2019 East Asian Junior Workshop
August 19-22

Venue:
Kyoto University, Graduate School of Letters,
Department of Sociology, Conference Room 6

Cosponsors:
Department of Sociology, Kyoto University, Japan
Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Department of Sociology, Seoul National University, Korea
Kyoto University Asian Studies Unit

Table of Contents

PROGRAM ...............................................................................................2
LOGISTICS ................................................................................................7
ABSTRACTS ............................................................................................ 10
SESSION 1: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INTERGENERATIONALRELATIONS .................................................................................. 10
SESSION 2: POPULATION MANAGEMENT ................................... 15
SESSION 3: YOUNG GENERATIONS IN EAST ASIA ......................... 20
SESSION 4: GENDER AND SEXUALITY (1) ..................................... 25
SESSION 5: ETHNICITY AND (RE)RACIALIZATION (1) .................... 29
SESSION 6: ETHNICITY AND (RE)RACIALIZATION (2) .................... 34
SESSION 7: WORK, PROFESSIONS & SOCIAL EXCLUSION ............. 39
SESSION 8: GENDER AND SEXUALITY (2) ..................................... 44
KYOTO TOUR ......................................................................................... 48
TOUR 1: HOMELESS PEOPLE IN JAPAN ........................................ 48
TOUR 2: ETHNICAL ISSUES IN JAPAN ........................................... 51
TOUR 3: GENDER ISSUES IN JAPAN ............................................. 60
TOUR 4: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN JAPAN ................................. 62
PARTICIPANTS........................................................................................ 67

1

PROGRAMDay 1 Field Trip I
August 19 (Monday)
09:00-09:15 Orientation @Kyoto University, Graduate School of Letters
Tour 1: Homeless People in Japan
09:15-11:45

Big Issue Japan @Kyoto University
Lecturer: 3 members from Big Issue

11:45-12:30 Lunch TimeTour 2: Ethnical Issues in Japan
14:30-16:30

Japanese Filipino children @Kasugaoka Junior High School
Lecturer: Ms NAKAYAMA Mikiko

17:30-18:00 Visit to Kyoto Animation
18:00-19:00 Korean Community in Higashi Kujo
19:00

Dinner (Korean restaurant @Higashi Kujo)

Day 2 Field Trip II
August 20 (Tuesday)
10:00-10:15 Orientation
Tour 3: Gender Issues in Japan
10:15-11:30

Tsunagary Café @Kyoto University
Lecturer: Mr SAKABE Sumito (Tsunagary Café)

11:30-12:30 Issues between Korea and Japan @Kyoto University
Tour 4: Social Stratification in Japan
12:30-14:00 Lunch and Demachi Market (Tamako Market)
14:30-16:30 Museum of Outcast People, Tsuratti Senbon
17:00

Free timeDay 3 East Asia Junior Workshop, Day I
August 21 (Wednesday), Graduate School of Letters, Conference Room 62

09:00-09:10

Welcome Remark

09:10-09:20

Opening Remark by Professors from Kyoto University

Session 1: Social Stratification & Intergenerational Relations
Chair: SU Kuo-Hsien
YUN Sodam (KU), A Study on the Social Factors for “Aging in Place”:
focusing on urban areas in Korea and Japan
HSIEH Yu-Hsiu (NTU/KU), Class Divide Inside Family: Communication
and Negotiation between First-Generation College Graduates and Their
09:10-10:40

Parents
LIN Yu-Shu (NTU), The effect of age, years of schooling andsocioeconomic status on the trust in judges: A Comparative Study of
Taiwan and China
YANG Michael Yung-Chang (NTU), The Wounded Caregiver: Suffering,Tenderness and Self-Identity among Depressed NTU Students
Break Time

Session 2: Population Management
Chair: HEIM Stephane
LEE Won Kyoo & TAE Choyoung (SNU), Inequality Forged byGovernment: Past, Present and Future of Strategic Villages
10:50-12:20

HSU Li (NTU), An Explanation of Newborn Screening Policy in Taiwan
IMAOKA Tetsuya (KU), Living in Shibazono Housing Complex
SONG Inhak (SNU), Environmental Inequality in Northeast Asia causedby fine dust
Lunch BreakSession 3: Young Generations in East Asia
Chair: JUNG Keun Sik
LEE Chiao-Yu (NTU), Where Do I Belong? The Orientation Camp as a
Sorting Hat to Social Circle
13:30-15:00

PARK Jimin & CHANG Xinrui (SNU), Why is Korea's youth
unemployment rate high? Japan-Korea comparison of youth
unemployment policies
CHEN Yu-Hsin (NTU/KU), A study of “Yànshì”: exploring the3socioeconomic environment and inequalities in contemporary Taiwan fromthe young generation's perspective
CHEN Yen-Ju (NTU), The Meaning and Social Causes of Academically
Elite Student's Sentiments of Disqualification
Break time
Session 4: Gender & Sexuality (1)Chair: BAE Eun-Kyung
CHEN Szu-Hua (NTU), How is Non-Monopolistic Love Possible? The
Entry and Maintenance of Open Relationship
FUKUHARA Ayame (KU), Sexual minorities in Japan
15:10-16:50 JEONG Gyuseong & JO Sihyun (SNU), A Study on the Discrimination in
the Labor Environment of Female Migrant Workers in southwestern Seoul
LIU Cheng-I (NTU), Motherhood Wage Penalty in Fixed Effect Individual
Slopes Model
Break time
Session 5: Ethnicity & (re)racialization (1)Chair: HEIM Stephane
FUKADA Sayaka (KU), Why are some Japanese continuing todiscriminate Korean living in Japan?
OKAMOTO Maari (KU), The (de)construction of social stereotypes: a
17:00-18:30

study of Korean students in Japan
NAKAHARA Akira (KU), Immigrant Children’s Educational Attainment
and Support Condition: Comparison Study of Nagano and Aichi
HSIEH Hsuan-Chan (NTU), Trapped in Vulnerable Internship: The caseof the Southeast Asian students in Taiwan

Day 4 East Asia Junior Workshop, Day I
August 22 (Thursday), Graduate School of Letters, Conference Room 6
Session 6: Ethnicity & (re)racialization (2)Chair: IM Dong Kyun
09:00-10:30

TSAI Curtis (NTU), Constructing Ethnicity in Japan During Colonial
Expansion Period: A Case Study of Colonial Education in Taiwan

4

ITO Kaichi (KU), Foreign Care Workers in Japan and Japanese policy
LIN Po-Chien (NTU), Comparing Englishization Policy of Higher
Education in Japan and Taiwan: 2006-2016
YAMABUCHI Airi (KU), Who are JFC? A life story and the relationshipwith a Japanese father
Break time
Session 7: Work, Professions & Social Exclusion
Chair: KO Jyh-Jer Roger
LEE Suh Kyung (SNU), Analysis of Employment Problems of the Disabled
Due to Employer’s Discrimination- Focusing on the DifferentiatedEmployer Concept according to Employment Intention
HORIKOSHI Kanon (KU), The effectiveness of the human resource
10:40-12:10 development system in Kabuki
TATEISHI Wakana (KU), The situation of Children with developmental
disorders in Kyoto CityYOSHI Tomohiro (KU), Japanese Recent Society and an Example ofTemporary Worker in Japan
Lunch BreakSession 8: Gender & Sexuality (2)Chair: OCHIAI EmikoOOTOMO Aoi (KU), An Analysis of Way of Seeing to Idols-Focusing on a
Case from Female Fans to Male Idols
13:15-14:30

LIN Yu-Chuan (NTU), From Concurrence To Convergence: The Historical
Development and Transition of Gender Clubs of National Taiwan University
LIN Liang-Ying (NTU), Liberation of Body Knowledge：Practice of Sport
Science in Athletic Class in Taiwan
Break time

15:00-18:30
15:00-15:10
15:10-16:10

East Asia Sociology Workshop
Opening remarks by OCHIAI Emiko（落合恵美子）(Professor, Kyoto University & Director, Kyoto University Asian Studies Unit)

Panel 1. Social Stratification and Mobility in East Asia
Presentations (45 mins)5-

KO Jyh-Jer Roger 柯志哲 (Prof., National Taiwan University, Dept. ofSociology), Employment Risks in Contemporary Taiwan-

IM Dong-Kyun (Assoc. Prof., Seoul National University, Dept. ofSociology), Revisiting the “Trust Radius” question: Individualism,
Collectivism, and Trust Radius in South Korea-

IWAI Hachiro 岩井八郎 (Prof., Kyoto University, Graduate School of
Education), Standardized Courses of Life and Inequality inContemporary Japan

Panel 2. Social Reproduction, Intimate and Public Spheres in East Asia
Presentations (45 mins)-

OCHIAI Emiko 落合恵美子 (Prof., Kyoto University, Dept. ofSociology), The end of reproductive egalitarianism in the 21st-century

16:20-17:20

Japan: Inequalities in family formation and intimate life-

SU Kuo-Hsien 蘇國賢 (Prof, Taiwan National university, Dept. ofSociology), The Change of Personal Networks in Taiwan: 1997 – 2017-

WANG Anne-Chie 王安琪 (Ph.D Candidate, National Taiwan
University, Dept. of Sociology), Brokering Good Death: Medicalizationof Dying in Taiwan

Panel 3. Social Conflicts and Risks in East Asia
Presentations (45 mins)-

JUNG Keun-Sik (Prof., Seoul National University, Dept. of Sociology),
Division Border and Cold War Landscape

17:30-18:30-

KOSUGI Ryoko 小杉亮子 (Postdoctoral Researcher, Kyoto University,
Dept. of Sociology), Higher Education as a Site of Conflict inModernization: A Case Study of the Student Activism in the ‘60s Japan-

KONG Joon Hwan (PhD. Candidate, Seoul National University, Dept. ofSociology), Decolonization and War Crimes Trials in Liberated Korea

19:00

Farewell Dinner
Kyoto University, Camphora

6

LOGISTICS
Venue:
Conference Room no 6,
Graduate School of Letters Building, Second Floor
Yoshida Main Campus
Kyoto University

