; Balancing the functions ofagricultural landscape and experience to promote the deep industry convergence of agriculture, tourism, scientificresearch, education, culture and recuperation; Guiding the transformation of rural industries, promoting thedevelopment of rural e-commerce & logistics service industry, and building a stable sixth industry system..
(2) Creating an ecological system: optimize the allocation of pastoral landscape resources, deeply exploring theecological value of agriculture, cooperate with the overall protection & the comprehensive management on thevillage, water, farmland and forest in the neighborhood of Taihu Lake, adhere to the clean agricultural production,and effectively manage the unexpected problems of non-point source pollution of agricultural environment.
(3) Optimizing the rural planning and construction system. In accordance with the development path offarmland idyllization, industrial integration, urban and rural integration, the overall region shall balance its
development, comprehensively improving the public facilities and other infrastructure such as rural education,
medical services, and sewage treatment.
References:
1) Kaihsienkung village journal. (2015). Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
2) Hsiao-T'Ung Fei. (1981). Peasant Life In China: A Field Study Of Country Life In The Yangtze Valley. London: Routledge Kegan& Paul.

-12-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

The Issue of Restoration Process of Agricultural Villagesof the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Yu SHIBATA＊

I. Introduction
Big and serious damages occurred in the very wide area by the Kumamoto earthquake, 2016. The damage concentrated areas arewidth of several kilometers and length of 60 kilometers along Futagawa and Hinagu fault zones. Most of those are agricultural areas
and there are various situations of the damaged agricultural villages. The damaged areas show patchy patterns which are characteristicof this earthquake. So, it is necessary to reconstruct according to the characteristics of each agricultural villages.
In this paper, overview the damage states of agricultural villages and also we aim to clarify the detail of some village’s restoration
process and to propose some viewpoints toward reconstruction of agricultural villages

II. Characteristics of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake
About the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, it is considered “unlike any other earthquake previously occurred” by Japan Meteorological
Agency and earthquake experts. Started from a “foreshock” of magnitude (M) 6.5 quake on April 14 at night, followed by the evenstronger M7.3 “Main shock” on early April 16 which occurred 28 hours after the foreshock. And it was followed by 2 times ofmaximum seismic intensity 6 upper and 3 times of 6 lower aftershocks, and reaching 4,288 times of seismic intensity of greater than
1 were observed by April 7, 2017. It exceeds the number of aftershocks
previously occurred inland earthquakes.
Also the areas severely damaged by the earthquake was hit by a recordbreaking rain from June 19, to June 21, 2016 which recorded hourly
precipitation of rainfall more than 100mm and total amount of rainfall morethan 300mm caused by stationary Baiu front. And it was followed by slope
failures, landslides, and corruption of ridges between rice fields inagricultural areas in the mountain areas all over the areas which caused
damage extension to the lesser damaged areas directly from the earthquake.
It became exactly a situation called complex disaster.
Fig.1. The damages of fine wooden farmhouses.

III. Outline of damages in agricultural areas
The first thing noticed in the agricultural area is housing damages. Almost
all of fine wooden farmhouses are all or partially destroyed regardless of theirages (Fig.1.). Regarding building damages, not only main houses but alsobarns are largely damaged (Fig.2.). Due barns are normally built more simple
way than main houses, the percentages of all or partially damages are higher.
Furthermore, from mini trucks and tractors to rice-planting machines,
combine harvesters, dryers, washing machines for sweet potatoes, and allother agricultural equipment and tools are placed in those barns. The
damages that those tools are broken or unable to take out from barns are alsohuge for the farmers.

Fig.2. The damages of barns.

* Faculty of Environmental & Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Japan-13-

Also damages of residential lands and retaining walls are extensive as well as building damages. Many lands are covered by all or
partially broken main houses or barns and it blocks roads in the villages (Fig.3.).
For other damages includes buildings of public halls, fire brigade’s warehouses, shrines and temples, small shrines, ossuaries,
graveyards, agricultural lands, agricultural facilities like waterways. It can be said almost everything in the village are damaged.
Especially many cases were seen like those collapsed public halls couldn’t be used as temporary evacuation shelters or even one fireengine couldn’t drive out from the fire brigade’s warehouses.

IV. Situations of restoration of damaged buildings after a year
Fig.4. shows the rate of restoration of damaged buildings after a year of some typical villages. Examining the proportions of thevacant lot and derelict, it is 51.8 at Tateno area, Minamiaso village, 70.7 at Shimo-Futa area, Nishihara village, 37.3 Kami-Futa area,
Nishihara village, 67.9 at Sugido area, Mashiki Town. Shimo-Futa area and Sugido area, here were many vacant lots reflected thesituations of building damage. On the other hand, the proportions of the no damage, rebuilt and repaired, it is 35.8 at Tateno, 21.2 at
Shimo-Futa area, 56.5 Kami-Futa area, 23.5 at Sugido area. It means to widen gap in daily life of disaster victims.

V. Outline of the district community planning associations for Post-earthquake reconstruction
Half year after the earth quake occurred, post-earthquake reconstructions
by district communities are also started to be discussed. Mainly for example,in Mashiki town 17 areas established district community planningassociations, and in Nishihara village by 6 areas, in Minami Aso by 6 areas.
Each have different names but they are established by its residents to discuss
village reconstruction plans. Due different areas have different damage
situations, the progress of discussion or themes are also varies. However thecurrent common theme for discussion is widening roads.

VI. Case study in Kusijima area, Mashiki town
The district community planning associations for Post-earthquake
reconstruction was also formed in Kusijima area, Mashiki town. The
population of Kushijima is 194, which is made up of 62 households, and thepercentage of the population over 65 is 40.7%.
Examining the proportions of the buildings completely destroyed, it is23.0% for main buildings. The combined rate of total and partial destruction
was 62.4, amounting to extensive damage. As compared to the situation ofrestoration of damaged buildings after a year, not only the total and half
destruction but also the partial destruction buildings were demolished andremoved.
From June 2017, the discussion was started about the view of postearthquake reconstruction by the residents of Kushijima. The meeting of the
district community planning associations were held once per 2 weeks. The
widening of roads, the park improvement project and public housings wereof strong interest to residents.

Fig.3. The serious damages of retaining walls.
Tateno area(n=307)

31.9

Shimo-Futa area(n=99)

0.7
12.4 7.2

33.0

Sugido(n=81)

4.3
6.1

26.1

59.3

Kushijima(n=79)
0%derelict28.0

3.0
10.1 7.1
8.1
4.0

67.7

Kami-Futa area(n=115)vacant lot

19.9

4.3

8.6 8.6

36.7

1.3
5.1

21.5

20%

40%

60%

emergency repair

repaired

26.1

13.6

7.6

2.5
7.4

27.8
100%

80%
rebuilt

no damageFig.4. Restoration of damaged buildings after a year.

VII. Issue of restoration process of agriculturalvillages
It is not possible to rebuilt houses without widen roads in many areas, so
it is certainly an important task. However the landscapes of the village as aresult of widen roads or how to maintain community system in the village
while the population is decreasing are not fully discussed yet. Therefore thechallenges for the future is how we will support such discussions to use
many knowledge and experiences of past seismic disasters.

-14-

Fig.5. Atmosphere of Kushijima’s district
community planning associations for Postearthquake reconstruction

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

The Development of Agricultural Disaster Assessment Technology based on
the Image Analysis
Lee, Joon-Gu*, Jang, Jung-Seok**, Park, Jong-Wha***, Yoo, Seong-Joon****1. Introduction
The technologies that can reduce the damage of agriculture sector from meteorological disasters due toabnormal weather that is getting worse and worse over the world have been developed. It will be a somewhat
vague idea of how the natural disaster mitigation technology and the image analysis technology are combined in
the agricultural field, but after hearing the explanation of it, you will find that there is a myriad of applications.
The purpose of this study was to develop the disaster assessment technology and its pilot application for
agricultural infrastructures, rice as a main crop and apple & pear as main fruits. Reservoir collapse,
downstream flooding, rice being flattened and fruit fallen caused by typhoon and heavy rainfall and rice
damaged by drought, finally, secondary damage caused by preserving the sites of fallen fruits in orchard until
insurance appraiser visiting, all of these are the subjects ought to be solved at this research. The purpose of thisstudy is to establish a rapid response system to various agricultural disasters due to climate change and to
reduce the cost of agricultural accident insurance management with efficient management based on quick andobjective agricultural accident assessment techniques and also to decrease the loss of property of farmers and toensure their stable income.
2. Main Subject
2.1 Development of Damage Assessment Technology for Agricultural Infrastructure Based on Drones
A. Establishment of recovery plan using drones As people is not able to access to the disaster site, it might be possible to do virtual surveys through theorthomosaic and DSM (Digital Surface Model) obtained by using the drones, which may make establishmentof rapid disaster recovery plan possible and decision maker decide the level of recovery support budget bywatching the drone images.
B. Development of a drone image database for agricultural infrastructure and a program for calculating
restoration cost
 In the management of agricultural infrastructures, it is possible to trace disaster history and establish apermanent recovery plan by managing the image of the disaster site with DB together with GIS.
 It will be possible to quickly calculate the required restoration cost by multiplying the unit cost that comesfrom the database of disaster recovery cost for each type of work and the dimensions which the virtual survey
tool gives, such as volume, area, length, etc. from damage facility.
2.2 Development of drone based rice damage evaluation technology
A. Extraction of damaged area through image analysis
 In the images taken by the drone, the most distinguished color wavelength can be found by comparing thenormal growth part with the drought damage part, leafhopper or bacterial blight damage part.
 The wavelengths that best reflect the growth of rice plants from drought damage are blue and red
wavelengths.
 The wavelength that best represents the growth condition of rice in response to the damage caused by blightand harmful insects is the green wavelength
B. Development of automatic calculation program for damage area on images acquired by drone In order to automatically calculate the damage area on the orthophoto that has the damage status of rice
paddy, cadastral data and NH Property and Casualty Insurance subscription information are fused withimage information.
 Paddy boundary extraction, image pattern analysis of rice, rice damage classification, damaged area
calculation, damaged area and lot number of damaged paddy display can be performed at this program.
2.3 Development of assessment method of fruit damage based on image analysis
 Images of apples fallen by typhoon are photographed on a mobile device, and the number of fallen fruits andtheir area might be calculated by auto-counting application. The damage ratio can be calculated by dividing
the number with ROI area on the app.(Figure 1).
*Senior researcher, Rural Research Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation, **Director General, Rural

Research Institute, KRC, ***Professor, Chungbuk National University, ****Professor Sejong University-15- By applying the dropout rate to the area of the whole orchard, objective damage assessment is carried out quickly.
 The Application was extended to mobile phone app. for use by on-site assessors.
Table 1 Performance of self-shadow + MCT (near distance) vs. ROI + Self-shadow + MCT + Post (Far Distance)
Self-shadow + MCT
ROI + Self-shadow + MCT + Post
Number ofimages
Detection Rate (%)
Accuracy (%)
Detection Rate (%)
Accuracy (%)
10

81.7

73

86.7

94.2

* MCT(Modified Census Transform), ROI(Region Of Interest, Detection Rate: Percentage of total fallen fruits (actual number)to ones judged to be real fallen (positive detection), Accuracy: Percentage of those which are judged to be fallen fruits (total ofbox) to ones to be real fallen fruits (positive detection)

2.4 Field Trial Application and Damage Assessment System Improvement
A. Field assessment Mobile app. Development for Property and Casualty Insurance Inquiry of assigned inspection list, confirmation of contractor information, confirmation of my inspection list,
inspecting target orchard location map service, input of assessed results(the number of fallen fruits countedwith app. or by manually), online signature of investigator and insured person, storage and transmission ofdamaged fruits photographs
B. Development of GIS platform for rice damage orthophotos
 GIS Electronic map (or aerial photograph) showing insured farmland, contract information popup with clickon the farmland.
 Provides the function of checking and inquiring weather information about disaster area and designated area
3. Research Results
A. Development of Damage Assessment Technology for Agricultural Infrastructure Using Drones
 Establishment of DB of Damaged Images by Drones for Agricultural Infrastructures
 Development of a small tool on GIS to calculate the restoration cost by using the recovery cost database
B. Development of Damaged Rice Evaluation Technology Using Images by Drones
 Development of Software for Calculating Damaged Area on Image for Rice Disaster Verification of damaged area by field verification and image verification
C. Development of Assessment Method for Fallen Fruit Using Image Analysis Technologies
 Accuracy of detection: Red apples (90%), green apples (85%), pears (90%)
 Implementation of auto-counting app. for fallen fruits in small, low-cost mobile environment
D. Field Survey Mobile App Development and Its Application
 Development of on-site mobile app for crop damage assessment and demonstration
References
1. Lee, Joon-Gu, Park, Jong-Hwa, Yoo, Sung-Joon, Um, Tae-Sik, 2016, Development of agricultural disaster assessment
technology based on image processing, Ministry of science and ICT
2. Freeman P.K., Freeland R.S., 2014, Politics & technology: U.S. polices restricting unmanned aerial systems in agriculture,
Food Policy 49. 302-311
3. Donggi Kim, A novel red apple detection algorithm based on adaboost learning, IEIE Transactions on smart processing &computing
4. Paul Fahlstrom andThomas Gleason, “Introduction to UAV Systems”, Wiley, 4th edition(2012)

Figure 1 Mobile phone app applying scenario-16-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

2011 Kii Peninsula Flood disasterwith the viewpoint of Rural Municipal Merger

Kiyoko KANKI＊

1. 2011 Kii Peninsula Flood disaster
Typhoon Talas hitted the sothern part of Kii Peninsura, parts of Wakayama, Nara, and Mie Prefecture, with thecontinuous heavy rain between 1st and 5th of September, 2011. This caused lots of serious flood and landslidedisasters in the mountainous areas as well as in the coastal areas. This was one of the biggest typhoon disasters inthis 100 years in Kii Peninsula. There exist many reports mainly about the physical damage in this moment, but
this presentation is focusing on the social situations during the emergent condition. Kii Peninsula is rural withsmall, decreasing and aged population with the mountainous topography, as well as known as the historic
environment that is partly designated world heritage of cultural landscape, named “Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage
Routes in Kii Moutain Range”. This characters linked to several facts, those are; large-scaled municipal mergers
had been implemented shortly before the flood disaster / several main river water systems are covering thepeninsula and main road traffic systems are crossing the river systems / World Heritage pilgrimage routes formedin the medial era, called as Kumano Kodo (ancient road) in the southern areas, are also crossing the river systems,
as well as, main roads in the modern era until 1970’s are. Under these characters, local communities faced several
difficulties and also utilized their ability to meet the difficulties. To discuss about the resilience, such local
experience can be informative to realize the capacitation of rural, mountainous village areas.
2. Tanabe City – 6 years after large municipal merger
Tanabe City is the largest city in Kii Peninsula now. In 2005, 1 city and 4 towns were merged to be present
Tanabe City. The flood disaster came to this city 6 years later after the merger. After the merger in 2005, former
city and town officers were restructured from 5 offices into 1 united office, which has one central office in thewestern part and 5 small branch offices according to each locations of the former city’s and towns’ central offices.
This means that not small parts of each office members were not very familiar with their areas. In one side therestructuring had the good influence to promote, empower, manage the local activities, at the other side theless-familiarity during several years after the merger was disadvantage for them (Fig.1).
Geographically, Tanabe City area covers several main river systems. The upper part of Hidakagawa river isdirectly connected to other city at the lower part of the same river, but the administrative system is different. Thissituation is the same with Kumanogawa river and Hikigawa river. This is the important point with theless-familiarity. Before the merger, municipal areas were small and some group of municipalities could cover the
one river system, and all of the officers of small municipality could be very familiar with the area.
At the Typhoon Talas, every river systems had the dangerous situations. Among them, Kumanogawa had thesevere flood, and along every river systems, landslides and the destruction of main road systems had taken placealmost everywhere in the Peninsula. The earlier-happened Kumanogawa flood were very far from the city’scenteral office. The main road crossing the different river systems was broken and stopped. The substitution of the
break of main road system was the surviving main roads in the modern era. The substitution was narrow-wide andrather steep and winding roads, close to the cliff-like topography from place to place. Local people familiar with
their area had known such topographic features, so the less-familiarity was disadvantage. Indeed, there occurred
frequent traffic jams with few number of less-traffic skills. Traffic jams was very stressed matter to the people
under the emergent situation. Several interviews show this was very problematic specially to the community-to*Kyoto Univ., Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng.

