Chapter 6

National, regional and local moves
towards public ownership in theUK
By David Hall

The movement for public ownership in the United Kingdom has generated
a new political debate about constructing a new public sector that is
effective, transparent and driven by local initiatives and accountability.
It has also spurred debate about sector-specific plans. The Labour Party
and the public campaign organisation We Own It are playing leadingroles in this debate, culminating in the former’s 2019 election manifesto1
and the latter’s proposals for democratic governance of the public
sector.2 The December 2019 general election in the UK was decisively
won by the Conservatives because they prioritised Brexit,3 which was theoverwhelming issue, but public support for public ownership of utilities
and public services is now very strong population-wide. Even the reelected Conservative government re-nationalised a major rail franchisein January 2020 and threatened to do the same with others.4
Central government controls the structure of most public services in
the UK. From 1980 onwards extensive privatisations were introduced
both through the sale of utilities and through the outsourcing of service
provision. Some privatised utilities, such as energy distribution and waterand sewerage, are organised regionally, but there are no elected regional
bodies in England. Responsibility for some services, however, is devolved
to the governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which has
led to significant variations across the UK.

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UK OF CASES 110
TOTAL NUMBER

Remunicipalisation 96
Municipalisation 14

Health care &social services

Waste

Transport

15

12EnergyWater

Education

13

2

4

9

Local government

55

Housing 18
Food and catering 3
Public (green) space maintenance 4
Security and emergency services 1
Parking 1

Building cleaning and maintenance 9
Sports 2
Cultural activities 1

Highlights• Two major PFI companies went bankrupt in 2018 and 2019.
(Re)municipalisation cases increased from 64 in 2017 to 108 in 2019.
• Strong trend to reverse outsourcing to insourcing since 2008 acrossall sectors and foremost in local government (IT, housing, cleaning andmaintenance), as well as waste and transport.
• Public ownership of water, energy, rail, mail and NHS enjoys public support.
For example, 83% support public water.
• Remunicipalisation, insourcing and new public service experiences fuel thegrowing national demand for democratic public ownership.

IT 7
Construction 3
Prison 1
Human resources 2
Other 3Since the privatisation of the 1980s, outsourcing and austerity policies
have undermined the professional and financial capacity of central andlocal governments. Local democratic control of education and healthhas also been eroded by reducing the power of local councils to manage
schools, replacing public healthcare authorities with corporate trusts
and contractual relationships, and encouraging further privatisation andoutsourcing in both sectors. While they remain responsible for services
such as public transport and housing, the financial and legal regime
has made it very difficult for municipalities to provide such services
themselves.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Local services
Although outsourcing of services is becoming less and less popular at
all levels of government, it is perhaps most visible locally. A series ofstudies and reports have confirmed major problems with outsourcing inpractice.5 An illustrative case is the collapse of Carillion, a major British
construction and facilities management services company. With 420
contracts with municipalities across the UK, the company’s liquidation
sent shockwaves through government.6
Outsourcing has conventionally been promoted as a way of reducing
local government spending. In practice, however, many local councils
have started to insource service contracts in recent years partly because
insourcing is less expensive. Between 2016 and 2018, over 220 contracts
were brought back in house, involving 33 per cent of Conservativecontrolled councils, and 42 per cent of Labour-controlled councils. By
2019, 77 per cent of all local councils in the UK expected to bring some
services in house, stating that they believe insourcing saves money,
provides greater flexibility and simplifies management – and also
improves workers’ pay and conditions. As shown in Box I, these services
include building maintenance, waste collection, parks and leisureservices, and cleaning, as well as a number of large office operations.7

Photo: We Own It

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Box I

Recent insourcing examples•Stoke City Council insourced its housing maintenance work in
2018, increasing workers’ pay by £1,000 per year, and improving
productivity and quality of service. The council has created anarms-length trading company to bid for other work, which lastyear produced a surplus of over £4 million for the council. Their
proactive procurement policy means that over 80 per cent ofmaterials are purchased locally.
•Islington Council has brought back roughly £380 million incleaning, building and grounds maintenance, and waste management services since 2011, helping improve the pay and conditionsof 1,200 frontline staff and generating net savings of approximately £14 million.
•Birmingham City Council, the largest in the UK, has terminateda 12-year-old contract with Capita costing £45 million per year,
and is creating a new in-house team to redesign and simplify IT
systems, including better ways of using data to provide services
and enable citizens to access information and services online. It is
expecting to save a total of £45 million as a result.8•In 2019, a new nation-wide mutual insurance scheme, Local
Government Mutual,9 was created by a group of municipalities
expecting to make significant savings for local councils, who are
currently paying over £600 million in insurance premia.10