Date:
August 19-22, 2019

Cosponsors:
Department of Sociology, Kyoto University, Japan
Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Department of Sociology, Seoul National University, Korea
Kyoto University Asian Studies Unit
Contact:
Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Tel +81-(0)75-753-2806 (Prof Heim’s office)Tel +81-(0)75-753-2758 (Department Office)7

Kansai Intl. Airport to Kyoto Station: JR Airport Express Train “Haruka” (75 min)
Kyoto Station to Kyoto University Main Campus: Bus No. 206 to Kyodai
Seimon-mae bus stop (30 min)8

9

ABSTRACTSSESSION 1:
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND
INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS
Chair: SU Kuo-Hsien
1. YUN Sodam, Kyoto University
A Study on the Social Factors for “Aging in Place”: focusing on urban
areas in Korea and Japan
2. HSIEH Yu-Hsiu, National Taiwan University/Kyoto University
Class Divide Inside Family: Communication and Negotiation between
First-Generation College Graduates and Their Parents
3. LIN Yu-Shu, National Taiwan University
The effect of age, years of schooling and socioeconomic status on thetrust in judges: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and China
4. YANG Michael Yung-Chang, National Taiwan University
The Wounded Caregiver: Suffering, Tenderness and Self-Identity among
Depressed NTU Students

10

A Study on the Social Factors for “Aging in Place”:
focusing on urban areas in Korea and JapanYUN Sodam (Graduate Student, Kyoto University)
In this study, I analyze the social factors that affect the practice of AIP (Aging inPlace) among the elderly living in urban areas in Jung-gu (Daejeon, Korea), Sakyo-ku(Kyoto, Japan) and Kashiba-Shi (Nara-ken, Japan). Although elderly people in bothcountries wish to stay at their home, they could not practice AIP because of thedifferences in terms of welfare policies of the states, and subjective and objective
conditions of individuals. Especially, elderly people living in urban areas with bettersocial infrastructures are socially isolated in the situation of poor communication. To
solve these problems, Korea and Japan have implemented community care policies forpracticing AIP, but there is a great gap between reality and policies. First, in bothcountries, the “sense of community” perceived by the elderly is subjective, and thencannot be easily measured. Some elderly people do not have any special sense of
attachment to the place where they live, even though they have lived for a long time inthe community. Others, however, actively participate into social activities and widen therange of their activities by strengthening their attachment to the community. Second, theelderly in both countries are likely to be forced to practice AIP while they are not eager
doing so, because they have strong consciousness that they do not want to be a burden
on their children. Lastly, a comparison of locals and “incomers” reveals that individual
factors have a greater impact on adaptation to the social environment than residence
period. Therefore, this study provides the clues for practicing AIP by comprehending
the lives of the elderly in urban areas where the elderly escape from social isolation
through social activities.

11Class Divide Inside Family:
Communication and Negotiation between
First-Generation College Graduates and their Parents
HSIEH Yu-Hsiu(Undergraduate Student, Taiwan National University/Kyoto University)
This study aims to understand how, as a first-generation college graduates,
Taiwanese young people get along with their parents who have never been enrolled inuniversity? Confronted with Taiwan’s difficult economic, political, and social situation,
how do the young people negotiate with their parents to alleviate or avoid anxieties? In
the 1990s, the educational reform pushed by NGOs brought about the increase of
numbers of universities, as well as the reforms of college entrance exams which allow
more people to enter into universities. As a consequence, many of the college graduatesin this generation become first-generation college graduates and share little common
understanding with their parents.
Drawing on in-depth interviews with 22 first-generation college graduates in theirlate 20s to early 30s, and 3 of their mothers, I examine the effects of the college degree
as a kind of achieved cultural capital during their family life. The analysis shows thatthe parents lack cultural capital to acquire information, so they are inclined to do'aspirational parenting' instead of concerted cultivation. However, aspirational parenting
turns out to be nagging for the children. The children tap into cultural capital to take twokinds of interactional strategies, which I term as 'distancing strategy' and 'rationalizing
strategy', to negotiate with their parents. However, these interactional strategies tend tobuild up class divides inside the family.

12

The effect of age, years of schoolingand socioeconomic status on the trust in judges:
A Comparative Study of Taiwan and China
LIN Yu-Shu (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
According to 2012 East Asian Social Survey, nearly 80% people in China trust
judges, while Taiwan is only about 40%. We use an interval regression model to explore
how the years of schooling, age, socioeconomic status, and sex affect the trust of judges
in Taiwan and China. The results show that (1) the socioeconomic status has little effecton the trust of judges in the two countries. (2) People who are more educated in Taiwan
will trust judges more, and China is the opposite. Furthermore, the degree of people insame socioeconomic status trust in judges depends on years of schooling. (3) In China,
age and sex have no significant effect. In contrast, men and old people are less likely totrust judges than women and young people in Taiwan. (4) Age has the effect on years ofschooling, and then years of schooling influence the trust in judges. Furthermore, we
also discuss the social and political contexts of these phenomena.

13

The Wounded Caregiver: Suffering, Tenderness andSelf-Identity among Depressed NTU Students
YANG Michael Yung-Chang (Graduate Student, National Taiwan University)
During the mid-2010’s, some students in NTU began identifying themselves asboth victims of mental suffering, mainly depression, and wanting to become gentle,
empathetic caregivers directed to other people in similar suffering. This challenges
traditional “overcome” logics of masculine reactions to injury, and calls for a betterawareness of psychological fragility. Through field observations, text analysis,
interviews and informal conversations, I find these students tend to disclose narrativesof traumatic pasts and everyday struggles during face-to-face dialogues and on social
media. Painful emotional experience becomes the core of self-identity, defining new
boundaries of interpersonal relationships, and calls for interaction styles centering on
empathetic understanding of mental pain. This results in students treating each othertenderly and insightfully, reducing further discomfort and enhancing self-acceptance.
Possible sociological explanations to this phenomenon lies in the combination of trauma
culture and social media giving both voice and space to the exchange of testimonials of
suffering.

14

SESSION 2: POPULATION MANAGEMENT
Chair: HEIM Stephane
1. LEE Won Kyoo, and TAE Choyoung, Seoul National University
Inequality Forged by Government: Past, Present and Future of Strategic
Villages
2. HSU Li, National Taiwan University
An Explanation of Newborn Screening Policy in Taiwan
3. IMAOKA Tetsuya, Kyoto University
Living in Shibazono Housing Complex
4. SONG Inhak, Seoul National University
Environmental Inequality in Northeast Asia caused by fine dust

15

Inequality Forged by Government:
Past, Present and Future of Strategic Villages
LEE Won Kyoo, and TAE Choyoung(Undergraduate Students, Seoul National University)
The real estate market in South Korea has been impacted by a significant rise ininflation. For instance, the total land asset value per GDP in the country has increased
by 409%, while even Japan’s bubble economy has risen by 317%. Also, South Korea’s
proportion of land asset to household assets takes up about 67.8%, one of the highest
national land proportion rates on a global scale.
Here are some insights as to what factors might have contributed to this cause; oneof them is an economic consequence of the South Korean democratization in 1987. In
the late 80’s, the economic boom accelerated the real estate market, fueling an immense
amount of investment into the economy and influencing the real estate prices to increase
rapidly. For example, the overall real estate value soared by 32% between 1989 and1990. The other incident can be attributed to the IMF economic crisis in the late 90s.
Due to an economic crisis in 1997, South Korean society suffered from the effects ofeconomic instability. In order to remedy the crisis, the government attempted to store
capital in relatively risk-free assets. They enacted fiscal policies to invest more in land
assets, creating a new trend, called “jae-tech”(財-tech). Since then, the South Koreanreal estate market has experienced a sharp boom.
Now, the reason why the young generations in Korea experience inequality of thereal estate market is because of the high demand in affordable housing but its limited
supply. Reportedly, more than 80% of South Korean citizens living outside of Seoul are
willing to move to the city, but scarcity in low-cost housing in the city prevents themfrom doing so. Rapid urbanization in the city has attracted numerous job-seekers among
millennials, but thwe city’s shortage of affordable housing is becoming worse over time.
It is projected that the prices of urban housing would increase in the future, making iteven harder for millennials to buy houses in the city.
All in all, the economically active generation during the late 80’s to 90’s had more
opportunities to benefit from the stable real estate market. However, expensive housing
in the nation, especially in the urban area, has remained a severe economic constraint
16

for the younger generations to enjoy their lives. As Millennials in South Korea retract to
own their homes, they pay ever-increasing rent bills and sarcastically joke that
becoming landowners is “a mission impossible.”

An Explanation of Newborn Screening Policy in Taiwan
HSU Li (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
This research examined why the Taiwanese government scaled back the number ofconditions covered by existing newborn screening program in 2005, instead of choosing
as the same model as the US where all states added new conditions. With theintroduction of new technology, the cost of screening decreased dramatically. The
Taiwanese government, however, scaled down some conditions which had been
screened by hospitals since 2000. I argue that the reasons are rooted in the exclusion ofparents’ advocacy groups from the decision-making bodies, on the one hand. On theother hand, Department of Health (DOH) adopted certain doctors to produce a policy
report that set the agenda for further policy discussions. Those doctors were architectsof the newborn caring system and were particularly concerned about the issue of cost, as
the design of the National Health Insurance Program requires the government to cover
the costs of follow-up diagnoses and treatments.