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Fig.1 Tanabe City area and the municipality merger

Fig.2 Typhoon Talas’s heavy rain allert (JMA)

community cooperation as well as keeping the safety of elementary school pupils’ commute.
Fig.2 shows the rain and heavy rain alert at the lowest part of Kumanogawa (Shingu City) by Japan
Meteorological Agency. This shows the heaviest rain and the beginning of the disaster was the mid-night time. In
the east part of Tanabe City, local communities faced the flood, high-water partly more than 2nd floor level, at the
mid-night. Many of local communities are related to the forestry, which had capacitated the people to be able towalk and run in the forest hills, fortunately, safely escaped from the flood just rushing out from their beds. Thisemergent situation was difficult to be realized soon after from the remote location. The different city, which facingwith the same Kumanogawa, had the similar situation. The after-disaster management such as the discussion withthe dam-manager company was not near-matter from the remote center, in comparison with the neighbouring
Shingu City.
3. Influence and resilience related to World Heritage cultural landscapes
Kumano Kodo and its surrounding cultural landscape was affected by the flood disaster. A in Fig.1 was the only
break point of the heritage pilgrim route with large landslide(Fig.3). This part is the ruin of the small village‘Michinokawa’ with around 10 households which left to the town center in 1973. We had made the ruin area survey
in 2005 for the conservation study of world heritage, and noticed that the landslide location is located nearby theformer under water spring. This is not well known fact. We need the influence of the former village systems.
B in Fig.1 was the very severe landslide and river disaster location. With only one night, the small hill topography
disappeared and the most of the agricultural land of the very small village ‘Okuban” (Fig.4). After the disaster, thepeople of Okuban decided to leave the village. After around 1 year of the leaving, one elder lady returned to thevillage ruin in her own house to live in. In this mountainous area, elder people are highly capacitated to live in theeven isolated situation indeed. Kumano Kodo formed in medieval era, was very narrow pedestrian route, but thecapacity is more sustainable. Several villages became isolated but they are rather isolated daily so to be ready forliving by their stocks for a few days. Somepeople could walk to the other village bycrossing the ridge of the mountains by foot,and to share the traffic with the villagers toreach to the town. The skills related to theforestry which is essential to conserve thecultural landscape were highly utilized by
the local communities.
Fig.3 Landslide at Kumano Kodo Fig.4 Landslide in Okuban
These kinds of specific characters are not frequently discussed compared with the physical damage analysis.
References:
1) Japan Meteorological Agency; Saigaiji Shizengensho Hokokusho 2011 Vol.3 ;(災害時自然現象報告書 2011 年第 3 号), 2011.11.28
2) Tanabe City ; Heisei23nen taifu dai12go niyoru saigai no kiroku(平成 23 年台風第 12 号による災害の記録) , 2012.7
3) Miyagawa, Kanki, et al.; 旧道の川地区における熊野古道沿道景観に関する研究 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（農村計画）E-2
623-624, 2006

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Rural Resources Sustainability and Water-Food-Energy Nexus
Perspective

Jin-Yong Choi＊, Yoonhee Lee＊＊, Sanghyun Lee＊＊＊A s demand grows, there is increasing competition for resources between water, energy, agriculture, fisheries,
livestock, forestry, mining, transport and other sectors with unpredictable impacts for livelihoods and theenvironment (FAO 2011). Water, food and energy are the essential resources to support human sustainability
while the resources are limited due to the global trends including population growth and climate change, so that
the Water-Food-Energy Nexus was proposed as a concept for understanding relationships among resources interms of trade-off. The nexus presents a conceptual approach to better understand and systematically analyze
the interactions between the natural environment and human activities, and to work towards a morecoordinated management and use of natural resources across sectors and scales. Rural areas represent a green
region in which water, food and energy resources are located while sustainability has to be evaluated in terms of
population change, water pollutions and energy consumption. The study would review the nexus approach as atool for rural sustainability evaluation in reflection of resources availability of rural area and propose the nexus
perspective applicability.
After the nexus approaches were suggested by Hoff (2011) in Stockholm Environmental Institute during the 2011
World Economic Forum, its concept has been adapted to evaluate and understand the relationships among thewater, food and energy and utilized as a basic approach to develop the platforms for resources sustainability
evaluation.
Biggs et al. (2015) reviewed nexus perspective in terms of sustainable livelihoods and limitations of the several
nexus platforms were analyzed as shown in table 1.
In this study, the nexus perspective was suggested to evaluate the green region -rural area- sustainability
analysis with itemizing the resources related with water, food and energy and impact factors like population,
land use change, etc. The sustainability will evaluate with a ranking system in nexus platform consisting offactors interacting among the resources and impacts.

References
Biggs, M. E., E. Bruce, B. Boruff, J. M.A. Duncan, J. Horsley, N. Pauli, K. McNeill, A. Neef, F. Van Ogtrop, J. Curnow, B.
Haworth, S. Duce, Y. Imanari, 2015, Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods,
Environmental Science & Policy. Vol.54, 389-397
FAO, 2014, The Water–Energy–Food Nexus: A New Approach in Support of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture. Foodand Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.
Giampietro, M., Aspinall, R.J., Bukkens, S.G.F., Cadillo Benalcazar, J., Diaz-Maurin, F., Flammini, A., Gomiero, T., Kovacic, Z.,
Madrid, C., Ramos-Martı´n, J., Serrano-Tovar, T., 2013, An innovative accounting framework for the Food– Energy–Water
Nexus—application of the MuSIASEM approach to three case studies. In: Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper
No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome
Hoff, H., 2011, Understanding the Nexus: Background Paper for the Bonn 2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food
Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm
Howells, M., Hermann, S., Welsch, M., Bazilian, M., Segerstro¨m, R., Alfstad, R., Gielen, D., Rogner, H., Fischer, G., van
Velthuizen, H., Wiberg, D., Young, C., Roehrl, A., Mueller, A., Steduto, P., Ramma, I., 2013, Integrated analysis of climatechange, land-use, energy and water strategies. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 621–626.

*
Professor, Rural Systems Engineering Program, College of Agr. and Life Sci., Seoul National University** Ph.D. Student, Graduate School, Seoul National University*** Visiting Scholar, Texas A&M University-19-

Table 1 A critical review of the principal nexus frameworks used by governments and multilaterals;
identifying the potential linkages and limitations of these frameworks from a ‘sustainable livelihoods’
perspective. (Biggs et al. 2015)
Nexus framework

The water, energy, foodsecurity nexus
Stockholm Environment
Institute: Hoff (2011)

Potential linkages to “sustainable livelihoods

 Acknowledges inequitable outcomes of benefits
gained from natural resource use

Limitations from a ‘sustainable livelihoods’
perspective

Recognition of the need for alterations to governancestructures and institutions are abstract and focussed

 Advocates a pro-poor nexus approach to natural
resource use reducing the vulnerability of theon resource use/extraction
Factors mediating access to and utilisation ofpoorest and safeguarding human rights toresources such as societal and cultural structures andfood-water-energy security

norms, which are key determinants of ‘security’, are Recognizes the threat of foreign direct investment
to the livelihoods of the poor

given less consideration
Nexus approach to manage complexity and Awareness of macro-level drivers of vulnerability(e.g. urbanization, climate change, globalization)
 Acknowledges need for adaptation in current
institutions, governance structures and policies

multi-scalar issues, but discussion focuses onmacro-drivers and omits complexity at the livelihoods(local – individual) scale (e.g. gendered access to food,agency and choice) Recognizes the need to account for externalities in In the section ‘Knowledge gaps in the nexus’
policy and management to ensure sustainability

livelihoods related issues, or dynamics of resource use

and equity for all people and ecosystems

which may enhance livelihoods, are not considered Recognizes the importance of ecosystem
functioning and services to human well-being,and strong links between ecosystems and thelivelihoods of poorest

The Water-Energy-Food Situates a nexus approach to natural resource use Proposed stakeholder dialogue does not explicitly

Nexus

within the context of social needs and economic

FAO (2014)

development, specifically in the context ofengage poorest and most vulnerable
Outlines monitoring and evaluation of a nexus

reducing poverty, sustainable agriculture andassessment approach which only addresses outcomes

ecosystems and food security

on resource use and productivity as opposed tohuman wellbeing

 Highlights that taking a nexus approach canengage a range of stakeholders
Multi-Scale Integrated

 Allows for context-specific flexibility inModelling focus on distribution, flows and use ofAnalysis of Societal andconstructing multilevel socio-economic structures

resources across various socio-economic sectors does

Ecosystem Metabolism

which can in part, constrain or enable livelihoods

not address other factors which determine the(MuSIASEM)

capabilities of the societal sectors to enhance

Giampietro et al. (2013)

livelihoods or well-being
Does not address factors which determine equitable
or inequitable sharing of resources within sectors
Explores the sustainability of resource use at asociety-level and within society, but not how
sustainable resource use can lead to enhancing
livelihoods C

Climate, land-use, energy
and water strategies

 Acknowledges that resource use is linked todevelopment challenges (in introductory section)

Modelling framework explores feedbacks between
resource productivity policy/management decisions in(CLEWS)energy, water and land-use sectors under different

Howells et al. (2013)

climate scenarios. Does not address mechanisms for
how changes in resource use can enhance livelihoods
Does not explore how changes in resource use canenhance the range of choices people have or howchanges in resource use can make livelihoods more
resilient to shocks and stresses-20-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Planning in the Danube DeltaSfiştofca village in C. A. Rosetti municipality, Romania

Meinhard BREILING＊
Sfiştofca is a remote village in the Romanian Danube Delta. It is reported to be established around 1800 by
Russian fishermen from Vilkovo (Vylkove in Ukraine and Valcov in Romanian language) in the Ukrainian Danube
Delta less than 15km away from Sfiştofca. The establishment of the wooden church in 1827 can be taken as an
official founding date of the village. That time favourable situated at the mouth of the Kylia arm of the Danube
Delta the village generated prosperity for up to 1000 people in 1900 (History of Dobrodgea, 1904). The peripheral
position was a consequence of the land locking of the place by the sediments of the Danube River. The water based
traffic had to be substituted by land based traffic. During the 1950ies and early 60ies, the Sfiştofca (also named
magistral) channel was built by political prisoners from Periprava with the aim to better access the reed and fish
resources of the Danube Delta.
A relative high number of inhabitants of several hundreds of inhabitants can be found until the 1970ies. According
to local sources, the major retreat from Sfiştofca started after a flooding during the 1970ies. Then the population ofSfiştofca gradually decreased due to the utmost peripheral position of the village in the Danube Delta. The better
valorisation of fish and agricultural resources was aimed during the 70ies and 80ies and particularly targeted in
the 6th (1976–80) to 8th (1981–85, 1986 to 1990). national five year central economic plan for Romania. The
communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu had visited Netherlands and the Rhine Delta and wanted to stimulate asimilar development and prospering in the Danube Delta as well. The wetlands should be turned into agriculturalland and with increased profitability other economic sectors should manifest here. The increased level of state
investment counter acted the trend of outmigration of the Danube Delta. However, while in many other locations of
the Danube Delta the population increased due to better economic possibilities the population of Sfiştofca
declined. The prime economic asset of the village, the access to the Black Sea and the mouth of the Kylia arm as ahabitat for sturgeons got lost at the beginning of the 20th century by large quantities of transported sand.
The fall of the communist system in 1989 brought a new environmentally minded regime during the 90ies. The
Danube Delta was declared a UNESCO world biosphere heritage site. A governor for the Danube Delta Biosphere
Reserve Administration DDBRA was put in place and a set of ecological benign measures was established with theaim to ecologically restore the delta. The DDBRA is a state agency under the rule of the Ministry of Environment
and Climate Change. More than 80% of the land is under its rule. But the 20% economically most attractive lands
are owned by the provincial government of Tulcea and the 10 municipalities of the Danube Delta. The ecologicalregime as proposed by the government was often opposed by the local planning authorities. They need income to
run their administration. The most profitable assets in possession of local authorities were licenced to richstrangers that got access to aquaculture ponds and the most productive reed harvesting areas. Despite the devotion
as ecological restructuring areas the outtake of natural resources during the 1990ies was over proportional. The
huge differences of interests between rich outside investors and poor local inhabitants led to severe tensions. Whilefew locals could profit from this situation most other people lost their - mainly informal - rights like fishing or
harvesting reed for family use which they had during communism. Due to lacking perspectives, many villagers, inparticular the well educated ones, left the Danube Delta to economically more prospering places.
The remaining poor local population had high expectations when Romania entered the EU in 2007. In particular all
kinds of eco-tourism were targeted as a means to develop. The two primary goals of the Danube Delta Regional
Development Plan were poverty elimination and economic growth could not be reached (Nichersu 2015). The
economic situation is worse within the Danube Delta than within the adjacent regions of Tulcea County. In Tulcea
County the economic situation is again worse than in the rest of Romania and Romania is far behind the average*Vienna University of Technology, Austria.

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GDP of the European Union (Worldbank 2014). The economic problems even aggravated during the first period of
the European Union from 2007 to 2013 and most localities did not receive any project support from programs of theEuropean Union Cohesion Fund or within the Territorial Cooperation programs (Danner et al. 2014, pp. 43, 44).
The non inclusion or insufficient inclusion of locals was observed (van Asche et al., 2011). This is in line that two
thirds of the allocated money of these funds in Romania was not called for projects. However, the ministers of the
EU reconfirmed that a territorial cohesion of EU member states is a common goal and all of them signed the“Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020”. This led to a new instrument for the program period 2014 to 2020,
a so called Integrated Territorial Investment Program, ITI. The Danube Delta is thereby a selected case study (EC2015). ITI aims the joint implementation of several EU programs and a combined investment of one billion Euro isforeseen in the Danube Delta. However, Sfiştofca village as well as the larger unit of C.A. Rosetti municipality do
not qualify for EU funding as the minimum population is not reached.
While in principle we have a lot of money available, local people in remote villages and municipalities remain poor.
The scale of programs and projects do not fit to practical circumstances or informal procedures at the place. Thereis money for large scale projects and initiatives but no money for small scale local improvement projects. Private
investors can get almost every investment back if they follow the EU project guidance. But control andreimbursement procedures can stretch over many years, so that it remains still unattractive to invest. In addition
many projects a business plan for the profitability of projects.
In case of Sfiştofca , the village was even considered too remote to be visited by a fact finding team of the World
Bank. No one from the village or the larger municipality was involved into a broadly managed public participation
process with regard to the Danube Delta Strategy. The travel to another village is considered as a high cost when
the average yearly income per household is € 1.500.- with many persons far beyond this amount. Public transport
worsened or does not exist any longer due to fewer people that still remained. The only remaining small store in thevillage closed in 2015 when the woman in charge became ill. The elementary school closed already many years
before indicating that the village is slowly dying.
While all descriptions so far point to a neglect and a desperate situation Sfiştofca has several particularities that
few other places have. It belongs to the religious minority of Russian Old believers - a group of believers scatteredaround the world - which has plans to make Sfiştofca a holy place of pilgrimage even if the remaining population
should have left the village. Another hopeful initiative came from artists living in Tulcea, Bucharest and abroad,
forming the Sfiştofca Art Association. They discovered the remoteness of the place as a source of inspiration anduse the place for workshops. During the last 10 years art films and photos or documentations were produced andbrought the place some fame in insider circles (Gheorghiu 2014). Annual workshops that involve the local
population of the municipality are held in Sfiştofca . Yet another initiative is university cooperation to support the
local population by student projects. Several universities, such as Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urban
Planning Bucharest, the National University of Arts Bucharest, Ovidius University Constanta, Technische
Universität Wien started a fruitful cooperation since 2009. Occasionally this nework is supported by members ofother universities from outside Europe, under them Keio or Kobe universities from Japan. The direct relation of
students, locals and local decision makers is fruitful for all parts. The student projects are freely chosen by students
and inspired by the locals in need for it. Under them a small scale freshwater supply in response to the observed
salinization process with a ground water pump; plans to marketize medical plants, horticultural products, honeyfrom the Danube Delta; plans for youth camp and nature outdoor learning exercises; design proposals for naturenear designs of tourist shelters and fishermen cottages (Voica et al. 2015).
References:
1) Danner K., B. Gugarell, L. Gerold, I.Paschinger, L.Schilling, C. Schmidt, Siquans (2014) . Analysis of C.A.Rosetti Municipality
http://www.breiling.org/lect/euamende/r1/Analyse_FINAL.pdf
2) Nichersu I. (2014). Towards a Master plan: Support for Sustainable Development in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve
3) Van Assche K., R. Beunen, J. Jacobs, P. Teampau (2011): Crossing trails in the marshes: rigidity and flexibility in thegovernance of the Danube Delta, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management.
4) World Bank (2014). Vision Statement Danube Delta Region (2030) Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy5) European Commission (2015). Territorial Agenda 2020 put in practice - Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of Cohesion
Policy by a place-based approach.
6) Gheorghiu D. (2014). Time Maps Website of Sfiştofca. www.timemaps.net/sfistofca
7) Voica M., C.Varzaru, C.Mandrescu (2015). Sfistofca, Danube Delta. Understanding traditional build heritage. DDNI, May 2015.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Aspects of social vulnerability as seen in three hamlets of northern
Tōhoku and central Kyūshū
Johannes WILHELM＊