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the UK were set up under thePrivate Finance Initiative. Despite the fact that this policy has now beenabandoned by all parties, over 700 such schemes still remain. These bring97

National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

costly financial commitments up to 2051 and ongoing problems. Some
Private Finance Initiative projects have been terminated and brought backin house. Notable examples here include a series of major projects set up by
Transport for London and a waste management one in Manchester. Many
more PPPs collapsed and were replaced with direct services as a resultof the 2018 bankruptcy of Carillion, which was involved in 420 Private
Finance Initiative projects and other outsourced contracts. Of Carillion’s
18,000 employees, 14,000 were transferred to new employers – most ofthem as public sector employees to continue providing services.11
In addition to Labour’s proposals for national action, which will be
detailed below, many local initiatives are also directly linked to dealing
with climate change as a central challenge. Municipal companies
supply and generate renewable electricity in Nottingham, Bristol andelsewhere, and Norwich is constructing new municipal homes with highenergy efficiency. In public transport, Transport for London has alreadyintroduced over 200 electric buses and has now ordered 20 hydrogenfuelled buses.12 The improvement and extension of bus services in Greater
Manchester and elsewhere have similar effects of reducing carbon
emissions.
Continuing pressure for restoring public sector delivery of local services
can also be seen in three major sectors: buses, housing and health.
BusesEver since Margaret Thatcher’s government deregulated bus services in
Britain in the mid-1980s, very few municipalities have run their own
services – only Reading and Nottingham in England, and Lothian in
Scotland. While London regulates all bus services, government rules have
prevented other cities, such as Newcastle, from attempts to do this. Now
a vigorous campaign has persuaded the Mayor of Greater Manchester,
Andy Burnham, to propose re-regulating buses, using new powers undera 2017 Act of Parliament. The campaign mobilised to win cross-party

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

political support from Liberal Democrat councillors, a Green Member ofthe European Parliament, and a Conservative Member of Parliament, as
well as Labour MPs and councillors in the city. It also succeeded in getting
supportive motions from five of the 10 district councils in Manchester –and even, improbably, support from Prime Minister Boris Johnson for the
principle of a council-regulated bus network.13
Housing
Housing is a major issue in the UK. Central governments have made it
as difficult as possible for local councils to build and manage homes,
and Thatcher’s ‘right to buy’ policy means that existing council homes
continue to be sold into private ownership. Norwich City Council has
nevertheless found a way to build new public housing. Using some ofits own reserve funds as well as borrowing, the Council has created its
own 100 per cent municipal housing development company, the Norwich
Regeneration Company. The first result is a 100-home estate of low-risehousing that has been built to meet ‘Passivhouse’ principles of energy
efficiency. This has reduced annual energy costs by 70 per cent. Gail
Harris, the Labour council’s deputy leader responsible for housing said:‘It’s about people having good quality homes and low fuel bills. And
we plan to build a lot more’. The homes have been nominated for an
architecture award.14
HealthThe National Health Service (NHS) has been subjected to systematic
privatisation by outsourcing since 2012. This has led to a numberof disasters and created unnecessary complexity. Even the current
Conservative government is now recognising the problems and is expected
to modify legal rules to allow insourcing again. This is a major victory, but
the NHS still needs to be restored to an adequately funded public service
entirely provided by the public sector and protected against post-Brexit
trade deals that analysts say could force further privatisation. A major
campaign is underway to deal with this looming threat.15 The Thatcher

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

government introduced outsourcing of hospital cleaning, at great cost
to workers’ pay and conditions as well as to standards of service. This isbecause medical services and hospital maintenance are interrelated: as acase in point a 2017 study found that hospitals that outsourced cleaning
had significantly higher levels of MRSA infections, which do not respondto antibiotics, confirming fears that outsourcing leads to lower hygiene
standards.16 This is why devolved governments in Scotland, Wales andNorthern Ireland ended outsourcing many years ago, and there is growingpressure on the remaining English authorities to do so.