Living in Shibazono Housing Complex
IMAOKA Tetsuya (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
In Kawaguchi, Saitama, which is located within the Tokyo metropolitan area, there
is a housing complex named “Shibazono Housing Complex (芝園団地).” It was built in1978 and there live approximately 4,500 people, and now more than half of theresidents are Chinese, and the number of Chinese-run stores is also increasing. This
presentation is based on an on-going fieldwork research I am conducing there for mygraduation thesis.
17

The sinicization of Shibazono housing complex began in the late 1990’s. There is aclear distinction between Japanese and Chinese residents: while Japanese residents areold, not necessarily affluent and have lived there for a long period, Chinese residents areyoung, high-skilled workers who relocate within 2-3 years. Due to such differences,
cultural conflicts have frequently happened, sometimes conducing to outside far-rightactivists’ “propaganda”. Although various attempts are made to alleviate tensions
between Japanese and Chinese residents, they are not fully successful. The causes of the
difficulties of building “face-to-face” relationships between Japanese and Chinese
residents are 1) Chinese residents’ rapid relocation, 2) insufficient cooperation between
the governing actors in the housing complex, and finally 3) the irrelevant governmental“multicultural coexistence” policy.

Environmental Inequality in Northeast Asia
caused by fine dust
SONG Inhak (Undergraduate Student, Seoul National University)
Fine dust (PM10 or PM2.5) is the particles with diameters of less than 10
micron/2.5 micron. It contains sand, sulfite, nitrate, soot, ashes and heavy metals
released from waste incineration, diesel engine or factories. Fine dust pollution could
cause serious damage to the respiratory system and weaken our eyes, skin and blood
circulation.
Because it is light to ride on the wind, find dust could cross the border with theseasonal wind of Northeast Asia. The cost of environmental pollution could betransferred from the polluter to the neighboring countries. If the contributor of find dust
will not control its movement toward the other countries or compensate properly for thedamage caused by find dust, environmental inequality between countries occur.
The neighboring countries are affected only because they are near the polluter.
Unfortunately, China, the main contributor of fine dust in Northeast Asia is yet tocontrol find dust or compensate for its damage. Since Taiwan, South Korea and Japanare located on the east side of China, the problem caused by fine dust is severe during
spring time. However, there is no negotiation for solving this problem. Instead there is18

the dispute over whether China is the contributor of fine dust.
In this study, environmental inequality between Northeast Asia caused by fine dustis the main subject. For indicating environmental inequality, the climate data ofNortheast Asia will be analysed. Furthermore, the data of find dust and the reaction of
the countries concerned will be considered in terms of environmental justice. Amicableand righteous agreements for the problem of fine dust between Northeast Asia countries
are expected through this study.

19

SESSION 3: YOUNG GENERATIONS IN EAST ASIA
Chair: JUNG Keun Sik

1. LEE Chiao-Yu, National Taiwan University
Where Do I Belong? The Orientation Camp as a Sorting Hat to Social
Circle2. PARK Jimin, and CHANG Xinrui, Seoul National University
Why is Korea's youth unemployment rate high? Japan-Korea
comparison of youth unemployment policies
3. CHEN Yu-Hsin, National Taiwan University/Kyoto University
A study of “Yànshì”: exploring the socioeconomic environment andinequalities in contemporary Taiwan from the young generation's
perspective
4. CHEN Yen-Ju, National Taiwan University
The Meaning and Social Causes of Academically Elite Student's
Sentiments of Disqualification20

Where Do I Belong?
The Orientation Camp as a Sorting Hat to Social Circle
LEE Chiao-Yu (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
This study explored the influence the orientation camp has on students' college life.
The camp is an essential ritual of making friends and calling for freshmen's feelings to
the department they're entering. However, the orientation camp usually fails toaccommodate all of the participants and sets a boundary between the core role andmarginal people. There are two research questions to this study: What is the mechanismthat draws the boundaries? And what are the influences of the results to the ones that are
excluded? In the camp, the highly physical and emotional interaction involved activities
make the participants that are not as outward and socialized feel excluded. Thus the coreand marginal people in the department are defined, and there's a boundary between
them. That boundary can last to their college life after the semester started, and makethe marginal people lose their hope to the college life they once highly expected.

Why is Korea's youth unemployment rate high?
Japan-Korea comparison of youth unemployment policies
PARK Jimin, and CHANG Xinrui (Undergraduate Students, Seoul National University)
One of the biggest causes of current youth discourse such as '880,000 won
generation' and 'Sampo(三抛) generation' is probably youth unemployment. The reason
why the unemployment problem of the younger generation has become such an issue isthat among the Post-Fordism type life course of Korean society, the switching overschool education to career is indispensable. Also, young people are playing theimportant role of forming social and economic base. Especially the career of youth
aging 25~29, which is not "via the school", but a form of "direct application" according
to the individual's demand, so the meaning of career seems way more crucial for youth
and for the whole society. However, there is a lack of quality jobs that can secure astable economic base in Korea. Young people chose to seek better jobs by remaining a
21

“백수(無職,白手)” rather than a stable, low-income SME. The youth(aging 25~29)
unemployment rate in Korea is expected to decline from 7.9 percent in 2010 to 9.5
percent in 2018(Reference: Bank Of Korea, 2018).
If these youth unemployment continues to become chronic, social trust andcommunity consciousness will be reduced, and there is a high possibility that it will
deepen due to intergenerational conflict. In this context, youth unemployment is
considered to be the biggest social problem in Korean society, and it is demanded to besolved quickly. It seems that Japan is different. The youth(aging 25~29) unemployment
rate in Japan was 7.1% in 2010, but shifted to 4.1% in 2017(出典: 総務省「労働力調査」). Even the company has reached a "job search difficulty(求人難)". According tothis trend, the number of Korean and Chinese students and job-seekers preparing towork in Japan is increasing. It is a very sharp decline of the total population and a large
amount of the “Dankai(団塊)” generation’s retirement. What are the different factors inyouth unemployment in the two East Asian countries that have similar economic
structures and welfare systems? There must be some points apart from the population
structure that effect the youth unemployment rate. We have paid attention to Japan inorder to solve the labor policy history of the "Employment ice age(就職氷河期)" anddecided to explore it from the policy perspective. We will start with these questions andlook at the policy responses to the youth unemployment problem in Japan, evaluate aswell as examine the limitations of such responses. We are also interested to explore theapplicability of Japanese policies for youth unemployment to Korea or even Taiwan.

A study of “Yànshì”: exploring the socioeconomic
environment and inequalities in contemporary Taiwan fromthe young generation's perspective
CHEN Yu-Hsin(Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University/Kyoto University)
Recently, the term “Yànshì（厭世）” has become popular with young Taiwanesepeople in social media. It literally means “the condition of feeling tired of life”, however,it also represents a kind of feeling shared by the young generation—a sense of22

powerlessness over something they cannot control by themselves, and it is often
connected to social structure. Using this term, young Taiwanese people vent theirdiscontent with the socioeconomic environment in Taiwan, especially in cyberspace. In
2016, Facebook pages talking about the feeling of “Yànshì” such as “Zoo of Depression”
were created. While “Zoo of Depression” has around 200,000 likes now, it indicates the
popularity of “Yànshì” among Facebook users.
In this research, I use two kinds of materials--news in the online newspaper archiveand posts on the Facebook page “Zoo of Depression” as my primary sources. Focusing
on the social context of “Yànshì”, this report has two main arguments. First, based on
the concept of “structures of feeling” built by Raymond Williams, I argue that “Yànshì”
is a kind of feelings shared by post-1980 generation in Taiwan rather than temporary
emotion experienced by individuals, and it is closely related to the socioeconomic andpolitical environment in contemporary Taiwan.
Furthermore, I also argue that discussion in cyberspace is an important factor forforming the structure of feeling. Through the Internet, young people talk about theirsocial experiences and what they felt in everyday life, and they find that they share thesame feeling towards some social phenomena. Therefore, the feeling of “Yànshì” can be
identified as a specific feeling shared by them. This common feeling may bring young
people together and the sense of powerlessness may translate into power, which pushes
young people to take action to challenge status quo when they face social inequalities inreal life. In summary, although “Yànshì” seems to be a pessimistic attitude towards life,
it actually comes from the anger towards social inequalities, and it reflects the young
generation’s agency.

The Meaning and Social Causes of Academically
Elite Student's Sentiments of Disqualification
CHEN Yen-Ju (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
This study explores how “implicit multi-criteria competitive culture” shapes elite
students’ collective sentiments of disqualification and the reproduction of educational
competition through daily interaction and collectively muted culture. After interviewing
23

16 self-recognized disqualified elite students from NTU and participant observations, it
found that being on the most privileged position of the educational structure in Taiwan
makes academic success insufficient for elite students to distinguish. The educational
policy reforms since the 1980s provoke students to pursue excellence in more than asingle field. The multi-criteria competitive culture reflects on the in-class atmospherecreated by the professor, interaction with classmates, performances on social media, andcampus activities. For fear of being degraded or misunderstood, elite students silence
their sufferings. Those internalizing the core logic of the exam-oriented contest are
forcing to seek higher goals, but repeatedly failing to feel self-worth, and turn into thesentiments of disqualification in their minds.

24

SESSION 4: GENDER AND SEXUALITY (1)Chair: BAE Eun-Kyung
1. CHEN Szu-Hua, National Taiwan University
How is Non-Monopolistic Love Possible? The Entry and Maintenanceof Open Relationship2. FUKUHARA Ayame, Kyoto University
Sexual minorities in Japan
3. JEONG Gyuseong, and JO Sihyun, Seoul National University
A Study on the Discrimination in the Labor Environment of Female
Migrant Workers in southwestern Seoul
4. LIU Cheng-I, National Taiwan University
Motherhood Wage Penalty in Fixed Effect Individual Slopes Model

25

How is Non-Monopolistic Love Possible?
The Entry and Maintenance of Open Relationship
CHEN Szu-Hua (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
Through in-depth interviews of 9 practitioners who entered open relationship frommonogamy, this paper investigates how practitioners of open relationship confront thestigma under the mainstream cultural frame of monogamy, and how they maintain thepolyamorous relationship while facing challenges of honesty and jealousy. This study
discover that the practitioners need three social requirements— legitimatizing discourse,
accepting atmosphere and practical paradigms—to confront the stigma upon entering
the relationship. As for the maintenance of open relationship, since the principle ofmonopoly in monogamy is removed, leading to the loss of a sense of security,
practitioners develop a strategy on the base of an alternative perspective of love toresolve this problem. They restore and consolidate the lost sense of security, trust andstability mainly through grasping the dynamic of relationship with rules.