1. Introduction
While Japan is known as a "disaster prone country" the demographic change – that has been discussed at the2015 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar in Ishikawa – represents another factor that needs attention whentalking about vulnerability, that is the degree to which a system, subsystem, or system component is likely toexperience harm due to exposure to a hazard, either a perturbation or stress/stressor. (Turner et al. 2003:8074)
Thus I refer to "social vulnerability" by meaning a setting (structure, process etc.) that makes a social system
likely to experience harm due to exposure to stressors. The latter stressors can be natural disasters, but alsodemographic or ecological factors due to socioeconomic change are possible. It should be noted that vulnerability
represents a dynamic concept and depends largely on the embedding of a given society and the complex
processes occurring therein and its frameworks, such as the structural differences of social, cultural or
institutional resources available. Because of this processuality, there are always shifting states of vulnerability.
Resilience, on the other hand, refers to the ability of an individual or a group to overcome a vulnerable state. It
arises from the (individual and collective) ability to mobilize resources to address more or less possible orimminent threats or calamity in order to compensate for (possible) damage and to restore lost functionality or
adaptively respond to emerging conditions. This, for instance, can be adaptive institutional actions such as anaffirmative adaption to expected situations as we will see later.
In my paper I will look at three case sites in two regions, Oshika peninsula in Miyagi prefecture and Aso in
Kumamoto prefecture, to show some adaptive strategies undertaken by residents – both individually and as acommunity – to overcome a present or expected state of social vulnerability. I will also ask, if institutional
adaption to challenge vulnerabilities is a top-down (administration driven) or rather a bottom-up process.
2. Cases
2.1 Case 1: Oshika peninsula
I start with the case from Oshika peninsula, a region severely hit by the 2011 tsunami (3.11), that I’ve been
studying long before disaster. (Wilhelm 2005, 2009, 2013, 2016, Wilhelm & Delaney 2013) Although I could govery much into detail, however, as time is short, I have to be cursory. The Oshika peninsula represents thesouthern end of the Sanriku coast at the Pacific Eastern side of Tōhoku with her myriads of ria bays which
provide excellent conditions for marine aquaculture such as oyster, scallop or sea-squirts, i.e. ascidian. Today, thecoastal fishery sector in Sanriku is characterized by many small-scale operators – most often family-run andthus with a relatively high share of female and/or seasonally employed labor – which are organized within thelocal Fisheries Cooperative Association (FCA) branch. The impact of destruction after the quakes on 3.11 hit the
Sanriku region severely. Virtually all fishing vessels and fishery facilities (ports, rafts for cultivation, etc.) had
been destroyed by multiple tsunamis and most gear and facilities were lost. Further, the entire coastline
subsided up to 1.2 meters (in Ayukawa at the tip of Oshika Peninsula) that is why wharfs had to be lifted toenable fishing and landing operations. In addition, the debris drifting in coastal waters as well had enforced along-term interruption of fisheries operations.
My main focus will be laid on two coastal communities of Oshika Peninsula (Miyagi Prefecture), Yoriiso andMomonoura, respectively. Yoriiso, because I’ve studied this hamlet for more than 15 years, and Momonoura,
because it is the only place where the so called Fisheries Special Zones (suisan tokku), a different fishery rights
allocation that opens the local fisheries management for outside investors have been installed after disaster. We
will see why the introduction of the Tokku seemed inevitable for Momonoura when looking at demographic
details and different settings after disaster of the two hamlets.
Yoriiso has had a rather stable and balanced population before disaster whereas in Momonorura an outmigration of younger generations was observable. The latter might be owed to the relative vicinity of the urban
area of Ishinomaki. The damage cased by disaster also differed considerably. Momonoura was virtuallycompletely spilled by the waves, while in Yoriiso only the area at the harbor was affected. In 2013, however, we
see a drop in overall fisheries population in both hamlets, but, in Momonoura the 'productive ages' are missing.
When looking at the migration pattern observable on the regional meso-level we see that many residents within*Keiō University-23-Ishinomaki moved from the remote coastal areas to the urban centers around Kanan and Kōhoku, especiallyfrom the Ogatsu and Oshika areas. This trend is also observable in Yoriiso, yet, not as intense.
Fisheries in both, Yoriiso and Momonoura, is mainly aquaculture, oyster in the latter and ascidian (sea-squirt)
in the former. Whereas oyster cultivation could be resumed within a year after disaster, ascidian needs morethan two years to grow. The producers of ascidian in Yoriiso thus carefully kept an eye on business partners(wholesalers) in the ascidian industry until summer of 2013, when the first products were ready for delivery. In
2010, seven of ten ascidians had been sold to South Korea, yet, in September 2013 the South Korean government
imposed an import ban on marine products from Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate prefectures. Since this the
ascidian industry suffers from overproduction, and since 2016 about 10.000 tonnes of ascidian are being
scrapped in Miyagi prefecture only to maintain prices. A case of a shifted state of vulnerability. On the other
hand, it is interesting that the out-migration led to an increased share of accessible cultivation waters for theremaining shareholders, and many aged fishermen (in locally influential positions) have refrained to reconstructtheir fishery activities since disaster, hence disaster led to an overall rejuvenation at least in Yoriiso. This isperhaps one factor why residents from Yoriiso refused to move out.
2.2 Nishiteno, Aso (Kumamoto)I am conducting studies on social vulnerability in Aso since early 2016, thus before the earthquake. At thattime I was member of the Institute for Japanese Studies at the University of Vienna (Austria) where village
studies had been conducted in the Aso area in 1968/69. Based on household surveys on the family structurecollected in the hamlet of Nishiteno half a century ago, I started to trace the residential changes since then. tofind out more on spatial changes in kumi neighborhood mutual help organizations and changes in social life.
Nishiteno was hit by several severe, yet, spatially isolated earthquakes in 1975, and was severely hit by two
typhoons in the first half of the 1990ies. The spatial dissolution of the kumi groups had more to do with these
physical events rather than by weakening social ties as far as I could observe during several stays since then.
However, an institutional document (community rules) for members of the village revealed an interesting aspect
in a combined view with statistics from the World Agricultural Census.
In the mid of the 1980ies a relative increase of the aged population was expected. Simultaneously, thecommunity ruled were changed in 1986 in which stated, that male high-school students are to become full
members of the community with all rights and responsibilities. Obviously, this institutional change represents
an adaption to an expected vulnerable state, i.e. an ageing local population that is feared to loose its ability to
conduct mutual help (in street construction, emergency etc.).
3. Conclusion
To conclude, local residents are able to cope with changed local situations due to natural harzards orsocioeconomic factors. However, as we have seen in the case of post-disaster ascidian aquaculture, the local
setting is embedded in a global web of relations, which, in turn, is difficult or virtually impossible to challenge by
local actors. Furthermore, disaster does not unconditionally mean the breakdown of local society, but, rather
needs to be seen in larger contexts at least beyond the physical level of construction. Disaster or external factors
such as economic/social/technological etc. development can trigger further vulnerabilities or even lead to a defacto loss of local autonomy if a social system loses its basic functions.
References:1)
Turner, B. L. II, Roger E. Kasperson, Pamela A. Matson, James J. McCarthy, Robert W. Corell, Lindsey Christensen,
Noelle Eckley, Jeanne X. Kasperson, Amy Luers, Marybeth L. Martello, Colin Polsky, Alexander Pulsipher, and A.
Schiller, 2003, A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences (USA) 100:8074-8079.
2)
Wilhelm, J. H., 2005, Traditional Ecological Knowledge in the Beliefs of Japanese Fishing Villages. With Special
Reference to Yoriiso (Miyagi) and the Sanriku Region, Japanese Religions 30:21-53.
3)
Wilhelm, J. H., 2009, Ressourcenmanagement in der japanischen Küstenfischerei, PhD thesis, University of Bonn.
4)
Wilhelm, J., 2013, Der Wiederaufbau der Fischerei Sanrikus zwischen Sonderzonen und Fischereigenossenschaften,
Pages 625-650 in Verena Blechinger-Talcott, Christoph Brumann, and D. Chiavacci, editors, Ein neues Japan? Politischer
und sozialer Wandel seit den 1990er Jahren, Peter Lang, Bern, Berlin, Brüssel, Frankfurt a.M., New York, Oxford, Wien.
5)
Wilhelm, J., 2016, Schools in remote areas of Japan. Challenges for youth, parents and community, Pages 19-34 inAssmann, S., editors, Sustainability in Contemporary Rural Japan. Challenges and opportunities, Routledge, London,
New York.
6)
Wilhelm, Johannes, and A. Delaney, 2013, No Homes, No Boats, No Rafts: Miyagi Coastal People in the Aftermath ofDisaster, Pages 99-124 in Gill, Tom, Brigitte Steger, and D. H. Slater, editors, Japan Copes with Calamity: Ethnographiesof the Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disasters of March 2011, Peter Lang, Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles,
Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Economic Impact Assessment from the Potential Introduction of Potato
Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in Korea
Daeyoung KWON＊, Brian H.S. KIM＊, ＊＊, †1. Introduction
In Korea, the risks of invasion from foreign pests and diseases have increased because of recent transnational
agreements made through the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) and Free Trade Agreements (FTA). The damage
and loss instigated by theses invasive species in crop yields are severe; such adverse consequences significantly andnegatively influence agricultural production. Therefore, the continuation of global trade agreements andsustenance of domestic crop production requires comprehensive investigation; the nature of foreign species anddiseases, including their effects on domestic agricultural production and the national economy.
Among the invasive plant pests, potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a small and circular RNA molecule that
infects a variety of species within the Solanaceae (Singh, 19731); Singh 20142)). Its introduction to local crops hascaused problems in many countries. Initiatives that aim to protect crops from viroid infection are among the action
targets of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard (SPS) of WTO (WTO SPS Agreement). ‘PSTVd is listed as
regulated pest by European Union (EU) quarantine organism, because of its potential risk on potato productionand economic impact for EU countries.’ (Soliman et al., 20123)). The Korean government also designated the PSTVd
as a restricted pest and limited the regions that permit potato importation. PSTVd is a highly infectious agent thatcan severely damage crops; PSTVd infection can significantly reduce the yield and quality of products (Cui et al.,19924); Singh et al., 19715)).
It is essential to elucidate the economic consequences of a possible PSTVd spread. This study explores the
economic impact of the possible introduction and spread of PSTVd in Korea.
2. Materials and methods
Partial budget modeling (PBM) is a suitable tool to explore the potential damage in production and cost/benefit
structure from an introduction of PSTVd at potato farms in Korea. PBM is designed to evaluate the economic
consequences of the changes in the management practices as a result of the introduction of a specific species(Macleod et al., 20046); Soliman et al., 20107)). PBM is a method based on the principle that compares the changes
in costs and revenues with the subsequent estimation of net economic effect. The net economic effect of a change isthe sum of the positive effects minus the sum of the negative effects.
The economic impact in this study is based on previous expectations and is evaluated through hypotheticalscenarios. The assumption is that the introduction and spread of PSTVd originated from the private sector, whererelatively poor disease control management and possible importation practice of the infected seed potatoes.
3. Results and discussion
On this basis of the previously mentioned scenarios, expected damage quantity of the potato yield is about 5,439
tons, 27,193 tons, 54,386 tons, and 108,772 tons for 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of land area affected, respectively. This
will result negative impact to the producers by the amount of total costs (protection costs and yield losses) that are
involved for approximately 9.3 billion KRW (US$ 8.5 million), 46.3 billion KRW (US$ 42.1 million), 92.6 billion
KRW (US$ 84.2 million), and 185.1 billion KRW (US$ 168.3 million) for 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of land area affected,* Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University.
** Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University.
† Corresponding author.

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respectively. These direct economic consequences correspond to the net profit change to the producers without any
additional revenues and reduced costs. The net profit values are compared with the gross root and tuber crop
product (GRTCP) of Korea in 2012, which was approximately 774 billion KRW (US$ 703.6 million), and theirshares on GRTCP for each scenario are approximately 1.2%, 5.98%, 11.96% and 23.92%, respectively.
The results indicate that damage costs significantly increase as the distribution rates of PSTVd infected seedpotatoes increase. Consequently, the introduction and spread of PSTVd can cause a considerable economic impact
on potato producers and related industries in Korea. This observation suggests the importance of the systematic
implementation of control measures (e.g. quarantine and preventive systems) to detect PSTVd in the early(breeding) stages of seed potato cultivation; thus, consequences affecting the producers and the national economy
are minimized.
References
1) Singh, R.P., (1973): Experimental host range of the potato spindle tuber ‘virus’. Am. J. Potato Res. 50, 111-123.
2) Singh, R.P., (2014): The discovery and eradication of potato spindle tuber viroid in Canada. Virusdisease 25(4), 415-424.
3) Soliman, T., Mourits, M.C.M., Lansink, A.O., van der Werf, W., (2012): Quantitative economic impact assessment of an invasiveplant disease under uncertainty – A case study for potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) invasion into the European Union. Crop
Protection 40, 28-35.
4) Cui, R.C., Li, Z.F., Li, X.L., Wang, G.X., (1992): Identification of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and its control. Acta
Phytophylacica Sinica 19, 263-269.
5) Singh, R.P., Rinnie, R.E., Bagnall, R.H., (1971): Losses due to the potato spindle tuber virus. Am. Potato J. 48, 262-267.
6) MacLeod, A., Head, J., Gaunt, A., (2004): An assessment of the potential economic impact of Thrips palmi on horticulture in
England and the significance of successful eradication campaign. Crop Protection 23(7), 601-610.
7) Soliman, T., Mourits, M.C.M., Lansink, A.O., van der Werf, W., (2010): Economic impact assessment in pest risk analysis. Crop
Protection 29(6), 517-524.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Town Organization, model, and case study

Namsu JUNG＊

I. Background
The village project is implemented to overcome the declining population and aging of the rural area, and to restore
the village function so that it can carry out public functions of agriculture and rural areas. This restoration process
also increases the social capital such as social trust and community norms when the people are led by thecommunity movement based on the identity of the village rather than the surgical form, so that it can be operated
and maintained smoothly.
If social capital is expanded, what the village organization should be is not really important. Lee(2015) set up
village conflict, network, and leadership as indicators of social vulnerability in "Social Vulnerability Research basedon Residents' Conflict Analysis", but did not include village organization (structure). However, in the process of
consulting the villages with poor business or evaluating villages in excellent villages, it is very important that"villages are forming an organization in order to minimize the conflicts and maximize the effects of the projects".
Especially in modern rural villages, village leaders are required to play various roles such as managers, innovators,
change facilitators, communicators and inspectors.
However, it is difficult for some of the village leaders to perform all these roles, and it is considered efficient thatthe members of the village community should organize and organize appropriate organizations. Therefore, thisarticle will examine the types of organizations that can be formed in villages based on the contents of the standard
textbooks of towns and villages colored with agriculture products, and compare them with the cases of excellent
villages that I have visited.
II. Various organizations can be adapted by town
1. Village-centered operation model in which all villagers participate
This model is a model that can be resilient to carry out the business centering on the village head and thechairperson. It may be possible to incorporate a business steering committee, but most of them are directly under
the jurisdiction of the resident’s organization in the neighborhood. It is of great significance to include thedevelopment committee, aged society, women's society, youth society, small group, individual pension,
In the village, you can directly manage the processing, sale, and experience of agricultural products that may
generate profits, support publicity and marketing of your home, and receive a portion of your proceeds in the formof development funds or dues. The proceeds can be used for environmental management of the village or for the
management of the facilities, or can be supported for village welfare activities. With this structure, village
members will be able to participate in a certain role.
It should be noted that the development fund or dues that are borne by individual operators (such as private homes,
pensions, restaurants, etc.) in the village should not be discussed or enforced as equivalent to the administrative
expenses supported by the administration. In such a case, the village meeting is likely to enter the process ofnegotiating the value of the goods in the market. The way that individual operators pay or the amount of money
they can afford to pay for the village.