Regional level
Despite the lack of regional authorities in England, the countries of
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all have devolved powers, andhave been more supportive of public ownership than the UK national
government. Notably, water services in both Scotland and Northern Ireland
have remained in public hands, as a result of strong public campaigns
and public opposition, though some Private Finance Initiative schemes
have been used to build water and wastewater treatment plants. In Wales
the water company remains privatised. Although it was restructured byits senior management into a ‘non-profit’ private company, it is still
financed by corporate bonds paying a good rate of interest, still pays its
top executives about half a million pounds each per year, and still lacks
formal public accountability.
Other examples of regional pro-public policies include:•

In Northern Ireland, the privatised electricity network, Viridian,
has been taken over by EIB, the state-owned electricity company of
the neighbouring Republic of Ireland, creating a single public sector
network throughout the island.

•

Scotland has rejected the marketisation of the NHS that has been
introduced in England, and continues to run the NHS under directcontrol of the Scottish Executive – and, as noted earlier, Scotland,100National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Wales, and Northern Ireland took the decision to end outsourcing ofcleaning in NHS hospitals in favour of 100 per cent directly employedstaff.17•

The Welsh government remunicipalised Cardiff Airport in 2013,
ending much outsourcing, cutting carbon emissions and boosting
the number of flights using the airport. The Scottish government
had also remunicipalised Prestwick Airport to prevent its closure
through bankruptcy but decided to re-privatise in 2019 as a result of
cumulative losses.

•

Scotland also rejected the use of PFI/PPPs before the UK government
did so; and rejected the introduction of student fees. Scottish
universities therefore remain free to students.

National level
The trend away from outsourcing services has affected central government
too. By way of illustration, the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency,
which maintains and registers drivers and vehicles in the UK, ended 20
years of IT outsourcing with IBM and Fujitsu. The agency created a new
in-house team that built a new system for online tax payments in lessthan two months.18
Successful campaigns led by We Own It have also managed to reverse aseries of government privatisation plans at the national level, including:•

Forcing the government to bring the probation services back into
public ownership, after a disastrous period of outsourcing (2019).19•

Compelling the government to take the East Coast railway service into
public ownership (2018).20•

Forcing the government to abandon plans for privatising NHS
Professionals, the agency providing temporary staff across the NHS(2017).21•

Stopping plans to privatise public service broadcaster Channel 4(2017).22

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK•

Derailing plans to privatise the Land Registry, the national system forrecording and validating land ownership in the UK (2016).23

We Own It also runs continuing campaigns for public ownership of water,
rail, energy and postal services. These mobilise strong public support andare reflected in Labour party commitments to bring these services into
public ownership.

Labour Party public ownership policies: 2017 and 2019manifestos
The Labour Party has been at the forefront of the alternatives toprivatisation debate in the UK. Its manifestos decisively brought such
issues to the mainstream. The Labour Party’s 2017 election manifesto
included bringing water, energy grids, and rail services into public
ownership and operation and was a key factor in Labour winning 40 per
cent of the vote – its best result for decades. An opinion poll (see Figure2) shortly afterwards showed extremely high levels of public support
for public ownership. Since then, there has been a much greater levelof debate about the merits of public ownership in various sectors. The
Labour Party 2019 manifesto developed wider and deeper policies for
public ownership in a range of sectors, influenced by the various local
trends and initiatives described above, by the climate emergency, and by
the economic benefits for people and for local economies. These policies
have also been shown to be immensely popular with all sections of the
public.24
The 2019 election manifesto laid out plans that placed climate change
and renewable energy at the heart of economic policy, including the
public sector’s role in the matter. It included the commitment to ‘delivernearly 90% of electricity and 50% of heat from renewable and lowcarbon sources by 2030’. The extension of public ownership across many
services and sectors featured repeatedly as part of this programme, with102

National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

new transparent and participatory democratic structures.25 The manifesto
included commitments to new public sector banks:•

The creation of new public national and regional investment banks,
including a National Transformation fund of £400 billion, of which£250 billion would be dedicated to ‘renewable and low-carbon energy
and transport, biodiversity and environmental restoration’.

•The creation of a new post office bank, following the renationalisationof Royal Mail, to provide reliable banking services for people aswell as local co-ops, community enterprises and small businesses.
Box ll

Details of Labour’s manifesto, by sector
Energy•Take 100 per cent public ownership of the national transmission grid and regional distribution grids, by nationalising
electricity and gas companies and creating new national andregional energy agencies.

•

Take public ownership, through regional authorities, of the
Big Six energy supply companies (British Gas, EDF Energy,
E.ON, Npower, Scottish Power, and SSE), which dominate theretail supply of electricity and gas in the UK.