Sexual minorities in Japan
FUKUHARA Ayame (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
The situations of sexual minorities have changed rapidly in Japan. We have now
more opportunities to know about them through classes in schools and everyday news.
After coming-outs by celebrities and educations in schools, they became much better
known to people all over the world, including Japan than before, however there are few
opportunities to talk with them directly and to know what they actually think of theirown lives, their relationships with others and the society. To learn about the experiencesof minorities is of course very important, but education without their own voice cangive rather bad effects on them such as “supports” which they actually do not need. I
believe that listening to minorities’ real voice is necessary to treat them as equallyimportant members of the society and embrace them into it in a comfortable way for
them.
26

My analysis is based on fieldworks and interview surveys at “Tsunagary Café”,
which is a community for sexual minorities and their allies. The survey was conductedwith 16 people. I will introduce the results of the survey and the problems these people
face in their everyday lives, and what they expect from Japanese society. I am alsointerested in the situations of sexual minorities in South Korea and Taiwan. The three
countries have both similar and different situations. For example same sex marriage
recently became legal in Taiwan, but it is not yet the case in South Korea and Japan.
And Sexual minorities have become known in all three countries these days and they
seem to make activism to get some supports or permission politically, however theirreal lives can be different from what media shows and I think there can be invisible
discrimination even now. I want to know what they think of the societies, and theirstatuses in these societies.

A Study on the Discrimination in the Labor Environment of
Female Migrant Workers in southwestern Seoul
JEONG Gyuseong, and JO Sihyun(Undergraduate Students, Seoul National University)
In Korea, female migrant workers are invisible. While many people conjure up theimage of a foreign migrant worker as a man from Southeast Asia, they think migrant
women come to Korea for the purpose of marriage, not for workers. Also in Koreansociety, due to the maldistribution of migrant workers, the majority of migrant workers
are concentrated in certain areas, including southwestern Seoul, Ansan and Siheung. In
Korean society, female migrant workers are exposed to a human and spatialenvironment prone to sexual harassment and sexual violence. They are unfairly
dismissed in the labor environment, citing pregnancy, childbirth and child care, and takea risk exposed to harmful labor conditions.
The presence of female migrant workers in Korean society is experiencing an
infringement upon personal rights in the dual trap of migrant workers and women. They27

receive lower wages than the minimum wage without filling out an employment
contract, and have been exposed to various risks in poor workplaces, in accommodation
where privacy is not guaranteed. In their lives, social and structural discrimination at a
multilayered level, such as gender, race and temporary labor, is covered up.
It will find out more about their lives in detail by looking at how an individual hasties to a region, group or community, such as the relations between female migrant
workers and migrant labor civic groups in the southwestern part, migrant workers andlabor unions. Through this, our research wants to find out what kind of social structural
discrimination female migrant workers in East Asia are suffering amid the macro trendof the globalization era.

Motherhood Wage Penalty in
Fixed Effect Individual Slopes Model
LIU Cheng-I (Graduate Student, National Taiwan University)
Motherhood wage penalty means women earn less after they have a child. Past
research estimated around 4% – 5% penalties for each child with fixed effects model.
However, fixed effects model only controlled wage differences in a certain time. With
the possible issue that we might underestimate the motherhood wage penalty,
considering the wage growth is necessary. Therefore, we suggest fixed effects
individual slope(FEIS) model to estimate the motherhood wage penalty. Using the U.S.
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2006, we find themotherhood wage penalty becomes larger in FEIS model. That is, after considering
different slopes for each person, the motherhood wage penalty is higher than we thought.
To be more specific, the expanded penalties in FEIS model might represent that women
endure more motherhood penalties in their possible career. Hence, the implication inthis study suggests that government or families should give more supports to mothers.

28

SESSION 5: ETHNICITY AND (RE)RACIALIZATION(1)Chair: HEIM Stephane

1. FUKADA Sayaka, Kyoto University
Why some Japanese continue to discriminate Korean living in Japan?
2. OKAMOTO Maari, Kyoto University
The (de)construction of social stereotypes: a study of Korean students inJapan
3. NAKAHARA Akira, Kyoto University
Immigrant Children’s Educational Attainment and Support Condition:
Comparison Study of Nagano and Aichi
4. HSIEH Hsuan-Chan, National Taiwan University
Trapped in Vulnerable Internship: The case of the Southeast Asianstudents in Taiwan

29

Why some Japanese continue todiscriminate Korean living in Japan?
FUKADA Sayaka (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
This study focuses on “antiforeignism” in Japan, and recently one of those
problems related to Japanese xenophobia is segregation against Koreans living in Japan
called “Zainichi 在日”. The definition is ethnic Koreans who have permanent residency
status in Japan, who have become Japanese citizens and whose immigration to Japan
originated before 1945 or who are descendants of those immigrants. Some do
discriminate against them because parts of the Japanese population think that Korean
have privileges to live in Japan and they want to deprive Korean of such privileges. An
organization that demands to banish Korean from Japan was founded in 2006. People
who join it segregate them with hate speeches and other actions, and the number of
xenophobic Japanese increased to 14000 people according to some statistics. As you
know, now most of Korean living in Japan since WW2 did not quit Japan, so why
would they need to be excluded? What purpose is there in trying to exclude Koreans?
We should think about the kinds of privileges the Koreans living in Japan truly have,
and whether it is true, and why such discrimination still exists.

The (de)construction of social stereotypes:
a study of Korean students in JapanOKAMOTO Maari (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
The subject of my presentation is preconceptions of Korean people about Japan,
and the effect of studying abroad on these stereotypes. My research begins with theassumption that by such direct exchange the image of the country will change, and that
there is a disparity between the people with and without direct interaction. I first put theemphasis on the formation and change of the stereotypes about Japan in Korea, and thenturn to the impact of direct contacts in Japan by analyzing the images carried by Korean
foreign students in Japan. I also inquire the subsidy system of the State or organizations
30

for foreign students.
First, based on the description of Japan in the “National History” textbook and thesurvey of students’ opinion, there are three main points I emphasize. There is also a
combination of negative, neutral, and positive images among students who learned fromthis textbook. Regarding the impact of direct contacts with the Japanese society, we canfind that there is an overall change from negative to positive image. However, there arealso negative sides. For example, Korean people can see Japanese people as individual,
while the common stereotype is that Japanese people acquire and develop a collective orgroup-oriented consciousness. Lastly, I found out that the scholarship system is very
limited, so even if Korean students hope to come to Japan, many of them end up giving
up studying abroad in Japan for financial reasons.
As a conclusion, studying abroad has big impacts on preconceptions, but many
Korean students cannot study in Japan, which in turn causes persistent stereotypes. I
strongly hope that more Japanese and Korean young people are able to communicate
with each other in the future.

Immigrant Children’s Educational Attainment and Support
Condition: Comparison Study of Nagano and Aichi
NAKAHARA Akira (Graduate Student, Kyoto University)
This research aims to explore the causes of immigrant children’s high school
enrollment gaps among prefectures in Japan. During the second half of the XXth
Century, one observes an increase in the number of immigrants’ children. But
immigrants’ children face several difficulties in achieving better educational attainment
than native population, especially in Japan compared with other developed countries.
In previous researches, few studies pointed out the difficulty of transition fromjunior high school to high school, mainly due to the problem of statisticallydistinguishing those who go to Japanese schools from those who go to ethnic schools.
Other studies emphasize the importance of Japanese Language Class (JLC) organizedby public sector or NGO, NPO. JLC plays a role to enhance Japanese language ability
and also provides information about Japanese lifestyle, school system, or other daily life31

matters. Another stream of studies states the necessity of affirmative action on publichigh school entrance examination. In their views, one of the difficulties of transition
from junior high school to high school is entrance examination, because examination is
in Japanese and it is difficult for those whose mother tongue is not Japanese tounderstand questions of the exam.
This research is an attempt to specify the patterns of transitions from junior highschool to high school for immigrants’ children. Based on the above-mentioned
perspectives, this research firstly compares and categorizes prefectures based ontransitions from junior high schools to high schools. Second, in order to stress theimportance of JLC and affirmative action, I conclude that the Nagano Prefecture is apositive case, while the Aichi Prefecture shows strong barriers to facilitate the transition.
Finally, this research compares these two prefectures regarding historical trends of
migration influx, the number of ethnic school students, JLC, affirmative action. As aresult, Nagano and Aichi share similar historical migration trends and industrial
structures, but there are differences of JLC and affirmative action.

Trapped in Vulnerable Internship:
The case of the Southeast Asian students in Taiwan
HSIEH Hsuan-Chan (Graduate Student, National Taiwan University)
Tsai Ing-Wen government proposed “New Southbound Policy” for making a better
relationship with Southeast Asia. In this policy, the most important idea is talentexchanging. Promoting the policy, the government promotes “Industry-academia
Collaboration Program”, which students can study and work as interns at the same time.
However, during 2018, the media uncovered some of the harsh stories as result of thisprogram. These students did not spend time going to classes and studying , instead, they
were forced to go to the factories to work day and night. The media and the legislators
began to call these student victims as “student workers.” I am interested in finding thecauses of the gap between policy and reality in the educational channel. By analyzing
the government policy documents, broker promotion strategies, recruitment drives byuniversities, and journalist accounts, this paper aims to unpack the above “black box.”
32

There are four actors in the international education field, the government, schools,
brokers, and employers. Each actor has their goal to achieve. The government fosters
foreign relations with the policy of internationalization of higher education. The schools
keep up the operations and bringing tuitions by recruiting more students. The brokers
are opportunists, while earning commission from schools, employers, and students. The
employers are willing to hire the students as they are more exploitable than guest
workers. Right from the very beginning, the students from Southeast Asia step into thetrap they did not expect to encounter. While many foreign students do work to maketheir ends met, the students in this study are employed as cheap labor, in name of interns,
without any legal protection.