*Kongu National University-27-

2. An operation model centered around the town office
The second model is centered around the town office. Individual members in the village raise income throughexperience, accommodation, and sales of agricultural products through a responsible management system, and pay
a certain commission to the village. If income-related facilities and activities continue to increase in the village, itwould be rather inefficient for each individual to proceed.
Consumers also prefer to have card spending, standard pricing, and a refund system. For this reason, a certain
organization (secretariat) in the village carries out the reception of customers, sales of agricultural products,
refunds, etc., and the individual members directly deal with consumers such as experience, lodging, andagricultural products in accordance with their own circumstances. In this model, it is also possible for the town
secretariat to find new revenue models, such as running a grocery store or providing group meals, in addition to theusual tasks.
3. Responsible management operation model that entrusts management operation to the corporation in the village
The third model separates traditional village activities and corporate activities that promote income. Property
rights are left in the township in order to prevent disgusting operation and moral hazard of various facilities
supported by administrative business. Instead, they form a working group or corporation for efficient operation andcommission the operation. The villagers establish a relationship with the corporation by selling agricultural
products or providing jobs.
It is a model that can be selected when there are many residents who have not participated in the early stage of the
project. It can be judged in an advanced way in terms of separating ownership and operation of community
facilities. However, if the transparency of corporate operations is assumed and earnings do not arise,misunderstandings or conflicts can exist. This is a model that can be maintained if the head of the village takes
charge of the corporation's ex-ante audit and the amount of return of the corporate income to the village (joint
management fee) is appropriate. However, it is a model that does not encourage people to formalize village councils,
and individuals or corporations can manage village projects.
4. Establishment and operation model of joint-stock corporation
Joint-stock corporation model is a model that collects funds from the farm association corporation in theneighborhood association and receives the dividend according to the investment fund through the operation of the
facility. Agriculture corporations or cooperatives are possible but they are encouraged to farm corporations because
they are investment-oriented models and because they focus on internal farmers rather than outsiders. The
remaining items are an example. It can be applied when the size of villagers is not large and community confidence
is strong. It can also be considered when the village project develops to expand the responsibility management
system of the income business. It is a basic development model of experiential resort village.
This model is characterized by strong responsibility and business propulsion. But when the business is in crisis,
you have to take risks jointly. On the other hand, if the corporation's profitability is high and it is difficult to enter
the new business, there may be a limit to the recruitment of new professionals There is also a risk that corporate
management and village communities can be shaken by a small number of outside parties when new inflows are
easy.
Reference
1) Jung, K. H., Sim, J. M., Choi, K. E., 2006, a study on the relationship between social capital and rural development in Korea,
Korea Rural Economic Institute.
2) Min, H. K., 2014, Social Networks Analysis of Rural Community for Vulnerability
3) Yoo, K. M., 2006, Social Capital and Leadership on the rural tourism community, The Journal of tourism studies, Vol.18,
177-199.
4) Rhee, S. H., Min, H. K., Yoon, S. S., Jung, N. S., Chang, W. S., 2014, Development of a Survey Table for Measurement Regional
Community Capacity on Rural Development Project of Region Unit, Journal of the Korean Society of Rural Planning, 20(4):165-182.
5) Song, M. R., Sung, J. I., 2004, Evaluation of Rural Village Development Programs and Suggestions for Participatory Village
Development Model, Korea Rural Economic Institute.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

The Activation and Sustainable Development of Yunnan Traditional
Rural Settlements
Haifan CHENG＊
1. Yun1nan traditional rural settlements and its human settlement environment
Yunnan, where has a unique geographical environment, mild climate, altitude difference (The elevation
between 6740 meters and 76.4 meters). Undulating terrain, 94% is the mountain, flats are few. The formation of
the settlement affected and restricted by the natural ecological environment, to form a rich settlement types. There
are about 13,431 administrative villages and 124,206 natural villages . Ethnic minorities lived here for generations,and the proportion of ethnic minorities accounted for 46% of the country. On the whole, it shows the characteristics
of large mixed living and small habitation. For example, the traditional settlements’ form of Yi, Dai, Hani, Wa,
Lisu, Nu minorities etc. are different, and the living room culture and the living environment all have their own
systems. Settlement adapted climate environment fully , and created a diverse architectural form and culture
wisdom. For example, the Dai Stilt House adapted to the tropical rain forest hot climate.
The site selection and layout are well located. For example,the traditional villages of Lijiang skillfully use theplateau landscape, creating a harmonious life realm of man and nature. UNESCO evaluated the ancient city of
Lijiang as a combination of economic strategy and rugged terrain. In the last century, British author James Hilton
created the lost horizon in the magical land of Northwest Yunnan, and regarded Zhongdian as a paradise -Shangri-La" [1].
Secondary disasters caused by earthquakes and torrential flood frequently, and some traditional rural
settlements located in disaster areas. In order to resist natural disasters, also the subject of ecological migration isput forward, and the relocation of traditional rural settlements is a hot topic. The planning and construction speed
is fast, and the achievements are large，but the research on characteristics of traditional villages are few. Due to thelack of villagers' participation, the villagers do not understand planning, lacking of planning identity andInteraction.
2.The development of contemporary traditional rural settlements
China's rapid urbanization has been concerned process of urbanization. In recent years, China attach importanceto rural issues gradually, to increase efforts to move into the rural construction. Large-scale development andconstruction led to the disappearance of traditional settlements amazing, if not strengthen the protection.
Some traditional villages living conditions are not suited to the needs of modern life. Driven by the top-down
macro policy, the rise of large-scale beautiful home construction, many traditional houses were demolished.
Community residents as the master of the traditional settlement, they have strong desire for a better life and the
pursuit of huge construction. Due to the lack of rural planning construction personnel and villages management,
leading to management out of control, the village extension along the main road and the scenic.
Facing such an era, the protection of traditional villages has become an important task. From 2012, the Ministryof Housing and Urban Construction, the Ministry of Culture and other departments jointly carried out the Chinese
traditional village action plan, total registered four groups of 4153 traditional villages . There are 615 in Yunnan,
accounting for about 1/6 of the whole country.
3.Discussion on the sustainable development of traditional rural settlement activation
Traditional rural settlements carry a rich historical and cultural value. As the carrier of historical and cultural
heritage, once destroyed, where is culture ? Thus, traditional rural settlements as a cultural heritage, need theprotection of simple beliefs and sustainable development concept, the protection of cultural space and cultural
heritage，requires government, society and planners to work together.
Residents' cognition often has some limitations between personal interests and village protection, who is*Faculty of Architecture and City planning of Kunming University of Science and Technology(KUST)-29-

concerned with specific personal interests. This should to support self-organization to form Cooperatives, to guidethe formation of public values, to solve the settlement of the "public pond" problem [2], without to rely entirely on
the government. Through the Cooperative set up a bridge of communication, to achieve community between social
interaction, bottom-up and top-down interaction etc..
The activation of traditional villages requires public participation. Planners should be fully involved in the
traditional village renewal. That’s from focus on field investigation to collaboration, from material space tocommunity development, from plan to the implementation, from maverick to multi-collaboration. Tourism
development is an important way to promote village renewal. The current development of traditional villages ismostly guided by foreign investment, and it is necessary to avoid over-commercialization. To avoid the low
participation of villagers resulted in the phenomenon of "gentleness" and "outsiders communities". To avoid
excessive tourism development impacted on sustainable development of settlements. The regulations of tourism
activities need community autonomy, which can be organized through autonomous management, then to promote
the tourism order and sustainable development.
4.Activation practice of Azheke in Yuanyang Heritage Area
The settlements which located in the heritage site Honghe Hani Terraced Fields as the world cultural heritage, isa model of sustainability for thousands of years. It created a unique cultural landscape of agriculture, and it is aliving system of paddy field farming culture. The World Heritage Organization gave Honghe Hani Terraced Fields
a high evaluation. Heritage area of 166 square kilometers, a total of 82 villages located in which about 54,000
people. Azheke is one of the five key World Heritage Villages. The traditional residential mushroom house occupies
80%. There are 67 households and 389 people, all Hani nationality.
At the beginning of completed the protection and development planning of Azheke Village in 2014, the wishes ofthe villagers were to remove the mushroom house, then built a new one. After a recent sample survey, thetraditional mushroom houses have been reduced by more than 1,000 buildings to less than 500 buildings from theinscription up to now. The traditional mushroom houses generally have the problems of poor living environment，
where people are living together with livestock, lacking Living space and light, the grass of roof also needing be
replaced periodically etc. In order to reuse mushroom houses, to avoid removal, the planner pushed the protective
remould of a mushroom house. For the 1st floor, it had been dug down 0.4 meters partially, reasonable using of theunderlying space into a bar and ancillary space. The 2nd floor had been divided into the spaces for exhibition andliving. The 3rd floor been adapted into a simple living space. Throughout the remould, local construction materials
and building technology had been reused, in order to play a universal demonstration role, and change thedemolition and reconstruction thought of local villagers. The mushroom house of remould experiment in Azheke,
had won the first prize of the Outstanding Examples of Pastoral Buildings，which awarded by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban-Rural Development.The village had been displayed in the Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development and the 26th UIA Conference[3]. Planner also introduce the association of students andother activities. Inviting the city people to the villagers houses, where ate and lived together. Through theinteraction between urban and rural communication, enhance the villagers to participate in tourism awareness, torenovate their houses improving the quality of living environment.
The most lack of the development of traditional villages is intellectual support and financial support currently.
Faced with fragile rural systems, there is an urgent need for social, financial or other related work involved, andintroduction of social capital. The traditional settlements should be set up rural planners and rural cadresinstitutionally. Traditional villages environmental remediation is a highly technical project, including
infrastructure, historical and cultural environment restoration, fire, natural ecological environment, architectural
style etc.. That need to integrate design and implementation. Public affairs of traditional villages require publicmanagement, which need organize and coordinate villagers' intentions, construct together with Cooperative
too.(National Science Fund subsidized project：Sponsored by National Natural Science Fund of China 51608240.)
References:[1] James Hilton. (2012).Lost Horizon[M]. Jiangsu: Yilin press.
[2] Elinor "Lin" Ostrom. Yu Xunda, translated by Chen Xudong.(2000).Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions forcollective action [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore.
[3] Zhu, L. W. (2016). Reflection and exploration of poverty-stricken traditional dwelling maintance and remould: an experiment
on Hani Traditional Dwellings[J]. New Architecture , (4), 40-45.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Movement of Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) in small forest patches:a case study of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture

Takahiro OTAKE＊, Koji HARASHINA**, Chiaki NISHI***, Yoshitaka DEGUCHI**

1. Introduction.
Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) is an endemic species of Japanese islands, which is distributed in Honshu,
Shikoku, and Kyushu. This species is arboreal, and thus vulnerable to fragmentation of forest habitats1). The
population of this species is very limited and fragile in urban areas where generally forests are heavily fragmented.
It is reported that the preference to Japanese squirrel by urban residents is the highest among urban/suburban
dwelling wild mammals according to results of questionnaire survey2). For these reasons, Japanese squirrel would
be a good conservation target species in urban areas, and is a good indicator species for assessing habitat
fragmentation and ecological network formation.
Previous studies in the Kanto-Chubu district reported that home range size of Japanese squirrel is about 20 to 30
ha for males and about 10 ha for females3), and it is difficult for them to disperse moving across arterial roads ordense residential areas4). On the other hand, very small home range size is reported in Tohoku district, 3.65 ha formales and 1.45 ha for females5). In addition, habitat use by the squirrel in very small woodland is reported in Isawa
area6) (0.45 ha), and Morioka (0.3 ha) where the woodlands are highly fragmented by an arterial road or residential
areas (Masaki, unpublished). These results suggest that even very small forest patch (<1 ha) may function as
important habitat in Tohoku district particularly in urban landscape. However, it is not clear whether the squirrels
inhabit just one habitat patch or they move around several patches fragmented by roads or residential areas.
The objective of this study is to clarify the actual situation of Japanese squirrels which inhabit urban small
forests by radio-tracking focusing on movement between forest patches in fragmented landscape in order to provide
basic information to establish urban ecological network.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Study area
This study was conducted in 7 forest patches and their surroundings located in northern urban fringe of Morioka
about 2 km from central part of the city. The size of forest patches ranges 0.19 to 31.57 ha with an average of 6.43
ha. These patches are fragmented by arterial road (National Route 4) and residential areas. The preliminary
survey detected the presence of the squirrels by feeding signs of walnuts in all 7 forest patches.
2.2. Radio-tracking
We captured squirrels from May to October 2016 using traps made by modifying commercial mousetrap.
Captured squirrels were weighed, and radio-tagged only if their weight was over 200 g. Radio-tracking was
conducted almost on a daily basis until the end of January 2017 in the manner so that we can evenly cover all
period of time when squirrel are active. Location of the squirrel was compiled as GIS-data using ArcGIS 10.3.
2.3. Classification of movement types
Movement of the squirrel was defined as a line between two subsequent location points within 36 hours.
Following Fey et. al.7), the movement was classified into 3 categories based on their distance: (1) routine movement,(2) exploring movement, and (3) dispersal movement. Exploring movement included steps longer than twice theaverage movement distance and routine movement included all steps shorter than this. Dispersal movement was
defined as one-way movement in the direction of the area defined as post-dispersal settlement area.

*Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University **Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University ***Iwate Wildlife Research Institute-31-

3. Results and discussion
We captured 4 squirrels (2 males, 1 female, and 1 juvenile female) and tracked 3 squirrels (2 males and 1 female)during the survey period. One male (M1) was tracked for 8 months and another male (M2) for 3 months. One
female (F1) was tracked for 7 months. We observed 11 movements between forest patches and 2 movements
between forest patch and a single tree which is located outside the forest. Movements between forest patches
included crossing an arterial road and residential areas. The movement across orchards and a cemetery by M2 wasobserved for 9 times, whereas that across an arterial road (F1) or residential areas (M2) was observed only once for
each. This result suggests that the environment between forest patches is a major factor to determine thefrequency of movements, and that squirrels can move more easily when forest patches are connected by orchards
and cemetery.
The result of classification of movement types is shown in the Table 1. Routine movement distances were notsignificantly different in 3 individuals (Kruskal-Wallis test, P>0.05). However, significant differences in exploring
movement distances were found in all pairs of them (Steel-Dwass test, P<0.01 for each). This may reflect thedifferences in sex/age of each individual, and environments inside and outside forests in which they stayed. The
orchards and a cemetery adjacent to patch no.5 and no.7 (Figure 1) is likely to increase the moving distance of M2.
In addition, home range size of male Japanese squirrel is generally larger than female3), 5), which may result in
longer exploring movement distances of males (Table 1). However, routine movement distances were notsignificantly different between males and females. These results show that male squirrels do more exploratory
behavior (i.e. moving longer distance) than females, but there is no difference between them in routine behavior.
We observed movements across arterial road (F1) and residential areas (M2), which were classified as dispersal
movements. These movements coincides with the dispersal periods of Japanese squirrel in July and August8).
Our findings suggest low habitat connectivity of forest patches divided by arterial road or residential areas, and apotential of orchards to function as corridor. It is necessary to consider the spatial configuration of forest patches
and their surroundings to establish urban ecological network.
Table 1. Classification of movement typeroutine exploring dispersal
The number of movement
255
35
M1 Averege movement distance (m)49.4 166.7
SD
37.0
33.3
The number of movement
68
11
1
M2 Averege movement distance (m)47.3 305.1 540.6
SD
38.3 120.2
The number of movement
209
22
1
F1 Averege movement distance (m)40.1 125.3 243.7
SD
26.7
31.9
Figure 1. Movement of squirrels