•

Enable municipalities and communities to take responsibility
for generation, distribution, storage and/or supply of theirown energy systems.

•

Ensure public regional energy authorities take 51 per centpublic ownership of all new offshore wind farms, the main
future source of renewable energy for the UK and invest in
onshore wind and solar energy as well.26•

Invest 20 per cent of the profits from offshore wind in parks,
libraries and leisure centres for towns and communities.27•

Invest £1.8 billion into three large joint ventures to produce
storage batteries, more investment into battery reprocessing

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

plants, and public equity stakes of £300 million in new electric car manufacturing plants.
•

Invest £3.6 billion through publicly owned regional distribution companies into a nation-wide grid of 72,000 charging
points for electric cars.28•

Invest £300 million to create ‘community car clubs’ owned by
the community to enable electric car sharing.

•

Ensure all government cars are electric by 2025.

•

Invest in upgrading all 27 million homes in the UK to higher
energy efficiency, saving £417 per year on the average energy
bill.

•

Create over 300,000 ‘climate’ apprenticeships and create
overall an extra 1 million new jobs in the green economy.

Buses
Implement free bus travel for everyone under 25 years of age,through £1.3 billion per year in subsidies for bus routes, andlegislate to enable all local councils to run their own bus services
if they so choose.29
Rail
Bring the operation of routes under publicly owned railway
companies (the network itself is already public), as existing
private contracts expire, and invest to replace diesel engines withelectrification.
Water
Bring all the private water companies in England into public
ownership and create new regional public authorities to run themusing open democratic processes.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Housing
Launch a new programme for local councils to build one million
new public sector homes by 2030, with new powers to acquire land
at low prices.
Health care
Set up a publicly owned company to produce affordable medical
treatments for people who need them; and tie all public fundingfor drug research to socially prioritised health objectives, including
universal access, affordability and complete transparency of data
and results.30
Social care
Create a new National Care Service, free to all, based on rebuilding
municipal capacity to provide care, including new municipal carehomes, and funding to enable local authorities to take over existing
private care homes.31
Education
Integrate all existing private schools into the state education
system.
Broadband and telecoms
Nationalise the telecoms network and consumer services part of
BT Group, and use it to deliver full-fibre broadband to every homein the country, free of charge to households – the costs would be
financed through taxing the companies that benefit most fromuniversal fast broadband, such as Amazon, Google, Facebook andthe like.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Plans for insourcing and PPPs:
Insourcing
new legislation to make in-house provision the default for all
local government services, with tightly defined exceptions,so that as existing contracts expire, they will automaticallybe brought in house. It would also strengthen the standards
expected of outsourced contracts in relation to service standards
and employment and make contractors subject to freedom of
information laws. Labour is also advising local councils on how toinsource work now.32
PPPs
Labour would not create any new PPPs, prison PPPs would beterminated, and the remaining PPPs in the NHS would be broughtback into the public sector.

Figure 1: Energy democracy in Labour’s manifesto
Source: Labour Party (2019) Bringing energy home: Labour’s proposal for publicly owned energy networks.
https://www.labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bringing-Energy-Home-2019.pdf

106National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Democratisation of public services
Many of Labour’s plans, if elected, would have devolved more powers andcapacity to the regional, local and community levels. The party’s energy
proposals are a good example of this. They would have created regional
authorities with overall responsibility for all parts of the energy system,with municipalities and communities taking control of systems in theirown areas, subject to meeting performance and professional standards.
In parallel to these policy developments, We Own It produced a detailed
plan, ‘When We Own It’, for democratic governance of a new public sector,33
integrating local, regional and national levels. The plan outlines that:
The core institutions will be the new national and regional authorities inwater and energy (National Water Authority, Regional Water Authorities;
National Energy Agency, Regional Energy Agencies), which will own andprovide strategic control of operating companies.
These new public authorities will be governed by boards in which the
majority of seats are held by elected local councillors and which also
include representatives of workers/unions.
Citizen representatives will be selected by a new organisation, named
Participate, to which all citizens and service users will belong by default.
The regional authorities will form associations to carry out a public,transparent mutual exchange of information on best practice, known
as ‘sunshine regulation’, with active support from a National Office for
Public Ownership.
All data will be publicly available, and decisions will be made throughpublic meetings with participatory budgeting and popular planning.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