33

SESSION 6: ETHNICITY AND (RE)RACIALIZATION(2)Chair: IM Dong Kyun
1. TSAI Curtis, National Taiwan University
Constructing Ethnicity in Japan During Colonial Expansion Period: A
Case Study of Colonial Education in Taiwan
2. ITO Kaichi, Kyoto University
Foreign Care Workers in Japan and Japanese policy
3. LIN Po-Chien, National Taiwan University
Comparing Englishization Policy of Higher Education in Japan andTaiwan: 2006-2016
4. YAMABUCHI Airi, Kyoto University
Who are JFC? A life story and the relationship with a Japanese father

34

Constructing Ethnicity in Japan During Colonial Expansion
Period: A Case Study of Colonial Education in Taiwan
TSAI Curtis (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
Homogeneity is one of the most common descriptions when it comes toJapaneseness, arguing that Japan is a monoethnic state composed only of Yamato
despite its multiethnic reality. I analyze the constructing process of Japan ethnicity andthe revision after it faced challenges in colonial expansion period, which had the mostheterogeneous ethnic composition, and addresses the following two questions: First,
before facing a contradiction in colonial expansion period, what was the original content
of monoethnic nationalism? How did it originate? Second, how did Japan government
revise its ethnic discourse to solve the contradiction faced in colonial expansion period?
I will elaborate the state-making process from the Tokugawa period to the Meiji period.
Then, I will take Taiwan's colonial education, which mainly based on "The Imperial
Rescript on Education" and "Kokutairon", as an example to analyze the actual content
and practice of Japan's ethnic discourse during colonial expansion period.

Foreign Care Workers in Japan and Japanese policy
ITO Kaichi (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
The purpose of this presentation is to analyze the Japanese policies to attract
foreign care workers. Through the presentation, we can understand the situation offoreign care workers in Japan and take the opportunity to think about better public
policies to live with foreign people in Japan, and also East Asia.
Today, the Japanese government fosters policies to attract foreign care workers,
since demand for care workers in Japan, where the birthrate is falling and the population
is ageing, increases. These policies lead to increasing number of foreign enrollments incare training centers in Japan.
The life in Japan, as a foreign care student, is sever and quite different from theexpectations of foreigners before coming to Japan. Unclear definition of labor contract35

and scholarship and ambiguous responsibility for protecting the foreign care students
shows the situation where Japanese governmental policy cannot correctly respond thesociety. We will discuss the public policy in the aging society, where foreign people careus. Studying the Japanese case may also open discussions about the conditions offoreign care workers in South Korea and Taiwan, where aging also progresses.

Comparing Englishization Policy of Higher Educationin Japan and Taiwan: 2006-2016
LIN Po-Chien (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
The trend of globalization has changed higher education policy worldwide
drastically since early 2000s, Taiwan and Japan are no exception. Both governments
launched a series of “Internationalization of Higher Education” initiatives and offeredfund for universities to compete. However, top universities in Taiwan and Japan haveconsistently performed poorly on internationalization indicators provided by university
rankings of various rating sources.
There are various explanations for this problem. This paper, however, suggests that
universities in both countries have gone through a special transition period of“Englishization” when becoming more and more internationalized but failed. The
failure of this process led to the poor outcome of internationalization. As a consequence,
non-English speaking teaching environment could not attract enough number ofinternational faculty and students. Also, international students who are currently visiting
Taiwanese and Japanese universities would have trouble interacting and learning withlocal faculty and students.
By reviewing related literature and interviewing school officials, administrative
assistants, student organization participants and international students in National
Taiwan University(n=10), this paper presents how Englishization process failed, andattributes such failure to the lack of language proficiency and fund. Although without
primary data, this paper, based on important works on Japan’s situation, illustrate that inJapan, cultural identity is also an important barrier for Englishization, because suchprocess triggered fear of losing their own culture. This paper proposes that36

Englishization could not succeed without moving beyond courses offered by English.
Administrative reform and recruitment drive to bring in faculty with strong international
competence are also crucial for the project. To sum up, the success of Englishization ofhigher education lies in systematic planning and abundant resources. Additionally, thereform has to be comprehensive and only when there is enough support among thefaculty, administrative system as well as students can universities lay solid foundationof internationalization.

Who are JFC?
A life story and the relationship with a Japanese father
YAMABUCHI Airi (Graduate Student, Kyoto University)
This study explores the identity of Japanese-Filipino Children (JFC) through anarrative of one JFC who has been reared by her Filipina single mother in thePhilippines, which shows how her Japanese father has had an influence on her life, andhow she constructed “an imaginary father” as one of her important pieces in her life.
At first, this study explains the historical background of Filipino women’ migration
to work in Japan from the late 1970s, from which children were born. Thousands ofFilipino women came to work in Japan on “entertainer” visas since the 1980s. Although
this flow was initially thought to be temporary, Filipino women’s presence as part of thecountry’s social landscape has become firmly established. As the opportunities for
personal encounters increased, Filipino women and Japanese men developed
relationships, from which children were born. They are so called JFC. Since thishistorical background, they are sometimes described as products of social change of
migration.
According to the survey researched by a NGO or DAWN in 2007, the Japanesefathers have abandoned many JFC in the Philippines. There are hardly any contacts
between the Japanese fathers and the children and the rearing of the children of them
becomes the sole responsibility of the mother. This is also true to the JFC who is an
informant of this study.
This study describes a life story of one JFC, who said that her father’s absence is37her missing piece in her life. Then it describes how and what established her identity asa JFC and articulates the influence of her father or her “imaginary father” on her life so
far. It tries to demonstrate the process of the establishment of her identity, whichemphasized that it may be constructed trough the activities in a NGO which provides
several support for JFC aiming to empower them, and by internalizing dominant stories
of other JFC as significant others.

38

SESSION 7: WORK, PROFESSIONS & SOCIAL EXC
LUSION
Chair: KO Jyh-Jer Roger

1. LEE Suh Kyung, Seoul National University
Analysis of Employment Problems of the Disabled Due to Employer’s
Discrimination- Focusing on the Differentiated Employer Concept
according to Employment Intention
2. HORIKOSHI Kanon, Kyoto University
The effectiveness of the human resource development system in Kabuki
3. TATEISHI Wakana, Kyoto University
The situation of Children with developmental disorders in Kyoto City
4. YOSHI Tomohiro, Kyoto University
Japanese Recent Society and an Example of Temporary Worker in Japan39

Analysis of Employment Problems of the Disabled Due to
Employer’s Discrimination- Focusing on the DifferentiatedEmployer Concept according to Employment Intention
LEE Suh Kyung (Undergraduate Student, Seoul National University)
This study analyzes the employment problems of the disabled due to employer’s
discrimination and analyzes the limitations of the policy on them. Employer’s
discrimination, which is the fundamental cause of employment problems for thedisabled, is most shown among employers who are not currently hiring the disabledenough. They are divided into ‘employers who are not willing to hire’ with a highdegree of discrimination and ‘employers who are willing to hire but did not hire enough’with a low degree of discrimination. To begin with, the biggest problem of ‘employers
who are not willing to hire’ was the discrimination and prejudice against people withdisabilities. Therefore, in order to change their discriminatory perception of people withdisabilities, the government should approach through ‘regulation’. The policy being
implemented is the ‘compulsory employment system for the disabled’. Currently, thecompulsory employment system for the disabled has become a nominal system that
does not fully fulfill the purpose of the system of ‘guaranteeing the job of the disabled’,and it needs to be improved accordingly. Next, in the case of ‘employers who arewilling to hire but did not hire enough’, the level of discrimination is relatively low, but
discrimination still exists, and the employer has not complied with the mandatory
employment rate. This is due to the discriminative perceptions that the employers have,such as ‘there is a lack of appropriate jobs for the disabled.’ Thus, in addition to thecompulsory employment system for the disabled, there needs to be policies that can
respond to the causes that they do not yet recognize as discrimination. This study ismeaningful in that it analyzed the employment problem of the disabled bydifferentiating the concept of the employer according to the degree of discrimination
against the disabled and the employment intention.

40

The effectiveness of the human resource
development system in Kabuki
HORIKOSHI Kanon (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
This study explores the contribution of the Kabuki actor training school to theincrease of Kabuki actors in Japan. Kabuki is a drama performance with a history ofover four hundred years, which includes dancing and singing. Originally, women
performed Kabuki. However, women were banned from performing it in the early Edo
period. The reason is that the governments were concerned about public morals. Today,
male actors perform the female roles as well as the male roles.
In these days, many Kabuki actors change their jobs. The reason of this is deeply
related with the hereditary system of Kabuki. To become a Kabuki actor, actors succeed
from “their dads”, they receive the dads’ stage-name, and some families are very
famous. Most of the star actors originate from these famous families, so actors fromordinary families have few chances to play important roles and have to play supporting
roles. They also have to take care of their master as pupils. Although the work is hard,
their salary is not so high.
There is no ensured equality between and within Kabuki actors. As long as thishereditary system continues, the situation of Kabuki actors who play supporting roles
does not evolve. In order to stop the decreasing number of actors, Japan Arts Council
built a school that trains Kabuki actors in 1970. From the data of graduates and theinterview with the person in charge of the Kabuki school, the effectiveness of thehuman resource development system in Kabuki is analyzed in this study. Hereditarysystem is common not only in Kabuki but also common in politics, enterprises and theentertainment world. This study also clarifies the problem of hereditary system in thesefields.