References

1) Tamura, N. (2000): Toshi-kinkou ni okeru shinrin no bundanka to risu no seisoku-bumpu (Forest fragmentation anddistribution of Japanese squirrel in suburban area). Forest Pests 49, 24-28. (in Japanese)
2) Sonoda, Y. and Kuramono, N. (2004): Residents’ consciousness to the coexistence with wild mammals and the management of
habitat environments in urban area. Landscape Research Japan 49, 24-28. (In Japanese with English abstract)3) Yatake, K. and Tamura, N. (2001): To make guidelines for the Japanese squirrel conservation. Ⅲ Ecological studies onconserving the Japanese squirrel. Mammal Study 41(2), 149-157. (In Japanese)
4) Kataoka, T. and Tamura, N (2005): Effects of habitat fragmentation on the presence of Japanese squirrels, Sciurus lis, insuburban forests. Mammal Study 30, 131-137.
5) Nishi, C., Deguchi, Y., Aoi, T. (2011): Home range size and its overlap in Japanese squirrels in relation to the walnut resource
level in a suburban forest in Morioka City. Mammal Study 51(2), 277-285. (In Japanese with English abstract)6) Harashina, K., Goto, M., Takahashi, H., Nishi, C. (2013): Habitat use of Japanese squirrel, Sciurus lis, in a patchy woodland
landscape: a case study of the Isawa Alluvial Fan, Iwate Prefecture. Mammal Study 53(2), 257-266. (In Japanese with English
abstract)
7) Fey, K., Hämäläinen, S., Selonen, V. (2016): Roads are no barrier for dispersing red squirrels in an urban environment.
Behavioral Ecology 27(3), 741-747.
8) Kikuchi, A., Nishi, C., Deguchi, Y. (2015): Dispersal of juvenile Japanese squirrels in a fragmented urban forest. Mammal
Study 55(2), 201-207. (In Japanese with English abstract)-32-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning SeminarContemporary trends of migration in rural Kumamoto
A case study from Aso district focused on local identity in migration context

Antonia MISERKA

1. Introduction
The depopulation of rural areas is a widely discussed topic in Japanese academic context. Suffering of both a low
fertility rate (1.45 in 2015) and death rate (10.3 per 1,000 in 2015), Japans population is aging rapidly while theyounger generation and their share on paying taxes decline. Difficulties upholding the social structure is a logicalconsequence of these demographic trends. In concrete numbers, in 2016 27.3 percent of the population were over 65
years old, while only 12.4 percent were beneath the age of 15. It is estimated that these trends will continue, with
the Japanese population shrinking from about 126 Mio. in 2016 to about 101 Mio. in 2050 while at the same time
the population aged 65 years and older will climb to numbers estimated 37.7 percent.
The above changes can be felt even more severely in rural areas, where in addition to natural population change(birth rate, death rate), migration is a central factor for population loss (social population change). From the 1950s
onwards, Japan experienced a rapid urbanization, resulting in a highly concentrated population in a small numberof major urban areas. As a result, in 2010 51 percent of the population lived in the three major metropolitan areasof Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya (Statistics Bureau 2017).
2. Depopulation of rural areas
Continuous migration to major cities has left many rural regions suffering their loss of population. In recent years
studies about such depopulated areas have been a focus of Japanese rural research. A number of scholars depict thecurrent situation of rural municipalities and the problems which they face or will face in the future (Masuda 2014,
Ohno 2009, Yamashita 2012). Municipalities facing declining population are usually divided into following concepts.
Based on population age and the activities or cooperation within a community four states of rural municipalities
can be classified. ①Sonzoku shūraku or persisting villages, ②jun-genkai shūraku or semi-depopulated villages, ③genkai shūraku or depopulated villages and ④ shōmetu shūraku or extinct village (Ohno 2007). Considering theoverall population decline, plus the steady out-migration from rural areas to the cities, for many villages a transition
from persisting village to depopulated village is imminent. However, to prevent a further depopulation, many efforts
for revitalization have been attempted on national, prefectural and municipal level (Tokuno 2007, Ohno 2009). Suchinitiatives have various approaches, including advertising of a region for new ventures or people from the cities, aswell as strengthening existing structures and cooperation within the communities.
3. Migration to the countryside
In most cases population outflow to urban areas is higher than the number of people moving to a certain ruralarea. However, living in the countryside is not as unattractive as statistics make us presume. While economic
limitations indeed push a lot of young people to urban areas, usually one of the children either remains in or returns
to the countryside to succeed the family business. Furthermore, as environmental awareness increases, both young
and elderly people increasingly move to rural areas to improve their living conditions and escape the stressassociated with living in a city.
The two forms of migration being depicted in this paper are so-called U-turn as well as I-turn migration. U-turn
migration describes the migration of an individual back to their hometown. Having grown up in the countryside, atsome point the individual left their home to pursue further study or work in a metropolis, but returned to theirhometown at some point and still live there. I-turn migration on the other hand defines migration to a certain ruralvillage, either from another municipality or major city, without having lived there before.

-33-

4. Methodology
The aim of this study is to provide an insight into above mentioned forms of migration to rural areas and to
examine the various reasons people have for either moving or returning to the countryside. Furthermore, thisresearch looks at how these people view their environment and the community they moved into as well as how they
position themselves within that community.
The area chosen as field for this research is Aso-City in Kumamoto prefecture. The author stayed in Miyaji, a partof Aso-City, for about three weeks in September 2017 and conducted guided interviews with residents within thecity boundaries of Aso-City. To approach the participants an introduction by mutual acquaintances was used, after
which new participants were introduced using the snowball principle. The main contents of the interviews were themigration history of the participants and their personal view of Aso-City as their place of living. Further, possible
problems or misunderstandings with neighbors upon moving to Aso-City as well as the participants integration into
the local community were inquired.
5. Preliminary findings and further approach
An overall of 20 people, nine women and eleven men, were interviewed for this study. The age range of theparticipants was from 28 to 74 years, the focus lying on people in their 30s (figure 1). Eight people moved back to
become the family successor (U-turn), another eight people moved to Aso-City alone or with their families to start
their own venture or enjoy retirement, and four people moved to Aso to be with their spouse (figure 2).

Figure 1 Age distribution

Figure 2 Form of migration

This study consists of three parts. First, an overview of the participants migration history is given, ending with theirmove to Aso-City. Then, their arrival and possible difficulties that may have gone along are described. Also, it isdetermined to what degree the participants themselves feel integrated into their community. Finally, their personalview of their current place of living as well as Aso as a region are discussed.
References
1) Masuda Hiroya (2014): chihō shōmetsu [Vanishing regions], Chūō-kōron shinsha Tokyo, 1-36.
2) Ohno Akira (2007): genkai shūraku kara mita shūraku no hendo to sanson no saisei [The change of communities and therevitalization of mountainous villages as seen from depopulated villages], Japanese Association for Rural Studies Tokyo,
131-138.
3) Ohno Akira (2009): sanson kankyō shakaigaku josetsu – gendai sanson no genkai shūrakuka to ryūiki kyōdōkanri [Anintroduction to the sociology of mountainous village environment – the joint control of rivers and depopulated villages withinpresent-day mountainous areas], Nōdangyoson-bunkakyōkai Tokyo.
4) Statistics Bureau (2017): Statistical Handbook of Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan Tokyo, 8-21.
5) Tokuno Sadao (2007): mura no shiawase, machi no shiawase – kazoku・shoku・kurashi [The village’s happiness, the city’s
happiness – family・food・living], NHK shuppan Tokyo.
6) Yamashita Yūsuke (2012): genkai shūraku no shinjitsu [The truth regarding depopulated villages], Chikuma shinsh Tokyo.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Application of UAV-mounted commercial multispectral sensor
in a non-experimental rice farming practiceKoji HARASHINA＊, Kiyohito YAMAMOTO＊,
Yoshiko MUTO＊, Eiichi KURASHIMA＊

1. Introduction
There is a growing expectation for applying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in agriculture. Monitoring the
growth of crops within a season is essential to decision making in precision agriculture1). Multispectral sensors
mounted on UAVs enable us to capture imageries with higher spatial and temporal resolutions than satellite-based
remote sensing, which is a great advantage for monitoring spatial variation of crop growth for individual farmers.
Some exploratory researches have been conducted to predict crop yield. Swain et al. (2010)2) reported strong
correlation between rice yield and NDVI at panicle initiation stage calculated from imageries captured by UAVs.
Zhou et al. (2017)3) successfully demonstrated strong correlations between rice yield and UAV-based multiple
vegetation indices (VIs) calculated from multi-temporal imageries. These studies were conducted in anexperimental-based rice production practices where fertilizer application rate or planting density are intentionallyvaried widely by experimental design, which results in a great deal of variation in rice yield. In conventional rice
farming, however, a single farmer basically practices rice farming in a uniform manner (fertilizer application,
planting densities, etc.) for each cultivar in their land. In this situation spatial variation of crop growth andresulting yield would be much less than these experimental studies. Recently, commercial multispectral sensors
and UAVs become less costly and affordable for general users in actual farming practices. However, potential andapplicability of UAVs remote sensing in non-experimental rice farming is not well discussed.
The goal of the study is to explore the effectiveness of a commercial multispectral sensor mounted on a UAV in aconventional rice production practice. Our specific objectives is to examine: (1) the capability to detect spatial
variation of rice growth in multi-temporal growing stages, and (2) correlation between VIs calculated frommulti-temporal imageries and rice yield obtained from small quadrat sampling.
2. Material and methods
The study was conducted at rice fields in Takizawa Farm of Field Science Center, Iwate University located in
Takizawa City, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (39°46'44.8"N 141°07'39.3"E). The annual average temperature andprecipitation of the study site are 9.9 °C and 1099 mm, respectively. Seven compartments of rice filed with the sizeof 0.33-0.40 ha were taken as sample plots, where cultivar of Hitomebore (Oryza sativa Japonica Group cv.
Hitomebore) is cultivated in a conventional manner in which application rate of N, P, K are 75 kg/ha, 66 kg/ha, and
55 kg/ha, respectively, and top-dressing is not applied. The planting interval of rice is 16 cm × 30 cm.
The UAV used in this study is 3DR Solo. The 4-band (G, R, RE, NIR) multispectral sensor, Parrot Sequoia, wasmounted on this UAV. Imageries were captured at the height of 100 m (ground spatial resolution: 9.8 cm) inplanting season of 2017 for each growing stage: transplanting (May 16), initial tillering (Jun 5), tillering (Jun 20,21), jointing/panicle formation (Jul 5, 11), heading (Aug 11), filling (Aug 31, Sep 14). Ortho-mosaic images were
produced by online image processing software Micasense ATLAS, and NDVI and NDRE4) were calculated by
ArcGIS 10.5.1. These indices were extracted and averaged for each quadrat set in the subsequent field sampling.
Manual quadrat sampling was conducted on September 25, 2017 to determine rice yield. The size of a quadrat
was 0.9 m × 1.6 m containing 30 clumps of rice. A total of 41 quadrats were set to cover all compartment of rice field.
Harvested rice was air-dried for 2 weeks and processed to determine the weight of gross brown rice, which was
subsequently sorted to obtain net brown rice (>1.9 mm) weight and yield ratio (net/gross) was calculated.
*Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University-35-

3. Results and discussion
The yield of gross and net brown rice was 7.13±0.57 t/ha and 6.53±0.52 t/ha, respectively (mean±sd). Significant
difference of these values was not found in any pair of rice field compartment (Tukey HSD, P>0.05 for all). The
temporal change of VIs (NDVI and NDRE) at several growing stage is shown in Figure 1. Both indices increased as
the rice grows in tillering stage and recoded maximum value at jointing and panicle formation stages in July, after
which decreased at heading and filling stages. Spatial variation of both indices, indicated as standard deviation,
was larger in initial growing stages (tillering stage) and decreased after jointing and panicle formation stages.
Weak positive correlation was found between yield of gross brown rice and VIs after heading stage (Figure 2),
where strongest correlation was found in late filling stage (Sep 14) for NDVI (R = 0. 32, Figure 3) and heading stage(Aug 11) for NDRE (R = 0.25). Zhou et al. (2017)3) reported that booting stage is the optimal stage for grain yieldprediction and NDRE showed the stronger correlation than NDVI. Unfortunately, we could not acquire imagery inbooting stage (late July) for some technical reasons. On the other hand, Tanaka and Kondoh5) applied NDVI values
in heading stages as an optimal predictor of rice yield. Though no correlation (R <0.2) was found between VIs andnet brown rice yield, we found negative correlation between VIs and yield ratio, where R = -0.73 for NDVI (Figure4) in late filling stage, and R = -0.59 for NDRE in heading stage. This reflects insufficient ripening condition of ricein the period of quadrat sampling due to poor sunshine in August 2017. The positive correlation between gross rice
yield and VIs may be offset by negative correlation between yield ratio and VIs.
Even weak correlation between rice yield and VIs, we could demonstrate a potential of UAVs remote sensing in
non-experimental and conventional agricultural practices. Further discussion on methodology such as optimal
flight height, capturing period, sampling design, etc. is needed to enhance the capability to assess the crop growth.

Figure 1. Temporal change of vegetation indicesFigure 2. Correlation between yield ofgross brown rice and VIs

Figure 3. Correlation between gross brown rice
yield and NDVI in filling stage

Figure 4. Correlation between yield ratio and
NDVI in filling stage

References
1) Magney, T.S., Eitel, J.U.H., Huggins, D.R., Vierling, L.A., (2016): Proximal NDVI derived phenology improves in-season
predictions of wheat quantity and quality. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 217, 46–60.
2) Swain, K.C., Thomson, S.J., Jayasuriya, H.P.W., 2010. Adoption of an unmanned helicopter for low-altitude remote sensing toestimate yield and total biomass of a rice crop. Trans. Asabe 53 (1), 21–27.
3) Zhou, H., Zheng, H.B., Xu, X.Q., He, J.Y., Ge, X.K., Yao, X., Cheng, T., Zhu, Y., Cao, W.X., Tian, Y.C. (2017): Predicting grain
yield in rice using multi-temporal vegetation indices from UAV-based multispectral and digital imagery. ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 130, 246-255.
4) Fitzgerald, G.J., Rodriguez, D., Christensen, L.K., Belford, R., Sadras, V.O., Clarke, T.R. (2006): Spectral and thermal sensing
for nitrogen and water status in rainfed and irrigated wheat environments. Precision Agriculture 7, 233-248.

5) Tanaka, K., and Kondoh, A. (2016): Mapping of rice growth using low altitude remote sensing by multicopter.
Journal of Remote Sensing Society of Japan 36, 373-387. (in Japanese with English abstract)-36-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Actual condition of radioactive contamination in rural areas due toFukushima nuclear power plant accident and decontamination limit
Through support research at Iitate village in Fukushima