We Own It has also produced a ‘People’s Plan’ for water, a crowd-sourced
manifesto for what the industry should be doing when it returns to public
ownership.34

Big support for public ownership despite 2019 election
defeatDespite the large majority won by the Conservatives in the December 2019
election, direct surveys of voters carried out at the same time show thata substantial majority of UK voters support nationalisation and public
sector operation of post, water, energy, rail and buses – as proposedin the Labour Party manifesto (see Figure 2). Support for these policies
had grown measurably stronger since the 2017 election. Moreover, thismajority support is very consistent across all age groups, regions, class,income, gender and ethnicity. It also extends across political parties;
Conservative voters support public ownership in rail and water, andLiberal Democrat voters favour public ownership in energy, buses andpost too.35

Public69

64

63

Private

55

53

48
34

31
23

18

st

Po

23

er

s

ay

lw

i
Ra

at

W

s

se

Bu

s

gy

er

En

m

m

o
ec

l

Te

Figure 2: Public support for public ownership in Great Britain, December 2019 (YouGov)
Source: YouGov/Neon survey UK, 11-12 December 2019.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

This has been described as a new ‘political consensus’ by commentatorsin the Financial Times, The Times and Independent.36 The new Conservative
government duly demonstrated this by nationalising a second rail
franchise only six weeks after the election, and it is likely to do the samewith other franchises. The political economy of public ownership willcontinue to be a major issue in the UK in the coming years.
ABOUT THE AUTHORDavid Hall is Visiting Professor at the Universityof Greenwich, London. His research focuses on
the politics and economics of public services,public finance, privatisation and PPPs. From2000 to 2013 he was Director of the PublicServices International Research Unit (PSIRU).
David has published numerous PSIRU reports
and other journal articles and worked with social
movements, civil society organisations and tradeunions on all continents. He has also been aguest lecturer at the World Bank Infrastructure
Division and invited to speak at meetings of United
Nations agencies, the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development and otherorganisations.

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National, regional and local moves towards public ownership in the UK

Endnotes1

Labour Party (2019) Manifesto. Rebuild our Public Services. London: Labour Party. https://labour.org.uk/manifesto/rebuild-our-public-services/2

We Own It (2019) When We Own It. https://weownit.org.uk/when-we-own-it

3

Brexit refers to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

4

Hall, D. (2020) ‘The UK 2019 election: defeat for Labour, but strong support for public ownership’. PSIRU. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/26848/

5

IoG (2019) ‘Government outsourcing: What has worked and what needs reform?’. September.
https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/government-outsourcing-reform; APSE
(2019) Rebuilding Capacity: The case for insourcing public contracts. https://www.apse.org.
uk/apse/assets/File/Insourcing%20(web).pdf; Walker, D. and Tizard, J. (2018) Out of Contract:
Time to move on from the ‘love in’ with outsourcing and PFI. Smith Institute http://www.
smith-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Out-of-contract-Time-to-move-on-from-the%E2%80%98love-in%E2%80%99-with-outsourcing-and-PFI.pdf; APSE (2017) Survey data. https://www.apse.org.uk/apse/assets/File/Secondary%20Data%20Analysis%20Downloadable%20stats%20
and%20analysis(1).pdf

6

House of Commons Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and Work and Pensions Committees (2018) Carillion. Report, 16 May.https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/
cmworpen/769/769.pdf

7

APSE (2019) Rebuilding Capacity: The case for insourcing public contracts. https://www.apse.
org.uk/apse/assets/File/Insourcing%20(web).pdf; Bawden, A. (2019) ‘Why councils are bringing
millions of pounds worth of services back in-house’, The Guardian, 29 May. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/29/bringing-services-back-in-house-is-good-councils ; Plimmer,
G. (2018) ‘How outsourcing fell out of fashion in the UK’, Financial Times, 9 February.
https://www.ft.com/content/983c4598-0d88-11e8-839d-41ca06376bf2

8

CIO (2018) ‘The council is winding up a controversial contract with Capita’, 28 March.
https://www.cio.co.uk/cio-interviews/gsk-cdo-mark-ramsey-explains-how-data-is-transformingdrug-discovery-3673555/

9https://lgmutual.co.uk/

10

https://www.local.gov.uk/local-government-mutual ; https://www.room151.co.uk/resources/councils-combine-to-estblish-mutual-insurance-company/ ; https://www.apse.org.uk/apse/assets/File/Roger%20Houston%20and%20Ben%20Ticehurst.pdf