41

The situation of Children with
developmental disorders in Kyoto CityTATEISHI Wakana (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
Recently in Japan, the number of children with developmental disorders has been
increasing. There are various kinds of developmental disorders: Autism Spectrum
Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Learning Disorder (LD).
In this research, I performed a case study of the situation of children with
developmental disorders in Kyoto city to understand their life environments or
problems they encounter.
First, in the supporting system, there are five fields: Family, School, Company (Dayservice), Hospital and Administration (Low, some official facilitations etc.). Althoughmore and more support facilities have been established and or preparation of laws has
been improved, the support for the children still is not sufficient. And their families,
especially their mothers, have too many responsibilities.
Second children with developmental disorders have many hardships in their lives.
Usually they have symptoms of developmental disorders in their infancies. Most of thechildren have communication difficulties with their parents or other children. Therefore,
they have various difficulties in their school life. After graduation, they face anothertragic problem, which is to find jobs. Many mothers worry about the future of theirchildren once they are dead.
In conclusion, in Japan, children with developmental disorders still have hard life.
In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to enrich the support or the quality of
support. Moreover, the most important thing is that everybody should try to understandthem and build up a society that they face more bright life.

42

Japanese Recent Society and an
Example of Temporary Worker in JapanYOSHI Tomohiro (Graduate Student, Kyoto University)
In Japan, since the burst of the financial bubble in the early 1990s, employment
conditions deteriorated and new types of temporary workers appeared, such as “freeters”
and others. This category is specific to Japan, and covers young people who choose notor are denied to become full-time employees. This creates a new form of “workinsecurity and flexibilization” for the youngest generation, and in the same time ageneration gap with the older generations, core workforce in big companies with thesystem of lifetime employment. Some statistics show that more than 40% of theJapanese labor workforce is employed in so-called “temporary jobs”.
In this presentation, I would like to show and analyze the cases of Japanese
temporary workers. More concretely, I focus on a temporary worker with the lowest
wage under the law in Kyoto Prefecture, and show the labor relations among workers in
the workplace. Some kind of “specific working culture” emerges from this situation,
which reproduces our conditions and relationships in the working place and makeworkers like me to work for a longer time, and in turn also entails workers to work more
often in such insecure and “flexible” working conditions.

43

SESSION 8: GENDER AND SEXUALITY (2)Chair: OCHIAI Emiko
1. OOTOMO Aoi, Kyoto University
An Analysis of Way of Seeing to Idols-Focusing on a Case from Female
Fans to Male Idols
2. LIN Yu-Chuan, National Taiwan University
From Concurrence To Convergence: The Historical Development andTransition of Gender Clubs of National Taiwan University
3. LIN Liang-Ying, National Taiwan University
Liberation of Body Knowledge：Practice of Sport Science in Athletic
Class in Taiwan

44

An Analysis of Way of Seeing to Idols-Focusing on a Casefrom Female Fans to Male Idols
OOTOMO Aoi (Undergraduate Student, Kyoto University)
When you imagine a way of seeing the relationship between fans and idols, youwill imagine a romance relationship between an idol and a fan as one to one connection.
Surely this imaginary romance relationship is a mainstream stereotype. However, mostof the fans pick up two members from one group and pair them.
This presentation analyses the relationship between female fans and male idols, andconsiders their social backgrounds. In this study, I only focus on a Japanese male idolgroup. Such a phenomenon appears on SNS like Twitter and Instagram, so I follow
hashtags which are paring members. Then, why women direct this kind of seeing
toward men idols?
According to Sonoko Higashi, this is a method to fulfill women’s desire to gain
homosocial relationship in a social structure that does not allow women to have homosociality. Even though this is mentioned in a context of TAKARADUKA and Boys
Love study, it can be applied to special situations of Junny’s idols. To reach the homosociality, exclusivity is an important element. At this point, Junny’s group meets arequirement, for Junny’s idols make up groups and before their major debut they spendlong time sharing joys and pains together as trainees.
Could the desire to have a romance relationship with an idol and homosocial
relationship between female fans exist at the same time? Based on my phenomenon thatas times goes on, female fans stop having a desire to have romance relationship, andthen they tend to start enjoy homo sociality with people who support same idol group, I
would like to proceed my analysis.

45

From Concurrence To Convergence:
The Historical Development and Transition of
Gender Clubs of National Taiwan University
LIN Yu-Chuan (Undergraduate Student, National Taiwan University)
According to pass studies, student clubs have served a significant role in social
movement. Also, after the end of Martial Law in Taiwan in 1987, the women’s
movement has taken place advocating feminism, followed by the LGBT movement
striving for the human rights for the members in the community. Using data from
Udndata.com and historical document from the gender clubs in National Taiwan
University, the author explains the brief history of the organizations and the swift of
advocacy.
The author will chronologically present the historical development and thecategorized data, which displays the following transition: First, the women’s
movement became visible earlier than the LGBT movement. Second, the central
advocacy of the sexuality politics of the women’s movement switched fromanti-sexual abuse to sexual liberation. Third, the primary advocacy has developed
from encouraging the members of the LGBT community to come out, to fighting forthe civil rights of them.

Liberation of Body Knowledge：
Practice of Sport Science in Athletic Class in Taiwan
LIN Liang-Ying (Graduate Student, National Taiwan University)
This paper discusses the traditional and scientific training methods in volleyballspecialized class. In Taiwan, sports training of senior high school athletic classes(AC) have been criticized by many athletes and sport science professionals for being
unscientific in terms of "primitive steelmaking," an inefficient overtraining with highrisk of injury. However, whether these young players could be trained appropriately,46

that is, scientifically, is crucial for performance of National team. With the rise of
HVL (High School Volleyball League), volleyball have become the third popularsport, surpassed only by basketball and baseball in Taiwan. Due to the low level ofcommercialization, sport science in volleyball training gets little attention from sports
world. However, there have been a few AC's volleyball teams approaching scientifictraining recently. The training practice (which contains traditional methods andscientific methods) of the AC’s volleyball teams is significant in terms of their leveland visibility. This research argues that the differences of professionalized
background and segments of the institution are the cause of conflicts between“primitive steelmaking” and scientific training. Using “Boundary theory,” thisresearch aims to explicate how the two methods of training negotiate theirjurisdictions in training practice. Based on in-depth interviews and field works, thispaper shows that ACs, as a specific field for training athletic centrally organized by
the school, are hybrid of quasi-military masculinity practice and educational field.
After engaging in ACs, sport science, long being alienated from athlete's training
background but now coordinating with coach's artifact, has given rise to two practicelogics: sport tacit knowledge and objective science. At the same time, it presents a
combination of gender (masculinity and femininity) and educational (mercy father
and strict teacher) meaning.

47

KYOTO TOURTOUR 1: HOMELESS PEOPLE IN JAPANYAKUWA Kayoko（八鍬加容子）ITO Kaichi（伊藤海地）
Overview of homelessness in Japan
Homelessness has been one of the biggest social issues in Japan since the middle ofthe 1990s, due to the sluggish economy. The situation brought the government into
enacts the Homeless Self-Reliance Support Law in 2002. The new legislation provides
government assistance to homeless people who are willing to seek employment and alife off the streets.
According to statistics released by the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry, thenumber of homeless people throughout the country has been decreasing since 2003
(Figure 1). However, the governmental statistics just show the numbers of roughsleepers in Japan. They do not count those who live in hostels, shelters, net-cafes and so
on without any adequate housing.
Figure 1. The number of homeless people in Japan (2003-2019)

Source: Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry48

On the contrary, the word “Net-café refugee”, people who do not have a stablehousing and stay at net café, was coined at a TV program aired January 28th, 2007 andis largely used in Japan since then. A survey by the Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare in 2007 reported that there were 5,400 “Net-café refugees” in Japan.
In turn, if you consider not only rough sleepers, but also those who are on the vergeof homelessness, you can say the issue is not disappearing but becoming more invisible.
The profile of Japanese homeless drastically changed at the dawn of Lehman Shock in2008. Beforehand, most of them were single men in their 50s (岩田: 2008). However, aJapanese sociologist, TSUTSUMI Keishiro, points out that homeless people in Japanare getting more diverse and invisible（堤：2010）, including immigrants, single motherhouseholds, precariat and so on.
The Big Issue JapanThe Big Issue Japan was launched in Osaka in September 2003, as one of the street
journals. Street journals are newspapers and magazines sold exclusively by homelesspeople. The first street journal, “Street News”, was born on the street of New York Cityin 1989. The Big Issue, the most popular street journal, was launched in London in 1991.
Throughout the 1990s, the street journal movement was widespread across Western
Europe and North America. In Asia, The Big Issue Korea and The Big Issue Taiwan
were released in 2010, and currently there are about 100 street magazines in 40
countries.
Figure 2. The very first issue of The Big Issue in London, 1991

49

If you buy a magazine, half of its price goes to the vendor. For example, if you
purchase The Big Issue Japan (350 yen), the profit of the vendor is 180 yen. Most ofvendors sell on average 20 to 30 magazines per day, which means they earn 3,600 yen
to 5,400 yen. Thanks to that system, vendors can afford their daily meals andaccommodation. An NPO, The Big Issue Foundation, also provides some necessities
and low rent housing to them. The Big Issue Japan celebrated its 15th anniversary in
2018. In 15 years, the registered vendors sold 8,110,000 magazines and got
1,219,150,000 yen as profit. 1,822 homeless people have been registered as vendors and199 of them set off new path as employees. In September 2018, 114 vendors are sellingthe magazine in 12 prefectures all over Japan.
What is the aim of street journals? You could say it is first, encourage social
inclusion of homeless people, and second the establishment of public spheres where
various people get together, trying to tackle with the social issues of homelessness. If
you walk in the street of Osaka, you might happen to encounter a vendor of The Big
Issue Japan. It might be a good opportunity to get to know homelessness in Japanfirsthand.