Koji ITOANAGA

1. Introduction
Iitate is the beautiful villages in Japan. Its landscapes of forested mountains and gently rolling farmland werehome to about 6,100 people. The people of Iitate were planning their community around the theme of a “Madei life,”
using a word that in the local dialect means “respectfully and carefully.” That all changed on March 11, 2011.
Iitate is no longer a pastoral village living in harmony with its natural surroundings. The 2011 accident at theTokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station spread radioactive
contamination to a number of surrounding villages, including Iitate—centered approximately 40 kilometers to thenorthwest. On the evening of March 15, 2011, rain and snow fell on Iitate and contaminated the village withradioactive material from the nuclear accident. With no evacuation instructions from the government, villagers
who lived 30 kilometers or more from the nuclear facility continued to be exposed to radioactivity. Evacuation
orders for Iitate finally came on April 22, but by then villagers had already received some of the highest exposures.
I had worked to support the village administration from 1993. I was able to form the Iitate Village Support Team
only five days after the disaster. Since then, we have worked with local government and villagers to provide refuge
and recovery advice to the village, carry out radioactivity and public opinion surveys, and develop a long-term planfor coping with the disaster. Approximately two months after the accident, the cooperative relationship with theadministration has disappeared from the viewpoint of the difference in the risk assessment against the radioactive
disaster and information disclosure. Since that time, we have established a cooperative relationship with thevillagers and have been carrying out various support research activities to date.
April 23, 2011 Designated as an evacuation area, the evacuation life of all the villagers continued until March2017. Recklessly, the evacuation direction was canceled except on a part of the village on March 31, 2017. The
village office is functioning, but in November 2017, the villager who returned home was about 10%. In November
2017, more than half of all the households in the village acquired new houses outside the village.
I report the actual condition of housing pollution in 6 years and the effect and limit of decontamination.
2. Radioactive contamination situation immediately after the disasterOn the evening of March 15, 2011, after the air radiation dose in front of the village office was measured at 44.7
μSv/h, we urged Iitate’s mayor to hasten the evacuation of children and pregnant women. Some villagers were
evacuated, but by the end of March they had returned—after a team of radioactivity experts commissioned by thevillage authorities and led by Syunichi Yamashita, vice president of Nagasaki University, advised that it was safe
to do so. Our Iitate support team cooperated with Tetsuji Imanaka of Kyoto University, a nuclear energy researcher,to conduct an aerial dose rate investigation and soil analysis across the whole village area on March 28 and 29,
2011. In the southern part of the village, closest to the nuclear power plant, the survey found radioactivity values of
30μSv/h (Imanaka et al. 2012). The team presented these unsettling findings to the village authorities, but the
mayor refused to make them public, so our support team also published them.
3. Changes in radioactive contamination inside and outside the housing, limit of decontamination
1) Measurement of air dose rate in 2013 before decontamination (5 houses in Iidate village)
The outline of the five measurement results is as follows. ① The second floor is relatively higher than the first*Nihon University-37-

floor. ② It is high in order of ceiling> floor 1 m> floor. ③ Mostly 0.6μSv/h or more of radiation control area
standard. ④ In the average value [second floor ceiling 2.0μSv/h> second floor 1m 1.6μSv/h> first floor ceiling 1.5
μSv/h> second floor 1.2μSv/h > first floor 1m 1.1μSv/h> first floor 0.7μSv/h], the second floor tends to be highand the ceiling tends to be higher is there.
2) Measurement in 2014 including decontamination houses (Iitate Village et al., 14 cases)
The air dose rate inside and outside the house is correlated.3.4 μSv/h outside the housing, 2.1 μSv/h in the
housing is the highest value at the dose rate. The dose rate of all non-decontaminated houses exceeds 0.6 μSv/h of
the radiation control area criteria. This indicates that residence is difficult. The air dose rate inside and outside thehousing of decontaminated houses is reduced to 0.9 μSv/h outside and 0.4μSv/h or less in the room. There is aneffect of decontamination. However, they exceed the standard of radiation control area. The shielding effect of thebuilding is about 50%, the interior nearside the outer wall, especially the interior of the mountain is higher. Like as2013, the second floor is higher than the first floor, and at the first floor the space dose tends to be higher at floors<1 m above floor <ceiling.
3)Measurement of all decontaminated houses in 2017 (Iitate Village et al., 10 cases)
All houses investigated were decontaminated. Due to the natural reduction of radioactive cesium and thedecontamination effect, the air dose rate in residential houses has been reduced to 30 to 40% compared to 2014.In
residential land it decreased to 20%.However, there were some residential lots in the soil where radioactive cesium
remained about thousands Bq / kg. About 90% of cesium adhered to the surface layer in the event of a disaster, but
after decontamination it is around 40% in the surface layer. Cesium remains in the ground due to stirring by wildboar, stirring by decontamination work, etc. There are many strict parts to utilize as a farmland for a self-madevegetable garden. In the life in the village, the additional exposure dose is 4.5 m ㏜ a year. It is about 4.5 times thevalue acceptable to the people. The half-life of radioactive cesium 137 is 30 years, and the additional radiation dose
will be 1 m ㏜ per year in about 50 years. There is no situation where evacuation can be canceled.
4. Satoyama, forest pollution and decontamination limit
There is a mountain behind the house in Iidate village. The mountain is radioactively contaminated,decontamination is only in the range of 20 m from the residential land. The way of decontamination only removes
contaminated fallen leaves and does not remove contaminated soil. The distribution map of the air dose rate in themountain behind decontamination shows only the surroundings of the decontaminated housing low, and themountain of the back shows the situation with high air dose rate. Furthermore, the air dose rate at the side of theroad is high. Only decontaminated residential land is only a cool spot of radioactive contamination.
5. Radioactive contamination of wood
The content of radioactive cesium of pine at a position with an air dose rate of 1.3 μSv/h at 1 m above the ground
was analyzed in 2015. The bark was 3243 Bq / kg, the sapwood material was 126 Bq / kg, the core material was 53
Bq / kg, and the leaf was 245 Bq / kg. The cesium content of the bark is high. Government firewood regulation value
is 40 Bq / kg, and it is impossible to sell this material as firewood. Cedars of 2.0 μSv/h in the soil surface were cut
and measured. Radioactive cesium is as high as 26500 Bq / kg in the soil 5 cm layer. Radioactive cesium is 13900 Bq/ kg in bark, 120 Bq / kg in sapwood, 400 Bq / kg in core material. The degree of radioactive contamination of cedar
heartwood is higher than other tree species. Nevertheless, the government has not enacted the regulation value oftimber for building. This is a big contradiction.
6. Conclusion
The regeneration and revival of the traditional rural life culture that sustainably utilized the forest is the future ofmore than 100 years.Not only the villagers lost their homes, but also the people of the future lose their culture ofliving together with precious forests.This situation is strongly recognized by the state, prefecture, villageauthorities and the people, and relief to the victims of radioactive contamination (pollution victims of radioactive
pollution) is an urgent matter.
Note, References
1) Koji ITONAGA, Contamination and community support in the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, pp1-8,2014-38-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Land use change in 100 years and increased disaster risk.
Flood Disaster in Joso city, on the Kinu River caused by Kanto-Tohoku heavy rainfall in
September 2015.

Ikuko IMOTO*, Tomohiro ICHINOSE**, Satoru ITAGAWA***, Yumi YAMADA*
1. Introduction
In September 2015, Kanto-Joso area by the Kinu River had experienced a widespread flood inundation, causedby overflow and levee breach, after a severe rainstorm in northern Kanto area, nearly 650mm from Sep 7th to 11th.
By that flood of the Kinu River, claimed the life of 2 persons and caused about 4,400 houses to have floor level
inundation, and also 6,600 houses under floor inundation.
Joso area, placed about 30 to 50 km from Tokyo, was a flat agricultural region with paddy rice fields, before 1960th.
Historically, the Kinu River flooded many times, so that villages and roads were placed on the natural levees andriver bank dunes. However, in late 20th, after reinforcement of the river control and development of Tsukuba New
Town in the adjacent area, this area has become a suburb of Tokyo and Tsukuba city. We examined the change ofthe land use and the estimated amount of damage by the natural disaster.

Fig.1 Total rain fall amount, from
9th to 11th Sep. Heavy rain fall at
Upper basin or the Kinu river .
(The Meteorogical Agency6) )Fig.2 Flooded area at 6pm. 10th
Sep. (Traced from the flooded area
map by Geospatial Information
Authority of Japan 2) )Fig. 3 Landform of the area,
Fig.4 Altitude tints.
(Made from 5m DEM data by Geospatial
Information Authority of Japan)

2.Methods
We analyzed land use changes in the flooded area of Joso City from 1907 to 2015 using old topographical maps
and vegetation maps. The publication year of the topographical map is 1907 and 1953, the oldest one and the one
just after the World War II. For recent land use change, we used the vegetation map published by Ministry of theEnvironment, since 1973. There are two vegetation maps in the area, namely the old one drawn on a scale of
1:50,000 in 1981 and the new one on a scale of 1:25,000 in 2000. We classified nine land use types from these maps.
As for estimation of the disaster-affected area, we used the flooded area of Sep.10th 6 pm, to know the direct
influence of the breach and overflow, while the inundated area of Joso City changed within 3 to 4 days according toelevation and drainage of the area.
3.Results and Conclusion
Fig-4 showed that urban land use of the area had not increased much from 1907 to 1953. Also, in those days, theKinu river was an essential element for ship transportation. Therefore, the towns and villages were placed near theriver and on natural dikes or sand hills. Paddy rice field placed at low elevation flat in those time. The dry fields ofthe area were for many kinds of crops, wheat, barley, mulberry, and upland rice4).
* Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio University, **Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio
University, ***Keio Research Institute at SFC-39-

After the high economic growth periods of 1960’s, urban land use of the area increased and spread widely to thedry fields. Moreover, rice field also spread into the dry field area following the improvement of the cultivation andthe irrigation system of rice field.

Fig.4 Land use transition from 1907 to 2000

Fig.5 Land use ratio from 1907 to 2000

Fig.6 Disaster damage, estimated fromland use of the flooded area, in 2015

We estimated the economic loss of the disaster from the flooded area in 2015 and the land use of each year. Fig. 5
shows the land use ratio of the four years. Urban land use was only 9%, 10%, 17%, and 20% in 1907,1953, 1981,
and 2000, respectively. Conversely, agricultural use (rice paddy and dry field) decreased after 1953. Then theestimated total disaster damage increased from about 11.6 billion yen in 1907 to 22.9 billion yen in 2000 (Fig.6).
References:
1)Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (ND): Information of the Kanto-Tohoku heavy rain disaster. Retrieved Nov.9, 2017
from<http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27.taihuu18gou.html>
2)Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (ND): Estimated flood area by Kanto-Tohoku heavy rain in Joso area(18:00 10th
Sep.2015), Retrieved Apr. 6, 2017 <http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000107660.pdf>
3)Ichinose, T. (2016): 2011 Tsunami Disaster and Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction, Keio SFC Journal, Vol.16, No1,8-25
4)Ishige Cho-shi Hensan Iinkai (ND): Ishige town history (in Japanese), Retrieved Nov.9, 2017from Digital museum of Joso City,<https://trc-adeac.trc.co.jp/WJ11D0/WJJS05U/0821105100/0821105100600030?dtl=all>
5)The Meteorological Agency (2015): Report of Kanto-Tohoku heavy rainfall, Sep. 2015, Retrieved Nov.9, 2017
from<http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/data/bosai/report/2015/20150907/jyun_sokuji20150909-11.pdf>
6)The Meteorological Agency (2015): The meteorological report of the disaster, 2015, Vol.1, Retrieved Oct 31, 2017.
from<http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/saigaiji/saigaiji_2015/saigaiji_201501.pdf>
7)Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (ND):
Flood Disaster Statistics 2015; Retrieved Aug.8, 2017 from<https://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL08020103.do?_toGL08020103_&listID=000001176624&requestSender=estat>-40-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Historical contexts of rural planning in Kumamoto Prefecture

Kaoru ICHIKAWA＊ and Toshitaro MINOMO＊

1. Introduction
Today’s Kumamoto Prefecture primarily consists of three areas from the Edo feudal period (1603–1868), namely
Hosokawa Domain, Sagara Domain, and Amakusa area. The former two were ruled by feudal lords, and the latter
was directly ruled by the central (Edo) government through appointed governors. It can be assumed that thisgovernance system, which uses local rulers, affected regional polices in ways that reflected the local conditions andsocial situations. These local differences can be observed by examining the disciplines of landscape architecture.
Examples include “garden culture” of Mito and Maeda Domains and Nanko Park of Shirakawa Domain. Nanko
Park was constructed by Lord Sadanobu Matsudaira for the enjoyment of people from all social classes and thePark’s main component—the irrigation pond (Nanko)— was used for agricultural purposes. The central
government did influence feudal lords through tax imposition and the system called “sankin-kotai,” under which
the lords were required to spend every other year in Edo. However, the governance system was decentralized
because the lords and governors ruled the territories with their own wisdom and ingenuity; thus, it was an age of
localism. This study considers concepts and technological developments in rural planning by focusing on localism
by examining these three different cases. By doing so, we aim to understand the major patterns of locally-oriented
rural planning in Japan. We expect that this attempt will serve as material for further discussion and exploration
to deepen the understanding of rural planning in monsoon Asia.
2. Three distinctive types of rural planning in Kumamoto Prefecture
We examined the historical epoch-making events of rural planning in the aforementioned three areas during theEdo era. Hosokawa Domain is characterized by extensive land reclamation from the Ariake and Yatsushiro Seas
(Fig 1.). Land reclamation efforts in both of these seas demonstrate a type of rural planning to which knowledge ofwater supply and drainage systems in tidal flats are key for development. Therefore, in this area, we can findlocally-oriented wisdom and ingenuity on these important issues.
For Sagara Domain, we noted that the area is characterized by Hitoyoshi Basin, formed by the Kuma Riversystem, one of the three fastest rivers in Japan and the Kyushu Central Mountains. On the right bank of the river,
agriculture is practiced on the narrow valley and small alluvial plains formed by Kuma River and its main
tributary Kawabe. However, our focus is on the history of the development of the irrigation systems, called
Hyakutaro-mizo and Kono-mizo, which can be observed on the left bank (Fig 2.). These irrigation systems enabledextensive rice cultivation fields by constructing a training wall and a diversion weir in upper stream of the Kuma
River. After the construction of the irrigation systems, rice production massively increased in Sagara Domain fromaround 2,000 koku (1 koku = 180 liters) to up to 30,000 koku.
The Amakusa area is partly characterized by the culture of the hidden Christians with strong links to Nagasaki.
As the area consisted of islands, livelihoods of people were self-sufficient and supported by both agriculture andfisheries. Rural planning in this area was characterized by a harmony with the landscape: the cultivation of the
new land went up the hills because of limited flat land and the rough sea around the islands. This type of ruralplanning, characterized by the development of terraced fields, is unique to islands and effectively responded to anincreasing population and food demand. An example of these terraced fields exist around the Oe Church in
Amakusa (Fig 3.), one of the places described in a well-known travel writing titled, “Gosoku no Kutsu” (Five Pairs
of Shoes), written by five poets who traveled the Kusyu island in 1907. Incidentally, there were also plans of landInstitute of Policy Research, Kumamoto City

-41-

reclamation for the development of new fields in the coastal areas, but these efforts were not successful in
Amakusa.
3. Discussion
These three cases might provide insights for modern rural planning. These cases demonstrate that highly
acclaimed rural planning is achieved only through a “combination of philosophy and action.” Soichiro Honda, awell-known Japanese industrialist, said, “Technology without philosophy is a lethal weapon,” and, relatedly, that“philosophy without action is worthless.” In societies experiencing population decline, innovation and redesign isimportant in different elements of rural planning including agriculture, farmland, rural areas and ways
professionals work." In this context, it is worth examining the history of rural planning as a basis for current ruraldevelopment.
These three areas enhanced food production and stabilized their economies in different ways. Hosokawa Domain
overcame river flooding and opened extensive new agricultural fields on tidal flats, whereas Sagara Domain
addressed water scarcity in the alluvial fan by building large scale irrigation systems to transmit water from theKuma River. In Amakusa, farmers created terraced fields on hills to enhance sweet potato production, which cangrow in poor soils. People captured the unique limitations and potential of the local areas when overcoming
development challenges.
Considering the current population decline in rural areas, however, it is evident that a similar type of ruraldevelopment characterized by the enlargement of farmland is not suitable. Nevertheless, the outcomes of ruraldevelopment, achieved through local ingenuity during the Edo era, strongly characterize each of the areas today.
Furthermore, theses outcomes are even more appreciated than those achieved in a latter period when ruralplanning became an object of science and supported by modern technology. Infrastructure like dikes and sluicegates shape the unique landscape together with the large flat rice fields in Ariake and Yatsushiro, and folksongs
once sung by the farmers when engaging in the construction work have been passed down in the areas. The
irrigation canals of Kono-mizo and Hyakutaro-mizo are important elements of the beautiful rural landscapes in the
Hitoyoshi basin and people’s appreciation and awe of water are expressed during traditional events and by theofferings placed in the canals. In Amakusa, this understanding started to deepen in relation to Christian culture aswell as the beautiful rural landscapes. It should be highlighted that these landscapes have been shaped, not only by
the existence of the infrastructure, but also through their use, maintenance, and improvement. For example, theKono-mizo Land Improvement District is still actively maintaining the irrigation facilities beyond theadministrative boundaries. This means that these irrigation systems are gradually becoming valued as cultural
heritage that characterizes the areas, rather than just facilities for agricultural production. They even valued
nationally and internationally, as seen in the recent certification by the National Important Cultural Properties(Ariake and Yatsushiro), Important Cultural Landscapes (Amakusa), and the International Commission on
Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Heritage Irrigation Structure (Hyakutaro- and Kono-mizo). In the future, these
locally-focused methods could play a role in promoting “green infrastructure,” including in the context of disasterprevention and mitigation in monsoon Asia in the era of climate change.
Reflecting on rural development in the early modern era and understanding its influence today could be beneficial
for considering the future of locally-oriented rural planning. Japan’s agriculture developed around rice, and thereclamation and improvement of irrigation were major approaches to increasing production. In addition, terraced
field was another major approach in areas with limited flat land, such as islands and mountainous areas. Thus,
further examination of these three cases could inform future rural planning in Japan.