11

UK Govt Insolvency Service (2018) ‘Carillion contracts complete transfer’, 6 August.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/carillion-contracts-complete-transfer; Unite (2018) Ending
Bandit Capitalism. December. https://unitetheunion.org/media/2132/ending-bandit-capitalism.pdf

12

https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/may/world-first-hydrogen-double-deckerbuses-to-help-tackle-london-s-toxic-air

13

The Guardian (2019) ‘Greater Manchester considers taking back control of bus network’, 24
June. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jun/24/greater-manchester-considers-taking-back-control-bus-network

14

The Guardian (2019) ‘I’ve seen the future and it’s Norwich: the energy-saving, social housing
revolution’, 16 July https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jul/16/norwich-goldsmithstreet-social-housing-green-design

15

See the We Own It website: https://weownit.org.uk/public-ownership/nhs, https://weownit.org.uk/
blog/heres-how-really-get-our-nhs-table

16

Toffolutti, V., Reeves, A., McKee, M. and Stuckler, D. (2017) ‘Outsourcing cleaning services
increases MRSA incidence: Evidence from 126 English acute trusts’, Social Science & Medicine
174 (February): 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.015 https://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S0277953616306864; EPSU (2011) UK: hospital cleaning brought in housein Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland. https://www.epsu.org/article/uk-hospital-cleaning-brought-housescotland-wales-n-ireland

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17

Toffolutti, V. et al. (2017) ‘Outsourcing Cleaning Services Increases MRSA Incidence:
Evidence from 126 English Acute Trusts’, Social Science & Medicine 174 (February): 64–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.015

18

Plimmer, G. (2018) ‘How outsourcing fell out of fashion in the UK’, Financial Times,
9 February. https://www.ft.com/content/983c4598-0d88-11e8-839d-41ca06376bf2

19

https://weownit.org.uk/blog/victory-probation-be-brought-public-ownership20

https://weownit.org.uk/blog/east-coast-victory

21

https://www.ft.com/content/e5e9b832-93a0-11e7-a9e6-11d2f0ebb7f0

22

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/mar/28/channel-4-will-not-be-sold-off-but-couldbe-moved-out-of-london

23

https://weownit.org.uk/public-ownership/land-registry

24

Hall, D. (2020) The UK 2019 election: defeat for Labour, but strong support for public
ownership. PSIRU http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/26848/ :25

https://labour.org.uk/manifesto/26

https://labour.org.uk/press/peoples-power-labour-announces-plan-offshore-windfarmspublic-stake/27

https://labour.org.uk/press/rebecca-long-bailey-speaking-labour-party-conference/28

https://labour.org.uk/press/electric-car-revolution-labours-plan-strengthen-uk-automobileindustry-creating-safeguarding-220000-jobs/

29

The Guardian (2019) ‘Labour is right to reverse bus cuts. But it needs to go much further’, 26
April. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/26/labour-reverse-bus-cuts

30

Labour Party (2019) Medicines for the Many. http://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/
Medicines-For-The-Many.pdf; IIPP (2018) ‘The people’s prescription: Re-imagining healthinnovation to deliver public value’, IIPP Policy Report. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2018-10; also see https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/news/2019/sep/labour-party-draw-iipp-health-innovation-research-new-pharma-policy

31

http://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/12703_19-Towards-the-National-Care-Service.pdf

32Labour Party (2017) Democratising Local Public Services: A Plan For Twenty-First Century
Insourcing. July . http://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Democratising-Local-Public-Services.pdf; also see Labour Party (2019) ‘”String of high-profile failures” in outsourcing’,
September https://labour.org.uk/press/string-high-profile-failures-outsourcing-mcdonnell-responds-institute-government-report/

33

We Own It (2019) When We Own It. https://weownit.org.uk/when-we-own-it

34

https://weownit.org.uk/peoples-plan-water-map

35Hall, D. (2020) ‘The UK 2019 election: defeat for Labour, but strong support for public
ownership’. PSIRU http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/26848/ :36

Financial Times (2019) ‘Labour’s broadband plan shows nationalisation’s consumer appeal’,
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(2019) ‘Business must accept that some of Corbyn’s policies may yet be on the agenda’, The
Times, 16 December. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/business-must-accept-that-some-of-corbyn-s-policies-might-yet-form-the-agenda-f9htwm9wg ; Independent 16/12/2019 Public support fornationalisation increased111