50

TOUR 2: ETHNICAL ISSUES IN JAPAN
Kasugaoka Junior High School-Foreign Students in JapanYAMABUCHI Airi（山淵あいり）NAKAHARA Akira（中原慧）
The increase of students who need Japanese language support
Recently, in Japan the number of students who need Japanese language support has
been increasing, following the migration flows and international marriages. According
to the ministry of Education, the total number of these students reached 43,947 people
in 2016, 1.7 times the number of 2006. In junior high schools, the number of these kindsof students also has increased and the number of those who have Japanese nationality
has also increased (Figure 1).
Figure1: The number of students who need Japanese
language support and their “ethnical distribution”
Portuguese
ChineseJunior High School
10000

Filipino
Other

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

8000

6000
4000
2000
0

Non-Japanese Nationality

SpanishEnglishJapanese Nationality

Japanese Nationality

Source: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

In regard to the students who have Japanese nationality, the largest “ethnical group”
are JFC (Japanese Filipino Children). The main reason is the increase of international
marriage between Filipino women and Japanese men, especially between the 1990’s and2000’s. Those women came to Japan with entertainment visa and most of them worked
51

as bar hostesses. After a revision of the visa issuance’s criteria, many of Filipino turned
to care work. Thus, a lot of children of international marriage go to school in Japan, butthey face many kinds of difficulties.
Kasugaoka Junior High School and Support System in Kyoto
Difficulties of these students are “adaptation to school life”, “not going to school”,“language and their identity”. These days, a transition from junior high school to highschool becomes a more important issue because these students’ enrollment rates to highschool is as low as 40%, compared to 90% for Japanese students. Therefore, at national
and prefectural levels, there are many support measures for these students and Kyoto
also implement some.
In Kyoto, there are 282 students who need Japanese language support. The main
measure taken is to provide full-time teachers who expertly assume linguistic support at
schools where most of the JFCs are enrolled in.
Kasugaoka junior high school (our field trip spot) has a relatively high number ofJFCs, and Ms. Nakayama is this school’s linguistic support teacher. She has been
contributing to support them for many years; therefore, she will give us a lecture about
the lives and the difficulties of these students.
Kasugaoka Junior High School

The students, who use Japanese Language Class as Japanese language support,came to Japan when they were elementary school students. Mostly they are children ofinternational marriage between Japanese men and Filipino women. Their mothers
usually work at care facilities near the junior high school, reason why Kasugaoka juniorhigh school has many of students with Filipino mothers. Additionally, most of the52students live without their fathers, and the absence of father is a common phenomenonof Filipino children in Japan.
The main purpose of Japanese Language Class is to provide remedial class tounderstand in-depth daily coursework. Another purpose is to help students make friends
with the same social background and build their identity. Moreover, Prof. Nakayama
religiously encourages the students to go to high school and provides information about
entrance examinations and high schools. As a result, most of them can go to highschools every year, but in high schools there is a lack of similar supports that creates
new difficulties for the teenagers.
About the Field trip
The objective of this filed trip is to understand the living conditions andexperiences of students who have language and cultural difficulties. Firstly, Ms.
Nakayama speaks about Japanese Language Class and the difficulties that the students
who are enrolled in these classes face. Second, a student who graduated from
Kasugaoka junior high school last year speaks about her experience of choosing highschool. Finally, we interact with the students who now use Japanese Language Class.

53

Kyoto Animation
HORIKOSHI Kanon（堀越花音）OKAMOTO Maari（岡本真亜梨）
Kyoto Animation (京都アニメーション) is a Japanese animation studio and a lightnovel publisher located in Uji, Kyoto prefecture, Japan. It was established in 1981.
Unlike most animation studios, Kyoto Animation’s animators are salaried employees
rather than freelance workers. Therefore, Kyoto animators are able to focus more on thequality of each frame rather than on meeting frame production quotas.
The History of Kyoto Animation
Mushi Production employed one of the founders, HATTA Yoko, who became
independent from the studio when she moved to Kyoto after her marriage with HATTA
Hideaki. The couple founded Kyoto Animation in 1981, with Hideaki as the president,
and Yoko as the vice-president. It became a limited company in 1985 and a corporationin 1999. The logo originates from the kyō kanji (京), the first character of Kyoto. Earlyin its history, it was involved in the production of Kiddy Grade, InuYasha, Tenchi
Universe, Nurse Witch Komugi, and Generator Gawl. Kyoto Animation also produced
the vocal opening and ending sequences for four installments of Konami's long-runningbaseball game series Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū (Power Pro).
Since 2009, Kyoto Animation has hosted the annual Kyoto Animation Award tofind new stories, later publishing them in their KA Esuma Bunko imprint. Winning
submissions have a chance of being adapted into an anime. Love, Chunibyo & Other
Delusions, Free!, Beyond the Boundary and Myriad Colors Phantom World were basedon novels that received an honorable mention in this competition. In 2014, the novel
Violet Evergarden became the first work and so far, the only one to win a grand prize inany of the three categories. According to Dani Cavallaro, Kyoto Animation has become
recognized for its high production values and “sensitivity to the wonders and quandaries
of ordinary life”.
2019 arson attack
Shortly after 10:30 AM on July 18, 2019, a fire broke out at Kyoto Animation's firststudio, reportedly caused by 41-year-old Shinji Aoba pouring gasoline inside the54building. He later admitted committing the arson. Of the approximately 70 people in thebuilding at the time, at least 35 people have been confirmed deceased, and at least 34
others (including the suspect) have various degrees of injury, requiring treatment inlocal hospitals. It is one of Japan's worst mass casualty incidents since World War Two.
Japanese anime has a huge following not just in Japan but around the world. On
social media, many fans have been expressing their shock and posting pictures of theirfavorite KyoAni shows. A GoFundMe campaign titled "Help KyoAni Heal" has also
been started, with more than $300,000 (£240,000) raised in six hours. Fans have also
been sharing images of Kyoto Animation's work.

It took firefighters five hours to bring the blaze under control, reports said

Floral tributes have been left outside the building as people pay theirrespects to the victims.

55

Korean Neighborhood in Higashi Kujo
KATADA—SON Aki（片田孫晶）
Higashi Kujo (東九条、the East Ninth) is an area located in the south-east side of
Kyoto Station. It shelters the largest ethnic Korean population in Kyoto. In the past thearea was often seen as “bad neighborhood” or as a “Korean slum.” It is surrounded by
the 8th street (on its south end), the 10th street (north end), the Kawaramachi street (westend) and the Kamo river. The area lies south of Sujin area, whichused to be the largest Burakumin (outcast group in Japan)
neighborhood in Kyoto.
Today about 20% or more of the residents of Higashi Kujo
are ethnic Koreans. In the town we can find many Korean
restaurants, groceries, and various community organizations
staffed by both Korean and Japanese. Many Okonomiyaki
restaurants are also run by Zainichi Koreans (Korean minority inJapan).
A Brief History of Higashi Kujo
The roots of the Korean community in Higashi Kujo trace back to the 1920s.
Koreans came to Higashi Kujo in the 1920s, at the time of large-scale construction of
the Tokaido Line of Railways, river wall construction of Kamo river, and a few others.
There were also many Yuzen dyeing factories that needed people for its hard labor. The
Korean population increased significantly after the war, when the large black market
appeared near the 8th street (where Kyōto Station’s south entrance was). Many Koreanmothers bought and sold “black rice” to support their families back then.
The Korean people were largely excluded from the Japanese labor market, due toharsh discrimination and lack of education. Many worked as unskilled day laborers (日雇い, Hiyatoi)or did various self-owned businesses. One of such businesses wasrecycling. People collected waste paper and scrap iron, old clothes.
Many people in the “slum” in Higashi Kujo were struggling to make ends meet.
Probably those who lived in the harshest environment were people in “40 番地 (40banchi).” The place was on the riverbank of Kamo river (where Takasegawa river meets56

Kamo river). The bank was filled with hundreds of shanties. They were homes of poor
people, Korean (80% or the residents) and Japanese, who had no other places to go.
Some people came in from Sujin are, who lost their homes when public housing for
Buraku people were built, excluding Koreans due to their nationality. “40 banchi” wasso called “illegal” or “squatter” houses. People suffered from floods and fires. The place
was neglected by the city during a long period.
Old Photos of “40 banchi”

The long-term residents of “40 banchi” had their community there. A powerful
movement started in the 1970s, and finally succeeded in gaining public housing in the
1990s. The movement not just gained public housing built on the same place where “40banchi” stood, but also made great effort to keep people’s sense of community andpeople’s close relationship with each other. To date an NPO is actively working on thistask of community building.
Higashi Kujo Nowadays
The town is home to diverse people and many local activities including thefollowing.
東九条マダン：“Higashi Kujo Madang” is a cultural festival held in the neighborhood
every year on Nov. 3rd since 1993. Zainichi Koreans and Japanese members haveworked together as close friends and as a community to build this festival. It puts its
concept as “culture created by each person.” At first glance it may look like one of those“multicultural” festivals, but the cultural movement has its roots in “people’s grassroots
cultural movement” (民衆文化運動) which started in the 1980’s South Korea’s
democratization movement. Not only Korean traditional cultures but also activities by a57

local organization of handicapped people’s movement and many others are important
aspects of this festival and its community.
Madang Center,” the office of Higashi Kujo Madang

58

JCIL（日本自立生活センター）：Japan Center for Independent Living is an organizationof management, mutual (peer) support and advocacy for “independent living movement”
by people with handicaps.
NPO 法人東九条サポートセンターまめもやし：Mamemoyashi, “Bean Sprouts” is an
NPO providing multicultural social work in Higashi Kujo. It runs unique day careservice for Zainichi Korean elders in the area. It is also the community center for the oldand new residents in the public housing of former “40banchi.”
希望の家保育園：a Christian organization “House ofHope” opened an after-school children program as apart of their settlement movement in the area in the
1960s. It soon made a nursery school, which was tobecome today’s “House of Hope Nursery School.” It
has tradition of“ 民 族 保 育 ” or multicultural

education. Its purpose is to encourage every child in the neighborhood to love theirbackground and learns to love others too. The “House of Hope” group also plays thecentral role in “多文化交流ネットワークサロン,” a Kyoto city’s project.