Fig. 1 Land reclamation in Hosokawa

Fig 2. Irrigation canals in Sagara domain

Fig 3. Terraced fields in Amakusa area

Domain (Created using GSI maps)(Created using GSI maps)

in 1947 (Aerial photo by GSI)

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Economic evaluation of Green Infrastructure
at Higashiōmi city, Shiga prefecture.
Michiya Morisaki* ,Tomohiro Ichinose*
1. Introduction

1. Introduction
In recent years, environmental concerns such as global warming and air pollution have been widely taken up
worldwide and at the same time their interest is rising. In Japan, the concept of taking nature as capital and theconcept of green infrastructure, which is multiplied by the growing interest, has attracted attention. In the firstplace, green infrastructure is a concept developed in the latter half of the 1990s in Europe and the United States.
Although there are various definitions of it, "efforts or concepts of social capital development, land utilizationand disaster prevention using nature's forces and mechanisms" is general. In Japan as well, it is used in"government planning plan" etc. in the government plan in 2015, and it is getting more general.
In addition, Eco-DRR, which is one of the functions of the green infrastructure, has also garnered worldwide
attention. This is a generic term for functions that mitigate the risk of people and their property being put at
risk by preventing disasters and acting as a buffer zone for the impact from disasters. In response tounprecedented natural disasters frequently occurring due to climate change, there is also pointed out that green
infrastructure is superior to gray infrastructure such as embankment in terms of its disaster reduction function
and maintenance and maintenance expenses. In Japan, with her declining population, various discussions arealso being done on land use laws to minimize disaster damage.
From the background as described above, the green infrastructure has attracted attention. However, theeconomic evaluation of green infrastructure has not been done much in Japan yet.
In this research, we will focus on Higashiōmi City in Shiga prefecture where floods occur frequently. Based on
the concept of Eco Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR), we calculate the reduction rate of the damage caused bydisasters when developing the green infrastructure in affected areas. In addition, we evaluate the reduction rateof disaster damage when people living in a high- risk areas migrate to areas with less disaster risk.

2. Methods
Regarding the survey method, we start from creating a habitat map, a hazard map, and a population forecast
map on a mesh basis. First, we will prepare a Habitat Map (Land Use Map) for each age of Higashiōmi City
based on an older topographic map and the vegetation map of the Ministry of the Environment to clarify the*Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance-43-

transition of its Habitat type (usage method). Also, for the Habitat in the hazard area, we will apply the same
work using flood area and hazard map etc.
Then, we will combine them with figures of population estimation to infer the mesh where the hazard potential
is high but the population is densely populated in the future. By doing so, we will know the mesh that will suffer
damage in the future, so we will be able to create a Habitat map that can minimize the amount of disasterdamage.
Also, in Shiga prefecture, since three kinds of maximum flooding depth data of flooding are indicated byprobability for 10, 100 and 200 years, respectively, we can know changes types of hazard change by probability.

3. Expected results
Our hypothesis for this research is that the amount of disaster damage decreases in Higashiōmi City byintroducing measures of green infrastructure instead of gray types. It is expected that this will be possible bysetting the indicator of whether land use is appropriate based on the amount of disaster damage. Also, it isexpected that comparison with gray infrastructure can be done on the basis of damage amount.
In addition, establishing this economic evaluation method increases the possibility that green infrastructure isactually used. If so, even if an unprecedented disaster occurs, the scope of its impact will be small.
Acknowledgements:
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (4-1505) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature (RIHN: a constituent member of NIHU) Project No. 14200103.
References:
1)Takaaki Nishida (2016) Regional creation with green infrastructure. Financial and financial business,14-18.
2)Takaaki Nishida et al. (2014) Trends and Issues in Economic Evaluation of Value by Natural Capital, Policy and Management
Research vol.3,51-64.
3)Tomohiro Ichinose (2016) SFC journal, vol16.
4)Takaaki Nishida et al. (2015) Toward the development of green infrastructure in our country, Policy and Management Research
vol.1,46-55.
5)Ayumi Ohnuma (2017) Economic aspects of ecosystem infrastructure, unpublished6)Kentaro Taki et al. (2010) Design of flood disaster-reduction system in a floodplan of small-medium sized rivers, River technicalpapers, vol.16.
7)Wang et al. (2017) Eco-DRR evaluation in Mikata Lake, Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance, master’s
thesis, unpublished.
8)Tomohiro Ichinose (2015) Disaster risk reduction based on green infrastructure in rural landscapes of Japan amid population
decline, Rural Planning Society,Vol.34, No.3.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

A Study of Intention of Migration based on the Regional View
Assuming Nankai Mega-thrust Earthquakes
Focusing on the Regional View about Safety and Resilience

Ryohei YAMASHITA＊

1. Background of study and data collection 1)
In the process of restoration following the damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, Kumamoto
Earthquake and other disasters, a rapid population shift was observed. Consequently, in this study, the effect of therisk of Nankai mega-thrust earthquakes was investigated. These disasters related to population shift, with the
Pacific coast area of Japan as a hypocenter, are expected to occur within every ten years. In particular, the effect ofresidents’ recognition of an area, from the perspective of safety and resilience on their intention of migration basedon the risk of earthquakes, was explored in this study. An online survey was conducted in October 2015 and 6,300
persons (approximately) living in areas located from Kochi to Kanagawa Prefectures responded (Fig. 1). The
following basic information was included in the survey: age, gender, occupation, family composition, householdincome, and accommodation as well as details. This is presented in Table 1.

Total number of respondents by prefectures
No.

Prefecture The number of respondents Total population (2015)①

Kanagawa

919

8,792,000②

Shizuoka903

3,792,000

③

Aichi

916

7,255,000

④

Mie

899

1,867,000⑤

Wakayama

896

1,036,000⑥

Tokushima

895

810,000

⑦

Kochi

868

796,000

①
④
⑦

⑥

③

②

⑤

Fig. 1 Questionnaire survey form’s distribution areas
2. Results and Discussion
Logistic regression analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the survey. Subsequently, therelationship between intention to migrate and the individual view was evaluated statistically. In Table 2, some of
the attributes of the respondents are presented.
As to another data except in Table 2, personal attribute information such as household income and family
composition, statistical data on the geographical characteristics of the place of residence were collected and used foranalysis.
* Faculty of Bio-resources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University-45-

Table 1No

Analysis questions and options

Questions

Options

Do you think that a massive earthquake, which made the1: I certainly think so, 2: I do not understand,① coast of the Pacific Ocean the hypocenter, will affect your
3: I do not think sofuture?
When the massive earthquake occurs, did you think it will 1:It is serious … I must take refuge, 2: There② influence the area you live in and the environment where will be damage for a while, 3: the damage is
you live now?
not serious, and 4: I do not understand③

1: There is a high probability I will become
Do you become a stranded commuter when disasters such as
stranded, 2: I may become stranded, and 3: Ia massive earthquake occur?
definitely will not become stranded④

In general, do you feel safer in a city or rural area when 1: City area, 2: Rural area, and 3: I do not
faced with the possibility of a massive earthquake?
understandWhen damage caused by an earthquake causes confusion, do
1: City area, 2: Rural area, and 3: I do not⑤ you think it is better to remain in a city or rural area until
understandthe affected area has been restored village area?
1: I inquire concretely. (I already emigrated
Are you considering change of a place of residence for theactually for the purpose of disaster⑥ purpose of keeping the safety and property of the body
prevention), 2: I examine a few. And, 3: I do
supposing the risk of a huge earthquake disaster?
not inquire at all.

The results are summarized as follows.
Table 2 Age and gender distribution of respondents①: Elderly people tended to think that “urban
areas are safer” when comparing urban areas
Age/Sex
Male
Femaleand rural areas. On the contrary, the tendency
Under 29
193
737
not to consider urban areas safe was perceived
30 ~ 39496
1,072
by people who realized that there is a high40 ~ 49791
874
probability that they would become homerefugees when the disaster occurred. Most of
50 ~ 59758
503
the respondents resided in areas with a highOver 60
607
264
population density and had relatively highhousehold incomes.
②: The tendency to think that rural areas were safer was found in people living in areas with a relatively highpopulation density. On the other hand, people who lived far away from the coastline, relatively older people andmen tended to perceive that rural areas were not safe.
③: A comparison in this study between urban and rural areas could not determine that a tendency to think thaturban areas were more resilient. The tendency not to think that urban areas were more resilient is seen inpeople who were aware that enormous damage would occur when a huge earthquake occurs.
④: The tendency to think that rural areas are more robust was found in people who lived in areas with a highpopulation density or who had a clear view of accidents as a result of massive earthquakes. In contrast, there
was a tendency for men to think that rural areas were not resilient.
⑤: In this study, it was confirmed statistically that these regional views to think that 1) urban areas are considered
to be safe and 2) urban areas or rural areas are regarded as resilient, influence a consideration of emigration.
And then, a regional view that rural mountainous areas were considered safe did not significantly affect theintention to migrate.
Note
1)This research was conducted with the support of JSPS KAKENHI (24248039, 15H05630). This report is being revised and isbased on a paper (In Japanese) published in Rural Planning Society Journal Vol. 36, No. 3 issue.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Investigations on farmland and agricultural facilities
damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

Mizuki HIRA＊

1. Outlines of Kumamoto Earthquakes
Magnitude 6.5 earthquake occurred at the epicenter of Kumamoto district on April 14, 2016 at 21:26 p.m. And,
more than M7.4 earthquake followed on April 16, 2016 at 1:25 a.m. There were registered more than 5 degrees on
the Japanese scale in Kumamoto, Ohita, Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki and Miyazaki Prefecture. Though there wereapproximately 2,000 times aftershocks after that two big earthquakes by Meteorological Observatory, the refuge
term from earthquakes took so long. The seismic epicenter (hypocenter) seemed to be moved Futagawa rift and
Hinagu rift. The Administration in Japan admitted as a great loss disaster area by the Disaster Relief Act on April
25. Now, many supports for these disasters are continued by lots of people in Kumamoto Prefecture. The results areshown in the following section, which based on both the field investigations and reports by Agriculture, forestry
and fishery department, Kumamoto Prefecture on April 23 and September 2.
2. Damages of Farmland and Agricultural facilities
The amount of damage are estimated approximately 148.7 billion yen on Agriculture, forestry and fishery
relations. Maximum amount of damage was registered since the attack by Typhoon 18, 1999 (80 billons yen). The
detail were shown that 104.8 billion yen on Agriculture, 40.6 billion yen on forestry and 3.3 billons yen on fishery.
Numbers and the amount of damage of farmland and agricultural facilities are shown in Table 1.There were somany damages for facilities for livestock, apparatus for agriculture, and cooperative barns and so on in Aso district
especially.
On farmland damage relations, it was shown in photos, liquefaction in paddy field (Photo 1), collapse of slopes,
rifts and cracks of ground(Photos 2 and 3), fall-down of paddy wall(Photo 4) , settlement and swell of ground, andgrass in pasture. Besides, on agricultural facilities, collapses of embankments and cracks of reservoir (Photos 5 andTable 1 Number of damages and the amount of damages (reference Kumamoto Pref.)Kumamoto Earthquake
Numberbillions yen
Remarks(September.5 2016)
Farmland

Paddy field

767.4

21.8

Upland field

349.8

5.4

1,117.2

27.2

Agricultural

497.0

39.2

Facilities for life

0.3

0.3

Coast line

7.0

3.5

504.3

43.0

1,621.5

70.2

Subtotal

Agricultural
facilities（Number）

Subtotal
Farmland and Agricultural facilities
Total*Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University.

-47-

Collapse of slope, rifts
Cracks, liquefaction
pastures
Reservoir, Irrigation
conduits and drainages,
Agricultural roads
Drainage facility
Embankments of cost line
and slopes

Estimated Amounts6), settlement of road (Kumamoto-shi and Mashiki-cho) cracks of road (Uki-shi), damages of Agricultural roads
were reported in Mashiki-cho, Mifune-cho and Kousa-cho etc.
In Kumamoto Prefecture, as the countermeasure against the following disasters, the protection of collapsed
embankment by blue sheets, discharge by temporary pumps and observation of danger places using the live cameracontinuously were executed. And urge to supports for restart and the continuation in agriculture were supported.
In addition to that, there were the supports of their farmer’s own activities and urgent procedure of agricultural
water facility for rice crop, secure of alternative water resources, supports of crop conversion.
The constructions in farmland and agricultural facilities are planned to retrieve until 2018. In spite of theretrieves for the original state, it is very important to construct the ground as a large piece of land in the future forconcentrating farmlands. Furthermore, the project should be executed under the mutual agreements of people’s
opinions for completion of objectives in these regions.

Photo 1. Trace of liquefaction (Minami Aso).

Photo 2. Rifts in wheat field (Mashiki)

Photo 3. Rifts in cabbage field (Mashiki)

Photo 4. Fall-down of paddy wall

Photo 5. Cracks of reservoir (Ohzu)

Photo 5. Collapse of reservoir (Nishihara)

References:
1) R. Kobayashi, T. Jitosono and M. Hira, Investigations and research on Kumamoto Earthquakes in 2016, Annual Report by
Research and Education Center for Natural Hazards,35-40(in Japanese).

-48-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

A Study on the Conditions and Disaster Responses of Schools in
Iwaizumi Town During Typhoon 10 (2016)

Yoshihiro KIKUCHI＊ and Shinya MORIMOTO＊＊

1. Introduction
On August 30, 2016, Typhoon 10 approached Tohoku District, greatly changing its course and making landfall
near Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture. This large-scale typhoon brought record heavy rainfall in Iwate and Hokkaido
and both areas suffered serious damage. The authors have conducted a survey on the actions undertaken byschools at the time of Typhoon 10 in Iwaizumi Town, in cooperation with the Iwate Prefectural Board of Educationand the Iwaizumi Town Board of Education. The purpose of this study report is to analyze the disaster response ofschools through focused case studies.
2. Method
The aim of the survey is to record the measures taken by schools during Typhoon 10. Also, survey members tried
making the document applicable for future disaster responses based on the findings. The survey period is between
November and December 2016. The subjects of the hearing survey include the principals or vice-principals of
elementary schools, junior high schools, and a high school in Iwaizumi Town. There are 16 schools in total.
Results(1) Case of School K

Response on the day before the disaster
August 29, 2016: The staff of K school examined measures preceding Typhoon 10 and decided to take action toaddress the situation while monitoring it closely. Until the morning of August 30, it had not rained much.

Response on the day of the outbreak
Morning of August 30, 2016: The school shortened the school hour, fed the children early lunch, and decided to letthem go home. The school contacted the guardians in the morning. Also, the school staff communicated the special
schedule to the school bus driver.
Evening and night of August 30, 2016: The road in front of the school flooded with water before 18:00, and thevolume of water increased steadily. Although it stopped raining after 20:00, the flood situation did not readily settle.
The school was not designated as a shelter, and so nobody was evacuated that night.

Response following the first day
August 31, 2016: Communication and transportation were hit, and public housing for teachers was damaged.
Therefore, teachers made posters informing of the school’s closure. In addition, the staff of the school made a safety
confirmation list and walked through the neighborhood in the morning to confirm student safety. The road was
isolated and in a state of disuse. The bridge was clogged with driftwood, and traffic movement was difficult.
September 1-2, 2016: The roads were partially opened, making movement by car possible, and school staff
started commuting as well. All families were confirmed as safe on September 2. After that, teachers gave
homework to children and considered the curriculum until the school reopened.
(2) Case of School L

Response on the day before the disaster
August 29, 2016: The administrators of the school decided to close the school the next day at about 15:00. They
handed an information document detailing the school’s closure and let the children go home. This was* Graduate School of Regional Resource Management, University of Hyogo** Graduate School of Education, and Research Center for Regional Disaster Management, Iwate University-49-communicated to the guardians by email beforehand.

Response on the day of the outbreak
The school staff went to work as usual, but the principal appealed to them to go home early. However, several
staff members worked the regular hours. It is considered that the clock-out time coincided with the time the windand rain were at its strongest.

Response following the first day
August 31, 2016: The school landline and many cell phones were cut off, and the situation of the staff could not beeasily confirmed. The school staff that commuted went to see the state of the area.
September 1-2, 2016: The school staff attended work on September 1, and shared information on traffic
movement. They were able to assess the state of the school district from around September 2 and confirmed thesafety of all children at this point in time.
(3) Case of School P

Response on the day before the disaster
August 28, 2016: The school principal assumed correspondence with regard to the typhoon attack a week prior to
the damage. The route of the approaching typhoon, by the Meteorological Agency, showed the risk of a direct hit.
August 29, 2016: To ensure the safety of the children, they decided to temporarily close the school the next day.
Each class teacher explained preparations for seeking refuge, and necessary actions in case of an emergency, tochildren in the homeroom. Absentees were contacted on the telephone.