59

TOUR 3: GENDER ISSUES IN JAPANIntroduction to Tsunagary Café, Support for Sexual Minorities
FUKUHARA Ayame（福原彩女）FUKADA Sayaka（深田明）“Tsunagary Café” (つながりカフェ、유대 카페、关系咖啡店) is a community,
which aims at providing opportunities for sexual minorities and their allies tocommunicate in a relax place. It was established as a gay community on Facebook andholds events 2 or 3 times every month. Up to now, it has held more than 200 events andthe total participants is estimated to more than 3000 by August 2019. Its office islocated in Osaka and the events are mainly held at rental spaces in Osaka and Kyoto.
During the events, its staff arranges the rental space like a real Café and prepares drinks
and sweets so that participants can feel relaxed and enjoy talking. In addition, it is soeasy to participate to the events that people only have to send basic data such as nick
name, age and mail address to apply for the event, even if you cannot do that in advance,
you can participate it by just visiting there and pay 1000 yen. Therefore, people easily
join the events of Tsunagary Café and make friends. This surely helps sexual minorities
in Japan a lot.

60

Mr. SAKABE Sumito
Mr. Sakabe is the founder of Tsunagary Café. He
started the activities of Tsunagary Café to provide the place, atwhich not only sexual minorities and other people can feelwarmness of human connection and be as they are. Recently, healso joined “Osaka Marathon 2019” as a charity runner and alecture on LGBTQ at Tourism Authority of Thailand. He tries various things and makes
a lot of efforts to improve the lives of sexual minorities. In this lecture, he will talkabout the reason why he established Tsunagary Café, and the current situation of sexual
minorities in japan.

61

TOUR 4: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN JAPANDemachi-Masugata Shopping Street
CHEN Yu-Hsin（陳郁欣）YOSHI Tomohiro（吉智博）
Demachi-Masugata Shopping Street （ 出 町 桝 形 商 店 街 ） is located in
Demachiyanagi（出町柳）, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City. It is a street with a lot ofgroceries and restaurants that provide services necessary to daily life, and one of its
appeals is friendly communication with hospitable shop owners. Besides savoringdelicious Japanese cuisine, you can also enjoy reading books and watching art films at
demachiza（出町座）, a space combining a book store, cinema and café.
Demachi-Masugata Shopping Street

Source: http://kyoto-syoutengai.com/en/area/kita/outline/demachi-masugata/

Introduction of Japanese shopping street（商店街）
The Shopping streets are one of the Japanese traditional forms of community. A
long street is placed, and on each side of the street all kinds of shops and restaurants are
lined. The shopping street is not only the place for shopping, but also it is expected it62

would be a place with special social functions. Looking after children, preventing thearea from crimes by setting cameras on various places, making chances to support andhelp elderly people by gathering members, or being a central place for local events or
festivals, for instance. As to Demachi-Masugata Shopping street (出町桝形商店街),
you can see 26 shops on the official map, and there is the local festival held on July 7(七夕夜店) every year. The shopping street is then often seen as a subject of community
building (地域おこし). It is namely the comprehensive community in Japan.

The history of Demachi-Masugata Shopping Street
As the name of this shopping street, it is said that Demachi（出町）means “going out
of Kyoto”. This shopping street had become prosperous since the Taishō are（大正）,and it is still one of the few shopping streets left in Japan. Because of a population
decline and the appearance of supermarkets and convenience stores, nowadays thisshopping street is not so prosperous as it was before. However, residents here havedevoted to community building and now, this shopping street has become a fantastic
tourist spot where you can enjoy Kyoto’s cuisine and experience the retro atmosphere ofJapan.
The scene of Tamako Market（たまこまーけっと）
Demachi-Masugata Shopping Street served as theinspiration for the Usagiyama shopping street, the main
setting in the Japanese animated TV series Tamako
Market. Produced by Kyoto Animation, Tamako Market
is a stunning and heartwarming anime telling the storyof the everyday life of the main protagonist Tamako

63

Kitashirakawa and her friends, family, and neighbors. Besides, it is said that the mocha(餅, a kind of Japanese rice cake) shop run by Tamako’s family was modeled after
Demachi Futaba（出町ふたば）, a well-known mochi shop on Demachi-Masugata Street.
So if you are visiting this shopping street, you may want to try this traditional Japanese
food.
Burakumin area（同和地区）: Yousei area
The nearest burakumin area (同和地区) from Demachi Shopping street is Youseiarea（養生）. Burakumin areas are Japanese specific types of discrimination, which are
due to the dirtiness of jobs in contrast to the holiness of the central place of Kyoto inancient times. Youjou is one of the largest burakumin areas in Kyoto city, and there wasa lot of residence for discriminated people. You can now find two large apartment
houses on the north side of Demachi-Yanagi station, those were built and managed by
the city to restructure the very poor condition and mixture residences of the area. You
can see still now that there are many buildings and signs, which leave the impression of
assimilation or discrimination. Today, a certain number of people still live in thoseresidences, but their population are aging gradually.

Introduction to “Tsuratti Senbon”(ツラッティ千本；齊來提千本；쯔랏티센본)HSIEH Yu-Hsiu（謝宇修）YUN Sodam（尹ソダム）
In Japan, there was a kind of discrimination based on a class system that was built
during the historical progress of Japan. It is called “buraku discrimination” (部落差別；
部落歧視；부락차별), from which people would suffer in everyday life if they comefrom specific regions (Buraku, literally means ‘village’；部落；부락).
The history of buraku discrimination can be traced back to the time before the Edo
period (江戶時代) (1603-1868). Eta (穢多), the lowest class in the Edo period, is adiscriminative word referring to people who do the dirtiest jobs (the word ‘eta’ literallymeans ‘much dirt’), that is, the jobs related to death, such as butchers, executioners, orleather makers. In the Edo period, the villages where people who belong to the eta class64

lived were called ‘buraku’, and the villages existed around Japan. However, themeaning remains until nowadays, and the buraku is still under discrimination in thesociety (Buraku is called ‘discriminated buraku’( 被 差 別 部 落 ； 受 歧 視 部 落 ；피차별부락) now).

Due to the higher poverty rate and lower school enrollment rate of thediscriminated buraku, many of them are suffering from ghettoization. Especially in
Kyoto, the Senbon (千本) district located in Kita-ku (北区；北區；북구) is one of thediscriminated buraku. In order to solve the problem, the Japanese government coined
the word ‘Dowa’ (同和；동화) to refer to the problem, which aimed to call for sense ofunity of the nation, and implemented the policies to build public facilities such as
schools or childcare centers in the discriminated buraku (Dowa policies, 1969-2002).
However, although the government has tried hard to solve the problem, thediscriminations against people from the buraku persist until now in Japan.
There was an incident that ‘buraku encyclopedia’ (部落地名総鑑；部落地名大百科；부락지명총감) was leaked out, which is a representative case of discriminations
against people from the buraku. A list of people from the buraku was illegally utilized
by mercantile agencies, and thus some people from buraku suffered from marriage
discrimination or employment discrimination.

65

Tsuratti Senbon

In order to overcome the discriminations against the discriminated buraku, civilsociety has been paying lots of efforts. “Tsuratti Senbon” is a human right archive
displaying facility set up in 1994 at the Senbon district for learning the dowa problem.
‘Truratti’ originated from a Kyoto’s word, ‘tsuratte’ (つらって), which means ‘bringsomebody together to come’.
The museum of Tsuratti Senbon preserves the records about the discriminations
against people from discriminated buraku ( 被差別部落民；受歧視部落居民；피차별부락민) in Kyoto since the modern period. Furthermore, as a case of dowa
measurement that was registered as dowa district, models of the local community aredisplayed there, showing how the problem is being solved. By the dowa measurements
during the 1950s, the defective housings were torn down and new housings were built,
as well as public facilities such as schools and health centers. And now, the “Senbon
hometown coexistence and autonomy enforcement committee”(千本ふるさと共生自治運営委員会；千本故鄉共生自治執行委員會；센본고향공생자치운영위원회),abbreviated as “Ji-wun”, is enforcing town development movement under the slogan of‘coexistence, permanent settlement, and autonomy’.

66PARTICIPANTS
Seoul National University
Professor

JUNG Keun-Sik

Professor

IM Dong-Kyun

Professor

BAE Eun-Kyung

Professor

KIM Seok Ho

PhD student

KONG Joon Hwan

Undergraduate student

CHANG Xinrui

Undergraduate student

JEONG Gyuseong

Undergraduate student

JO Sihyun

Undergraduate student

LEE Suh Kyung

Undergraduate student

LEE Won Kyoo

Undergraduate student

PARK Jimin

Undergraduate student

SONG Inhak

Undergraduate student

TAE Choyoung

National Taiwan University
Professor

Ko Jyh-Jer

Professor

SU Kuo-Hsien

PhD student

WANG Anne-Chie

Graduate Student

HSIEH Hsuan-Chan

Graduate Student

LIN Liang-Ying

Graduate Student

LIU Cheng-I

Graduate Student

YANG Michael Yung-Chang

Undergraduate Student

CHEN, Szu-Hua

Undergraduate Student

CHEN, Yen-Ju

Undergraduate Student

CHEN Yu-Hsin

Undergraduate Student

HSIEH Yu-Hsiu

Undergraduate Student

HSU Li

Undergraduate Student

LEE Chiao-Yu

Undergraduate Student

LIN Po-Chien

67

Undergraduate Student

LIN Yu-Chuan

Undergraduate Student

LIN Yu-Shu

Undergraduate Student

TSAI Curtis

Kyoto University
Professor and Chair

OCHIAI Emiko

Professor

IWAI Hachiro

Professor

HEIM Stephane

Postdoc

KOSUGI Ryoko

Graduate Student

NAKAHARA Akira

Graduate Student

YAMABUCHI Airi

Graduate Student

YOSHI Tomohiro

Graduate Student

YUN Sodam

Undergraduate Student

FUKUDA Sayaka

Undergraduate Student

FUKUHARA Ayame

Undergraduate Student

HORIKOSHI Kanon

Undergraduate Student

IMAOKA Tetsuya

Undergraduate Student

ITO Kaichi

Undergraduate Student

OKAMOTO Maari

Undergraduate Student

OOTOMO Aoi

Undergraduate Student

TATEISHI Wakana

68