Response on the day of the outbreak
The administrator urged the staff members of the school who must prepare for the typhoon for their families totake their annual leave. Particularly, those who commuted from distant places returned home early. Then, items at
a risk of breaking due to strong winds were put away safely by the staff.

Response following the first day
August 31, 2016: The school staff confirmed the safety of the children. In addition, they confirmed the damage
conditions and communicated the school’s closure for a week. About half the children obtained the information.
September 1-2, 2016: The school revealed that it would stay closed until September 7 and arranged an
attendance shift for the staff. They visited shelters in the town block and the workplace of guardians on September
2 and confirmed the safety of all children. Also, school support supplies were provided to the children.
4. Discussion
The survey clarified the acquisition method of disaster information, closure timing of schools, safety of the schoolstaff, communication method at the time of the blackout, correspondence at the time the school became a shelter,and early reopening of the class and routine provision of school-provided lunch. Moreover, Typhoons 12 and 13
came in close succession at the beginning of September 2016. Therefore, the stricken area was put in a situation
where it had to prepare for the next typhoon without being fully restored. Stakeholders of the disaster response
have to assume a case of multiple disasters and develop the action plan in advance. Furthermore, this survey was
carried out for introducing the Timeline to examine the action plan for disaster prevention before the disasterstruck. For the reconstruction of the community based on disaster mitigation, it is believed that the Timeline
method of disaster response will spread steadily.
5. Conclusion
Among schools surveyed by the authors, two schools were consolidated with other schools and shut down inMarch 2017. On the day of the disaster, both these schools received requests by the local inhabitants to become ashelter. The facilities of the school remained in those areas, but their functions disappeared. Local inhabitants andpublic institutions need to consider countermeasures for similar disasters. The coast of Iwate was hit by a disasteragain before it could recover from the damage of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Based on interviews with theschools, the weakness of the area was further highlighted. Moreover, the potential of disaster response in the ruralarea was observed, for example, through management of shelters in cooperation with the community.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank survey members Y. Sawaguchi and K. Nakajima. We are also grateful to theschools and associated organizations that cooperated with the survey.

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2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Revival of Rural Traditional EventOYAMA- SANKEI (Holy Mountain Visit) of T Community Association

Hiroyuki FUJISAKI＊

1. OYAMA-SANKEIOYAMA-SANKEI( お 山 参 詣 ) is the Autumn’s mostsignificant event of TSUGARU Region, at the northern endof Main Island, Japan. Each rural community’s residents
visit the holy IWAKI Mountain in groups on the 1st Augustin the old calendar. Dozens of residents walk in procession
from their village to the mountain and pray for a plentiful
harvest and the safety of their family.The procession consistsof the leader, the mark flag, the offerings, GOHEI(the stickwith wood shavings ), the big flag, and the musicalaccompaniment band. Like so many other traditional events,
the number of visiting community is decreasing.

Photo 1 Procession of OYAMA-SANKEI

2. Progress of revival of OYAMA-SANKEI of T community
association
T community association resurrected OYAMA-SANKEI for the
first time in 65 years. T community is located in the suburbs of
HIROSAKI City, has 187 households, 536 persons, has T
TSUGARU Lion Dance Preservation Party, and carries out
NEPUTA ( Big Lantern Festival ).
The president of T community association had once experienced
OYAMA-SANKEI in childhood and wanted to revive it and made it
the pride of T-community as well as Lion Dance and NEPUTA. He
explained his hope to the members of the board of the community
association. In January 2012, .the application for HIROSAKI-City’s
grant to revive OYAMA-SANKEI was approved at the general
meeting of T community association unanimously. After the city
grant was approved, T community association organized eight
Photo 2 OHATA-AGE (Hoist Big Flag)
working groups and prepared the OYAMA-SANKEI in referring toin front of the IAWAKIYAMA Shrine
the community member’s old materials. One group preparedvarious goods while another group considered the staff allocation. Fortunately, T TSUGARU Lion Dance
Preservation Party inherited TOZAN-BAYASHI ( musical accompaniments of OYAMA-SANEI ). Most of the
preparation was made by T community members only, but about making GOHEI carpenters of T community
gained some technical advises of other community’s carpenter. Finally, in August 2012, about 100 community
members joined OYAMA-SANKEI. Moreover, in 2013, about 90 community members did.
3.Community members attitude towards OYAMA-SANKEI
We distributed questionnaires to 150 households, through the members of the board of the community*Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, HIROSAKI University-51-

association, and had 138 questionnaires returned by post in January 2014. 57% of respondents were male, and12.5% was under 40 years old, 16.9% was in the 40’s, 17.6% was in the 50’s, 29.4% was in the 60’s, and 23.5% wasover 70 years old. About occupations, 48.5% was agriculture, and 14.7% was an office worker.
About the participation experience of OYAMA-SANKEI of other community before the revival of T community’s,
50.4% was never. However, about the participation experience of OYAMA-SANKEI of T community, none was only
12.6%, 36.3% was both years, 48.9% was one year.
Table 1 shows effects on participants themselves. Respondents answered in 4 levels (+3 yes, +1 a little, -1 little, -3no). The figures are the average value. The sense of solidarity and attachment to T community were higher thanthemselves pleasure. Moreover, the more participation experience, the more effects, and Future participation
intention.
About the participation fee, the most answer was 61.3% in about 3,000yen. The answer in 5,000yen was 33.1%.
About the future frequency of OYAMA-SANKEI, the most answer was 51.1% in every 4 to 5 years.
About the future difficulties of OYAMA-SANKEI, in descending order, inheritance of skills, to secure leaders,fund-raising, and to secure staffs were.
Table 1 Effects on Participants Themselves (+3 yes to -3 no )participation

both
year

one
year

none

getting along with participants

2.57

2.40

2.00

companion spirit

2.28

2.01

1.25

attachment to K community

2.41

2.04

1.38

cherishing tradition

2.32

2.10

1.25

getting pleasure

1.63

0.79

-0.13

blessings of the holy mountain

1.04

-0.13

-0.75

future participation intention

1.68

1.16

0.18

4.Operating costs of OYAMA-SANKEI of T community association
Table 2 shows the operating costs of OYAMA-SANKEI. In 2012, since OYAMA-SANKEI of T community was held
for the first time in 65 years, too many donations gathered. So, supplies expenses increased due mainly to food andbeverage expenses. In 2013, since long-use implements were not necessary to buy, implements cost sharply
decreased, and donations decreased.
It is not preferable to rely on city’s grant. So we make two proposals. According to the 2012 budget, the supplies
estimate 720 thousand yen. In case of the proposal A, the participation fee is fixed. Increasing the donations isnecessary. However, the donations were decreasing. So, in the proposal B, participation fee needs to be raised to5,000yen.
Table 2 Operating Costs (thousand yen)expenses

proposal
B

106

100

100

390

318

300

500

919

339

450

250

500

489

350

0

0

530

530

50

30

30

1,268

957

720

720

2012
accounts

120

130

participation fee

360

donations390

city’s grant

implements

supplies

720

participants*

incomeproposalA

2012budgetyear

2013* include other community member

References:
1) SHINAGAWA Yachie:”IWAKI-YAMA(Holy IWAKI Mountain),”TO-ONIPPO,1968-52-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

State and Improvement of Legal System of Rural Disaster in Korea

YoungKune Lee*, Miri Park**, Minho Baek***

1. Introduction
Rural Society generally refers to areas, villages, or farmhouses where most of the inhabitants make farming. In
order to lead agriculture has the form of colonies constituting scattered farms or farmhouses because large land is needed relatively. The large scale and complex damage has been increasing due to a number of related disasters. Especially disaster management in Korea is organized around cities. There is a different characteristic suchas urban, social, environmental each other in rural areas. Therefore, disaster management system that reflects the characteristics is needed. Recently, Korea is promoting the capacity and responsibility of disaster response by local government as one of the national safety management promotion strategies. Although there is the difference of specificity and uniqueness of region between rural areas and cities, rural areas are not institutionally considered. This study is to analyze and problem Korean legislation on disasters in rural
areas and to identify problems. In addition, we identified the problems of the legal system so that we could cope with disaster more effectively and actively in rural areas and searched for solutions.
2. Body
Korea's disaster management law began in 1967 with the enactment of the Flood Hazard Countermeasures Act.
The Act provided systematic prevention of disasters, such as prevention of disasters, prevention of disasters,
emergency preparedness and restoration. The accident beyond natural disasters was prepared according to
instructions. The collapse of the West Sea in 1993, the collapse of Seongsu Bridge in 1994, and the collapse of the
Sampoong Department Store in 1995 led to a 『 Disaster Control Act 』 in 1995. The Act was enacted for the
purpose of establishing a disaster management system for national and local governments and responding to humandisasters and social disasters. The 『 Flood Hazard Countermeasures Act 』was amended as a 『 Countermeasuresagainst Natural Disaster Act 』for the purpose of integrating the natural disasters of natural disasters. Korea
operated a management system by separating natural disasters and social disasters. In the 2000’s, 『 Framework
Act on the management of disaster and safety 』was enacted to unify human disasters, social disasters and natural
disasters. Since 2010, the nation has enacted national disaster management standards and redefined the concept ofdisaster.
The definition of rural farming communities in Korea is specific to the 『 Framework Act on Agriculture, Fishingand Food Industry』. The definition of rural communities in Korea is stipulated in the 『 Framework Act on
Agriculture, Rural and Food Industry』. According to Article 3 of the Act, the rural area is designated as the area
designated by the Agriculture and Fishery Ministry in consideration of local agriculture, agriculture, farming andfishing areas, agricultural and fisheries fields and living conditions. The law defines the same definitions in relation torural villages. In Korea, the rural areas are classified as spatial and township segments, not reflecting the regional properties ofrural areas. In addition, it was divided into administrative and political procedures as part of the Rural Development Policy.
In contrast, the concept of farming in Japan is clearly defined in Japan's legislation. This is attributable
to the unique nature of farming and farming villages.
According to Article 5 of the Food and Agriculture Community Act, the Rural Community serves as a place where local residents serve as the basis for sustainable development of agriculture, and the provision of food and other agricultural and other agricultural functions. The rural laws of rural areas include the*Disaster Management Research Center Manager** Disaster Management Research Center Manager*** Kangwon National University, Dean of Dept. Fire and Disaster Prevention Professor-53-development of farming villages and the development of rural areas. This is because many rural areas, including
countermeasures against disasters, tend to focus on development policies. Aside from some studies, these flows continue toexist without any problems. This is a major reason why the state of the rural areas of the countryside is losing its purpose.
Disaster management focused on restoration about agricultural and fishery disaster is only are scribed through 『Act on theprevention of and countermeasures against agricultural and fishery disasters』and 『Agricultural and Fishery Disaster
Insurance Act』. It could occur that relatively poor rural areas do not receive sufficient financial supports because the financial
support index of disaster recovery is determined based on the financial strength index. Therefore, the national system forrural areas where have occurred disaster is insufficient, it is urged to establish the system suitable for agriculture.
3. Conclusion

Although basic law of fishing villages was enacted to distinguish between rural and fishing, the definition and purpose ofexisting ordinance remain unchanged. It is desirable to improve to the rural specific laws considering characteristic of rural
areas in the future. It is also important to consider the unity of the law and the compatibility with other laws and to reflect
the regional, cultural and social characteristics of rural areas. There is a problem that the protracted experience periods ofdisaster due to extend over a long period of time of handling with damage in rural supporting system of natural disaster.
Therefore, to seek countermeasures to reduce the indirect damage in the disaster area residents are preferred.
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology
Development (Project No. Pj0108732017 )", Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea and "Research Program for
Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. Pj010873022017)", National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural
Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
References
1)

Changyeol Lee, Taehwan Kim, Giljoo Park(2014). “A Study of the Integration of the Distributed Disaster Resources.” Vol.10
No.2, pp.304-311

2)

DukByeong Park, Hyehyun Lee(2004). “The Direction of Rural Development Policy and Rural Governance for Endogenous
Development in an Age of Devolution in Korea.” The Journal of Rural Society 14(2), pp.47-107

3)

Federal Emergency Management Agency(2007). Mitigation of the Rural Fire Problem.

4)

Sungje Park, YoungKune Lee, Sisang Ryu(2015). “Analysis of Principle of Law of the Disaster of Rural Region in Korea
Legislation”, Journal of Korea Society of Disaster Information, Vol.11 No.3, pp.413-420-54-

2017 Japan-Korea Rural Planning Seminar

Field Study and Development of a Water Harvesting System for Water
Scarcity in Small Upland Farm

Youngjin KIM＊, Yonghun CHOI＊,
Minyoung KIM＊, Jonggil JEON＊

1. Introduction
Korea has been damaged in agriculture production in almost every 2-year for last 10 years. The reason of thatcan be appointed of rainfall pattern exchange and upland area promotion. Even though the annual total
precipitation is increasing, the drought damages production of vegetables and crops in upland farm. Most of
Korean dry field, its area under 1 ha is hard to be irrigated from large reservoir and water channel networks. The
purpose of this study is to develop a water harvesting system capable of collecting rainwater efficiently in small
stream channel of 1~2m, that can be helpful to irrigate small upland field of 1,000 m2 area. The system is consistedwith a catchment device and a storage equipment (Figure 1). Furthermore, this water harvesting system operationand effect were tested in a field farm (Figure 2).
.
2. Material and method
The rainwater catchment device has cylindrical shape of 150 mm diameter and 700mm length that has slits on
its side designed to take water flow, which is a part of a water harvesting system for hill side slope terrain (Figure3). This stainless steel device can ensure strong and non-corrosion of exterior shocks, Slit on its surface canseparate large amounts of suspended solids, such as leaves of water flowing through the capillary system. A filter
media was inserted into the size of the house by a size of 120cm × 50 cm. The maximum intake flow was analyzed
in the test channel (Figure 4). This catchment device was installed in natural small channel, and its flow wasmonitored with cumulative water meter. The real time runoff flow was measured with V-notch flume and floatingwater level sensor in real time.
3. Result and discussion
The maximum intake flow was analysed in the test of changing the flow rate and the water level. The total flowrate was varied from 143.4 L /min to 263.5 L/min at 489.4 l / min, while varying the water level from 5 to 30 cm ateach specific flow rate. The curves in Figure 5 show that the amount of collecting flow increases as the flow rate
and water level increase. The maximum collecting flow of the device is 142 L/min. The devices were installed at two
points of mountain small stream for field performance analysis. Point 1 is to rainfall runoff flow. Point 2 is toordinary runoff. Total rainfall depth for this study was 334.5 mm. Total runoff flow of 1,722 ton and 7,984 ton
occurred in point 1 and point 2, then 273 ton and 125 ton were collected by this rainwater catchment device (Figure6). It was possible to 30 ton/month of rainwater harvesting and it is expected that it will help to solve short-termwater shortage. In this study, a water harvesting system was developed in order to take rainwater runoff for
irrigation purposes, and assess the site applicability of rainwater catchment units. Average monthly total flow rateof rainwater collected through catchment units is 30 tons, and is expected to be utilized for irrigation water toeliminate short-term water shortages in a field of roughly 10 area. The catchment ratio to runoff flow is less than
20 %, which means that periodic maintenance is required for eliminating the removal of dried dwellings andremoving deposits of sedimentary sediments. This water harvesting system can catch 5 tons of water from 1 mm
rainfall depth on 1 ha area.
*Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Republic of Korea-55-

Figure 1. Scheme of Water harvesting system

Figure 2. Water harvesting system in field test

Figure 3. Rainwater catchment device

Figure 4. The test channel diagram

Figure 5. Water intake flow of rainwater catchment device in test

Figure 6. Water intake flow of rainwater catchment device in field
References
1)Youngjin Kim 2017 The Hydraulic Efficiency Test of Catchment Equipments of Water Harvesting in Small Stream Channel for
Upland Irrigation. 2017 WATER KOREA, KSWW, pp. 445-446
2)Kim Youngjin 2014 Survey on the water consumption in dry-field farming, RNB0003604, National Academy of Agricultural
Science. Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
3)Hong-Sang Kim 2014 Measures to Expand the Improvement of Dry-field Farming Infrastructures, Korea Rural Economic
Institute. NaJu, Jeollanam-do, Korea.

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